T35 II H  E C Y'CLOPlED1A.
CYCLOPEDIA
OF
U1YVERSAL BIOGRAPIHY:
A  EICOORD OF TIE NAMES OF
THE MOST EMINENT MEN OF THE WORLD
BY PARKE GODWIN.
NEW YORK:
A. S. BARNES & CO., 51 JOHN-STREET.
CINCINNATI:-I. W. DERBY.
1856.








PREFACE.
TIE need of a good portable Universal Biography has been long felt,
not only by literary men but by the reading public in general. With
the exception of Maunder's Biographical Treasury, published in London,
there is none extant. The small works of Jones, Bellchambers, Davenport, &c., are very incomplete; and as they are only brought down to
the time of their publication, quite valueless now. Maunder's book is
for the most part excellent, condensing a vast variety of biographical
knowledge within a small compass, and coming down to the year 1850;
but the objections to it are, that it almost wholly ignores American
names, and is quite anti-republican in its sympathies. Under the titles
of the various kings, too, it furnishes a great deal of matter which properly belongs to history, to the exclusion of more appropriate subjects.
The compiler of the present volume, therefore, making Maunder the
basis of his work, has endeavored to preserve the compactnes, while he
improved upon the fidelity and comprehensiveness of his original. He
has re-written most of the articles, either to enlarge or condense them;.
and has added a vast number of names, especially of American men of
eminence, and those who have died since former works were prepared.
In all cases he has consulted the most reliable authorities, and given as
nmuac  authentic information under each head as could be condensed
into the allotted space.
Of course a work of this kind can be little more than a record of
names and dates; it gives no scope to the expression of opinions, and its
merits, if it has any, must be simply those of accuracy and comprehen




VJ                           PREFACE.
siveness. In these respects, therefore, the compiler believes that his
work is the best now offered to the public. tMany names are doubtless
omitted which ought to have been in it, and many are in it which might
better have been omitted; but on the whole, he thinks that he has presented as large a variety of names, and said as much about each of
them, as will be required by ordinary readers. Students and investigators will always have at hand the larger works of Gorton, Chalmers,
Rose, the Biographie Universelle, and the Encyclopedias.
It should be added, that besides Maunder, the compiler has consulted the works of Allen, Blake, and Aikin, and particularly that most
valuable publication, the Encyclopedia Americana by Prof. Lieber, with
its continuation by Professor Vethake. In the typographical arrangement,
in order to save room, all the same generic names are treated under one
head, in the manner of classical dictionaries, and the initial letters of the
words " born" and " died," which so often occur, are commonly used in
place of the full word.                                    P. G




CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.
A.
AA, PETER VAN DER, an eminent sent to England in 1620; and the second
bookseller of Leyden.. 1730.       in 1641, who were to treat about the
AA, CHARLES I-ENI Y VANDER, a Lu- marriage of Prince WAilliam, son of the
theran minister, who was among the   prince of Orange. Aarsens died at an
founders of the Academy of Sciences. advanced age; and left behind him very
at Harlem, b. at Zwolle, 1718, d. 1795. accurate and judicious lmemoirs of all
A family of this name was distinguished  embassies in which he was employed.
in the annals of the United Provinces  B. 1572; d. 1679,
for their resistance td the tyranny of  ABACO, AVAXISTo FELICE D'ALL, a
Philip II. of Spain.                 musical composer and violinist of VeAAGARD, CUHRMTIAN, a Danish poet. rona. There was another of the same
B. 1616; d. 1664.-NIeCoLAs, a brother name, who flourished about the same
of the above, b. 1612, d. 1657, was a time in 1750.
philosophical writer.                  ABAGA, an emperor of the Moguls,
AALST, EVERARD, a Dutch painter who opposed the Crusaders with irmof fruit pieces. B. 1602; d. 1658.-His ness and warlike skill, and d. in 1284.
nephew, WILLrN, also a painter, was b.  ABARIS, a celebrated character of
1620, d. 1679.                       antiquity, said to have possessed vast
AAGESEN, SVEND, a Danish histo- abilities, and to have been endowed
rian of the 12th century. Sometimes with the power of performing miracncalled Sueno Agonis.                 lous cures. He was a Scythian by birth.
AARON, ST., a Briton, who suffered   ABAS, ScIIAH, surnamed the Great,
martyrdom under Diocletian in 303, and  7th king of Persia. D. in 1629.-ABAs,
was canonized ten centuries later.   Schah, great grandson of the preceding,
AARON, a physician and'priest at was a prince remarkable for mildness
Alexandria in the 12th century; the  and humanity. D. in 1666.
first man who described measles and    ABASCAL, DON      JOSE FERNANDO,
the small-pox, on their first appearance  viceroy of Peru during several years of
in Egypt.                            the South American war of indepenAARON, or BARCELONA, a Spanish     dence, was born at Oviedo in 1743, and
Jew, who wrote a book called "Pre- having entered the military service of
cepts of Moses," at Venice, in 1523.  Spain, served in the numerous camAARON BEN ASSER, a Jew,, who       pains of that country during the latter
is said to have invented the points in  halt of last century in all parts of the
Hebrew writing, in the 5th century.  globe. Appointed viceroy of Peru in
AARSENS, FRANCIS VAN, lord of 1804, he governed with a firm but gentle
Someldyck and Spyck, one of the hand till 1816, when he was superseded'
greatest ministers for negotiation that by General Pezuela; and, on his retirethe United Provinces of Holland have ment, he left behind him a character for
at any time possessed.  He was the ability and moderation which is still
first person ever recognized as Dutch  held in grateful rememnbrance. D. at
ambassador by thei French court: the Madrid, 1821
first of three extraordinary ambassadors  ABASSA, or ABBASSA, sister of the
I




2                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [ABD
caliph Haroun al Raschid, who gave her was born, in 1562, -it Guildcorld, in Surin marriage to his vizier Giafar, on con- rey, where his fathr rws a weaver and
cition that their narriage should never clothworker. He raised himself gradube consummated; but having broken    ally till he became primate of all Enthe contract, the caliph put Giafar to  gland; was the author of several thedeath, an  banished his wife fiomn the  logical works; and one of the eight
palace, giving orders that no one should  divines, who, in 1604, by the order of
afford her relief.                    James I., translated the edition of the.
ABATE, ANDREA, a Neapolitan artist, Bible now in use. D. at Croydon in
who was employed, together with Luca 1683.-ROBERT, bishop of Salisbury, the
Giordio, in adorning the Escurial for elder brother of the above, was an emiCharles II. of Spain. D. 1732.        nent divine, and famous for his skill in
ABAUZIT, FiRN, a French author condclucting polemical discussions, and
of great merit and erudition. H-e was vindicating the supremacy of kins. B.
profoundlly learned, and acquired the 1560; d. 1617.- MAunRIE, youngest
friendship of Voltaire, Rousseau, and  brother of the above, was an eminent
Newton. B. at Uzes in 1679, and d. at London merchant, knighted by Charles
Geneva in 1767.                       I. Maurice's son, George, was the auABBADIE, JAMES, an eminent Prot- thor of a Paraphrase on the Book of Job.
estant divine, who accompanied Mar- B. 1600; d. 1648.-HuILL, a respectable
shal Schomberg to England in 168, and  minister of Charlestown, (AMass.)  B.
was present when that.neat commander 1696; d. 1774.-SAMUEL, one of the
fell at the battle of the Boyne. Ie wrote founders of the Andover Theological
many works, chiefly theological mand iin  Seminary. B. 1732; d. 1812.-ABDIL,
the French language, the most esteem-a preacher, and author of several pubed of which is entitled "T1rait6 ce la lisled sermons. B. at Andover, 1770;
Verite de a Religion Clhr1tienne."  B. d. at Staten Island, 1828.-CIInRLES, was
at Berne in 1658; d. in London, 1727.  a celebrated statesm1an, once spCeker of
ABBAS, the uncle of Mahomnet, of the house of commons, and subsequentwhom, though opposed to him at first, ly raised to the peerage as Lord Colhe becaire a disciple, and served in his chester. B. at Abingdon, 1757; d. 1829.
army as a general. D. 653. Es N AnIAs -CInARLEs, a distinguished lawyer, who,
ABDALLATI, son of the foregoing; chief in 1818, was made lord chief' justice of
of the "Sahabab;" or companions of the Ming's Bench, and during the prethe Prophet, and author of a " Com- miership of Mr. Canning, was created a
mentny on the Koran."-HALI or peer, by the title of Lord Tenterden.
MAGUS, a Persian physician of the 10th  B. 17; d. 1832.
century; author of a pomlpous book on   ABBT, TiHOIAS, a German writer who
nmedicine, called "The Royal Worki,"  wrote a clever work, called "1-Iistoria
which has been translated ilito Latin.  Vitm Maomgistra," when he was only 13
ABBATI, NIcoLo, an Italian painter years of age. HIe was professor of phiin fresco; b. at Modena in 1512.      losophy at Frankfort, and of matheABBATISSA, PAUL, a poet of Sicily, matics at Ritelin; wrote a treatise on
who flourished about the year 1570, anid  "Merit," and on the "Duty of Dying
translated the Iliad and Odyssey into  for one's Country."  B. at Ulm, in
Iatin verse.                         Suabia, 1738; d. 1766.
ABBE, LouIsE, a French poet of the    ABDALLAH, a camel driver, the
17th century, surnamed " La Belle Cor- father of Mahomet. le was so much
donniere."                            esteemed by his tribe, that the stories
ABBIATI, FILIPPO, an     historical relate howv one hundred girls broke their
painter, of considerable eminence. B. hearts on the lnight of his wedding.
at Milau. in 1640; d. in 1715.          ABDAS, a bishop of Persia, who inABBON, or ABBO, CERNUUS, a Nor- stigated the thirty years' persecution of
man monk of the 9th century, who      the Christians. uinder Theodosius the
wrote, in Latin verse, an account of the Younger.
siege of Paris by the Normans.         ABDIAS, author of a legend called
ABBO, FLORIACE-NSis, a learned writer'"Historia Certaminis Apostilici," pubof ecclesiastical biographies, who was lished at Basle in 1571.
killed in 1004.                        ABDOLLATIPH, a Persian, who
ABBOT, GEonRE, archbishop of Can- wrote the history of Egypt, published
terbury in the reign of James I. and  in England in 1800. B. at Bagdad 1161.
Charles I., and one of the most active  ABDOLMIAMEN, a potter's son, who
political chalracters of that period. He became a general and conquered Mo



ABE]                  CYCLOPSEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          3
scco, andl macle himself monarch. D. her away and placed her in the convent
1156.                                 of Argenteuil.   Baffled by this maABEEL, JoHN NELSON, 1an eloquent nceuvre, Fulbert was so enraged that he
preacher, of New-York, who died il had Abelard ignominiously mutilated,
1812, aged 43.                        and thereby caused him, through sorABEILLE, GASPAR, a French dra- row and shame, to become a monk of
matic writer of extraordinary versatility  St. Denis. When his mortification had
and writ. B. 1648; d. 1718.-SCIPIO, a somewhat subsided, he began to lecture
brother of the above, wrote a "History  again, but his enemies charged him
of the Bones," and the "Complete with heterodoxy, and had him condemnArmy Surgeon."'   D. 1697.            ed. He then erected an oratory, called
ABEL, TiHOMAS, teacher of grammar the Paraclete, in the diocese of Troyes,
and music to Queen Catharine, but hav- but, being still pursued by bitter pering opposed Henry VIII.'s separation  secutions, after a few years of viclssifrom her, he was condemned andc ex- tude and lesertion, died at the priory
ecuted, under a pretence of denying the of St. Marcel.  Heloise, then abbess
king's supremacy, in 1540.-GASPAn, a  of the Paraclete, did not desert him in
German historian. B. 1675; d. 1763.-  death, but had his ashes removed to a
CIIARLES FREDERPIK, a famous German   place where, in a few years later, she
composer, and player on the viol di was destined to sleep by his side. The
gamba, appointed musician to Quep.l remains of both were taken to Pere-laCharlotte. D. 1787.                   Chaise, in 1817, by order of the nation.
ABELA, JOHN FRANCIS, a commander Abelard was a poet, an orator, a philosof the order of St. John of Jerusalem, opher and a mathematician-in short, a
who wrote "Mlalta Illustrata," which  man possessing the highest qualities of
was published in BMalta in 1647.      mind and heart-but, while his works
ABELARD, PETER, a native of Pa- have mostly perished, his name is reslais, in Brittany, made immortal rather cued from oblivion by the story of his
by his unfortunate love, than by his  passion. The letters which passed beinmmense and varied attainments. He tween him and Heloise have been made,was educated at the University of Paris, the foundation of many poems and
end became one of the most learned    novels. The best of these is the celeaen of his day. He opened a school brated version of Pope.      B. 1079; d.
of theology and rhetoric, which was so  1142.
popular that it attracted more than three  ABELL, JoIr,,  a musician who flourthousand pupils. But in the midday    ished at the court of Charles II.
of his fame he fell in love with a young  ABELLI, Louis, bishop of Rhodes,
and beautiful scholar, called Heloise, the  and author of several theological works.
niiece of'2he canon of Paris, Fulbert. B. 1604; d. 1691.
Ile was then forty and she but fifteen,  ABEPRCOMBIE, JOHN, M. D., an
yet the attachment grew into a passion  eminent Scotch physician and author
which for warmth and intensity has was born at Aberdeen, Nov. 11, 1781.
never been surpassed. Abelard forgot Having taken his degree at Edinburgh
his lectures, his studies, and his fame in 1803, he permanently fixed his resiin his abandonment to o the raptures of  lence in the Scotch metropolis, where
delight.  Yet the attachment was an   he soon gained the first ra11sn as a pracunhappy one for both; Fulbert sepa- tising and coonsulting physician.  But
rated the lovers; when Abelard betook  the writings of Dr. Abercrombie conhimself to the residence of his aunt ii tributed more to his fame than his skill
Brittany, whither he was instantly fol- as a physician. His purely professional
lowed by Heloise, and where she gave  works are meritorious, but the most perbirth to a son. Abelard would have    manent monuments to his memory are
married her secretly, but she cisdained  his "Inquiries concerning  the Intelthe restraints of wellock, preferring her lectial Powers, &c.," published 1830,
free attachment to him to a relation  and the "Philosophy of the Moral Feelsanctioned and enforced by law. After ings," published 1833. In these works
a  hlile, however, she reluctantly con- he has brought all the medical facts acsented to marry him, yet refused to con- cumulated in the course of his extensive
fess the marriage in public. She even  experience and research to bear on vadenied it under oath. Her uncle was rious moral and metaphysical systems.
so incensed at this condluct, that ie  To his wide range of acquirements he
treatec her with great severity, to re- adecd a piety as genuine as it was unlease hei from w]hich Abelard carried  assuming, and he will long be remem



4                     CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      LABt
bered for his large but unobtrusive be- liberal and distinguished statesman of
nevolence. D. 1844.                    England, w]ho both as a lawyer and a
ABERCEOMBY, THoMAS, a Scotch         politician, exhibited a high order of
author, lwho was physician to James II. ability. He was raised to the bench in
D. 1726.-Sm RAPIi-, a British general, 1834 by Sir lobert Peel. B. in Jamaica,
who served in the American war, i      1769; d. 1844.
Flanders, Holland, the West Indies,      ABISBAL, HENRY O'DONNELL, Count
Ireland, and in Egypt, near Alexandria, of, a celebrated Spanish general, born in
where he was mortally wounded, after Andalusia, 1770.    Having entered the
a desperate battle with the French, royal guards at the age of fifteen, he
whom he defeated. He was one of the    served in the war against the French
bravest of Britons, but of great modera-  republic; and on Napoleon's invasion
tion andc military skill, and high char- of Spain, the part he took in the relief
acter. B3. at Tillibodie, 1788; d. 1801.-  of Gerona in 1809, led to his promotion
JOIN, a horticultural author, wiho pub- to the command of C.talonia, vhere he
lished under the name of MaLwe.. displayed great energy, and reaped much
1724; d. 1806..               success. Though defeated in the plains
ABERLI, JOHN, an eminent landscape   of Vich by General Sonham, he a month
painter, of Switzerland. B. at Winter- afterwards forced Augereau to abandon
then, 1723 cd. 1786.                   Lower Catalonia; and, at the village of
ABEERNTHY, JOIN, an Irish dis- Abisbal, he compelled the surrender of
senter and divine, of whose sermons    a whole French column under General
there are two volumes, which are held  Schwartz. From this actionh  e took his
in considerable esteem. B. at Coleraine, title. Towards the close of the war, he
1680; c. at Dublin, 1740. —JoIIN, F.I.S., commandced with brilliant success at the
a surgeon of great repute and extensive  capture of Pancorvo. In 1819 he suppractice. I-e was brought up under Sir pressed a mutiny of the troops in the
Charles Blick, surgeo of St. Bartholo- isle of Leon; but he iell into disgrace
mew's Hospital, and was acknowledged   on suspicion of treachery, and it was
to possess very considerable talent and  not till 1823, onl the invasion of Spain
originality; though he doubtless owed  by the French under the DLuke d'Anmuch of his fame to a blunt eccentricity  gouleme, that he recovered his position
of manler, of which a thousand various  and his fame. After the restoration of
anecdotes are still current. He was the  Ferdinand he retired to France, where
author of " Surgical Observations," 1he resided, almost entirely forgotten, till
Physiological Essays," &c. B. 1764; his death in 1834.
d. 1831.                                 ABNEY, Sm     TeHOMAs, Lord Mayor
ABGAEiUS, aking of Edessa, inMles- of London, in 1700, and one of the
opotamia, cotemporary with   our Sa- founders of the Bank of England. D.
V1our, to whom he is said to have writ- 1722.
ten a letter and received an answe; to it. ~ ABRAHAM,, NICHOLAs, a learned
Both are supposed to be inventions.    Jesuit, and professor of theology in the
ABGILLUS, surnamed PRESTER JoeN, university of Pont-h-Mousson; author
son of a king of the Frisi. He accom- of a Commentary on Virgil and some of
panied Charlemnaone to the HolyLand; Cicero's Orations. B. 1589; d. 1656.and after his leadlr's return to Europe  A. SANCTA CLARA, a native of Suabia,
made vast conquests in Abyssinia, whose real name was Ulriclh Mekerle.
which was lono called "Prester John's  He was an Augustine fiiar, andc exDominion."    He is reputed to have    tremely affected and eccentric as a
written an account of Charlemagne's preacher. B3.1642; d. 1709.-A teacher
deeds in the East.                     of music at Paris, composer of airs for
ABILDGAARD, PHILIP CHaISTIAN, athe clarionet, and autlhor of a mletlhod
Danish physician; one of the ablest for the bassoon. D. 1805.
naturalists of the 18th century.-Nicno-  ABRASDATES, king of Susa, renLAS ABRAHAM, brother of the above; a   dered memorable by the affection of his
clever historical painter, and author of  wife.
some equally elegant and useful essays   ABRESCH, FRED)EIn  R Louis, a celcon taste in woris of art. B. 1744; dl. brated Dutch critic and Greek scholar.
1809.                                  B. at Hamburgh, 1699; d. in SwitzerABINGTON, FRANCES, a celebrated      llcnd, 1782.
comic actress. B. in London, 1731; d.    ABRILOLA, an Arabian poet.      B,
in Dublin, 1815.                       973; d. 1057.
ABINGER, LoRD, (James Scarlett,) a     ABROSI, JOHN, an Italian physician




&ACC]                 CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          5
of the 16th century; author of a Dia- Younger.-Another was the founder of
logue on Astrology.                  the Acaciani sect, and d. about 365.
ABRUZZO, BALTHAZAR, a Sicilian        ACADEMUS, the founder of the
philosopher and civilian. IB. in 1601; Academic sect at Athens, and of the
d. 1665.                              Academic grove.
ABSTEMIUS, LAT-iENTIUS, an Italian    ACAMPIXTLI, the first Meican
writer, born at Macerata, in La Marca king, who ruled forty years, and introdi Ancona, who devoted himself early  duced many good laws. D. 1420.
to the study of polite literature.  He  ACCA, ST., an Anglo-Saxon, bishop
published under the pontificate of Alex- at Hexham, who wrote "Sufferings ot
ander VI. a treatise, entitled "Heca- the Saints," and was a patron of arts
tomythium," from its containing 100. and music. D. 740.-LAURENTLI, the
fables, which have been often printed  nurse of Romulus and Remus, to whom
with those of -Asop, Phedrus, Gabrius, the Romans decreed a festival.
Avienus, &c.                            ACCAIOLI-the name of a distinABUBEKER, father-in-law and sue- guished Florentine family - DONATUS,
cessor of Mahomet. _His original name was a translator of Plutarch, and a
was changed to that of Abubeker, or learned    commentator   on   Aristotle;
"Father of the Virgin," on the occasion  JOHN, was an author and public leeof his daughter Ayesha becoming the turer; ZENOBIO, a poet and critic, who
bride of Mahomet. On succeeding his translated Politian s epigrams, d. 1520
son-in-law he assumed the title of caliph, MAGDALENA, wrote " David Persecuted,'
which signifies both successor and vicar, and other poems, d. 1610; RENATUS, was
and which was first borne by him. He a general of the 14th century, who conwon vast territory from  the Syrians, quered Athens, Corinth, and Bceotia,.
Persians, and Greeks. D. 634.           ACCIO, ZucHIO, a poet of Verona, in
ABULFARAGIUS, GREGORY, son of       the 15th century.
Aaron a physician, born in 1226, in the  ACCIUS, Luius, a Latin poet and
city of Malatia. He wrote in Arabic a  dramatist. D. about 180, B. C.-TuLhistory which consists of ten parts, and  LIUS, prince of the Volsci, to whom
is an epitome of universal history from  Coriolanus resorted for aid against
the creation of the world to his own  Rome.
time.                                   ACCOLTI, BENEDICT, an Italian lawABULFEDA, ISMAE, prince of Ha- yer, born at Florence in 1415, and aumah, in Syria, but better lnown as au- thor of many works, amono which was
thor of Tables of Geography of thea narrative of the wars in Palestine, to
Regions beyond the River OxusO    He  which Tasso was indebted in the "Jerubegan his reign in the 743d year of the salem Delivered." D. 1466.-BENEDICT,
Hegira, and ended it three years after- a relation of the preceding, born imi
wards, aged 72.                       1497, was so perfect a master of the
ABULGARI, BAYATM,. Khan of the Latin tongue, that he was called the
Tartars, and writer of a Tartar history, Cicero of the age. Clement VII. made
which has been translated in German   him a cardinal. D. 1549.-PETER, son
and French.   B. at Urgens, 1605; d. of the above, as cardinal of Ancona,
1663.                           -     composed the Papal bull against Luther.
ABU, MosLEM, a governor of Koras- D. 15832. —BERNARD, brother of the last
san, piut to death in 759.            named, a poet of considerable powers;
ABU-NOWAS, an Arabian poet. B. his works were published at Florence,
762 -cd. 810.                         in 1513. —FRANCIs, uncle of the above; a
AB1U-OBIDA, a friend of Mahomet, lawyer and scholar of great ability, but
who conquered Palestine and Syria, and  even more remarkable for his parsimony
died of pestilence in 639.            than for his talents.-BENEDICT, a man
ABU-TEMAN, an       Arabian   poet, of violent passions, who conspired with
whose works have been translated into five others to murder Pius IV. He sufEnglish. D. 845.                      fered death in 1564.
ACACIUS, bishop: of Berea, an op-     ACCORSO, MAIANmNELO, a native of
ponent of Chrysostom. D.' 436.-There Aquila, in the 16th century; an emiwas another bishop of the same name, nent critic and scholar.. He published
who flourished at Amida, on the Tigris, remarks on Ausonius and Ovid, entitled
in the 5th century, mand who is known  "Diatribe," and an edition of Ammiafor his benevolence, in having'sold his nus Mtarcellinus.
church plate to ransom 7000 Persians    ACCUM, FPEDERIKO, an operative
taken prisoners by Theodosius the     chemist of eminence, who wrote several




8                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [Aol
books of science. B. in Westphalia, and successor of Mlahorn: t IIL B. 1588;
1769; d. 1888.                       d. 1617.-AcniMET II. succeeded his broACCURSIUS, FRANCIS, an eminent ther Solyman on the throne of ConItalian lawyer, born at Florence in 1182, stantinople. D. 1695.- ACiHMET III.,
and died in 1229. This individual ren- son of Mahomet IV., was placed on the
dered himself famous by his "Perpet- throne by the heads of a faction which
ual Commentary," or " Great Gloss,"  had deposed his brother, Mustapha II.
in illustration of the code, the institutes, He was afterwards deposed, and his
and the digests.                     nephew, Mahomet V., exalted to the
ACERBI, JosEPH, an Italian; author throne. D. in prison, 1736.
of "Voyage au Cape Nord, par la        ACIDALIUS, VALENS, a German anSuede," in 1798.                    thor and critic. D. 1595.
ACERBO, FEANOIS, an Italian Jesuit   ACKERMANN, CON:RAD, a German
and poet at Naples, in 1666.         comedian, and founder of the German
ACH, VAN, or ACHEN, JOHN, an       theatre. D. 1771.-JOHN CHRISTIAN-GOTeminent historical and portrait painter. LIEB, an eminent physician and author.
B. at Cologne, 1566; d. 1621.        B. 1756; d. 1801.-EUDOLPH, an enterACHIZEIJS, a Greek poet and satir- prising tradesman, who went to Enist, cotemporary with _schylus. Yet gland and became a print-seller, where
though he is said to have written forty  he published the "Forget Me Not,"
tragedlies, nothing but a few fragments the first of a peculiar class of annual
at preent exist.                     books. He improved the lithographic
ACHARD, ANTHONY, a learned di- art, published several beautiful editions
vine, B. at Geneva,, 1966; d. 1772.-  of histories, and was the first person
FRANCIS CHARLES, a distinguished Prus- who used gas-lights in London. B. at
sian chemist; known as the first fabri- Schuceberg, in Saxony, 1764; d. 1834.
cator of beet-root sugar, in 1792; and  ACKLAND,, a British major in the
author of several treatises on chemistry  American war. He was taken prisoner
and agriculture. D. 1821.            by Arnold, at Stillwater, Oct. 7, 1777.
ACHARDS, ELEAZER, bishop of Avig- When released he returned to England,
non, remarkable for the benevolent where he was shot in a duel by Liet.
courage he displayed when the plague Lloyd, to whom he had given the lie,
raged in his see. D. 1741.           when Lloyd charged the Americans
ACHENWALL, GODFREY, a lecturer with cowardice.      Lady Harriett, his
on history and jurisprudence, in the wife, lost her senses in consequence.
university of Gottingen. D. 1772.      ACKMAN, WILLIAM, a Scotch porACHER, N., a French judge; author trait painter, the first appreciator and
of an "Abre6e des Hommes Illustres friend of the poet Thomson.
te Plutarque;, 1807.                   ACOLUTHUS, ANDREW, author of
ACHERI, Luo D', a Benedictine" De Aquis Amearis."       D. 1704.
monk; author of " Lives of the Saints,"  ACOSTA, JOSEPH, a Jesuit of Peru,
&c.   B. at St. Quintin, in Picardy, who wrote a good history of the West
1609 * d. at Paris 1685.             Indies. D; 1600.
ACHILLES TATIUS, a native of         ACQUAVIVA, ANDREW MATrHEW, a
Alexandria, who lived during the 8d learned. Neapolitan, who published the
century, and in his old age was con- first Encyclopmdia. B. 1456; d. 1528.
verted to Christianity, and became a   ACON, a Sicilian physician, who
bishop. He originally taught rhetoric expelled the plague from Athens, by
in his native city, and wrote a " Treatise burning certain perfumes, about 473
on the Sphere;" a "History of Great B. o.
Men;" and a romance, entitled "The     ACEOPOLITA, GEORGE, a Byzantine
Loves of Clitophon and Leucippe."    historian, learned in mathematics and
ACHILLINI, ALEXANDER, a Bolog- skilled in rhetoric. B. 1220; d. 1282.nese physician, known by his publica- CONSTANTINE, son of the above, was
tions on anatomy and medicine, D. grand chancellor of the empire.
1512.-JOHN PHLOTHEUS, brother of the   ACTON, JosEPH, a Frenchman, who
above, and author of a eulogistic poem, entered the navy of the Grand Duke of
entitled" Viridario." D. 1538.-CLAUDE, Tuscany, and rescued 4000 Spaniards
a relation of the above, distinguished for from the Barbary corsairs. B. 1737; d.
his knowledge of medicine, theology, 1808.
and jurisprudence.  B. at Bologna,     ACTUARIUS, a Greek physician, of
1574; d. 1640.                       the 13th century, who used water and
ACHMET I., emperor of Turkey, son  mild cathartics as his principal remedies,




ADA]                  6YCLOPAeDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          7
ACUNA, CHRISTOPHE R, a Jesuit mis- the French," and other works of consionary, who wrote an account of the siderable ingenuity. B. 1716; d. 1792." Great River of the Amazons." B. 1597. ROBERT, F.R.S., and F.S.A.; a celebra-FERNANDO DE, a Spanish poet. D. ted architect, much-employed upon the
*t Grenada, 1680.                     public buildings and noblemen s manAI)AIR, JAMES, a recorder of Lon- sions of London. One of his works, ex6on, member of parliament, and chief- ecuted in conjunction with his brother,
rustice at Chester. D. 1798.-Another is the noble range of buildings called
JAMES, was a trader among the North, the "Adelphi," the name being the
American Indians, in 1775, who wrote  Greek word for "Brothers." He at one
a book to prove them descended from   time represented the county of Kinross
the Jews.                             in parliament. B. at Kirkaldy, Fifeshire,
ADALARD, or ADELARD, a Ger- 1728; d. 1792.-JAMES, brother of the
man divine and theological writer, the  above, and his coadjutor in most of his
grandson of Charles Martel, and cousin- labors. D. 1794.-THomAs, an English
german of Charlemagne. lie is most divine, and for 58 years the rector of
distinguished for the foundation of a Wintringham, in Lincolnshire. B. at
distinct abbey, called New Corbie, as a  Leeds, 1701; d. 1784.
seminary for the education of mission-  ADAMANTEO, a learned         Italian
aries, who were to be employed in the  mathematician and orientalist; author
conversion of the northern nations. B. of " Glossas et InterpXetationes in Tal753; d. 827.                          mud Hebraorum."    D. 1581.
ADALBERT, archbishop of Prague,       ADAMANTIUS, a Greek physician
in the 10th century. He was one of the of the 5th century; author of a popular
first founders of the Christian religion  work on physiognomy.
in Hungary; and also preached the gos-  ADAMANUS, abbot of Icolmkil, in
pel in Prussia, and in Lithuania, where the 8th century; author of a life of St.
he was murdered by Sego, a pagan      Columba.
priest.                                 ADAMI, LEONARDO, an Italian scholADAM, ScoTUs, a doctor of the Sor- ar, eminent for his skill in the Greek
bonne, in the 12th century, and author and Oriental languages, and librarian to
of a life of David I. of Scotland.-ALnEx- Cardinal Imperidi. B. 1690, at Bolsema,
ANDER, a learned Scotch schoolmaster, in Tuscany; d. 1719.
well known to the literary and scholastic  ADAMS, JOHN, the second president
world by his "Latin Lexicon," "Ro- of the United States, and one of the
man Antiquities," &c.    B. 1741; d. most able men America has produced,
1809.-LAMBERT SIGISBERT, an eminent was born at Braintree, Oct. 19, 1735.
French sculptor, many of whose works He was descended from Henry Adams,
were executed for the decoration of Ver- one of the original proprietors of the.
sailles and St. Cloud. B. 1700; d. 1759. town, of Braintree, who fled from En-NICHOLAS SEBASTIAN, brother of the gland with the Puritans, in the year
above, and eminent in the same profes- 1630. Early in life he manifested great
sion. He executed the admired statue  quickness of parts, and was educated
of " Prometheus Chained." B. 1705; d. in the best schools, and afterwards sent
1778.-ALBERT, a distinguished painter to Cambridge College.   After he left
of battle-scenes, born at Nordlingen, in  college, he studied law with Col. James
1786, who went to Russia with fugene  Putnam, at Worcester, instructing puBeauharnais in 1812, and afterwards pils in the Latin and Greek languages
produced many of the pictures in the at the same time, to defray the expense.
gallery of the king of Bavaria.-ADOL- Subsequently he entered the office of
PHIu CHARLES, a musical composer of   Jeremiah Gridley.   In 1761 he was
eminence, author of the " Postillion of  admitted a barrister-at-law, and comLonjumeau," and other operas. B. at menced practice. The attempts of EnParis, 1804.-WILLIAM, a lawyer and    gland to coerce the colonies into obedipolitician of Pitt's time, and one of the ence, which had exasperated the colomanagers appointed by the commons to  nials into most bitter indignation and
conduct the impeachment of Warren     hatred, were opposed by iMr. Adams
Hastings. B. 1751; d. 1839.-MELOIIOR, from the outset, and on all the questions
a German divine and biographical au- which arose between the two countries,
thor of the 17th century.-NICHOLAS, a he was on the side of the wronged and
French grammarian; author of "The oppressed.      Yet his was not a mere
True Mode of acquiring a Language     partisan zeal, but the just excitement
whether Living or Dead, by means of   of one who thought and felt earnestly




8                      CYOLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [ADA
andc deeply. When, therefore, the re- and died on the 4th of July, 1826. His
sistance of the colonists broke out into  last words were, " It is the glorious 4th
open war, Adams was prepared to take    of July!-God bless it-God bless you
an intelligent and ail active part in their all!" He was a man of intrepid and
defence.  In 1764 he married Abigail honest character, great industry, a high
Smith, second daughter of William       order of talent, and the most elevated
Smith, of Weymouth. and grand-daugh-    Christian sentiments.-SAMUEL, one of
ter of Col. Quincy, of Wollaston, a wo- the foremost patriots of the American
man of fine personal appearance, good  revolution, was born at Boston, Sept.
education, noble powers of mind, and   27th, 1722. He was made a member of
the most patriotic devotion to the colo- the legislature ins 1766, where he con-.
nies. A year afterwards he published   tinned till 1774, when he was chosen to
an Essay on Canon and Feudal Law, the first congress under the confederawhich was reprinted in England and     tion. He was a signer of the Declaramuch   commended.     In 1769 he was tion of Independence. In 1794 he was
appointed chairman of the committee, elected governor of Massachusetts, and
appointed by the town of Boston, to    held the office three years. He died in
draw up instructions to its represent- 1803, universally respected as a man of
atives to resist British encroachments, the most exalted patriotism, and the
at the very time the town was invested  most inflexible integrity.-JoHN QuINsY,
by an armed force both by sea and by    son of John, and the sixth president of
land. In 1770 he was sent to the legis- the United States, was born July 11th,
lature, where he took a prominent part 1767, at Quincy. The position of his
in every important measure. In 1774     father gave him  great advantages of
he was one of the committee who pre- education, which he diligently employpared the celebrated resolutions on the  ed. He was abroad with his father
Boston Port Bill.  The same year he     before 1780. He studied law with Thewas elected to the first continental con- ophilus Parsons, at Newburyport, and
gress, held in Phliladelphia. From the  attracted attention by certain essays he
outset he announced himself the friend  published in the newspaper.    Washof independence, and when, therefore, nmgton appointed him minister to the
in 1775, the first blood was shed at Lex- Netherlands, in 1794, and afterwards
ington and Concord, he was ready for minister to Portugal, when his father,
war, and suggested the name of George hwho had become president, transferred
Washington, as. commander-in-chief. him to Berlin. In 1802 he was elected
In 1776 he was appointed, with Jeffer- to the senate of Massachusetts, and, in
son, Franklin, Sherman, and Living-     1808, to the senate of the United States,
ston, on the committee which reported   In 1806, he was appointed professor of
the immortal "Declaration    of Inde- rhetoric in Harvard, and delivered a
pendence."   In Nov. 1777, Mr. Adams    course of lectures on "The Art of
was sent as commissioner to the'court Speaking Well," which was, also, pubof Versailles, but treaties of commerce  lished in a book form. In June, 1809,
and alliance with France had been sign- Madison appointed him     minister to
ed before he arrived.   Three months    Russia.  He was employed as one of
after his return he was again sent the commissioners who negotiated the
abroad, to negotiate a peace and a cornm- peace between the United States and
mercial treaty with Great Britain. He I England, at Ghent, in 1814. Madison
did not succeed in the former object sent him as minister to Great Britain
till Jan..14th, 1783.  In 1785 he was in 1815. President Monroe made him
appointed the first minister to England. secretary of state in 1817. In 1825 he
While in London, he wrote his "De- was chosen president by the house of
fence of the American Constitution."   representatives, no choice having been
After his return he was elected first made by the people.     In 1829 he revice-president of the United States, and  tired to private life, but, in 1831, was
re-elected in 1793. He discharged the   chosen a representative to congress,
duties of the office till March 4th, 1797, where he remained till 1848, when he
when he was chosen president. His ad- fell into a fit from which he died a few
ministration was a vigorous and im- hours after. "This," he exclaimed as
portant one, but not without embarrass- he fell, " is the last of earth."  He
ments and opposition. In 1801 he was was an eloquent and incorruptible man,
defeated by Jefferson, and retired to his  of strong prejudices, but independent
farm at Quincy. He was chosen to one    earnest,. and true.-JOHN, a poet and
or two inconsiderable posts afterwards, preacher, of Newport, R. I., who d. in




ADD]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHI.                            0
1740.-MA THEW, a tradesman of Bos- The first number of this periodical was
ton, who acquired some distinction as published April 12, 1769, and Addison's
a writer in the time of Dr. Franklin. — first contribution appeared May 26. To
ANDREW, a chief-justice of Connecticut. the Tatler, in about two months, sucD. 1797.-SIRSm TiHOMs, an eminent citi- ceeded the "Spectator," a series of eszen of London, of which he was lord    says of the same kind, but written with
mayor in 1645. B. at Wem, in Shrop- less levity, upon a more regular plan,
shire, 1586; d. 1667.-WILLIAM, an En- and published daily. The year 1713, ia
glish divine of the 18th century; author which " Cato" came upon the stage, was
of an answer to Hume on the Miracles. the grand climacteric of Addison's repD. 1789.-JOSEPH, an able English phy- utation. The whole nation was, at that
sician, author of a treatise on epilepsy, time, on fire with faction. The Whigs
and numerous other medical works of    applauded every line in which liberty
great merit. B. 1758; d. 1818.-GEORGE, was mentioned, as a satire on the Toa celebrated maker of mathematical in- ries; and the Tories echoed every clap,
struments; author of "Micographie      to show that the satire was unfelt.
Illustrata," and other scientific works. Another daily paper, called the " GuarD. 1786.-GEORGE, son of the above, and  diaI," was published about this time,
of the same profession; author of " An  by Steele, to which Addison gave great
Essay on Vision," &c. B. 1750; d..1795. assistance. The papers of Addison are
ADAMSON, PATRICK, a Scotch arch- marked in the Spectator by one of the
bishop of the time of Queen Elizabeth, letters in the name of Clio, and in the
noted for his violent disputes with the Giar'dian by a hand. It was not known
Presbyters. B. 1586; d. 1599.          that Addison had tried a comedy on the
ADAMUS, DonsENSUS, an English ab- stage till Steele, after his death, debot of the 13th century, who wrote on  clareA him the author of "The Drummusic.                                 mer;" this play Steele carried to the
ADANSON, MICHAEL, an eminent theatre, and afterwards to the press, and
French naturalist, who suffered much   sold the copy for fifty guineas. In the
during the French Revolution. B. at midst of these agreeable employments,
Aix, 1727; d. 1806.                    Mr. Addison was not an indifferent
ADDISON, LAUNCELOT, an English       spectator of public affairs. He wrote,
Divine, attached to the Stuart family, by  as different exigencies required, in 1707,
which he was made dean of Lichield. "The present State of the War, &c."
B. 1632;. d. 1703.-JosrEP, one of the  "The Whig Examiner " and the "Trial
brightest names of English literature, of Count Tariff," all which tracts, being
was b. May lst;,-1672, at Milston, Wilt- on temporary topics, expired with the
shire, at which place his father was a rec- subjects which gave them birth. When
tor of the church. He was graduated at the house of Hanover took possession
Queen's College, Oxford, Feb. 14, 1693, of the throne, it was reasonable to exwhere he had already achieved consid- pect that the zeal of Addison would be
erable reputation in criticism and poetry, suitably rewarded. Before the arrival
and particularly in Latin composition. of King George he was made secretary
In 1695 he wrote a Latin poem to King  to the regency, and was required by his
William, and in 1697 another on the    office to send notice to Hanover that the
peace of Ryswick.   Two years after- queen Was dead, and that the throne
wards he obtained a pension of ~300, was vacant. To do this would not have
that he might be enabled to travel. In  been difficult to any man but AddiItaly he wrote his "Dialogue on Med- son, who was so overwhelmed with
als," and also the Letter to Lord Hal- the greatness of the event, and so disifax, which is among the most elegant tracted by choice of expressions, that
of his poems.   A  Pdescription of his the lords, who could not wait for the
"Travels," written after his return, niceties of criticism, called Mr. Southgained great popularity. Lord Godol- well, a clerk in the house, and ordered
phin, in 1704, nmade him under-secre- him to dispatch the message. Southtary of state, and subsequently, when  well readily told what was necessary, in
Wharton was made lord-lieutenant of    the common style of business, and valIreland, Addison accompanied him, and  ued himself upon-having done what was
was appointed keeper of the recordstoo hard for Addison. lHe was better
in IBermingham's Tower, at a salary    qualified for the " Freeholder," a paper
of ~300 per annum. It was while he which he published twice a week, from
was in Ireland that Sir Richard Steele Dec. 23, 1715, to the middle of the next
began the publication of the " Tatler."  year. This was undertaken in defence




10                    CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPIY.'ADO
of the established government, some- Libero Arbitrio.1"  He was a canon of
times with argument, sometimes with    Liege, and then monk of Cluny.
mirth. In argument he had many equals,   ADELUNG, JoHN       CmisSTOPrHER, a
but his humor was singular and match-. German   philologist of great merit;
less. On the 2d of August, 1716, he mar- chiefly celebrated for his " Grammatical
ried the countess dowager of Warwick, and Critical Dictionary," 5 vols. 4to.
whom he is said to have first known by  B. 1734:; d. 1800.-FREDERICK, his nephbecoming tutor to he- son. This mar- ew, an historian and linguist; president
riage, however, made no addition to his  of the Asiatic Society at St. Petersburg.
happiness; it neither found them nor His writings  were, numerous and valumade them equal. She always remem- able, relating chiefly to language and
bered her own rank, and thought herself  arts. B. 1768.
entitled to treat with very little ceremo-  ADEMAR, a monk of the 10th centuny, the tutor of her son. The year after, ry, who wrote the chronicles of France,
1717, he rose to his highest elevation, published by Labbe.
being made secretary of state; but it is  ADER, WILLIAM, a physician     of
universally confessed that he was une- Toulouse, who wrote a book in 1621,
qual. to the duties of his place. In the entitled, " De Egrotis et Morbis Evanhouse of commons he could not speak, gelicis;" in which he proves that the
and therefore was useless to the defence  diseases healed by our Saviour were inof the government. In the office he could  curable by medicine.
not issue an order without losing his    ADET, P. A., envoy from France to
time in quest of fine expressions. What the United States, in 1796; author of
he gained in rank he lost in credit; and, several chemical works, original and
finding himself unequal to the position, translated, and of a design for new
he solicited a dismission with a pension  chemical characters and nomienclature.
of ~1500 a year. He subsequently wrote  ADHAD-EDDOULAT, emperor of
a Defence of the Christian Religion, and  Persia.. B. about 935. In 977 he became
d. June 17th, 1719.                    master of Bagdad, which he adorned
ADELAIDE, MADAME, mother of          with'hospitals, mosques, and other pubLouis XVI. of France; fled from Paris lie works..He was also a great encourduring the Revolution, and d. in Rus- ager of learning. D. 982.
sia, in 1799.                            ADHELME, a learned prelate under
ADELAIDE, queen dowager, wife of the Saxon Heptarchy, and nephew to
William IV. of England. D. 1850.       King lna. He was the first Englishman
ADELARD, a monk of Bath in the who wrote in Latin, the first who
12th century; a man of considerable brought poetry into Britain, and the
learning. He travelled into Egypt and  first bishop of Sherborne. D. 769.
Arabia, and translated Euclid's Ele-    ADLER, JAMES GEORGE, a learned
ments out of Arabic into Latin, before Danish orientalist, b. in 1756; author
any Greek copies had been discovered. of " Museum Cuficum," some works on
He also wrote several treatises on math- the Jewish language, laws, and rites,
ematical and medical subjects, which re- and several philological publications.main in MS. at Oxford.                PHILIP, a German engraver of the 16th'
ADELBOLD, bishop of Utrecht, the century, whose style of etching appears
cathedral of which he founded.. He to have founded a school which gave
wrote the life of his patron, the emperor rise to the Hopfers and Hollar. D. 1530.
Henry II. D. 1027.                      ADLERFELDT, GUSTAVUS, a Swedish
ADELER, CURTIUS, named also Ser- historian in the time of Charles XII.,
visen, an eminent naval commander. B. whom he accompanied throughout his
in Norway, 1622. He went to Venice, campaigns, of which he wrote an acwhere he was made admiral; and, after c    o   ntinued up to the day when a
performing many gallant exploits against cannon-ball deprived him of lift, at the
the Turks, retired to Constantinople, battle of Pultowa, in 1709.
where he ended his days in honor and    ADLZREITER, JoIN, a Germhan histranquillity, being  made admiral-in- torian, and chancellor of Bavaria. D.
chief of the Danish fleet, and created a  about 1662.
noble. He d. in 1675.                   ADO, archbishop of Vienne, distinADELHER, or ADELGER, a scho- guished by his piety, and as an histolastic philosopher and theologian of the rian. D. 875.
12th century, who is only remarkable    ADOLFATI, an Italian composer. and
for his mode of conciliating the divine  author of several operas.
prescience with free will. See his " De  ADOLPIIUS, emperor of Germany,




AEi]                  CYCLOPA DIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                          11
was the count of Nassau, and elevated  was designing and ambitious, and d.
to the imperial throne in 1292.-ADOL- 872.-ADRIAN III. was chosen in 884,
PHUS, cotut of Cleves, celebrated* by  and d. the next year. - ADRIAN IV.
the institution of the Order of Fools, in  was an Englishman-the only one who
1380, which consisted of the principal ever became pope-named Breakspear;
noblemen of Cleves.-FREDERmoII., king  in his youth extremely poor, but in 1146
of Sweden, b. in 1710, and succeeded    made a cardinal by Eugenius III. He
his father, Frederick, in 1751. D. 1771. was then sent as legate into Denmark,
-JOHiN, a well-known barrister and his- and in 1154 chosen pope. He issued a
torian of London, who wrote histories   celebrated bull in favor of Henry II.
of George III., of England, of the      of England, sanctioning the conquest of
French Revolution, and a memoir of     lreland, and in 1155 excommunicated
Bannister, the comedian.               the king of Sicily, for ravaging the terADRETS, FRANCIS DE BEAUiMONT Ba- ritories of the church. When the arron des, an Hungarian leader, of a cruel, mies of Frederick entered Italy, Adrian
fiery, and enterprising spirit. Resent- compelled him to make peace, and afterment to the Duke of Guise led him to   wards crowned him king of the Romans.
side with the IHufuenot party in 1562; D. 1159.-ADRIAN V. was a Genoese,
and he signalizedlimself by many able  who held the pontificate only a month,
and daring exploits, the skill and bra- in 1276.-ADRIAN VI. was a native of
very of which were soiled with the most Utrecht, of mean parentage, but who
detestable cruelty. D. 1'587.          gradually rose from  one ecclesiastical
ADRIA, JOHN JAMES, a Sicilian writer, office to another, till he was made pope
and physician-general to Charles V. in 1522. He attempted to reform the
D. 1560.                               papal court, and opposed classical learnADRIAM, [MARIE, a female, who, at ing, but his efforts were frustrated by
the age of 16, fought valiantly during  the cardinals. His attempts to excite
the whole time that her native town, Zuinglius and Erasmus against Luther,
Lyons, was besieged, in 1793. After were also without success. D. 1525.the engagement she was arrested, and   ADRIAN DE COSTELLO, a Tuscan of great
being asked how she had dared to use   learning and ability, who received the
arms, she replied, "I used them    to  bishoprics of HIereford, Bath, and Wells
serve my country, and deliver it from  from Henry VII. He sold them to Carits oppressors.' Shle was instantly on11- dinal Wolsey, and retired to Italy, where
domned and executed.                   he lived in great splendor out of the
ADRIAN, or HADRIAN, PUBLiuS revenues. A prophecy that an Adrian
_ELIUS, the Roman emperor. B. A. D. 76. should succeed Pope Leo X., betrayed
XIe married Sabina, the heiress of Tra- him into a conspiracy, which being clisjan, whom he accompanied'in his expe- covered, led to his banishment.   iTlWhat
dlitions, and became successively prentor, became of him was never known.
governor of Pannonia, and consul. On     ADRIANI, MARCEL VIRGIL, a chanthe death of Trajan, in 117, he assumed  cellor of Florence, who translated Diosthe government, made peace with the    corides out of Greek into Latin. B. 1464;
Persians, and remitted the debts of the  d. 1521.-JOHN BAPTlST, secretary of the
Roman people. In 120 he visited Gaul, republic of Florence, who wrote a hisand thence passed over to Britain, where  tory of his own times. B. 1513; d. 1579.
he built a wall, 80 miles in length, from  -MARCEc, his son11 was also the author
the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Frith, of some works as professor in the Acadto secure the Roman provinces from the  emy at Florence. D. 1604.
incursions of the Caledonians. He next   ADRIANO, a Carmelite friar, who
travelled into Africa and Asia, and, on  was also a painter in Spain. D. 1650.
his return, was initiated into the Eleu-  ADRICHOMIUS, CHRISTIAN, a Dutch
sinian mysteries at Athens. In his     geographer and historian. B. 1533; d.
reign the Christians suffered al dreadful 1585.
persecution; he built a temple to Jupi-  ADRY, J. F., a French professor of
ter on Mount Calvary, alnd d. at Bai.T, rhetoric, and author of several works,
13S.-There are several popes of that chiefly histories. B. 1749; d. 1818.
namle. ADRIAN I., a Roman, raised to     ZEDESIA, a female philosopher of the
the papal chair, and was a patron of arch- modern Platonic school, wife of Hermias,
itecture; embellished St. Peter's, rebuilt and mother of Ammonius.  She was
the walls of Romei and restored the    celebrated for her beauty and virtue, as
ancient aqueducts. D. 795.-ADRIAN      well as her devotion to philosophy.
II. succeeded to the pontificate in 867,  2EGIDIUS, COLONNA, a Roman monk,




12                    CYCLORPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [AER
distinguished as the scholastic preceptor er. B. at Delft in 1602; d. 1658. He
to Philip III. of France. He wrote sev- was famous for his skill in painting
eral able metaphysical works, such as fruit pieces and dead game.-WILLIAM,
"iTractatu de Esse et Essentia," and   his nephewv, also distinguished himself
" Quodlibeta." D. 1316.-PETER, a law- as a-painter. D. 1679.
yer of Antwerp, educated by Erasmus,      E/EMILIANI, ST. JEROME, a Venetian
and the friend of Sir Thomas More. nobleman, who, being taken prisoner in
B. 1436; d. 1538.                      his youth, made a vow that, on his reEGINETA, PALTUS, a medical author, lease, he would devote his life to the
who first noticed the cathartic virtues care of orphans. In pursuance of this
of rhubarb. D. 630.                    pledge, he laid the foundation of a
-EGINHAED, a German, secretary to    hospital and religious order, the object
Charlemagne, who wrote the annals of   of which was to instruct young persons,
his reign -from 741 to 889; famous, too, and particularly orphans, in religion.
for a singoular love adventure with the ID. 1537.
princess Imma, daughter of Charle-       AEMILIUS, PAULUS, an illustrious Romnagne; who, carrying him    across a man general, the son of Paulus _]Emilius,
court-yard from her chamber, to pre- the consul, who fell at Cannoe, was b.
vent the traces of his footsteps in the  about 228 B. c. He greatly enriched his
snow, was observed by the emperor, country by the spoil" taken in his warwho generously agreed to their union.  fare with Perses, king of Macedon,
1ELFRIC, son of an earl of Kent, and  whom he took prisoner to Rome, which
archbishop of Canterbury in the middle  was so great, that it freed the Homans
of the 10th century, was a luminary for from taxes for. 125 years.-PAxULUS, an
the age in which he lived. He became   historian of great celebrity, b. at Verona.
a monk of the Benedictine order at ID. 1529.
Abingdon, under the abbot Athelwold,     ANEAS, or JENGUS, an Irish abbot
who, on his promotion to the see of    or bishop of the 8th century, who comWinchester, took Elfric with him to in- piled a curious account of Irish saints
struct youth in his cathedral. Here he in five bo6ks, and also wrote the history
drew up his " Latin Saxon Vocabulary,"  of the Old Testament in verse. D. 820.which was published at Oxford in 1659. GAZEUS, a Platonic philosopher, who emHe also translated from the Latin into  braced Christianity in the 5th century,
the Saxon language most of the histori- and wrote a book on the Immortality of
cal books of the Old Testament, as well the Soul, &c.-TACTICUS, an    ancient
as " Canons for the Regulation of the  Greek writer, who flourished about 3.60
Clergy," which are inserted in Spelman's. c. He is one of the oldest authors on
Councils. He subsequently became ab- the art of war.
bot of St. Alban's, and composed a       AEPINUS, JOHN, a Franciscan friar,
liturgy for the service of his abbey, who became a zealous and able follower
which] was used in Leland's time. In   of Luther, and pastor of the church of
989, he was created bishop of Wilton   St. Peter, at HIamburgh. B. 1499; d.
and, in 994, was translated to the see ofe 1553.
Canterbury. D. 1005.                     AEISENS, PTER, called by the Italians
AELIAN, CLAUDIUS, an historian and   Pietro Longo, from his tallness, a celerhetorician, was born in Italy, in 160. brated painter, b. at Amsterdam in 1519.
He was surnamed HIoneytongue, on ac- He excelled very particularly in paintcount of the sweetness of his style.   ing kitchens: but an altar-piece of his,
2ELIANUS, MEOCCIU, a Greek phy- being a crucifix repriesenting an execusician of the second century, and the tioner breaking with an iro  ar the legs
master of Galen, who mentions him in   of the thieves, was prodi(iously admirecd.
terms of high praise. He was the first This -noble piece was destroyed by the
who made use of the theriaca as a rem- rabble in the time of the insurrection,
edy and preservative against the plague. 1566. He afterwards compilained of this
~ELIUS, SEXTUS POETUS CATUS, a Ho- to the populace in terms of such severmai lawyer who was made consul at the ity, that more than once they were going
close of the second Punic war. He pub- to murder him. D. 15S5.
lished a collection, entitled "'Novella,"  AERTGEN, a painter of merit. B. at
which were called, after him, the E]lian  Leyden in 1498. It was a custom with
laws;. and was author of " Tripartite,"  this painter never to work on Mondays,
the oldest treatise on jurisprudence now  but to devote that day with his disciples
known.                                 to the bottle. He used to stroll abolut
XELST, EV.EEHID VAN, a Dutch paint- the streets in the night, playing on thlo




AFJ]                   CYOLOPLEDIA OF BIOGRAPHtY.                          13
German flute; and in one of those frolics tion'among the Greeks; so that, accordwas ldrowned in 1564.                   ing to Meziriac, the report of his wisdom
JCISCHINES, a philosopher of Athens, having reached Crcesus, this kinig sent
in tlhe 4th century, B...  e obtain- to inquire after him, and engaged him
ed instruction from Socrates, by whom   in his srvice.  He travelled through
he was much esteemed.-.ESCiINES, a      Greece, according to the same author;
celebrated orator, b. at Athens 327 B. c., but whether for his own pleasure, or
and d. at Samos, aged 75. He was a co- upon the affairs of Croesus, fs uncertain.
temporary and rival of Demosthenes.     Passing by Athens soon after PisistraAESCHYLUS, one of the most famous    tus had usurped the sovereign power,
tragic writers of Greece, was born at and finding that the Athenians bore the
Athens about 500 years B. c. His mind   yoke very impatiently, he told them the
very early received an impulse from the  fable of the firos who petitioned Jupiter
Doetry of Homer t and, before his 25th  for a king. Some relate, that in order
iyear, he composed pieces for public rep- to show that the life of man is full of
resentation. So great was his fertility, miseries, 2Esop used to say, that when
that he wrote 70 tragedies, of which 25  Prometheus took the clay to form man
gained the prize. He may be called the  he tempered it with tears. tEsop was
lather of the Grecian stage, and has put to death at Delphi. The inhabitants
never been surpassed, unless by Shak- of Delphi contrived an accusation of
speare. EAlian relates that when he was  sacrilege against him, and, pretending
once charged by the Athenians with      that they had convicted him, threw him
uttering blasphemies, and condemned     headlong from a rock. They afterwards
to be stoned to death, they were just endeavored to make an atonement by
going to put the sentence in execution, raising a pyramid to his honor.-CLOwhen Aminias, with a happy presence     DIUS, a celebrated actor, who flourished
of mind, throwing aside his cloak       about the 670th year of Rome. He and
showed his arm without a hand, which    Roscius were cotemporaries, and both
he had lost at the battle of Salamis in  friends of Cicero. Hle left a fortune of
defence of his country.    This sight ~160,000.
made such an impression on the judges,    JETION, a Grecian painter of Alexthat, touched with the remembrance of   ander's time.
his valor, and the friendship lihe showed  ETIUS, a famous Roman general
for his brother, they pardoned -Eschy- under Valentinian III.-Also, a phylus. After having lived some years at sician of Mesopotamia, who was the first
Gela, we are told that he died of a frac- Christian physician whose writings have
ture of his skull, caused by an eagle's  come down to us.
letting fall a tortoise on his head, in the  AFER, DOMITIeS, a great orator, con69th year of his age.                   sul under Caliogula.
ASOP, the Phrygian, lived in the        AFFLITTO, MAITTEW, an        Italian
time of Solon, about the 50th OlynmpJiad, lawyer and writer on law, who died in
under the reign of Croesus, the lastking  1673.
of Lydia. St. Jerome, speaking of him,    AFFEY, Louis AUGUSTINE PHILIP, a
says he was unfortunate in his birth, Swiss statesman and commander, who
condition, and death, hinting' thereby  bore a prominent part from the comat his deformity, servile state, and tra- mencement of the French revolution till
gical end. His great genius, however, his death, in 1810.
enabled him to support his misfortunes;   AFRANIA, of Ferrara, inventor of
and, in order to alleviate the hardships the bassoon, in the 16th century.
of servitude, he composed those enter-    AFRANIUS, a Latin dramatist, who
taining and instructive fables which    flourished 100 B. c.-A Roman senator,
have acquired him so much reputation; who wrote a satire on Nero, for which
and he is generally supposed to have    he was put to death.
been the inventor of that kind of wri-    AFRICANUS, JULIUS, a Christian
ting. Having had several masters, for historian, of 221.
he %was born a slave, JEsop at length     AFRICANER, CHRISMTIa, a Namacame under a philosopher named Xan- qua chief of South Africa, who, after a
thus, and it was in his service that he  long career of violence and bloodshed,
first displayed his genius for fable. He was converted to Christianity, and conwas afterwards sold to Idmon, or Iad- tinued to aid the operations of the mismon, the philosopher, who enfranchised  sionaries at the Cape of Good Hope till
him. After he -had recovered his lib- his death in 1823. An interesting acerty, he soon acquired a great reputa-  count of his life and adventures will be




14                  CYOLOP1EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       IAGI
found in Mofat's "Missionary Labors siastic of Naples in the 16th century. D.
aid Scenes in Southern Africa."       1608.
AFZELIUS, ADAm, the last pupil of  AGER, or AGERIUS, NICacOLAS, a
Linnaeus, a linSguist and botanist of the physician aind botanist in the 17th cenuniversity of Upsal.-JOHN and PETEr, tury, and professor of medicine at Strashis brothers, are professors at the same burgh.
place, the one of chemistry, the other  AGESANDER, a lRhodian sculptor,
of medicine. -ANDnRUS EIC, a near supposed to have lived in the 5th cenrelative, is teacher in the faculty of law. tury B. c. He is celebrated by having,
at Abo.-ARVID AUGUSTus, a clergyman  in conjunction with his sons, executed
of Enkoping, who has published much  that admirable monument of Grecian
on the early literature of the North, and  art, the Laocoon, which was discovered
written dramas.                       in the 16th century in the baths of Titus.
AGAPETUS I., pope in 585, who         AGESILAUS, king of Sparta, suepawned the sacred vessels to enable   ceeded his brother Agis.  ie acquired
him to travel to Constantinople.-The great renown by his exploits against the
second of the name was chosen in 946. Persians, and also against the- Thebans
AGARD, ARTHUn, an English anti- and Athenians, but was defeated by
quarian. B. 1540; d. 1615.            Epaminondas. D. 360 B. C.
AGARDH, CHARLES ADOLPHUS, pro-        AGGAS, RALPH, a surveyor and enfessor of botany in the university of graver of the 16th century, who first
Lund, Sweden.                         drew a plan of London, which, although
AGASIAS, a sculptor of Ephesus, referred to the time of Henry VIII. and
who made the immortal gladiator which  Edward VI., appears not to have been
was found with the Apollo Belvidere, at made on wood until about 1560. It was
Antiuem.                              republished in 1618, and re-engraved by
AGASSIZ, Louis, one of the most Vertue in 1748. D. 1579.
eminent naturalists of the day, b. at   AGILULF, king of the Lombards,
Orbe, Switzerland, in 1807, educated at crowned at Milan in 591. Soon after his
the universities of Zurich, Heidelberg, accession, he quitted the Arian comand Munich, has published extensively  munion for the Catholic, in which he
on subjects of natural history, but was followed by numbers of his subjects,
chiefly on Fishes and Molluscs. He is many of whom had hitherto been Pagans.
now (1851) a professor at Cambridge, D. in 619.
near Boston.                            AGIS III., king of Sparta, succeeded
AGATHO, a tragic and comic writer his father, Archidamus, 846 B. c. He
ft Athens, in 995 B. c.               was a prince-of great magnanimity; and,
AGATHOCLES, the Sicilian tyrant, though lie detested the Macedonian
was b. in Ehegium, in Italy, and became  domination, he would not expose his
successively a soldier, centurion, gen- country to ruin by resisting it, until
eral, and pirate. After defeating the Alexander was deeply engaged in his
Carthaginians, he proclaimed himself  Persian expedition; when he raised an
king of all Sicily. iHis soldiers, on ac- army of 20,000 men, which was defeated
count of arrears, obliged him to fly from  by Antipater, governor of Macedon, and
his camp, and murdered his sons, whom  Aias himself slain, 337 B. c.-AGIS IV.,
he had left behind. Returning with a king of Sparta, was the son of Eudamistrong force, he put to death the muti- das, and celebrated by his virtues and
neers, with their wives and children. death. His first attempt was to renew
Unable to live in tranquillity and inac- the original law for the equal division of
tion, though now far advanced in years, landed property, which was opposed by
he made an expedition into Italy, and  a p arty, at the head of which was his
thence to the Lipari Islands, which lie  coeague, Leonidas. The latter was
laid under contribution, and plundered  deposed, and the joint sovereignty deof all the treasures of the temples. After volved to his son Cleombrotus, who
his return he is said to have been    entered into the views of Agis. Prepoisoned by means of an envenomed     viously, however, to a partition of the
toothpick aged 95.                    lands, Agesilaus, uncle to Agis, who was
AGELAS, an admired Greek sculptor, deeply in debt, proposed the abolition
who lived about 435 B. c.             of all debts, which would render the
AGELNOTH, an Anglo-Saxon pre- former measure more palatable. This
late, promoted to the see of Canterbury  deed accomplished, the influential and
in 1020. D. 1038.                     wily Sparta found means to postpone
AGE]LIUS, ANTHONY, a learned eccle- the other equalizing operation, until




AGR]                  CYCLOPADIA O~     BIOGRAPHY.                     1.
Agis was obliged to march on an expe- eighty-first year.-MALIA TERESA, sister
dition. During his absence, Agesilaus of the above, was a musician of much
conducted himself so tyrannically, that genius. B. at Milan, 1750. She coma conspiracy was formed to restore the posed  three  operas, " Sophonisba,"
deposed king, Leonidas; which suc- " Ciro," and " Nitocri."
ceeding, Agis and his colleague, Cleom-  AGNOLO, BAcCIO DI, a Florentine
brotus, took sanctuary in a temple. The sculptor and architect of great reputalatter was immediately dragged forth tion. B. 1460; d. 1543.
and banished, but Agis remained a con-  AGOBARD, archbishop of Lyons,
siderable time in safety, until his friends was one of the most celebrated prelates
were bribed to betray him, and he was of the 9th century. His works were
thrown into a prison. He suffered death  buried in obscurity, until the manuscript
with great magnanimity, 241 B. c.     of them was accidentally found in a
AGLIONBY, EDWARD, an old English    bookseller's shop at Lyons. D. 840.
poet, who wrote a genealogy of Queen    AGOP, JoHN, a learned Armenian
Elizabeth, for which she granted him a  critic and grammarian of the 17th cenp.ension.-JOHN, a learned divine, chap- tury. His works were printed at Rome,
lain to Queen Elizabeth; was concerned  1675.
in the present translation of the New   AGORACRITES, a Grecian statuary
Testament, and d. at Islip, in 1610.-  in the 5th century B.C. He was a pupil
WILLIA r, an English diplomatist and  of Phidias, and one of the most skilful
polite writer, of the 17th and 18th cen- artists of his time.
turies; author of a book entitled " Paint-  AGOSTINI, LIONARDO, an eminent
ing Illustrated."                     antiquary of the 17th century, officially
AGNELLUS, ANDREW, an abbot of       employed by Pope Alexander VII.
Ravenna, in the 9th   century, often    AGOSTINO, PAUL, of Valerano, a
confounded with a bishop of Eavenna   celebrated musician. B. 1593; d. 1629.
of the same name in the 6th century.   AGOULT, WILLIAM D', a Provencal
Agnellus wrote a history of the lives of  poet. D. 1181.
the prelates of Ravenna, which is often  AGREDA, MARIA D', the writer of
quoted by Jerome Rubens, and is full some wild legends, was b. at Agreda, in
of uninteresting matter but deserved  Spain, in 1602, took the veil, 1620, in a
sarcasm  upon the debauchery of the convent founcded by her father and
monks.                                mother, dedicated to the " Immaculate
AGNESI, MARIA GAETANA, a learned    Conception," of which she was chosen
Italian lady. B. at Milan, in 1718. In  superior, 1627, and d. 1665.
her ninth year she spoke the Latin with  AGRICOLA, CNEIUS JULIUS, an emcorrectness, and also delivered an oration  inent Roman commander, b. A. D. 40, in
in this language, in which she maintain- the reign of Caligula. His first military
ed that the study of the ancient languages service was under Suetonius Paulinus in
was proper for females. In her eleventh  Britain; and, on his return to Rome, he
year, she is said to have spoken Greek  was made qutestor in Asia, and became
as fluently as her mother tongue. She tribune of the people and pretor under
now proceeded to perfect herself in the Nero. By Vespasian, whose cause- he
oriental languages, so that she was usu- espoused, he was made a patrician and
ally called a ivoing polyglot. She next governor of Aquitania; the dignity of
studied geometry and speculative phi- consul followed; and, in the same yeai,
losophy. Shortly subsequent to her 77, he married his daughter to Tacitus,
twentieth year she devoted herself to the historian, who has so admirably
mathematics, and composed a treatise  written his life. Next year he was apon conic sections; besides which, in her pointed governor of Britain; extended
thirtieth year, she published a work on  his conquests into Scotland; and built a
the rudiments of analysis, which has chain of forts from the Clyde to the
been considered as the best introduction  Frith of Forth, to prevent the incursions
to Euler. This gained her so much rep- of the inhabitants of the North. He deutation, that she was appointed, in her feated Galgacus on the Grampian Hills,
thirty-second year, promessor of math- and then made peace with the Caledoematics at the university of Bologna. nians. On the accession of Domitian,
But her deep study 6f this abstruse   Agricola had a triumph decreed him,
science seems to have cast a gloom over but he was recalled, and sent governor
her spirits; and, secluding herself alto- to Syria, where he d. A; D. 93; aged 54.
gether from society, retired to the strict -GEORGE, the most celebrated metallurorder of blue nuns, and d. 1799, in her gist of his time. B. at Glauchen) Misnia,




16                    CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,                      [AGV
in 1494, and d. 1555.-GEORGE ANDREW, II. IIEROD, SOn and successor of the
a German physician, author of a curious preceding, was the seventh and last of
work on the mnultiplicatiqn of trees and  the Jewish monarchs of the faimily of
plants.  B. at Ratisbbn, 1672, and d. Herod the Great.   It was before this
1738.-JoHN, a polemical writer of ce- prince that St. Paul pleaded his cause
lebrity. B. at Esleben, Saxony, 1492, with so much eloquence, that Agrippa
and d. at Berlin, 1566. From being the acknowledged he had almost persuaded
friend and scholar, he became the antag-  him to be a Christian. He d. at Rome
onist of Martin Luther, against whom, about the year 94. —MARCUS VIPSs-NIUs,
as well as Melancthon, he maintained a the celebrated friend and general of
spirited controversy, advocating the doc- Augustus Ctesar. D. 12 B. C.-AMENENIUS,
trine of faith in opposition to the works  consul of Rome, 503 B. c. He is celeof the law, whence the sect, of which he brated for having appeased a commotion
became leader received the name of among the Romans, by the political fable
Antinomians.-RODOLPUS, one of the    of the belly and the members, and d. at
most learned men in the 15th century, an advanced age, very poor, but unispoken of both by Erasmus and Bayle   versally esteemed for his wisdom and
with great respect. B. in Friesland, 1442, integrity.
and d. 1484. Ile was the first who in-   AGRIPPINA, the elder, daughter of
trocluced the Greek language into Ger- Marcus Agrippa, was married in the first
many.                                 instance to Tiberius, who divorced her,
AGRIPPA, CAMILLE, a celebrated      and she became the wife of GermLanicus
architect of Milan in the 16th century, Cesar, whom  she accompanied in his
who, un1r the pontificate of Gregory  military expeditions. On the death of
XIII., accomplished the removal of a the latter at Antioch, A. D. 19, she returnvast obelisk to St. Peter's Square.-  ed to Rome. Tiberius, jealous of the
HENRY CORNELIus, was b. in 1486, at affection of the people for Agrippina,
Cologne, of a noble family. lie became  banished her to a small island, where
secretary to the emperor Maximilian, by  she d. of hunger, in 85.-AGRIPPINA, the
whom he was knighted for his bravery   younger, daughter of the foregoing, and
in the Italian wars. He next travelled  mother of Nero, was at once cruel acnd
through various parts of Europe, and, licentious. After losing two husbands,
while in Englandc, wrote a commentary  she married her uncle, the emperor
on St. Paul's Epistles. In 1518 he set- Claudius, whom she poisoned in 54, to
tled at Metz, which place, however, he  make way for her son Nero, who caused
was obliged to quit, at the instigation of  her to be assassinated, and exhibited to
the monks, and went to Cologne, and   the senate a list of all the crimes of
thence to Geneva. Iie next travelled to  which she had been guilty.
Antwerp, in 1528, and was taken into    AGUESSEAU, HENRY FR.NCIS D', the
the service of Margaret of Austria, gov-  descendant of a noble family of Sainerness of the Low Countries. In 1530  tonge, was b. at Limoges, 1668, and after
he published his treatise of the "Vanity  completing his education, which was
of the Sciences," and soon afterwards begun undcer the direction of his father,
his " Occult Philosophy."  In 1535 he  he cultivated poetry with taste and elewas at Lyons, where he was imprisoned  gance, and acquired the esteem   and
for defaming the king's mother, but friendship of men of letters, particularly
soon obtained his discharge, and d. the  of Boileau and Racine. In the office of
samle year at Grenoble. All his works advocate-general of Paris, in 1691, and
were collected and printed at Lyons, nine years after, of procurer-general, he
1550, in 3 vols.-I., HEROD, grandson of  displayed all the energies of his nature;
Herod the Great. He gave reat offene e   gave vigor and support to the laws,
to Tiberius, who threw him into prison; banished corruption from the tribunals,
but, on Caligula's succession, was not and distributed justice with an impartial
only released, but received from  that hand.  His attention was particularly
emperor a golden chain equal in weight directed to the management of the hosto the iron one he had worn in his con- pitals; and in the enlarged views of a
finement, as also the kingdom of Judea. benevolent heart, he often resisted with
He commenced a persecution of the     boldness and success the intrigues of
Christians, in which the apostle St. royal favorites, and even the prejudices
James perished;, and he is tte person  of Louis XIV. After this monarch's
represented to have ben eaten by     death he was appointed by the Duke of
worils, on account of his impiety in ac- Orleans, the regent, to succeed Voisin
cepting the adoration of the people.-  as chancellor, and by his eloquence and




Air]                  CYCLOP-NDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                       17
firmness he opposed and rejected the  er, was a native of Holstein. He spent
schemes of Law, which were afterwards forty years in travelling on foot through
too fatally adopted, and hurled the whole  Norway, Sweden, Denmark, France,
kingdom into ruin and despondency. Spain, Italy, and other parts of Europe,
The machinations of his enemies were, in search of Scandinavian antiquities and
however, too powerful against his integ- Runic monuments, and carried on an
rity of conduct, and Aguessean was extensive correspondence with his learntwice obliged to resign the seals, and re- ed cotemporaries relative to the objects
tire in disgrace, and twice again he was h w  f his investition. D. 1824.
solicited by the regent to resume a situ-  AIDAN, a monk, who converted a
ation which he adorned alnd dignified. large portion of the northern part of
His moderation and equity were ever Britain to Christianity. D. 651.
apparent, and  in his retirement at     AIGNAN, STEPI-EN, a French writer,
Fresnes, where, as he says, he passed  and a member of the Academy. I-Ie was
the fairest days of his life, the chancel- a zealous republican, and at the early
lor of France was employed in the edu- age of 19, in the fiercest time of the revcation of his children, in literarypursuits, olution, was appointed to an official sitand often amused himself in diging the  nation in the district of Orleans. He
ground. Temperance and cheerfulness   subsequently filled offices under Napoadded to the pleasures of science, and  leon; and also distinguished himself as
contributed to the health of the body  the author of several dramas and poems
1and vigor of the mind, and till his 80th  as well as by the translation of part of
year he enjoyed a robust constitution. the works of Goldsmith and Pope. B.
At this advanced age infirmities came  1778; d. 1825.
upon him, he resigned the office of chan-  AIKIN, EVMUND, an architect, and
ellor, and d. soon after on the 9th of the author of an account of St. Paul's
February, 1751.                       Cathedral. D. 1820.-JOIIN, 1. D., b.
AGUILLON, FRANCIS, an eminent 1747, at Kibworth, Leicestershire, was
mathematician, was a Jesuit of Brussels, the only son of Dr. T. Aikin, a dissentand d. at Seville, 1617.              in  minister and schoolmaster.   He
AGUIRRA, JOSEPH SAENS D7, a Span- comlmenced his education at home; from
ish Benedictine, made cardinal by In- thence he went to the dissenters' acadnocent XI. He wrote voluminously on   emy at Warrington, and in 1764 became
theology, philosophy, &c. D. 1699.    a student in the university of EdinAGUJARI, LUCRnETIA, a celebrated    burgh; settled in Chester as a surgeon,
singer of Parma, who received a sal- but soon removed to Warrington, where
ary of ~100 a-night for two songs. D. he remained until 1784, in wvhich year
1783.                                 he proceeded to Leyden, and graduated
AGYL2EUS, HENRY, a lawyer and       as a physician. On his return he went
general scholar. B. 153; d. 1595.    to Yarmouth, Norfolk, where, with little
AHILWAET, PETER, a learned Ger- interruption, he continued till 1792,
man, son of a shoemaker at Greifswald, when he removed to London.      Dr.
where he was b. in 1710, and d. 1791. Ailin devoted himself chiefly to liter-Ie was the founder of the Society of  ature, in which he was eminently sucAbelites, the object of which was to pro- cessful. In 1796 he became the editor
mote sincerity.                       of the Monthly Magazine, which he
AHMED-BEN-FARES, surnamed E         superintended from its commencement
Rczri, an Arabian lexicographer and  till 1806. In 1799 he published, in conlawyer. D. 999.                      junction with Dr. Enifield, the first
AHMED- BEN- IMOHAMMED,          or volume of a General Biographical DieABOU AMROU, a Spanish Moor, who       tionary, in 4to, which, however, was not
wrote poems in the Eastern style, and an  completed till 1815. D. 1822.
historical work on the annals of Spain.  AIKMAN, WILLIA, son of an advoID.in 970.                            cate of Scotland of the same name, was
AHM-IED BESMY I-IAJI, a Turkish     b. 1784, and brought up to the profeshistorian, who rwas counsellor of the sion of his father. A natural bias for
Divan, and chancellor to the Sultan   the arts, however, prevailed upon the
Mustapha IlI.                         son to relinquish the honors of the
AHIIED SHAHI EL ABDALY, foun- Scotch bar for distinction in the cultivader of the kingdom of Candahar and    tion of painting; and an absence of five
Caubul. ID. 1773.                    years in visiting Italy and ConstantinoAHRENDT, or ARENTS, MARTTN          ple and Smyrna, served to improve and
FIEDERIuc, an antiquary and palxsograph- adorn his mind, and enlarge and correct
"J




18                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPH7.                        [ALA
hi3 taste. As his fortune was indepen- III., and author of several medical books.
dent he did fiot court the patronage of  B. 1479; d. 1588.
the great by flattery, and to his merit  AKBAH, a celebrated Saracen, who
alone he was indebted for the esteem of  conquered the whole of Africa.
John duke of Argyle, and of the earl     AKBER, MOHAMMED, a descendant of
of Burlington, and for the affectionate  Tamerlane, and sultan of the Moguls,
friendship of Allan Ramsay, Thomson, who ascended the throne when he was
Swift, Pope, Arbuthnot, Gay, Somer- only 14, and became distinguished as a
ville, and the other wits of the age. His great conqueror, but a wise and clement
genius was exerted in portrait painting, monarch.
and many of those who then shone in      AKENSIDE, MARK, a physician of
rank and fashion will receive more ce- note, but more distinguished as a poet.
lebrity from his pencil than from their He was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, in
own merit. A picture of the royal fam- 1721, and educated at Edinburgh and
ily of England, now in possession of the  Leyden. When only 23 years of:age he
duke of ]Devonshire, and several por- wrote a poem    on the "Pleasures of
traits of the earl of Buckingham's fain- Imagination," which gave him a poetical
ldy, were among the last of his pieces. fame which has lasted to the present day.
D1). 1781.                             He also wrote several odes, a satire, and
AILBY, PETER D', a cardinal and      some medical books, all of more or less
legate, chancellor of the university of  merit. D. 1770.
Paris, and president of the famous       AKERLAD, JOHN DAVID, a Swede,
Council of Constance, which condemned  distinguished as an orientalist and antiJohn Huss. B. 1350; d. 1419.           quary. D. 1819.
AINSWORTH, HEN PY, a        biblical   AKIBA, a Jewish rabbi, of literary
commentator of much learning and       taste, who joined Barcochebas, a preacuteness, who was among the most tended Messiah, and was flayed alive,
eminent of the English non-conformist at the age of 120, by the emperor Hadivines of his time. D. 1622.-ROBERT, drian.
a grammarian, whose Latin dictionary     ALABASTER, WIaLTAM, an English
is well known. B. at Woodyale, Lanca- divine, author of a Latin tragedy called
shire, 1666; d. 1743.                 Roxana, and a pentaglot dictionary. D.
AIRAULT, PETER, an advocate of       1640.
Paris, b. at Angers, where he also d.,   ALAIN, CHARTIER, author of the
1601, July 21st, in his 65th year. As a  " Chronicles of Charles VII.," and other
magistrate he behaved with firmness French works, in the 14th century.ang integrity, and was deservedly called  Dr LISLr, surnamed the Universal Doethe rock of the. accused. He left ten  tor, because of his learning. D. 1294.
children, the eldest of whom, Rene, was  ALAMANNI, Louis, a Florentine
intrusted to the Jesuits for his educa- poet and statesman, distinguished for
tion; and induced to enter into the order, his love of philosophy and Greek litefrom  which he never could extricate   rature. B. 1496; d. 1556. Two others
himself; though his father procured the  of the same name are known in the litinterest of-the king of France and of the  erary world.
pope.  Rend d. at la Fleche, 1664, in his  ALAN, WITALLrA, sometimes called
77th year.   His father wrote some     ALLEYN, an eminent Catholic divine. B.
treatises, especially on the power of  in 1580. He was educated at'Oxford,
fathers, &c.                           but changed his religion, and became
AITON, WILLIAM, a botanist of Lan- archbishop of Mechlin and a cardinal.
arkshire, and head-gardener to George  It was at his suggestion that Philip> II.
III. at Kew. He formed the best col- undertook the invasion of England. He
lection of exotics then known, and pub- was supposed to have been poisoned in
lished a catalogue of them. D. 1798.   1594.
AITKEN, ROBERT, a printer, who was     ALAND, Sir JOHN FORTESOUE, (Lord
imprisoned by the British during the Fortescue,) a baron of the exchequer,
American revolution, for his attachment and a puisne judge of the courts of
to liberty. He published a magazine, an  King's Bench and Common Pleas, in the
edition of the Bible, and the Am. Phil. reigns of George I. and II., was descendTrans. D. 1802.                        ed from the famous Sir John Fortescue;
AITZEMA, LEO, of Friesland, wrote was b. in 1670; was an able lawyer, and
a history of the United Provinces. B. well versed in Saxon literature; lived in
1600; d. 1669.                         habits of intimacy with Pope, and the
AKALIA, MARTIN[, physician to Henry  other wits of the day; and wrote the




ALBJ                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         19
legal burlesque of "Stradling versus    ALBANEZE, an Italian musician of
Styles."                              great repute. D. 1800.
ALARD, FRANCIS, a native of Brus-      ALBANI, ALEXANDER, a cardinal and
sels, was bred in the Roman church; virtuoso. In 1762, his collection of
but, meeting with the works of Luther, drawings and engravings, consisting of
he turned Protestant, and escaped to   300 volumes, was purchased by George
Wittemberg. After some time he re- III. for 14,000 crowns. B. 1692; d. 1779.
turned to Brussels, and d. in 1578.- -JOHN FRINCIS, nephew of the above,
WILLIAM, son of the above, became rec- in 1747 was made a cardinal, which was
tor of the college of Krempen. D. 1644. followed by numerous preferments. He
-LAMaBERT, son of the last niamed, com- opposed the suppression of the Jesuits.
piled a Greek Lexicon, wrote some the- 1 He imitated his uncle in his encourageological works and Latin poems, and   ment of letters; but the French, when
was inspector of the public schools of  they entered Rome, confiscated his esBrunswick. D. 1672.                   tates, and his valuable collection was
ALARIC I., kling of the Visigoths, sent off to Paris. B. 1720; d. 1802.and conqueror of Rome was descended   LouIsA IMARIA CAUOLINE, countess of,
from a noble family, and for some years married Charles Stuart, " the Pretendserved in the imperial armies; but, be- er."  She was cousin of the last reigning
ing refused preferment, he revolted   prince of Stolberg-Gedern; married in
aoginst Arcadius, and desolated many  1772, when she took the title of countess
of te provinces, sparing neither age nor of Albani; but to escape from the barsex. In the year 400, being then the  barity of her husband, who lived in a
acknowledged sovereign of the Visi- continual state of intoxication, she regoths, he invaded Italy, andcl carried off tired in 1780 to a cloister. B. 1752; d.
imlense plunder.  In 402, he made a 1824.-JonN JEROME, a civilian and thesecond irruption, but was defeated by  ological writer, b. at Bergamo in 1504,;tilicho, and compelled to sue for peace. arrived at the dignity of a cardinal in
After this, he was employed in the ser- 1570 and d. in 1591.
vice of the emperor Honorius, but soon  ALBANO, FRANCSCO, a celebrated
violated his engagements, anld ad'ain  painter. B. at Bologna 1578, and d. 1660.
entered the Roman territory, and laid  Albano excelled in delineating feminine
siege to the capital. His terms were  and infantine beauty; and his pictures
colmplied With, and he retired into Tus- are  exceedingly  valuable. -  IOG ANNI
cany; but, being joined by his brother, BAPTISTA, younger brother of the above,
Ataulphus, he returnced again to Rome.  was also a painter, and chiefly excelled
which he sacked in 410. After ravaging  in landscape.
Italy, le sailed for Sicily, where, after  ALBATEGNI, an Arabian chieftai
takinog the city of Cosenza, he.d. 410.-  and astronomer. He lived in the 9th
ALAP.I II., king of the Visigotls, suc- century, and wrote a work entitled " The
ceeded his fathler Eurie in 484, and  Science of the Stars."
reigned over all the country between the  ALBERGATI, CAPACELLI, a BologEhone and the Garonne. IIe adapted    nese marquis, dramatic writer and acto his states the Theodosian collection  tor, and called the Garrick of Italy.
of laws, and puLblished it as the law of  D. 1802.
the Visigoths, since known by the title  ALBERIIC a nionkish historian of the
o'f the code of Alaric. He was slain in  13th century, who compiled a Chronicle
a battle by Clovis, king of the Franks, of Universal History up to 1241.
507.                                    ALBERONI, GIULIO, a cardinal, and
AILASCO, JON, uncle to Sigismund, minister of the king of Spain, was the
kinog of Poland, was in great esteem with  son of a gardener; but being. possessed
most of the learned men of his day, and  of uncommon talents, and with a dispoenioyed the friendship of many of them, sition suited to the intriguing policy of
particularly Erasmus and   Zuinglius, the court, he obtained patronage, and
thlroulgh whomn he became a convert to  rapidly reached the highest office in the
the Protestant faith; to which l e wasso  state. By his ability and activity he
zealooi',y devoted as to obtain the title  created a naval force,. reorganized the
of the Reformer of Poland, B. 1499; d. army, and rendered Spain more powerat Franlkfort, 1560.                  ful than it had been since the time of
ALBAN, ST., celebrated as the first Philip II.; but he was eventually foiled
Christian martyr in Great Britain, was by the combined efforts of England and
b. at Verulan, near St. Alban's, H1ert- France, who made his dismissal from
fordshire, in the 3d century. D. 303.  the councils of the Spanish monarch tho




20                    CYOLOP.DIXA OF BIOROGAP.Y.                    [ALB
chief condition of peace. B. 16614 d. way, by whom lie was defeated in a
1752.                                 bloody battle, taken prisoner, and conALBERT, ErAtsMus, a learned Ger- fined for seven years. I-le was at length
man divine of the 16th century, who liberated on condition of surrendering
composed a Latin work called' "The Stockholm to Margaret; and he passed
Koran of the Cordeliers."  D. 1551.-  the remainder of his days at MecklenALBERT of Aix, or ALBURTUS AQUENSIS, a burg, where he d. in 1412.-ALBERT
canon of Aix-la-Chapelle in the 12th  marquis of Brandenburg-Culmbach, surcentury. I-e wrote in Latin what is named the German Alcibiades, b. in
esteemed an accurate u History of the 1522, was a principal actor in the troubles
Expedition to Jerusalem, under Godfrey  of Germany during the reign of Charles
of Bulloyn, and other Leaders," re- V., against whom he made war. D. in
printed in 1662.-Louis JOSEPH D7, son  indigence and exile, 1558.-CHARLES D',
of Louis Charles, duke de Luynes. B.  duke of Luynes. B. in 1578. 1-enry
in 1672, and d. 1758. IHe distinguished  IV., of France, who was his god-father,
himself in several battles, for which  placed him  as a page about his son,
he was appointed field-marshal by the afterwards Louis XIII., over whom, by
emperor Charles VII., who sent him    his artful manner, he gained such an
ambassador to France, and created him  ascendency that he obtained the highest
prince of Grimberglien.-ALBERT    of  honors in the state, and was made- conStade, a monk of the 13th century, who  stable of France; but his ambition and
wrote a " Chronicle from the Creation to tyranny rendered him  odious to the
1256."-ALBERT, of Strasburg, the corn- people. D. 1621.
piler of a "Chronicle from 1273 to 1378."  ALBEERTET, a mathematician and
-HENRY CHRISTIAN, a professor of the poet of Provence in the 13th century.
English language at the university of   ALBERTI, ARISTOTILE, a mechanic of
Hale, Germany. D. in 1800.-ALBERT I., Bologna in the 15th century. It is said
emperor and dulke of Austria, surnamed  he removed entire the tower of St. Mary
the Triumphant, was son of the emperor del Temp>is 35 paces, and, at Cento, set
Rodolph of Ilapsburg, and a competitor upright another which was five feet out
for the imperial crown with Adolphus of its perpendicular.-CHERUBINO, a
of Nassau, whom he defeated and killed  famous Florentine painter. B. 1552; d.
in battle. B. 1248; d. by assassination, 1615.-GaOvANNI, brother of the above,
1308.-ALBERT II., emperor and duke    was also an eminent painter at Rome,
of Austria, was son of Albert the fourth  and greatly admired for the excellence
duke of Austria, and succeeded to the  of his perspective.-DOMINICro, a Vekingdom of Hungary and Bohemia on     netian composer and harpsichord player
the death of Sigismund, whose daugh- of eminence ill the last centurv.-GEORGE
ter he had married. D. 1429.-ALBERT, WILLIAM, a learned German divine. B.
archduke of Austria, son of Maximilian  1725; d. 1758.-JoHN, a German lawyer,
II., was b. 1559. He was at first des- who abridged the Koran, with notes,
tined for the church, and, when very  and also published, in 1556, the New
young, was created cardinal and arch- Testament in Syriac. D. 1559.-LEANDER,
bishop of Toledo. In 1598, Philip Il. a Bolognese monk, author of a history
of Spain contracted his daughter Isabel- of his native city, and one of'Italy. D.
la to Albert, who thereupon renounced  1552.-LEONi BAPTISTA, an eminent archhis cardinalate and ecclesiastical charac- itect, painter, sculptor, and scholar. B.
ter. The Netherlands, and the prov- at Venice in the beginnincr of the 15th
inces of Burgundy and Charleroi, were century. At the age of 20h1e composed
her portion, and they were henceforth  a Latin comedy, entitled "Philodoxius,"
considered as joint sovereigns of those which many learned men believed at
countries. D. 1621.-JANE D', daugh- first was the work of the ancient poet,
ter of Margaret, queen of Navarre, and  Lepidus; and, as such, it was printed
the mother of Henry IV. of France. D. by the younger Aldus. The invention
1572.-ALBERT, king of Sweden, was of the camera obscura has been attribelected to the throne on the deposition  uted to him. D. 1485.
of Magnus II. in 1363. The latter, sup-  ALBERTI DI VILLANOVA, FRANCIS
ported by Denmark and Norway, en- D', an eminent Italimn lexicographer. B.
deavored to recover his crown, but was 1737; d. 1803.
defeated by Albert, and taken prisoner.  ALBERTINI, FRasecs, an ecclesiastic
The nobles, however, became dissatisfied  of Florence, and an able antiquary, in
with his rule, and applied for aid to the beginning of the 16th century;
Margaret, queen of Denmark and Nor- author of several valuable works.-PAUL.,




ALB]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          21
a Venetian priest and author, who was century. Quesnoy, St. Quentin, Renti,.
intrusted with an embassy to Turkey. &c., were the chief scenes of his exploits.
His preaching and his writings, chiefly  At the death of Henry II. he was chosen
on theology, were so much valued, that one of the regency; and fell in the batat his death a medal was struck to his tie of Dreux, 1562.
memory. B. 1430; d. 1475.                ALBRECI-ITSBERGER, a        German
ALBERTUS, MAGNUS, a Dominican, musician, and one of the most learned of
and one of the most celebrated school- modern contrapuntists, was b. at Kloster
men of the 13th century, was b. at Neubar, in 1736; became court organist
Lauingmen, Suabia. He was successively  and a member of the academy at Vienna,
vicar-general and provincial of his or- and was the instructor of Beethoven. D.
der; and his celebrity as a public pre- 1803.
ceptor attracted the attention of Pope   ALBRET, CIIALOTTED', sister of John
Alexander IV., who appointed him mas- d'Albret, king of Navarre, and wife of
ter of the holy palace, In 1260, he was  Cesar Borgia. She was a poetess of no
elected bishop of Ratisbon, but after- mean powers, and as remarkable for virwards resigned this dignity, and went to  tue as her husband was for vice. D.
Colognie, where he cd., in 1280.  His 1514.-CHArLES D', constable of France
work's, which were voluminous, and on  in the reign of Charles VI., to whom he
various  subjects, were published at was related by blood. He commanded
Lyons, 1651.                           the French army at the famous battle of
ALBICUS, archbishop of Prague, Agincourt, in which he lost his life,
whose encouragement of John Huss       1514.-JEANNEDD' daughter of Margaret,
caused him to be much abused by the    queen of Navarre, and mother of Henry
opponents of that reformer.            of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., of
ALBINOVANUS, C. PEDO, a Latin       France. D. in 1572.
poet of the time of Augustus. He was     ALBUtUERQUE, MATrTHLS         D', a
the friend of Ovid, and author of several Portuguese general, who was sent to
poems, &c.                             Brazil in 1628, and successfully defendALBINUS, a Roman, consul in the      ed the province of Pernambuco against
year 157 B. c.; and author of a history  the Dutch. He was made commander
of Rome, written in Greek, which is    of the army in 1643, when he gained the
commended by Cicero.-BERNARD SIEG- decisive victory of Campo Major, and
FRED, one of the ablest anatomists of  was created a grandee of Portugal.modern times, was b. at Frankfort in   COELHO, EDWARD D', a Portuguese noble1696. He was a pupil of the celebrated  man, in the 17th century, who fought
Boerhaave, and became a professor of   with great bravery against thLe Dutch in
anatomy in the university of Leyden. the Brazilian war, of which he wrote a
D. 1770.-CHRISTIAN BERNARD, brother history. D. 1688.-ALFONSO, a native
of the above, professor of anatomy at of Lisbon, whose great genius laid the
Utrecht, and author of two valuable    foundation of the Portuguese power in
works on that science. D. 1778.        India. He was sent by Emmanuel, king
ALBO, JOSEPH, a learned Spanish      of Portugal, in 1503, with his brother
rabbi, who assisted, in 1412, at a con- Francis, to form an establishment in the
fbrence between   the Christians and   East; and by his spirited bravery, he
Jews, and wrote a book, called "Sepher  supported his allies, and maintained the
Hlikkarlim, against the gospels.       superiority of his nation. He gained
ALBOIN, king of the Lombards in      large possessions on the coast of Cochin,
the 6th century. He succeeded his father, which was secured by strong and imAudoin, in 1561; conquered and slew    pregnable fortifications. His return to
Cunimund, king of the Gepidse, whose   Europe was attended by the death of his
daughter, Rosamond, he afterwards brother, who perished in the voyage;
married. He subjugated great part of   but private sorrow gave way before pubItaly; but having incurred the just re- lie concerns, and Albuquerque, in 1508,
sentinent of his wife, by sending her invested with new power by his soverwine in a cup, wrought from the skull of  eign, sailed back to India. In his way
her own father, and forcing her to drink  he plundered the coast of Arabia; with
from it, she had him assassinated, A. D. D unparalleled boldness, having a corps of
574.                                   only 470 men, he undertook the siege of
ALBON, JAQUES D*, Marquis de Fron- Ormuz, an island at the entrance of the
sac, and Mareschal de St. Andre, a     Persian gulf, subject to a king of its own,
French general, who acquired great rep- and defended by numerous forces; and
atation about the middle of the 16th   after some months' obstinate resistance,




22                    CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ALG
the place submitted to the conqueror, countrymen, he made war upon the
and the king in despair became tributary  Lacedemonians and the Persians, and
to Portugal. His arms were now direct- was successful both by sea and land. At
ed against Goa, which he subdued and  the instance of Lysander, who was himhis power was extended over the whole  self instigated by the thirty tyrants, he
coast of Malabar. Afterwards he sailed  was burnt to death in the house of his
towards the cast, and made the islands mistress Timandra, in Phrygia. He was
of Sumatra, Malacca, and the neighbor- a man of rare personal address, great
ing cities tributary to the Portuguese  eloquence and audacity, and commandgovernment. On his return to Goa lie ing talents, but dissolute in his life, and
meditated fresh conquests, when he sud- without elevation or dignity of soul. B.
denly fell sick, and d. 1515, in his 63d  450 B. o.; d. 404 B. o.
year.                                   ALCIDAMUS, a Greek orator, who
ALBUTIUS, CAIus SILUS, an eloquent lived about 400 B. c.
orator in lome, in the age of Augustus.  ALCINOUS, a commentator on Plato,
He starved hiniself to death because of who flourished in the 2d century.
an insult which had been inflicted upon  ALCIPHRON, an epistolary writer
him.                                  among the Greeks, who has given some
ALCAMENES, a disciple of Phidias, charming descriptions of the manners
who afterwards became a rival.        and customs of his times.
ALCIEUS, an ancient lyric poet of    ALCMIEON, the first anatomist, and
renown, who flourished at Mytelene    a disciple of Pythagoras. -ie lived at
about 600 years before Christ. Horace Crotona.
gives him a high position. HIe lived at  ALCMAN, a Grecian lyric poet, who
Lesboe, and was a lover of Sappho. —  lived 672 B. c.
There was also an Athenian po-et of the  ALCOCK, JonN, a learned English
same name.                            bishop of the time of Edward IV., who
ALCIAT, ANDREW, a lawyer of emi- raised him to great dignities. D. 1500.nence at Milan, who d. 15O5. FmNCIS, JOHN, author of some choral music. D.
nephew of Andrew, also an eminent 1806.-NATHAN, a celebrated physician
lawyer, whom Pope Pins VI. made a of the last century, who lectured at Oxcardinal.-TERENCEo, a Jesuit, who aided  ford on anatomy.
Cardinal Pallavicino in writing the his-  ALCUINUS, FLAcCus, an English pretory of the Council of Trent.         late, a pupil of Bede, and a teacher of
ALCIBIADES, a famous Greek, son     Charlemagne. His writings, most of
of Clineas and Dinomache who lost his which are extant, are numerous   hisi
father in the battle of Chslronea, and  style is elegant and sprightly, ancd his
was educated by Pericles, his grand- language sufficiently pure for the age;
father by the mother's side. le early  and he may be considered as one of the
excelled, both in mental and bodily ex- learned few whose genius dissipated tho
ercises, while his beauty, his birth, and  gloom of the 8th centluv. Andrew du
thle fvor of Pericles, gained him poition  Chesne published his works in one voland popularity. Ie became a fiiend of  tnme, folio, 1617. D. at Tours, 804.
Socrates, wvho instructed him in knowl-  ALCYONIUS, PTIR, an Italian, for
edge and virtue. But so long as Cleon  some time corrector of the press for
lived lie was luris uxui and prodigal, and  Aldus Manutius, and author of some
it was only after the death of that dem- learned  publications.  He translated
agoogue tlhat he began to take part in  some of Aristotle's treatises, and was
public affairs.  He commandedc the severely censured by Sepulveda for inAtlfenian fleets which devastated the  accuracy. In his work on banishment
Peloponnesus, and was afterwards sent he displayed such a mixture of elegant
on the expedition against Sicily, but du- and barbarous words, that he was susring the preparations, all the statues of  pectedof]argelyborrowing from Cicero's
Hermes having been broken one night, treatise de Gloria; and it is said that to
he was accused of the impiety, recalled, avoid detection of this illiberal deed, he
and condemned to death. He did not burnt the only extant manuscript of
return to Athens, but went to Sparta, Cicero, which had been given by Berwhere he excited the Lacedemonians to  nard to the library of a nunnery, of
ally themselves with the Persian king  which Alcyonius was physician.  At
against his native country, then engaged  Florence he was promoted to a professvith Chios. He next passed into Asia  or's chair, but the ambition of rising to
Minor and roused'all lonia against higher eminence drew him to Rome,
Athens. After being reconciled to his where he lost all his property during tho




ALE]                  CYCLOPZEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          23
insurrection of the Colonnas.  When      ALDROVANDUS, ULYSSES, a celethe imperial troops took the city, 1527, brated natural historian. B. at Bologna,
he espoused the cause of the pope, and  1522. He was a great traveller, and
though  wounded, joined him in the     formed a most superb collection of mincastle of St. Angelo, and afterwards in  erals, plants, animals, &c., by which he
bold and. elegant language he arraigned, ruined his fortune, and d. in an hospital,
in two orations, the injustice of Charles  1605.
V. and the barbarity of his soldiers.    ALDRUDE countess of Bertinoro, is
ALDEGRAEF, a Westphalian paint- celebrated in Italy for her courage and
er and engraver. B. 1502.              her eloquence. When Ancona was beALDEN, JoHN, a magistrate of Plym- sieged by the arms of the Venetians, and
outh colony, one of the first company  of the emperor Frederic I. in 1172, she
who settled in New England. D. 1687. pitied the situation of the distressed inALDERETE, DIEGO GRATIAN DE, a        habitants, and with heroic intrepidity
Spanish author, who translated the flew to their relief, at the head of her deGreek classics. D. 1580.-BERNNARD, a   pendants and friends, and supported by
Spanish Jesuit, who was the first to be  William Degli Adelardi, of Ferrara. Her
made a doctor by the university of Sal- troops were animated by her eloquence
amanca. D. 1657.                       and her example, and the enemy fled at
ALDHELM, ST., an Enoglish prelate, her approach; and though on her return
b. at Malmesbury, where lie founded a  home she was attacked by some parties
monastery. D. 709.                     of the enraced besiegers, she routed
ALDHUN, an English bishop of the them      in every encounter, and added
10th century, the founder of the bishopric fresh laurels to her fame. The history
of Durham. D. 1018.                    of that memorable siege has been pubALDIS, ASA, an eminent lawyer of     lished by Buon-Campagnono of FloVermont, and chief justice in 1816. B. rence.
1770; d. 1847.                           ALDUS, MANUrIUS, a native of BasALDOBRANDINI, SYLVESTER, a Flo- sano, illustrious as a correct printer, and
rentine lawyer and writer, appointed ad- as the restorer of the Greek and Latin
vocate of the treasury by Pope Paul III. languages to Europe. He is the invenD. 1558.-CLEMENT, son of the preced- tor of the Italic letter, and was alone
ing, became pope under the name of     permitted by the pope the use of it. D.
Clement VIII.-ANTIONY, a Bologfnese    at Venice, 1516.
lawyer and statesman. B. 1756.-JouN,      ALEANDER, JEROME, a cardinal, b.
his brother, a professor of natural phi- in 1480, distinguished himself in the 16th
losophy at Bologna.   He inventee   a  century as a violent opposer of Luther
method of securing the human body      and the reformation.    D. 1542.-His
against fire, now superseded by that of  great nephew, of the same name, inherPaulin. B. 1762; d. 1834.-ToBIAS, a    ited the ability of his ancestor, and was
physician and totanist of Cesena, was eminent as a scholar and an antiquary.
superintendent of the Farnesian garden   ALEMAN, a cardinal of the 13th
at Rome, on which account his name     century. He was degraded from      the
was prefixed to the description of it purple for his opposition to Eugenius
written by Peter Cashell.              IV.   The sentence was reversed by
ALDRED, the first English bishop     Nicholas V.; and after the cardinal's
who visited Jerusalem. On the death    death, in 1400, he was canonized.of Edward he crowned Harold, and       MATTIIEW, a Spaniard; author of " Guzperformed the same ceremony for Wil- man de Alfarache," or the " Spanish
[iam'. D. 1068.                        Hogue."
ALDRICH, HENRY, b. in Westmin-         ALEMANNI, NICHOLAS, a learned
ster, 1647. From   Westminster-school Greek antiquary, b. 1583, and became
he went to Christ Church, Oxford, and  keeper of the Vatican library at Rome.
was elected student, aind afterwards D. 1626.
canon and clean. He built an elegant     ALEMBERT, JEAN LA RONDE D', one
chapel to Trinity college, and the beau- of the most faimous philosophers and
tiful church of All Saints. lie had also  mathematicians that Trance has progreat skill in music, and composed many  duced. He was b. at Paris in 1717, but
services for the church.   D. 1710.-   was exposed by his parents, Madame de
ROBERT, a native of Buckinghamshire, Tencin, and the poet Destouches, at the
who became master and provost of Eton. church of le Ronde, from which he took
In 1.537 he was made bishop of Carlisle. part of his name. His talents were preD. 1555.                               cocious, and at 4 years of age was sent




24:         CYCtJLOF'sl)IA OF BIO0GRAPHY.i jI f
to school, the principal of which de- great church of Seville,.,,1.i.dmired.
cared, when his pupil was only 10 years D. 1600.
old, that he could teach him no mlore.  ALESSI, G.LEAS, an aibhitect, b. at
He entered Mazarin College at the age of  Perusia, w lhose works are spread over
12. Hie wrote, in his earliest years, a  Germany and the south of Europe; but
commentary on the epistle of Paul to  his fame principally rests on the monasthe Romans. He studied law, but did tery and church of theEscurisal. D.1572.
not cease to occupy himself with math-  ALEXANDER THE GREAT, was
ematics. Some philosophical papers, the son of Philip, king of Macedon, by
which he wrote, made him a member of  Olympias, daluhter of Neoptolemlus,
the academy in 1741. lHe soon after king of Epirus, and b. 356 B.C.; the
wrote a book on Dyinanmics, another on  same year in which the temple of Diana
Flulids, and a Theory of tlhe Mind, and  at Ephesus was destroyed. Alexander
assisted Euler and lNewton in their sci- received his education under Lysimnaentifie researches.  His astronomical chus and Aristotle, and gave several
publications were also valuable. But in  proofs of manly -skill and courage while
the latter part of his life he devoted  very young; ne of which, the 1reaking
himself to Belles Lettres, and became in of his fiery steed, Bucephalus, is menone of the writers of the "Encyclo- tioned by all his ilstorians as an incident
pzedie."  His literary works were dis- which convinced lis father of his future
tinguished by purity of language, as well unconquerable spirit. Alexander was
as vigor of thought. Though a man of much attached to his mother, and sided
moderate means, he was noted foi his with her in the disputes which led to
beneficence. IHe was a friend of Vol- her divorce from Philip. While the lattaire, Madame L'Espinasse, to whom he ter wias making preparations fOr his
was attached, Frederick II., and other grand expedition into Asia, lie was asdistinguished persons, but lived in mod- sassinated by Pausanias; and Alexander
est retirement. His opinions were de- succeeded to the throne,n his 20th
istical. D. 1783.                     year. HiIs youth at first excited ian inALEN, JOHN VAN, an eminent Dutch    elination in several of the states of
landscape painter. D. 1698.           Greece to throw off the yoke of the
ALENIO, JULIUS, a Jesuit of Brescia, ]Macedonian usurpation; but he soon
who rendered himself distinguished by  quelled the design and was acknowlhis zeal in propagating'Christianity in  edged general of Greece.  I-Ie then
China. D. 1649.                       marched into Thrace, and gained sevALER, PAUL, a learned French Jes- eral conquests. During his absence
uit. D. 1727. His " Gradus ad Parnas- Thebes revolted; and when Alexander
sum" has been long in established use  returned, he took that city by storm,
in all the public schools of Europe.  made a dreadful carnage of the inhabiALES, ALEXANDER, a native of Edin- tants, and destroyed all the buildings
burgh, who warmly opposed the tenets  except the residence of Pindar the poet.
of tuther, which he afterwards as ea- This severe example had its effect on
gerly embraced, when he had suffered  the other states; and even Athens dispersecution for his religion, and seen the  tinguished itself by a servile submission
frmness with which his countryman, to the conqueror. Alexander nxt turned
Patrick Hamilton, was burnt to death, his arms against Darius, king of Persia;
by Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, and, at 22, crossed the Hellespont, at
for Protestantism. ie came back to the head of 40,000 men. With this
London from   Germany, when HIenry    force he defeated the Persians at the
VIII. abolished the papal power in En- Granicus, and made himself master of
gland, and he there enjoyed the friend- numerous places. At Gordium, where
ship of Cranmer, Cromwell, and Lati- he assembled his army, he is said to
mer. He afterwards retired to Germany, have cut the famous knot on which the
and was appointed to a professional chair fate of Asia depended. Shortly after
at Frankfort upon Oder, but persecuted  this, he again defeated the king of Perby the court of Bradenburg, at Leipsic; sia near Issus, and took immense treashe d. 165, in his sixty-fifth year. IIe  res and many prisoners; amonu whom
wrote a commentary on the writings of  were the mothe, wife, and children of
St. John, on the epistle to Timothy, and  Darius. This victory was followed by
on the Psilins.                       the conquest of Phcenicia, Damascus,
ALESIO, MATTHEW PEREZ D', a paint- and several other states.  Alexander
er and engraver at Rome, whose figure next besieged Tyre, which long resisted
of St. Christopher, in fresco, in the him, and, in revenge, he committed




ALEj                   CYCLOPzE'DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          25
horrible cruelties on the inlhabitanits. his own direction, his body was conHe then went to Jerusalem, passed into  veyed to Alexandria in a golden coffin,
Egypt, subdclued it, and  bounded the   inclosed in a sumptuous sarcophagnus,
city of Alexandria. Darius now collect- supposed to be. now in the British Mued another army, and was defeated at seumi.-SrEvRus, emperor of Eome, was
Arbela, which decided the fate of West- b. at Acre, in 1lhoenicia, in 205. The
ern Asia. This great battle was followed  principal public event of his reiogn was
by the capture of Susa and Persepolis; the war with Artaxerxes, king of Persia,
the last of which Alexander destroyed at over whom he gained a great victory in
the instigation of his mistress. -le now  person, and oni his return to Piome was
prepared for an expedition to India; honored with a triumph.         He next
and, after a perilous march. reached the  marched against the Germans, who had
Indus, 327 B. c., which lhe crossed at the  invaded Gaul; and while theie, a sedipart where the city of Attock now       tion broke out in his army, headed by
stands. Alexander received the sub- M'axiimin,, and the emperor and his
mission of several of the petty princes  mother were murdered, 235.-King of
of the country, but was opposed by      Poland, elected on the death of his broPorus, who valiantly withstood the ila- ther, John Albert, in 1501. D. 1506.vader; and, although conquered and      I., bishop of' ome, succeeded Evaristus
maide prisoner, the victor, pleased with  in the tenth year of Trajan, acnd suffered
his spirit, restored  him his dominions, martyrdom under Iadrian, in 119. This
and made him an ally. The conqueror pontiff is said to be the first who intronext entered the fertile plains now called  duced the use of holy water into the
the Punjab, took the city of Sangala, Catholic church. —II., elected to the
and directec his coruse to the Ganges; papal throne in 1061. D. 1073.-IlI.
from  which object, however, lie was    succeeded Adrian IV. in 1159. D. at
diverted by the rainy season, and the   Rome, 1181.-IV., ascended. the papal
disaffection of his own troops. He ac- throne in 1254. D. 1261.-V., originally
cordingly erected twelve altars of an ex- a Greek monk from Candia, was raised
traordinary size to mark the limits of his to the papal throne in 1409 by the connprogress, remnants of which are said to  cil of Pisa. His nmunificence, durin1
be still in existence. Alexander, there- his pontificate, was so unboundecI that
fore, retraced his steps to the Hydaspes, he used to say, "When I became a
on the. banks of which he built two     bishop, I was rich; when a cardinal,
cities, Nicsea and Bucephala; and emi- poor; and when a pope, a beggar."   D.
barkedl, with his light troops, on board  1410.-VI., a native of Valellcia, inl
a fleet lihe had constructed, leaving the  Spain, was raised to the popedom in
main army to march by land. After a     1492. As an ecclesiastic, Alexander was
severe contest with the Mallii, in which  in the highest degree ambitious, bigoted,
lie was wounded and his whole army      and intolerant; and formed alliances
nearly lost, he proceededl down the river with all the princes of his time only to
to Patala; and, having entered the In- break them. This pontiff pursued his
dian Ocean, and performed some rites    profligate career, till 1503, when he was
in honor of Neptune, he left his fleet; cut off by the same means he had used
giving orders to Nearchus who had the   for the ruin of others. At a banquet
command, to sail to the   ermsian Gulf, which he and his son, the infamous
and thence up the Tigris to Mesopota- CQasar Borgia, had prepared for some
mia. Alexandcer then prepared to march  newly created cardinals, the poison into Babylon, towards which capital he    tended for them was by some mistake
orocee(Ted in  a triumphal progress. administered to the contrivers of the
teaching Susa, he began to give way to  plot; and Alexander died the next day
a passion for pleasure and joviality, and  in great agony.-VII. This pontiff exmarried Statira, the daughter of Darius. pended vast sums in improving and
At length lie reached Babylon, where he  embellishing the city of Rome, and was
gave orders indicating future aunderta- a great friend to the fine arts and litkinugs of great manllitude; when he was  erature. B. at Sienna, in 1559, elected
seized with an illness, in consequence  to the popedom in 1605, and d. in 1667.
of indulging in habits of intemperance, -VIII., the last pope of that name, was
mid d. of a fever, in the 13th year of his  elected, 1689, at the advanced age of 60;
eventful reign, and the 33d of his life, and d. two years afterwards.
823 B. c. When reqnuired to name his      ALEXANDER, I. king of Scotland,
successor, he is said to have replied, son of Malcolm III., ascended the throne
"To the most worthy."     Pursuant to   in 1107; and merited by the vigor and




26                    eYCLpPAEDIA OF DIOGRAPHY.                      LALE
impetuosity of Ills character, the appel- in New York, 1726; received a classical
lation of 17te Fierce. D. 1124.-II., son  education; and was distinguished for
of William the Lion, was raised to the  his knowledge of mathematics an cd asthrone of Scotland, 1214, being then in  tronomy. His father was a native of
his 16th year.  In 1221, he married   Scotland, and he was the reputed rightJoan, sister of Henry III. of England; ful heir to an earldom in that country,
by wvhich peace was restored to thle two  on which account he was usually calledc
kingdoms. D. 1249.-III., son of the Lord Stirling; but was ~unsuccessful in
preceding, succeeded, 1249, when only  his efforts to obtain from the govern8 years of age. He married Margaret, ment the acknowledgment of his claim.
daughter of Henry III. of England, qnd  At the commencement of the revolution
lived upon terms of close friendship  he joined the American army, and in
with his father-in-law, whom, in his the battle on Long Island, August 27,
wars with the barons, he assisted with  1776, was taken prisoner, after having,
5000 men; accidentally killed while by attacking Cornwallis, secured to a
hunting, in 1285.-A Sicilian abbot of part of the detachment an opportunity
the 12th century; author of a memoir to escape. He was always warmly atof Roger, king of Sicily.-AB ALEXAN- tached to General Washington, and the
DRn, a, Neapolitan jurisconsult of the  cause which he had espoused. D. at
12th century. He was much attached    Albany, 1783.-WILLIAM, an able artist.
to the belles lettres, and is chiefly known  B. at Maidstone, 1768. His father, who
by a work entitled "Dies Geniales," an  was a coachmaker, gave him  a good
imitation of the Noctes Atticae of Gel- education, and sent him at an early age
iIus.-TRALLIrANUS, a Greek physician  to study the fine arts in London, which
of the 6th century. His works are con- he did with so much success, that he
sidered the best after those of Hippo- was selected to accompany the embassy
crates.-Bishop of Alexandria, who op- of Lord Macartecy to China. On his
posed Arius, and condemned his errors return, besides his drawings in illustraat the council of Nice. D. 326.-Bishop  tion of the work of Sir George Staunton,
of Hierapolis, in the 5th century, who  he published a splendid one of his own,
espoused the doctrine that there were  entitledc, "The Costume of China,"which
two different natures in Christ; for obtained so much notice that hle was inwhich he was banished by the council of  duced to publish a second part. At the
Ephesus.-Of Eogea, the tutor of Nero, time of his death, in 1816, he was keeper
whom he is said to have corruptedby    of the antiquities at the British Museum.
his instructions.-DE MEDICI, a licen- -JAMES, a native of Scotland, who came
tious duke of Florence, assassinated by  to New York in 1715. He was bred to
Lorenzo de Medici, a relation, at the in- the law, and became eminent in his
stigation of Strozzi, a republican, 1537.-  profession.. By honest practice and unAn English abbot, who supported the wearied application to business, he aerights of his master, Henry III., at the  quired a great estate. For many years
court of Rome, with such boldness, that lie was a member of the legislature, and
Pandulphus, the pope's legate in En- of the council. In 1721, he was apgland, excommunicated and imprisoned  pointed attorney-general; and afterhim. D. 1217. NoEL, a Dominican, a wards was secretary of the province.
laborious writer. B. at Rouen 1639, and  His death took place in the beginnin1
d. at Paris, 1724. His most celebrated  of 1756.-"NATIANIEL, a governor ot
work is a Latin Church History, in 26  North Carolina. He received his colvols.-Of Paris, a Norman poet of the legiate education at Princeton, N. J.,
12th  century, who wrote a metrical obtained his first degree in 1776, and
poem called "Alexancle the Great," in  afterwards studied medicine. Subseverses of twelve syllables, which meas- quently he entered the army; but at the
ure has ever since been called "Alexan- close of the war pursued h'is profession
drine."-NEusKcOI, grand duke of Rus- in the state of which he became chief
sia. B. 1218. The most noted action of  magistrate in 1806. In all his public
his life was a great victory he obtained  stations he had the reputation of conover the more northern tribes on the   ducting with ability and firmness. D.
banks of the Neva. D. 1263.-Sir WL- 1808 aged 52 years.-CALEB, D.D., b.
JLIAM, earl of Stirling, an eminent Scot- in Northfield, Mass., and graduated at
tish statesman and poet in the reigns Yale College in 1777. He was first setof James I. and Charles I. D. 1640.-  tied, as a Congregational minister at
WILLIAM, a major-general in the Amer- New Marlborough; and, afterwards, at
iean army of the revolution. He was b, Mendon, in his native state. His con



ALE]                 CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          27
tinuance in each of these situations was elusion of peace, Alexander visited Enless than two years.  The remaining   gland, in company with the king of
part of his life was spent in teaching, Prussia. IHis death took place at Tagand in other kindred pursuits.    He anrock, in the Crimea, Dec. 1, 1825;
published a Latin Grammar, an En- and he was succeeded by his second
glish Grammar, and some other small brother, Nicholas, agreeable to a docuworks. D. 1828.-THOMAS, earl of Sel- ment signed by his eldest brother, Conkirk, known as the founder of a colony in  stantine, resigning to him the right of
Canada, and for his writings on politics succession.
and statistics. D. in 1820.-I., emperor  ALEXANDRINI, JLIUS, a physician
of Russia and king of Poland, eldest son  of Trent, in the 16th century. lIe was
of Paul I., was b. Dec. 22, 1777; sue- the first who endeavored to prove the
ceeded, March, 1801; and was crowned  connection of bodily diseases with the
a't Moscow, September following. In   passions.
1803, Alexander offered his mediation  ALEXIS, a Greek comic poet, uncle
to effect a reconciliation between En- and instructor of Alexander.
gland and France; and in 1805, a con-    ALEXIS, MIciAELoVITSCH, czar of Rusvention was entered into between Rus- sia. B. in 1630; succeeded his father
sia, England, Austria, and Sweden, for Michael in 1646; d. 1677. He was the
the purpose of resisting the encroach- fIther of Peter the Great, and the first
ments of the French on the territories Russian monarch who acted on the
of independent states. On the 2d of policy of a more intimate connection
December, the battle of Austerlitz took  with the other European states.-PETRoplace, at which Alexander appeared at VITSCH, only son of Peter the Great. B.
the head of 50,000 men, but was defeat- 1690. This unhappy prince opposed the
ed, and compelled to retreat to his do- new policy of his father, and expressed
minions. On November 26, 1806, was an unalterable attachment to the ancient
fought the battle of Pultusk; and on  barbarous usages and customs of his
the 7th and 8th February, 1807, that of  country; for which the czar resolved to
Eylau; on the 14th June the Russians  disinherit him.   Alexis fled to his
were completely defeated at Friedland, brother-in-law, the emperor of Gerby Napoleon. The result of this victory  many, and lay concealed for some time
was an interview between the two em- at Vienna. until his retreat was discovpcrors, which led to the treaty of Tilsit. ered by his father, before whom he was
rhe seizure of the Danish fleet by the conducted as a criminal, and compelled
English occasioned a declaration of war formally to renounce the succession;
from  Russia; but hostilities only ex- after this he was tried by secret judges,
tended to the cessation of trade between  and condemned to death, 1719.-DEL
the two nations. A second meeting of  Anco, a Spanish painter. B. at Madrid,
the French and Russian sovereigns took  in 1625. He was deaf and dumb; but
place at Erfurt, Sept. 27, 1808; Bona- his reputation as a portrait painter was
parte being anxious to secure the friend- considerable. D. in 1700.
ship of Alexander previously to his      ALEX1US I., COMNEmNUS, emperor of
meditated subjugation of Spain. The the East. B. at Constantinople, 1048. -lHe
interruption of commerce with England  signalized himself in the wars with the
now began to be severely felt by Russia; Turks and Saracens, was bountiful to his
and Alexander determined to throw off friends and clement to his enemies, a
the French yolre. On the 23d March, lover of letters, and equally versed4n the
1812, an imperial ukase was issued, or- arts of government and of war. D. 1118.
dering a levy of two men out of every  -II., COMNENUS, succeeded his father
500 throughout the Russiani empire, and  Michael on the throne of Constantinople
all matters of dispute with (reat Britain  in 1180, when only 12 years of age; and,
were pacifically arranged. On joining  with his mother, was murdered two
his army in Poland, February, 1818, years afterwards by Andronicus, who
Alexander published the famous mani- usurped    the crown. —III., ANGELUS,
festo, which served as the basis of the  emperor in 1195, gained that station by
coalition of the other European powers the basest perfidy towards his brother,
against the French emperor. Germany, Isaac Ang'elus, whom    he confined in
and then France, became the scene of  prison, and then caused his eyes to be put
hostilities; and the capture of Paris, out. His effeminate reign rendered him
April 30, 1814, was followed by the ab- despicable, and his capital was besieged
dication of Bonap arte, and the restora- and taken, 1203, by an army of Venetian
tion of the Bourbons. After the con- and French crusaders, headed by his




28                    CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOG1iAPHIY.                      ALF
nephew, Alexius, son of Isaac.   The 1652, leavin behind him two celebrated
usurper received the same punishment works, "Britannia Illustrata," and " Anhe hadl inflicted on his brother, and c. a nales Ecclesiastici Britannorum."
few years afterwards in a monastery at  ALFRAGAN, or AHMED BEN FEENice; asnd the conqueror placed his   GAN, an Arabian astronomer of the
blind father on the throne, with whom  9th century; author of an "1 Introduche reigned as Alexins IV.; but his ele- tion to Astronomy," and other scientific
vation was succeeded by a rebellion, and'works.
lhe was deposed, imprisoned, and put to  ALFRAGO, ANDREw, an Italian phydeath, 1204. -V., DucAS, surnamed     sician; author of a history of Arabian
Bnurtzulffe, from his blaek shaggy eye- physicians and philosophers, andc other
brows, was raised to the throne af:ter the  works connected with the East, where
murder of Alexius IV., but deposed by  he resided for some years. D. at Padua,
the crusaders, rwho attacked and took  1520.
his capital, and he, as put to an igno-  ALFRED THE GREAT. This monm1inious death.                       arch was the youngest son of Ethelwolf,
ALEYN, CHARLES, an English histor- king of the West Saxons, and was b. at
ical poet. D 160                      Wantage, Berks, in 849. On the death
ALFARABI, an eminent Arabian        of his brother Ethelred, Alfed sucphilosopher in the 10th century, who  ceeded to the throne of England, 871, at
obtained much reputation ill his day, a time when his kingdom was a prey to
both as a great traveller, and s a mlaster domestic dissensions, and to the invaof 70 languaces.  Among his works is sions of the Danes, with whom, after a
an Encyclopcedia, the manulscript of  disastrous engagement, he wzas forced to
which is in the Escurial.             conclude a treaty on disadvantageous
ALFARO Y GAMON, JUAN DE, a terms. The Danes soon violated their
distinguished Spanish painter. B. 1640. engagement, anld renewecd their hostility
ALFENUS VARUS, PUBrIus, a Ro- with such success, that, in 877, the king
mall civilian, who became consul, and is was under the necessity of concealing
mentioned by Horace and Virgil with   himself in the cottage of one of his
gratitude.                            herdsmen. Ie afterwards retired to the
ALFIERI, VITTOBrA, count, was b. at islandL of Athelney, and there received
Asti, in Piedmont, in 1749, of a rich and  information that one of his chiefs had
distinguished family. His early educa- obtained a great victory over the Danes.
tion was deiective; for, though sent to  Alfied then disguised himself as a harpthe academy of Turin, le leirned noth- er, entered the Danish camp, and gained
ing. Ie afterwards travelled over Italc  a knowledge of the state of the enemy
France, England, Spain, Portugal, Ger- After this, he direeted his nobles to meet
mllany,  ussia, and Hlollandc, returni ed  himat Selwoood, with their vassals, which
tried to study history, and then became was done so secretly, that the Danes
a wanderer again for three years. From  were surprised at Eddington, and coInpure listlessness he took to writing dra- pletely routed. IIe lno  put his kingmatic poetry, at the age of 27, and de- dom into a state of defence, increased
voted the rest of life to becoming a tragic his navy, and brough1 t London into a
poet. He first studied Latin and Tus- flourishing state; but, after a rest of
can, for which purpose he went to     some years, an imlmense number of
Tuscany; meeting on the journey the   Danish forces landed in Kent, and colnCountess of Albany, consort of the En- mitted great ravages; they eore, howglish pretender, he became attached to  ever, soon defeated by Alfred, who
her, and lived alternately, leading an  caused several of the leaders to be exirregular and roving life, in England, ecuted at Wilchester. Thus hesecoured
France, and Italy. fIe composed 21 tra- thle peace of his dominions, aind struck
gedies and 6 comedies, and is regarded  terror into his enemies, after 56i battles
as the great tragic poet of his nlative  by sea and land, in all of which he was
land.  Above the degeneracy of his personally enfgaged.    But the warlike
times, cherishing an ardent hatred of  exploits of Alfred formed, perhaps, the
despotism, and possessing a free, proud, least of the services he rendered his
and passionate heart, hiss works are per- country. He composed a body of statvaded by a decided political spirit. His utes, instituted the trial by jury, and
style was stiff and unadorned, but bold, divided the kingdom  into shires and
lofty, and correct. D. 1803.          hundreds; was so exact in his governALFORD, MIChAEaL,an English Jesuit. ment, that robbery was unheard of, and
B. in London, 1587. He d. at St. Omer's, valuable goods might be left on the high




ALI]                  CYYOLOPAVDIA O' -B3IOACrP JF-.                   29
roads. His great council, consisting of. AII BEG, a man of extraordinary
bishops, earls, aldermen, and thanes, learning and attainments, b. in Poland
was, by an express law, called together of Christian parents, but who was kidtwice a-year in London, for the better napped in his ilnfncy y a horde of Targovernment of the realm. Th ste    of  tate, and sold to the Turks, in whose
learning in his time was so low, that, language andc religion he was educated.
from tthe Thames to the Humber, scarce- His skill in languages procured hiMm the
ly a man could be found who understood  post of chief intelpreter to the giand
the service of the church, or could trans- signior; while his leismue holurs werec
late a single sentence of Latin into En- employed in translating the Bible and
glish. To remedy this evil, he invitel  the catechism of the Church of Englandc
men of learning from all quarters, and  into the Turkish language. D. 1675.
placed them at the head of seminaries in  ALI BEY, a Greek, son of a Natolian
various parts of his kingdom; and, if he priest. B. 1728. He fell, when a child,
was not the founder of the university of  into the Ihands of robbers, who carried
Oxford, it is certain he raised it to a him to Cairo, and sold him to Ibrahim,
reputation which it hadc never before lieutenant of the Janizaries, who adoptenjoyed. Alfred himself wrote several ed him. Ali soon rose to the rank of
works, and translated others from the  sangiak, or imember of the council; and
Latin, particularly " Orosius's History  when his patron was assassinated by
of the Pagans," andc "Boethius's Con- Ibrahim, the Circassian, he avelnged his
solations of Philosophy."  Englandc is death, and slew the mnurderer with his
indebted to him for the foundation of her own hand.  This action raised him
naval establishment, and he was the first numerous enemies, and he was obliged
who sent out ships to make the discov- to fly to Jerusalem, and thence to Acre;
ery of a northeast passage. To crown  but in time he was recalled by the peohis great public character, Alfred is cle- ple, and, beinI placed at the head of the
scribed as one of the most mild and ami- government, Egypt began to recover its
able men in private life; of a temper former splendor.   In a battle fought
serene and cheerful, and not averse to  against the troops of a rebellious Manmesociety, or to innocent recreation; he luke, Ali was cut down, after defending
was also personally well-favored, pos- himself with a degree of desperate valor,
sessing a handsome acnd vigorous form, and d. of his wounds eight days after,
and a dignified and engaging aspect. D. in 1773.
900.-" The Philosopher," an English-     ALI PACHA, an Albanian, born at
man, was greatly esteemed at the court Zepelina, 1744, who, by fifty years of
of Rome, and wrote five books on the   constant warfare, brought under his'' Consolations of Boithius." D. 1270.-  sway a large extent of territory, which
An English bishop of the 10th century; the Porte sanctioned.  He took the
author of a "History of the Abbey of  title of Pacha of Jannina, and received
Malmsbury," a treatise "De Naturis     agents from foreign powers. But the
Rerum," &c.                           Porte was made jealous by his intrigues
ALGARDI, ALEXANDER, a Bolognese with England, Russia, and France, and
sculptor of the 17th century.         finally had him shot.
ALGAROTTI, FRANCIS, an eminent         ALIAMET, JaES, a French engraver
Italian writer. B. at Venice, 1712; d. of the last century.
1764.                                   ALIPAC, J., a French minor poet.
ALHAZEN, an Arabian mathema- B. 1796.
tician, who was the first that showed the  ALISON, ACrrHmALD, a clergyman
importance of refractions in astronomy. of Edinburgh, educated at Oxford, and.D. at Cairo, in 1088.                afterwards preferred to various livings
ALI, cousin, son-in-law, and vizier of  in the church of England. In 1780 ihe
Mahomet, and one of the main pillars of  published his famous "Essay on tl:c
the new faith. He obtained the name   Nature and Principles of Taste." HIe
of the Lion of God, always victorious; subsequently published two selrmons,
but was opposed in his succession to the  and a memoir of Lord Wloodhousie.
caliphate by Omar and Othman, and re- B. 1757; d. 1839.-Tiere is another
tired into Arabia, and made a collection  of the samne name, distinguished for his
of the sayi the i   o the prophet. There he"Tireatise on Population,"  and  his
laid the foundation of a. new sect, and, "HIistory of Europe," still living.after the death of Othman, lie was de- EICHUARD, one of the ten composers who
cdared calsiph, 655; but was murdered  set the psalms to music, at the order of
four years afterwards in the mosque.  Queen Elizabeth.
3*




20                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF     3IOGRAPHY.                   [ALls
ALIX, PETER, a French abbot and     he returned to Rome, where he applied
author, of the 17th century.          himself to physic, in which he took a
ALKEMADE, CORNELIUS VAN, a degree, but literature was his favorito
Dutch antiquary and writer. D. 1676. pursuit, and as his erudition was great,
ALKMAAR, HENRY D', a German         he distinguished himself as a teacher in
poet of the 15th century, the reputed  the Greek college at Rome. He was afauthor of that exquisite satire called  terwards employed by Pope Gregory
" Reynard the Fox."'                 XV. to remove the elector palatine's
ALLAINVAL, LEONOR SOULAS D', a library from Germany to the Vatican,
French abbot anc dramatic poet. D. at in reward for which service, though for
Paris, 17o3.                          a while neglected, he was appointed liALLAINE, DE LA COURTIERE, J., a brarian. Though bred and employed
French author. B. 1750.               among ecclesiastics, he never entered
ALLAIS, DENUS VAIRASSE, a French    into orders because, as he told the pope,
author of the 17th century.           he wished to retain the privilege of
ALLAN, DAVID, a Scotch painter, marrying if he pleased. His publicaborn at Edinburgh. B. 1744; d. 1796. tions were numerous but chiefly on diHe was called the Scottish Hogarth.-  vinity, and, though full of learning and
GEOReGE, son of David, a literary man, good sense, remarkable for unnecessary
who was elected to parliament for the digressions. In the controversy of the
city of Durham. B. 1768; d. 1828.-    gentlemen of the Port Royal with
GEORGE, an attorney and antiquary. D. Claude concernincg the eucharist, lie
1800.-Sir WILLIAM, an eminent histor- greatly assisted the former, for which
ical painter, was born at Edinburgh in  he was severely abused by their bold
1782. Of humble parentage, he at an   antagonist. It is said by Joannes Paearly age evinced a decided predilection  tricius that he wrote Greek for forty
for art; and, when still a young man, ysars with the same pen, and that when
he pursued his favorite study with    he lost it, he expressed his concern
equal enterprise and ability, visiting  even to the shedding of tears. D. at
Morocco, Greece, and Spain, and pene- Rome, in his 88d year, 1669.
trating the remote and semi-barbarous   ALLEGRAEIN, CHRISTOPHEi GABRIEL,
territories of Russia and Turkey, that a French sculptor.'D. 1795.
he might familiarize himself with the   ALLEGRI, ALEXANDER, an Italian
rude and picturesque aspects there pre- satirical poet, who flourished at Florsented.' The Polish Captives," " The ence at the end of the 16th century.Slave Market at Constantinople," and  GREGORIO, an eminent composer, whose
various kindred subjects, testify to his works are still used in the pope's chapel
skill in this department of art; but he at Rome. His "Miserere" is always
did much also to illustrate the historic used on Good Friday, and is much adlore of his own land, as his vivid repre- mired. Clement XIV. sent a copy of
sentation of Mary and of Rizzio, the this beautiful composition to George III.
murder of Archbishop Sharpe, and the  in 1773. To his extraordinary merit as
Battle of Waterloo, amply testify. He a composer of church music, he is said
was an old and attached friend of Sir to have joined a devout and benevoWalter Scott; and his amiable, unas- lent disposition, and an excellent moral
suming manners, and his vast fund of  character. His famous Miserere was at
anecdote, procured him  general love  one time thought so sacred, that it was
and esteem. In 1841 he succeeded Sir forbidden fo be copied on pain of exD. Wilkie as president of the Royal communication. But Mozart disregardScottish Academy, and was soon after- ed the injunction, and it has since been
wards knighted. D. 1850.              published. B. at Rome, 1590; d. 1652.
ALLARD, GUY, a French writer on       ALLEIN, JOSEPH, a non-conformist
geological history.  D. at Dauphiny, minister, who wrote the celebrated
1716.-JEAN FRANCOISE, a French gen- " Alarm    to  Unconverted   Sinners,"
eral officer, distinguished during the  which has been so frequently repubemperorship of Napoleon, who after- lished. B. at Devizes, 16239; d. 1688.
wards entered the Egqyptian and Per-    ALLEN, ETHAN, one of the most dissian service, and finally became an aid tinguished of the generals of the Amerof Runjeet-Singh. B. i785; d. 1839.  ican revolution. He was born at SalisALLA.TIUS, LEo, a native of the bury, Connecticut, and educated in
island of Scio, who studied belles lettres Vermont. Ho early took a part with
and the languages at Rome.     After the " Green Mountain Boys," against
visiting Naples and his native country, the royal authorities.  In 1775, soon




ALL]                  C~OLOPrDIA OF BIOGitAPHY.                         21
after the battle of Lexington, at the re- legislator of Rhode Island, who wrote
quest of the legislature of Connecticut, for the Port Folio and United States
he raised a body of 230 men. and as- Gazette. B. 1775; d. 1826.
saulted and took the fortress of Ticon-  ALLERSTAIN, a German Jesuit and
deroga. As he approached De La Place, astronomer, who died as a missionary
the commander, he demanded its sur- in China, in 1778.
render "in the name of Jehovah and      ALLERTON, IsAAC, one of the first
the continental congress."' The same settlers of Plymouth, who caume over in
year, he was taken prisoner in an at- the Mayflower.
tempt to reduce Montreal.    He was     ALLESTRY, RICHARD, an English
sent to England and, after being cruelly  divine. B. 1619; d. 1680.
maltreated on the voyage, was confined  ALLEY, bishop of Exeter under
in Pendennis castle, near Falmouth. Elizabeth. D. 1570.
HIe was next returned to Halifax and    ALLEYN, EDWAnRD, an English aetor
then imprisoned five months in New    in the reigns of Elizabeth and James I.,
York. In 1778 he was exchanged for but principally known as the founder
Col. Camnpbell and returned to Ver- of Dulwich college, was born at St. Bomont, where lie was welcomed with     tolph, London, Sept. 1, 1566. He was
great joy. Allen was a man of strong  one of the original actors in Shakmind, earnest and eccentric character, speare's plays, and his popularity prodevoted patriotism, and audacious bra- cured him not only friencs, but opuvery. He published, besides a narrative  lence. He built at his own expense the
of his captivity, a " Vindication of the Fortune playhouse, Moorfields, and still
Colonies," and a waork on theology. added to his income by being keeper of
B. 1743; d. 1789.-IRA, a brother of   the king's wild beasts, with a salary of
Ethan, was the first secretary of Yer- ~500 per annum. His erection of Dulmont. He took an active part in the wicli colleoe is attributed to a superstiwar on the lakes in 1775, was a corn- tious cause. Whilst with six others he
missioner to congress, became agent of  was acting the part of a demon in one
the state, in Europe, for the purchase  of Shakspeare's plays, he is said to
of arms, was captured and imprisoned  have been terrified by the real appearin England, and afterwards in France; ance of the devil, and the power of the
but after tedious litigation was released. imagination was so great that he made
B. 1752; d. 1814.-There were seven    a solemn vow    to build the colleoe,
brothers of this ffimily, all more or less which, in 1614, was hbegun under the
distinguished in the colonial annals.-  direction of Inigo Jones, and in three
JOHN, a chancellor of Ireland, who was years finished at the expense of ~10.000.
basely ass.ssinated by the earl of Kil-  This noble edifice, destined to afford an
dare in 1534.-JOHN, first minister of  asylumn to indigence and infirmity, was
Dedham, Massachusetts.    B. 1590.-   solemnly appropriated on the 18th Sept
THOMAS, an eminent scholar and mathe- 1619, to the humane purposes of the
matician of Elizabeth's time. B. 1542  founder, who appointed himself its first
d. 1632.-THOMAs, an antiquarian and   master. The original endowment was
historical writer, who compiled the ~800 per annum, for the maintenance
"History and Antiquities of London,"  of one master, one warden, always to
etc. B. 1803; d. 1833.-MATTHFEW, one be unmarried and of the name of Alleyn,
of the first settlers of Connecticut, in  four fellows, three of whom are iln or1692.-WILLIAM, chief-justice of Penn- ders, and the fourth an organist, besides
sylvania, an early friend to Benjamin  six poor men, and six women, and
West, and an acquaintance of Frank- twelve boys to be educated till the age
lin. D. 1780.-SOLOMoxN, a major in    of fourteen or sixteen, and then to be
the revolutionary war, who, after the apprenticed. D. 1626,
seizure of Andre, conducted him   to'ALLIONI, CHARLES, a celebrated phIyWest Point. He was also concerned in  sician, writer, and professor of botany in
quelling Shay's insurrection,'and after- the university of Turin. B. 1725; d.
wards became a successful preacher.-  1804.
JAMES, an eccentric poet of Boston. B.  ALLIX, PETER, a learned divinie, b.
1739; d. 1808.-WILLIAM     HuHENRY, a at Alens(on, in France, 1644, minister
naval officer of the U. S. who was en- of the Reformed Church at Rouen and
gaged during the war of 1812, and was Charenton, who went to England, was
killed in an action between the Argus  created DD. at Oxford, and made treasand the Pelican in the British Channel. urer of the church at Salisbury. D. in
B. 1784; d. 1813.-PAsUL, a poet and   London, 1717.




32                   PCCLOPX DIFA OP BIOGRAPHY.                       [ALM
ALLOISI, BALrIAZAR,   a Bolognese   Justice Dana, of Canmbridge, where he
historical and portrait painter, who ob- then took up his lesidence, and began
tained the name of Galanino. D. 1688.  the largest and most ambitious of his
ALLORI, ALEXANDER, a Florentine     pictures, the Feast of Belshazzai. This
painter, who excelled in nakecd figures. work, owin(r to various hindrances, was
D. 1607.-CHIRISTOPmANO the son of the never finished, but what was done of it
above, was also an eminent painter. will remain for ever a monument of his
D. 1619,                               surpassing genius and skill. In 183G
ALLSTION, WASrEGTON, the greatest Mr. Allston was asked by cong'ress to
historical painter that America has pro- fill two of the four vacant panels in the
duced, was a native of Charleston, S. C., Rotunda tat Washington, but he declined
but at the age of 7 was sent, by the ad- the request, in order that he might device of physicians, to Newport, R. I. Ievote his undivided energies to tle conlearly discovered a taste for imitative art, pletion of hlls Belshazzar. His friends,
a taste which was fostered by his ac- in 1So9, made a collection of more than
quaintance witlh Malbone, who became fifty of his pictures, which were publicly
a distinguished miniat-ure painter. In  exhibited in Boston, and gave to all who
1796 he entered Harvard College, where  saw them the rarest delight. Never behe was noted for the elegance of his fore, we venture to say, on the continent
compositions; but his leisure hours   of America, had there been such an exwere chiefly devoted to the pencil. An  hibition.  Two years afterwarids Mr.
old rich-toned Italian landscape, some Allston published a highly successful
pictures by Pine, and a copy of Van- tale, called Monal.i,  and thus, amidst
dyke's head of Cardinal Bentivoglio, days passed in the exercise of his beauwere his models. He went to London    tifnl art, and evenings of refined social
in 1801, and entered as a student in the enjoyment, he enjoyed a happy old age,
Royal Academy.   -Ie there, made the ac- rich in the possession of the highest
quaintance of West and Fuseli and ex- genius, and in the attachment of the
bibited some of his pictures at Somerset most accomplished friends. His charHouse in 1802. He next visited France, acter was without reproach, his feelinSs
and afterwards Italy. He pursued the tender, his conduct dignified, and his
study of art at Rome for four years, attachments, as well as his opinions, prowhere he distinguished himself by his found and sincere. He d. suddenly, on
coloring, which acquired for him the  9th of July, 1843.
name of the American Titian, and also   ALLY, Vizier, ex-nabob of Oude, was
entered into relations of intimate friend- the adopted son of the former inabob of
ship with Thorwaldsen, Coleridge, and  Oude, Yusuf ab Dowlah, who declared
other men of note. In 1809 he visited  him  successor.  The English governAmerica, andll married the sister of Dr. menit, however, deposed him in lavor of
Channing. In 1811 he resumed his resi- the brother of Yusuf, but settled on him
dence in London, where his first histor- a pension of ~25,000. While engaged
ical picture, the "Dead Man Revived,"  with the agents of the East India Comobtained for hin the first prize of the  pany, who had been sent to meet him at
British Institution. A small volume of Benares for the purpose of making arpoems, called the "Sylph of the Season, rangements for his future residence, he
and other poems," was published by    gave a sinal, on which his armed folhim ini 1813. ITis wife died in 1815, an  lower s rushed in and treacherously murthree years after he canle home, brin- dered the Company's officers.  For a
ing with him the " Elijah in the Wn- time he made his escape, but surrenderderness," having disposed of several ed on condition that his life should be
large and fine pictures before he quitted  spared. D. in prison, 1817, agced only 36.
Englland, such as Uriel in the Sunl,    ALM)AGRO7 DIEGO D', a Spaniard of
Jacob's Dream, and St. Peter liberatecl low origin, who accompanied Pizarro in
by the Angel. The Elijah was after- the expedition against Peru, in which
wards purchased and taken back to     his valor, profligacy, and cruelty were
England. During the next 12 years, equally displayed.     In 1525:le took
whil he resided in Boston, he painted  Cuzco, the capital of Chili, by storm, and
several of his finest works, amlongr others put Atahualpa, the last of the lncas, to a
his Jeremiah, Saul and the Witch of most horrid death; but quarrelling with
Endor, Miriam, singiang the song of tri- the brothers of Pizarro about the diviumph, Dante's Beatrice, and thle Valen- sion of their spoil, a schism ensuied, and
tine. In 1830 he was married a second  Alnlagro was eventually taken prisoner
time to the daughter of the late Chief and strangled, 1588.




ALP1                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          33
ALMAMON, or ABDALLAH, a ca-           ALOMPRA, the founder of the Barliph of Bagdad, son of Haroun al Ras- man empire, a man of obscure birth,
chid, who founded the academy of      but who established a new dynasty
Bagdad, and wmas a patron of science. about the middle of the 18th century.
D. 833.                                 ALONZO DE VIADO, a Spanish
ALTMANASOR, JAcoB, a caliph of      liberal and writer. B. 1775.
the Saracens in Africa, who, after con-  ALPAGO, ANDREW, an Italian phyquering a large territory, became a ba- sician, who visited the East, and some
lker at Alexandria, where he died, 1205. time resided at Damascus. On his reALMANZOR, surnamed the Victo- turn he was made professor of medicine
rious, the second caliph of the house of  at Venice, where he translated AvicenAbas, succeeded to the throne in 753.  na, Averroes, and Serapion, and enALMARUS, abbot of the monastery     tiched the work with notes, some of
of St. Austin, Canterbury, made bishop  which now remain in manuscript. D.
of Sherborne, 1022.                   1555.
ALMEIDA, FRsANciSCO, a Portuguese,     ALPHANUS, ]BENEDICT, archbishop
appointed, in 1505, the first viceroy of  of Palermo, better known as a physician
India.  Afttr a perilous voyage, lie and a poet. He was the author of the
crossed the Cape of Good Hope, and    lives of some saints in verse. D. 1086.
proceeded along the coast of Africa,    ALPHERY, MEKEPPER or NICEPHOspreading terror and desolation, but Rs, a lnative of Russia, descended from
was killed on his return in a quarrel the imperial family. During the civil
with the natives at the Cape, in 1509.-  dissensions of his country he removed
LORENzo, son of Francisco, was also an  to England and studied at Oxford.
enterprising commander and navigator, In 1618 he succeeded to the living
by whom Ceylon was made tributary to  of Wooley, in IHuntingdonshire, and
Portugal. He lost his life in an engage- though he was twice invited to return
ment with the Egyptian fleet in the bay  to Russia with the certainty of being
of Cambaya.                           placed on the throne, he preferred the
ALMELOVEEN, THEODORE JANSEN         character of a parish priest in England
VAN, a most learned physician, born near to the splendor of the purple. He was
Utrecht, professor of history, the Greek  ejected from his living during the civil
langua e, and medicine, at Harderwick. wars, and ill treated by the republican
D. 1742.                               soldiers, though his Presbyterian sueALMINARA, MIARQUIS, Spanish en- cessor behaved towards him with huvoy to France from Charles 1V.; dipIo- manity. He saw the restoration, and
matist, and the author of an able R" e- was replaced in his living, but retired
ply to Cevallos," respecting the former's to Hammersmith, where his son lhad
abdication, and of " A History of the settled, and there died, aged about 80.
Inquisition."                         The last descendant of this family marALMON, JOHN, a political writer and  ried a Johnson, a cutler, at Hluntingdon,
publisher, and the friend of Wilkes. by whom she had eight children. She
In 1774 he commenced the Parliament- was living in 1764.
ary rleister; he was also the author of  ALPHONSO I., or ALONZO ENa " Life of Lord Chatham,' and various RIQUEZ, first king of Portugal, son of
biographical, political, and literary anec- Henry of Burgundy, count of Portugal.
dotes. B. 1738; d. 1805.              He ifught successfully   against the
ALOADDIN, commonly called the Moors, and raised his country to a powOld Man of the Mountains. He was the erful monarchy.    D. 1185.-III., the
sheik of a Syrian tribe professing the  Great, king of the Asturias, b. 847, sucMIahometan religion, called the Arsa- ceeded his father Ordoogeno, 865, and d.
cides. He livecl in a castle between  at Zamora, 912. He conquered many
Damascus and Antioch, and;was sur1- places from the Moors, was a patron of
rounded   by a number of intrepid     learned men, and distinguished himself
youths, whom    he  intoxicated  with  for piety and justice.-IV., surnamed
pleasures, and rendered subservient to the Brave, son of king Denis, whom
his views, by promising still greater he succeeded, 1324, was an able and
voluptuousness in the next world. As impartial sovereion, and d. 1357.-V..
these were too successfully employed  surnamed the iagnanimous, king of
to stab his enemies, he was dreaded by Arragon, b. 1384, succeeded his father,
the neighboring princes.   From  the Ferdinand the Just, 1416, and d. at
name and character of his followers the  Naples, 1458, leaving his Neapolitan doword assassin ia derived.             minions to his natural son Ferdinand,




34                    CYCLOP AEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [ALT
and those of Spain, Sardinia, and Sicily ly suspected of being,oncerned in the
to his brother Juan, kingo of Navarre. reuted treasonable enterprises of that
This monarch was accounted the most individual. Mrs. Alston was lost on her
accomplished prince of his tine; he gave  passage from Charleston to New York
shelter to the Greek literati expelled  in 1812. B. 1778; d. 1816.-'-WILLIAMa,
from Constantinople, and was in other a volunteer of the revolutionary war,
respects a great patron of learning.-X.,  who served as captain under Marion.
called the Wise, king of Leon and Cas- He was for several years member of the
tile, succeeded his father, Ferdinand  senate of South Carolina. B. 1756; d.
III., 1251 and d. 1284, aged 81. As a 1839.
ruler, Alphonso was misguided and nn-   ALSTROEMER, JoN.s, a distinguishfortanate; but as a patron and an en- ed Swede, b. of poor parents at Aiingas,
courao-er of the sciences, he obtained  West Gotliland, in 1685. After strui(mucl reputation. He completeld a code gling with poverty for a long time, he
of laws, began by his father, still known  visited London, and paving particular
under the title of " Las Partidas," and  attention to the commercial and manupreceded the other nations of Europe in  facturing sources of British prosperity,
substituting the vernacular tongue for he returned to Sweden in 1723, resolvthe Latin in law proceedings. His fa- ing to carry the plans he had formed
vorite pursuit, however, was astronomy, into executioni  Having obtained a liand he employed the most famous as- cense to establish manufictures in the
tronomers to draw up the celebrated   town in which he was born, it soon betables called after him the Alphonsine  came the seat of industry and activity,
Tables, which were first published at which afforded an example to the whole
Venice, 1483.                         kingdom. He established a sugar-house
ALPHONSUS, TASTADIJS, bishop of     at Gottenburgh, and traded to the Indies
Avila, a voluminous Spanish writer, and the Levant; improved rural econowho flourished during the 15th century. my; cultivated plants proper for dyeing;
ALPINI, PROSPERO, a Venetian phy- and improved the wool trade, by imaportsician. B. 1553, and d. 161.7. He was the  ingr sheep from Spain and England, and
greatest botanist of his day, the first who  the goat fronm Angora. For these imnexplained the impregnation and genera- portant benefits, AsIbtroemer received a
tion of plants by the sexual system, and  patent of nobility, was made Knight of
the author of many valuable works on  the Polar Star, and honored with the
his favorite pursuit.                 title of Chancellor of Commerce; the
ALSOP, ANTIHONY, an eminent En- Academy of Sciences chose him a memglish divine and scholar, who d. 1726. ber, and the national states decreed hin
His principal work was a selection from  a statue to be erected to his memory on
AEsop  entitled " Fabularum  2Esopica- the Exchange of Stockholnm. D. 1761.
rum  belectus," published in 1698.-     ALTAEMPS, MARK, a nephew        of
VINCENT, a nonconformist divine of the  Pope Pius IV., memorable as one- of the
17th century, b. in Northamptonshire. cardinals in the council of Trent.
D. 1703.-RicHARD, a native of Middle-   ALTER, FRANCIS CHAuRLE, a German
town, in Connecticut; a miscellaneous Jesuit and laborious critic; Greek teachwriter, and the translator of various er in the school of St. Anne at Vienna.
works from the French and Italian; D. 1804.
among which was the " Natural and       ALTIAMERUS, a divine of NuremCivil History of Chili," from the Italian  berg; author of various theological
of Molina. B. 1759; d. 1815.         works, and a principal promoter of the
ALSTEDIUS, JoiNx H-ENRY, a Ger- Reformation in Berne, Switzerland. D.
man philosopher and Protestant divine. 1450.
B. 1588, d. 1638.                       ALTHUSEN, or ALTHUSIUS, JOHN,
ALStON,CiHARLES, an eminent Scotch  a German civilian, was b. about the
physician and botanist; author of " Tiro- middle of the 16th century, and d. in the
iniumn Botanicum Edinburgense," &c.; 17th. He was professor of law at HIerand public lecturer at Edinburgh. B. born, and syndic of Bremen. In 1603
1683; d. 1760.-JOSEPH, governor of    he published his "Politica Methodice
South Carolina, after having been for Digesta," in which he boldly taught that
several years a distinguished member kings are nothing more than magisof the legislature of that state, was elect- trates, that to the people belongs'the
ed chief magistrate in 1812. He married  sovereignty, and that, as a natural conthe daughter of Aaron Burr, and in con- sequence, they may change and even
sequence of that connection was unjust- punish their rutlers, Althusen was the




ALV]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        25
author of several other works, the prin- the descendant of an illustrious family
cipal of which is a Latin Treatise on  in Spain, was a famous general under
Roman Jurisprudence.                 the emperors Charles V. and Philip II.
ALTICOZZI, LORENEO, a Jesuit au- He macde his first campaign at the battle
thor and polemic, who wrote the " Sum  of Pavia. At the siege ot Metz he perof St. Augustine,ll B. at Cortona, 1689; formed prodigies of valor; and in the
d. t177.                             war with the pope he was completely
ALTILIO, GABRIEL, a Neapolitan; successful; but he was as cruel as he
author of some Latin poems of great was brave. In 1567, Philip sent him to
beauty. D. 1501.                     reduce the Low Countries, then in a
ALTING, HENRY, an eminent Ger- state of revolt. Here he landed with
man divine, distinguished himself at the 10,000 men, and immediately commenced
synod of Dort, as deputy from the Pal- a series of cruelties almost unparalleled
atinate, and did much in advancement in the annals of history, annihilating
of the Protestant interest in Germany. every remaining privilege of the people.
B. 1583; d. 1644.-JAMES, son of the   He was subsequently employed against
above, was educated at Groningen, and  Don Antonio, who had assumed the
went to England, where lie was ordain- crown of Portugal, and drove him from
ed a priest of the church by the Bishop  that kingdom, the whole of which he
of Worcester. In 16438 he was chosen  reduced to Philip's authority. B. 1515;
Hebrew professor at Groningen, and   d. 1589.
afterwards professor of divinity.  B.  ALVARADO, DON PEDRO, one of the
1618; d. 1679.-MENSON, a burgomaster rapacious conquerors of Spanish Amerof Groningen, author of the best descrip- ica, who accompanied Cortes to America.
tion of the Low Countries now extant. He was appointed to the government of
D. 1713.                              Guatimala, and was slain in 1541.-ALALTISSIMO, the poetical surname of PHONSO D', a Spanish adventurer, who
an Italian poet named Christopher. His accompanied Pizarro in his expedition to
surname and a poetic crown were given  Peru; and who was equally distinguishto him on account of his great popular- ed for his bravery and. his cruelty. D.
ity as an improvisatore.             1553.
ALTMAN, JOHN GEORGE, a Swiss          ALVAREZ, EMANUEL, a distinguished
historian and divine, curate of Inns in  Portuguese grammarian. B. at Madeira,
the same canton and professor of moral 1526; d. at the college of Evora, of
philosophy and Greek at Berne. B. 1697; which he was rector, 1582.-FRANCIS, a
d. 1758.                              Portuguese divine, b. at Coimbra, toALTORF, ALBERT, a Bavarian painter, wards the end of the 15th century, and
architect, and engraver. He raised him- d. 1540, leaving behind him in Portuself by his merits to the rank of senator guese an account of his embassy to
of Ratisbon, which city he adorned with  David, king of Abyssinia, and a demany handsome edifices. B. 1488; d. scription of Ethiopian manners and cus1578.                                toms, which is deemed the first accurate
ALTON, RICHARD, count d', an Aus- account of Abyssinia.-GoMEZ, a Spanish
trian general, who had the command of  poet. The chief of his works, which
the Low Countries' in 1787. Though   were written in Latin, is a poem on the
a strict disciplinarian and a man of  Order of the Golden Fleece. B. 1488;
bravery, he betrayed weakness during  d. 1538.-DON JOSE, one of the most
the insurrections in Brabant, 1789, for eminent sculptors of the 19th century,
which lie was sent for to Vienna, to clear was b. near Cordova in Spain, 1768.
his character. He d. on the journey.- Patronized by Charles IV., he proceeded
Hisbrother distinguishedchimself(against to Paris in 1799, with a view of prosthe Turks, and also against the French  ecuting his studies; and he soon gained
at the siege of Valenciennes. He was himself a name in the French metropokilled near Dunkirk, 1793, much regret- lis.  Napoleon presented him with a
ted as a good soldier and an amiable gold medal; but the great captain's subman.                                 sequent conduct towards Spain inspired
ALURED, an ancient English his- the artist with such aversion for him,
torian, who flourished in the begiuning  that he would never model his bust. He
of the 12th century. His annals are was afterwards imprisoned for refusing
very valuable, and comprise the history  to take the oath of allegiance to Joseph
of the Britons, Saxons, and Normans, Bonaparte, when proclaimed king of
down to his own time, 1129.          Spain. Many of his best works are at
ALVA, FERDINA5D) ALVAREnZ, duke of, Madrid. D. 1827.




36                    CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     LAMA
ALVAROTTO, JAMES, a lawyer of         AMADEUS V., count of Savoy, euoPadua, distinguished for his attain- ceeded to the sovereignty of that state.,
ments both in the civil and canon law; 1285, and died at Avignon, 1323. Alauthor of " Colnmentaria in Libros Feu- though a prince of snch small comindorurl."  B. 1474- d. 1542.          ions, he acquired the surname of Great,
ALVENSLEBEN, PIILIP CHARLES, from his wisdom and success.-VIII.,
count of, son of a counsellor of war at count of Savoy, elected 1391. He was
Hanover, was a distinguished diplo- one of the most singular men of his
matist, and in 1791 was placed at the  time, and acquired the name of Pacific.
head of the department for foreign af- -IX., count of Savoy, who narried
fairs at Hanover, in which he gave gen- Jolande of France, and distinguished
eral satisfaction.  The count wrote a  himself by his good deeds, so that his
"History of the War from the Peace of  subjects called him the Blessed. D.
Munster to that of Hubertsbourg."  B. 1472.
1745; d. 1802.                          AMIAIA, FRANCIS, a Spanish lawyer
ALVIANO, BARTr-HOLOMEW, an emi- of much reputation, and professor of
nent Venetian general, whose exertions legal science at Salamanca. D. 1640.
against the Emperor Maximilian, in      AM AK, or ABULNAGIE AL BOK1508, caused the republic to decree him  IIARI, a Persian poet of the 5th centriumphal honors. In the siege of Pa- tury, entertained at the court of sultan
dua by the emperor, and at the battles  Khedar Khan, who instituted an acadof La Motte and Alariguano, Alviano   emly of poets, of which he made Amak
displayed the most heloic qualities. president.   -is chief poem is the "  isHis death was occasioned by excessive  tory of the Loves of Joseph and Zofatigue while laying siege to Brescia. leiskah."
B. 1455; d. 1515.                       AMALARIUS,      FORTUNATUS, archALXINGER, JOHN BAPTIST Di, a bishop of Treves in 810. HIe established
German poet, born at Vienna, in 1755, Christianity in Saxony. consecrated a
of a rich family, early acquired a    church at H-amburgh, and.vwas sent amthorough knowledge of the classics. bassador in 813 to Constantinople by
Though he became a doctor of laws, Charlemagne. D. 814.
and held the title of court advocate, he  AMALIHEUS, ATTILIUS, archbishop
availed himself of his legal station only  of Athens. D. 1600.-JEROME, an Italian
to make up disputes, or plead for the  physician and poet of some repute. B.
poor. Poetry was his favorite pursuit. 1507; d. 1574.-JoIIN BAPTIST, brother
Besides minor pieces, le wrote " Doolin  of the above, was born, 1525; attended
of Mentz,"   and' Bliomberis," two   the Venetian. ambassador to Englland,
chivalresque epics, in Wieland's style. and, on his return, was made secretary
Alxinger was liberal, and firmly attached  to Pope Pius IV.  His Latin poems
to his friends. D. 1797.              were printed, 1550; and lhe died, 1573.
ALYPIUS, an architect of Antiocl,- -CORNELIUS, another brother of the
employed by Julian in. his attempt to  above, was also eminent in physic and
rebuild the temple of Jerusalem. He   poetry.
was subsequently banished, on a charge  AMAND, [MARK ANTHONY GERlRD,
of practising the black art, and died in  Sieur de St., a French poet.  B. at
exile. Alypius wrote a "Gcographical Ronen, 1594-; d. 1661.   He was one
Description of the World," published  of the first members of the French
in 1628 at Geneva.-Bishop of Tagasta, academy.
Africa, the friend of St. Augustine, with  AMARI DURIVIER, J. A., author of
whom he was baptized at Milan, in 388. a great varietv of literary works, transHe opposed tle D)onatists and Pelagians lations from'Gay, Terence, Lucan, &e.
with great zeal; and died in 430.     B. 1765.
AMADEDDULAT, first sultan of the      A[MARA-SINGHA, a Iindoo author
Buiyan dynasty, was the son of a fisher- of great antiquity, who compiled a dieman of Dilem, on the Caspian Sea. He tionary of the Sanscrit language, part of
rose to distinction in the armies of  which was published at Rome, 1798.
Makan, sultan of Dilem, and subse-      AMARETTI, Abbe C., a Milanese
quently gained possession of Persia mineralogist, born in 1743; author of
Proper, Persian Irak, and Kerman, of  "Viaggio di Trilaghi," "Memoirs of
which he assumed the sovereignty, and  Leonardo di Vinci," &e., &c. He was
fixed the seat of his government at Shi- a knight of Napoleon's order of the
raz, in 933. He died, 949, and left his Iron Crown.
crown to his nephew, Adadeddulat.       AMASEO, RoMULUS, an       eminent




AMMB]                 CYCLOPADIA OF BDIOGRAPIY.                          27
teacher of the belles lettres at Padua. French language, which he published
His celebrity caused him to be invited  under the name of the Signior de Chato Rome by Paul III., by whom he was villon. D. 1547.
employed in various embassies; and by    AMBROGI, ANTOINE, a Roman Jesuit
Julius III. he was appointed secretary  and poet.   He translated Virgil and
of the briefs. He translated Pansanias  some of the works of Voltaire into Italand the Cyrus of Xenophon into Latin; ian. B. 1712; d. 1788.
and published a volume of his own        AMB3ROGIO, TESCO, one of the most
Latin speeches. B. 1489; d. 1552.      celebrated among the early Italian oriAMATI, a celebrated violin maker' of  entalists. B. at Pavia, 1469; d. 1540.
Creimna, about the year 1600.            AMBROSE, St., bishop of Milan, was
AMATUS, a Portuguese Jew, born       born, 340, at Ariles, in Gallia Narbon1511, at Castel Bianco.   lie studied  ensis, of which province his father was
medicine with success at the university  lieutenant.  While yet a youth, he
of Salamanca, and afterwards gave lee- pleaded causes with so much eloquence,
tures on the science at Ferrara, Ancona, that Probus, prefect of Italy, chose him
and other places.                      one of his council, and afterwards nomAMAURI, DEI CHnATRES, a French       inated him governor of Milan, which
visionary of the 13th centdry, who      office he held 5 years. In 874, Auxenmaintained the eternity of matter, and  tius, bishop of Milan, died; and so
that religion had three epochs, agree- fierce was the contest in the election of
able to the three persons of the Trinity.  a successor to the vacant see, that the
His opinions were condemned by the     governor was called upon to quell the
council of Paris, 1209, and some of his tumult.  This he attempted by perfollowers burnt.  To avoid a similar suasion in the great church; and at the
fate, he renounced his errors, but died  conclusion of his address, a voice in the
of vexation.                           crowd exclaimed, " Ambrose is bishop."
AMBERGER, CHRISTOPHER, a painter This circumstance aw-as considered as of
of Nuremberg, in the 16th century, was divine direction, and Ambrose was dea disciple of Hans Holbein.   He was   dared to be the object not only of the
likewise a good engraver on wood. D. popular choice, but of divine selection.
1550.                                  His first efforts were directed to the exAMBOISE, FmNeCIs, a French writer, termination of Arianism, which was
educated in the college of Navarre, and  then making great progress.  He also
afterwards an advocate in the parlia- successfully resisted the Pagans, who
ment of Paris, and counsellor of state. were attemptingo to restore their ancient
HIe published several poetical pieces in  worship.  When Maximinus invaded
French and Latin, but is chiefly known  Italy, and actually entered Milan, Am-'
as the collector and editor of the works brose remained at his post, to assuage
of the celebrated Abelard. D. 1612.-   the calamities produced by the'invading
GEORGE D7' a French cardinal and iiin- army. When, in consequence of a tuister of state, born of a noble family, mult at Thessalonica, Theodosius sent
1460. Hlie became successively bishop  an order for a general massacre, Amof Montau-ban, arclbishop of Narbonne, brose repaired to the emperor, remonand lastly of  oueen. Louis XII. made strated with him on his barbarity. and
him prime minister, and he soon ac- prevailed on him to promise that the
qui red great popularity by taking off  command should be revoked.       The
the taxes which had been usually levied  mandate was, however, carried into exon the people at the accession of every  ecution, and 7000 persons were slaughnew monarch. The king, by his ad- tered in cold blood. Shortly afterwards,
vice, undertook the conquest. of the when Theodosius, in the anguish of
Milailmese, which succeeded. Soon after self-reproach, was about to enter the
this, he was appointed the pope's legate great church of Milan, Ambrose met
in France, with the dignity of cardinal, him  at the porch and sternly forbade
and in that capacity effected a great re- him to appear in the holy place. The
form aimong the religious orders. He emperor pleaded the example of David:
d. 1510.-ArERY D', a famous French     -" You have imitated David in his
admiral, and brother of the above, who  crime, imitate him in his repentance,"
gained a splendid victory over the sul- was the reply; and: Theoctosius was
tan of Egypt, in 1510.-MICHAEL D', a   compelled, not only to perform a, pennatural son of Amboise, admiral of     ance, but to sign an edict, which orFrance, born at Naples. He was the     dained that an interval of thirty days
author of numerous poems' in the       should pass before any sentence of
4,




38                    CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         [AME
death or of confiscation should be ex- burg, in the 16th century; editor of the
ecuted. D. at Milan, in 397.            orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes;
AMBROSINI, AiBrozIo, a Ferrarese; and translator of selections from   Epiauthor of several oratorios, canzoni, and  phanius and Chrysostom.
sonnets. 1). 1700.-GIuLIO, a. Mantuan,   AMERICUS VESPUCIUS, or, more
author of a work on " Demonology."     properly, AMERIGO VESPuccI, an eminent
B. 1580.                               navigator, was born at Florence, in 1451,
AMEILHON,      IHUBERT   PASCAL,  a  After receiving a liberal education, he
learned Frenchman, author of "His- was sent by his father to Spain for the
toire du Bas Empire," of a celebrated  parpose of conducting' his commercial
work on the " Commerce of the Egyp- affairs; and, being at Seville when Cotians," and of "Researches into the lumnbus was making preparations for his
Mechanical Arts of the Ancients."  B. second voyage, he resolved to quit mer1730; d. 1811.                         cantile pursuits, and enter on the career
AMELIA, ANNE, princess of Prussia, of discovery.    His first expedition to
sister of Frederic the Great. She was the new continent was in 1499, under
distinguished by her taste for the arts, the command of Ojeda, a year after the
and set to music "The Death of the     discovery and examination of that part
Messiah," by Ramler. B. 1723; d. 1787. of the coast by'Columbus. After this
-Duchess dcowager of Saxe Weimar, lie entered the service of King Emmianduchess of Brunswick and Luneburg, uel of Portugal, and maide two voyages
who liberally patronized men of learn- in Portuguese ships: the first in 1501;
ing and genius, among whom       were  the second in 1503. The object of this
Wieland, Goethe, Schiller, and Herder. last voyage was to find a westerly pasB. 1739; d. 1807.-Youniioest child of  sage to Malacca. He arrived at Brazil,
George III. and Queen Charlotte; a     ancl discovered the Bay of All Saints.
princess who in mind and manners was   In 1505 lie again entered the service of
amiable and accomplished.    B. 1783; the king of Spain, but made no more
d. 1810.                               voyages, as appears from memoranda,
AMELOT, NIcoLAS, a French minister   showing that he was at Seville till 1508,
of state in 1788, who was accused of per- at which time he was appointed prinsecnting one Latude, as the agent of M. cipal pilot. His duties were to prepare
Pompadour, during the ancient regime. charts, and prescribe routes for vessels
For some offence to the republicans, he  in their voyages to the new world,
was imprisoned in the Luxemburg, which took his name, though the honor
where his life was saved and prolonged  clearly belonged to Columbus, whose
by a young female, who avowed a pas- priority of discovery is not to be quession for him; but at length he died in  tioned. D. 1516.
the prison.   His victim, Latude, on     AMES, WILLIAMr, a native of Norfolk,
escaping from the Bastile, brought an  who, after being educated at Christ's colaction of damages, and recovered from  lege, Cambridge, left his country, where
Amelot's heirs.                       hli{ Calvinistical tenets were becoming
AMELOT      DE   LA   IIOUSSAYE, unpopular, and settled as professor in
NICHOLAS, a French historian of the 17th  the university of Franeker, in Holland.
century. He resided for some time at Here he enjoyed fame and independVenice, as secretary to the French em- ence; but as the air of the place was too
bassy, and wrote a history of its gov- sharp for his asthmatic constitution, he
erminent.   He also translated  "The   removed to Rotterdam, with the intenPrince," by Machiavel, and other Italian  tion of passicng into New England. He,
works into French. D. 1706.            however, d. at Rotterdam, 1663, aged 57.
AMELUNGHI,       JEmrOMzE, a Pisan   lie was. a learned divine, and his wripoet, preceding Tasso in the mock- tings were voluminous his principal
heroic style; author of "La Gigantea   work being "MIedulla Theologica."Jodel Forabosco " in 1547.               SEcPe, a ship-chandler of WCapping, who
AMENTA, N., an admired Neapolitan    in an advanced period of life, studied
poet. B. 1659.                         antiquities, and rose by his genius and
AMERBACH, Jomnr, a printer of        application to consequence, and to the
Basil, in the 15th century; the first who  secretaryship of the Society of Antiquaused the Roman type instead of Gothic  ries. He published an account of the
and Italian.  D. 1515.-BoNIFACE, son   earliest printers, with a recister of the
of the above, syndic of Basil; and inti- books which they printed; in quarto,
mate friend of Erasmus. D. 1562.-      1749, besides the'ist of 3Enolish heads
VITAs, a learned professor at %Wittem- engrave(d in mezotinto, &ec., in 8vo.




AMI]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPH1                           39
He also compiled the "Parentalia,"     governor of Virginia, fand commanderfrom Wren's papers. He d. Oct. 7th, in-chief of the forces in America; and,
1759, and the following year his curious in this part of the world, the fall of Nicollection of fossils, shells, medals, &c., agara, Ticonderoga, Quebec, and Monwas  sold  by public   auction.  His treal, with the snubmission of all Canada,
daughter married Captain Dampier, in   marked the progress of his' judicious
the East India sea-service. - FISHER, and successfil measures. Hiis great serLL.D., one of the most eloquent of vices were honorably rewarded by the
American statesmen and writers, was b. court; he was made a knight of the
at Dedham, in Massachusetts, April 9, Bath, in 1771, appointed governor of
1758. HIe was educated at Harvard uni- Guernsey, the next year lieutenant-genversity, where he received his degree in  eral of the ordnance, and in 1776, created
1774. He studied law in Boston, and    baron Amherst of Holmsdale. In 1778
commenced the practice of it in his he was made commander-in-chief, and
native village. But the affairs of the though upon the change of ministry
revolution soon drew his attention to  these offices were withdrawnl, he was
politics, and he became conspicuous by  again reinstated in 1793, when, two years
his speeches, and' by his animated andl after, he resigned the command of the
beautiful style as an essay writer. He forces to the duke of York, and was
distingo ished himself as a member of the raised to the rank of field-marshal. D.
Massachusetts convention for ratifying  1797.
the constitution, in 1788, and from this  AMIHURST, NicHOLAS, an    English
body passed to the house of representa- political and miscellaneous writer. B.
tives in the state legislature. Soon after at Marden, Kent, 1701, and d. 1742. IIe
he was elected the representative of the was author of the " Terrse Filius," a
Suffolk district in the congress of the  satirical work on the university of OxUnited States, where he remained with  ford; and published, with the assistance
the highest honor during the eightyears of Pulteney atd Lord Bolingbroke, the
of Washington's adminnistration.  On   work by which he is most kinown, enthe retirement of Washington, Mr. A. titled "The Craftsman."
returned to his residence at Dedham,     AMICO, ANTONIO, a Sicilian priest,
where he occupied himself with the and canon of the cathedral of Paermo,
management of his farm and the prac- distinguished   by   some considerable
tice of the law. The latter he relin- works in history, for which Philip IV.
quished, a few years afterwards in con- of Spain made him    historiographer
sequence of his declining health; but royal. D. 1641.-VITO MARIA, a prohe felt too deep an interest in the wel- fessor of theology in the 18th century;
fare of his country to withdraw   llis principally known by his Sicilian anmind and pen from politics. He wrote tiquities.
much in the public papers, relating to   AMICONI, GIAcoMo, a Venetian histhe contest between Great Britainl and  torical and portrait _painter, who visited
revolutionary France, as it might affect Enhland in 1729. He afterwards went
the liberty and prosperity of America. to Spain, and was appointed portrait
In 1804 he was chosen      president of  painter to the king. D. 1752.
Harvard college-an honor "which he       AMILCAR, a Carthaginian general,
declined. Ile d. July 4th, 1808. His   of great valor, was descended from the
writings, in the following year, were ancient kings of Tyre; and being early
published in one volume octavo, pre- intrusted with military command, he
faced by a memoir of his life, from the  distinguished himself in the wars of
pen of the Rev. Dr. Kirkland.          Carthage, particularly against the RoAMHERST, JEFFREY, Lord, an Enl- mans, towards whoin he bore an imglish general of considerable celebrity, placable hatred. HIe was the father of
descended from an ancient family seated  Hannibal.
at Sevenoaks, in Kent. Hie was b.1727,   AMIOT, Father, one of the most
and at the age of fourteen embraced the learned of the French missionaries to
military profession.  In 1741 he was China. B. at Toulon, 1718, and d. at
aid-de-camp to General Ligonier, at the Pekin, 1794. This zealous Jesuit, who
battles of Dettingen, Fontenoy, and Ro- arrived at Macao in 1750, was invited
coux, and in 1756 obtained the colo- to Pekin, in 1751, by the emperor of
nelcy of the 15th regiment of foot. Hlls China., and remained in that capital 43
abilities and experience were no'w called  years. By continued application he beinto action; he was employed, 1758, at caiine acquainted with the Chinese and
the siege of Louisbourg, and was made  Tartar la.nguages  and, from  time to




40                    CYCLOP TDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        LAMO
time, renitted to France the result of  correspondence between him and Erasnis labors, which afterwards appeared  muns. The advice which Erasmus gives
in several publications.               him in regard to pushing his fortune,
AMIINTA, T., author of the mock- has a gooc deal ofhumor in it, and was
heroic poem, " La Nanea," in 1566.     certainly intended as a satire on the artAMMAN, JOHN CONRAD, a native of      ful methods generally practised by the
Schaffhausen. B. 1669; d. 1724, in the  selfish and amnbitious part of manfind.
Netherlands.   He was chiefly distin- " In the first place (says he) throw off
guished by his success in teaching per- all sense of shamen; thrust yourself into
sons born deaf and dumb to speak.-     every one's business, and elbow out
JOIIX, his son, was a fellow of the Royal whomsoever you can; neither love nor
Society in London, and a member of the hate any one; measure every thing by
Academy of Sciences at Petersburgh, your own advantage; let this be the
where he lectured on botany, and ac- scope and drift of all your actions. Give
quired great reputation.   D. 1740.-   nothing but what is to be returned with
PAUL, was a native of Breslaw, who set- usury, and be complaisant to every body.
tied in 1674 at Leipsic, where he gave  Have always two strings to your bow.
lectures on physiology, natural history, Feiogn that you are solicited by many
and botany. D. 1691.-JUSTUS, a famous from abroad, and get every thino ready
engraver and painter at Zurich, in the for your departure. Show letters in16th century. He painted with great viting you elsewhere, with great prombrilliancy on glass, but excelled chiefly  ises."  Fortune, at lenogth, beg(an to
in engraving, both on wood and copper. smile upon Ammonius, for he was apD. 1591.                               pointed secretary to Henry VIII., and
AMMANATI, B.AwTOLOMEO, a Floren- honored by Pope Leo X. with a public
tine architect ansd sculptor in the 16th  character at the court of that prince;
century, whose chief performances are  and in all appearance he would have
the colossal statue of Neptune at Venice  soon risen higher, had not death carried
and the statue of Hercules at Padua.   him off when he was but of a middle
AMMIANUS, MARaELLINUS, a Latin       age. He d. of the sweating sickness in
historian of the 4th century, b. at Anti- 1517. Ammonius wrote several Latin
och. He wrote the Roman history from   poetical pieces.
the reign of Nerva to the death of Valens,  AMONTONS, WILLIAM, was b. in
in 31 looks, of which only 18 are extant. Normandy, 1663. He was in the third
T). about 390.                         form of the Latin school at Paris, when,
AMMIRATO, ScIPIO, an esteemed        after a dangerous illness, he contracted
Neapolitan poet, b. in 1531; author of  such a deafness as obliged him to rea " History of Florence," which he wrote nounce almost all conversation with
at the instance of the Grand-Duke mankind. In this situation lie began to
Cosmo; of the "Argomenti" to "Or- think of employing himself in the inlando Furioso;" and of numerous prose  vention of machines; he applied, theretracts, political and historical. D. 1601. fore, to the study of geometry; and, it
AMMON, ANDREAS, a Latin poet, b. is said, that he would not try any remeot Lucca, in Italy, of whose genius Eras- dy to cure his deafness, either because
mus made frequent and honorable men- he thought it incurable or because it intion. I-e was sent to England in an    creased his attention. IIe studied with
official character.                    great care the nature of barometers and
AMMONIUS, a surgeon ofAlexandria, thermometers; and, in 1687, presented
who invented a method of extracting the a new hygroscope to the Roval Academy
stone from the bladder, which procured  of Sciences, which was very much aphim the surname of the Lithotomist.-   proved. Amontons found out a method
LEVINUS, a monk of Flanders, much      to acquaint people at a great distance, in
esteemed by Erasmius for his learning  a very little time, with whatever one
and piety. D. 1556.-SAOcAS, a philos-   leased. This method was as follows:
opher of the 3d century, founder of    Let there be people placed in several
the neo-platonic sect, who d. about 243. stations, at such a distance from one
— ANDREW, a learned native of Lucca, another, that, by the help of a telescope,
who settled in England. He lived some a man in one station may see a sional
time in Sir Thomas More's house, and   made by the next before him; lie must
afterwards in St. Thomas's college; for immediately make the same signal, that
he was not in circumstances sufficienlt to  it may be seen by persons in the station
hire or keep a house of his own. There next after him, who are to communicate
siNbsisted a strong friendship anid close it to those in the following stations, and




AMY]                  CYCLOPZEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         41
so on. In this probably originated the  of Paris and' here, in connection with
modern telegraph. When the Royal Oersted, Faraday, and other distinguishAcademy was newly regulated in 1699, ed men of science, with whom he was in
Amontons was admitted a member of it, constant correspondence, he paved the
and read there his "New Theory of way for those brilliant discoveries that
Friction," in which he happily cleared  have already issued in the electric teIeup a very important part of mechanics. graph, and promise an ilimitable extenD. 1705.                              sion of the boundaries of science. D.
AMOPE, S. D., a Sicilian poet, author 1836.
of "L'Auogusto,   andcl "I  Sesostri,"  AMSDORF, NICHOLAS, a spirited foltragedies. 3. 16-4.                   lower of Luther, and bishop of NuremAMORETTI, CHAmLES, a mineralogist. burg. He d. at Magdeburg, 1541, and
He became one of the keepers of tie   the sect who adlhered to his tenets, and
Amnbrosian library, at Milan, and pub- maintained, in opposition to Melancthlon,
lished, in Italian, "A Tour from MLilan  that good works are not necessary to
to the Three ]Lakes of Como, Lugdno    salvation, were called Amsdorfians.
and   ajior."  B. 1740; d. 1816.         AMUATII I., an Ottoman emperor,
AMOiO  Y, TIIOMres, D. D., was son of who succeeded his father Orchan, alnd
a grocer at Taunton in Somersetshire, was known for his cruelties towards his
and distinguishec himself as a preacher son, and those who espoused his cause.
among tlle dissenters.  After passin  IHe was a great warrior, and obtained 37
the greatest part of his life near the place  rictories, in the last of which he perishof his nativity, as public teacher, and as ed, 1889, aged 71, by the hand of a solic\structor of youth, he removed to Lon- clier.'Ie w as the first who established
don, where he formed ian intimate ac- the formidable force of the Janizaries.quaintance with the most respectable  II., emperor of the Turks, was son of
members of his persuasion. He was a    Mahomet I., whom he succeeded in 1421.
bold asserter of toleration, and, there- I-e was an exceedingly warlike prince,
fore, warmly espoused the cause of those  and among his numerous victories was
who solicitecd the repeal of the test act. that of Varna, in 1444, when the ChrisHis discourses fiom the pulpit were ex- tians were defeated, and numbered
cellent, and his writings, which were  among their slain the king of Hungary.
mostly on thcological subjects, have   George Castriot, celebrated by the namen
been enumerated by Dr. Iippis, Biogr. of Scanderber, at length put a period to
Brit. I. p. 178.  B. 1700; d. 1774.-  the career of Amlurath, who d. of chagrin
THOMAS, an eccentric character, son of at his reverses, in 1451.-III. succeeded
counsellor Amory, who went with king   his father, Selim II., in 1575. On his
William to Ireland, and acquired con- accession, he caused his five brothers to
siderable property in the county of Clare. be murdered. D. 1596.-IV. succeeded
Young Amory was not born in Ireland, his uncle Mustapha in 1622. He recovthough he resided there, and fiequently  ered Bagdad from the Persians in 1637;
accompanied Dean Swift in his wvalks after which lie put 30,000 of his prisonand excursions round Dublin. He shun- ers to the sword. D. 1640.
ned all eompany, and only walked abroad  AMYN AIIMED, a learned Persian
during the nigllt. The most remarkable  of the 17th century, who wrote an clabof his publications are his " Memoirs on  orate work, entitled, "The Seven Clithe lives of several ladies," and his life mates, or a Geographical Description of
of John Buncle, Esq. In this last ie is the East."
supposed to give a description of him-  AMYOT, JAMES, was b. at Milan, 1513,
self. le is soid, by a person who knew  of an obscure family; but though of a
himl, to lave had a peculiar look, though  dull understandingr, le imlprovedl himnot without the deportment of the genl- self by indefatigable application, and
tleman. His application to his studies after stludying at Paris, le acquired inwas intense and his walks through the dependence and reputation, as tutor to
lmost crowdedl streets exhibitedl him  the children of persons of respectability.
wrapped in the deepest meditation, and  His merit recommended himl to Margaret
inlattentive to what surrounded him..of Berri, sister to Francis I., and hle was
1692; d. 1789.                        promoted to a public professorship in
AMPEREE, ANDrn TMARin, whose name  the university of Bourges.  His time
is imperishably connected with the great was here usefully devoted to literature
discoveries in electro-magnetism, was b. and he published translations of the
at Lyons 1775. In 1804 hle was nomni- loves of Theagenes and Chariclea, benated p ofessor in the Polytechnic School sides Plutarch's lives and morals. He
45




42O CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                                           [ANA
visited Venice and Rome, and on his re- and manners of that country' that he
turn to France he was, at the recom- had no occasion for gold or silver; and
mendation   of cardinal de Tournon, that it would suffice for hihn to return to
intrusted with the care of the lung's two  Scythia a wiser and more intelligent man
younger sons, and for his meritorious  than he came from thence."  After stayservices was raised to the bishopric of  ing long in Greece, he prepared to return
Auxerre, the abbey of Cornelius" de    home: and passing through Cyzicum,
Compiegne, the high office of great al- he found  that city eelebratint' very
moner and curator of the university of  solemnly the feast of Cybele, and vowe d
Paris and commander of the order of    to do the same, if he should get home in
the Ioly Ghost. Among his various      safety. Upon his arrival in Scythia, lihe
works, chiefly translations, the most -attempted to change the ancient customs
celebrated is his version of Plutarch, of his countrv, and to establish those of
which   remains unstrpassed in the     Greece, which proved extremely disFrench language. B. 1514; d. 1593.     aoreeable to the Scythians, and at length
AMYRAULT. MosFs, a French Prot- destructive to himuself.      For entering
estant divine. KB. at Bourgueil in Tou- one'day a thick wood, to perform his
raine, 1596. He at first studied the law, vow to Cybele as secretly as. might be,
but afterwards entered the church and  he was discovered in the midst of the
was divinity professor at Saumur, and  solemnity, and shot dead with an arrow
distinguished himself by his zeal and  by the king himself. Tliere are manyv
activity so much, that he was deputed  beautiful apophtheg'. his philosoby the national council of Charenton to  pher preservced by. 0lutta.eh,
present an address to the French kin gand other writers.
concerning the inspection of edicts inl  ANACLETUS, or CLETUS, rectkoned
favor of the Protestants, without, how- by Roman Catholics the third pope, sucever, paying homage upon his knees. ceeded Sinus, as bishop of the church
Richelieu, who was present at this inter- of the Romans, in 79, and held that ofview, saw and admired the bold char- fice till his death in 92, when he was
acter of Amyrault, and wished to use   enrolled among the saints and martyrs.
his abilities to procure a reconciliation  ANACREON, a Greek poet. i. at
between the Roman church and the       Teos, a seaport of Ionia, iu         -
Protestants, but in vain. His life was  about the 62d Olympiad.    T.
passed in the midst of theological dis- had a most delicious wit, and i,
putes, and his works, which are very   wine had the disposal of all his'hobu
numerous, are chiefly theological. D. The manner of his death, which hap1664.                                  pened at Abdera, is said to have been
AMYRUTZES, a philosopher of Treb- very extraordinary; for they tell us, he
izond, who was carried to Constantino- was choked with a grape-stone, which
ple with David, emperor of Trebizond, he swallowed as he was regaling on
when that city was reduced, 1461. He   some new wine. A small part only of
renounced the Christian faith for Ma- Anacreon's works remains; and these
hometanism, and assumed the name of    consist chiefly of badchanalian songs and
Mahomet Beg. He translated several love sonnets. "The odes of Anacreon
books into Arabic, at the desire of Ma- (says Rapin) are flowers, beauties, and
hornet II., whose favor he enjoyed.    perpetual graces."
ANACHARSIS, an illustrious Scythi-     ANARIA, G. L., a noble Calabrian
an philosopher. He travelled to Athens  cosmographer.  B. 1561; author of a
in the time of Solon, with whom he con- celebrated work on demonology, pubtracted an intimate friendship; and Solon  lished at Venice, "apud Aldum.'"  D.
not only instructed him, but sought all 1589.
opportunities of doing him honor. He     ANASTASIUS I., emperor of the
had a quick and lively genius, a strong  East. B. at Illyricumn, 430, and d. 518.
and masterly eloquence; and there was He was elevated to the throne in 491.something so determined and resolute   II., raised to the throne of Constantinoin his manner, that those who imitated  pie from the condition of secretary, 718,
him were said to speak in the Scythian  was a man of learning, and a zealous
style. He was extremely fond of poetry, Catholic, yet he did not neglect the deand wrote upon certain laws of the fence of the erpire, then threatened by
Scythians and Greeks. Crcesus invited  the Saracens. He was put to death by
him to Sardis, and offered him money: Leo, who had usurped the crown.
but the philosopher answered, " that he  ANASTASIUS I., pope, a Roman,
was come to Greece to learn the laws   succeeded Siricius in 328, and d. 402.




AN C]                  CYCLOPAzDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         43
His epistle to John, bishop of Jernsa- cessor of Anaximander. Ie minitained
lem, who hlad written to him in behalf  that air is the first principle of all things,;
of liufninus, a presbyter of Aqlileia, is anld Pliny attributes to him the invenextant, together with Ruffinus' apology. tion of tlhe sun-dial.-A Greek historian
-II., son of a Roman citizen, sicceedled  and philosopher of Lampsacus, son of
Pope Gelasius in 496, and d. in 498.  -Aristocles. I-Ie was one of the preceptors
III., a Roman by birth, was raised to  of Alexander the Great, whom lhe acthe papal chair, after Sergius, 911, and  companied in most of his campaigns,
d. two years afterwards.-IV., succeed- and afterwards wrote the history of his
cd Eugenius III., 1158, and d. the fol- rein, and that of his father Philip.
lowing year. Ten letters of this pope    ANCHIETA, Jos., a IPortuguese Tesare preserved in the Collections of Conn- nit, surnmllecl the Apostle of the New
cils by Labbe and Harduin, and in DPu  World. B. at Teneriffe, 1538, and d.
Chesne's History of France.-THEIOPOLI- 1097. At the age of 28 le went to BraTANUS, bishop of Antioch in the 6th    zil, wher le e founded the first college
century, banished by Jflstin the Younl- for the conversion of the savage natives.
er for holding the o'inion that the bocTy  ANCIIWITZ, N., the Craeovian nunof Christ was incapable of suiffeiring even  ci to the Polish Diet; a man as talented
before the resurrection.  Ie was after- as base;  lho sold Poland to Russia and
wards restored to his see by'Mauritius. her partitionary colleagues, in 1782, and
D. 599.-1BILIC  T:reTCTI-nI, a Roman ab- was lianged tlie year after, in an insurbhot, of Greek orii*.;, -oft the 9th century;  rection of the people.
authiXor of "Libeli -,' ur-tificqlis.  tie was  ANCILLON, DAVID, a Protestant diprincipal-librarli. i in the Vatican.  vine. B. at Aletz, who in his youth
-AN-AXAGOECRS, of Clazomcnw, a cel- refused to sacrifice his religion to the
ebrated philosopher.... Bi.  e. solicitations of the Jesuits. IHe studied
inherited a considerable estate in his divinity and philosophy at Geneva, unownl country, whlich lie relinquished to  cler Du Pin, Spanheim,  the Deodati,
indulge his tthirst for knowledge at &c., and deserved to be recommended
Atlhensi wherl e le applied to he study  by the synod of Charenlton to the church
of r' t'  aind eloquence, and taught of Meaux. After the revocation of the
liy, hlaying had amonag his pui- edict of Nantes, he retired to Frankfort,
s-idces, the tragedian, and Peri- and settled at Ianu. where his cisn'O:. orator. His reputation, how- courses were heard and admired by the
I,,el, created him enemies, andl lie was mostcrowded audiences. His colleagues
condemned to death on a charge of      in the ministry. however, were jealous
atheism, but the sentence was colnm- of his popularit y and their little inmuted into banishmenit.   Anaxagoras trigcus forced him to abandon the place.
then withdrew to Lampsacus, where lie lie weent to settle at Berlin, where he
taught philosoply undisturbed until his  was received with kindness by the court,
cldetl, ivwhich happened in his 72d year, and had the satisfaction to see his family
428 a. c.                              promoted to places of honor and trust.
ANAXANDRIDES, a Greek comic As his learning was very extensive, he
poet, said to have been the first who in- published several useful works,' and
troduced love adventures on the stage. from the affluence of his circumstances,
Hie was a fnative of Rhodes, and starved  lie made so judicious a collection of
to death at Athens, for libelling the gov- books, that it was frequently visited as
ellnm ent. B. 400 B. c.                a curiosity by foreigolers who travelled
ANAXARCHUS, a Grecianl philoso- through Metz. The best lknown of his
pher of the Eleatic sect of Lencippus. works are, "A relation of the controHe was the friendc and companion of    versy  concerning  traditions, 1657;"
Alexander the Great.                   "A    apology f    Lr Luther, Ztlinglius,
ANAXIMANDER, the friend and          and Beza, 1666;" "'The Life of William
disciple of Thales, of Miletus. B. 610  Farel;" "Conversations;" two volumes,
Bc. c. -Ic had a considerable knowledge 12mo, published by his son. D. 1692.of astronomy and geography, ancd was CIIARLES, eldest son of tle foregoing,
thle first who notice:l the obliquity of  was b. at Metz, July 29th, 1659, andl was
the ecliptic: he also taught that tlhe  made inspector of the French courts of
moon receives iher light fromu the sun,  justice, in Berlin, and historiographer
and that the earth is globular; and to to the kicng. He wrote on the edict of
him is ascribed the inlvention of the  Nantes, aind the persecution of thl
spllere and geooraphical charts.       Protestants, &c. D. at Berlin, 1751.
ANAXIMENES, the pupil and sue-         ANCOURT, FLO.ENT CARTON D', a




44                    CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        LAND
French actor and( dramatic writer. B. at Land. The Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
Fontainbleau, 1661. The Jesuits tried to  on hi return, having vainly endeavored
gain him into their society, but he pre- to induce hini to commit his adventures
ferred the study of philosophy and law to to Awiting, employed his librarian, Oledivinity, and at last tiurned his thoughts  nrius, to take down the account from his
to the stage by marrying an actress. In  own moiuth as he related thel to his
this attempt he obtained credit to him-' highness, the scribe being concealed
self and wealth to the actors. His con- behind the tapestry of the apartment.
versation was so agreeable that hle was This workl was afterwarLds published in
universally courted, and Louis XIV. be- Sleswick 1669. —G1OrGE, a young  laln
stowed many marks of his favor upon    of extraordinary talents, boin at Weshim, as also the duke of Bavaria, whose  ton, Buckinghamshire,i in 1760.  His
arrival at. Paris was celebrated by the parents were peasants, and he worked
poet, by a particular entertainment writ- as a daly-laborer in the fields; his genius,
tenl on the occasion. Ancourt retired, in  however, overcame every difficulty, and
1713, to his estate at Courcelles le Roy, he attained of himself so great a knowlin Berry, that he might devote himself  edge of the nmathematics, as procured
to religion.  He there translated the  him a clerk's place at the Board of ConPsalms into verse, cad wrote a sacred  trol, and ai:terward the situation of headtragedy, never pricnted. le d. 6th De- acomptant.   Mr. Anderson published
cember, 1726, in his sixty-fifth year. a "  iGeneral View of the Affairs of the
His plays were fifty-two in number.    East India Company, since the concluANCUS MTARTIUS, fourth kiing of     sion ofthe Wal in 1784;" and translated
Rome, elected on the death of Tullus   from the Greek of Archlimedes,  AreHlostilins, 634 i.c.. During his reign, narmis, or a Treatise on numbering the
Rome was enlarged by takings in the    Sand."  D. 1796. —JA 3tS, an advocate
walls of the Avenatine Hill, and occupy- at thle Scottish barl eminent for his
ing the hill Janiculum, beyond the Ti- learning aind antiquarian research. B.
ber,  IIe also built the bridge called  at Eldinburgh, 1662.  His first work,
Sublicilus erected a public prison in the  " An Essay, proving the Inldepenene
forum, extended the territories of Rome  of the C rown of Scotland," published
quite to the sea, and built the town and  1705, procured him the th  ants of the
port of Ostia, at the mouth of thle Tiber. Scottish parliament, under whose ausAncus died after a prosperous reign of  pices he subsequently produced a series
24 years.                              of the " Charters and Seals of the ScotANDEPESON, ADAM, a native of Scot- tislh   onarchs from the earliest Anitiland, was for manya years a managilnc  cquity down to the Union awith England.'
clerk in the South-Sea iounse, a trustee  But the book awhich gained him  the
for the settlemeints in Georgia, and in  greatest reputation was,  Seleetus Dithe court of the Scotch corporation n  plomlatlium et iNumismnatum Scotiae TheLcondon. Ie wrote a work on the " His- saurus.a"  D. 1?98S.-JAMarEs,  a Scottish
torical and Chronological Deduction of  miscellaneous writer. B. at Henas1ton.
Trade and Commrce.". B1695 d.    near Edinburgh, 1789.  lie published
1765.-ALEXANDER, an eminent scholar a series of "Essays on Planting,"
of the 17th century, born at Aberdeens which procured him nmch reputation
and afterwards professor of mathematics as an agriculturist; and, in 1780, the
at Paris; author of various treatises university of Aberdeen conferred on
principally connected awith his favorite hlil the degree of LL.D. In 1783 he
science.-Sir EDMUND, lord chief-justice  removed to- Edinburgh, and projected
of the Common Pleas under Queen Eliz- the establishment of the North British
abeth, to which situation he was pro- Fisheies; for which purpose he was
moted in 1582. He sat on the trials of  employed by government to survey the
the nnfortunate Mary, queen of Scots, coast of Scotland, and received great
and  of Davidson, the secretary, for commendation     or his -services.  Dr.
issuing the warrant under cwhich she   Anderson was the author of a number
was executed.'"Anderson's Reports,"   of ptblications chiefly on agricultural
folio, 1644, is still a book of authority. affairs; he also wrote for the EncycloD. 1605.-GEOR.GEa, a native of Tundrern, padia Britannica, and was a monthly
Sleswick. During 1644, and the six fol- reviewer.  D. 1808.-JOIHN, F.R.S.,
lowing years, he spent his time in trav- professor of natural philosophy in the
elling through the East, and visited the  university of Glasgow, and founder of
Arabias, Persia, India, China, the Ja- the useful institution in that city bearpanese Islands, Tartary, and the Holy ing his name, was born in 1726, at Rose



AND]                  CYCLOPTEDIA OF BIOGRAPHTY.                       45
neath, in Dumbartonshire.   His great pedaillac, in 1769.-GABRIEL, his son,
characteristic was an ardent desire for equally eminent in the same profession.
the instruction of his fellow-men, and  He was the professor of Hygiene in the
he was indefatigable in sttudying and  faculty at Paris.  B 1797. His " Cliexemplifying the application of science  nique Medicale," and'" Precis d'Anatoto mechanical practice; for which pur- mie Patholoaique," had a great influpose, in addition to his academical ence in undermining the system      of
labors, he tauglht his anti-toga-cClass, as 1Broussais.
lie called it, twice every week, during  ANDRE, C. C., a German writer on
the session, to the endl of is life. Ile  science, and editor of the " Conmpendied in 1796, directing by his will that cione Bibliothck."  B. 1763.-There
the whole of his property should be de- was a German composer of the name of
voted to the establishment of an educa- Andrc, whose son, J. A. ANDRE, first
tional institution in Glasgow, to be ce- applied lithography to tlie printing of
nominated Anderson's U'niversity, for music. — JOHN, an adjutant-ge-l eral in
the use of the unacademical classes; the British army during the American
which may justly be considered as the war.  He was originally a merchant's
parent of the various Mechanics' Insti- clerk; employed to negotiate the treason
tutions which have of late years arisen  of General Arnold, who proposed to
throughout the country.-JoHN, son of surrender the American works at West
a merchant at Hamburgh, of which city  Point. HIe was seized in disguise and
he himself became principal magistrate  sent prisoner to the commander-inin 1725. He was employed in various chief, General Washington.    His case
negotiations  to  different  European  was submitted to a board of general
courts; and during his residence there, officers, by whom he was condemned to
he cultivated an acquaintance with all death, as a spy, and hung, Oct. 2, 1780.
whom lhe found distinguished for their His youth, his accomplishments, and his
literary attainments, andl kept up a vo- character, created a great deal of symluminous correspondence wTith themn   pathy in his behalf. A monument to
after his return.  His principal work  his memory has been erected in Westis, "The Natural Historv of Greenland, minster Abbey.-YvEs MASnI a French
Davis's Straits, and the Countries situ- Jesuit and mathematical writer.  B.
ated in the Arctic Circle."  D. 1743.- 1675; d. 1764.
LAWREN'CE, one of tlhe chief promoters  ANDREA, CAVAL CANTI, an Italian
of the reformation of religion in Sweden. writer of novels and poetry, whose style
He was chancellor to Gustavus Vasa; was admired for its elegance. D. 1672.
but having_ engaged in a conspiracy, hle -CEcCHINI, a Tuscan poet, who pubpassed the years of life left to him by  lished a tragedy, called  " Troja Dethe king's clemency, in retirement. D. strutta," in 1663.-SALVADORE, another
1552.-ROBEaT, M.1)., a native of Camn- Tuscan poet, who flourished at the bewath, in Lanarksbire; author of nu- ginning of the 17th century. B. 1600.
merons works, critical and biographical.  ANDREAADA, FERDINAND, a PorOf those most highly valued are the fol- tuguese admiral, who led the first Eulowing: "Lives of the British Poets,"  ropean fleet that visited China.  He
in 14 vols., published in 1795; "Works reached the coast in 1518.
and Life of Tobias Smollett " and. the  ANDREAL, JOHN REINHXARD a Han"Life of Samuel Johnson."   I-He was oerian naturalist. B. 1724; d 1793.
the friend and patron of genius, where-  ANDREAS, JAMEs, a reformer of
ever it appeared.  As it was chiefly  Wirtemberg, and chancellor of the uniowing to him that Campbell's "Pleas- versity of Tubingen. B. 1528; d.1590.
nres of Hope" was brought out, the -JoiIN, a bishop of Aleria, in Corsica,
poem was dedicated to him. D. 1830.   and a great promoter of the art of printANDRADA, DIEGO DE PAYVA D', a ing. B. 1417; d.1475.-JOHN, a famous
learned Portuguese divine, distinguish- canonist of Florence. His austerity was
ed by his eloquence at the council of  such that he was said to have laid upon
Trent. D. 1575.-FRANCIS, his brother, the bare ground for twenty years, with
wrote the history of John III., king of nothing to cover him but a bear-skin.
Portugal. -TOMAxs, another. brother, Ie had a daughter, of great beauty and
was an Augustin friar, who wrote the  learning, who was accustomed to lecture
"Sufferings of Jesus."                to his students durig his absence. Her
ANDRXL, WILL.A, an        eminent name was Novella, and in her honor he
French physician, first brought into  called one of his commentaries "The
notice by Murat. He was born at Es- Novellae."    D. of the plague in 1348.



46                    CYCLOPADIA 01' BIOGRAPHY.                      [AND
JOHN rwas b. a Mahlometaln, at Xativa, bon, an historian of the 15th century,
in the kingdom of Valencia, and suc- who -wrote a chronicle of the dukes of
ceeded his father in the dignity of alfaqui Bavaria, and a history of Bohemia.-Of
of that city. He was enlightened with  Pisa, a sculptor and architect. B. 1270;
the knowledge of the Christian religion, d. 1345. He built several grand strucby being present at a sermon in the great tures at Florence and Venice; and also
church of Valencia on the day of the As- obtained great reputation as a painter,
cumption of the blessed Virgin, in 1417. poet, and musician.-Of Cyrene, an imUpon this he desired to be baptized; postor who, in the reign of Trajan, had
and in memory of the calling of St. John  the art to deceive his fellow-countrymen,
and St. Andrew, he took the names of the Jews, into a belief that he was orJohn Andreas. At the desire of Martin  dainecl to be their liberator. They acGarcia, bishop of Barcelona, he under- cordingly revolted, and horrible cruelties
took to translate from the Arabic, into  were committed on both sides before
the language of Arragon, the whololaw  they were reduced to obedience.
of the Moors; and after having finished  ANDREWS, HENEY, a self-taught
this undertaking, he composed his fa- mathematician. B. of poor parents at
mous work of "The Confusion of the    Frieston, near Grantham, 1774, and d.
Sect of M-Iahomet:" it contains 12 chap- JanL. 26,1820. Having, while in a menial
ters, wherein he has collected the f'abu- employment, occupied his leisure molous stories, absurdities, impossibilities, ments in the study of astronomical scilies, and contradictions, which Mahomet ence, he attained therein great proficienhas dispersed in the Koran. This book, cy, and for more than 40 years was a
which was published at first in Spanish, computer of the Nautical Ephemeris,
has been translated into sever al lan- and the calculator of Moore', Almanac.
guag-es; and all those who write against -JAMES PETTIT, an English miscellanethe Maliometans quote it very much.   ous writer, younrest son of Joseph AnANDREINI, ISABELLX, a native of     drews, Esq., of Newbury, Berks, where
Padua, an excellent poetess and most he was b. 1737 and d. at Brompton, 1797.
celebrated actress toward the beginning  -LANCELOT, an eminent English divine,
of the 17th century. —FRANCms a eel- bishop of Winchester in the reigns of
ebrated comic writer of Pistoa. D. 1616. James I. and Charles I. B. in London,
-JOHN BAPTISTE, his son, a dramatic 1565. There is a pleasant story related
writer, whose "L'Adamo" is said to    of him, in the life of Waller the poet,
have suggested to Milton his "Paradise  who, going to see the king at dinner,
Lost."                                overheard a very extraordinary converANDRELINI, PUBLIO FESTO, an Ital- sation between his majesty, the bishop
ian, who was poet-laureate to Louis XII. of Winchester, anld Neale, bishop of
D. 1518.                              Drham. These tmwo prelates standing
ANDREOSSI, ANTHONY FRAZNCIS, a behind the king's chair, his majesty
count of France, distinguished as a lil- asked them, "My ilords," said he, " canitary officer and diplomatist, who served  not I take my subjects' money when I
under Napoleon, both in Italy and Egypt. want it, without all this formality in parHe was afterwards an ambassador to iiament e?" The bishop of Durham readiLondon, Vienna, and Constantinople, ly answered, " God forbid, sir, but you
and author of several military memoirs. should; you are the breath of our nosB. 1761; d. 1828.-nFRNCIS, a French, trils."  Whereupon the king turned,
engineer. who assisted in forming the and said to the bishop of Winchester,
canal of Lalngedoc. D. 1688.          " Well, my lord, what say you?" " Sir,"
ANDREOZZI, a celebrated Italian     replied the bishop, "I have no skill to
composer. B. 1767.                    judge of parliamentary cases."   The
ANDRES, DON JiTAN, a Spanish au- king answered, "No put-offs, iy lord
thor, who wrote on the " Origin of Let- answer me presently."  " Then, sir,"
ters."                                said he, "I think it lawful for you to
ANDRE DES VOSGES, J. F., author take my brother Neale's money, for lie
of "Le Tartare;" "Paris."  B. 1744.   offers it."  This prelate d. September
ANDREW, JOHi, a esarned bishop of   27, 1626, having written many tracts,
Aleria, in Corsica; and editor of the particularly " A Manual of Private Deworks of Herodotus, Livy, and other votions and Meditations for every Day
classics. D. 1493.-Bishop of Crete. B. in the Week;" "A Manual of Direcat Damascus, and d. about 720. He tions for the Visitation of the Sick," and
wrote commentaries on the Scriptures, " Tortura Torti."-LoRINC, an editor of
&c., published at Paris, 164.-of Ratis- Boston. D. 1805.-JoHiN, provost of the




ANF]                  CYCLOPxEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       47
univrsity of Pennsylvania, distinguish- the streets in derision, and at length
ed a aa scholar. B. 1746; d. 1813.   stabbed him, aged 7.. A.. 1185.
ANDRIEN, B3ETRAND, of Bordeaux,      ANDRONICUS PALAEOLOGUS II.
the restorer of the art of enr.aving mced- surnamed the Elder, succeeded Michael
als, which had declined after the reign  VIII., in 1283; but was glad to find
of Louis XIV. B. 1761; d. 1822.      refuge in a cloister, in 1325, his grandANDRIEUX, FREDERICK       WILLIAM  son having driven him from the throne,
JOHN STANISLAUS, a fertile dramatic poet  ANDROUET DU CERCEAU, JAMES,
of France, whose works have great pop- an eminent French architect of the 16th
ularity. IIe was ai deputy in 1798, and  century, who designed the Ponl Neuf,
distinguished himself by his speeches  and commenced the building of it in
in favor of primary schools and the  1578. He was also employed, in 1596,
liberty of the press. Iie opposed the to continue the gallery of the Louvre;
measures of Napoleon when he was first but was obliged to quit France during
consul, but the emperor gave him the the persecution of the Protestants.
legion of honor, and made him a profes-  ANDROS, EDMUND, a governor of the
sor in the college of France. His prin- province of New York in 1674, and subcipal works are "Anaximander," "Les  sequently of New England. He was a
Etourdes,"' Decade Philosophlique," tyrant and a bigot, who restrained the
"Moli6re avec ses Amis," "Brutus,"   press, imposed taxes, prohibited marand the "Examlen Critique du Th6htre riage, according to his will.  At length
des Grecs."  B. 1759; d. 1833.       his capricious and arbitrary conduct
ANDRIOLI, M. A., a Veronese phy- roused the people into revolt. On the
sician; author of a work on "Platonic morning of April 18, 1689, the people
Love," 1676.                         of Boston took up arms against him,
ANDPISCUS, a man of mean extrac- assisted by some from     the country,
tion, who, pretending to be the son of  seized both the council and the govPerseus, the last king of Macedonia, ernor and had them confined. In the
took the name of Philip, and was called  February following he was sent to EnPseudo Philippus. Having obtained a gland for trial, but the case involved the
signal victory over Juventus, the Roman  government in such a dilemma that
proetor, he assumed the kingly power; they dismissed it without coming to a
but in the end was conquered by Me- final decision.  In 1692 he was made
tellus before whom he walked in chains. governor of Virginia, where he conANI)DRCOMACtIUS, of Crete, phvsi- ducted himself with more discretion.
cian to Nero, he wrote, in elegiac verse, He died in London, in 1714. Fort Ana clescription of the Theriaca, a medi- droscoggin was named after him.
cine which he invented.-Of Cyresthes,  ANDRUS, JosrEP Y., one of the first
a Greek architect, who built the famous agents of the Colonization Society, who
octagonal Temple of the Winds, at died at Sierra Leone, in 1821.
Athens, which, till lately, was used as  ANDRY, NIcHoLAs, a physician and
a mosque by the Turks. HeI is also said  medical author, of Lyons, in the 17th
to be the inventor of the weathercock. century; afterwards dean of the faculty
-LivIUs, the oldest dramatic author in  of medicine in the royal college of Paris
the Latin language, who flourished   where he also filled a professor's chair.
about 240 years B. c.-Of Rhodes, a fol- D. 1742.
lower of Aristotle, and to whom we are  ANEURIN, a British poet and chiefindebted for restoring and publishing  tain of the 6th century, supposed by
the works of that philosopher, 68 B. c.-  some aulthors to be the same with GilOf Thessalonica, a learned Greek of the das, the historian; he took part in the
15th century. D. 1478.-I., enperor of battle of Cattraeth, which he made the
of the East, was the son of Isaac, and  subject of a poem; this, and  Odles of
grandson of Alexis Comnenus. He was the Months;" f)orm the whole of his
of an active martial mind, and eloquent; known works - and are to be found ir
but had many vices. On the death of the Welsh A rchliology. D. 570.
his cousin, the emperor Manuel, in 1163,  ANFOSSI, PASQUALE, an Italian muhle was chosen partner in the govern- sician, b. at Naples, who was compoment with Alexis II., who, beinff a imere ser to the theatre at Rome, and afteryouth, soon fell a sacrifice to his coad- wards travelled to Paris, where he perjutor's thirst for power; but the people, formed his  "Persecuted Unknown,
exasperated at his various cruelties, pro- but the delicate and beautiful music of
claimed Isaac Angelus eniperor, put out the piece did not find the warmest rethe eyes c fAndroniecs, led him through  ception. From France he went to Lon



48                    CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      LANG
don, where he was director of the Italian  tor, so that he drank in the influences
theatre in 1783. He returned to Rome   of one of the great arts in which he was
in 1795, and brought out several pieces, destined to excel with his milk. He
whose success compensated him fbr his  gave evidence of genius at an early age,
many disappointments. He fiequently    so much so as to excite the jealousy of
reminds us of Sacchini and Piccini, his his young rivals, one of whom, Forrigimasters, after whom   he formed his ano, gave him     a blow, the markls of
style; but his taste, expression, and  which he carried to his grave. Perstyle of progression are extraordiniary. haps, however, the impetuous boldness
His principal works are, "La Fruta     of Michael was  s amuch the cause of
Gardinieri,' "I1 Geloso ci Cimento," their encounter as his genius. Ghirlan"Avaro,"   " I1  Carioso  Indiscreto,"  daio was his first master in drawing,
"Viaggiatori Felici," &c., which arc  alnd Bertholdo in statuary. Before lie
mostly comic operas. He wrote, be- was 16 he copied the head of a satyr in
sides, several oratorios and psalms. B. lmarble witah sulch skill as to excite uni1729; d. 1795.                        versal admiration. Attracting no less
ANGE, FIA.NcIS, a planter of Penn-   attention as a painter, he was comrnissylvania, who lived till he was 134 years  sioned, in connection with Leonardco da
old. He remembered the death of        Vinci, to decorate the senate hall of FloCharles I., and at 130 was in good     rence. In the prosecution of this order,
health and sound mind.d D. 1767.       le sketched his famous cartoon of a
ANGE DE ST. JOSEPI, LE PERE, a       scene fiomi the Pisan war. Pope Julius
Carmelite of Toulouse, whose real name  II. then invited him to Romne, and inwvas la Brosse. Her travelled into Per- trusted hiim wmith the erection of his sesia as missionary, andc translated the  pulchral monument.   This wvork was
Persian pharmacopceia into Latin, be- twice interrupted, once by the artist
sides writing a treatise on the language  himself, whose pride had been offendced
of the country, a useful cad very valua- by the pope, andc a second time by the
ble performance. H1i d. at Perpignan, petty envy of his cotemporary.   Bra1697.                                  manite ancl Juliano du San Gcello perANGELI, BONAVENTURA, a celebrated    suaded the pope to get Michael to paint
historian, of Parma. D. iD57.-PETEN, the dome of the Sistine chapel, il the
a distinguished mnodern Latin poet. B. hope that lie would flil, anclc so abandon
at Baira, Tuscany, 1517; d. 1596.     the favor of his pa itron. Angelo refused
AIN4LICO, JOIuIN an Italian Domin- the task, but being ordered to undertake
ican, who painted the chapel of Nicholas  it, e executed the fiescoes witl such
V. D. 1448.                            masterly genius that they excited genANG-ELIS, STEPMIEN DE, lan Italian   Cral woider and praise. The chapel is
mathematician of the 17th century; he  to this cay one of the grandest meonuwas for some time a Jesuit, but quitted  ments of art. Michael then returned to
the order? and became a teacher of     his labors for the sepulchre, when Julius
mathematics at-.adua.                  died. But Adrian VI. commissioned
ANGELO, FIO.IOZZOLI, a Florentine    him- to complete the work, which he
poet, honored by Clement VIIth's friend- did, making many statues for it, and
ship, and much esteemed; author of particularly the statues of Moses and
"Discorso dcegli Animali," "I Lucidi,"  Christ, which were afterwards placed in
and " La Trinuzzia," comedies, and  a the church " della Minerva," at Home.
great variety of other works.  He is Under Clement VII. he finished the new
chiefly admired by his countrymen for Sacristy, and Laurentindan library at
the purity and beauty of his diction.Florence. In the first the monuments
D. 1548.-PoLCIANO, b. in 1454; author of the Medici are by him, e. g., the figof numerous works, in prose and verse, ures of Day and Night. Tumultuous
translations from  Greek and Latin: times followed in Italy, which separated
"Rusticus," "Orfeo Favola," &c.-MI- him from his public labor for a while,
CITAEL BUONAnOTTI, the greatest of Italian  hut when these had  assed, he was enartists, alike eminent in piniting, sculp- gaed to paint the Last Judgment for
ture, and architecture, no bad poet, and  the Sistine chapel. He was already sixty
a noble-hearted man. He was descend- years of age, and hesitated about undered from an anicient family of the counts taking a work which might hazard his
of Canosa, and was b. at Caprese or fame. But the subject was one conChiusi, in 1474. It is said that he was genial to his own profound and lofty
suckled by a woman of Settinianno, who  tone of thought. How he accomplished
was the wife of a distinguished sculp- it, the grand and gigantic picture which




ANG]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAI-I.                         49
has ever since been alike the worship  whence he removed to Baliol college,
and the despair of succeeding artists, is Oxford, vwhere he was of great service
the proof. Bis sublime and inexhnsti- to the junior students, and wheree le d.
ble mind poured over the broad and    1638. IIe published many works in
high walls of the chapel the profoundest Greek, Englisl, and Latin.
studies, the richest experience, and the  AN GESTEIN, JOHNJ JULIUS, a disholiest sentiments of the man. At a tingunished patron of the fine arts. B. at
later day he painted a " Conversion of St. Petersburg, 1735; d. at Blackheath,
St. Paul," and a " Crucifixion of St. Jan. 22, 1822. He removed to England
Peter," and he sculpturec  a ground  of  under tile patronage   of tehe late Andrew
the "Descent of Christ into Hell," and  Thompson, and waas the first who proa Bacchus, which Raphael said was equal posed a reward of ~2000 from the fund
to the masterpieces of Phidias and    at Lloyd's to the inventor of the lifePraxiteles. In 1546 he was compelled  boats. His celebrated   collection of
to continue the building of St. Peter's, paintings esteemed inferior to none of
the plans of which he recovered from  the samne extent in Europe, wasv purtheir confusion, and corrected.  The chased by the English government for
capitol of the Farnese palace and other`60,000, and fomns the nucleus of a
edifices were the workn of his hands.  national gatllery.
His style in architecture was grandi.an1d  ANGIIERA, PETER MIA1RTYIR D', an
imposing, full of untamed ilmagination  Italian scholar of a noble Miilanese ibmand native original strength. Indeed, ily. B. 1455; d. 1526, at Grenada, leavatll his works,  his poetical and prose ing several historical works, which are
writing as well as his statues, partook  usually quoted under the anme of Peter
of the character of the man, who was Martvr.
ardent, severe, firm, and bhal hty, but  ANGILBERT, ST., the son-in-law of
profoundlc, original, andc true.  D. at Ch1arlecagne, andc afterwards abbot of
ome in 1564. —MICHxEL, another of the  St. Riquier. He had a great taste for
name, but better known as Caravaggio, poetry, but nothing' remains of him exfromi the place of his birth, was at first cept a history of his monastery. He d.
no other than a day-laborer; but having  814.
seen some painters at work upon a brick  ANGIOLELLO, JOHN MAPIO, a Venewall which he had helped to raise, he tian historian of the 15th century, taken
was so charmed with their art, that he captive by the Turks, and  ade slave to
immediately appliedhimself to the study  sultan AMulstapha, whom he attended in
of it, and in a few years made so con- an expedition to Persia, 143, and wrote
siderable a progress, that in Venice, the history of Malhomet II., in the TurkRome, and other parts of Italy, he was ish and Itllian languages; also tie hiscried up and admired as the aithor of a tory of Ussun Cassen. Iec d. about 1530.:aew style in painting. His pieces are  ANGLES, COUNT BOISSY D1, on( of the
to be mut with in most of the cabinets committee of Public Safety during thie
in Europe; and one picture of his French revolution. ]. 1756; d. 1824.
drawing is in the Dominicanl church at  ANGLESEA, HiENY VWILLIAMI PAGET,
Antwcerp, which Rubens used to call mmaquis of, and earl of Uxbridge, a Brithis master. B. 1569; d. 1609.         ish general of cavalry, who lost a legf at
ANGELONI, FRANCESCO, an Italian     Waterloo, and became lord-lieutellant of
historian, principally klnown by an elab- Ire1land in 1828.
orate wvor  on the history of Rome,     ANGLUS, THnOMAS, an English priest,
which he illustrated by a reference to the friend'of Sir Kenelm Digby, known
ancient medals. D. 1652. —LuIGI a dis- bythe several names of Albius Candidus
tinluished Italian writer, who lived at Bianchi, Richworth, White, and Vitus,
Paris.                                which he assumced in the different counA NGELUCCI, THEODORE, an Italian    tries of Europe, where he spent the
poet and physician, who held a profes- greatest part of his life. He distinguishsorslhin at Padua, was a member of the  ed himself by his learning and genius,
academy of Venice, and principal phy- but his fondness for the Peripatetic phisician at Miontaegnana, where he d. 1600. losoply, and his attempts to apply the
ANGELUS, CLRISTOPI-IE, a Greek, principles of Aristotle to explain the
who, being driven from his own country  mysteries of religion, created him many
by thee Turks, found an asylum in En- eenemies, who procured the condemnagland in 1608; aend, under the patron- tion of his writings, both at Douay and
age of the bishop of Norwich, he was at Rome. He d. after the restoration of
placed in Trinity college, Cambridge, Charles II., but the year is unknown.
5




~5.0                 CI~YCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                   [LNN
ANGOULEM[E, CHARLES DE VALOIS, charts which he drew; and for thoi supeduke d', natural son of Charles IX. B1. rior beauty of the pair of globes which
1575; d. 1650. Catherine de Medicis lie made for the university of Inspruck.
bequeathed to him her estates, but the D. 1766.
will was set aside in favor of Marglaret  ANICHINI, LEWIs, a Venetian ende Valois. Charles, however, retained  graver, much celebrated for the delicacy
the title of count d'Auvergne, and in  irand precision witll which he engraved
1619 was made duke d'Angouleme. He even the minutest objects. It was at
gained great reputation as a military  the sight of his pieces that Michael Ancoinmian.er, but was twice charged with  gelo exclaimed, that the art of engraving,
treason, and the second time condemned  under his hand had reached the summit
to death, which sentence was changed  of perfection. His best pieces was a
into perpetual imprisonment. He was, medal of Alexander the Great, proshowever, once more pardoned, and em- trating himself before the high-priest at,
ployed both in a military capacity and in  Jerusalem, the head of Pope Paul III.
various embassies; lie also wrote his and Henry III. of France on the reverse.
owo? memoirs.-Louis ANTOINE DI BOUR-    ANKERSTROEM, JoIN JAMES, a
BON, duke d', nephew of Louis XViII., Swedish officer, who, in the war carried
who fought agcainst Bonaparte, and after on by Sweden against Russia, took part
the downifall of that leader, was president agaihist his country because of a an aniof the electoral college in the department mosity he cherished against the king.
of the Gironde. B. 1775.-MARIiA TERESA  He was discovered and sentenced to
CHARLOTTE, duchess d', daughter of    death, but the pardon of the king, inLouis XVI., a princess of understanding  stead of producing gratitude and loyalty,
and character. B. 1778.               rendered his hatred more inveterate. He
ANGUIER, FRANCAL     and MicHAEL, conspired with the counts Hornl and
two sculptors, natives of Eu, Normandy. Ribbing, barons Bi.-dke and Pechlin, and
Francis, the eldest, was keeper of the Col. Liljehorn, and others, against Gusroyal cabinet of antiquities, and executed  tavus, and as the unsuspecting monarch
several great works, particularly the entered a room where a masked ball
mausoleum of the duke of Montmorency. was assembled, the assassin discharged
Michael's best piece was a crucifix over at him a pistol containing two balls and
the altar of the church of the Sorbonne. some nails. The wound was mortal,
The former d. 1669 * the latter, 1686.  and the king expired, 29th March, 1792.
ANGUILLARA, JONANDnREWDELL', The 27th of April following the murone of the most celebrated Italian poets dleer was led to execution, but instead
of the 16th century, was b. at. Sutri, in  of repenting he gloried in his deed.
Tuscany, about 1517.    Lis principal His rimht hand and his head were cut
work is his translation of Ovid's Meta- off. The others were banished.
morphoses, which, though often un-      ANNA     COTMINENA, daughter of
faithful, and sinning against good taste, Alexis Comnenus, emperor of Constanhas great merit. For the representation  tinople, and celebrated for the Greek
of his tragedy of (Edipus, a theatre was history which she has written, in which,
built at Vincenza by the celebrated Pal- with great elegance and spirit, though
ladio. Anguillara, however, lived and  often with partiality, she records the
died in poverty. D. 1564.             events which distinguished her father's
ANGUSCIOLA, SOPrONISBA, a native reign. D. 1148.
of Almona in Italy, eminent for her his-  ANNA  IVANOVNA, daughter of
torical and portrait paintings, and also a Ivan Alexiovitch, emperor of Russia,
writer of some repute. She bestowed   married in 1710 Frederic William, duke
such attention to her profession that she of Courland, and succeeded Peter II. on
became, blind. Her sisters Lucia and  the throne, 1730. At the death of her
Europa also excelled in the execution of  husband, 1719, she took for her fiavorite,
the pencil. B. 1550; d. 1626.         Biren, a person of low birth, but great
ANICH, PETER, son of a turner, was duplicity; and when raised to the throne
b. at Oberpersuf, near Inspruck, 1723, her subjects were ruled by this capriand after being employed as a laborer cious and cruel minion, who, it is said,
and a shepherd, his genius for mechan- banished no less than 20,000 persons to
ics burst forth, and was improved and  Siberia through pique, malice, and recorrected by the friendly assistance of venge. Anna d. 1740, aged 47.
Father Hill, a Jesuit. He was admired   ANNAND, WILLIAM, A.M., a native
for his knowledge of astronomy, for the of Edinburgh, who was chosen one of
elegance and accuracy of the maps and  th) ministers aud became a popular




ANQ]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        51
preacher there. He behaved with grea'  brother, the Pretender. Her reign was
kindness towards the persecuted Pres- also much distinguished for learning;
byterians, and opposed James when he and the numnber of eminent writers who
wished to dispense with the penal laws. flourished under her, several of whom
At the revolution he was made dean of  rose to high stations, has rendered it a
Raphoe, in Ireland, where he died, 1710, sort of Augustan age of English literaaged 64. He wrote a volume of val- ture, though her own acquirements had
able sermons, little known.           no share in makinog it such.
ANNAT, FRANCIs, a native of Rou-      ANNESLEY, ARTHUR, earl of Anergue, of the order of the Jesuits, glesea, born at Dublin, 1614. At the
teacher of philosophy at Toulouse, and  commencement of the civil wars lihe
afterwards employed at Rome and in    joined the royal party, and sat in the
France, in the service of the pope. He parliament at Oxford, 1643; but haywas made confessor to the French king  inc made peace with the republicans, he
1654, which office he held 16 years, and  was sent commissioner to Ulster, 1645.
then solicited his dismission'from in- He, however, took an active part in the
creasing infirmities.  He is known for restoration of the king, for which he
his great zeal in opposing the Jansen- was created earl of Anglesea, made
ists. D. 1670.                        treasurer of the navy, and, shortly afterANNE, of Austria, queen of France, wards, lord- privy seal.   D. 1686.eldest daughter of Philip III. of Spain;  SAMUEL, an Engolish divine, born in
married Louis XIII. of France, 1615, at Warwickshire about 1620; d. 1696. At
whose death, 1643, she was declared sole the time of the rebellion, he preached
legent during the minority of her son, some violent sermons against the crown
Louis XIV., who assumed the reins of  and church, for which he received the
government, 1661. Anne then retired, vicarage of St. Giles, Cripplegate; but,
passing. the remainder of her life in in 1662, he was ejected from it for nonpious exercises.  B. 1604; d..1666.-  conformity.
ANNE, of Beaujeu, daughter of Louis     ANNET, PETER, a deistical writer of
XI. of France. and wife of Peter Beau- the 18th century; author of " The Free
jeu, duke of Bourbon; appointed by    Enquirer," and other works of a skepher father's will gouvernante during the tical turn. He was a native of Liverminority of his son, Charles VIII. This  pool. D. 1778.
preference excited a civil commotion,   ANNIUS, of Viterbo, a Dominican
which was terminated by the defeat of  monk, who wrote various books which
the insurgent nobles, 1488. The prin- he pretended were the remains of emicess held the reins with much firmness, nent ancient authors, particularly Maand in general acted prudently.   D. netho, Archilochus, and Xenophon. For
1522.-ANNE, of Brittany, queen of     a time the imposture succeeded, and
France, daughter and heiress of Francis they were printed in 1498. D. 1502.
II., duke of rittany; married to Charles  ANNO, archbishop of Cologne in the
VIII., of France, 1491; alnd  on his 11th century. He was chancellor to the
death, 1499, to Louis XII. This prin- emperor Henry III., and regent during
cess first instituted the order of maids the minority of Henry IV.; and from
of honor to the queen; first had the pr-e- the exemplary conduct he displayed in
rogative of guards and gentlemen of her those situations, as well as from  the
own, and was the first who gave audi- sanctity of his life, he acquired the title
ence to foreign ambassadors. B. 1476; of Saint.
d. 1514.-ANNE, of Cleves, daughter of   ANQUETIL, Louis PIERRE, a celeJohn, third duke of Cleves, and wife of brated historian, writer of a "Universal
Henry VIII. of England, who divorced  History."  B. at Paris, 1728; d. 1808.
her. D. 1557.-ANNE, queen of Great -Du PERRON, ABRATIAM         HYACINTHE,
Britain, second daughter of James II., brother of the preceding, was born at
by his first wife, Anne Hyde, was born  Paris, 1731.  In order to gratify his
in 1664; married to Prince George of  taste for oriental literature, he joined
Denmark, 1683; succeeded to the crown  the expedition fitting out for India, in
on the death of William III., 1702; and  1574, as a private soldier; employed
died, 1714, aged 50. The contention of  every moment of his leisure in the
parties during the reign of Anne was study of the Sanscrit; and made sufextremely violent, in consequence of the ficient progress in that tongue to transhopes entertained by the Jacobites that late the " Vendidade Sade," a dictionshe would be induced by natural feel- ary of the language. On the taking of
ings to favor the succession of her Pondicherry by the English, he returned




52                    CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ANT
to Europe, visited London and Oxford, commander-in-chief of the British fleet.
and conveByed the various MSS. he had  D. 1762.-PETE1   U HUBET, a miscellaneobtained to Paris.  I-e was then'1p- ons French writer. B. 1744: d. 1810.
pointed oriental interpreter   in the king's  ANSIPACH, ELIZABETH, Margravine
library, with a pension, and devoted   of, was the youngest cdaughter of the
himself to the publication of his re- earl of Berkeley. When little more than
searches. D. 1805.                    sixteen, she married Mr. (afterwards
ANSALDI, C. J., a celebrated man of  earl of) Craven, by whomn she had
learning, of Piacenza. B. in 1700. His seven children; but after living tobest antiquarian treatises are in Latin.  gether thirteen years, they separated
ANSAET, ANDREW JOSEPI, a French     from mutual feelings of dissatisfaction.
historian and ecclesiastical writer. He Lady Craven made a tour, and took up
became a Benedictine, but, being  p- her residence in the court of Anspach,
pointecd to a place of trust in his order,  wi}ere she established a theatre, wrote
he decnaped with the funds, and joined  plays, directed the performance, and
the order of Malta. B. 1729; d. 1790.  became a principal personage with the
ANSCARIUS, bishop of tlanlburgh      margrave.
and Bremen. B. in France, 801; dc. 86)4.  ANSTEY, CiRISTOPHER, a poet, was
He preached the gospel to the Danes born in 1724; studied at,Eton      and
and Swedes, and veas ve ry instrumental Carnbridge; alnd on succeeding to some
in converting the northern nations to  patrimonial property, resided principally
Christianity.                          at Bath. He blended the avocations of
ANSELM, archbishop of Canterbury     a country gentleman witl literary purin the reigins of Willlam  lufus and   suits, and, among  l anly other things,
Henry I., born at Aost, Pieldmont, 1033; produced that lhumorous poem, "Tie
died at Canterbury, 1109, andc canonized  New Batll Guidle" whlich obtained a
in the reign of Ilenry VII.            rapid and deserved popularity. I. 1805.
ANSELME, of Paris, an Augustine        ANSTIS, JOHI, an antiquary, annd the
monk, the original compiler of the "Ills- author of various heraldic works, wvas
torical Genealogies of the House of    born at St. Neots, Cornwall, in 1669, and
France."  B. 1625; d. 1691.-GoRGGE. educated at Oxford. He was member
There were two of this name: the elder, for St. Germains,. andl in 1713 appointed
a mathematician of some eminence in    garter kinl at arms. D. 1744.
the early part of the 15th century. D.   ANTAel, an Arabian chief and dis1440. TIhe latter, his grandson, who   tinguished poet,, who lived in the 6th
assuecl the ename of NEPos, was phy- century. Ilis works, which form a porsician at Parma, of which city he was a tion of the famous Moallakah, are denative. D. 1528.                       voted to the clescription of his warlike
ANSON, GEiORGE, Lord, a British      deeds, and lhis love for the fair Able.
commander, who manaced the fleet of    The celebrated Arabian romance, cnships sent out during tyTe Spanish war, titled "Antar," by Asmsai, affords  a
to attack the enemy on the coast of    perfect iclea of the mannles, opinions,
South Carolina, where he landclec and  and superstitions of the early Arabians;
founded a town.   But he did not ac- and of this there is an English version,
quire celebrity till he was placed at the  entitled " Antar, a Bedoueen Romanece,
head of an expedition to the South Sea, translatec from the Arabic by Terrick
in 1740. After losing all his ships but  Hamilton," in 4 vols.'12m1o.
one, and encountering many difficulties,  ANTHEMIIUS, PRocoPIus, of the
but not without having severely har- famsily of the tyrant Procopius, smlarried
assed the Spanish settlements, he was  Flavia Euphemia, daughter of Marcian.
so fortunate as to capture a rich galleon, His alliance as well as his valor proon her passage from Acapulco to Ma- cured him the title of Augustus, 4617.
nilla, and to reach England in safety, Ie gave his daughter in marriage to
after an absence of nearly four -ears. Ricimer, a general, who soon after atHe was successively made rear-admiral tacked Rome and imbrued his hands in
of the blue, a lord of the admiralty, rear- the blood of his father-in-law, 472.-A
admiral of the white, and vice-admiral Lydian, eminent as an architect, sculpof the blue.   In 1747 he defeated a tor, and mathematician. IIe was emFrench squadron, and captured six men  ployed by the Emperor Justinian. D.
of war and four East Indiamnen.   He   534.
was rewarded with a barony, and rose     ANTHING,- FREDERIC, the       comthrough all the intermediate ranks of panion in arms and biographer of the
the navy till he became admiral, and ifamouls Marshal Suwvarrow, was born




ANTI                  CYCLOPA DIA OF EIOGRAPIY.                         53
at Gotha, in Saxony, and died at St.    ANTIGNAC, a popular French song
Petersburg, in 1805.                  writer. B. 1770.
ANTHONY, SAINT, the founder of         ANTIGONUS, one of the generals of
monastic life, was born at Coima, in   Alexander the Gret the most powerful
Egypt, 251. IHe sold his possessions, who shared the Grecian empire, -lainl at
which he distributed to the poor, and  the battle of Ipsus, 301. e.
retired into the desert, where, for 20   ANTI IAC-HO, IMALaKR ANTHI-ONY, atll
years, his virtue was exposed to the   Italian author, who translated much
greatest temptations from the wiles of  from the Greek.. 1472; d. 152.
Satan, till he prevailed, and saw himself  ANTINE, ]MIAUR  FRANCOIS n)'   a
at last surrounded by a crowd of fol- French Benedictine monk; author of
lowvers, zealous to merit his blessings  an " Essay on the Art of verifying
and to imitate his piety.   He twice   Dates," &c. B. 1688 d. 1748.
visited Alexandria to give assistance to  ANTIOCHIUS THE     GRIEAT, king
the suffering Christians unlder the per- of Syria and Asia. Ie conquered the
secution of Arims. IHe died 356, in the greatest part of Greece, of,whlich some
105th year of his age.-F-RANCISi was cities implored the aid of I.onie  and
born in London; 1550, and studied at Hanniball, who hadc taken refuge at his
Cambridlge, where he laid the foundca- court, encoiuraged hirii to liimake nrar
tion of thLat chemical klowledge lwhllich  against Italy; but his Ineasures were
enabled him to impose upon the crecd- not agreeable to the advice of Hannibal,
lous andi the unwary, -by selling his  and lie was conquered and. obliged to
panacea of potable gold,- on whichl a  retire beyond lMount Taurus, nnd pay
treatise was printed at IHaimburgh, 1598. a yearly line of 2000 talents to the  eoHis success as an empirioc was great, but nans. His revenues being unable to
he ways violently opposed    by Ds. pay lthe fine, h:e attemptecl to plundcl
Gwinno and Cotta, and it was con- the temple of Belus in Susiana, which
fidently asserted that his nostrum was so incensed the inhabitants, that they
poisonous, and many on their death    kicled him with his followers, 187 B. c.
bed attributec their death to it. The -Of Ascalon, a philosopher, and cisinoffensiveness of his manners,    is sciple of Philo, the Platonist.-A monk
learning and his private virtues, how- of Seba, Palestine, who awrote in the 7th
ever, stemmed the torrent of unpopu- century 190 homilies on the Scriptures,
larity, and though he was fined and    still extant.
imprisoned for practising without a      ANT1PATER, a native of IMacedon,
license, his reputation and his fortune  pupil of Aristotle, and the faithful minincreased. D. 1623.-King of Navarre, ister of Philip and Alexander. While
was son of Charles of Bourbon, duke    Alexander was abroad, he left Antipater
of Vendome, and miarried Joan d'Al- in the government of Macedonl and by
bret, 1548, who brought him the prin-  his prudent managaeme nt he kept all
cipality of Bearne and the kingdom of  Greece in order. Oni the death of his
*Navarre. He was a weak and irresolute  master, in the distribution of his terprince. He abandoned the Protestant ritories, Antipater obtained the Eurotenets for the Catholic faith, and then  pean provinces.  Not long after the
formed, with the duke of Guise and the confederate states of Greece attacked
constable Montmorency, the    famous  him, but he subdued them, and subleague called triumvirate. During the vertedtheir democratic forms of govcrncivil wars, in 1562, he took the corn- meint, on which he was called the father
malnd of the army, and Blois, Tours, of Greece. -Ie died 818 B. C.-LmTIUS
and Rouen surrendered to his arms. CETIUS, a Roman lhisatorlian, who lived
IHe was wounded on the shoulder at the in the time of Gracchus, and wrote an
siege of this last place, and died 35 days  account of the Second Punic War. -Of
after at Andeli, 17th Nov., 1562. His Sidon, a Stoic philosopher and poet,
son  was afterwards   the  celebrated  much praised by Cicero and Seneca.
Henry IV., of France.-A titular king of  -Ie lived about 140 u. c.
Portugal, was son of Lewis, the second   ANTIPANES, a Greek conmic poet,
son of King Emalnuel. Iiis pretensions  in the tilme of Alexander, who gained
to the throne were opposed by Philip   three prizes at the Olyimpic games.
II. of Spain, who sent the duke of Alva  ANTIPHILUS, a painiter, rival of
against him, 1580, and obliged him to  Apelles; celebrateld fo a fine drawing
fly fromi his dominions. Anthony was representing a youth blowing a spark
a wretched fugitive in H( "and, France, of fire.
and England. D. at Pari,, 1595.          ANTIPHON, the Rhamnusian, an
5



54                    CYCLOP;DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ANT
Athenian orator, who flourished 430 B.c. poet, made a cardinal by Clement VIII.
He was the first who laid cown the rules B. 1540; d. 1603.
of oratory, and assisted in establishing  ANTONIDES, or VANDER GOES,
the tyranny of the four hundred; for JOHN, a Dutch poet. B. in Zealand,
which lie was pt to death, 411 B. c.  1647. He is principally known by his
ANTIQUAhIOUS, JAMIES, a learned     poem in honor of the river Y, which
Italian scholar of Canmpanas. D. 1512. flows through Amsterdam; in which
ANTISTHENES, founder of the sect city his works were collected and pubof the Cynics, by whose means Melitus lished, 1714. D. 1684.
was put to death, and Anytus banished,  ANTONINE, DE       FORCIGLIONI,  a
for their persecution of Socrates. He Roman prelate and saint.  B. at Flowas born at Athens, 423 B. c.         rence, 1389; d. 1459, and canonized in
ANTOINETTE, MARIE, of Lorraine, 1523. He highly distinguished himself
archduchess of Austria and queen of   at the council of Florence, where he disFrance, born at Vienna, in 1755, was putec with the Greeks.
the daughter of the Emperor Francis I.  ANTONINI, ANNIBAL and JOSErH,
and Maria Theresa. In 1770, when only two brothers, natives.of Italy, in the
15 years of age, she was married to   17th and 18th centuries: they wrote in
Louis XVI.; and when her husband      conjunction the history of Lucania; and
ascended the throne she gained the af- Annibal was the compiler of'an Italian
fections of the people by repeated acts grammar and dictionary.
of generosity. It was, however, soon    ANTONINUS PIUS, TITUS AURELIUS
observed that her natural liveliness FULVIuS, emperor of Rome, was b. at
brought upon her the scandal of her Lanuvium, 8G; succeeded Adrian, 1388
enemies about the court, who attributed  and d. 161. His reign was distinguished
the undisuised. frankness and cheer- by tranquillity, andk by such excellent
fulness of her nature to levity and indis- management, as procured him the title
cretion.  An extraordinary occurrence  of PwiSs.-'-MAelRcus ANNIUS AURELIUS,
added fuel to the flame of calumny, surnamed the Philosopher.     B. 121;
while it subjected the name of the adopted by Pius Antoninus, whom he
queen to a disgraceful law-suit. Two  succeeded, in conjunction with Lucius
jewellers demanded the payment of an  Verus, as emperor of Rome; and d. 180.
immense price for a necklace, which   His death occasioned universal mournhad been purchased in the name of the  ing throughout the empire; the Roman
queen. In the examination which she   senate and people voted him a god, and
demanded, it was proved that she had  his image was long afterwards regarded
never ordered the purchase. A lady of  with peculiar veneration. This emperher size and complexion had impudently  or's book of meditations in Greek and
passed herself off for the queen, and at Latin has been often printed, and unimidnight had a meeting with a cardinal versally admired for the excellence of its
in the park of Versailles. She was be- morality.-A geographical author, the
headed during the revolution of 1792. writer of a valuable Ttinerarium, whose
Her fate produced a profound impres- age is unknown. Burton published an
sion on the world.                    excellent commentary on it, as far as reANTONELLE, PETER ANTONY, Mar- lates to Britain.
quis d'; a conspicuous character in the  ANTONIO, or ANTONELLO, b. at
French revolution. He voted for the Messina, Sicily, 1426; d. 1475. He is
death of the queen, and for the destruc- said to have been the first artist who intion of the Girondists. He was himself trocuced oil painting into Italy.-NiciInear meeting the fate to which he con- OLAS, a Spanish historian. B. at Seville,
signed others, as he was tried for com- 1617; d. 1684.
plicity in the conspiracy of Babeuf; but  ANTONIUS, GODEFROY, a lawyer,
hle was fortunate enough to be acquitted, who became chancellor of the university
and d. at an advanced age, in 1817.   of Giessen.-MAxcus, one of the greatest
ANTONELLI, NICHOLAS MARIA, count orators ever known at Rome. It was
of Pergola, who rose through various  owing to him, according to Cicero, that
ecclesiastical promotions to the cardinal- Rome might boast herself a rival even
ship. B. 1697; d. 1767.              to Greece itself in the art of eloquence.
ANTONI, SEBASTIANO DEGLI, a Vicen- Ie defended, among many others, Marzan noble author. B. in 1665; author cus Aquilius; and moved the judges in
of "The Conspiracy of Brutus," a tra- so sensible a manner, by the tears he
gcdv.                                shed, and the scars he showed upon the
ANiTONIANO, SYLVIO, an Italian      breast of his client, that he carried hiLs




ApEi]                 CYCLOPIlDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          55
cause.  le was unfortunately killed, went into Asia, where he had the most
during the disturbances raised at Rome  splendid court that ever was seen. The
by Marias and Cinna, in the year of    king's and princes of Asia came to his
Rome, 667.-MARCUs, the triumvir, was levee, and acknowledged no other soyson of Antonius Creticus, by Julia, a  ereign in the East but him. Queens
noble lady of such merit, that Plutarch  and princesses, knowing him, doubtless,
affirms, her to have been " comparable  to be a man of amour and gallantry,
to the wisest and most virtuous ladies  strove who should win his heart; and
of that age."  Marc Antony, losing his the famous Cleopatra of Egypt suefather when young, launched out at ceeded. When that queen gave out a
once into all the excess of riot and de- false report of her death, Antony threw
bauchery, and wasted his whole patri- himself upon his sword and perishedmony before he had put on the manly    a fit end to a life of dissolute violence
gown. Hie afterwards went abroad to    and  crime. -  ELIUS NEBRISENSrNss, a
learn the art of war under Gabinus, who  Spanish writer, and an eminent profes
gave him the command of his horse in   sor at the university of Salamanca, who
Syria, wher he signalized his courage  wrote the " History of New Spain," and
in the restoration of Ptolemy king of  other works. B. 1442; d. 1520.
Egypt. From Erypt he went to Ccesar,     ANTONY, of Bourbon, son of Charles
in Gtaul; and after some stay there, be- of Bourbon, duke of Vcndome. 3B.
ing furnished with money and credit by  1527; married Joan of Albret, queen
Csesar, returned to Rome to sue for the  of Navarre, 1548; and d. from a wound
questorship. In this suit lihe succeeded, received in the shoulder at the siege of
and afterwards obtained the tribunate, Rouen, 1562.-ST., of Padua, a learn'ed
in which officc he was amazingly active  Franciscan monk, was b. at Lisbon,
for Csesar, who, when he had made      1195; d. at Padua, 1231; and was canhimself master of Rome, gave Antony    onized. His works were printed at the
the government of Italy, with the coin- H-ague, 1641.
mand over the legions there, in which    ANVARI, a Persian poet. B. at Chopost he gained the love of the soldiery. rassan. He was well versed in astrol.
But what was more to his honor, he as- ogy, and composed several books on
sisted Cuesar so successfully on several that science; but having failed in a preoccasions, that, twice particularly, when  diction, he retired fromi the court of the
Cessar's army had been put to flight, he  sultan Sangler, and d. at Balke in 1206.
rallied' the scattered troops, and gained  ANVILLE, JosIN BAPTIST BOUueIGNON
the victory. Hec was afterwards a col- D', a most famous French writer on releague of Csesar in the consulship, and  ography. B. at Paris, 1702; d. at Paris,
on the death of the latter, strove to get 1782. As much esteemed for the gentlepossession of the sovereign plower. But ness and simplicity of ihis manners as for
the patriots of the day took part with  his extensive knowledge. He labored
Octavius, Ceesar's son, against him, when  at his maps 15 hours a day for 50 years.
he went with an army to Cisalpine Gaul,  ANYSIUS, or ANISO, GIovANaN, an
and laid siege to Mantua, which Deci- Italian poet of some celebrity. B. at
mus Brutus valiantly defended. It was  Naples, about 1472; d. 1540.
during this absence that Cicero spoke    ANYTA, an ancient Greek poetess,
those famous orations against Antony. some of whose compositions are still
The senate declared him a public enemy, preserved.
and both consuls, Hirtius and Pausa,     ANYTUS, an Athenian rhetorician,
accompanied by Octavius, met him in    who aided in procuring the condemnathe field. At first he vanquished Pausa, tion of Socrates, and was himself afterbut was afterwards subdued by Hirtius. wards banished.
Both consuls fell, and Octavius took     APEL, JOHN, of Nuremberg, one of
command of the republican army; An- the earliest preachers of the Reformatony fled with his troops over the Alps. tion, and originally a lawyer. B. 1486;
But Octavius betrayed the senate, and  d. 1586.
joined with Antony and Lepidus to form   APELLES, one of the most celebrated
a triumvirate. Their return to Rome    painters of antiquity, was b. in the isle
was marked by violence, bloodshed, and  of Cos, and flourished in the time of
proscription.  They were opposed by    Alexander the Great. He was in'high
Brutus and Cassius, who were, however, favor with that prince, who made a law
defeated at Philippi. Owing chiefly to  that no other person should draw his
the military skill of the latter, Antony  picture but Apelles, who accordingly
obtained the sovereign dominion, and   drew him holding a thunderbolt in isa




56                    CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        LA PO
hand. The piece was finished with so   wasted ~1,250,000 on the luxuries of the
much skill and dexterity, that it used to table, wrote a book on the plensures and
be said there were two  lexanders: one incitements of eating, and finding his
invincible, the son of Philip; the other finances reduced, hulng hiiself from fear
ininitable, the production of Apelles. of staration.
Alexander gave him liikewise another     APION, a historian of Oasis in Egypt,
remarkable proof of his regoard: for when  who was a professor at Rome during the
he employecl Apelles to dcaw Campaspe, 1st century. His "'Antiquities of the
one of his mistresses, having found that Jews," in which he attacked that nation,
the painter had conceivedl  affection  was answered by Josephus.
for her, he resignecd her to him; and it  APOLLINARIUS, CLAUDIUS, a bishop
was from her that Apelles is said to have  of Hieropolis, who wrote a, defence of the
drawn his enus Anadyomene. One of      Christian religion about 177. It was
Apelles' chief characteristics was, the addressed to Marcus Aurelius.-There
making his pictures so exactly resemble  was a presbyter of Alexandria of this
the persons represented, that the physi- nam, in the 4th century, who wrote a
ognomists were able to form a judueslent history of the Hebrews in Greck heroics.
as readily fiom his portraits as if they  -Iis son becanme bishop of Laodicea,
had seen the originals. IIis readiness and wrote a treatise, which hc sent to
and clexterity at takiln  a likeness was Julian, aoainst paianism. D. 382.
once of singular service in extricatingo  APOLJLODORUiS, a    rammarnianai  of
him fisom a difficulty in which he was Athens, flourisihel 104 a. c.-A tfamous
involved at the court of Egypt: he had  painter at Athens, 408 D. c. Pliny men —
not the good fortune to be il fi.vor with tiOls two picttures by him, one of a priest
Ptolemy; a storm forced himl, however, of Apollo at the altar, and the other of
to take shelter at Alexandria during tihe  the shipwreck of Ajax.-A celebrated
reign of that prince; where a miischiev- architect. B. at Damascus, and clived'ous fellow, in order to do him an un- under Trajan andc Adrian. IIe was emkindness, went to him, and in the kingfs  ployedc by the former in building the
name invited him to dinner. Apelles great stone bridge over the Danube, and
went: and seeing the king' in a prodigri- other structures; but, fillini into disous passion, tolc him, by way of excuse, grace with Adrian, he lost hislife through
that he should not have come to his that emnperor's caprice.
table but by his order. He was com-      APOLLONIA, a female Christian
mIanded to show the man who had in- martyr, who, at a very advanced age,
vited him; which was impossible, the   fell a sacrifice to intolerance at Alexanperson who had put the trick upon him  dria, 248.
not being present: Apelles, however,     APOLLONIUS, COLLATIUS, a monk
drew a sketch of his image upon the    and poet of Navarre in the 1th century
wall with a coal, the outlines of which  who published an epic on the siege of
discovered him immediately to Ptolemy. Jerusalem, and other pieces.-DYSCOLUS,
-There was a native of Syria of the    a grammarian of Alexandria in the 2d
same name, who was the founder of an   century, who wrote a work on syntax;
heretical sect, some time during the 2d  a collection of historical curiosities is
century.                               also ascribed to him.-There was alother
APELLICUS, a philosopher to whom     gramtmarian of this name who lived in
the wvorld -is indebted for the works of  the reiogn of A ugustus Cesar, and comAristotle, which he collected, at great piled a Lexicon Homericium, printed at
expense, about 90 years B. C.          Paris, 1773.-A mathematician of AlexAPER, MIR'aus, a Gaul, who was andria, about 210 years. c..     Ie cornamong the finest orators of his time. D. posed several curionus romcletrical works,
85.                                   of wallhicl his book on conic sections alone
APIAN, PETER, a German mathema- exists. —R1    ODus, so called from the city
tieian and astronomer, who made several of Rhodes, in which he presided over a
valuable observations on comets.  B. school of rhetoric, was a native of Alex1495; d. 1589.                        andria, and afterwards became keeper
APICIUS. There were three noted     of the celebrated library there, in. which
Roman epicures of this name: the first situation he remained until his death,
lived in the time of the republic, the  240 B. c. He wrote a poem, in four
second under Tiberius and Augustus, books, on the expedition of the Arfoand the third in the tine of Trajan. It nauts.-TyANEus,a a p  hilosophi  mpirli
was the second one, however, who was of Tyana, in Cappadocia. B. about the
the most famous. HIe is said to have   Christian era. He visited lRome, where




AQU]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                          57
Vespasian became his dupe; but Domi- Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign
tian sent him to prison.-A Roman sen- Parts sent him ott as one of their misator and Christian martyr, who lived in  sionaries to Cambridge, Massachusetts,
the reign of Commodus, and probably    in which state he resided for a short
suffered death about 186.              time, and then returned to England, and
APONO, or ABANO, PETER OF, an        obtained the living of Croydon, Surrey,
astrologer and physician, born at Abano, about 1765. In 1f78 he took the degree
who made himself celebrated by a work  of D.D., and was appointed to the recentitled, " Conciliator Differentiorum  tory of St. Mary-le-Bow, London; but,
Philosophorum et precipue Medicorum." in 1793, he resigned his living on obtainB. 1250; d. 1316.                     ing the valuable stall of Finsbury, in St.
APOSTOLIUS, MICHAEL, a learned       Paul's cathedral.
Greek of the 15th century.               APULEIUS, Lucius, a Platonic phiAPPIAN, an ancient historian. B. at losopher in the 2d century, b. atMadaura,
Alexandria, whence he went to Rome, in  Africa. He composed several books, the
the reign of Trajan, and became an emi- chief of which is a romance, entitled
nent pleader. He wrote the history of   " The Golden Ass," which has been
Rome in Greek.                         translated into almost all the modern
APPIANI, ANDRE, a celebrated Mi- European languages.
lanese painter. -B. 1750. His pieces'are  AQUAVIVA,      ANDREW    MATTHEW,
found in most of the palaces of Milan; duke of Atri, Naples, was celebrated
but his masterpiece, in fresco, adorns both as a scholar and a soldier. B. 1456;
the cupola of Santa Maria doe S. Celso. d. 1528.-CLAUDE, b. at Naples, 1542,
B. 1750; d. 1818.                      became general of the order of Jesuits,
APPLETON, NATHANIEL, Congrega- and d. 1615.-OCTAVIO, a prelate of great
tional minister of Cambridge, Mass. He  reputed piety and learning. D. archwas b. Dec. 9, 1693, at Ipswich; gradu- bishop of Naples, 1612.
ated, in 1712, at Harvard university;    AQUILA, of Sinope, Pontus, an arand was ordained Oct. 9, 1717. He was  chitect and mathematician in the time of
much distinguished in his time, for Adrian, by whom lie was employed in
learning and moral worth. In 1771 his the rebuilding of Jerusalem, where he
alma mater conferred on him the degree  embraced the Christian religion, but was
of doctor of divinity, an honor which  afterwards excommunicated for prachad been conferred upon but one per- tisinfg astrology, when he turned Jew.
son, Increase Mather, about 80 years be-  AQUILANO. SERAFINO, an admired
fore. He d. Feb. 9, 1784, in the 91st Italian poet.   B. at Aquila, Abruzzo,
year of his age.-JEssE, D.D., graduated  1466; d. 1500.
att Dartmouth college, in 1792. He was   AQUILANUS, SEBASTIANUS, a Neapolordained pastor of the Congregational itan physician of Padla. D. 1543.
church at Hampton, N. 1H. in Feb. 1797.  AQUINAS, ST. TiiOMrs, called the
In 1807 he was chosen president of     angelical doctor, was of the noble family
Bowdoin college, the duties of which   of Aquine, descended from the kings of
station he faithfully performed for about Aragon and Sicily.  He was educated
10 years, when his health became im- by the monks of Mount Cassino, and
paired. D. 1819.                       removed to Naples; but the inclination
APREECE, or RIHESE, Jonne, a learn- w\hich he had to embrace an ecclesiastied antiquary. B. in Wales in the early  cal life was opposed by his mother, who,
part of the 16th century, and d. in the  after great difficulties, obtained him from
reign-of queen Mary. One of his works, the power of the monks, and confined
entitled "'Fides Historih Britannimie, is him in her castle for two years. HIe,
preser ved in manuscript in the Cottonian  however, escaped, and fled to Naples,
collection.                            and afterwards to Rome; and when imAPROSIO, ANGELICO, an Augustine      proved by study, and the famous lectures
monk, born at Genoa. He wrote a num- of Albertus Magnus at Cologne, he apber of books, but is best known by a peared at Paris, anid read public lectures
wolk, entitled "Bibliotheca Aprosiaia." to an applauding audience. On his reB. 1607; d. 1681.                      turn to Italy, he became divinity proAPTI-ONIUS, a rhetorician of Anti- fessor to several universities, and at last
och, who wrote a book called "Progym- settled at Naples, where he led an exnasmata Rhetorica," in the 3d century.  emplary life of chastity and devotion,
APTHlORP, EAST, a learned divine. and refused the archbishopric of the
B. in New    Ungland, 1732, and d. at city, in the most disinterested manner,
Canterbury, 1816. The Society for the when offered by Clement IV. Gregory




58                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ARX
X. invited him to the council of Lyons, mitted to the Tower, where she passed
to read the book which he had written  the rest of her life in close and nmelanagainst the Greeks; and he d. on his   eholy confinement.  D. 1615, in hei
way to join the pontiff at the monastery  38th year.
of Fossanova, near Terracina, 7th March,  ARAGON, TULLIA D', a poetess of the
1274, in his 50th year. HIe was canon- 16th century; descended from an illeized, 1323. His writings, which are nu- gitimate branch of the royal family of
merous, and mostly upon theological Spain; and highly celebrated for her wit,
subjects, prove him to have been a man  beauty, and various accomplishments.
of great learning, and extensive knowl-  AIAJA, FRANCIsco, a Neapolitan
edge. They have been published, in 17  musician and composer in the 18th cenvols. folio. It was in defence of Thomas  tury, who entered the service of the
Aquinas that Henry VIII. composed the Empress Catherine of Russia, and probook which procured him from the pope  duced at St. Petersburgh "Cephalo et
the title of Defender of the Faith.   Procris," the first opera written in- the
AQUINO, CHARLES D', a Neapolitan    Russian language.
Jesuit, and an eminent teacher of rhet-  ARAM, ]EUGENE, was a native of
oric at Rome. B. 1654; d. 1740.-Louis Ramsgill, Yorkshire, and the son of a
CLAUDE D', a distinguished musician. gardener. His genius displayed itself
At the age of 6 he performed on the while he followed the humble occupaharpsichord before Louis XIV.; at 8, tion of his father; mathematical calthe celebrated Bernier declared he could  culations and geometrical knowledge
teach him no more; and at 12 he became  were quickly acquired by him, and, with
organist of a church at Paris. B. 1694; the most inaefaitigable zeal, Lilly's gramd. 1772.-PHILIP, a learned Jew of the  mar, though in uilintelligible langouage,
17th century, b. at Avignon, converted  was learned by heart, and afterwards
to the Christian faith, and received bap- Camden's Greek. He then with rapid
tism at Aquino, Naples, whence he de- steps advanced to the comprehension
rived his name. He was celebrated for of more difficult authors, till the whole
his skill in the Hebrew language; and  store of Latin and Greek literature was
was intrusted by Le Jay with the care  open to his understanding. lIe also
of printing and correcting the He- studied and made himself perfect in
brew and Chaldee text of his Polyglot Hebrew, and with these great acquireBible.                                 ments he gained his livelihood, by enARABSCHAH, a Mahometan histo- gaging in several schools in the south
rian, who wrote a history of Tamerlane, of England. In 1757 he came to the
and a treatise on the divine unity. He free school at Lynn, a perfect master of
was a native of Damascus, where he d. the most abstruse studies, and ac1450.                                  quainted with heraldry and botany.
ARABELLA      STUART, commonly       lie had begun to make collections for
called the Lady Arabella, was the only  radical comparisons between the meodchild of Charles Stuart, earl of Lennox, ern languages and ancient tongues, and
the brother of Henry Lord Darnley, already more than 3000 words had been
father to James VI. of Scotland, by    selected to establish their affinity in a
Elizabeth, daughter of Sir William Cav- comparative lexicon, when his labors
endish. This innocent victim of jear- were stopped by the hands of justice.
ousy and state policy, while an infant, He was arrested at Lynn, 1758, for the
lost her father, and thus became heiress murder of Daniel Clarke, a shoemaker
to a large estate. Several matches were  of Knaresborough, who had been murprojected for her at home and abroad  dered thirteen years before; and, after
and her cousin, King James, was inclined  a trial, in which he defended himself
to marry her to Lord Esme Stuart, whom  with coolness and ability, he was found
he had created duke of Lennox, and -guilty of the crime, and failing in an
whom, before his marriage, he consider- attempt to commit suicide, he suffered
ed as his heir; but this union was pre- death at York, August, 1759. He acvented by Queen Elizabeth, who held   knowledged the justice of his sentence,
the Lady Arabella under restraint. She and attributed the crime to a suspicion
was finally married in secret to the earl of adultery between his wife and Clarke.
of Hertford, but some Scottish noble- Mr. Bulwer has made his story the submen conspiring to place her on the     ject of a most romantic fiction, in
throne, the plot was discovered and she which, however, he has taken geat
was wrongfully arrested as an accom- liberties with the facts of the case.
plice of their design.  She was com-     ARA TOR, a Latin poet of the 5th




ARC]                 COYCLOPAEDrA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        59
century, Lorn in Liguria, who turned  century; chiefly known by his works
the Acts of the Apostles into verse.  on tochelle andc Amiens.
ARATUS, a Sicilian astronomer and     ARCESILAUS, a Greek philosopher,
poet, whose "Phenomena" was trans- the founder of the second or middle
lated by Cicero, and from which St. academy, was born at Pitane, in Eolia,
Paul quotes in his address at Athens.-  316 B. c.-A king of Macedon, natural
The son of Clinias, who restored Sicyon, son of Perdiccas II., whom he succeeded,
brought about the Achbean league, and  after murdering his brother Alcetas.
rescued Corinth from the Macedonian   He liberally encouraged literature and
Antigonus. He wrote "I ommentaries"   the arts, entertained and patronized
on his own life. D. 2160. C.         Euripides and Zeuxis, 398 B. o.-A
ARBOGAST, Louis FR. AU., aFrench- Greek philosopher, the disciple and sueinan, professor of mathematics at Stras- cessor of Anaxagoras at Lampsacus, but
burg, and eminent as a geometrician. removed afterwards to Athens, where
D. 1803.                              he had Socrates for a pupil.-A geogARBOGASTES, a French soldier of rapher; author of a treatise on all the
fortune, who went to Rome at the time  countries conquered by Alexander, in
of Valentinian the Younger, became a whose time lie lived.-A Christian digeneral of the army, and after the death  vine, bishop of Mesopotamia, who flourof the emperor, caused the rhetorician  ished under Probus, about 278, and was
Eugenius to assume the purple.   He   a zealous champion for the Catholic
was defeated by Theodosius, fled to his faith, against the Manicheans.
native mountains and put an end to his  ARCHENHOLZ, JOHN, a Swedish
life, about 395.                      historian, born at Hlelsingfors, 1695; d.
ARBRISSEL, ROBERT OF, founder of    1777.-JOHN WILLIAM VON, a very voluthe abbey of Fontevraud, was born in  minous German author. His two most
the village of Arbrissel, Brittany, about important works are " Annals of British
1047. D. 1117.                        History," 20 vols., and a "History of
ARBUCKLE, JAMES, a Scotch poet, the Seven Years' War."       B. 1742; d.
born at Glasgow, and died in the north  1818.
of Ireland, where he had settled as a   ARCHIAS, AuLus LIINImus, a native
schoolmaster, 1734.                   of Antioch, chiefly known from the eloARBUTHNOT, ALEXANDER, a Scot- quent orations made by Cicero, to detish divine and a zealous reformer, was fend his right to the citizenship of
born in 1538, and died in 1583.-JOHN, Rome.
a celebrated writer and physician in the  ARCHIGENES, a Greek physician
reign of Queen Anne, was born at Ar- of- the Pneumatic sect, who 1ourished
buthnot, near Montrose, and educated  in the times of Domitian and Trajan.at Aberdeen. He was appointed phy- His works are frequently referred to by
sician in ordinary to the queen, and ad- Galen.
mitted a fellow of the college. He en-  ARCHILOCIIUS, a Greek satirist,
gaged with Pope and Swift in many of  born in the isle of Paros, 660 B. C. The
their literary schemes, particularly in  invention of the Iambic metre is atthe satire under the title of " Martinus tributed to him.
Scriblerus."  In 1727, Dr. Arbuthnot    ARCHIMEDES, the most celebrated
published "Tables of Ancient Coins, mathematician among the ancients, was
WVeights, and Measures," which valu- a native of Syracuse, and related to
able work was followed by an "Essay   King Hiero. Ile was equally skilled in
concerning Aliments," &c., andanother the sciences of astronomy, geometry,
on the "Effects of Air on Human       mechanics, hydrostatics, and optics
Bodies."  So excellent a character did  his aptness In solving problems had behe bear with his cotemporaries, that come proverbial in Cicero's days, and
Swift thus pithily describes him: " He his singular ingenuity in the invention
has more wit than all our race, and his and construction of warlike engines is
humanity is equal to our wit."   D. much dwelt upon by Livy. The conm1735.                                 bination of pulleys for raising immense
ARCERE, ANTHONY, a very learned     weights, the endless,,screw, &c., were
Frenchman, who applied to the study   invented by him; but his genius for inof the oriental languages, made a tour vention was never more signally disinto the East, and returned richly fur- played than in the defence of Syracuse,
nished with manuscripts. B. 1664; d. when it was besieged by Marcellus; for
1699.-Louis STEPHEN, a French eccle- among other astonishinig novelties, he
siastic, poet, and historian of the 18th  produced a burning glass, composed of




60                    CYCLOP:EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LARE
reflecting mirrors, by which he fired  who lived 269 B. c., and practised with
the enemy's fleet. At length, however, repute at Rome; but having introduced
the city was taken by storm, and Ar- the use of caustics and the knife, he
chimedes, then in his 74th year, was was banished.
among the slain, 212 B..               ARENA, ANTHONY      DE, a French
ARCHINTO, CHARLES, a learned Mi- writer of the 16th      century, chiefly
lanese of noble family, who founded an  known by his poem on the war of Proacademy for the sciences and mechanics vence, carried on by Charles V. D.
in his native city, which he enriched  1544.-JAcMES DE, a learned civilian and
with an extensive library, &c. B. 1669. writer in the- 13th century.  He was
ARCIION, Louis, an antiquary, chap- professor of law at Padua and Bologna,
lain to Louis XIV..; author of a "IHis- and wrote "Commentaries on the Ditory of the Royal Chapel of France."  gest and the Code."-JOSEPH DE, an
B. 1645; d. 1717.                     officer in the French service, born in
ARCHYTAS, a Pythagorean philos- Corsica; arrested at the opera, Aug. 10,
opher and mathematician of Tarentum, 1801, andl executed Jan. 31 following,
who was one of the first who applied  for an attempt on the life of Bonaparte,
the theory of mathematics to practical then first consul.
purposes, 400 B. c.                     ARENDT, MARTIN FREDERIC, a celeARCO, NIcHOLAS, Count, a Latin poet, brated traveller, was born at Altona, in
hTorn at Arco, in the Tyrol, 1479; d. 1769.  He commenced his travels in
1546.                                 1798, visiting the northern parts of EuARCON. J. C. ELEONORE LEMICEAUD, rope, and niaking researches into the
a French officer, born at Pontarlier, antiquities of the countries through
1733; d. 1800.                        which he passed. He afterwards travARCUDIUS, PETER, a Greek priest, elled through Spain, Italy, and Hunborn in the isle of Corfu, who wrote gary; and it was his practice to carry
several pieces in defence of the Roman  all his papers with him, live on the
church, and was sent by Clement VIII. charity of others, and sleep in the open
to Russia, to settle some religious dif- air. D. 1824.
ferences. D. 1635.                      ARESI, PAUL, bishop of Tortona, MiARCUDI, ALEXANDER TiHoMAS D', a lan, who tautght theology, philosophy,
Dominican of Venice, who wrote sev- and rhetoric, at' Rome and Naples, and
eral works, chiefly biographical, of  wrote some philosoplhical and religious
which the " Galatana Letterata" is the pieces. B. 1574; d. 1644.
principal. D. 1720.                     ARETIEUS, a Gieek physician in the
ARCULPHUS, a French divine of       time of Vespasian; his works are held. the 7th century, who visited the Holy in great esteem.
Land, and wrote an account of his       iRETIN, A. and J. G., brothers. B.
travels.                             in 1769 and 1771; authors of several
ARCY, PATRICx, a military writer of  German works on the fine arts,'" Mathe 18th century, born at Gal way.. gazin des Arts du Dessin." —CIRTSTO1779.                                rPER, Baron. B. in 1773; a laborious
ARDENE, ESPRIT JEAN DE ORorE D', German bibliograph, curator of the
a French author, born at Marseilles, Royal library at Munich, and member
1684; d. 174:8.-JouHN PAUL, brother of  of the most famous German academies.
the preceding, was a priest at Marseilles, Among his works are, "Historical and
and superior of a college; but more   Literary Memoirs;" a "History of the
celebrated as a florist than as an eccle- Jews of Bavaria,' "On the Effects of
siastic. D. 1769.                     Printing;" and many curious treatises
ARDERN, JOHN, an English surgeon    on Minemonics, a Universal Ltanguage,
of Nelwark-upon-Trent, to whom the the Divininig    Rod, &c. He edited the
credit of being the reviver of surgery in  "Aurorl in 1806, and published the
England in the 14th century has been   Nouvel Indicateur Litteraire," at Tugiven.                                bingenm 180. D. 1824.
ARDERNE, JAMES, an English di-        ARETINO, CIARLES, b. in Tuscany,
vine, made dean of Chester by Charles in the l1th century. He was secretary
II. D. 1691.                         to the republic of Florence; and emiARDINGHELLI, MARIA, a Neapol- nent both as a Greek scholar and a Latin
itan author, of noble origin, born in  poet. D. 1470.-FRANCIS, a learned ci1780. He was distinguished in algebra vilian of Italy in the 15th century.and the physical sciences.            GUIDO, a Benedictine monk, who lived
AREAGATIUS, a Greek physician, in the 11th century. He rendered him



ARG]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF DIOGRAPHY,                         61
self famous by discovering a new method  tas to Jamestown, whose attack on the
of learning music, or rather by restoring  settlement in Acadie began the war bethe true principle of the ancient Greek  tween the French and English, and who
music; and was said to have been the subdued the Dutch settlements on the
inventor of the six notes in music, Ut, Hudson. IHe was knighted by King
Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La. They are thought James, in 1623.
to have been taken from a hymn of St:    ARGELLATI, PHILIPO, a printer at
John, composed by Paul, in 770, and    Bologna, afterwards a magistrate. B.
which runs as follows:                 1085. —FRAN-cIso, his son, author of a
" DI)ecamarone," written in imitation of
Ut queant laxis Rle sonare fibris  Boccac. D. 1754..li ra gestoruni, Fa mantli torum,
Sol ye polutis, la bias reatusn.-  ARGENS, JOHN BAPTISTE DE rBOaYE,
Marquis d', a French miscellaneous
LEONARDO, was one of the ablest men in  writer, who was invited by Frederic
eloquence and science of the 15th cen- William, king of Prussia, to become one
tury; and left several works, the cata- of his chamberlains. B. 1704; d. 1771.
log'ue of which may be seen in Gesner's  ARGENSOLA, LUPERaIO LEONARDO
" Bibliotheca."  He d. about l443, being  D', a Spanish historian and poet. B. in
then 74 years of age, at Florence; where  Aragon, about 1565; d. 1613.-BARthere is a marble monument erected to  THOLOMIEW, his brother, was canon of
him in the church of the Holy Cross, Saragossa, and chaplain of the Empress
with a'n inscription to the following  Maria, of Austria. He was the author
purport:-" Since the death of Leonar- of a "History of the Conquest of the
do, history is in mourning; eloquence  Moluccas," and of a continuation of
is become mute; the Greekl and Latin   " Zurita's History of Aragon."  It was
muses cannot forbear shedding tears."-  said of the two brothers, that the perFm.NOeISCo, a man of great reading, and  feet resemblance of their talents made
well acquainted with the Greek lan- their countrymen believe them    to be
guage. He studied at Sienna, about the twins of Apollo and a Muse. B. 1566;
year 1443; and afterwards taught law  d. 1631.
there with such a vivacity of genius,   ARGENSON, MARE: EN E         L1 VOYER,
that they called him the Prince of Sub- Marquis d', celebrated as the first who
tleties, and his wit became a proverb,. introduced lettres de cachet, during his
He taught also in the university of Pisa, administration of the Police at Paris,
and in that of Ferrara.-PIE'RO, a na- 1697, was b. at Venice, where his father
tive of Arezzo, who lived in the 16th  was ambassador from the French court.
century. He was famous for his satir- He was highly respected for his abilities,
ical writings, and was so bold in his in- and the firmness of his character. He
vectives against sovereigns, that he got succeeded d'Aguesseau in the office of
the title of the Scourge of Princes. He  chancellor, 1719, but was disgraced the
used to boast that his lampoons did   following year, and d. of a broken heart
more service to the world than sermons; in 1721.
and it was said of him, tht hlie had sub-  ARGENTERO, a celebrated Piedjected more princes by his pen than    montese physician, who translated Gathe greatest warriors had ever done by  len. B. 1558.
their arms. Aretino wrote also many     ARGENTIE, JOHN, an eminent Italirreligious and obscene pieces, and was ian physician. B. 1513; d. 1572.
the author of some comedies, which      ARGOLI, JOHN, the son of Andrew,
were esteemed pretty good of their kind. a celebrated mathematician, was b. in
B. 1491; d. 1556.                     1609, at Tagliacozzo, in the Neapolitan
ARETIUS, BENEDICT, an ecclesiastic, territory, and d. about the year 1660.
distinguished for his botanical and the- Several philological and archiological
ological attainments, who lived at Berne, works proceeded from his pen, but he
Switzerland. D. 1574.                 is best known as a poet. When only
ARGAIR, GREGORY, a Spanish Ben- fifteen, he wrote his Idyl on the silkedictine, who wrote an   ecclesiastical worm, and two years subsequently, his
history of Spain, which he ascribed to  Endymion, in twelve cantos, which he
St. Gregory. He lived at Madrid, du- completed in seven months, during
ring the 17th century.                which period he shut himrself up, and.
ARGALL, RICHARD, a poet, who flour- suffered no one to enter his room, exished in England in the time of James I. cept to bring his food.
-SAMUEL, a - deputy-governor of Vir-    ARGONNE, DON BONAVENTURE D, a
ginia, who in 1612 carried off Pocahon- native of Paris, author of some useful
6




02(                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ARI
works, especially miscellanies of history  the Psalter into Latin verse. B. 1527;
and literature, replete withl entertainiig  d. 1598.
anecdotes and valuable reflections, pub-  AICI, CiES., an Italian poet, who
lisned under the name of Vigneml de wrote an admired dictactic poem, called
Marville. I-e d. a Carthusian monk at " La Cultivatione d'egli Olivi." B. 1785.
Gaillon, near Rouen, 1704, aged 64. He  ARI FRODE, an Ieelandic scholar of
wrote also a method of reading the the 11th century, and the earliest of the
church fathers.                       northern historians. Of his numerous
ARGUELLES, AUGUSTUs, a Spanish      writings only the Schedn and Landpatriot during the revolution of 1812. namnabok remain.
B. 1775.                                ARION, a Lesbian poet, the inventor
ARGUSTIN, ANTONIO, a Spanish an- of dythrambics, but his hymn to Neptiquarian, and author of "D ialogos de tune is all that remains of his works.
los Medallas."  B. 1517.                ARIOSTO, ATTILIO, a Bologenese comARGYROPYLUS, JOANNES, a learned     poser, who gave lessons to Handel, with
man who fled from Constantinople when  whom and Bononcini, he composed his
taken by Mahomet II., and contributed  well-known opera of "Muzio Scevola."
to the revival of Greek literature in Eu- His masterly execution on  the viol
rope.' He was received with kindness d'amore, a new instrument, gave him
by Cosmo de Medicis, duke of Tuscany, applause and opulence in England. D.
placed in the professor's chair at Flo- 1725.-LUDOVIco, an illustrious poet.
reice, and made tutor in the prince's  B. at Reggio, 1474, of a family allied
family. lie retired fiom thence, during  to the dukes of Ferrara.  His early
the plague, to Rome, where he lectured  genius displayed itself in the composion Aristotle. He d. of a fever occasioned  tion of the play of Pyramus and Thisbe;
by eating melons, in his 70th year, about which he acted with his brothers and
1478. He translated several of Aris- sisters; but his father, like the father of
totle's works, in a manner which proved  Ovid, viewed his studies with a jealous
him to be an able Grecian, and a scholar eye, and bade him forsake the muses for
of the most comprehensive erudition. the bar. This he did for a while; but
He was an intemperate epicure, so that after his father's decease'he returned to
the whole of his fortune was squandered  his favorite pursuits, and, under the
in supplying the delicacies of his table. friendly patronage of Hippolito, cardinal
He treated the character of Cicero with  d'Este he begian the plan of a poem,
contempt, because he had said of his  which was to immortalize the Italian
favorite Greek, that it is a language,ve'- muse.  The cardinal seems to have
borsm vnops. He left some sons equally  valued him rather as a scholar and man
learned.                              of business than as a poet; for when
ARIADNE, daughter of Leo I. mar- Ariosto presented acopy of his immortal
ried to Zeno, who succeeded as emperor, Orlando, the cardinal inquired, " Where
474. She was so disgusted with the in- did you pick up this trumpery, master
temperance of her husband, and so     Ludovico?"   He was invited to write in
eager to enjoy the company of her fa- Latin by Cardinal Bembo; but with the
vorite Anastasius, that she forgot her ardor of a poet he replied, that he aspired
dignity and character in barbarity. Ze- to the flrst rank of Italian composition,
no, when intoxicated, was shut up in a while he could only stand as second as
sepulchre, where he was suffered to the votary of the Latin muse. He read
die; and Anastasius, though of obscure  with attention the works of Homer and
origin, was placed on the throne. D. Virgil, and, with a mind stored with all
515.                                  the learning of ancient times, he borARIAS MONTANUS, BENEDICT, a rowed a subject from Bojardo's Orlando
native of Seville, eminent for his knowl- Inamorato, and produced his incomparedge of modern and ancient literature. able poem of Orlando Furioso. Though
He was engaged by Philip II. of Spain, devoted to poetry, Ariosto was at times
to publish an edition of the polyglot employed in nergotiations; and when,
Bible, which he completed, and pub- on the death of Hippolito, Alphionso,
lished at Antwerp, 1569-72. The men- duke of Ferrara succeeded as patron of
arch liberally offered the author a bish- the poet, he showed his regard for him
opric, but it was modestly refused, and  by appointing him governor of Graffigonly a pension of 2000 ducats accepted, nana, a post which he discharged with
with the honor of being chaplain to the honor and fidelity. For his retirement,
king. Arias wrote some biblical and   he built a house at Ferrara; and when
historical treatises, besides translating  questioned why he, who shone in the




ARI]                  CYCLOPeDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.                          6A
description of magni ficent halls, and  of tle magnitude and distance of the sun
splendid palaces, had made it so small, and moon.
he replied, that words were cheaper than  ARISTEAS, a Jew, in the employstones.  He read his poems with so     ment of Ptolemy Philadelphus, who assweet a voice, that his friends were en- sisted in the Septuagint translation of
raptured to hear him; and he possessed  the Bible.
so delicate an ear, with, at the same    ARISTIDES, an     Athenian, whose
time, so sensitive and so choleric a ternm- equity and integrity gained for him the
per, that he once entered into the shop  glorious appellation of the Just, was the
of a potter, who had been repeating    son of Lysimachus. Being an admirer
some of his verses with an improper ac- of the laws of Lycurgus, he preferred an
cent, and broke a great number of the  oligarchy to a democracy, and was; conpots exposed to sale. The man expos- sequently, the great opponent of Thetulated in vain at the violence of the  mistocles, the head of the democratical
stranger.  I have not sufficiently re- party. The dissensions between these
venged myself on thee, exclaimed Ari- two eminent men were so prejudicial to
osto; I have broke only a few pots, and  the common weal, that Aristides himself
you have spoiled the most beautiful of  once exclaimed, that "the Athenians
compositions to my face. He d. at Fer- would never prosper till he'and Therara, 8th July, 1533, in his 59th year. mistocles were consigned to the dungeon
Ariosto possesses all the fire of genuine  for condemned criminals."  The selfpoetry; he passes with incredible rapid- denial and patriotism of Aristides were
sty and ease from the terrible to the ten- strongly manifested by his giving up his
der, from the soft to the sublime; every  share of the command to Miltiades, becharacter is interesting; his heroes are fore the battle of Marathon; and his convaliant without rashness; his hero- duet after the battle, when intrusted to
ines are feminine without weakness; divide the spoils, was equally praiseand nature appears in all her native ma- worthy. In the year 491 B. c. he was
jesty, adorned by all the graces of art, archion, or chief magistrate; an offici
and recommended by the most enchant- which he filled with high reputation.
ing language of poetry. Besides the    Themistocles, however, succeeded in
Orlando, Ariosto wrote satires, comedies, having him sentenced to banishment by
and miscellaneous poems. His principal ostracism.  On this occasion, a voter
works have been translated'into the who could not write, and did not know
various languages of Europe, and he him, met him, and asked him to inscribe
ranks among the classics of the world.-2  the name of Aristides on the shell for
GABRIEL, brother of the above, very in- him. "Did Aristides ever injure you?"
ferior to him in genius, but a respectable  said the patriot.  " No," replied the
Latin poet. His works were published  man, " but I am weary of hearing aim
at Ferrara in 1582.-HonRACE, son of the  called the Just."  Aristides wrote his
last named; author of a poem entitled  own name, and returned the shell. BeAlphseus, several comedies, and a de- ing recalled from  banishment, when
fenice of the Orlando against the criti- Xerxes was preparing to invade Greece,
cism of Pellegrini.                    he laid all private differences aside, and
ARISI, FRANCIS, an eminent advocate  acted in perfect concert with Themistoof Cremona; author of various works, cles. At the battle of Platsa he comof which the most valuable is his " Cre- manded the Athenian forces, and fought
mona Literati."  B. 1657; d. 174.      bravely, and, subsequent to the battle,
ARISTJENATUS, a Greek writer of     his wisdom put an end to a dangerous
the 4th century, praised by Ammianus  quarrel which arose between the conMa:cellinus, b]ut only known now by   federates. He d. of old age aoout 467
two books of elegant Amatory Epistles. years B. C., and did not leave sufficient
ARISTARCHUS, a critic anmd gram- property to defray the expense of his fumarian, of Samothrace, who flourished  neral. He was buried at the public cost,
about 150 B. c. Having settled at Alex- a pension and an estate were given to his
andria, he was made tutor to the son of  son, and suitable portions to his daughPtolemy Philomater.    His criticisms -ters. —-ELIUS, a native of Adriani, in
were so severe that his name has be- Mysia; an orator of great practice and
come proverbial.-A Greek philosopher, ability during the reigns of Antoninus,
supposed to have flourished abdut 4   Aurelius, ana Commodus.-A Christian
centuries B. c. He is said to be the first philosopher, of Athens, in the 2d cenwho knew of the earth's rotatory motion  tury. Jerome praises his " Apology f)r
on its own axis; and a work of his treats the Christian Faith," but none of his




64                    CYCLOP.sDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ARI
writings are extan6.-A painter of Thebes doing so. Only 11 of his 50 cc mnedies
in the 3dl century B. o., famous for his remain. These are Plutus, The Clouds,
po wer of representing the passions.-  The Knights, The Acharnelses, The
IUINTILIAN, a Greek musician, who, Wasps, Peace, The Birds, The Female
about the year 130, wrote a treatise on  Orators, the Priestesses of Ceres, arnd
music.-An historian of Miletus, often  Lysistrata. " The Clouds," which he
mentioned by Plutarch.                wrote in ridicule of Socrates, is the most
APRISTIPPUS, founder of the Cyre- celebrated of all his comedies. Madame
naic sect of philosophers, was b. at Cy- Dacier tells us, she was so much charmrene about 4 centuries B. c. He became  ed with this performance, that, after she
a pupil of Socrates, but his mode of life  had translated it, and read it over 200
was so effeminate as to induce that great times, it did not become the least tedimain to compose the lecture on pleasures, ous to her. Aristophanes, having conwhich is preserved in the Memorabilia  ceived  some  aversion- to  the poet
of Xenophon. Excellent as that lecture Euripides, satirizes him in several of his
is, it had little effect on Aristippus; plays, particularly in hisb "Frogs" and
who, both in lecturing and living, umade  his " Thesmophoriazusae."  He wrote
pleasure the chief good. At Corinth he  " The Lysistrata" when all Greece was
was the companion of the courtesan    involved in war; in which comedy the
Lais; and, at Syracuse, hlie was favored  women are introduced debating upon
by the tyrant, Dionysius, to whom he the affairs of the commonwealth; when
paid his court. He established a school they come to a resolution not to go to
of philosophy at Cyrene, which con- bed with their husbands till peace should
tinued for about a century, when it was be concluded. I-e invented a peculiar
merged into the sect of Epicurus.     kind of verse, which was called by his
ARISTO, of Chios, a Stoic philosopher, name, and Suidas says, that he also was
260 B. c.-An Aristotelian philosopher, the inventor of the tetrameter anid octaof Ceos, 230 B. c. A work of his, en- meter verse. The time of his death is
titled " Amatory Similes," is cited by  unknown.
Athenaeus.                              ARISTOTLE, the chief of the Peri
ARISTOGITON, a citizen of Athens, patetic philosophers.   B. at Stagyra, a
516 B. c., who was executed, after being  small city in Macedon, in the 99th
horribly treated, for conspiring with his  Olympiad, about 384 B. C., was the son
friend Harmodius to slay the tyrants of Michomnachus, physician to Amyntas,
Hippias and Hipparchus. Hipparchlus the grandfather of Alexander the Great.
they succeeded in slaying; and Hippias, By the advice of the Delphic oracle he
who put Aristogiton to death, was ex- went to Athens when about 18, and
pelledl the state about three years after- studied under Plato till he was 37. He
wards, when the statues of Aristogiton  followed his studies with most extraorand Harmodius were placed in the forum  dinary diligence, so that he soon surand it was decreed that no slave should  passed all in Plato's school. He ate
ever bear the name of either.         ittle, and slept less; and that he might
ARISTOMENES, a Greek, son of        not oversleep nimself, Diogenes Laertius
Nicomedes, a descendant of the regal tells us, that he laid always with one
family of Messene, whose exertions hand out of bed, having a ball of brass
caused. the Messenians, in conjunction  in it, which by its falling into a basin of
with the Arcadians and Argives, to com- the same metal, awaked him. When he
mence the second Messenian war, 685 had studied about 15 years under Plato,
B. c., in order to shake off the yoke of  he began to form different tenets from
Sparta. The Messenians, however, were those of his master, who became highly
unsuccessful, and went over to Sicily, piqued at his behavior. Upon the death
where they founded the city of Messina. of Plato, he quitted Athens, and retired
ARISTOPHANES, a dramatic poet to Atafnya, a little city of Mysia, where
of Athens, cotemporary with Socrates, his old friend Hermias reigned. HIere
Plato, &c., in the 5th century B.c. His he married Pythias, the sister of this
comedies were marked by a severity of  prince, whom he is said to have loved
satire which made him at once feared  so passionately, that he offered sacrifice
and popular; and his description of to her. Some time after, Hermias havAthenian manners was so exact, that ing been taken prisoner by Maranon, the
when Dionysius, of Syracuse, wished to  king of Persia's general, Aristotle went
study the language and manners of     to Mitylene, the capital of Lesbos, where
Athens, Plato sent him the comedies of  he remained till Philip, king of Macedon,
Aristoph.a.nes  s the readiest means of  having heard of his great reputation,




ARM]                  CYCLOrPADIA OP BIOGRAPIY.                        65
sent for him to be tutor to his son Alex-  ARKWRIGHT, Sir RICHARD, a man
ander, then about 14 years of are. Aris- who was born in one of the lowest statotle accepted the offer and in eight tions of life, being literally a penny baryears taulght him rhetoric, natural phi-  er at Manchester, but by uncommon
losophy, ethics, politics, and a certain  genius and persevering industry insort of philosophy, according to Plutarch, vented and perfected a system of mawhich he taught nobody else. Philip   chinery fbr spinning cotton, that had
erected statues in honor of Aristotle; in vain been attempted by many of the
and for his sake rebuilt Stagyra, which  first mechanics of the 17th and 18th
had been almost ruined by the wars. centuries; and which, by giving perAristotle having lost the favor of Alex- petual employment to many thousand
ander by adhering to Calisthenes, his families, increased the population, and
kinsman, who was accused of a conspir- was productive of great commercial adacy against Alexander's life, removed to  vantage to his country. The machine
Athens, where le set up his new school. is called a "Spinning Jenny."  Sir
The magistrates received him very kind- Richard died Au. 3, 1792, leaving proply and gave him the Lyceeum, so famous erty to the amount of near half a milafterwards for the concourse of his dis- lion sterling.
ciples; and here it was, according to   ARLAND, JAMES ANTmIONtY, a Genesome authors, that he composed his vese painter of great merit. His last
principal works. When Aristotle was work was the " Amour of Jupiter with
accused of impiety by one Eurymedon, Leda," which, from some whim unexa priest of Ceres, he wrote a large apol- plained, he destroyed by cutting it to
ogy for himself, addressed to the magis- pieces. A copy of it was sold in the
trates: but, knowing the Athenians to  artist's lifetime. for 600 guineas.  B.
be extremely jealous about their reliion, 1668; d. 1743.
and remembering the fate of Socrates he * ARLOTTO, MAINARDO, a facetious
was so much alarmed that he retired to  Florentine of the 15th century, and of
Chalcis. a city of Eubca, where he end- whose witticisms a collection has been
ed his days in the 63d year of his age, frequently printed, was a parish minbeing the third of the 114th Olympiad, ister in the bishopric of Fiesole; who,
two years after Alexander. The Stayr- though regarded as a religious buffoon
ites carried away his body, and erected  by some, was as benevolent as he was
altars to his memory.                 jocose. B. 1395; d. 1483.
ARIUS, a divine of the 4th century,   ARMELLINI, MA1uATID, a learned.
and the head and founder of the Arians, Dominican, born at Ancona, was the
a sect which denied the eternal divinity  author of " Bibliotheca Benedictino Caand consubstantiality of the Word. He sinensis," and other works. D. 1737.
was born in Libya, near Egypt. The      ARMFELDT,      GUSTAUS   MAIURICE,
Arian principles, according to Span- Count, a Swedish statesman of some
heirm, were, that Christ was only called  note.. 1814.
God by way of title; that he was less   ARMINIUS, or HERMANN, who by
than the Father, who only was eternal his intrepidity and success acquired the
and without beginning; that he was a title.of "the Deliverer of Germany,"
creature, having a beginning' of exist- was the son of Seginer, a chief of the
ence, created out of things, having no  Catti. Having been sent to Rome as a
being before the beginning of all things: hostage, he was there educated, served
hence he was made God, and the Son   in the Roman army, and for his valor
of God by adoption, not by nature; and  was raised to citizenship and knighted.
that the Word was also subject to   But his attachment to his native country
change; that the Father created all induced him to revolt, and lie became
things by him as an instrument; and   one of the most powerful leaders of
that he was the most excellent of all the discontented German nations. He
creatures; that the essence of the Father drew Varus, the Roman commander on
was different from the essence of the the Rhine, into that amlbuscade in
Son; neither was he co-eternal, co- which he and nearly all his troops were
equal, nor consubstantial, vith the Fa- slain, and completely baffled Germanther; that the Holy Ghost was not icus, but after having for years withGod, but the creature of the Son, begot stood the vast power of Ronle, Armiand created by him, inferior in dignity  nius was assassinated by one of his own
to the Father and Son, sand co-worker countrymen, in the 87th year of his age,
in the creation. His death happened in  A.D. 21.-JAMES, a native of Oude-water
the year 336.                        in Holland, 1560, founder of the sect of
C*:'




66                   CYCLOPIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [A.;
the Arminians. As he lost his father and in 1760, he was made physician to
early, he was supported at the uni- the army in Germany      It was at this
versity of Utrecht, and of Marpurg, by  time that he wrote his poem called
the liberality of his friends; but when  "Day," inscribed to John Wilkes; and
he returied home, in the midst of the the fieedom of remark which he used
ravages caused by the Spanish arms, in one passage upon Churchill not only
instead of being received by his mother, drew the vengeance of the satirist upon
he found that she, as well as her daugh- him, but dissolved the friendship which
ters, and all her family, had been sac- had before cordially existed with Wilkes.
rificed to the wantonness of the ferocious He collected his scattered pieces which
enemy. His distress was for a while in- he published in 1770, and the following
consolable but the thirst after distinc- year he wrote a " Short Ramble througm
tion called him to the newly founded  France and Italy," by Lancelot Temple
university of Leyden, where his in- He died in September, 1779, leaving be
dustry acquired him the protection of hind him  about ~3000, a sum which
the magistrates of Amsterdam, at whose surprised his friends, as they knew that
expense he travelled to Geneva and    his income was small.-JOIHN, a phyItaly, to hear the lectures of Theodore  sician and medical writer, celebrated lor
Beza and James Zabarella. On his re- his researches on the causes and pheturn to Holland he was ordained min- nomena of febrile diseases. B. 1784;
ister of Amsterdam, 1588. As professor d. 1829.-JOHN, an American general,
of divinity at Leyden, to which office he distinguished in the Indian wars. He
was called, 1603, he distinguished him- defended Fort Moultrie and was in the
self by three valuable orations on the battle of Germantown. I)D 1795.-JOIIN,
object of theology-on the author and  son of the preceding, was also a genend of it-and on the certainty of it-  eral, who at the age of 18 joined the
and he afterwards explained the prophet revolutionary army, contrary to the
J onah. In his public and private life, wishes of his parents, was aid to MerArminius has been admired for his     cer at the battle Qf Princeton, receiving
moderation; and though many gross him into his arms when he fell and
insinuations have been thrown against afterwards served as major under Gates.
him, yet his memory has been fully    Just before the close of the war, he
vindicated by the ablest pens, and he wrote a series of anonymous addresses
seemed entitled to the motto which he which are celebrated as the " Newburg
assumed,-a good conscience is a para- Letters," and the effect of which was
dise. A life of perpetual labor and vex- so great, that Washington felt called
ation of mind at last brought on a sick- upon to issue an address to counterness of which he died, October 19,1619. mand their influence.  He'was subHis writings were all on controversial sequently secretary of state for Pennand theological subjects.             sylvania a member of the old congress,
ARMSTRONG Dr. JOHN, a celebrated    a United States senator from New York,
poet, born at Castleton, Edinburghshire, minister to France under Jefferson, and
where his father and brother were min- secretary of war under Madison. He
isters. He took his degree of M.D. in  passed the latter part of his life in litethe university of Edinburgh, 1732, but rary and agricultural pursuits. B. 1758;
he did not meet with the success in his d. 1843.
profession which his merits deserved.   ARMYNE, Lady MARY, daughter of
His first exertions for the amusement Henry Talbot, the fourth son of George,
of the public were some small medical earl of Shrewsbury married Sir William
tracts, which were followed by the Armyne, and rendered herself distin" Economy of Love," a poem after the guished by her piety and benevolence,
manner of Ovid, objectionable for its as well as her knowledge of history, of
licentiousness, though admired for the  divinity, and of the lang sages. She enspirit of its lines, corrected and purgeddowed three hospitals. D. 1675.
in the edition of 1768.  In 1744 the   ARNALD, RICsARD, B.D., a native
"Art of Preserving Health" was pub- of London, educated at Benet's and
lished, and on this great and highly  Emanuel college, and presented to the
finished performance, the fame of Arm- rectory of Thurcaston in Leicestershire.
strong totally depends. By means of He published several sermons, but his
his friends, the poet was recommended  best known performance is his "Comto the notice of the great. He was ap- mentary on the Apocrypha." D. 1756.
pointed physician to the lame and sick  ARNALL, WILLIAM, an attorney's
soldiers, behind Buckingham   house, clerk who became a political writer in




ARN]                  CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         67
the pay of Sir Robert TWalpole. It ap- retirement till the year 1668, and, while
pears from the report of a secret corn- thus secluded, he produced many treamittee, that, in four years, he received  tises. The Calvinists were the next ob~10,997 6s. Sd. for his pamphlets; and  jects of his attack; after which he had
though so liberally rewarded, he died  a contest with Malebranche.  The inof a broken heart and in debt, 1741, trigues of his enemies having rendered
aged 26.                              it necessary for him to quit France, he
ARNAUD, FEANCIs TsEOMAs BACU- withdrew to the Netherlands, where he
LARD D' a prolific French writer of the  continued hostilities against the Jesuits.
time of Voltaire. His principal works and Protestants. He died at Brussels,
were   " Epreuves  des  Sentiments," in 1694. Arnauld was a man of exten-'Loisirs Utiles," "Coligny," &c. B. sive erudition, and an indefatigable and
1718; d. 1751.                        excellent writer on a variety of subjects,
ARNAUD     DE VILLA      NOVA, a literary and philosophical as well as thephysician  who improved himself by    ological. His works extend to no less
travellingl through Europe, and created  than forty-five quarto volumes. Though
himself enemies by having recourse to in social life his manners were mild and
astrology. He enjoyed some reputation  simple, he was of an impetuous disat Paris, and afterwardcs retired to Sicily, position.  Nicole, his fellow-laborer in
to Frederic, king of Aragon. He was some of his controversies, havino deshipwrecked on the coast of Genoa as clared to him that he was tired of this
he was returning to attend Pope Clem- ceaseless warfare, and wished to rest,
ent, who labored under a severe ill-1 Rest " exclaimed Arnauld, " will you
ness, 1810 or 1313.                   not have all eternity to rest in?l
ARNAULD, HENRY, a French eccle-        ARNAULT, ANTOINE VINCENT, an
seasie, the son of an eminent advocate, esteemed dramatic poet of France, who
was born in 1597, and, after having been  laid the foundation of his fame by the
intrusted with important missions to  tragedy of" Marius a Minturnes," which
Rome, and other Italian conuts, was    was first performed in 1791. HIe soon
nade bishop of Angers, in 1649, and   after published his " Lucrece," and then
thenceforth devoted himself strictly to  "Cincinnatus" and "Orcas," besides
the performance of his episcopal duties. several operas. In 1797 Bonaparte comHis piety and charity were exemplary, mitted to him the organization of the
and the only time, cldurin  nearly hlf a government of the Ionian isles. While
centuty, thlat he quitted his diocese, there  e  roe   he ote  is " Veneticus."  In
was to reconcile the prince of Tarento  1805 he was made president of the Nawithl his father.  Angers having rie- tional Institute. After the restoration
volted, the queen mother thceatenecl he was banished,-and resilded in Belthat city with severe venoeance, and  gium   and Hollandc. His tragedy of
was long inflexible. Arnauld at length  "Germn'icust   when first performed
saved it, by saying, when he adminis- in 1817, exciteld a furious contest betered to her the sacrament, "eceive, tween the opposite political parties. Two
madam, your God, who pardoned his     years after he returned to Paris, and
enemies, even when hle was dying on   subsequently wrote "Les Guelfes et les
the cross."  To a friend who told him  Gibelins," "Lycuge,e" acnd "Gnilliam
that le ought to take one clay in the  I.," besides contributing to several periweek for recre'aion, he replied, "I will odicals, and editing a life of Napoleon.
readily do so, if you will point out any  In 1833 he was appointed perpetual
day on walich I ami not a bishop."  D. secretary of the academy. He took an
1692.-ANTHIONY, brother of Henry, cwas active part in the literary controversy
born att Paris, in 1612, studied in the between the classic and romantic schools
colleges of Calvi and the Sorbonne, and  in favor of tle former. D. 1834.
took his doctor's degree in 1641. The   ARNDT, CCrISTIAN, professor of logic
publishing, in 1643, of his work on   at   ostock, an Germanyv    author of
"1Frequent Communion," which was      "Observations on the Right Use of
virulently attacked by the Jesuits, was Logic in Divinity," &c. B. 1623; d.
his first appearance on the arena of con- 1683. —Jos IuA, brother of the above,
tro ersy, where, during the remainder and his successor in the chair at Rostock;
of his life, hle made so conspicuous a  author of a " Dictionary of Ecclesiastifiloare. I-e next espoused the cause of  cal Antiquities," and oLher valuable
Jinseniis, for which hle was expelled  works.. 1626; d. 1685. —GOTTLIEB
friom the Sorbonne. The result of this VON, imperial Russian counsellor, assistwas, that he was compelled to live in  ant to the Empress Catherine II. in her




68                    CYCLOPAMDIA OF BIOGRAPHI-.                     [ARX
literary employment, and author of a Solar Miracle."   B. 1646; d. 1695.learned work on " The Origin of Euro- JOHN, an English watchmaker, and aupean Dialects," published in 1318. D. thor of many inventions for the more
1829.-CHARLES, son of the last-named, accurate mensuration of time. B. 1744;
Hebrew professor at Rostock; author of d. 1799.-JoiN, a miller, celebrated in
" Philological Discourses," "Bibliotheca consequence of the interference on his
Politico Heraldica," &c. B. 1673; d. behalf of Frederic the Great of Prussia.
1781.-JOHN, a native of Anhalt; author Believing that Arnold hadl been wronged
of a treatise " On True Christianity."  of territorial land, by the decision against
B. 1555; d. 1621.                     him of a lawsuit, Frederic reversed the
AENE, Dr. TiHOMAs AUGUSTNED, a eel- sentence, and imprisoned the judges.ebrated composer of music. At the early  Dr. SAMUEL, a musical composer of emage of 18 he produced an opera, entitled  inence. He edited the works of Handel,
" Rosamond," and shortly afterwards and composed the " Prodigal Son," and
composed the music for a masque, en- other excellent oratorios. His opera of
titled " Alfred," written by Thompson  the "Maid of the Mill" still keeps the
and Mallet. On the masque of" Comus"  stage. B. 1789; d. 1802.-THOMuAs, an
being adapted to the stage, Arne's music English physician, eminent for his skill
for it obtained him so high a reputation, in the treatment of mental insanity. He
and such constant employment, that a was the author of " Observations on the
mere catalogue of the various works he Management of the Insane," "A Case
was subsequently the author of, would  of Hydrophobia successfully treated,"
demand a far larger space than we can  &c. B. 1742; d. 1816.-Rev. THOMAS
afford. His sister was the celebrated  D.D., head-master of Rugoby school, and
Mrs. Cibber. B. 1704; d. 1778.-Mi- professor of modern history in the uniCHAEL, son of the preceding, and, like versity of Oxford, was b. at Cowes, in
him, a musical composer; author of the the Isle of Wight, and educated at Winmusic of Alcmena and of Cymon.        chester and Corpus Christi college,
ARNIGIO, BARTHOLOMEW, an Italian    Oxford. Dr. Arnold was a most accompoet, was originally a blacksmith, but at plished scholar, a successful instructor
18 years of age devoted himself to litera- of youth, and an author of sterling value.
ture, and distinguished himself so much, In proof of the latter it is necessary only
that the university of Padua gave him  to mention his admirable History of
the degree of doctor. As a physician, Roonle, his edition of Thucydides, his
which profession he followed, he was Lectures on Modern History, and his
far less distinguished than as a poet. various pamphlets on political and eceleHis works are numerous. B. 1523; d. siastical subjects. From the time of his
1577.                                 appointment to the head-mastership of
ARNIM,:LUDWIG ACHnL vON, a Ger- Rlugby, in 1828, the school which had
man poet, and writer of romances, was previously been declining, rose rapidly
b. at Berlin, studied at Gottingen, and  in public estimation, and at the time of
passed his life in literary leisure and  his death contained 370 boys, including
independence, at Heidelberg, Berlin, those on the foundation. His sing uand his country seat. His chief works larly upright character, and his warmare "Ariel's Offebarungen,"    "Der hearted benevolence, joined to the acKnabe Wunderhorn," "Der Winter- complishment of the scholar and the
garten," "Grafin Dolores," "Die Kro- gentlemnan, gave him  great influence
nen-Wiichter," "Die Gleichan." ID. over all whom he approached. His me1831. His wife, BETTINA BRENTANO, iS moirs is one of the most interesting and
still more celebrated than himself, both instructive books of the day.-B. 1795;
from her own writings, and the interest- d. 1842.-NIcroLA..s, a professor of theing relation in which she stood as a ology at Franeker, in Friesland, whose
child to the illustrious Goethe, her cor- sermons and polemical works are not
respondence with whom,, so singularly  without merit. B. 1628; d. 1680.-JEFfresh, impulsive, and full bf sentiment, FREY, the writer of a History of Mystic
has been translated into several Ian- Theology, and also a History of the
guages..     Church and of Heretics,-lhimself a zealAARNOLD, CHRISTOPHER, a German      ous pietist, who preached at Perleburg.
peasant, whose energy and natural ge- D. 1714.-BENEnDICT, the most notorious
nius enabled him to become one of the of the name, was b. in Connecticut, of
most accomplished astronomers of his obscure parentage, and was in early life,
age. The only work he left was entitled  a dealer in horses, which may account
"Signs of Divine Grace, exhibited in a  for some parts of his subsequent con



ARN]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         69
duct. On the breaking out of the revo- of putting West Point into the hands of
lutionary war, he espoused the cause of the British. The plan was well laid, and
the colonists with enthusiasm. He was the execution certain, but a fortunate
chosen to the command of a volunteer accident thwarted the ctesign. The armilitary company of New Haven, and    rangement was effected through the
immediately after the battle of Lexing- agency of major John Andr6, aid-deton, joined the army of Washington, at camp to Sir Henry and adjutant-general
Cambridge, 1775. The Massachusetts    of the British army. Andre who had
committee of safety appointed him  a effected all the arrangements with Ara colonel, and authorized him to raise  nold, had procured a pass from him,
four hundred men. for the purpose of  authorizing  him, under the feigned
taking Ticonderoga, which he took with  name of John Anderson, to proceed on
the aid of Col. Alien, on the 10th of  public service to White Plains, or lower,
May. He commanded the expedition      if he thought proper. He had passed
sent against Canada the same year. He  all the guards and posts on the road
commenced his march on the 16th of without suspicion, and was nearing
Sept., through the wilderness of Maine, New York in perfect security, whenwith about one thousand men, and quit- the reins of his bridle were seized and
ted Canada on the 18th of June follow- his horse stopped. Andre, instead ot
ing.  After this he was appointed to  producing his pass, asked the man
the command of the American fleet on  hastily, where he belonged, and being
Lake Champlain. In the northern cam- answered, "to below " replied immedipaign of 1777, he acted a conspicuous  ately, "and so do I."  He then declared
part under Gen. Gates, and was present himself to be a British officer on urgent
at the capture of Burgoyne's army. Be- business, and begged that- he might not
ing rendered unfit for actual service by  be detained. The man who stopped
a severe wound in the leg after the re- him was a militia man, and being incovery of Philadelphia, he was appointed  stantly joined by. two others, Andr6
to the command of the American garri- discovered his mistake, but it was too
son. All the while the thoughtless ex- late to repair it. The militia men could
travagance of his living, reduced him to  neither be coaxed nor bribed from doing
the necessity of resorting to every and  their duty. Andr6 contrived to apprize
nny means to support it. He was guilty  Arnold of his danger, and he effected
of every species of artifice by which  his escape. When the great soul of
property both public and private might Washington learned the defection of
be obtained, and converted to his own  his general, he was almost overwhelmed
use. More than half of the amount of  by his discovery.   "I thought," he
his accounts were rejected, first by the said, "that a man who had shed his
commissioners, and afterwards by con- blood in the cause of his country could
gress. He Wvas soon obliged to abide the  be trusted, but I am convinced now,
decision of a court-martial, upon charges that those who are wanting in private
preferred against him by the executive  probity are unworthy of public confiof the state of Pennsylvania, and he was dence."  Arnold, with the hope of alsubjected to the mortification of receiv- luring the discontented to his standard,
ing a reprimand from the commander- published an address to the inhabitants
iin-chief. His trial commenced in June, of America, in which he endeavored to
1778, and ended Jan. 26, 1779. The     justify his conduct. This was followed
sentence of reprimand was approved by  in about a fortnight, by a proclamation,
congress, and soon afterwards carried  addressed " to the officers and soldiers
into execution. It is probable that this  of the continental army, who have the
was the moment, when, smarting under real interest of their country at heart,
the inflictions of supposed injuries, he  and who are determined to be no longer
resolved to obtain revenge by the sacri-the tools of congress and of France."
fime of his country. Obtaining by arti- These proclamations did not produce
fice the command of the important post the effect designed, and in all the hardof West Point, he, in a letter addressed  ships, sufferings, and irritations of the
to Col. Beverly Robinson, signified his war, Arnold remains the solitary inchange of principles and his wish to re- stance of an American officer who.:?store himself to the favor of his prince  doned the side first embraced mW  me
by some signal proof of his repentance. contest, to turn his sword upon his
This led the way to a correspondence former companions in arms. He was
between him and Sir Henry Clinton, the  soon dispatched, by Sir Henry Clinton,
object of which was to concert the means to make a diversion in Virginia; and




70                    CYCLOP &DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ARM
committed extensive ravages on the upon the city.     This disgrace, never
rivers, and along the unprotected coasts. before experienced, subdued the ReIt is said that, while on this expedition, mans. They sued for mercy, and Ar
Arnold inquired of an American cap- nold was obliged to fly. He was taken
tain, whom he had taken prisoner, what in Campania, and burned at Rome, as a
the Americans would do with him, if   heretic andcl a rebel; his ashes were
he should fall into their hands. The thrown into the Tiber, and his party
officer replied, that they would cut off  was suppressed. But the spirit of his
his lame leg, and bury it with the honors doctrine descended upon  the  sects
of war, and hang the remainder of his which arose during the same and the
bodty on a gibbet. After his recall from  following centuries.
Virginia, he conducted an expedition    ARNOLDE, RICHARD, a citizen of
against New London, in his native state  London in the 16th century, and author
of Connecticut. Burning the town and  of a work entitled " Arnolde's Chronithe stores which were in it, Arnold re- cle" containing much valuable inforturned to New York in eight days. IHe  mation.
survived the war but to dfrag out a dis-  ARNOT, HuGo, an eminent Scottish
honorable life, and transmit to his clhil- writer. He was educated for the bar,
dren a name of hateful celebrity. He but illness rendering him unfit for so
obtained only a part of the debasing sti- laborious a profession, he devoted himpend of an abortive treason. He enjoy- self to literature.  His "History of
ed the rank of brigadier-general; but Edinburgh," arl collection of celebrated
the officers of the British army mani- criminal trials, show him to have posfested a strong repugLnance to serve with  sessed very considerable abilities. He
Ihim. He resided principally in England  only survived the publication of this
qfter the conclusion of the war, wlas in  work about a twelvemonth; the asthma
Nova Scotia, and afterwards in the West made rapid advances on him, and long
Indies, where he was. taken prisoner by  before his death reduced his person althe French, but making his escape, and  most to a shadow.   Harry Erskine
returning to England, Tie d. in Glouces- meeting him  one day eating_  a dried
ter-place, London, June 14th, 1801.-  haddock or spelding, is said to have
ARNOLD, of Brescia, a bold and inde- accosted him thus: "Mr. Arnot, I ami
pendlent reformer of the 12th century, glad to see you looking like your meat."
was originally one of the disciples ot  Mr. Arnot when at the bar was so little
Abelarcd, in whose instructions he found, of a casuist, that he would ne-. er underInot only the profoundest theological take a case, unless perfectly satisfied as
learning, but the noblest spirit of free- to its justice. One being brought before
dom. leturning to his native city in  himn, of the merits of which he had a
1136, he began to preach against the very bad opinion, he said to the intendabuses of the church, Iwhen lhis accurate ing litigant, in a serious maniler, " Pray,
knowledge of Christian antiquities, his what do you suppose me to be?"
dauntless spirit, and his vehement elo-  Why," answered the client, "I unquence, gave force as well as authority  derstand you to be a lawyer."  "I
to his harangues. Thus he instigated  thought, sir," said Arnot sternly, "you
the people against the clergy; and, in  took me for a scoundrel."  B. 1749; d.
France, where he was obliged to flee in  1786.
11389, he also found numerous adhe-      ARNOUIL, an eminent French prerents; for the immorality and arrogance late of the 12th century; author of variof the clergy had everywhere excited  ous works in prose and verse, to be
discontent. The fierce flame which he found in the Spicilegium of D'Acheri
had kindled could not be extinguished  and the Bibliotheca Patrum.
by the excommunication pronounced       ARNOULT, JEAN BA.PTIST, a French
against him and his adherents by Inno- Jesuit and author. The most valuable
cent II. Arnold preached his doctrine  of his works is "' Le Precepteur," which
in safety at Zurich, in Switzerland, un- was the model of Dodsley's Preceptor.
til 1144, when he appeared at Rome, B. 1689.-SOPHIE, a Parisian actress,
and by the powers of his eloquence, famous in the annals of gallantry and
occasioned a violent excitement among  wit. She was on the stage from 1757 to
the people against the clergy. The fu- 1778.  Her father kept a Hotel Garni
rious multitucde, which he could nolon- and had given her a good education.
ger restrain, revered him as their father, The princess of Modena, having by
and even t.he senate protected him, till chance heard her sing, during Passion
Adrian IV., in 1155, laid an interdict week, while the former was at tho con



AIT]I                 CYCLOPcEDIA OP BIOGRAPeTY.                         71
fessional, brought her to the attention  ARRIBAVENE, JOHN FRANCIS, an
of Madame de Pompadour, who got her Italian poet of the 16th century; author
a place at the opera. 1Her beauty and  of "Maritime Eclogues," &c.
her exquisite performance soon en-       ARRIGHETTI, PHILIP, an ecclesiastic
chainted the public. Persons of rank   of Florence; author of a life of St. Fran-,and the literati soug'ht her acquaint- cis, and translator of the Rhetoric and
ance ainong the restiRousseau, Duclos, Poetics of Aristotle into Italian. B.
IIel-etius, Mably, and Diderot.   She  1582; d. 1662.
was compared to Ninon de PlEnclos and    ARRIGHETTO, or ARIGGO, H.ENeY,
Aspasia.   Her wit was so successful a Florentine poet and ecclesiastic of the
that her beon mots were collected. It is  12th century. His poems are still poprelated that when she saw the heads of nular for their pathos and elegance of
Sully and Choiseul on a box, during the  style.
revolution, she exclaimed, C'est cla ecette  ARRIGHITTI, a Jesuit of the 18th
et ln dy;pense. While the priest was'iv- century; author of a work on the Theing her extreme unction on her death- ory of Fire.
bed, she said to him suddenly, Je suins  ARROWSMITH, AARON, an eminent
commre 2Jlgdeclebne, beatcovzp des peches georapher and hydi ographer. His maps
mee seronet remis, ccr jfai beuccozip imne. and charts are very numerous, and held
B. 1740; d. 1802.                      in high estimation; and his tract, entiARNULPH, or ERNULPI-US, bishop       tled "A Companion to the Map of the
of Rochester in the reign of Henry I.; World," contains much valuable inferauthor of "Textus Rolfensis," an ac- mation. D. 1750; d. 1828.
count of the charters, &c., of his cathe-  ARSACES I., the founder of the Pardral. D. 1124.                         thian monarchy, and of the dynasty of
AROMATRI, JosEPH, an Italian phy- the sAsacides, flourished in the 3d censician; author of "Riposte alle consi- tury. c. In revenge for an ungrateful
derazione di Alessandro Tassoni Sopra  insult offered to his brother by the govle rime del Petrarca." B. 1586; d. 1660. ernor of a province, he raised the standARPINO, JosEPPHIrNo, an Italian paint- ard of revolt in Ptarthia against Seleucus;
er, patronized by Pope Gregory XIII. and, having succeeded in emancipating
B. 1560; d. 1640.                      his countrymen, they elected him their
ARRIA, a Roman lady, who, when       king.    e' reigned prosperously for 38
her husband, Cacina Puatus, was order- years.
ed to put himself to death, for rebellion  ARSENIJUS, a Roman deacon of the
against the Emperor Claudius, perceiv- 4th century, aend tutor to Arcadius, son
ing him hesitate, plunged a dagger into  of Theodosius. The emperor coming
her bosom, exclaiming, "PCetus! nos   into his study, and seeing the pupil sitdolet."                                ting and the master standing, ordered
ARRIAN, a Greek historian, who       his son to rise, and receive his lessons
took up his residence at Rome in the   in a becoming posture, which so irri2d century. I- e was patronized by the  tated the prince, that he directed an
emperor Adrian; and the younger Pliny  officer to dispatch Arsenius; but the
admired him so much as to address to   officer gave him   information of the
him no fewer than seven, of his epistles. prince's baseness, on which he fled into
The historical writings of Arrian were  Egypt, where lhe d. at the age of 95.
numerous, but two of them only remain    AESILLA, FRANCOESCO, an Italian phyentire, viz., seven books on the expedi- sician of the 16th century; author of a
tion of Alexander, and a book on the   poem, " De Poetis Urbanis."  D. 1540.
affairs of India: the latter being a se-  ARTALIS. JosrEP, a Sicilian gentlequel to the former. There are some     man, who distinguished himself for
historical fragments of Arrian in Pho- courage at thile memorable siege of Cantius. In addition to the above, wve have  dia; author of " La Pasife," an opera,
of Arrian's writing, "uEnchridion,"   and numerous poems. B. 1628; d. 1679.
moral treatise, an epistle to Adrian, &c.  ARTAXERXIES I., surnamed LongiARRIAZZI Y SUPERVIELA, DON           manus, was the third son of Xerxes,
JAAN BAPTISTA DE, a distinguished poet king of Persia. He slew his brother
of Madrid. His principal works were    Darius on suspicion of his being guilty
"Emilia," and "Pcesias Patrioticas,"   of the murder of his father. Artaxerxand are more remarkable for their ele- es then ascended the throne 465 B. c
gance of diction than for vigor of imagi- and in his time peace was restored benation or intensity of feeling. B. 1770; tween Persia and Athens, after a war of
d. 1337.                               51 years. D. 424 B. c.-Il., surnamed




72                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF B'IOGRAPHY\.                     LART
Mnemon, was the eldest son of Darius with 86 columns, and 24 steps ledc to the
Nothus, and began his reign, 404 B. 0. entrance. D. 351 B. C.
He d. at the age of 94, after reioning 62  ARTESMON, the inventor of the batyears.-III., succeeded his fatiler, the tering ram and the testudlo, was a native
preceding monarch, 3859 B. c. He miur- of Clazomene, and cotemporary with
dered two of his brothers, and after- Pericles.-Also a heretic,of the 3d cenwards put to death all the remaining  tury.
branches of the family. In Egypt he     ARTEVELDE, JAMES VON, a rich
slew the sacred bull Apis, and gave the  brewer, of Ghent, who by his wealth,
flesh to his soldiers: for which his eloquence, and talents, acquired uneunuch, Bagoas, an lgyptian, caused   bounded influence over his countrymen.
him to be poisoned, and after giving  Having compelled the count of Flanders
the carcass to the cats, made knife han- to take refuge in France, he formed an
dles of his bones.                    alliance with Edward III. of England,
ARTAXERXESBEBEGAN, orARD- and strove to transfer the Flemish sovSHIE, the first king of Persia, of the race  ereignty to the Black Prince. He was
of Sassanides, was the son of a shep- killed in a popular tumult, at Ghent, in
herd. On the death of his grandfather, 1345.-PHILIP, his son, a man of restless
lie solicited the government, but being  but determined spirit, was chosen the
refased, he retired to Persia Proper, leader of the Flemings in their revolt of
where he excited the people to revolt. 1882.  He made himself master of
He defeated and slew Ardavan and his Bruges, but the same year was defeated
son. He married the daughlter of Ar- and killed at the battle of Rosbec. The
davan, who attempted to poison him, leadino events of his life have been
for'vhich she was sentenced to death. wronglclt into a beautiful drama, by Mr.
The officer, however, to whomi the exe- Henry Taylor-a drama which is to be
cution was committed, concealed the   numbered among the most pleasing and
queen, who was in a state of pregnancy, noble specimens of English literature.
and she was afterwards delivered of a   ART-THUR, sometimes called Artus,
son. The secret being discovered to    an ancient British prince, whose story
the king, he applauded the conduct of  is so interwoven with the romantic ficthe officer, and acknowledged the child  tion of a later age, that it is difficult to
as his heir. He d. A. D. 240.          separate the genuine incidents of his
ARTEAGA, STEPHEN, a Spanish Jes- life from those which are fictitious. He
nit of the 18th century; author of a was born about 501, of an adulterous
Treatise on Ideal Beauty; a History of  connection between the princess Igeina
Italian Theatrical Music, &c. D. 1799.  of Cornwall, and Uther a chief of the
ARTEDI, Peter, a Swedish physician  Britons.   He married the celebrated
and naturalist.  After his death, his  Ginevra, of the family of the dukes of
"Bibliotheca Icthyologica," and "Phi- Cornwall, established the famous order
losophia Icthyologica," were edited by  of the Round Table, performed many
Linuneus. ]B.1705; accidentally drown- heroic deeds against the Picts, Scots,
ed, 1735.                             and Saxons, and, as the poets relate,
ARTEMIIDORUS,      DALDANUS,   an  against the Danes, French, and Norse,
Ephesian,; author of a Treatise on    killing the giants of Spain, crushing reDreams. He lived in the reign of An- bellion at home, and performing a jourtoninus Pius.-Also an Ephesian; an- ney to Rome. D. 542.
thor of a geographical work, of which   ARTIGUS, DON JOHN, was born at
only some fragments remain. He flour- Monte Video, in 1760, and was originally
ished in the 1st century B. c.        in the Spanish service, but quitted it to
ARTEMISIA, queen of Caira, and fight for the independence of his counone of the allies of Xerxes at the famous try. After having greatly contributed
battle of Salamis.-Another queen of   to establish the republic of Buenos
Caira, whose splendid monument to her Ayres, he became an object of suspicion
husband, Mausolus, was the origin of  to the government of that state, was
the word mausoleum. This monument declared a traitor, and compelled to
was regarded as one of the seven won- take up arms. For some years he kept
ders of the world. The greatest artists possession of the territory called the
of Greece labored upon it: Bryaxes, Banda Oriental. At length, however,
Scopas, Leochares, Timotheus, and some  lie was defeated, and compelled to seek
say, Praxiteles. It was an oblong square, ref ge in Paraguay, where he d. in 1826.
400 feet in circumference, and 130 feet  ARTIZENIUS, HtENRY, professor of
high. The principal side was adorned  rhetoric  and history at Nimeiugen;




AsOc                   CYCLOFPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        72
author of a treatise "De Nuptiis inter  ASAPH, SAI-,T, a British monk of the
Fratem et Sororem," &c. B. 1702; d. 5th century, who wrote a life of Vor1759.-JOHN HENRY, son of the above, tigern. The Welsh See has taken its
professor of law at Utreclt; author of name from this saint.
a work "On the Jurisprudence of the     ASBURY, FRANcIs, senior bishop of
Netherlands," and editor of the works the Methodist Episcopal church in the
of Arator, &c.   B. 1734; d. 1797.- United States.    He was born in EnOTIO, uncle of the last named, professor gland, but passed the most of his life in
of the belles lettres at Amsterdam, au- the ardent service of the American
thor of a dissertation  "De Milliario  Methodists. B. 1745; d. 1816.
Aureo," &c. B. 1703; d. 1763.           ASCHAM, ROGEB      an eminent EnARTITSI, GIOVANNI MARIA, an ecclesi- glish writer, born at Kirkby Wiske,
astic of Bologna; author of "The Art of near Northallerton, in Yorkshire, about
Counterpoint" and other musical works. the year 1515. He was entered at Camn
AeUNDEL, TiHMAS, son of the earl bridge in 1530, chosen fellow in 1534,
of Arundel, was made bishop of Ely, and tutor in 1537. It was then a period
thotugh only 21 years old, under Ed- of literary andl religious revolution, and
ward III., and afterwards translated to  Ascham joined the party of those who
York, and from thence to, Canterbury, were endeavoring to enlarge the bounds
He also held with the primacy the office  of knowledge and truth. He became a
of lord chancellor.  His quarrel with  Protestant, and applied himself parRichard II. obliged him to leave the ticularly to the Greek language, in
kingdom, and to fly to Rome, and to   which lie attained to an excellence pehis resentment may in some degree be culiar to himself, and as there was no
attributed the success with whicih Henry  public lecturer in Greek read it publicly
IV. invaded England, and seized the in the university with universal apcrown. Fie was a zealous defender of  plouse. In order to relax his mind after
the temporal power of the church, and  severe studies, he thought some diverhe persecuted the followers of Wickliff  sion necessary, and shooting with the
with great severity, and forbade the  bow was his favorite amusement, as aptranslation of the Bible into the vulgar pears by his "Treatise on Archery,"
tongue.  D. 1414. —THOMAs I-IOWARD, which he dedicated to King Henry
earl of, is famous for the discovery of  VIII., who settled a pension upon him,
the Parian marbles which bear his at the recommendation of Sir William
name, and which he gave to the uni- Paget. Mr. Ascham, being remarkable
versitv of Oxford. Prideaux, Chandler, for writing a fine hand, was employed
and Mattaire are in the number of     to teach this art to Prince Ecward, the
those wno published an account of     lady Elizabeth, and the two brothers,
these valuable relics of antiquity.-  Henry and Charles, dukes of Suffolk.
BLANCHE, daughter of Lord Worcester, In Feb. 1548, he was sent for to court,
and wife of Lord Arundel, is celebrated  to instruct the lady Elizabeth in the
for her brave defence of Wardour cas- learned languages, and had the honor
tle against the parliamentary forces. of assisting this lady in her studies for
Though assisted only by 25 men, she two years; when he desired leave to
resisted the attack of 1300 men, and at return to Cambridge, where he resumed
last capitulated on honorable terms, his office of public orator.   He was
which the conquerors basely violated. afterwards Latin secretary to King EdB. 1603; d. 1669.                     ward, Queen Maary, and Queen ElizaARVIEUX, LAUR.ENT D', a native of beth. Being one day in company with
MIarseilles, who, durineo 12 years resi- persons of the first distinction, there
deuce in Palestine, acquired the oriental happened to be high disputes about the
languages, and was employed as a use- different methods of Education;  this
ful negotiator for the French court. gave rise to his treatise on that subject,
His name deserves to be mentioned     entitled "The Schoolmaster," vwhich
with every mark of respect, for his de- he undertook at the particular request
liverance of 380 captives from the dun- of Sir Richard Sackville. This work
geon of Tunis, who, in mark of their was in high esteem    among the best
gratitude, presented him with a purse  judges, and is frequently quoted by
of 600 pistoles, which he generously re- D. Johnson in his Dictionary.  His
fused. He also redeemed 240 slaves at style, in his own age, was mellifluous
Algiers, and served his country at Con- and elegant, and is still valuable as a
stantinople, Aleppo, and other places. specimen of genuine English. D. 1568.
B. 1635; d. 1702.                     -A-NTIHONY, an ambassador of Crom7




74                    CYOLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ABS
-well to Spain in the year 1640, where he  the church, and particularly of Dr.
and his interpreter were assassinated, Sacheverell; so that, when he afterit is supposed by'some of the adherents  wards went to Ireland, and by success
to the cause of the royal family. A dis- in the law purchased an estate, and procourse on the "Revolutions and Con- cured a seat in the house of commons,
fusions of Government," was the work  he was ignominiously expelled for the
of hlis pen.                          contents of his pamphlet. On his reASC.LEPIADES, a famous physician    turn to England, he was returned for
of Bitlynia, who flourished at Rome Bramber, in Sussex; and here the moduring the time of Pompey, and founded  rality of his writings was also called in
a new medical sect, about 20 years B. c. question, and though he made an cloThe new order preserved their secrets  quent defence in favor of his opinions,
as an hereditary possession, and gave  which he refused to retract, he was exthemselves out, at the same time, as pellecl as a disgraced and unworthy
physicians, prophets, and priests. They  member. This blow hastened the ruin
lived in the temple of the god Escula- of his fortunes, he became a prisoner of
plus, and by exciting the imaginations the King's Bench and afterwards of the
of the sick prepared them to receive  Fleet, where he continued to subsist
healing dreams and divine apparitions; by writing political pamphlets, and
observed carefully the course of dis- by transacting some professional busiease; applied, besides their conjurations ness.  After 30 years thus spent in
and charms, real magnetic remedies, confinement and poverty, he expired
and noted down the results of their in November, 1788, agedl upwards of
practice.  They were, therefore, the 80.
founders of scientific medicine. In the  ASH, JorN, a Baptist divine, pastor
course of time stranegers were initiated  of a congregation at Pershore. I-e was
into their mysteries.                 author of a " Dictionary of the English
* ASCOLI, Laeco DI, aBolognese math- Language," and he also wrote an "Inematician burned to death as a heretic, troduction  to  Lowth's  Grammar,"
at Florence, in the year 1358.'  which has passed through a vast numASDRUBAL, the brother-il-law of     ber of editions. B. 1724; d. 1779.
Hannibal, who succeeded lIamilcar, in   ASHBURTON, ALEXANDER BAnPING,
the command of the Carthaginian ariy  Lord, the second son of Sir Francis
in Spain. Carthagena, or as it was then  Baring, Bart., and for many years the
called, New Carthage,-was built by him, head of the great mercantile house,
and he extended the Carthaginian con- Baring Brothers & Co., was b. in 1774.
quests greatly by his courage and ability. After due initiation into business in
He was assassinated, 220 B. C.        London, he came to the United States,
ASELLIUS, CAsPAR3, a professor of   where he aided in swelling tne fortunes
anatomy at the university of Padua, of his firm.     His political life conmwho discovered the lacteals, a system  menced in 1812 as member for Taunton,
of vessels whose office is to absorb the which he continued to represent till
chyle formed in the intestines.  They  1820; after which he sat for Callington
were observed as he was dissecting a in successive parliaments till 1831, and
dog, and published in 1627.           in 1832 he was returned for North EsXSGILL, Sir CHARLES, a military of- sex. Lord Ashburton commenced life
ficer, who was to have suffered death  as a Whig.  On the formation of the
by order of Washington, in retaliation  Peel ministry in -i834, he became presifor the death of the American captain  dent of the Board of Trade; and in 1835
Hardy, but was spared at the interces- he was raised to the peerage. In 1842
sion of the queen of France. D. 1823.-  he was appointed by Sir Robert Peel as
JOHN, an English barrister, whose wit a special commissioner to settle the disand whose misfortunes alike were re- putes about the Oreoon territory, which
markable. He was brought up at Lin- then threatened to involve this country
coln's inn under the patronage of Judge in a war with England. Lord AshburEyre in King William's reign, and his ton continued to support the policy of
abilities were such that he rose to con- Sir Robert Peel, until the final measure
sequence and employment. Two trea- of free trade in corn was proposed hin
tises replete with humor and sarcasm  1846, when his position as a peer and a
had already given him popularity, when  great land-owner probably overcome his
he published another on the possibility  convictions as a man. Lord Ashburton
of avoiding death, which drew down    married, in 1798, the daughter of Wilupon him the odium of the friends of liam   Bingham, Esq., of Pliladelphia,




ASn]                  CYOLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         75
and by that lady, who survived him, he a voyage to America, he was escorted to
left a numerous family. D. 1848.      the place of embarkation by three comASHE, SIMEON, a nonconformist, panmes of the militia: and the men, wochaplain to Lord Warwick during the men, and children of Monrovia parted
civil wars. He was a man of property, with him with tears. He left a comand of great influence among his per- munity of 1200 freemen. Iie arrived at
suasion. He was educatedat Emmanuel New Haven, August 10, 1828, a fortcollege, and settled in Staffordshire, night before his death. He was a perwhere he became acquainted with Dod, son of great energy of character, and
Ball, Hildersham, Langley, and others. most devoted piety, and his services to
His -principles were offensive to Crom- the infant colony were invaluable.
well's party, and it is said, that he was  ASHMOLE, ELIAS, a celebrated Engreatly instrumental in the restoration  glish philosopher and antiquary, and
of Charles II. He d. 1662. Hepub- founder of the Ashmolean museum        at
lished sermons, and also edited Ball's  Oxford, was born at Lichfield, in Stafworks.                                fordshire, the 23d of May, 1617. BeASHLEY, ROBEET, a native of Nash- sides filling several offices, civil and
hill in Wilts, educated at Harthall, Ox- military, he was a diligent and curious
ford, and the Middle Temple, London. collector of manuscripts.  In 1650 he
He was called to the bar, and distin- published a treatise written by Dr.
guished himself as an eminent writer, Arthur Dee, relating to the philosoas a collector of books, in Holland, pher's stone; together with another
France, &c., and as a benefactor to the  tract on the same subject, by an unsociety to which he belonged. He pub- known author. About the same tine
lished a "Relation of the Kingdom of  he was busied in preparing for the
Cochin China," and the " Life of Al- press a complete collection of the works
manzor," &c., and d. October, 1641, in  of such English chemists as had till
an advanced old age.                  then remained in manuscript: this unASHMUN, JOHN HOOKER, a distin- dertaking cost him great labor and exguished American scholar was b. at pense; and at length appeared towards
Blanford, Mass., on the 3d July, 1800. the close of the year 1652. The title of
He was graduated at Harvard university  this work was, "Theatrum Chemicun
in 1818, and appointed professor of law  Britannicum," &c., &c. He then apin the same institution, in 1829.  Al-plied himself to the study of antiquity
though he did not reach the age of 33  and records. In 1658 he began to colyears he acquired an enviable reputa- lect materials for his "History of the
tion. " The honors of the university,"  Order of the Garter;" which he lived
says Judge Story, in his funeral dis- to finish, and thereby did no less honor
course, "were never more worthily be- to the order than to himself. In Sepstowed, never more meekly worn, and   tember following he made a journey to
never more steadily brightened.   He  Oxford; where he set about a full and
gathered about him   all the honors, particular description of the coins given
which are usually the harvest of the  to the public library by Archbishop
ripest life."  D. 1833.-JEHUDI, an    Laud.   Upon the restoration of King
agent of the American Colonization So- Charles II., Mr. Ashmole was appointed
ciety, was b. at Champlain, N. Y., edu- to give a description of his medals,
cated at Burlington college, and made  which were accordingly delivered into
a professor in the Bangor theological his possession; and King Henry VIII.s
school. He afterwards joined the Epis- closet was assigned for his use. COn the
copal church, and edited the "Theolo- 8th of May, 1672, he presented his "Ingical Repository."  Being appointed to  stitution, Laws, and Ceremonies, of the
take charge of a reinforcement to the  most noble Order of the Garter," to the
colony at Liberia, he embarked for Af- king, who received it very graciously,
rica, June 19, 1822, and arrived at Cape  and, as a mark of his approbation,
Monserado, August 8th. About three    granted him a privy seal for ~400. In
months after his arrival, while his whole  1679 a fire broke out in the Middle
force was 35 men and boys, he was at- Temple, in the next chamber to Mr.
tacked by 800 armed savages, but by   Ashmole's, by which he lost a noble
his energy and desperate valor the as- library, with a collection of 9000 coins
sailants were repulsed, and again in a  ancient and modern, and a vast repos
few days, when they returned with re- itory of seals, charters, and other an
doubled numbers, were utterly defeated. tiquities and curiosities; but his manu
When ill health compelled him to take scripts, and his most valuable gold med



76                     C-YCmLOrPDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [ASP
als, were at his house at South Lam- ments rare even among men.         Afte?
beth. In 1683 the university of Oxford  parting with his wife, by mutual conhaving finished a magnificent repository  sent, Pericles attached himself to Aspanear the theatre, Mr. Ashmole sent sia, by the most intimate ties which the
thither his curious collection of rarities; laws allowed him,to contract with a
and this benefaction was considerably   foreignl woman, and she acquired an asaugmented by the addition of his man- cendency over him which soon became
uscripts and library at his death, in   notoriouls, furnished  themes for the
1692.'     comic satirist, and subjects for graver
ASHTON, CIHALES, a learned critic, strictures by his more serious enemies.
was elected master of Jesus college, But many of the rumors which were set
Cambridge, July 5, 1701, and installed  afloat in reard to them were unquesin a prebend of Ely on the 14th of the -tionably withaout foundation. They had
same month. His great knowledge in      their origin in the peculiar nature of
ecclesiastical antiquities was excelled by  Aspasia's private circles; which, with a
none, and equalled by few.-THOMAS, bold neglect of established usage, were
rector of St. Botolph, Bishopsgate, a   composecL not only of the most intelligent
popular preacher and excellent divine. men to be found at Atheng, but also of
B. 1716; d. 1775.                       matrons, whose husbands carried them
ASHWELL, GEORGE, an English di- thither to profit by her conversation.
vine of the 17th century; author of     This must have been instructive as well
several religious works.  B. 1612; d. as brilliant, indeed, since Plato did not
1693.                                   hesitate to describe her as the prece -
ASHWORTH, CALEB, a native of          tress of Socrates, and to assert that sfie
Northamptonshire, who, from the hum- both formed the rhetoric of Plato, and
ble employment of carpenter, rose, by   composed one of his most admired
the instruction and patronage of Dr. harangues, the funeral oration. HerDoddridge, to the respectability of min- mippus, the comic poet, brought a crimister of a dissenting congregation, and at ina prosecution against her, on the
last successor in the school of his able  ground of offences against religion, and
master. He wrote Paradigms of Hebrew    as a corruptor of the Athenian women;
verbs, and other works, and was respect- but the indictment was not sustained.
ed as a man and as a scholar. B. 1709; After the death of Pericles, Aspasia atd. 1774.                                tached herself to an obscure youth named
ASKEW, ANNE, an accomplished lady, Lysicles, whom she fitted for and raised
daughter of Sir William Askew, of Kel- to some of the highest employments in
say, in Lincolnshire. B. in 1529. She   the repulblic.-There was another of the
received a learned education, and in    same name, a native of Phocoea, in Asia
early life showed a predilection for tle- Minor, who seemns to have been almost
olorical studies. By these she was led  as extraordinary a person as the first.
to favor the Reformation; in conse- She was so remarkable for her beauty
quence of which she was arrested, and, that a satrap of Persia carried her off and
having confessed her religious princi- made her a present to Cyrus the Youngpies, committed to Newgate. She was     er. Her modesty and grace won his affirst racked with brutal cruelty in the  fections, and he lived with her as with a
Tower, and afterwards burned alive in   wife, so that their attachment was celeSmaithfielc, July 16, 1546; a punishment brated throughout Greece. Her original
which she endured with amnazing courage - name had been Milto, but Cyrus chatfnged
and firmness.-ANTTIONY, a physician     it to Aspasia. When he died she fell
and scholar of the 18th century; author into the hands of Artaxerxes, whom she
of an appendix to the Greek Lexicon of  despised, and who relinquished her to
Scapula, &c. B. at Kendal, 1722; d. his son Darius.       She was afterwards
1784.                                   made a priestess of Diana of Ecbatana,
ASPASIA, a celebrated female, native, but Justin says a priestess of the sun.
of Miletus, who went as an adventurer     ASPINWALL, WILLIAM, a skilful
to Athens in the timeof Pericles, and by  and noted physician, was b. in 1743, at
the combined' charms of her manners     Brooldine, in Massachusetts, and took
and conversation, completely won the    his degree at Harvard college, during the
affections of that eminent mian.  Her revolution. He was appointed a surgeon
station had freed her from the restraints  in the army, and at the battle of Lexingwhich custom had laid upon the educa-   ton fought as a volunteer. He was partion of the Athenian matron, and she    ticularly successful in the treatment of
had enriched her mind with accomplish-  small-pox; yet when vaccine inoculation




AST]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        77
was introduced, he warmly adopted the best of the kind. He also put forth an
practice, and abandoned his hospital, admirable edition of those works, with
although it greatly reduced his profes- a Latin translation, and able and exsional emoluments. D. 1823.           panded commentaries, to which was
ASSALINI, PIETRO, a physician of    added subsequently, a "Lexicon PlaModena, who was surgeon-major in the tonicum."   He was professor at the
French army, and accompanied Napo- university of Landschuit, and afterward.s
leon in his expedition to Egypt. He saw  at that of Munich. B. 1778; d. 1841.
a great deal of the plague at Jaffa, and  ASTELL, MARY, b. at Newcastlewrote intelligently of that pest. He also upon-Tyne, about the year 1688. Her
wrote on yellow fever, dysentery, dis- uncle, a clergyman, observing marks of
eases of the eyes, and improved several a promising genius, took her under his
surgical instruments.  -              tuition, and taught her mathematics,
ASSAROTTI, OcTAVIUS. B. at Genoa logic, and philosophy.    She lefk the
in 1753, and- d. there in 1829.  The place of her nativity when she was
Abbe Assarotti was one of those few   about 20 years of age, and spent the renoble spirits whose lives are devoted  maining part of her life at London and
to the amelioration of the miseries of  Chelsea, in writing for.the advancement
their fellow-creatures. He was the great of learning, religion, and virtue, and in
rival of the Abb6 l'Epee in the estab- the practice of those religious duties
lishment of institutions for the instruec- which she so zealously commended to
tion of the deaf and dumb: a model of others. D. 1731.
piety, humanity, and charity.           ASTLE, THOMAS, an eminant archb oASSELYN, JOHN, a Dutch painter of logical writer, and author of a Treatise
the 17th century, was pupil to Isaiah  " On the Origin and Progress of WriVandervelde, and afterwards went to ting," &c., &c. D. 1808.-JOHN, a porRome. Settling at Amsterdam, in 1645, trait painter, pupil of Hudson, who
he obtained great reputation by the pro- married Lady Daniel, and gained great
ductions of his pencil, which consisted  wealth. - D. 1787.
principally of historical paintings, battle-  ASTLEY, PHILIP, author of "Repieces, and landscapes with ruins, and  marks on the Profession and Duty of a
were distinguished for their adherence Soldier," " A system of Equestrian Edto nature, and a correct style of coloring. ucation," &c.; but better known as the
A set of his landscapes (24 in number) founder, and for many years the manhas been engraved by Perelle. D. 1650. ager of the Amphitheatre in London,
AS*EMANI, JOSEPH SIMON, an arch- which still goes by his name. B. 1742;
bishop of Tyre, and librarian at the Vat- d. 1814.
ilean. He was profoundly skilled in the  ASTON, Sir AnRTHUn, a brave coinoriental languages, and published sev- mander of the royalist troops in the
eral learned works, such as the "Bibli- reign of Charles I., who greatly distinotheca Orientalica," "Italicie Historise, guished himself at the battle of Edge&c.," "Kalendica," "Ecclesia Univer- hill, &c. He was-governor of Drooheda
sia," &c. B. 1687; d. 1768.-STErPEN   in 1649, when it was taken by Cromwell,
Evonius, his nephew, bishop of Apamea, and is said to have had his brains beaten
succeeded him as keeper ot the Vatican  out with his own wooden leo. -Sir
library, and was also an oriental scholar. TnOMAs, also a royalist. who, in the civil
He published an Oriental Catalogue, and  wars, raised a troop of horse for the
" Acta Sanctorum Martyrum," &c.      king's service; and was high sheriff of
ASSER, a Rabbi of the 5th century; Cheshire, in 1635. He was killed while
one of the compilers of the Babylonian  attempting to escape after being. capTalmud. D. 427.                      tured by the republicans, in I 645
ASSERIUS MENEVENSIS, a learned        ASTOR, JoIN JAcoB, a New York
ecclesiastic, the tutor, friend, and biog- merchant, noticeable for the enterprise
rapher of Alfred the Great,-by whom he and energy by wvhich he accumulated ot e
was made bishop of Shlerborne. His of the laroest fortunes in America, was
"Annals" contain, at once, the fullest b. at Waldorf, Germany, in 1763.  ie
and most authentic account of the life came to this country, in 1784, a poor
of his august sovereign and friend. D). orphan boy, landucing at Baltinore; sup909.                                  ported hilnself as he could for a while,
AST, GEcORGE ANTIrONY FREDEIOEK, a but gradually got into the fur business,
German philologist. B. at Gotha, who  which rapidly enlargino by a profitable
wrote an introduction to the study of  trade he carried on with'the:Mohs vk
the works of Plato, which is one of the Indians, when New York was a wil't r.
t-;




78                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [ATH
ness, enabled him to project that stu- tive, and requestedl him to acknowledge
pendous expedition across the Rocky   the king of Spain as his master, and
Mountains, and around Cape Horn, by   embrace the Christian religion. Upon
which the American fur trade was es- his asking their authority for this retablished on the coasts of the Pacific. quest, the friar Valverde gave him the
Washington Irving, in his "Astoria,"  breviary as authority. Atahualpa putand "The Adventures of Captain Bon- ting it to his ear, said, "It tells me
neville," has written charming dlescrip- nothing;" and then threw it away. This
tions of the various incidents of these was made a pretext for-a massacre of
gigantic enterprises.  He was subse- the people and the imprisonment of the
queLtly engaged in the Canton trade. Inca. He offered a large sum of gSld as
By his will, Mr. Astor established a a ransom: this the Spaniards took, but
public library in the city of New York, still kept him prisoner. At last, lie was
which bids fair to become one of the burnt, in 1533.
most extensive and valuable institutions  ATAlDE, DON Louis D', a Portuguese
of the kind within the limits of the noble and military officer, who was apUnited States. D. 1848.               pointed viceroy of India, in 1569, at a
ASTORGA, a, Spanish marquis and     period when all the native powers were
orandee, declared a traitor by Napolecon, combined to expel the Portuguese. His
in 1808.                              efforts to quell the revolt were successASTORGAS, MAORCHIONESS 1', a we- ful, and he returned; but on being sent
luan in the reign of Charles II. of Spain, out a second time, he d. at Goa, 1580.
who killed witil her own hands a beau-  ATANAGI, DENIS, an Italian authoi
tiful mistress to whom her husband was and editor, who lived at Urbino. Among
attached. She afterwards prepared the his works are a "Treatise on the Excelheart of her victim for her husband to lence and Perfection of History;" and an
eat, which, when he had done so, she edition of the "Rhetoric of Aristotle,"
rolled the bleeding head of his mistress a translation of the "Lives of Illustrious
before him on the table. This wretched  Men," ascribed to Pliny, but really writwoman escaped into a convent, where ten by Aurelius Vietro. He was pershe became insane through rage and    sonally chastised for the publication of
jealousy.                             the latter, by a student who called the
ASTORI, JoHN ANTHONY, secretary to translation lhis own, and denounced
the academy of the Anemosi, at Venice, Atanagi as a barefaced plagiarist. D.
and also to that of the academy at Rome, about 1570.
who wrote copiously on Greek and Ro-    ATHA, a famous Turkish impostor,
man literature and antiquities. B. 1672; who flourished during the 8th century at
d. 1748.              -Meron. He was originally a fuller, but
ASTORINI, ELIAS, a professor of     entered as a soldier in the army of Abu
mathematics and natural philosophy, at Moslem, who was a leader of a fanatiCosenza, who published a dissertation  cal sect, to the command of which Ath,
on the life of the Foetus, a translation  succeeded. lie pretended to divine inof Euclid's Elements, and another of  spiration, and when he was attacked and
Apollonius Pergwus on Conic Sections. besieged in'the castle of Rech, by the
D. 1702.                              troops of the reigning caliph, he set fire
ASTRUC, JOHu, a French physician, to the place and destroyed himself, his
who wrote several medical dissertations, wives, and his followers in the flames.
and a Natural History of Languedoc. D'Herbelot says that he caused them to
B. 1684; d. 1766.                     drink poisoned wine. Having been deATAHUALPA, or ATABALIPA, prived of one eye in battle, he wore a
the last of the Incas, succeeded his golden veil, and was therefore called
father, in 1529, on the throne of Quito  Mokanna. Moore's beautiful poem of
whilst his brother lHuascar, obtained  the Veiled Prophet of Khorassan is
the kingdom of Peru. They soon made founded upon his story.
war against each other, and when the    ATHANASIUS, ST., bishop of Alexlatter was defeated, his kingdom fell andria, a renowned father of the church.
into the hands of Atahualpa.    The B. in that city about the year 296. He
Spaniards, under Pizarro, taking advan- had a Christian education, and came into
tage of these internal disturbances, in- the family of Alexander, afterwards archvaded Peru, where they were entertained  bishop of Alexandria, whose private
with no little hospitality by the king and  secretary he becamne. He then went to
his people; but, instead of returning  St. Anthony, led an ascetic life with that
the kindness, they took Atahualpa cap- renowned anchorite, btus at length re



ATH]                  CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        79
turned to Alexandria, where he became Italy, and Greece, and restored peace to
a deacon. Alexander took him to the the church. But this peace was intercouncil at Nice, where he gained the  rupted by the complaints of the heathen,
higie.st esteem  of the fathers, by the whose temples were kept empty by his
talents which he displayed in the Arian  zeal. They excited the empetor against
controversy. He had a great share in  him, and he fled to Thebais. lie rethe decrees passed here, and thereby  turned under Valens eilght months after,
drew on himself the hatred of the Arians. but was again compelled to fly. He conAfter six months he was appointed the cealed himself in the tomb of his ftther,
successor of Alexander. The complaints  where he remained four months, when
and accusations of his enemies induced  Valens allowed him to return, and lie
the Emperor Constantine to oummon     remained undisturbed in his office till
him, in 334, before the councils of Tyre his death, in 373. He was a man of
and Jerusalem. Athanasius brought to  great mind, noble heart, invincible courlight the iniquitous arts which had been  age, unaffected humility, and lofty elopractised against him, and threw his quence. His writings were onl polemjudges, who were likewise his enemies, ical, moral, and historical subjects, the
into such confusion, that the imperial latter especially of great importance in
deputies could with difficulty rescue him  church history. His style was remarkfrom their anger. They could do noth- able in that ao:e for clearness and modering, however, further than suspend him  ation, his Apology, addressed to Confrom his office. He still continued in  stantine, being a masterpiece.
the discharge of his duties, until the  ATHELSTAN, an illegitimate son of
emperor, deceived by new falsehoods, Edward the Elder, king of England,
barnished him to Treves. At the end of  who succeeded his father in 925, in prefa year and some months, Constantius, erence to the legitimate children, because
ha!ving succeeded his father as emperor of his maturer age and acknowledged
of the East, recalled him from banish- capacity.  He repressed the Danes at
ment. His return to Alexandria resem- Northumberland, and defeated a combled a triumph. The Arians made new   bination of the Welsh and Scotch. He
complaints against him, and lie was con- reigned 16 years.
demned by ninety bishops, assembled at  ATHELING, EDGAR, grandson of
Antioch. On the contrary, a hundred   Edmund Ironside, regarded as the fubishops, assembled at Alexandria,c de- ture monarch, but defeated by the inclarec him innocent; and Pope Julius trigues of Harold. He was in the first
confirmed this sentence in conjunction  crusade under Baldwin I., and behaved
with more than 300 bishops assembled  with great intrepidity.
at Sardis, from the East and West. In   ATHENAGORAS, an Athenian phiconsequence of this, he returned a second  losopher of the 2d century. He became
time to his diocese. But when Con- a convert to Christianity, and Clement
stans, emperor of the West, died, and  of Alexandria was among his pupils.
Constantius became master of the whole''He wrote an "Apology for the Chrisempire, the Arians ventured to rise up  tians," and a treatise " On the Resuragainst Athanasius. They condemned    rection of the Dead," written about 178.
him in the councils of Aries a iu Milan,  ATHENEUS, a learned grammarian.
and, as he refused to listen to any thing  B. at Naucratis, in Egypt, in the 3d cenbut an express command of the emperor, tury. The only work of his now extant
when he was one day preparing to cele- is "The Deipnosophists, or the Table
brate a festival in the church, 5000 sol- Talk of the Sophists." —One of the same
diers suddenly rushed in to make him  name, of Byzantium, was an engineer in
prisoner. But the surrounding priests the time of the Emperor Gallienus, and
and monks placed him in security. Dis- an author of a treatise on the Machines
placed for a third time, he fled into the of War.
deserts of Egypt, and composed many     ATHENAIS, empress of the West,
writings, full of eloquence, to strengthen  the daughter of an Athenian sophist, but
the faith of the believers, or expose the whose learning and beauty induced Thefalsehood of his enemies. When Julian  odosius the Younger to marry her, and
the apostate ascended the throne, he re- she took the name of Eudoxia. The
called the orthodox bishops to their emperor, however, became jealous of
churches. Athanasius therefore return- her, and she was banished to Jerusalem,
ed, after an absence of six years. The where she died, in 460. Amnong her
mildness which lie exercised towards writings was a poetical transla.tion of part
his enemies was imitated in Gaul, Spain, of the Old Testament.




80                    CYCLOPAiDIA OF DIOGRAPHYP.                        ATT
ATHEATON, HUMPHIREY, a major- lion. Mr. Bovle, in his famous contro.
general who came to this country in    versy with JBentley on the Epistles of
1636, and was much employed in nego- Phalarius.   Having taken orders in
atitons with the Indians. D. 1661.     1691, he settled in London, where he
ATHOL, JouN MURlsxY, duke of, a became chaplain to William andc Mary,
governor-general of the Isle of Man. D. preacher of Bricdewell, and lecturer of
180.                                   St. Bridc's, and soon distinguished himATKINSON, TnIEODORE, chief justice   self by the spirit andl elegance of his
of Newiv HIalpshire, and a deleo ate to the pullpit compositions, but not nwithout
congress at Albany in 1754. D  1779.-  incurring opposition, on the score of
TI-IOaS a. miscellaneous writer of some  their telndericy  and  doctrine, fiom
note, was b. at Glasgow, 1801. Ariong  Iloadly and otliers. Controversy, howother works, lhe published (in two senses,  verw, was altogether congenialto the
for he was a bookseller as well as an  disposition of Atterbury, ivho, in 1706,
author) the Chamneleon and the Ant, a  comlimenced  one wvith Doctor Wake,
weekly periodical, and iwas an extensive  which lasted 4 years, on the rights,
contributor to many of the local publica- privileges, antd powers of convocations.
lions. D. 1833.                        For this service, he received the thanl:s
ATKYNS, Sir ROBERT, a distinguished  of the lower house of convocation, and
lawyer and patriot, who aided in the de- the deglree of doctor of divinity ifom
fence of Lord Williamn Russel, lnd con- Oxford.  Soon after the accession of
ducted that of Sir W. Williams, speaker (Queen Anne, he was made dean of Carof the House of Commons, wnlhen pros- lisle, and, besides his dispute wvith
ecuted for signing the orders to print Hoadly on the subject of passive obeID)angerfield's. narrative of the popish  dicnce, he aided in the rlefelce of the
plot. He also distinguished himself by  famous Sacheverell, an.d wrote a " Rephis opposition to the arbitrary measures resentation of the present State of leof James II., and at the revolution was 1igoion," which wais deemed too violent
made chief baron of the exchequer. I-e to be presented to the queen, alitlough
subsequently wias made speaker.    B. privately circulated.  In 1712 lie wras
1621; d. 1709.-Sir ROBERT, son of the  made- dean of Christ-chlurch, and, in
preceding, was the author of the " An- 1713, bishop of Rochester and dean of
cient ancd Present State of Gloucester.W'  V estminster. The death of the queen,
B. 1646; d. 1711.-R-ICIARD, of the same  in 1714, put an cend to his hopes of fiurfamily, wrote the " Origin and Growmth  ther acivancc ment; for the newv  ing
of Pritintig."  I. 1677.               treated hlim with gireat coolness, doubtATLEE, SAMUEL JouIIN a colonel in less aware of either the report or the
the old French war, wrho also acquired  fact of his offer, on the death of Anne, to
distinction at the battle of Long Island.  proclaim the P'retender in full canonIn 1780 he was elected to Congress. D. icals, if allowed a sufficient guard. At1786.                                  terbury not only refused to sign the
ATRATUTS, HUIGO, ia Engllish cardi- loval declaration of the bishops in the
nal, known as luglh the Black; a skilful rebellion of 1715, but suspended a clermathematician and natural philosopher; ugyr-axn tor lendiniu  his church, for the
author of Canones Ifedicinales," &e.   pertoirmance of divine service, to the
ATTAIGsNANT, G      RIEsL CHARLES DE  Dutlch troops brought over to act against
L', a Fr'lech ecclesiastic and poet; author the rebels.  Niot content with a conof " Pitces D6erobees  nun Ami," &c. stitutional opposition, lie entered into
B. 1697; d. 1779.                      a correspondence waith the IPretender's
ATTERIBURY, FnRANCI, a celebrated    party, was apprehended    in Ailgst,
Engolish prelate, iwas born in 1662, andl 1722, anid co1litted to the Tower;
receivedl his education at WTestminster,  ll, il the Marc1h followg, a bill was
where he was elected a student of      brouoght into the house of commons for
Christ-church college, Oxford. He dis- the infliction of pains aund penalties.
tinhugishecd h-limself at the university as  This meassure met with considerlable opa cisssical scholar, and gave proofs of  position in the house of lords, anld ias
an elegcant taste for poetry. In 1687 hle  esisted with great firmness and elotook hiRs deree of M.A., iand for the  quenuce by the bishop, who m1aintaiied
first time appeared as a controversialist his innocence with his usual acutcel.eas
in a defence of the chlarciter of Luther, and dcxtcriti y i is guilt, hoveve, lis
entitled'" Considerationls on the Spirit been tolerablly well prov-ed by (iocuof Martin Luther," &c.    le rwas also  muents since published.  He Lwas dethought to have aussisted his pupil, the prived of his dignities, iad outlawed,




AUB]                  CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        81
an 1 went to Paris, where he chiefly oc- tilla, he proceeded to Vienna, where he
cupied himself in study, and in corre- reaped great advantages from the celespondence with men of letters.  But. brated Mozart.   In 1796 he was apeven here, in 1725, he was actively en- pointed organist of St. Paul's cathedral,
gaged in fomenting discontent in the and composer to the chapel royal; he
Highlands of Scotland. D. 1731. As a also held the situation of organist at the
composer of sermons, he still retains chapel of the Pavilion, Brighton. His
a great portion of his original reputa- conmpositions consist of several dramatic
tion.  Hiis letters, also, are extremely  pieces, numerous services and anthems,
easy and elegant; but, as a critic and a songs, glees, sonatas, and other pieces
controversialist, he is deemed rather for the pianoforte. B. 1767; d. 1838.
dexterous and popular, than accurate    AUBAIS, CHARPLES DE BASCHI, Marand profound.-LEWIS, an elder brother quis of, an inogenious Frenchman, who
of the above, author of some "Ser- published a work on "Historical Gomins," "Tracts against Popery," &c. ography," and furnished materials for
B. 1656; d. 1781.'{Menard's "Pieces fugitives pour 1' HisATTICUS, son of Julius Atticus, and  toire de France." D. 1777.
a descendant from the family of Mil-    AUBAT, ABBE, censeur royal in 1784;
tiades, acquired so much reputation as a sarcastic French fabulist, whom Vola teacher of eloquence at Athens, that taire pronounces first after La Fontaine.
he was invited by Titus Antoninus to    AUBIGNE, THEODoRE AGRIPPA D', a
superintend the education of his adopted  French Calvinist of good family, resons, Marcus Aurelius and Lucius VC- miarkable for his attachment to Henry
rus. He subsequently became consul, IV., and for the honesty with which lihe
prefect of the free cities of Asia, &c. spoke the truth to that eng even when
Hie employed his great wealth in public it was least agreeable.  Wie spent the
works; but at the close of his life he latter part of his life in retirement at
retired to Marathon, his native place, Geneva. D. 1630.-CONSTANT D', son of
where he d., A. D. 185.- [FITUS POMro- the above, and father of the notorious
wIUS, a Roman    knight, whose vast Madame de Maintenon.        His moral
wealth enabled him to aid men of all character was very inferior to that of
parties, while his prudence prevented  his father; but as an author, his "Unihim from siding with any of them in   versal History," and his satires, poems,
their public measures. He thus escaped  memoirs, &c., do  him  considerable
injury ainid the contentions of Cinna credit.
and Marius, COasar and Pompey, and in   AUBLET, JOHN BAPTIST C(H1RISTOPHEiR
the horrible times of the Triumvirate. FUVEa, an able French botanist, author
Of the ability and influence of Atticus, of "Histoires des Plantes de la Guienne
we may form some opinion from the Franqoise."      It was in honor of him
correspondence between him and Cicero. that Linnseus gave the name of Verbena
Ite is said to have written "Annals"  Aubletia to a species of vervain.  B.
of great value; but it is for his pru- 1720; d. 1778.
dence, his wealth, and, above all, his  AUBREY, JOHN, an eminent English
friendship with Cicero, that he is now  topographer and antiquary. He left a
remembered. D. 83.  c..             vast number of MSS., evincing great reATTIRET, JonI    FRANCIS, a French  search, of which Wood has availed himJesuit and painter. Being appointed   self in his Oxford biographies; but he
missionary to Pekin, he acquired by   only published one work, entitled "Mismeans of his pictures, great favor with  cellanies," a collection of popular superthe Emperor Kien Long, of whose gar- stitions. Many of his MSS. are in the
dens he wrote a very amusing account. Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. B. 1626;
B. 1702; d. 1768.                     d. 1700.
ATWOOD, GEORGE, an         eminent' AUBRIET, CLAUDE, a French painter
mathematician, author of a "IDisser- of natural history subjects. D. 1740.
tation on the Construction and Prop-    AUBRIOT, HUGH, a French merchant,
erties of Arches,"  and many other mayor of Paris, and superintendent of
valuable works on   mechanical and finance to Charles V.      He was immathematical science. B. 1745; d. 1807. prisoned for heresy, but the populace,
-THOMAS, an eminent musician and      who had risen against the taxes termed
composer, who commenced his musical Maillotins, released him, and he escaped
education under Dr. Nares. In 1783 he to Burgundy. It was from him that the
set out for Naples, and after studying  French reformers had the nanme of Hltfor a time with Filippo Cinque ancd La- guenots..




82                    CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [AUD
AUBRY     DE    MONTDIDIER, a salem, became grand-master, and, in
French knight of the time of Charles 1480, compelled Malhomet II. to raise
V., who, according to tradition, was the siege of Rhodes. D. 1503.
bas'ely murdered, in 1371, by his coin-  AUCHMUTY, Sir SAMUEL, a distinpanion in arms, Richard de,Macaire. guished English general.   He served
The. murder was discovered by means with great zeal and-ability in North and
of a dog of the deceased, who showed  South America, and when commanding
the most hostile disposition to the mar- in India, reduced to t     Ohe dominion of
derer. The king compelled Macaire to  Great Britain the rich settlements of
ight with his accuser, the dog, in order Java and Batavia.  On his return to;o decide the case; and the murderer Europe, he was appointed to the cornwas conquered. From this story the mand of-Ireland, where he d. in 1822.
drama of "The Dog of Montargis" has     AUCKLAND, WILLIAM EDEN, Lord,
been taken.-JOHN BAPTIST, a French    an able negotiator, who was the third
prior who was deprived of his situation  son of Sir Robert Eden, Bart., of West
at the revolution, author of " Questions Auckland, Durham. Hle was appointed
Philosophiques sur la Religion Natu- under-secretary of state in 1772; went
relle," &c. B. 1735; d. 1809.-IMLLE., a to Ireland in 1780 with Lord Carlisle, as
figurante of the French opera, who, in  chief secretary; in 1788 was ambassa1793, publicly personated the "God- dor to Spain; and in the year following
dess of Reason"' at Paris.-A Parisian  was ambassador to Holland. He wrote
librarian, and profound mathematician, "The Principles of Penal Laws," "The
author of a work addressed to the legis- History of New Holland," and numerous
lative body in 1799, " On Weights and  other valuable works. B. 1744; d. 1814.
Measures;"  and another,     "On the    AUDE, JOSEPH, kight cf Malta, seeDecimal System."    B. 1746.,-JOHN    retary to the Neapolitan philosophical
FRANcIS, a French physician of the 18th  minister, Carraccioli, and subsequently
century, author of "Les Oracles de to the French Pliny, Buffon, whose life
Cos," a review of the practice of Hip- he publisheden 1788. He is the author
pocrates, and other ancient physicians. of several dramas; "Le Heline An- DUBONCIIET N., a deputy    of the gloise," "Le Retour de Camille," "Le
Tiers Etats in 1789; and author of sev- Nouveau Ricco," and some melodrames;
eral works on political economy.-F., "The Exiles of Siberia," &c. B. 1755.
one of the French committee of public   AUDEBERT, GERMAIN, a       French
safety in 1794. who aimed at counter- lawyer of the 16th century, author of
revolution,^  He deprived Bonaparte, "Roma," "Venetia," and other Latin
after the siege of Toulon, of military  poems. D. 1598-JOHN BAPTIST, a celeemployments, and reduced him to great brated French engraver of natural hisdistress; the latter revenged himself tory. The spirit of his engravings of
afterwards, by preventing his re-entry  monkeys, snakes, birds, &c., is iniminto France after his deportation to itable. B. 1759; d. 1800.
Cayenne, on the return of some of his   AUDIFREDI, JOHN BAPTIST, a famous
fellow-victims. — DE  GouGEs, MARIE- Italian astronomer, author of " DemonOLYMPIE, a female republican, celebrated  strazione della Stazione della Cometa,
for her beauty and talents. She founded  1769," &c. B. 1714.
the popular female societies called Tri-  AUDIFFREDY, THIERESE, born in
coteuses, and was a perfect enthusiast Guinea in 1757. When returning thither,
in her political opinions. At length she at 18, from Bordeaux, she was exposed,
was put to death by Robespierre's party, through the effect of her youthful beauty,
in consequence of her havi!ng denounced  to the rejected love of the captain of tLhe
them in a pamphlet called the " Trois vessel, but was relieved from his offered
Urnes."  She died with heroic spirit. violence by Sonnini and the Chevalier
She is the author of the "M6moires de Audiffredy, the latter of whom  she
Madame de Vahlmont;" of " I' Esclavaege  mlarried; and becouming one1 of the
des Negres," a melodrame; "Le Mar- richest proprietors in Cayenne, she
riage de Cherubim," a comedy; and     saved Piche.iru, and the numerous de"Moliere chez Ninon," an episodical ported victims of the 18th Fructidor,
Piece, &c. B. 1755.                   from beine' starved to death.
AUBUSSON, PETER D', surnamed the      AUDINOT     founder of the Thieatre
Buckler of the Church, after having   Audinot, ande the inventor of meloserved with great distinction under the dramnes. lie was a favorite actor in, as
Emperor $igismand against the Turks, well as author of, many of the latter.
entered the Order of St. John of Jeru- B. 1750; d. 1801.




A UD]                 CYCLOrPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          83
AUDLEY, THOMAS, chancellor of En- dared for the revolution, and proposed
gland, during the reign of Henry VIII., his "Plan d' Education," to withdraw
was b. in 1488, of a noble family in the the education of youth from the priestcounty of Essex, and in addition to con- hood. In 1800, while proceeding to his
siderable abilities and erudition, was bishopric, he was dragged out of his
possessed of an ample fortune. How- carriage by the Chouans, and assassinever, notwithstanding all these advan- ated.
tages, he was, during the whole period   AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES, an eminent
of his public life, one of the most vile  American ornithologist, whose fame beand fawning hirelings of the king. He  longs to the world. while it is the peeuwas appointed to succeed Sir Thomas    liar pride of America, was the son of an
More, as chancellor, having long acted  admiral in the French navy, living on a
as a mere instrument as speaker of the  plantation in Louisiana, who took him
parliament, so justly denominated the  to France where he received a varied
"Black Parliament,"-and      although  and accomplished education.    At the
Queen Ann Boleyn had been in many      age of 17 he returned from France-then
instances his patroness, yet he sat in  in the midst of its revolution-to the
judgment upon her, and also on his pre- woods of the new world, with fresh
decessor Sir Thomas More, and Bishop   ardor, and began a collection of drawFisher. In the affairs of Ann of Cleves ings, under the title of the "Birds of
and Catharine Howard, he was likewise  America."   This collection multiplied
made an active tool, and in short, re- upon his hands, and after many years
fused no undertaking, however incon- o devoted toil, he was persuaded to
sistent and miuerable, imposed upon him  undertake the publication of his great
by the wayward and haughty Henry. work, and with the view of obtaining
As a reward for these base services, the  subscribers he visited Europe in 1824.
title of Lord Audley of Walden was     Everywhere was he well received. On
conferred upon him; he also received   the Continent, Herschel, Cuvier, and
the order of the Garter. He d. in 1544, IlHumboldt, whom he had encountered in
having been a liberal patron to Magdalen  America, gave him a hearty reception.
college, Oxford.                       In Edinburgh he was warmly received
AUDOUIN, JEAN ViCTORPone of the by Brewster, Jeffrey, Wilson, and Sir
most diligent zoologists of his day. Iee  Walter Scott. Professor Wilson gives a
was professor of the Museum of Natural graphic description of Audubon in an
History at Paris, and lectured as well as article in " Blackwood's Magazine," and
wrote extensively on entomology. B. he was everywhere hailed as the Amer1797; d. 1841.                         ican backwoodsman, who shared the
AUDRAN, the name of a family of      highest elevations of science with Et'roFrench artists, of whom the following  pean celebrities. I-Ie published, after
are the most eminent-CmHALES, the      his second return to America, a work on
elder, whose works are numerous and    the Animals similar to his work on Birds.
excellent. B. 1594; d. 1679.-CLAUDE, He pursued the objects of his pursuit
a nephew of the preceding, was b. at into their native haunts, sometimes
Lyons, in 1689, and studied under his  spending years away from his family,
uncle. He was employed by Le Brun      and painted them   from  nature. The
in painting part of the pictures of Alex- life-like fidelity and beauty of his delinander's battles at Versailles, and became  eations placed him in the first rank as an
professor of painting in the Royal Aea- artist, whilst his minute accuracy' in
0demy of Paris, where he d."in 1684.-  describing their habits proves him to
GIRAmRD the brother of the last-meon- have been the closest observer. He was
tioned, and the most celebrated of the  as stanch as a man as he was renowned
fimily, was b. at Lyons, in 1640; studied  as a naturalist. The childlike simplicity
under Le Brun at Paris; and engraved   of his manners, and cheerfulness of
that artist's pictures in a masterly style. temper, were worthy of all imitation,
D. 1703.-CLAuDE, a nephew of Girard, and made him beloved by all who knew
was b. at Lyons, in 1685. He was cele- him. At the age of 60 years, when he
brated for ornamental designs; appoint- was first personally known to the writer
ed kirg's painter. D. 1734.-JOIuN, bro- of this sketch, he had all the sprightlither of Claude, was b. in 1667; studied  less and vigor of a young man. In
engraving under his uncle, and d. at person he was tall, and remarkably well
Paris, in 1756.                        made. His aspect sweet and animated.
AUDRIEN, YvEs M., a French ec- His whole head was remarkably striking.
clesiastic, who joined Robespierre, de- The forehead high, arched, and nncloud



84                    CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                      LAUG
ing; the hairs of the brow prominent, fort, and fought with the imperial genparticularly at the root of the nose, eral,withvarioussuccess, until the battle
which was long and aquiline; chin      of Hohenlinden ended the campaign.
prominent, and mouth characterized by  In October, 1801, being superseded by
energy and determlination.  The eyes   General Victor, lle remained without
were dark gray, set deeply in the head, employment till 1803, when he was apand as restless as the glance of the  pointed to lead the army, collected at
eagle. D. 1851.                       Bayonne, against Portugal. When this
AUERBACH, HENRY, the builder of      enterprise failed, he went back to Paris
the court and cellar at Leipsic, men- and, May 19th, 1804, was named marshal
tioned in Goethe's Faust. His real name  of the empire, and grand officer of the
was Strimer, but according( to the fashion  legion of honor. At the end of 1805, he
of the time, he took the name of the place' was at the head of a corps of the great
where he was born. The building was army in Germany, formed of troops colerected in 1530, and tradition says that lected under his command at Brest. He
five years afterwards Doctor Faust was contributed to the successes which gave
seen riding out of it in a barrel of wine. birth to the peace of Presburg, and in
AUGEREAU, PIErRE F. CIIARLES, March, 1806, had possession of Wetzler
duke of Castiglione, marshal of France, and the country around, until, in the
was the son of a fruit merchant, served alutumn of this year, a new war called
as a carbinier in the French army, went him to Prussia. The wounds which he
from thence into the Neapolitan service, received in the battle of Eylau compelled
established himself at Naples, in 1787, him to return to France. I-Ie was afteras a felning master, ad.was banished  wards made a peer by Louis XVIII.;
thence, in 1792, with the rest of his quarrelled with Napoleon, who proclaimcountrymen. He served, afterwards, as ed him a traitor in 1815. D). 1816.
a volunteer in the army of Italy, in which  AUGER, ATIHAASIUS, a learned abbe,
his talents and courage soon gained him  and professor of rhetoric at the college
promotion. He distinguished himself of St. Rotuen. He published several
in 1794, as general of brigade in the army  political works (among others "Cateof the Pyrenees, and in 1796, as general chisme dl Citoyen Francois," &c.) in
of division in the army of Italy. He  favor of. thl revolution. His learned
took the pass of Millesimo;  made him- publications are numerous: " Constituself' master of the intrenched camp of  tion des Romains;" "De la Trag6die
the Piedmontese at Ceva, afterwards   Grecque;"' the complete works of Isoof that at Casale; threw himself on the  crates, Lysias, Xenophon, &c. B. 1734;
bridge of Lodi, and carried it with the  d. 1792.
enemy's intrenchments. June 16th, he    AUGURELLO, GIOVANNI AURELIO. an
passed the Po, and made prisoners the Italian poet and professor of the Belles
papal troops, together with the cardinal Lettres; author of " Chrysopaia," and
legate and the general's staff. Aug. 1st, other poems, Latin anid Italian. B. 1440;
he came to the assistance of Massena; d. 1524.
maintained, during a whole day, a most  AUGUSTIN, ST., bishop of Hippo,
obstinate struggle against a superior and one of the fathers of the Christian
number of troops, and took the village  church, was b. at Tagaste, in Afiica,
of Castiglione, from which he derived  A. D. 854. He was in his youth attached
his ducal title. In the battle of Arcole, to the Manichean doctrines, and of very
when the French columns wavered, he   loose moials; but his conversion from
seized a standard, rushed upon the ene- his errors was complete and permanent;
my, and gained the victory. The direc- and he wrote with great zeal, and very
tory bestowed this standard on him, voluminously, against all the sects which
Jan. 27th, 1797. He was the instrument the church held to be heretical. D. 430.
of the violent proceedings of the 18th of -SAINT ANTHONY, a Spanish prelate of
Fructidor, and was saluted, by the deci- the 16th century; author of some treamated legislative body, as the saviour of tises on law and on medals. D. 1586.his country. In 1799 he was chosen a  One called the Apostle of the English,
member of the council of five hundred, flourished at the close of the 6th century
and, therefore, resigned his command. He was sent, with 40 monks, by Gregory,
He then obtained from the consul, Bona- to introduce Christianity into the Saxon
parte, the command of the army in IHol- kingdoms. He was kindly received by
land. He led the French and Batavian  Ethelbert, king of Kent, whom he soon
army on the Lower Rhine to the support converted: and such was his success
of Moreau, passed the river at Frank- with his subjects, that he is said to have




AUIT]                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF IBIOGRAP1HY. 
baptized 10,000 in one day. This suc- fessor of civil law, but more celebrated
cess may be attributcd to his reputation  as a linguist, and for his great proficienof miraculous power in the restoration  cy in general science and the belles
of sight ancl life, more probably than  lettres. iHe was author of " Commenany other canse. lie has the merit of  taries on Civil Laxw,'" a " History of the
allowing no coercive measures to be Rise and Proiress of Medicine," &c.
used in the propagation of tile gospel. B. 1639 d. 1717
Elated by the raepid progress he had    AULNAG-E, F. I-. S. DE, a Spanish.made, Augustin became ambitious of writer. B. in 1739; author of a work on
possessing the supreme authority over ancient pantomime, and of "Histoire
the English churches as archbishop of  GenCeiale des Religions," &c.
Canterbury, and received the grchiepis-  AULUS GELLIUS, a grammarian in
copal pall from the pope, with insruC- the 1reigns of Tr'ani and Marcus Auretions to establish 12 sees iil his province. lius; chiefiy remenbered for his "Noctes
The British bishops in Wales, successors Attic.."r
of the British converts of the 2d century,  AUNGERVILLIE, RICHARD, or RicOhad never submitted to the jurisdiction  ARD DE BURY, was the tutor of Edward
of the church of Rome, and Augustin   III., by whoum ie was made bishop of
endeavored to persuade them to unite L ondon lord high chancellor, lord high
with the new English church. They     treasurer, &c.  He was a munificent
asserted their independence, and 1200 patron of learnling, and the author of a
Welsh monks were soon after put to the lealued work, entitled " Philobiblion."
sword, as thought, at hls instigation.. 1281; d. 1340.
D. 604.                                 AUNOY, countess of, a lively French
AUGUSTULUS, 1EOMULus, the last authoress of the 7th century. D. 1705.
emperor of the West, was raised to the   AURELIAN, Lucius DOMITIus, a Rothrone by his father, the    patrician  man empceror, was the son of a peasant,
Orestes, who deposed Julius Nepos, in  and b. inl Pannoiia,.about the year 220.
476;, but his reiin wa:s little more than  Havinag thouohout  active life greatly
nominal, and of very short dluation'   distin.guished himself as a skilfl, valbeing soon after conquered and de- iant and successful genelal, he was
throned by Ocoacer, king of thle Heruli, chosen emperor on ithe death of Claudius
who spared his lif, aund allowecl him a II. in 270. I-I  drove the barbarians
pension.                              from Italy, conquered Tetricus, who had
AUGUSTUS, CAIUS JuLIus CZSAR Oc- assumed the purple in Gaul, and vanTAVIIANUS, a Roman emperor, was the son  quished the celebrated Zenobia, of Palof Caims Octavius and Accia, niece of nmyr, and carried her a prisoner to
Julius Cussar, who, on the death of his Rome; but while on his march towards
father, which happened swhen he was Persia, in 275, he was asssassinated by
only four years old, adopted him as his his mnatiinous troops.
son.  When Caesar was assassinated,     AURELIO, Louis. an Italian monk of
Octavius (for by that name he wTas called  the 17th century; author of an account
before his accession to the throne) was  of the Bohemian rebellion.  He also
in Epirus, whence he immediately.c- abridged the Universal History of Turturned to secure his inheritance, and  sellinus, and other works. D. 1637.
entered into an alliance with Antony    AURIA, VINCENTIO, author of a hisand Lepidus, though he at first was in- tory of eminent Sicilians. B. 1625; d.
imical to the former. The triumvirate  1710.
thus formed shed the best blood of      AURIGNI, GILEs, a French lawyer
Rome; and Octavius was fully as guilty  and poet of the 16th century; author
as either of his associates. At length  of a poem, entitled "Tuteur d'Amour,"
Lepidus was deposed, Antony hurried   and some other worls of no great value.
to ruin and death, and Octavius, then 36  AURUNGZEBE, the great Mogul, or
years of age, becaine emperor, with the emperor of Hiindostan, was the third
title of Augustus.  As emperor, his son of Shah Jehan. His early life was
course was wise and beneficent; litera- marked by gravity and seeming devoture and the arts flourished under his tion, but these were merely the aisguise
auspices; good laws were enacted; and  of an ambitious and crafty spirit. He
he was in many respects deserving of  deposed his father, put to death two of
the lavish praise heaped upon him by  his brothers, and the son of the elder
the writers of that time. B. 63 B. c.; d. of them, and assumed the soveregn auA. D. 14.                             thority. Ill, however, as he obtained
AULISIO, DomINc, a Neapolitan pro- his power, he used it with skill and.q




80                    cYCLorPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [AYl
courage.  He subdued Golconda, the      AVELLONE, F., an Italian dramatic
Carnatic, Visapour, and Benfal, and   writer, whose pieces are numerous, and
routed the pirates who had infested the many of them  successful;'"Lanlterne
mouth of the Ganges.    His achieve- Malique,'" "Jules Willenvel," &c. B.
ments obtained him the respect of Eu- 1756.
ropean as well as Asiatic powers. But   AVENTINE, Joix, a native of Bavathe close of his life was embittered by  ria; author of the "Annals of Bavaria,"
the rebellious conduct of his sons, who  and of a curious work, entitled "Nuaimed at deposing him, as he had de- merandi per Digitos," &c. B. 1466; d.
posed his father. After the death of 1534.
Aurungzebe, the might and splendor of   AVENZOAR, or EBN        ZOAR, an
the Mogul empire rapidly declined. B. Arabian physician of the 12th century.
1618; d. 1707.                        B. at Seville; author of a medical comAUSEGIUS, a French abbot of the pendium, entitled "Al Theiser."
9th century, who made a collection of   AVERANI, BENEDICT, a Florentine,
the capitularies of Charlemagne and his was a learned and voluminous prose wrison Louis, which has been several times  ter and poet. B. 1645; d. 1707.-JOSEPI,
reprinted. D. 834.                    brother of the above; author of various
AUSONIUS, DECIUS MAGNUS, a Ro- scientific treatises, and of a defence of
man poet of the 4th century; son of   Galileo.
Julius Ausonius, a physician of Bor-    AVERDY, CLEMENT CIIARES DE L',
deaux. -Ie early gave proof of genius, comptroller-general of France in the
and was appointed tutor to Gratian, son  18th century; author of " Code Penal,"
of the emperor Valentinian; and when  and other useful works. He was guilhis pupil came to the throne. he made lotined in 1794, on a charge of having
him prmetorian prefect of Gaul, and sub- caused the scarcity of wheat vwhich then
sequently raised him to the consulship  afflicted France.
His poems are various both as to sub-   AVERROES, or AVEN BOSCH, an
ject andl merit: but though they contain  Arabian philosopher and physician of
much that is beautiful, they are but too  the 12th centurv. His talenats caused
frequently deformed by licentiousness.  him to be made chief ruler of Morocco,
AUSTEN, JANE, the celebrated au- by the caliph, Jacob Almanzor, but bethoress of "Pride   and Prejudice," ing accused of heresy by the Mahonmetan
"Sense and Sensibility,"  and other priests, he was imprisoned and otherprose fictions, was the daughter of a cler- wise persecuted. Again, however, lie
gyman in Hampshire. B. 1775; d. 1817. acquired both the royal fivor and the
AUSTREA, D. JUAN, a Spanish ad- popular confidence, and d. at Morocco,
miral. B. in 1545; remembered as the in 1198, in possession of the highest
conqueror of the Turks at Lepanto.    honors below the sovereignty. He waS
AUVERGNE; ANTHONY, a French         author of a plaaphrase of Plato's Repubmusician and composer of the 18th cen- lie, and several other works.
tury, who composed the first comic opera  AVIGNY, a national French poet. B.
ever performed in France. D. 1797.    at Martinique, in  1760; author of
AVALOS, FERDINAND, marquis of       " Jeannae d'Arc," " Le Depart de la PePescara, a brave Neapolitan soldier, and  rouse;" land some successful dramas,
the author of a "Dialogue on Love,"   "Les Lettres," "Les Deux Jockeys,"
which he wrote while a prisoner of war, " Doria," &c. His best prose producand dedicated to his wite, the beautiful tion is on the progress of the British
Vittoria Colonna. B. 1489; d. 1525.-  power in Iindia, inserted in Miichard's
ALPHONSO, marquis del Vasto, nephew   " Histoire de Mysore."
of the preceding, was b. at Naples, in  AVILA, JOHN D', a Spanish priest,
1502, and obtained the command of tlh  who for the space of 40 years journeyed
imperial army at his uncle's death, for through the AIndalusian mountains and
the brilliant valor lie displayed at the  forests, enforcing by his precepts and
siege of Pavia. D. 1546.              example, the doctrine of the gospel; on
AVAUX, CLAUDE DE MESNE, count of, which account he acquired the appellaa celebrated French diplomatist, and an  tion of the Apostle of Andalusia. D.
accomplished scholar. B. 1650.        1569.
AVELLANEDA, ALPHONSUS FEENAN-         AVILA Y ZUNIGA, Louis D, a disDE2; DE, a Spanish writer, who, to the tinguished diplomatist, wa-rrior, and hisgreat linoyance of Cervantes, wrote a torian, under Charles V.   HIe wrote
continuation of the first part of Don  "Commentaries" on the wars of his
Quixote.                              sovereign, who so much admired them,




AzU]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         87
that he deemed himself more fortunate   AY1TON, EDMUND, a composer of
than Alexander, in having such an his- cathedral music, and one of the directors
torian.                               of the Commemoration of Handel. B.
AVIRON, JAMES LE BATHELIER, a 1734; d. 1808.
French lawyer of the 16th century;      AYSCOUGIH, GEORGE EDWARD, son
author of "Commentaries on the Pro- of the dean of Bristol, by a sister of the
vincial Laws of Normandy."            first Lord Lyttleton. lie was the author
AVISON, CHARLES, a composer and     of a volume of "Travels on the Contimusician; author of "Essays on Musi- nent," "Index to Shakspeare," and the
cal Expression," &c. D. 1770.         "Tragedy of Semiramis." ID. 1779.AVITUS, MARcUsS MmCILIUS, raised to  SAMUEL, an industrious literary characthe empire of.the West, on the death  ter of the last century. He contributed
of Maximus, in 455, but deposed after a largely to the British Critic and other
reign of only 14 months.              periodicals; and compiled a variety of
AVOGADRO, LucIA, an Italian poet- laborious indexes, of which his index to
ess, whose early talents won the praise  Shakspeare is the principal. IIe was
of Tasso. D. 1568.                    curate of St. Giles's, and lecturer at
AYALA, PETER LorEZ D', a learned, Shoreditch. B. 1745; d. 1804.
brave, and eloquent Spanish statesman,  AYSCUE, Sir GEORGE, a distinguished
was b. in Murcia, in 1332. After serv- admiral in the time of Cromwell, and
ing under four Castilian monarchs, both  one of the coadjutors of Blake in his
in the council and the field, he dcistin- famous action with the Dutch admiral,
guishing himself also as a man of erudi- Van Tromp. At the restoration he was
tion. D. 1407.                        made rear-admiral of the blue; and beAYES HA, daughter of Abubeker, and  ing captured in Albemarle's action off
favorite wife of Mahomet. On the death  Dunkirk, remained many years a prisof her husband she resorted to arms to  oner.
oppose the succession of All; but though  AYTON, Sir ROBEBT, a native of Fifeconquered by him, she was dismissed   shire, in Scotland, a poet of considerable
in safety, and d. in retirement, at Mecca, merit. lie wrote in Greek, Latin, and
in 677. The Mussunlmans venerate her French, as well as English. B. 1570;
memory, and designate her the prop/i- d. 1638.
etess.                                  AZAIS, P. H., author of a " Systeme
AYLMER, Jonx, bishop of London      Universel," and the editor of several litein the reign of Queen Elizabeth. He raryand political works, "Le Mercure,"
was a ready, but not very rigidly prin- " Aristarque," &c. B. 1706.
cipled writer; and was inmore disposed  AZARA, DON JosEPi NICOLAss D', a
to intolerance than is consistent with  Spanish grandee, born in Aragon, 1721;
the character of a true Christian. B. ambassador, first to Rome, and next to
1521; d. 1594.-The true name of Jack  France; a good writer in Spanish, Italian,
Cade.                                 and French; a ripe antiquarian, and a
AYLOFFE, Sir JosEPH, an able anti- greatpatronof thefinearts. His "Suite
quary of the 18th century.  He was de Pierres Gravees," published in Spain,
keeper of the state papers, and author is much esteemed. He translated into
of'The Universal Librarian," besides Spanish "Middleton's Life of Cicero,"
numerous other works. B. 1708; d. 1781. "Bowles's Natural History of Spain,"
AYMON, JOHN, a Piedmontese priest "Seneca," and " Bodoni's Horace, "  D.
of the 17th century. He abjured Pa- 1804.-FELIX D', a Spanish naturalist
pacy for the doctrines of Calvin, but re- and traveller of the 18th century; author
turned to his original faith, and had a of a " Natural History of Paraguay," and
pension from the Cardinal de Noailles. other valuable works. B. 1746.
Availing himself of his intimacy with; AZNAR, count of Gascony, distinthe librarian of the royal collection at guished for quelling an insurrection of
Paris. he stole some MSS., one of which, the Navarrese Gascons in 824; but being
an account of the synod of Jerusalem in  discontented with Pepin, king of Aqui1672, he published in Holland. He wrote taine, for whom he put down the insura " Picture of the Court of Rome," and  gents, he subsequently, in 831, seized on
some other works.                     a part of Navarre, and became the founAYRAULT, PIERRE, a French lawyer der of the kingdom of that name. D.
of the 16th century; author of a treatise  836.:'De Patris Jure," occasioned by the    AZUNI, DOMINIC ALBERT, a Sardinian,
leduction of his son by the Jesuits, and  author of "Systeme Universel du Droit
Dther works. B. 1526; d. 1601.       MHaritime  e I'Europe," &o., a work of




88                   CYCLOP~EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BAB
the highest merit, written in the purest  AZZO, PowrIus, an Italian jurist of
French. Made president of the Genoese the 18th century; author of "A Sumboard of trade by Napoleon; he fell with  mary of the Codes or Institutes." He is
his patron, and retired to private life. said to have been executed for killing a
B. 1760; d. 1827.                    man in a personal conflict.
B.
BAADER, FRANCIS, one of the most to Aretolia. Ie was finally routed, and
eminent thinkers of Germany, who wrote his sect destroyed.
on politics, theology, and the philosophi-  BABBINGTON, ANTIHONY, a Catholic
cal sciences. He produced no formal of Derbyshire, who conspired with sevesystem, in any department of thought, ral other gentlemen to assassinate Queen
but is commonly classed with the mys- Elizabeth of England, and rescue Mary,
tics. He was appointed professor in the  queen of Scots. He joined in the ununiversity of Munich when the king of dertakin%, it is said, in hope that the
Bavaria wished to oppose the pantheistic latter laAy would in gratitude become
tendencies of Schelling, I-egel, and other his wife. The plot was discovered, and
German authorities. His ehief writings he was executed in 1586. A touching
were the "Absolute Extravaoance of account of the affair is to be found in
the Practical Reason of Kant," 1797; a Leigh Hunt's " London Journal."-GE:" Memoir upon ElementaryPhysiology,"  VASE, an English bishop, who was a great
1797; a " Memoir on Physical Dynam- benefactor to the cathedral library at
ics," 1809; "Demonstration of Morals Worcester, and wrote notes on the Penby Physics," 1813; "Principles of a tateuch. D. 1610.-WIrLLIAM, a noted
Theory destined to give Form and Foun- physician and lecturer at Guy hospital,
clation to Human Life," 1820; "Lectures who wrote a new " System of Minerallpon Eeligious Philosophy in opposition  ogy," and other scientific works. B.
to the Irreligion of both Ancient and  1757; d. 1833.
MAodern Times," 1727; "Christian Idea  BABEK, a Persian fanatic, who gathof Immortality, as opposed to Unchris- ered a multitude of followers, as the
tian Doctrines," 1836.               apostle of a new religion; and for more
BAAHDIN, MAHOMET GEBET AMALI, than twenty years baffled all the efforts
a Persian author, who wrote a "Sum- made to suppress his influence. When
ma-' of the Canon and Civil Law," by  he was finally conquered by the caliph,
the order of Abbas the Great.        who succeeded Almamar, he was pubBAAN    JOHN DE, a portrait painter, licly executed.  lie began his career
born at Iiarlaem, in 1633. His celebrity  about 837, and was called "The Imgot him employment under Charles II. pious."s
of England, whose whole family were    BABEAUF, FRANOIS NOEL, a French
painted by him. He was subsequently reformer and enthusiast, who was born
patronized by the duke of Tuscany. D. at St. Quentin. I-e was of humble ex1702.-JAMEs, a son of the preceding, traction, and for a time served in a menial
was of the same profession, but not so  capacity. But he parted with his emdistinguished. D. 1700.              ployer, and became an attorney. lmBAARSDAP, CoRNELIUS, a physician   prisoned at Arras for some trivial offence,
under Charles V., who wrote the "Me- he escaped to Paris, where, stiongly
thodus Universal Artis Medical." D. sympathizing with the democrats of the
1565.                                revolution, he issued a paper called the
BAART PETER, a Flemish author, Tribune, which had great acceptance
who wrote chiefly in Latin. His works among the people. His doctrines were
were, the " Flemish Georgics," and "Le those of the communistic revolutionists,
Triton de Frise."  He flourished during  and he vindicated a system of equal
the 18th century.                    rights and common property. When
BABA, a Turkish fanatic, who about Robespierre died, he was considered by
the year 1260 proclaimed himself a rmes- his associates the next best man to govsenger of God; and collecting a con- ern France; but he was betrayed by
~iderabLe body of adherents, laid waste some of his fiends, and guillotined in




PAO]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         89
1797. His trial produced a prodigious ing was severe and elevated, but at the
sensation, and was published in three  same time graceful; in the use of color
volumes.                              resembline Titian or Giorgone.
BABIN, FRANCIS, a French divine of    BACELLAR, ANTHONY BARBOSA, a
Angers, who edited the " Conferences"  Portuguese poet, historian, and civilian,
of that diocese. D. 1734.             who wrote a celebrated defence of the
BABOUR, the founder of the great house of Braganza.
Mogul dynasty, a descendant of Timour,  BACH, JOHN SEBASTIAN, a musical
or Tamerlane, as he is called; who un- author who occupies the highest rank
dertook the conquest of Samarcand, and  among the composers of Germany. He
was deprived of his dominions by the was b. at Eisenach in 1685, and studied
Usbecks.   He recovered his fortunes, at Luneburg, where he made himself
however, and overthrew Ibrahim, the familiar with the French style of music,
last Hindoo emperor, whose throne he by frequenting the chapel of the duke
usurped. After an active reign he died  of Halle. In 1.707 he was appointed
in 1530. He was an accomplished but organist at Muhlhausen, the next year
voluptuous prince,  and wrote a history  at Weimar, in 1717 chapel-master at
of his own life.                      Cothen; in 1723 chanter and director of
BABRIAS, a Greek poet, quoted by    music at Leipsic, and in 1736 composer
Suidas.                               at the electoral court of Saxony. As a
BABYLAS, a bishop of Antioch, put performer on the harpsichord and organ
to death during the persecution of  e- he was without a rival in his time, while
cins 251.                             his compositions are marked by great
BACAI, IBRAIIM, a Mahometan auo- originality, strength, and fervor. D.
thor. D. 835 of the Hegira.           1750. —CHIMLES PHILIP EMANUEL, the
BACCAINI, BENEDICT, professor of second son of the above, known as Bach
ecclesiastical history at Modena.  B. of Berlin, was chapel-master to the
1657; d. 1721.                        Princess Amelia of Prussia, and afterBACCULARY SAUNA, VINCENT, a wards director of music at Hamburgh.
commnanderand statesman under Charles I-e was b. in 1714, and as a composer
1. and Philip V. of Spain, and who also  attained a celebrity as wide as that of his
wrote the memoirs of Philip V. D. 1726. father. Haydn seems to have regardBACCHYLIDES, a Greek lyric poet, ed him as a master.-JoIN CHRISTIAN,
cotemporary with Pindar, and whom     another son of Sebastian, bv a second
Horace is said to have imitated. He   wife, known as Bach of Milan, was a
flourished about 450 B. a.            scholar of Emanuel, under wholm hle beBACCIO, ANDREW, an Italian phy- came a fine performer on keyed instrusician and author of the 16th century.-  ments. IIe afterwards went to Italy,
DELLA PORTA, more generally known     where his success as a composer of vocal
as Fra Bartolomeo, was a celebrated   music got him the place of organist of
painter, born at Sarignano in Tuscany, the Duomo of Milan. In 1763 he. was
1469. His teacher was Cosimo Roselli, engaged by Matteuceo to compose for
of Florence, under whom, by the study  the opera in London, where lie produced
of the works of Leonarda, lhe acquired  "Orione," which was extremely apgreat grandeur of style, and cvigor of  plauded for the richness of its harmocoloring  and outline.  The fiamous nies, the in(enious texture of its parts,
fresco in the hospital of Santa Maria and its new and skilful use of wind
Nnova, representing the last jadgiment, instruments. In connection withAbel,
was begun by him and finished by      he opened weekly subscription concerts,
Albertinelli. IHe enlisted in the cause  which were kept up for more than 20
of Sayonarola, and was imprisoned in  years with uninterrupted prosperity.
the monastery of SaIn Mar co, which was He was the first composer who observed
besieged; when lie made a vow, that the law of contrast as a principle of llrif he escaped he would beconie a  onk. mony. His symphionies are regarded
In consequence of this, le asstumed the generally as more original than his songs
Dominican habit in 1500, and went under or ieces for the harpsicord.  D. 1782.
the name of Brother Bartoloneo. For -JONI-I     CRISTOPIIER, another of the
four years lie did not paint at all, and  Bachs, was the greatest contrapiuntist
afterwards only saeredsubjects. RIaphael fand most expert organist in Germany,
visited him in 1504, and some years af- where he was court and town orcg'alist
terwards hle himself met Michael Angelo  at Eisenach. He was also an uncolmon
andr Raphael at Rome, wh'ere he acknovl- master of full harmony, as is p roved by
edged their merits. His style of paint- iis "Es erhab sich ein Streit, a piece
Sc




90                    CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LBAt
of church music, having 20 obligate laneous writer. B. at Hernhorn, in the
parts, yet perfectly pure in its harmo- principality of Nassau-Dillenbourg, in
nies.                                 1736; author of " An Abridgment of
BACHAUMONT, FRANCIS LE COIGEAU      the Geography of the Russian Empire;"
DE, was a counsellor of the parliament "A Collection of Memoirs relating to
of Paris, of which his father was presi- Peter I.;" " The Russian Library," 11
dent. In the disturbance of 1648 he vols., &c. D. 1806.
took part against the court, and a wot  BACICI, JOHN BAPTIST GAUII, an
of his at that time originated the name  Italian painter, chiefly of scriptural subof the Fronde. He said that the parlia- jects andportraits. B. 1639; d. 1709.
ment reminded him of the school-boys    BACKER, JAMES, a Dutch historical
who played with slings on the boule- painter of great ability. B. 1530; d.
vards,-they dispersed at the sight of a 1560.-JAcoB, a portrait and historical
police officer, and collected again as soon  painter. B. at Harlingen, 1609; d. 1651.
as he was gone. The comparison struck   BACKHOUSE, WILLIAM, an English
the general mind, and the enemies of astronomer and alchemist; author of
Mazarin, adopting a hat-band in the   "The Complaint of Nature," "The
form of a sling (fronde) were called  Golden Fleece," &c. D. 1662.
Frondeurs.  During the war of the       BACKHUYSEN, LUDOLF, a painter
Fronde, and afterwards, he was dis- of the Dutcsc school, distinguishedmaintinguished as a poet and author. Iis ly for his sea-pieces. He was b. in 1631
book called " A Journey to Montpelier"  at Embden, and was originally destined
is lively and spirited. B. 1624; d. 1702. for mercantile pursuits. But instead of
-Louis PETIT, the writer of a volumin- poring over ledgers he made pen sketches
ous "Secret Memoirs towards a History  of vessels and shipping scenes, which,
of the French Republic of Letters."  D. attracting attention, he was induced to
1771.                                 devote his life to art. He took regular
BACHE, RIcHARD, a postmaster-gen- instructions, and soon acquired extraeral of the United States from 1776 to  ordinary facility. It was his custom,
1782. He was the son-in-law   of Dr. when storms approached, to embark on
Franklin. D. 1811.-BENJAMIN FRANK- the boats, to observe the commotion of
LIN, the editor of a print called the  the waters, the gathering of the clouds,
"Aurora," which vehemently opposed    and the breaking of the swell upon the
the administrations of Washington and  shore. He carried his entlihusiasm  to
Adams. D. 1799.                       such a pitch that the terrified sailors
BACHELIER, NICHOLAS, a French       were often forced to carry him to land in
sculptor, pupil of Michael Angelo. Sev- the face of his most earnest entreaties to
eral of his productions are in the cathe- remain. Full of what he had seen, he
dral of Toulouse, his native city. D. put upon canvas, while the impression
1554.-JOHN JAMES, a French painter, was fresh, and with admirable fidelity,
B. in 1724; was director of the royal the varying features of those scenes.
porcelain manufactory of Sevres, and  This courageous zeal procured his picthe discoverer of an encaustic composi- tures an eminent rank in their class.
tion for the preservation of marble sta- Truth was their prevailing characteristic,
tues. He devoted a fortune of 60,000 though his coloring was excellent, and
francs to the establishment of a school his touch free and effective. lIe also
for gratuitously teaching the art of draw- attempted poetry, but not with the same
ing. ID. 1805.                        success. D. 1709.
BACHER, GEORGE FREDERIC, a Ger-       BACKLER, D'ALBE, Baron Aubert
man physician of the 18th century; Louis, a French geographer and enauthor of " Treatises on Dropsy," a dis- gineer, who was the author of the
ease which he was very skilful in     "Chart of the Theatre of War in Natreating.-A son of the preceding, and  poleon's first Italian Campaigns."  B.
of the same profession, was the author 1761; d. 1824.
of a work on law, and a contributor to  BACKUS, AZEL, D.D., the first presthe "Journal de M'edecine."  D. 1807.  ident of Hamilton college, and author
BACHOVIUS, REINIER, a German        of several published sermons. B. 1767;
civilian of the 16th century; author of  d. 1824.-IsAAC, a distinguished Baptist
a catechism in vindication of Calvinism. preacher of Norwich, Ct. He wrote a
-REINIER, son of the above; professor history of that sect, in 3 vols., which
of civil law at Heidelberg; author of a was greatly indebted to his exertions
treatise "De Actionibus," &c.         for its prosperity. B. 1724; d. 1806.
BACHMEISTER, H. L. C., a miscel-      BACON, ANNE, wife of Sir Nicholas,




BAC]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         91
remarkable for her learning, translated  vancement, but for the feud of the latter
the sermons of Ochinus fiom the Italian, with Essex. In 1593 he was returned a
and "Bishop Jewel's Apology for the   member of parliament for Middlesex,
Church of England," from tile Latin. where he at first conducted himself with
B. 1528; d. 1600.-ANa-TIONY, an elder great dignity and discretion, voting with
brother of the chancellor, a skilful poli- the popular party against the measures
tician and learned nman, was the friend  of tle ministers, but towarlds the end
of the earl of Essex, and a fitvorite of  of Elizabeth's reign, his poverty beHenry IV. of France. lie passed his traved lhim into acts of servility untime in the pursuit of knowledge.-     worthy of his character. Under James
JOIIN, an eminent sculptor who invented  I., a prince ambitious of the title of a
a method of making statues in artificial patron of letters, he was knighlted in
stone. His chief works were a bust of  1703. Commissioned to Imake a repurt
George III., a figure of Mars, Lord    on the oppressions committed by the
Chatham's monuments in Guildhall and   royal purveyols in the king's name, he
Westminster, and those of Guy     the executed the task with so much satisfounder of the hospital, and of Dr. faction both to the king and parliament,
Johnson and IlIo-ard in St. Paul's.  3. that the commons voted him    their
1740{ d. 1799.-JoiiN- an English monk, thanks, and James made him    kingf's
called the Resolue e t Doctor, ho wrote a  counsel, with a pension of ~100. He
"Compenditmin of the Lawv of Christ."  soon after contracted an acldantageous
D. 1346.-FrnANCIS, viscount of St. Al- marliarge, was created lord keeper of the
bans, one of the most extraordinary    seals in 1617, and lord high chancellor
men that any age can boast, —a scholar, and baron of Verulam in 1619, and, in
a wit, a lawyer, a judce, a statesman, a 1620, viscount of St. Albans. But his
politicipan and philosopllelr, whose wri- rapidcpretferiment was only the precursor
tiings will endure as long as the lan- to a still more rapid fall. He was acguatges in which they are written can  cused before the house of lords of aavbe read. He xwas born at London, Jan. illn received money for grants of office
22, 161, and friom his earliest childhood  aRndl privilceges undler the seal of state.
evinced the greatest aptitude for learn- I-le was unable to justify himself, and
ing, and a   remarkable  capacity of finally confessed the bulk of the charges,
thlought. He entered Cambridg'e in his throwin(i himaself on the inercy of the
13th year, and was speedily distin- peers. l-e was senltenced to pay a fine
guishled for his progress in the sciences. of ~40,000, to be imprisoned in the
Before he wtas 16 he wrote a thesis Tower, and to be declared incapable of
against  the Aristotelian  philosophy  holding office, or to appear within the
thien in  vogue.   Hise precocity led  vr'e of the court. Basil Montague, in
Queen ElizaIbeth, awhein he first mlade his aldmirable life of Bacon, ingeniously
he r acquaintance, to  call himl her attempts to excuse his crimes, but his'"ouns lord keeper.'"  At the close of  arguments are scattered like chaff in
his collegiate studies, Ie went, as it M1i. MNacaulay's essay oni BIacon, to be
was tlheni the customla waith young men, found in his Miscellanies.  The sento the Continent forf the purposes of  tence was not rigorously executed; he
travel.    e H   was in the suite of Sir was soon released fromi the Tower, and
Amias Paulet, who sent him back to    the rest of his pen'alty remitted. Yet
lEngiiamRnd on an1 important errand, which  he survived his diserace only a few
hle n1managed so discreetly that lie at- years, and died in 1726.  Durini  his
tracted thle reo ard of the queen, and  active political life, and in his fiall he
was at once established in court favor. had still been devoted to philosophy.
Ieturning to France, he completed his His universal genius had made hibn
travels, and then, though but 19 years master of all the sciences, and his imof ag T  wrote an essay on tlhe state of mortal writings, thle " Advancemient of
Enrope,.which gave astonishing evi- Learning,".aid the " Novun- Oigadeuce of extensive observation and ma- num," laidl the foundations of true
ture judgment. The death of his father scientific method, which changed the
rec. lled him to Enmlandu, where lie en- philosophy of the world.  He treated
gageed in the studxy of jurisprudence, also, in the. "ySylva Sylvanum," of
and before he was 28 was made counsel natural history, wrote several works on.
extr.aordinarll  to the queen. His con- medicine, and suggested extensiveand
necrion vita Burleimh, tlhelordtretsmurerl,  wise reforms of law. His moral "Eslnd Sir tRobert Cecil, first secretary of  says" are a treasure of profound thought,
state, would have led to his instant ad- eloquently expressed. Indeed, in nearly




92                    CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBAO
all departments of human investigatton, made several discoveries in chemistry.
he displayed prodigious capacity, and  He knew the secret of manufacturing
was as copious and beautiful as a writer gunpowder, was familiar with geography
as he was original and comprehensive   and astronomy; wrote Hebrew, Latin,
as a thinker. In mathematics and as- and Greek with elegance; and has left
tronomy he was, perhaps, behind others  behind admirable precepts in moral phi-,of his day, but in every other respect, losophy. Altogether he was perhaps the
he soared to such a height, that his most wonderful man of his age.-Sir
cotemporaries scarcely estimated the   NICHOLAS, keeper of the great seal under
greatness of his views and the im- Elizabeth, was born 1510. He was emportance of his discoveries.-   OGER, ployed under Henry VIII., to whom he
an English monk, whose genius would    proposed a plan, which however was
render the name of Bacon illustrious   never adopted, for the erecting of a coleven if it had not belonged to the great lege to instruct young statesmen in all
counsellor whose life is given above. the branches of political knowledge. He
He was born in 1214, at Ilchester, in  was knighted by Elizabeth, and made
Somerset, and educated first at Oxford  keeper of the seals in the room of Heath,
and then at Paris, where he took a de- archbishop of York; but as he favored
gree as doctor of theology. In 1240 he  the Suffolk succession he was treated
returned to Oxford, where he joined the  with coldness, and suspected of assisting
order of Franciscans.  HIis inquisitive  Hales in writing a tract to favor the claims
spirit, however, directed his taste rather of the duchess of Suffolk against the
to learning than religion, and he was  rights of the queen of Scotland. He
soon distinguished for the extent as well was, however, soon after reinstated in
as variety of his attainments. His favor- the queen's good opinion by the interite pursuit was natural philosophy; in  ference of Sir William Cecil, and he died
the prosecution of which, having ex- 20th February, 1579.-NATHANIEL, a Virha.imted his own means, he relied upn  ginia general, one of the earliest patriots
the contributions of friends. He  is- of the New World, was educated at the
covered many valuable facts in science; Inns of Court in England, and after his'
but such was the ignorance and super- arrival in this country was chosen a
stition of the day, that his labors were  member of the council. The murder of
regarded as heretical and their results as six Indian chiefs induced the savages
sorcery or magic.  He replied by de- to take terrible vengeance, inhumanly
nouncing the ignorance and corruption  slaughtering sixty for the six. Their
of the priests, who could not compre- incursions caused the frontier plantahend his elevated aims, and they, in re- tions to be abandoned. GovernorBerkevenge, denounced him at the court of ley built a fei forts on the frontiers, but
home. The pope silenced his teachin gs this wretched expedient produced no
at the university; and not long after he  beneficial effect, for the savages quicdly
was thrown into prison, where he was found out, as an oldhistoryhas it, "where
shut out from all human converse, and  the mouse-traps were set."  The people
almost deprived of food. But the next were for wiser and more active measures.
pope, Clement IV., a more enlightened  They chose Bacon for their leader, who
man, liberated him from confinement, after sending to the governor for a comand requested him to publish his works, mission, which was refused, marched
which he did in the shape of what is now  without one at the head of S0 or 90 met
known as the "Opus Majus." Clement's and defeated the Indians. For this act
successor, Nicholas III. was not so favor- he was proclaimed a rebel. He was taken,
able to him, and his writings were again  tried, and acquitted, restored to the councondemned and his person imprisoned. oil, and promised also in two days a comHe suffered during ten years, and was mission as general for the, Indian war,
only released by the intercession of some  agreeably to the passionate wishes of the
learned Englishmen. He died in 1294. people. As the governor refused to sign
His opinions were many of them those the promised commission, Bacon soon
of his age, but he was in most respects appeared at the head of 500 men and
greatly in advance of it. His views on  obtained it by force. The people had
optics were newl and ingenious; he had  not misjudged his capacity to serve them:
investigated the refraction of light, knew  for by'the wise and energetic measures
the property of lenses, and leas either he adopted, he restored his scattered
the inventor or improver ofthe telescope. friends to their plantations. While he
The camera obscura and the burning     was thus honorably'employed. the govglans were not unknown to him, and he ernor again proclaimed him a rebel. This




BAG]                  CYCLOP —EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       93
measure induced him to countermarch   Tacitus, and honored as one of the
to Williamsburg, whence he issued his founders of Danish letters. B. 1735; d.
declaration against the governor, and  1805.-RICHARD DE, chancellor of Camsoon drove him across the bay to Acco- bridge in 1326, when he founded Unimac. He also exacted of the people an  versity Hall. That building being burnt
oath to support him against the forces down, a new one was built by the daughcmnployed by the governor.  He then   ter of Gilbert de Clare, and called Clareprosecuted the Indian war. The gov- Hall.
ernor was again routed, and Jamestown   BADENS, FRANCIS, an historical and
burned. To prevent an attack by the portrait painter of Antwerp. B. 1571;
governor when besieged by him, he d. 1603.
seized the wives of several of the gov-  BADGER, Louis, a native of Lyons,
ernor's adherents, and brought them into has immortalized his memory by an
camp; sending word to their husbands, heroic instance of fraternal affection.
that they would be placed in front of his To save his brother, who had assisted
men. Entirely successful on the western  in defending Lyons against the repubshore; Bacon was about to cross the bay  licans, and who was consequently exto attack the governor at Accomac, when  posed to the penalty of death after the
he was arrested by death, October 1st, surrender, he assumed his name, and
1676. He appears to have been a man   cheerfully suffered for him.
of noble impulses, great sagacity, and  BADIA   Y  ZEBLICH, DOMIOiNGO, I
chivalric valor.  His story has been  Spanish traveller, who became a Muswrought into a novel by Mr. Caruthers sulman in order to travel through the
of Virginia; and Mr. Parke Godwin, we East, where he was everywhere received
are told, has an unpublished drama, of with favor, as a true believer. It is now
which Bacon is the hero.-PHANUEL, known that he was employed as a poD. D., an Oxford, divine, celebrated for litical agent by the Prince of Peace, at
his wit anit humor. In 1735 he became  the instigation of Bonaparte; and on
rector of Baldon, Oxfordshire, where he his return to his native country he esdied, January 2, 1783. He wrote, be- poused the French cause there. After
sides five plays, published in 1757, an ele  the battle of Vittoria he took refuge in
gant poem called " The Artificial Kii-.  France. B. 1766; d. 1824.
first printed in 1719, and inserted in the  BADILE, ANTONIO, an Italian painter,
Gentleman's MIagazine, 1758.-TIuOMAS, celebrated for the accuracy and coloring
an Episcopal minister at Frederictown, of his portraits, but deriving still greater
Maryland, died in 1768. He compiled   honor from having two such disciples
" A'Complete System of the Revenue of as Paul Veronese and Baptista Zelotti.
Ireland," published in 1737; also "a B. 1480; d. 1560.
Complete Body of the Laws of Mary-      BADUEL, CLAUDE, a French Protland," fol., 1765. He also wrote other estant divine, author of some theologivaluable pieces.                      cal treatises, &c. D. 1561.
BACONTHORPE, JoHx, called the         BAERSIUS, or VEKENSTIL, HIIENn,
Resolute Doctor, an English monk, an- a printer and mathematician of the 16th
thor of a'" Compendium of the Law of  century. He resided at Louvain, and
Christ," &c. D. 1346.                 there -published, in 1528, " Tables of
BACQUET, a French advocate. au- the Latitudes and Longitudes of the
thor of various law treatises, of which  Planets," &c.
an edition, in 2 vols., was published at  BAERSTRAT, a     Dutch   painter,
Lyons, in 1744. D. 1597.              chiefly of sea-pieces. D. 1687.
BACQUE, LEO, a bishop of Pamiers,     BAFFIN, WILLIAaM, an English naviwho wrote a Latin' poem on the educa- gator of the 17th century, famous for
tion of princes. B. 1600; d. 1694.    his discoveries in the Arctic regaions,
BACQUERRE, BENEDICT DE, a phy- was born in 1584. IHe visited West
ician who wrote the "Suinmmna Medi- Greenland in 1612, again in 1615, and
cus."                                 made a voyage to Spitzbergen in 1614.
BADOOCK, SAMuEL, an English di- In 1623 and 1624 he ascertained the
vine and author of no mean celebrity, limits of that vast inlet of the sea since
but chiefly known by his critiques in  distinguished by the appellation of Bafthe Monthly Review. B. 1747; d. 1788. fin's Bay.
BADEN, JAMES, professor of Latin      BAF KARKAH, or ABU ZOHAL,
and eloquence in the university of Co- an Arabian commentator on Euclid.
penhagen, author of a "Danish and       BAGDEDIN, MAHOMET, an Arabian
(German Dictionary," a translation of  mathematician of the 10th century, an



.94D CYCLOPAEDIA Ot                     BIOGRAPHY.                  [BAI
thor of a treatise " On the Division of of the 17th century. In the commenceSuperficies," of which there is a Latin  ment of the rebellion he sided with the
version by John Dee.                 parliament, but subsequently became a
BAGE, ROBERT, an English novelist, royalist. Hie wrote several works on
was born at Derby, in 1728, and died at law and politics.-EDWARD, son of ihe
Tamworth, in 1801. During the greater preceding, was a clergyman, and an oppart cf his life he followed the occupa- ponent of Baxter.
tion of a paper-maker. " Mount Ken-    BAHIER, JOHN, a French priest, and
neth," "Barham Downs," "The Fair the author of some Latin poems which
Syrian," &c., owe their existence to  are in the collection of De Brienne. D.
him.         *                       1707.
BAGFORD, JOHN, a book collector      BAHRDT, CHARLES FREDERIC, a Gerand antiquary, whose letters are in the man divine and author. Ie was born
British Museum. B. 1651; d. 1716.    at Bischofswerda, and studied at LeipBAGGER, JOHIN, a learned Dane, sic, where a prosecution having been
bishop of Copenhagen, and author of  commenced against him at Vienna for
several treatises in Latin and Danish. the heterodoxy of his writings, he fled
B. 1646; d. 1693.                    to Prussia; and at length he settled at
BAGGESEN, EM3MANUEL, a Danish      Halle, took a farm and an inn, and
poet. HIe Iusually wrote in the German  openly avowed himself a deist. D. 1792.
fanguage, and his chief productions are  BAIAN, or BAION, ANDREW, a naa pastoral epic, entitled, "Parthenaise, tive of Goa, who was converted to
oder die Alpenriese," and a mock epic, Christianity, and ordained a priest at
entitled, "Adam  and Eve," but his Rome.about 1630.    He translated the
songs and short poems are very numer- _Aneid into Greek verse, and the Lusiad
ous and popular. B. 1764; d, 1826.   into Latin.
BAGLIONE, GIOVANNI, an Italian       BAIER, JOHN WVILLIAM, a German
painter of the 17th century, distin- divine, author of a " Compendium of
guished for his works in fresco; many  Theology," &c.  B. 1647; d. 1694.of which adorn the walls and ceilings  JOHN JAMES, a German physician, and
of the churches at Rome. D. 1644.    director of the botanical garden at AltBAGLIONI, JOHN PAUL, an Italian    dorf; author of "De Hortis celebriorisoldier of fortune of the 16th century. bus Germ'aniae, et Horti Medici Acadelie was put to death by Leo X., in 1520. mici Altdorfini Hist.," &c., &c. B.
BAGLIVI, GEORGE, an     illustrious 1677; d. 1735.
Italian physician, born at Apulia, and  BAIF, LAZARUS, a French abbot, and
elected professor of anatomy at Rome; counsellor to the parliament of Paris, in
was author of "The Praxis 3Medica," the 16th century; author of treatises
and several works connected with his "De re Navali" "De re Vestiaria."profession, all of which were written in  JON ANTONY, son of the above, and
Latin. B. 1667; d. 1706.             author of some poems. D. 1592.
BAGNIOLI, JULIus CXSAR, an Italian   BAIL, Louis, a French.divine of the
poet, author of "The Judgment of     17th century, author of an "Account
Paris," a poem, &c. D. 1600.         of Celebrated Preachers," a " Summary
BAGOT, LEWIS, an English prelate, of Counicils," &c.
and brother to the first Lord Bagot, was  BAILEY, NATHAN, an English lexicogborn in 1740. He was at first a canon  rapher, was a schoolmaster at Stepney.
of Christ-church, Oxford, then dean, Besides several school books, he was
and successively became the bishop of the author of " Dictionarium DomestiBristol, Norwich, and St. Asaph. He cum;" but his principal work was an
was the author of "Sermons on the "Etymological English      Dictionary,"
Prophecies," &c. D. 1802.            which may fairly be regarded as the
BAGRATION, K. A., a Russian        basis of Dr. Johnson's unrivalled work.
prince and counsellor, who especially  D. 1742.-PETER, author of "Sketches
distinguished himself in the campaigns from  St. George's  Fields,"  "The
in Italy under Suwarrow, and was mor- Queen's Appeal," &c. D. 18283.
tally wounded at the battle of Moscow  BAILLET, ADRIAN, a learned Frenchin 1812.-                            man, born of poor parents at Neuville,
BAGSHAW, WILLIAM, an English       1649, in Picardy, and educated by the
divine, ejected from his living for non- humanity of the fathers of a neighborconforumity, in 1662. HI-e was the aul- ing convent.  He early distinguished
thor of some works on practical divinity. himself by his great application, and
D. 1703.-EDWARD, an English civilin  the extent of his learning. In 1680 he




IAI]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          95
becamrle library keeper to M. de La- portant papers in the      Philosophical
moUignon, and began to form an index   Transactions, &c. and he presented to
of every subject whsicl was treated. in  the College of Physicians a valuable muthe books whiclh he possessed; and so  seum of anatomical specimens. D. 1823.voluminous were his lhaors, that they  JOANNA, his sister, became distinguished
were contained in 35 folio volumes, and  as one of the gireatest female writers of
all written with his own hand.    His Great Britain. She was born at Bothnext work was " Jugemens des Sa- well about the year 1765, and at an early
-;ans," which had a very rapid sale, and  age, manifestecd a strong predilection for
which he totally gave to the bookseller literary pursuits.  Her first dramatic
requesting only a few copies for his   efforts were published in 1798, under the
friends. As in this work he mentioned  title, " A Series of Plays " in which it is
not only the praises but the censures attempted to delineate the stronger paspassed on different authors, he met with  sions of the mind, each passion being
violent opposition frino those who suf- the subject of a tragedy land a comedy.
fered under the severity of his criticism. A second volume was published in 1802,
The Jesuits were particularly severe   and a third in 1812. During the interval
against him, because he had spoken     she gave the world a volume of misceldcsrespectfully of their society; and, on  laneous dramas, including -the "Family
the other hand[, expressed himself in  Legend," a tragedy founlded upon a story
handsome terms of the gentlemen of tle  of one of the Macleans of Appin, and
Port Royyal.  Besides these, his inde- which, principally through Sir WTalter's
fatigable labors producec a prolix " Life  endeavors, was brought out at the Edinof'Descartes,l'2 vols. 4to., a "Hlis- burgh theatre. She visited Scott in Edtory of Holland," the " Lives of Saints," inburgh in 1808. In the following year
4 vols. folio, and several theological the cdrama in question was played with
works; and lie formed the plan of " An  great tenporary success, and Sir Walter
Universal  Ecclesiastical lDictionarsy'  Scott's enthusiasm in its favor communiwhich was to contain a perfect system  eating itself to Edinburgh society, the
of divinity, supported by authorities  dralma ran fourteen nights. In 1814 it
from scripture and from the fathers of was played in London. The only " Play
the church, but died 1706, before it was  of the Passions" ever represented on a
completed.                             stace was " De Montfort," brought out
BAILLIE, IocnHE, surnamed La li- by John Kemble, and played for elevvilre, physician to Ienry 1V. of France, en nights.-In 1821 it was revived for
and autlhor of "A   Summary of the     Edmtund iKean, but fruitlessly.  Miss
Doctrines of Paracelsus."' He pretended  O'Neill played the heroine.  In fact,
to great skill in astrology. 1). 1605.- like all Joannla's dramatic efforts, it wat
ROBERT, a Scotcl divine, born in Glas- a poeml-a poem full of genius and the
gow, 1599. He was one of the deputa- true spirit of poetty-but not a play.
tion sent to London to exhibit charges  Scott, however, was strongly taken by
ageainst Archbishop Laud; and also one it; his lines are well known:
of the commissioners sent from    the 
1ena a y of Sotland to Chare " Till Avon's swnns-whiie rung the grove
generail assembly of Scotland to Charles    wVitlh Moentfort's hate, and Basil's love.
II. at the Hague. His letters, and a         Awaken.ing at the inspiring strain
journal of his transactions in Englanc,     Deel'd their ov Shaispenrelived gnin"
were published in 1775.    D. 1662.-   In 1836 the authoress published thref
MA TTIEW, M.D., a celebrated anatomist more volumes of plays. Previous to this,
and physician, was born in 1671 at the in 1823, a long-promised collection of
nlailse of Shotts, i Lanarkshire, Scot- poetic miscellaies appeared, containing
land. He succeeded Dr. Hunter as lec- Scott's dramatic sketch of " Macduff's
turer on anatomy, in conjunction with  Cross," with, iiel alia, some' of Mrs.
Mr. Cruickshank, at St. George's Hos- Heman's poetry and Miss Catharine Fanpital; he was also one of the physicians  shaw's jezux cl;e,,sit. She always lived
in ordinary to their majesties Gcorge  in retirement, andl latterly in strict seIII. and IV., and was held in high     elusion, in her retreat at Hampstead.
esteem amlong his professional brethren. The literary faime which she had acHIis professional incomle at one time  cquired by her own works, aided in no
amounited to ~10,000 per rannml, and   small degree by the on  a    loudly exno physician since the days of Dr. Svd- pressed admiration of Walter Scott, who
enhaml had attained such a supremalcy. always visited her when in London,
HIe was the author of several highly   never succeeded in drawing her generesteenmed works, as well as of many im- ally into society. D. 1850. During the




96                    CYCLOPA EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BAJ
greater part of her life she lived with a tem'atic order and steady perseverance
maiden sister, Agnes-also a poetess-   were the secrets of his success. D. 1844,
to whom she addressed her beautiful aged 70.
Birthday poem. They were of a family     BAINBIDGE, Dr. Jonx, an eminent
in which talent and genius were he- physician and astronomer. B. in 1582.
reditary. Their father was a Scottish   Ie gained considerable reputation by his
clergyman, and their mother a sister of  woik entitled a "Description of the late
the celebrated Dr. William  Hunter.-   Comet in 1628," and was appointed proJOHN, an active and able officer of the fessor of astronomy at Oxford. D. 164,.
East India Company, went out to India  -WILLIAM, a commodore of the United
as a cadet, in 1791, where at the corn- States navy, was b. at Princeton, N. J.,
mencement of the Mahratta war he ef- May 7th, 1774. He was apprenticed to
fected the peaceable transfer to the  the sea-service at an early period of his
British dominions of a territory yielding  life, and at the age of 19 rose to the colnan annual revenue of ~225,000. On re- mand of a merchant vessel. In 1798 he
turning to England, Colonel Baillie was, entered the naval service with the rank
in 1820, elected M. P. for Hendon; and  of lieutenant. In 1800 he sailed for Alsubsequently represented the burghs of  giers as commander of the frigate George
Inverness, &c. D. 1833.                Washington; and in 1803 he sailed for
BAILLON, WILLIAM DE, a French        Tripoli, as commander of the frigate
physician, and author of Conciliorum   Philadelphia, in consequence of the
Medicinalium. B. 1538; d. 1616.        grounding of which he was captured.
BAILLY, DAVID, a painter, engraver, On the 29th of December, 1812, having
and author, of Leyden. B. 1630.-JOHN   the frigate Constitution under his comSYLVAIN, a famous astronomer. B. at mand, lie captured, after a severe action,
Paris, 15th September, 1706. The acci- the British Irigate Java; and his generdental friendship of the abb6 de-la Caille  osity to the prisoners gained for him a
directed him in the pursuit of science; strong expression of their gratitude.
and in 1763 he introduced to the acad- Since the close of the war Co(mmodore
emy his observations on the moon, and'Bainbridge commanded, with great repthe next year his treatise on the zodiacal utation and popularity, at several naval
stars. In 1766 he published his essay  stations; and for several years filled the
on the satellites of Jupiter, and in other office of a commissioner of the Navy
treatises enlarged further on the import- Board. lHe d. at Philadelphia, July
ant subject. In 1775 the first volume  27th, 1833, in his 60th year.
of his history of ancient and modern    BAINE, MICHAERI, a diviile, deputy
astronomy appeared, and the third and  at Trent, whose writings were condemnlast in 1779; and in 1787 that of Indian  ed as Calvinistic. B. 1513; d. 1589.
and oriental astronomy, in 3 vols. 4to.  BAINES, a noted friend of civil and
lie was drawn from his literary retire- religious liberty in the British parliament to public view as a deputy to the ment. He was originally a printer at
first national assembly; andt such was Leeds, but in 18883 was elected to parliahis popularity, that he was, on July 14th, ment, where he served 7 years. He wrote
1789, nominated mayor of Paris. In this a " History of the reign of George II., "
danglerous office he conducted himself  &c. B. 1t74; c 18AS.
in a very becoming manner, which of-    BAIRD, Sir DAVID a distinguished
fended the terrorists, and at the same  English general, who served in the East
time showing sympathy with the royal Indies, Egypt, Cape of Good Hope,
family, he became unypopular. lie re- Spain, &c. D. 1829.
signed his office, and in 1793 was guil-  BAJAZET I., a warlike, but tyrannilotined by order of the sanguinary    cal sultan of Turkey, who succeeded
tribunal of Robespierre, showing in his Amurath, his father, in 1389, having
death as in his life, resignation, firmness, strangled his rival brother, Jacob. The
and dignity.                          greatness and rapidity of his conquests
BAILY, FRAgNCms, famous in the annals got him the name of 11 Derim, or the
of astronomical science, was the son of  Lightning. In three years he acquired
a banker at Newbury, and for many     Bulgaria, Macedonia, a part of Servia,
years well known on the Stock Ex- Thessaly, and the states of Asia Minor.
change, in which busy arena he realized  Constantinople was besieged by him for
an ample fortune. The Astronomical ten years, which at last yielded. I-e
Society was organized by him, and      was finally defeated by Tamerlane on
throughout life he was the most consid- the plains of Agora. He d. in Timour's
erable contributor to its memoirs. Sys- camp in 1403.-There was a second suil



BAL]                 CYCLOPr EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        97
tan of this lame, who was poisoned in  built the first town on the contine.t of
1512.                                 South America, penetrated into the inBAKER, DAVID, an English monk of terior, discovered the Pacific Ocean, and
the Benedictine order, originally a Pro- obtained informatilon respecting the emtestant, but being converted to the pire of Peru. Jealous of his talents and
Romish faith, he came to England as a  success, rival adventurers accused him
missionary from Italy. Ie wrote an ex- of disloyalty, and he was put to death in
position of Hylton's "Scale of Perfec- 1517, by Pedrarias Davila, the Spanish
tion."  D. in 1641. - Sir RICHARD, author governor of Darien.
oa a " Chronicle of the Kings of En-    BALBUENA, BERNARDO DE, a Spangland, &c. B. 1568; d. 1645.-TsloMAS, ish poet, and bishop of Porto Rico. D.
a divine and antiquary; author of "Re- 1627.
flectiona on Learning," &c., &e.  B.    BALBUS, Lucius CORNELIUS TiHO1656; d. 1740.-HEIn NY, a diligent and  PHANES, a native of Cadiz, whose military
ingenious naturalist. He was originally  exploits caused Pdmpey to obtain for
brought up as a bookseller, and married  him the privileges of a Roman citizen;
one of the daughters of the celebrated  and he subsequently became consul,
Daniel De Foe. He obtained the gold   being the first foreigner on whom that
medal of the Royal Society, for his mi- dignity was conferred.
croscopical experiments on saline par-  BALCANTQUAL, WALTER, a Scotch
ticles;and wrote "The Universe," a   divine, who accompanied James I. to
poem, "The Microscope miade Easy,"    England. Hewasmade dean ofRoches&c. B. 1704; d. 1774.-DAVID EISKINE, ter and bishop of Durham, but in the
son of the above, was author of the civil wars lie was a severe sufferer, being
( Companion to the Playhouse," subse- driven from place to place for shelter.
quentlv enlarged by Stephen Jones, and  He wrote the " Declaration of Charles 1.
published under the title of "Biographia  concerning the late Tumults in Scot)ramlatica."  D. 1774.-Sir GEORGE, land," &c. D. 1642.
M.D., b. in 1722, was a physician of    BALCHEN, JoHN, an English admiral,
considerable reputation, and a fellow of who was lost, with all his crew, on board
the Royal and Antiquarian Societies. D. his ship the Victory, in a violent storm
1809.                                 off Jersey, October 3, 1744.
BAKEWELL, ROBERT, a county gen-       BALDERIC, bishop of Dol in Britantleman of small fortune, who acquired  ny, in the 12th century; author of a
considerable notoriety as a grazier at history of the Crusade to the year 1099.
Dishley, in Leicestershire. He greatly  BALDI, BERNARD, an Italian matheimproved his breeds of cattle and sheep. matician and poet; author of Italian
B. 1726; d. 1795.                     poems, lives of mathematicians, &c. I-He
BAKKER, PEsER HIuzINGA, a Dutch     was a man of almost universal enius,
poet; author of a poem on the Inunda- and abbot of Guaitallo. B. at Urbino,
tion of 1740, and of numerous songs and  1553; d. 1617.-DE] UBALDIS, an Italian
satires on England. B. 1715; d. 1801.  lawyer and author. B. 1319; d. 1400.BALAMIO, FERIDINAND, a Sicilian     JAMES, a German Jesuit and poet. B
physician; translator, into Latin, of sev- 1603; d. 1668.-LAZZARO, a Tuscan
eral treatises by Galen. B. 1555.     painter, employed by Alexander VII. to
BALASSI, SIuAIO, a Florentine paint- paint the gallery at Monte Cavallo. D.
er. B. 1604; d. 1667.                 1708.
BALBI, ADIAN,, geographer. B. at     BALDINGER, ERNEST GODFREY, a
Venice, in 1784. ILe wrote a statistical German physician and author. B. 1788;
Essay on the Kingdom of Portugal, an  d. 1804.
Ethnographic Atlas of the Globe, and    BALDINUCCI, PHILIP, a Florentine
an Abridgment of Geography,a11  works artist and connoisseur; author of "A
of profound and extensive research, General History of Painters," &c. B.
which have made him an authority both  1684; d. 1696.
in Europe and America. D. 1848.         BALDOCK, RALPH DE, bishop of LonBALBINUS, DEIciscs C.LIUs, chosen   don, and lord high chancellor in the
emperor of Rome, in conjunction with  reign of Edward.; author of a "HisMaximus, in 287; and miutrdered by the tory of British Affairs," which was exsoldiery in the foilowing year.       tant in Leland's time, but is now lost.
BAIBOA, VAsco NUlJEz DE. a Castil- D. 1307.-RopEwrT DE, a divine, who was
ian, one of the first who visited the  favored by Edward II. He shared his
West Indies. He established a colony  royal master's misfortunes, and died in
on the. isthmus of Panama, where hie  Newgate.




98                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPH~Y.                     [IAL
BALDWIN, WILLIAM, an English        Canterbury, in 1563. tHe wrote "An
writer of thle 16th century; one of the account of the Ancient Writers of Brichief authors of "The Mirror for Magis- tain,"7 several Scripture plays, and nutrates."-TuoMAs, a Baptist minister of merous polemical tracts.-RO.BERT, prior
Boston, who was a while at the head of of the Carmelites of Norwich; author
his denomination in New England. D. of " Annales Ordinis Carmelitarum,"
1828.-FrANCIS, a learned civilian of the &c. D. 1508.
16th century, much employed by the po-  BALECHOU NICHOLAS, a French ententates of his time. Ie wrote "Leges graver, whose works are held in high
de Re rustica Novella," &c., &c.-ABRA- estimation. B. 1710; d. 1765.
1HAM, a president of the university of  BALEN, HE-INDRICH VAN, a Dutch
Georgia, member of the convention     painter, whose "Judgment of Paris"
which passed the constitution of the and " Drowning of Pharaoh" are much
U. S., and subsequently a member of admired. John van Balen, his son, was
cono'ress. D. 1807.                   a distinguished historical and landscape
BALDWIN I., a distinguished leader painter. B. 1560; d. 1632.
in the 4th crusade. On the conquest of  BALES, PETER, a skilful penman, emConstantinople by the Latins in 1204, he ployed by Secretary Walslngham to imwras elected emperor of the East; but itate writilgs. He published a work
being taken prisoner by the Greeks, lie called "The Writing Master."  B. 1547;
wasl never afterwards heard of.-II., d. 1600.
succeeded his brother Robert, as empe-  BALESTRA, ANTONY, a Veronese hisror of the East, in 1228. On the taking  torical painter. B. 1666; d. 1720.
of Constantinople, in 1261, by Michael  BALFOUR, ALEXANDER, a novelist
Palkeologus, Baldwin escaped. to Italy, and miscellaneous writer, was a native
where lhe d. 1273.                    of Forfarshire, Scotland. lie was the
BALDWIN, archbishop of Canter- author of "Highland Mary," besides
bury. This prelate accomepanied Rich- other novels and poems, and for many
ard I. to Palestine, and d. there, 1291. years a contributor to various Scottish
His writings were published by Tissier, periodicals. B. 1767; d. 1829.-Sir ANin 1662.                              DREw, an eminent botanist and physiBALDWIN     I., king of Jerusalem, clan, and one to whom medical science
succeeded to that dignlity in 1100, took  in Scotland owes a lasting debt of gratiAntipatris, Cnsarea, and Azotus in    tlude for a botanic garden, museum, &e.
1101, and Acre in 1104. D. 1118.-II., B. 1630; d. 1694.
king of Jerusalem, succeeded the above  BALGUY, JOiN, an eminent divine
in 1118; Eustace, brother of Baldwin I., of the church of England, and a theohaving renounced his claim to the throne. logical writer, was b. at Sheffield, in
Baldwin II. was taken prisoner by the 1686, and in 1727 beemtne a prebendary
Saracens in 1124, and gave them the   of Salisbury. He engaged deeply in the
city of Tyre as his ransom. D. 1131.-  Bangcorian controversy; and among his
III. succeeded to the throne in 1143. several works may be noticed "Au{ EsHe took Ascalon and other places from  say on Redemption," a "Letter to a
the infidels. D. 1163.-IV., the son of  Doist on the Beauty and Excellence of
Amaury, succeeded his father on the Moral Virtue," &c. D. 1748.-THOMAS,
throne of Jerusalem in 1174. He subse- son of the above, prebend and archdeaquently resigned in favor of his nephew. con of Winchester; author of "Divine
D. 1185.-V., nephew and successor of Benevolence, asserted and vindicated,"
the last named, was poisoned in 1186.  a sermon on church government, &e.
BALE, JOHN, an English ecclesiastic. B. 1716; d. 1795.
B. at Cove, in 1495, who became bishop  BALIQL, Sir JOHN DE, a native of
of Ossory, in Ireland. Educated a Ro- Durham, who, on the marriacge of the
manist, he was converted to Protestant- daughter of Henry III. to Alexander
ism. His clergy opposed and forsook   III. of Scotland, was made one of the
him, and so furious was their opposition, guardians of the royal pair. He foundthat in one tumult five of his servants ed Baliol college, Oxford; and having
were murdered in his presence. lIe    sided with Henry III. against his rewas obliged to fly, and after enduring  volted barons, the latter seized upon
many hardships, found shelter in Swit- his lands. D. 1269.-JOHN DE, son of
zerland, where he remained till the death  the preceding, laid claim to the crown
of Mary. On his return to England, lie of Scotland oil the death of Queen Marmade ]no attempt to recover his Irish  garet. Hits claim was disputed by Fevliocese, but settled as a prebend of  eral competitors, one of whom was the




BAL]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        99
famlous Robert Eruce. But Edward I., and eventually attained the rank of rear
to whom the matter was referred, de- admiral, in 1825. D. 1832.
cided in favor of Balol. I-Ie soon gave  BALLERINI, PETER and JEROME, two
offenee to Edward; and being defeated  priests and brothers, natives of Verona,
by him in a battle near Dunbar, he was who, in the 18th century, conjointly
sent, together with his son, to the Tow- wrote some works, and edited several
er of London. The intercession of the editions of ecclesiastical authors.
pope having procured his release, he    BALLESTEROS, FRANCs, an eminent
retired to France, where he d. in 1314.  Spanishofficer. B. 1770.
BALL, JOHN, a puritan divine, who     BALLEXFERD, N., a citizen of Gewhile he disapproved of the discipline  neva, author of a treatise on the "Physof the church, wrote against separa- ical Education of children," &c. B.
tion from it ol that gilound. B. 1585; 1726; d. 1774.
d. 1640.                                BALLI, JosEPH, a Sicilian divine; auBALLANDEN, JOHN;,a Scotch divine     thor of a treatise "De Morte Corporurn
of the 16th century; author of various Naturalium," &c. D. 1640.
works, and translator of Hector Boe-    BALLIANI, JoHN BAPTIsT, a senator
thius's History of Scotland. D. 1550.  of Genoa; author of a treatise on the
BALLANTYNE, JAMES, a printer of     "Natural Motion of Heavy Bodies." B.
considerable note in Edinburgh, and at 1586; d. 1666.
whose press the whole of the produc-    BALLIN, CLAUDE, a skilful artist of
tions oi Sir Walter Scott were printed, chased work in gold and silver. lIe was
was a native of Kelso where he first b. at Paris in 1615, and brought up to
opened an office for the "Kelso 3Mail," the occupation of a goldsmith under his
of which, he was the editor. For many  father, who exercised that art.  He
years he also conducted the "Edin- studied drawing, and improved his taste
burgh Weekly Journal."   He survived  as a designer by copying the pictures of
his friend.and patron but a few months, Poussin. When only 19 he made four
dying in January, 1833. -JOHN, his silver basins, decorated with figures repbrother, was the confidant of Sir Walter, resenting the four ages of the wvorld.
in keeping the secret of the authorship  These were purchalsed by Cardinal Richeof "Waverley."  He was a man of fine lieu. He -was subsequently employed
humor, with an inexhaustible fund of in making plate services for Louis XIV.,
anecdotes. D. 1821.                   of which it is said the workmanship
BALLARD, GEORGE, a native of        added ten times to the value of the maCampden, in Gloucestershire, who, while terial. D. 1678.
the obscure apprentice of a habit-maker,  BALMEZ, JAMES LUOEN, one of the
employed the hours which his com- most renowned of the late Spanish wripanions devoted to sleep to the acquisi- ters, and an ecclesiastic, whose phition of the Saxon language, ancd recom- losophical, theological, and  political
mended   to the patronage of Lord     treatises have given him  a European
Chedworth, he went. to Oxford, where, fame. He was b. at Vich, in Catalonia,
by the kindness of Dr. Jenner, he was in 1810. He was early distilguished for
made one of the eight clerks of Magdalen  his acquirements, and in 1833 was apcollege, and afterwards one of the beadles pointed to the chair of mathematics in
of the university. His weakly constitu- his native place.  His writings were
tion was impaired by -the severity of his chiefly in defence of the Roman Catholic
studies, and he d. June, 1755, in the church, which he endeavored to restore
prime of life. His access to the Bodleian  to its ancient dignity and influence. His
was the means of his increasing his val- "Protestantism  and Catholicism  comuable collections; but he published only  pared in their Effects on the Civilization
"Meimoirs of British Ladies celebratedl of Europe," a very able book, has been
for their Writings," in 4to., 1752.-Vo- translated into English, French, and
LANT VASION, a rear-admiral of the Brit- German. D. 1848.
ish navy, was b. in 1774. On entering   BALTHASAR, CHRISTOPHER, a king's
naval life he accompanied Vancouver on  advocate at Auxerre, who abandoned
his laborious voyage of discovery, to the the minoluments of his office, and the
northwest coast of America, in which  Catholic religion, to embrace the tenets
be was absent from England nearly five of the Protestants, in whose favor he
vears. In 1807, when captain of the wrote several controversial treatises,
TBlonde frigate, he captured five French  especially against Baronius, which were
privateers. Ile afterwards distinguish- received with great avidity. The synod
ed himself at the taking of Guadaloupe; of Loudun granted him, in 1659, a pen



100                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [BAM
sion of 750 linvres, for his literary ser- after productive of trouble. When the
vices.-J. A. FELIX DE, author of a duke was banished he shared the dis"Defence of William Tell," and presi- grace, and was confined by a lettre de
dent of the council of Lucerne.   D. cachet at Orleans; he however was re1810.                                  stored to favor, though he was not rcBALTHAZARINI, surnamed Beau- placed in his directorial chair of the
joyeux, an Italian musician, recommend- royal college, which he before held.
ed by Brissac, governor of Piedmont, to  He died 28th of July, 1718, in his 87th
Henry III. of France, by whom he was year, and left behind him the character
liberally patronized, and for the enter- of an indefatigable collector of curious
tainment of whose court lie wrote several manuscripts and annotations.
ballads and pieces of' music. He coin-   BALZAC, JOHN Louis GUEZ DE, a
posed a ballet called Ceres and her French writer of great reputation, which
nymphs, for the nuptials of the Due de he chiefly owed to the elegance of his
Joyeuse with the queen's sister, Made- style, author of   "Letters,"  "The
moiselle de Vauldemont; and this is re- Prince,"  "The  Christian  Socrates,"
gardedl as the origin of the heroical ballet &c.  B. 1594; d. 1654. —HONORE DE,
of France.                             one of the most distinguished as well as
BALTUS, JOHN FRANCIS, a Jesuit of prolific novel writers of modern times,
Metz, author of several works, especially  was born at Tours, 1799. Having comof an answer to Fontenelle's history of  pleted his studies at Vendome, he puboracles, printed atStrasblrg, 8vo. Bailtus lished, between 1821 and 1829, twenty
possessed considerable learning' and tal- or thirty volumes under various pseudoents, which he wholly employed in de- nymes, with very equivocal success;
fence of Roman Catholic orthodoxy. Ile  but after this trying apprenticeship, he
d. librarian of Rheims, 1743, at the age put forth all his powers under his own
of 76.                                 name, with what result those who have
BALUE, JoHN, a cardinal, b. of niean  read "La Peau de Chagrin,"    "Les
parents, in Poitou. He raised himself  Chouans,"    La Physiologic de Mato consequence by flattery and merit, riago," "Le PSre Goriot," "La Femme
and gradually became bishop of Evreux  de Trente Ans," &c., can best testify.
and of Arras. I-e Vwa1 made a cardinal  Since that period his productions sueby Paul II., and when honored with the  ceeded one another with wonderful raconfidence of Louis XI., became his pidity; and it may be truly said that
minister, and acted as general over his his literary  strength grew  with his
troops. Ungrateful to his duty and to  years, for his "' Mideclin de Campagne,"
his master, le formed intrigues with the  and his " Parens Pauvres," his last
dukes of Burgundy and Berri; and when  works, are his best. In addition to his
at last discovered by the kina, he was romances, Balzac wrote some theatrical
imprisoned for eleven years, in an iron  pieces, and for some time edited and
cage, after which he repaired to Rome, contributed to the " Rdvue Parisielne;"*
and lrose to new preferments. He after- but his romances exhibit the highest
wards came to France as pope's legate, evidences of genius. Since tle revoluthough he had so ill deserved of the con- tion of 1848, Balzae was engared in
fidence and honor of his country. He visiting the battle-fields of Germany
d. at Ancona, 1491.                    and Russia, and in collecting materials
BALUZE, STEPHENa, a native of Tulles  for a series of vo.lumes, to'be entitled
in Guienne, patronized by Peter de c"Scenes de la Vie Militaire."    Next to
Marca, archbishop of Toulouse, by Tel- his celebrity as an author, the most relier, afterwards chancellor of France, markable feature in his career was the
and by Colbert. He employed his lei- deep passion which he formted for a
sure hours in enriching the libraries of  Russian princess, who finally compenhis patrons with valuable manuscripts, sated him for long years of untiring detill in his 39th year le was appointed  votion by the gift of her hand in 1848.
professor of canon law   in the royal D. 1850.
college with every mark of distinction.  BAMBRIDE,      CHRISTOPrnI,   archHis lives of the "Popes of Avignon"    bishop of York, was sent ambassador
proved so interesting to the king,-chat from Henry VIII. to Pop'e Julius II.,
le granted the author a pension, but who made him      a cardinal.  Died of
his attachment to the duke of Bouillon, poison administered by his servant,
the history of whose family he had un- 1514.
dertaken to write, but in which he in-   BAMFIELD, FRANCIS, a nonconfor<;terted some offensive remarks, was soon  mist divine, author of a work on the




DBAN]                 CYCLOPJEDIA O1 3IOG-i#APIIY.                    101
4 Observance of the Sabbath." I-Ie was  BANIM, JON-, an Irish novelist of
committed to Newgate for holding a distinction, was born near Kilkenny in
conventicle, and died there, 1684.    1800. Early in life he gave indications
BAMPFYLDE, Sir CiHALES WAR- of poetical ability, and at the age of 17
wIcK, Bart., a descendant of one of the  became editor of the " Leinster Jouroldest and. most distinguished families nal."  The next year he produced the
in Devonshire, and during seven sue- somewhat famous melodrama of "IDacessive parliaments one of the members mon and Pythias." At 20 he was editor
for Exeter. In 1823, wheln he was 71  of the "Literary Register," but his
years of age, he was assassinated close  fame began with the success of the
to his own house, in Montague square, "O'Hare Tales," in 1825. In these he
by a man named Moorland, who blew     was the first to deopart from the path
his owwlbrains out immediately after.  chosen by the Edcgeworths and the
BANCHI, SERAPHIN, a priest of the   Morgans, and to exhibit the crime, the
Dominican order at Florence, to whom  passion, and the tragedy of the Irish
a fanatic, named Barriere, disclosed his cabin in all their dark colors.  They
intention to assassinate Henry IV. Ban- were followed in rcpic succession by
chi's information saved the king, who" Boyne Water," "The Croppy," "The
rewarded him with the archbishopric   Denounced," "The Smuggler,     "The
of Angouieme.                         Mayor of Windgap," &c., &ce.   tBut
BANCK, LAWRENCE, a Swedish law- popular as his tales were, they aifordec
yer, author of several works against Pa- him only a precarious subsistence. lIe
pal usurpation. D. 1662.              was compelled in his latter days, though
BANCROFT, RmICHAD, archbishop of    enjoying a small pension from governCanterbury, a distinguished opponent ment, to depend on' the bounty of
of the Puritans and a supporter of the  friends. D. 1842.
English church.  B. 1544; d. 1610.-     BANISTER, JOHN, a learned phyJOHN, nephew of the above, bishop of  sician of the 16th century, lwho, after
Oxford,, and builder of the palace of  studying at Oxford and proceeding there
Cuddesden for the bishops of that see. to his first degree in physic in 1573, reD. 1640.-AACoN, a distinguished Uni- moved to Nottingham, where he actarian pastor of Massachusetts, and au- quired great reputation. He was author
thor of a "Life of Washington."   B. of several works on physic and surgery.
1755; d. 1839.                        -JOmN, the first performer of celebrity
BANDELLO, MAIaTTHEW, a Domlnican    on the violin, and the composer of the
monk of the Milanese. -Ie wrote tales music to Davenant's opera of Circe. D.
in the manner of Boccacio, and proceed- 1679
ing to France obtained the bishopric of  BANKES. Sir JOHN, chief justice of
A(en. ID. 1561.                       the Common Pleas in the reign of Charles
bANDINELLI, BACIO, a Florentine     I. His wife, with the fatmily, being at
sculptor and painter. His group of the  their seat at' Corfe Castle, were sumLaocoon is highly esteemed. B. 1487; moned to surrender it, but she successd. 1559.                              fully defended it against the parliamenBANDINI, ANaGELO AMiVL, an Italian  tary troops, till relieved by the arrival
antiquary and bibliographer, author tf  of Lord Carnarvon, with a body of horse.
"De Florentini Juntarum Typographia,"  Sir John d. in 1644.
&c. D. 1800.                            BANKS, JoI-IN, a bookseller, and auBANDURI,. ANSELM, a Benedictine, thor of a " Critical Review of the Life of
who wrote several valuable antiquarian  Cromwell," &e. B. 1709; d. 1751.works. D. 1743.                       JOHN, an English dramatist of the 18th
BANGIUS, PETER, a Sweqish pro- century; author of the "Earl of Essex,"
fessor of theology at Abo, who wrote  a tragedy, &c.-Sir JosEPI, an eminent
an "'Ecclesiastical History of Sweden."  English naturalist, and for many' years
D. 1696.-THOMvoS, a professor of di- president of the Royal Society. His envinity and Hebrew act Copenhagen, who  tihusiasm in the study of natural history
compiled a "'Hebrew   Lex-icon."  B. may be judged of from the fact, that it
1600; d. 1661..       led him to accompany Cook in his first
BANIER, ANTHONY, an industrious     circumnvigaiation of thle world. He pubFrench author and compiler, who wrote lished only one small work, a treatise on
some thirty different "Belles Lettres  the: "Bligiht, Mildecw, or Rust in Corn."
Essays," and an "Historical Explana- B. 1743; d. 1820. —THoiAxs, an elinent
tion of Fables," &c., &c. B. 1678; d. English sculptor. Among the best of
1741.                                 his works are "C Caractacus taken Prison9*




102                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [BAN
er to Rome, and "Achilles mourning    houses and inns at Lyons, and other
the Loss of Briseis."  He also executed  towns, for small sums collected from the
the admirable monument in Westlmin- guests. M. de Visnes, who was then
ster abbey, to the memory of Sir Eyre  manager of the opera at Paris, relates,
Coote. B. 1735; d. 1805.              that, in the year 1778, he stopped one
BANNAKER, BENJAMIN, a& negro of      evening at a coffee-house on the bouleMaryland, who by his own unaided ef- vards, being struck by the sound of a
forts mastered the astronomical works very beautiful voice; it was Banti whom
and tables of Ferguson, and gained a he lheard, as she was singing in the cofcomplete knowledge of the mathematics, fee-room. He put a louis d'or into her
so that for years lhe was the calculator hand, desirin. her to call on him the
and publishler of the Maryland Epheme- next morning.   The result was, that
rides.                                Monsieur de Visnes engagoed her immeBANNIER JOHN a Swedish general diately for the Opera Bulsff, where she
who served under dustavus Adolphus, made her debut, by an air suno between
and at the death of that prince became  the second and third acts of "'iphigenie
commander-in-ehief. B. 1601; d. 1641. en Aulide," and created a universal senBANNISTER, JOHN, an admirable        sation of delight.. After the departure'
comic actor, the son of Charles Bannis- of the celebrated Agujari fiom London,
ter, well known as a singer and a wit, the managers of the Pantheon enoagaed.
was born in London, in 1760. Having    Madame'Banti for three seasons, upon
secured the favor of the great Garrick, condition that ~100 a vear should be dehe made his debut at Drury lane thea- ducted fiom her salary, for the payment
tre, as "Master J. Bannister,"' when   of an able master to cultivate her voice.
twelve years of age; he then quitted the  Sacchini was the first appointed to this
boards for a time, but obtained a perma- office; but he found her so idle and obnent engagement in 1779. At first he stinate, that he soon quitted her as an
aspired to tiragedy, and gave it a decided  incurable patient. She was next assigned
preference,; but his talents so clearly lay  to Piozzi, whose patience was likevwise
in an opposite direction, that on the death  soon exhausted by her incorrigible inof Edwin he at once supplied his place, attention. Her last master in England
giving proofs of first-rate powers, and  was Abel; soon after which she left this
establmishing himself as a public favorite. country, and sang with enthusiastic apThe parts in which he excelled were    plause at several of the German courts,
mainly Sylvester Daggerwood, Lingo, and subsequently at almost every princiTrudge, the Three Singles, Bobadil, Dr. pal town in Italy. Her great success
Pangloss, Job   Thornberry, Colonel certainly exemplified most strongly the
Feignwell, and Walter in " The Children  truth of the old adage, " That there are
in the Wood."    Being much afflicted  a liundred requisites necessary to con
with the gout, he retired from the stage  stitute a good singer, of which, whoever
in 1815, having had the good fortune to  possesses a fine voice, is already in posearn a competence by his profession, and  session of ninety-nine."  After several
the prudence to keep it. He d. Novemu- years absence, Banti returned to England
ber 8, 1836, respected and beloved by all ia the spring of 1790, when her performwho knew him. Nature had done much     ance and singing in Gluck's opera of
for Bannister, physically as well as men- "Alceste," was thought to be most pertvlly: his face, figure, and voice were  feet; every look, every action, every
excellent; his spirits exuberant; and an  note, apearing to be strictly appr opriate
open manly countenance was a faithful to the character she had aissunme( and
incdex to the heart of " Gentleman Jack." to no other. Soon after this, on the ocBANTI, BRIGIDA GEORGI, a celebrated  casion oA Lord Howe's victory, Banti
female Italian singer, was the daughter introduced in one of her cantatas the
of a Venetian gondolier, and in her youth  national air of "God save the king," in
nothing more or less than a street singer a style which perfectly electrified the
in Georgi, her native town; where a no- audience. In the year 1799 she enrapble amateur, having noticed the brilliancy  tured every hearer by her performance
of her voice, had her instructed in sing- in " Ines de Castro," composed by Biing at his expense. Itwas probable she  anchi, and then first produced.  The
was shortly after advised to try her for- celebrated prayer in it, " Gran Dio die
tune in a foreign country, for she soon  regoli," was given in a style of tenderleft Venice on her road to Paris; not ness and appropriate devotion, which
however, as it would seem, in prosperous  perhaps has never been exceeded on the
circumstances, siince she sang at coffee- stage.  We believe that the year 1809




BAR]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       103
was the last season of Banti's singing   in I genity, so that he was elected a member.
Eln'lalnd. She dCied at Bologna, in 180I, In 1735 he went with his ftther to Halle;
a.'ed tobotlt 50. It is said, that, on open- at whichl university he was offered the
iln: her body, the lungs w ere found to be degr ee of master of arts, or (as they call
oi an unusually large size.           it) dcoctor in philosophy. Baratier drew
BAPTIST, JOHN, a native of Lisle, up that night 14 theses in philosophy
resident for some time in England, as a and the mathematics; these he sent Impainter of flowers. Ise studied atAnt- mediately to the press, and defended
rwerp, and assisted Le Brun in painting  the next day so very ably, that all who
the palace of Versailles, n which tehe eard him-were deliohted and amazed:
flowers were his execution. The duke he was then admitted to his degree. But
of Montaogue, who was ambassador in this great application injured his health,
France, employed hilm with La Fosse and  and he d. before le was 20 years old.
Eousseau in the decoration of Montague  BARBARINO, FRANhcESCO, an early
house, now the British Mnseum.    A   Italian poet, who wrote " DocumencU
looking-glass awhich he adorned with a  d'Amore."1 B. 1264; d. 1348.
garlandl of flowers for Queen Mary is   BARBARO, FRANcIS, a noble Venestill preserved at Kensington palace. tian, distinguished by his learning as
There is a print of him from a painting  well as his political talents. He defendby Sir Godfrey Kneller, in Walpole's ed Brescia, of which he ways governor,
Anecdotes.  le died 1699.-His son     against the Dluke of Milan, and obliged
Anthony distinguished himself also in  the besiegers to retreat. lie is princiflower painting.-Another of the same  pally known by a partial translation of
name, who was born at Antwerp, paid   Plutarcl's wvors, and a treatise' De Re
a visit to England during the civil wars, Uxoria.  The latter was publisled in
and wa asengagced in General Lambert's 1515 at Paris. Some familiar epistles of
service, and after the restoration he his were also published as late as 1743.
painted the attitudes and draperies of  D. 1454.-HERsMOLAO, the clder, nephew
Sir Peter Lely's portraits. He died in to Francis, was bishop of Trevisa, and
1691.                                 afterwards of Verona, where he d. 1470.
BARAHONA      Y   SOTO, Louis, a    lie translated some of _Esop's fables into
Spanish physician.and poet, a native of Latin, when only 12 years old.-HERLuceria, in Andalusia, continued, under  OLAus, grandson of Francis, a learned
the title of the Tears of Angelica, the  Veneitan, employed by his countrymen
romance of Ariosto, and executed his as ambassador to the Emperor Frederic,
task in such a manner as to gain the  to his son, Maimilian, and to Pope Inapplause of Cervantes. He is also the nocent VIII. He was honored by the
author of some eclogues, stanzas, and  pope with the vacant patriarchate of
sonnets.'      Aquileia against the wishes of his counBARANZANO, REDuEMPTUS, a Barna- trymen, wlvo had passed a law that their
bite monk, who corresponded with Lord  ambassadors should accept no favor from
Bacon, by whom he was highly esteem- the Roman pontiff; and so inexorable
ed for his proficiency in mathematics. were the Venetians, that Barbaro's faHe wrote " Uranoscopia," " CaLnpus ther, who wyas far advanced in years, and
Philosophornm," &c. B.1590;d. 1622. intrustecd with the first offices of the
BARATIER, JJOHN PHILIP, a person of  state, was unable to avert their resentprodigious memory. B. 1721, at Schwo- ment, and died, in consequence, of a
bach, in the margravate of Anspach. broken heart. Barbaro wrote some exAt the age of 4 he conversed with his cellent treatise s as well as poetry; and
mother in French, with his father in  in translations from Plutarch and DiosLatin, and with his servants in German. corides he showed his abilities as a
The rapidity of his improvements aug- Greek sclolar. D. 1493.-DAsNIEL COmented with his years, so that he became  adjutor of the patriarchate of Aquileia,
perfectly acquainted with Greek at 6, with his uncle Ilermolao, was sent as
with Hebrew at 8, and in his 11th year amnbassador fiom  Venice to England,
translated from the Hebrew into French  where he continued till 1551. He d.
the travels of the rabbi Benjamin of  1570, and left several learned works beTudela, which he enriched with valu- hind him, among which were a' Treaable annotations,  His proficiency in tise on Eloquence,   "Venice," -a
mathematics was so great that he sub- Italian translation of Vitruvius, and the
mitted to the Royal Academy of Science, "Practice of Perspective,' folio.
at Berlin, a plan for finding the longi-  BARBAROSSA, ABUCH a well-known
tude at sea, marked wit.wonderful in- pirate, who made himself master of Al



104                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BAR
iers, and murdered the king Selim     when he d., and his sn. sessor Hassan
Entemi, whom he had come to assist became possessed of his authority and
and defend against his Spanish invaders. riches.  With the ferocity of a Turk
He afterwards made himself master of  and a corsair, he possessed some generTunis, and of Tremecen, -whose sover- ous sentiments, and obtained a character
eign was assassinated by his own sub- for honor and fidelity in his engagejects. His success was stopped by the ments.
marquis of Gomares, governor of Oran,   BARBAULD, ANN LETITIA, daughter
whom the heir of the Tremecen domin- of the Rev. John Aikin, was born at
ions had invited to his support; but Kibworth, in Leicestershire, June 20,
when besieged in the citadel he made 1743. She rei cived from him a classical
his escape'by a subterraneous passage  education, and early showed a disposibut beinmg overtaken he was cut to pieces tion for poetry.  Her earliest producwith his followers. sD.  1518.-CIEREDIN, tion was a small volume of miscellaneous
a brother of the above, was an admiral poems, printed in 1772, which, in the
under Selim II. He obtained possession  year following, was succeeded by a colof Tunis, but was checked by Charles lection of pieces in prose, published in
V., after which he plundered several conjunction with her brother, Dr. John
towns of Italy, and then advanced to  Aikin of Stoke Newington.    In 1774
Yemen in Arabia, which he conquered. she accepted the hand of the Rev.
He d. in 1547, aged 80, leaving his son  Rochemont Barbauld, with whom she
Asan in possession of the kingdom.-   took up her residence at Palgrave, in
HAYRADIN, or KHAYR EADIN, younger Suffolk, and there composed the works
brother of the preceding. He was left on which the durability of her reputaby Aruch to secure Algiers, when he   tion is most securely founded, viz.,
marched against Tunis, and, on his    "Early Lessons and Hymns for Childeath, was proclaimed king in his place. dren,'  pieces which are justly conFinding his authority insecure, he made  sidered as of standard merit. In 1785
application to the Ottoman Sultan Soli- she accompanied her husband on a
man, offering to recognize his superior- tour. to the Continent, and on his reity, and become tributary, provided a turn, resided for several years at Hampforce was sent to him sufficient to main- stead, but in 1802 again removed to
tain him in his usurpation. Soliman   Stoke Newington, in order the more
agreed to his proposals, and, ordering  constantly to enjoy her brother's sohim a reinforcement of janizaries, in- ciety. In 1812 appeared the last of her
vested him with the dignity of viceroy  separate publications, entitled "Eighor pacha over the kingdom of Algiers. teen Hundred and Eleven," a poem of
Thus reinforced, Hayradin built a wall considerable merit; previous to which
for the improvement of the harbor, she had edited a collection of English
strengthened it with fortifications, and  novels, and a similar collection of the
may be deemed the founder of that mis- best British essayists of the time of
chievous seat of piracy, as it has ever Anne, with Richardson's correspondsince existed. Such was his reputation  ence, and a memoir of his life and
for naval -and military talents, that Soli- writings. D. 1824.
man II. made him his capitan pacha.     BARBAZAN, ARNOLD AWILLIAM, was
In this capacityhe signalized himself by  a brave and noble French general,
a long course of exploits against the whose valor, probity, and disinterestedVenetians and Genoese; and, in 1543, ness during a long and successful career
when Francis I. made a league with    under the reigns of Charles VI. and
Soliman, he left Constantinople, and, VII. gained for him the glorious appelwith a poverfuil fleet, having the French  lation of "the Irreproachable Knight."
ambassador on board, took'Reggio, and  D. 1482.-STEPHEmN, a French writer, ausacked the coast of Italy. In conjunction  thor of a " Father's Instructions to his
with the Frenlch, he also besieged and  Son," and editor of various old French
took Nice, and refitting during the win- tales and fables. B. 1696; d. 1770.
ter at Toulon, again ravaged the coast  BARBATELLI, BERNARDINO, an Italand islands of Italy in the ensuing spring, ian painter, particularly excellent in deand returned with many prisoners andh lineating flowers, fruits, and animals.
much spoil to Constantinople. From    B. 1542; d. 1612.
this time he seems to have declined     BARBEAU DES BRUYERES, JEAN
active service. and to have given him- Louis, son of a wood-monger at Paris,
self up to a voluptuous life among his rose by the strength of his genius from
female captives, until the age of 80, the mean occupation of his father. lie




BAR]                  CYCLOPIEDIA O      UmIO1GnAPHY.                  105
resided 10 or 15 years in Holland, and  the narrow circle of his studies and reon his return he assisted for 23 years  searches was not sufflcient for such an
Mi. Bauche in the completion of his extensive plan.
works.   His first publication in 1759,  BAISBIERI JouN FRANCIS, also callwas his map I"De MAonde Historique,"   ed GUEECIII, an eminent historical
an ingenious chart, in which was united  painter. B. 1590; d. 1666.-PAUL ANall the information which geography, THONY, brother of the above, an eminent
chronology, and history could produce. painter of still-life subjects. D. 1640.
He published besides the "Tablettes     BARBOSA, Ais, a learned PortuChronologiques," of Lenglet, a transla- guese professor of Greek at Salamanca,
tion of Strahlemberg's Description of  author of a treatise " On Prosody," and
Russia, Le Croix's Modern Geography, some Latin Poems. D. 1540.-PETER,
besides large contributions to the works  chancellor of Portugal, author of treaof his friends, and the two last volumes tises " On the Digests.'"  D. 1596.-Auof the "Biblioth6que de France," by Le aUSTIN, son of the last named bishop of
Long. Barbeau had to struggle through  Ugento, author of a treatise " De Officio
life against poverty, but it did not ruffle Eliscopi," &c. D. 1648.
his temper, or render him   unwilling   BARBOUR, Jon', a Scotch poet and
freely to communicate to others from   divine, chaplain to David Bruce, of
the vast store of his knowledge in geog- whose life and actions he wrote a hisraphy and history. D. 1781.           tory.  B. 1320; d. 1378.-THIOMAS, a
BARBERINO, FRANCIS, an Italian       whig of the American revolution, and
poet, author of "-Precepts of Love." in 1769 a member of the house of burB. 1264; d. 1548.                     gesses of Virginia, which made the first..BARBEYRAC, CTIARLES     a French   protest against the stamp act. He died
physician, whom   Locke compared to in 1825, aged 90.-JAMZtE, a Virginian
Sydenham, author of "' Questions Me- statesman, who after serving in various
dlca Duodecim,"'&c. B. 1629; d. 1699. offices in the state, was subsequently
-JOHN, nephew of the above, professor governor, senator of the United States,
of law at Berne, and subsequently at and minister of war under John Quincy
Groningen. To the performance of his  Adams. In 1828 he was sent minister
duty as a lecturer, lie added most labo- to St. James, but was recalled by Gen.
rious exertions as an author. I-H trans- Jackson.  lie then retired to private
lated the most valuable portions of Gro- life, and devoted himself mainly to
tius, Puffendorf, and other able civilians agricultural pursuits. D. 1824. —PHILIP
into French, and wrote a "History of  PENDLETON, a younger brother of the
Ancient Treatises," &c. B. 1674; d. former, was also distinguished as a law1747.                                 yer and statesman. In 1836 he was an
BARBIER, ANTONIr ALEXANDRE, bib- massociate justice of the Supreme Court
liographer, was born at Coulomniers, in  of the United States.  He was a man
1765, and, at the beginning of the rev- of acute, sound, and penetrating mind.
olution, was a vicar. In the year 1794, D. 1841.
he went to Paris, where he was chosen    BARCHAM, JOHN, a learned divine
a lmember of the committee appointed   and antiquary.  B. at Exeter, about
to collect works of literature and art 1572. He assisted Speed in his "Hisexisting in the monasteries, which were tory of England;" and was author of a
then suppressed. This was the cause    "Display ofIHeraldrie," folio, 1611; but
of his being appointed, in 1798, keeper having composed this in his youth, and
of the library of the conlseil dieat, col- thinking it too light a subject to aclected by himself, and, when it was knowledge, he gave it to John Gwillin,
transported to Fontainbleau, in 1807, a heralc of his acquaintance, under
Napoleon appointed him his librarian. whose name    it has been repeatedly
At the return of the king, he had the  printed. D. 1642.
care of his private library. He died in  BARCLAY, an English poet of some
1825. His excellent "Catalogue de la note, originally chaplain of St. Mary OtBiblioth6que de Conseil d'Etat," Paris, tery, in Devonshire, and afterwards a
1801-3  2 vols., folio, is now very rare. Benedictine monk of Ely. His death
His " bictionnaire des Ouvrages Ano- took place in 1552, a short time after he
nymes et Pseudonymes," is, on account had been presented,to the living of Allof its plan, excellent. But he did not Hallows,in London. His principal work
succeed so well with his "Examen Cri- is a-satire, entitled " The Ship of Fools,"
tique et Complement des Dictionnaires  a translation or imitation of a German
Historiques," 1 vol., Paris, 1820, since  composition. He also wrote "Eclogues,"




106                   C'eLOPEDIA OP BI3OGRAPHY.                       [BAR
which, according' to Warton, the histo- German, Dutch, French, and Spanish
rian of English poetry, are the earliest lano'uages, and, by the author ihhun elf
compositions of the kind in ourlani uage. into English. It met, of course, with
-JOHN, wias b. at Pont-aX-MoussIn, and  many answers; but his ftame w as now
educated in the Jesuits' college at that widely diffused, and in lis travels wi th
place. He accompaniedl his father to  the faimous William P  nlm, through tlie
mEnglnd, where he was much noticed     areater part of Enoland,  -llalnd, and
by James I., to whom he dedicated one  Germany, to spread the opinions of the
of his principal works, a political and  Quakers, he was received everywhere
satirical romance, entitled "Euphor- with the hiehest marks of respect. The
mbio," in Latin, chiefly intended to ex- last of his prioductions, in defence of the
pose the Jesuits, against whom    the  theory of the Quakers, was a long Latin
author adduces some very serious accu- letter, addressed, in 1676, to Adrian de
sations. Ile wrote, also, several other Paets, " On the Possibility of an Inward
works, aimono which is a singular ro- and Inmediate. Revelation." It was not
mance, in elegant Latin, entitled "Ar- published in England nitil 1686; fiom
genis," a political allegory, of a character which time Barclay, who had endured
similar to that of "Enuphorinio," and  his share of persecution, and been more
alluding to the political state of Europe, than once imprisoned, spent the remainand especially France, during the league. ing part of his life, in the bosom of a
-ROBERT, the celebrated apologist of   laige family, in quiet and peace, He d.
the Quakers, was b. during 1648, at after a short illness, at his own house,
Gordonstown, in the shire of Moray, of  in Ury, in 1690, in the 42d year of his
an ancient and honorable family. The   age. With few exceptions, both partitroubles of the country induced his    sans and opponents unite in the profesfather to send him to Paris, to be edu- sion of great respect for his charactetr
eated under the care of his uncle, who  and talents. Besides the works already
was principal of the Scots college in that mentioned or alludecT to, he wrote a
capital.  Under his influence he was treatise " On Universal Love," and va:
made a convert to the Roman Catholic   rious replies to the most able opponents
religion, upon which his father sent for  of his " Apology."-WILLIAM, a learned
him  to return home; Daid, soon after civilian, was b. in Aberdeenshire, about
becoming a Quaker, the son soon fol- 1541. He spent the early part of his
lowed his example. His first treatise in  life, and much of his fortune, at the
support of his adopted principles was court of Mary queen of Scots, from
published at Aberdeen, in 1670, under whose favor he expected preferment. In
the title of "Truth cleared of Calum- 1573, he went over to France, and at
nies," &c., being an answer to an attack  Bruges commenced student of civil law
oni the Quakers by a Scottish minister under the famous Cujacius.    Having
of the name of Mitchell. It is written  continued some years in that seminary,
with great vigor, and with his subse- he took a doctor's degree, and was soon
quent writings against the same oppo- after appointed professor of civil law in
nent, tended materially to rectify pub- the university of Pont-h-Mousson, then
lie sentiment in regardc to the Quakers, first founded by the duke of Lorraine.
as also to procure them greater indul-  Iaving parted with his patron, Barclay
gence from government. To propagate    embarked for Britain, where King James
the doctrines, as well as to maintain the  I., who had now succeeded to the two
credit he had gained for the sect, he  crowns, offered him considerable preferpublished, in 16t5, a regular treatise, in  ment, provided he would become a
order to explain and defend the system  member of the church of England. Not
of the Quakers, which production was choosing, however, to cemply with this,
also very favorably received. These and  he returned to France in 1604, and soon
similar labors involved him in contro- after his arrival was appointed professor
versics with the leading members of    of civil law in the university of Angers,
the university of Aberdeen, and others; where he died the year following, and
but, notwithstanding so much engross- was buried in the Franciscan church.
ment, his mind was, at the same tinie, He was esteemed a learned civilian, and
busy with his great work, in Latin, wrote elaborately in the defence of the
"An Apology for the true Christian Di- divine right of kings, in answer to Buvinity, as the same is preached and held  chanan and others.
forth by the People in scorn called Qua-  BARCOCHEBAS, a Jewish impostor,
kers."  It was soon reprinted at Am- in the 2d century, who, during the
sterdam, and quickly translated into the reign of the emperor Adrian, caused




BARt]                 CYCLOPDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          107
himself to be proclaimed the Messiah  male 2Eone. lie considered Jesus to be
and king of the Jews. Under his stand- the zEon destined for the salvation of
ard they rose in rebellion against the souls, only a feigned man, a.nd his death
Romans. He fortified himself with his only a feigned death, but his doctrine
deluded followers, in various places, and  the s are means to fill the souls of men
committed great barbarities, particularly  with ardent desires for their celestial
against the Christians, whom lie massa- home, and to lead them back to God, to
cred in vast numbers. Julius Severus, whom they go immediately after death,
the greatest general of the time, took the and without a resurrection of the earthly
conluct of the war against him, and   body. He propagated this doctrine in
adopted the policy of attacking and cut- Syrian hymns, and is the first writer of
ting his followers off separately. He fell hymns in this language. His son IIarat the siege of Bitten, alter fifty thousand  moilius studied in Athens, and strove,
Jews had perished in consequence of   also, by means of hymns1 to procure the
hlis act.                             reception of his doctrine.  let the BarBARCOS, MARTIN DE, a learned Jan- desanists did not formally separate themsenist, who wrote a work called " Petrus selves from  the orthodox  Christian
Aurelius," "'La Grandeur'de L'Eolise  church.  They maintained themselves
Romaine," a treatise on the " Authority  until the 5th century.
of St. Peter and St. Paul," and many    BARDIN, PIERRE, a French writerl
controversial tracts. D. 1678.        author of "Le Grand Chambellan ds
BARD, JOHN, a learned physician. France," &c.       He lost his life while
He engaged in business in Philadelphia, attempting to rescue a drowning man,
and atfterwards removed to New York, 1687,
where he remained till within a few      BARDNEY, RmICARD, an       Engn!lish
months of his death. In the year 1795, monk; author of the " Life of Robert
when the yellow fever had put to flight Grosthead, bishop of Lincoln." D. 1504.
a number of physicians, who were in     BAREBONE, PRAIE-GOD, a notorious
the meridian of life, the veteran Dr. Bard  fanatic of the time of Cromwell, from
remained at his post. He was the author whom  the famous Barebone's Parliaof several papers on the yellow fever in  ment took its name. He was originally
the American Medical Register. In 1750  a leather-dealer, but a man of considerhe assisted Dr. Middleton in the first able energy and influence. He was.arrecorded dissection in America.   D. rested in 1661 with Major Wildman and
1799.-SAMUEL, M.D., to obtain a thor- Harrington for a plot against the governough medical education, he spent five ment, and. committed to the Tower.
years in France, England, and Scotland. What became of him on his release is
He received his degree at Edinburgh in. not known.
1765. Dr. Bard formed the plan of the   BARENT, DIETRICIa, a Dutch historimedical school of New York, which was ecal and portrait painter. B. 1534; d.
established within a year after his return. 1582.
Hle was appointed professor of the prac-  BARERE, BERTRAND, one of the most
tice of physic. Medical degrees wvere  conspicuous actors in the first Frencl
first conferred in 1769. By his exertions  revolution, was born in 1755 at Tarbes,
the hospital was founded. In 1774 he in Gascony, where his father possessed
delivered a course of chemical lectures. the small estate of Vieuzac. IHe was
In 1813 he was appointed president of  educated for the bar at Toulouse, practhe college of physicians and surgeons. tised as an advocate with considerable
His discourses on conferring degrees success, and besides occupying himself
were vary impressive. B. 1742; d. 1821. with literary pursuits of a trivial characBARDE, JOHN DE LA, an historian and  ter, wrote a dissertation which procured
diplomatist of the reign of Louis le Grand, him a seat in the Toulouse Academy of
who wrote a history of France from the Sciences. In 1785 lie was elected one
time of Louis XIII. to 1652  B. 1602; of the representatives of the Third Esd. 1692.                              tate. When, in 1792, the legislative asBARDESANES the Gnostic, a Syrian, sembly invited the nation to elect an
who lived in the latter half of the second  extraordinary convention;, Barere was
century, at Edessa, and was a favorite  chosen one of its members by his own
of the king Agbar Bar Maanu, is memor- department. He voted for the death of
able for the peculiarity of his doctrines. the king, "sans appel et sans sursis,"
He considered the evil in the world only in words that have been oft repeated,
as an accidental reaction of matter, and  "L'arbre de la libert6 ne croit qu'arrose
all life as the offspring of male and fe- par le sang des tyrans."  After the fall




t08                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [nAR
of the monarch, he acted with the Gi- He was acquitted of the murder, and of
rondists, to whom   he made himself the manslaughter: the verdict was selfuseful by the ease and fluency with    defence. After this unfortunate transwhich he could draw up reports. But action he again sat down to his studies,
he soon made common cause with the and in 1770 published his "Travels,"
Mountain, whose designs lihe carried out;* for which, it is said, he received ~500.
and he bore a large share in the schemes On the establishment of the Royal Acadsubsequently planned during the " Reign  emy, lie was appointed foreign secretary,
of Terror," earning for the levity with  a post of more honor than profit. He
which he discharged lhis office the nick- died May 5, 1789, without a struggle or
names of the Witling of Teror, and   sigh, the moment after taking a glass of
the Anacreon of the Guillotine. He    wine, preserving his faculties to the last
ihwned   on  Robespierre  up  to the moment.
8th of Thermidor, and on the 9th he     BARGRAVE, ISAAC, dean of Cantermoved that ERobespierre should be be- bury and chaplain to James I. D. 1642.
headed without a trial. On the fall of  BARIIAM, RICHArD HAPRIm, better
the convention he was sent a prisoner known by his authorial namne of Thomas
to the isle of Oleron; but he meade his Ingoldsby, was a native of Canterbury,
escape to Bordeaux, where lhe remained  and a graduate of Oxford, who adopted
four years in obscurity; and on the estab- the clerical profession and discharged
lishment of Napoleon's government he   its duties, but who was far more of a
enlisted in its service, and for some vears wit than'a sermonizer. He became a
officiated in the double capacity of a wri- minor canon of St. Paul's, and the friend
ter and a spy. On the fall of Napoleon, of Sydney Smith, whom in some respects
in 1814, he again became a royalist. Du- lhe resembled. His contributions to the
ring the hundcred days he was chosen by  leading Eno'lish periodicals were remarkhis native district a member of the chami- able for fan'cy and humor, but his fame
ber of representatives; but on the final will rest upon the " Ingoldsby Legends,"
return of the Bourbons, in 1815, he wvas which are full of qiuaint wit and happy
compelled to retire into Belgium, where turns of thought and expression. A
he resided till 1830. The revolutioin  novel of ies, called "My Cousin Nicho-.which then called Louis Philippe to the las," was popular at the time of its pubthrone, enabled him to return to France; lication. B. 1789; d. 1845.
but he was reduced to extreme indi-     BARKER, EDMUND HENRY, a classical
gence, and a small pension from the scholar, who edited Stephens' Greek
king and the government alone saved   Thesaurus, Prolegomena to     Homer,
him from the necessity of begging his Lempriere, &e., and was a leading supbread. D. 1841. Those who wvish to    porter of the classical journal, the British
see an instance of the literary tomahawk  Critic and the Monthly Magazine, to
skilfully applied, will find it in an arti- which he contributed valuable dissertacle devoted to Barere's life and character tions on questions of philology and anin the Edinburgh Review, vol. lxxix., by  tiquities. B. 1788; d. 1839.-t-EORGE,
Macaulay.                             an eminent lawyer of Birmingham, who
BARETTI, JosEPHc, the son of an      aided Watt and Boulton in their gioantic
architect of Turin, b. in 1716, and who railroad and other schemes. B. 76; d.
went to England in 1750, where lhe re- 1845.-ROBERT, inventor of the panosided (with a short interval) the remain- rama, was b. at Kells, in Ireland, about
der of his life. Baretti had the good  1740; and, having failed in business,
fortune to be introduced to Dr. Samuel became a miniature and portrait painter.
Johnson, and between them a very long  He settled at Edinburgh in that capacity;
intimnacy had place. From the time of and, while viewing the landscape from
his arrival in England he subsisted by  the Calton Hill, was first struck with the
teaclhing the Italian languagse and by  idea of representing- similar scenes in a
the sale of his writings. f  1760 he circular picture. Eminent artists treatmade a tour to Italy, through Portugal ed the project as chimerical; but he
and Spain, and returned to England    persisted, and ultimately succeeded in
after an absence of six years. In 1769 accomplishing what may be considered
he was tried at the Old Bailey for having  as the triumph of pictorial illusion. It
stabbed a man who violently assaulted  was in 1787 that his first attempt was
him in the Haymarket. HIle made a exhibited; aend his exhibition soon bemost admirable defence; which, added  came so popular that he gained a conto the bad reputation of his prosecutors, siderable fortune. D. 1806.-MArrHEW
impressed the court much in his favor. HINtr, a sea-captain, who in the latter




BAR]                  CYCLOPErDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       1109
part of his life took to writing sea-novels, losophy, which he held till his death in
in which he attained great success, under 1648, in his 64th year, though his writhe name of the Old Sailor. His " Tough  tings in favor of Arminius raised him a
Yarns," "l Jim Bunt," "' Land and Sea number of enemies, who loudly called
Tales," etc., have considerable merit. for his dismission.  His orations are
I). 1846.-GEORGE P., a distinguished  admired for their wit and purity, and
lawyer and politician of Buffalo, attor- his poems for their elegance and correctney-general of the state of New York, ness. Two volumes of his letters were
who d. in 1848, before he had fulfilled  published after his death. He wrote
his promise.                          also an account of Count Maurice's govBARKIIAM, JOHtN, a native of Exeter, ernment in Brazil.
who, after studying at Oxford, and hold-  BARLETTA, GABRIEL, a Dominican,
ing several places of preferment, d. at b. at Barletta, in the kingdom of Naples.
Bockinf, in Essex, of which he was rec- He acquired some celebrity as a writer
tor and dean.   He is mentioned by    and as a preacher, and it became proSpeed, and others, as possessing " learn- verbial to say, nescitprcedicare qui nescit
ing, virtue, and courtesy."  His valuable  Barlettare. It is reported that his ser -
collection of coins and medals, which he mons rapidly passed through 20 editions,
gave to Laud, was presented to the uni- but so incongruous was the composition,
versity.  Though he never published   so full of serious reflections and ridicuany thino, yet his friends had reason to lous levities, of obsolete words, and of
acknowledge his great erudition, so that modern and ancies_ t idioms, that more
Guillim's display of heraldry, and Speed's singular and extraordinary performances
John and Henry II. are attributed to  scarcely ever appeared. The best edition
him.                                  is that of Venice, 1577, two vols. 8vo.
BARKSDALE, CLEMENT, a native of     He was b. about 1040, but the time of
Winchcomb, Gloucestershire, educated  his death is unknown.
at Abingdon school and Oxford. lie was  BARLOW, THOMAS, an English preelected master of Hereford school, but late, was b. in 1607, at Langhill, in
during the civil wars he left his situation, Westmoreland, and educated at Oxford.
and took pupils at Hawling, in Glouces- He was raised to the bishopric of Lintershire.  On the restoration he was coln in 1675, and held it till his death,
presented to the living of Taunton, in 1691. His principles were any thing
where he d. 1687, aged 78. His works but inflexible. He wrote against popery
are, besides several sermons, and some during the reign of Charles II.; vinditracts, " Monumenta Literaria," " Sive cated the regal power of dispensing-with
Obitus et Elogia," " Doctorum Virorum  the laws, under James II.; and finally
ex Historiis Thuani," " Nympha Libe- gave his allegiance to William III. Nor
thris, or the Corswold Muse," 1651; did he properly fulfil his episcopal duties
" The Life of Grotius," 165;2  " Memo- He was, howe;ver,, a learned and a toler
rials of Worthy Persons," 1661.       ant man. His works consist of some
BARLAAM, a Greek monk, who, in      tracts; a Collection of Cases of Consci1339, was sent into the West, by the ence Resolved,; and Genuine Remains.
youneger Andronicus, the GreeL em- -JoEL, was b. at Reading, in Connectiperor, to solicit assistance against the  cut, about 1755, and graduated at Yale
Turks, and to negotiate a union between  college in 1778. After leaving college he
the Latin and Greek churches.     On  engaged for a short time in the study of
his return he was censured, as hetero- the law, but soon changed it for theolodox, by a council; upon which he went gy, and became a chaplain in the army,
back to Italy, and obtained the bishopric wvhich station he retained until the return
of I-lieracium, in Calaibia. He d. about of peace. From 1783 to 1795 Mr. Bar1348. Barlauam introduced the study of low was occupied with various private
Grecian literaturle into Italy; and Pe- pursuits, in America and Europe  and
trarch and Boccacio were his disciples.  in the latter year was appointed by NresBAPRLLEUS, GASPAEAUS, a Latin poet ident Washington consul at Algiers,
of Antwerp, appointed subprincipal of  with powers to negotiate a treaty of
the college of Leyden, but afterwards re- peace with the Dey, and redeem the
jected fi'om his office for the zealous American captives on the coast'of Barshare which he took in the disputes of  bary. He concluded a treaty with Althe Arminiians. -Ie now took his de- giers, and also negotiated one with
grees in physic at Caen, and in 1631 was Tripoli, and rescued many American
invited by'the magistrates of Amster- citizens firom slavery. In 1797 he redam to fill the chair of professor of phi- signed his consulship. In 1805 he re..lc




110                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                      [BAh
turned to the United States. In 1811 he had retired to private life, he was arwas sent as minister plenipotentiary to  rested by the faction then-in power, and
the French government. le fiiled in   guillotined in 1794.
the object of his mission, but in October,  BARNES, JULIANA, prioress of St.
1812, he was invited to a conference with  Alban's in the 15th century, author of
the emperor at Wilna. The faticue and  treatises on "Hunting, Ivawking', and
exposure to which he subjected himself,  eralclry."-ROERT, D.D., chaplain to
to comply with this invitation, caused  Henry VIII.; burnt to death.in Smithhis death at Zarowitch, an obscure vil- field for Lutheranism, in 1540; anutho
lage near Cracow, in Decenmbe, 1812. of a treatise on "Justificationl, &c.VWhile in college Mr. Barlow was a votary  JosIUA, a learned divine, educated at
of the muses, and by that means ac- Christ's hospital, London, and Emmanqunied the fiiendship of Dr. Wright, uel college, Cambridge, author of the
who himself occasionally dabbled in   "Life of Edward III.," ad a poe
verse. Iis "American Poems" were       " On the History of Esther," and editor
printed at Litchfield, shortly after' he of the works of Emuipides, Anacreon,
left college. The " Vision of Columbus"  and Homer. B. 1654; d. 1712.-'TuorAs,
appeared in 1787. Ite prepared a new  a gentleman of famous literary ability,
version of Watts' Psalms for the clergy  and principal editor of " The Tines,"
of his native state. While in France he which journal owes much of its celebrity
became a warm friend of the leading   and influence to the powerful politicas
Girondists. In England, about 191, he  leaders that canre from his pen, as well
printed his "cAdvice to the Privilegec  as to the rare skill and discrimination
Orders," anda fterwardcs the "Conspir- he evinced in the general control and
acy of Kings," and ai " Letter to the adaptation of the articles furnished by
National'Convention,"' Buit his most his coadjutors, &c.  NTotwitlhstanding
popular poem  was a mock heroic, in   the share he necessarily took in the
three cantos, called "I'lasty Puddingl,"  strife of politics, it is recorded to his
in which he celebrate  a natiolnal New  h1onor that he retained the friendship
England dish. Returning to America, of all who had once intimately known
in 1808. he published a noticeable poem  him, how  mulch soever they might
called the Columbiad, which is still ex- chance to differ on questions of public
tant, and some people read.           interest. Mr. Barnes was educated at
BARLOWE, WILLIAM, a bishop of       Christ's hospital and Pembroke college,
Bath and Wells under Queen Mary, Cambridge, where he took his B.A. and
and   ishop of Winchester under Eliza- M.A. degrees.   D. 184-1, aged 55.beth. D. 1658.-WILLIAi., his son, arch- DANIEL H., a distinguished concholdeacon of Sarmr, skilled in natural phi- ogist, who, with Dr. Griscom, originated
losophy, and the first English writer acnd conducted witl great reputation
on the properties of the loadstone. D. the high school of New York. He was
1625.                                 also a Baptist preacher.  On Sunday,
BARNARD, THIEODORE, a        Dutch  the day before his death, he preached
painter who settled in England, said to  at New Lebanon from the text, "Ye
have paintec the kigs and g bishops in  know not what shall be on the morChichester cathedral.-JOHN, D.D., pre- row;" on the next day, the driver havbendary of Lincoln in the reign of ing been thrown from       his seat, Mr.
Charles II., author of a "Life of Dr. Barnes in his alarm jumped from the
Heylyn," &c. D. 1683.-Sir JOHN, lord  carriage, fractured his skull, and died
mayor of London, and one of its repre- soon after. His learned communications
sentatives in parliament for forty years. on conchology were published in SilliHe was an able speaker, and a remark- man's journal, with explanatory plates.
ably conscientious and religious man;   BARNEY, JOSHUA, a distinguished
and so greatly was he respected by his commander in the Anmerican navy. He
fellow-citizens, that they erected a statue was employed in the public service dcuto his memory in the Royal Exchange. ring the war of the revolution, and was
B. at Reading, 1685; d. 1764.         twice captured. In a vessel named the
BARNAVE, ANTHONY PETER JOSEPH, Hyder Alt, carrying 4- nine and 12 six
an eloquent and popular member of the pounders he captured, after an action
French national assembly.   IHe -was of 26 minutes, the Gen. Monk of 18
charged with the conveyance of the guns, nine-pounders, with the loss of 4
king from Varennes to Paris; on which umen killedand 11 wounded. The Gen.
occasion he conducted hilmself with Mlonk lost 80 killed, and 58 wounded.
great delicacy and respect. Though lhe He sailed in the Gen. Mlonk with dis



nAR]                  CYCLOP4EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         1 
patches for Dr. Franklin at Paris, and  perspective of his uncle, and drew the
brought back a valuable loan from the heads of his Virgins after the features
king of France.   In 1796 he went to   ot his sister, and those of his Jesuses
France with Mr. Munroe, deputed the after his nephew. Cardinal de la Robearer of the American flao to the Na- vere became early his patrpn, but the
tional Convention, In 1813 he was ap-  jealousy of his rivals proved nearly
pointed to the command of the flotilla fhtal.  He was maliciously poisoned,
for the defence of the Chesapeake. I-Ie  and though he recovered by the imparticipated in the battle of Bladens- mediate application of medicine, his
burg, and was wounded by a.ball in' constitution grew weak and languid,
the. thigh.. In 1815 he was sent on a and he lingered in an unhealthy state,
mission to Europe. He d. in 1819, aged  till his 84th year, 1612. His paintings
59. Hle had been 41 yea's in public   are in good esteem, his historical pieces
service, and engaged in 26 battles.    are deservedly admired, but he shines
BARNEVELD', JOHN D' OLDEN, a        with superior lustre in the execution of
Dutch statesman of great abilities, am- his devotional portrwits.  His merits
bassador to Elizabeth in England, and to  were universally admitted, and his inHenry IV. of France. His attempts to firmities alone prevented him from aclimit the authority of Maurice the second  cepting the honors which were liberally
stadtholder of HIolland, raised him ene- offered to him by the duke of Tuscany,
mies, by whose virulence he was accused  the Emperor Rodolph II., and Philip
of designs to deliver the country to the II. of Spain. In correctness he is great;
Sp aniardcs, and in consequence of this he understood well the effects of light
false charge, he was tried ancd beheaded  and shade, and though the attitudes of
in 1619. His sons, William and Ren6, some of his figures are out of proporresented the cruelty exercised against tion, he may be said to approach the
their father, and thlough the elder es- softness and graces of Correggio.
caped, Ren6 felt the punishment due to  BARON, BONAVENTURE, a native of
a conspirator. The mother stepped in   Clonmel, Ireland, educated by his uncle
in defence of her son, and when Maurice  Luke Wadding, and afterwards emexpressed surprise to see her eager to  ployed as diviniity professor at Rome,
save him when she had seen his father where he spent 60 years, and died blind
fall unlamented, she indignantly re- in a good old age, March 18th, 1696.
plied, " I would not solicit a pardon for He was a leaorned and voluminous
my husband, for he was innocent. I writer.     His " Theologia," in 6 vols.,
ask it for my son because he is guilty." is his best performance. See a list of
BARO or BARONI, PETER, a native      his works in Sir James Ware's writers
of Estampes, in France, who left his of Ireland, p. 253.-MICHAEL, son of a
country on account of his attachment to  merchant of Issondun, became celeProtestantism, and found a hospitable  brated as a player. His powers in exasylum  in England, in the house of    pressing the passions were unusually
Lord Burleigh, and at Cambridge with   great, and he was deservedly called the
Dr. Pierce, by whose influence he was Roscius of his time. I-e was not insenchosen Margaret professor of divinity, sible to the popularity which he enjoyed,
1574. The tranquillity of his residence and with arrogance and vanity he obwas however of short duration. He op- served, that once in a century a COesar
posed Whitacrc, Tindal, and Chadder- might arise, but that 2000 years were
ton, who violently supported the tenets requisite to prodace a Baron. His suof kabsolute predestination, and whilst perior excellence was in a great degree
lie gave a more moderate explanation to  owing to his own exertions, so that Ratho doctrine in his sermons and in his  cine in representing his Andromache to
lectures, he found himself cited before  the actors, with the judgment and corthe vice chancellor, and accused before rectness of a poet and of a man of feelArchbishop Whitgift; and though Lord  ing, paid him the highest compliment,
Biurleigh, the chancellor, disapproved  assuring him that he could give him no
of the virulence of his prosecutors, he instructions, "for," added he, "your
found himself obliged to leave Cam- own heart will tell you more than any
bridge for Crutchedfriars,   London, lessons of mine can suggest."  He died
where he 1died'. Hiis writincgs were on  at Paris, 22d Dec. 1729, aged 77. Three
divinity subjects, and in Latin.      volumes in 12mo. of theatrical pieces,
BAIOCCIO, FiEDEmic, a painter of    appeared in 1760, under his name, of
Urbino, who learnt sculpture of his fa- which, however, some suppose that he
ther, and architecture geometry, and   was not the anthox.   His dialogne is




1 1                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LBAR
lively, and. his scenes diversified; but ually appointed interpreter to the French
there is not very little of brilliancy  government; obut having indulged his
of coloring which an acquaintance with  vein of sarcasm  on the legitimacy of
the manners of the great could have   the First Consul, he was put under arsupplied.   ALrest. lie escaped. the vigilance of his
BARONI, ADXIANNE BASILE, and got to Lonicon, where lhe
of Mantua, lister to the poet Basile. published a "'history of the First ConShe was so admired for her beauty, her sulate."  He translated into French Sir
wit, and her accomplishments, that vol- Sydney Smith's pamphlet on the expediumnes were written in her praise. Her ~tion into Egypt; for which the English
daughter Leonora    possessed  equal government rewarded him. While at
charms, and met equal admiration, and  Dublin, in 1829, he committed suicide.
in 1639, a collection of pieces in Latin,  BARRELIER, JAMES, a friar and hotGreek, Spanish, Italian, and French, anist; author of " Plantie per Galliam,
was published, in which her beauty and  Hispaniam," &c. B. 1696; d. 1768.
her perfections wr'e portrayed with all  BARRERE, PIERRE, a French physithe graces of poetry.  She also wrote  cian; author of a " Dissertation sar la
some poetical trifles. The daughter had  couleur des Negres," &c. D. 1755.
profound skill in music, a sweet voice,  BARRET, GGEORCE, a landscape paintand the utmost delicacy of manner. Mr. er, of considerable eminence. He was
Bayle styles her one of the finest singers b. in Dnblin, but passed most of his llfe
in the world.                         in England, and was a chief founder of
BARONIUS, C.sSAS, confessor to Cle- the Royal Academy. B. 1780; d. 1784.
ment VIII., who made him cardinal and   BARREETT, WILLIAM, an Engilish tolibrarian of the Vatican; author of pographer; author of a "History of
"Ecclesiastical Annals."  B. at Sora, Bristol."  D. 1789.
1588; d. 1607.                         BARRINGTON, JOHN SHUTE, the first
BAROZZI, JAMES, a celebrated archi- Viscount Barrington;. author of "An
tect, successor to Michael Angelo as ar- Essay on the several Dispensations of'
chitect of St. Peter's; author of " Rules God to Mankind," the " Rights of Disfor the Five Orders of Architecture,"  senters," &c., &c. B. 1678; D. 1734.&c. B. 1507; d. 1577.                DAINES, fourth son of Viscount BarringBARRAL, PETER, a French abb6; ton, was bred to the law, and rose to the
author of a "Dictionary of Roman An- office of second justice of Chester. IHe
tiquities," &c. D. 1772.-Louis MAT- was author of " Observations on the
THIAS DE, bishop of Troyes, was a native  Statutes," &c. B. 1727; d. 1800.-SAMof Grenoble. He emigrated at the rev- UEL. youngest brother of the last-named,
olution; but returning to France in 1801, entered early into the navy, anct became
Bonaparte made him bishop of Meaux, rear-admiral of the white. He took St.
and afterwards archbishop of Tours, and  Lucia, in the face of a superior force;
almoner to the Empress Josephine. D. and was conspicuous for his zeal and
1816.                                 courage at the memorable relief of GibBARRAS, PAUL FRANCIS JOHN NicH- raltar, by Lord Howe. D. 1800.-SHUTE,
LAS, Count de, was originally a sub- bishop of Durham, was the sixth son of
lieutenant inthe regiment of Languedoc, the first Viscount Barrington,. and b. in
and served for some time in India. 1734. After obtaining a fellowship at
Embracing revolutionary principles, he Merton college, Oxford, and taking his
assisted at the attack on the Bastile, and. degrees, he was appointed royal chaplain
voted in the National Convention for on the accession of George III. In 1768
the death of the unfortunate Louis XVI. he was made a canon of St. Paul's, and
H-le subsequently became one of the   in the following year was raised to the
chiefs of.the government, but retired  bishopric of Liandaff. In 1782 he was
from  public life,when Bonaparte as- promoted to the see of Salisbury, whence
sumed the direction of affairs. For some in 1791 he was translated to that of Duryears he resided at Rome, but returned  ham. Ho engaged in some controversial
to France in 1814, and remained there  disputes both with the Calvinists and
till his death in 1829.               Catholics; but, though hostile to the
BARRE, WILLIAM VINCENT, a native    doctrines of the latter, he was a liberal
of France, who, after serving in the Rus- benefactor of the French clergy who took
sian navy with credit in his youth, re- refuge in England during the revoluturned to his own country on the break- tion; and few men were more munifiing out of the French revolution, joined  cent in their charitable support of behis countrymen in arms, and was event- nevolent institutions.  D. 1826.-The




BAR]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        113
Hon. GEORGE, M. P., was b. at Durham  W-ard, bishop of Sao.curry, and, ll 1672,
in 1794, alnd enteredlthe naval service at the king, whom he served oy his conthe usual age. lie obtained the rank of duct, and flattered by his poetry, raised
post-captainiin 1826; and in the follow- him to the mastership of Trinity college,
ing year married Lady Caroline, third  observing, that he gave it to the best
daughter of Earl Grey, who, on becom- scholar in England. He was vice chaning arime minister, appointed him a lord  cellor in 1675; but his public services
of tie Admiralty. He was returned one were of short duration. lHe died of a
of the members for the newly-created  fever, 4th May, 1677, aged 47, and was
borough of Sunderland in 1832, from   buried in Westminster Abbey, where
which he afterwards retired in conse- his friends, by contribution, erected a
quence of ill health, which continued  monument over him, of which the epiuntil his death, in June, 1835.       taph was written by Dr. Mapletoft. The
BARROS, JOHN DE, a learned Portu- writings of Barrow are numerous and
guese, treasurer of the Indies, and   valuable, and chiefly on mathematical
author of a I'History of Asia and the subjects. As a divine he was great as
Indies." l). 1570.                    well as exemplary.   His sermons are
BARROW, IsAAc, a learned mathema- highly esteemed, and have been fretician and divine of an ancient family in  quently edited. His works in English
Suffolk, was b. in London. He was ad- were published together by Dr. Tillotmitted pensioner of Peter-house, Cam- son, in 3 vols. folio.-Sir JoHN, Bart.,
bridge, 1643; but two years after he  for many years a secretary to the Enbecamne member of Trinity college, after glish admiralty, an extensive traveller,
being' ejected from Peter-house for wri- antd a voluminous writer of travels, biting against the covenant. He was after- ographies, &c. B. 1764; d. 1848.
wards chosemn fellow of the college. His  BARRUEL, AUGUSTIN, a French ecclestudies were directed to divinity; but siastic, and of some note as a man of
when he observed the connection which  letters during the French revolution,
exists between chronology and astrono- was born in 1741.  Ire was for some
my, he applied himself with indefatiga- years editor of " Le Journal Ecclesible zeal to those higher sciences, and  astique;" but as the principles he there
made a rapid progress besides in anato- advocated were opposed to the revolumy, botanly, and chemistry. Upon his tion, he was obliged to fly to England,.
disappointment in not being elected   where, in 1794, he published his "IHisGreek professor, on the death of Dr. tory of the French Clergy," &c.; but his
Duport, he resolved to travel, and to  best known work is entitled "Menmoirs
supply his expenses he parted with his for a History of. Jacobinism, Impiety,
books, and left the kingdom, 1655. He and Anarchy," in 5 vols. 8vo.; a provisited Paris, Leghorn, and Florence, duction i which faclet and fiction are so
and everywhere enriched his mind by   closely interwoven as to destroy its auobservation and inquisitive researches. thenticity.  He returned to France in
From Leghorn lie passed to Smyrna, and  1802, and died there in 1820. -DE
in his voyage displayed his uncommon  BEAUVEcT, ANTHONY JosEPm, Count de,
courage by assisting the crew of the ves- was bori at the castle of Beaurvert
sel ini beating off an Algerine corsair near Marseilles, in 1756. In 1790 he
that threatened them  with death or belonged to the national guard at Bagslavery. He passed from Smyrna to Con- nols; and on the flight of the royal famstantinople, where he resided one year, ily to Varennes lie offered himself as a
and returned to England throughVenice, hostage for Louis XY-I. In'1795 he was
Germany, and Holland, in 1659. He now  editor of the journal entitled " Les Actes
took orders, agreeable to the statutes of  des Ap6tres;" for which he was senhis college, and in 1660 he was elected  tenced to deportation, but escaped. For
to the Greek professorship of the uni- a time during the consulate he was under
versity, and two years after to that of the surveillance of the police; but at
geometry in Gresham college. The next lengcth obtaining the proteotion of the
year he was made Lucasian mathemati- Empress Josephine, he was appointed
cal lecturer at Cambricdge, an off-lice to an office in the department of Jura;
which, in 1669, he resigned to his great where he died in 1817. He wrote the
friend Isaac Newton, that he might with  "Life of Rousseau,?' and various works
closer application devote himself to di- relative to the Bourbons during their
vinity. le now received the preferment exile.
which was due to his merit from his     BARRY, GmALD, better known as
uncle, bishop of St. Asaph, and from  Giraldus Cambrensis; author of " Topotlta




114                  CYCLOP    DIA OF   BIOGRAPHY.                     [BAR
graphia Hibernica," "Itinerarium Cam- haughty Duke de Choiseul, and prorie," &c. lie flourished in the 12th   moted the Dluk6 d'Aiguillon. WVlen
century.-SPRANGER, a celebrated actor, the king died she was banished to an
and, for a time, the rival of Garrick, abbey near Meaux. During the revoluand, in the higher walks of the drama, tion she was condemned to death and
is supposed by many to have greatly    executed. Her conduct in her last moexcelled him. B. 1719; d.1777.-JAMES, ments betrayed the greatest weakness
lord of Sautry, chief justice of the King's  and fear. B. 1744; d. 1793.
Bench in Ireland; author of "The Case    BARTAS, 5WILLIAM D)E SALLXST DU, a
of Tenures upon the Commission of De- French poet, warrior, and statesman;
fective Titles."  D. 1673.-JAMES, an   confidentially employed by Henry IV.;
eminent painter, born at Cork, 1742; author of " The Week of the Creation,"
having early discovered great genius for  &c. D. 1590.
the art, he was patronized by Mr. Burke,  B &RTH, JonIN, a French naval officer,
and brought to London, where he be- remarkable for his skill and daring as a
came a pupil to Sir Joshua Reynolds. privateer. B. atDunkirk, 1551; d.1602.
When Mr. Burke came into administra-      BARTEIE,    NICHOLAS   THOMAS, a
tion with the marquis of Rockingham, French dramatic writer, and translator
he sent Mr. Barry to Italy at his sole  of " Ovid's Art of Love" into French,
expense. After visiting all the celebrated  &c. B. 1733; d. 1785.
schools of the continent, in which he    BARTHELEMI, NICiOLAS, a monk
occupied -three years, he returned to  of the 15th century; author of a treatise
London; and in 1775 published "An      "On the Active and Contemplative Lie,
Inquiry into the Real and Imaginary    &c.
Obstructions to the Acquisition of the   BARTHELEMY, JOHN         JAMES, the
Arts in England."    About two years learned author of "The Voyage of the
after this he was elected a royal acade- Younger Anaeharsis in Greece;" was
mician, and in 1786 made professor of  b. at Cassis, in Provence, 1716; d. 1795.
painting to the'4oyal Academy; but in   BARTHEZ, PAkUL JOSEPI, an eminent
1799, on an alleged addiction to demo- French physician, was born at Montpecratic principles, was removed from that tlier in 1734, where he founded a medical
office.  He seems soon aftewwvards to  school, which acquired great reputation
have taken disgust at society; from    throughout Europe.    For many years
which he retired into obscurity, living  he practised in Paris, and was consulted
unattended, and half-starved, till some  upon the most important cases; he also
friends raised about ~1000, with which  wrote in the " Journal des Savans," the
they purchased an annuity for him; "Encyclopedie," &c., and was a membut before the first quarter's payment hber of almost every learned society. Duof it became due he died, 1806. His ring the revolution he suffered greatly
greatest effort of art is a series of alle- in his fortune; but Napoleon, who knew
gorical pictures, which he painted gra- his great merits, restored him, in his
tuitously for the great room of the Society  old age, to wealth and honors.  D.
of Arts in the Adelplhi.-WVILLIA  T., an  1806.
American statesman, postmaster-gener-:BARTHOLDY, JAcoB        SOLOMsON, a
al under Jackson, and afterwards minis- Prussian diplomatist, born a Jew, but
ter to Spain. B. 1785; d. 1835.-JoHN, after travelling in Greece he abjured
a distinguished naval officer in the   Judaism, and became a Protestant. In
service of the United States, born at 1807 he served against the French as an
Wexford, in Ireland, who was of great officer in the land-wehr of Vienna, and
assistance to Washington during the wrote a tract called "The War of the
revolutionarywar. ie took manyprizes, Tyrol," which produced a great sensaand conquered the British ship of war tion. D. 1826.
Atalanta.   B. 1745; d. 1803.-MARIE      BARTHOLEMON, FRANcIs HIPPoJEANNE GOMART DE VAUBERnnIE, COUN- LITE, a musical composer and violinist,
TESS DU, a celebrated mistress of Louis was born at Bordeaux, in 1741, but
XV. of France, was the daughter of a resided chiefly in London, and was for
commissioner of the customs at Vau- many years leader at the opera-house.
couleurs, became a milliner at Paris, and, As a composer he was remarkable for
on being seen by the king, soon took   rapidity; and as ai performer for taste
the place of Madame doe Pompadour. and execution. D. 1808.
She was married to the Count du Barry,   BARTLETT, JOSIAH, a governor of
and acquired prodigious influence at the New Hampshire, who was originally a
court.  She caused the ruin of the physician of merit, then commanded a




BAR]                  CYCLOPE EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       115
regiment of militia in the revolution, Kent,") of whom English Protestants
was a member of the continental con- give this account. She was used as an
gress, and was the first who voted for, instrlment, by the CatholiFs and adheand, aiter the presidentf, sined the Dec- rents of Q(ceen Catherine, to excite the
laration of Indepeendence. B. 1729; d. English nation ao'ainst the proposed ci1795.                                 vorce of IHenry VXII. from his first wife
BARTOLI, or BARTOLUS, a learned      and the apprehended separation of the
civilian, who is said to have contributed  Englishl  church lfrom eIome, with ewhich
more than any of his predecessors to  the king then threatened the pope. Her
the elucidation of legal science.  B. deliriumn in a violent nervous illness,
1312; d. 13i6.-DANIEL, a learned Jes- was lmade use of by the parson of Aluit; author of a "History of the Jes- dingoton, and by a cancon of Canterbury,
nits,' &c. B. at Ferrara, 1608; d. 1685. to persuadc e her that she was a prophet-CosMo, an Italian writer of thle 16th  ess inspirec by God, and destined to
century; author of a "Life of Frederic  prevent this undertaking of the king.
Barbarossa," &c.                       During her paroxysms, she cried out
BARTOLO, an Italian lawyer of the against this divorce, and against the pre14th century; professor of law at Pisa, vailing silns alnd heresies. The archand author of numerouns wos ors n law  bishop of Cantcrbu'Ty and bishop of
and other subjects.                   Rochester encouraged her to continue
BAIRTOLOQZZI, FRANCIS, an engraver her revelations, whlich she pretended
of first-rate merit, ivas born at Florence were communlicated to her by a letter
in 1728; went to England in 1764; was fiom  heaven. By the prophecy, that
admiitted a member of';le Royal Acad- Henry, if he persisted iln his purpose
emy inl 1769, anld went to Lisbon, at the  of divorce and second marriare, would
invitaLtion of the prince-regent of Portu- not be king for hoe month longer, andcl
gal, in 1802. Tile productions of his would die a shameful death, she excited
glaver are 1nu1meirous, hiighly esteemedl,  malny monks and nuns to violence
and eagerly sougllt after. D. 1815.   aa'cinst the king. Her revelations proBARTON, BERNARD, thle "Quaker iduced such a fermentation among the
poet," vwas bornl near London, 1784. In  peole, that Henry ordered the appre1810 lie becamne a clerk in Alexander's ihension and examlination of Elizabeth
bank, at Woodbridge, wherre hle ofliciated  and her accomplices before the star-,ilmostto the clay of his death. Hisfirst chlamber. After they had there convolume of poetry was published in 1811, fessed tle imposture, they were conand this ws s succeeded by lnuerous dcelned to matke a public confession
others, most of themn devoted to lhomely  andi suffer imprisonment; and when it
subjects, but all of them animatecd by vwas found that tle pearty of the queen
the purest feeling alnd thle most glowingl  were laboring to make them  retract
fancy. But it was not only for his merits their confessionl they were adjudged
as a poet, that Bernard Barton deserves guilty of higoh treason, for a conspiracy
to be held in remembrancce. He was en- against the kiing and executed, April
dowed withl eyery quality which endears  30th, 15-34.
a ml an to all that colme within his influ-  BARTRATAM, J0OIIN, an Ceminenlt Amerence. His genial good-humor and vast ican botanist, wyas b. in Chester county,
stores of init'rmOltion made ehime a wcel- Pennsylvania, ill 1701. He formeed a
comle g'uest lwherever lhe appeared; and  botanic ga'rden near Philadelphia, said
the naitive sincerity of his character, to have been the firs st establishment of
whlich was set fobrth in every act of his the kind in America; and so intimate
life, was enhanced by a bengnitty, lib- an acquaintance had'he with the vegeerality, and charity inc entire accordancet t ablae ingdom, that iinlmus pronoluncec
witl the precepts of his faith. D. 1849. him " the greatest natural botanist in the
-BENTJAM3IN S., a noted physician ancd  world."  D. 1777.-WILLLM, a soil of
naturalist of Philehiladelphia, educate   at the precedieng, was also a distineguished
G(ottingen, and a contributor to the naturalist. At the request of Dr. Fothertransactions of the American Philosoph- gill, he travelled throughl the Floridas,
ical Societyl. He was for many years C'arolin, and Georgia, aor the purposes
professor of natural history and botany  of making researches in natural history,
in thee ucniversity of Pennsylvania andl and tralnslmitted to his employer il Lonsucceeded Dr. Ensh in the chair of med- donl the valuable collections cand drawicine. B. 1766; d. 1815.-ELIZABETHI a ings which1 he had made. His "Anmercounftlcy gill of Aldincgton, in Koent, iccan Ornithologyy" may be considered
(therefore called the "holy maic  of  the precursor of Wilson's invaluable




116                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BO1GRAPHY.                        [BAS
work. His "Travels," also, is a rare the eastern, as St. Benedict is the
and curious book. D. 1823.             patriarch of the western orders.
BARWIC{t, Jons, an English divine,     BASILIUS I., the Macedonian, ermwho exerted himself with considerable  peror of the East; killed by a stag while
zeal and ability on the royal side in the  hunting, in 836.-II, succeeded John
civil wars. B. 1612; d. 1664.-PETEiR, Zinisces, in 976. lie was guilty of
brother of the above, an eminent physi- abominable cruelty in his war with the
cian; author of a " Defence of Harvey's  Bulgarians. D. 1025.-There was also,
Doctrines of the Circulation of the of this name, an impostor, who excited
Blood," &c. D. 1705.                   a revolt in the eastern empire, in 934, and
BASEDOW, Joi-N B BERNARD, a Ger- was burnt to death at Constantinople.
man writer, and professor of moral phi-  BASILOWITZ, JoH-N, emperor of
losoplhy and belles lettres. His novel Russia; lie added Astracan to his emplans of education excited great atten- pire, and was the first who assumed the
tion in Germany; and in tlhe seminary  style and title of Czar. D. 1584.
he established at Dessau, called " The  BASIRE, ISAAC, a learned divine,
Philanthropinum,"many excellentteach- prebend of Durham. On the breaking
ers were formed, and great good effected. out of the civil war he lost all his preferAn account of him is to be found in    ments; on wlhiclirhe made a journey to
Goethe's Antobiography. B. 1723; d. the Morea, where he preached with great
1790.                                 success among the'Gree    Christians;
BASEVI, GEORGE, a distinguished      and on his return wrote an account of
architect. Amnong the edifices built or his. travels. B..1607; d. 1076..^stored by him ave the churches in the  BASKERVIX   LE, JOHN, an English
early English style at Twickenham and  artist, deserving of notice for his imBrompton, the Norman church at Hove, provements in printing and type-fouJidnear Brighton, and St. Mary's Hall, at ing.  He was born at Wolverly, in
Brighton, in the Elizabethan style. Bel- Worcestershire, in 1706, and, inheriting
grave square, in the metropolis, was a small estate, was brought up to no
erected from his designs; and he was profession. He, however, acquired a
joint architect with Mr. Smirke of the particular skill in  penmanship and
Conservative Club, iiin St. James's-street. carving letters on stone; and, at the
Having gone to inspect the west bell- age of 20, he settled at Birmingham as a
tower of Ely cathedral, then under re- writing master. He subsequently enpair, he accidentally fell through an  gaged in the manufacture of japanned
aperture, and was killed on the spot. Works; and, in 1750, commenced his
B. 1795; d. 1845.                     labors in the branch of art which actASIL, ST., called the Great, to dis- quired for him so much celebrity. His
tinguish him from other patriarchs of first great performance, as a printer, was
the same name, was b. in 329, and was an edition of Virgil, in royal 4to., 1756,
made, in 370, bishop of Caesarea, in Cap- which was followed by many of the
padocia, where he d. in 379. He is the Latin classics, and some English ones,
most distinguished ecclesiastic amon  in 4to. and smaller sizes. The beauty
the Grecian patriarchs. His efforts for of his typographical productions was
the regulation of clerical discipline, of  superior to any thing which had previthe divine service, and of the standing  ously appeared from an English press;
of the clergy; the number of his ser- and when it is considered that the paper
mons; the success of his mild treatment and ink, as well as the types and workof the Arians; and, above all, his en- manship, were the fruits of one man's
deavors for the promotion of monastic  skill and ingenuity, it must be admitted
life, for which lie prepared vows and  that he possessed great merit. He d.
rules, observed by himself, and still re- in 1775; and his types and matrices
maining in force, prove the merits of  were afterwards sold at Paris, for ~38700,
this holy man.    The Greek church    to Beaumarchais, who printed with them,
honors him as one of its most illustrious  at Kehl, a superb editio6n of Voltaire.
patron saints, and celebrates his festival Baskerville was an enemy to all outward
January 1st.   His followers are far forms of divine service, which he despread; there are even some of them in  dlared to be mere superstition.  lie
America.   They lead an ascetic life. ordered, in his will, that his body should
The vows of obedience, chastity, and  not be buried in.a buryLg-ground. Sir
poverty, framed by St. Basil, are the  SIMoN, an English physician of great
rules of all the orders of Christendom, eminence and wealth; knighted by
although he is particularly the father of  Char'ls I. D. 1641.




BAS]                   CYCLOPEDIA    OF BIOGRAPHY.                     117
BASNAGE, BENJAMIN, a French Prot- On the utter ruin of Napoleon, the duke
estant divine; author of "A Treatise   was banished from France,' but at the
on the Church."   B. 1580; d. 1652.-  revolution of July, 1830, he was recalled,
ANTHONY, son of the above; imprisoned  and restored to all the honors of which
at Iavre de Grace on account of his re- he had been deprived. In 1838 he was
ligion. B. 1610; d. 1691.              made minister of the interior, and presiBASSAN, (whose real name       was dent of the' council, but the ministry of
Giacomo de Ponte,) a. painter, born ih  which he formed a part, survived only
1510. He was surnamed Bassan, from    three days. B. 1758; d. 1839.
the place Bassano, where his father lived.  BASSANTIN, JAMES, a Scotchman,
I-is pictures are scattered all over Eu- who after studying astronomy and the
rope. HIe painted historical pieces, land- mathematics  at  Glasgow  travelled
scapes, flowers, &c., and also portraits; through the Netherlands, Switzerland,
among others the doge of Venice, Ari- Italy, and Germany, and at last settled
osto, Tasso, and other persons of emi- at Paris, where he acquired both repu-'
nence. He lived to the age of 82, dying tation and money, as a mathematical
in 1592. Several of his best works are teacher.  He returned in 1562 to his
in the churches of Bassano, Venice, native country, and becoming early acVicenza, and other towns of Italy. He  quainted with Sir Robert Melvil, a
left four sons, who all became painters. strong partisan of Mary queen of Scots,
-FRANCISCO was employed by the Vene- he afterwards supported the pretensions
tian republic, with Paul Veronese and  and ambitious views of the earl of MurTintoret to adorn the palace of St. Mark. ray. In his religion he was a zealous
He was of a melancholy turn, and once  Protestant, as a man of learning he was
thought himself pursued by archers, so  strongly tinctured with the failings and
that in a fit of self-created terror he  the superstition of the time. He placed
threw himself out of a window, and d. great confidence in astrology, and with'
1694, aged 44.-LEANDER, another bro- more zeal than good sense asserted the
ther, obtained as a reward for his pieces influence of the planets on the affairs of
the collar of St. Mark, from the doge of  the world. His works are all on mathVenice, and a gold medal from the Empe- ematical subjects, and though not free
ror Rodolphus II.-JOHN BAPTISTE. and   from pedantry, and improbable concluJEROME were eminent as imitators of    sions, they yet bear strong testimony to
the style and manner of their father.  his merits as a philosopher. D. 1568.
BASSANO, HUGIIES BERNARD MARET,        BASSET, RICHARD, governor of DelaDuke of, a celebrated French political ware, was a member of the old congress
writer and statesman, was the son of an  in 1787, and was appointed a senator
eminent physician at Dijon.   On the   under the new constitution. In 1801
first outburst of the French revolution  he was placed on the bench of the fedhe enthusiastically embraced its ex- eral judiciary; but the repeal of the act
tremest principles, and published   a  constituting the courts, deprived him
paper under the title of the "Bulletin  of his office in 1802. D. 1815.
de l'Assemblee," which he continued      BASSI, LAURA, wife of Joseph Verati,
until a bookseller started the MIoniteur, honored in 1732 with the degree of docof which Maret was appointed editor, tor of philosophy for her high mental
and which speedily become the official accomplishments, which she displayed
organ of the government. He became     in her lectures on experimental philosacquainted with Bonaparte just as that ophy. Her private Jife was also deservextraordinary man began to rise into ing of the highest encomiums, and excelebrity and influence, and was placed  hibited her as the possessor of every
by him in the important office of chef  amiable virtue. D. 1778.
de division in the foreign office. In    BASSOMPIERRE, FRANCOIS DE, a
1811 he was made Due de Bassano and    marshal of France, of a family of disminister of foreign affairs; and in 1812 tinction in Lorraine, was confined in
he conducted a:d signed the well-known  the Bastile by Richelieu, who dreaded
treaties between France, Austria, and  the power of his satire. He remained
Prussia, preparatory to the fatal ex- in this confinement 10 years till Wie
pedition to Russia. When the emperor death of his persecutor, and employed
was sent to Elba, in 1814, the Due de his time in writing his memoirs, which
Bassano retired from public life; but are interesting, though   occasionally
immediately after the return of the em- trivial. On his release he received the
peror, he joined him, and was very     offer of 500,000 livres from the duchess
nearly being taken prisoner at Waterloo. of Aiguillon, niece of Richelieu, which




118                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BAT
he politely refused, adding,'"Miadam, Halifax, Yorkshire, in 1740.' -Ie was
your uncle has done me too great an    unaninmosly choseu conductor of the
injury, to allow me to receive so much  commemoration of Handel at Westgood from you." Ile was employed in   minster Abbey; and till the year 1793
embassies by Louis XIII., and he pos- he conducted the choral performances
sessed all the requisites of a courtier, of ancient music, when he retired, and
with great presence of mind, affability, was succeeded by Mr. Greatorex. His
wit, and uncommon generosity.     He   mife was a first-rate singer. D. 1799.
spoke the languages of Europe with      BATHALMUSI, an Arabian writer,
great fluency. He was found dead in    author of a work on " Genealogies,"
his bed, in 1646, in his 67th year.    &c. D. 421 of the Hegira.
BASTIAT, FREDERIC, a    iFrench polit-  BATHE, 7WILLIAM[, an Irish Jesuit,
ical economist, who achieved a wide governor of the Irish seminary at Salareputation by his writings.  Without manca. D. 1641.'being a discoverer of new truths, he    BATIIURST, RALI 1, dean of Wells,
possessed the rare faculty of expanding, author of solme elegant Latin poems,
with clelrness, vivacity, and vigor, the  and or..e of the founders of the Royal
grounds and the effects of complex     Society.  B. 1620; d. 1704.-ALLEN,
uatural laws alreadyv developed by the  Earl'i zealous opposer of the measures
technical processes of philosophv.  The  of Sir Robert Walpole, and the intimate
whole, or nearly the whole, of tlhe tracts friend of Bolingbroke, Pope, Addison,
written by M. Bastiat, under the generic  and the other eminent writers of his
title' of "'Sophismes Economiques," time. B. 1684; d. 1775.-HENRY, Earl,
originally appeared in the Journal des son of the above and lord chancellor of
Economistes, a periodical of which, for Enoland, author of the " Theory of Evithe last six years, he has been a prin- deuce," &c. B. 1714; d. 1794. —HEI RY,
cipal supporter. I. Bastiat was a memi- bishop of Norwich, was born at Brackber of the French national assetiLly; ley, in Northamptonshire, in 1744;' and
and he bore the highest character as ani e.ducated at Winchester, and New colable, uprighlt and zealous servantf his lege, Oxford. He was presented to the
constitlents and his country. D. 1850. rectory of Witchingham, in Norfolk, in
BASTIDE, JOHN FRANcIS DE LA, an      1770, subsequently became dean of Durindustrious French liiscellaneous writer, halm, and, in 1805, was consecrated
was born at Marseilles in 1724. -He   bishop of Norwich. In the house of
settled in Paris, where he engaged in lords, Dr. Bathurst was a strenuous
various litcrary enterprises; of which  supporter of the Catholic claims::in his
the most voluminous were the "Bibli- diocese, an exemplary prelate. D. 1837.
otheque Universelle des Romains," in — HE-RY, archdeacon of Norwich, eldest
112 vols., and the  Chois des Anciens  son of the preceding, and rector of the
Mercures," in 108 vols.               valuable livings of North Creake, NorBASTWICK, JOHN, an English ply- folk, and of Hollesley, Suffolk, was the
sician, and a famous writer against the author of "Memoirs" of his right revchurch in the time of Charles I. B. at erendcl father; a work overflowing with
Writtle, in Essex, 159.; d. 1650.     spleen and expressions of disappointBATE, GEORGE, physician to Charles   nent that one so faithful to his old
I., Oliver Cromtweli, and Charles II., friends, the Whigs, should have never
and one of the first members of the been preferred to a richer diocese! D.
Royal Society. He was the author of a 1844.
Latin history of the civil wars, arid some  BATHYLLAS, the cotemporary of
medical works.   B. 1593; d. 1669.- Pylades, and one ofthe most celebrated
JuLIUs, an I.nglish divine, author of a  pantomimists of antiquity, was born at'"Hebrew Lexicon," &c. D. 1771.       Alexandria, and becamne the slave of
BATECUIIBE, WILLIAM, an English     Maicenas, who enfranchiised him. The
mathematician of the 15th century; au- art of these celebrated mimics consisted
thor of a treatise, "De Sphsera Solida," in expressing the passions by gesture,
&c.                                   attitudes, &c., not by the modern foolBATEMAN, WILLIA, bishop of Nor- eries of harlequin, clown      and scenic
wifh, a learned prelate, and the founder changes.  Bathyllus excelled in repreof Trinity Hall, Cambridge. D. 1354.  sentin0 comedy; Pylades in tragedy.
BATES, WILLIAM, a non-conformist      BATONI, POMPEO GIROLAMO, an Italdivine, author of "Lives of Learned   ian painter, who was the restorer of the
and Pious Men," &c. B. 1625; d. 1699. modern Roman school and had no rival
-JOHN, an eminent musician, born at but Mengs. All his pieces are taken




BAU]                  CYCLOPiDIA OR BIOGRAPHY.                         119
from natuire. The manner in which he lolw, October 6, 1849.  e heard the senexecuted hlis paintings was peculiar. He  tence with tranquillity and composlre,
covered his sketch with a cloth, and   Havinog taken leave of his wife, lie enbegan to paint the upper part on the clearored in the conrse of the night to
left hand, and proceeded gradually to- open the veins of his neck by means of
wards the right, never uncovering a new  a blunt paper-knife, and thus to escape
place before the first was entirely fin- the last indignity of what the Austrians
ished. Boni, who compares him with     called the "law."  But his attempt was
Meni's, calls the latter the " painter of  discovered and his'life preserved till he
philosophy," the former, the "'painter was formally executed, or rather imurof nature.' Batoni painted many altar- dered. IIe was never in open rebellion,
pieces, and numcerous portraits; for and his efforts mainly had been to reform
instance, that of the Emperor Joseph  and improve rather than revolutionize.
and the Empress Maria Theresa, in the  But the detestable andc cruel spirit of
imperial gallery.  His'"Miagdaleln," in  despotism makes no distinctions.
Dresden, and his " Return of the Prodi-  BATTISHALL, JONATHAN, an emigal Son," in Vienna, are celebrated.   neIt musical composer, who added to
BATOU, or BATU KHAN, grandson        profound knowledge great taste and a
of Zenghis Khan, anld his successor in  fine imagination. His "Kate of Aberthe northern part of his ivast empire. deen" will be celebrated (among numerHe died, after a long reign and very   ous other of his compositions) as long
numerous conquests, in 1276.           as pure melody shall be admired. B
BATSCH, AUGUSTUS JOIN GEono G        1788-; d. 1801.
CHALES, 11an eminent German naturalist;  BATTIC, WILLIAn, t physician of
author of  Elenchus Fungorum," &c. eminence who was skilful in the treatB. 1761; d. 1801.                    meit of diseases of the mind, and wrote
BATTELY, JOHN, archdeacon of Can- a "Treatise on Mental Madness."      B.
terbury, and chaplain to Archbishop   1708; d. 1776.
Sancrofo; author of "Antiquitates un-   BAUDELONQUE, JOHN LOUis7 a
tUpina,"    &    1c. B. 1747; d. 1708.  French surgeon of distinction, appointBATT:EUX, CHAuRLESS a French phi- ed by Natoleon to be midwife to Maria
losopher, eminent for his erudition, as Louisa. ills works on midwifery are
well as for his private virtues, and the in repute. B. 1746; d. 1810.
humanity which was directed to the       BAUDIER, BIICHAEL, a native of Lanmaintenance of a numerous and im- guedoc, historiographer of France under
poverished family. His works are vari- Louis XIII. He wrote the " History of
ous, but chiefly on classical literature, the Mahometan Religion," the "' Life of
in which he displays frequently more  Cardinal Amboise," of "Marechal de
method and labor than eloquence or Toiras," 1644, of "Ximefies," "Suger,"
purity or depth of thought. It is said  and others; and though his stvle is
that his death was accelerated by grief  heavy and inelegant, yet his works are
in observing that the elementary book  curious and interesting, and valuable
which he wrote for the military school for their authenticity and the variety of
of Paris, did not succeed so well as he his matter.
wished. Among other works he pub-        BAUDIN, NICHOLAS, a well-known
lished the four poetics of Aristotle, Hor- navigator, who contributed many speciace, Vid a, and Boileau, with notes. D. mens of natural history to the collections
1780.                                 of Europe. B. 1750; d. 1803.-PETER
BATTIIYANI, COUNT, a noble HIun- CHAmRLES, a member of the French nagarian who took an -indirect part in the  tional assembly and convention, and
attempt to redress the wrongs of his author of anleclotes "Sur-e Constitucountry in 1848.  Ie was one of the    tion."  B. 1751; d. 1799.
deputation who undertook the recon-     BAUDIUS, D)oMINIQUE, a native of
ciliation'of the authorities and the people. Lisle, who studiedf at Aix la Chapelle
But the deputation failed in its object, Leyden, and Geineva. He visited Enand this was his last public act. On the  gland in the suite of the ambassador of
8th of January, he was arrested in the the states of  Iolland, and formed an
crawing-r oom  of his sister-in-law, at acquaintance with Sir Philip Sidney,
Pesth. transferred successively to Oeden- and afterwards ie.went to France, where
burg, Laybach, and Pesth, and, after he staid 10 years, and by means of
nine months' imprisonment, was tried   Achilles de Harlai he was admitted adby court-martitl, declared guilty of high- vocate of the parliament of Paris. He
treason, and sentenced to die on the gal- next went to Leyden, where he waw




120                   CYCLOPrBDIA OF1 BIOGIRIAPHY.                     [rBA
raised to the professorial chair of elo-  BAUMERE, JoHN WILLIAM, a German
quence, and with Meursius named his- physician; author of a "Natural Histotoriographer of the states of Holland in  ry of tle Mineral Kingdom," &c. B
1611. He was a man of genius as well 1719; d. 1788.
as erudition, and in his Latin poems     BAUMGARTEN, ALEXANDER GOT
he displayed taste and elegance of com- LIEB, an acute and clear thinker of the
position. D. 1613.                     school of Wolf, was born in 1714, at
BAUDOT DE JUILLI, NICHOLAs, a        Berlin, studied at Halle, and was for a
native of Vendome, son of a collector of  time professor extraordinary there.. In
excise, and author of several historical 1740 he was made professor of philosopieces, written with method and inge- phy at Frankfort on the Oder, and died
nuity, though too much in the spirit of  there in 1762. He is the founder of
romance. His " History of the Conquest sesthetics as a science, and the inventor
of England, by William of Normandy,"   of this name. He derived the rules of
of " Philip Augustus " and " Charles art faom the works of art and their efVII.," are his best pieces. He wrote   fects. His ideas of this science lie first
besides the "History of Catherine of   developed in his academical discussion,
France, queen of England;"  Germaine  " De Nonnullis ad Poema pertinentide- Foix" the "Secret History of the   bus."  Meir's "Principles of all Liberal
Constable of Bourbon;" "Spain Inva- Sciences" originated from his suggesded by the Moors," four vols., &c. D. tions.   Eight years later, Baumgarten
1759.                                  published his " Esthetica," a work
BAUDEAND, MICHAErL ANTOsITE, an      which death prevented him from cornecclesiastic, born at Paris. He visited  pleting. His theories of art are now
Rome, Germany, and England, and dis- superseded in Germany by the more
tinguished himself by his " 1)ictionnalre  profound and extensive works of SchilGeographique," two vols. fol., printed  lel, Schellig', Hegel, and their followers.
first in Latin, and afterwards in  rench.  BAUE, n EDERIC WILLIAM VON, a naB. 1633; d. 1700.                      five of Hessian Hanau, who served in
BAUTINUS, or BAUHIN, JOHN, a         the Hessian troops in the pay of Britain
French physician and celebrated bota- 1755. In 1757 he was made a general,
nist; author of "Historia Plantarum,"  and was ennobled by Frederic II. of
&c. B. 1541; d. 1613.-GASPMAD, brother Prussia, and in 1769 he entered into the
of the above; an excellent botanist, service of the Russians, and was apauthor of "Institutiones Anatomic e,"  pointed by Catherine inspector of the
"'Phytopinax," "Pinax," and numerous   salt-works of Novogorod. His abilities
other works. B. 1560; d. 1624.         as an engineer and mechanic were also
BAULDRI, PAUL, professor of sacred   employed in supplying Moscow with
history at Utrecht; author of "Chrono- water, and in maduing deeper the canal
logical Tables," &c. B. 1639  d. 1706.  of Petersburg, and in constructing a
BAULOT, JAMES, a French lithoto- capacious harbor at its extremity. He
mist, whose method was adopted and     was also author of "Memoires Historiimproved upon by the celebrated Ches- ques et Geographiques sur la Valaelden. B. 1651; d. 1720.               chia," and of a " Chart of Moldavia," to
BAUME, JAMrES FRANCIS DRE LA, a      illustrate the.war between the Turks
French divine; author of I The Chris- and Russians, in seven sheets. D. 1783.
tiade," &c. &c. D. 1757.-ANTHONY, a    -JOHN WILLIAM, a painter of StrasFrench chemist; author of a "Treatise  burgh; chiefly noted for his architecon Theoretical and Experimental Chem- tural subjects. B. 1610; d. 1640.
istry," " A Manual of Pharmacy," &c.     BAUSE, JOHN FREDERIC, a distinPD. 1805. —-ICHOLAS AUGUSTUS DR LA, guished German engraver.        B. 1738;
marquis of Montrevel, and a marshal of  d. 1813.
France, was born 1636. It is related of  BAUSSET, CARDINAL Louis F.ANCIS
him, that although from   his earliest DE, an eminent French prelate, born at
youth he had been distinguished by his Pondicherry in 1748, was educated in
daring valor, and had frequently braved  France, and was made bishop of Alais
death in the field of battle, yet such was before the revolution. Napoleon patrohis ridiculous superstition, that on the  nized him; and Louis XVIII. made him
contents of a salt-cellar having been ac- a peer, and obtained for him the cardicidentally thrown on him, he instant- nal's hat. He is the author of a "Hisly exclaimed that he was a dead man, tory of Fenelon," and of a "History of
and expired from the terror with which  Bossuet," both works of merit. D. 1824.
it inspired him. D. 1716.                BAUTRU, WILLIAM, a Frenchman,




BAY]                  CYCLOPiEDIA OF lIOGTRAPI-IY.                     121
famrous for his wit, which he displayed  of Mr. Baxter's: his practical works
with groat fieedom and efficacy at the  have been published in four vols. folio.
court and among the ministers. After Bishop Burnct, in the History of his Own
seeing the Escurial in Spain attended by  Times, calls him "a mann of great piety;"
an ignorant librarian, he told the king  and says, "that if he had not meddled
hat it would be advautageous for him  with too many things, he would have
to make his librarian His treasurer, be been esteemed one of the most learned
cause, said he to the monarch owho in- men of the age; that he had a moving
quired why; he never touches what he and pathetical nay of writing; and was,
is intrusted with. B. 1598; d. 1665.  his whole life loin, a man of great zeal
BAWDWEEN, WILLIMA, an English       and much simplicity; but was unhapdivine and antiquary; editor of two pily subtle and metaphysical in every
volumes of Doomsday Book. Ie pro- thing.-WILLIAM, an eminent critic and
pos-cd to complete the work in eight granmmarian, nephew to the foregoing.
other volumes, but died before he could  B. at Lanlsugany, in Shropshire, 165o;
effect it, in 1616.                   d. 1723. He published excellent editions
BAXTER, IcnHARD, in eminent non- of "Anacreon," and -" Horace," was
contbrmist divine, was born Nov. 12, author of a " Latin Grammar," 1679,
1615, at Rowton, near High Ercal, in  and of a "Glossary of the Roman AnShropshire, and died 1691. Hle was or- tiquities," which, however, goes no fardained in 1638. It was not long after, ther than the latter A., andl was printed
however, that the oath of universal ap- 1726.-ANDREW, a writer in metaphysics
probation.of the doctrine and discipline  and natural philosophy. Born in 1686,
of the church, called the "Et Cetera"  at Aberdeen, where he received his
oath, drove him  and others from the  education at King's college. His prillestablisihment. In 1640 he was invited  cipcl employmlent was tlhat of a private
to be.miniter at Kidderminster, but the tutor. His celebrated work, "An Incivil war, which broke out soon after, quiy into the Nature of the Human
exposed lim to persecution, as he es- Soul," was first published iu 4to., and
poused the cause of the parliament. He  has been several times reprinted. Bishop
retired to Coventry, and continued his  Warburton calls it "the most finished
ministerial labors till the success of the book of the kind that the present times
republicans recalled him to his fivorite  have produced."  Baxter drew up, for
flock at Kidderminster. The ascenden- the use of his pupils, a piece entitled
cy of Cromwell gave him great offence, " Matho; sive Cosmotheoris, Puerilis,
and he even presumed to argue in pri- Dialoous," &c., which he afterwards
vate with him on the nature and illegal- greatly enlarged, and published in Enity of his power, but in the only sermon  glish. D. 1750.
which he preached before him, he wisely  BAYARD, JAMEs A., an American
confined his subject to the dissensions  lawyer, a representative in congress from
which existed in the kingdom on re- Delaware, anc afterwards senator, who
ligious matters.  He was in London    distinguished himself in the famous deafter Cromwell's death, and preached  bate on the judiciary, and in 1814 was
before parliament the day before the   one of the commissioners who treated
king's return was voted, and likewise  for peace between the United States and
before the lord mayor for Mlonk's suc- Great Britain at Ghent. B. at Philadelcesses. Charles II. made him one of his phia in 1767; d. 1815.-PIaRRE DU TERchaplains, and  Chancellor Clarendon  RAIL, Chevalier de, called.the knight
offered him the bishopric of Hereford, without fear and without reproach. B.
which'lle declined. He was, however, 1476, in the castle of Bayard, near
soon involved in the general persecution  Grenoble, was one of the most spotless
of the non-conformists. His phrarap se  characters of the middle ages. He was
on the New Testament clrew upon him, simple and modest; a true fiiend and
in 1685, the vengeance of Jeffries, and  tender lover; pious, humane, and mnagle was condemned to be imprisoned for nanimous. At the age of 13 he was retwo years, fom  which punishment, ceived among the pages of the duke of
six months after, he. was discharged by  Savoy, the aly of France. Charles VIII.,
the interference of Lord Powis with   who saw him at Lyons, in the suite of
King James. He wrote a vast number this prince, was struck with the dexterof books; Mr. Long, of Exeter, says 80; ity with which the youth managed his
Dr. Calamy, 120; but the author of a horse; he begged him of the duke, and
note in the Biographia Britannica tells committed hira to the care of Paul of
us that he had seen 145 distinct treatises Luxemburgh, count de Ligny.  The
11




122                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF DIOeRAPHY.                      [BAY
tournaments were his first field of glory. liance with Ferdinand and 3Maximilian
At the age of 18 Bayard accompanied   threatened Picardy in 13815, and besieged
Charles VIII. to Italy, and distinguished  Terouane. The ]irench army disgracehimself greatly in the battle at Verona, fully took to flight. Bayara, with his
where lie took a standard. At the be- accustomed intrepidity, made an inefginning of the reign of Louis XII., il a  fectusal resistance to the enemy: overbattle near Milan, he pursued the fugi- powered by superior numbers, his troop
tives with such eagerness, that he enter- was on the point of laying down their
ed the city with them, and was taken as. arms, when perceiving an English officer
a prisoner. Ludovico Sibrza returned  at some distance, he immediately galhim his arms and his horse, and dis- loped towards him, presented his sword
missed him without ransom. While the  to his breast, and cried, " Yield or cie "I
French were in Apulia, he defeated a  The Englishman surrendered his sw:ord.
Spanish corps, lanci maIde their leader, wheni he imnmediately gave him his oWn,
Don Alonzo de Sotomayor, prisoner: saying, "I am Bayardc and your captreatine' him  with1 generosity. Soto- tive, as you are mine.'  The boldness
mayor, however, not only violated his and ingenuity of this action pleased the
parole by flight, but calumniated Bayard, emperor and the king of England, who
who, according to the custom of that decided that Bayard needed lno ransom,
time, challenred him  and killed him. and that both captives were released
Afterwards, ilike Horatius Codes, he de- from  their parole. When Francis -I.
fended a bridge over the Garigliano   ascended the throne, he sent B3ayard
singly ag linst thie Spaniards, and saved  into Dauphine, to open for his army a
the lreinch army by checking the ad- passage over the Alps, and through
vance of the victorious enemy. For this  Piedmont. Prosper Colonna lay in wait
exploit he received, as a coat of arm~, a  for him on his mareh, expecting to surporcupine, with the motto, " Vires aq-. prise him, but Bayardl macle lnm prisonmzin1is sunus habet. Hlie distinguished  er.  This brilliant exploit was the
himself equally acainst the Genoese and  prelude to the battle of Marignano, in
the Venetians. IWhen Julius II. de- which Bayard, at the side of the king,
clared himself against France, Bayard  performed wonders of bravery, and deawent to the assistance of the duke of  cided the victory. When king Charles
Ferrara. He did not succeed in his plan  V. invaded Champagne with a large
of takinqg the pope prisoner; but he re- army, and threatened to penetrate into
fused with indignation an offer made to  the heart of France, Bayard defended
betray him. Being severely wounded    the weakly fortified town of Mezieres
at the assault of Brescia, he was carried  against every assault, until the disseninto the house of a nobleman, who had  sions of the hostile leaders compelled
fled, and left his wife and two daughters them to retreat. Soon afterwards, Gellno
exposed to the insolence of the soldiers, revolted from France, when his presence
Bayard protected the family, refused  reducocd it to obedience; but, after the
the reward of 2500 ducats, which they  surrender of Lodi, fortune changed, and
offered to him- and returned, as soon as the French troops were expelled from
lie was cured, into the camp of Gaston  their conquests. Bonnivet was obliged
de Foix, before Ravenna. In an engage- to retreat through the valley of Oasta;
ment, which shortly after ensued, he his rear was beaten, and he himself
took two standards from the Spaniards, severely wounded. The safety of the
and pursued the fugitives. Gaston, the- army was then committed to him, and
hope of France, perished through his it being necessary to pass the Sessia in
neglect of the advice of Bayard, who, in  presence of a superior enemy, he vigor-,he retreat from Pavia, was again wound- ously attacked the Spaniards, when a
xd, and carridcl to Grenoble, where his stone, from a blunderbuss, struck his
ife was in danger. " I grieve not for right side, and shattered his backbone.
death," he said, "but to die on my bed, The hero fell, exclaiming, "Jesus, myt
like a woman." In the war commenced   God, I am a dead man!" They hastenby Ferdinand the Catholic, he displayed  ed towards him. "Placenme under yon
beyond the Pyrenees the same talents, tree," he said, "that I may see the enethe same heroism, which had distinl- my," and died, April the 30th, in the
guished him  beyond the Alps. The year 1524, surrounded both by friends
fatal reverses wahich imbittered the last and enemies, who all shed tears of adyears of Louis XII., only added a bright- miration and grief.
er splendor to the personal glory of    BAYER, JOHN, a German astronomer
Bayard. Henry VIII. of England, in al- of the 17th century; author of " Urano



1BAY]                 CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        123
metria," a celestial atlas. —HEOPrHILUS undertake his "Commentaire PhilosoSIEGFRED, a German philologist; author phique sur ces Paroles de l'Evangile;
of a very curious and able work, enti- Contrains-les d'Entrer  which, in retled " Mlusseum Sinicum."  B. 1694; d. gard to style and tone, is not worthy of
1738Sh                                him. Ile next devoted all his attentionl
BAYLE, PIERRE, author of the " His- to the composition of his " Dictionnairo
torical and Critical Dictionary," was b. at ilistorique et Critique," which he first
Carlat, in the county of Foix, (Langue- published in 1696, 2 vols., fol. This was
doec,) in 1647, and received his first in- the first work which appeared unlderhis
structions from his father,. a Calvinistic  name. He died, so to speak, with the
preacher. He gave early proofs of an  pen in his hand, in 1706, at the age of
astonishing memory, and of singular 59. " Bayle," says Voltaire, " is the
vivacity of mind. At the age of 19 lie first of logicians and skeptics. His greatentered the college of Puy-Laurenes, to  est enemies must confess that there is
finish his studies.  The ardor with   not a line in his works which contains
which  he devoted himself to them      an open aspersion oe Christianity; but
weakened his constitution. All books his warumest apologists must acknowlwere eagerly devoured by him; his taste  edge that there is not a page in his confor logic led him particularly to study  troversial writings which does not lead
religious controversies, but Amyot's the reader to doubt, and often to skeptiPlutarch and Montaigne were his favor- cism."  Bayle compares himself to ieoite works. In Toulouse, he studied phi- mer's cloud-compellinf Jupiter.
losophy with the Jesuits. The arguments  BAYLEY, ANSELM-, an English diof his professors, and, still more, his vine, author of " A Gramml ar of the
friendly discussions with a Catholic Hebrew Language," &c., &c. D. 1791.
priest, who dwelt near him, confirmed  -Sir JOHN, a learned and upright j udge,
his doubts of the orthodoxy of Protest- was called to the bar in 1792, and npantism, so that he resolves to change pointed a serjeant-at-law in 1799. In
his religion.  His conversion was a   1808 he was made one-of the justices of
triumph to the Catholics. His family, the King's Bench, and received the
however, tried all means to regain him, honor of kni ghthood. He was a man
and after 17 months he returned to his old  of liberal education and enlarged nofaith. In order to escape from the pun- tions. His work on " The Law of Bills
ishment of perpetual excommunication   of Exchange" has long been a standard
which the Catholic church then pro- book in the profession, and its value in
nounced against apostates, he went to  the commercial world is universally acGeneva, and thence to Copet, where knowledged. B. 1773; d. 1841. —RicARD,
Count Dohna intrusted him with the an eminent American physician, was b.
education of. his sons, and where he  in Connecticut, in 1745. After studystudied the philosophy of Des Cartes. ing at home, he completed his profesBut after some years heQreturned to   siQnal education in London, and settled
France, and settled in Paris. In 1675  at New York. In 1792he was appointed
he obtained the philosophical chair at professor of anatomy in the college of
Sedan, where he taught with distinction  Columbia, where he acquired great' ceuntil the suppression of this academy in  lebrity. In 1799 he published his work
1681. The appearance of a comet, in   on yellow fever, wherein he proved it
1680, which occasioned an almost uni- to be a local malady. D. 1801. —MATversal alarm, induced him to publish, in  THIAS, remarkable for longevity, died
1682, his "Pensees diverses sur la about the year 1789 at Jones' creek, a
Comete," a work full of learning, in  branch of the Pedee, in North Carolina,
which he discussed various subjects of  aged 1386 years. He was baptized at the
metaphysics, morals, theology, history, age of 134.  His eyesight remained
and politics. It was folloNwed by his good, and his strength was very re" Critique generale de lHistoire du Cal- markable till his death.
vinisme de Maimbourg."    This work,    BAYLY, THOsMAS HAYNES, a lyrical
received with equal approbation by the poet of some merit, and the author of
Catholics and Protestants, involved him  several dramatic pieces, and one or two
in many disputes. He afterwards un- novels.    Though very popular in his
dertook a periodical work, 1" Nouvelles  own day, the majority of his writings
de la Republique des Lettres," in 1684. are already rapidly passing into oblivion.
The death of his father and of his two  B. 1797; d. 1839.-LEWIs, bishop of
brothers, together with the religious Bancgor, author of "Practice of Piety."
persecutions in France, induced him to  D. 1632.-)WLLIAM, an astronomer, whh




124                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BiEA
went out with Captain Cook in the last his "Evidences of the Chrihtian Relitwo voyages of that celebrated circumn- gionl," 2 vols. 12mo. In 1790 he pubnavigator. D. 1810.                   lishcld the first volume of his " Elements
BEACON,.TiOMrAS, prebendary of      of Moral Science," the second of which
Canterbury in the reign of Queen Eliza- followed in 1798, and to the latter'was
beth, author of numerous works against appended a dissertation against the
popery.                               slave-trade.  His last publication was
BEARD, Jo-N, known for his em- an "Account of the Life, Character, and
inence as an actor, first appeared at' Writings of James Henry Beattie," his
Drury-lane, as Sir John Loverule, in  eldest son, an amiable and promising
the "Devil to Pay," 1737, but his sue- young' man, who died at the age of 22,
cess was interrupted, fora few yeas, by  in 1790. This great affliction was fola marriage with Henrietta, daughter of  lowed, in 1796, by the equally premature
the eal f   alea g ofe rave. He afterwarcds death of his youngest and only surviexchanged Drury-lane for Covent-ga- ving son, in his 18th year; which losses,
den. His wife died in 1758,l and six years  added to the melancholy loss of reason
after he married the daughter of Mr.. by his wife, wholly subdued his conRich, whom he succeeded in the man-    titution; and, after two strokes of
agement of Covent-garden. In 1759 he  palsy, he died at Aberdeen, in August,
appeared in the character of Macheath, 1803. Beattie w'as a religious and amiaandl divided the applauses of the town  ble mln,'as -well as a iahseinating and
for fifty-two successive niglhts, with  respectable controversialist.
Miss Brent. as Polly. In 1768 he re-     BEATTY, Sir WILLINaM, who was pretired from the stage, and died that year, sent during the last moments of the
aoed 74, much respected for his private  hero of Trafalgar, an " Authentic Narcharacter.                            rative" of whose death he published in
BEATON or BETHUNE, a cardinal, 1831. 1). 1842.
and archbishop of St. Andrews, in Scot-  BEAUCHAMIP, JOSEPH, a French asland, whose infamous persecutions of   tronomer and Bernardine monk, born
his Protestant countrymlen caused him  at Vesoul, in 1752. During the revoluto be assassinated in his castle, in 146.  tion lie was employed on a secret mis-JAMES, nephew of the above, anld      sion by Napoleon, but falling into the
bishop of Glasgow, author of "A His- hands of the English, they delivered
tory of Scotlan'd"  I. 1530; d. 1603.  him up to the Turks, by whom he was
BEATTIE, JAMEs, a pleasing poet imprisoned as a spy.       He was subseand.miscellaneous writer, was born at quently released, and d. at Nice, 1802.
Lawrencekirk, county of Kincardine, in — RICHARD, an English prelate, admi1735.  In 1765 he published a poem    rably skilled in architecture. He was
called the " Judgment of Paris," which  surveyor of the works at W indsor, and
proved'to be a failure.  In 1770 his  rebuilt the chapel there in the reign of
Essay on Truth," written in opposi- Edward IVi The great hall in the epistion to the skepticism of Hume, gave  copal palace. of Salisbury, and the sehim his first fame. Five large editions pulchral chapel in the cathedral, are also
were sold in four years. A few months monuments of his taste and science.
after, he published the first book of the  D. 1481
"Minstrel," 4to., and, in 1774   the    BEAUCHATEAU, FRANCIS MATTIIAS
second, which pleasing poem is ikely  CHATELET DE, a French poet, remarkable
to be the bulwark of his fame. It was. for his precocious talents, author of " La
at first publishel anonymously, but its  Lyre cd  jeune Apollon," published
language spoke to the hleart and feelings  when he was only twelve years old.
of all classes; the learned descanted  B. 1645.
upon the critical merits of its structure,  BEAUCLERK, TOPHAM, a gentleman
and the unlearned traced in it the ef- of great literary talents, and a friend of
fusions of a heart alive to the beauties  Dr. Johnson, who said that "Beauof nature, and warmed with the kindly  clerk's talents were those which he had
sympathies of humanity. To a splendid  felt himself more inclined to envy
edition of his "Essay on Truthl" pLb- than those of any one else he had ever
lished by subscription in 1776, he added  known."  B. 1739; d. 1780.
some miscellaneous "Dissertations on    BEAUFORT, HENRY, the half-brother
Poetry and Music, Iaughter and Lu- of Henry IV. of England, was a cardinal,
dicrous Composition, &c." In 1783 he  bishop of Winchester, and chancellor of
published.. " Dissertations, Moral and  the kingdom. He was proud, ambitious
Critical," 4to.; and in 1796, appeared  and immensely rich; but the hospital




BEAL]j                C7'CLOc xEDILA.O0  BIOGRAPHY.                    125
of St. Cross, at Winchester, which he surrection at Romagna, in 1832; and
founded, and numerous charitable   e- the youngest (Louis Napoleon) is the
quests, prove that his riches were ulti- first piresident of the French republic,
mately well applied. D. 1447. —MARGA-  established in 1'848'.  1887.
RET, countess of Richmond and Derby,    BEAULIEU, SEBASTIAN DE PONTAULT
mother of Henry VII.    She founded   DE, a celebrated French engineer and
St. John's college, and Christ's college  field-marshal under Louis XIV., author
Cambridge, and distinguished herself  of " Views and Plans of the Battles and
likewise as an author. B. 1441; d. 1509. Sieges of Louis XIV."  D. 1674.
-FRANCIS DE VENDOMIE, duke of, son     BEAUMARCHAIS, PIEmRE AuG-USTIN,
of Coesar, duke of Vendome, was im- baron of, was the son of a watchll aker
prisoned by Cardinal Mazarin.   On his  of Paris, b. in 1732, whose father desescape, he broke out into open violence, tined him to the same trade, but early
but soon succeeded in makingo his peace, giving indications of fine musical talent.
and was appointed admiral of France. he became teacher of the harp to the
Killed at the siege of Candia, 1669 —  dauglhters of Louis XV., and was adLouis DE author of " Dissertations upon  mitted into their society.  By a rich
the Uncertainty of the First Five Ages  marriage he laid the foundation of his
of the Roman Republic," and other immense wealth. Ile now aspired to
learned works. D. 1795.               literary reputation. His "  Igenie". apBEAUHIAPNOIS, ALEXANDEP        DE, a peared in 1767, and " Les cle'ex Amis"
Frenclh nobleman who took part in the  in 1770, the first still holding its place
revolution, and after having been at one  on the stage. He showed uncommon
time president of the national assembly, talents in his lawsuit against Goesman
and served in the armies of France with  and La Blanche, when lie wrote against
distinction, was put to death by the rev- the former (who belonged to the paZlicsolutionary tribunal just previous to the mezt Jfcaupeo,, l whichlwas engaged in
fall of Robespierre, in 1794. B. 1760.-  a dispute withl the ministry) his celeFRANCIS, marquis de, elder brother of brated " Memoires," which entertained
Alexander, was born in 1756. He was   all France. Had he remained more quiet
appointed major-general in the army of  he probably would have gained his prothe Prince of Conde, in 1792; protested  cess.  The fame of his "Menolres"
against the unlawful treatment of the  alarmed even Voltaire, who was jealous
king, in a letter to the president of the  of every kind of glory. The "'Barber
national assembly; and when Bonaparte  of Seville" and the " Marriage of Figaro"
became first consul, he exhorted him to  have given him both permaanent and unirestore the sceptre to the house of Bour- versal reputation.  Shortly before the
bon. He was afterwards appointed am- revolution he was involved in the probassador to the cot't; of Spain, but fell cess against the banker Kornmann. In
into disgrace with Napoleon, and was   1792 he wrote "La Mere coupable," but
banished. HIe returned to Paris after never regained his former fame. IHe
the restoration. D. 1819.-EUGoENE DE, was once more in his trie element in
son of the above, was born in 1780; en- his memoir "Mes six Epoques."   His
tered the army early, and became one   contract to supply the United States
of Napoleon's generals, and his viceroy  with mlilitary stores, during their revoin Italy, which office he filled with credit lutionary war, had increased his fortune,and distinction, from 1805 to 1814; when  of which he always made a noble use;
on his patron's reverses hle retired to  but he lost about a million livres by his
Bavaria, married the king's daughter, famous edition of the works of Voltaire,
and was made duke of Leuchtenberg. the very imperfect execution of which
). 1824.-HORTENSE EUTGENIE, ex-queen  was not answerable to the immense cost
of Holland, and duchess of St. Leu, was of it. He lost still more at the end of
born at Paris, in 1753, being the daughter 1791, by his attempt to provide the
of Viscount BeaLuharnois (who perished  Erench army with 60,000 muskets. Disby the guillotine in 1794) by his wife contentec with the present, despairilng
Josephine, afterwards the consort of  of the future, wearied with struoggling
Napoleon.   Hortense was married to   aglainst the revolution and his creditors
Louis Bonaparte in 1802, but it was an  for the ruins of his waealth, le died at
ill-starred union, and they separated in  the age of 69 years, without any partic1807, after she had given birthl to three  ular disease, in May, 1799. I-is biogsons; the eldest of whom. (Napoleon   raphy. appeared in 1802; and in 1S09 an
Charles) died in childhood; the second  edition of his works, in 7 voTs. Beau(Napoleon Louis) was killed in an in-  marchais was a singular instance of verlIr



126                   CYCLOPIRDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [BEA
satility of talent, being at once an artist, d. 1827.-JOHN TaoMAx BA.BER, -was b.
politician, projector, merchant, nd dra- in London, in 1774, his paternal nameo
matist. He was passionately attached being Barber. In his youth he manito celebrity. IIis  Mr' l riage of Figaro"  fested a strong desire to obtain eminence
excited one of those extraordinary sen-a a painter. He afterwards became an
sations for which Pa'ris s alwas wy been cauthor, and published a "Tour in
remarkable. The English modifications  W'ales," besides several tracts upon the
of this comedy convey but a slight no- best mode of arming the population, so
tion of the mischicevous subtlety and  as most effectually to repelthe threatened
deep spirit of intrigue in the original. French invasion; and he at length put
He left to his heirs a claim against the in practice what he had so strenuously
United States of a million of francs, for recommended to others, by organizing
supplies furnished  during  the war,a matchless rifle corps, known by the
*which has been repeatedly presented to  name of the " Duke of Cumberland's
congress, but always rejected on the Sharp-shooters," of which corps he was
ground that he acted only as the agent appointed, in 1808, captain commandant.
of the French government, and had     In 1806 he established the Provident'been paid by it.                     Institution, which gave rise to the variBEAUMELLE, LAURENCE, a French       ous similar establishments, now better
writer ani aritic; author of "Letters to  known as " saving banks," tlroughout
Voltaire," of whom he was a decided   the kingdom. I-e died in May, 1841,
opponent; " Commentary on the len- having bequeathed the bulk of his propriade," &c. B. 1727; d. 1773.         erty to his children, except the sum of
BEAUMONT, FRANCIS, and FLET- 10,000O. to establish a philosophical inCHER, JOIrN) two eminent English dra- stitution in Beaumont square, Mile-end.
nmatic writers. The former was b. in 1585  BEAUMONT DE PIEREFIX, HARstudied at Oxford, and d. in 1616; the DOUIN, tutor to Louis XIII., and subselatter was b. at London in 1576, and d. quently archbishop of Paris; author of
there in 1625, of the plague. Animated  a " History of H-enry IV."  D. 1670.
by the same inclination, they both devo-  3BEAUNE, FLORIMENT DE, a French
ted themselves to poetry. Their plays, mathematician; discoverer of a method
about fifty, appeared under their joint to determine the nature of curves by the
names, and it is impossible now to de- properties of their triangles. D. 1652.
termine their respective shares in sever-  BEAURAIN, JOIN DE, geographer to
al of these productions. According to  Louis XV.; author of a "Description
the testimony of some of their cotem- of the Campaigns of Luxembourg, fiom
poraries, Fletcher was the inventing  1690 to 1694." B. 1697; d. 1771.
genius, while Beaumont, though the      BEAURIEU, GASPARD GUILIPARD DE,
younger of the two, was more distin- a Frenchl writer; uthor of " L'leve
guished for maturity and correctness of de la Nature," &c.  B. 1727; d. 1795.
judgment. Shakspeare was their model,   BEAUSOBRE, IsAAC DE, a French
and, like him, they intermix pathetic Protestant divine, who settled at Berlin,
mncd low comic scenes; but their attempts and became chaplain to the king of
to surpass their model sometimes lead  Prussia; author of "Defense de la Docthem into extravagances. Their desire  trine des Reformes," &c. B. 1650 d.
also, of pleasing the public at times, in- 1738.-Louis, counsellor to the king of
duces them to deviate from a correct Prussia; author of "Philosophical Disstandard of taste. They succeed best in  sertations on the nature of Fire, &c.
their comic scenes. Their cotempora- B. 1709; d. 1783.
rics preferred them even to Shakspeare,  BEAUVAIS,;WILLIAM, rauthor of a
its much as posterity have reversed the  work on.the medals of the Roman emjudgment.-ELIE DE, a French advocate, pire. B. 1698; d. 1773.-CIIHARxES NICeidistinguished for his memoir in favor oLAs, a French physician, member of the
of the unfortunate family of Calas. B. Convention at the revolution; author of
1732; d. 1785.-MADAmxx LE PRINCE DE   "Essais Iistoriques sur Orleans," &c.
a French lady, who devoted her talents B. 174-5; d. 1794.
to the instruction of youth, and wrote  BEAUVILLIERS, FRANCIS DE, duke
many pleasing moral works; among     de St. Aignan, a soldier, courtier, and
others, "Magazin   des Adolescens,"   poet, in the reign of Louis XIV. B.
" Macgazin des Jeunes Dnames, some 1607; d. 1687.-PAUL DE, eldest son of
novels, &c.  B., 1711; d. 1780-Sir the preceding, was highly distinguished
GEORGE, hi distinguished amateur ar- for talents and probity. He held high
tist, was b. at Dnnmow, Essex, in 1753; offices in the state, and shared with the




I3EC]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         127
virtuous archbishop of Cambray, in the  experiments of Franklin and others,
education of the duke of Burgundy. become an object of universal interest.
D. 1714.                              He therefore published his " Dell' EletBEAUZEE, NICHOLAS, an eminent tricismo lnturale ed artificiale.'       The
French critic and grmmnarian; the au- experiments which this work contains
thor of severavl works, and a contributor on atmnospherical electricity are so nuto the Encyclopedie. B. 1717; d. 1789. merous and various, that Priestley afBEAVER, JOHs, a monk of West- firmed in his History of Electricity, that
minster in the 14th century; author of Beccaria's labors far surpass all thlt had
a " Chronicle of the Alffirs of Britain,"  been done before and after him on this
&c.                                   subject. The academies of Lonton and
BECCADELLI       ou, Lo,  an'Italian ec- Bologna elected him  a member.  lie
clesinstic; preceptor to prince Ferdinand  wrote many other valuable vworkls on
of Tuscany, and author of the Lives of this subject. The most important "Dell'
Cardinals Pole and Bembo   D). 1572.-  Elettricismo artificiale" contains all that
ANroNIO, of' Palermno; author of a    was then known ofelectricity. Fralklin,
" History of Alphonso, king of Aragon,"  who esteemed his lworks, had them
c. B. 1374; d. 1471.                  translated into English.  In 1759 the
BECCARI, AUGUSTINE, the first Italianj king employed him to measure a degree
pastoral poet.   1520.                 of thie meridian, in Piedmont. He began
BECCARIA, CESARE BON-ESAN-A, MAR- the task in 1760, tooetlher with the abbot
CIIe3E  Ir, author of the well-known   Canonica, and publisled the result in
"Treatise on Crines and Punishments,"  1774. The doubts expressed by Cassini
was born at MAilhun, in 1735. I-e wnas of the exactness of this measurement
early excited by Montesquicu's " Lettres  drew fiom him his " Lettre d'un ltaliPersanes,   to the cultivation of his phi- anoad un Plariino," in which he showed
losophical talents, and afterwards favor- the influence of the proximity of the Alps
ably know as a philosophical writer by  on the deviation of the pendulum. As
his" memorable work full of noble plli- his thonughts were entirely absorbed by
lanthropy, "Die Delitti e delle Pene,"  his studies, Ie often neglected the nicer
(On Crimes and Punishments,) aid      rules of good breeding, without losing
several others. With the eloquence of however the general esteem. He died
true feeling, and a lively imagination, he  April the 27th, 1781.
opposes capital punishments and the     BEC-IER, JOI:N JOA CHIM, authoi of
torture. This work led to the establish- the first theory of chemistry, vas born
ment of more settled and more correct at Spire, in 1685. le finished his restprinciples of penal law and contributed  less life at London, in 1685, after havin#
to excite a general horror against inhu- resided in many parts of Germany. He
man punLishments. Beccaria was a true  had many enemies, and has been accused,
friend, a good son, a tender husband, not entirely without justice, of charlaand a real philanthropist.  He is also tanry; yet his influence on the science
known in Italy as the author of a philo- of chemistry gives him still a claimr to
sophical granumar and theory of style, remembrance.   He brought it into a
"Ricerche interno alla Natura dello   nearer connection with physics, and
Stilo," and of several good treatises on  sought for the causes of all the lhenomrhetorical ornament, &c., contained in  ena of the inorganic universe in these
the journal "Il Caffe," edited by him, two departments of science. This is the
in conjunction with his fiiends Visconti, object of his principal work, "Physice
Verri, and others. A fit of apoplexy put Subterranea."  At tle same time he bean end to his useful life in Noenmber, gan to form a theory of chemistry, and
1793.-GIovAsNI BATTISTA, an ingenious  conceived the idea of a primitive acid,
practical philosopher, was born in 1716 of whichl all the others were only modiat Mondovia. He went to Rome in 1732, fications. I-e also made researches into
where he studied and afterwards taught the process of combustion.-DANIEL,
grammar and rhetoric; at the same time  physician to the elector of Brandenhe applied himself with success to mathe- bllgh; author of "Commentariu cde
matics. He was appointed professor of  Theriaca," &c. D. 1670.
philosophy at Palermo, and afterwards    BECKET, TrHOMAs A archbishop of
at Rome. Charles Emmanuel, king of     Canterbury; a man raised fiom a coniSardinia, invited him to Turin in 1748, paratively low station to the very hicrhest
to fill the professorship of natural phi- offices by tIenry II., but proud, insolent,
losophy at the university there. Electri- and unorateful. IHaving shown himself
city had at that time, through the the vioent opponent of his royal patron,




128                   CYCLOPLADLrA 01' BIOGRAPHY.                     [BED
the latter gave utterance to some hasty the hall of Eblis.s"  In addition to this
expressions respecting him in the pres- work, upon which his fame securely
ence of his courtiers, and l   ie was at rests, Mr. Beckford wrote a satirical
length assassinated a. the altar of Can- worlk, entitled "Memoirs of Extraordi-.
terbury cathedral, in 1170. After his naryv Painters;' "Italy, with Sketches
death lie was canonized.              of l ortugal and Spail;., and " RecolBECKFORD, WILLIAMr, one of the      lections of an Excursion to the Monasmost remarkable men of modern times, teries ofAlcobagaandBatalha." D. 1844.
was the son of alderman  Beckford, of   BECKINGHAM, CHARLES, an English
London, who bequeathed him West In- cramatist; author of " Scipio Africadian and other property, said to amount nus "a tragedy, &c. 7D. 1730.
to upwlards of ~100,000 per annum. He   BECKMANN, JOHN ANTHONY, a nahad a strong passion for building; and  tive of Hanover,  and a professor at Gotin erecting Fonlthill Abbey he spent tingen, where    e h lectured for many
in a very wfe  years the enormous sum  years on subjects connected with rural
of ~273,000!  One tower of immense    and political economly, &c.   He was
costliness, employed 460 men both by  the author of several works, of which
night and by day through an entire win- his " History of Discoveries and Inventer, the torches used by the nocturnal.tions",is the best known. B. 1739; d.
workmen being visible to the astonished  1811.
travellers at miles distant. As might be  BECLAED, PETER AUGUSTUS, an em-expected, the mortar and cement used  inent French anatomist, was born at
hadl no time to set properly, ere a vio- Angers, in 1785; becamle professor of
lent gale of wind brought the vast struc- anatomy  icl physiology at Paris, where
ture to the groundc. Merely remarking  he attained the highest reputation as a
that he should have been glad to witness lecturer and man of science. IHe wrote
the sublime fall of such a mass of mate- " Anatomical Memoirs," &c. D. 1825.
rials, he gave orders for the erection of  BEDA, or BEDE, an eminent eceleanother tower of 276 feet in height; this siastic of the 8th century, usually called
also fell to the earth in the year 1825. the Venerable Bede, was born in the year
Building, however, did not alone occupy  672 or 673, near Wearmouth, in the
Mr. Beckford. An excellent scholar, and  bishopric of Durham. From the age of
posssesed of a fine taste in almost every  7 to tihat of 19 he pursued his studies in
brahch of art, he collected in the fantas- the monastery of St. Peter, at Weartic but costly "Abbey," one of the finest mouth. Being then ordained deacon,
and most extensive libraries in England, he was employed in the task' of edutnd his pictures and curiosities were al- eating the youth who resorted to the
most unequalled. His vast expenses, monastery for instruction, and pursued
and the loss in chancery of a large por- his own studies with unremitting ardor.
tion of his West Indian property, ren- In his 30th year he was ordained priest;
dered it necessary for him to sell the  and his fame for zeal and erudition
abbey, and, with a few exceptions, all reaching the ears of Pope Sergius, he
its rich and rare contents, in 1822. was invited to Rome, but, in conseWhen the sale was announced, public quence of the death of that pontiff,
curiosity was so generally excited, that never went there. Itis not even certain
the enormous number of 7200 catalogues that he everleft Northumberland, whieh,
were sold at one guinea each I Though  of course, reduces the incidents of his
his eccentric and more than princely life to his literary pursuits and domestic
lavishness of outlay caused Mr. Beck- occupations, as he accepted no benefice,
ford to be much talked of; both in En- and never seems to have interfered with
gland and in Portugal, where he built a  civil transactions. His " Church IIisresidence, his true claim to any notice  tory" wreas published in 781. Hiis last
here rests upon his undoubted talents literary labor was a translation of the
as an author in many walks of literature, Gospel of St. John into Saxon, which he
and his genius as displayed in the wild  completed, with difficulty, on the very
and singular tale of "Vathek." which is day and hour of his death. The wriso splendid in description, so true to  tings of Bede were numerous and ilneastern costume, and so wild and vivid  portant, considering the time in which
in imagination, that Lord Byron con- they were written, and the subjects of
sidered it difficult to credit that it was which they treat, which extended to
written by a European, and said, " Even  ecclesiastical affairs, religion, and eduRasselas must bow before it; the happy  cation only. His  English Ecclesiastivalley will not bear a comparison with  call History'  is the greatest and most




BED]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGIRAPHY.                        l9
popular of his works, and has acquired  chemistry at Oxford. There he publishadditional celebrity by the translation' ed some excellent chemical treatises, and
of Kingo Alfred. The collections which  "Observations on the Calculus, Seahe made for it were the labor of many  Scurvy, Consumption, Catarrh, and Feyears. Besides his own personal irives- ver."' But, by showing his sympathy
tigations, he kept up a correspondence  with the people of France during the
with the monasteries throughout the firstFrench revolution, he offended some
heptarchy, to obtain archives and rec- of his former admirers, and excited such
ords for his purpose; and thus nearly  a clamor of the dominant faction in this
all the knowledge p6ssessed of the early  cotltry agoainst him, by the publication
state of Christianity in this country is of his political opinions, that lie res'igned
due to Bede. There have been several his professorship, and retired to the
editions of the original Latin, which is house of his friend Mr. Reynolds, in
easy, although not elegant. While the Shropshire.    There he composed his
number and variety of the writings of  " Observations o0. the Nature of DemonBede show the extent of his erudition, strative Evidence," in which he endeavhis probity, moderation, and modesty   ors to prove, that mathematical reasoninsured him general respect; and his ing proceeds on the evidence of the
disinterestedness is proved by the fact, senses, and that geometry is founded
that he was never any thing higher than  on experiment. He also published the
an unbeneficed priest. A letter of ad-  " History of Isaac Jenkins," which was
vice, which he wrote late in life, to Eg- intended to impress useful moral lessons
bert, archbishop of York, proves at once  on the laboring classes in an attractive
the purity of his morals, the liberality  manner. Above 40,000 copies of this
of his sentiments, and the excellence of  popular work were sold in a short time.
his discernment; his wish being to cur- After he had married, in 1794, he formtail the number of monasteries, dnd to  ed the plan of a pneumatic institution,
increase the efficacy and respectability  for curing diseases, particularly conof the secular clergy. Notwithstanding  sumption, by means of factitious airs or
the veneration with which he was re- gases. He succeeded, with the assistgarded, not a single miracle -is recorded  ance of the celebrated Wedgewood, in
of himn; and as monks were the great opening this institution, in 1798. He
miracle-mongers, and his views of mo- engaged, as a superintendent of the
nastic reform such asewe have mention- whole, a young man, Humphrey Davy,
ed, this is not surprising. The manner the foundation of whose future famrne
of the death of this virtuous ecclesiastic was laid here. The chief purpose of
was striking and characteristic. He was the institution, however, was never redictatinig a translation of the Gospel of  alized, and Beddoe's zeal gradually reSt. John to an amanuensis. The young   laxed, so that he relinquished it one
man who wrote for him said, " There is year before his death, after having pubnow, master, but one sentence wantin *;" lished a number of valuable works upon
upon which he bade him write quickly, the application of factitious airs. In the
and when the scribe said "It is now    last years of his life, he acquired the
done," the dying sage ejaculated, " It is reputation of the best medical writer in
now done," and a few minutes after- Great Britain, particularly by his "Hywards expired, in the act of prayer, on  geia," in three vols., a popular work,
the floor of his cell, in the 63d year of  which contains passages of extraordinary
his age, in the year 735.              eloquence. His political pamphlets, from
BEDDOES, TiOmAts, a physician and    1795-97, are forgotten; but will proftaauthor, b. 1760, at Shiffial, in Shrop-' bly be viewed with more interest by the
shire; d. 1808. He made great pro- spirit of the present day.
gress at school, in classical studies, and  BEDELL, WILLIAM, bishop of Kildistinguished himself at Oxford by his more and Armagh; greatly reverenced
knowledge of ancient and modern lan- in Ireland for his learning, piety, and
guages and literature. The great.dis- benevolence. B. 1570; d. 1641.-GREGcoveries in  physic, chemistry, and    oRY T., D.D., an eloquent and popular
physiology irresistibly attracted him. clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal
He continued his studies with success  church. He was born on Staten Island,
in London and Edinburgh. In his 26th   October the 28th, 1793, and was graduyear he took his doctor's degree, after- ated at Columbia college, New York, in
wards visited Paris, and formed an      1811. His father was Israel Bedell, and
acquiaintance with Lavoisier. On his   his mother was a sister of the Rt. Rev,
return he was appointed professor of   Richard Channing Moore, D.D., bishoy




130                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BEE
of Virginia. Soon after leaving college  most of his cotemporary artists in
he commnenced preparation   for holy   nunmber. Died aged 8'0 years, in- 1889.
orders, and was ordained deacon by      BEER, MICHAEL, a learned Jew of
Bishop Hobart, on the 4th of November, Paris. B. at Nancy in 1784, was the
1814, within one week after he had at- first of his religion who pursued the
tained the canonical age. In the sum- profession of an advocate in France.
mer of 1815 he accepted a rectorship in  His success in this career was brilliant,
Hudson, on the North River. In the but he soon gave himself up exclusively
latter part of the year 1818 he left Hud- to literature, and received the honor
son, and removed to Fayetteville, N~ C. never before conferred upon a Jew, of
He was after tlhat rector of St. Andrews, being admitted into the learned acadein Philadelphia. D. 1834.             mies of France. He was elected a memBEDFORD, HILKIAH, an English di- ber of the Royal Society of Antiquaries,
vine, who was heavily fined as the au- of the Philotechnic Society, of the acadthor of "The Hereditary Right of the  emies of Nancy, Strasburgh, Nantes, and
Crown of England asserted," a Jacobite  Gottingen. Napoleon invrited him, in
work, which was in reality written by  1807, to the assembly of Jews, who were
George Iarbin. D. 1724.-JOTIN, duke to advise concerning the amelioration of
of, third son of King Henry IV. of En- that people; and the general sanhedrim
gland, and oine of the most successful for irance and Italy chose him their.commanders ever opposed to the French. secretary. At the erection of the kingI-le was appointed regent of France by  dom of Westphalia, on account of his
the will of Henry.V., and well sustained  knowledge of the language of the counthe glory of his country during the ar- try, he received an appointment in the
duous struggle there. DI). 1485.-JoHiN  ministry of the interior, and,-afterwards,
USSELL, 6th duke of Bedford, K. G., an  was appointed to a corresponding ofEnolish nobleman, cdistinguished even  fice i  the French ministry; he also
amoing his own distinguished raee for delivered a course of lectures on Gerpractical patriotism, andi a princely pat- man literature in the Athenmum  of
ronao e of the fine arts, and every branch  Paris.
of industry which tends to the improve-  BEERING, VITrus, a captain in the
ment of the social condition. A memn- Russian-navy, was born at Horsens, in
ber of several learned societies, and em- Jutland. Being a skilful seaman, lihe
inently versed in science and fond of  was employed by 4eter the Great in the
literature, he was no less attached to  navy established at Cronstadt. His talagriculture, to the improvement of which  ents, and the undaunted courage dishe devoted many years and large sums played by him in the naval wars against
of money. Of his liberality, when any  the Swedes, procured him the honor of
useful object was in view, some opinion  being chosen to command a voyage of
may be formed from the fact, that he discovery in the sea of Kamtschatka.
expended upwards of ~40,000 in re- lie set out from     St. Petersburg, Feb.
building Covent-Garden market, in such  5th, 1725, for Siberia. In the year 1728
a style as to render it one of the great- lie examined the northern coasts of
est ornaments of that part of London. Kamtschatka as far as lat. 67o 18' N.,
B. 1766; d. 1839.                      and proved that Asia is not united to
BEDLOE, WILLIAMr, captain, an infa- America. It remained, however, to be
mous informer, noted for his perjuries, determined whether the land opposite
anid rewarded with ~500 for pretended  to Kamtschatka, was, in reality, the
inwvrmation respecting a popish plot, coast of the American continent, or
and the death of Sir Edmundbury God- merely islands lying between Asia and
frey. D. 1680.                        America. June 4th, 1741, lie sailed,
BEECHEY, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent with two ships, from       Ochotsk, and
English portrait-painter, but hle did not touched on the northwestern coast of
w   1holly confine hilnself to that branch  America, between lat. 85o and 39o N.
of the art, having painted some histor- Tempests and sickness prevented him
ical compositions of more than common  from pursuing his discoveries; he was
merit, especially his "Iris bearing to  cast on a desolate island, covered with
Soumnus the command of Juno to warn   snow and ice, where he grew dangerAlcyone by a dream of the fate of her ously sick, and died Dec. 8th, 1741.
husband Ceyx."   His chief excellence, The straits between Asia and Amirica
however, lay in portrait-painting, to  have received the natme of Beering's
which, indeed, he chiefly confined him- Straits, and the island on wiich he died
self fa nd in which, he greatly surpassed  that of Beering's Island.




BEH]                  CYCLOPAeDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        131
BEETHOVEN, Louis yoN, b. in         He died March 26th, 1827, near Vienna,
Bonn, 1772, was thQ son of a man who in great poverty.
had been a tenor singer there; but ac-  BEHAIM, MAnTIN, b. at Nuremberg,
cording to another account, a natural about 1430, is distinguished as one of
son of Frederic William  II., king of the most learned mathematicians and
Prussia. His great talent for music was astronomers of his age. He was engaged
early cultivated. He astonished in his in commerce, and travelled for the pureighth year all who heard him, by his pose of carrying on his business from
execution on the violin, on which he 1455 to 1479; but he also devoted himwas in the habit of performing, with   self to the study of the mathematical
great diligence, in a little garret. In his and nautical sciences, in which Regioeleventh year he played Bach's " Wohl  montanus is said to have been his masTemperirtes clavier," and, in his thir- ter. He went from Antwerp to Lisbon
teenth, composed some sonatas. These in 1480, where he was received with
promising appearances of gi'eat talent marks of distinction. He sailed in the
induced the then reigning elector of Co- fleet of Diego Can on a voyage of dislogne, to send him, in 1792, in the char- covery, and explored the islands on the
acter of his organist, and at his expense, coast of Africa as far as the river Zaire.
to Vienna, that he might accomplish    He is also said to have discovered, or at
himself there in composition, under the least to have colonized, the island of Fayinstruction of Haydn. Under Haydn      al, where he remained for several years,
and Albrechtsberger he made rapid pro- and assisted in the discovery of the other
gress, and became, likewise, a great Azores. IIe was afterwards knilghted,
player on the pianoforte astonishing   and returned to his native country where
every one by his extempore perform- lie constructed aterrestrial globe in 1492,
ances. In 1809 he was, invited to the which bears the marks of the imperfect
new court of the king of Westphalia, at acquaintance of that age with the true
which several men of distinction per- dimensions of the earth. Benlhaim died,
suaded him to remain by the promise    after several voyages, in Lisbon, in 1o06.
of a yearly salary.  He composed his   Some ancient Spanish historians assert
principal works after 1801. A few years that he made several discoveries, and
before his death, a cold, which he had  that he gav.e to his friend Columbus the
caught by composing in the open air, idea of another hemisphere. Robertson
produced a deafness, which became, by  (in his History of America) and other
degrees, very great. He lived, after- historians contradict this statement. It
wards, very much retired, in the village  is also rejected by Irving.
of Modlingen, near Vienna.    Instru-   BEHN, APriARi, a lady of some celebmental music has received from    his rity as a writer of plays and novels, was
compositions a new character. Beetho- descended from a good family in Canterven united the humor of Haydn with     bury. of the nanme of Johnson, and was
the melancholy of Mozart, and the char- born in the  eign of Charles I. 1Her
acter of his music most resembles Che- father through the interest of his rda-.rubini's. His boldness is great; though  tion Lord Willoughby, being appointed
the more powerful nature and richer lieutenant-general of Surmainm, embarkimagination of Mozart embraced a wider ed with his family for the West Indies,
field, and many of his compositions ex- taking with him Aphara, who xwxas then
press the whole height and depth of his  very young.  The father died at sea;
character. Besides the great sympho- but his family arrived safely at Surinam,
nies and overtures of Beethoven, his and i'emained there for some years, duquintets, quartets, and trios for strino'ed  ring which time Aphara gained the.
instruments, his numerous sonatas, lis  acqaintance of the American prince
variations, and other pieces for the pia- Oroonoko, whom she made the subject
noforte, in which he shows the great of a novel subsequently dramatized by
richness of his imagination, lie also  Southern. On her return to-England
composed vocal lmusic, with scarcely  she married Mr. Behn, a London mer,
less success. To this department be- chant, of Dutch extraction; buit was
longs lis opera "Leonore," (in its alter- probably a widow when selected' by
ed state, called "Fidelio,") some masses, Charles II. as a proper person to acquire
an oratorio, (the "Mount of Olives,") intelligence on the continent during the
and songs for the piano-forte, among   Dutch war. She accordingly took up
which the composition of Matthison's   her residence at Antwerp, where she
"Adelaide," called by us, "Rosalie,"  engaged in gallantries for the good of
and some songs of Goethe are celebrated  her country; end it is said tat, by




132                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BEL
means of one of her admirers she ob- several of them are considered classics
tailed advice of the intention of the in Dutch literature3 particularly her roDutch to sail up the Tlhames, which she mances, "Willem Leevend," in 8 vols.;
transmitted to England. This intelli- "Letters of A. Blankart to C. Wildgence although true, being discredited, schut," and the "History of Sara Burgershe gave up politics, returned to En- hart."  She wrote her most i nportant
gland, and devoted herself to intrigue works in conjunction with her friend
and writing for support; and, as she Agatha Deken, and the share of each in
had a good person and much conversa- the composition of them is unknown.
tional talent, she became fashionable Elizabeth was born at Flushing, in 1738,
among the men of wit and pleasure of  and died at the Hague, in 1804. Her
the time. She'published three volumes inseparable friend in life followed her
of poems by Rochester, Etherege, Crisp, nine days later in death.
and others, with some poetry of her     BEL, JOHN JAMES, a counsellor of
own; and wrote seventeen plays, the Bordeaux, compiler of the "Dictionheartless licentiousness of which was naire Neologique," and author of " Letdisgraceful both to her sex and to th.e ters on Voltaire's Marianne," &c. D.
age which tolerated the performance of  1738.-MATTHIAS, anl Hungarian divine,
them. She was also the authoress of a historiographer of the Emperor Charles
couple of volumes of novels, and of the VI., author of " Apparatus ad Historiam
celebrated love-letters between a noble- Hungarine," &c. -B. 1684; d. 1749.man and his sister-in-law. Pope, in his  CHIARLES ANDREW, son of the above, licharacter of women, alluhdes to Mrs. brarian and professor of poetry to the
Behn, under her poetical name of "As- university of Leipsic. B. 1717; d. by
trea:"                                 his own hand, 1782.
"The stage how loosely does Astre treand, ELCHER, JONATHAN, governor of
Who fairly puts her characters to bed."  Massachusetts and New Jersey.  He
She died in 1689, between forty and fifty  graduated at Harvard college in 1699.
years of age, and was buried in the clois- Not long after the termination of his
ters of Westminster. abbey.            collegiate life, he visited Europe, and
BEICH, JOACHIM FRANCLs, a native of  after the lapse of several years, returned,
Suabia, eminent as a painter of cattle  and commenced business as a merchant
pieces and landscapes. B. 1655; d. 1748. in Boston. He was chosen a member
BEINASCHI, JOHN BAPTIST, a native    of the council, and in 1729 was sent as
of Piedmont, an eminent historical paint- an agent of the province to England.
er. B. 1634; d. 1688.                  After the death of Governor Burnet, he
BEK, or BEAK, ANTHONY DE, bishop     was appointed to the government of
of Durham, a bold and spirited prelate, Massachusetts and New Hampshire, in
who united the skill and courage of a 1730. In this station he continued 11
soldier to the austerity of a divine.. He years, when lie was superseded.  On
led the van of the English army under repairing to England, he so far sucEdward I. in an- expedition against the  ceeded in vindicating his character and
Scots; built Barnard castle and other conduct, as to obtain the appointment.
fortresses, and performed many gallant of governor of the province of New
exploits; but at length broke his heart Jersey, where he arrived in 1747, and
at. beinf excommunicated by the arch- spent the remaining years of his life.
bilhop of York, inl l10.-DAVID, a Dutch  He enlarged the charter of Princeton
painter, pupil of Vandyke, and portrait college, and was its chief patron and
painter to Christina, queen of Sw6den. benefactor. He d. in 1757, aged 76.B. 1621; d. 1656.                      JONATHAN, chief justice of Nova Scotia,
BEKKHER, BALTHASAR, a divine of      was graduated at Harvard college, in
Amsterdam; suspended from his fune- 1728. He studied law at the Temple, in
tions for publishing "The World Be- London. He was among the first settlers
witclhed,' a refutation of the popular of Chebueto, afterwards called Halifax,
errors in witchcraft, &c. B. 1634; d. and being, in 1760, senior counsellor, on
1698.                                  the death of Governor Lawrence he was
BEKKER, ELIZABETH, an ornament of appointed lieutenant-governor, in which
Dutch literature in the department of  office lie was succeeded by Col. Wilmot,
the belles lettres. Few female authors in 1763. In 1761 he received his aphave united with so great talents so. pointment of chief justice. B. 1708; d.
much dignity and purity of morals. The 1776.
influence of her numerous works was      BELCHIER, JOHNr, was born at King.
much increased by her character, and   ston, Surrey, and after an Eton educa



13L]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        133
tion was put apprentice to Cheselden, Oosroes, king of Persia, dethroned Gelthe most celebrated surgeon of his age. irner, king of the Vandals, routed the
Perseverance and assiduity soon ren- Gotls in Sicily and Italy, and performed
dered him  eminent in his profession, other glorious actions. Justinian, howand in 1736 he succeeded Craddock as   ever, confiscated his estates, but at
surgeon in Guy's hospital. In this em- lenfgth restored them, and took him
ployment he became respected and be- againinto favor. The story of his blindloved for his attention, and, unlike the ness and beggary is a fiction added by
mercenary practitioners of the times, he  the more modern writers. D. 515.
considered not the emoluments of his     BELKNAP, JxEREMY, an American
office, but the character of his station, historian and divine, was born at Bosand treated with unwearied patience ton, Massachusetts, in 1744, and was
and humanity those whom   diseases or graduated at Harvard college in 1762.
misfortunes had placed under his care. He was first settled in the Christian
In his private life he was equally ami- ministry at Dover, New Hampshire, and
able, his whole time was devoted either afterwards in his native town. He was
to his friends or to the improvement of  one' of the founders of the Massachusetts
his profession, and many are the in- Historieal Society, and devoted much
genious communications with which he   of his time to the promotion of.its obifvored the Philosophical Transactions  jects and interests.  His published
and other publications.  He respected  works are the "I History of New Hampthe name of Guy almost to adoration, shire," "American Biography," and a
observing, that no other man would     number of political, literary, and relihave sacrificed ~150,000 for the relief  gious tracts. His writings are characof his felloi-creatures. B. 1706; d. 1785. terized by great research, clear arrangeBELDEN, JosuUA, physician. After ment, and perspicuity of style. D. 1798.
graduating at Yale college in 1787, he   BELL, ANDREW, an English divine,
studied physic with Dr. L. Hopkins. the projector' and founder of those exBesides his useful toils as a physician, cellent establishments called National
he was employed in various offices of  Schools, author of " An Experiment in
public trust.  He was a zealous sup- Education at the Male Asylum. Madras,"
porter of all charitable and religious in-" Instructions for conducting Achools on
stitutions. B. 1768; d. 1818.          the Madras System," &c., &c.     Dr.
BELESIS, a Chaldean, who raised      Bell had acquired considerable property
Arbaces to the throne of Media, and   in the East Indies, and had some lucrawas rewarded with the government of    tive preferments in England, all of
Babylon.                               which he bequeathed to institutions
BELGRADO, JAMES, an Italian Jesuit, connected with education and literature.
eminent as a poet, antiquary, and math- B. at St. Andrews, Scotland, 1753; d.
ematician, author of a treatise entitled  1882.-]ENJAMIN, an eminent surgeon,
"The Existence of God dqmonstrated    and writer on surgery; author of a
Geometrically," &c. B. 1704; d. 1789. "Treatise on the Management of Ul-MANUEL, an active partisan and corn- cers," &., &c. B. at Dumfries, 1749;
mander in the cause of South American  d. 1806.-HEN-RY, the first successful
independeunce, whose disinterested con- applier of steam to the purposes of navduct proved highly favorable to Buenos igation in Europe, was born in LinlithAyres and the neighboring states. D. gowshire, in 1767. After serving an
1820.                                 apprenticeshipn to his uncle. who was a
BELIDOR, BERNARD'OREST DE, an   millwrght, he went to London, and was
eminent French engineer and mathema- in the employ of Mr. Rennie, the celetician, author of "Dictionnaire portatif  brated engineer; but it was not till the
de l'Ingenieur," &c. B. 1695; d. 1761. year 1812 that he produced a vessel calBELING, RICHARD, an Irish gentle- culated to establish the practicability
man, who took pait in the rebellion of  and important uses of steaml-navigation;
1641, but recovered his estate at the and though Mr. Fulton, an American
restoration; author of "Vindicise Cath- engineer, lad launched a boat upon the
olicorum Hibernie."  B. 1613; d. 1677. same principle five years before, which
BELISARIUS, a Roman general, one had performed long voyages upon the
of the most celebrated of his age, first Hudson river, yet Bell must be at least
served with distinction in the guards of  allowed the praise of having done, in
Justinian, and subsequently rose to    his own country, what all other men,
military eminence ucnder that emperor. notwithstanding the superior advanHe dlefeated COabades, and subsequently  tages of ktMll and capital, had failed in
12




134                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       L[BEL
doing. Died, at Helensburgh, 1830.-   istry, placed themselves under Iis inJAMES, an eminent geograplhical writer, struction. HIe was reckoned one of the
was born at Jedburgh, in 17695. He was most learned divines of the country.
brought up as a weaver, and became a His works were published in three vols.
manufacturer of cotton goods at Glas- 1811. B. 1729; d. 1790.-JAMES, a Flemgow, but left that business, and, being  ish poet, was b. at Flushing in the
an  indefatigable student, became a year 1757, and d. in 1796. He was twenteacher of the classics to young men  ty-five years old, and followed the trade
preparing for the university. He was of a baker, when, in 1772, the second
the author of "A System of Popular secular festival, in commemoration of
and Scientific Geography," in 6 vols.- the foundation of the republic, was eel"A Gazetteer of England and Wales."   ebrated throughout Holland. His genius
D. 1833.-CHARLES, an eminent anato- suddenly inflfimed by the love of his
mist and professor of surgery in the native land, rendered him a poet, and
university of Edinburgh, of which city  his first productions met with success.
he was a native, being born there in  He studied Latin, made himself better
1778. In 1806 lie went to London,' and  acquainted with his mother tongue, and
was soon distinguished as a popular composed several pieces of merit suffilecturer on anatomy and surgery, at the cient to induce the society of arts at the
academy founded by the celebrated     Hague to incorporate them in their cblHunter, in Windmill-street, where, as lections.  ile published his patriotic.
subsequently, when appointed a pro- songs under the title of " Vaderlandsefessor at the royal college of surgeons, Gezengen," which secure him a place
the benches were crowded with atten- among the first poets of his nation.
tive auditors.  He was the author of  Bellamy sung, likewise, tl  praise of
many professional works of high repute,. love. The later works of this poet beon anatomy, surgical operations, and  tray a certain melancholy, which renders
the nervous system; all admirably illus- thern still more interesting. A biograph"trated from drawings made by himself. ical account of him has been written by
On the accession of William IV. lie re- Kniper. He may be placed by the side
ceived the honor of knighthood. As in  of Bilderdyk, Helmers, Loots, R. Feyth,
his professional career Sir Charles was. &c., as one of the restorers of moaern
respected for his great talents, so in  Dutch poetry.
private life was he admired for the     BELLEGARDE, JOHN BAPTIST MORbland simplicity of his manners.  B. VAN DE, a French Jesuit, expelled from
1778; d. 1842.-JoiiN, a distinguished  the society for Cartesianism; translator
citizen of New Hampshire, of great of St. Chrysostom, Thomas a Kempis,
judgment, decision, and integrity, died  &c. D. 1784.
at Londonderry, Nov. 80, 1828, aged 95  BELLEISLE, CHAERLES Louis AUGusyears. His father, JOHN, was' an early  TUS FOUQUET, Count de, a French marsettler of that town. During the revolu- shal, whose talent and eminent successes
tionary war, he was a leading member were rewarded by his sovereign, Louis
of the senate. Two of his sons, SAMUEL  XV., with the highest' dignities. B.
and JOHN, have been governors of New  1684; d. 1771.
Hampshire.   The former was twelve      BELLENDEN, WILLIAM, a Scottish
years a senator of the United States.  writer of the 17th century, distinguishBELLA, STEFANO DELLA, an eminent ed for the elegance of his Latin style.
Florentine engraver, b. in 1610, was for lie was educated at Paris, where he was
a considerable time employed by Cardi- professor of belles lettres in 1602, and.
nal Richelieu. to engrave the conquests though he was made master of requests
of Louis XIII.; aind, after his return  by James I., he still continued to reside
home, was liberally patronized by the in the French metropolis. In 1608 h3
house of Medici. The number of his published a work entitled " Cicero Prinplates is said to amount to one thousand  ceps," containing a selection from the
four hundred. D. 1684.                works of Cicero, consisting of passages
BELLAMY, JOSEPi, a distinguished    relating to the duties of a prince, &c.
Congregational minister of Woodbury, IHe afterwards republished this work
Conn. He was b. at New Cheshire in   with some other treatises, in his "Bellenthat state, 1719, and graduated at Yale  denus de Statu, libri tres."  This work
college, in 1785. In 1750 he published  was published again in 1787, by an
a work, entitled "True Religion Delin- anonymous editor, since known to have
eated.'? Such was his reputation, that been Dr. Parr, who added a Latin prefmany young men, studying for the min- ace on the politics of that time. From




3EL]                  CYCLOPl DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        135
Bellenden's work, Micddleton's "Life of Carlo. This'was suc ceded by various
Cicero," was almost entirely compiled  others, of which "I TPirati," ",La So1without acknowledgment-a plagiarism   nambula," " Normal," and " I Puritani"
denounced by Warton and Parr.         are the best, and have gained for him an
BELLENGER, FRANCIS, a doctor of undying celebrity. His moral character
the Sorbonne; author of a "Critical Es- stood high, and his manners and cornsay on the W6rks of Rollin," &c. D. positions were in harmonious accord1749.                                 alce;-agreeable, tender, and elegant.
BELLET, CHARLES, a French writer; D. near laris, 1835.-JAMES, and his two
author of "L' AdorationChrltienne dans sons, GENTILE and GIOVANNI who surla D6votion Rosaire," &c. D. 1771.-   passed their father, celebrated painters,
ISAAc, a Frenllh physician; author of who made a new epoch in the Venetian
a "History of Cataline's Conspiracy,"  school. Of James's works nothing has
&c. D. 1778.                          been left; but several of Gentile's lave
BELLIARD, AUGUSTINDANIEL, Count reached our times. In the year 1479,
de, a distinguished French general and  Gentile went to Constantinople, M'ladiplomatist, was b. in 1773, in La Ven- homet II. having sent to renice for a
dee.  He entered the military service  skilful painter. Ie is said tohave there
early, and was soon made an officer of copied the bas-reliefs of the column of
DDmnouriez's staff: he afterwardcs served  Theodosius, and to have died at Venice
with Bonaparte in Italy and Egypt; in the year 1501. The most distinguishand, returning from the latter country, ed of the family was Giovanni, born at
he participated in the victories of UJlm  Venice, about 1424, and who died about
antd Austerlitz, and fought in all the 1516. He studied nature diligently, and
great battles in the war with Prussia. his drawing was good. He contributed
IHe next went to Spain; but in 1812 much to make oil painting popular, and
joined the army destined for the invasion  has left many excellent pictures, of which
of Russia, and particularly distinguished  one, the " Saviour pronouncing his Benhimself in the battle of Moskwa.  At ediction," is to be found in the gallery
Leipsic, a cannon-ball carried away his  of Dresden. His own reputation was
arm. After Napoleon's abdication, he much increased by that of his celebrated
was made a peer of France, and major- disciples, namely, Titian and Giorgione.
general of the army under the Duke de  As their instructor, he is sometimes
Berri.  When the emperor returned     called the founder of the Venetian school.
fiom  Elba, hle dispatched Belliard to  BELLMAN, CHxARLES MICHAEL, the
king Joachim at Naples, but the vessel most original among the Swedish poets,
was intercepted by a British ship, and  was born at Stockholm, in 1741, and
driven back to France. On the return  grew up in the quietude of domestic life.
of the Bourbons, he was for a short time  The first proofs which he gave of his
imprisoned, but soon taken into favor poetical talents were religious and pious
again. When Louis Philippe ascended   effusions. The dissipated life of young
the throne, he sent Belliard to Berlin, to  men, at Stockholm, devoted to pleasurc,
treat respecting the acknowledgment of was afterward the subject of his poems.
the new dynasty; and during his eml- By these his name was spread over all
bassy to Brussels, he contributed more  Sweden. Even the attention of Gusthan any other diplomatist to the forma- tavus III. was attracted to him, and he
tion of the new Belgian government. received from the king an appointment.
D. 1822.                              which enabled him to devote himself'
BELLIEVEE, POMPONIUS DE; a French    almost entirely to poetical pursuits in
statesman, chancellor to Henry IV. B. an easy independence, until his death,
1529; d. 1607.                        in 1795. His songs are truly national,
BELLIN, JAMES NICHOLAS, a French    principally describing scenes of revelry.
geographer; author of "IHydrographie    BELLOCQ, PIERRE, valet-de-chambre
Francoise," &c. D. 1772.              to Louis XIV.; author of a poem on the
BELLINI, LAURENCE, an Italian phy- Hotel des Invalides, &e. D. 1704.
sician; author of several anatomical and  BELLOI, PIERRE LAURENT BURETTE
medical works in Latin. B. 1643; d. DE, the first French dramatist who sue1702.-VINCENZo  a celebrated musical cessfully introduced native heroes upon
composer, was b. at Catania in Sicily, the French stage, instead of those of
in 1806. He- was educated at Naples    Greece and Rome, or the great men of
under Zingarelli, antd before lie hadl other nations, was born at St, Flour, in
completed his 20th year he had produced  Auvergne, during 1727. He went to'" Bianco e Fernando" at the theatre San  Paris when a child, lost his father soon




136                   CYCLOPADIA     OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [BES~
after, and was supported by his uncle, a  BELLOTI, PETER, ian Italian painter,
distinguished advocate in the parliament chiefly of portraits. B. 1625; d. 1700.
of Paris, who designed him for the same  BELOE WILLIAM, a divine and critic,
profession. He applied himself to this was born at Norwich in 1756, and eduprofession with reluctance, while he   cated at Cambridge. After having been
showed much genius for the drama. assistant to Dr. Parr, who was then head.
His uncle opposed this taste, and the master of Norwich school, he took oryoung man secretly left his house and  ders, and obtained church preferment.
retired to Russia, where he betook him- He was filnally rector of Allhallows, a
self to the stage. He now made his ap- prebendary of St. Paul's, alnd librarian
pearance at several northern courts, as  of the British Museum. The latter situan actor, under the name of Dormont de  ation however he lost,;un consequence
Belloi. Everywhere his character gain- of a visitor to the museum having pured him love and esteem. Hle spent sev- loined some valuable prints. In con.eral years in Petersburgh, where the   junction with Dr. Nares, he established
Empress Elizabeth showed him much      the "British Critic." He is the author of
kindness.  Inl 1758 he    returned to" Anecdotes of Literature" and "Scarce
F.rance, where he prodriced, from time  Books;" the " Sexagenarian," and other
to time, his uncle having died, his tra- works; and the translator of "Herodgedies of Titus, Zelmaire, Siege de    otus and Aulus Gellius."   He died in
fCalais, Gastu et Bayard, &c., &c. D., 1817.
1775.'BELON, PETER, an eminent French
BELLOMONT, RICHARD, earl of, gov- naturalist and physician of the 16th cenernor of New York, Massachusetts, and  tury, was born in Maine, about 1518,
New Hampshire, was appointed to these  travelled into Palestine, Greece, Arabia,
offices early in May, 1695, but did not and England; published in 1553 a very
arrive at New York until May, 1698. He  interesting account of his travels; and
remained in the province of New York   was assassinated in 1564. He is the
about a year. He reached Boston, May   author of several valuable works on
26, 1699; he was received with the great- natural history, particularly on fishes.
est respect, as it was a new thing to see  Belon is considered as the inventor of
a nobleman at the head of the govern- comparative anatomy, and one of the
ment. Twenty companies of soldiers, founders of natural hlistory.
and a vast concourse of people met "his  BELOSIELSKY, PRINCE, a Russian
lordship and countess" on his arrival. noble; author of "Poesies Francooises
" There were all manner of expressions  d'un Prince Etranger," &c. D. 1809.
of joy, and to end all, fireworks and a  BELOT, JOHN DE BLOIS, advocate to
good drink at night."   He took every  the privy council of Louis XIV.; author
method to ingratiate himself with the  of " Apologie de la Lanigue Latine."
people; his success may be justly ap-    BELSHAM, THOMAS, an eminent Unipreciated, by the remark of one of his tarian divine; author of a discourse " On
biographers, that by his wise conduct lihe  the Importance of Faith, and the Duty
obtained a larger sum as a salary, and as  of making Open Professions of it," &c.
a gratuity, than any of his predecessors  D. in his 80th year, 1829.-WILLIAM,
or successors. Though he remained but brother of the preceeding, an eminent
fourteen months, the grants made to    writer; author of "Essays, Political and
him were ~1875 sterling. His time was Literary," "History of Great Britain,
much taken up in securing the pirates, from the Revolution to the Treaty of
and their effects, to accomplish which, Amiens," in 12 vols. 8vo., &c. D. aged
wag a principal reason of his appoint- 75, in 1827.
ment. During his administration Cap-     BELSUNCE DE CASTLE MORON,
tain Kidd was seized, and     sent to HtENRY FRANcIS XAVIER DE, a virtuous
Eng-land for trial. In 1700 he returned  and humane French prelate, was b.
to New York, and died there in 1701.   in 1671, at the castle of La Force, in
BELLONI, JEROME, a celebrated Reo- Perigord. In 1709 he was made bishop
man banker, created a marquis by Pope  of Marseilles, and when that city was
Benedict XIV.; author of an " Essay on  visited by the plague in 1720, instead of
Commerce."   D. 1760.                  deserting his flock, he hourly hazarded
BELLORI, JOHN PETER, a celebrated    his life to afford them succor and conItalian antiquary and connoisseur in the  solation. As a reward, he was offered
polite arts; author of " Lives of Modern  the rich bishopric of Laon, which conPainters, Architects, and'Soulptors," &c. ferred the title of duke; but he replied,
D. 1696.                               that "he would not quit a church- to




13EM]                  CYCLOP:EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.              17
which he had devoted his life."  A col- French consul-general,) had discover-d
lege was founded by him in his episcopal the year before, but had not succeed ad
city. This exemplary pastor wrote a in opening. Belzoni found a subta3r
" History of the Bishops of his Dio- raneous temple in its ruins, which until
cese;"' Pastoral Instructions;" and the  that time had been unknown. He then
"Life of MademoiselledeFoix.7" D.1755. visited the coasts of the Red Sea, and
BELUS, celebrated in profane history  the city of Berenice, and- made an expeas the founder of the Babylonian empire. dition into the oasis of Jupiter Ammlon.
He was deified after his death, and a  His-journey to Berenice was rewarded
temple was erected to him at Babylon. by the discovery of the emerald mines
He is probablythe Baal of Phoenicia, of Zubara. Belzoni refuted Cailliaid's
and the Nimrod of Scripture. Flour- assertion, that he had found the famous
ished 1322 BnC..                       Berenice, the great emporium of Eu rope
BELYN, a British prince and corn- and India, by subsaquent investigations
mander undler Caractacus.              on the spot, and by the actual discovery
BELZONI, GIAimBAT1ISTA, thatis, John  of the ruins of that great city, four days'
Baptist, an enterprising traveller, was journey from the place which Cailliaud
born at Padua, and educated at Rome. had taken for Berenice. His " Narrative
He was destined for the monastic life, of the Operations and recent Discoveries
but left the city when it was occupied  within the Pyramids, Temples, Tombs,
by the French armies, and in 1803, went and Excavations in Egypt and Nubia;
to London; where he exhibited as the   and of a Journey to the Coast of the Red
Patagoniact Sagnson, at various minor Sea in search of 1erenice: also of antheatres. There he acquired, besides an  other to the Oasis of Jupiter Ammon,"
acquaintance with the English language, (London, 1820,) accompanied by a folio
mutch knowledge of the science of hy- vol. of forty-four copperplates, was redraulics, the study of which had been  ceiveid with general approbation. Padua,
his chief occupation in Rome, and which  his native city, requited his present of
afterwards carried him to Egypt.  He   two Egyptian statues from Thebes with
left this country, after a residence of  an honorary medal. In the year 1823,
nine years, accompanied by his wife, this enterprising traveller had made
and took his way through Portugal, preparations for passing from Benin to
Spain, and Malta, to Egypt. There he   HIoussa, anid Timbuctoo, when he died
lived from 1815 to 1819, at first as a dan- at Gato, on his way to Benin, Dec. the
cer, till he won the favor of the pacha,  d, 1828.  I-Ie believed the Nile and
who made use of his services. Belzoni, Niger to be cifferent streamls, and that
though often alone amidst the rude in- the Niger empties its waters into the
labitants of the country, kept them in  Atlantic ocean; opinions which have
awe by his extraordinary stature and   eventually been proved to be correct.
strength. He succeeded in opening, not The following inscription was placed
only the pyramid of Ghiza, which had   over his grave:
been already opened in the 17th century            Iere lies the resmains of
by Pietro della Valle, and to which the               G. nBELZOr,
French, during their expedition to Egfypt,  Who iwas attacked witlh dysentery, nt Benin,
(On his way to Houssa and Tirmnuetoo,)
could not find the entrance,O the th of November, and died at this place, Decenmsecond, known by the name of CepCrenzes,           " ber 3d, 1823.
andn several cCatacolmbs near Thebes, cs- Tle gentleman who placed thi inscription over the grave
peci~llyone in ai fine st'ate of preservxltioii of this intrepid ansd enterlprisieg traveller, hopes tlht
pecially one ina fine state of presertion  evepy Eueope visiting this spot w ill case..te ground
in tle valley of Bibanl el Molook, which  to be cleared, nand the fence round the grave to ni reis considered to be the mausoleum of     aired, ifnecessary."
Psanlmuis, in 400 B. c. The drawiings    BEMBO, PIETRO, one of the most
which he has furnished of these antiqui- celebrated of the Italian scholars that
ties are the most exact which we possess. adorned the 16th centlury, was born at
In the year 1816 his perseverance and  Venice in 1470. He very early learned
skill succeeded in transporting the bust the Latin, and afterwards, at Messina,
of Jupiter Meemnon, together with a sar- under the direction of Lascaris, the
copha]n s, of alabaster, found in the cata- Greek language; after which lie returncombs, from Thebes to Alexandria, from  ed to his native country, and there pubwhence they came to the British Mu-.lished a small treatise on mount Etna.
scum. On the 1st of August, 1817, he   In compliance with the will of his father,
opened the temple of Ipsambul, near the  he entered upon the career of public
second cataract of the Nile, which two  business, but, soon conceiving a dislike
Frenchmen, Caillilad and Drovetti, (the  for it. he devoted himself to science and
12"




138                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BEN
the theological profession. At Ferrara, of his time, conferred on him, in 1539,
where he completed his philosophical the hat of a cardinal. From that time
studies, he entered into a connection  Bembo renounced the belles-lettres, and
with Ercole Strozzi, Tibaldeo, and par- made the Fathers and the Holy Scripticularly with Sadoleto. From Ferrara  tures his chief study. Of his former
he returned to Venice, where a literary  labors he continued only the "History
society had been established, in the  of Venice."  Two years later, Paul III.
house of the printer Aldus -Manutius. bestowed the bishopric of Gubbio on
Bembo became one of its principal mem- him, and soon after the rich bishopric
bers, and, for some time, took pleasure  of Bergamo.  He died, loaded with
in correcting the beautiful editions which  honors, 1547, in the 7Tth year of his
proceeded from this celebrated press. age. Bembo united in his person, his
After visiting Rome, he went, in 1506, character, and conversation, all that is
to the court of Urbirio, at that time one amiable. He was the restorer of a pure
of those Italian courts where the sci- style, as well in Latin composition, in
ences stood highest in esteem. He lived  which Cicero, Virgil, and Julius Caesar
there about six years, and gained sev- were his constant models, as in the Italeral powerful friends. In 1512 he went ian, in which he chiefly imitated Peto Rome with Giulio de Medici, whose trarca. He was so rigorous with regard
brother, pope Leo X., made him secre- to purity of style, that he is said to have
tary, and gave him his friend Sadoleto  had forty different partitions, through
for a colleague. About this time he be- which his writings, as he polished them
carae acquainted with the young and   by degrees, successively passed; nor did
beautiful Morosina, with whom he lived, he publish them till they had sustained
in the most tender union, during 22 these forty examinations. A collection
years.  She presented him  with two   of all his works, which were frequently
sons and a daughter, whom he educated  printed singly, appeared in 1729, at Venwith the greatest care. His many la- ice, in four folio volumes. The most
bors, arising from his office as well as important of them  are, "History of
his literary pursuits, and, perhaps, too  Venice," from 1487 to 1513, in twelve
great an indulgence in pleasure, having  books, which he wrote both in Latin
impaired his health, he was using the  and Italian; "Le Prose," dialogues, in
baths of Padua, when he was apprised  which the rules of the Italian language
of the death of Leo X. Being by this  are laid down; "Gli Asolani," dialogues
time possessed of several church bene- on the nature of love; "Le'Rime," a
fices, he resolved on withdrawing en- collection of beautiful sonnets and cantirely from business, and on passing his zonets; his letters, both in Latin and
days at Padua, (the air of which he had  Italian; "De Virgilii Culice et Terentii
found very beneficial,) occupied only  Fabulis Liber; Carmina," which are
with literature and science, and enjoy- ingenious and elegant, but more free
ing the society of his friends.  The  than the author's profession would lead
learned members of the famous univer- us to expect, besides several others.
sity of this city eagerly frequented his  BENAVIDES, an outlaw and pirate,
house, and strangers also flocked thither. who, for several years, proved the
Bembo collected a considerable library; scourge of the southern parts of Chili.
he had a cabinet of medals and antiqui- He was a native of Quirihue, in the
ties, which at that time passed for one province of Conception, and entered the
of the richest in Italy, and a fine botan- patriot army as a common soldier at the
ical garden;  He spent the spring and  commencement of the revolution. Havanttumn at a villa called Boiza, which  ing deserted to the Spaniards, and being
had always belonged to his family. He  made prisoner by the Chilians, at the
devoted the leisure of a country life  battle of Membrilla, in 1814, he was to
principally to his literary pursuits. In  have been tried for desertion, but effectthe year 1529, after the death of An- ed his escape. Being made prisoner
dreas Navagero, the office of histori- again at the battle of Maypu, 1818, he.ographer of the republic of Venice wa  was sentenced to be shot, and was supoffered to him, which he accepted after posed to have been killed; but, alsome hesitation, declining the salary  though shockingly wounded, and left
connected with it. At the same time, for dead, he recovered, and having obhe was nominated librarian of the library  tained a commission from the Spanish
of St. Mark. Pope Paul III. having re- commander, Sanchez, he commenced a
solved' upon a new promotion of cardi- war upon the southern frontier of Chili,
nals from the most distinguished men  never surpassed in savage cruelty. He




BEN]                   CYCLOPADIA    OF BIOGRAPIlY.                     139
laid waste the country with fire and   this critical instant, being most dissword, murdered his prisoners, and per- gracefully abandoned by several of the
petrated the most horrid cruelties upon  captains under his command, who si nthe unarmed peasants, including women  ed a paper expressing their opinion lthat
and children, who chanced to fall into  "nothing more was to be done," the
his power. Notwithstanding repeated    whole fleet effected its escapea  On his
engagemeints with the Chilian forces of  return to Jamaica, he brougt;t the dethe province of Conception, he sustained  linquents to a court-martial, by which
himself for a long time in this atrocious  two of thefn were convicted of cowaredcourse. At length he undertook to es- ice and disobedience of orders, and contablish a navy, and, for this purpose, demned to be shot; which sentence, on
piratically seized upon several English  their arrival in England, was carried
and American vessels, which unsus- into execution at Plymouth.. Benbow,
pectingly stopped for refreshment not who suffered equally in mind and body
tar fiom the town of Arauco, the centre fiom this disgracefiu business, gradually
of his operations. So intolerable had  sank under his feelings, and expired at
the grievance become, that in 1821 the  Jamaica, Nov. 4th, 1702.
Chilians fitted out an expedition against  BENCTO, FRANXIS, an Italian Jesuit;
Arauco, and succeeded in breaking iup  author of Latin poems, &c. D. 1594.
the robber's stronglhold. He attempted   BENEDETTO, CASTIGLIONE, an Italian
to escape to Peru in a. launch, but being  painter, chiefly of pastoral scenes. B.
captured, was condemned to death, and  1616; d. 1670.
executed Feb. 23d, 1822.                 BENED.TT, ST. founder of the first
i BENBOW, Joul-, an Ennlish naval religious order in the west, was born at
character of cistinguished'   erit, wvas  Norcia, in Spoletto, in 480. In the fourb. in  Shrewsbury, abolut 1650, and    teenth year of his age he retired to a
brought up to the sea in the merchant- cavern situated in the desert of Subiaco,
service. He fought so desperately against forty miles from Rome, and, in 515, drew
a pirate fronm Sallee, in one of his trips  up a rule for his monks, which was first
to thle Meditelralnean, about the year introduced into the monastery of Monte
1686, as to beat her off, though greatly  Cassino, in the neighborhood of Naples,
his superior in men and cietal. For founded by him      (629) in a grove of'
this gallant action, he was promoted at Apollo, after the temple had been deonce by James II. to the command of    molished. This gradually became the
a ship of war. William  III. empprayed  rule of all the western monkl    The
him in protecting the English trade in  abbots of Monte Cassino afterwardsc acthe Channel, which lie did with great quired episcopal jurisdiction, and a cereffect. His valor and activity secured  tain patriarchal authority over the whole
him the confidence of the nation, and  order. Withtheitntention of banishing
lie* was soon promoted to the radnk of  idleness, he prescribed in addition to
rear-admiral, and  charged with   the  the work of God, (as he called prayerand
blockade of Dunkirk. But the squad- the reading of religious writings,) the
ron in that port, nunder the command of  instruction of youth in reading, writing,
Jean Baert, lmanagecd to slip out of port, and ciphering, in the doctrines of Chrisnor could Benbowa, though he sailed in- tianity, in manual labors, (including mestantly in pursauit, overtake it. In 1701  cllanic arts of every kind,) and in the
he sailed to the West Indies with a small management of the monastery. With
fleet, having accepted a command pre- regald to dress and food, the rule was
viously declined by several of his se- severe, but notc xtravagant.  ie caused
niors, fiom the supposed superiority of  a library to be foundecd, for which tle
the enemy's force in that quarter. In  agecl and infirm brethren wiere obliged
August of the fcllowing year, he fell in  to copy manuscripts. By this means he
with the French fleet undcler Du Casse, contributed to preserve the literary reand for five days miaintained a runnino  mains of antiquity. from  ruin; for,
fight with them, when he at length suc- thoughl he had-in V'iew only the copying
ceeded in brinmging the eneiny's stern- of religious writings, yet the practice
miost ship to close quarters.  In the  was afterwards extended to classical
heat of the action a chain-shot carriec  works of every kinld; and the learned
away one of his legs, and he was taken  world is indebted, for -the preservation
below; but the mloment the dressin, of great literary treasures, to his order.
had been applied to thle wound, he     He died about the age of sixtv-seven..
caused himself to be brouglit agPin on   BENEZET, ANTHONY,     a distinguishdeck, and continued the action.    At ed philanthropist, b. at St. Quentin, in




140                   CYCLOPLADIA OF BIOGORAPHY,                      [BEN:rance. January, 1713.   His parents his susceptible mind, and prompted him
were opulent, and of noble descent. On  to publish a tract, entitled, "Some Obthe revocation of the edict of Nantes, servations on the Situation, Disposition,
the f4mily associated themselves with  and Character of the Indian Natives of
thelHuguenots; and, on this account, his America.' He addressed the British
father's aetate was confiscated, in 1715, government and military commanders,
who thereupon sought temporary refuge  about the effect of hostilities against the
in Holland, and afterwards in England, natives with characteristic boldness and
where Anthony received his" education. pathos. His various philanthropical efHe became a member of the society of forts and his excellent qualities obtainFriends about the 14th year of his age. ed for him peculiar consideration in the
In 1731 he arrived, along with his par- society of Friends. In 1780 he wrote
ents, in Philadelphia. His first employ- and published a " Short Account of the
ment was that of an instructor of youth  religious Society of Friends, commonly
at Germantown-a calling which led him  called Quakers;" and, in 1782, a "Disto prepare and publish several elementa- sertation on the Plainness and innocent
ry books for the use of schools. About Simplicity of the Christian Religion."
the year 1750 he was particularly struck  His private habits, morals, and pursuits
with the iniquity of the slave-trade, and  were adapted to endear and dignify his
the cruelty which was exercised by too  public career. He died at Philadelphia,
many of those who purchased and em- May the 5th, in 1784, aged seventy-one.
ployed the negroes. His Voice and his When it was announced that he was sepen were now employed in hwhalf of this riously ill, a multitude of his fellow-citoppressed' portion of his fellow-beings. izens presented themselves at his hous*e
Finding the blacks in Philadelphia nu- with anxious inquiries; and he conversmerous, and miserably ignorant, he es- ed lucidly with hundreds after his case
tablished an evening school for them, was pronounced to be hopeless. There
and taught them himself gratuitously. is extant a full and interesting memoir
His first attempts- to rouse public feeling  of his life, by Robert Vaux.
on the subject of slavery consisted in  BENGER, Miss ELIZABETH OGILVr,
qhort essays in almanacs and newspa- b. in 1778, at Portsmouth, was the
pers, which he was indefatigable in circu- daughter of a purser in the navy, who
Iating. He soon publishedL a variety of died in 1796, and left his wife and
more elaborate and extensive tracts. daughter with a slender provision. In
These vere printed at his own expense, 1802^she removed with her mother to
and distributed, without charge, wher- London. She soon attracted attention
ever he thought they would make an im- by her verses, and Miss Sarah Wesley
pression. He addressed them directly, early became her patron. She composed
with suitable letters, to most of the  some theatrical pieces, which did not
crowned heads of Europe, and to many  meet with success.   Mr. Bowyer, the
of the most illustrious divines and phi- engraver, employed her.to write a poem
losophers.  The fervor of his style and  on the " Slave-Trade," which, with two
the force of his facts obtained for his others, was published in quarto, with
philanthropic efforts the notice which he engravings, in 1812. She successively
sought for the benefit of his cause. publishea "Memoirs of Mrs. Elizabeth
Great personages, on both sides of the Hamilton,"'Memoirs of John Tobin,"
Atlantic, corresponded with him, and it the dramatist, and " Notices of Klopis certain that he gave the original im- stock and His Friends," prefixed to a
pulse to those dispositions and measures translation of their letters from the Gerwhich led the way to the abolition of the man. These writings were followed by
slave-trade by Britain and the United  the "History of Anne Boleyn," which
States. Clarkson, the English philan- was translated into French, " Memoirs
thropist, whose labors contributed so  of Elizabeth, queen of Bohemia," and
largely to the accqmplishment of that "Memoirs of Mary, queen of Scots.".
object, acknowledges that his under- D. 1827.
standing was enlightened and his zeal   BENI, PAUL, an eminent Italian phikindled by one of Benezets books, when  lologer, author of " Remarks onl Ariosto
ne was about to treat the question sub- and Tasso," &c. D. 1627.
nmitted to the senior bachelors of arts in  BENJAMIN OF TUDELA, one of
the university of Cambridge, Anne liceat the earliest travellers of the middle ages
inito in servitatem cdae? About the who visited the central regions of Asia;
year 1763, the wrongs inflicted on the author of a HIebrew work of travels,
aboriginal race of North America excited  which, though interesting and romantic,




BENsJ                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       141
is remarkable chiefly for its misrepre- the south of Russia, he finally settled in
sentations. D. 1173.                  his native country, and died Oct. 3d,
BENINI, VINCENT, a learned Italian  1826. I-e is the author of "Thoughts
physician, author of" Notes on Celsus,"? on certain Points requisite for an Officer
&c. B. 1713; d. 1764.                 of Light Cavalry to be acquainted with,"
BENNET, CHRISTOPHER, an English     Riga, 1794- Wilna, 1805.
physician, author of " Tabidorum The-   BENNITSKI, ALEXANDER        PETROatrLm, seu Phthisios," &c. D. 1685.-v ITSCH, a Russian poet, author of " KoHENRY, earl of Arlington, born in 1618. mala," a poem; a translation of Ossian,
was educated at Christ-church, Oxford, &c. B. 1780, d. 1808.
and espoused the royal cause during the  BENOIT, ELIAS, a learned Protestant
civil wars. He was knighted at Bruges, divine, pastor of the church of Delft,
by Charles II., who employed him as author of a " History of the Edict of
his minister at Madrid, and after the  Nantes.". B. 1640- d. 1723.
restoration as his secretary of state.  BENSERADE, ISAAC DE, a French
Though he was one of the five minis- poet, born near Rouen. Though poor,
ters, Clifford, Ashley, Buckingham, Ar- his wit and his poetical talents rendered
lington, and Lauderdale, denominated  him popular; he was noticed by Richecabal, he did not enter into their views, lieu, to whom, according to some he was
nor support the schemes formed to     related, and a pension was settled upon
render the monarch absolute.   When   him. After the death of Richelieu he
accused for the ill success of the Dutch  attached himself to the duke de Breze,
war, he ably defended'himself before  and he was named as envoy to Christhe commons, and was acquitted by a tina, queen of Sweden, an employment
small majority.. After serving. the king  which he did not undertake. As a poet
twelve years as secretary, he retired  his talents were such that for a time he
upon the indolent office of chamberlain, divided the applauses of the town with
and was afterwards employed as a nego- Voiture. * His rondeaux on Ovid are his
tiator with the prince of Orange; but worst performances. In the last part
was unsuccessful in his endeavors to  of his life he retired to Gentilly, where
procure a general peace.   Arlington, he employed himself in.works of piety,
who. died in 1685, is described by'Bur- and translated almost all the psalms.
net as a proud man, but his abilities He was so- afflicted with the stone, that
were so strong, and at the same time he reluctantly submitted to the operation
so versatile, that he was the only person  of cutting, but the surgeon punctured
who could manage with success the an artery, ran away instead of checking
king's temper.  He was a Catholic in  the effusion of blood, and the unforreligion, though in power he inveighed  tunate patient expired in the arms of
with bitterness against the Roman Cath- his confessor, during th6 year 1690.
olics.                                  BENTHAM, JEREMY, the celebrated
BENNINGSEN, LEVIN        AUGUSTUS, writer on politics and jurisprudence,
baron of, Russian commander-in-chief, was b. in 1749.   He studied English
b. at Banteln, in Hanover, 1745, early law, but never appeared at the bar, beentered into the Russian service- and  ing enabled, by easy circumstances, to
distinguished himself by great gallantry  devote himself entirely to literary comin the war against Poland, under the positions. He did not, however, pubEmpress Catherine II. He acted a chief  lish his chief works himself. They were
part in the conspiracy of the palace arranged and translated into French by
against the Emperor Paul I.  In 1806 his friend M. Dumont, and printed
lie was appointed to command the Rus- partly in Paris and partly in London.
siean army which hastened to the assist- Among them are "Trait6s de Lbgislaance of the Prussians; but, before his tion, Civile et P6nale &c.," and " Th6arrival, the Prussians were defeated at orie des Peines et des Rcompenses."
Jena. He afterwards fought the mur-He advocated a thorough correction of
derous battle of Eylau, (next to that of  civil and  criminal legislation.  His&
iMojaisk, perhaps the most bloody in  "Fragments on Government," in opmilitary history,) and the battle of Fried- position to Blackstone, appeared anonyland. After the peace of Tilsit, he re- mously in 1776, and with his name, at
tired to his estates. In 1813 he led a London, in 1823. In France, his literRussian army called " the army of Po- ary labors found a better reception than
land," into Saxony, took part in the  in England   or Germany.     A small
battle of Leipsic, and blockaded Ham- pamphlet on the liberty of the press,
burgh. After commanding the army in   was addressed by him to the Spanish




142                   CYCLOPAR3DIA OF BIOG-RAPHY.                     [BElT
Cortes, during their discussion of this the American war lie acted with the opsubject; and, in another, " Three Tracts position, and was appointed lord lieurelative to the Spanish and Portuguese  tenant of Ireland in 1782, but in con
Affairs," London, 1821, he refuted the  sequence of the breaking up of the
idea of the necessity of a house of peers  administration, by the death of the
in Spain, as well as Montesquieu's pro- marquis of Rockingham, he only conposition, that judicial forms are the de- tinuecd in that office three months. The
fence of innocence. One of his latest memorable coalition succeeded, which
works was the "Art of Packing," that fell before the rising fortunes of Mr.
is, of arranging juries so as to obtain  Pitt, and from that time the duke voted
any verdict desired. His previous work, with the whig opposition until he was
" Essai sur la Tactique des Asseiblees  elected chancellor of Oxford in 1792.
Legislatives," edited, from the author's He soon after joined with Mr. Burke in
papers, by Dumont, and translated. into  his alarm  at the French revolution,
German, contains many useful observa- agreeing with this orator and other
tions. -His " Introduction to the Prin- seceders, on the score of French policiples of Morals and Legislation," treats tics, to support the administration. He
of the principal objects of government was accordingly appointed secretary of
in a profound and comprehensive man- state for the home department in 1794,
ner. Zanobelli hastranslated his "The- and continued in that office until the
ory of Legal Evidence," into Italian. resignation of Mr. Pitt in 1801, when lihe
Among his earlier works was a "De- was made president of the council, which
fence of Usury," showing the impolicy  he held until 1805. t He succeeded Lord
of the present legal restraints on the  Grenville as first lord of the treasury in
terms of pecuniary bargains: 1787.' Mr. 1807, which office he resigned soon after,
Bentham died in London, June 6, 1832, and was succeeded by Mr. Percival. D.
leaving his body to be dissected for the  1808.-Lord GEonrE, a British statesbenefit of science. Ite was a manl of  man of considerable ability, the fourth
primitive manners, unblemished char- son- of the duke of Portland, who enacter, and undoubted earnestness in    tered parliament in 1828, first as a modthe cause of the people at large. He is  crate whig, but subsequently he became
considered as the father of the Utilita- a tory, and opposed Sir Robert Peel's
rians, or those moral-political-econo- movements in favor of free-trade. D.
mists, who view every thing as it is af- 1848.
feeted by the principle of " the greatest  BENTIVOGLIO, CORNELIO, cardinal
happiness of the greatest number."    and poet, b. at.Ferrara, 1668, early disBENTINCK, WILLIAM, first earl of    tinguished himself by his progress in
Portland, was descended from a noble the fine arts, literature, philosophy, thefamily in Holland.  When the prince    ology, and jurisprudence. Pope Clement
of Orange was seized with the small-pox, XI. made bim his domestic prelate, and
it was recommended that he should re- secretary to the apostolic chamber, and
ceive the warmth of a young person in  sent him, in 1712, as nuncio to Paris,
the same bed. Bentinck offered himself, where, during the last years of the reign
and caught the same disease in a violent of Louis XIV. he acted an important
degree, but the danger to which he sib- part in the -affairs of the bull Unigenitus.
mitted was amply repaid by the favor -The pope, in 1719, bestowed on him the
of the prince.  William brought him   hat of a cardinal. Poetry had occupied
with him to England, raised him to the the leisure hours of the learned cArdinal.
peerage, and granted him valuable lands. Some sonnets composed by him are to
The earl, faithful to his principles, be found in Gobbils collection, vol. 3,
served the king in various offices, civil and in other collections of his time.
and military, and attended him in his Under the name of Selvagrgio Porpora
last moments.    D. 1709. - WILLAM    he translated the " Thebais" of Statius
HENRY CAVENDISH, third duke of Port- into Italian. He delivered several adland, was born in 1738, and educated at dresses before societies for the promoChrist-church, Oxford. Hle was called  tion of the fine arts. His discourse in
to the house of lords by the death of his defence of the utility and moral influfather in 1762, having sat for some time  ence of painting, sculpture, and archiin the house of commons as member for tecture, delivered in the academy of
Weobley; after his accession to the up- design, at Rome, 1717, was reprinted by
per house he voted with the marquis of  the academy of the Arcadians, in the
Rockingham, under whose administra- second volume of the "Prose degli Artion he was lord chamberlain. During  cadi."  D. 172. —GUIDO, celebrated as




BEN]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         143
a cardinal and an historian, was b. at proved that they were not the composiFerrara, in 1579. He studied at Padua tions of tho tyrant of Agrigentum, who
with great reputation, and afterwards, lived more than five centuries before the
fixinog his residence at Rome, acqired  Christian era, but were written by some
general esteem by his prudence and in- sophist under the borrowed name of
tegrity.  lie was nuncio in Flanders Phalaris, inl the declining age of Greek
from  1607 to 1616, and afterwards in  literature.' Soon after this publicaticn,
France till 1621. His character stood so  lie -wes presented by the crown to the
high that, on the death of Urban VIII., mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge,
in 1644, lie was generally thought to be%  worth nearly 21000 a-year. He now rethe most likely person to succeed him; signed the prebend of Worcester. and,
but, on entering the conclave, in the in 1701, was collated to the archdeaconhottest and most unhealthiy season of  ry of Ely.. In 1711 he published an
the year, he was seized with a fever, of  edition of P-oracc, at Cambridge, in 4to.,
which he died, a.ed 6. HIe lived in a which was reprinted at Amsterdam;
magnificent style, and was much em- and in 1713 appeared his " Remarks on
barrassed at the time of his deaths-a  Collins's Discourse on Free-thinkinog,
circumstance attributed to his canvaiss under the form of a Letter to F. H.
for the papacy. He wrote a "History    [Francis Harel D.D., by Phileleutherus
of the Civil Wars in Flanders," in Ital- Lipsiensis. le was appointed regius
ian; an " Account of Flanders" during  professor of divinity in 1716, and, in the
his legation, also translated by the earl same year, issued proposals for a new
of M6nmouth; his own " Memoins,"editionl of the Greek Testament-an unand a "Collection of Letters," which  dertaking for which he was admirably
are reckoned among the best specimens  qualified, but which he was prevented
of the Italian language.              from executing, in consequence of tho
BENTLEY, ERIHAID, a celebrated En- animadversions of his determined adglish divine and classical scholar, dis- versary, Middleton. In 1726 he pubtinluished as a polemical writer, in the lished an edition of Terence and Phelatter part. of the 17th century, was born  drus; and his notes onl the comedies of
near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, in 1662. the former involved him in a dispult
His father is said to have been a black- with Bishop Hare, on the metres. ~f
smith. In 1684 he took the degree of   Terence, vIwhicl provoked the sarcastic
A.M. at Cambridge, and, in 1689, obtain- observation of Sir Isaac Newton, that
edl the same honor at the sister univer- "two dignified clergymen, instead of
sity. His first published work was a mindino their duty, had fallen out about
Latin epistle to doctor John Mill, in an  a play-book."  His last work was an
edition of the "Chronicle of John     edition of Milton's Paradise Lost, with
Malea," which appeared in 1691. Dr. conjectural emendations, which appearStillingfleet, having been raised to the ed in 1732. This added nothing to his
bishopric of Worcester, made Bentley  reputation, and may, in one word, be
his chaplain, and, in 1692, collated him  characterized as a failure. D. 1742.
to a prebend in his cathedral. In 1693   BENYOWS'KY, COUNT        MAURITIUS
he was appointed keeper of the royal AUGUSTus DE, magnate of Hungary and
[ibrnay at St. James's-a circumstance  Poland, was b. 1741, in the Hungarian
which incidentally led to his famous  province of Nittria. He embraced early
controversy with the honorable Charles the profession of arms, and after serving
Boyle, afterwards earl of Orrery, rela- in the imnperial armies, joined the contive to the genuineness of the Greek  federation of the Polish nobility. He
Epistles of Phalaris, an edition of which  accepted a high command in the army,
was published by the latter, then a stu- and distinguished himself against thi
dent at Christ-church, Oxford. In this Russians in various skirmishes, till sevCispute, Bentley was victorious, though  eral wounds disabled him, a.nd he fell
opposed by the greatest wits and critics into the hands of the enemy. The triofthe age, including Pope, Swift, Garth, umph of the Russians was great in posAtterbury, Aldrich, Dodwell, and Con- sessing the person of such an adversary;
vers Middcletol, who advocated the opin- but, instead of respecting his misforion of Boyle with a degree of warmth  tunes, they insulted his fate, and loadand illiberality that appears highly ing him with irons, confined him in a
extraordinary. In 1699,'having tlhree prison, where the dead carcasses of -his
vears before been made D.D., he pub- companiofs in misery threatened a
iished his " Dissertation on the Epistles pestilential contagion. iHe escaped, but
of Phalaris," in which he satisfactorily  again was taken, and hurried -away




144                   c YCLOProDIA OF BIOGRIAPHY.                     [BER
through the deserts of Siberia to Kara- raged in the Riesengebirge, from 1805
stchatka, where he found himself an in- to 1806, he procured corn and other prosulted exile and degraded prisoner,. 1770. visions from distant regions. Ie fitted
In this distant retreat he formed the de- up the palace Buchlowitz on his estate
sign of escaping, and the daughter of M. Buchlau, in Moravia, as an hospital for
Nilon, the governor of the nlace, con- the sick and wounded Austrian soldiers.
sented to share his fortunes,-and assist iHere this patriot and philanthropist was
him in his night. Ie succeedecdin his carried off by a contagious nervous fever,
attempt, made himself master of Kaml- July the 26th, 1809.
stchatka by force, and, accompanied by  BERENGARIUS, or BERENGER, of
eight-six faithful followers and nine  Tours, a teacher in the philosophical
women, among whom was his iair pro- school in that city, and in 1040 archldeatector, he sailed on the llth.Mlay, 1771, con of Angers, is renowned for his phifrom the harb6r, and.passmg by the   losophical acuteness as one of the schoisland of Formosa and the coalst of    last.ic writers, and also for the boldness
China, reached, Sept. 17th, the port of  with which, in 1050, he declared himself
Macao,.from  vhence he departed for against the doctrine of transubstantiaEUiope in a French vessel.   IIe no   tion, and for his consequent persecusooner landed in France, than he was tions. He was several times compelled
encouraged by the French court to form  to recant, but always returned to the
a settlement at  adagascar. He eagerly  same opinion, that the bread in the
embraced the proposal, and after a res- Lord's supper is merely a symbol of the
iden.ce of scarce seven months in Europe  body of Christ, in which he agreed vwith
set sail for Africa. On landing at Mad- the Scotsman, John Erigena. The Cathagascar, the governor ofthe isle of France oics ranked him among the most dansent a small force to oppose him. He  gerous heretics.  He was treated with
met the invaders with his usual bravery, forbearance by Gregory VII., but the
but his adherents were few and timid, scholastics belonging to the party of the
and the hero, abandoned by the thiity  great Lanfrane, archbishop of Canternatives that were with him, and assisted  bury, were so irritated against him, that
only by two Europeans, found himself   he retired to the isle of St. Gosmas, in
overpowered. A ball having struck him  the neighborhood of Tours, in the year
on the right breast decided the fortune  1080, where he closed his life at a great
of the day. He fell behind the.parapet, age in pious exercises in 1088. This
but his inhuman enemies, dragging him  Berenger must not be confounded with
by the hair, saw him expire in a few  Peter Berenger, of Poitiers, who wrote
minutes after, May the 23d, 1786.      a life of Abelard.
BERCHTOLDT, LEOPOLD, Count, was        BERENGER I., king of Italy, who
b. in 1758, and devoted his life to the  assumed the sovereignty on the death
relief of the wretched. He spent thir- of Charles I. in 888. Ile was defeated
teen years in travelling through Europe, by Rodolph of Burgundy, in 922, and
and four in travelling through Asia and  shortly  afterwards assassinated.-II.,
Africa, to' assuage human misery. The became king of Italy in 950, but was
results of his experience are contained  subseqtiently deposea for his tyranny,
in his "Essay to direct and extend the  and died in confinement in Germany.Inquiries of Patriot Travellers." HIe JAMEis, a celebrated anatomist and phywrote several pamphlets on " The Means  sician of the 16th century, born at Carpi,
of Reforming the Police," which he caus- in Italy, and died at Ferrara, 1550. Ho
ed to be printed in different European  made several important anatomical discountries, at his own expense, and to be coveries, and is said to be the first who
distributed giatis. His prize questions  used mercury in syphilitic diseases.gave rise to many pamphlets and treati- LAURENCE PETER, a native of Provence,
ses on the mean's of Saving the drowned  professor of rhetoric at Orleans previous
and s..eemingly. dead. He offered a prize  to the revolution; and, after the restoraof 1000 florins for.the best treatise on  t.ion of the Bourbons, professor at the
beneficient institutions and was himself -Lyceum of Lyons, and inspector of acadthe founder of many. From 1795 till emies; author of "Les Soirdes Pro1797 he travelled through Asiatic and  vencales," &c. D. 1822.
European Turkey, chiefly foer.he pur-   BERENICE, daughter. of Ptolemy
pose of counteracting the rarvaees of the Philadelphus, and wife of Antiochus,
plague. At a later period lIe was en- king of Syria. She was deserted by her
gaged in making vaccnation more exten- husband in ftvor of his former wifo
savely known. Durilng the famines that Laoeice, by whose orders she was straWn



BERI]                  CYCLOPAir DIA o' BIOGIRAPHY.                    145
gled in her retirement at Antioch, 148 are the breadth and just dist'ibution of
B. o.-A daughter of Ptolemy Auletes, the lights, the. grandeur of his masses of
king of Egypt. She usurpec her father's light and shadow, the natural ease nmd
throne, and put her first husband to   simplicity in the attitudes of his figures,
death; but the Romans replaced Ptol- the brilliancy and harmony, as well as
emy on his throne   and he caused his transparency of his coloring, the correctrebellious daughter to be executed.-A  ness and true perspective of his design,
daughter of Agrippa, king of Judea, and  and the eleaance of his composition.
wife of her father's brother, erod,, who  Although he hardly ever left his workwas made king of Chalcis by the Em- slop, et he lhad closelv observed nature,
peror Claudius. Becoming a widow, lduing a longu residence in the palace
she gave her hand to Polemoni king of  of Benthem. He died at Haerlem, in
Cilicia, out she soon deserted him, and  1G83.
became the mistress of Titus, who it was  BERGMANN, ToRBERN OLOF, a natthought, would have made her his wife  ural philosopher and chemist, was b.
but for the mulmmrs of the Romans.     at Cathelrineberg, in the Swedish provBERESFORD, JAMES, rector of Kib- ince of West Gothland, nMarch the 9th,
worth, Leicestershire, was born at Up- 1735, and obtained, a.fter many cifficulhamn, in Hampshire, in 1764, and received  ties, the permission of his famuily to dehis education at the Charter-house,:andc vote himself entirelv to the sciences. At
Merton college, Oxford. He was tlhe    that time disciples flocked from all quarauthor of a variety of separate works, ter to Linnaeus, at Upsal. They were
besides several excellent papers in the joined by Bergmiann, in 15, who, by
"' Looker-on," a periodical of consider'his acuteness and his discoveries, which
able interest, published in 1792-3; but were facilitated by his attainments in
the work which obtained for him the   geometry and physics, excited the notice
greatest celebrity, was the well-known  of this gireat man. In 1758 he became
humorous satire entitled " The Miseries doctor of philosophy and professor of
of Human Life."  D. 1840.              physics at Upsal. Upon the resignation
BERETTINI, PETER, an Italian archi- of the celebrated Wallerius he stood
tect and painter of great merit. B. 1596; candidate for the professorship of chemd. 1669.                               istry and mineralogy. His competitors
BERG, MATTAHIS VAN DER, a Flemish    chargecd him with ignorance of the subpainter, pupil of Rubens. B. 1615 cd. ject'becans e he lad never written on it.
1687.                                  To refute them, he shut himself up for
BERGEN, DIRE VAN DER), a celebra- some time in a laboratory, and prepared
ted landscape and portrait painter. D. a treatise on the manulfiacture of alum,
1689.                                  which is still considered as a standard
BERGHEM, NICHOLAS, an eminent work. In 1767 he became professor of
painter, b. at Haerlem in 1624, and re- chemistry, and devoted himself with
ceived his frst instructi6n in painting  ardor to this science. He invented the
from his father, Peter of Haerlem, who  preparation of artificial mineral waters,
was a very different artist. He then   and discovered the sulphureted hydrocontinued his studies under Van Goyen, gen gas of mineral springs.  We are inand the elder Weenix. It is related, debted to him for a knowledlge of the
that once, when pursued by his father, characters which distinguish nickel from
he fled into the workshop of Van Goyen, other metals. On a number of minerals
who, to protect him, called to his pupils, he made chemical experiments, with an
" Berf hem" (conceal him): this, it is accuracy before uncommon. He pubsaic, occasmoned his new name. Love    lished a classification of minerals, in
of his art, and the great demand for which the chief divisions are based on
paintings, as likewise the avarice of his their chemical character, and the subwife, prompted him to labor with great divisions on their external form. His
assiduity. To buy engravings, of which  theory of the chemical relations is still
he was very fond, he was often compel- esteemed, and if it has received some
led to borrow money fiom his students, new developments from the further rewhich he could only refund by deceiving  searches of Berthollet, it has not been
his wife in re1ard to the price of his.overthrown.  The order of Gustavus
paintings. In this manner he. obtained  Vasa was Bestowed on Bergmann. IIe
a rich collection. Berhem'slandscapes  declined the invitation of Frederic the
and representations of animals adorn the  Great to remove to Berlin. D. 1784.
most celebrated galleries. The distin-   BERKELEY, GEORGE, bishop        of
guishahi  characteristics of his pictures  Cloyne, in Ireland, celebrated for his
13




146                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBER
ideal theory.  He was b. at Kilerin, there he published his " Clavis Anglhca
Ireland, in 1684; became fellow of Trin- Lingurn  Botanice," a book of great
ity college, Dublin, in 1707; travelled in  merit: in 1765 he went to Leyden, and
Italy as tar as Leghorn, in 1713 and 1714, took his degree of M.D. On his return
and, at a later period, in 1721, he was to England_ he settled at Isleworth, in
made chaplain to the lord lieutenant of  Middlesex, and soon after published his
Ireland, the duke of Grafton. He ap- "'Pharmacopseia Medica."   In 1778 he
peared with much applause as an author attended the British commissioners to
before he" was twenty years old. His America, and at Philadelphia he was
works on philosophy and mathematics, committed to prison, but he soon afteramonog which his "Theory of Vision,"  wards was set at Jiberty, and returned
published in 1709, is the most brilliant with the commissioners to England,
proof of the author's acuteness, procured  where he obtained a pension. D. 1791.
him a wide-spread fame. In 1724 he      BERLICHINGEN, G6TZ, or GODFREY
was promoted to the deanery of iDerry, VON, with the iron hand; born at Jaxand resigned his fellowship. He now   thausen, in Suabia; a bold, restless,
publishdcl his " Proposals for the Con- warlike, and honorable German knight,
version of the American Savages to    of the middle ages. He placed himself
Christianity," by the establishment of a at the head of the rebellious peasants, in
college in the Bermuda islands. Thethe war whic they waged against their
project was very favorably received, and  oppressors, but was soon mache prisoner.
persons of the first rank raised consider- Befobre'that time he had lost his right
able stums by subscription to aid it; and  hand, and therefore wore one made of
Berkeley, having resigned his prefer- iron. He died July the 23d, 1562. His
ment, set sail for Rhode Island, with  iography, written   by himself, was
several other persons of similar views, printed at Nuremberg in 1731 and 1775,
to make arrangements for carrying on  and, for the third time, at Breslau, in
his college. The assistance of parliament, 1813. This book contains an excellent
which had been promised, not being af- picture of the social life and customs of
forded, his undertaking miscarried, after the middle ages, and has furnished
he had spent seven years and a consid- Goethe with the subject for his beautiful
crab'h part of his fortune in his efforts to  drama.,  " Goetz  von  Berlichingen,"
accomplish it.  He afterwards wrote which Sir Walter Scott translated.
numerous philosophical, religious, and  BERNADOTTE, CHARLES JOHN XIV.,
politico-economical works; amonog the king of Sweden and Norway, whose
rest two treatises on the utility of tar original name was JOHN BxPTIi5TE JULIUS
water. D. 1758.-GEORGE, earl of, one BERNADOTTE, was born of very humble
of the privy council of Ciharles II.; au- parents at Pau- in Bearne. He received
thor of " Historical Applications and  a good education, and it is said that he
Occasional Meditations."  I). 1698.-Sir was designed for the bar, but he sudWILLIAqt, of the same family as the    denly abandoned his studies, and enabove; vice-admiral of the white. He  listed as a private in the mnarines. For
was killed in an action with the Dutch, nine years from his enlistment, that is,
1666.-JOtHN LE FRANc VAN, a Dutch     up to the year 1789, the utmost rank
physician, naturalist, and poet; author that Bernadotte had attained was that
of "Poems," " Natural History of Hol- of sergeant; but in the opening made
land," &c. B. 1729; d. 1812.-Sir WIL- b the French revolution, by the sweepLIAM, governor of Virginia; author of  ing away the arbitrary barrier which till
"The Description and Laws of Vir- then had rendered plebeian merit of little
ginia," &c. D. 1677.                  avail in the French service, Lernadotte
BERKENHOUT, JO1HN, an English       saw his advantage, arid improved it so
physician and general writer. He was well, that in 1792 he was a colonel in
b. at Leeds, in Yorkshire, about 1700, the army of Custines. In 1793 he so
and his father, who was a Dutch mer- distinguished himself under the coInchant, gave him an education suitable  m and of Kleber, as to be raised to the
to the same calling; but his turn being  rank of general of brigade,, and shortly
to a military life, he entered into the afterwards, of division. On the Rhine
Prussian service, and rose to the rank. and in Italy he more and more distin-.
of captain. In 1756 he quitted that ser- guished himself, and he showed that
vice and entered into that of England, his talents were not those of a nmere solwhere he obtained the same rank. At dier, by his conduct in a somewhat difthe peace, in 1760, he went to Edinburgh, - icult embassy to Austria. Between him
and began the study of physic; while  and Napoleon there seems to have been




BER]                  CYCLOPFEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        147
a constant distrust, if not actual hatred; " Historical Account of Europe," &c.
nevertheless, Bernadotte had - a mar- B. 1658; d. 1718.-JOHN, an actor; aushal's staff on othe establishment of the thor of "Retrospection of the Stage."
consulate, and was created prince of  D. 1828.-CLAUDE, surnamed "the poor
Ponte Corvo in 1806. In all his cam- priest," was a native of Dijon, whose
paigns, Bernadotte was distinguished  active benevolence towards the poor and
irom the great majority of the French  sick was unremitting during the whole
commanders by the clemency and gen- course of his life, and- for whose support
erosity of his conduct from the moment he not only expended his whole inherthat the battle was at an end; and it itance, ~20,000, but was continually emwas this conduct, even more than his ployed in soliciting for them the benebrilliant reputation as a soldier, that factions of others. B. 1588; d. 1641.caused him to be put in nomination as PETER JOSEPH, a French amatory poet,
a successor of Charles XIII. of Sweden. styled by Voltaire, le gentil Bernard, an
Napoleon, then emperor, could but with  epithet by which he is still distinguishdifficulty be induced to consent to Ber- ed. B. at Grenoble, 1710; d. 1775.-Sir
nadotte becoming crown-prince and heir THOMAS, a gentleman and scholar, to
to the throne. "What!" said Berna- whom the Society for bettering the Condotte, "will you make me greater than  dition of the Poor owes its establishment,
yourself by mnakicngme refuse a crown?"' and who was also the active promoter
The sarcasm told, and Napoleon merely  of many charities, was born at Lincoln,
replied, "Gol our fates must be accom- 1750; d. 1818. —DUKE of WEIMAR, the
plished!"  From  the instant that he fourth son of duke John of Saxe-Weibecame crown-prinep of Sweden, the mar, was a general whose magnanimfortunate soldier showed a determina- ity, skill,,and impetuous valor were fretion to give all his energies to his adopt- quently displayed while commanding
ed country; he formed a secret alliance the Swedish army after the death of
with Russia in 1812, and, in 1818, he  Gustavus; and who afterwards, while
took command of the combined armies in alliance with France, did great serof Northern Germany against France. vice to the Protestant cause. He died
Never during half a century before his by poison, administered, as his cotemaccession had Sweden known the peace   poraries asserted, at the instigation of
or the prosperity in which he left her the duke of Richelieu, who had become
in the hands of his son Oscar. B. 1765; jealous of his power: but of this there
d. 1844.                              is no substantial proof. B. 1604; d. 1639.
BERNARD     OF MENTHON, arch- -SIMON, geheral of engineers of France,
deacon of Aosta, -was born in 923, near was b. at Dole in 1779. The kindness
Annecy, in Savoy, and was celebrated  of the parish priest supplied him with
among his cotemporaries for his learn- sufficient of the rudiments of learning
ing and piety; but his claims to the to allow his entering the Polytechnic
notice of later ages rest on his having  school at fifteen years of age. La Place,
been the benevolent founder of the two  Hai:y, and other great men were then at
admirable institutions on the Great and  the head of the Polytechnic school, and
Little Saint Bernard, by means of which  so well did Bernard avail himself of their
the lives of so many travellers have been  lessons, that he not only becamesonc of
saved. D. 1008.-OF THURINGIA, a fa- the most distinguished engineer officers
natical hermit of the 10th century, who  and aids-de-camp of Napoleon, but,
threw almost all Europe into consterna- subsequently to the emperor's fall, exetion, by preaching that the end of the  cuted works in the United States, which
world was at hand. Multitudes relin- are most undoubtedly unequalled elsequished their occupations, and became  where; the most distant places being
pilgrims; and others were so frightened  united by canals, actual navigable rivers,
at an eclipse of the sun, which then   and upwards of four thousand five hunoccurred, that they hid themselves in  dred miles of frontier rendered secure
caverns and holes in the rocks. The   against invasion by forts and works.
terror spread by this man was not whol- Since July, 1830, he returned to France,
ly removed till towards the end of the and was for some time minister of war.
eleventh century.-EDWARD, an Englishi D. 1839.-SAINT, the abbot of Clairvaux,
philosopher and critic; author of "Ety- and one of the most influential ecclesimologicum  Brittanicum," a ";Treatise  astics of the middle ages. He was born
on Ancient Weights and Measures,"      of a noble family at Fontaines, in Bur&c., &c. B. 1638; d. 1697.-JAMES, a gundy, 1091. He became a monk of
French Protestant divine; author of an  Citeaux in 1118, and two year. later,




148                   CYOCLjOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BER
first abbot. of Clairvaux.  An austere  served at Malta, in Russia, and in Pomanlier of living, solitary studies, bold  land. Qn his revisiting his native counlanguage and eloquence, with the repu- try, he obtained a captai's commission
tation of a prophet, made him soon the  in the engineer corps, and was sent to
oracle of Christian Europe.  He was the Isle of France, from whence, howcallecd the honeyed teacher, and his wri- ever, after a residence of three years, he
tings, a stream from Paradise. He prin- returned, with no other fobrtune than a
cipdlly promoted -the Crusade in 1146, collection of shells and insects, and a
and quieted the fermentation, caused at narrative of his voyage.  The latter,
that time by a party of monks, against which was his first literary effort, was
the Jews in Germanly. lie declined all published in 1773; and le, thenceforth,
promotion, and in the rank of abbot of  devoted himself to literature.   His
his " beloved Jerusalem," as he used to  ".Studies of Nature" appeared in 1784,
call Clairvaux, he continued with all hu- and passed rapidly through several edimility, but with great boldness, his cen- tions. "Paul and Virginia" was pubsures of the clergy and his counsels to  lisheld in 1788, and this delightful tale
the popes. Innocent II. owed to him    acquired an unprecedented popularity,
the succession of the right of ixnestiture  and set the seal on his reputation.
in Germany, and EuoedniLs III. his edu-  During the reign of terror, lie narrowly
cation. He was, at the same time, the  escaped the scaffold.  From  Napoleon
unmpire of princes and bishops, annd his  and his brother Joseph he received
voice in the synods was rearrded as di- pensions, which gave comfort to his
vinle. By his rigid orth-ooxy amc his lratter days. He d. in 1814. His "HIarmystical? doctrines, which, thonugh   at; monies of Natur'o" weas given to the
times enthusiastic, were alwavs directed  press after his death. The best edition
to the promotion of practical Christian- of his works is in 12 octavo vols. The
ity, he refuted the subtleties and dia- philosophy of St. Pierre is occasionally
lectics of the scholastic philosophers, al- eccentric but the purity of his morality,
though his severity against Abelard and  and the beauty of his style, deserve the
Gilbert of Poree can by no means be hilhest praise.
justified. Luther says of him,'If there  3ERNES, or BARNES, JULIANrA, an
has ever been a pious 4ionk who feared  English lady of the 15th century, of
God, it was St. Bernard; whom alone I whom little more is known, than that
hold in much higher esteem than all she was prioress of the nunnery of Sopeother monks and priests throughout the well, near St. Alban's, and has her name
globe."    He died in 115., anid was can- prefixed, as the writer or compiler, to
onized by Alexander III., in 1174.     one of the earliest and most curious proBERNARDEZ, DIEGO, called by his      ductions of the English press. The title
countrymen the Portuguese Theocritus,  of the second edition, printed in the
was not more eminent as a pastoral poet, abbey of St. Alban's, in 1486, is, " The
than as a brave warrior; and after nu- Boke of Hawkyng and Huntyng, with
merous'deeds of heroism, was taken     other Pleasures dyverse, and also Cootprisoner by the Moors at the battle of armuries."   The first edition (1481),lcazarquiver. D. 1596.                does not treat of coat-armor or herBERNARDI, AcGusTus FREDERIC, a       aldry.  This wvork, under the title of
German philologist, whose great aim was  " The Book of St. Alban's," became a
to invent a universal grammar common   popular manual of sporting science, and
to all languages, and who, in his endeav- was several times reprinted in the 16th
ors to effect that object, displayed great century. As a typographical curiosity,
ingenuity and learning.,. at Berlin, a small impression of it was published,
1768; d. 1820.-JOE N, a celebrated en- in 1811, by Mr. Halsewood.
graver and architect. D. 1555.           BERNI, FRANCIs, one of the most
BERNARDINE, a Catholic saint; eminent Italian poets of the 16th cei:canonized for his zeal in causing more  tury, was b. at Lamporecchio, in Tusthan 300 monasteries to be founded. B. cany, and d. of poison, in 1536.  He
at Massa, in Tuscany, 1380; d. 1445.   remodelled Bojardo's "Orlando InnaBERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, morato."            His "Rime Burlesche," and
JAMES HENNRY, was b. at Havre, in 1737, his Latin "Poems," are to be found
and is said to have been a descend- in various collections.-Count FRANCIS,
ant of the celebrated Eustace de St. a civilian, orator, and poet, was b. at
Pierre, the patriotic mayor of Calais. Ferrara, in 1610.  He was greatly in
At the. of twenty he entered into the favor with Pope Innocent X., Alexander
engineer service; and he successively  VII., and Clenient IX., and with two




BEBR]                CYCLOPiEDiA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      t49
successive dukes of Mantua.  He ex- was elected professor of mathematics in
celled in dramatic pieces, of which he that college. Hie greatly advanced the
wrote eleven. A volume of his miscel- science of mathedmtics, by his applicalanies was published with the title of tion of the differential calcnlus to the
Academia."' D. 1673.                 solution of geometrical and mathematiBERNIER, FRANCIS, a physician and  cal problems, his invention of the Bertraveller, was b. at Angers. In 1655  nouillian numbers, and his calculation
after having passed through Syria and  of curves, spirals, and evolutes. Ie d.
Egypt, he visited India, where he re- 1705.-JoiN, brother of the former, was
sided for some years, as physician to  b. at Ble in 1667, and became one of
Aurungzebe. Onl his return to France the-greatest mathematicians of his time.
he published his "Travels," a work of  He was destined for the profession of
great interest and authenticity.  Ber- a merchant. but was predilected to the
nier was universally admired for the sciences, and, in 1685, he published, in
graces of his mind and person.  His conjunction with his brother, a very
principal work, besides his "Travels,"  valuable work " On the Differential
is an "Abridgment of Gassendi's Phi- Calculus, and was the first who delosophy," in 8 vols. D. 1688.        veloped the method    of integration.
BiR'NININ,   JOHN LAURENCE, who was Four years after this, he went to
at once a painter, a sculptor, and an  France, where lhe became the instructor
architect, and whom his cotemporaries of the Marquis de 1'Hopital, about which
denominated the modern Michael An- time he discovered the calculus of exgelo, was b. at Naples, in 1598.  At ponents, and took the degree of M.D.
the early age of eight years, he maui- In 1695 he became professor of mathfested his genius by sculpturing the  ematics at Groningen. From Frederic
head of a child in marble. Some of his I. of Prussia, he received a gold medal
finest works were produced before he for the discovery of mercurial phospllowas twenty.   He was patronized by   rus, and was likewise chosen member
Popes Urban VIII., Alexander VII., and  o the academies of Berlin and Paris.
Innocent X., and was invited to France  In 1705 he succeeded his brother as proby Louis XIV. His finest productions fessor of mathematics at Berlin, and
are at Rome. Bernini had a ine genius; died in 1748.-NICHOLAS, nephew of the
but he is accused of mannerism, and of  the former, was b. at BWle, in 1687,
having often violated the principles of and although intended for the law, detrue taste. D. 1680.                 voted himself to the favorite study of
BERNIS, Cardinal FRANCIS JOAcHIM   his uncles. He studied under John B.
DE PIERaES DE, a French poet and     Math, at Groningen and Bale, and havstatesman, was b. at St. Marcel de l'Ar- ing travelled through Switzerland, Holdeche, in 1715. In early life, he pub- land, and England, in 1713, became
lished some light poetry, which gained  member of the royal societies of London
him the patronage of Madame de Pom- and Berlin. On being recommended by
padoul, through whose influence lie Leibnitz, he was chosen professor of
was pensioned, and received into the mathematics at Padua, in 1716, but, in
academy; he was subsequently em- 1722, he went to Bale, as professor of
ployed to negotiate in Italy, Spain, and  logic, and, in 1731, he was translated to
Austria, promoted to be minister for the chair of Roman and feudal law. He
foreign affairs, and gratified with the' died in 1790, and left the three foldignity of cardinal. In 1764 hle was lowing sons.-NICHOLAS, b. at Bale, in
made archbishop of Alby, and in 1769  169, became, in 1723, professor of law
was sent ambassador to Rome. The there, and died in Petersburg, in 1726.
revolution deprived him of his rev- -DANIEL, b. at Groningen, in 1700
enues; but he obtained a pension from  studied medicine, and took the degree
Spain. He left behind him   a poemn,of M.D. He became professor of anatwith the title of "Religion Avenged."  omy and botany at Bale, in 1733 and,
D. 1794.                             in 1750, of natural philosophy, and died
BERNOITILLI, a family of eminent in 1782. He received ten different prizes
mathematicians, who emigrated from   from the academy of Paris, one of which
Antwerp to Bale, in consequence of the he shared with his father, for investigareligious persecution of the cduke of tions in astronomy.  lie was one of the
Alva.   Eiglht distinguished men be- greatest natural philosophers and mathlongecd to this family, whom we shall ematicians of his time, and was a memnotice iii the order of seniority.-JAMEs, ber of tle societies of Petersburg, Paris,
wn. b. at Bale, in 1654, and, in 1687, and Berlin, to whose transactions hP
~~~~~~~~~~~~'63~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~




10o                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBER
contributed many of their most valuable  Bourbons all the reverses they were
papers.-JoHN, -b. at Bale, in 1710, be- doomed to suffer; and he deserved a
came professor of rhetoric there, in  better fate, if it'were only for the be1745, and three years afterwards was nevolence of his character.  His son
translated to the chair of mathematics. Henri, born posthumously, commonly
He died in 1790, and left the two fol- called the   u  de 1ordeaux, or the
lowing soIns.-JOHN, the author of sev- Comte de Chambord, is the legitimate
eral excellent works, was b. at Bale, heir to the throne of France.
1744, became, at the age of nineteen,   BERRIMAN, WILLIAM, an English
royal astronomer at Berlin, travelled  divine, author of 5 vols. of sermons, &c.
through all Europe, and returned, in  B. 1688; d. 1750.
1770, wlhen he became director of math-  BERRUYEI, JOSEPrI ISAAC, a French
ematics of the academy, and died in   Jesuit, whose writings were condemned
1807.-JAMES, b. also at Bile, in 1759, at Rome for their too great liberality,
became professor of mathematics at Pe- author of a " Iistory of the People of
tersburg, and married the daughter of  God," &c. D. 1658.
Euler.                                  BERRY, Sir JOHN, an English nava
BERNSTORFF, JOHN HARTWIG Er- commander, knighted for his distinNEST, Count, a celebrated statesman in  guished bravery at the battle of Souththe employment of the king of Den- wold Bay. He died of poison, adminismark, and founder of the Danish So- tered to him on board ihis ship, 1691.ciety of Languages and the Fine Arts, Sir IEDWARD, a rear-admiral of England.
and the Economical and Agricultural This officer was the only one in the
Society. B. at Hanover, 1712; d. 1772. royal navy who had received threle med-ANDREW PETER, Count, nephew of the   als for his services, having commanded
above, a Danish minister of state. Du- a line-of-battle ship in the memorable
ring the American war he effected the battles of the Nile, Trafalgar, and St.
armed neutrality of Russia, Prussia, Domingo. D. 1831.
Denmark, and Sweden, for the pro.ec-    BERSMANN, GEORGE, a learned Gertion of the trade of those powers against man, author of "Notes on some of the
the belligerents; and it was chiefly  Classics," and a Latin version of the
owing to his skilful policy that Den- "Psalms of David."   B. 1538; d. 1611.
marlk was prevented from being drawn    BERTAUT, JOHN, a French prelate
into collision with either Sweden or and poet, chaplain to Catherine de MeRussia, when the war broke out be- dici, and secretary of the cabinet of
tween those powers in 1788. B. 1735; Henry III. B. 1562; d. 1611.
d. 1797.                                BERTHIER, ALEXANDaE, prince of
BEROALDUS, PHILIP, an Italian pro- Neufehatel and Wagram, a marshal and
fessor of eloquence. B. 1453; d. 1505. vice-constable of France, was b. at
-PHILIP, nephew of the above, an Ital- Versailles, in 1758, and served with Laian poet, librarian of the Vatican under fayette in thM war of Americai indePope Leo X. D. 1518.                  pendence.   At the commencement of
BEROSUS, priest of the temple of    the French revolution he was made a
Belus, at Babylon, in the time of Ptol- general officer, fought gallantly in La
emy Philadelphus. He wrote a " His- Vendce, and was at the head of Bonatory of Chaldsea," some fragments of.parte's staff in Italy, Egypt, and Gerwhich are preserved by Josephus.      many. He was, in fact, the companion
BERQUIN     ARNAULD, an     elegant of Napoleon in all his expeditions, diFrench  writer, author of "Idyls,"    ning and travelling in the same carriage;
" L'Ami des Enfans," and other inter- and his skill in drawing up dispatcles,
esting works for youth.  B. 1749; d. joined to his unweariecd application and
1791.                                 methodical habits, proved of iicamlculaBERRETINI, NICHOLAs, an eminent ble value to the emperor in the vast
historical painter, pupil of Carlo Mluratti. pressure of his affairs. On the restoraB. 1617; d. 1682.                     tion of Louis, however, in 1814, he recBERRI, CHARLES FERDINAND DE, BOUR- ognized his authority, and was created
BON, duke de, second son of the Count a peer; but when his former master
d'Artois, afterwards Charles  X. of returned from Elba, he retired to his
France; assassinated by one Louvel, family at Bamberg, where, as soon as
who attackled him just as he had left the music of the Russian troops, on
the opera-house, and was on the point their march to the French borders, was
of stepping into his carriage, Feb. 13, heard at the gates of the city, he put an
1820. He shared in common with the    end to his life in a fit of frenzy or re




BER]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       151
morse, by throwing himself from a win- Bourbon, 1752; d. at St. Doniingo
dow of his palace, June 1, 1815.-JOSEPH.1700.-Louis FRANCOIS, the principal
STEPHEN, a French philosopher of the  founder of the "Journal des Dedbats,"
Socirty of the Oratory; author of "Phy- was an influential editor. B. in Paris,
sique des Cometes," &c. B. 1710; d. 1766; d. 1842.
1783.-WILLIAx- FRANCIS, a learned Jes-  BERTINAZZI, CHARLES ANTHONY, a
nit, one of the editors of the "Diction- celebrated comedian, and an acconmnaire Trevou," and translator of the plished wit, was b. at Turin, in 1713,
Psalms into French. B. 1704; d. 1782.. and for more than forty years was one
BERTHOLLET, CLAUDE Louis, Count, of the most distinguished comic actors
one of the most eminent chemists of the  at Paris. D. 1783.
day, was b. at Talloire, Savoy, in 1748,  BERTIUS, PETERz, professor of matheand studied medicine at Turin.   He matics, and cosmographer to the king
afterivards settled in Paris,. where he of France; author of "Theatrumn Gebecame intimate with Lavoisier, was ographia Veteris," &c.    B. 1565; d.
admitted.a iember of the Academy of  1629.
Sciences, and made professor of the nor-  BERTOLI, GIOVANNI DOMENICO, obmal school. He accompanied Bonaparte tained the name of the patriarch of
to Egypt, and returned with him; and, Aquileia, from his having first directed
during the emperor's reign, was made  attention to the antiquities of that place,
a senator and an officer of the legion of  and for his successful endeavors to prehonor; notwithstanding which ic was vent the inhabitants from mutilating or
one of the first to desert his patron when  destroying them. B. 1676; *t. 1758.
his fortunes were on the decline; for   BERTON, HENRI MONTAU, an eminent
which lie received the title of count from  French composer, who formed his style
Louis *XVIII.  His principal work is under Gluck, Piccini, Pasiello, and Sac"iEssai de Statique Chimique," but he  chini. He first appears before the public
wrote many other valuable essays, and  as a composer when only 19, in his
had also a large share in the reforma- "Concert Spirituel."  He afterwards
tion of the chemical nomenclature. D. wrote 20 operas. B. at Paris, 1767; d.
1822.                                 1832.
BERTHOLON, N. DE ST. LAZARE, a        BERTRAM, CORNE;LUS BORNAVENTURE,
French chemist and philosopher of the Hebrew professor at Geneva and Lau18th century, whose works onl aerosta- sanne; author of a " Dissertation on the
tioin, electricity, and other scientific sub- Republic of the Hebrews," &c., B. 1531;
jects, evince much learning and ability. d. 1594.
B. at Lyons, and d. in 1799.            BERTRAND, JOHN BArTIST, a French
BERTHOUD, FERDINAND, a skilful physician; author of an "' Historical AcSwis clock and chronometer maker; count of the Plague at Marseilles," &c.
author of "Trait6 des Horologes Ma- B. 1670; d. 1752.-HENRY       GRATICA,
rine;" " Histoire de la Mesure du Temps Count, a distinguished French general,
par les Horologes," &c. B. at Plance- who shared the exile of Napoleon,
mont, Neufchatel, 1727; d. 1807. His and whose military achievements were
nephew Louis inherited his talents, and  eclipsed by the fidelity of his devotion
was not less celebrated than his uncle. to the great captain. He was with his
The accuracy of their chronometers is leader in all his campaigns, and acted a
proverbial.                           brilliant part at Spandau, Friedland,
- BERTI, ALEXANDER POMPEY, a native  Lutzen, Bautzen. B. 1770; d. 1844
of Lucca; author of " La Caduta de'     BERTRANDI, JOHN AMBROSE MARIA,
decemviri della Romana Republica," &c. an eminent surgeon and anatomist of
B. 1686; d. 1752.-JoHN LAURENCE, an   Turin; author of a'' Treatise on SurgiItalian monk, and general of the order cal Operations," and various other proof the Augustines; author of some Ital- fessional works. B. 1723: d. 1765.
ian poetry, a work " De Disciplinis The-  BERULLE, PIERRE DE, Cardinal, founologicis," &c. B. 1696; d. 1766.      der of the congregation of the Oratory.
BERTIN, JOSEPH, a French physician  He was employed in many affairs of state
and anatomist; auther of a "Treatise  in France; and accompanied Henifetta
on Osteology," and other valuable works Maria, wife of Charles 1., to England.
on anatomy. B. 1712; d. 1781.-AN- D. 1629.
TIONY, a French military officer and an  BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES, duke
elegant poet; author of a "' Collection of  of, natural son of James II. and Arabella
Elegies," and other poems, which were  Churchill, sister of the duke of Marlbogreatly esteemed.  B. 4n the isle of rough; a distinguished and gallant sol




152                  CYCLOP EDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.                        [BET
dier, and author of a valuable volume  one of the most eminent revivera of
of memoirs. Killed at the siege of Phil- learning in the 15th century, and founder
ipsburgh, in 1734.                     of the noble library of St. Mark, at
BERYLLUS, an Arabian bishop of      Venice. He translated from Aristotle,
the 3d century; converted by Origen    Xenophon, &c.; and zealously defended
from his heterodox opinion, that Christ Plato against the attacks of George of
had no existence prior to his incarna- Trebizond. He was made a cardinal by
tion.                                 Pope Eugene, and had the title of patriBERZELIUS, Baron, one of the great'uarch of Constantinople given  hnim  by
chemists of modern times, was b. in   Pius II. B. 1395; d. 1472.
1779, in Ostgothland, a province of Swe-  BESSEL, Dr. FREDERICK WILLIAM, a
den, where his father kept a village  distinguished Prussian astronomer, b.
school. After graduating at Upsala in  1784. IHe was professor of astronomy in
1804, he repaired to Stockholn, where the university of Berlin; and such was
he became an assistant to Spawrnmannn, the skill and assiduity. with which he
who had accompanied Captain Cook in   prosecuted his fivorite study, that lhe
one of his voyages round the world; was twice presented with a gold miedal
and at his death, in 1806, he succeeded  from the Royal Astronomical Society of
him in the chair of chemistry, which he  London, for the number and accuracy of
continued to fill for forty-two years. It his observations. 1). 1846.
would be impossible within our limits   BESSIERES, JonN BAPTIST, duke of
to give even a summary of his labors Istria, and a French marshal, was b.
durinU g this period; suffice it to say, that at Poitou, in 1769. IIe distinguished
in a cenitury which has produced agreat- himself in many memorable battles, and
er number of distinguished chemists   was highly esteemed by Napoleon for
than perhaps of any other class of men  his honor, skill, and bravery.'He fell
of science, Berzelius stood out as a star in the conmbat that preceded the battle
of the first magnitude.  His patient of Lutzen.
labors, and ingenious investigations,   BETHENCOURT, JOHN DE, a Norman
have done more to lay the foundation of  baron, and a military adventurer, who
organic chemistry than those of any   conquered the Canary Islands, and afterother chemist. To him pre-eminently   wards held them as a fief of the crown
belongs the honor of applying the great of Castile. BD. 1425.
principles which had been established   BETHLEM-GABOR, the son of a
by Dalton, Davy, Gay-Lussac, and him- poor Transylvanian Calvinist gentleman,
self, ino inorganic chemistry, to unfolding  was patronized by Gabriel Battori, then
the laws which regulate the combinations  dethroned him, and, in 1613, proclaimed
formirng the structures of the animal himself prince of Transylvania. In 1618
and vegetable kingdoms; and in thus he reduced Hungary, assumed the title
opening the way for the discoveries of  of king, and invaded Austria and MoMulder, Liebig, Dumas, and others. To  ravia; whence, however, he was exhim chemistry is indebted for the dis- pelledt by Tilly. A treaty ensued, and
covery of several new elementary bodies, he relinquished his Hungarian conmore especially selenium, morium, and  quests; but remained   sovereign of
cerium; and to his skill as a manipula- Transylvania till his death, in 1629.
tor may be traced many of the analytical  BETHUNE, DIVIE, an eminent phiprocesses at present in use.   Under lanthropist and Christian, was b. at
these circumstances it is not surprising  Dingwall, Rosshire, Scotland, in 1771.
that all the scientific societies of the In early life he resided at Tobago, where
world. contended for the honor of enroll- his only brother was a physician. lHe
ing his name amriong their members; removed to the United States in 1792,
and the various minor honors which he and settled as a merchant in New York.
received from his own sovereign from  Before a tract society was formed in this
time to time, were finally crowned by  country, Mr. Bethune printed 10,000
his being made a knight grand cross of tracts at his own expense, and himself
the order of Vasa in 1829, and his eleva- distributed many of them. He also imtion'to the rank of a baron in 1835. D. ported bibles foi* distribution.  From
1848.                                 1803 to 1816 he was at the sole expense
BESOLDE, CHRISTOPHER, a counsellor of one or more Sunday schools. D. 1824.
of Vienna; author of a "Synopsis of     BETTERTON, Tioiais, a celebrated
Politics," a "History of the Ottoman   actor, was b. in 1635, at Westminster,
Empire," &c. B. 1577; d. 1638.         and began life as an apprentice to a
BESSARIAN, JOHN, a Greek priest, bookbinder.      At the age of twenty,




3EZ]                  CYCLOPMEDIA OF BIOGRAPHIY                         153
however, he went upon the stage, and     BEVER, Dr. THOMAS, an English civilultimately acquired a high degree of ian; a judge of the Cinque Ports and.
reputation as a tragic actor; especially  author of a treatise on "The Legal
in some of Shakspeare's principal char- Polity of the Romans," &c. D. 1791.
acters. In 1695 he opened a new theatre  BEVERIDGE, WILLIAM, bishop of
ii Lincoln's Inn Fields; but this spec- St. Asaph; an eminent orientalist, critic,
ulation was unsuccessful. Several pieces  and theologian, and one of the most diswere altered by him for the stage. D. tinguished scholars that ever adorned
1710.                                  the prelacy, was b. at Barrow, LinBETTINELLI, XAVIER, an elegant collshire, in 1638, and educated at St.
Italian, writer, was b. at Mantua, in  John's college, Cambridge. He was the
1718, and became a member of the soci- author of numerous works; among which
ety of Jesuits. For some years he had  are 12 volumes of "Sermons," "Private
the direction of the college of nobles at Thoughts on Religion," " Institutionum
Parma, and afterwards was'professor of  Chronologicarumn Libri duo," &c. He
eloquence at Modena. iHe continued his  bequeathed the principal part of his
literary career till his death, which took  property to charitable uses. D. 1707.
place at Venice in 1808. Ilis works oc-  BEVERLY      JOHN or, tutor to the
cupy 24 vols. 12mo., of which two are  Venerable Bede, and subsequently archoccupied by tragedies, and three by    bishop of York. Hle was one of the
poems. Of his prose works, one of the  most learned men of his time, and sevmost celebrated is " Letters of Virgil."  eral of his devotional treatises are still
BETTS, JOHN, an English physician    extant. D. 721.
of the time of Charles 11.; author of a  BEVERNINCK, JEROME VAN, a Dutch
treatise " De Ortu et Natura Sanguinis,"  statesman; greatly instrumental in pro&cG.                                   moting the treaty of Nimeguen, which
BETUSSE, JosEPHr, an Italian poet of  produced a general peace. B. 1614; d.
the 16th century; he translated into   1690.
Italian the Latin works of Boccaccio,    BEVERWICK, JOHN Da, a Dutch
and wrote a life of him.               physician; author of some valuable
BEUCKELS, WILLAM, a fisherman, a     works on    professional subjects.  B.
native of Dutch Flanders, is one of    1594; d. 1647.
those men who have a claim to be con-    BEWICK, THOMAS, a celebrated ensidered as benefactors of their country. graver on wood, which art he -acquired
About the beginning of the 15th century  under a Mr. Beilby, bf Newcastle-onhe discovered the art of curing and bar- Tyne, with whom he went into partnerrelling herrings; a discovery which    ship.' He was considered, when he died,
proved in the highest degree beneficial at the head of his art.-JOHN, brother of
to his native land.  His countrymen    the preceding, who also attained great
erected a statue to his memory.    D. excellence in the art of engraving on
1449.                                  wood. These ingenious men carried
BEUF, JOHN LE, a French antiquary; their art to a state of perfection which
author of "-Memoirs of the History of  will not easily be surpassed. The first
Auxerre," &c. B. 1607; d. 1670.        work that attracted the notice of the
BEUIN IONVILLE, PETEIRIEL, count public, and at once -established their
of, a French marshal, was b. in Bur- reputation, was a "I istory of Quadrugundy, in 1752, served in the East In- peds," published in 1790, with figures
dies, and under Dumourier, and was     on wood. It was eagerly sought after
made minister of war in 1793. He was by the curious, and has been followed
one of the republican commissioners by many other proofs of their abilities,
whom Dumourier gave up to the Aus- the last of which is a " History of Brittrians, and was imprisoned at Olnutz ish Birds," 8vo published in 1797, two
till 1795. On his return to France he years after the death of John.
was appointed to the command of the      BEZA, THEODORE DE, was b. in
armies of the Sambre and the Meuse, 1519. at Vezelay, a small town of Burand of Holland. During the consulate   gundy, of a noble family. He was conhe was ambassador at Berlin and lIa- fided to the care of the celebrated
drid; and, under the empire, was grand  professor MAelchoir Wolmar, who taught
officer of the legion of honor, senator, him the Scriptures. But these pious inand count. Hie voted for the deposition  structions seemed at first smothered unof Napoleon, followed Louis to Ghent, der the passions of youth. Surrounded
and was rewarded with the title of mar- in Paris with all that could lead astray,
ohal. D. 1821.                         amiable, rich, and full. of spirit, be lived




154                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [BI0
as a man of the world, published a vol- to England, wrote " Castore e Polluce"
lime of light poetry, under the name of  for Madame Storace, and " Inez de Cas"Juvenilia," and contracted a secret tron ifr Mrs. Billington; and died early
marriage, because one of his uncles, who  in the present century.
was in orders, had bequeathed to him the  BIANCHINI, FRANCIs, a philosopher
revenues of some ecclesiastical benefices. and mathematician of Verona, author of
A severe sickness awakened his consci- "Istoria Universale provata con Monuence. " Hardly had I strength to rise,"  menti et Figurata con symboli degli
he writes to Wolmar, "when, breaking  Antichi," and a vast number of scienall ties, and packing up my small effects, tifie and literary treatises. B. 1662; d.
I left at once my country, parents, 1729.
friends, to follow Christ. I exiled my-  BIART, PIEnRE, a Jesuit missionary,
self voluntarily, and retired to Geneva who came to Acadia in 1611, and who
with my wife." His marriage was pub- wrote a relation of the events of his
licly consecrated in the church, and he voyage and visit. The next year he asrenounced all his youthful sins. This cended the Kennebec;,and in 1613 aroccurred in the month of November, rived at St. Savour on the Penobscot.
1548.  Hle made the acquaintance of   HIe was taken prisoner and carried toCalvin, whose life he subsequently wrote, England by Argall.
and became his intirmate friend. He was  BIAS, called one of the wise nmen of
appointed professor of the Greek lan- Greece, b. at Priene, a small town of
guage at Lausanne, and afterwards pro- Caria, about 570 B. c. Though born to
fessor of theology, rector of the academy, great wealth, he lived without splendor,
and a pastor in Geneva. He composed   expending his fortune in relieving the
many writings, mostly of a polemical needy. On one occasion, certain pirates
character; among the rest a defence of  brought several young women to sell as
the right to punish heretics. His largest slaves at Priene.  Bias purchased them,
works are Commentaries on the New     and maintained them until he had an
Testament, collections of Sermons, the opportunity of returning them to their
translation into French verse of a part friends.  This generous action made
of the Psalms, and the History of thelRe- him be styled "The Prince of Wise
formed Church of France, to the year Men."
1562. D. 1565.                          BIBIENA, BEPNAlnDO DA a Roman
BEZOIJT, STEPHEN, a celebrated math- cardinal, raised from a low origin by
ematician, and mathematical examiner Leo X., author of a comedy entitled
of the naval and artillery schools, was  "La Calandria," greatly admired in
b. at Nemours, in 1730, and d. in the Italy. B. 1470; d. by poison, as it is
Gatinois, in 1783. He is the author of  supposed, 1520.-FERDINAND GALLI, an
a " General Theory of Algebraic Equa- eminent painter and architect. B. at
tions," and two "Courses of Math- Bologna, 1657; d. 1743.
ematics," the one in 4 vols., and the   BICHAT, MARIA FRANCOIS XAVIER, a
other in 6, for the use of the royal ma- celebrated French physician, who, durine and artillery schools. One anecdote ring a short career, gave an impulse to
proves the kindness and courage of Be- the science which he cultivated that has
zout. Though he had never had the not yet ceased to be felt, was b. at Thosmall-pox, he ventured to the bedside  irett, in the department of the Ain,
of two youths-ofthe naval academy, who  Nov. 11, 1771. At Paris, he studied
were laboring under it, and who would  under the direction of Desault, who
have been thrown back a year in their treated him as a son. On the death of
promotion, had he not examined them. that distinguished professor, Bichat suBIANCHI, ANTONIO, a Venetian gon- perintended the publication of his surgidojier of the 18th century, who obtained  cal works, and, in 1797, began to lecture
great note by his poetical talents, author upon anatomy, in connection with exof "II Templi ovvero di Solomone,"    perimental physiology and surgery. In
and "A Treatise on Italian Comedy."-  1800 appeared his " Trait6 des MeomJOHN, known also by the Latin name of  branes," which passed through numerJANUS PLANCUS, a celebrated Italian phy- ous editions, and immediately after pub.
sician, anatomist, and naturalist, and  lication, was translated into almost all
the reviver of the Academy of the Le- the languages of Europe. In the same
incei. B. at Rimini, 1693; d. 1775.-  year was published his celebrated work
FRANcIS, a musical composer, born at "'Pecherches sur la Vie et la Mort,"
Cremona, author of "Disertor Fran- which was followed the next year by
chese," " Semiramide." &ec. He went his "Anatomic G6n4rale," a complete




BID]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        155
code of modern anatomy, physiology, three years, until the protector liberated
and medicine. In the 28th year of his him in 1658. He then became pastor
age, Bichat was appointed physician   of an Independent congregation, and
of the Hotel-Dieu, in Paris, and, with  continued to support his opinions until
the energy characteristic of true genius, fear of the Presbyterian parliament of
began his labors in pathological anat- Richard Cromwell induced him to retire
omy. In a single winter, he opened no into the country. On the restoration,
less than 600 bodies.  Bichat is the he was apprehended at one of the prifounder of the medical theory at present vate assemblies, and upon process of
received: He is the creator of general law, fined ~180 and ordered to lie in
anatomy, or of the doctrine of the iden- prison until it was paid. He fell a martity of the texture of the different organs, tyr to. this sentence, by catching one of
which is the fundamental principle of  the distempers so common at that time
modern medicine. D. 1802.             in jails, and d. during September of this
BICKERSON, Sir RICHA1RD I1USSEY, year, in the 47th year of his age, a maradmiral of the red, and general of ma- tyr to religious intolerance.  Toulmin
rines, was b. Oct. 11, 1759, and entered  styles him the father of the modern Unithe royal navy at an early period. D. tarians.-NICHOLAS, an American naval
18832.                                commander, b. 1750. He was regularly
BICKERSTAFF, IsAAc, a dramatic bred to the sea, and was a thorough
writer of the 18th century, author of  seamfian. In 1770 he went to London,
" Love in a Village," "Lionel and Cla- and entered the British navy.  After
rissa," &c.                           the commencement of the revolution,
BIDDERMAN, JOHN        GOTTLIEB, a he returned to Philadelphia. Being apGerman writer, and rector of the public pointed commander of the AndreaDoschiool at Friedburg, author of treatises ria, a brig of 14 guns and 130 men, he
"De Latinitate Maccaronica," "De In- sailed under Commodore Hopkins, in
solentia, Titolorum Librariorum," &c. the successful expedition against New
D. 1772.                              Providence.  After refitting at New
BIDDLE, JoHiN, a celebrated Socinian  London, he was ordered to proceed off
writer, was b. 1615, at Wotton-under- the bank of Newfoundland. He capEdge. Beingf led to doubt of the doe- tured, in 1776, among other prizes, two
trine of the Trinity, he drew up twelve ships from Scotland, with 400 Highland
arguments on the subject; in conse- troops. Being appointed to the comquence of which he was committed to   mand of the Randolph, a frigate of 32
jail by the parliamentary committee then  guns, he sailed from Philadelphia in
sitting at Gloucester, but was liberated, Feb. 1777. He soon carried into Charleson security being given for his appear- ton, four valuable prizes bound from
ance when called for. About six months Jamaica to London, one of them, the
afterwards, he was examined before a  True Briton, of 20 guns. A little fleet
committee of the parliament, and his was now fitted out under his command,
pamphlet ordered to be burned by the  with which he cruised in the West Incomlfon hangman. He however per- dies. In an action with the British ship
sisted in his opinion, and, in 1648, pub- Yarmouth, of 64 guns, March 7, 1778,
lished two tracts, containingr his "Con- Capt. Biddle was wounded, and, in a'
fession of Faith, concerning the Holy few minutes afterwards, while he was
Trinity, and the Testimonies of Ireneus, under the hands of the surgeonr the
Justin Martyr, and several other early  Randolph, with a crew of 315, blew up,
writers on the same subject."  These  and he, and all his ment but 4, perished.
publications induced the assembly of  -NICHOLAS, a son of Charles Biddle
divines to solicit parliament to decree who was distinguished *in the revoluthe punishment of death against those tionary war, made himself known as a
who should oppugn the established     president of the bank of the United
opinions respecting the Trinity.  He  States.  He was b. in Pennsylvania,
was, some time after, again remanded  educated at Princeton, studied law unto prison, by the zeal of President Brad- der Gen. Armstrong, edited the Port
shaw, and remained for some years in  Folio with Dennw,. wasd a member of
confinement, subjected to the greatest the Pennsylvania legislature, and finally
privations. A general act of oblivion, president of the bank at the time it was
in 1651, restored him to liberty, wlhen  destroyed by the policy of Gen. Jackhe immediately disseminated his opin- son1. D. 1844.
ions.  Cromwell banished him to St.     BIDLAKE, JOHN, a divine and poet,
Mary's castle, Scilly, where he remained  wai b. at Plymouth in 1755. Hoe Was




156                   CeCLOPAJDIA OR BIOGRAPHY.                      [BIt
educated at the school of his native place, whose first publication did not appear
and after taking his first degree in arts till he was 50 years of age; author of
at Christ-church, Oxford, he became   "A System of Geography and History,"
master of the same seminary, which he  Histories of Spain and England,"
conducted with reputation.  He pro- "Letters on English and French Hisceeded to his doctor's degree, anc in tory."  B. 1750; d. 1832.
1811 was appointed to preach the Bamp-  BIGNE, MARQUERIN DE LA, a doctor
ton Lectures; but in the act of deliver- of the Sorbonne; compiler of the first
ing the third discourse, he was suddenly  edition of the "Bibliotheca Patrum."
seized with an epileptic fit, which pro- B. 1546; and d. at Paris about'the close
duced total blindness.  Besides some  of the 16th century.
single sermons on different occasions,  BIGNEY, GRACE DE LA, a French
he published two volumes of discourses; ecclesiastic; author of a poem entitled
the "Bampton Lectures " "Introduc- "Le Roman des Oiseaux.'      D. 1374.
tion to the Study of Geography;" Poems,  BIGNICOURT, SIMON DE, a counsellor
"The Sea, a Poem;" "iThe Country      of Rheims; author of "Pensees et ReParson, a Poem;" "Eugenio, or the flexions Philosophiques."    B. 1709; d.
Precepts of Prudentius, a Tale;" "The  1775.
Summer Eve, a Poem;" "Virginia, a       BIGNON, JRonME, a learned French
Tragedy;" "Youth, aPoem;" and "The    writer; author of treatises " On Rome
Year, a Poem."  D. 1814.              and its Antiquities," " On the Election
BIDLaO, GoDFREY, a native of Am- of the Pope," &c.; and editor of the
sterdam, eminent as a physician and an  "Formule" of Marculphus. B. 1589;
anatomical writer. He was professor at d. 1656.-JoHN PAUL, grandson of the
the,Hague, and afterwards at Leyden, above, librarian to the king of France;
and physician to King William, whom   author of "Les Aventures d'Abdalla
he attended in England. Some of his fils d'Haniff," &c. D. 1743.
poems in Low Dutch were published in    BIGOT, AMERIc, an -eminent French
1719. Iis great work is "Anatomia     scholar. He assisted in the publication
Corporis Humani;" Amsterdam, 1685. of several works; and having discovered
D. 1713.                              Palladius's Life of Chrysostom in the
BIEFIELD, JAMES FREDERICK, baron    duke's library at Florence, he publislied
de, a native of Hamburgh, employed by  both the Greek text and his own Latin
the king of Prussia as secretary of le- translation of it. B. 1626; d. 1689.
gation, and afterwards as preceptor to  BILDERIDYK, WILLIAM, an eminent
his brother, Ferdinand, and in 1747   Dutch poet, was b. at Amsterdam, 1750.
made curator of the universities, and  In 1776 he obtained from the society of
afterwards baron and privy councillor. Leyden the first prize for a poem on the
He spent the last part of his life in lite- influence of poetry upon government.
rary retirement. He is the author of  In the following year he obtained from
several works not highly esteemed. D. the same society two prizes for an ode
1770.                                 and a didactic poem, " On True PatriotBIEVRE, MARQUIS DE, a marshal of    ism."  Since that period, he has ranked
France, who acquired-a high reputation  with Feith, and Madame de Launoy,
as a wit and punster. When he was among the first Dutch poets. In 1780
introduced to TLouis XV. the king de- he obtained a new prize for a poem "On
sired that he should make a pun. "Give the Connection of Poetry and Eloquence
me a subject, sire," he replied. "Oh! with Philosophy."  He added to this
make one on me," rejoined the monarch.  poem, some time afterwards, an import"Nay," said the marquis, as quick as ant commentary, which showed him to
thought, "the king is never a subject."  be a man of learning and a philologer.
He wrote two comedies, one called the  Bilderdyk, besides devoted himself to
"Seducer," which still keeps possession  law, at the Hague, with great success.
of the French stage; the other " Repu- On the invasion of the Netherlands by
tations," which has not so much merit. the French, he left his country on acHe went to one of the Spas for his health  count of his adherence to the hereditary
and while there, on hl  death-bed, could  stadtholder, and removed to Brunswick,
not resist the temptation to play upon  and afterwards to London, where he
words. As he was dying, he said, Je   delivered in the French language lecm'en vais de ce pas, (e Spa.)"    B. tures on literature and poetry, which
1747; d. 1789.                        were numerously attended. After the
BIGLAND,     JOHN, a    voluminous new order of things was firmly ostabwriter, originally a village schoolmaster, lished in Holland, he returned in 1799,




BIOJ                  CYCLOPAeDIA OF BIOGRAPEIY.                       15.
and soon afterwards published some       BILLINGTON, ELIZABETH, ne of the
of his principal works. Among these    greatest female singers of her own, or
are a didactic poem on astronomy, and  perhaps any other time, was of German
the  masterly imitations of Delille's  origin, but b. in England during 1770.
"L'Homme des Champs," and "Pope's      At- an early age she studied cle pianoEssay on Mi~an."  Louis Bonaparte, on  forte under Schroeter, and'attained to
his accession to the throne, appointed  an extraordinary proficiency. At fourhim his teacher of Dutch, and one of the  teen, she made her first appearance as a
first mnembers of the national institute  singer at Oxford, and two years afterfounded by him. After the incorpora- wards. married Mr1. Billington, a pertion of Holland into the French emilire, former onthe double-bass. She appeared
his   use was silent; but she rose the  at Covent-garden, for the first time, as
more vigorously after the deliverance of  Rosetta, in "Love in a Village," with
his country.  ). 18s1.                 such success as to secure her an immeBILlFINGER, GEORGaE BEINAARD     a  diate engagement at what was then conGerman writer alnd professor of pliloso- sidered the-enormous salary of ~1000 for
phy and theology. I-e was a man of the rest of the season, besides a benefit;
most extensive learning, and the author the managers afterwards voluntarily
of " Dilucidationes Philosophicse," &c. giving her the profits of a second night.
B. 1688; d. 1750.                      In 1785, she appeared at the concerts of
BILGUER., JOHN rLrIc, a Swiss sur- ancient music with Madame Mara, whose
geon; author of several professional brilliant performance she, to say the least,
treatises, in one of which he maintains  fully equalled.  From this period, till
the utility of amputation in cases of gun- 1793, no music meeting, opera, or conshot woundcls, D. 1796.                cert of reputation was considered comBILLAUD, VAPRENNES DE, the son of    plete without her.  In the last-named
a French advocate at Pochelle, was edu- year she visited Italy, and performed,
cated at the same college as Fouche, and  accompanied by her brother C. Weichsel,
proved himself one of the most violent at the theatre of San Carlos at Naples;
and sanguinary characters of the French  Bianchi composing expressly for her his
revolution. I-Ie bore a principal part in  celebrated opera "Inez de Castro." In
the murders and horrid massacres which  1S01, her wonderful po.*ers being then
followed the destruction of the Bastile; in their meridian, she returned to the
voted immediate death to the unfortt- London stage, appearing alternately at
nate Louis XVI.; and officiated as presi- either house. In 1817, she quitted Endent of the convention on the 18th of  gland for ever, and d. after a short illOct., 1793. He was afterwards deported  ness, at her villa of St. Artien, an estate
to Cayenne, and subsisted on a small she had purchased in the Venetian terpension allowed him by Pethion. D. at ritories.
St. Domingo, in 1819.                    BINGLEY, the Garrick of the Dutch
BILLING, SIGISMOND, a French liber- stage, was b. at Rotterdam, in 1755, of
al, b. at Calmar, in Alsace, in 1773. He  English parents. In 1779, in his twentyentered the army at the very commence- fourth year, he made his debut at Amment of the revolution, and distinguished  sterdam. The public odium was then
himself at the battle of Genappe and on  excited adainst England, on account of
other occasions; was commissary of war its ships Taving captured vessels under
to the armies of the North, the Rhine, the Dutch flag, without any previous
&c., in 1792, and to the army of Ger- declaration of war, and Bingley was
many'.at the time of General Moreau's unfavorably received. But he soon conretreat, and was present in many cele- quered this prejudice, and continued to
brated battles and sieges.  When the   be the favorite of the public. In 1796
reverses of Napoleon had endangered    he was di cector of a company of actors
the safety of France,'Billing, as the corn- who played principally at Rotterdam
mander of a legion of the national guard, and the Hague, but also visited other
surrounded and defended the chamber cities of Holland. One of his last repreof representatives while it was in the  sentations, in which he was assisted by
act of pronouncing the emperor's for- the great actress Wattier Ziesenis, was
feiture, and was otherwise active in   the part of Farnese, in Lalain's tragedy
bringing about his abdication. He was  of "Maria," acted in 1818, before the
also, in concert with General Lafayette, royal family. In the same year, he d. at
greatly instrumental in effecting the  the Hague.
revolution of 1S30, vwhich seated Louis  BIOERNSTAEHL, JAMES JONAS, a
Philippe on thethhrone. D. in 1832.    distinguished traveller, b. at Rotarbo.
14




158                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPRY.                       I BIR
in the Swedish province of Sundermann- horse, on the road betweeln L]ondon and
land, in 1731, studied at Upsal, after- I-Hmpstead.  Birch had formed very
wards entered the iamily of Baron lud- extensive manuscript collections, which,
beck as tutor, and travelled with his son  together with hislibrary of' pintecdbooks,
to England and the continent of Europe. he bequeathec to the British Museum.
While residing in Paris he studied Ori- He was one of the pioneers of literatturle
ental langueages. On the return of his  Dr. Johnson was repeatedly obliged to
pupil to Sweden, he was appointed by   him for literary information, bestow-ed
Gustavus III. to make tile tour of     on him a Greek epigram, and for many
Greece, Syria, and Egypt, receiving at years corresponded with him. The litthe same thime the title of professor at erature of his country is much indebted
the university of Lund. He now went, to the activity and diligence of this perat the kin's expense, to Constantinople, severing writer.-SAMuEL, who for many
in 1779, where he remained for some    years played a distinguished part as a
time, to learn the Turkish language.   member of the corporation of London,
He then proceeded on his travels as ifr was b. in that city in 1757, and succeedas Saloniki, where lie d. of the plague, ed his father in his well-established
1779. He had given an account of his business of a pastry-cook, in Cornhill.
travels, in the form  of letters to his  He was the first to propose the measure
friend Gloerwell, who at first published  of arming and triinini the inhabitants
them separately in a journal, which ap- as volunteers; an'd he had the honor,
peared in Stockholm, and afterwards    successively, to become lieutenant, main separate works.                    jor, and lieutenant-colonel commandant
BION, b. in Smyrna orin its neighbor-  of the first recgiment of Loyal London
hood; a Grecian pastoral poet, of whose  Volunteers. Yet, although n1ever unlife no account is to be found.. Among  mindful of his position as a party man
the few poems written by him, which    i politics, lle found leisure to employ
have descended to our times, his elegy  his pe n  various walks of literature.
on Adonis is considered as the best. Ie was also among the earliest and most
His poems together with those of Mos- active supporters of the Literary Fund
chus are generally found as an appendix  Society, to which he continued attached
to the idyls bf Theocritus, and have   till his decease, and had long been the
been well translated by Fawkes.-NIcH- senior member of its council. In 1814
oLAS, a French mathematician; author he filled the civic chair.  D. 1841.of a Treatise on the Use of the Globes," I-AVEY, the assumed name of Enoch
&c. D. 1733.                          Crosby, a person employed as a spy for
BIRAGUE, CLEMENT, an engraver on    the American army, and whose advengems, said to have been the first discov- tures have given occasion to one of the
erer of the art of engraving on diamonds. creations of Cooper, the American novH]e was b. at Milan, and flourished du- elist.
ring the middle of the 16th century.-    BIRD, WILLIAM, an eminent musician
RENE DE, a Milanese of noble family, in the reign of Elizabeth. He chiefly
who sought shelter in France from the composed sacred music, and to him
vengeance of Louis Sforza, and became  " Non nobis Domine" is attributed. B.
a cardinal and chancellor of France. He  1543; d. 1658.-JOHNu, an eminent mathis infamously memorable as one of the  ematical instrument maker; author of
authors of the massacre of St. Bartholo-  "The Method of constructing Mural
mew. B. 1509; d. 1583.                 Quadrants," &c. D..1766.-EDWARD, a
BIRCH, THoxAs, an industrions histo- painter, chiefly of comic subjects, but
rian and biographer, was b. at London, who also executed many religious and
in 1705.  He became usher in three historical pieces, and was made historidifferent schools, and afterwards took  cal painter to the Princess Charlotte of
orders in the church, and obtained     Wales. B. 1772; d. 1819.
in 1732, a living in Essex, under the   BIREN, JOHN ERNEST DE, duke of
patronage of the attorney-general, after- Cornland, the son of a peasant, whoso
wards Lord Hardwicke. In 17834 he en- handsome person and address obtained
gaged with some coadjutors in writing  him an unbounded influence over Anne.
the "General Historical and Critical daughter of Peter I., and duchess of
Dictionary," founded on that of Bayle, Cournland, who, when she ascended the
and completed in 10 vols. folio, 1741. throne of Russia, committed the reins
He subsequently obtained various pre- of government to his hands, made him
ferments in the church. In January, duke of Courland, and at her death, in
1765, he wan killed by a fall from his 1740. left him regent of the empire.  ie




BIS]                  CYCLOPADIA OF nIOGRAPHY.                         159
was subsequently banished to Siberia; friend  for which crime lie  as tried,
recalled by Peter III., and his duchy re- condemned, and beheaded in 1602.stored to him by Catherine, in 1763, but  uk  de deLauzun,'b. about 1760, one of
which, six years afterwards, he relin- the most celebrated men of the French
qnishecd in favor of his eldest son. B]. revolution, remarkable at once for -his
1687; d. 1772.                         anmours, his attachment to liberty, and
BIRKBECK, GEORGE, M.D., president his milita-y exploits. He served with
of the London Mechanics' Institute, was  Lafayette in America, and attached himthe son of a merchant and banker at self to the party of the duke of Orleans,
Settle, in Yorkshie, where lie was b. in  on his return. In 1792 le was joined
1776. In his boyhood he displayed a' with Talleyrand in a mission to this
strong inclination for those mechanical country; on his return, served under
pursuits to which he afterwards became Rolchambeau, in Flanders; and perishso devoted; but his fiiends having de- ed by the guillotine at the end of 1793,
terainied that lihe should embrace the  on a charge of counter-revolution. He
medical profession, he first studied for d. stoically, ordering oysters, and. drinkthis object at Leeds, then removedc to  ing wine with the executioner.
London to become a pupil of Dr. Baillie,  BISCHOP, JOHN DE, a Dutch historanid subsequently went to Edinburgh to  ical and landscape painter. B]3. 1646; d.
complete his edcucation. At the age of  1686.-SAMUEL, an English divine and
twenty-one he was appointed professor poet. B. 1731; d. 1795.
of natural history in the Andersolian   BISCOE, eICHARx, an English divine;
Institution of Glasgow; and having     author of "The History of the Acts of
while there successfully established a the Apostles, confirmed by other Ant
mechanics' class, he was induced, in   thois."  D. 1748.
1822, to found the London Mechanics'     BISI, BONAVENTURE, an esteemed BoInstitute in Chancery Lane, to which so- lognese miniature and lhistorical painter.
ciety he generously lent ~3000 for erect- D. 16:62.
ing a musellum, lecture-room, &c. Of    BISSET, CHARLES, an able physician,
this institution D)r. Birkbeck was elect- and a writer on fortification, which art
ecd president, and from it' nearly all the he studied while in the 42d regiment,
various mechanics' institutes through- and received promotion for his skill iln
out Great Britain have been establishled  it at the siege ofBergen-op-Zoom, by the
D. 1841.-MORRIS, an English gentleman  duke of Cumberland.. B 1716,; d. 1791
who emigrated to America, where he -JAMES, an ingenious artist and amusing
purchased so vast a. tract of land as to  writer, was b. at Perth, in 1762, but setacquire the title of " Emperor of the  tled early in life at Birmingham, where
Prairies;" author of "Letters from Illi- lie established a museum and shop for
nois, " Notes of a "- Journey in Amer- curiosities, which he afterwards removecl
ica," &o. He was accidentally drowned  to-Leamington. He had a remarkable
in 1825.. facility in writing rhymes; and being
BIKICENHEAD, Sir JOHN, a political ever ready to make his muse subserve
writer of the 17th century; several times the cause of loyalty, or aid the prooress
imprisoned during the commonwealth     of art, his various works present a motfor writing in favor of the exiled king, ley appearance, and are often singularlv
B. 1615; d. 1679..        droll and epigrammatic.    " Guides,i
BIRKHEAD, HENRY, a modern Iatin      "Directories," and "Poetic Surveys"
poet, b. in 1617; author of "Otium    of the towns in which lie lived, look
Literariunn," &c. Ire d. at the latter oddly enough when placed in juxtaend of the 17th century.              position  with  " Patriotic Clarions,"
BIRON, AR.MAND DE GONTAUT, baron      Critical Essays," and "Comic Stricde, a celebrated French general, honor- e  tures on the Fine Arts;" yet such were
ed with the friendship of Henry IV. amongi his numerous productions, all of
He was slain at the siege of Epernay, in  which are more or less indebted for their
Chaipagne, in 1592. —CuHARLES DE GON- notoriety to the jingle of rhyme. D.
xUT, duke de, son of the above; ad- 1832.-ROBERT, a native of Scotland;
miral and marshal of France, and a    author of a " Life of Burke " a "Sketch
favorite of Henry IV., who appointed  of Democracy," &c. D. 1805.
him  his ambassador to England, &c.,    BISSON, PIERRE T. J. G., b. 1767; a
and. raised him to the dukedom. He    French geineral, who fought in most of
was, however, seduced. by the intriguies Napoleon's camiipaigos, till his death, at
of the court of Spain to join in a conspir- his return in 1811. He was of prodigiacy against his royal and truly generous ous size, strength, and appetite, and was




160                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIY.                        [BLA
always supplied with double rations of  habits were simple, his character cold
food, by order of Napoleon.            and reserved. Tho ugh of eminent abilBITAUBE, PAUL JEREMIAH, the son      ity as a chemist, le injured himself by
of French refugee parents at Konigfs- his long opposition to the reception of
berg, where le was b. in 1782, but in  the new chemical theory. At length,
after life settled in Paris. He was an. however, he was convinced of its supeauthor of considerable   repute, and   rior accuracy, and did justice to its merpatronized by Frederick II. of Prussia, its. D. 1799.
and by Napoleon. He translated Homer,   BLACKADDER, JOIIN, a distinguishand wrote " Joseph," and other poems. ed preacher amonrg the Scottish CoveD. 1808.                              nanters.
BIVAR, DON RODPInGO DIAS DE, or the  I BLACKBURNE, FRANCIS an English
Cid, a hero of Spain, whose astonishing  divine, eminent as a theological writer
valor in various encounters with the   and remarkabble for the publication of
Moors, and his unjust banishment, af- works favoring dissent from the church
forded rich materials both for history  to which lie belonged, was b. at Richand romance. B. at Burgos, 1040; d. at mond, in Yorkshire, in 1705, and was
Valencia, 1099.                        educated at Cambridge. In 1750, he was
BIZOT, PIsmrE, a French writer; au- made archdeacon of Cleveland. He was
thor of a curious work, entitled " His- a friend to religious liberty, and hostile
toire Meddaillique de la Rpepublique de  to confessions of faith. On this subject
Hollande."  B. 1686; d. 1696.          he was deeply involved in controversy.
BLACK, JosEPi, a celebrated chemist, The most celebrated of his performances
b. at Bordeaux, of Scottish parents, in  on it is the Confessional, which appeared
1728, studied medicine at Glasgow. Dr. in 1776. His wvorks have been collected
Cullen, his instructor, inspiredlhim with  in six volumes octavo. le c. in 1787.
a taste for chemical studies. In 1754 he  BLACKBURN, WVILLIAM,[ eminent as
was made doctor of medicine, at Edin- an architect and surveyor, was b. Decemburgh, and delivered an inaugural dis- ber 20th, 1750, in Sonthwark. His nasertation, " De Humore acido a Cibis tive genius overcame the disadvantages
orto et lMaonesia alba," which exhibits of a contracted education, and he obthe outline of his discoveries relative to  tained a medal from the Royal Academy,
carbonic acid and the alkalies. In 1756 and the more flattering commendation
lie published his Experiments oin White  of Sir Joshua Reynolds, for the best
Malagnesia, (Quicklime, and several other drawing of St. Stephen's church, WalAlkaline Substances, in the 2d volume  brook. D. 1790.
of the Essays, Physical and Literary, of  BLACKLOCK, TITOMAS, a divine and
the Edinburgh Society.   He cdemon- poet, was b. at Annan, in Dumfries, in
strates the existence of an aerial fluid in  1721, and lost his sight by the small-pox
these substances, which he calls fixed  when'he was only six months old. To
air, the presence of which diminishes  amuse and instruct him, his father and
the corrosive power of the alkalies and  friend used to read to him, and lby this
the calcareous earths. This discovery  means he acquired a fund of information,
formed the basis of all those which have  and even some knowledge of Latin. At
immortalized the names of Cavendish, the age of 12 he began to versify, and his
Priestley, Lavoisier, &c., and gave a  devotion to the Muses was continued
new formn to chemistry. In 1751 he en- through life. Considering his circumriched this science with his doctrine of  stances, his poems have great merit. HIe
latent heat, which has led to such im- studied at the university of Edinburgh
portant results. In 1756 he was ap- for ten years, and his progress in the
pointed plrofessor of medicine and     sciences was very considerable. Ie was
lecturer on chemistry in the university  ordained minister of Kircudbright, but,
at Glasgow, in the pl-ace of Dr. Cullen, being opposed by the parishioners, he
and, in 1765, whena Cullen left the pro- retired on an annuity, and received stufessor's chair in Edinburgh, he was dents at Edinburgh as boarders, and asthere also succeeded by Blaick. No     sisted them in their-studies. Besides
teacher inspired his disciples with such  his poems, he is the author of some thea zeal for study; his lectures, therefore,  ological works, and an article on the edcontributed much to make the taste for ucation of the blind: the latter was
chemical science general in England. printed in the Encyclopeadia Britannica.
Upon Lavoisier's proposal, the Academy  He d. in July, 1791, regretted by all his
of Sciences, in Paris, had appointed hlimi  friends.
9(g of its eight foreign members. His    BLACKMORE, Sir RIOHArD, a poet




BLAj                  CYCLOPEDIA OF' BIOGRAPHY.                         161
and physician, was b. in Wiltshire, ed- prerogative; nor is there much more of
ucated at Oxford, took his degree at Pad- enlargement in his principles of reliua, and was knighted by William III., gious liberty. For this reason he was
who also appointed him his physician. exposed to attack from Priestley, BenI-Ie was afterwards physician to Queen  tham, and Junius. D. 1780.
Anne. In 1696 he published his first     BLACKWALL, ANTHONY, an English
poem, Prince Arthur, which was rapidly  divine, author of a "Latin Grammar,"
succeeded by other works; nor was he an "Introduction to the Classics," &c.
deterred from pursuing his career by the D. 1780.
ridicule which was heaped upon him by    BLACKWELL,. TMOMAS, Greek proDryden, Pope, and nearly all the wits of fessor of Aberdeen, author of "' An Inthe age, whose dislike of him was sharp- quiry into the Lif6 and Writings' of
ened-by his whig principles. He is the  Homer,"  "Memoirs of the Court of
author of nearly thirty works, in verse  Augustus," &e.  B. 1701; d. 1757.and prose; of the latter many are on   ALExANDEt and ELIZABETI, husband and
medical subjects. His best poem is en- wife: the latter, a woman of talent, who
titled Creation. Blackmlore was an in- in order to procure subsistence for her
different poet, but he was undoubtedly  husband while in prison for debt, pubpossessed of considerable talent, andl lished a "Herbal" in 2 vols., folio, with
was a pious and worthy man. He d. in   500 plates, drawn, engraved, and colored
1729.                                  by herself, all in the space of four years.
BLACKSTONE, Sir WILLIAM, an em- The work succeeded, and her husband
inent lawyer, was the third son of a silk  was liberated;. but'he seemed doomed
mercer, and was b. at London, in 1723. to be the sport of fortune; for after hayAfter having been for several years at ing been invited to Stockholm, and penthe Charter house, he completed his    sioned by the king of Sweden, in coneducation at Pembroke college, Oxford,. sequence of his being the author of a
and at both seminaries displayed supe- work a ag'riculture which attracted the
rior talent. When he was only 29 he    notice of that monarch; and havingl also
composed, for his own use, a Treatise on  had the merit of successfully prescribing
the Elements of Architecture. Havingl for his majesty when he was dangerchosen thee profession of the law, and  ously ill, lie was charged with being
entered the Middle Temple, in 1741 he  concerned in a plot with Count Tessin
wrote his eloquent valedictory poem, the for oveiturning the kingdom, tried, and
Lawyer's Farewell to hioM-Iuse. In 17438 beheaded, in 1747.
lie was elected a fellow of All Souls, and  BLACKWOOD, Sir HENRY, a meritoin 1746 he was called to the bar, and  rious British admiral, was the sixth son
went the circuit, but obtained little prac-  of Sir John Blackwood, Bart., and b. in
tice. He remained in comparative ob- 1770. He was present at Dogger-Bank,
scurity till 1753, when lie began to de- and with Nelson at Aboukir, and at
liver, at Oxford, his beautiful lectures Trafalgar.  D. 1832.-ADAM, a Scotch
on the Enllish laws'; which, in 1765 and  writer, author of "The Martyrdom of
the four following years, he published, Mary Stuart," written in French, &c.
with the title of " Commentaries on the B. 1530; dl..1613.
Laws of England."   In consequence of    BLADEN, MARTIN, a military officer
these lectures, he was elected Vinerian  under the duke of Marlborough, author
professor of law in the universitty, and  of " Orpheus and Eurydice," a masque;
obtained a great accession of business. "A  Translation of Csesar's CommenIn 1761 lie sat in parliament as member tarlies," &c. D. 1746.
for Hinldon, and was made king's coun-   BLAEIT, or JEMSSEN, WALLIAMr a
sel, and solicitor-general to the queen. celebrated geographer, and the disciple
In 1770 he was offered the place of so- of Tycho Braihe. He was the author of
licitor-general, but declined it, and was a very magnificent atlas. D. 1638.
made a judge of the King's Bench,        BLAIR, JonIN, a Scotch divine of the
whence he was soon after transferred to  14th century, author of a Latin poem on
the Common Pleas.    His Law Tracts the "Death of Wallace."-PATRICe, an
were published in 1762, and his Reports, eminent Scotch physician and botanist,
two volumes folio, after his death. of the 18th century, author of "Botanic
Blackstone was the first who wrote on  Essays," &c.-JOHN, a prebend of Westthe dry and repulsive subject of English  mninster, author of " Chbronological Talaw iin such a manner as not to excite bles," and "Lectures on the Canon of
disgust in a reader of taste. Like al- the Old Testament." D. 1782.-RoEeRT,
most all lawyers,.he leans to the side of a Scotch divine, author of the well14*




162                   CYCLOPiEDIX _OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BLA
known and admirable poem, "The         ebr'ated as the inventor of wool-combGrave.:"  B. 1700; d. 1746.-HIuCii, a in.
celebrated divine, b. at Edinburgh in   BLAKE, ROBERT, a famous English
1718. He was educated at the university  admiral, b. Aug. 15, 1599, at Bridgeof his native city, where he took his water, in Somersetshire, where he was
master's degree in 1736. He was soon  educated at the grammar-school. Hav
invited to the second charge of the Can- ing served some years in the parliament
nongate church of Edinburgh, and in    army, he was in. Feb. 1648-9 appointed
1758 he was promoted to the High      to command the fleet, in conjunction
church, and honored with the degree with     Col. Deane and Col. Popham.
of D.D. by the sister university of St. During nine years' active service in the
Al drew's. In 1759 he appeared before na'vy lie performed exploits that, for the
the public as lecturer in rhetoric and  skill with which they were conducted,
belles lettres, and with such effect, that and the success that attended them,
the king in 1762 erected for his encour- were never surpassed. His fonur vicagement, with a salary of ~70 a yeari, a tories over the Dutch fleet under Van
professorship on that branch of litera- Tromp were his most brilliant exploits.
ture in the university. His dissertation HIe d. as the fleet was entering Plyin support of the authenticity of Ossian's mouth, the 17th of Aur,, 1657, aged 58.
poens, appeared in 1763, and in 1777 he His body was conveyed to Westminster
published the first volume of his "Ser- abbey, and interred in Henry VIIth's
mons," which met with such applause    chapel; but,disgracefully disinterred
that in 1779 he printed a second volume, fiomin thence in 1661, by Charles II. and
and afterwards three volumes more ap- flung into a hole in St. Margaret's
peered. These discourses became pop- churchyard.-W    ILLIMA, an engraver of
ular, not only in Scotland and England, great merit, but of eccentric taste; he
but were translated into foreign lan- was a pupil of Basire. B. 1759; d. 1827.
guagest, and claimed the admiration of -— JOHN BRADLu'Y, b. in London, 1745,
the learned on the Continent. At the   and educated' at Westminster school.
instance of the queen, to whom the ser- After acquiring. a deep knowledge of
mons were dedicated, the worthy pro, chemistry and mathematics, in the purfessor obtained a pension of ~200 a year, suit of his favorite study o~ botany, he
which was- increased ~100 niore in 1783, went to China as supercargo of the India
when his infirmities obliged him to re- company, and with laudable assiduity
sign his public offices. His " Lectures,"  collected and sent to Europe the seeds
iln8 vols., appeared in 1783, and obtained  of all the vegetables, of that remote
*as rapid a sale and as wide a circulation  country used by the natives for puras his sermons. -D..at Edinburgh, 1800. poses either of medicine, food, or man-JOHN, one of the associate judges of  ufactures. He began likewise a valu1
the supreme court of the United States  able collection of ores and fossils, but
d. ini 1800, aged 68. He was a judge ot  his great application weakened his conthe court of appeals in Virginia in 1787, stitution, he was afflicted with the stone,
alld in the same year, he was a member and the complaint when attended by a
of the general convention which formed  fever proved fatal. D. at Canton, 1773.
the constitution of the United States. -JoAcimi, a Spanish general, was b. at
To that instrument the names of Blair Velez Malaga, and served, first as capand Madison are affixed as the deputies  tain, ancld next as major, in the war.
from Virginia. When the new govern- from 1793 to 1795, between France an~d
ment commenced its operation, he was Spain.    When Napoleon seized the
appointed by Washington to the office, crown of Spain, Blake esposed the
which he held till his death.-SAMUEL, cause of his country; but with more
a Presbyterian minister, was a native of  valor and zeal than success. Though
Ireland, and came to America in early  defeated at Rio Seco and Espinosa, ie
life. In 1745 he established an academy  still sustained his military character.
at Fog's Manor, Chester county, Penn- In 1810 he was appointed one of the
sylvania, and took the pastoral care of  regency, from which rank lie was transthe church in that place. He occupied  ferred to that of captain-general. Havthe first rank among his cotemporaries  ing been defeated at Murviedro, he shut
in talents, learning, piety, and useful- himself up with his army in Valencia,
ness, both ts a preacher aid ain academ- but was at length compelled to surreiinieal instructor. D. about 1751.        der. In 8320, on the establishment of
BLAIZE. a bishop martyred by the the constitution, he was admitted into
Emperoi A)oclesian, but principally eel- the council of state and his att~whment




13LA                  CYCLOPr DIA OF BIORAPHY,                         1 63
to that constitution subsequently ex- nomination of the French Titian. I-o'posed him to danger. D. 1827.-JOSEPH, Was an indefatigable artist, and lef
governor of South Carolina, was a pro- many pictures. His finest work is the
rrietary and a neplhw of the famonus    Descent of the Holy'Ghost," which is
Adcmiral Blake. He was governor but considered as one of the best produeone year. During' Blake's administra- tions of the French school. B. 1600; d.
tion a set of 41 articles, called "Tle  1638.-FRANCis, a celebrated French aerolast Fundamental Constitutions,"   as naut, b. in 1738, was distingiuished from
sent from England, by the earl of Bath, his youth by his mechanical inventions.
the palatine, and other patentees; but After making his first a6rostatie voyage
the change in the government was never in 1784, he crossed the Chlannel from
confirmed by the Carolina assembly. D. Dover to Calais, 1785, for which exploit
1700.-  ATILLIAM, a comedian of great lhe was rewarded by the king of France
accomplishments and t      wlent whose per- with 12,000 francs, aand a pension of
formances at Covent-garden were long   1200 fr. Iet first made use of a parathe delight of London. D. 135.         chute in London, in 1785; went through
BLAKELY, JOIINSrTON, a captain in    various countries on the Continent, exthe United States' navy during the late  hibiting his aronaultie skill; visited
war, was b. in Irelancd in 1781. Two   America with the same object; and reyears after his father emicgrated to the tnrning in 1798, ascended in Rouen with
United States, and settled in North Caro- 16 persons in a large balloon, and delina.  Younlg Blakely was placed, in   scended at a place 15 miles distant. D.
1796, at the ianiversity of Nortlh Caro- 1809. —MADAME BLxNCuHARD, his wife,
lina, but circumstances having deprived  continued to make aerial voyages, but
him of the means of adequate s-uppoit, in June, 1819, having ascended from
he left college, and in 1800 obtainecd a Tivoli, in Paris, her balloon took fire,
midshipman's warrantt. In 1813 l]e was at a considerable heighlt, owing to some
appointed to the comamand of the Wasp, fireworksl which she carried with her,
and in this vessel took his Britannic the car f'eil, and the hapless aeronaut
Majesty's ship Reindeer, after an action  wais dashed to pieces.-JonN BAPTIST, a
of nineteen minutes. The Wasp after- French Jesuit, and professor of rhetoric,
\wards put into L'Orient; fiom whlich  author of " The Temlple of the Muses,"
port she sailed August 27. On the eve- &c. B. 1731; d. 1797. —ILAMANa''racening of the 1st of September, 1814, she  ful peiriocical writer, wvas b. at Great
fill ain with four sail, at considerable cis- Yarnouth, in 1803. His father having
tances fromi each other. One of these iremoved to London when lie was 5
was the brii-of-war Avon, iwhich struck  years of age, he received his education
after a sever e action; but captain 13. was at St. Olave's school, Lambeth, and here
prevented fiomn taking'possession by  was laid the groundi ork of those litthe approachl of another vessel. The   erary tastes and hlabits which cistin-.enemy reported that they had sunk the fruislecd hiiml through life.  His fipst
Wasp by thle first broadlside, but she  occupaition was that of reader at Cox
was afterwards spoken by a vessel off  and Baylis' printing-office in  Great
the idWestern Isles. After this we hear Queen-street; in 1827 he became seereof her n no  ore. Captain Blakely was tary to the Zoological Society, and in
considerel a uman lof: uncommonl courage  1831, editor of the Momnthly Magazine.
indl intellect. In testimony of respect lie subsequently became connected with
to his melmory, the legislature of North  the True Sun, the Constitutional, the
Carolina ecucated hils only child, a   Courier, the Court Journal, and the Exlalughter, at the public expense.      aminer, anid was a constant contributor
BLAMPINI, TuoMAs, a Beneic- to the lio'hter periodicals of the day. D.
tine monk, editor of a splendid edi- by suicide, 1845.
tion of the works of St. Augustin. D.    BLANCHE, of Castile, queen      of
1710.                                  Louis VIII. of France.  She died of
BLANC, ANTONY DE GUILLET DE, a grief, on account of the defeat andl imFrench dramattist; author of "Manco    prisonimenlt of her son, Louis IX., in
Capac," a tranedv, and various other Palestine, 1252.
dramnas   B. 1730; d. 1799.-JOHN B1R-    BLANCIELANDE, PIERRE, b. 1.785,
NARD LE, a French writer, author of    governlor of St. Domingo when the de"'Letters on the English Nation," &c. cree of instant emancipation for the
B. 1707; d. 1781.                     slaves caused a universal tu-mult. He
BLANCHARD, JAMES, an eminent urgedl the suspension of the decree, and,
painter, who bears the honorable de- being arrestel as a counter-revolutionist,




164                   CYCLOP~EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        BLE]
was conducted to Paris, and perished by  rank of colonel, and had the commantd
the guillotine in 1793.                of a regiment of dragoons. In 1779 he'
BLANCHET, FRANcIs, the son of        was appointed to the command of the
parents in humble life, was b. in 1707, convention troops at Albemarle barracks
at Angerville, and educated at the col- in Virginia. Ite was chosen a reprelege of Louis XIV. He was first a pro- sentative from Virginia, in the first confessor in two provincial colleges, next gress under the present constitution of
employed himself in private tuition, and  the United States. D. 1790.
lastly, obtained an office in the king's  BLANDRATA, GEORGE, an Italian
library and cabinet. Blanchet was one  physician; who renewed all the tenets
of the most amiable of men, and the    of Arius with respect to the Trinity.
most affectionately paternal of tutors. He fled from the persecution of the inAs an author he has great merit. His   quisitors of Pavia to Geneva, and after"Apologues and Tales" are told with    wards to Poland, where the king, Stespirit and grace. B. 1748.             phen Battori, made him a privy counBLAND, MARIA THERESA, an actress     cillor. He attempted to make the king
and vocalist, was b. at Caen, in Nor- a follower of his opinions, but failed.
mandy, in 1770, and went to England    He was strangled by his. nephew, a
with her parents, who were Italians, worthless character, to whom he had
shortly after. WVhen under 5 years of  left his property, 1593.
age she sang (as Miss Romanizi) at Sad-  BLANKOF, JoHN FEmNNSZ, a Dutch
ler's Wells; obtained an engagement at marine painter of considerable eminence.
Drury-lane theatre in 1789; and sub- He was at the outset a scholar of Eversequently appeared as the heroine in   dingen, but finished his studies at Rome.
the musical dramas written by Colman   His best pictures represent storms on
for his theatre in the Haymarket. In   the coast of the Mediterrancan, in which
1790 she was married to Mr. George     he combined Flemish fidelity with ItalBland, brother of the celebrated Mrs. ian grandeur. B. 1628.
Jordan. She continued on the boards      BLASIUS, GEaAnD, a Flemish phys'of Drury till that theatre was burnt, in  cian, who distinguished himself by his
1809; and for many years delighted the  researches in anatomy and physiology.
lovers of simple melody with her strains  He was graduated at Leyden, and was
at Vauxhall Gardens. Her latter years  afterwards a professor at Amsterdam,
were clouded by a degree of mental im- He was the earliest writer of importance
becility which prevented her appearing  on comparative anatomy.    His chief
in public' but in 1834, by the proceeds works were "Observata Anatomica,"
of a benent which, was granted to her at &c., and "Zootonical, son Anatome
Drury-lane, together with a s'um liber- varioruTm Animalium."I D. 1682.
ally given by the late Lord Egremont,    BLAYNEY, BENJAMIN, a divine and
an annuity of ~70 was secured to her biblical critic, was educated at Oxford
for life.. D. 1887.-ELIZABETH, an En- where he became M.A. in 1753, and
glish lady, eminent for her knowledge  D.D. in 1787. He was professor of Heof Hebrew. A phylactery of her writ- brew at that university, canon of Christings is preserved by the Royal Society. church, and rector of Polshot, Wilts.
D. 1720.-RICAARD, a political writer of  He translated Jeremiah, the LamentaVirginia, was for some years a principal tions, and Zechariah; edited the Oxford
member of the house of burgesses. In   Bible in 1769; and wrote a Dissertation
1768 he was one of a comnmittee to re- on Daniel's Seventy Weeks. D. 1801.
monstrate with parliament on the sub-    BLEDDIN, a British bard of the 13th
ject of taxation; in 1773 one of the com- century, many of whose pieces are in
mittee of correspondence; in 1774 a    the Welsh Archecology.
delegate in congress.  He was again      BLEDRI, bishop of Llandraff in 10238;
chosen a deputy to congress in 1775. surnamed the wise on accouit of his great
Though he declined the appointment learning.
from  old age, he declared, he should    BLEECKER, ANN ELIZA, a lady of
ever be animated, "to support the glo- some literary celebrity in New York,
rious cause, in which America was en- daughter of Mr. Brandt Schuyler, and
gaged."  D. 1778.-THIEODORIo, a patriot wife of John J. Bleecker. She resided
and statesmap, was a native of Virginia. after her marriage at Tomhanic, a soliHe. was bred to medicine, but at the   itary and beautiful place 18 miles above
commencement of the revolutionary      Albany, but was driven from it in the
war, he took an active part in the cause  night by the approach of Burgoyne'.q
of his country.  He soon rose to the   army. Her writings, both in prose and




BLO]                  CYCLOPAED1A OF BIOGRAPHY.                       165
poetry, were published in 1793, by her Gibbon highly praises the Lives, and his
daughter, who likewise distinguished  countrymen consider them as models of
herself as a writer, Margaret V. Fau- impartiality, precision, elegance, and
geres. B. 1752; d. 1783.-ANTHONY, a judgment. B. 1696; D. 1772.
poet of-the city of New York, educated  BLIGH, GEORGE MILLER, was the son
at Columbia college, and attained a re- of Admiral Sir R. R. Bligh. He entered
spectable position as a lawyer.  For the navy in 1794. He fought under Nelnearly thirty years he was a leading con- son in the battle of Trafalgar, in which
tributor to the periodicals of New York  he was severely wounded. He was made
and Philadelphia. B. 1778; d. 1827.   a commander in 1806. D. 1835.
BLEFKEN, DITHMAR, a voyager of the    BLIN DE SAINMORE, ANDREW MI16th century; author of an exceedingly  CHAEL HYACINTII, was b. at Paris, in
curious "Account of Iceland," &c.     1733. Atthe very outset of his career
BLEISWICK, PETER VAN, b. in 1724; he lost all his fortune, but his literary
grand pensionary of the Dutch states- talents procured him friends, and he
general at the revolution, by which he  successfully filled several honorable ofwas divested of his office. He was the au- fices connected with literature, the last
thor of a valuablework, " DeAggeribus."  of which was that of conservator of the
BLESSINGTON, MARGARET POWER, library of the arsenal. He is the author
Countess of, celebrated for her beauty, of Orpheus, a tragedy, and of many heaccomplishments, and literary produc- roic epistles and fugitive poems of no
tions, was b. in the county of Waterford  common merit.  D. 1807.
in 1789. At the early age of 15 she con-  BLIZZARD, Sir WILLIAM, a surgeon
tracted an ill-fated marriage with Captain  and anatomist of considerable eminente,
Farmer, and soon after his death the was b. in 1742. During a long life of
Earl of Blessington sought and obtained  professional activity and experience he
her hand in 1818. After her marriage maintained a high reputation; and was
she passed several years abroad, but they  for many years professor of anatomy to
are chiefly remarkable for having led to the Royal College of Surgeons, and a
her acquaintance with Lord Byron, fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian sowhich soon ripened into intimacy, and  cieties. Ie was also the author of sevenabled her subsequently to publish one  eral valuable works, viz. "Suggestions
of the most interesting works, her "Con-, for the Improvements of Hospitals,"
versations withLord'Byron."  Soonaf- "Peflections on Police." "Lecture on
ter her husband's death in 1829, she fixed  the Large Blood-vessels." D. 1835.
her residence in London, where she gain-  BLOCH, MARCUs ELIEZER, an ingenied a distinguished place in literary and  ous naturalist and physician, and a Jew
so-called fashionable society. Her house  by birth, was b. at Anspach, of mean
became the centre-point of every variety  parentage; but entering into the service
of talent; and there were few literary  of a physician, he studied medicine,
celebrities, native or foreign, who did not anatomy, and natural history with' great
share in the hospitalities of Gore House. success, and became particularly emiBesides the " Conversations" above men- nent in the last-named science. His
tioned, she published many novels, of  "Ichthyology," produced at Berlin in
which " Grace Cassady, or the Repeal- 1785, at the expense of the wealthiest
ers," " The Two Friends," "Meredith,"  princes of Germany, is a magnificent na"Stratherne," " The Lottery of Life," tional work. His treatise " On Intesti"The Victims of Society," &c., are the nal Worms" is also in high estimation.
chief; and several works full of person- B. 1723; d. 1799.-JOANNA KOERTEN, a
al anecdote, epigram, sentiment, and  female of Amsterdam, who excelled in
description, such as "The Idler in Ita- cutting landscapes, sea-pieces, flowers,
y," " The Idler in France," " Memoirs and even portraits, out of paper, with
of a Femme de Chambre," "The Belle the most perfect resemblance of naturea
of the Season," &c.. For many years Her productions sold at enormous prices,
she edited the far-famed annuals, " The and she was patronized by several sovBook of Beauty" and " The Keepsake."  ereigns. B. 1650; d. 1715.-JoHy ERASD. at Paris, 1849.                    Mns, a gardener of Copenhagen, who
BLETTERIE, JOHN PHILIP RENE DE      published a "Horticultura Danica" in
LA, b. at Rennes. He was professor of 1647.-BENJAMIN, JACOB, and DANIEL, of
eloquence at the Royal College, and a a family in Pomerania, distinguished as
member of the    Academy of Belles painters of architectural and historical
Lettres. He wrote Lives of Julian and  pieces and portraits, Daniel excelling in
Jovian; and translated part of Tacitus. the latter especially.-GEORGE CASTO



IG(6                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAIt HY.                    [PLO
RmsN  a native of Denmark, bishop of R- noble triumphal arch of St. Denis was
pen, who wrote a botanical work in- erected by him.      Ie wrote varioaus
tended to illustrate the Old Testament, works on literary, architectural, and milcalled "Testamen Phoenicologices Sa- itary subjects. D. 1686.-JAMES FEANcrie."  D. 1773.                      ca, was b. at Rouen, in 1705, and, like
BLOEIMART, AnBRAHAM, a Dutch    his uncle, was an a rchitect of:great
painter, b. at Gorcum, 1505, d. at Utrecht talent. The merit of a course of archiin 1647. His paintings are reproached  tectural lectures, which he delivered at
with various faults, yet he is cistinguish- Paris, obtained him the appointment of
ed by the brilliancy of -his colors, and  professor at the academy. In his final
the richness of his invention. In the  illness, he had himsclf removed to hlis
representation of the c7daro-oscuro he  school at the Louvre, that lie might
may be called great.  He pintecl all yield up his last breath where he had
sorts of objects; but his landscapes are  taught his art. Blondel is the author
the most esteemed. He had folr sons, of French Architecture, a Course of
of whom the youngest CORNELIUS, is Civil Architecture, and other works of
the most distinguished. lie was b. at a similar kind. D. 1775.
Utrecht, 1603, and d. at Rome, 1680.    BLOOD, TIHOAS, a singular and desHe was an engraver, and his engravings perate character, who was originally an
are distinguished for purity, elegance, officer in Cromwell's arly. Hisfirst cand softness. He wavs the founder of a markable enterprise -was an attempt to
new school, fiom which proceeded Bau- sur prise the castle of Dublin, which was
dot, Poilly, Chasten, Speier, Eoullat, &c. frustrated by the duke of Ormond. He
BLOMEFIIELD, FiRANCIS, an English    subsequently seized the duke in the
topograpiher and divine; author of " Col- streets of London, with the intention of
lee.tanea Cantabrligiensia" &c. D. 1755. hangingi  him at Tyburn, and was very
BLOMFIELD, EDAmRD VALENTINE, nea          accomplishing his purpose. Iis
a distinguished classical schlolar, who  last exploit was an attempt to carry away
received his education at Caius collee, the crown and regalia from the Tower.
Cambridge, where, besides other prizes, For some inexplicable reason, Charles
he gained, in 1809, a medal for writing  II. not only pardoned him, but gave him
his beautiful ode, " Ini Desiderium Por- an estate of ~500 per annum. D. 1680.
soui."  B. 1786; d. 1816.                BLOOMFIELD, ROBERT, a poet, b. at
BLOND, JAMES CHITSTOPHER LE, a       -Ioninogton, in Suffolk, in 1766, was the
miniature painter; and author of a trea- son of a tailor, and was early left fathertise on a method of engraving in colors. less. He was taught to read by his moB. 1670; d. 1741.                     ther, who kept a village school, and this
BLONDEL, a minstrel, andi favorite  was, in fact, his only education. At the
of Richard Cceur de Lion, whom he is age of eleven he was employed in such.
said to have discovered'in his German  husbandry labor as he could perform;
dungleon, by singing beneath its walls but, his constitution being delicate, he
the first part of asong of their joint con- was subsequently apprenticed to the
position. —DAID, a Pr otestcnit writer trade of shoemaking, at which he workand mlinister, was b. in 1591, at Chalons  ed as a journeyman for many years.
sur Marne. In l150 he was invited to   His leisure hours were spentin reading,
Amsterdam, to succeed Vasorius, as pro- and in the composition of verses. His
fessor of history, and he d. there in 665, poem of the Farmer's Boy was at length
after having lost his sight in consequence  brought before the public, by the benevof the huLmidity of the climate. Blondel olent exertions of Capel Loft, and it prowas a man of learning, had a minute ac- cured the author both fame and profit.
quaintance with histoiy, and was a fluent He subsequentlypublished other poems,
speaker.  Among his works, one of the  among which may be mentioned, Wild
iost curious is his refutation of the silly  Flowers, Hazlewood Hall, and the Balnks
Fstorv of Pope Joan. He has the merit of the Wye. Ill health and misfortune
of having written in favor of liberty  clouded thee latter years of this modest
of conscience.-FRANCIS, an   eminent and meritorious vwriter, and he d. in
French architect and diplomatist, was b. 1828, when he was almost on the verge
in 1617, at Ribemont, in Picardy. After of inslnity. —JosE'PH, governor of New
having been sent as envoy to Constanti- Jersey.  ie was a soldier of the revolunople, 1eh was appointed counsellor of tion.  In the war of 1812 he was a
state, one of the dauphin's preceptors, bricradier-general. D. 1823.
professor of the royal college, and mem-  BLOUNT, Sir HIENRY, was b. at Titber of the Academy of Sciences. The   tenhangher, in Hertfordshire, in 1602;




ILUTJ                 CYCLIOPAEDIA OF     IOGRAPIHY.                   167
travelled in the East in 1634, 1635, and  Proverbs," "The Deliverance of Ra1636;'fonuht ncnder the banner of Charles thenau," &c. B. 1739 d. 1790.-ROBERT,
at Edgehill; was, nevertheless, employ- whose comnianding eloquence during
ed by Crolmwell; and d. in 1682. Ie is his brief political career gained for him
the author of a Voyage to the Levant; a high name, wias b. at Cologne in 1807.
the Exchange Walk, a satire; and other Cradled in poverty, his education was
works.-Sir THOMAS POPE, eldest son of  completely neglected; but from   his
Sir IHenry, was b. ii 1649, and d. in 1697. earliest years he manifested a thirst for
He produced Censura Celebriorum Auc- learning. At the age of fourteen he was
torum; De Re Poetica; Essays on sev- apprenticed to a goldsmith; he aftereral subjects; and Natural History.   wards worked as ac journeyman in difCHARLES, the youngest son of Sir Henry, ferent parts of Germany, especially at
was b. in 1654, and made himself coi- Berlin; but on his return to Cologne in
spicnous by his deistical opinions, and  1830, he was obliged to accept the humby considerable talent.  His "Anima ble office of box-opener in the theatre of
Mundli" was suppressed, and publicly that city. Amid all the difficilties with
burnt. This work he followed up by    which he had to struggle, he acquired a
three of the same kind: The Life of high degree of cultivation, and succeedApollonius Tyaneus; Great is Diana of ed in the management of various literthe Ephesians; and Religio Laici. Of ary and political journals of Leipsic. In
the revolution of 1688 he was a warm  1847 he became a bookseller.     The
friend; but he acted little in consonance  events of March, 1848, brought him out
with its principles, when he published  as a politician. He represented Leipsic
his "King William and Queen Mary      in the parliament at Frankfort. On the
Conquerors," to assert their right to  breaking out of the second revolution at
the crown by conquest. The commons Vienna, in October, 1848, he repaired
ordered this tract to be burnt by the thither with some other members of his
hangmian. He shot himself in 1693, in  party, to offer a congratulatory address
consequence of the sister of his deceased  to the Viennese.  Here he haranguel
wifet having refused to marry him.-   the people with great power and effect;
THOMAS, was b. at Bardesley, in Wor- but after the suppression of the rebelcestershire, in 1618, and d. in 1679. He  lion he was arrested, tried by courtpublished Glossographia; a Law Dic- martial, and condemned to be shot, Nov.
tionary; and va-;ous other works; the  9, 1848. The news of his arrest and
most curious and valuable of which is, execution caused great consternation
"Fragmenta Antiquitatis, or Ancient throughout Gecrmany; but it has not yet
Tenures of Land, and Jocular Custnoms been resenticd, as it unquestionably will
of Manors."                           be, iwhen the people rise once more to
BLOW, JOIN, a musician, was b. in   vindicate their rights.
1648, at North Callingham, in Nottig-   BLUTMAUER, LEWs, a German satirhamshire, received a doctor's degrees ical poet; author of a " Travesty of the
from Archbishop Sancroft; and, on the  IEneid,'" &c. B. 1755; d. 1798.
death of Purcell, became organist of    BLUMIENEACII, JOIImNN FRIIibERICI,
Westminster abbey.    He d. in 1708. one of the greatest naturalists of modern
His secular compositions were collected, times, was b. at Gotha in 1752.  He
in 1700, under the title of " Amphion  early displayed a great aptitude for sciAnglicus."  His church music receives entific pursuits, aid before he had comqualified praise fiom Dr. Burney.     pleted his 24th year, his fame as an
BLUCHER,     GEBsARAL  LrBEECHT, inquirer into natlur lhad spread throughPRINCE VON, a Prussian fiell-marshal, b. out the civilized world. In 1776, he was
at Rostock, Dec. 16, 1742. He served  appointed prlofessor of medicine in the
45 years in the army; and his celebrity  university of Gottingen, where he had
in the field, though rarely victorious, been educated; and here, for the long
obtained him the name of " Marshal period of 61 yeari, he continued, by his
Forwards." Ie aided Wellington in lectures andc his works, to extend the
gaining the battle of Waterloo, by his science of conpatrative anatomy, which
tihnely arrival at the most decisive mo- has been so successfully cultivated in
ment. In reward for his services the more recent times, and of which he may
king of Prussia created a special order of  be truly said to have been the founder.
Knighthood. D. at Kriblowizt, 181S.   D. 1837.
BLIM, JOACHIM CIRISTIAN, a Ger-       BLUTEAU, Don       RaxsAs,, a Roman; author of " Lrical Poems,"       man Catholic priest, b. in Ind ien, of
" The Promenades," " Dictionary of French parents; author s        v kiv.le




168                    CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOG-CRAPHY.                      [B-G
Portugnese and Latin Dictionary. )D. ted, and devoted himfself totally to. liter1734.                                   ature. He studied under his friend and
BOABDIL, or ABOTJABOULA, the          piatron- Petrarch, by. whose suggestions
last Moorish king of Granada; he was   lie retired from the tumults and f.actions
expelled for the last time from Granada  of Floreonce, and visited Naples, where
by Ferdinand of Castile and Aragon, in  he was received with kindness by king
1491; and afterwards resided. in Aft'lica, Robert, of whose natural daughter lihe
where he was killed in battle ill the ser- became enamored, *ancd to whom  he
vice of tile king of Fez.               often pays his homage, in his various
BOADEN, JAMES, a dramatic author poetical pieces, as Fiammetta. Placed
and critic.  Educated for the law, he in fortunate circumstances, with a lively
was, like many young men similarly      and cheerful disposition, of a soft and
situated, a great lover and frequenter of rpcsiing address, the favored lover of
the theatre; and, from loving 1te stage, a kilings daughter, lie regarded with
he got to.writing for it. His plays are  more aversion than ever the station for
numerous, but we believe there is not which lie had been intended. The fondone of them that now keeps possession   ness of the princess for poetry; his own
of the stage. Far more important are his intimacy with scientific andliterary men;
dramatic memoirs, which are probably    the tomb of Virgil, near Naples, which
the best records we have of John KeImn- he used to visit in his walks; the presble,. Mrs. Siddons, Mrs. Jordan, and    ence of Petrarch, who was received with
Mrs. Inchbald.. His "Inquiry into the  the highest distinction at the court of
authenticity of the various Pictures and  Naples, and who went from that city to
Prints of Shakspeare," and a tract on   Rome, to be crowned with the poetic
"The Sonnets of Shakspeare," are also   laurel; the intimacy which had arisen
very valuable works. B. 1762; d. 1839. between the two poets-all operated
BOADICEA, or BONTIUCA, queen          powerfully on Boccacio, to strengthen
of the Iceni, in Britain, during the reign  and fix his natural inclination for poetry
of Nero, having been treated in the most and literature. After living two years
ignominious manner by the Romans, at Florence with his fither, he returned
headed a general insurrectioin of the   to Naples, where he was very graciously
Britons, attacked the Roman     settle- received by the queen Joanna. It is
ments, reduced London to ashes, and     thought that it was no less to gratifv the
put to the sword all strangers, to the  young queen, than his Fiammetta, that
number of 70,000. Suetonius, the Ro- he wrote his " Decameron,' which has
man general, defeated her in a decisive  raised him to the rank of the fi rst Italian
battle, and rather than fall into the hands prose writer. On the death of his faof her enemies, she put an end to her ther, becoming master of his own inclilife by poison. This battle was fought nations, he settled at Florence, where
A. D. 61. Cowper's beautiful poem on    his first work was a description of the
her, is one of his most delightful pro- plague, which forms the opening of the
ductions.                               " Decameron."   He passed the remainBOBSOFF, SIMrON     SERGSEVITSCH, a   der of his life in his native village,
Russian poet, who enjoyed considerable  where his constitution was weakened
reputation at St. Petersburgh. His best by his great'application, and where he
poem is said to be "The Chersonide, or  d., of a sickness in the stomach, 1375.
a Summer's Day in the Crimea."       His His works are some in Latin and some
lyrical works have been collected in four  in Italian.  He possessed uncommon
volufnes.    D. 1810.                   learning, and he may honorably be
BOCCACIO, GIOVANN, one of the most reckoned as one of those whose grebiat
enduring of -the Italian prose writers, exertions contributed most to the reviwas born at Paris, of an illicit comnec- val of learning in Europe. His besttion, which his father formed in that known composition is the before-Imcncity, in 1313. His family came origilnal- tioed "Decameron," a rommnce occaly from Certaldo, in Tuscany, whence    sionally licentious, but abounding with
he derives the appellation sometimes    wit, satire, and elegance of dition. His
given him of Da Certaldo. He waas ori-    Life of Dante," his " Genealoogy of the
ginally intended by his fatlier for a   Gods," his "IHistory of Home," and hid
mercantile profession; but after spend-  " Thesis,' are much admired. Though
ing six years with a merchant at Flor- his poetry does not possess the sweetence and Paris, and turning his thoup hts  ness of Petrarch's lines, his prose is
to the calnoi law, he abandoned the pur- unequalled for its graceful simplicity
suits which interest or authority dicta- and varied elegance.




BOJ]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       169
BOCCAGE, MA.RI ANNE DVU a cele- writer of the- 16th century; author of
brated French poetess, was b. at Rouen, various Latin works, and styled, from
1710, became the wife of a receiver of  his skill in Latin poetry, the Belgic Virtaxes in Dieppe, who died soon after the gil. B. 1555; d. 1609.
marriage, leaving her a youthful witdow.  BOCQUILLOT, LAZARUS ANDREW, a
She concealed her talents, however, till French divine; author of a " Treatise on
the charms of youth were past, and first the Liturgy," "Life of the Chevalier
published her productions in 1746. The Bayard," &c. D. 1728.
first was a poem on the mutual influence  BODARD DE TEZAZ, N. M. F., b.
of the fine arts and sciences. This gained  in 1758; a French poet and diplomatist;
the prize from the academy of Rouen. ambassador to Naples for the republic
She- next attempted an imitation of' in 1799; author of "Le Ballon," a
"Paradise Lost," in six cantos; then, comedy; "Allonsko," a' melodrame;
of the " Death of Abel;" next a tragedy, "Minette et Marine," an opera, &c.
the "Amazons;" and a poem in ten       BODE, JOHN JOACHIM CHRISTOPHER, a
cantos, called the "Columbiad." There  German writer.  He was originally a
is a great deal of' entertaining matter in  musician in a Hanoverian regiment; lihe
the letters which she wrote on her travels then became a bookseller, and finally rose
in England and Holland, and in which  to be privy councillor to the landgrave
one may plainly'sec the impression she  of Hesse Darmstadt.  He trarnsated
made upon her cotemporaries.     Her some of the best French and English
works have been translated into En- authors into German with considerable
glish, Spanish, German, and Italian. D. taste and judgment. D. 1793.-CHRIS1802.                                 TOPHER AUGUSTUS, a learned German
BOCCALINI, TRAJAN, an Italian sat- linguist and critic; who edited the New
irist; author of the "Political Touch- Testament in Ethiopic, all the Evangestone," a "Satire on the Spaniards," lists in Persian, St. Matthew in Arabic,
&c. His writings gave so much offence  &c. B. 17238; d. 1796.-JOHN ELERT, an
to the Spanish court, that it caused him  astronomer, b. at Hamburg, 1747, early
to be murdered at Venice, 1613.       discovered an inclination for mathematiBOCCHERINI, LUIGI, a celebrated     cal science: in which his father, and
composer of instrumental music, pen- afterwards the famous J. G. Busch,
sioned for his merit by thelking of instructed him. HeI gave the first public
Prussia, and warmly patronized by the proof of his knowledge by a short work
king of Spain. B. 1740; d. 1805.      on the solar eclipse of August 5th, 1766.
BOCCIH, ACHILLES, a Bolognese, of a The approbation which this received
noble family, who distinguished himself  encouraged him to greater labors, and
in the 16th century by his attachment in 1768, appeared his "Introduction to
to literature; author of "Apologia in  the Knowledge of the Starry  eavens,"
Plautum," and numerous other works. a familiar treatise on astronomy, which
BOCCOLD, JOHN, or JOHN OF LEY- has done much to extend correct views
DEN, a fanatic of. that city in the 16th  upon the subject, said continues to do
century, who headed some revolters, so, as it has kept pace in its*successive
and made themselves masters of Mun- editions with the progress of the science,
ster, where. he assumed the characters In 1772 the Berlin academy chose him
of king and prophet. The city was at their astronomer, and ten years afterlength taken by the bishop, and Boccold  wards lie was made a member of that
was hanged.                           institution.  His best works are his
BOCCONE, PAUL, an Italian natural- "Astronomical Almanac," (commencing
ist; author of " Musea di Plante rare."  1774,) a work indispensable to every
B. 1633; d. 1704.                     astronomer; and his large "Celestial
BOCCUCI, JosEPH, a Spanish author, Atlas" (Himmes atlas,) in twenty sheets,
b. in 1775.- He served at first in the in which the industrious editor has
army, in the campaigns of 1793 and 1794, given a catalogue of 17,240 stars, (12,000
against republican France, but after- more than in any former charts.) In
wards devoted himself to letters. He is 1825 he was released, at his own wish,
the authorof several comedies played at from  his duties in the academy of
the Madrid theatre.                   science, and the observatory in Berlin.
BOCHART, SAMUEL, a French Prot- D. 1827.
estant divine; author of "Geographia    BOIDIN, JoHN, a native of Angers,
Sacra," a treatise on the "' Terrestrial who studied law at Toulouse, where he
Paradise," &c. B. 1599; d. 1667.      acquired reputation by his lectures. He
BbCH, or BOCHIUS, JOHN, a Flemish   came to Paris, but not succeeding at the
15




Ili0                 CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BOg
bar, he devoted  ilmself totally to wri- luzzo, in Piedmont, wheie his father
ting books. Hii wit, as well as his owned a printing establishnment.   He
mei it, recommended him to public no- began, while yet a boy, to employ himtice. Henry III. visited and admired  self in engraving on wood. His labors
him; and in the company of the dnke meeting vwith success, he went in 1758
of Alencon, he visited England, where to Eome, and was made compositor for
he was flattered to see his book on " The the press of the "Propaganda."  He
Eepublic" approved and read in the uni- next established a printin-house at
versity of Cambridge. Besides his "De Parma, hich he made the first of the
la Eepubliqne," he wrote a "Commen- kind in Europe, and gained the reputatary on Appian," "Discourses on Coins," tion of havinmg far surpassed all the
"Methods of History," and "Demona- splendid and beautiful productiols of
nia." D. of the plaoue, at Laon, 1596.  his predecessors in the art. The beauty
BODLEY, SIR THOMAS, from whom       of his type, ink, and paper, as well as
the Bodleian library at Oxford takes its the whole management of the technical
name, was b. at Exeter, March     2, part of the work, leaves nothing for us
1544. In 1585 he was made gentleman   to wish, but the intrinsic value of his
usher to Queen Elizabeth. From this editions is seldom equal to their outtime to 1597 he was honorably employed  ward splendor. His fHomer is a truly
in e bassies and negotiations with for- admirable and magnificent work; ineign powers; acnd on his revocation, he  deed, his Greek letters are the most perset about the work of restoring the pub- feet imitations that have been attempted,
lie library at Oxford, which, in two years in modern times, of Greek manuscript.
time, he brought to some degree of per- His splendid editions of Greek, Latin,
fection. He furnished it with a large  Italian, and French classics are highly
collection of books, purchased in fqr- prized. D. at Padua, 1618.
eign countries, at a grieat expense; and  BOECIET, HECTOn,, a Scottish historian,
this collection, in a short time, becalne was b. at Dundee about the year 1465.
so greatly enlarged, by the benefactions  He studied at Aberdeen, and afterwaards
of several noblemen, bishops, and oth- at Paris, where, in 1497, he became proers, that neither the shelves nor the  fessor of philosophy in the college of
room could contain them. Whereupon    Montfacute.  In 1500 lie was elected
Bodley offering to make considerable  principap of the college of Aberdeen,
addition to the building, the motion was which wavs just then foFunded by Bishop
readily embraced. An annual speech in  Elphins.tone.  On the death of the
his praise is still made at Oxford. D. bishop, in 1514, he resolvedc to give to
1612.                                 the world an account of his life, in comBODMER, JOHN JACOB, a celebrated    posing swhich he was led to write the
German poet and scholar, b. at Grei- history of the lives of the whole of the
ensee, near Zurich, 1698. Although he  bishops of Aberdeen. It was published
produced nothing remarkable of his in 1522. H-Ie next wrote a "'Iistory of
own in poetry, he helped to open the Scotland,"  which was published at
way for the new German literature in  Paris, 1526.  A second edition was
this department. He was the antagonist printed at Lausann e in 1574. D. 1534.
of (ottsched, in Leipsic, who aspired to  BOEHI, JACOB, one of the most fabe the literary dictator of the day, and  mous mystics of modern times, was b.
had embraced the French theory of     at Altseidenberg, Germany, in 1575, and
taste, while Bodmer inclined to the En- passed the first years of his life, withglish. I-e has the honor of having had  out instruction, in the tendinng of cattle
Klopstock and Wieland among his sehol — in the fields. The beautiful and subars, and was for a long time professor lime objects of nature kindled his imaof history in bSvitzerland.  He was a  ination, and inspired lhim with a procopious and indefatigable writer, and  folnd piety. Baised by contemplation
thongh he entertained many incorrect above his -circmnstlances, and undisviews, he was of service to the literature turbed by exterior influences, a strong
of his native land, which was then in a sense of the spiritual, particularly of the
low and barbarous state. D. at Zurich, mysterious, was awakened in him, and
1-$3.                                 he saw in all the workings of nature
BODONI, CIAMBATIETA, superintend- updn his mind a revelation of God, and
ent of the royal press at Parmla, chief even imagined himself favored by diprinter to the king of Spain, member of  vine inspirations. The education which
several academ'es of Italy, knight of he received at school, though very imseveral high orders, was b., 1740, at Sa- perfect, consisting only of writing, spell



BOE]                  CYCLOPVEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       171
ing, and teading the Bil e, supplied  parts for so many years successively:
new food for the excited nind of the none heard him iwithout conceiving a
boy.   He became afterwards a shoe- veneration for his person, at the same
maker; and this sedentary life seems time that they expressedl their surprise
to have strengthened his contemplative at his prodigious attainments; and it
habits. He was much interested in the may be justly affirmed, that none in so
disputes which prevailed on the subject private a station ever attracted a more
of Cryptocalvinism in Saxony: though  universal esteem. So unmoved was lie
he never took a personal part in secta- by detraction, from which the best of
rian controversies, and knew no higher men are not exempt, that he used to say,
delight than to elevate himself, undis-  " The sparks of calumny will be presentturbed, to the contemplation of the In- ly extinct of themselves, unless you blow
finite. His writings are very unequal, them."  His writings are numerous,
but always display a piofound feeling. amono the principal may be mentioned,
In 1594 he l^eamne a master shoemaker  "Instlitutiones Medice;" "Aphorismi
in Gorlitz, married, and continued a de Cognoscendis et Curandis Morbis;"
shoemaker during his life.  His first " Index.l1antarnum;" and "Elementa
work appeared in 1616, and was call- Chimiae."   B. 1668; d. 1788.
ed "Aurora."   It contains his revela-  -BOETHIUS, ANIcIUS MANLiUS Tontions on God, man, and nature. This QJATUS SEVERINUS, a Romian philosopher,
gave rise to a prosecution against him; whose virtues, services, honors, and
but he was acquitTed, and called upon, tragical end all combine to render his
from all sides, to continue writing. He name memorable, was b. 470; studied
did not, however, resume his' pen until at Rome and Athens; was profoundly
1619. One of his most important works learned; and filled mhe highest offices
is " Description of the Three Principles under the government of Theodoric the
of the Divine Being."  His works con- Goth. H-Ie was long the oracle of his
tain profound and lofty ideas, mingled  sovereign and the idol of the people;
with many absurd and confused notions. but his strict integrity and inflexible
He died, after several prosecutions and  justice raised up enemies in those who
acquittals, in 1624.-WILLiAM_ ANTHONY, loved extortion and oppression, and he
a learned German divine, and chaplain  at last fell a victim to their machinations.
to Prince George of Denmark. B. 1673; He was accused of a treasonable corred. 1732.                             sspondence with the court of ConstantiBOEHMER, G. G., a professor at Got- nople, and executed in 524. While ho
tingen, b. in 1761.  Always a liberal, was at the helm of state, he folund r.aand attached to the French party, he reation from   his toilsome occLi o iuuis
edited an independent journal in 1791. in the study of the sciences, and devoted
He congratulated the F'rench republic a part of his leisure to the construction
on its union with Belgium in 1796, and  of mathematical and musical instruwas complimented with a seat in the ments, some of which he sent to Cloconvention. He was subsequently per- thaire, king of Frauce. He was also
secuted by the anti-French party, and  much given to the study of the old
imprisoned at Ehrenbreitstein and Er- Greek philosophers and mathematicians,
furt. He was author of a "'Memoir to  and wrote Latin translations of several
demonstrate the Rhine as the Natural of them. His most celebrated work is
Boundary of France," &c., and many    that composed during his imprisonment,
political German works.               " On the Consolations of Philosophy,"
BOERHAAVE, HERMAN, one of the translated by two of the most illustrious
most eminent physicianiis of modern   English rulers, Alfred and Elizabeth.
times, b. at Woornout, near Leyden. It is written in prose and verse interHis knowledge as an anatomist, chemist, mixed. The elevation of thought, the
and botanist, as well as in the causes, nobleness of feeling, the ease and disnature, and treatment of diseases, was tinctness of style which it exhibits, make
unrivalled; and his fame was spread   this composition, short as it is, far supeover the world. Peter the Great visited  rior to any other of the age.
him on his travels; and a Chinese man-  BOETTCHER, JOHN FREDERIC, the
darin wrote to him with this address, inventor of the Dresden porcelain, b.
" To Boerhaave, the celebrated physi- February 5th, 1682, at Schleiz, in the
cian of Europe." No professor was ever Voigtland, in his 15th year went from
attended, in public as well as private Magdebu'rg, where he received his early
lectures, by so great a number of stu- education, to Berlin, as apprentice of
dents, from such different and distant an apothecary. There he devoted his




172                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         [BOI
nights to the making of gold out of     BOGORIS, the first Christia king of
other metals. Oct. 1st, 1701, he changed, Bulgaria; converted by his sister, who
as it is said, in the presence of several had been taken prisoner by the troops
witnesses, eighteen pieces of silver into  of Theodosia, and was restored to him
fine gold. As this was imuch talked of, by that empress.
the king cesired to   see  him, and     BOGUE, DAVID, a dissenting minister
Boettcher, believing he was to be arrest- of very considerable acquirements; pased as an adept, fled to Saxony.  The tor of a congregation at Gosport, Hants,
king of Saxony gave him large sumns of  where he also ikept an establishment for
money, andc became very impatient to the education of young men destined for
see the golcd. Boettcher, in 1704, at- the Christian ministry, in connection
telmpted to escape, btt was overtaken, with the Independents. He is considatnd, with the assistance of one Tschirn- ered as the father of the London Mishansen, who had discovered a kind of  sionary Society, and he also contributecl
porcelain, inventeed an improved corn- greatly to the formation'ofthe British
position of it, with which lhe hoped to  and Foreign Bible Society. I-Ie wrote
appease the king, who was i+ the habit an "Essay on the Divine Authority of
of spendcing immense sums in China- the New Testament," a " History of thO
ware. In 1705 Boettcher invented the Dissenters," &c    B. 1749  d. 1825.
Dresden porcelain, which has since be-   BOIIEMOND, the first prince of Ancome so famous. I-e made use of a tioch. He took Antioch in 1098, and
clay fouid in the vicinity of iMeissen. subsequently took Laodicea. D. 1111.
The king, upon this, made him a baron   BOHN, JOHN, a German physician;
of the empire, adld director of the new  author of a " Treatise on the Duties of a
manufactory of porcelain in Meissen, Physician," &c. B. 1640; d. 1719.
though he was often treated as a prison-  BOIIUN, EDMUiND, a political writer
er, lest the secret should be betrayed. of note in the reign of James II. and
He was finally removed from his dignitv  William III.; author of a " Defence of
on account of his immoral life. D. 1719  Kinog Charles II.'s Declaration," a "' Gein the greatest poverty.               ographical Dictionary," " Life of Bishop
BOGDANOWITSCHI, HIPPOLYT FD- Jewell," &c. Ile was living at the acEROWITSCH, the Russian Anacreon, was cession of Queen Anne, but the exact
b. in 1743, at Perewolotshna, in TWhite date of his death is uncertain.
Russia.' His father was a physician.    BOIARDO, MATTEO MARIA, count of
He was designed for an engineer; went, Scandiano, was b. at a seat belonging
for tl- purpose of stuclyin eni fneein,to his family near Ferrara, in 1434. Flrom
to Mescow, in 154; b1ut, having higher 1488 to 1494, the period of his death, he
views, he applied himself to the study  was commander of the city and castle
of the fine arts, and to learning foreign  of Eeggio, in the service of his proteclanguages.  He gained   patrons and    tor, Ercole d'Este, duke of Mldena.
fiiends, and, in 1791, was made inspec- This accomplished courtier, scholar, mnd
tor in the university of Moscow, and  knight was particularly distinguished
afterwards translator in the department as a poet. His  Orlando Innamorato"
*of foreign affairs. In 1762 he travelled  is continued to the seventy-nintl canto,
with Count Belos-?sky, as secretary of but not completed.  He iimmortalized
legation, to Dresden, where he devoted  the names of his own peasants, and the
his whole attention to the study of tle charms of the scenery at Scandiano, in
fine arts and of poetry, till 1768. The  the persons of his heroes and his descripbeautiful pictures in the gallery of that tions of the beauties of nature. In lanplace inspired him to wite his "Psyche,"  guage and versification he has been sur(Duschelnka,) which appeared in 1775, passed byAriosto, whom he equalled in
and fixed his fame on a lasting founda- invention, grace, and skilful conduct of
tion. After this he devoted himself to  complicated episodes. Domenichi, Bermusic and poetry, in solitary study at ni, and Agostini new amodelled and conPetersburg, till Catharine called'him  tinned tle work of Boiardo, without
from his retirement. He then wrote, on  improving it. One continuation, only,
different occasions, several dramatic and  will never be forgotten-the immortal
historical pieces. In 1788 he was made  " Orlando" of Ariosto. In some of his
president of the imperial archives. In  works, Boiardo was led, by the spirit of
1792 he took leave of the court, and  his times, to a close imitation of the anlived as a private ma- in Little Russia. cients, as in his "Capit(li," also in a
Alexander' ecalled him to Petersburg, comedy borrowed from'Lucian's " Tiwhere he lived till 1803.             mon," and in his Latin eclogues Und




BOI]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                       173
translations of Herodotus and Apu- of youth disappeared as he approached
leius.                                to niatuirity. Hle applied himself to the
BOICHOT, JEAN, a distinguisherS law; hee vws admitted advocate in 1656,
French sculptor. The " Colossal Group  but he did not possess the patience andl
of St. Michael," and. the "Sitting Her- application  equisite for the bar, and
cules," are among his best works. The exchanging his pursuits for the study of
bas-reliefs of the rivers on the Trium- divinity, he at last ciscovered tlat a cephal Arch of the Carousel are his. B. gree at'the Sorbonne was not calculated
1788; d. 1814..to promote the bent of his genius, or
BOIELDIEU, ADRIEN, a ctlebrated     gain him reputation. In the field of
French musical composer, b. in 1775   literature he now acquired eminence
author of numerous well-known operas: ancd fame. The publication of his first
" Le Calife de Bagdad," "Jean de Pa- satires, 1666, distinguished him above
ris," &c. " T6elmaque" is thought his  his poetical predecessors, and he became
ce e/-d'cesuve. His style is characterized  the fitvorite of Frtance a-nd of Europe.
by a sweet and natural melody, much    His art of poetry added still to his repuimaginative gayety, and simple but tation; it is a monument of his genius
pleasing accompaniments.               and judgment.   is " Lutri" was WritBOIGNE, COUNT, a French soldier of   ten in 1674, at the request of Lamoignon,
fortune, was b. at Chamberry, in 1751. and the insignificant quarrels of the
When 17 years old he entered the Frenchl treasurer andc ecclesiastics of a chapel
army, which he quitted for the Russian  are magnified by the art and power of
service in abofit 5 years, and was taken  the poet into matters of importance,
prisoner at the siegeo of Tenedos. After and every line conveys, with the most
being released he left Russia, and in 1778  delicate pleasantry, animated descripiwent into the service of the East India tion, refined ideas, aind the most interCompany; but fancying himself neglect- esting scenes. Louis XIV. was not ined, he offered himself'to the notice of  sensible of the merits of a man who
Mahajee Scindiah, the celebrated prince  reflected so much honor on the French
of the Mahrattas, to whom he was of the name. Boileaun became a. favorite at
greatest iUse during his campaigns, and  court, a pension was settled o1 him, and
who loaded;him with honors and riches. the monarch, in the regular approbation
Having remitted his vast fortune to En- from the press to the works of the augland, and wishing to return to Europe  thor, declared he wished his subjects to
foi the sake of his health, he left India  partake the same intellectual gratificain 1795, and settled at Chamberry. He  tion wbich he himself had so repeatedly
d. in 1830, possessed of about twenty  enjovet..!' As a prose writer Boileau posmillions of fiancs, thle greater part of  sessed considerable merit, as is fally
which he bequeathed to his son.        evinced by his elegant translation of
BOILEAU, JAMES, b. at Paris, in      Longinus. After enjoying the favors
1635, was a doctor of the Sorbonne, a  of his sovereign, Boileau retired froml
canon, and dean, and grand vicar of public life, and spent his time in literary
Sens. He is the author of several theo- privacy, in the society of a few select
logical and other works in the Latin   and valuable fiiends. D. 1711.
language, the most celebrated of which   BOILLY, N., an agreeable and prois the " Historia Flagellantium." James  ductive French painter, b. in 1768. His
Boileau was caustic and wvitty. Being  most celebrated pieces are, "The Arriasked why he always wrote in Latin, hle val of the Diligence;" " The Departure
replied, " for fefr: the bishops should  of the Conscripts;" and  Interior of M.
read me, in which case I should be per- Isabeal's Atelier."  He has some affecsecuted."  The Jesuits he designated as tation of Dutch coloring, but tiuth of
men " who lengthened the creed, and    execution iS"his great forte.
abridged the decalogue."   D. 1716.-    BOINDON, NICHOLAS, a French draGILES, a French writer; author of a matist; author of several comedies.
translation of Epictetus, ce. BB. 1631; Having d. an avowed atheist, (ie iws ind. 1669.-JOmIN JAMES, a French divine; terred without any religious ceremonies.
author of " Letters on Morality and De- D. 1751.
votion," &c. D. 1735.-NICHOLAS, Sieur    BOINVILLE, DE, was b. of a noble
des Preux, a celebrated poet b. at Paris, faily, at Strasbmrg, in 1770. He quit1686. His father, who left him an or- ted a lucrative office, aind joined tlhe
phan before he was 17, hald not formed  French republican party in 1791. He
the most promising expectations 6f thle  theln went to EnDlIand with La Fayette
l)owers of his mind; but the dulness   as aid-de-camp. lHe married al English
15*q-x




I171                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BOL
lady vf great talent and beauty, accepted  JOHN, brother of the above, professor
a col injand under Napoleon, and per- of Greek in the Royal college of Paris,
ished in the retreat from Moscow.    alnd keeper of the king';s library; author
BOIS, JOHN Du, a French monk, who   of a French version of the "Birds of
served in the army of Henry III. On   Aristophanes," and the " CEdipus of
the deathl of Henry IV. he accused the Sophocles," &c., &c.  D. 1726.-DE
Jesuits of having caused the assassina- VILLENEUVE, JOHN,. a Norman writer,
tion of that prince. For this accusation  chiefly on classical literature; author of
he was confinedin'the castle of St. An- "An Apology for -orner," and the
gelo, at Rome. D. 1626.-PHILIP DU, a" Shield of Achilles," &c. D. 1726.
Frenchi divine; editor of an edition of  BOIZOT, Louis SIMON, b. in 1743; a
Tiblllus, Catullus, and Propertius, ad  French painter and sculptor, but more
usum Delphini. D. 170. —G0EiARD DU, distinguished as the latter. The "Vica priest of the Oratory; author of " An- tory" of the Fountain of the Place cld
nals of France," "History of the Church  Chatclet, is his cief-d'cevreie. Elegant,
of Paris, - &c. D. 1696.              graceful, alnd delicate as are the various
BOISMORAND, Abbe CHIRON DE, an      productions of his chisel, le is accused
unprincipled French satirist.  Bred a of too great monotony in the attitude
Jesuit, he first satirized that order, and  and expression of his figures, as well as
then refuted his own satire. D. 1740.  inacouracy of outline.
BIOSROBERT, FRANCIS LE METEL DE,      BOKHXIRI, a celebrated Mussulman
a French abbot, celebrated for his wit, doctor; he was a predestinarian,  acl
and patronized by Richelieu. I-is poems, the author of a collection of traditions,
plays, tales, &c., are extremely numer- entitled "Tektirtch."  D. 256 of the
ous. D. 1662.                          E-egira.
BOISSARD, JOHN JAMES, a French        BOL, FERDINAND, a Dutch historical
antiquary; author of "Theatrum Vite   and portrait painter, pupil of Rembrandt.
Humanse," &c. D. 1602.                B. 1611; d. 1681.
BOISSAT, PETER DB, an eccentric       BOLANGER, JoIN, an       historical
Frenichman; at first a priest, then a sol- painter, pupil of Guido. D. 1660.
dier, and at last a pilgrim; author of  BOLD, SAMUEL, an English divine
"L'Histoire Negropontique; ou, les and controversial writer; author of a
Amnours d'Alexandre Castriot." D. 1662. "Plea for Moderation towards DissentBOISSY D'ANGLAS, FRANCIS AN- ers," &c. D. 177.
THONY, Count de, a      distinguished   BOLDONIC, C., an Italian writer, b.
French senator and literary character, in 1768; author of "La Constituzione
and a man who throuchout th.revolu- Francese," (published in 1792,) which
tionary frenzy constan'tly displayed great contributed to diffuse the renovated
firmness and a disinterested love of lib- seeds of freedom over Italy it that epoch.
erty.  By Napoleon he was made a        BOLEYN, ANNE, daughter of Sir
senator and commander of the legion of Thomas Boleyn, is known in English
honor; and in 1814 Louis XVIII. cre- history as the wife of Henry VIII., and
ated him a peer; but he was, for a time  as the occasion of the reformation. She
only, deprived of his title, in conse- went to France in the seventh year. of
quence of his recognition of the emperor her age, and was one of the attendants of
on his return from Elba. His writings the English pincess, wife to Louis XII.,
are on various subjects: amrong them  and. afterwvards to Claudia the queen
are " The Literary and Political Studies  of Francis I. and then of the duchess
of an Old Man;" an " Essay on the Life  of Alcnion.  About 1525 she returned
of Malesherbes," &c. B. 1756; d. 1826. to England, and when maid of honor to
BOISSY, Louis DE, a French comic Queen Catherine, she drew upon herself
writer, who, although he L.d been the the attention and affection of the Ikng,
autlior of numerous successful come- and by her address in the managiement
dies, Was reduced to such extreme dis- of the violence of his passion, she pretress, that had he not been opportunely  vailed upon him to divorce his wife; and
rescued by the marchioness de Pompa- as the pope refused to disainnlul his mardour, he and his wife would have per- riage, England was separated from the
ished through hunger. D. 1758.        spiritual donminion of Rome. Henry was
BOIVIN, FEA.NCIs DE, a French writer; united to his favorite 14th Nov. 1532,
author of a "History of the Wars of by whom     he had a daughter, afterPiedmont."  D. 1618.-Louis, a French  wards Queen Elizabeth, but his passion
iaedvocate; author of poems and some was,of short duration, and Anne Bolearned historical treatises. D. 1724.- oyn      admire, so loholngi courted by




BOL]                  CYCLOP DoIA OF BiOoRAPHY.                        175
the amorous monarch, was now despised  that has yet appeared there, was b. of
for Jane Seymour, and cruelly beheaded  noble parents in the city of Caraccas,
May 19th, 1536. She bore her falte with  1783. H-aving acquired the elements of
resignation  and  spirit; but though  a liberal education at hole, he was sent
branded with ignominy by Catholic wri- to Madrid to complete his studies and
ters, she must appear innocent in the  afterwards visited Paris, where he formj udgment of impartial men, and the dis- ed an acquaintance with several distingraceful accusation brought against her, guished ien. He then made the tour
of a criminal connection with her own  of Southern Europe, again visited the
brother and four other persons, must'be Spanish capital, and married the yourng
attributed to the suggestions and malice  and beautiful cld.nohter of the Marqiis
of that tyrant, who, in every instance, de Ustariz del Cro; but soon after his
preferred the gratification of his lust to  return to his native land, whither slie acevery other consideration. Her story is companied him, his youtlful bride %ell a
a favorite one with the dramatists and  victim to the yellow fever; and lie once
poets.                                more visited Europe as a relief to his sorBOLINGBRIOKE, HENRY ST. JOHN, row for one so fervently beloved.. On
Lord Viscount, son of Sir Henry St. returning to South America, in 1810, he
John, was b. at Battersea, in 1672, and  pledged himself to the cause of indepeneducated at Eton and Christ-church, clence,and commenced his military csareer
Oxford. lie obtained a seat in parli- in Venezuela, as a colonelin the service of
ment in 1700, and in 1704: was appointed  the newly founded republic. Soon after
secretary of'war and the marines, but this he was associated with Don Louis
resigned the secretaryship in 1707. In  Lopez Mendez, for the purpose of com1710 he aeain formed part of the minis- municating intelligence of the change of
try, as secretary of state, and had a prin- government to Great Britain.  In 1811
cipal share in the peace of Utrecht. In  he served under Miranda, and had the
1712 ihe was cieated Viscount Boling- command of Puerto Cabello    but. the
broke; but, dissatisfied with not having  Spanish prisoners having risen and seizobtained an earldom, and with other cir- ed the fort, he was obliged to quit the
cumnstances, he became the enemy of his town andproceed to Cartccas. At length.
colleague Harley, of whom he hhad long  Miranda was compelled to submit to
been the friend. On the tecession of Monteverde, the royalist gener'al; andc
George I. an impeachment of Boling- Bolivar, entering the service of the pabroke being meditated, he fled to France  triots of New Grenada, soon had another
and, at leIngth, accepted the office of opportunity of assisting his old friends
secretary to the pretender. He was soon, the Venezuelans. For a wlhile  e wxas
however, dismissed firom this new ser- successful, but reverses followed; and
vice, and, in the mean while had been  when, in 1815, theSpanish l rces under
impeachel  ad attainted in Endlandc. Morillo arrived,:he threw himself into
After a residence in France till 1723 he  Cartlhagena, andc subsequently retreated
was pardoned, and his estates were re- to St. Domingo. The spirit of resiststored, but he was not allowed to sit in  ance was, however, by ri- means extinthe hocuse of peers. 5More indignant at guished; he found new means to lead
this exclusion than gratified by his par- his countrymen to victory; and after
don, he became one of the clhief oppo-.l.any desperate conflicts the indepennents of Sir E. Walpole, and by the   dence of Columbia was sealed, and.Bolpower of his pen contributed greatly to ivar was chosen president of the repubthe overthrow of that minister. In1735 lie in 1821. His renown was now at its
he aogain withdrew to France, and re- height, and every act of his government
maiied there till the death of his father, shoved how zealously alive he was to
after which event he settled at Battersea, the improvement of the national instituwhere he resided till 1751, when lie d. tions and the moraL elevation of the
of a cancer in the face. Bolingbroke  people over whom he ruled.' In 1823 he
was intimate with and beloved by Pope, went to the assistance of the Peruvians,
Swift, and the most eminent men of his and having succeeded in settling their
age; his talents were of the first order;  iiternal divisions, and establishin r their
he possessed great eloquence, and, in  independence, he was proelaimhed Liberpoint of style, his writings rank among  ator of Peru, and invested with supreme
the best in the English language.     authority.. In 1825 lie visited Upper
BOLIVAR, SIMON, the celebrated      Peru, which detached itself from the
Liberator of South America, and the government of Buenos Ayres, and was
most distinguishecd military commander I formed into a new republic, named Bo



176                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BON
livia, in honor of the liberator; but do- sar, or Monsarchie Depraved," &c.-Romestic factions sprung up, the purity of BERT, a Puritan divine; author of a
his motives was called in question, and  Tresatise onl appiness," &e.. 1571;
he was charged with aiming at a perpet- d. 1631.-Pl OBERT, dean of Carlisle; aunal dictatorssip; he accorclingly declar- thor of an 1. Essay on the Employment
ed his determination to resigalr is power of Time," &c. I). 1763.-Sir WILLIAM,
as soon as his numerous enemies were a captain in the British navy, and a neovercome, and to repel the imputations  phew of Lordc Nelson, commenced his
of ambition cast upon him, by retiring  career in 1783, as a midshipman, on
to seclusion upon his patrimonial estate. board the Agamemnon, commanded by
The vice-presidenlt, -Santander, urged  his gallant uncle; under whom he servhim, in reply, to resume his station as ecl with credit and ability on the most
constitutional president; and though lhe trying occasioins dulring a great part of
was beset bythe jealousy anddistrtst of the war. Although he did ndt obtain
rival ftctions, he continued to exercise higher promotion, owing chiefy to his
the chief authority in Columbia till MIay, not being present in the ever-miemora1830, when, dissatisfied with the aspect ble battle of Tralflgar, (which Nelson
of internal affairs, he resioned the pres- emphatically regrettec  during the enidency, and expressed a determination  gagement,) his merits as a naval officer,
to leave the country. The people ere  his gentlemanly deportment, land above
long became sensible of their injustice call, is humanity, deserve to be record;
to lis merit, and were soliciting himi to  ed. B. 1777; d. 1830.
resume the government, when his death,  BOLTS WILLIAnrM an Englishs merwhich happened in December, 1880, pre- clant, of Dutch extraction, b. in 1740.
vented the accomplishment of their He was invested with high employ in
wishes. In person he was thin, andcl the East India Company's service, and
somewhat below the middle size, but ca- realized a large folrtne in India; but
pable of great endurance; his complex- being accused of a design to subvert the
10on sallow, and his eyes dark ancd pene- Incian government, he was arrestec,
tra.ting. I-is intellect was of the highest sent to England, inlprisoned, and suborder, and his gneral character of that jected to a seven years' process, which
ardent, lofty cast, whichis so well calcu- dissipated his large fortune.'He d. at
lated to take the lead among a people last in a poor-house. He left a work
emelrging from the yoke of tyranny.   " On Bengal," and " Considerations on
BOLLAND, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent the Affairs of India."
lawyer and one of the barons of Exche-  BOLZANI, URBANO VALEnRANO, a
quler, was a member and one of the learned monk; teacher of Greek at
originators of the Poxburgh Club, and  Venice, and the first who wrote a gramis often mentioned by Dr. )ibdin amono  mar of that lanfguage in Latin. D. 1524.
the most ardent admirers of the literature  BOMBELLI, SEBASTIAN, an eminent
of'the olden times. B. 1778; d. 1840.  Bolognese historical and portrait painter.
BOLLANDUS, JOHN, a learned Flem- B. 1630; d. 1685.-RAPHAEL, a celebrated
ishl Jesuit; on- of the compilers of the algebraist of the 16th century, acnd the' Acta Sanctorum."  D. 1665.         first who invented a uniform method of
BOLOGNESE, FRANCISCO, the a         a- working equations.
sumed name of Fraicis Grimaldi, an ex-  BOIBERG, DANIEL, a Dutch printer;
cellent landscape painter, pupil of Anni- whose Bible and Talmlud are highly
hal Caracci. D. 1680.                 valued. D. 1549.
BOLSEC, JEROMrE, a Carmelite friar of  BOMPART, JE.AN BAPTISTE, a French
Paris. He became for a tilie a Protest- republican vice-admiral, b. in 1757;
ant, but aaiin returned to the Catholic broia0ht into notice by his fighting a
faith, and marked his zeal againsst Prot- Briti's frigate of 441 rlns, wvitl his ship,
estantism in his*lives of Calvin and  the Ambuscade, 306 gns, off New York.
Theodore Beza. D. 1582.               His ship was taklen, and himiself umade
BOLSW:ELT, SCHEILDT, an engraver of prisoner, during the expedition to Irethe 17th century, a native of Friesland, land in 1798. He always retained his
but who passed most of his life in Ant- steady relpublican feelings during Bonawerp; cistianguished for the excellence  parte's imnperial ascendency, and even
of his engravings from Rubens and Van- cdurinr the Hundred Davs.
dyck.                                   BON ST. HILAIRY, FIva'cmI XAVIER,
BOLTON, EDMUND, an English anti- a lenrned French writer; author of "Mequnay of the 17th century; author of moire sur les   larrones dInlde," &e.
"Elements of Armories," "Nero Ca- D. 1761.




BON]                   CYCLOPAEDIA oF BIOGRAPHY.                         177
BONA, JoqN, Cardinal; author of       lady of great beauty and accomplishseveral devotional works.    Raised to  ments, bore him five sons and three
the cardinalate by Clement IX. D. 1674. daughters, and lived to see them elevaBONAMY, PETER NTICHOLAMS, a French    ted to the highest positions.-NAPOLEON,
Ecclesiastic; historiographer of Paris, was b. on the 15th August, 1769, at
librarian of St. Victor, and conductor of  Ajaccio. He was educate at the milithe journal of Verdun, a clever periodi- tary school of [Brienne from 1779 to 1784.
cal work. He also contributed largely   Iis conduct there was unexceptionable.
to the Memoirs of the Academy of In- He seems to have cultivated mathematics
scriptions. B. 1694; d. 1770.-A gener- more than any other branch of study.
al; one of the conquerors of Naples, in  He was fond of the history of great men,
1789. In charging the principal redoubt and Plutarch seemns to have been his
at Moskwa, he received twenty bayonet favorite author, xas he is with most young
wounds,.and wasleft in the hainds of  persons of an animated character. For
the Russiians. I-e returned to France   lanen'uages he manifested little taste. He
in 1814. B. 1764.                       macle himself well acquainted with the
BONANNI, PHILIP, a learned Jesuit French       classics.  From  the military
of Rome; author of a "History of the    school at Brienne, he went with high
Church of the Vatican;" " Collection of  recommendations to that of Paris. In
the Medals of the Popes," &c., &c. D. 1786 he commenced his military career,
1725.                                   being appointed in that year second
BONAPARTE. The name of a Corsi- lieutenant in the regiment of artillery La
can family which has been made for ever  Fere, after a successful examination, one.
illustrious by the prodigious military  year after the death of his father. While
genius of one of its members, the late  at the school in Paris, young Bonaparte
emperor of the French. The most an-     expressed a decided dislike of the disthentie genealogical documents ascribe -cipline and mode of livingo there, which
a Florentine origin to the family, and  he thought by no means fitted to prepare
trace them back to the year 1120, when  the pupils for the privations of a military
one of them was exiled from   Florence  life. Napoleon, then 20, was at Paris at
as a Ghibelline; and in 1332 we find that the epoch of the 10th of August. In
John Bonaparte was podestc of that city. September he returned to Corsica. The
In 1404, his descendant and namesake, celebrated Paoli, who-had acted as lieuwho was plenipotentiary to Gabriel Vis-  tenant-general in the service of France,
conti, duke of Milan, married the iiiece  had, meanwhile, been proscribed, with
of Pbpe Nicholas V. His son, Nicho- twenty other generals, as a traitor, and
las Bonaparte, (written Buonaparte until a price set on his head. In May, 1793,
efter Napoleon's first Italian campaign, Paoli raised the standard of revolt to
when the,i was dropped,) was ambas-    secure his own safety, and threw off the
sador from the same pontiff to several yoke of the convention.. He assembled
courts, andl vicegerent of the holy see at a consulta of the Corsican malcontents.
Ascoli. In 1567 Gabriel Bonaparte es- Bonaparte openly opposed the views of
tablished himself at Ajaccio, and for Paoli, and a war broke out between the
several generations his descendants were  adherents of that leader and those of
successively heads of the elders of that France. Many excesses were committed,
city. But Napoleon Bonasparte ridiculed  and Paoli went so far as to make attempts
the pride of ancestry, anct was eag'er on  upon the persons of young Bonaparte
all occasions to declare that the exalted  and his family.  But Bonaparte sucstation he had attained was due to his  ceeded in coliductingf them  safely to
own merits alone.-CARLO, his father, France^ where they retired to La Valette,
was a respectable advocate at Ajaccio, near Toulon, and at a later period, to
in the island of Corsica. He had studied  Marseilles. In the same vessel with the
law  at Rome, but resigning the gown    Bonapartes were the commissioners of
for the sword, he fought under Paoli the convention and the Frehch troops.
against the French, and when Corsica    It was the persuasion of Joseph Bonasurrendered was reluctlantly induced to  parte, one of the members of the depart-'five under the French government. On   mental administration at the time of
this submission,- being much noticed by  Paoli's revolution, that engaged his
the new governor, Count de Marboef, ftimily in the French cause, and thus
lie was appointed judge lateral of Ajaccio. had an important influence on the fuI). in his 89th year, of cancer in the sto- ture career of his brother. Bonapacrte
mach.-MARIE LETITIr, whose maiden       proceeded to Nice, to join the fourth
naume was Ramolini, the wife of Carlo, a  reginment of. artillery, in which he had




178                   OYOLOPUnrA AF BIORAPIY.                      [jBO
been made captain. This was in tl     or transferredl according to his will;. the
years 1793 alnd 1794, when.the Moma  crown of Naples he bestowed on his
tain party developed its energies wiita  brotlhel Joseph, that of Holland on
an unexampled rapidity, by an equally'Louis, and of Westphalia on Jerome;
unexampled system; and, fincdii    nro while the Confederation of the Rhine
foundation pr a rational liberty on the was called into existence to give stability
first emersion of the country from the to his extended dominion.'Prussia again
corruption and tyranny of centuries, declare  w ar: but the disastrous battio
strove to save it by terrorism.  The  of Jena annihilated her hopes, and both
evident talents of the young officer con- she and Russia were glad to make peace
mended him to the leaders of the con- with the F1ench emperor in 1807. Navention.  lie was present at the affair ~poleon now turned his eye on Spain.
at Lyons,.and soon aftr  greatly distin- After takig measures to bring about
guished himself in expelling the English  the abdcication of Cloarles IV. and the
from  Toulon.  He was consequently    resignation of Ferdinand, ihe sent 80,000
made a general of brigade in 1794. The men into that country, seized all the
same year he defended the convention  strong places, and obtained possession
from an attack of the Parisians, defeat- of the capital. In 1809, while his aring and dispersing them. In 1796 he mies were thus occupied in the Penmarried  Josephine Beauharnois, the   insula, Austria again  ventured   to
widow of Count de Beauharnois, who    try her strength with France. Napohad been beheaded by Robespierre. He  leon thereupon left Paris, and at the
left his bride in three days for Nice, and  head of his troops once more entered
taking the command of an army of      the Austrian capital, gained the decisive
60,000 inen, half armed and in want of  victory of Wagram, and soon concluded
every necessary, he outmanceuvred the  a peace, one of the secret conditions of
Austrians, and won the battles of Mlonte- which was, that he should have his
notte, Millesimo, Dego, Mandovi, and  marriage with Josephine dissolved, anld
Lodi, conquering all Piedmont and the  unite himself to the daughter of the
Milanese. His victories of Louado, Cas- emperor, Francis II. I-s former martiglione, Roverado, Bassano, Sangiorgo  riage was accordingly annulled; Joseand Arcola closed 1798. The following  phine, with the title of ex-empress, reyear lie won the fields.of Rivoli, La Fa- tired to Navarre, a seat about 30 miles
vorite, Tagliamento, Lavis, took Mantua, from Paris; and he espoused the archTrieste, and Venice, and compelled Aus- duchess Maria Louisa, in April,.1810.
tria to sign the treaty of Campo Formio. The fruit of this union wFas a son, who
On the 19th May, of the same year, he was styled king of Rome. Dissatisfied
sailed with an expedition to Egypt, of with the conduct of Russia, he now put
which he took possession after fighting  himself at the head of an invadino army,
several battles. In 1799 he returned to  prodigious in number, and admcirably
France, finding that the conquests he  appointed, and marched with his numerhad made from Austria, she was recov- ous allies towards the enemy's fiontiers.
ering; lie dissolved the national conven- This eventful campaign against Russia
tion, was declared first consul, restored  may be said to have opened on the 22d
peace in La Vend6e, carried ana army  June, on which day he issued a proclaover the Alps, beat the Austrians at mation, wherein, with his usual oracular
Romano, Montebello, and Marengo, and  brevity, he declared that his "destinies
made the emperor sign a second treaty  were about to be accomplished."  On
of peace. In 1801 he signed the prelimi- the 28th June he entered Wilna,.-here
naries of peace with England. In 1802  he established a provisional government,
he was declared first consul for life. In  while he assembled a general diet at War1804 he was made emperor. In 1805 he saw. In the mean time the French army
was declared king of Italy. Hostilities  continued its march, and passed the Nieagain breaking out with Austria, he won  men on the 23d, 24th, and 25th June,
the battles of Wertinohen, Gurtzburgh, arriving at Witepsk on the way to SmoMemminghen, Elehingen, captured Ulm  lensko, in the early part of July. In the
and an entire arny, and taking Vienna march it obtained several victories, and
and fighting the battles of Diernestein, the Iussians finding their enemy too
and Austerlitz, he forced the Austrians  powerful in open contest, contented
to sign the treaty of Presburgh. The  themselves for the most part.in wastilng
year 1806 may be regarded as the era of the country, and addingo to the severities
his king-making. New dynasties were   and operation of the Russian climate
wreated by 4iim, anc. prinees promoted  upon a southern soldiery. The French




BON]                 CYCLOPZEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       179
army, however, undauntedly proceeded, twenty-tlrree taken prisoners; and of
until arriving near Moscow on the 10th  184,000 men, opposed to 800,000, nt
September, the famous battle of Boro- more than 60,000 remained. On this
dino was fought, so fatal to both parties, great victory, the Saxons, Bavarians,
and in which 60,000 are supposed to   Westphalian's, in a word, all the conhave perished. Napoleon notwithstand- tingent powers declared for the allies.
ing pressed on to Moscow, from which  Napoleon returned to Paris,-and interthe Russians retreated, as also the rupted the compliment of address, by
greater part of the inhabitants, who thus stating the disagreeable fact, that
abandoned it by order of the governor," within the last year all Europe marched
Count Rostopchin.  When, therefore, with us, now all Europe is leagued
Napoleon entered the celebrated capital, against us." He followed up this avowal
rour days after the battle, he found it by another demand of 300,000 men.
for the most part deserted and in flames. The levy was granted, and on the 26th
This strong measure saved the Russian  January, he again leaded his army, and
empire, by completely destroying the the allies having passed the Rhine early
resources of Napoleon. After remain- in the same month, in the succeeding
ing thirty-five days in the ruins of this month of February were fought the batancient metropolis, exposed to every  ties of Dizier, Brienne, Camp Aubert,
species of privation, retreat became ne- and Molntmirail, with various success;
cessary, amid one of the most strikingl but now the advanced guard of the Russcenes of human suffering ever experi- sians entered into action, and Napoleon
enced.  Hunger, cold, and the sword  was called to another quarter. The sanattended the wretched fugitives all the guinary conflicts of Montereau and Noway to Poland, and the narrative of   gent followed, in which the allied forces
Count Segur, who details all the events suffered very severely, and were obliged
and their effect on Napoleon, possibly to retire upon Troyes. Early in March
forms the most appalling picture in the treaty of alliance was concluded bemodern history. On the 18th Decem- tween Britain, Austria, Prussia, and
ber, Napoleon entered Paris at night, Russia, by which each was bound not
and on the following day a bulletin, with  to make peace but upon certain condino great concealment of their extent, tions  This was signed at Chatillon, on
disclosed his losses.  Early the next the 15th March, and made known to
month he presented to the senate a de- Napoleon, who refused the terms. His
cree for levying 350,000 men which wasplan was now to get into the rear of the
unanimously agreed to, and he forth- combined army, and by this manceuvre
with began preparations to encounter to endeavor to draw them off from Paris;
the forces of Russia and Prussia, now  but the allies gaining possession of his
once more in combiliation. On the 2d  intentions by an intercepted letter, hasMay, they met at Lutzen, and the allies tened their progress, and on the 30th
retired, on which Austria undertook to  March attacked the heights of Chaumediate, but not succeeding, the battle mont, from which they were repulsed
of Bautzen followed, in which    the with. great loss. At length, however,
French were victorious.  On the 20th their extensive array bore on so many
May, an armistice took place, and Ynego- points, that on the French being driven
tiations were opened, which proved   back on the barriers of Paris, Marshal
fruitless; and Austria was at length in- Marmont, who commanded there, sent
duced to join the allies. On this im- a flag of truce, and proposed to deliver
portant event, Napoleon endeavored to  up the city. Napoleon hastened from
reach Berlin, while the allies sought to  Fontainbleau, but was apprised five
occupy Dresden, which attempt incuced leagues from Paris of the result. He
him to return and repulse them in the  accordingly returned to Fontainbleau,
battle of Dresden, on which occasion, where he commanded an army of 50,000
Moreau, who had come from Paris to   men, and the negotiation ensued which
fight under the banner of the confeder- terminated with his consignment to the
ates, was mortally wounded.'At length island of Elba, with the title of ex-emthese ecuivocal contests terminated in  peror, and a pension of two millions of
the famous battle of Leipsic, fought on  livres. He displayed becoming firmness
the 16th, 18th, and 19th October, which  on this occasion, and on the 20th April,
was decisive of the war as to Germany. after embracing the officer commanding
The French loss was immense; Prince  the attendant grenadiers of his guard,
Poniatowski of Poland was killed, fif- and the imperial eagles, he departed' 
teen general officers were wounded, and  his destination. Not long after, secretly




180                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BON
embarking in some hired feluccas, ac- who had never materially yielded to his
companieA with about 1200 men, he influence. He accordingly resigned himlanded on the 1st March, 1814, in the self, on the 15th July, into the hands of
gulf of Juan, in Provence. He immre- Captain Maitland, of the Bellerophon,
diately issued a proclamation, announ- then lyingf at Roclifort, and was exceedcino his intention to resume the crown, ingly anxious to land in England. On
of which "treason had robbed him,h"   giving' himself up, he addressed the
and proceeding to Grenoble, was at once prince regent in a well-known letter, in
welcomed by the commanding officer, which he compared himself to ThemisLabedoyere, and irntwo days after he tocles. It is impossible to dwell on the
entered Lyons, where he experienced a minutise of his conduct and reception,
similar reception.  In Lyons he pro- or on the circumstances attendant on
ceeded formally to resume all the faun- his consignment for safe custody to St.
tions of sovereignty by choosing coun- Ielenla, by the joint determination of
sellers, generals, and prefects, and pub- the allies. For this, his final destinalishing various decrees, one of which  tion, le sailed on the.llth August, 1815,
awas for abolishing the noblesse, of whom  and arrived at St. Helena on the 13th of
the restored faniily had already made the following October. The rest of his
the French people apprehensive, and    life is little more than a detail of gradual
another proscribing the race of Bourbon.  bodily decay; rendered, however, striThus received and favored, he reached lkin  by the narrative of his remarks,
Paris on the M0th Miarch without draw- conversation, and literary employment,
ingl a sword. In the capital lie was re- among the fewv faithful courtiers and
celved with the loud acclamations of   officers  allowed  to accompany him.
"Vive n'Empereur l" and was joined by  After a few years, he was taken with
Marshal Ney, and the generals Drouet, cancer in the stomach.   He bore the
Lallemand, and Lefebvre. On the fol- excruciating torture of his disease for
lowing day he reviewed his army' re- six weeks with great firmness, generally
ceived general congratulations, and an- keeping' his eyes fixed on a portrait of0
nounced the return of the empress. On  his son, which was placed near his bed.
opening, the assembly of representatives, From the beginning he refused medicine
on the 7th June following, he talked of  as useless and his last words, uttered
establishing a constitutional monalchy. in a state of delirium on the morning of
But by this time the allies were once more his death, were, " Mon fils!" soon afterin motion, and having collected an imn- wards, " tete d'armee!" anid lastly,
mense supply of stores and ammunition, "France."   This event took place on
he quitted Paris on the 12th of the same  on the 5th May, 1821, in the 52d year
month, to march and oppose their pro- of his ag e. He was interred, accordcing
gress. He arrived on the 13th at Aves- to his own desire, near some willow
nes, and on the 14th and 16th fought trees and a spring of water, at a place
the partially successful battles of Fleurus called Haine's Valley, his funeral bping
and Ligny.' On the 18th occurred the attended by the highest military honors.
signal and well-known victory of Water- Thus terminated the eventful and dazloo, in. which the British made so sue- zling career of Napoleon Bonaparte, one
cessful a stand under the duke of Wel- of those extraordinarygifted individuals,
lington, until aided into decisive victory  who, filling into a period and course of
by the timely arrival of the Prussians  circumstances adapted to their peculiar
under Bulow. In the battle, out of     genius, exhibit the capacity of human
95,000 men, it is thought that the French  nature in the highest point of view.lost nearly 50,000. Napoleon immedi- NAPOLEON FRANCs       CnHARLES JOSEPH,
ately returned to Paris, but the charm  duke of Reichstadt, only son of the Enmwas now utterly dissolved; and, soured  peror Napoleon by his second wife,
by the result of the battle, and fearing  Maria Louisa of Austria. After his faanother occupation of the capital, a ther's downfall, he was wholly under
strong party was openly formed against the care of his grandfather, the emperor
him, and even his friends urged him to  of A ustria. He was from infancy of a
abdicate.  He was prevailel upon at weakly constitution, and a rapi~d decline
lengith, with some difficulty, to take this terminated his life in 1832, at the early
step, in favor of his son. For some time  age of 21. It wvould appear, from a avork
he entertained the idea of embarking for by M. de Montbel, entitled " Le Due do
America; but fearful of British cruisers, ieichstadt," that the young Napoleon
he at length determined to throw him- possessed many amiable qualities, and
seilf on the generosity of the only people  was greatly beloved by those who knew




BON]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPiIY,                       181
him; -while he iiad all the enthusiasm  Switzerland; but he rejoined Napoleon
and passion of youth in extreme force, on his return to Paris in March, 1815,
alternating with a distrust, a caution, and after the defeat at Waterloo le emand a rapidity in fathoming the charac- barked for the United States, where he
tcrs of the persons with whom lie was purchased a large property, at Bordennecessarily brought into contact, which  town, N. J., and continued for many
are the usual qualities of age; and that years to reside under the name of the
he took the deepest interest in every  Count de Survilliers. D. at Florence,
thing connected with his father's former 1844.-LuCIEN, prince of Canino, the
greatness, or relating to military affairs. next brother after Napoleon in birth,
-JosEPh, an elder brother of Napoleon, and after him, too, tihe ablest of the
was b. in Corsica, in 1768. Educated   family, Ile was b. at Ajaccio in 1775;
for the law at the college of Autun in  and having quitted Corsica, with his
France, he became a member of the family, in 1793, he became a commissary
new administration of Corsica under of tha army in 1795, and soon afterwards
Paoli; but soon afterwards emigrated   was elected a deputy from the departto Marseilles, whe lie married the    ment of Liamone to the council of five
daughter of a banker named Clari. In  hundred. It was here that he first dis1796 he was appointed commissary to tinguished himself by the energy of his
the army in Italy then conmabnlded by  manner, the fluency of his language, the
his brother Napoleon; and in 1797, hav- soundness of his arguments, and his aping been elected deputy to the council parent devotion to the existing governof five hundred by his native depart- meont.  During Napoleon's absence in
ment, he repaired to Paris, whence he Egypt, he maintained a constant correwas shortly afterwards sent by the ex- spondence with him; and, on his return,
ecutive directory as ambassador to the Lucien was the chief ihstrument of the
pope.   During the revolution which    revolution which followed. When the
broke out at Rome under Duphot, he sentence of outlawry was about to be
displayed considerable energy; and on  pronounced against his brother, lie ophis return to Paris he was made coun- posed it with all the force of his elosellor of state, and was subsequently  quence; and when lie perceived that
employed by Napoleon to negotiate the remonstrances were of no avail, he threw
treaties of Luneville with the emperor  down the ensigns of his dignity as presof Germany, and of Amiens witlh lTn- ident, mounted a horse, harangued the
gland.  When Napoleon attained the troops, and induced them to clear the
imperial crown, Joseph was recognized  hall of its members. By his subsequent
as an imperial prince, and in this capa- energy, coolness, and decision, he led
city he headed the expedition acoainst the way to Napoleon's election as first
Naples in 1806, which resulted in his  consul, and was himself made minister
being proclaimed king of' Naples and   of the interior, in the room of Laplace.
Sicily. Here he reigned till 1808, effect- But great as were the services which
ing beneficial changes in the adminis- Lucien had performed for his brother,
tration of the law and the institutions the latter became jealous of his abilities,
of the country. In 1808 he was ap- and feared his popularity. A coolness
pointed king of Spain, Murat having    between them soon took place; and,
succeeded him as king of Naples. But with that cunning which marked so
in Spain he encountered much greater many of his actions, he took care to redifficulties than at Naples; and during  move Lucien from the immediate scene
the five years of his reign lie was thrice  of action, by sending him ambassador
obliged by the successes of the allied  to Madrid. In the spring of 1802 he rearmies to quit his capital; the last time, turned to Paris, was outwardly reconin 1813, after the battle of Vittoria, to  ciled with the first consul, and entered
return no more. He now retired to      a second time upon the tribuneship. He
France. In January of the following   had married, at an early age, the daughyear, when Napoleon set out for the ter of a wealthy innkeeper.; and, his
army, he was appointed lieutenant-gen- wife having been now some time dead,
eral of the empire and head of the coun- he united himself to one Madame Joucil of regency to assist the empress-re- berthou, the widow of a stock-broker, a
gent; but in this capacity he displayed  woman distinguished for her gallantries.
little firmness, and consented to'the This gave great offence to Napoleon, and
capitulation of Paris, which resulted in  was a severe blow to the system he had
the abdication of Napoleon and his ban- long contemplated of forming royal alliishment to Elba.  He then retired to  mlces for his relatives, IIHe therefore
12




182                   CYCLOPr   DIXA OF BIOGAPH-IY.                    [BON
used every means in Iis power to induce  request of the states of Iolland. Il this
Lueien to consent to a dissoluton of the  capacity he conducted hinself with
marriage; but, to his honor be it re- equal skA;1 a-nd humanity, and such was
corded, he constantly spurned all the  the afl ection witl h which Jis l)utclh subproposals that were maLde to him to sac-  jects had inspired him, that he refused
rifice his wife.  For several years he  without hesitation tlie crown of Spa. in
took up his residence at Rome, where   which was offered him by the emnperor.
he was a welcome visitor, havini Inerit- In 1810, Louis, haviln long r esisted the
ed the gratitude of the pope by the zeal- emperor s commans to enoirce the conous support he had given the concordat;  tinental blockarl, vwhich AwVould, as he
and when, in 1807, he found that the   believed, have proved detrimential to his
enmity of his brother rendered his stay  people's interests, abdicated in f vor of
in that city no longer safe hle retired to  his son; but the abdication was rejected'
an estate which lie 1t ad purchased at by Napoleon, who tlhereLuon united
Canino, and which his holiness    hadc  Holland to the French empire; and the
raised into a principality.  It was not ex-king leaving   IIolland secretiv, relons, however, befdre he found that the paired to Gratz in Styria, where lie reenissaries of Napoleon were hovering   sided several years ilnder the title of
round his retreat, and he fled secretly  count de Saint Leu. After the fall of
to Civita Vecchia, from which place hle  Napoleon, le finally retired to the Papal
embarked in August, 1810, with the in- States with some members of his family,
tention of proceeding to the United    where le devotecd hilself chiefly to litStates.  A  storm  threw him   on the  erary pursuits down to the period of his
coast of Cagliari; but thle king of Sar- death. His only surviving son, Louis
dinia refused him permission to land:  Napoleon Bonaparte, the offsprling of
he was accordig'ly forced to put out to  his marriage with Hlortense Euigenlie de
sea; and being captured by two English  Bealuharnois, (wAhich see,) daughter of
frigates, he was conveyed'first to ilalta the Empress Josephine, is the first preand afterwards (Dec.' 18) to England. sildent of thle French republic, estabAfter a time he was permitted to pur- lished in 18-18   D. at Lelghorn, 2th
chase a beautiful estate near Ludlow, in  June, 1841.
Shropshire, where he spent three calm    BONAIPELLI, GUY UnBLDo, an Italian
and peaceful years, completing durin   poet; author of "Filli di Sciro," &c.
that period, a poem upon which he hadi  B. 1553; d. 1608.
long meditated, entitled " Charlemagne,  BONASONI, GUILIO, a       Bolog1nese
or the Church D)elivered."  The peace  painter and engraver of the 16th centuof 1814 having opened his way to the   ry. In the latter capacity he especially
Continent, he returned to his old friend  excelled; and he engraved many of the
and protector, Pits VII.    After the  clhefs-d'oeuvre of Michael Angelo, Iafbattle of Waterloo he nrgeed the emperor faelle, &c., in a style of great beauty.
to make a desperate stand for the throne;  BONAVENTURE, JOrN.       FIDnANZA.
but the cause was hopeless; and Lucien, While only general of the order of
having retired to Italy, devoted the re- Franciscans, hsis reputation for probity
mainder of his days to literature and the  and wisdom  caused the cardinals to
fine arts. D. at Viterbo, 1840.-Louis, leave to him the nomination of a suca younger brother of Napoleon and ex- cessor to Clement IV. He named Theking of Holland, was b. at Ajaccio, in  obald, archdeacon of Liege, who became
Corsica, September 2,1778. He entered  pope, with thd title of Gregory X., and
the army at an early ag, accompanied   made Bonaventure a cardinal. D. 1274,
his brother to Italy alnd Egypt, and on  and was canonized, 1482.-Of Padua,
Napoleon's successive elevations to the  made cardinal by Urban VI. in 1378; a
consulship and the empire rose to be a  friend of Petrarch, and the author of
counsellor of state and a general of divi- several religious pieces. Assassinated,
sion, ancd received the titles of constable  1886.
of France and colonel-general of carbi-  BONCHAMP, ARrTIUR DE, a celeniers.  After having been successively  brated general of the Vendean royalists,
appointed governor of Piedmont, and    andc who had served with distillntion as
governor adc interim of the capital, in  an officer in the American war. In him
place of Mlurat, he took the command of  humanity was not less conspicuous thanI
the army of the North in Holland; aind  valor, as the last act of his life amply'
in 1806 the Batavian republic having   testified; for it was to his interference
been changed into a kiingdom by Napo- that 5,000 prisoners, whom the exasperleon. Louis was nominm'laed king at the  atedi royalists had taken, were saevo




noN]                  CYOLOPAMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        183
from instant dleath. He was mortally the royal family and the lovers of fat,
wounded in tie battle of Chollet, 1798.  and he obtained very high prices, and
BONCERF, P. F., author of the fa- was elected into the Royal Academy.
mous pamphlet, " Les Inconv6niens des  Amongst a vast number of paintings, he
Droits Feodaux," while secretary to    produced one which must be considered
Turgot. Condemned to be burned, it a phenomenon by all who are acquainted
became the basis of the fundamental de- with the technical processes of the art;
crees of the Constituent Assembly of   this was the Bacchus and Ariadne, after
1789. Having been in the service of    Titian, the dimensions of which were
)'Orleans, he narrowly escaped the     eighteen inches by sixteen. Mr. Bowles
guillotine by one vote, on the fall of his  of Wanstead purchased it for 2,200
patron, and d. from the shock he then  guineas. Mr. Bone's great celebrity was
sustained. B. 1745.                    derived from his being the first to transBOND, JOHN, an English physician; fer to enamel the splendor of color,
author of critical notes on Iorace, Per- which the great flesh masters hlad desins, and other classics.  D. 1612.-   picted in oil. This, surrounded as it
OLIVER, a famous Irish associate with  was  ith the mechanical cifficulties of
Napper Tandy and Theodore Wolfe        enamelling, was only perfected by his
Tone, in the Irish rebellion of 1797-8. making niumerous technical discoveries,
He was arrested in 1798; terms were    and possessing naturally great abitity
made with the government to send him  for painting. His genius for art, his
to America; but he was found dead mnechanical invention, his undaunted
(with apoplexy, as reported) in prison. perseverance, ancl  nwearied industry,
B. 1720.                               united as they were to a most benevoBONDAM, PETER, a famous Dutch        lent and manly nature, combined to
writer of voluminous and useless com- render him a great man. Besides the
mentaries.. 1727; d. 1800.          numerous enamels he annually proBONDI, CLEMENT, the poetical Delille  duced both for foreign and English pnrof-the Italians; author of the " Conver- chasers, he transferred to his almost insazione," which resembles   Cowper's   cestructible material, all the authentic
Task; "The ae neid," translated in versi portraits of the Elizabethan period, formsciolti, &c. D. 1816.                  ing a national series and a splendid porBONDY, Count de, a French liberal, trait gallery. This noble collection was
but keeping aloof from the revolution- unfortunately dispersed after his death,
ary tempest till he was called into emi- the purchase having been declined by
neat public service by Napoleon, who   the government. D. 1834.
nadele him    his chanmberlain in 1805.  BONEFACIO, VENETIANO, an Italian
Fromt       that time he always remained  painter of eminence. D. 1600.
faithful to him, attendingu  most of his  BONER, ULRICI the most ancient
campaigns. As prefect of the Rhone,    German fabulist, was a Dominican fiiar
during the iHundred Days, he urged    of Berne, in the 14th century. Hle pubconstitutional ancl rieformingo measures  lished his fables under the title of " Der
on his patron. He always sat with the  Edcelstein," (The Gem.)
pcfaitee gauche, when elected deputy de  BONET, THEOPHILUS, a celebrated
L'Indre, in 1818, and advocated liberal German physician; author of several
measures. B. 1766.                    learned works. D. 1689.
BONE, HENRY, a celebrated enamel      BONHOMME, DUPIN, P. J. B., b. in'ainter, who, by the force of his own  1737; a respectable conventionalist, and
genius, raised himself and his art to a friend of modern liberty, who perished
high pitch of eminence. He was b. at in 1793 by the revolutionary tribunal.
Truro, in Cornwall, on the 6th of Feb-  BONIFACE, ST., whose name was
ruary, 1755, and was apprenticed to    WIILFRID, a saint of the Roman calena chinia painter in Bristol, which place  dar, was a native of Engrland, and made
he subsequently left for London. Here  archbishop by Henry III. He travelled
lie for a considerable time worked for through many parts of Germany, of
the jercllers, but was curing the whole  which country he was called the apostle;
of this period devoting a very energetic  and after reclaimino many fiom Ipaganand ingenicus mind to his art, which he ism, he was slain by some peasants in
so thorouahlv mastered, that when, in IFrieslamd, in 754.-The name assnumed
1794-, hle exhliited an enamel after a pic- by nine popes; but the lives of whom
ture by Sir Joshua Reynolds, it attract- present mnothing worthy of particular
ed universal admiration.  Iis pictures  notice. -A i count of the Roman emnpiro
thenceforth were eagerly sought for by  in the 5th century, andc an intimate




184                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BOO
friend of St. An-gstin, at whose desire accused by Marat, in the National Conhe clevoted himself to public affairs. He  vention, as an aristocrat, lie was so
was slain in a desperate contest with  ftr from being an ultra in his vieews as
Aetius, in 432.                      to denounce Bonaparte (on his becomBONIFACIO, BALTHAZAR, a learned    ing' emperor) as the Cromwell of France,
Venetian, bishop of Capo d'Istria; an- when the latter supprlessed his periodithor of "Historia Ludicia," Latin po- cal, the "Bien Informe."  Among his
ems &c. D1. D. 19.orks are i Theatre Allemandc, " Po —
BONJOUR, WILLIAM, a French monk, sies Republicanes," " Nouveau Code
and missionary to China; author of Conjunal, "a   Esprit des Religions," &c.
"Dissertations on the Scripture," &c. B. 1760.
). 1714.                               BONNIER, a French republican, who
BONNEFONS, JOHN, a French writer was sent as a plenipotentiary to a, "conof Latin poems, which are printed with  ference" withl Prince Metternich, in
those of Beza, in Barban's edition of 1799, at Rastadt; but the negotiation
1757. B. 1554; d. 1614.              was broken off by Austria, and Bonnier
BONNELL, JAMES, accomptant-gen- was murdered between that towan and
eral of Ireland in the reign of James II.; Strasburg, and his papers taken away.
remarkable for his firmness and intefri- Bonnier's seat in the Council of Ancients
ty in the discharge of his public duty in  was for two years after covered with
a troublesome and perilous time. Some crape, as a testimony of respect. B. 1750.
"Meditations" of his, printed with his  BONNINGTON, RICHARD PAlESi, a
"Life," written by Archdeacon Hnamil- British artist of great merit and of sin
to,. show him to have been a man of gular precocity. At 3 years old hle could
considerable intellect. B. 1653; d. 1699. sketch most of the objects he saw, and
BONNER, EDMUND, an Englishpre- at 15 was. admitted to draw in the Loulate, notorious for his persecution of the vre at Paris. After visiting Italy he
Protestants during the reign of Queen  brought back many able specimens of
Mary. On the accession of Queen Eliza- his works, and finished a successful,
beth he refused to take the oath of su- though brief career, at the age of 27, in
premacy, and was committed to the 1828.
Marshalsea where he eremained nearly   BONNYCASTLE, JOHN, professor of
ten years. D. 1569.                  mathematics at the Royal Military AcadBONNET, CHARLES, a distinguished    emy, Woolvich; author of" The Scholnaturalist of Geneva; author of "In- lar's Guide to Arithmetie," "The Ele
sectology," "Essay on Physioloy,"    ments of Geometry," "A Treatise upon
Considerations on Organized Bodies,'  Astronomy," &c. D. 1821.-CIIARLES,
&c. B. 1720; d. 1793.                a son of the preceding, became an emiBONNEVAL, CLAUDIUS ALEXANDEm1, nent professor of natural philosophy, at
count of, a French adventurer, son-in- the university of Virginia, and wrote
law of Marshal Biron.  After serving  several excellent mathematical works.
under Piinoe Eugene against the Turks  D. 1840.
resentment at having been imprisoned   BONNSTETTEN, CHARLEs VON, a
for challenging the prince caused him  learned and. voluminous German writer,
to go over to the Turks, and become a the friend of Matthison, Salis, and FredMussulman. His services were highly  ericka Brun. B. 1745; d. 1832.
valued by the Grand Seignior, who gave  BONOMI, JOSEPH, an Italian architect
him the title of Achmet Pacha, and   of considerable taste: and genius, from
raised him from rank to rank, till he be- whose design the Roman Catholic chapel
came master of the ordnance. D. 1747. near Manchester-square was erected.
BONNEVIE, ABBE, a great preacher D. 1808.
of funeral orations over the Bonaparte  BONTEMPI, GIOVANNI ANDREA ANfamily and Bonapartists; and equally OGLINI, an Italian musician of the 17th
zealous in preaching funeral orations for century; author of "Nova quatuor
the Bourbons, after their fall. "Is the Vocibus componendi Methodus," &c.
abbe as virulent against the tyrant as  BOOKER, LuaE, a clergyman of the
ever?" asked Napoleon, in passing his church of England, distinguished for
cure, on returning from Elba. But the his literary acquirements, was b. at Notabbe had disappeared. B. 1764.       tingham, in 1672; took holy orders in
BONNEVILLE, a pvoet of the French  1785; and eventually became the vicar
revolution, who was the friend of Con- of Dudley. Dr. Booker was the author
dorcet, La Fayette, and Paine find was of manly works, viz., "Poems" on variwlith Kos~iusko when he fell. Though  ous occasions; " Christian Intrepidity,"




BOR]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        185
"Calista, or the Picture of Modern    his popularity continually increased;
Life," "Euthanasia, the State of Man   and his performance of Cato, in 1712, set
after Death," "Discourses and Disser- the seal upon his histrionic reputation.
tations;" and a variety of others. D. In 1715 he became one of the joint
1835.                                  patentees and managers of Drury-lane
BOONE, DANIEL, one of the earliest theatre. - Booth was the author of a
settlers in Kentucky, was b. in Virginia, masque called Dido and Eneas, and of
and was from infancy addicted to hunt- some songs and minor pieces. D. 1733.
ing in the woods. He set out on an     -GEORGE, Baron Delamere, a, zealous
expedition to explore the region of Ken- partisan of Charles II. Being defeated
tucky, in May, 1769, with five compan- by the parliamentary general, Lambert,
ions. After meeting with a variety of  he was confined in the Tower until the
adventures, Boone was left with his    death of Cromwell. He then obtained
brother, the only white mien in the wil- his liberty, and was one of the twelve
derness. They passed the winter in a delegates sent to the new king. It was
cabin, and in the summer of 1770 trav- on this occasion that he obtained his
ersed the country to the Cumberland    title, and a present of ~10,000. D. 1684.
river. In September, 1773, Boone com- -HENRY, earl of Warrington, son of the
menced his removal to Kentucky with    above. Having been among those who
his own and'five other families. He was voted for the exclusion of the duke of
joined by forty men, who put- them- York, when that personage became king,
selves under his direction; but being  he was committed to the Tower, and was
attacked by the Indians, the whole party  tried for high treason, but acquitted, in
returned to the settlements on Clinch  spite of the efforts of the infamous Jefriver. Boone was afterwards employed   fries. On the accession of William III.
by a company of North Carolina to buy, lie was made a privy councillor and
from the Indians, lands on the south   chancellor of the exchequer. His efforts
side of the Kentucky river. In April, to limit the prerogative, however, caused
1775, he built a fort at Saltspring, wrhere  him to fall into disgrace; but lie was alBoonesborough is now situated. Here    lowed to retire from  office with a penhe sustained several sieges from the In- sion, and the title of earl of Warrington.
dians, and was once taken prisoner by  D. 1694.
them while hunting with a number of      BORA, CATHARTINE VON, wife of Luther,
his men. In 1782 the depredations of   was b. 1499.   Her birthplace is not
the savages increased to an alarming ex- known, and of her parents we only know
tent, and Boone, with other militia offi- that her mother, Anna, was' descended
cers, collected 176 men, and went in   from one of the most ancient families of
pursuit of a large body, who had march- Germany, that of Haugewitz.     The
ed beyond the Blue Licks, forty miles daughter took the veil very early, in the
from Lexington. From that timeq till nunnery of Nimptschen, near Grimma.
1798 he resided alternately in Kentucky  Notwithstanding her devout disposition,
and Virginia. In that year, having re- she soon felt very unhappy in her situceived a grant of 2000 acres of land from  ation, and, as her relations would not
the Spanish authorities, he removed to listen to her, applied, with eight othei
UIJpper Louisiana, with his children and  nuns, to Luther, whose fame had reachfollowers, who -were presented with 800  ed them. Luther gained over a citizen
acres each. Ile settled with them at of Torgau, by the name of Leonard
Cliarette, on the Missouri river, where  Koppe, who, in union with some other
he followed his usual course of life,-  citizens, undertook to deliver the nine
hunting and trapping bears-till Sep- nuns from    their convent.  This was
tember, 1822, when he d. in the 85th   done the night after Good Friday, April
year of his agoe. He expired while on  4th, 1523. He brought them to Torgau,
his knees, takino aim at some object, and  and from thence to Wittenborg, where
was found in thait position, with his gun  Luther provided for them a decent abode.
restingr on the trunk of a tree.      At the same time, to anticipate the
BOOTH, BARTON, a celebrated actor in  charges of his enemies, lie published a
the reigns of Anne and George I., was letter to Koppe, in which lie frankly
b. in 1681, in Lancashire, and was edu- confessed-that he was the author of this
cated at Westminster school, under Dr. enterprise, and had persuaded Koppe to
Busby. At the age of seventeen, how- its execution; that le had done so in
ever,'he joined a, strollinc company of  the confident hope that Jesus Christ,
players;'his talents, at length, gained  who had restored his gospel and dehil a footing on tlhe regular theatre; stroyed the kingdom    of Antichrist,
16*




186                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       iBOR
would be their protector, though it other topics relating' to dynamical scimight cost them even their lives. He ence. In 1767 he published a dcissertaalso exhorted the parents and relations tion on hydraulic wheels, and afterwarcds
of the nine virgins to admit them again  one on the construction of hydraulic
into their houses. Some of them were machinery. In 1771, with Verdune and
received by citizens of Wittcnberg; Pingre, he made a voyacre to America,
others, who were not yet too old, Luther to determine the longitude arnd latitude
advised to marry. Among the latter of several coasts, isles, and shoals and
was Cathlarine, whom Philip Rcichen- to try the utility of several astronomical
bach, at that time mayor of the city, had  instruments.  In 1774 ie visited the
taken into his house. Luther proposed  Azores, the Cape Verde islands, and the
to her, (by his friend Nicholas von Ams- coast of Afiica for the same purpose.
dorf, minister in Wittenberg,) doctor In the American war lhe was very useful
Kaspar Glaz and others, in marriage. to the Count d'Estaing, by his klnow]She declined these proposals, but de- edge of navigation.    Borda was the
dared her willingness to bestow   her founder of the schools of naval archlihand on Nicholas von Amsdorf, or on    tecture in France.  -le invented an inLuther himself. Luther, who, in 1524, strumcent, of a very small'diamleter,
had laid aside the cowl, was not averse  which measures angles Awith the greatto matrimony, yet appears to have been  est accuracy, and has been used in ineasled to the resolution of marrying by   uring the imeridian; the rieflectingl cirreason rather than by passion. Besides, eic, vwhich has made his name iminorltal;
lie was not then favorably incliled to- besides an instrunment for measuringt the
wards Catharile, because he suspected  inclination of the compass needle, and
her of worldly vanity. He says, how- many others. On the establishment of
ever, that he found in her a pious cand  the National Institute, he bcanme one
faithful wife. There could be no want of its members, nd was occupied, with
of disadvantagoeous rumors on this occa- other men of science, in framing the'on, some of them as shameful as they  new system of weights and measures
were unfounded. The domestic peace adopted in France nnder a republican
of the pair was also cdrawn into question, government. Among the latest of his
and Catharine, in particular, was accused  labors was a series of exlperiments, to
of being peevish and domineering, so   discover the length ofa penldulum lwhch
that her husband was often obliged to  could vibrate seconds in the latitude of
correct her. Although this last story is Iaris.
without fotundation, yet Luther seems    BORDE, ANDREW, an English physinot to have been fully satisfied. with her, cian,; irathor of'" The Mlerrie Tales of the
for he speaks with great sincerity of the Macdman of Gotham," and several other
sufferings as well as of the happiness of  quaint works. D. 1539.-JoHN BENJAhis marriage.  When, after ILther's     r IN DE LA, a French miscellaneous wr rideath, in 1547, Charles V. entered Wit- tcr; author of "Adela de Ponthieu;"
tenberg in triumph, Catharine saw her-  "Essais sur la Musique, ancielnne et
self obliged to leave this place, and to  moderne;;" " MI'eloires de Courcy," &c.
remove to Leipsic, where she was con- He was guillotined in 1794.
pelled to take boarders for her support.  BORDEN, THEOPIHILUS DE, a French
She afterwards returned to Wittenberg, physician; author of " Recherches sur
and lived there till 1552, in want. When  quelquces pointes de l'Histoire de la
the plague broke out in this place, andl Mdecine," &c. D. 1776.
the university was removed to Torgau,    BORDELON, LAURENCE, a volum11ishe went thither also, arrived there sick, nous French writer; author of "Diaand d. soon after, December 27th, 1552. logues for the Living;" "Curious VariIn the church of Torgau her tombstone  eties;" several dramatic pieces, &c. B.
is still to be seen, on which is her image  1653; d. 1780.
of the natural size.                    BORELLI, JOhN ALPIIONSO, an ItalBORDA, JEAN CHARLES, an engineer, ian philosopher and mathemnatician; reand afterwards a captain in the French  membered chiefly for being the first who
marine, famous for his mathematical applied mathematical calculation andc
talents, was b.: at Dax, in the cepart- mechanical principles to account for the
ment of Landes, in 1733. In 1756 he    action of the nmuscles. B. 1608; d. 1679.
was chosen a member of the Academy       BORIGHESE. A Roman famlily, which
of Sciences, and occupied himself in   derives its origin from Siennti. They
making experiments on the resistance   have held the Ihighest offices of this reof fluids, the velocity of motion, and  public, from the middle of the fifteenth




BOR]                   CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY..187
century. Pope Paul V., who belonged    value, at.the disposal of ler brother.
to this family, and ascended the papal They were in his carriage, which was
cllair in 1605, loaded his relations with  taken in that battle, and wore shown
honors aid riches. In 1607 he appoint- publicly at London.   Ie intended to
ed his brother Francesc     Borglese, have returned them to her. She lived,
leader of the troops sent against Venice  afterwards, separated from her husband,
to maintain the papal claims; bestowed  at Rome, where she occupied part of
the principality of Sollone on Marco    the palace Borghese, and where she
Antonio Borghese, the son of his bro- possessed, from 1816, the villa Sciarra.
ther, Giovanni Battista; granted him a  Her house, in wlhich taste and love of
revenue' of 8150,000, and obtained for the fine arts prevailed, was the centre
bimn the title of a grandee of Spain.  of the most splendid society at Rome.
Another of his nephews, Scipione Cafifa- D. 1825.
relli, he created cardinal, and made him  BORGIA, CieSAR, a natural son of
adopt the name of Borghese. From fMar- Pope Alexander VI.     He no sooner
co Antonio Borghese, prince of Solmone,  heard of his tather's exaltation to the
is descended the rich family of Borghese, papal chair, than hle left Pisa, where he
which is continued in the prince Ca- was fixed for his education; but the
millo Borghese, and his brother, Fran- ambitious prospects which ihe had formcesco prince B. Aldobrandini.-MARIA    ed were checked by the coolness with
PAULINE, princess, the beautiful sister which Alexander received him.     He
of Napoleon, vias b. at Ajaccio, October  complained to Iis mother, Vanozza, who
20th, 1780. When the British occupied   for a while quieted his impatience, but
Corsica, in 1793, she went to iMarseilles, he was dissatisfied to see the dukedom
where she wvNs on the point of marrying  of Gandia conferred upon his elder broFreron, a memnber of the convention, ther, Frcis,       hilst the primacy of
and son of that critic whohu Voltaire   Valenza only was reserved for himself.
made famous, when another lady laid     Afterwards, by the influence of lis
claim to his hand. She afterwards mar- mother, wliose greatest favorite he was,
ried Gen. Leclerc, with-whom she em- over three other sons and a daughter
barlked, 1801, for St. Domin(o, and was  called Lucretia, the dignity of cardinal
callcd by the poets of the fleet, the Ga- was conferred upon him, and he became
latect of the Creeks, the Venuas mnzariii. the friend and confidant of his fither's
She was no less courageous than beau- councils.. The elevation of Francis, howtiful, for when the nedrocs, unlder Chris- ever, to secular power continued to ex-.
tophe, stormed Cape Franlois, where she  cite his jealousy, so that at once to gratify
resided, -and Leclerc, who could no lon- malice and revenge, he caused lhis unger resist the assailants, ordered his lady  happy brother to be murdered, and
and child to be carriec on shipboard, thrown into the Tiber, where his nmanshe yielded only to force.  After his  gled carcass was a few days after found.
death she married, in 1803, the prince  The pope bitterly lamented his fate, but
Camillo Borahese. IHer son died at all his inquiries after the amurdeer were
1,omre soon after. With Napoleon, who   silenced by Vanozza, who, justly susloved her tenderly, she had   a many dis- pected as an accomplice, terrified the
putcs, and as many reconciliations; for  astonished father, by declaring that if
she Would not alvays follow the caprices  he did not desist, the same cldage r was
of his policy. Yet even the prouc style  readly to stab him to the.heart. Cesar
in whichl she    adeanded what her bro- succeeded to his brother's honors and
thers begged, made her the more attract- fortune, when he resigned the dignity of
ive to her brother. Once, however, cardinal, that he mig(rht with greater latwhen she forgot herself towards the    itude gr.tify his avarice, ambition, and
empress, wholm she never liked, she     cruelty. Bnds of assassins were kept
was obliged to leave the court. She     around him, who sacrificed to his picaswais yet in disgrace at Nice, when Na- ure both fiiends and foes; but his mnurpoleon resigned his crown in 1814; derois schemes once liked to have reupon which occasion she immediately    coiled upon himself. United withl his
acted as a tender sister. Instead of re- father in the attempt to poison nine
maining at her -alace in Rome, she set newly-created cardinals, whose possesout for Elba t, join her brother, and  sions they coveted, the wine vwas by
acted tle part of nmediatrix between him  mistake brought to them, and, drinking
and tlmc other mlembers of his fatmily. of it, the pope died, aind Ccesar barely
Before the battle of WVaterloo, she placed  escaped. Iis crimes weree now too pub- 
all her diamonds, lwhich were of great lie to be unnoticed.    Thourhl lately




188                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBOR
raised to the dukedom  of- VAlentinois  BORLASE, WILLIAM, a antiquary and
by Louis XII. lihe was stripped of all his topographer, was b. 1695, at Pendeen, in
dignities, and sent a prisoner to Spain, Cornwall, was educated at Oxford,'and,
but he escaped to the court of his bro- till the end of his days, rector of Ludgther-in-law, Johni, king of Navarre; and  van and vicar of St. Just, in his native
after trying in vain to restore his fallen  county. The first of these preferments
fortunes, he engaged in the civil war, he obtained in 1722. In 1749 he was
by which his brother's kingdom   was made F.R.S., and, in 1766, LL.D. His
distracted, and was killed by the stroke  chief works are, the " Antiquities Hisof a spear, under the walls of Viana, torical and Monumental of the County of
March 12th, 1507. He appears to have   Cornwall;" "Observations on the Scilly
been a skilful and intrepid soldier, of  Islands;" and a "Natural History ot
moderation in.his habits, and, what is  Cornwall. D. 1772.
still more strange, a lover of poetry and  BORN, IGNATIus, baron; an eminent
art.-STEFAiNI, %a cardinal, was a native  German mineralogist and writer; auof Valletri. He had an enthusiastic love thor of a treatise on "The Process of
for art, and throughout life devoted   Amalgamation," &c., &c. B. 1742; d.
great attention to the collection of relics. 1791.
It was usual with him to change a valua-  BOROWLASKI, Count, the celebrable piece of plate for some rare article to  ted Polish dwarf, who, although' less
adorn his museum; and ol oine occasion, than three feet in height, was of perfect
to purchase an Egyptian. mummy, he     symmetry, and attained the age of 98.
even parted with the plate from his ta- Hle had been prevailed upon by some of
ble, and the buckles from  his shoes. the clergy of Durham, who ha'd casually
Pilus VI. created him cardinal in 1789'; seen him when on his ".travels," 40
and the succeeding pope named Cardinal years before his death, to take up his
Borgia president of the council when   abode near that city. He spoke several
the French garrison evacuated Rome. languages, was generally well informed.
He was the auithor of some works in    and witty, and his company was acsupport of the papal temporalities. D. cordingly much courted by the gen1804.                                 try of Durham    and its vicinity.  IA
BORIE, JEAN, one of the most vio-      1837.
lent of the French revolutionists, and   BORRI, JOSEPH FRANCIS, a native of
inventor of the " Farandoles."    He Milan, who distinguished himself by his.was a lawyer. B. about 1770; d. 1805, extravagant pretensions as a chemist, a
in exile.                             heretic, and a quack. After playing for
BORIS,' GADENO,, grand master of some time the prophet at Pome, he rethe horse to Theodore Ivanowitz, empe- turned to Milan, where he attached to
ror-of Russia. Ile is said to have putto  himself great multitudes, from whose
death both the emperor's brother and   credulity he exacted a great deal of
the emperor himself; and it is certain  money, under oath of secresy, with the
that at the death of the latter Boris be- expectation that the kingdom of God
came emperor. He governed cruelly and  was going to be established on earth.
tyrannically, but d. suddenly, just as His schenmes were so well concerted that
Russia was invaded by a Polish army, he nearly seized the sovereign power by
which was headed by a young monk imeans of his adherents, but was at- last
who pretended to be Demetrius, the de- forced to fly. The Inquisition passed
ceased brother of Theodore, in 1605.  sentence of condemnation on his char'BORJA, FRANCIS DE, a Spanish poet acter, and publicly burnt his effigy
and statesman, a descendant from Pope  and his writings in 1660. From StrasAlexander VI., was appointed viceroy of burg, where he had retired, he went to
Peru, in 1614, and governed that prov- Amsterdam, and there for some time
ince in a m.nner which was honorable figured as a character of superior dignity
to him. Ile returned to Spain in 1621, and uncommon virtues.,Je was respecand cultivated literature. As a poet, he ted and courted as a universal physiis most esteemed for his lyrical compo- cian, till a revolution in his fortune drove
sitions. D. 1638.                     him away from   that country too, vet
BORLACE, EDMUND, the son of one loaded with the borrowed jewels of the
of the lords-justices of ireland, was edu- credulous Iollanders. At Hanmburg he
cated at Dublin, and settled as a physi- obtained the protection of Christina,
clan at Chester. His principal work is queen of Sweden, by pretendingr to find
a " History of the Irish Rebellion."  D. the philosopher's stone; and he ga,.e-3
1682.                                 the same confidence at Copenhagen.,.'fa




BOS]                   CYCLOP/DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         189
the king of Denmark. Though his hy- Paul V., 1710. He wrote several works
pocrisy at last became known to hiis oil doctrinal and moral subjects.-FREDillustrious patrons, he gained his wishes ERICK, was cousin to the preceding, and,
in the liberality of their rewards, and  like him, a cardinal and archbishop of
attempted to retire to iHungary. Being  Milan, and also a copy of his excellent
however accidentally seized as a spy, his character. I-He founded the Ambrosian
name was reported to the emperor of Library, and d. 1632. He wrote some
Germany in the presence of the papal theological tracts.
nuncio, who claimned him as an exconi-   BOtRRONI, PAUL MICHAEL BENEDICT,
municated heretic. The emperor con- a painter, who imitated the style of Corsented to deliver him up, provided his refgio, and had much of the taste of
life was spared, and Borri was conveyed  Michael Angelo. Pius VI. made him a
to Rome, and condemned to perpetual knight of the Golden Spur, and the
imprisonment, which was however soft- king of Sardinia granted him a pension.
ened by the interference of the duke of  D. at Volghera, in 1819.
Estrees, whom lie cured in a dangerous  BORROMINI, FRANCIS, an architect
illness. D. at the castle of St. Aiigelo, of Bissone, pupil of Muderno, who acin 1695, aged 70.                      quired much reputation at Rome, though
BORRICHIUS, OLAUS, a native of       in his rivalship with Le Bernin he deviDenmark, educated at the university of  ated from that simplicity, and those reCopenhagen, of which he became a ceived rules, which taste and judgment
learned xirofessor in poetry, chemistry, have always pronounced the basis of the
and botany. After practising with great beautiful. His best work is the'college
reputation as a physician, and refusing  of the Propaganda. D. in consequence
the rectorship of the  rimoenus school of  of a wound which he had given himself
Hsoslow, he began to travel, and visited  in a fit of madness, 1667.
Holland, Enogland, France, Italy, and    BOS, LAMBERT, professor of Greek at
Germany, ancl after an absence of six  Franeker; author of the well-known and
years returned to his native country, in  valuable work on the Greek ellipses, an
1666. His genius procured him     the excellent edition of the Septuaglilt, with
friendship of the literati of Europe, and  prolegomena and various readings, &c
the rectitude of his principles the patroni- B. 1670; d. 1717.
age of his sovereign. He published       BOSC, Louis AUGISTUS WILLIAM, a
several tracts in Latiin, on subjects of  French naturalist, and the author of sevcaemistry, philosophy, and antiquities. eral.agricultural and other works. He
P. 1694.                               held a responsible situation in the French
BORROMEO, CHARLES, a saint of the    post-office; but, in 1793, being driven
Roman church, was b. 2d October, 1588, from  his place by the Jacobins, he
and early patronized by his maternal sought a retreat in the forest of Montuncle, Pope Pius IV., whlo made him a morenci, where he lived three.-years in
cardinal and archbishop of Milan, though  solitude, devoting his time to the study
only 22 years of age. These high dig- of natural history.-PETER DU, an eminities, and others which were lavished  nent French Calvinist preacher of the
upon him, were due to his merit and his  17th century; author of numerous servirtues. Borromeo was an example of    mons, epistles, poems, &c.    On the
meekness and piety: he reformed the revocation of the edict of Nantes, he
abuses of his clergy, gave relief to the escaped to Holland, where he d. in
niecessitous, and provided institutions 1692.
for the reclaiming of profligate and de-  BOSCAN, ALMOGAVER JUAN, a Spanbanched women. This zeal in the cause ish poet, b. towards the close of the 15th
of hiumanity enraged the Humilids, an  century, at Barcelona. His parents, who
order which he attempted to reform; belonged to the most ancient nobility,
tand one of the brethren, Farina, fired a  gave him a careful education. He folgunii  at the worthy prelate while in  lowed the court of Charles V., and, in
prayer with his domestics. The shot 1526, was attached toit for some time in
was not fatal, and the assassin was de- Granada. His noble manners and charservedly punished. During a dreadful acter gained for him the favor of the
pestilence the attention of Borromeo to  emperor. The education of the duke
the distressed of every description were  of Alva was committed to him, and his
unusually exemnplary'; yet ingratitude  instructions developed the great qualiand persecution generally awaited his ties which the duke afterwards displaygood and benevolent deeds. D. 1594, ed. After his marriage, Boscanilived at
aged 47, and his name was canonized by  Barcelona, occupied in publishing his




190                   CYCLOPEDI A OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [Bos
works, together with those of his de- draining of it. He w. t then intrusted
ceased friend Garcilaso, in which he was by the republic of Lucca, with the ceemployed at the time of his death. Bos- fence of its interests, in a dispute about
can was persuaded to attempt Italian   boundaries with the government of Tusmeasures in Spanish, by Antonio Nava- cany. This affair obliged him to go to
gero, an Italian scholar and ambassador Vienna, and having terminateds it with
of the republic of Venice at the court of  success, he visited Paris and London.
the emeroer. Thus he became the crea- He was elected a fellow of the Royal Sotor of thl" Spanish sonnet, and, with  ciety, and dedicated to this body a Latin
Garcilaso, first'sed the terzine in his  poem on eclipses. Returning to Italy
poetical (pistles and elegies. In general he was appointed matthematical profeshe distinguishel himself by introducing  sor in the university of Pavia; whence,
Italian forms*into Spanish poetry, which  in 1770, he removed to Milan, and there
met with great opposition, and not less  erected the celebrated observatory at the
applause. The poems of Boscan are still college of Brera. On the suppression of
esteemed.  His other literary works, the order of Jesuits he acceptec an. inmostly translations, are forgotten. D. vitation to France from Louis XV., who
1540.                                  gave him a pension of 2,000 livres. I).
BOSCAWETEN, EDWARli, a brave and     1787.
highly distinguished English admiral.    BOSSCIIA, a Dutch poet and misceiHe ierved Lnder Anlson in the engage- laneous writer- b. in 1766; author of
ment of Cape Finisterre, and received  "Belgica Libertas," and a " History of
the thailks of'parliarment d and a pension  the levolution of Hollandc.
for his exploits while serving in the At-  BOSSI, BAROsNDE, an eminent modern
lautic andi in the M'editerranean.  B. Italian poet, b. at Piedmont iu 1758.:He
1711; d. 17 1.-WILLXA, nephew of    favored the French interest on the repubthe above; authoro of  "Essay    the li's invasion of Italy, and was rewarded
Progress of Satire;" a translation of  by posts in France by Napoleon. He is
Horace, &c. Bl. 1752; d. 1811.         chiefly known by his exertions in this
BOSCH, BERNARD, a Dutch poet, b. country in flvor of the Protestant Vauin 1746; author of "Egotisinl " and:     Dis. " Oromasia" is his chief work in
B'osch's Poems," and co-editor of thle  poetry.
Janus and Eclair Politique.-JExE, a         SS, BOSSU LE, an eminent French
famous Dutch bibliomanist. His library  critic; author of a "Treatise on Epic
catalogue was remarkable for the number  Poetry," " Parallel of the Philosophy of
of princeps editions it contained  B. Descartes and of Aristotle," &c.   B.
1740; d. 1811.-Louis, A. G., one of the 1681; d. 1680.
first French naturalists of the age; b. in  BOSSUET, JACQUES BENIGNE, the most
1795; patronized by the minister Ioland. eloquent of French preachers, lln acute
He had the.courage to accompany Ma- of controversialists; was.b in 1627 at
damle Roland to tle foot of the seaffold. Dijon, and after having studied at the
He wrote "Histoire Naturelle des Co- college of Navarre, le became canon of
quilles," " Dictionnaire d'Auriculture,"  Metz. From Metz his reputation spread
&c. Ilis brother (Stepllen  osch) also  to the capital, and he was invited to
published some well-written works on   Paris to preach before the queen-mother
agriculture alnd the occupation of the and the king.   There his fame soon
poor.                                  eclipsed that of all his predecessors and
BOSCOVICH, ROGER JOSEPH, an as- cotemporaries.      In 1669 he was made
tronomer and geometrician of distin- bishop of Conldom; is 1670 preceptor to
guished eminence in the 18thi century, the daupshin; and, in 1681, bishop of
was a native of Ragusa, iIn Dalmatia. Meaux. He d. in 1704..His Funeral
He was educated among the Jesuits, Orations are masterpieces of eloquence;
and, entering into their order, was ap- and in his controversy with the Protpointed professor of mathematics in the  stat  e dislas   acmirhabe iirbl learninrg
Roman college, before he had entirely  and skill. Of hiis works, which form 20
completed the course o his studies. HIe  quartlo volumes, the principal are his
was employed by Pope Benedict XIV. Sermons; " Discourse on Universal Hisin various undertakiings, and, in 1750, tory 7;"  "Exposition  of the Catholic
begaln the measurement of a degree of  Faith;" and "History of tie Variations
the meridian in the Fcclesiastical States, of the Protestant Churlches."
which operation occupied hiim for two    BOSSUT, CIIArLES, anl eminent mathyears. He afterwards visited the Pon- ematician; was b. in the Lyonlese, in
tine marsh, to give advice respecting the  1730; studied in tihe Jesuit's college at




lOT]                   CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPTHY.                       191
Lyons, was taught mathematics by       circle of Scottish society in which ho
d'Alembert, and at the age of 22 was moved. In 1803 he published a small
professor of tle engineer's school at volume entitled " Songs, chiefly in the
Mletz. Iis chief wnorks are, a "History  Scottish Dialect."  Some of these songs
of Mathematics," and a " Course of     had already acquiredl a -wide acceptation
Matieatematcs;" the last of which is in the public. Wee may instance "Auld
highly popular. D. 1814.               Gudeman, Ve'le a Drunken Carle," "Jen3BO1STON, THOMAs, a Scotch divine, ny's Bawbee, "' Jenny dang the Weav-'was b. at Dunse, in 1676, and c. minis- er," &c. He inherited all the tory spirit
ter of Ettrich, in 1732. Ie is chiefly  of his fither; and sonle attacks on the
remembered by his   IIHuman Nature in  character of James Stuart, Esq., having
its Fourfold State," a w ork which has appeared in the "'Beacon" and " Sentigone through numerous editions. —JoiN, nel" newspapers, which were traced to
a monk of St. Edmlondsbhury, in t he 15th  Sir Alexander, a duel took place between
century; author of " Speculum Ccenobi- these gentlemen, when the latter fell,
talum11," &c.                          mortally wounded in the neck, March
BOS WELL, JAMES, the friend and      26, 1822. M.r. Stuart was tried for this ofbiographer of Johnson, was tlhe eldest fence, but honorably acquitted.-JAMES,
son of one of the supreme judges of    the second son of the biographer, was b.
Scotland, styled Lord Auchinleck, fromi in 1779, andc educated at Westminster
the name of his estate in Ayrshire. I-Ie school. He possessed tlents of a supewas b. at Edinburgh, in 1740, and      rior order and the skill with which ho
studied in his native city, in Glasgov, edited the enlarged and anmended ediin the Dutch university of Utrecht. He  tion of Malone's Shakspeare, in 21 vols.
afterwa-ds resided several times in Lon-  affords ample evidence of his scholiardon, and cultivated the acquaintance of ship, judcmcnt, and discrimination. Inthe imost distinguished men of his day. deec, so satisfied was Mr. Malone with
Here he became acquainteld wvith Tohn- his peculiar fitness for such a task, that
son-a circunmstance wvhich lie himlnself  ie selected him as his literary exectcor.
calls the most important event of his life. D. 18S2.
ie afterwards visited Voltaire at Ferncy,  BOTELLO, Don Nuxo ALVAREZ DE, a
Rousseau at Neufhllatel, an d Paoli in  celebrated viceroy of India, when the
Corsica, with whom hle became intimate. Portuguese held dominion there; and
He then returned by the way of Paris to  whose gallantry and skill tended greatly
Scotland, and devoted himself to the  to augmcent their Iindostanic possesbar. In 1768, when Corsica attracted so  sions. -Ie gained several victories over
much attention, he puiblished his valua- the Dutchl, and destroyed the fleet and
ble account of Corsica, with imemoirs of  armv of t1e Aclienese, which were bePaoli. At a later period hle settled at siecgin fMalacca; butlost hislife, in 1629,
London, where hle lived in the closest by becing crushed between his own vesintimacy with Johnson. In 1773 he ac- sel and one of the enemvys.
co   lpanied him on a tour to the Scottish  BOTH, JOIN acnd ANDREW, two FlemHighlands and Iebrides, and published  ish painte's, were b. at Utrecht, about
an account of the excursion after their the year 1610. Tley were the sons of a
return. After the death of Johnson, lie  glass painter, who instructed them in
becamue his biographer. The minuteness  the rudiments of drawing. They afterand accuracy ot his account, and the store  wards made further progress in the
of literary anecdote which it contains, school of Abrahamn Bolemaert, and went
render this work the best of the kind. at an early ag.e together to Italy. John,
It is, in short, the most complete, the  attracted'by the works of Claude Loricost interesting, tlce most original, the  raine, chose hlim fir his cmodel. Andrew
Illost provokino, contemptible, and de- preferred the IpaiilinCg of the human
li'ghtful in the Enclish tonue. D. 1795. figore, and imitated the style of Bam— Sir ALEXACNDER eldest son of thle pre- boccio. IBut, a!lt!ough their inclinations:e'dino, was b. in 1775, and succeeded  led them  in dilierent directions, their
his fiather in thle possession of the family  mutual friendship often unitec  their
estate. lie was a literary antiquary of  talents in the sanle works. Thus Anno inconsiderable crudition, and, he pos- drew painted the figures in the. landsessed a great fund of volatile talent, scapes of his brother; and their labors
and, in particular, a pungent veiln of  harmonized so well, that their pictures
satire. At an early period of his life, could not be suspected of coming from
some of his poetical jelx d'esplrei occa- different hancds. The ease and fine colorsionally made a slight turlmoil in that ings in the beautiful figures of John,




192                  CYCLOPJiDIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                      [BOU
cannot be overlooked, in spite of the  was sent to Paris as a member of the
excess of yellow sometimes found in legislative body, and his residence conthem. His fame has been confirmed bytinned afterwards in France; and ho
time, and his merit, as well as his resi- lived many years previous to his death
dence in Italy, has procured for him the at Paris, in close retirement, on account
name of Both/ of Italy. Andrew was    of ill health. Having previously pubdrowned at Venice, in 1650. John, in- lished several works, he established his
consolable for his loss, abandoned Italy, reputation as an historian, by the puband returned to Utrecht, where he d. lication of his "History of the War of
shortly after. The plates which John  the Independence of the United States
Both has himself etched from his prin- of America," in 1809. He afterwards
cipal works are much valued.          published " The History of Italy, from
-BOTHWELL, JAMEs HEPBURN, earl 1789 to 1814," and the " Continuation
of, whon married Queen Mary. IIe was of Guicciardini's History to   1789,"
supposed to have been concerned in the  esteemed works of high merit. In 1816
murder of the unfortunate Darnley, he published an heroic poem, entitled
Mary's husband, and that he was even  "I1 Camillo."  D. at Paris, 1837.
supported by the deluded queen. -Ie     BOUCHARDON, EDMUND, the son of
was charged with the crime, and tried, a sculptor and architect, was b. in 1698,
but acquitted. After the death of Darn- at Chaumonten-Basigni, and  applied
ley, he seized the queen at Edinburgh, himself early to drawing and painting.
and, carrying her a prisoner to Dunbar In order to devote himself to statuary,
castle, prevailed upon her to marry him  he went to Paris, and entered the school
after he had divorced his own wife. of the younger Couston. He soon gainThough seemingly secure in the posses- ed the highest prize, and was made royal
sion of power, and though created earl pensioner at Rome. He studied his art
of Orkney by the unfortunate queen, he  partly in the works of antiquity, and
soon found that his conduct had roused  partly in those of Raphael and Dometheindignation of the kingdom. Mary   nichino. He executed several busts, and
found not in him the fond husband she  was to have erected the tomb of Clement
expected; he became unkind and brutal. XI., but the orders of the king recalled
A confederacy was formed against him  him to Paris in 1732. Here, among
by the barons, the queen was liberated  other works, he made a large group in
from his power, and he escaped to the  stone, representing an athlete overOrkneys, and afterwards to Denmark, coming a boar. This stood for a long
where he d. 1577. In his last moments, time in the garden of Grosbois. Afterit is said, that with an agonizing con- wards he assisted in repairing the founscience, he confessed his own guilt and  ain of Neptune at Versailles.  ie
the queen's innocence, of the murder of executed ten statues, which adorn the
Darnley.                              church of St. Sulpice. A monument to
BOTT, JOHN DE, a French architect. the duchess of Lauranguais, made by
Being a Protestant, he had no chance of  him, is also in that church. The founobtaining patronage in his own coun- tain in the azue de Grenelle, which the
try; and therefore entered into the ser- city of Paris ordered to be constructed
vice of William, prince of Orange, whom  in 1739, was made by him, and is conhe accompanied to England. On the     sidered his masterpiece. A Cupid which
death of that prince, he went into the  he made for the king was unsuccessful.
service of the elector of Brandenburgh, For the "Traite des Pierres gravees,"
by whom he was made a major-general. Bouchardon furnished designs, from
The fortifications of Wcsel and the ar- which the plates were copied. The exesenal of Berlin are among the numerous cution of the greatest monument of that
proofs of his talent. D. 1745.        period, the equestrian statue of Louis
BOTTA, CARLO GIusEPPA GULIELMO, XV., which was erected, by order of the
a distinguished Italian historian. He city ofParis, was committed to him. He
was b. in 1768, at the small village of  labored twelve years on this, with inSan Giorgio di Canavese, in Piedmont, conceivable perseverance, and has left,
and was educated as a physician, but the  in the horse, a model which may be
breaking out of the French revolution  ranked with any work of antiquity. D.
caused him to turn his attention to the  1762. Among his scholars, Louis-(lacude
study of politics and history. In 1794 Vasse, who d. in 1772, is distinguished.
he entered into the medical service of  Caylus has written his life.
the French army; after Piedmont was     BOUCHER, FRANCIS, artist, was b. at
incorporated with France, in 1803, he Paris in 1704. While a pupil of the cel



BOU]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPII.                        193
ebrated Lenmoine, he gained at the nge I bounty. lie d. at the age of eighty-two,
of nineteen, the first prize oe th Aalcad- in October, 1821.
emy.   After studying at Rome for a     BOUFFILERS, Marshal de, one of the
short time, he returned to Paris, and  most celebrated geneerals of his age, was
was styled the Painter of the Graces-a  b. 1644. IIe was an clcve of the great
title.which he did not merit. He would, Conde, of Turenne, Crequi, Luxemperhaps, have risen to excellence, had  bourg, andl Catinat.  I-s defence of
he not yielded to the corrupt taste of  Nanmur, in 1695, and of Lille, in 1708,
his age, and had devoted himself more  are famouns. The siere of the former
completely to his studies.  The ease  place was conducted by King William
with which lhe executed made him care- in person, and cost the Illies more than
-ess. His drawing is faulty; his color- 20,000 men. The latter was conducted
ing does not harmonize, especially in his by Prince Eugene. An order was sent
naked pieces, which are so glaring that from Louis XIV., sioned byi his own
they appear as if the light was reflected  hand, commandinog Boufflers to suron them from a red curtain. In a word, render; but he kept it secret, until all
he is looked upon as the corruptor of  means of defence were exhausted. The
the French school. He was neither en- retreat of the French after their defeat
vious nor avaricious, but encouraged   at Malplaquet, under the direction of
younger artists as much as it was in his Boufflers, was mlore like a triumph than
power. The great number of his paint- a defeat. D. 1711.-STANISLAUS, chevaings and sketches shows with what lier de, member of the French Academy,
rapiity he produced them. The latter son of the marchioness of Boufflers,
alone amounted to more thanl 10,000. mistress of Stanislaus, king of Poland,
lie has also etched some plates, and   b. at Luneville, 1737, was considered
many of his paintings have been en- one of the most ingenious men of his
graved. D. 1770.-Luc, a Jacobin lead- time, and. was distinguished for the eleer of the Faubourg St. Antoine, who, on  gance of his manners and conversation.
the 20th May, 1795, forced himself into -Ie was destined for the church, butd-ethe National Convention, and seizing   clared that his love of pleasure would
Ferrand, one of the members, beheaded  interfere with the duties of this profeshim in the lobby with his own hand, sion. He entered the military career,
and fixed his head on a pike, para- was soon appointed governor of Senegal,
ding it through the "Salle."  He was and while in this office, made    ianiy
afterwards gnillotined.-Jo NATHAN, an  useful regulations.  Afterhis return, he
English divine; author of "The Cum- devoted himself to that lighlt kind of
berland Man," &c. D. 1804.            literature which distinguished the qge
BOUDINOT, ELIAS, was b. in Phila- of Louis XV. He was much admired
delphia, May 2dc1740. He was descend- by the ladies, and in the higher circles
ed from one of the Huguenots, who     of the capital, as well as in the fbreiin
sought refuge in America from religious courts which lle visited. His reputation
persecution in France. He studied the  gave him a seat in the. states-general,
law and became eminent in that profes- where he was esteemed for'his moderasion. At an early period of the revolu- tion and his aood intentions.  After
tionary war, he was appointed, by      August 10th, 1792, he left France, and
congress, commissary-general of prison- met with  a friendly reception fioom
ers. In the year 1777 he was chosen a Prince Henry of Prussia, at Peinsberg,
member of congress, and, in 1782, was and Frederic William II. A large grant
made presicent of that bocl. After the  was made to him in Poland for estabadoption of the constitution he entered  lishing a colony of French emaigrfants.
the house of representatives, where lie  Inn1800 he returned to Paris, vwhere he
continued six yecars. He then succeeded  devoted hinself to literary pursuits,
Rittenhouse as director of the mint of  which, in 1804, procured him a seat in
the United States, an offic  he wich  e re- the French Institute. D. January 18th,
signed in the course of a few years, and  1815.
lived from that time at Burlington, New  BOUGAINVILLE, Louis ANTOINE DE,
Jersey, Ie devoted himself earnestly  cpunt of the empire, senator, and memnto biblical literature, ain, being possess- ber of the Institute in 1796, was b. 1729,
ed of anl ample fortune, made munifi- at Paris. At first a lawyer, afterwards
cent donations to various charitable and  a distinguished soldier, diplomatist, and
tflheolocical institutions. The American  scholar: he was always remarkable for
Bible Society, of which he became pres- his energy of character. Hle fought
idemnt, was particularly an object of his brave:y in Canada, under the marquis
17




109-                  CYOLOP'DIA OF BIOGRAPH:Y.                       LBOU
of Montcealm, and it was principally cl'Ariste et d'Eoeuge," "I Maniere do
owing to his exertions, in 1758, that a bienPensersurlesOuvragesdel'Esprit,"
body of 5000 French withstood success- &c. B. 1628; d. 1702.
fully a British army of 16,000 men.      BOUILLE, Fli'Nxc    CLAUDE Aioun,
Towards the conclusion of the battle he  Mairquis de, b. 1759, a distinguished
received a shot in the head. After the  French general, celebrated by his exbattle of September 13th, 1759, in which  ploits up to the era of the French revoMontcaln was killed, and the fate of the lution; from whichc, althoughl lie sat on
eneily decided, Bougainville returned  liberal principles in the first assembly
to Frantce, and served with distinction  of notables, he detacled himself, and,
under Choiseul Stainville, in the. can- after making excellent preparations to
paign of 1761, in Germany. After the  assist the unfortunate Louis XVI. in
peace, he entered the navy, and became  escapilng  from  Varennes, which his
one of the greatest naval officers in  sovereign refused to avail himself of,
France.   ie'persuaded the inlhabitilts lie quitted France and served under the
of St. Ivalo to fit out an expedition for allies. lis " Memoirs of the French
the purpose of establishing a colony in  Revolution'" rank deservedly high. D.
the Falkland Islands, and undertook t1e 1800.
command of the expedition himself.      BOUILLON, RosE, b. 1770; a heroine
The kling appointed hin captlain, Iand  of the French revolution, who entered
Bougainville set sail with his little fleet the armly as a volunteer, and fought as
in 1763. B1ut, as the Spaniards had l aa private in the 6thl battalion of the
prior claims to the islands, France was Halte Saon, at the battle of Linbach,
obliged to surrender them, and Bou- nwhere her husbanld was killed by her
gainville, having returned to France, side. She had a pension froml the Nawas commissioned to carry the sur- tional Convelltion.
render into execution, on ieceiviln fiom  BOUILLY, J. N., an eminent French
Spain a remuneration for his expenses. cdiplomatist, b. 17'0. Ii l his views of
For this purpose, he set sail, with one  the revolution, he concurred with his
frigate anrd a merchant ship, firom St. fiiend Mhiraboat.  Author of "Pierre
Malio, December 15th, 1766. After the le Grland," " L'Abbl de lEpec," "Leimmediate object of his voyage was a-  lonlore,"  "Helena,"  Argnes Sorel,"
conplishled, he circumnnavigated  the  " La Vieillesse ce Piron," &c D. 1842.
world, and returned to St. Malo, March   BOULAINVILLIERS, IiEN1Y        DE,
16th, 176'9. He enriched the science of  comte de St. Saire, authlor of' a " Iisgeography by a inumber of new dis- tory of Mahomlet," a'IIistory of tlhe
coverlies.  In the American   iar, he  Arabians," a "HIistory of tlhe Peerage
commtandced several ships of the line, of France," &c. B. 1'158; cd. 1722.
with great llonor; was, in 1779, chef-d'es-  BOULANGER, NICIIOLAs ANTONY, a
cadre, andi in the following year, field- Frenelh mathelmatician and enl ineer, aumlarshal in the lIand forces. After 1790  thor of "Traite du Despotisine Orienhe devoted hlimself to science. D. 1811. tale," cc  B. 1722; d. 1759.
-JEAN PTIERE DE, a French W striter, au-  BOULARD, ANTOINE MARIE IIENR,
thor of " Philip of Macedon," a tragedy  a dcistinguishedl French savant, b. 1754,
&e.. and editor of Freret's great worlk  and nmember of the chamber of deputies
oil'Chllronology.'  Bl. 1722; d. 1763.  in 1815.  IIe is author of Inumerous
BOUGEANT, GUILLAUME IHYACINTHE, translaltions from Englrishl standard wria French Jesuit, author of "Amuse- tings, and was honored by the friendment Philosophique sur le Langare des ship of La Harpe, &c. D. 1825:
BEet;," &c. B. 1690; d. 1743.           BOULAY DE LA MEURTHE, A.
BOUGUER, PIERnn, a French nmath- J. C., b. 1761; one of th1e most distinematitai,:and hydrographer, author of  gcuished'orators il the French revolutreatises oil' Navigattion and Pilotage,  tion, and author of eminient worlks on
and on tihe': Construction of Ships,"  political science. I-e was president of
and nlumerous other valuable works of  the civil tribunal at Nancy, in 1793, ande
scienlce. D. 1758.                    had great share in confirminglr the exBOUHIER, JOIIN, an eminent Frenolh  patriatlion of the emigrants in 1793, vwhen
writer of the 17th century, author of  a member of'the five hundred.   I-Ie
"Letters on the Therapenutl,"  "Dis- was subsequently faithful to Bonaparlte
sertations on HIerodotus," &c. B. 1673; throughl all his changes of fortune; and
d. 1746.                               onl that account wae s proscribed, and
BOUHOURS, DOMINIc, a French Jes- banished to F'rankfort, by the Bour
uit and critic, author of " Le L Entretiens bons, on their last restoration in 1815.




rBOU]                 CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                        195
BOULTER, HuGHI arclhbishop of Ar- paignl ill 1800, accompanied his father
magh, eminent for his benevolent ex- to England, an'd was residing. with him
ertions to alleviate the distress of the  at Wanstead-House in 1804, when his
Irish during the scarcity of 1740, and  son, -the Duke d'Enghien, was murfor the part he took in establishing   dered. The duke's death is attributed
schools for the instruction of the Irish  to the excitement of his mind respecting
childrcn. D. 1742.                    the revolution of July, 1830. His propI;OULTON, MATTHEW, an eminent erty he left by will to the Duke d'Auengineer, whose spirit and talent im- male, third son of Louis Philippe, king
proved jinnumerable mechanical pro- of the French, with the exception of: 
cesses, and whose name, with that of  large bequest to Sophia Dawes, barones,
his partner, Watt, is inseparably con- de Feucheres, an Englishwoman, wit[
nected with that of the wonderful power whom he lived. D. 1830.-NICIOLAS, I
of whicL they made such skilful use, French poet, author of " Nug,," a col
ile stean-engine, was b. at Birming- lection of Latin epigrams; a didacti.
ham, in 1728. Among the mnay great poem, called "Ferraria;" a treati
undertakings  in which Bou1lton and' De ipucrorums moribus," &c. D..155o
Watt were engaged, one of the-most -NICHOLAS, nephew of the above, pro
useful and important was the improve- fessor of Greek, author of "An Impr.
ment of the coinage, the coins struck at cation against the Parricide of Heli
the "Soho" manufactory being rarely    IV.," &e. D. 1644.
surpassed in beauty or accuracy. H-is    BOURCHIER, THOMAS, cardinal, a'-d
long life was uninterruptedly devoted to  archbishop of Canterburyy. He crown'd
the advancenent of the useful arts, and  no fewer than three kings, viz,, Ewlv' rd
the promotion of the commercial inter- IV., Richard III., and Henry VII. D.
ests of his country. D. 1809.          1486.-JouN, Lord Berners, a military
BOUQUET, Madaule, b. about 1773; commander of great skill and repute in
a victim of affection and hospitality, du- the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII., by
ring the revolution. She concealec P6- the latter of whom he was made govthion Buzot and her uncle Gnadlet, crnor of Calais, author of a translation
during  one of the search warrants of  of "Froissart," "The Life of Mlarcus
the terrorists, and their retreat beiing  Aurelius," &c. I). 152.
discovered, she was sent to the guillo-  BOURDALOUE, Louis, a Jesuit, and
tine with them, and died with great for- a French preacher of consumnate elotitude.                                quence; was b. at Bourg3s, in 1632.
BOURBON, CIHALrs, duke de con- The reputation whicl he acqtired by
stable of France, a powerful enemy of  preaching in the country, inlsuced his
Francis I. and his opponent at Pavia superiors to send him to Paris, where
when Francis was taken prisoner. His he immediately acquired popularity, and
life was chiefly spent in warfare, and he became the favorite preacher of Louis
was killed while heading the assault on  XIV., who sent him into Languedoc, to
Rome, in 1527.-ROBEsT, the Strong, convert the Protestants. The latter part
duke of Neustria, founder of the family  of his life wvas spent in visiting the sick,
whic.h has so long governed France, and the prisons, and inl other works of
Spain, Sicily, &c., lost his life in a battle  charity.  His sermons occupy 16 volwith the Normans in 866. Historians    unies, and have often been reprinted.
differ as to-his descent, some contend- D. 1704.
ing that Pepin, of Heristel, was his an-  BOURDON, SEBASTIAN, a painter of
cestor; others trace his genealogy to  merit in various styles, but particularly
the kings of Lombardy; and some sayi ilandscape; was b. at Montpelier, in
he deriveed his origin from a natural son  1616, and studied:at Rome, wxhere lie
of Charlemagne.-Louis, cardnal ancd   was the friend of. Claude Lorraine. In
archbishop of Toledo; son of Louis, 1652, wishing to avoid the civil wars
orotther of Charles III. of Spain. After which threatened France, he visited
the imprisonment of Ferdinand at Va- Sweden, and was patronized by Chrislen(lay, he joined the cortes, and ulti- tina. She made him a present of some
mately became president of the provi- pictues which Gustavus lhad broug-ht
sional junta before which  the king fiom Dresden; but on examininus them,
swore, in 1820, to abice by the consti- Bourdon disinterestedly told- her that
tution of the cortes of 1812. B. 1777; she ought not to part with so valuable
d. 1823.-Louis HENRY JosEPH,, duke    a collection. Christina afterwards took
de, and prilce de Conde. He fought in  them to Rolme, and they it length formed
the royalist army; and after the cam- a part of the famous Orleans gallery.




190                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BoU
IeI was an engraver as well as a painter, them to his own government, he was
D. 1671.                               summoned before the privy council.
BOURlGEOIS, Sir FIANCIS, whose pa- There he stabbed Mr. Harley, andl- in
rents were Swiss, was born in London, return, was so dangerously wounded by
in 1756, and was designed for the army, some of the counsellors that he d. in
but displayed such an attachment to    Newgate, in 1711.
painting that he was placed    under   [BOURNE,      BENJAMIN, of Bristol
Loutherbourg. After having travelled  Rhode Island; was b. about the year
for inprovement, lie became a royal 1755, and educated at Harvard college,
academician. In 1791 he was appointed  where he was graduated in 1775. -Ie
painter to the king of Poland; and, in  was conspicuous for talents anid learn1794, landscape painter to George III. ing, and spent a large part. of his life in
The splendid collection of pictures which  public and honorable employments. lie
Mr. Desenlfans had bequeathed to him, was for some time a member of congress,
Sir Francis left to Dulwich college, with  and in 1801 was appointed judge of tlhe
ten thousand pounds to build a gallery  circuit court of the United States. D.
for theml. D. 1811.                   1808.-VINCENT, one of the most elegant
BOURGOING, JOIN FEANCIS, Baron       of modern Latin poets; was educated
de, was b. at Nevers, in 1748; served  at Westminster and Trinity college,
early inthe army, and successively acted  Cambridge, took his degree of M.A. in
as secretary of legation, and lastly as am- 1721, and d. undermiaster of Westminbassador at various courts. Of his wri- ster school in 1747. Cowper describes
tings, the principal are, the "Picture of him as having been the neatest of all
Modern Spain," 8 vols.; and " Histori- men in his versification, the most slovcal and Philosophieal Memoirs of Pius enly in his person  and, as a poet, he
VI. D. 1811.                          thinks him not at allinferior to Ovid.
BOURIGNON, ANTOINETTAX a fa natic,     BOURtIEIENNE, Louis ANTOINE FAUb. at Lisle, in 1616. She came into the VEILETDEL thesecretary of Napoleon, who
world so very deformed that a consulta- had formed a fiiendship with hilm when
cion was held in the family somne days they were scholars at Brienrne, was b.
about stifling her as a monstrous birth. 1769, and studied law atLeipsic. When
But if she sunk almost beneath humanity  Napoleon was first consul le was made
in her exterior, her interior seems to  counsellor of state. Yet afterwards lie
have been raised as much above it; for was accused of not being sincerely atat 4 ye.rs of a'ge she not only took notice taclled to the gorerinment of Napoleon
that the people of Lisle did not live up  as emperor. He was an inconsistent and
to the principles of Chlristianity which  treacherous politician, and even'wrote
they professed, but was thereby dis- against his old patron and friend. His
turbed5 so much as to lesire a removal "Memoirs of Napoleon" have been
into some nmore Christian country. Hav- proved to be, in some respects, unworthy
ing al aversion to matrimony, she twice  of entire confidence. D. 1834. 
eloped firon home to avoidc it. The read-  BOUPRIT, -MARK TIEODORE, a native
ing of mystical works inflamed her ima- of Geneva, b. 1739, was a chanter in the
giniation, and she believed that she had  cathedral of his inative city.  IIe is
visions and ecstatic trances, in which  known to the public by iis various jourshe-was commanded to restore the true  neys to the Alps, and particularly to the
evangelical spirit in the world.  he e glaciers anld Mont Blanc;.of which lie
wvandered about ifcessantly, and was published narratives in 1772 and 1785.
expelled from many countries; but she  The last of these works was reprinted
made   numerous    proselytes, among  in 1789, with a "Description of tlhe Glawhom were men of abilities.    D. at ciers of the Pennine and Rhetian Alps."
Franeker, in Holland, 1680. Her reve- D. 1S1I.
ries fill 22 volumes.                   BOUERSAULT, ED3IUND, a Frlench
BOURLIE, ANTHONY DE GurscARD, iwriter, was b. at Muci l'Eveque, in BurAbb6 de la, who is known in English   gundy, 1638, and though his father, a
history as the Marquis de Guiscard; was dissipated officer, to prevent him from
b. in Quercy, in 1658, and entered the  knowing more than himself, would give
church. For some crime, however, he him no education, he acquired a conwas compelled to fly.  Failing in an   summate knowledge of the French lanattemlpt to spread the revolt of the Ce- guage. He wrote several comedies, parvenuies, he took refuge in England, ticuarlay "Esop in Town," and I Esop
where he received a pension from (Queen  at Court," three romances, and other
Anne's ministers; but having betrayed  works of considerable merit, among




BOWJ                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        19T
which may be mentioned " Letters to   debted to him for a translation of MolBaBbet.  Boursault was a man of modest lal's " Travels to the Sources of the Sellnminc and a forgiving spirit. D. 1701.  egal and Gambia," and other works.
BOURSIIER, LAWRENCE FRANCIS, a B. 1798.
doctor of the Sorbonne, who d. at Paris  BOWDITCH, NATHANIEL, president
in 1749, aged 70. He was author of of the American Academy of Arts and
several controversial books in divinity, Sciences, was b. at Salcim, Mass., March
and of an able treatise called " Paction  26, 1773. On account of the straitened
de Dieu sur les creatures," 2 vols. 4to. or circumstances of his parents, le had no
6 vols. 12mo., which was attacked by  advantages of education than those afMIalebranche. He wrote also an address  forded by the common town schools of'
to Peter the Great when he visited Paris, that period; and lie was taken from
for the union of the Greek and Latin  school at the early period of 10 years. At
churches.-PHILIP, an ecclesiastic of Pa- the age of 12 or 13, he  as placed as an
ris, who was the first concerned in the  apprentice, or clerk, in a 3hip-chandler's
1Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques" in 1727, in  shop, where he remained till he was
which he was assisted by Berger, d'Ete- 21. In his 22d year lie went to sea in
mare, de Fernanlville, and others. D. the capacity of captain's clerk; and lhe
1767.                                 spent about nine years in a soafaring
BO3URVALAIS, PAUL POISSON, a fa- life, during which he made five voyages,
mons French financier, who rose from   four of them to the East Indies; first as
obscurity to opulence and consequence, captain's clerk, afterwards, as supercarby industry, and afterwards by dishon- go, and finally as master.  After relinest means. I-e was accused of having  quishing his nautical life, he became, in
amassed a princely fortune from the dis- 1804, president of a marine insurance
tresses of the state during the Spanish  company, in Salem, which station he
succession ivar, and his vast wealth was held till 1823, when, on the cstablishforfeited. He was some time indemni- ment of the Massachusetts Hospital Life
fled; but his disgrace had broken a heart Insurance Company, in Boston, he was
naturally fierce and impatient...1710. induced to leave his native place, and
BOUTERWEK, FREDERICK, profes- take charge of the institution. Notwithsor of moral philosophy at Gottingen, a  standing his limited advantages of eduman of much merit as an academical in-  cation, and his engagements, through
structor an'd a writer on literature, was life, in laborious employments, by Iis
b. April 15th, 1766, at Oker, a village not extraordinary genius, and almost equally
far from  Goslar, in North Germany. extraordiiary economy of time, he gainAfter applying himself to many depart- ed a knowledge of the atin, Greek, Italments of learning, jurisprudence. poe- ian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, anl
try, &c., he at last became entirely de- German languages, made  iimself the
voted to philosophy and literary history. most eminent mathematician and astronBouterwek has gained a permanent omer that America has produced, and
reputation by his " History of Modern  did more for the reputation of his counPoetry and iloquence," published 1801  try among men of science abroad, than
-1821, a work which, though unequal has been done by any other man,
in some respects, and in parts, especial- except, perha>s, Audubon and Dr.
ly in the first volume, partial and super- Franklin. His first publication was his
fiial] is an excellent collection of notices  well-known  Practical Navix Iation," of
and observations, and may be considered  which the first edition appeared in 1802,
one of the best works of the kind in  while the author was engagred in a seaGerman literature. D. 1828.           faring1 life, in the capacity of supercargo.
BOWDICH, TiOrMas EDWARD, a wri- Flroml that period it lhas been the stalcdter in the service of the English African  ard work on the subject; and in point
Company, was a native of Bristol. Ie  of practical utility, it is esteemed one of
wVas selected to conduct a mission to  the most valuable works extant. Amoong
the kina of Ashantee, of which mission  his scientific labors were numlerous and
he published a very int6resting account. important comlmunications to the ilemle agfain set out to explore the interior oirs of the American Academy; but the
of Africa, and had already reacled the great work upOs wxhiI lis f'nme, as a
river Ganbia, when a fever, produced  man of science will principally rest, is his
chiefly by anxiety, terminated his life il copious and plrofound commentary upon
1824. I-Je was an excellent linguist and  thme " Mechanique Cleeste"' of Lai Place,
a pleasing writer; and besides the work  of which lie made the first entire transalready mentioned, the public are in- lation, and which lie has elucidated in a
5.~i




198                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [.Or
manner that commands the admiration    in Wiltshire, to which he was presentedr
of men of science. D. 1838.             by Archbishop Moore.    HiIs first apBO WDLER, TiOMAS, an English phy- pearance as a poet was in a small collecsician  author of " Letters from  Iol- tion of sonnets, which were published
land," and editor of the " Family Shak- in 1789, and may be reckoned among
speare," &c. B.1754; d. 1825. —IANNAh, the first-fruits of a new era in poetry.
was sister of* the above; author of    In these sonnets there were observed
"Poems and Essays," and of some popu- grace of expression, a musical versificalar " Sermons on the Doctrines and Du- tion, and especially an air of melancholy
ties of Christianity."  D. 1830.       tenderness, so congenial to the poetical
BOWDOIN, JAMES, a governor of        temlperament. The subsequent poeins
TMQassachusetts, was born at Boston, in  of Mr. Bowles did not belie the promise
the year 1727, and was graduated at of his youth. The chief of these were
I-Iarvard college, in 1745. He took all his " Hope, an Alleeorical Sketch," "St.
early stand agalinst the encroachlnents  Mshichael's Mount,"  "Coombe,Ellen,"
of the British government upon the     and " Grave of HIoward."  I1is "Spirit
provincial righots, and in 1774 was elected  of Discovery by Sea," the longest of his
a delegate to the first congoess. The  productions, was published ii 180-. Mr.
state of his health prevent.ed his'attend- Bowlcs published also an edition of
ance, and his place was afterwards filled  Pope, which involved him in the faImonus
by  ir. Hancock. In 1778 he was closen  controversy with Lord Biy on -as well
president of the convention     which  as a great variety of small tracts, literaforlned the constitution of Massachu- ry, antiquaiian, and theological.  le
setts, and in 1785 was appointed gov- was, in fact, a very frequent, thlough lie
ernor of that state. I-e was a member  cannot be called a voluminousn, contribuof the Massachusetts convention assem- tor to the literature of' the present cenbled to deliberate on the adoption of the  tury. D. 1850.
constitution of tie United States, anld   BOWYER, WTILLIArir    all eliliilent
exerted himself in its favor. He was scholar andl typogriapler, was b. in
the first president of the Academy of  London, in 1699, and after having been
Arts and Sciences, established at Boston  for some time at St. Joh'si'  college,
in 1780, and was admitted a member of  Ca.mbridghe, becamc e a partner witll hiis
several foreigni societies of distinction. fLather in the printing business. I:Ie was
D. at Boston, 1790.                    printer to various lelarned bodies, and
BOWER, AclxHIIBLD, a native of Dun- to the house of lords. IIe published
dee, b. in 1686, was educated at St. Omer, several philological tracts, and added
entered the order of the Jesuits, and be- notes to many erudite works fiom liis
came a secounllor of the Inquisition, at press; but his principal production is
Macerata, in the Papal States. le, howv- an edition of thc Newr Testament in
ever, fled to Engla'nd, in 1726, embraced  Greek, with conjectusral emendations.
the Protestant fiaith, ancl: was patronized  D. 1777.
by persons of eminence. His sincerity    BOXIHORN, MAi1K ZUErus, professor
was much coubted. and his conduct was of rhetoric, politics, and history, in the
attacked by manly, particularly by Dr. university of Leyden; author of' a treaDouolas, the detector of-LJiuder. B]ower tise on the Discovery of Printing,.uald
conducted the    I Histol'ia Literaria.;'"  of orimerous Latin' works, both prose
wrote a very indifferent IHistory of the  and verse. B. 1612; d. 1653.
Popes" and contributed largely to the    BOYCE,.WILLIAaM, doctor of music,
" Universal Hiistory."  D. 1766.       and an eminent composer both of sacred
BOWLES, Cev. WILLIAM LISLE, whose    and secular pieces.   B.17.0; d. 1779.
sonnets exercised no uninportant infln-  BOYD, MA:iK ALEXANDIERl, an eminent
ence on English literature, was b. at Scotch writer; author of " Epistolh IleKin(r's Sutton, in Northamptonshire, a  roidis," &c. B. 1562; d, 1601.-IluGhr
paris h-of which his fither wvas vicar, in  MxACAUL~Y, a Scotch political writ;er, to
1762. He'was educated at Winchester wlhom., withoutany sufficingo reason, the
and at Trinity college, Oxford, where he  celebrated Letters of Junlis were ait one
took his deree in 1792. On leaving the  time attributed. He accompanied Lord
unixversity he enterec into holy ordlers, 3Mcartney to Miadras.  D. 1791. — ROB
and was appointed to a.curacy in Wilt- ErT, an eminent Scotch divine, b. at
shire; firom which he was preierred to a  Glasgow, in 1578; d. 1627.-ZACEHArY, a
living' in Gloucestershire, und in 1803 to  Scotcli divine of the 17th century, and
i canonry in Slisbury cathedral. His twice rector of the university of Glasnctxl step vwas to the rectory of Bremhill "gow. Among various other workss which




-o0Y]                 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        199
he published, is "The Last Battle of   English and French Dictioniav."'  He
the Soul in Death;" and among the nu-  wrote also "A French Gramintaar' in
1merons MXSS. he left, is a collection of  Eloglisli, which still retains a hligh rankl
quaint poemll  entitled, "Zion's Flow- il our schools.. 179.-JoJNu BAPrTST
er,"' popularly calledl " Zachary Boyd's NiCiioLAS, a French physician, eminently
Bible.   D. 1653, leaving a considerable  sklilful in the treatmennt of infectious disleacy to the Glasgow colleLe.          eases; author of a " Plharmacopmeia,
LBO3YDELL, JIHN, a worthy alderman   tracts on Contagious Disorders, &c. i).
of London, and distinguishecd encour- 1768.-JEAN PIERcEH, a celebrated mulager of the arts of painting land engrav- latto president of the island of lHatiii
ing, b. at Dorington, in Shropslire, 1719, who was b. at Port au Prince in 1780.
and intended for a land-surveyor, which  His mother was a negress from Congo,
was the profession of his father; but Land his ftther a shopkeeper and tihlor
chalnce lnavino thrown in his way "I Bad- of good repute. Attliacine  himself to
deley's Views ofldiffiere  Cntntry Seats,"  Rigaud, he set out for France, but was
lie cetermined on quitting the pen foi  captured by the Americans, but was
Ihe graver; and at above 20 years of   released at the close of the waar between
aoge put himself apprentice for seven  France and the United States. ie took
years to Mi. Toms, whom he served six  part in Leclere's expedition against St.
years, and bought up the seventh. le Domingo, but lafterwards joiined Petion's
then appliced closely till lie had engcravedl party, and rapidly rorse till lie was named
152 prints, whichl lie published in a Petion's successor in the presidency.
book at the price of five guineas. With  Adroitly placifigi himself at the liead of
the profits of tlis he set about encour- the various insurgenuts as they rose, he.
agling other professors of the art; he  reduced the whole island to one repubdiscovered the talents of Woollett, and  lican governinent. He was subsequently
emnployed himn to engrave the two fa- obliged to seek safety from an insurrecmous pietures of " Niobe" alnd i  Phae- tion excited hy lis violence, in the island
ton."  He soon commenced a great of Jamaica.
foreigni trade in English prints, and   BOYLE, 1oBERT)r  a philosopher, wxho
realized by his spirit of ilndustry and  ranks with Bacon anld writh Newton
enterprise a considerable fortune, form- was the seventh son of the celebrated
lng too the well-known "Sllaklsoar; e  earl of Cork, and was b. at Lismore, in
Gallery."  The long duratioi of the    Ireland, January the 26th, 1626, the
French war, however, having almost year that Bacon died.      Eton has the
wholly stopped his export trade, il ihonor of his early education, which was
which hle had embarked large sums of   perfected by private tutors, and lastly
money, he ras, in the spring of 1804,1  t Gcneva. Ater halving travelled over
induced to crave permission of parlia- varios parts of the Continent, he settled
ilent to dispose of the "Shakspeare in England, and devoted himself to sciGallery" by lottery. D. 1804.         ence, especially to natural philosophy
BOYELDIEU, ADRIAN, one of the        and to chemistry. Every year of his
most celebrated opera conmposers of life Awas marked by new experiments.
France. Hei was b. at iRonen, 17i-75 but  We are indebted to him for the first cerwent early to Paris, where he was ap- tain knowledge of the absorption of air
pointed professor of the piano at the in calcination and combustion, and of
Conservatoire.  He wrote " Ma Tante the increase of weihlit which metals gain
Aurora," and the " Calife de Bagdad,  by oxidation. lie fir st studied thle chlenwhen he was nlmde chlapel-master to   icl phenomienat of the atmosphere andl
Alexander of Russia, and repaired to St. was thus the predecessor of Mayow,
Petersburg.  In 1811 he returned to HIales, Cavendish, and Priestley. In all
Paris, and wrote "Le Dot de Susette,"  philosophical inquiries, he duislplayed an
J ea  e eParis," " Le Chaperon Prougfe,"  accurate and mlethodical minLd, rclyling
and bestof all, "La Dame Blanch e.  A  wholly upon experiments. At the same
sweet and natural melody, simiple but time his imaginatliion xwas wiarm  and
agreeable accompaniments, an expres- lively, and inclined to romantic notionsi,
sive gayety, andi grbat variety, are te  whlich were first produced in his childcharacteristic excellences of his style. hood, by the perusal of Aniadis of Gaul,
D. 1864.                              and always exercised a visible influence
BOYEP, ABLE, a well-lknown glossog-  on his character. HIe was naturally inrapher; b. at Castres, in France, 1664. clined to melancholy, and this temper
The work he is chiefly known by, is a  of mind was increased by circumnstances.
very excellent " French and English, and  The sight of the great Carthusian- monl




200                   CYCLOPeDIA     OrP BIOGRAPHY.                    LBOY
astery at Grenoble, the wildness of the  to him his fourth epistle. B. 1695; di
country, as well as the severe ascetic life  1753.
of the monks, made,a deep impression    BOYLSTCON, ZABDIEL, wasb. atBrookupon him. The devil, as he said, taking  line, Massachusetts, in 1684. I-e studied
advantage of his melancholy disposition, medicine at Boston, and entered into the
filled his soul with terror, anid with  practice of his profession in that place.
doubts concerning the fundamental doc- In 1721, when the small-pox broke out
trines of religion. This condition was in Boston, and spread alarm through the
so insufferable, that lie was temptec to  whole country, the practice of inoculafree himself from it by committing sui- tion was introduced by Dr. Boylston,
cide, and was only prevented by the notwithstanding it was discouraged by
fear of hell. While endeavoring to settle  the rest of the faculty, and a public orhis faith, he found those defences of the  dinance was passed to prohibit it. IHe
Christian religion, which had been pub- persevered in his practice in spite of the
lished before his time, unsatisfactory. most violent opposition, and had the
I.n order therefore to read the original satisfaction of seeing inoculation in genworlis which are considered the founda- eral use in New England, for some time
tion of Christianity, lie studied the Ori- before it became colmmon in Great Britcntal languages, and formed connections  ain. In 1725 he visited Englandcl, where
with Pococke, Thomas Hyde, Samuel lie was received with much attention,
Clarke, Thomas Barlow, &c. The result and was elected at fellow ofi the Royal
of his studies wvas a conviction of its Society. Upon his return, he continued
truth, which was manitfasted not only  at the heac of his profession for many
by his theological writings, but by his years, and accumulated a large fortune.
benevolence and nenerous disinterested- Besides communications to the Royal
ness. He instituted public lectures for Society, lie published two trea.tises on
the defence of Christianity. D. 1691.-  the Small Pox. D. 1766. —NICHOLas, a'
RICHARD, earl of Cork, an eminent states- benefactor of Harvard college, who had
man in the reign of James I.; and foun- been an eminent merchant, and was
der of a family greatly distinguished in  about to retire fromi business, to enjoy
the arts, sciences, and literature. B. at the fruit of his indulstlry when lie d.
Canterbury, 1566; d. 1643.-ROGmEr, earl He bequeathed to the university at Camof Orrery, fifth son of the above. When  bridge ~1500, as the foundattion of a
only 7 years old he was clreated Baron  lectureship  on rhetoric and oratory.
Broghill; and, from an early age, was oJohn Quincy Adams, in 1806, was tile
conspicuous for his zeal in the kinig's first occupant of the chair thus created.
service. But after the king was put to  D. 1771.-WAP D NICHOLAS,' also a disdeath, the baron transferred his services  tinguished patron of Harvard college,
to Cromwell, by whom he was greatly    having given to the medical school a
trusted and employed. At the death of  collection of mecical anid anatomical
Cromwell he aided in bringing back     books, and made provision for its enCharles II., and was created earl of   largement.
Orrery for his service on that occasion.  BOYS, WILLIAM, b. at Deal, in Kent,
B. 1621; d. 1679.-ClHALES, Lord Boyle, 1785, was bred a surgeon, but devoted
second son of Roger, earl of Orrery, a  much of his time to antiquarian restatesman   and scholar; editor of te  searches, and published, besides other'Epistles of Phalaris," and author of works, an elaborate and valuable " Illssomle slight but clever literary papers. tory of Sandwich, with Notices of the
B. 1676; l. 1731.-JOHNs, earl of Cork  other Cinque Ports, and of RichboraCnd Orrery, only son of the last namecd; ough.'"  D. 1803.
author of a translation, with notes, of the  BOYSE, JOHN, one of tle translators
"Epistles of Pliny the Younger," "IRe- of thle Bible in the reign of James I.,
marks on the Life and Writings of was b. at iNettlestead, in Sffolk, 1560,
Swift," papers in the Connoisseur and  and cd. 1643, leaving a great many maim —
the World, &c. B. 1707; d. 1762.-      scripts behindc himil, particularly  a ceomRICOHARD third earl of Burlington, and  mentary on almost ll the books of thle
fourth earl of Cork, another branch of  New  Testament.-SA.rUEL, a very inthe samne distinguished fiamlily. He was genions person, but as remarkable for
an enthusiastic amlateur of architecture,  imprudence as for ingenuity,. in IDuband a very generous frieind to mein of  lin, 1709.  In 1731 lie published, at.
letters. In lhim, Bishop Berkeley found  Ecinburgh, a volunme of poems addressed
his earliest and most efficient patron; to the countess of Elglinton. Ile wrote
and Pope did him the honor to address also an elegy upon the dea;th of Lat.y




BRA]                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       201
Stormont, entitled "The Tears of the college in 1771. In 1781 he settled at
Muses;" with which Lord Stormont Pittsburo, which was then almost a wilwas so much pleased that he ordered   derness, but he predicted that it would
Boyse ahandsome present. These pub- soon become a large town, and in its
lications, and the honorable notice taken  improvement he engaged with zeal. In
of them, were the means of recommend- 1789 he was appointed judge. He pubing him to very high persons, who were lished a poem on the "Rising Glory of
desirous of serving him; but Boyse was America," 1774:  "Eulogium  of the
not a man to be served. He made an    Brave Men who fell in the Contest with
improper use of these recommendations, Great Britain," 1779;  Modern Chivaland had often recourse to the meanest ry the Adventures of Capt. Farrago,"
arts to procure benefactions. At some 1792; " Incidents of the Insurrection in
times he would raise subscriptions for 1794 in Pennsylvania," 179o  " Law of
poems which did not exist; and at Miscellanies, colntaining Instructions for
others, ordered his wife to inform peo- the Study of the Law," 1814. D. 1816.
pie that lie was just expiring, to move  BRIACKETT, JOSHUA, a physician,
the compassion of his friends, who were graduated at Harvard college, 1752. He
frequently surprised to meet the man in first became a reacher, binut gave up that
the street to-day who was, yesterday, profession for the study of medicine.
said to be at the point of death. In May,  e established hiimiself in Portsmo-th,
1749, however, he d.,'after a lingerinog  New Hampshire, and continued there
illness, in obscure lodgings, near Shoe- during life. iHe took a deep interest in
lane, where he was buried at the ex- the promotion of natural history at Carmpencse of the parish.                 bridge, and requested lis wile to approBOZE, CLAUDE GPOS DE, b. at Lyons, priate $1;)00 towards the professorship
1680, distinguished. for his knowledge of that science in Harvard college. She
of antiquities and medals, which gained  complied with his request, and added to
the patronagoe of Chancellor Pontchar- the amount. He wasa benefactor of the
train, and other illustrious characters, N. H. Medical Society, of which he was
and the honor of a seat in the French  president from 1793 to 1799, presenting
Academy, and in the Academy of Belles- to it, at its establishment, 143 vols. of
Lettres, of which lie became perpetual valuable medical books. D. 1802.
secretary.  He was respected for his    BRACTON, HENRY DE, a native of
private character, as well as his great Devonshire, who studied at Oxford, and
iearming. His works were on medallic became eminent as a lawyer, and in 1244
subjects, besides historical panegyrics was made one of'the judges itinerant by
on the members of the Academy, the IHenry III. He is chiefly known by his
first 15 vols. of which he published-  excellent work "De Legibus and Consuand a valuable c-atalogue of his own  etudinibus Anglize," a most finished and
library. D. at Paris, 1753.           valuable performance, divided into five
BRACCIOLINI DELL' API, FRANcIS, books, and containing, in good language,
an Italian poet of Pistoya, who, at the a curious and interesting detail of the
age of 40, became an ecclesiastic, and  legal learning, the laws and customs of
was patronized by Pope Urban VIII., our ancestors.    Though   blamed   by
and'by Cardinal Anthony Barberini, Hoard for mingling too much of the
with whonl he had been secretary. He civil and canmon law in his compositions,
wrote several tragedies, comedies, and  le has long been held as a writer of great
pastorals-besides "La Croce Riacqui- authority, and deservedly esteemed by
state," a poem which the Italians rank  Lord Coke, and other great lawyers, as
next to Tasso's "Jerusalem," and a poem  the first source of legal knowledge.
in twenty-three cantos, on the pope's   BRADBURY, THOMAS, a native of
election, for which, at his patron's de- London, educated at Clapham, in comsire, he assumed the surname of Della  pany with Dr. Watts, and distinguished
Api, and added to his arms three bees. among the Nonconformists as a bold and
D. at the age of 80, 1645.            eloquent preacher in defence of CalvinBRACHMANN, LoUISA, b. 1777, a istical doctrines and revolution principoetess styled the " Sappho of Ger- pies. He wrote some theological treamany;" she was found drowned in       tises, besides three volumes of sermons,
1822: it was, supposed that she threw  and the'Mystery of Godliness." D. 1757.
herself into the water.                 BRADDOCK, EDWARD, major-general
BRACKENRIDGE, IHUGH HENRY, a amnd commander of the British aimv iI
jadge of the supreme court of Pennsyl- the expedition against the French, on the
vania. IHe was graduated at Princeton  river Ohio, in 1755, arrived in Virginia




202                   CYCLOP.EDIA    OF BIOGRAPIY.                      [BRA
in February of that year, and, il the   character soon introduced him to an unspring, inarched against Fort cdu Quesne,  sual. share of business; and, in August,
now Pittsburll. lie reached the Monon- 1780, only one year after he wlas liceised
gallela, July Sth, at the head of 1200  to practice, le was appointed. atLtoreymeII  the ba-gsage having been left he- geenral of the state of Pennsylvania.
hindi under the care of Colonel Dunbsr,  Anugst 22d, 1791, he was made a judge
to advance by slower marches. On the   of the supreme court of Pennsylvania.
next day he moved forward to invest the HIis industry, integrity, and ability, enfort, and, by disreoarding the caution of  abled him to gi e general satisfaction in
his provincial officers, who warned him  this office. On the attorney-gencral of
against the danoer of a surprise in an  the United States beino promoted to the
Indian war, fell into an amlbuscade, by  ofice of the secretary of state, Bradforcl
which he lost nearly one half of his was appointed to the vacant office, Jaintroops, andc received himself a mortal ary 28th, 1794. This office -le held till
wound. All his officers on horseback, his death. In 1793 he published an
except   Colonel, afterwards  General, "Inquiry how far the Pnnishmnxt of
~Washinogton, who acted as aid, being  Death is necessary in Pennsytlvi.nia.'
killed, the army retreated precipitately  This performance justly gained hihn
near forty miles, to Dunbar's camp, great credit. D. 1795.-SAMUEL, Was b.
wherse the general, who was conveyed   in Blackfriars, 20th December, 1652, and
there in a tumbril, expired.            after studying at St. Paul's school, the
BRADFORD, WILLIAM, the second        Charter house, and    Benet's college,
governor of Plymouth Colony, was b. at Camnbridge, he wenit abroad on account
Ansterfield, England, in 1588. At the  of some scruples of conscience, andl ap
age of 18 he joined those dissenters who  plied himself to physic. He afterwards
fled to Holland, to enjoy religious free- was reconciled to t1he doctrines of the
dom. Iis leisure hourss were passed in  church, and as the fieCend of Archbishop
learning the art of silk dyeing. After a  Sancroft, and the chaplain of Khag Wilresidence of ten years he removed to liam, he rose in ecclesiastical preferment
America. His wife fell into the sea and  to the rectory of St. Mary-le-bow, a prewas drowned, just before the-place for bendh of Westminster, and the miasterthe colony was selected. In 1621 he was ship of his own college. In 1718 he
appointed governor of the new settle- became bishop of Carlisle, and in 1723
ment, when one of his first acts was to  of Rochester, which le held to the time
secure the friendship of the Indian    of his death, 1731. He edited "TillotMassassoit, and all his subsequent ca- son's Sermons."-JOHN, an Engisil marreer was one of devotion to his duties. tyr, b. of a respectable family at ManThe original government of Plymouth    chester. He was for so     time te clerk to
was founded entirely on mutual consent. Sir John HaIrrington, the treasurer of
The first patent was obtained in the   the English forces at Calais, but aftername of John Pierce; but another pat- wards turned his thoughts to the study
ent of larger extent was obtained of the  of divinity, and took his master's degree
council for New England, in. 1630, in  at Cambridge. He xwas eloquent as a
the name of William Bradford, his heirs, preacher, alnc his abilities exposed him
associates, and assigns.  In the year to persecution in Mary's reign, so that,
1640 the general court requested Gov- after a long imprisonment, he was burnt
ernor Bradford to surrender the patent in Smithfield, 1st July, 1555.  Some of
into their hands. With this request he  his letters are extant.
cheerfully complied, and after the sur-  BRADLEY, JAMES, a celebrated asrender the patentv was immediately de- tronomer, was b. at Sherborne, in the
livered'o'ailn into his custody.  Mr. year 1692. I-e studied theology at OxBradford was annually chosen governor ford, and took ordlers; but his taste for
as long as  e lieved, exceptino in the  astronlomy soon led him to chance the
years 1633, 1634, 1636, 1638, and 1644. course of his life. I-is uncle instructed
fAt these times it was by his own request him in the elements of mathematits, his
that the people did not elect him. D. own industry did every thing else, and,
1657.-WILIArM, a lawyer' of eminence, in 1721, he was appointed professor of
b. in Philadelphia, 1755. In the spring  astronomy at Oxford. Six years afterof 1769 he entered the college at-Prince- wards, he made knorwnr his discovery of
ton, then under the direction of the   the aberration of light.  But, althoulgh
learned Dr. John Wotherspoon. In 1779 this. discovery gave a greater degree of
he was admitted to the bar of the su- accuracy to astronomical observations,
preme court of Pennsylvania, where his and althouugh the discrepancies of differ



BRA]                  CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         203
ena; observations were much dliminished, the vehemence of the roy.ist bigotry,
yet slight differences remained, and did  his remains were disinterrec, and hangnot escape his observation.  lIe studied  ed at Tyburn.
them during 18 years with the greatest   BRAjDSTREET, SImiON, governor of
perseverance,and finally discovered that Massachusetts. He was in March, 16B0,
they were fully explained by the supposi-  chosen an assistant of the colony about
tion of an oscillating motion of the euath's to be established there, and arrived at
axis, completed during a revolution of Salem, in the summer of the same year.
the moon's nodes, in eighteen years. He was at the first court which wias'held
He called this phenomenon the nutation  at Charlestown, August 23d. I-e wAas
of the earltl's acis; alnd.c published, in  afterwards secretary and aglent of Mas1748, (Philosoph. Trans. No. 785,) his  sachusetts, and commissioner of the
account of the apparent motion of the united colonies.  He was sent with Mr.
fixed stars, with its laws, arising from  Norton, in 1662, to congratulate King
tlis phel-ome.lnon of nutation. ID'Alem- Charles on his restoration and ads agentt
bert afterwards explained the physical of the colony to promote its interests.
causes of this phenomenon, upon the    Fromn 1673 to 1679, he was deputy-govprincipal of universal attraction.  By  ernor. In this last year, he succeeded
these two discoveries, astronomers were  Mr. Leverett as governor, and remained
for the first time enabled to maklie tables  in office till May, 1686, when the charterr
of the motions of the heavenly bodies was dissolved, and Joseph Dudley cormwith the necessatry accuracy. 3'radley  miencecd his administration as president
had already, in 1726, explained the me- of New England.   In May, 16S9, after
thod of obtaining the longitude by means  the inmprisonment of A1ndros, he was
of the eclipse of Jupiter's first satellite. replaced in the office of governor, which
In 1741, at the death of DoctorHalley, he  station he held, till the arrival of Sir
received the appointment of astronomer  Willian Plhipps in May, 1692, withl a
royal, and removed to the observatory at charter, which deprived the people of
Greenwich. Here he spent the remain- the right of electing their chief magisder of his life, entirely devoted to his trate. D. 1697.-ANiE, entitled to reastronomical studies, and left thirteen  meembranle as the author of the first
volumes folio'of his own observations, volume of poetry published in America.
in muanuscript. Of these, the first vol- lHer volume was dedicated to her father,.
rnie was published by lioresby, 1798. in a copy of verses, dated March 20,
The whole appeared tunder the title of 1642.   The title is, "Several Poems
"Astronomical Observations lade at the  compiled with great variety of wit and
Observatory at Greenwich," 1750-62     learning, full of delioht; vwherein espeOxford, 1805. D. 1762.-RICIIAD, pro- cially is contained a complete discourse
fessor of botany at Cambridge, and au- and description of the four elements,
thor of several works, chiefly compila- constituting, ages of mlan, seasons of
tions on botany and horticulture.  Dr. the year, together with an exact epitome
Brewster's popular invention, the ka- of the three first monarchies, viz.: the
leidoscope, -was at one time said to be due  Assyrian, Persian, Grecian, land Roman
to Bradley; but it appeass that the doc- commonwealth, from the beginning to
tor's instrument and t  o     poothe e popos  te end of their last king, xvith divers
by Bradley are quite different, and that other pleasant andc serious poems. By
the latter xwould be very inferior.. a Gentlewomns   of Nex England."   A
1782.                                  third edition was pblished in 1758. D.
BRADSHAW, JOHN, celebrated as        1672, aged 60.-J-OirN, a major-general
president of the tribunal by which     in Amerioa, appointed by the king of
Charles I. was tried, is said by some to  Great Britain, was, in 1746, lieutenanthave beeni b. in Derbyshire, and by    governor of St. John's, Newfoundland.
others in Cheshire, in 1586. He studlie  He was afterwards distinguished for his
the law in Gray's Inn. In the contest military services.  It was thought of
between Charles and the people, Brad- the highest importance, in the year 1756,
shawR espoused the cause of he latter. to keep open the communication with
The'arliamient made him chief justice  Fort Oswego, onlake Ontario. General
of Chester, cand he was also chosen to  Shirley accordingly enlisted forty compreside in the high court of justice, panies of boatmen, and placed them
which sat upon the king.   Cromwell, under the command of Bradstreet. In
to iwhose usurpation lhe was hostile, de- the spring of this year, a small stockprived him of the chiefjusticesip. D. aded post of 25 men had been cut off.
1659; but, at the restoration, such was It became necessary to pass through the




204                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        BRA]
country with elage squadrons of boats, ereign, Fredelick II., who gave him a
as the enemy infested    the passage  pension, and the island of IHwen, in the
through the Onondaga river. On his    Sound, on which Brahe bailt a splendid
return fron Oswego, JIul, 1756, Col. observatory, named Uraniburgh. There
Bradstreet, who was apprehensive of    he resided nearly twenty years, assidubeing a'mbushed, ordered the several ously laboring in his astronomical purdivisions to proceed as near each other suits. Soon after the death of Frederic,
as possible.  He was at the head of   however, Brahe lost his pensions, beabout 300 boatmen in the first division, came an object of persecution, and was
when at the distance of nine miles from  compelled to quit his country.  The
the fort, the enemy rose from their am- Emperor Rodolph invited him to Prague,
buscade and attacked him.     I-e in- and the expatriated astronomer settled
stantly landed upon a small island, and  there, in 1598; but he did not long surwith but six men maintained his posi- vive this removal for he d. in the Botion, till he was reinforced. A general heinian capital, 1601. Brahe discovered
engagement ensued, in which    Brad- two new inequalities in the motion of
street with gallantry rushed upon a    of the moon, made other valuable obmore numerous enemy, and entirely     scrvations on thatsatellite, was, perhaps,
routed  them, killinog and wounding    the first who had correct ideas of the
about 200 men. His own loss was about nature of comets, and, with less happi30. In the year 1758, he was intrusted  ness, invented a new planetary system,
with the command of 3000 men on an     which was vainly intended to supersede
expedition against Fort Frontenac, which  that of Copernicus. He is.the author of
was planned by himself. On tile 27th   a "Treatise on the New Phenomena of
of August it was surrendered to him. the Heavens;" and other astronomical
In 1764: he compelled the Delawares, works written in Latin. His poems do
Shawnese, and other Indians, to terms  not possess much merit, though, on the
of peace.  I-e was appointed major- vwhole, he was one of the most remarkageneral in 1772. D. 1774.             ble men of his age.
BRADWAIRDIN, TOrmArs, a native        BRAIDWOOD, TfIOMAS, a native of
of Hatfield in Sussex, educated at Ox- Edinburgh, the first person in Great
ford, where lie was proctor and divinity  Britain who, to any extent, undertook
professor.  For his great merit as a to afford instruction to the deaf and
mathematician, philosopher, and divine, dumb. In 1763 he began to practise his
he was made confessor to Edward III. valuable art; and, in 1723, he removed
during his wa rs in France, where as a his establishment from  Edinburgh to
preacher his eloquence had great in- Hackney. D. 1806. His daughter, who
luenece in restrainini the violence and  d. in 1819, also conducted a seminary of
lawless conduct of the military.  I-Ie the same kind.
became archbishop of Canterbury in      BRAINARD, JAMES G. C., a poet and
1348, and from his learning was called  man of letters, b. in Connecticut, was
the "'Profound Doctor."  Among other graduated at Yale college in 1815. He
things he   published  a tract called  studied the profession of the law and
" Causa Dei,"   besides  " Geometria  entered into practice at Middletown,
Speculativa,"  "iArithmetica  Specula- Conn.; but not finding the degree of
tiva," "Tractatus Proportionum," Ven- success that he expected, he returned in
ice, 1505.   He was consecrated at a short tilme to his native town, whence
Avignon. D. 1549.                     he removed to Hartford, to undertake
BRADY, NIIoLAs, an English di- the editorial charge of the "Connecticut
vine; translator of the JEneid, and, in  Mirror."  His poems were chiefly short
conjunction with Tate, of the Psalms. pieces, composed for the columns of this
B. at Bandon, Ireland, 1659; d. 1726.-paper, and afterwards collected in a volROBERT, an Eniglish physician and his- unie. They display much pathos, boldtorical writer. D. 1700.              ness, and originality.  D. of consumpBRAHE, TrcHo, who has been called   tion, 1828.-DAVID, the celebrated misthe restorer of astroncnly, was b. at sionary, mws b. at IIaddam, Connecticut,
Knudstorp, in Scania, 1546, of a noble in 1718. From an early period he was
family. His love of astronomy was ear- remarkable for a religious turn of mind,
ly manifested, and his discovery in 1572, and in 1739 became a member of Yale
of a new star in the constellation Cassi- college, where he was distinguished for
opeia, made him known to.the scientific application and general correctness of
world. After many travels auld adven- conduct. He was expelled from this inturcs, he was patronized by his sov- stitution in 1742, in consequence of




BRA]                 CYCLOPe DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      205
having said, in the warmth of his reli- a French nobleman, distinguished for
gious zeal, that one of the tutors was as his scientific attainments; discoverer of
devoid of grace as a chair. In the spring  the composition of the diamond, and a
of 1743 he began the study of divinity, great improver of the manufacture of
and at the end of July was licensed to  porcelain. B. 1735; d. 1824.
preach. Having received-from the So-   BRAND, JoEN, an able and volumiciety for propagating Christian Knowl- nous writer on politics and political
edge an appointment as missionary to  economy; author of numerous political
the Indians, he commenced his labors at pamphlets and some poems. le was
Kaunameek, a village of Massachusetts, rector of Wickham Market, in Suffolk,
situated between Stockbridge and Alba- and of St. George, Southwark. D. 1809.
ny. Le remained there about twelve -JoHN, an English divine and antiquamonths, and on the removal of the ry; author of the "History and AnKaunameeks to Stockbridge, he turned  tiquities of the Town of Newcastle,"
his attention towards the Delaware In- " Observations on Popular Antiquities,"
dians.  In 1744 he was ordained at &c. B. 1743; d. 1806.
Newark, New Jersey, and fixed his res-  BRANDER, GusTAvus, an English anidence near the forks of the Delaware tiquary and naturalist.  He was of a
in Pennsylvania, where he remained   Swedish family, but born in London
about a year. From this place he re- where he was an eminent merchant and
moved to Crosweeksuno, inNevw Jersey, a director of the bank. He contributed
wheire his efforts among the Indians largely to the Transactions of the Antiwere crowned with great success. In  quarian Society. &c. B. 1720; d. 1787.
1747 he went to Northampton, Massa-    BRANDES,' EIRNEST, a Hanoverian
chusetts, where he passed the remainder author and statesman, b. 1758. He was
of his life in the family of the celebrated  a friend of Burke; and published a work
Jonathan Edwards. HIls publications on the French revolution, in refutation
are a narrative of his labors at Kauna- of Barruel. D. 1810.
meek, and his journal of a remarkable  BRANDT, SEBASTIAN, chancellor of
work of grace among a number of In- Strasburg; author of " Varia Carmina,"
dians in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, " Navis Stultifera," &e. D. 1520.-NIcn1746. D. 1747.                       OLAS, a German cheinist, who is said to
BRAITHWAITE, JoIIN, an ingenious have discovered phosphorus in 1667,
mechanic, constructor of a diving ma- while attempting to find a solvent by
chine, with which he explored the'Royal which to convert silver into gold.George, sunk offSpitlhead; the Hartwell ERNEVOLD, count de, a Danish statesEast Indiaman, off one of the Cape de man, convicted of being concerned in
Verde Islands; and the Abergavenny   the conspiracy of Count Struensee, and
East Indiaman, off the Isle of Portland. executed in 1772.-GEOXGE, an eminent
From the first he only succeeded in  Swedish natural philosopher; author of
raising some guns and an anchor; but accounts of various valuable experifrom the second and third he brought ments made by him upon the metals.
up property to a very large amount. D. D. 1768.
1818.                                  BRANTOME, or PIERRE DE BOURBRAMAH, JosEPr, an English en- DEILLES, a celebrated French chrongineer, distinguished for the number, icier. Ile was a favored attendant upon
value, and ingenuity of his mechanical Charles IX., Henry III., and the duke
inventions. Among these were his in- d'Alenqon; and his memoirs, though
valuable hydrostatic press, his safety  somewhat too free in their details, are
locks, various improvements in the highly valuable as graphic and faithful
steam-engine, in the process of making  illustrations of an interesting period of
paper, in the construction of main-pipes, French history.
wheel-carriages, the beer-machine, &C.  BRATTLE, WILLIAM, a man of exB. 1749; d. 1814.                    traordinary talents and character, gradBRAMANTE, D'URBINO, LAZARO, uated at Harvard college, 1722. He
a celebrated Italian architect, much em- studied theology and preached with
ployed by Pope Julius 1I., and who first acceptance. His eminence as a lawyer
desigmned and commenced the church of  drew around him  an abundance of
St. Peter at Rorne. He was a skilful clients. As a physician his practice was
painter and musician as well as archi- extensive and celebrated. lIe was also
teet, and a volume of poems from his a military man, and obtained the appen was printed in 1756. D. 1514.    pointment of major-general of militia,
BRANCAS, LAURAGITAIS, duke de, While he secured the favor of the gov18




206                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY:.                     LBR
ernor of the state, he aise ingratiatecl system, without, however, implicitly
himself with the people. At the corn- adoptingi the Vulcanian. lie was promencement of the American revolution, flssor of natural philosophy and mathan unhappy sympathy in the plans of   ematics at Ragusa. Hie was afterwards
General Gage induced him to retire into professor in the collegrio Nazareno, at
Boston, from which place he accom- tome, Inmade a scientific tour throulgh
panied the troops to taliftx, where he Naples, and went to Paris, where lle
d. 1775.                              formed an   intimacy with Fourcroy,
BRAUN, GrEOGE, a German ecclesi- Chaptal, Cuvier, &c.      Napoleon apastic; author of "Lives of Jesus Christ pointed him inspector of the saltpetre
and the Virgin Mary;" an oration     works and powder-mills in the kingdomn
against dissolute clerics, &c. D. 1622.  of Italy. 1). 1826.
BRAY, Sir IEGINALD, an English        BREITKOPF, JOHN GOTTLOB EMANTUstatesman, and favorite of Henry VII. EL, b. at Leipsic, in 1719, pursued at
He was a frank friend to that sovereign; first a literary career. Duringo his studdisdaining to withhold his disapproval ies the works of Albert Durer, in lwhiich
when it was deserved. He is chiefly the proportions of letters are mathematmemorable for having' superintended   ically calculated, fell into his hands. I-IHe
the erection of that beautiful structure, was pleased with this subject, and,
Henry VII.'s chapel at Westminster, during his whole life, laborecd with zeal
and for having finished that of St. George to improve the German characters. An
at Windsor. I)D. 1503.-THOMAs, an En- attempt was once made to introduce
glish divine, who labored with great zeal into Germany the Latin characters inin propagating the gospel in foreign  stead of those commonly used in that
parts, and who came several times to  country. Breitkopf Nwas one of the most
America to promiote that object.  B. zealous opposers of the plan. In 1755
166.; d. rector of St. Botolph's, Aid- he essentially improved the art of printgate, 1730.-WVILLIAM, an industrious ing music with movable characters. His
antiquary; editor of Evelyn's Diary and  invention of a methlod of printing maps,
Mem(o.rs, and a contributor to the pietures, and even Chinese characters,
Archde6logia, &c. D. 1832, aged 97.   hy means of movable types, is ingeniBREB[UF, GEORGE DE, a French        ous, though less useful than the other.
poet; author of "Liucan Travestie,"   Although the pope, as well as the Acad"Poetical Eulogies," &e. D. 1661.     emy in Paris, testified their great apBREDA, JOHN VAN, a Dutch painter    probation of. this invention, yet no
a very close imitator of the style of  practical use has yet been made of it.
Wouvermans. D. 1750.                 lIe was engaged in writing a history of
BREENBERG, BARTHOLOMEWW, a eel- the art of printing, but d. in 1794, before
ebriated painter, particularly skilful in this work was finished. Breitkopf was
small landscapes. B. at Utrecht, 1620; a man of great probity.
d.'660.                                BREMMER, Sir JAMES JOHN GORDON,
J.BREESE, MARY, a singular character, a distinguished rear-admiral of England,
b. at Lynn, in Norfolk, 1721. She reg- who fglured in the Chinese war. B.
ularly took out a shooting-license, kept 1786; d. 1850.
as good greyhounds, and was as sure a   BRENNER, IIENzy, royal librarian
shot as any man in the county. She of Stockholm, an eminent oriental secholnever lived out of the parish in which she ar; translator of the " History of Arwas born, and where she d. 1799. By   menia" from   the langnuae of that
her desire her dogs and favorite mare  country; and author of " Observations
were killed at her death, and buried in  on Czar Peter the Great against the Perone grave with her. The Lady Gay      sians," &c. D. 1733.
Spanker, of a modern comedy, must       BRENNUS, a general of the Gauls,
have been suggested by this woman.    who, after ravaging Thessaly and Greece,
BREGUET, ABRAIIHAe   Louis, an eini- attempted to plunder the temple of
nent watch and chronometer maker at Delphos. Being repulsed, he slew himParis, by birth a Swiss. B. 1747; d. self, 278 B. c.-A memorable Gallic gen1823.                                 eral. Iaving invested Rome, he was
BREISLAK SeIPIo, b. at Rome, 1768, offered a thousand pounds weight of
and destined #or the church, for which  gold to spare the city. While the gold
reason he is mentioned as an abbate in  was being weighed, he threw his sword
the works of Spalanzani. He was one and helmet into the opposite scale, and
of the most ingenious geologists of our when reproached for his injustice, retimes, and opposed to the Neptunian   plied with the scornful exclamation,




BRE]                 CYCLOPMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        207:" VYM  ietis''" —woe to the vanquished! tures, and d. in 1570.-JoiHN, his son,
Enraged at this insolence, Camillus put called, from his dress, Velvet Breughel,
an end to the negotiation, gave battle to was b. at Brussels, in 1560, attained high
the Gauls, and put them to flight. This reputation, and cld. in 1625. He someoccurred about 888 B. c.              times painted in conjunction1 with RuBRENTANO, CLEMENT, b. at Frank- bens.-PETER, the younger, another son
fort on0 the Mlaine, 1777, has made him- of the  elder, denominated  Hellish
self known by several literary works, Breughel, from his love of the horrible,
especially by "Des Knaben Wunder- d. in 1642.-ABRnAHAN, a native of Anthorn," a collection of German popular werp, surnamed the Neapolitan, was b.
songs, which he edited and published in in 1672, excelled in fruit and flowers.
connection with his friend, Achim von   BREWER, ANTHONY, a dramatic wriArnin. I-e also published, in 1888, ter, of the reign of James I. Though
" Gokel, Hinkel, and Gakeleia," which, he enjoyed great reputation, nothing is
under the guise of a fiction, conceals a known of his life. Six of his pieces are
most pungent satire on the spirit and  extant. By acting at Cambridge in one
tendencies of the age. D. 1842.       of these, named "Lingua, or the Five
BRENTON, EDWARD PELIAM, an En- Senses," the dormant ambition of Cromglish naval officer, who was one of the well is said to have been first awakened.
founders of the "Children's Friend So- This story, however, is exceedingly
ciety," and author of a "Naval History  apocryphal.
of Great Britain."  D. 1839.            BREWSTER, WILLIAM, one of the
BREREWOOD, EDWARD, a mathema- first settlers of Plymouth Colony, was b.
tician, was b. at Chester, in 1565, studied  in England, 1650, and educated at the
at Oxford, was appointed, in 1596, the university of Cambridge. After comfirst castronomiical professor at Greshamn  pleting h;is education, he elftered into
college, and d. in 1613. -le is the author the service of William Davison, aimbasof "De Ponderibus et, Pretiis Veterumn  sador of Queen Elizabeth in Holland;
Nummorum," "Inquiries Touching the but separated from him when he medDiversity of Languages and Religions,"  dled withi the warrant D r the execution
and various other works.              of Mary. As he disc( oered much corBRET, ANTHONY, a French writer; ruption in the constits,ion, forms, cereauthor of "Commentaries on Moliere,"  monies, and discipline )f the established
"Quatre Saisons," apooem, &c. D. 1792. church, he thought it sis duty to withBRETEUIL, Louis AUGUSTE DE ToN- draw from its comm mnion, and to esNELIER, an eminent French diplomatist, tablish with others r, separate society.
and at one time secretary of state; but This new churchl, r.der the pastoral
being a zealous partisan of monarchy, care of the aged A:. Clifton and Mr.
he was compelled to flee from France at Robinson, met at Mli. Brewster's house,
the commencement of the revolution. where they were enl ertained at his exIn 1802 he was permitted to return. D. pense, as long as thisy could assemble
1807.                                 without interruptic l. They were at
BRETON, NICHOLAS, an English pas- length compelled t) seek refuge in a
toral poet in the time of Queen Eliza- foreign country. I?,: this attempt they
beth; author of "-An Old Man's Lesson  were opposed by ti e governimeint, and
and a Young Man's Love," "Pihillida he was seized with Mr. Bradford aind
and Corydon," &c.- RAYMOND, a French  others, just as they were going to Holfriar and missionary to the West Indies; land, in 1607, and imprisoned at Boston,
author of a&- "French and Caribbean   in Lincolnshire. He was the greatest
Dictionary," &c. D. 1679.             sufferer of the company, because he
BRETSCHN-EIDER, HENRY GODFREY       had the most property. Having with
VON, an Itunngaian, whose versatility of much difficulty and expense obtained
talent was only equalled by the perseve- his liberty, he first assisted the poor of
rance with wlhic he exercised it in satir- the society in their embarkation, anud
izing the follies and impostures of the then followed them to Holland. His
age. B. 1739; d. 1810.                estate being exhausted, lie opened a
1BREUGHEL. There were four emi- school at Leyden for teaching the Ennent painters of this name.-PETER, glish tongue, and being familiar with the
commeonly known as Old Breughel, from  Latin, he found no impediment from the
his being the father of Peter the young- want of a language common to both.
er, aind the Droll, froni his choice of  By merans of a grainmar, which "he
subjects, was b. near Breda, in 1510, ex- formed himself, he soon assisted them
eelled in landscape and ludicrous pice- I to a correct knowledge of the English.




208                   CYCLOP-/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ BRI
By the help of some friends lie also set  BBRIGGS, HENRY, a mathematician
up a printing-press, and published sev- b. near Halifiax, in'1536 was educated
cral books agfainst the hierarchy, which  at St. John's, Cambridge, and was first
could not obtain a license for publication  professor of geometry at Greshabm colin England. Such was his reputation   lege, and afterwards at Oxford.   He
in the church at Leyden, that he was resided at Oxford till his decease, 1630.
chosen a rulinmg elder, and he accom pan- Briggs was a friend of Lord Napier, and
ied the members of it who came to New  mainly contributed to improve and difEngland in 1620, where lie acted for fuse the valuable inveintion of logoaseveral years as a preacher. D. 1644.  rithms. To him also, in fact, belongs
BREYNIUS, JAMES, a botanist of       the discovery of the binominal theorem,
Dantzic; author of " Fasciculus Planta- the differential method, and other things
rum  Rariorum," &c. D. 1697.-JOHN     which have been atti''plted to a later
PHILIP, a naturalist of the 18th century; period. Among his wt. ks are "Arithauthor of a treatise on the kermes in- metica Logaritihmica,"' Trioonometria
sect, &c.                             Britannica,' completed by 4ellibrand,
BRIDAINE, JAMES, an eminent French   and "Tables for the Improvement of
ecclesiastic, whose indefatigable zeal, or Navigation."
itinerant propensities, induced him to   BRIL, MATTHEW and PAUL, natives
undertake 256 journeys, so that his    of Antwerp, and good painters, b. in
powers were displayed in almost every  1550 and 1554, and eminent for pervillage throughout France. He was the  formrances in history and landscape.
author of "Spiritual Songs," which     Matthew d. 1584; Paul 1626.
were extremely popular.  B. 1701; d.     BRILLAT-SAVARIN,        ANTHELME,
1767.                                  was b. at Belley, on the Savoy frontier
BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS EGERTON, of France, in 1755, and at the time of
duke of, a nobleman who devoted much   his death, in 1826^ filled a place in one
attention to, and expended large sums  of the highest French tribunals.  lIe
in the improvement and extension of   produced various works; but is best
canal navigation, seconded by the skill known by his "Physiology of Taste, or
of Brindley. B. 1736; d. 1503.         Meditations on  Transcendental GasBRIDPORT, ALEXANDER HOOD, Ad- tronomy," which has passed through
miral Lord, the youngest brother of    several editions.
Viscount Hood, like his relative, entered  BRINDLEY, JAMES, an uncommon
the navy early; and, like him, distin- genius for mechanical inventions, and
guished himself on many occasions, as particularly excellent in planniing and(
an able and gallant seaman. He bore a conducting inland navigations, was b.
part in the action of the 1st of June, 1716, at Tunsted, in Derbyshire, and d.
1794, and in June, 1795, defeated a at Turnhurst, in Staffordshire, Sep. 27,
French squadron, and captured three    1772, having shortened his days by too
sail of the line. He was'created an   intense application; for he never inIrish peer in 1794, an English peer in  dulged or relaxed himself in the com1796. D. 1814.                         momn diversions of life, not having the
BRIENNE, WALTER DE, a native of      least relish for them; and though once
Champagne, distinguished for his cour- prevailed on to see a. play in London,
age at the siege of Acre against the  yet he declared that he would on no
Saracens. lie was afterwards king of   account be present at another, because
Sicily, and duke of Apulia, and was it so disturbed his ideas for several
killed in 1205, in defending the invaded  days after, as to render him unfit for
rights of his wife, Maria Alberic, by  business. When any extraordinary difwhom he obtained his dukedom. His ficulty occurred to him in the execution
son and successor, of the same name, of his works, he generally retired to
surnamed the great, distinguished him- bed; and has been known to lie there
self also against the Saracens, by whom  one, two, or three days, till he has sur'he was taken prisoner and cruelly put mounted it. He would then get up,
to death, 1251.                       and execute his design without any
BRIGHAM, AMARIAx, a distinguished   drawing or model; for he had a prophysician and philanthropist, formerly  digious memory, and   carried  every
principal of the Inisani Retreat at Hart- thing in his head. His first great work
forcl, andu from 1842 till his death, su- was the construction of the aqueduct
perintendant of the State Asylumi  for of the Worsley canal over the river
the Insane at Utica N. Y. B. 1798; d. Irwell. Among his other most remark1849,                                 able works were, the canal which joined




BRI]                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        209
the navigation of Bristol with that of  lologist, author of a treatise "De Regio
Liverpool, by the union of the Grand  Persarum   Principatio," &c.  During
Trunk near Haywood, in Staffordshire to the siege of Paris by Henry IV., in 1579,
the Severn near Bewdley, and his plan  he remained in the city, and was cointo clear the Liverpool docks from mud, pelled by the partisans of the League to
and to check the intrusions of the sea, act as' the first president of the parliaby walls built without mortar. His at- ment; and his conduct as a magistrate
tachment to inland navigation was such, was made the pretext for putting him to
that when asked the use of rivers, in  death, in 1591.-MATHURIN JAMES, a
the house of commons, he bluntly re- French chemist.and naturalist, author
plied, to feed navigable canals.      of a treatise on " Ornithology," &c.
BRINVILLIERS, MARIA MARGARET B. 1723; d. 1806.
D'AUBRAI, marchioness of, a French      BRISSOT    DE   WARVILLE, JEAN
lady, known for her intrigues and her PIERRE, one of the most active of the
crimes. She was, when very young, French revolutionists, and from whom
married, in 1651, to the marquis of   a faction was denominated, was b. near
Brinvilliers, and for some time main- Chartres, in 1757, and was originally
tained a character of prudence and     brought up to the law. lIe, however,
chastity. The introduction of a young    abandoned that pursuit, and became a
officer of Gascony, called de St. Croi., literary character, and  editor of the
into her house, by her husband, how- " Courrier de l'EL  pe." Hiis first works
ever, proved the beginning of her life  of any. importance were a "Theory of
of irregularity and crime.  She loved  Criminal Law," and a "Philosophical
this stranger with great ardor; but her Library of Criminal Law."  After havfather, who was sensible of her conduct, ing visited England, he returned to
confined her lover in the prison of the Paris, was patronizedc by the duke of
Bastile, whilst his daughter, devoted  Orleans, and was sent to the Bastile for
herself to religious duties, and assumed  an alleged libel. A second time he was
the appearance of sanctity.  After a   on the point of being imprisoned, but
year's confinement, de St. Croix, who  he made his escape. In 1788 he went
had in the prison learned the art of mix- to America; but he did not long remain
ing poison. from an Italian of the name  there. He came back to France in 1789,
of Exili, was permitted to visit his fa- published his "Travels," and became
vorite.  Hle communicated the fatal an active political writer, particularly in
secret of poison, and she with alacrity the journal called the " French Patriot."
received it, and unsuspected, by slow  To royalty lihe was decidedly hostile.
degrees, cut off her father, her two bro- In 1791 lie was elected a member of the
thers, and her sister, in 1670; and if legislative assembly, and he bore a proshe spared her husband, it was because minent part in it, as well as in its stehe looked with indifference and without cessor, the convention.  The war bejealousy on her lewdness. An accident tween France and Austria and Great
brought her crimes to light. St. Croix, Britain was brought about chiefly by
in working some subtile poison, was his exertions and intrigues. After the
suddenly overpowered by its effluvia, death of Louis XVI. the jacobin faction
and dropped down dead. As no rela- gained the ascendency, and Brissot was
tioni appeared to claim his property, it at length sent to the scaffold, oni the 31st
was sealed; but the marchioness in- October, 1793.
sisted with such importunity u pon ob-  BRITANNICUS, JOHN, an        Italian
taining possession of a particular box, critic and grammniarian, b. at Palazzolo
that its contents were exanmined upon  near Brescia, about the middle of the
suspicion, and it was discovered to con- 15th century, and d. 1510.
tain papers with directions, full of slow  BRITTON, TuiOMAS, a nlative of Higpoison. After making her escape, she ham Ferrers, was b. 1654, anid, from his
was arrested, put to the torture and  trade and his musical taste, was known
condemned to death. Both a't the trial as "the musical small coal mani."
and the execution she manifested the   Though he cried his small coal about
most extraordinary self-possession and  the streets, he gave concerts at his
courage. She was killed, 1676.         humble dwelling, at which some of the
BRISBANE, Sir CHARLES, an English    most eminent professors and persons
admiral, who served at the sieges of   of fashion attended. He was also a proToulon and Bastia. D. 1829.            ficient in chemistry, and a collector of
IBRISSON, or BRISSONIUS, BARNA- books and curiosities. Britton was at
BAS, an eminent Freneh lawyerand phi- last frightened to death, in 1714, by a
I Is:':'




210                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         [BRo
brutal ventriloquist, who predicted to  tions of Propertius, Tibullus, and other
him his approaching end. The terrified  classics. D. 1707.
votary of music took to his bed, and died  BROGLIE, VICTOR FRANCIS, duke de,
in a few days.                          a gallant French general unclder the old
BROCK, IsAAc, major-general in the monarchy, who emigrated at the comBritish army, captured Gen. thill and   mencement of the revolution, and put
his whole army at Detroit, August 16, himself at the head of a corps of emi1812. I-Ie afterwards proceeded to the  grants at Champaigne. B. 1718; d. 1804.
Niagara frontier, and was killed in the   BROGLIO, VICTORt MAURICE, count de,
battle of Queenstown, Oct. 13th.   He   marshal of France, was b. of an illustriwas rallying his troops, which had been  ous family at Quercy, and distinguishled
put to flight by a desperate charge of  himself in the service of Louis XIV.
Col. Chrystie, when he was pierced by   D. 1727, aged 80.-Fr1PANCIS MARIE, his
three balls. He was a brave and gen- son, was also marshal of France, and deerous officer.  During his funeral the  served the highest honors by his warguns of the American fort were fired as like conduct in Italy, and in the canma token of respect.                     paigns of 1733 and 1734. I). 1745.BROCKLESBY, RICHARD, a physi- VICTOR FRANCIS, a son of the last, also a
cian, was b. at Minehead, in 1722, took  marshal, was the conqueror of Berngen,
his degree at Leyden, in 1745, and, after  and greatly distinguished during the
having been physician to the army in    seven years' war. le quitted France in
Germany, settled in London, where he    1794, and retired to RIussia, where he
became popular. D. 1797. Brocklesby     was received with honorable distinction,
was a liberal-minded man, apl was in    and raised to the same rank which he
habits of friendship with the most emi- held in the emperor's service. —CLAUnent of his ctemporaries. Some med- DIUS VICTOR, prince de Broglio, soni of
ical tracts, and a "Dissertation on the  the preceding, espoused the party of the
Music of the Ancients," are his only    republicans at the beginning of the revproductions.                            olution, and was flattered by the demaBRODEAU, JOHN, was b. at Tours, gog'ues with the title of marshal. His
in 1500, and rose to such eminence as a  retusal to receive as law, while commanscholar and critic, that Scaliger,. Grotius, der of the army of the Rhine, the deand others, have bestowed on his merits  cree which suspended the king's authorthe most unbounded encomiums. lie       ity, proved fatal to him. IHe was called
studied law under Alciat, and afterwards  to Paris, and condemaned to death by the
applied himself to philosophy and belles  revolutionary tribunal. Ite was guillolettres, of which he became the support tined, 1794, aged 37.
and the ornament. After travelling in     BROKE, Sir PHILIP BOWES VERE, an
Italy, he returned to France, where he  English rear-admiral, who performed a
lived in literary retirement, and honor- great many services to his country, the
able independence. D. 1563. His an- chief of which was the capture of the
notations on several of the classics were  American ship Chesapeake by the Shanpublished after his death,.             non in June, 1813. B. 1776; D. 1841.
BRODZINSKI, CASIMIR, one of the         BROME, ALEXANDER, an attorney and
most distinguished of the modern poets  satirical poet, whose writings, on the
of Poland. He was b. near the town of   side of Charles I., are said to liave greatLipno, 1791, and in early life -served in  ly obstructed the progress of puritanism.
ian artillery corps.  liHe fought against In addition to writing satirical songs, lie
Russia in 1812, and was at the battle of  translated from Lucretius and Horace,
Leipsic, where he was taken prisoner. and wrote a comedy, called " The CunBeing liberated on his parole he went ning Lovers." B. 1620; d. 1666.-Ricato Cracow, and soon after to Warsaw, ARD, an English dramatist, cotemporawhere he acted as professor of esthetics  ry with Bemn Jonson, to whom he was
in the university. He wrote vigorously  originally servant, but who rose by force
in defence of the romanticists as against of his native genius to considerable emithe classic school of critics. After the  ilence. His comedies were formerly very
insurrection of 1831 the university of  popular, but they are not now performWarsaw was suppressed. This preyed      ed. D. 1682.
upon his mind so that lie d. at Dresden,  BROMFIELD, WILLIAM, an eminent
1885.                                   English surgeon; author of " ChirurgiBROECKHOUSEN, JAN VAN, a dis-         cal Observations and Cases," " The City
tinguished Dutch scholar; author of Match," a comedy, &c. B. 1712; d. 1792.
poems, and editor of some valuable edi-   BRONSTED, PETER OLLr, a philolo



BROJ                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHI                         211
ger and antiquarian, of Jutland, who novelist and dramatic writer; authoress
wrote anl account of his "Travels and  of " Lady Juliet Mandeville," and other
Researches in Greece," which is greatly  novels; the tragedies of "Virginia,"
esteemed by men of science. B. 1781; and the "Siege of Sinope;' "Rosiala,"
d. 1842.                              a musical entertainment, &c. D. 1789.
BIIONGNIART, AUGUSTUS       Lo.uis, -HIENRY, a political and literary writer;
apothecary to Louis XVI., was one of author of "Letters Addressed to the
those who earliest and most sedulously  People of Ireland," " The Earl of Westcontributed, by his lectures, to diffuse amoreland," a tragedy, the celebrated
knowledge of physics and chemistry in  novel of "The Fool of Quality," &c.
France. D. at Paris, 1804.   Besides B. at Rantavan, in Ireland, 1706; d. 1783.
many scientific essays, he is the author -JAsIES, a political writer and poet. IHe
of an " Analytical'Description of the succeeded Wilkes as editorofthe "North
Combinations and Decompositions of Briton," which he continued to conduct
various Substances."                  to the end of its publication. D. 1807.
BERONKHORST. PETER VAN, a Dutch       BROOKES, JOSHUA, an eminent anatopainter, b. at Delft, 1588, and d. 1661. mist and surgeon, b. 1761. After studyI-e painted, with great success, perspec- ing under the most celebrated men of
tive views of temsples and churches, his day, commenced his career as a proenlivened with small but well-executed  fessor of anatomy, pathology, and snrhuman figures. In the town-house of gery, when about 26 years of age, His
Delft is hlis representation of Solomon's museum was enriched with the choicest
Judnment.-JONR VAN, b. at Leyden, anatomical specimens and osteological
1648, learned the art of painting with- preparations; and the lectures on anatoout any instruction, and attainecd to a my and its kindred sciences, which
high ciegree of perfection. lie princi- during a long life he was in the habit
pally painted animnals, and was particu- of delivering to his pupils, (of whom he
larly suecessful in his birds. The light- could reckon 7000,) laid the foundation
ness and brilliancy of the feathers are  of their scientific fame to some of the
represented with much truth. He was most distinguished members of the proa pastry-cook and painted merely for fession. D. 188833.
his amusement.-Another JOHNu VAN, b.    BROOKS, JOHN, b. at Medford, Mass.,
at Utrecht, 1603, was a painter on glass. 1752, was originally a physician, but on
His works in the new chur'eh at Amster- the breaking out of the revolution, took
dam are much esteemed. He has also     up arms in behalf of his country. He
engraved some works of Cornelius Poel- was soon raised to the rank of major in
enburcg.                              the continental service, and was distinBRONZINO, ANGELo, a painter of       guished for his knowledge of tactics,
the Florentine school, taned imitator of  being associated with Baron Steuben, in
Michael Anigelo, flourished about 1550. the duty of introducing a uniform sys-IHe painted a great number of portraits, temrn of exercise and manceuvres.  In
aend his historical paintings are distin- 177.7 he was appointed lieutenant-cologuished by the striking jand pleasing  nel, and had no small share in the capture
features of the healds they contain. Onde of Burgoyne, on the 7th of October, at
of his best paintings is a "Christ," in  Saratoga. When the conspiracy of some
the church of Santa Croce, at Florence. of the officers against the commanderIt is remarkable for its grouping and  in-chief, in March, 1783, had well nigh
colorinsl as well as for the heads, many  ruined the country, Washington rode
of whlici are the portraits of his friends up to Brooks and requested him to keep
and coteniporaries; yet it is not alto- his officers within quarters, to prevent
gether freice from mannerism and affecta- their attending the insurgent meeting.
tion. D. at Florence, 1570.           Brooks replied, " Sir, I have anticipatedl
BROOCMAN, CHIARLES ULRIC, a Swe- your wishes, and my orders are given."
dish writer on education, especially as Washington took him by the hand, anid
regards the education of teachers. His said, "Colonel Brooks, this is just what
principal work is "An Account of the  I expected from you."  He was one of
Educational Institutions of Germany," the committee who brought in the'resofrom the earliest period tip to his own  lutions of the officers, expressing their
time. D. 1812.                        abhorrence of this plot, and also one of
BROOKE, Sir RoBERT, chief justice   that appointed by the officew to adjust
of the common pleats in the reign of  their accounts with congress. After the
Queen Mary, and author of various legal army was disbanded, he resumed the
works.   D. 1558.-FRANCES, a clever practice of medicine in Medford. He




212                   CYCLOFPADIA OF BIQGRAPtY.                       [BRb
was for many years major-general of the to occur, and his disciples were not conthirdldivision of the Massachusetts mi- fined to the poor and ignorant. Tho
litia.  In 1812 he was appointed adju- great orientalist, Halhed, and other men
taut-general, which office he held during  of unquestionaible ability were advocates
the last war with England. In 1816 he of his claims, but his career at lengtil
was elected governor almost without attracted the notice of government, and
opposition, and was annually re-elected  he was committed to Bedlam for life as
till 18o3, when he declined being a can- a confirmed lunatic. lie published sevdidate. D. 1825.-ELEAZER, a brigadier- eral works on his peculiar views of thegeneral in Concord, Mass., in 1726. ology.
Without the advantages of education     BROTIER, GABRIEL a learned French
he acquired a valuable fund of knowl- Jesuit, and librarian to the college of
edge. It was his practice in early life Louis le Grand; author of a treatise
to read the most approved books, and   " On the Ancient Hebrew, Greek, and
then to converse with the most intelli- Roman Coins," an excellent edition of
gent men respecting them. In 1774 he   "Tacitus," and other classics, &c. B.
was chosen a representative to the gen- 1723; d: 1789.-ANDREW   CAaRLES, a
cral court, and continued 87 years in  French abbe, nephew of the above. He
public life, being successively a repre- was a friend to the royalist cause, and
sentative, a member of the senate, and  the editor of "L'Annee Litt6raire,"
of the council. He took a decided part which was so obnoxious to the party in
in the American revolution.   At the   power that he was transported to Guiana.
head of a regiment, he was engeaged in  D. 1798.
the battle of White Plains, in 1776, and  BROUGHTON, HUGH, a learned Hedistinguished himself by his cool, de- brew scholar and polemical writer, who
termined bravery. D. 1806.             was educated at the expense of the celeBROOME, Dr. WILLIAM, an English     brated Bernard Gilpin. B. 1549; d. 1612.
divine and poet. In addition to his own  -THOMAS, a prebendary of Salisbury,
poems, and a translation of Anacreon's and a literary character of considerable
Odes, -he contributed eight books to  merit; author of "'Christianity distinct
Pope's translation of the Odyssey; but from the Religion of Nature," " Disserhaving complained of his scanty remu- tations on the Prospects of Futurity,"
neration, his brother bard rewarded him  "Hercules," a drama, &c. He was also
with a niche in the Dunciad. He was one of the principal contributors to the
vicar of Eye, Suffolk. D. 1745.       Biographia Britannica. D. 1774.
BROSCHI, CARLO, better known by       BIROUNCKER, WILLIAM, Lord, the
the name of Farinelli, one of the finest first president of the Royal Society at
singers ever known. He was retained   Oxford, and author of some papers in
to divert the melancholy of Philip V. of  the Philosophical Transactions, &c. D.
Spain, and acquired vast political power 1584.
in the reigns of that monarch and his   BROUSSAIS, FRA&NcoIs JOSEPH Vicsuccessor.  Unlike the generality of  TOMn a celebrated French physician; the
royal favorites, he behaved with invari- author of some very learned medical
able modesty and honor. B. at Naples, works, which for a time had the most
1705; d. 1782.                        extensive influence in France, and are
BROSSARD, SEBASTIAN DE, an emi- still not without their adherents. B.
nent French musician; author of "Pro- 1772; d. 1838.
domus Musicalis," &c. D. 1730.          BROUSSONET, PEtEt AUGUSTUS MABROSSE, GUY DE LA, a French botan- RIA, an eminent French naturalist; auist and physician to Louis XIII.; author thor of "Icthyologia," "Varime Positiof" L'Ouverture du Jardin Royal," and  ones circa Respirationem," &c. B. 1761;
other botanical works. D. 1751.       d. 1807.
BROSSES, CIIHARLES DE, a French law-  BROUWER, ADnKAN, a celebrated
yer, and the school-fellow and friend of  painter of the Dutch school, was b. at
Buffon; author of "Letters on Hercu- Haeriem, in 1608, or more probably at
laneum," &c. B. 1709; d. 1777.        Oudenarde, where his father was a
BROTHERS, RIcHARD, a fanatic, who, painter of common paper hanginos.
in 1793, commenced his career as the Poverty contributed perhaps to form lis
apostle of a new religion, and announced  talents. When a child, he painted flowhimself as "nephew of the Almighty    ers and birds to be stitched on caps,
and prince of the Hebrews, appoiinted  which were sold by his inother. Francis
to lead them to the land of Canaan."  Hals, a skilful painter, expecting to profit
He predicted various changes as about by the talents of the young arltist, took




BRo]                   CYC<LOPADIA OF BIOirAPl-HY.                     21l
him to Haerlem. Here, amidst wearisome  "Estimate of the Manners and Princilabors and poor diet, Brouwer spent the ples of the Times," a "History of the
greater part of his time in a garret, occu- kise and Progress of Poetry," and
pied in making little paintings, of the  " Thoughts on Civil Liberty, Licentiousvalue of which he was ignorant, while  ness, and Faction."  It is supposed that
lHals kept the profits of them to himself. his mental exertions were too great, for
Two pretty paintings of his, "The Five he fell into a state of dejection which
Senses" and " The Twelve Months," are  terminated in his death by his own hand,
mentioned as belonging to that period,. in 1766.-JOHN, a Scotch painter and
By the advice of Adrian of Ostade, his author, favorably known in the former
fellow-pupil, he escaped to Amsterdam, character by his painting of the bust of
where he was surprised to hear that his Homer from the Townley marbles, and
paintings were esteemed. He now gained  by his portrait of Pope. As an author
considerable sums by his labors; but, in- he is even more distinguished by his
stead of devoting himself to his art, he  "Letters on the Poetry and Music of
made the inn his workshop, never ex- the Italian Opera," which he addressed
erting himself till the hostess insisted  to his friend Lordcl Monboddo. B. 1752;
upon payment. I-e threw into the fire  d. 1787.-EoBERT, the founder of the
a painting for which he did not receive  sect of the Brownists, b. at Northam pthe price demanded, and beaan a new   ton, was related to Lord Burleigh. He
one with more care. Having gone to     pursued  his studies at Cambridge.
Antwerp during the wars of the Low     About 1580, he began to attack the
Countries, he was thrown, into prison as government and liturgy of the church,
a spy. le declared that he was a paint- had many followers, and was soon imer, appealing to the duke of Ahremberg, prisoned by the ecclesiastical conlmmiswho was likewise imprisoned there; sions, but was liberated by the interest
and, at the prince's intercession, having  of Lord Burleigh. He then settled at
been provided with materials, lie painted  Middleburgh, in Holland, collected a
his guards playing at cards with so much  congregation, and wrote a book, entitled
expression aldcl truth, that Rubens, at a "Treatise of Reformation, without
the sight of the picture exclaimed, "This tarrying for any Man."' In 1585, howis Brouwer's work; none but he can     ever, he returned to England, became
succeed so well in such subjects."  Ru- engaged in contests with the bishops,
bens effected his release by standing  was disowned by his father, and was
bail for him, clothed him, and received  at length excommunicated. Conviction,
himii into his house and at his table. or perhaps policy, now induced him to
Brouwer, however, instead of being     conform, andc in 1590 he obtained a livgrateful for this generosity, escaped ilug in Northamptonshire. His endwas
secretly, to plunge into still greater cx- in unison with his life. At the age of
travagancies. lie took lodgings with a more than 80, he was committed to jail
baker, Craesbeke, who became a skilful for striking a constable and abusing a
painter by his instructions. This man, magistrate, and he d. shortly after his
whose inclinations aoreed with those of  committal. He used to boast, "that he
Brouwer, had a handcsome wife, and the had been incarcerated in thirty-two
connection between these three persons  prisons, in some of which he could not
became so intimate that they were     see his hand at noonday."    His sect
obliged to flee from justice. Brouwer long survived him. In the civil wars
went to Paris, but findin:g no employ- it bore the name of the Independents.ment there returned to Antwerp, where  THOMAS, a writer of talent and of conle d. in the hospital, in 1640.       siderable thouglh coarse wit, was the
BROWALLIUS, JOHN, bishop        of   son of a farmer at Shifnal, and was edAbo; an eminent naturalist, and the   ucated at Christ church, Oxford, but
author of various tracts on botany, &c. quitted college on account of his irreguD. 1755.                              larities. For a while he was a schoolBROWN, Jo-TN, an eminent clergy- master at Kingston, in Surrey. Quitting
manl and multifatrious writer, b. 1715, this situation, however, lihe settled in
at Rothbury, Northumberland, educated  London, as an author by profession, and
at St. Johli's college, Cambridge; and  gained notoriety by his lampoons, his
after various church preferments became humor, and his conversational powers.
chaplain to the king. The chief of his He d. in 1704. His works forri 4 vols.
numerous works are, "Essays on the 12mo.-ULYSSES MAXIMILIAN, an AustriCharacteristics of the Earl of Shaftes- an field-marshal, the son of an expatriabury," " Barbarossa," a tragedy; an   ted Irish officer, was b. at Basil, in 170.5;




214                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [BRO
served with distinction  aoainst the ters, and the weakness of his physical
Turks, and at the battles of Parma and  constitution,disqualifiedl him for the busGuastalla; was made field-mnarshal in tie of business. His first publication was
1739; silnalizedc his talents in Italy, "Alcuin, a Dialogue on the Itights of
from 1744to 1746, particularly at the bat- Women," written in the autumn and
tle of Placentia; and d. in the Bohemi- winter of 1797. The first of his novels,
an capital in 1757, of the wounds which  issued in 1798, was " Wieland," a powerhe received at the battle of Prague.-  ful and original romance, which soon acJOIN, celebrated as the parent of the  quired reputation. After this followed
Brunonian system of medicine, b. 1735, "O rmond," "Arthar Mervyn, " "Edgar
at Bunle, in Berwickshire originally  Htuntley," and "Clara Howard," in rapid
studied with a view to the church, but succession, the last being published in
afterwards commenced the study of 1801. The last of his novels, " Jane
physic. For a while lie was patronized  Talbot," was originally published in
byDr. Cullen. Ie, however, quarrelled  London, in 1804, and is much inferior
with that gentlemnan, and became his to its predecessors. In 1799, Brown
active opponent.  After many strug- published the first number of the
fles and vicissitudes he settled in Lon-  " lonthly MMagazine and American Redon, in 1786, and d. there, October, 1788,S view," a worik which lie continued for
leaving a numerous family in want. about a year and a half, with much inHis misefortunes principally arose from  duIstry and ability. In 1805 he co_-L
his habits of intemperance. His medi- meneed another journal, withl the title
cal system is developed in his " Elemnen- of " The Literai'y Magazine and Amerita Mcledicinee" and has, at least, the  can tleisters " and in this undertaking
merit of simplicity, as it classes all dis- he persevered for five years. During
eases under two iheads-those of defi- the same interval he found time to write
cient and those of redundant excitement. three large political pamphlets, oin the
-JOHN, an eminent landscape engraver," Cession of Louisiana," on the " British
was a fellow-pupil of Woolleti and for Treaty," and on' Coommercial Restricsolme time worked in conjunction with  tions."  In 1806 he commenced a serihim. Their teacher's name was Tinney. annual " American ciegister," five volBrowni acquired considerable reputation  umes of which he lived to complete and
for the taste and spirit of his biurin, and  publish, and which must lono be conbecame an associate of the Eoyal Acade- sulted as a valuable body of annals. Bemy. D. at the age of 60, 1801.-WIL- sides these works, and manvy miscellane 
LIAM, a celebrated gem engraver, b. 1748. ous pieces published in different periAt the commencement of his career he  odicals, he left in manuscript an unfinwas patronized by Catharine of Russia, ished system of geography, which has
and subsequently by Louis XVI. Tle    been represented to possess uncomumon
French revolution drclove him from Paris, meritD. of consumption, 1810.-JOIIN,
and he settled in London, where he pro- b. 1736, in Providence, R. I., was a leader
duced many excellent works. D. 1825. of the par'ty which, inl 1772, destroyed
— JOHIN, a painter, b. at Edinburgh, in  the British sloop of wai' Gasper, in Nar1759, resided 10 years in Italy, and ac- raganset Bay. He became an enterpriquired there a knowledge of all the ele- sing and wealthy merchant, and was the
gant arts. On his return, lie settled at first in his native state who traded with
Edinburgh, in which city he d. 1787. the East Indies and China. He was
He was s the intimate fiiend'of Lord Mon- chosen a member of congress, and was a
boddo, to whom he addressed his " Let- generous patron of literature, and a
ters on the Poctry and Music of the   great projector of works of public utility.
Italian Opera."  They were published  D. 1803.-Dr. THOMAS, a man eminent
by the learned judge in 1789.- CARLEs as a metaphysician, moral philosopher,
BRoCKDEN, an American novelist and    and poet, b. at Kirkmabieck, in Scotmanl of letters, was b. in Philadelphia in land, in 1777, displayed an early acuteJanuary, 1771. After a good school od- ness and thirst for knowledge. His first
neation, he commenced the study of the education was received in the vicinity
law, in the office of an eminent meminber of London, and was completed at the
of the bar.  During the preparatory   university of Edinburgh. At the age
term, his mind was much erngaged in   of twenty he wrote a masterly aniiswer
literary pursuits, and when the time ap- to Darwin's i"Zoonomia." In 1810 he
preached for his admission into the succeeded Mr. Stewart, at Edinburgh,
courts, lie resolved to abandon the pro- as professor of limoral philosophy, and
fession altogether. His passion for let- soon gmained universal admiration as a




BR0O]                 CYCLOPAFEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       215
lecturei, by his eloquence and talents, tied at Norwich, where he gained extenand affection by his kindness to the  sive practice.  His " Religio Medici"
students. His brilliant career was un- having' been surreptitiously published,
fortunately cut short, by consunmption, he gave to the world a correct edition
on the 2d of April, 1820. As a philoso- in 1642, which was soon translated into
pher, his reputation is established by  several languages, and repeatedly rehis inquiry into the " Relation of Cause printed. It was attacked by many wriand Effect,e "Lectures oin the Philoso- ters, some of whom, with equal absurdiphy of the HIuman Micnd," and "Physi- ty and injustice, accused the author of
ology of the Mind."  As a poet, by his  being an infidel, and even an atheist.
poems, in two volumes: " Agnes,"      This work awas followed by his celebra" The Wanderer of Norway," and "The ted "Treatise on Vulgar Errors," and
Paradise of Coquettes."-WILLIAM, a     " Hydriotaphis, or a Treatise on Urn
poet, b. in 1590, was a native of Tavi- ]Burial," published tog'ether with " The
stock, and was educated at Oxford. In  Garden of Cyrus."  D. 1682. Browne
1624 he became tutor to the earl of   was a man of great benevolence, and of
Caernarvon, who fell at the battle of  extensive erudition. His style is singuNewbury, and he subsequently resided  lar and pedantic, but has generally
in the family of the earl of Pembroke. strength, and often felicity of expresHis death is supposed to have taken   sion.-His son EDWARD, who was b.
place about 164-5. His "Britannia's Pas- about 1642. and d. 1708, was president
torals," which were published in his   of the College of Physicians, and is the
23d year, and his "Shepherd's Pipe,"  author of anl account of his own "Travhave great merit. Discursiveness and   els in Austria, Hiiungary Thessaly, and
an occasional quaintness are the faults Italy."-SIAON, b. at Shepton Mallet,
of his poetry  but they are redeemed   1680, became a dissenting aminister, first
by a lively fancy, much power of de- at Portsmoluth, and next in the Old
scription, and flowing numbers.-JAcoB, Jewry, in which latter situation he regeneral, and at the time of his death at rained till 1723, when his reason was
the head of the American army. In      shaken by the loss of his wife and his
early life he belonged to the sect of the  only son. The mononmania which afflietQuakers, and was employed as a teacher ed him was of an extraordinary kind.
of youth. In 1799 he went on to the Thouglh retaining the power of reasonfrontiers, and purchased a lot of land, ing acutely, hlie believed that God "had
took lisi axe, aand began to fell the forest annihilate'cl in him the thinking subwith lis own hand, in order to corn- stance," and that though lie seeined to
mence a settlement.   This was soon   speak rationally, he had "no more nOdone. liHe purchased more land, and   tion of what he said than a parrot."
was umade agent for M. Loe Roy de Chaun- Imagiing himself no longer a moral
mont, a distinguished Frenchman, who   agent, lie refused to bear a part in any
owned a large tract of that country, anid  act of worship. While in this state,
was'industrious in obtaining settlers, however, he continued to write forcibly,
and when lie had enough for a company  and, among other things, produced a
of militia, they were formed, and he so  "Defence of the Eeligion of Nature, and
far shook off thle Quaker as to take   the Christian Revelation, against Chriscommand of them, at their urgent re- tianity as old as the Creation."  To this
quest. From the command of a compa- he prefixed a dedication to Queen Carony he soon found himself at the head  line, in which he affectingly expatiated
of a regiment. At the commencement on his soulless state. His friends supof the war of 1812 he was raised to the  pressed this melancholy proof of his
office of mlajor-general of militia. The singular insaniity; but it is preserved in
general government soon after proffered the "Adventurer."  D. 1732.  He is
lim a high command in the army of the the author of hymns, sermons, anad variUnited States..It was accepted, and he  ous controversial land theological pieces.
moved on from one degree of fame to   -Sir WILLIAM, a physician, an eccentric
another inl this short wvar, until ie found  but amiable character, b. 1692, studied
himself at the head of the army; and at at Cambridge, and settled at Lynn,
the return of peace lie made'his head- whence he removed to London, lwhere
quarters at Washina'ton. D. 1828.     lie d. 1774. Iln dress, style, and manners
BROWNE, Sir THioasAs, a physician   lie was a complete oddity, a circumstance
and enminent writer, b. in London, 1605, which exposed him to the shafts of
and educated at Winchester and Oxford. satire.  lie had, however, the good
He took his degree at Leyden, and set- sense and dignity of mind to smile at




210                   CYCLOPiED1A OF BI3OG10RAPY.                     [BRJ
such attacks. At Lynn he nailed to his took up his abode at Jamaica. Returnhouse door a pamphlet which was writ- ing at length to Ireland, lie d. in 1720,
ten against him; and when Foote carica- at Rusbrook, in the county of Mayo.
tured him, in the " Devil on Two       His chief work is the " Civil and NatSticks," Browne sent him a note, prais- ural History of Jamaica."-WILLIAM
ing the accuracy of the mimic's persona- GEorGE, an English traveller, a man of
tion, and sending him his own muff to  fortune, who penetrated into the interior
complete the picture. Browne left three of Africa, and was the first who gave an
gold medals to be yearly given to Cam- account of the African kingdoms of
bridge under-graduates, for Greek and  Darfur and Bornou. His " Travels in
Latin compositions; and founded a     Africa, Egypt, and Assyria, from 1792
scholarship at Peterhouse, where he to 1798," were published in 1799. About
was educated. He translated " Grego- the year 1814 lie was murdered in Perry's Elements of Dioptrics,' and collect- sia, while on his way to explore the reed, under the title of " Opuscula," his  gions south of the Caspian.
own light pieces.-GEORGE, count de,     BRUCE, RoBERT, the deliverer of Scotan Irisli Catholic, b. in 1698, entered  land from the English yoke, a descendinto the Russian service. He saved the ant, by the female side, from David, broEmpress Anna Ivanovna from the con- ther of William I. Like his father, who
spiracy of the guards, and served with  was a competitor for the crown with Badistinction under Lascy. Munich, and  liol, he at first fought under the English
Keith. On the banks of the Volga he banners. He, however, at length asserted
stopped, with only three thousand men, his right to the sovereignty, and was
the whole Turkish army. He-was, how- crowned at Scone, in 1306. After many
ever, taken prisoner by the Turks, and  reverses, lie totally defeated Edward II.,
sold as a slave, but escaped. In the in 1314, at Bannockburn, and thus esseven years' war, he distinguished him- tablished himself firmnly on the throne.
self at the battles of Prague, Kollin, He d. in 1329. Tradition says, that after
Jaegendorf, and Zorndorff. Ilis services one of the defeats which he sustained
were rewarded with the government of   at the outset of his career, when Bruce
Livonia.  After having held it thirty  was hiding from his enemies, and almost
years, he wished to retire, but Catherine  disposed to relinquish his enterprise in
II. replied, " Death alone shall part us."  despair, he was animated to perseverD. 1792.-MOSES, a divine and poet, was ance by the example of a spider, which
b. in 1708, and was originally a pencut- he saw foiled in nine attempts to reach
ter; but, throughl the interest of Har- a certain point, but which persisted, and
vey, he obtained orders, and the living  succeeded in the tenth.-JAMES, one of
of Olney, in Buckinghamshire. D. in   the most celebrated of modern travellers.
1787, at Morden college, of which he   For a short time he held the post of
was chaplain. He is the author of sev- British consul at Algiers, but resigned
eral works, the principal of which are it in order to gratify his passion for
"Piscatory Eclogues," and "1Sunday    travelling. After traversing the greater
Thoughts."  Browne was a great lover portion of Asia Minor, he set out on a
of angling, and published an edition of  journey to ascertain the soilrce of the
Walton's Angler.-IsAAC HAWKINS, a      Nile. An account of this journey he
native of Burton-upon-Trent, b. 1706, subsequently published; and some of
studied at Westminster, Cambridge, and  his statements, particularly those which
Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bar, and  referred to the manners and customs of
became M. P. for Wenlock. Though a     Abyssinia, were received with mingled
man of infinite wit, lie was mute in par- incredulity and ridicule. Though greatly
liament. He is the author of an excel- annoyed by the disgraceful illiberality
lent Latin poem, on the " Immortalit-  with which he had been treated, he bore
of the Soul," which has been more than  the taunts and sneers of his shallow
once translated, and also of " Poems."  critics with a taciturn pride, not deignOf his minor poems, the "Pipe of To- info to satisfy disbelief, o' to disarm ridibacco," in which he admirably imitates  cule, but trusting the day would ere long
six poets of that period, is the best arrive when the truth of what he hac
knovwn, and is deservedly popular. D. written would be confirmed by others;
1766.-PA'MICK, a botanist and physi- and it is now clearly proved, from the
cian,l b. at Crossboyne, in Ireland, 1720; statements of many subse'cquent travelstudied physic at Paris and Leyden. lers, that he was every way undeserving
He then went to the West Indies, wvhich  of the censure bestowed tipon him. B.
he had visited in his youth, and finally  at Kinnah'd house, Stirlingshire, 1730;




'BRI]                 CYCLOPfEIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       217
and d. in consequence of an injury sus-'ral History of' Worms" ill the Encytained by falling' down stairs, at his pa- clopedie Methodique. D. 17 )9.
ternal estate, 1794.-JoHN, an able writer  BRUGHL, HENRY, count of, minister
on commerce, moral philosophy, and     ot Au ustus III. king of Poland  one of
political economy; author of "First the most artful and expensive courtiers
Plrinciples of Philosophy," "Annals of  that ever governed a weak and credulous
the East India (Compasny," &c. D. 1826, pince. He kept 200 domestics, paying
aged 82.-MICAIXEL, a Scotch poet. His them better than the king hlimself, and
parents being of the poorest class, his ear- furnishing a more sumptuous table;
ly life was oiie of considerable privation. but, as was natural, he plunged the
This, and his ardent attachment to po- country into debt and disgrace.   B.
etry, probably aggravatecl a constitu- 1700; d. 1763.-FREDE1rIC, a son of the
tional predisposition to consumption, preceding, besides being remarkable for
and lie d. in the 21st year of his age, in  his skill in the fine arts, wrote several
1767. His poems are few in number, good plays.      D. 1798.-HANS MORITZ,
but singularly plaintive and elegant.-  his nephew, gained some reputation as
PETER HENRY, a German military officer an astronomer and political economist,
of Scotch descent. He was at the battle  and d. while Saxon ambassador in Lonof Pruth, and was several times ema- don, 1809.
ployed by the Russian court in diplomat-  BRUMOY, PETER, a learned French
ic missions.  His memoirs; published   Jesuit; author of the "ThUetre des
after his death, give some curious details  Grees,"  " History  of the  Gallican
of his travels. He d. in Scotland, in  Church," &c. B. 1688; d. 1742.
1757.                                   BRUNCK, RICHARD FIRANCIS PHILIP, a
BRUCKER, JOHN JAMEs, a German       profound classical scholar and critic, was
Lutheran clergyman; author of "His- b. at Strasburg, but educated by the
toriaCritica Philosoplhie," &c. B. 1696; Jesuits at Paris. For some time he was
d. 1770.                              employed in state affairs, but at length
BRUCKNEL, JOHN, a Lutheran di- devoted himself wholly to study; and
vine, pastor of the Walloon congrega- produced the " Greek Anlthologv," betiont Nowich at Norwich; athor of " Thorie du  sides highly valuable editions of ArisSyst6me Animale," " Criticism on the tophanes, Sophocles, Virgil, &c. When
Diversions of Purley," &c. B. 1726;the revolution broke out, he took part
d. 1804.                              in it, and was imprisoned at Besancon
BRUEYS, DAVID AUGUSTIN, a French    by the tyrant Robespierre, whose death,
dramatic writer; in early life a Protest-  however, released hiim.:B. 17299; d.
ant, but afterwards a bigoted adherent 1803.
to the Catholic faith. B. 1640; d. 1758.  BRUNEAU, MATHURIN, an adventu-FRANCIS PAUL, a gallant French admi- rer, who, in 1818, assumed the title of
ral, commanding t.he fleet which con- Charles of France, was the son of a clogveyed the army of Bonaparte to Etypt, maker. After numerous efforts to pass
anid killed at the battle of the Nile.  for some person of importance, lie was
BRUGMANS, SEBALD       JUSTINUS, a incarcerated, and from his confinement
learned Dutchman, physician-in-chief addressed a letter, signed Dauphin Bourof the army, and the author of some   bon, to the governor of the Isle of
valuable mnedical works.  After the   Guernsey, requesting him to inform his
union of Holland with France, Napoleon  Britainnic Majesty of the captivity of
ma le him inspector-general of the hos- Louis XVII. This letter bemag interpitals; and it has been remarked that cepted by the local authorities, Bruneau
so skilful were his arrangements, that was transferred to the prison at Rouen:
the number of deaths by wounds and    here he engaged a person named Brandiseases was never increased by hospital zon as his secretary, who found means
fevers: After the battle of Waterloo, he so far to impose on the Duchess d'Anpromptly procured medical aid for up- gouleme, as to obtain her interest; and
wards of 20,000 men. B. 1763; d. 1819. at length a'party in his favor procured
BRTJGNATELLI, Louis, an Italian     him abundant supplies. This encourphysician and chemist; author of " Bib- aged the enterprise, until the principal,
liotheca Tisicadc'Etrope," &c. B. 1726; his secretary, anid many friends were
d. 1818.                              brought before the bar of justice, where
BRUGUIELES, JO.IN      WILLIAM, a   Bruneau was declared an impostor and
French naturalist and physician; author a vagabond, and condemned to sevenl
of many essays on subjects of natural years' imprisonment.   Finding, howhistorv, the best of which is the " Nat- ever, that the fraud was still maintained
19




218                   CYCLOPAMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBRU
by a powerful party, he was removed to  bishop of Cologne and duke of Lorraine;
the prison at Ca en in 1821, and was af- an abe politician, who took a conspientfrwards sent to end his (lays in the  ous part in all the great transactions of
castle of Mont Saint Michael.         his time. Ie was the brother of the
BRUNEL, Sir ISAMBERT, the well- EImperor Otho I. D. 965.-GIORDANO,
knlown executor of that great work of  a Neapolitan, and originally a monk of
engineering skill, the Thames Tunnel, the Dominican order.    The boldness
was b. at Iacqueville, in Normlandy, with which lle censured the irregulari1769. tie was intended for the church; ties of his monastery obliged him to
but he soon evinced so strong a predi- leave it; and flying to Geneva, he ernlection for the physical sciences, and so  braced the Protestant religion.  Beza
great a genius lor mathematics, that he and Calvin, however, obliged him to
entered the royal navy, made several quit that city, and he proceeded to Paris,
voy ages to the West Indies, and returned  where he excited imuch.attention by his
home in 1792. During the French revo- strictures on the Aristotelian philosolution he emigrated to the United States, phy. After visiting England hle settled
where necessity fortunately compelled  at Padua, where his freedom of speech
him to follow the natural bent of his  attracted the attention of the Inquisition
mind, and to adopt the profession of a of Venice. Ie was apprehended, and
civil enoineer. Here he was engraged in  refusing to recant, he was burnt in 1600.
many1   great works  but, determinedi c  BRUN SWICK, FERDINAND, duke of,
upon visiting England, he offered his one of the principal generals in the seven
services to the B'Bitish government; years' war in Germasny.    B. 1721; d.
and, after much opposition to his plans  1792.-WOLFENBUTTEL, MAXIMILIAN
for makilne ship-blocks by maclinery, JULIUS LEOPOLD, brother of the precehe was employed to execute them il ding, a prince whose nne is revered for
Plymouth dock-yard. He selected Mr. his disinterested benevolence and haHenry Maludsley to assist in the execu- manity, of which tle last action of his
tion of the work; and thus was laid the life is a striking examplle: —During a
foundation of one of the most extensive  terrible inundcation of the Ocer, which
engineering establishments in the king- spread destruction in the neighborhood
dom. Tile visit of the Emperor Alex- of Frankfort, where the prince corn
anider to England, after the peace, led  mtanded a regiment in the garrison, his
him to submit to the emperor a plan for zeal to save the lives of a fimily surmaking a tunnel under the Neva; where  rounded by the waters, induced, him to
the accumulation of ice, and the sudden- put off in a boat to their assistance,
ness with which it breaks up on the    when he was swept away by the torrent
termination of winter, rendered the erec- andl perished in the attempt. B. 1751;
tion of a bridge a work of great difficulty. d. 1785. —LUNENBURGH, CIHARLEL
This was tlle origin of his plai for a  WILLIAIMsa FERDINAND, duke of, nephew
tunnel under the Thames, which had     of the preceding, who highly distinbeen twice before attempted without guished himself in the service of Fredsuccess. D. 1849.                      erick of Prussia.  He swas mortally
B1RUNELLESCHI, PHILIP, a Floren- wounded at the battle of Aueistadt in
tine architect, patronized by Cosino de  1806.-OELS, FREDERIC AUGUSTUS, duke
Medici. Among the chief of his archi- of, younler brother of the above, and a
tectural works are the Pitti palace, the  general officer in the Prussian service.
monastery of Fiesole, and the cupola of  He was more distinguished as an auzthor
the cathedral church of Santa Maria del than as a general; his "Treatise on
Friare at Florence. He was also a sculp- Great Men,"' " Remarks on the Charactor and a poet, as well as all architect; ter and Actions of Alexander the Great,"
and some of his burlesque verses are and numlerous other wvorks, having been
published with those of Burchiello. B. much admired, though only privately
1377; d. 14-6.                        circulated.  B. 1741; d. 1805. —FREDBRUNNER, JOHN CONRAD, Baron de      ERICK WILLIAM, duke of, youngest son
Brunln, a Swiss physician and anato- of Charles William Ferdinand of Brunsmist; author of various tracts on physi- wick, and brother of Queen Caroline of
ology and anatomy. B. 1653; d. 1727.  England, was b. in 1771.     He soon
BRUNO, a saint of the Roman calen- entered the Prussian army, and, stimudar, and founder of the Carthusian order lated by his father's fate, took an active
of monks, the first house of which he  part in the war against revolutionary
established in the desert of Chartreuse. France. In 1809 lie raised a body of
B. 1030; d. 1101.-THE GREAT, arch- volunteers in Bohemia; but finding no




BRU]                 CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      219
chance of mnaling an effectual stand  pulsion, and the entire change in the
against the power of France, he em-   borm of government, gave great offence
barked his troops for England, where to many of the Roman patricians and
they were taken into the Britishservice, among those who were opposed to the
and employed in the Peninsula. Fore- new constitution were the two sons of
seeing that great clhanges were likely to  Brutus and three nephews of Collatinus,
take place on the Continent, he hastened  all of whom conspired, with other malto his paternal dominions in 1818, raised  contents, to murder the two consuls and
a large body of troops, and was amiong  restore Tarquin and the monarchy. The
thle foremost to meet the French army  intentions of the conspirators were disin 1815, when, two days before the de- closed by a slave to Poplicola Valerius,
cisive battle of Waterloo, he fell, fight- a senator, and the conspirators were
ini at the head of his troops.       brought before the consular tribunal for
3RUNTON, MARY, the daughter of judgment.       Mischievous as. were the
Colonel Balfour, was b. in one of the intentions of the criminals, the people
Orkney isles; married a minister of the would fain have punished them only by
Scotch church, and is known as the banishment; and Collatinus, in his affecauthoress of the novels, "Discipline," tion for his nephews, was equally dis"Self-Control," and other works. B. posed to be lenient. Brutus, on the con1778; d. 1818.                       trary, determined to show that no rank
BRUSONIUS, L. DOMITIUS, author of  or relationship should avail the enemies
a work entitled "Facetiarum Exemplo- of Roman liberty; and disregarding the
rulmque Libri VII.," but better known  entreaties of the multitude and his own
by the title of " Speculum Mulundi."  feelings as a parent, he sternly sentenced
BRUTO, JoIN MICHAEL, an eminent his sons to death. Collatinus, even.after
traveller and writer of the 16th century; this signal proof of the inflexibility of
author of a "History of Hungary,"l   Brutus, endeavored to save his nephews.
" Critical Annotations on the Works of But the young men were executed, and
Cicero, Horace," &c., and of the " Eiht Collatinus retired from the consulship.
First Books of the History of Florence."  Poplicola Valerils was elected as his
D. 1594.                             successor, and, in conjunction with
BRUTUS, LuCius JUNIUs, one of the  Brutus, proceeded against the Veientes,
most celebrated characters of antiquity, who, with Tarquin and his partisans,
was the son of Marcus Junius, a wealthy  were marching against Rome. The Ropatrician of Rome. The father and bro- man cavalry was commtnded by Brutus,
ther of Lucius Junius were assassinated  while the enemy's cavalry was led on by
by order of their relative, Tarqluin the  Aruns, one of the sons of Tarquin.
Proud; and Lucius Junius owed the These leaders were speedily engaged
preservation of his life to an assumed  hand to haandlnd so great was their
idiotism. So completely did this impose  mutual hate, that each, in his desire to
upon the tyrant, that he not only spared  wound his opponent, neglected to rohis young relative's life, but brought tect himself, and they both fell dead
him up in his own family, where he was upon the field. The conflict ending in
treated as a mere idiot, and surnamed  the victory of the Romans, the body of
Brutus. He bore all contumely with   Brutus was interred with great solemnipatience until the outrage of Sextus Tar- ty, and a statue was erected to his memoquin [see LUCRETIA] afforded him an op- ry. D. 509, B. c.-MARcus JUNIUs, an
portunity to arouse the people against illustrious Roman, and a descendant of
both the king and his sons. Throwin  t the preceding. His mother was the sisoff his pretended want of intellect, and  ter of Cato, and as she had disgraced
displaying an energy the more startling  herself by an intrigue with Julius Coesar,
by contrast with his former manner, he Marcus was by many thought to be his
joined withl Lucretia's husband, Colla- son. He at first sided with Pompey,
tinus; caused the gates to be shut, as- but being' treated with great lenity anld
sembled the- senate, dilated upon the consideration after the battle of Phartyrannies of Tarquin, and caused a de- sali, he attached himself to Cesar, by
cree to be made for banishing the king  whom he was greatly caressed and in-.
and establishing a republic. This great trusted. But the stern republican princhange accordingly took place, and Bn- ciple:of his reputed ancestor, which lie
tus alcd' Collatinus were appointed chief inherited, rendered it impossible for all
magistrates of the commonwealth, with  Casar's kindness to him to reconcile
the title of consuls. Terrible as the him to Cesar's ambition; and he at
tyranny of Tarquin had been, his ex- length  conspired with  Cassius and




220                   CYCLOP'ADIA    OF BIOGRA&PHY.                   LBR
others, and slew him, 89, i. c. Antony  at Queen's college, Cambridge.   In
succeeded in exciting the popular indig- 1790, after the death of the last duke of
nation agrainst the murderers of Caesar, Chanclos, he induced his elder brother,
who fledfirom Rome and raised an army, the Rev. E. T. Brydges, to prefer a claim
of which Brutus and Cassius took the to the barony of' Chandos, the considlcommand; but being totally defeated at eration of which was long procrastithe battle of Philippi, where they en- nated; but at length, in   1803, the
countered the army of Antony, Brutus house of lords decided against its validescaped with only a few friends, passed  ity. On the death of his brother, in
the niight in a cave, and, as he saw his 1807, Sir Egerton  pertinaciously adcause irretrievably ruined, requested  hered to his favorite, though illusory
Strato, one of his confidants, to kill notion of obtaining a coronet, mainhim. For a long time his friend refused, taling that, though defeated by parliabut on hearing Brutus call one of his mentary law, he could, when he pleased,
slaves to perform the fatal office, he ex- assert his rights by common law, while
claimed, "Forbid it, gods, that it should  he regularly added to the signature of
ever be said that Brutus died by the his name-" per legem terrce, B. C. of S."
hand of a slave for Want of a friend!"  -meaning Baron Chandos of Sudely.
and presenting the sword as lie turned  He made several unsuccessful attempts
away his face, the noble Roman fell on  to obtain a seat in parliament, but was
it and expired, 42 s. c., in the 43d year ultimately (1812) returned for Maidof his age.                            stone, which borough he continued to
BRUYERE, JOHNx DE LA, an eminent represent about six years. In 1814 he
French writer; author of "Dialogues was created a baronet; and in 1818,
on Quietism," published after his de- upon the loss of his seat in the house
cease; and of "Theophrastus, translated  of commons, he visited many parts of
from the Greek, with the Manners of the Continent. In 1820 he returned to
the present Age."  Of this admirable  England, for two years, and took up his.and admired work, Voltaire says, "Its  abode at Lee Priory, the seat of Col.
rapid and nervous style struck the pub- Brydges Barrett, his eldest son; at the
lie at once; and the allusions to living  expiration of which time, his affairs bepersons, which abound    through  its  coming inextricably embarrassed, he
pages, completed its success." B. 1644; finally quitted his native land, and red. 1696.                              moved to Geneva, where he remained
BRYAN; MICHAEL, a connoisseur of    in great seclusion until his death. His
paintings, whose judgment was highly literary labors were exceedingly multiesteemed, though he lost large sums by  farious: poetry, romance, politics, genhis own purchases. He was the author ealogical antiquities, and topography,
of a valuable "B Biographical and Critical were the principal; and in many he acDictionary of Painters and Engravers."  quitted himself with considerable skill.
B. 1757; d. 1821.-Sir FRANeIS a distin- His abilities as a genealorist, topograguished soldier and statesman.    He pher, and bibliographer, are attested by
served with great credit against the his " Censura Literaria Restituta," 10
French in the earl of Surrey's expedi- vols.; " Theatrum Poetarum;l  " Stemtion, and subsequently became chief jus- mata  Illustria;"  "British  Bibliogticiary of Ireland. He is chiefly inem- raphy;   Lex Terrae," &c. Besides
orable, however, as a poet; his works these, he published the novels of " Mary
being printed with those of his friends de Clifford," "Arthur Fitz-Albini," and
Wyatt and Lord Surrey. D. 1550.        "The Hall of Hellingsev;" " Imaginary
BRYANT, JACOB, a distinguished an- Biography," 3 vols.; " Recollections of
tiquarian and philologist; aiuthor of an  Foreign Travels," 2 vols.; "The Autoable, though singular "'Analysis of An- biography, Times, Opinions, and Cocient Mythology," published in 3 vols. temporaries of Sir Egerton Biydges,"
4to.; a treatise on the "Truth of Chris- 2 vols.; and numerous others, indetianity," a work in denial of the exist- pendent of contributions to many perience of Troy, and various other publi- odicals on almost every subject. D. 1887.
cations of great erudition and ingenuity.  BRYDONE, PATRICK, a Scotch genB. 1715; d. 1804.                     tieman; author of "'Travels into Sicily
BRYDGES, Sir SAMUEL EGERTON, and Malta," &c. B. 1741; d. 1819.
bart., a gentleman of versatile talents  BRYENNIUS, MANUEL, an early muand eccentric character.  B. 1762, at sical composer; he published, in the
Wootton Court, in Kent, was educated   14th century, a treatise on harmonies,
at the King's school, Canterbury, and  of which a Latin translation, together




BUCJ                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        221
with the compositions of the author. mandcl of an army, he lost the flower of
was published by Dr. Wallis, in 1699.  it in an ill-conducted attack on the Isle
BUACHE, PHLIP, an able French hy- of Rh6, and returned to refit his shatdrographer; author of some valuable tered armament. When lhe was a ain
hydrographical and geographical works. about to sail, he was assassinatedl at
B. 1700; d. 1775.                     Portsmouth, by a lieutenant of the name
BUAT NANCAY, Louis GxABRIEL DU, of Felton, August 23, 1628.-GEORGE
an  eminent French diplomatist and     VILLIERS, duke of, son of the preceding.
writer; author of a "History of the    B. 1627; studied at Cambridge; served
Ancient Nations of Europe," "Maxims the king in the civil wars; had his esof Monarchical Government," &c. B. tates seized by the parliament, which,
1782; d. 1787.                        however, were afterwards restored to
BUC, Sir GEORGE, historian and anti- him; and he eventually became a minquary, was a gentleman of the privy   ister to Charles II., and was one of his
chamlber to James I.; and author of   most profligate courtiers. His political
"The Life of Richarc III.," "The Art conduct was, like his general behavior,
of Revels," &c.                        characterized by unprincipled led ity and
BUCHEI, MARTIN, a friend of Luther  imp rudence; and though his literary
and so eminent a preacher of the re- anl    conversational powers were f:ar
formed faith, that Cranmer, when arch- above mediocrity, yet he was an object
bishop of Canterbury, invited him to   of contempt, and d. unregretted at KirEngland, and he became professor of    by Mooreside, Yorkshire, in 1688.theology at Cambridge. B. 1491; d.1551. ANNE ELIZA, duchess of, daughter and
BUCHAN, STUART ERSEINE, earl of, a heiress of the last cdule of Chandos; b.
nobleman devoted to literary and scien- 1779; married to the marquis of Bulktific pursuits, and founder of the Anti- ingham, then Earl Temple, in 1796.
quarian Society in Scotland. In 1791  Tlroughout life this amiable and accomhe instituted an annual commemoration  plished woman displayed those traits of
at Ednan, the birthplace of Thomson, character which shed the brightest lusin honor of the poet; and on that occa- tre on exalted rank, and hallow the
sion, Burns composed his "Address to  memory. of their possessors. She was
the Shade of the Bard of Ednarm."  D. boundless in her charities; pious, affec1829.-WILTIAM, a native of Scotland, tionate, and sincere; withdrawing from
and author of the well-known "Domes- the " pomps and vanities" of the world,
tic Medicine," &c. B. 1729; d. 1805.   to indulge in the charms of retirement,
BUCHANAN, GEORGE, an emineit -where she could encourage the deservScotch historian and poet.  The few   ing, reform the erring, and minister to
works whiclh Ie wrote in his vernacular the necessities of the distressed. D. at
tongue are greatly acdmired; but his   Stowe, 1836.
famne chiefly rests on his Latin works,  BUCKINGHAMSHIRE, JOHN SHEFwhich are singularly beautiful in their FIELD, duke of, son of the earl of Mulstyle. B. 1506; d. 1582.-CLAUDIUS, a grave. B. 1649; served under Marshal
Scotch divine, chaplain at Bengal, and  Turenne, and took a part in the revoluprofessor and vice-provost of the college  tion of 1668.  He also distinguished
at Fort William.   Of his numerous himself as a poet. Buckinghaml house,
works, the most interesting are "Chris- in St. James's park, since converted
tian Researches in Asia," and a "MeRl- into a royal pcilace, was originally built
oir on the Expediency of an Ecclesias- for him. D. 1720.
tical Establishment in India."  B. 1766;  BUCKINK, ARNOLD, an artist of the
d. 1815.                              15th century, and the firrt who engraved
BUCHOZ, P. JosrEPr, a naturalist and  maps on copper. He illustrated an edibotanist of Metz, who must have been  tion of Ptolemy, which was printed by
one of the most industrious compilers Sweynheilm, of Rome, one of the earliest
that ever lived, his works forming more printers in that country.
than 300 volumes. B. 1737; d. 1807.     BUCKMINSTER, JosEPr, a famous
BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, preacher of Portsmouth, N...  Ie
duke of, the faxvorite of James 1. and  graduated at Yale. college in 1770, and
Charles I., was raised to the highest of- from 1774: to 1778 was a tutor in that
flees in the state, became the dispenser seminary.  He was ordained in 1779.
of all favors and honors, and conducted  After a, ministry of thirty-three years
hinself with so much pride and inso- his healthl beeam  l greatly impaired.  ).
lence, as to excite popular hatred and  1812, aged 60.  It is remarkable, that
disgust. Being intrusted with the com- on the preceding day his eldest son, a
19.q




222                   CYCLOPREDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [nBU
clergyman in Boston, died after a week's Ireland, as one of his clerks, and in that
illness. Although Dr. B. had not heard  country Budgell rose to offices of great
of his sickness, yet he said to his wife trust and profit, and to be a member of
repeatedly a few hours before his own  the Irish parliament.  While filling
death,'Joseph is dead/ " He published  those offices with diligence and honor,
a nu1,1mber of "Sermons,75 and a short he contributed to the "Spectator" and
Sketch of Dr. Mackintosh."-JosEPrI    "Guardian," translafed the "CharacSTEVENS) a preacher of the Brattle-street ters of Theophrastus," and wrote varichurch in Boston.   He graduated at ous pieces in verse. The tide of fortune,
Harvard college in 1800. The next four however, at length turned against him.
years were spent partly iln the family of  He was dismissed from his office of achis relative Theodore Lyman of Walt- comptant and comptroller general of
ham, partly as an assistant in the acad- Ireland, for satirizing thelord-lieutenant,
emy at Exeter, and in the prosecution  who had treated him ill; he lost ~20,000
of theological studies. He was ordained  in the South Sea bubble; he spent
in 1805, and, after a visit to Europe, ~5000 more in vain attempts to obtain
preached for about five years.   Mr. a seat in the house of commons; and at
Buckminster was a very interesting and  last became' involved in lawsuits and
eloquent preacher, and perhaps as pop- embarrassments. The finishing stroke
ular as any one who ever occupied a    was put to his fate, by the setting aside
pulpit in Boston, his hearers appearing, the will of Dr. Matthew Tincdall, in
wherever lie preached, to hang on his which appeared a bequest of 22000 to
lips with delight. In 1808 he published  Budgell. His difficulties, and the disa -"'Collection of Hymns," for the use grace of hlaving a forgery attributed to
of his society, a number of "Reviews"  him, stuncg him to the heart, and he
in the " Monthly Anthology" and other ended his existence by throwintg him
periodicals; "The Right Hand of Fel- self into the Thames, May 4, 1737. BeIowsehip" at the ordination of the Rev. sides the works already mentioned he
C. Lowell; " A Sermon on the Death of  established a periodical called the "Bee,"
Gov. Sullivan," 1809; "On the Death    assisted in the " Craftsman," and wrote
of W. Emerson," 1811; and "An Ad- the " History of Cleomenes," and "Medress before the Phi Beta Kappa So- moirs of the Fanily of the Boyles."
ciety."  D. 1812.                        BUELL, JESSE, a distinguished augoriBUCQUOI, CnHALES BONAVENTURE DE      culturist, who devoted the best part of
LON-GUEVAL, count de, ani eminent gen- his life to the diffusion of knowledge in
eral, b. 1551, entered early into the his favorite branch of practical science.
Spanish service, and   signalized  his In the year 1818 he established the
valor in the Low Countries. In 1620, " Albaniy Argus," a -political paper,
in conjunction with the duke of Bava- which he edited till 1821. HIe was for
ia, lihe entirely defeated the Protestant several years a member of the New
army near Prague; but he stained his   York legislature, and once a candidate
laurels by his subsequent cruelties. for governor. But he was best known
After having reduced Moravia, lie was as the editor of "The Cultivator,"
killed, in 1621, at the siege of Neu- which attained a large circulation among
hausel.                               farmers and others interested in agriBUDE, or BUDzEUS, WILLIAM, b. at culture. B. 1787; d. 1809.
Paris, 1467, where he d. 1540, spent a   BUFFIER, CLAUDE, a Jesuit, b. in
youth of dissipation, but at length ap- Poland, of French parents, 1661, studied
plied himself so closely to study, that at the college of Rouen, where he afterhis classical taquirements gained for wards held the situation of theological
hium the title of the Prodigy of France. professor. Buffier was emaployed il the
He was employed on embassies by Louis  "M1  moires de Trevoux," tand likewise
XII. and Francis I., to the latter of  produced a great number of theological,
whom he was secretary and librarian. metaphysical, biographical], and geoBud6 translated some treatises from   graphical works. Several of them were
Plutarch, and wrote several works, the  collected in a folio volume, with the
chief of which are, his "Tractatus de. title of a "Course of Sciences on new
Asse,"  and   " Commentarii Linguae and simple Principles."   Though someGrecae.".      times superficial, he is, on the whole, an
BUDGELL, EUSTACE, b. at St. Thomas, elegant alnd instructixve writer. D. 1737.
near Exeter, about 1685, and educated    BUFFON, G.EORGE Louis LS CLErC,
at Christ-church, Oxford.   Addison, count de, the "Pliny of France," was
who was related to him, took him to    the son of a counsellor of the parliament




BUL]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,                        223
of Dijon, and was b. September 7- 1707,.BULLER, CHAMLES, a politician: of
at Montbard, in Burgundy. He studied   rare promise, b. at Calcutta, 1806, rethe law tat Dijon, but never practised it; ceiled his education partly at Harrow,
his inclinations lecding him to math- Edinburgh, and cambiidge, and from
meaitical and physical science, and Eu- an early age gave promise of more than
clid being his constant pocket co- ordinary abilities. In his 24th year he
panion.   After having trivelled into  entered parliament on the eve of the
Italy and England, he succeeded to his reform bill for the borough of West
paternal estate at Montbard, between   Looe, which belonged to his imfiily. He
which and Paris his time was spent. voted for the bill. On all questions that
In 1739 he was appointed keeper of the  came before parliament he took an active
royal garden and cabinet at Paris, the  part; and on many occasions his opintreasures of which he greatly increased, ions were fla in advance of the whic
His patent of nobility he obtained in  party, with whom he subsequently took
1771.  Ie was also a member of the     office. In 1838 lhe accompanied Lord
French Academy, and of the Academy    Durham to Canada as his private secre
of Sciences. Buffon d. April 16, 1788. tary; and in this capacity drew up the
As a man, he was fond of dress and     masterly report upon the affairs of that
display, lax in his morals, and immeas- colony, which is considered as one of
urably vain.   Newton, Bacon, Leib- the most effective state papers of the
nitz, Montesquieu, and himself, were   age. In 1841 he was appointed secrcthe only persons whom he would allow   tay to the Board of Control, an office
to be great geniuses! His first literary  however, which le reliqnquished in 1842,
works vere, ";Translations of Hale's on the formation of the Peel ministry.
Vegetable Statics,"  and  " Newton',- In 1846, on the formation of the whig
Fluxions."  But for his fame lie is in- cabinet, he was appointed judge advodebtecd to his " Natural History," in 36 cate; in Nxovember of the same year he
volumes, which has been naturalized    was nominated a queen's counsel, sworn
in almost every European language.     of the privy council in July, 1849, and
Though always sinmletlodical, tlougtlh  in November exchanged the easy office
often inaccurate, and though full of the  of judge advocate for the onerous duties
wildest theories, it is unidoubtedly an  of chief commissioner of the poor lavs,
astonishing work, whether we consider an office which he held till his death.
the extent of its information, the spirit Besides discharging faithfully his official
of its cescriptions; or the eloquence of  duties, he found leisure for literary purits style.                             suits, andc many able articles in the
BUGEAUD, MARSHAL, dulke of Isly,     "Globe" and the " Edinburgh Review"
a distinguished French soldier, b. at emancated friom his versatile pen.  D.
Limoges, 1784, served under Napoleon   1848.
at Austerlitz, and was made field-      BULLET, PETER, an eminent French
marshal for gaining a victory over the architect of the 17th century. He conMoors in 1844. D. 1849.               structed tie church of St. Thomas AquiBUGGE, Chevalier TrHOMa..s, an cmi- nas, and many other splendid edifices
nent Danish astronomer; greatly cdis- in Paris, and wrote some good architinguished by his trigonometrical survey  tectural wrorks.
of the island of Zealand.  His other    BULLIALDUS, IS'MAEL, a French aschief works are a treatise on "Math- tronomer and mathematician, author of
ematics," and "An Account of the       " Philolaus; a Dissertation on the True
state of the Arts and Sciences, &c., in  System of the World," "Tabull   PhiFrance, at the close of the Revolution." lolaie 1," &c, B. 1605; d. 1694.
B. 1740; d. 1815.                      BUILIARD, PIERRE, a French botaBULL, JOHN, doctor of music, was nist, author of "Dictionnaire Elemenchamber musician to James I.     His taire Botanique,"    "Herbier   de  la
compositions were very numerous  the  France," &c.    Ie designed and enaational anthem of " God save the Kingl.' graved his oi wn plates. B. 1742; d. 1793,
being among them.    The time of hiis   BULLINGER, HENRY, a Swiss pastoi
death is uncertain, but he was alive at of the reformed-church, and the intithe commencement of the year 1622.-    mate friend of Zuinglius, whom lie sucGEORGE, bishop of St. David's, a learned  ceeded as pastor of Zurich. His wriprelate, and a very industrious and able tings were very numerous, but being
theological writer, author of "Harmonia almost entirely controversial, they are
Apostolica," "Defensio Fidei Nicense,"  now little regarded. B. 1504; d. 1575.
&c. B. 1634; d. 1709.                   BULOW, FREDERIC WILLIAM, count




224                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BUf
con Dennewitz, a gallant Prussian gen- grand funeral anthem for the duke of
eral, whose services were most essential Marlborough. He is supposed to have
to his country on many perilous occa- d. at Venice about the middle of the 18th
sions. lie was acti. ely engaged against century.
the French at the earliest periods of the  BUPALUS, a famous sculptor of the
late war, and, in 1808, was made a gen- isle of Chios in the 6th century B. C.
eral of brigade. His memorable vie- He is said to have hanged himself in
tories, in 1813, at Mockern, Luckau, vexation at a satire written upon him by
Grosbeeren, and Dennewitz, were re- Hipponax, a poet, whose leanness he hlad
warded by promotion and a title. He caricatured in a statue.
afterwards distin guished himself in    BURCHAID, orBROCARDUS, bishWestphalia, Holland, Belgium, &c.; op of Worms, in the llth century. Asand, as commander of the fourth di- sisted by the abbot Albert, lie compiled
vision of the allied army, he coentributed  the famous collection of canons, in 20
essentially to the victorious close of the  books, entitled " Magna Decretoruim,
battle of Waterloo. B. 1755; d. 1816.-  seu Canonum Volunmen.    D. 1026.
Baron HENRY VON, distinguished in the   BURCIIARD, JOHN, a native of Gerannals of diplomacy, b. 1790, at Meck- many; master of ceremonies to the
lehburgh Schwerin.   In 1826 lie was pope, and, subsequently, bishop of Citappointed ambassador of Prussia at the ta di Castello; author of a journal or
court of St. James's; and to his talents  diary of Pope Alexander VI., the MS. ot
were due several of the most important which, with a continuation by some
treaties which allayed the warlike spirit other hand, is in the Chigi Library at
of the times,  Here lie remained till Rome. D. 1505.
18-11, when he was nominated minister, BUECHIELLO, an Italian poet, whose
of foreign affairs at Berlin; but the crisis real name was Dominico, was b. at
of affairs in Prussia proved too much  Florence, in 1380, and d. at Rome, 1448.
for his exhausted energies, and the Burchielllo was a barber, and his shop
overstraining of his intellect., in his at- was the resort of all the wits of the city.
tempt to guide the vessel of the state, Such celebrity did this humble abode
produced a.mental alienation, under obtain, that the representation of it was
which lie succumbed in 1846.           painted in the Medicis gallery. With
BUNYAN, JOHN, the celebrated au-' much wit and elegance, his poems are
thor of "The Pilgrim's Progress," &c., in style the most eccentric, and often unwas the son of a travelling tinker, and  intelligible, that can be imagined.
for a time followed his father's occupa-  BURCKIIAlDT, JOHN LEWIS, a Swiss
tion. Mean, however, as was his origin, gentleman, who proposed to the English
and dissipated as his early habits con- association for exploring Africa to be
fessedly were, it appears that he aban- their missionary. He was unfortunatedoned the latter, and attached himself ly carried off by dysentery while waitto the Anabaptists, among whom    he ing fort he caravan with which he was
soon became distinguished as a preacher. to go to Timbuctoo. Ilis papers were
Being imprisoned for contravening the  sent to England, and from them have
laws against dissenters, he employed the been published his " Travels in Nubia,"
twelve years of his confinement in wri- and "Travels in Syria and the Holy
ting the most popular allegory in our Land."    B. 1784; d. 1816. —JolN
languge, "' The Pilgrim's Progress."   CIARLES, a learned German astronomer:
He was at length released through the author of " Tables de la Lune," &c.;
interposition of the bishop of Lincoln, and of a German translation of La
a.nd resumined his ministry a.t Bedford. Place's "La Mecanique Celeste."  B.
B. 1628; d. 1688.                     1773; d. 1825.
BUONO, a Venetian architect of the    BURDER, GoaRGE, an eminent dis12th century, who erected the well- senting minister; author of "' Evanknown tower of St. Mark at Venice, a gelical Truth Defended," &c., and one
campanile or bell-tower at Arezzo, and  of the editors of the " Evangelical Magaseveral other grand edifices. He is de- zine."  D. 1832.
servedly reckoned among the earliest im-  BURDETT, Sir FRANCIS, bart., 1,11
provers of modern architecture.       aristocrat by birth and fortune, but for
BUONONCINI, GIOVANNI BAPTISTI, a    a long series of years one of the most
celebrated Italian composer, and one of popular mnembers of the British parliaHandel's most powerful rivals in En- ment, was b. in 1770, and received his
gland. Besides operas, lie composed   education at Westminster school and
various cantatas and sonatas, and the  Oxford university. On returning from




SU:R]                 CYCLOPFEDIA OF BI9GRAPHY.                        225
a continental tour, during which he had  " Life and Character of Bonaparte." &c.
ample opportunities of witnessing the D. 1818.
progress of the French revolution, he   BURGER, GODFRnY AUGUSTUs, a celewas evidently imbued with some por- brated German poet, was b. January 1st,
tion of its spirit, which was in no small 1748, at Wolmerswende, near Halberdegree fostered and encouraged by his  stadt, where his father was a preacher,
friend and instructor, the celebrated  and d. June 18th, 1794, at Gottingen.
John Horne Tooke, the well-known au- He learned Latin with difficulty. In
thor of the "Diversions of Purley," of 1764 he studied theology at the univerwhom, indeed, Sir Francis may fairly  sity of Halle, and in 1768 he went to
be considered the elieve. In 1793 he  Gottingen, in order to exchange theology
married the youngest daughter of Tho*- forlaw, but soon formed connections here
mas Coltts, esq., the wealthy banker, equally disadvantag'eous to his studies
with whom he received a large fortune  and his morals, so that his grandfather,
and in four years afterwards, on the who had hitherto maintained him, withdeath of his grandfather, succeeded to  drew his support from him. The friendthe baronetcy. In 1767 he was returned  ship of several distinguished young men
to parliament; and he soon distinguish- at the university was now of great Sered himself by his resolute hostility to  vice to him. In union with his friends
the measures of government.   Ilis op- he studied the ancient classics and the
position to ministers was so formida- best works in French, Italian, Spanish,
ble and unceasing that, in 1810, having  and English, particularly Shakspeare,
addressed a letter to his constituents, in  anid the old English and Scottish ballads.
which he declared that the house of Percy's Relics was his constant compancommons had exercised their power il- ion. His poems soon attracted attention.
legally by committing John Gale Jones In 1772 he obtained, by the influence of
to prison, the publication of this letter Bole, the small office of bailey in Alten
was deemed a gross breach of privilege, Gleichen, and, by a reconciliation with
and the speaker was directed to issue his his grandfather, a sum for the payment
warrant for the apprehension and coin- of his debts, which he unfortunately
mnitment of Sir Francis Burdcett to the  lost, and during the rest of his life, was
Tower. He refused to surrender, and   involved in pecuniary difficulties. In
barricaded his house; whereupon, after 1774 he married the daughter of a neigha lapse of two days, the sergeant-at- boring bailey, named Leonhardt, but his
arms, accompanied' by police officers and  marriage was unfortunate. He conceived
a military force, succeeded in breaking  a violent passion for the sister of his
in, and conveyed him to the T6wer. On  wife, and married her, in 1784, soon afthe return of the military the infuriated  ter his first wife's death. She also, his
mob attacked them, and in their defence  celebrated Molly, died in the first year of
they shot one man and wounded several their marriage. At the same time he
others. He afterwards brought an ac- lost his little property by imprudent
tion against the speaker, &c., but was, management, and was obliged, by inof course, unsuccessful.  In the year trigues, to resign his place. He was
1819 he was prosecuted by the attorney- made professor extraordinary in Gottingeneral for addressing a letter to his gen, but received no salary, and this
constituents, strongly animadverting on  favorite poet of the nation was obliged
the proceedings of the magistrates and  to gain a living for himself and his chilyeomanra at the memorable meeting of dren by poorly rewarded translations for
the people at Manchester. The letter booksellers. A third marriage, in 1790,
was pronounced a libel, and lie was sen- with a young lady of Suabia, who had
tenced to three months' imprisonment publicly offered him her hand in a poem,
in the King's Bench, and to pay a fine of completed his misfortunes; he was di10001. Sir Francis Burdett was always vorced from her two years afterwards.
a loud and zealous advocate for parlia- The government of Hanover afforded
mentary reform. D. 1844, aged 74.-     him some assistance shortly before his
Lady BURDETT, who had for many years  death, which took place in June, 1794,
suffered greatly in her health, d. the and was occasioned by a complaint of
same month.                           the lungs. In the midst of these misforBURDON, WILLIAM, an able English    tunes and obstacles it is astonishing how
writer; author of "Materials for Think- much he did. lIe has left us songs,
ing," of which Colton largely availed  odes, elegies, ballads, narrative poems,
himself in his "Lacon;" "Thoughts     and epigrams. Burger is a poet of more
on Polities, Morality, and Literature,"  strong than comprehensive imagination;,




226                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BUl
of more honest and plain than delicate the army, and in 1762, displayed much
feelings; his execution is more remark- talent and enterprise, in command of a
able than his conception.            party of troops in Portugal.  In the
BURGESS, DANIEL, a dissenting      American war, he led the army which
preacher, very popular in his day on ac- was to penetrate from Canada into the
count of his quaint and familiar style of revolted provinces. At first he was sucpulpit oratory, of which a single speci- cessful; but insuperable obstacles thickmen will suffice. " If," said he, on one ening round him, he was ultimately
occasion, "any among you want a cheap  compelled to surrender at Saratoga.
suit, he must go to Monmouth-street; Disgusted by the conduct of the minisif a suit for life, he will go to the Court try after his return, he resigned all his
of Chancery; but if you want an eternal employments. Burgoyne wrote the drasuit, you must go to Christ, and put on  mas of the " Heiress," the "Maid of the
his robe ofrighteousness."  B. 1645; d. Oaks," the "Lord of the Manor," and
1713.-THOMAS, bishop of Salisbury, b. " Richard Cceur de Lion " some paihph1756, at Odiham, in Hampshire, where lets in his own defence; and a "'Probahis father carried on business as a grocer. tionarv Ode."  D. 1792.
was educated at Winchester, obtained a  BURIDAN, JOHN, a native of Be
scholarship at Corpus Christi college, thune, in Flanders, b. in the 14th cenOxford, in 1775; and, by his talents and  try, a nominalist philosopher, was recdiligence, in a short period became logic tor of the university of Paris; and has,
reader and tutor of the college. He had  but erroneously, been deemed the founby this time distinguished himself as a der of the university of Vienna. He
scholar of very considerable pretensions, is believed to have died about 1358.
bythe publication ofseveral able works; His memory has been perpetuated by
and he found a patron in Dr. Shute his dilemma of the ass between two
Barrington, who collated him, in 1787, bundles of hay, which he used to illusto the prebend of Wilsford and Wood- trate the doctrine of free will, and which
ford, in Salisbury cathedral, and after- has grown into a proverb.
wards preferred him to a prebendal stall  BURIGNY, JOHN LEVESQUE, a French
at Durham.    Among his numerous writer, member of the Academy of Inworks are editions of " Burton's Penta- scriptions. He wrote histories of Pagan
logia," and " Dawes's Miscellanea Criti- Philosophy; Sicily; and the Constantica," "Considerations on the Abolition  nopolitan Empire; lives of Grotius,
of Slavery," an " Essay on the Study of Erasmus, Bossuet, and Cardinal de PerAntiquities," "First Principles of Chris- ron; a treatise on the Papal Authority;
tian Knowledge," " Reflections on the and numerous other productions. B. at
Controversial Writings of Dr. Priest- Rheims, 1691; d. at Paris, 1785.
ley," "Emendationes in Suida met He-   BURKE, EDMUND, a celebrated statessychium etalios Lexicographos Grwecos,"  man. B. at Carlow, in Ireland, Jan. 1st,
4 vols.; "The Bible, and Nothing but 1730; was educated at Dublin, where,
the Bible, the Religion of the Church of after three years' residence, he took his
England;" with many others, theologi- bachelor's degree, 1749. He afterwards
cal, classical, and political. Bishop Bur- applied for the logic professorship at
gess was mainly instrumental in lound- Glasgow, and when his solicitations were
ing the Royal Society of Literature, of unsuccessful, he came to London, and
which, in 1821, he became the first pres- in 1753 entered at the Middle Temple.
ident; but in 1832, on account of his But though possessed of great powers
loss of sight, and other infirmities, he  of elocution, he paid no serious attention
resigned the office in favor of the late to the law, considering literature and
Lord Dover. D. 183;7.                politics as the fields most favorable for
BURGH, JAMES, the able author of the the exertion of his genius. His first ac"Dignity of Human Nature," &c., was knowledged work, which was published
a native of Scotland, and educated at anonymously, was his "Vindication of
St. Andrew's. Though brought up to a Natural Society," an admirable imitation
trade, he afterwards filled several situa- of Lord Bolingbroke's style and manner
tions, more or less connected with liter- of reasoning, which deceived even some
ature, and for the last.20 years of his of the best judges. This was followed,
life was master of an academy at Stoke  in 1757, by his "Essay on the Sublime
Newington. B. 1714; d. 1775.         and Beautiful." In 1758 Dodsley began
BURGOYNE, JOHN, a lieutenant-gen- athis suggestion, the " Annual Register,"
eral of the British army, was a natural which owed much of its celebrity to his
son of Lord Bingley; entered early into  pen. In 1761. he visited Ireland, as a




BU3RJ                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       227
companion of his friend, Singlespeech  horrent of meanness and injustice. It
Hamiltonl by:whose interest he procured  was this latter quality which rendered
a pension of ~300 on the Irish estab- him a persevering advocate of the Irish
lishment, and on his return he was in-  Catholics. As an orator heranks among
troduced byMr. Fitzherbert to the notice  the first of modern times; and as s
of Lord Rockingham, first lord of the  writer, whether we consider the splen 
treasury, who mnade him his secretary, dor of his diction, the richness and vaand had him returned to parliament for riety of his imagery, or the boundless
Wendover. In 1774, without any soli- stores of knowledge which he displays,
citation on his part, he was elected for it must be acknowledged that there are
Bristol; but this seat he lost at the next fe.w who equal, and none who transcend
election, in his having displayed too  him.-AEDANUs, a judge of the court of
mnch liberality of principle, with respect chancery in South Carolina, was a native
to the Catholics and to Ireland. He sub- of Galway, in Ireland. At the beginning
sequently sat for Malton. In the mean  of the revolution he came a a volunteer,
while he gave to the public his "Ob- to fight for American liberty. In 1778
servations on Grenville's State of the  le was appointed a judge of the supreme
Nation;" a "Short Account of a late court. In 1789 he was a delegate in
short Administration;" "Thoughts on    congress.  D. 1802, aged 59.- JoaN
the Causes of the present Discontents;"  DOLY, author'of a history of Virginiai
and his speeches on American affairs. was a native of Ireland, and educated at
To the impolitic contest with America Trinity college. Coming to America in
he made a strenuous and eloquent re- 1797, he conducted for a short tie a
sistance as a senator. On the downfall paper at Boston, and afterwards at New
of Lord North's ministry, Burke obtain- York, where lie was arrested under the
ed the office of paymaster-general, and  sedition law. He was killed in a duel
a seat in the council; and he availed  in 1808. Ie published a history of Virhimself of this opportunitv to carry his ginia from its first settlement to 1804, in
celebrated reform bill, whicil he had pre- 3 vols.  He published also "Bunker
viously brought forwvard in vain. The Iill," a tragedy; "Bethleln Gabor," an
expulsion of thle coalition ministry of  historical drama, 1803; and an oration
course ceprived him of his office. The  delivered March 4, 1808.
prosecution of Mri. Ilastings, and the   BURKITT WILLIAM, an English diopposition to Mr. Pitt's regency bill, vine; author of a "Practical Exposition
were among his next and greatest par- of the New Testament," which has gone
liamentary efforts. Though the former through many editions.    B. 1650; d.
of these lhas drawn down upon him      1703.
much censure, and even calumny, there    BURLAMAQUI, JOHN JAMES, an ilcan be no doubt that he undertook it as lustrious civilian, b. at Geneva, 1694,
a sacred and imperative duty. This is was afterwards professor of civil law
irrefragably proved by his recently pub- there. In his "Principles of Natural
lished letters to Dr. Lawrence. "When  Law," written in French, he is suppothe French revolution took place, he sed to have incorporated all the best
early foresaw the result, and, in 1790, things from  Grotins, Puffendorf, and
he produced his celebrated "Reflections"  their commentator Barbeyrac. lie pubon that event. A breach between him   lished, some time after, the "Principles
and Mr. Fox was also occasioned by their of Political Law," which were written
difference of opinion on this important in the same language, and equally well
subject. In 1794 he retired from parlia- receivert. D. 1748.
ment, and a pension of 1200 a year was   BURLEIGH, WILLIAM      CECIL, lord
bestowed on him by the government. high treasurer of England in the reign
From the time when his "Reflections"   of Elizabeth. He was patronized by the
were published, till his decease, his lit- Protector Somerset, in Edward VI.'s
erary hostility to the doctrines of revo- reign, and made a privy councillor; and!utionarv France was continued with    when Elizabeth came to the throne, his
unabateAd vicor. The last work vwhich  political sagacity and the devotion he
he gave to the press was " Two Letters showed to his sovereign earned for him
on a Regicide Peace:" the concluding   the highest honors. His state policy has
two were posthumous.    D. July 8th    been admitted on all hands, but it
1797. I-is compositions have been col- squared little with humanity, as may be
lected in 16 volumes octavo. In private  gathered from the prosecutions which he
life Bunrke was amiable and benevolent; encouraged against the unfortunate Main public, indefatigable, ardent, and ab- ry, queen of Scots. B. 1520; d. 1598..




2283                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBUR
BURMAN, PETER, an eminent critic, of the 39 Articles of the Church of Enb. at Utrecht, 1668, was professor of his- gland;" and after his death, which haptory, eloquence, and Greek, first at pened March, 1714-15, his "History of
Utrecht, and afterwards at Leyden. He his Own Times, with his Life annexed,"
subsequently became professor of his- was published by his son, Thomas Burtory and chief librarian to the United  net, afterwards Sir Thomas.-WILLIar,
Provinces. Besides publishing valuable eldest son of the foregoing, was suceditions of many of the Ilaatin classics, and  cessively governor of the colonies of
an edition of Buchanan's work, he wrote  New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts,
Latin poems, and various critical and  and New Hampshire.     He landed at
philological dissertations,discourses, and  Boston, July, 1728, and was immediateepistles.-JOHN, a physician and botan- ly involved in provincial disputes. Ho
ist, the pupil of Boerhaave, and nephew  was a man of learning, and published
of the celebrated critic. He was profes- several works on theological and sciensor of botany at Amsterdam. Burman, tific subjects. B. 1688; d. 1729.-ELIZamong other things, published a " Cata- BETH, third wife of Bishop Burnet, was
logue o'Ceylonian Plants,"iinwhich Lin- the daughter of Sir Richard Blake,
nseus assisted him; and "Descriptions knight. At the age of 18 she married
of rare African and American Plants;"  Robert Berkeley, esq., with  whom
and  translated  into  Inatin'" Itum- she went to reside in Holland till the
phius's Herbal of Amboyna."  B. 1707; revolution, and after being a widow
d. 1780.-PETER, brother of the bota- seven years, she, in 1700, married the
nist, b. at Amsterdam, 1714, was brought bishop  of Salisbury.  The  fortune
up by his uncle, whomn le assisted in  which she possessed was employed to
his critical labors, and of whom he was the most benevolent purposes, aiid the
no unworthy rival in erudition.   He goodness of her heart was displayed in
was professor of eloquence at Franeker, her maternal attention to the children
and afterwards, professor of poetry, li- of her last husband.  She published a
brarian, and keeper of the gymnasium, method of devotion, a book of merit,
at Amsterdam, where he d. of an apo- which showed her great knowledge
plexy in 1778. He wrote a volume of of religion, and which was again reLatin poems, and edited Aristophanes, printed four years after her death. B.
Claudius, Propertius, and other classical 1661; d. 1709.-TmOMAS, a philosopher
writers. Like his uncle, he was irasci- and divine, b. at Croft, in Yorkshire,
ble, and was frequently engaged in vio- about 1635, was educated at Cambridge,
lent literary quarrels.               was appointed master of the CharterBURN, hIoHAxRD, a native of Kirkby  house, in 1685, and became chaplain and
Stephen, in Westmoreland, was edu- clerk of the closet to King William. As
cated at Oxford, and became vicar of master of the Charter-house, he distinOrton, in his n'ative county, a magistrate, guished himself by boldly resisting the
and chancellor of Carlisle. He is the  attempts of James II. to make a Roman
author of the useful book known as    CatholTo a pensioner of the establish"Burn's Justice " a similar work on   ment. As a literary character, he acEcclesiastical Law; a "History of the  quired reputation by various works of
Poor Laws;" and, in conjuiction with  merit, but particularly by his " Telluris
Nicholson, a " History of Westmoreland  Sacra Theorie," which lie subsequently
and Cumberland."   D. 1789.           translated into English, with the title of
BURNES, Sir ALEXANDER, a lieuten- the "Sacred Theory of the Earth," and
ant-colonel of the British army in In- which, though its philosophy is radically
dia, who filled several important of- defective, will alwhvays be admired, for
fices at Cabool, where he, with his the sublimity of its imagery and the elobrother Charles and several others, were  quence of its style. D. 1715.
assassinated in 1841.                   BURNETT, JAMES, Lord MONBODDO,
BURNET, GILBERT, bishop of Salis- a distinguished Scotch judge; author
bury, b. at Edinburgh, 1643, was a very  of a " l)issertation on the Origin of Lanzealous promoter of the revolution    guage," &c. Though both learned and
which finally placed the present family  acute, he exposed himself to much and
on the English throne. As a writer, he merited ridicule by asserting the existis distinguished by his "History of the  ence of mermaids and satyrs, and by
Reformation," published between 1679  other ridiculous theories, particularly
and 16P1 and for which he had the his whimsical speculations relative to a
thanks of both houses of parliament. supposed affinity between the human
In 1699 lihe published his "Exposition  race and ne monkey tribe. B. 1714;




B3Uit]J                CCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                         229
d. 1779.-G-EOLCSE, a modern English au- quirements were first disp layed in his
thor of some talent and more industry. criticisms in the "MonthlyReeview." He
HIe wrote I" Letters on the State of Po- published an "Appendix to Scapula;"
landcl, andc the " Introduction to Mavor's  an edition of the " Choral Odes of JEsUniversal History;" he also edited vari- chylus;" and other erudite works. His
ous publications, but d. in penury, 1811. valuable library was purchased for the
-GILBiERT THOMAS, a lineal descendant British Museum.     D. 1817.-JAMES, a
of the celebrated Bishop Burnet, having  son of the historian of music, b. 1739,
received a classical and scientific educa- accompanied Captain Cook in two of his
tion, studied with success under medi- voyages; was much beloved by Johncal and anatomical professors; and ulti- son; became a rear-admiral, and dismately became the professor of medical played a respectable portion of the literbotany at King's college, London. He   ary talent of his family, in a "History
had for some time previously lectured  of Voyages of Discovery,"' 5 vols. 4to;
upon his favorite study at the'Hunterian  an 11" Account of the Russian Eastern
theatre in Windmill-street, and to which  Voyages;"  and  some  philosophical
he owed his appointment to the honor- tracts. D. of apoplexy, 1820.-WILLIAM,
ary professorship to the Medico-Botani- master of the royal academy, Gosport;
cal Society, before his election to the  a school whete many distinguished naval
chair at King's college. B. 1800; d. and military officers have been educated.
1835.                                  He was the author of " Lives of the NaBURNEY, CHARL.ES, a doctor of music   val Heroes of Great Britain," &c. B.
and literary character of some note, was  1762; d. 1832.
b. at Shrewsbury, in 1726, and studied   BURR, AARON, president of the colmusic under Dr. Arne. In 174:9 he pro- lege of New Jersey; eminent as an able
duced at Drury-lane, the musical pieces  and learned divine, and an accomplished
of "Alfred," "Robin Hood," and l  Queen  scholar; in 1748 was unanimously elected
Mab."   He then settled at Lynn, where  president of the college which lie was
he resided nine years, during which    instrumental in founding, as successor
period he was employed on his " Gener- to Mr. Dickinson. The college was real History of Music," the first volume of  moved about this time from Elizabethwhich however lie did not give to the  town to!Newark, and in 1757, a short
press till 1776. In 1760 he returned to  time before the death of Mr. Burr, to
the capital, and in 1766 brought out, at Princeton. In 1754 he accompanied Mr.
Drury-lane, an English version of the   Whitefield to Boston, having a high
" Devin du Village." In 1770 and 1772 he  esteem for the character of that eloquent
travelled through France and Italy, and  itinerant preacher. Mr. Burr published
Germany and tihe Netherlands; of which  a treatise entitled "The Supreme Deity
tours he published interesting narra- of our Lord Jesus Christ," maintained
tives.  He became a inember of the     in a letter to the dedicator of Mr. EmRoyal Society aftter his second return, lyn's inquiry; reprinted at Boston in
anCd contributed to their transactions an  1791. HIe published also a " Fast Seraccount of young Crotch. Besides the mon" on account of the encroachments
productions already   menitioned, and   of the French, January 1, 1758; "The
many musical compositions, he pro- Watchman's Answer to the Question,
duced several works, one of the chief  Whfat of the Nigoht?" a sermon, 1756;
of which is a "Life of Metastasio," in  a funeral sermon on Governor Belcher,
three volumes.    D. 1814.- CHARLES, 1757.     B. 1714; d. 1757.-JosrEPH, a
second son of the preceding, was b. at philanthropist, of Manchester, Vermont,
Lynn, in 1757, and educated at the Char- who gave in his will over $90,000 to
ter-house, Caius college, Cambridge, and  public institutions. D. 1828.-AARON,
Aberdeen. After having been an assist- third vice-president of the United States.
ant to an academy at Higha'ate, and    B. at Newark, New Jersey, February 6,
afterwards to Dr. Rose, of Chiswick, 1756, was the son of the Rev. Aaron
whose daughter he married, he estab- Burr. His mother was the daughter of
lished a school at Harnmersmith, which  the celebrated Rev. Jonathan Edwards.
at a subsequent period he removedl to  He was graduated at the college in PennGreenwich. He obtained the livingos of  sylvania, 1772, at the age of 1i; in 1775,
Deptford and of Cliffc, and a prebend  in his 20th year, he joined the American
at Lincoln, and was appointed one of   army, under Washington, at Cambridge;
the king's chaplains. Dr. Burney was    accompanied General Arnold as a prione of the most consummate Greek I vate soldier in his expedition against
acholars in Europe.   His classical ac-  Quebec; after his arrival there, he acted




220                   CYCLOPmEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BURs
as an aid-de-camp to General Mont- improve a taste for poetry and romantic
gomery; and on his return, in 1776, fiction; which was, perhaps, first inGeneral Washington invited him to join  spired by the chimney-cornler tales of
his family at head-quarters. Some cir- an old woman in his father's ftamily,
cumnstance soon took place, which has whose memory was plentifully storod
not been fully explained, by which Burr with adventures of fairies. witches, war
lost the confidence of Washington;'and  locks, ghosts, and goblins, which she
the hostility of the former to the latter religiously believed, and therefore d(;from  that time was undisguised. In   tailed with tile most impressive effect to
1777 Burr was appointed lieutenant- her admiring auditors.     Burns's first
colonel, and distinguished himself as poetical effusions were proinpted by
an able and brave ollicer; but in March, love, a passion of which he was pecu1779, he was, on account of the state of  liarly susceptible.  Ilaving begtn, he
his health, compelled to resign his office, continued to omake verses, which aitand retire from military life. He then  tracted the notice of his neighbors, eand
devoted himself to the study of law; gained him considerable reputation. In
commenced practice at Albany, in 1782, 1781 lihe engaged in business as a flaxbut soon removed to the city of New    dresser, in the town of Irvine; but his
York; he became distinguished in.his premises were destroyed by fire, and he
profession; was appointed  attorney- was obliged to relinquish the undcertageneral of the state of New York in   king. His faither dying, he took a small
1789; from 1791 to 1797 he was a memn- ftrm  in conjunction with a youneger
ber of the United States senate, and   brother; and this scheme also proved
bore a conspicuous part as a leader of  unsuccessful.  In the mean time, lihe
the republican party. At the election  had formed a connection with a young
of president of the United States for the woman, whom, on her becomiln preofourth presidential term, Thomas Jeffer- nant, lie wouldl have married; bhut his
son and Aaron Burr had each 73 votes, ruined circumstances induced her friends
and the choice was decided by congress, to object to it. Thus unsuccessful at
on the 36th ballot, in ixvor of Jefferson  home, he engraged himself as assistant
for president, and Burr for vice-presi-  overseer to a plantation in Jamaica. To
dent. On the 12th of July, 1804, Colonel obtain the funds necessary for the voyBurr gave Alexander lHamilton, long his age, he was induced to publish, by subprofessional rival and political opponent, scription, a volume of hIis poetical effua mortalwound in a duel. He soon after sions.  It was accordingly printed at
conceived the project of invading Mexi- Kilniarnock in 1786, and Burns, having
co; for which he was at length appre- derived from the publication the assisthended and brought to liclhmond, in   ance he expected, was about to set sail
August, 1807, on a charge of treason, from his native land, when his purpose
and, after a long trial, acquitted. He was prevented by the communication
afterwards returned to the city of New  of a letter from Doctor Blacklock to a
York, practised law to some extent, but friend of the Ayrshire poet, recompassed the remainder of his life in corn- mending that lie should visit Edinp arative obscurity and neglect. D. at burgh, in order to take advantage of the
Staten Island, New York, September general admiration his poems had ex14th, 1836.                            cited, and publish a new edition of
BURNS, ROBERT, the greatest of Scot- them. This advice was eagerly adopted,
tish poets, was the son of Wm. Burns, and the result exceeded his most sana gardener and smnall farmer, near the guine expectations.  After remaining
town of Ayr, and was b. January 25th, more than a year in the Scottish me1750.  He was brought up to rustic tropolis, admired, flattered, and caressed
labor; but his education was not neg- by persons of eminence for their rank,
lected, as he received, at an early age, fortune, or talents, he retired to the
instructions in English grammar, by a country with the sum of ~500, which
Mr. Murdock, to which he addedl an ac- he had realized by the second publicaquaintance with the French language   tion of his poems. A part of this sumn
and practical mathematics.   Smitten  he advanced to his brother, and with
with a passion for reading, he devoted  the remainder, took a considerable farm
every moment he could spare to the near Dumfries, and at the sanme time
perusal of such books as fell in his way, procured the office of an exciseman.
and, among them, meeting with the lHe now also completed his matrimonial
works of some of the best English      engagement with Miss Armour, the
poets, he was enabled to cultivate and  young woman to whom he had bee/n




BUR]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        231
contracted.  His convivial habits ere lowing year was chosen speaxer of the
long prevented him from paying a pro- house of representatives.  In 1816 he
per attention to his farm; and, after a was appointed chief justice of the sutrial of three years and a half, he found  preme court, and in the next year was
himself obliged to resign his lease, and  elected to a seat in the senate of the
remove to the town of Dumfries, to fol- United States. Of this body he conlow his employment as an exciseman. tinued a member till his death in 1820.
He continued to exercise his pen, par- Judge Burrill was eminent as a scholar
ticularly in the composition of a number in general literature; and his moral
of beautiful songs, adapted to old Scot- character was free from  reproach or
tish tunes, for a periodical work pub- suspicion. His moral and social virtues,
lished at Edinburgh. But his residence united with intellectual attainments of
in Dumfries was by no means favorable  so high an order, gave him an influence
to his habits. His society was courted  in the circle of his acquaintance seldom
by the idle, the gay, and the dissipated, surpassed.'
who were delighted with his conversa-    BURROUGHS, GEORGEx; the name of
tion, or charmed with his brilliant wit; this man ought to be preserved from
and, perhaps, many who had little sym- oblivion, as a memento of the excesses
pathy with the powers of his genius to which mankind maybe driven, when
were eager to solicit his acquaintance  under the influence of any powerful deand society, that they might be able to  lusion. He was graduated at Harvard
boast of an intimacy with so extraordi- college in 1670, and was a settled minmnary a man. In the winter of 1795, his ister in Falmouth, Maine, now Portland,
constitution, broken by cares, irreogular- and afterwards in Salern or Danvers.
ities, tand passions, fell into premature In 1792 he was prosecuted for witchdecline.  The summer returned, but craft. The evidence, on which lie was
only to shine on his sickness and his convicted, could not have been admitted
grave. In July, 1796, a rheumatic fever in any court, whose members were not
terminated his life and sufferings at the deeply infected with  the prevailing
early age of 87. He left a wife and four mania. The witnesses were allowed to
children, for whose support his friends tell, that two of his wives had appeared
and admirers raised a subscription; and  to them, and accused him of being the
with the samine object, an edition of his cause of their death; and threatening
works, in four volumes 8ro., was pub- if he denied it, they would appear to
lished by Dr. Currie, of Liverpool. In  them in court. This, they pretended,
his person, Burns was about five feet actually happened, arid that they had
ten inches high, of a form that indicated  been thrown into a paroxysm  of fear
strength as well as agility;, his forehead  from the horrid apparition.
was finely raised; his eyes were dalrk,  BURROW, Sir JAMES, an eminent
large, full of ardor and intelligence. His English lawyer, author of four volumes
character, though maIrecd by impru- of "'Teports," an "Essay on Punctadence, was never contaminated by du- ation," &c. D. 1782.-REUBEN, un able
plicity or meanness. He was an honest, mathematician, author of a tract "On
proud, warm-hearted man; combining    Projectiles," a "Restitution of Apollosound understanding with high pas- nius on Inclinations," &C. D. 1791.
sions and a vigorous and excursive ima-  BURROWS, WILLIAM, an officer in
gination. lie was alive to every species the American navy. In 1799 he reof emnotion; and lie is one of the few  ceived a midshipman's warrant, and
poets who have at once excelled in hu- served on board different ships.  In
mnor, in tenderness, and in sublimity. 180.3 he was under Preble in the TripolHis songs, his tales, and his poetical itan war. In the war of 1812 he was
epistles display pathos, wit, a vigor of  appointed to the command of the sloop
sentiment, and a purity and elegance of  of war Enterprise; he sailed from Portsstyle, while his prose is almost equal to nmoth, and onl Sunday, Sept. 5, 1813,
hiis poetry.                          fell in with his Britannic majesty's brig
BURRILL, JAMES, a distinguished     Boxer, off Portlanl, betwveen Segui and
lawyer and statesman of biode Island, Cape Elizabeth, Afteg a    ct aetion of 45
b. at Providence, 1772, wai, in 1797, ap-  inutes, the Boxer was captur ed, thi
pointed attorney-generial of the state, 0ommnander, Blyth, being killed by a
and continued to discharge the duties cannon-ball. At the first fire, Lieut.
of this offioe for more than sixteen  Burrows wais wounded, but refused to
years, In 1818 he was elected to a seat be carried below. When the sword of
im the state legislatulr0, and in the fol- his enemy was presented to him, hp




232                   CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [BUT.
exclaimed, clasping his hands, "I am  whether at the bar or in the house. He
satisfied; I die contented."          was raised to the chief justiceship of
BURTON, EDWARD, regius professor Ireland, and made a privy councillor in
of divinity in the university of Oxford, 1822, and shone in that high office as
and rector of Ewelme, was b. 1794; edu- brightly as he had shone as advocate
cated at Westminster, and matriculated  and orator. The infirmities of a very
at Christ-church, Oxford. His talents, advanced age at length compelled him
close application, and exe'nplary con- to retire upon a pension of ~3000 per
duct did not pass unnoticed; and he annum. D. 1843.
rose from one honorable station to an-  BUTE, JoIN STUART, earl of, a British
other. His various pamphlets, and the statesman, descended from an ancient
works he edited, prove that he was able  Scotch family, was b. early in the 18th
and industrious.  D. 1836.-JOHN, an   century. In 1738 he was appointed one
English divine and critic, author of   of the lords of the bed-chamber to Fredvarious theological treatises; poetry in eric, prince of Wales, the faither of
Greek, Latin, and English, and other George III. Soon after the young king's
productions.  D. )771.-ROBERT, an      accession, over whom  Bute possessed
English divine, author of that sin- unbounded influence, he was made secgular work, "The Anatomy of Mel- retary of state, and quickly after, first
ancholy;" wbich Archbishop Herring    lord of the treasury. Under his minisdescribes as "the pleasantest, the most try, a peace, which disappointed the
learned, and the most full of sterling  hopes of the people, was concluded with
sense."  The archbishop adds that the France and Spain; and what added
wits of the reigns cf Anne anc the first greatly to his unpopularity, was the
George were deeply indebted to Burton; marked favoritism he showed for his
and we may venture to say, that the    countrymen, filling the most lucrative
" wits" of the succeeding reigns have  offices in the state with Scotchmen. Ho
been no less so. B. 1576; d. 1640.     at length resigned his offices, and reBUSBY, RIcHARD, the venerable mas- tired into private life, which he adorned
ter of Westminster school-celebrated   by his benevolent disposition, and his
for his abilities as a classical teacher and  love of science. Botany was his favorite
as an unflinching disciplinarian-was b. study, and he expended vast sums in
in 1606. He held the situation of head  its pursuit. D. 1792.
master from 1640 to the time of his de-  BUTLER, ALBAN, an English Cathocease, in 1695;                       lie divine. He was for some time chapBUSCHE, HERMAN VON DER, a learned    lain to the duke of Norfolk, but at
German, friend and fellow-laborer of lenoth became president of the colleoge
Luther, author of Scholia on ancient of ~t. Omer's. The chief of his works
writers, Latin poems, &c., &e.    D. is the "Lives of the Fathers, Martyrs,
1534.                                  and other principal Saints."  D. 1773.BUSCHETTO      DA   DULICHIO, a      CARL.ES, a Roman Catholic, bred to the
Greek architect of the 11th century. legal profession, and a most indefatigaHe erected the cathedral church of Pisa, ble and accomplished scholar. He was
the first specimen of the Lombard ec- the author of "Lives of the Saints,"
clesiastical style of building.        "Historical Account of the Laws against
BUSCHING, ANTHONY FREDERIC, an       the Roman Catholics," "Book of the
able and industrious writer, to whom   Catholic Church," &c. B. 1750; d. 1832.
the science of statistics is greatly in- — JOsEPH, bishop of Durham, an exdebted; author of a "Magazine of Mod- tremely learned and able prelate; auern History and Geography;" "Ele- thor of the well-known and invaluable
ments of Natural History;" "Character work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natuof Frederic II. of Prussia;" "History  ral and Revealed, to the Course and
and Theory of the Belles Lettres," &c. Constitution of Nature," and an invaluB. 1724: d. 1793.                      able collection of " Sermons."  B. 1692;
BUSHE, Sir CHARLES KENDALo, was one  1752.-SAMUEL, an English poet, whose
of the most eminent ivf all the lawyers principal work, "Hadibras," is probaand the statesmen that made the courts bly, both in design and execution, the
and the parliament of Ireland so bril- most strikingly original we have. Wit
liant towards the close of the 18th cen- abounds throughout it, and the odd
tury. Though he had to contend against double rhymes in which the author so
such opponents as Ponsonby, Plunkett, much    delighted, are singularly well
Flood, Grattan, Curran, and Saurin, lie adapted to add point to the ridicule he
Was never found unequal to the contest, chose to inflict. His'other works are




BYL]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         233
far inferior to "Hudibiras;" and of the  ceived  his academical education  at
thousand imitations of that work, not Trinity college, Dublin.   Having, in
one has the true lcudibrastic commin- 1811, joined the firm of Truman, Hangling of wit, humor, knowledge of the bury & Co., the eminent London brewworld, and facility of expression. B. ers, his connection with the locality of
1612; d. 1680.-SAMUEL, bishop of Lich-  Spitalfields made him  personally acfield, a learned and most exemplary En-  quainted with the sufferings of his poor
glish divine. In 1798 he was appointed  neighbors; and the powerful appeals he
to the mastersllip of Shrewsbury school, made in their favor in 1816 led to an exand, about the same, lhe was selected for tensive and well-organized system for
the arduous task of preparing a new edi- their relief. His success in this charitation of Eschylus for the university press. ble undertaking, induced him (in conAfter receiv-ing several minor prefer-  junction with his sister-in-law, Mrs.
ients, lie was, in 1836, promoted to the  Fry, and his brother-in-law, Mrr. Hoare,)
bishopric of Lichfield. Though a per- to examine into the state of prisons, and
feet martyr to ill health, he was a very  to publish the result of his labors. This
voluminous author.   His "Sketch of    not only led to'the formation of the
Ancient and Modern GeographIy, and     Prison Discipline Society, but was the
his " Ancient and Modern Atlases, are  basis upon which many of the modern
the best works of their kind. B. 1774; improvements in jails are founded. In
d. 1840.                               1818 he was returned M. P. for WeyBUTTNER, CinRISTOPrIER  WILLIAMar a  mouth, which borough le continued to
German naturalist and philologist, whose  represent till 1837, when he was defeatzeal in pursuit of his favorite studies was ec by Mr. Villiers. During the time he
such, that in order to buy boolks he re- held a seat in the house his energies
stricted himself to what was barely ne- were alnost unceasingly directed to
ccssary to sustain life, never making  ameliorate the condition of tile oppressmore than one frugal meal  a day. B. ed. I-e became the recognized success1716; d. 1801.                         or of Mr. Wilberforce, andl he had tho
BUXIHOWDEN, FREDERIc      W ILLIAM, supreme satisfaction of seeing his efforts
count of, a general in the Russin army. for the abolition of slavery crowned with
-Ic entered on a military life at an early  complete success. To other subhjects of
age, andc was engaged in the. wr against paramount interest, viz.: the refolrm of
the Turks in 1769; till, rising byv de- the criminal code-the civilization of
grees, he, in 1794, obtained the conl- Africa by commercial, agricultural, and
mand of Warsaw and the administration  missionary enterprise-the support of
of Poland. In 1805 he commanded the benevolent institutions, particultrly such
left wing of the army at the battle of  as had for their objects the education
Austerlitz, which advanced while the and improvement of the poor, he apcentre and right winug were beaten; but, plied himself with persevering assiduafter the battle of Pultusk, he was sn- ity. D. 1845.
perseded by Bennigsen. lie was, how-     BUXTORF, JOHN, a Calvnist divine,
ever, again made couimmander-in-chief, professor of Chaldee and Hebrew at
and, in 1808, conquered Finland.   D. Basle; author of "Thesaurus Linguae
1811.                                  Hebraicee," "Institutio Epistolaris IHeBUXTON, JEDEDAIh.I, a singularly     braica," &c. B. 1564; d. 1629.-JoIN,
gifted person, whose powers of calcula- son of the preceding, and his successor
tion, dcerived solely from  nature, have in the professorship at Basle; author of
probably never been equalled. It is said  a " Chaldaic and Syriac Lexicon," &c.,
that lie iwas asked this most difficult besides other classical and theological
question 1- In a body whose three      works. It is recorded of him, that, at
sides tre, respectively, 23,145,789 yards, the early age of four years, he was able
5,642,732 yards, and 54,965 yards, how  to read HIebrew and Latin.-Two others
imany culical eighths of an inch are   of the same name, his son cnd nephew,
there?" anl tllmt, amlid many distrac- were also noted for their skill in the
tions, lie gave the exact ansvwer in little  Hebrew tongue.
more than five hours! But it was only    BYLES, MATHIER, D.D., minister of
in calculating that he had anmy intellect- Boston. He graduated at Harvard colual superiority; in other respects, his lege in 1795, and was ordained the first
mind was rathier below than above the pastor of the church in Iollis-street,
average. D. 1775.-Sir TirmorAs FOwNEL, 1733   It was not long befoire he attained
ai distinrigished philanthropist. B. at considerable eminence in his profession,
Earl's Colne, Essex, in 1786; and re- and he became known by his publication
20




224                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LBYR
of several pieces in prose and verse. He  BYROM, JOHN, an ingenious prose
continued to live happily with his parish  writer and poet, and the inventor of a
until the revolution began. Falling un- system of stenogralhy. He was also a
der the imputation of being a tory, he contributor to the Spectator, under the
was in 1776 separated from his people, signature of "JohnShadow."  B.1691;
by the jealousy and violence of the times, d.1763.
and he was never afterwards reunited    BYRON, JOHN, an eminent naval comto them. In May, 1777, he was de- mander and circumnavigator, whose sufnounced in town meeting as a person   ferings, when wrecked in the Wager,
inimical to America, and he was obliged  are graphically described in his " Narrato enter into bonds for his appearance  tive."  He rose to the rank of admiral,
at court the June following. He was and commandced in the West Indies
pronounced guilty, and sentenced to   during the American war. B. 1723; d.
confinement on board a guard ship, and  1768.-GEORGE GORDON, Lord, grandin forty days to be sent with his family  son of the preceding, b. January 22d,
to England. The sentence was after- 1778, was the sixth son in descent from
wards altered to confinement in his own  his ancestor, Sir John Byron, who rehouse, with a guard placed over him, ceived the estate of Newstead as a grant
This was accordingly done for a few   from King Henry VIII. The conduct
weeks, and then the guard was removed. of his father, Capt. Byron, who had deA short time afterwards a guard was serted his wife and squandered her foragain placed over him, and again dis- tune, made him an exile from England;
missed. Upon this occasion he observed, and he d. in 1791, leaving his widow
in his own manner, that he was uarded, and son almost destitute. Mrs. Byron
reguarded, and disreguarced. 1-Ie pub- having previous to this event retired to
lished a number of essays in the "New  her native city of Aberdeen, in order to
England Weekly Journal," which are live within the limits of her scanty inmarked by one of the letters composing  come, placed her son early in the gramthe word Celoiza; a poem on the death  mar school of that city; but when, in
of George I., and the accession of George 1798, by the death of his great-uncle,
II., 1727; a poetical epistle to Governor without issue, he became possessed ot
Belcher, on the death of his lady, 1736. the family title and estates, he was placed
A number of his miscellaneous poems under the guardianship of Lord Carlisle,
were collected and printed in a volume who sent him to IHarrow. His love of
in 1744. He also published numerous   liberty and independence were promisermons. D. 1788.                     nent traits in his disposition, and they
BYNG, JoIN, fourth son of Viscount were seconded by a fixed aversion to
Torrington, was, like his father, an ad- control. In 1804 he went to Cambridge,
miral.  After having frequently and   and there became chiefly remarkable for
highly distinguished himself, he was his eccentric habits, and his defiance of
tried by court-martial for alleged cow- the rules of discipline.  On quitting
ardice. He was dispatched to the relief  Cambridge he took up his residence at
of Minorca, at that time blockaded by a Newstead abbey, and soon after pubFrench fleet; and his hesitation to en- lished his "Hours of Idleness."  Algage an enemy of superior strength ex- though marked by some features of
cited the clamor of the nation against juvenility, this production gave unhim. When the news arrived in En- doubted indications of poetic genius;
gland, the ministry, wishing to avert but it met with most severe and unthe public odium from their unsuccess- merited censure fiom the "Edinburgh
ful measures, took advantage of the ad- Review."  The ridicule thus cast by the
miral's unpopularity; and though the  critic on the poet was not suffered to
court by which the ill-fated commander rest there; he exerted his powers, and
was tried, recommended him to mercy, amply revenged himself in the celethey suffered the unjust sentence to be brated satire of " English Bards and
carried into execution. He was shott a Scotch Reviewers." About that period
Portsmouth, March 14,1757, meeting his he experienced a great disappointment
death with the firmness of a hero and  in seeing Miss Chawortlh, who had been
the resignation of a Christian.       the early object of his love, married to
BYRNE, WILLIAM, an eminent En- another. His course of life was now
glish engraver.  His works are very   marked by extravagance and dissipanumerous, and remarkable for the ex- tion, impairing both his health and forcellence of their a6rial perspective. D. tune; and it was probably to extricate
1805.                                 himself from the Bnares by which lie




CAB]                  CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      235
was surrounded, that he resolved on an solved to devote his fortune, his pen,
excursion to the Continent. He was ac- and his sword to their cause. His encompanied by his friend and fellow-col- ergies, however, were no sooner called
legian, John Cam Hobhouse, esq.; and into action, than he was assailed by disafter a stay of two years he returned, ease; and he expired, of a fever, at Misand gave to the world the first two can- solonghi, on the 19th of April, 1824, in
tos of "Childe Harold's Pilgrimage." the 37th year of his'age, to the inexThis was quickly succeeded by "the     ressible sorrow of the Greeks, by whom
Giaour," "The Bride of Abydos," h1e was venerated for his personal exer"Lara," "The Corsair," &c.; and the tions and liberal pecuniary aid.' With
noble bard became the poetical idol of faculties superior to those of most other
the day. In January, 1815, he married men, he was capricious and unfixed; and
Anna Isabella, only daughter of Sir with a poetic taste that approached the
Ralph Milbanke Noel: but the union    sublime was sometimes mixed a reckless
was not productive of happiness, and profligacy. In proportion, therefore, as
they separated soon after the birth of a we admire the commanding talents and
daughter   This rupture gave rise to poetic eloquence of Byron, so are we
many rumors redounding little to Lord  compelled to deprecate the selfish purByror'si credit, and he again went to poses to which they were too often made
the Continent, with a determination not subservient.
to return to his native country. He     BYTHNER, VICTORINJS, was a native
often changed his residence; and du- of Poland, but educated in England,
ring his various travels, while he visited where he finally established himself as
the most celebrated parts of the south  a physician; author of "L ra -rophetiof Europe, his admirers in England ca Davidis Regis," &c. D. 1664.
were indulged with the productions of   BZOVIUS, or BZOVSKI, ABRAHAM, a
his powerful and versatile genius. In learned Pole; professor of theology and
1823 the state of the Greeks awoke his philosophy. He wrote the "Lives of
noble feeling of independence; and, the Popes," "Aninals of the Church,"
with disinterested generosity he re- &c. B. 1567; d. 1637.
C.
CAAB, or CAB, BEN ZOHAIR, an Ara- in establishing a paper currency, when
bian Jew, rabbi, and poet. He satirized  cut off from her resources in America.
Mahomet so severely, that " the Proph- He was afterwards the Spanish minister
et" made war on the Arabian Jews for of finance; to which office le' was apthe purpose of getting the poet into his pointed by Joseph Bonaparte. B. 1752;
power; but when Mallomet's success d. 1810.
was no longer doubtful, Caab became     CABESTAN,      or  CABESTAING,
his zealous panegyrist, abandoned Ju- WILLIAM DE, a Provencal poet of the
daism  for Mahometanism, and     was 13th century, celebrated alike for his
greatly in Mahomnet's favor. He is said talents and misfortunes. t-aving exto have assisted in the composition of cited the jealousy of Ravmond de Seilthe Koran. D. 622.                   lans, he was put to death; and his heart
CABANIS, PETER JOHN GEORGE, a was dressed and served up to the lady,
French physician of considerable emi- who, on learning the horrible nature of
nence. Becoming intimate with Mira- her repast, died of grief.
beau, he was made a member of the       CABOT, SEBASTIAN, an English navicouncil of Five Hundred; and under gator of great eminence, was the son of
the government of Napoleon he was one a skilful Venetian pilot, who resided at
of the senators. His writings are chiefly  Bristol.:He made several voyages with
medical; but in addition to these he his father, (who hadobtained from Henry
published an interesting account of the VIII. letters patent, empowering him
last illness and death of Mirabeau. B. and his three sons to discover unknown
1757; d. 1807.                       lands and conquer them,) and they on
CABARRUS, FRANCOIs, Count, a one occasion discovered Newfoundland,
Frenchman, who having     settled  in  and on another saw the mainland of
Spain in a commercial character, ren- America, being the first Europeans who
dared that country considerable service had done so. He was among the first to




226                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF IBIOGRAPHY.                     [CAD
notice the variations of the needle. His various learned societies. He establishskill in maritime affairs induced Edward  ed the "i Journal de Paris,' and wrote
VI. to settle a pension on him as grand  several works connected with agriculpilot of England; and he was consulted  ture.  B. 1743; d. 1828.- DEi GxssIon all questions relating to trade and  COURT, CHARLES Louis, brother of the
navigation. He published a map of the preceding; author of the "Dictionary
world', and a work entitled " iaviga- of Chemistrv," in 4 vols.; various
zione nelle parte Septentrionale."  B. Travels; "'Letters on London and the
1477; d. 1557.                       English Nation," &. B3. 1769; d. 1821.
CABRAL, or CABRARA, PEDRO            CADMUS, the founder of Thebes.
ALVAREZ, a celebrated Portuguese navi- His history, like that of many other pergator of the 16th century.            sonag'es of high antiquity, is much
CACCIA, GUGLIELMO, surnamed, from   mingled wVith ifable. It. seems certain,
his place of residence, II Moncalvo, an  however, that lihe was born in Phcenicia
excellent painter.  lie executed some or Egypt, and that Greece owed to him
fine altar-pieces, but his fame chiefly the sixteen letters of which its alphabet
rests upon his small Madonnas, which  originally consisted. lie flourished in
are highly valued. D. 1625.           the 16th century B. c.-A Milesian, the
CACCINI, GIULIO, an Italian musician  first Greek author who wrote a prose
and composer. In conjunction with     history. Dionysius, of Halicarnassus,
Peri, he composed the opera of "Eury- ascribes to this writer " The Antiquities
dice," on the occasion of the marriage  of Miletus and all onia," but no portion
of Henri Quatre and Mary de Medici; of the work is now extant.
and it is said to have been the first opera  CADOG, son of Brychan, a saint, and
performed in public. He was also the founder of some churches in Wales in
author of a work entitled " Nuovo Mu- the 5th century.-The Wise, a Welsh
siche."  D. 1615.-FRANcESCA, daughter bard of the 6th century. Ile was the
of the above, much celebrated at Plo- first who made a complete collection of
renece in the 17th century, as a poetess British proverbs.
and composer of music.                  CADOGAN, WILLIAM., first earl of
CADAMOSTO, Louis       a Venetian   Cadogan, entered the army early in ife -
navigator, patronized and employed by  and, after he lhad attained the rank of
the king of Portugal. lie discovered  brigadier-general, distinguished. himself
the Cape Verd Islands. An account of  at the battle of Blenheim. He was preshis voyages and discoveries was pub- ent with the duke of Marlborough in all
lished after his death, which took place his great victories; and, at his deatht
in 1464.                              succeeded him as commander-in-chief
CADE, JACK, a noted rebel, a native  and master of the ordnance. D. 1727.of Ireland, who, during the feeble gov- WILLIAM, a skilful English physician;
ernment of Henry VI., put himself at author of a treatise on the gout, in which
the head of 20,000 men, collected from  he wisely insists upon abstinence as the
the populace in Kent, and marched into  best preventive and cure; an "Essay
London, where he boldly proposed the on Nursing," &c. D. 1797.
rectifying of various abuses in the state.  CADOUD)AL, GEORGES, a famous
Elated with his popularity and success, Chouan chief. After the ill success of
he next assumned the title of Lord Mor- his efforts for the restoration of the
timer, declaring himself the rightful heir Bourbons, he came to terms with Gento the throne, as a descendant of Ed- eral Brune, in 1800, dispersed his troops,
ward III.; but this extravaxgance in- and proceeded to London. While there
duced the citizens to resist him, and the he was accused by the French governinsurgents were compelled to submit to  ment of planning the infernal machine,
the royal authority. All who returned  Georges having avowed a personal hosto their homes were pardoned; but tility to the first consul. He afterwards,
Cade, who was excepted from the gen- on receiving the cordon rouge from
eral amnesty, and for whose body 1000 Charles X., and a lieutenant-general's
marks were offered by the government, commission, embarked with Pichegru
wandered about the woods of Kent and  in a secret expedition, and landed at
Sussex for a time, till at length he was Falaise. It has been said that the obdiscovered, and killed in a garden at ject was to assassinate Bonaparte, as well
Holkfield, Sussex, by a gentleman of  as to excite a counter-revolution; and
Kent, named Alexandler Eden.          Pitt was accused of sanctioning the enCADET DE VAUX, ANTHONY ALEXIS       terprise, by a letter to Lord h1utchinson,
a French author, editor, and member ot  which is denied. He was traced by the




CaE]                 CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGItAPHY. i227
Parisian police, and put under arrest, offence to the powserful Sylla who, havwhile descending from a cabriolet, du- ing vainly endeavored to bring about a
ring which he wounded two of the ofi- divorce, caused Casar to be proscribed.
cers; and, after a summary judicial Csesar, however, escaped the search that
process, was executed on the 6th of   was made after him, and Sylla was at
June, 1804. The two brothers Polignac length induced to exempt him from
were also involved in the same process, prosecution, though he did so very unand condemned to death, but escaped   willingly, telling those who interceded
through the humane exertions of Murat. withi him that they would repent their
CADWALADYPL, CASAIL, a A, elsh      kindness, as he could see in C sar the
poet of the 16th century; some of whose germ of many Mariuses. Having disworks still remain in MS., and indicate thinguished himself as an orator in the
much ability.                         impeachmnent of Cornelius Dolabella, he
CADWALLADER, THoMAs, a phy- speedily grew a public favorite, and
sician of Philadelphia. He completed  became successively military tribune,
his medical education in Europe. From  qusstor, and edcile. The profusion with
1752 to his death he was one of the phy- which lie lavished his liberality while
sicians of the Pennsylvania hospital. in these offices, involved hiim very deepIlls dissections for Dr. Shippen were ly in debt; but having obtained the
among the earliest made in this country. government of Spain, he contrived to
He published an essay on the Iliac pas-  amass money sufficient for their dission, entitled, "An Essay on the West charge, though they are said to have
India Dry Gripes," 1745, in which he exceeded a million and a half sterling, a
reconmmended the use of opiates and   fact which, as he held the government
mild cathartics, instead of quicksilver, only a year, says but little for his 1cruthe1n employed. This was one of the pulousness as to the means he used for
earliest American medical treatises. D. self-aggrandizement. Having united with
1779.-JOHN, was appointed    by the Pompey and Crassus in the memorable
American congress a brigadier-general coalition, called "the first triumvirate,"
in the army, iriFebruary, 1777. He ewas he became consul, and then obtained
a man of inflexible patriotism and un- the government of Gaul, with the comndoubted bravery. IHe fought a duel mand of four legions. And now it was
with General Conway, in consequence   that his genius had ample scope. His
of the intrigue in which Conway was military career was rapid and brilliant.
engaged for placing Gates at the head  Belgians, HIelvetians, and Nervians sucof the army. After the war he was a   cumbed to him; the German tribes
member of the assembly of Maryland. were repulsed, and Gaul was wholly
D. 1786.                             1 subjected to the Roman power. These
CtEDMON, a Saxon ecclesiastic, sup- transactions, and his invasion of Britain,
posed to have flourished in the 5th cen- are beautifully and graphically related
tury. A fragment of a hymn, by this in his " Commentaries."   His successes
author, is preserved in King Alfred's had the effect of exciting the jealousy of
translation of Bede; and is the oldest Pompey, who had influence enough in
specimen extant of Saxon poetry.      the senate to cause Casar to be recalled
C ESALPINUS, ANDREW, an Italian     from the government of Gaul. He rephysician -andc natural philosopher. This fused to obey this order, and marched
enlightened man in some degree antici- with his army into Italy, Pompey repated the grand discoveries of Harvey  tiring into Greece. Having seized the
and Linn;us    his "Qu'estiones Peri- public treasury, and commissioned Mark
pateticae," containing some hints on the  Antony to watch over his interests in
circulation of the blood, and his treatise Boome, he proceeded to Spain, where a
"De Plantis, " giving the first example large army remained in Pompey's inof a system of botanical arrangement, terest, which he defeated, and on his
based on similarity of structure. D. return to   oiome was declared dictator.
1603.                                lHe then followed Pompey into Greece,
C ESAR, CAI-US JuLIUS, the first Ho- and defeated him in the memorable
man emperor, and one of the greatest battle of Pharsalia, from which Pompey
men that Rome produced. At the early  escaped only to be assassinated in
age of 16 he lost his father, who was a Egypt. Having crushed every attempt
pruetor; and very shortly after that at resistance on the part of the sons and
event, he married Cornelia, the daugh- friends of Pompey, and having been
ter of Cornelius Cinna, the friend of  honored with four several triumphs, he
Marius. This connection gave great was declared perpetual dictator; a title




238                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CAL
which some of his friends wished to    rious parts, he at length reached Naples,
alter to that of king. And as the great where he married a woman of as abanbody of the Romanl people, dazzled by  doned a disposition as himself, with
his military genius, and gratified by the whom he travelled to Spain, Portugal,
liberality of his largesses, were insen- and England, pretending to supernatusible of, or indifferent to, his thirst for ral powers, and wringing considerable
domination, it is more than probable that sums from those who became his dupes.
he would have become an absolute king, In England this exemplary couple estabbut that Brutus and other republicans jished an order of what they called
penetrated his designs, and resolved to  Egyptian Masonry, and as their dupes
make his life a sacrifice to the freedom  were of the higher order, they easily
of his country. Notwithstanding dark   obtained from them the loan of valuable
hints had been given to him of his dan-  jewels, on pretext of some intended.
ger, he attended a meeting of the senate  ceremonials. With these they went off
without taking any measures for the to Paris, and lived there in the utmost
safety of his person, and fell beneath  extravagance. The count, however, was
the daggers of the conspirators on the  thrown into the Bastile, on a charge of
ides of March, in the year 43 B. c., and  being concerned in the fraud of the
in the 56th year of his age.-Sir JULIUS, celebrated diamond necklace of Marie
an eminent English civilian, who filled  Antoinette; and when lie obtained his
various important offices in the reigns liberty, he judged it high time to quit
of Queen Elizabeth and Kings James I. France. He then went to Italy, where
and Charles I. His last office was that his wife divulged some of his crimes to
of master of the rolls, whiih he held  the Inquisition, and he was confined in
above twenty years. B. 1557; d. 1636.  the dungeons of the castle of St. Angelo.
CAFFA, AMELCHIOR, an able sculptor, D. 1794.
nmany of whose works adorned the        CAIETAU, the assumed name, taken
churches of Rome. D. 1687.            from that of his birthplace, of Thomas
CAFFARELLI, a republican French      de Vio, a N eapolitan monk, and subgeneral, b. 1756. -le protested against sequcntly general of his order, author
the despotism of Louis XVI., and served  of ai work on the " Power of the Pope,"
with great distinction und er Kler and  which procured him the archbishopric
Moreau on the Rhine, where lihe lost a  of Palermo, and a cardinalate; "Comnleg, and under Bonaparte in Egypt. IHe mnetaries on Aristotle and Aquinas,"
was killed at St. Jean d'Acre,' in 1799, &c. D. 1534.
by a cannon-ball; and his tomb still re-  CAILLE, NICHOLAS Louis DE LA, an
mains, without the walls. - GAETANO    eminent French mathematician and asMAJOR.ANO, a celebrated Italian singer. tronomer, author of "Elements of AsHe studied under Porpira, who umade tronomy," and of numerous other vainhim  practise the elements of singing  able works of science. B. 1713; d. 1762.
from a single sheet of music paper for   CAIUS, otherwise GAIUS, an emifive years. Ile was so well rewarded  nent Roman lawyer, author of a valuable
for lhis talent, that he purchased the body of legal institutes. Hie died about
dukedom of Santo Dorato. D. 1783.     the begminninu of the 3d century.
CAFFIAUX, JOSEPH, a Benedictine       CALAMY, EDMUND, a Presbyterian
of the congregatioin of St. Maur, author divine. lie was educated at Cambridge,
of the "Genealogical Treasury," an    and obtained a living; but he resigned
"Essay towards a History of Music," it, and joined the nonconformists, rather
&ce. D. 1777.                         than comply with the order for reading
CAGLIARI, PAUL, see PAUL VERo- the "Book of Sports."          He entered
NESE.                                 warmly into the religious disputes of
CAGLIOSTRO, ALEXANDER, Count, the time, and was one of the writers of
the assuniied title of an impostor, whose  the treatise aainst episcopacy, entitled,
real name was Joseph Balsamo. -le was from the initials of its authors, " Sneceb. at Palermo; and haviing lost his fa- tyrnnuus."  Though he preached before
ther at an early age, he was placed    the house of coninmoos, and was one of
under the protection of the friars of  the assembly of divines at Westmninster,
mercy, whose order he entered as a lihe opposed both the execution of Charles
novice. Here he acquired the elements I. and the subsequent domination of
of chenmistry and physic; but he speed- Cromwell. At the death of the latter
ily made his escape, and committed so  he actively aided in the restoration, and
many frauds in Palermo, that he was became chaplain to Charles II. Tlie act
obliged to abscond. After visiting va- of uniformity cawused him again to se



CALJ                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         239
cede, and cl he d. in retirement in 1656.-' than any one, to the style and the manEDMUND, grandson of the above, and a ner of the ancients, particularly in imidissenting minister of great note. He tating their basso-rel'ievos. His figures
was a very voluminous writer. Besides  are correct, well-distributed and arnumerous sermons, and controversial ranged; the positions are natural, the
tracts acainst Echard, Hoadley, and    heads full of expression and character.
others, he published an abridgment of  It is evident that he would have acquir"Baxter's History of his Life and      ed great celebrity if he had undertaken
Times," with numerous supplementary    greater works. He applied himself
articles. D. 1732.                    to the chiaro-oscuro, particularly to that
CALANUS, an Indian philosopher, kind of it which is called sqrqffiato,
much esteemed by Alexander the Great. but showed, also much talent in his
At the age of 83, being afflicted with a  landscapes.  At th.e sack of Rome, in
painful illness, lie cau'sed a funeral pile  1527, lie fled to Naples, and on his reto be erected, which lie ascended with a  turn from that place to Rome, in 1543,
composed countenance, and expired in   was murdered by a domestic.-A celethe flames, saying, that having lost his brated composer of the 18th century,
health, and seen Alexander, lie had no  b. at Venice, 1714, and d. 1763.  Iis
more charms for him.                   church compositions are still in repute.
I CALAS, JOhN, a merchant of Ton-       CALDAS, FRANCIS JosEPH, a distinlouse, memorable as the victim of judi- guished Spanish naturalist. He was
cial murder. His eldest son committed  employed by the congress of New Grasuicide; and as lie was known to be nada to complete the Flora of Bog ota,
attached to the Roman Catholic faith, a  when the disturbed state of public affairs
rabble cry arose that he had on that ac- interrupted the work; and this unfortucount been murdered by his father. It nate gentleman and his colleague, Don
was in vain that the unhappy parent Lozano, having' sided with the patriot
pointed out the fact that he had a Ro- party, were put to death by the Spanish
man Catholic servant who was unin- general Murillo, in 1816.
jured. Hlie was condemned literally     CALDERON. DON PEDRO CALDERON
without the shadow of a proof of his DE LA BAARA HENAO Y. RIANO, descended
guilt, and put to death by being broken  from an ancient family, was b. at Madrid,
on the wheel. Voltaire and others sub- Jan. 1, 1501, received his early educasequently caus-ed the process to be re- tion in the Jesuit's college of his native
vised, and the unhappy widow procured city, and  tudied at Saiamanca, where
a pension. The unjust and ignominious  lie devoted himself chiefly to history,
deatlh of Calas took place in 1762.    philosophyv, and jurisprudence.  Isis
CALCAGNINI, CCELI, an        Italian  poetical genius early discovered itself,
military officer, who bore arms under  having even before his 14th year written
the Emperor Maximilian, and Pope       his first play, " El Carro del Cielo."  His
Julius II., and was distinguished equally  talent for this species of poetry, which
as a soldier and a negotiator. Quitting  has brougoht his name down to posterity,
the profession of arms, he became pro- and, perhaps, his powers of invention
fessor of belles lettres in the university  in the preparation of entertainments or
of Ferrara. His Latin poetry was much  festivals, soon gained him friends and paesteemed, but as a prose writer he is trons. Whenhe left Salamanca, in1625,
more valuable for his matter than for to seek employment at the court of Mahis style. D. 1541.                    drid, many noblemen interested themCALDARA, POLIDORO, b. at Caravag- selves in bringing   forward the young
gio, 1495, went to Rome in his youth, poet. But, having ain inclination for the
carried bricks, at first, for the masons  military profession, he entered the serwho worked1 in the Vatican, and felt a  vice in 1625, and bore arms with distincgreat desire to become a painter, from  tion for 10 vears in Milan and the Netherseein several painters who were occu- lands. In 1636 he was recalled by Philip
pied in the Vatican. Raphael employed  IV., who gave hlin the direction of the
him in the galleries of that palace, where  court entertainments, and, in particular,
lie painted, undler his direction, several the preparation of plays for the court theexcellent friezes. At Messina, lie exe-  atre. The next year he was made knight
cuted an oil painting which represents  of the order of San Jago, and served in
Christ bearing the cross, contaiins a the campaign in Catalonia. The unexnumber of beautiful figures, and proves  pected termination of the war restored
his ability to treat the most elevated  him again to his peaceful occupation.
subjects. " He has approached, more   The king now cenferred on him a nmonth



240                   CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [tAL
ly pension of thirty escudos d' oro; but Charles II. Ilis o position to episcopahe still employed his talents.with unin- cy caused him to be banished, and he
termitted industry in composing, for tle went to reside in Holland, where he
theatre and the church.    The kino    published his celebrated "Altaire Despared no cost in the representation of mascenum." I-He subsequently returned
his theatrical pieces. Ten years after, to Scotland, and by his writings and
in 1651, he procured permission from the  personal exertions greatly aided in the
order of San Jago to enter the clerical establishment of Presbyterianism. D.
profession, and, in 1653, obtained a   1651.
chaplain's office in the archiepiscopal  CALENIUS, WALTER, a native of
church atToledo, without quitting, how- Wales and one of its historians. He
ever, his former occupation. IBut, as was arlichdeacon of Oxford in 1120.
this situation removed him too far from  CALENTIUS, ELLSIUS, a Neapolitan
court, he received, in 1668, another at poet and prose author. IHe was precepthe king's court-chapel, (being still allow- tor to Frederic, the son of Ferdinand,
ed to hold the forner,) and at the same  king of Naples, and the earliest writer
time, a pension was assigned him from  on the illegality of putting criminals to
the Sicilianf revenue. His fime greatly  death except for murder. D. 1503.
increased his income, as he was solicited  CALEPINO, AMBRose, an      Italian
by the principal cities of Spain to corn- graminarian and philologist: author of a
pose their autos sacramentales, for which  very valuable " Polyglot ictionary, " and
he was liberally paid. He bestowed par- other learned atnd lsettul works.. 1510.
ticular pains on the composition of these  CALETTI, GIUSrPPE, surnamed ILpieces, and, in fact, eclipsed all that the  CrE-xONFSE. an admirable Italian painter.
Spanish literature, so rich in this depart- His principal picture is that of St. Mark,
ment of fancy, had hitherto produced. in the church San Benedetto, at Ferrara.
Religion is the ruling idea, the central In some of his works. he so closely.
point, of his poems. Whatever subject imitated Titian, that connoisseurs can
he handles, he exhibits true poetical scarcely distinguish them. D. 1660.
genius. Even allowing that lie is infe-  CALHOUN, JOHN. CALDWELL, one of
rior in richness of invention to Lope de the most eminent of American statesVega, he certainly excels him in fineness  men, was of Irish descent, but b. in
of execution, elevation of feeling, and  Abbeville district, S. C., on the 18th
aptness of expression. The Spanish na- March, 1782. The family originally retion esteem Calderon among the greatest sided in Pennsylvania, but removed
poetical geniuses, and many faults in his thence to Virginia, and afterwards to
writings are certainly to be attributed to  South Carolina. In 1802 he was sent
the age and circumstances of the author. to Yale college, studied law in LitchAmong his dramatic works are many      field, Conn., and in 1807 was admitted
pieces of intrigues, full of complicated  to the bar of his native state.  ie was
plots, and rich in stirring incidents. elected to the legislature the next year,
There are, besides, heroic comedies and  and in 1811 was chosen to congress,
historical plays, solme of which merit where he soon greatly distinguished
the name of tragedies. To this class   himself by his logical power as a debater,
belongs the " Constant Prince," which  and where he remained till 1817, when
deserves an honorable place among ro- he was made secretary of war, under
mantic tragedies of the first rank.' Be- President Monroe.  In 1825 he was
sides these, he has left 95 autos sacra- elected vice-president of the United
mentales, 200 loas, (preludes,) and 100  States, and in 1831, a senator. In 1843
saynetes, (farces.) He wrote his last play  he was made secretary of state, aend
in the 81st year of his age. The smaller again became senator in 1845.  Thus
poems of Calderon, his songs, sonnets, from the year 1821 till his death, March
ballads, &c., notwithstanding the ap- 31st, 1850, he was rarely absent from
plause which they received from his co- Washington. In all the political qnestemporaries, are now forgotten: but his tions which arose during that time he
plays have maintained their place on   took an active and prominent part, genthe stage even more than those of Lope  erally on the side of extreme state rights.
de Vega. The number of his collected   His speeches were full of thought and
plays amounts to 128. He wrote, how- knowledge, terse, bold, and manly, and
ever, many more, some of which were    his character was one of the greatest
never published. D. May 25th, 1687.    integrity and elevation. He left behind
CALDERWOOD, DAVID, a Scotch          him several works oni political subjects,
Presbyterian divine of the reign of which are soon to be published.




CAIL]                 OYCLOFatSDJIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                     241
CALIGULA, CAIUS CXISAP. AUGus'US     ability. On h]is marriage with the widow
GsERMANIOus, the Romarn emperor and   of C'aptain Graham, they made a contityrant, began his reign A. D. 87, with  neuital tour, and it was evident soon
every promising appearance of becom- after his return that bis study of Italian
ing the real father and friend of his scenery and the Italian masters had
people; but at the end of eight months wrought an entire change in his style
e was seized with a fever, which, it is of composition. No longer did we see
charitably presumed, must have permna- rural scenes of England-mills, marketnently deranged his intellect, for his dis- carts, or ferry-boats  but "Morning"
position totally chanced, and he corn- and "Eveninia," Italian compositions;
mitted the most atrocious acts of impiety, " Sunset near Canneglia," " Italian Girls
cruelty, and folly. He caused sacrifices at their Filrst Communion," and others
to be offered to himself, his wife, and  of that class. Though for a time, howhis favorite horse; inurdered many of  ever, lie had abandconed, lie had not
his subjects with his own handsl had   fo gotten the studies of his earlier years;
others put to the rack while he wavs annd in 1837 the public were both surenjoying his meals, or beheaded in his prised and deliclted with a large picture
presence. But in the midst of his enor- of I" affaelle and the Fornarina," withl
mities lie was assassinated by a tribune figures the size of life. In that year he
of the people, as he came out of the received the honor of knighthood. D.
thelttre, A. D. 41, in the 29th year of his 1844, aged 65.-AMAA, Ltady, daughter
age.                                   of Rear-ladmiral George Dundas, b. 1779.
CALIPPUS, a Greek mathenmatician     was married at a very early age to Capof the 4th century B. 0., famous for hav- tain Grahani, R. N.; she accompanied
ing corrected the cycle of 19 years, him to India. returnec to England, and
invented by Meton, to show the corre- published her travels in the three presispondence of time in the revolutions of  denlcies before she was 24 years of age.
the sun and moon.                      Some years later she accompanied her
CALLCOTT, JOHN WALL, doctor of      husbanid to South America, where he
music, an eniinent English composer. died, and she was in Chili during the
The Nobleman's Catch-club having pro- terrible eartlhquakes of 1822-8. Besides
posed a prize, he sent in a hllunred  the "Travels" above naied, she pubcompositions.  It was then ruled that lished a " History of Spain," a " Scripno individual should send more than    ture HIerbal," andl several minor works.
three compositions of a sort; and Call- Her second husband was Sir Augustus
cott accordingly, in 1789, sent twelve, Callcott, the artist. D. 1842.
four of which gained the feour medals.   CALLET, JOIHN FRANCIS, a celebrated
For many years he carried off at least French mathematician, hydrographer,
one annual prize, until 1793, when the  and engineer; author of a " Memoir on
prizes ceased to be given. Hlie wrote, the Discovery of the Longitude," a
besides glees, catches, and other com- "Supplement to Bezout's Trigonomepositions, a "Musical Grammar," and    try," and a "Table of Logarithmis, from
made sonime progress with a "Musical 1 to 108,000."  D. 1798.
Dictionary."  B. 1766; d. 1821.-Au-      CALLIMACHUS, a sculptor and arGUTSTUS WALL, brother of t'he above, an  clhitect of Corinth. He is said to have
eminent English landscape painter, b. invented the Corinthian order of archi~aKensinatoin, 1779. Originally a chor-'tecture, and to have taken the hint. of
ister in Westminster abbey, lie was its capital from a plant of the acanthus
induced to try his hand at portrait paint- which surrounded a basket covered with
ing; and such was his success, that lie a tile on a tomb. Hlie flourished in the
immediately followed the new pursuit 6th century B. c.-A Greek poet and
to which his inclination pointed. Year historian. The remains of his writings,
after year his reputation increased; and  consisting of elegies, hymns, and epifrom  1799, when he first submitted a grams, have bceei published by several
specimen of his abilities for exhibition  eminent editors, and translated into Enat the Royal Academy, till 1810, when he glish by Dodd and Tytler.
was elected a royal academician, he had  CAILINUS, a Grecian orator and
advanced almost to the summit of his poet, supposed to have lived in the 8th
profession. For many years his pictures  century i. c. Some of his poetry is in
of sea-coast views and English inland  the collection of Stobseus, and he is
scenery were in considerable request; said to have been the inventor of elegiac
nor were they ever deficient in number, verse.
his industry being on a par with his    CALLISTHENES, a Greek philoso"21




242                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CAL
pher and poet, a relative and pupil of just conduct formed the colony which
Aristotle, by whom he was recommend- has in modern times incareased to the
ed to Alexander the Great. He accom — populous and wealthy state of Maryland.
panied that prince in the expedition  D. 1632.. —FREDERICK, seventh Lord Balagainst Persia, and was at first much  timore; author of a "Tour to the East,
esteemed by him. It seems, however, with Rtemarks on Constantinople and
that the philosopher had no small por- the Turks," " Ccelestes ct Inferi," &c.
tion of arrogance, a quality not likely to  D. 1771.- FnEDERIKa, an ingenious and
serve him with a despotic and irritable  enterprising artist residing in London,
prince. He crowned the offences of his whose nnumerous drawings and lithofree sp:aking by boldly reprobating  graphic prints afford lample evidence
Alexander's assumption of divine hon- botl of his versatility and untiring asors. For this he was put to death.   siduity. D. 1835.-LEONARD, first govCALLOT, JAMES, an eminent French   ernor of Maryland, was the brother of
engraver. His platesarevery numerous Cecilins Calvert, the proprietor, who
and highly esteemed, and his drawings sent him to America as the head of the
scarcely less so. D. 1636.           colony, in 1633. He arrived with his
CAILY, PIERRE, a French divine and  colony at Point Comfort, in Virgiia,
philosopher. He was a stanch Cartesian, 1634. On the 3d of March he proceeded
aned was mulch engagred in philosophi- in the bay of Chesapeake to the northcal controversies. lie also distinguish  ward, and entered the Potomac, upl
cl himself in converting Protestants which he sailed twelve leagues, and
to the church of Rome. In addition   came to an anchor under an island,
to his controversial works, he wrote  which he named St. Clement's. Here
some sermons, and an " Introduction to  he fired his cannon, erected a cross, and
Philosophy," and edited "Boethius de took possession, "in the name of the
Consolatione."   D. 1709.            Saviour of the world, and of tle king
CALMIET, AUOUSTIN, a French Bene- of EnLoland."  Having obtained an indictince abbot of Senones; author of a terview with the Werowanlce, or prince,
"Universal History," "Dictionary of  Calvect asked himn whalether lie was willthe Bible," and other learned and well- ing that a se-ttlement should be mcade in
knownr works. 1672; d. 1757.      his own country. I-e replied, "I will
CALONNE, C1ARLES ALIXANDER DE, not bid you go, neither will I bid you
an eminent French statesman, who su- stay; but you may tuLse your own discreceeded Necker as comptroleler-nelaell tion."  Havin  convinced tle.natives
of the finances in 1783; but aftcr four  thatt his designs were hlonorable and
years of incessant endeavors at financial pacific, the goverlnor now soilght a more
refornm, was obliged to retire to En- sluitable station for comnmencilng his
gland. I-e wrote "Observations sur colony. Ie visited acreek on the northplnsieurs Matiercs d  Drloit Civile et ern side of the Potomac, about four
Coutumiel," &c. B. 1734; d. 1802.    leagues from its mouthl, where was an
CALPEENEDE, WALTER DE COSTES, Indian village. Here he acquainted the
lord of, a French nobleman and friend  prince of the place with hiis intentions,
of the great Conde, vwho is said to have  and by presents to him, and his princiaided him in tlle composition of "Cas- pal men, conciliated his friendship so
sandra," "Pha'amond," &c., volumi-. lmuchl as to obtain permission to reside
nous romances, once very popular, but in one part of the town until the next
now sunkm into almost entire oblivion. harvest, when it was stipulated the naD. 1663                              tives shoulld entirely quit the place.
CALVARE, DENTs, an eminent Dutch   Thus the governor toolk peaceable pospainter, who had the honor of giving  session of the country of Maryland, and
the earliest instructions to Guido, Alba- gave to the town tlae name of St. Mary's,
no, and Domenichino. His chef-d'ceavre and to the creek on which it was situais the picture of St. Michael, in the  ted the namne of St. George. Tie provchurch of St. Peter, at Bologan. D. 1619. ince was establislhed on tile broad founCALVERT, GEORGE, first Lord Balti- dation of security of property and of
more, an English statesman. He was freedom of religion. This liberal policy
for some time secretary of state to James rendered a Riman Catholic colony an
I., but was obliged to resign his office asylum for those vwho were driven from
on becominy a Roman Catholic. He did  New England by the persecutions which
not lose the favor of the kling, how- were there experienced from Protestever; but obtained a valuable grant of  ants. The governor superintended the
land in America, and by his wise and  affairs of the country till the civil war in




CAM]                  CYCLOPAE DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       243
England, when the name of a papist be- he always showed a sincere attachment
caine so obnoxious that the parliament to Napoleon, and devoted his best enerassumed the government of the prov- gies to his cause, and though he was
ince, and appointed a new governor. banished on the second restoration of
On the restoration, Cecilius Calvert re- Louis XVIII., yet he was afterwards
covered his right. D. 1676.            allowed to return to Paris, where he d.
CALVI, LAZZARO, an able Italian art- in 1824.
ist, but of so jealous and evil a disposi-  CAMBRIDGE, ADOLPHUS FREDERIC,
tion, that lie poisoned an artist who  duke of, the seventh and youngest son
rivalled him; and, on finding Luca Cam- of George III., was b. 1774; d. 1850.
braso's portion of the decoration of a   CAMBRONNE,       PIERRE    JACQUES
church preferred to his own, abandoned  ETIENNE, baron  de, a distinguished
his own profession, and did not resume French general, was b. at Nantes, 1770.
it for 20 years. D. 1606.              Entering the army in 1790, he served
CALVIN, properly CAUVIN, JOHN, with distinction in the campaigns of the
after Luther the most eminent of the republic and the empire. He accomreligious reformers. His writings, both  panied Napoleon to Elba in 1814, recontroversial and practical, were very  turned with him in 1815, commanded
numerous, and marked by great vigor a division of the Old Guard at the batand perspicuity; and though they are tle of Waterloo, refused to surrender,
now little read, the principles they in- though his men were nearly destroyed,
culcate are held by a vast body in all and fell into the hands of the English,
countries in which the reformed religion  after being severely wounded. In 1816
is established or tolerated. There is, he -was brought before a council of war;
however, a deep stain in the character but though unanimously acquitted, he
ef this reformer. While vindicating the  was placed in retirement, and did not
liberty of conscience, he so far forgot re-enter his country's service till 1830.
his own principles and disobeyed the   The celebrated words, "La Garde meurt,
behests of the gospel, as to consign to  et neo se rend pas," are attributed to him.
the flames the unfortunate Servetus. D. 1842.
The principal work of Calvin is his      CAMBYSES, king of Persia, succeed"Christian Institutes." B. at Noyon, in  ed his father, the great Cyrus, in 529
Picardy, 1509; d. 1564.                B..He was of a violent and xmindictive
CAILVISIUS, SELLIUS, a German wri- disposition, which he manifested equalter; author of " Opus Ckronologicuin," ly by his invasions of Egypt and Ethia work much praised by Scaliger and    opia, and by his cruel treatment of his
other learned men; a treatise on music; own subjects. D. 521 B.a
a work against the Gregorian calendar,   CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, Earl, a,&c. He,also composed several psalms distinguished British lawyer and statesand other pieces of church music. D. man, was the third son of Sir John
1615.                                  Pratt, chief justice of the court of Kin'gs
CAMBACERES, JEAN JACQUES REeGs, Bench, b. 1713. In 1757 lie was apduke of Rome, &c., raised to distinction  pointed' attorney-general; and in 1762
by the French revolution, was b. at made chief justice of the common pleas.
Montpelier, in 1733, brought up to the In 1765 he was created a peer, and the
legal profession, and by his talents soon  year following advanced to the dignity
attracted the notice of the convention, of lord chancellor. On the question of
by whom he was appointed to various libels Lord Camden always opposed the
judicial offices. In the discussion rela- doctrine laid down by high authority,
tive to the fate of Louis XVI., although  viz., that juries were only the judges of
he was one who declared him guilty. yet the matter of fact, and not of the law.
he disputed the right of the convention  In 1782 he was appointed president of
to judge him, and voted for his proviso- the council, which office he resigned the
ry arrest, or, in case of hostile invasion, following year; but he was afterwards
his death. For a time he had the man- reappointed, and held it till his death
aremient of foreign affhairs; and when  in 1794.-JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, marBonaparte was first consul, Cambaceres quis of, was b. in 1759, being the only son
was chosen second consul. After Napo- of Charles, first Earl Caiden, some time
leon became emperor he was an especial lord high chancellor of England.  lIe
favorite, and was created archehamncel- was educated at Trinity college, Camlor, grand officer of the legion of honor, bridge; and in 1780 he was returned to
and ultimately duke of Parma, and presi- parli-ament as one of the members for
dent of the chamber of peers. In fine, tath; shortly after which he received




244                   CYCLOPIMIA OF 1IOGRAPHY.                         [CAM
the appoirttment of one of the tellers of  ing colrmpletecd his education, re tarned to
the exchequer. In 1794 he sncceced            e Lisbon,  hcere he fell deeply in love
iis father i1 the peerage, and the year with a lady of the palace, Catharino
following he was lmade lord lieutenant d'Attayde. He was exiled to Santarem,
of Ireland. For his eminent services to  on account of disputes in which this love
the state, he was created iMarquis Cam- involved him. From despair he became
den and earl of Brecknock in 1812. D. a soldier, and served in the fleet which
1840.-W41ILLIA, a learned Encglish an- the Portu suese sent against Morocco.
tiqurvl. lie received lis early educa- IHe composed poetry in thle midst of
tion at Christ's hospital, and subse-  battles; and, as danger kindled his
quently studied at Oxibrd, where he    gelius, so gienias anriated his courage.
toolk his 3.A. degree. After filliig the  An arrow lhaving deprived himn of hlis
situations of second and chief master of  right eye before Ccota, he naturally
Westminster school, his proficiency in  hoped that his wounds would receive a
antiquarian lore procured him the hon- recompense, though his talents nwere not
orable and lucrative office of Claren- appreciated; but envy opposed his
cieux kina-at-arms. In addition to his  claims.  Full of indignation at seeing
greata ad    well-klnownv  wok,  "The   himself neolected, he embarked, inl
Britannia," he publisheld "Annals of   155,, for India, mcand laned at Goa. IIis
Que'en Elizabeth,: a Greek graimmar, powerful ilmagination was excitel by the
&c. B. 1551; d. 1623.                  heroic deeds of his countrymen iin this
CAMEiRARIUS, JOcIIIM, a learned      quarter; and, althoucgh lie had much
German writer, the fi'iend and bio-rrl- reason to complain of them, he could not
pher of Melanethon. B.l 1500; d. 1574.-   r tesist t e  esiof celeblrating their glory
JOACHIMi, son of the cabove; author of  in an epic. But this vivaeity of mind
some botanical essays, &c. B. 15134; d. essential to the poet, is not easily united
1598.                                  withl the mloderation whiich a delenden'rn
CAIMERON, JonN, a Scotch Protest- condition demlands. Camoens was disant divine, lwho, after filing the divin- pleased with the abuses of the governity chair at Glas.row, obtained that of  ent in Tndia, and wr ote a satire, which
Montauban, in France. Mild by nature   caused his banislhment to Macao, where
and tolerant by Christian philosophy, hle  he lived several years in no other society
endeavored to mediate between Protest- than that of nature, and composed his
ants and Catholics; but some zealots Lusiad, thle subject of which is Vasco
belonging to the latter caused himu to be  da G.amla's expedition to India. The
so severely assaulted, that he died firom  parts of it which are best known are the
the effects of the brutal attack. D. 1625. episode of Ines de Castro, and the apCAMILLA, daughter of Metabus, pearance of Adamastor, who, by means
king of the Voleci. On sueceedini her of his power over the storms, aims to
father she distinguished herself in arnms, stop Gamn's voyage, when he is about
and fell in battle assisting Turnusagainst to double the Cape. The versification
JZEnoas.                               of the Lusiacd has somnetlhinc so charnmCAMILLUS, MARcus FunIs, a Roman      ing and splendid, that not only cultigeneral. After obtaining the highest vated minds, but even the co-mmon
honors from his applauding compatriots  people, are enraptured by its magic, and
he was charged with peculation, and    learn by heart and silng its beautiful
went into exile.  But when Brennus     stanzas. Being at last recalled from his
and his Gauls besieged the capital, banishment, at the mouth of the river
Camillus nobly set aside his private   Mecon, in Cochin-China, he was shipfeelings, hastened to Rome, and freed it wrecked, and saved himself by swimfrom the barbarians; after which he was minlg; holding in one hand, above the
made dictator. D. 365 B3. c.           water, the manuscript of his poem, the
CAMOENS, LUIZ DE, the most eel- only tresure which       e rescued rom the
ebrated poet of the Portuguese, was b. waves, and which was dearer to him
at Lisbon, probably in 1524; for it ap- than life. In Goa, be encountered new
pears, from a catalogue of persons emi- persecutions; he was confined in prison
barking for the East Indlies in 1550, that for debt, and not allovwed, until his
Camnoens, whose age is there given at friends became responsible for him, to
twenty-five years, offered himself as a  embark and return to Lisbon, in 1569.
volunteer for the campaign. His father King Sebastian, yet hardly past the age
was a sea-captain, and perished by ship- of childhood, took an interest in him.
wreck, on the coast of Goa, in 1556. He accepted the dedication of his epic,
Camoens studied. at Coimbra, and hay- (which appeared in 1572,) and, being on




CAM]                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       245
the point of embarking on his expedi- to Scotland, "where he was tried. for high
tion against th' Moors in Africa, le treason, and beheaded in 1661.-AnRcIfelt,. more sensibly than others, the ge- BALD, earl of Argyle, son of the above
iiis of the poet, who, like him, loved  and a. zealous adherent of the royal
dangers if they led to glory.' But Sebas- cause, was excepted from  the general
tian was killed in a battle before Alcacar, pardon issued by Cromwell in 1654.
in 1578, when every source of assist- Though he defeated the endeavors of
ance, as well as every hope of Camoens, his enemies to bring him to the scaffold,
was destroyed by this event. So great he most unfortunately ventured to rewas his poverty, that at night, a slave turn from Holland, where he had found
whom he had brought with -him from     shelter, and being apprehended, was
India, begged in the streets, in order to  conveyed to Edinburgh, and beheaded
support the life of his master. In this in 1685.-JoiIx, duke of Argyle and of
misery he yet wrote lyric poems, some  Greenwvich, wxas distinguished equally as
of which contain the most moving com- a soldier and a statesmlan.   I-Ie w as
plaints. This hero of Portuguese liter- brioadier-general at the fmeolls battle
ature, the ornament of his country anid of Ramilies, and commanded with brilof Europe, d. at last, in 1579, in the liant effect at Oudenarde and Malplaquet.
hospital at Lisbon.                    To these services lie added tsat of beatCAMPAN, JEANNE LoISE HIIENRIETTE     ing the earl of Miar at Dumblain, aind
DE, distinguished no loss for her amia- compelling the Pretender to quit the
bility than her acquirements, was b. at kingdom. These actions, and his exParis, 1752. Attached to the court in  ertions in bringuing about the union,
the capacity of companion to the French  were rewarded with tihe garter aind the,
princesses, she was particularly dis- Engllish dukedom   of Gi eenwuich. He
tinguished by Marie Antoinette, whose  also held several offices, of which SirR.
oocl and evil fortune she shared with  Walpole deprived him, but which lie
affecting fidelity and devotion. After regained on that minister's removal. 3B.
the revolution she instituted a celebrated  1671; d. 1743.-ARCImBAL.D, a relative of
educational establishment at St. Ger- the above, and bishop ot Aberdeen;
mains; she was subsequently appointed  author of the very scarce and curious
by Napoleon head of the institution for work, 1" The Doctrine of a Middle State
the education of the daughters of officers between Death and the Resurrection."
whom he had enrolled in the legion of  Ie resigned his bishopric in 1724, and d.
honor; but after the restoration of the 1744.-GEOReE, a Scotch divine, priciBourbons, this establishmient was dis- pal of Marischa.l college, Aberdeen, and
solved, and her relationship to Marshal professor of divinity thire; author of
Ney involved her in various unpleasant the " Philosophy of Rhetoric,"-still a
investigations which inbittered her life. standard work,-a " Reply to Hume on
She d. in.1822, leaving behind her, be- the Miracles," " Lectures on Ecclesiastisides a respected name, many educa- cal History," &c     B. 1709; d. 1796.tional works, (of which her " Education  JOiN, a Scotch architect, surveyor of
des Filles" deserves particular notice,) the works at Greenwich; autlhor of
and valuable memoirs, rich in interest-  "Vitruvius Britannicus."  D. 1734.ing sketches of the private life of her JOHN, a clever and industrious Scotch
former mistress and friend.            writer; author of the "Military IHisCAMPANELLA, ToxMAS, an Italian      tories of Prince Eugene and the duke of
monk of the Dominican order. Having   Marlborough;" a " Political Survey of
strongly opposed the Peripatetic philos- Britain," the "Lives of the Admiris,"
opihy, his enemies caused him to be ac- &c. D. 1775.-NEIL, was the officer
cused of conspiracy, and lie was confined  selected by the British governnment to
first at Naples and afterwards at Rome. accompany Napoleon to the island of
From  the latter place lie escaped to  Elba; and it w'as during a short excurFrance, where Cardinal Richelieu ob- sion, which his bad state of health rentained him a pension. Hlls best works dered necessary, that Napoleon effected
are "De recta Ratione Studendi," and  his escape. After spending thiity-one
" Aphorisma Politica."  D. 1639.      years in the service of his count ry, lie fell
CAMPBELL, ArcniBALD, marquis of      a sacrifice to the noxious climate of
Ar'gyle, a zealous and gaflant partisan of  Sierra Leone, of which colony lie had
the Covenanters.   At the restorationi been appointed commander-in-chief. D.
of Charles II. the marquis was commit — 1827.-TnoMuxs, an eminelt poet, was
ted to lhe Tower. After remaiaing a   the son of a Scotch merchaint, who gave
prisoner about five months, he was sent him an excellent education at Glasgow,
21*




246                   CYCLOPMEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [CAM
where he greatly distinguished himself. gate to England, and while there was
A. translation of his from Aristophanes nominatec bishop of Salisbury. After
was pronounced by the best; judges to  being some time in Germany as legate,
be the finest college exercis' they had  andcemlployed in opposing Lutheranism,
ever seen; and, when little more than  e again went to England to decide bethirteen, lie won a bursary in his college  tween Henry VIII. and Catharine of
fromn a co petitor nearly doplble his ago. Aragon, on which occasion he offended
Leavingr Glasgow at an ea ly age, hle Henry without being of any real service
settled in Edinburgh as a private tutor; to the queen. He appears to have been
ld here, when only in his twenty- a man of considerable learning and natecocnd yea, he published "The Pleas- ural ability; for he reckoned Erasmus.ires of Hope"-by all judges allowed  aLnd other eminent scholars amnong his
to be one of the most elegant poems in  friends.  D. 1539.-A  brother of the
our lamguage. The success of this work  above, and a bishop, author of several
was such as to allow of his maling a  "Treatises on Canon Law." D. 1564.
tour on the Continent, whence he gave   CAMPER, PETER, a Dutch physician
the world those splendid lyrics. " e  and naturalist. His writings on various
Mariners of England," "Tle Exile of   departments of "Natural History and
Erin," and " Iohllenlinden."  At the  Philosophy" are collected in 6 volumes;
battle of Ilohenlinden he was so near a.nd, in addition to these, he wrote an
that lie could see the returning conquer- ingenious treatise on " The Physiognoors wiping their blood-stained sabres mies of Men of Different Nations."  B.
upon their horses' manes; a circum- 1722; d. 1789.
stance to which, in after years, he was  CAMIPT-UYSEN, DYRK, a Dutchlandof;en heard to allude. Soon after his scape painter of thle 17th celtulry disreturn from the Continent, Mr. Campbell tinguisls-ed for the excellence of his
married and settled in London, employ- mloonlilt pieces.
ing himself not only in occasional corn-  CAMrPI, BERNAraDIN, an Italianl painter,
position of poetry, but also in the   and author of an excellent tlreatise on
drudgery of mere compilation.    He the principles of his art.  D. 1584.publihled " Gertrude of Wyoming,"     Various persons of this name are dis":The Battle of the Baltic,' " Lord   tinfguished in the annals of Italian art.
Ullin's Daughter," and "O'Connor's      CAMPIAN, EDMUND, an English JeChild;" and he was engaged by Mr. suit. He was educated at Christ's losMurray to write the adclmirable and well- pital, and graduated at Oxford; but on
known "Critical Essays and Speci- a visit to Ireland was induced to turn
mens."   Subsequently'he edited the  Catholic, and enter as a Jesuit at Douay.
3New  Monthly and the Metropolitan     Ie wrote "Chronologia Universalis,"
Magazines, and published "Theodoric,  and a drama, calle  "Nectar and Am
a poe, besides editing some few re- brosia.       Being chosen by Gregory
prints and comnpilations. Early in his  XIII. to visit England as a missio-nary,
career he was relieved fiom the'bsolute lie was discovered, tried for high treason,
want which too often stings genius into  and executed in 1581.
imprudence, by the kindness of Charles  CAMPISTRON, JEAN GUALBERT DE,
Fox, who put him on the pension list a French dramatic poet. Three vol umes
for ~200 per annum. His health had    of his plays are extant; and some of
for some years been but feeble, and in  them are thought to be but little inferior
1843 he retired to Boulogne, where he d. to those of his celebrated cotemporary,
June 15, 1844, aged 67.               lacine. B. 1656; d. 1723.
CAUIPE, JoACEII I{ENRa, a German      CAMPOMANES, PEDRO RODnRIUEz,
writer, author of a "German Diction- count de, a celebrated Spanish. statesary," "Letters from  Paris, eulogistic  man, whose profound views in political
of the French Revolution," "Theoph- economy obtained him, in 1765, the apron," and thle " New Robinson Crusoe."  pointment of fiscal to the council of
The last-named work, by which he is Castile. He was afterwards made Ininchiefly known in England, is founded  ister of state, and wrote many useful
on tile popular work of Defoe. B. 1746; works. D. 1789.
d. 1818.                                CAMPS, FRANCIS DE, abbot of Ligny,
CAMLIPEGGIO, LORENZo, originallhy a  aunthor of a " History of France," "Disprofessor of civil law at Bologna, but on  sertaction on Medalls," &c. D. 1728.
tlie death of his wife he eintered the  CAMPSON, GAvmr, raised     by the
church, became a bishop, and at length  Mamelukes to the sultanship of Egypt
a cardinal. In 1519 he was sent as le- and slain, after a beneficent reign of 12




CAN]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         27
years, in an action with Selir, emperor clays. he found refuge in his native city,
of the Turks, in 1l16.                where a chair of natural history was
(JAMUS, ARMAND GASTON, was one expressly instituted for him, and where
of the cdeputies fiom Paris to the states- he colntinued, for Imany years, to extend
general in 1789;'nd, when a memlber the boundaries of his favorite science
of the convention, voted for the death  by his lectures and publications. IHis
of the king. Although he opposed the chief works are a " Theoie EIltnentaire
establishlment of the consular govern- de Botanique, ""Recni Vegetabilis Sysment, yet Bonaparte continued him in  tema Nattlale," "L'Origanograplhie et
his office of arelivist, which he held la Physiologic Vegetales" &c.; in all
several years. B. 1740; d. 1804.-JOHN  of whichl he seeks to enforce what is
PETER, a French prelate, remarkable for called the natural arrangement.   D.  841.
the raillery lie introduced into his ser-'  CANGE, CHARLES DU FRESNE DU, a
mons. HIe was created bishop of Bellay  French antiquary, author of a1 " History
by Henry IV., but his severe reproofs of the Empire of Constantinople,"'Byot' the monks, and his endeavors to   zantiie History," &c. D. 1688.
check their irregu arities, made hi-m    CANNEMAN, ELIAS, a Dutch statesmiany enemies, and he at length re- man, who, in 1798, joined the revolusigned his bishopric and retired to a  tion, and held a highl financial post at
monastery. Anmong his iwritings were   the Hague, when Hollanc was united to
several religious romances, written with  France. In 1813 he was amongi the first
the intention to supplant the less edify- to declare the independence of Holland,
ing fictions which were just at that time  and chief contributor to the restoration
so popular. B. 158; d. 1652.          of the house of Orane. B. 1773.
CAMIUSAT, NICHOLAS, canon       of    CANNES, 1FrANCIS, a learned SpanTroyes, iauthor of':Melanges Histori- iarc, the au.thor of "A Spanish and
ques,   "Ilistoria Albigensium, " &c. Arabian Grammar and Dictionary." B.
1). 1655.                             1737; d. 1795.
CANALETTI, or CANALE, ANTO-           CANNING, GEORGE, a highly gifted
NIO, a Venetian painter, whose excel- orator and distinguished politician, was
lence was chiefly in l'andscape. To him  b. in London, April 11, 1770. His fais ascribed the merit of having been the  ther, who was fiom Ireland, was a man
first to make the camera obscura useful of considerable literary abilities; but
in painting.. B. 1697; d. 1768.       having offended his family by malryingy
CANAfNI, JoiuN BAPTIST, an Italian   a lady without fortune, canme to London,
anatomist, professor of anatomy and    entered himself of the Middle Temple,
medicine at Ferrara, author of a valuable  and w as called to the bar. Like many
and scarce work, entitled "Musculorum  others similarly situated, le soon abanHtumani Corporis picturata Dissectio."  doned the law for literature; but this
Some writers attribute to him the dis- failing to provide him with the means
covery of the valves of the veins. D. of support, he commenced business is a
1590.                                  wine merechant, and failed. Repeated
CANDAULES, a king of Lydia, put disappoitments seriously affected his
to death by his fiavorite, Gvges, at the  health and spirits, and lie died, brokeninstigation of the queen. JGyges sub- hearted, on the ver  y ay that his infmnt
sequently slew her also, and assumed  son was one       old. His widow, rthe crown, 718 B. c.                  duced by dire necessity, had recourse to
CANDIDO, PETER, whose real name     the stage for support, and married an
is said to have been De Witte wsas a actor: he also diedi and' she then benative of Bruges, where he was dis- came the' wife of Mr. Hunn, a linentinguished  as an  historical painter. draper of Exeter.  But she had the
Many of his works have been engraved. happiness to live to see the success of
CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN P. DE, whose her son, and to receive from him at all
knowledge of botany has placed him in  times the tenderest lmarks of filial affecthe same rank with Linnuaes, was b. at tion.  The friends of his fi.ther first
Geneva, 1778.   Having finished his placed him at Hyde Abbey school, Winstudies at Paris, he soon attracted the  clester, and afterwards at Eton, where
notice of Cuvier. and Lamarck, whom   he greatly distinguishecl himlself as 
he aided in various scientific researches; scholar, and formed many connections
and in 1808 hle was appointed to the  which were of great service to him in
chair of botany in Montpelier. Obliged  his after life. While at Eton, he disto quit France for having taken office  played great skill as an author, in his
under Napoleon during the hundred     contributions to the "Microcosm," a




248                    CYCLOPREDIA OF BIOGRAPEY.                       CCAN
periodical work conducted by the senior been obnoxious and the earl of Liverscholars.  At Oxford also he distin- pool being seized with paralysis, from
guished himself, and proceeded tihence which there was no hope of his recovery,
to Lincoln's Inn, his oratorical talents  Mr. Canning reached the grand object
sugscesting the bar as the profession  of his ambition-that of bein the acbest adaptec for hin. Beingl introduced  knowledged hlead of the administration.
to the house of cormons by Mr. Pitt, But though the new premier was pophe abandoned the bar, and devoted him- ular with the coluntry, the party with
self wholly to politics. tHis strenuous  whom he had in a great measuroe ceased
and able support of the minister was to act rendered his task a difficult one.
rewarded in 1796 with an under secre- The opposition to him was fierce, alimost
taryslhip of state; and in the year 1800  rancorous; and it was soon obvious that
he was placed in affluence by his smar- he was snlfering both in mind aind body
riage with  Miss Joanna Scott, the     from over-exertion and constant excitedatghter of General Scott, with a for- ment.   These, aoggravatill the effects
tune of ~100,000. His talents as a poet of a severe cold, caught while attending
and politicl  writer were unquestion- the funeral of the duke of York, brought
able, and he mnade asn expert use of   on a most painful inflammatory disease,
them in the articles he contributed to  which terminated his life at the age of
the "Antiijacobin," a celebrated pub-  57, in 187.
lication, in which the whigs were wit-   CANO, ALONZO, a Spanish painter,
tily, unmercifully, and in some cases sculpto', acnd architect; he was surunjustifiably, held up to popular con- named the Michael Angelo of Spain.
tempt. After the death of Pitt, and the  His colossal statues of St. Peter and St.
dissolution of the coalition ministry of  Paul were so admirably executed, that
Eox and Grenville, Canning became      foreign artists from all parts travelled to
foreign secretary in Perceval's adminis- see tncl copy thei. Unhappily, in the
tration;' and to him   may justly be   midst of his triumph and celebrity, he
asceibed the line of British policy in  became the victim of a horrible suspiSpain, which destroyed the hopes of    cioi. During his absence from home,
isapoleon, and led to his final over- his wifie was murdered and his house
throw; for, as he once emnphaticallv de- robbed by an Italian servant; and Cano
clared, "lhis had been the hand w hich  being suspected, was put to the rack.
conlmmitted England to an alliance with  The torture itself could not shake his
Spain."  Having, as it was alleged, un- firmness, and as there was no evidence
fairly endeavored to procure the removal against him he was released. I-e then
of Lord Castlereaghi from office, a duel entered the church; and altholugc   he
took place, and both parties had to quit strictly attended to his religious duties,
office. In 1812 he was elected a member his love of the arts was unabated, and
for the great commercial town of Liver- the " ruling passio" was so strong, that
pool; and in 1816 lie again became min-  on his death-bed, he averted his faco
ister, being appointed president of the  from the'crucifix of his confessor, beboard of control. In this situation he  cause it was ill-carved. B. 1608; d.
made himself extremely unpopular by    1676.-JAMES, a Portuguese navigator,
his defence of the Six Acts, and other who in the 15th century discovered the
no less obnoxious measures.   On the   kihngdom of Congo.-JOHN SEBASTIAN, a
return of Queen Caroline to England in  Spanish navigator, who was employed
1820, Mr. Canning retired from office, as principal surveying officer by Magelthat he might not have occasion to vote Ian, who circumneavigated the globe in
against her. Tils did not prevent his  1520-1. D. 1526.
being appointed governor-general of      CANOVA, ANTONIO, a        celebrated
India in 1822;'and he had already made  moderne sculptor.  ie wvas b. in 1757,
preparations for his departure, when   at the little village of Passagno, in the
thel death of the marquis of London- Venetian territory. The seioneur of the
derry caused the seals of tlhe foreign  village, having seen the figutre of a lipn
office to be delivered to Mr. Canningo  modelled by Canova when only 12 years
In conjunction with IMr. Huskisson, hle  of age, was generous enolugh to place
now advocated a course of both home    him xwith Torretii, of Vielnna, at that
and foreign polity strikingly at vari- time the greatest living scalptor.  At
ance with that of irhiceh he lt for  rs  e close of his stdes at Vin      le
been the wittiest and readiest, if not the  settled at Venice, anld maenifested the
most profound, defender.     His new   originality of his powrels by various
policy wa as as popular as his old had  wo'ks.  From   Venice lie passed to




CA.P]                 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       249
R2o.me, where he was greatly patronized, bridge i entered parliament in 1807, as
and in a comparatively brief time he member for     Knaresborough, which
was admired by all Europe, and more borough he represented till 1832, when
or less employed by every European    he was elected for the university of
potentate. Fortune and honors flowed  Cambridge. In 1809 he was appointed
in upon him, and he used them wisely to the office of judge advocate general;
and honorably. Among his numerous and on Mr. Abbot (afterwards" Lord
works the   finest are "Cupid    and  Colchester) retiring from the speakerPsyche," " Venus acnd Adonis,"' "Mary  ship of the ihous of commons in 1817,
Magdalen," and " Napoleon holding the the talent and political integrity of Mr.
Sceptre." I). 1822.                   Manners Sutton recommenlded him to
CANOVAI, STANISLAUS, an Italian     the house as one eminently qualified to
mathematician, brought into notice by  fill so distinguished anc  honorable a
a work to prove that AAmerico Vespuccio  situation. It being reported that lie took
was the first discoverer of the New   an active part in the formation of the
World. B. 1740.                       Peel ministry in 1884, the adherents and
CANSTEIN, CHARLES HILDEBRAND, friends of Lord Melbourne put Mr. AberBaron, a German nobleman, distinguish- crombie in nomination for the speakered for an improvement in printing, anal- ship, and he was chosen (Feb. 19, 1835)
ogous to stereotyping. He caused bibles by a majority of 10. Mr. Manners Sutand testaments to be printed from entire ton was shortly after called to the upper
pages, the testaments being sold as low  house by the titles of Viscount Canteras fourpence each. I-low the baron's bury anid Baron Bottesford. D. 1845.
pages were formed does not clearly ap-  C'ANTIPRATANUS, THOMAS, a dipear. D. 1719.                        vine and philosopher of the 13th cenCANTACUZENE, Prince, a Greek        tury; author of two rare and curious
patriot, descended from  the faei-ous treatises on the "Natural History of
Eastern emperor, John, and one of the  Bees."  He is also said to have transfirst to join Ypsilanti, in 1821, when de- lated into Latin the whole of the works
claring for the liberty of Greece, since  of Aristotle, but Aventine attributes it
re-established.                       to Henry of Brabant.
CANTACUZENUS, JOIN, emperor           CANTON, JoHN, an ingenious Enof Constantinople. After filling several glish mechanician and experimentalist.
important offices he was proclaimed   The chief of his discoveries was that of
emperor by the nobles qnd soldiery: the means of making artificial magnets,
and lie endeavored to heal the wounds for which the Royal Society gave him it,
which five years of civil war had inflicted  gold medal, and elected him a member.
on1 the state; but the jealousy of Palm- I-e contributed some valuable papers to
ologus, the rebellion of his own son, the transactions of the Royal Society, but
and other disasters, induced him to published no separate work. B. 1718;
resign the crown and to retire to a mon- cd. 1772.
astery, where he employed himself in    CANUTE, surnamed the Great, kino
literary labors. He d.'in 1411, being  of Denmark by inheritance, and cf Enmore tchan 100 years old; and he may  gland by conquest. Thouglh his authobe considered as one of the greatest rity in England was ill-obtained, it
amongc the successors of Constantine.  seems to have been both wisely and
CANTARINI, StMroN, surnamed the justly administered.      D. 1035.-IV.,
Pezarese, an Italian painter, whose works surnamed the Pious, king of Denmark.
are frequently mistaken for those of his He endeavored to invade England, but
great master, Guido. D. 1648.         was unsuccessful, and was slain by one
CANTEMIR, DaETrmIius, a Moldavian  of his subjects in a revolt, consequent
prince; author of "The System of the onl a grant he had made to the church.
Malhomnetan Religion," a " History of the ID. 1087.
Rise and Fall of'the Ottoman Empire,"   CAPASSO, NICHOLAs, an Italian di&c. D. 1728.-ANTIOaHUS, son of the vine, and professor of civil law in the
above. He was educated in Russia, and  university of Naples; author of some
employed in some important embassies works on theology and jurisprudence,
from that country. He was the author. which are now but little known; some
of several poems, and translated Anac- spirited and popular poetry, Latin and
reon into Russian. D. 1774.           Italian; and a translation, which is
CANTERBURY, Clfi.RLES MANNERs hiighly popular in Naples, of "Homer's
SUTTOs, Viscount, received his educa- Iliad" into the Neapolitan patois. B.
tion at Eton and Trinity college, Cam- 1671; d. 1746.




250                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                       [OAR
CAPEL, ARTHUR      Lord, a distin-.    CAPMANI, DON ANTONIO, a Spanish
guished royalist, wha, in conjunction  philosopher, b. 1749; author of a Spanish
with Lord Norwich and Sir Charles      dictionary and several elementary works.
Lucas, gallantly defended Colchester D. 1810.
against the parlialmentary troops.  1e  CAPO D'ISTRIA, JOIIN count of, a
at length surrendered on a promise of  Greek diplomatist, b. at Corfu, 1780.
quarter, but was beheaded in 1648. He was the son of a.physician, and himWhile confined in the Tower he wrote  self studied physic at Venice. His fasome beautiful verses; and was the    ther was governor of the seven Ilonian
author also of a moral work, entitled  islands, when occupied by Russia; and
"Daily Meditations."-ARTHUR, earl of  when the treaty of Tilsit transferred
Essex, son of the above, was ambassador them  to France, Capo cdIstria entered
to Denlmark andc.lord lieutenant of Ire- the official service of the foiner, in
land. ie subsequently, for a short time, Count Romanzof's office. In 1812 he
held the office of first lord of the treas-  was sent on a diplomatic mission to Adury; but lost his favor at court by voting  miral Tchitchigoff. In 1813 the Emfor the exclusion of the duke of York. peror Alexander being pleased witlh his
Being accused of participation in the  conduct on that occasion, elevated him
Rye-house plot, he was committed to the  to the rank of foreign minister; and in
Tower, where lie cut his throat, in 1683.  this capacity his name is foundl at the
CAPELL, EDWARD, an eminent dra- foot of most of the treaties signed by
matic critic; editor or a volume of an- the allies on the downfall of Bonaparte
cient poetry, entitled "'rolusions," &ec.; in 1813-14.  Russia allowed him, in
but chiefly known for his edition of   1828, to quit office, in order to become
Shakspeare, a task which is said to have  president of the new Greek government.
occupied him more than 20 years. B. He was assassinated in the autumn of
1713; d.1781.                          1821.
CAPELLO, BIANCA, at first the mis-     CAPPE, NEWCOmr, an English dis
tress, and afterwards the wife of Francis, senting divine, pupil of Dr. Ioddridge;
son of the Grand-duke Cosmo le Medici. author of " Illustrations of select PasShe was possessed of' great ability, but sages of Scripture," "Discourses on the
was both artful and cruel, and her mem- Providence and Government of God,"
ory is literally detested by the Floren- &c. D. 1791.
tines. The fcet that her husband and     CAPRARA, Cardinal, a distingnishecl
herself died within a few days of each  Italian ecclesiastic, b. 1733. Attached
other, caused it to be surmised that they  to the principles of the French revoluwere poisoned, and rumor charged the   tion, he accompanied Bonaparte, in 1803,
dark deed upon the brother of lher hus- to Brussels, mcld was by him made archband, the Cardiual Ferdinand. D. 1587. bishop of Milan. It was by Caprara that
CAPISTRAN, JOiN, a friar, who dis- Bonaparte was crowned king of Italy in
tinguished himself in the 14th century  1805. D. 1810.
by the zeal with which he labored against  CARACALLA, MARcus AunRLIcnS ANTurks and heretics. He headed a cru- TONINUS, a Roman emperor. He was b.
sade against the Hussites, of whom he in 183, and, in conjunction with his
is saic to harve made malny converts. brother, Geta, succeedled his father, SeD. 1456; and nearly two centuries after- verus, in 211. Having murdered Geta,
wards was canonized.                  he was so much enraged at the people
CAPISUCCHI, BLASIUS, marquis.of     of Alexandria for their comments on
Montcrio, and general of the Catholic that crime, that he entered the city with
forces. Signalized himself by great da- his troops and slew the inhabitants.
ring and zeal gainst the Huguenots, After six years' reign he was murdered
especially in defending Poitiers against by one of his guards, in 217.
them in 1569. The besiegers threw a     CARACCI, LUDovICo, a celebrated Bobridge across the river, when Capisucchi lognese painter. His works are chiefly
~and two compallions plunged in, and in  to be found in the churches and palaces
the face of the enemy destroyed the   of Bologna, though some other Italian
fastenings of the bridge, thereby render- towns boast the possession of a few of
ing it useless.-PAUL, bishop of Neocas- them..He was an extremelvi amiable and
tro. Ile was appointed by the pope to  disinterested man. B. 1555; d. 1619.examine the proceedings in the divorce  ANNmALE, cousin of the above, and still
of Henry VIII. and Queen Catharine, more eminent as a painter. His paintand reported that that measure was an- ing in the palace of the Cardinal Farwarranted. D. 1539.                   nese, at Rome, is said, by the famoua




CARt                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       251
Polssin, to excel the efforts of all pre-  CARAMUEL    DE   LOBKOWITZ,
ceding painters; yet for these wonder- JOHN, bishop of Messi, and one of the
ful works, which occupied him  eig'ht true chm'eh-militant; for, though a bishyears, lie received but five hundred gold  op, he fought in the Netherlands, and
crowns.  D. 1609.-AGOSTINO, brother assisted in defending Prague against
of the last named. He, like his distin- the Swedes. He was a voluminous but
guished relatives, was an eminent paint- not -very valuable controversialist, his
er, and worked sometimes in conjunc- zeal greatly outweighing his judgment.
tion with them; but he' was still more  B. 1606; d. 1682.
distinguished as an engraver. His prints  CARAVAGGIO, MiICIsAEL:ANGELO
after Cerreggio, Paul Veronese, and Tin- AMERIGIII DA, an eminent though selftorettc, are greatly admired. D. 1602.  taught Italian painter. B. 1569; d. 1609.
CARACGCO, ANTONY, an Italian poet     CARAUSIUS, a bold Flemish pilot,
of the 17th century; author of "11 Cor- who usurped the empire of Britain, and
radino," and other tragedies; and an  became so formidable by his possession
epic poem, entitled "Iiaperio Vindi- of Boulogne and of a large fleet, that
cato."                                the Romans recognized him by treaty.
CARACCIOLI, FRANCISco, Admiral, He was an arbitrary tyrant, and was
an Italian, b. 1770; one of the victims murdered by a servant in 293.
who perished by the sanguinary reaction  CARDAN, JEROME, an Italian physiat Naples in 1799, when the French    cian of great note in his time. Though
abandoned the town, and the royal faim- he appears to have been a consummate
ily were restored. Notwithstanding the empiric, he certainly had considerable
capitulation with Cardinal Ruffo guar- talent. He was an excellent matnemaanteed his life, he was hanged at the tician, but so addicted to astrology, that,
masthead of his vessel, and his body  having predicted the time of his death,
thrown into the sea. Much has been. it is said he starved himself in order to
said of the evil influence used by Lady  verify his prediction. His works on vaHamilton over Nelson, then stationed  rious subjects were printed in 10 vols.
off Naples, to get him to sanction this folio, at Lyons, in 1663. B. 1501; (d1576.
outrage, but Lady Hamilton has vehe-    CARDI, Louis. sometimes called Ciinently denied it.-Louis ANTONY, a     oli and Cigoli, an eminent Tuscan paintFrench writer. His works are numer- er and engraver. He greatly affected the
ous; but none of them    obtained so  style of Correggio. The mnasterpiece of
much notice as his pretended letters of his pencil, " St. Peter Healing the CripGangaaelli, Pope Clement XIV. These ple,    was unfortunately destroyed by
are so superior to the other productionis the damp. D. 1613.
of their author, that the ruse succeeded  CARDON, ANTOINE, an eminent Bel-:
in the outset; but his inon-production  gian engraver. B. 1739; d. 1813.
of the original MSS., and certain anach-  CARD)ONNE, DOMINIC DE, professor
Tonisms in the work, betrayed him. B. of the Turkish and Persian languages at
1721; d. 1803.-ROBERT, an Italian bish- Paris, and keeper of manuscripts in the
op, much employed by popes Calixtus royal library there; author of a "HisIII. and Sixtus V. His sermons contain  tory of Africa and Spain under the Dopassages of great eloquence. D. 1495.  minion of the Arabs,"'"Indian Tales
CARACTACUS, whose real name was and Fables," &c. B. 1720; d. 1783.
CARADOG, was the king of an ancient     CAREW, GEOGsE, an English miliBritish tribe inhabiting South Wales, tary officer. After serving -with great
called Silures. Ile gallantly resisted the  reputation, he was ennobled by James
romanis for a considerable time, but was I., and made master-general of' the ordat length defeated by Ostorius, A. D. 75. nance and a privy councillor. Charles
When taken prisoner and carried before  I. greatly esteemed and raised him to
the emperor Claudius, his magnalnimous the rank of earl of Totness. He wrote
behavior and sensible appeal produced  a "History of the Wars in Ireland."  D.
such an effect on the Roman emperor, 1629.-THOMAs, an English poet. His
that lhe ave hhni his liberty; but what masque, "Ccelum  Britannicum," was
afterwarics became of him is not re- performed before the court at Whitehall
corded.                              in 1663, and greatly admired. D. 1639.
CARADOG, a British historian; an- -RicEIcPD, an English writer, chiefly
thor of "The Chronicle of Wales."     on topography; author of "A Survey
Several MS. copies of them remain; and  of Cornwall," &c.!D. 1620.-GEORGE,
one of them has been continued as far brother of the above; was much emas 1280. D. 1156.                     ployed by Queen Elizabeth, who knight



252-                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CAR
ed him. He wrote an account of France tions for three years, (during which peand the court of Henry IV., which was riod however he acquired the Bengalee,)
not published till above a century after Mr. Carey preached publicly; but as the
his death. D. 1614.                   East India Company were opposed to
CAIREY, HENRY, earl of Monmouth, his object of forming an establishment
an English nobleman, distinguished for inland, in 1799 he proceeded to the
his scholarship, and especially for his Danish settlement of Serampore. This
acquaintance with modern languages. little missionary settlement, consisting
He translated numerous works fiom     of four preachers only, with their wives
the French andc the Italian, of which the and families, rapidly increased; a school
most important are Biondi's "History  was opened, and type being seit from
of the Civil Wars of England," and Paul England, a translation of the Scriptures
Par.ita's "'History of Venice." I).1661. was printed in the Bengalee language.
-I-rENRY, an English musician and poet. Mr. Carey having made himself a cotmHe chiefly excelled in ballads, one of  plete master of the native language, was,
which, " Sally in our Alley," was praised  in 1801, appointed by the governor proby Addison for its words, and by the   fessor of Sanscrit and other oriental lancelebrated Geniniana for its music. He guages at the college of Fort William,
was the author of several burlesque and  Calcutta. He had many difficulties to
other dramatic pieces highly popular in  contend with, both from the prejudices
their day. D. by his own hand, 1743.-  of the natives, and the political views
GEORGE SAVILLE, son of the above, in- of influential individuals at home. He
herited much of his father's peculiar never relaxed in the work he had begun,
talent; and, though intended for the but translated the Scriptures into sevbusiness of a printer, speedily aban- eral of the Indian languages anld lived
doned that for the stage. His songs, to witness the success of Ilis ardent exchiefly patriotic ones, were inferior to  ertions for their dissemination among
his father's both in poetry and music. the native tribes. D. 1834.-MXTTHEW,
Besides these and some farces. he wrote  a voluminous writer of Philadelphia, b.
"A Rural Ramble," "Baliea," being     in Ireland. He was originally a printer
sketches of the English watering-places, and bookseller, but in 1779 wrote a
&c. D. 1801.-JosEPii, a French printer, pamphlet against the oppression of the
who made some important improve- Irish Catholics, which causing alarm for
~-~nts in the art of stereotypino. D. his safety, he was secretly sent to Dr.
-,-,V.-WILLIAM, a celebrated Baptist Franklin in Paris, and gained his friendmissionary, b. at Paulerspury, North- ship. In 1783 he set up the "Freeman's
*.iilptonshire, 1761. His tather kept a  Journal," which plead the Irish cause
small school in the village, and appren- with great warmth. He was prosecuted
ticed his son to a shoemaker at Hack- for a libel on John Foster, the British
leton, where his earnest inquiries upon  premier, and sentenced to Newgate, but
religious subjects attracted the notice, he was released at the instance of the
and soon obtained him the friendship lord mayor of London, in 1784, and emof the Rev. Thomas Scott, of Raven- igrated to Philadelphia, where he pubstone.  He joined a congregation of lished the "Pennsylvania Herald," the
Baptists, and in his 20th year began to  " Columbian Magazine," and the "Amerpreach, which lie continued for two   ican Museum." IHe also wrote, in 1814,
years, when he was publicly baptized in  the " Olive Branch," and subsequently
the river Nen. In 1787 he was intrusted  "Vindicish Hibernicea," the "Philosowith the charge of a congregation at Lei- phy of Common Sense," &c. B. 1760;
cester; where, persevering in his benev- d. 1889.
olent object of converting the heathen,  CARISSIMII, GIAcOMO, a much adhe induced other ministers to join him; mired musical composer of the 17th
and, in 1792, they formed themselves century.
into a Baptist Missionary Society at Ket-  CAIRITEO, an Italian poet of the 15th
tering. William Carey was nominated   and 16th centuries; author of "Opera
to go upon their first mission, and India Nuova e Amnorosa Composta," &c.
was selected as the most desirable field  CARLETON, GEORGE, bishop of Chifor the commencement of his zealous chester, was educated by the famous
efforts. He arrived in Bengal in 1794,:Bernard Gilpin, who sent hlim to Oxford.
but had the ill fortune to lose all his His literary powers are honorably menmoney and effects by the sinking of a tioned by Fuller, Camden, and Echard;
boat in the river Hooghly. After pa- and his writings are very numerous.
tiently enduring severe toils and priva-, D. 1628.-DUD.LE, Lord Dorchester, an




C'AR]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         253
Englisi statesman during the reigns of  pile many laborious and useful works.
James I. and Charles I. He was a mal In 1812 he was appointed assistant libraof great ability; but, like Laud and  rian at Buekingham house; in 1828 he
other statesmen of that time, he had a was nominated one of the gentlemen of
bigoted fondness for arbitrary govern- the privy chamber; and in testimony
ment. As an author he is chiefly known  of the estimation in which he was held,
by his "Letters to and from Sir Dudley  he received orders from Austria, DenCarleton during his embassy to Holland, mark, and Hanover, and from Oxford
from January, 1616, to December, 1620." the honorary degree of D. C. L., in 1835.
These letters, which were edited by    I)D. 1847.-HOWARD, earl of, b. in 1748;
Lord Hardwicke, contain much valuable uncle and guardian of Lord Byron; to
information, though they also display  whom the latter dedicated his "Hours
much prejudice. D. 1632.-GuY, Lord     of Idleness;" and finding them   too
Dorchester, a military officer of great feebly defended from the attacks of the
courage  and  skill.  Having  passed   northern critics by his noble relation, he
through the subaltern ransks, lie, in  subjected him  to the rack of satire,
1762, became a colonel, and distin- along with his presumed enemies, in
guished himself very greatly at the    "English Bards."  The earl of Carlisle
siege of Havanna. In 1772 he was raised  always, after he was superseded by the
to the rank of major-general, and in- duke of Portland, in Ireland, acted with
trusted with the important office of gov- the Whig opposition. Some of this
ernor of Quebec, in which situation he nobleman's literary works deserve a
defended Canada against generals Ar- higher character tlian they have attainnold and. Montgomery. For this Gen- ed.      "The Step-Mother," and "A
eral Carleton was knighted, and protmo- Father's Vengeance," tragedies, are pubted to the rank of lieutenant-general. lished with t collection of his lordship's
He next succeeded General Clinton as poems, in 8vo.
commnander-in-chief in America; and,     CARLOS, DON, son of Philip II. of
at the conclusion of the war here, was Spain, was b. 1545. He was deformed
raised to the peerage, and made gov- and sickly, and of an extremely violent
ernor of Quebec, New Brunswick, and    disposition. He was to have espoused
Nova Scotia. D. 1808.                 Elizabeth of France, but his father, beCARLISLE, ANTHONY, one of the        coming a widower, married that princess
most distinguished anatomnists and phy- himself. This circumstance greatly irrisiologists of the age, was b. at Stilling- tated him, and it is said that he had
ton, Durham, 1768, and commenced his   entered into a conspiracy against his
professional studies at York.. He thence  king and fither, On this charge he was
proceeded to London, and became a thrown into prison, where he died about
resident pupil of Mr. H. Watson, a sur- six months after his arrest. The mangeon of Westminster hospital, and one ner of his death is variously stated, some
of the court of examiners of Surgreons' affirming that he was poisoned, bled to
hall, a man of the first rank in his pro- death, or strangled, while others attrifession. In i793, that gentleman dying, bute his death to his own acts. B. 1545;
Mr. Carlisle succeeded him in the hospi- d. 1567.
tal, and speedily distinguished himself,  CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE, an English
as much by his invariable humanity to  divine and linguist. He accompanied
the suffering poor as by his surgical Lord Elgin on his embassy to Constanskill. He was senior surgoeon to the  tinople, and took that opportunity to
Westminster hospital, one of the coun- explore various parts of Asia Minor,
cil and court of examiners to the Royal Egypt, &c. His specimens of Arabic
College of Surgeons. D. 1840.-NIcOH- poetry, and a learned summary of the
LAS, an eminent antiquary, b. at'York, affairs of Egypt, from the year 971 to the.1771. After receiving what he himself  year 1453, were published during his
calls an:" humble education," he entered  lifetime, and procured him considerable
the naval service of the East India Corn- celebrity. After his death, a volume
pany, and gradually amassed a consider- appeared of his "Poems suggested by
able sum, which enabled him to be of  Scenes in Asia Minor, Syria and Greece."
great assistance to his brother, the emi- D. 1804.
nent surgeon, at the beginning of his   CARMONTELLE, a French writer:
career. In 1807 lie was elected secretary  author of "Proverbes Dramatiques,'
to the Society of Antiquarians, his corn- some romances, conversations, &c. D.
petitor being the late Dr. Dibdin; and  1806.
in this capacity he found leisure to comrn-  CARNARVON, HtENRY JOHN GEORGB
22




554                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CAR
HERBERT, third earl of, eminent as an  as a royalist, and exiled. Bonaparte, on
author, a traveller, and a politician, awas becoiing first consul, recalled Carnot
b. 1800. After finishing his school edu- and made hil minister of war. In this
cation at Eton, he repaired to Christ- office he quarrelled so much with the
church, Oxford, and his university ca- finance minister, that he was' at length
reer terminated, he entered upon a well- compelled to resign. He subsequently
devised plan of travel, extending over served Bonap'irte in various capacities,
Italy, the Peninsula, parts of Afriea and  and under all the aspects of the emGreece; and the results of which he, peror's furtune; but t.ie emperor seems
from time to time, gave to the world in  always to have undervalued his talents.
works abounding in animaited and pic- As a writer, Carnot is very fivorably
turesque descriptions. His most popu- known by his " Refiexions surl aM Metlar work was his: "Por tugal and G&alli- physique du Calcul Infinitesimal," " La
cia," but his I Moor," a poelm, and " Don  Geometrie de Position, and other scienPedro," a tragedy, evince poetic powers tific treatises. D. 1823. 
of no mean order. D. 1849.              CARO, ANNIBALE, an Italian poet.
CARNE, JOHN, a modern author, who   His parents were very poorl', but in early
travelled for a considerable time in the  life he badthe good fortune to be patitronEast, and gave the fruits of his travels in ized by Pietro Ludovico Farnuese. Subthe volume entitled " Letters from the  sequently he became secretary to the
East," which originally appeared as a  Cardinal Alexander Farnese, w   li litseries of papers in the "New Monthly   erally heaped preferments upon him.
Magazine."  Subsequently he published  Though greatly engaiced in public affairs
" Recollections of the East,"  Letters  he wrote much. His original works,
from Switzerland and Italhy" "Lives of  both prose and poetry, are of a very high
the most Eminent Missionaries," "Tales  order; but his eIreat merit is in his
of the West," "Stratton Hill," &c. He translations fiom the Greek and Latin.
had taken deacon's orders, but never From the latter he translated the Eneid.
officiated. B. 1789; d. 1844.        B. 1507; d. 1666.
CARNEADES, an       eminent Greek      CAROLINE, AMELIA ErLIZAUETH, wife
philosopher. He was a pupil of Dioce- of George IV., king of Great Britain and
nes the Stoic, and, subsequently, of   Hanover, second   daughter of Duke
Egesinus. When he became a teacher Charles William Ferdinand of Brunshe opposed Chrysippus, opposed the     wick, and of the Princess Augusta of
theology of the Stoics, and   argued  England, sister of George III., was b.
against their doctrine of fate.  But 1768; married the prince of Wales in
though as a philosopher he wls: free 1795, and gave birth to the Princess
from many of the errors of his time, it Charlotte in the year following; but was
was rather in a political than a philoso- scarcely recovered from her confinement
phical character thlit lie was serviceable. when her husband abandoned her, withRome having levied a fine on Athens, out assigning any other reason than that
Carneades, with Diogenes and Critolaus, " no one could force his inclinations."
was sent to plead against it. lie did so  The discarded princess retired to a mansuccessfully, and so great a sensation  sion at Blackheath, where she devoted
did his eloquence make, that Cato feared  herself to the arts and sciences, and
its effect on the Roman youth. D. 125  dispensed no inconsiderable part of her
B. c.                                 income in acts of benevolence. MeanCARNOT, LAZARE NICHoOLAS MIARGUE- while, the friends, or rather the spies,
BrrE, a French mathematician, and war of the prince, circulated many re orts
minister under Napoleon, was b. in Bur- of her, unfavorable to her general degundy, in 1753, entered the corps of  portment, accusing her of illicit connecengineers, and received promotion from  tions, and even asserting that she was
the prince of Cond6; yet, at the corn- the mother of a boy named William
mencement of the revolution he became  Austin, whom   she had adopted, and
a decided partisan of the republic, and, that the father was Sir Sidney Smith.
as a member of the convention, voted  This led to a "delicate investigation,"
for the death of the king. During the  as it was termed; and on the whole
reign of terror he took an active part in  evidence being submitted to George III.,
public affairs; and, on the establish- lie declared himself satisfied of her innoment of the executive directory, he be- cence, and received her wvith marks of
came one of its five members. In this his especial favor. In 1813 the contest
office he remained till 1797, when, with  was renewed between the two parties;
Barthelemy and others, he was accused  the princess of Wales complaining, as




CAR]                  CYCLOPADIA OF B3IOGRAPnY.                        2o.55
a mother, of the difficulties opposed to  king's coronation. The queen at first
her seeing her daughter; but the prince  demanded to be crowned with him; and
of Wales, then regent, disregarded these  this being peremptorily refused, she recomplaints. Upon this, in Jnly, 1814, quested to be present at the ceremony,
the princess obtained permission to go  but had to end uie the mortification of
to Brunswick, and, afterwards, to make,being repeatedly turned from the doors
the. tour of Italy and Greece. On quit-  of Westminster abbey, and refused adting England, she assumed the title of  mission. The spirit of Caroline s'unk
countess of.Wolfenbuttel; and, while under this last effort. "She was sudat Milan, took into her service an Italian,  clenly taken ill, while witnessing a pernamed Bartolomeo Bergami, in the capa- formance at Drury-lane theatre, and d.
city of a courier, whom she soon eleva- 1821. Having expressed a wish that she
ted to the office of' chamberlain, and  should not be buried in England, her
appointed his sister one of her maids of remains we're removed to Brunswick,
honor. For a time she resided at a villa  and deposited between those of her
on the banks of the lake of Como; but father and brother. On the funeral proafterwards visited Tunis, Malta, Athens, cession passing. through London, a vioConstantinople, Ephesus, and lastly Je- lent- conflict took place between the
rusalem.   While there she exhibited   life-guards, who were conducting it, and
extraordinary munificence in gifts to the  the populace. To what extent the queen
conventual fathers, as well as to the  was guilty no one can say, the evidence
poor; and took lupon herself to found a  being most conflicting, and unsatisfactonew order of knilghthood, entitled the  ry; but never was a woman more deeciorder ot St. Caroline, of which she con- dedly the victim of brutal vengeance, or
stituted Bergami grand master.    Her one who had so many pleas to urge in
indiscietion in thus exalting Bergami, extenuation of her crime, if really
and the improper familiarity with A-which  guilty.
it was alleged she treated him, became   CARPENTER, LANT an eminent theoa theme of general conversation; and   loogical writer, b.at Kidderminster, 1780;
commissioners were secretly sent out to  was crowned 5th April, 1850. Dr. CarMilan by the. prince regent, in order to  penter was, a most industrious writer.
make in quiries into her conduct, and to  Besides publishing numerous sermnons
furnish the necessary evidence on which  and polemical paimplhlets, he contributed
to obtain a divorce. All circumstances  largely to Recs's Cyclopaedia and many
appeared favorable to him for the con- peiodicals; and his substantial works,
summation of this lonig-desired object. published both dcuring his life and since
Whiile absent from in England, death had  Iis dealth, aise masteriieces of style and
deprived her of her friends, Geoge III., argumient. His " Apostolical I-Harmony
and the duke'of Kent; of herI daighter  of the Gospels" is referred to as an authe Princess Charlotte; and her brother, thority even by his theological oppothe duke of Brunswick, who fell in re- nents.-EIIcIARD, an dEnglish divine of
sisting the French, previous to the bat- the 17th century. Hie was originally
tie of Waterloo. Yet, on the prince of  educated for tlhe established church,
Wales ascending the throne January     but seceded from it, and became a Catho29, 1820, the ministly off'ered her an in- -lie priest. HIe again recanted, and obcome of ~50,000 sterlinh, the title of  tained a vicarage in Sussex; but at the
queen of Ensland, and all the dignities  rebellion he quitted England, and again
appertainingm thereto on the'condition  professed himself a Catholic. The resthat she should continue to reside toration caused him. to return to Enabroad. This proposal she rejected with  gland, and turn Protestant. Here it
great indignation, accused her enemies  mighlt have been supposed his turnings
of the basest conspiracy against her, and  would end, but he in fact changed once
returned to England, cheered by the    more, and died a Catholic. The writings
enthusiastic welcome of nine-tenths of  of this unprincipled man are, "Expethe people. She was now publicly ac- rience, History, and Divinity," and
cused by the minister, Lord Liverpool," The Pragmatical Jesuit."
of adullte ry and, after a protracted trial,  CARPI, UDO DA, a painter and enorathe bill of'pains and penalties was passed  ver of the 16th century, to whom is
to a third reading, by a trifling majority; generally attributed the invention of the
but government thoiught it prudent to  kind of engraving called chiaro-oscuro.
withdraw it, and the.proceediilmgs drop- -GIROLAMI DA, a painter of the I th
ped. After this outrage on public de- century, and a very successful imitatbr
cency, preparations were made for the  of Correggio and Parmegilano.




256                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     L[CAR
CARPINI, JOHN DE PLANO, a Domin- surpasses all his countrymen, with the
ican friar of the 13th century, and one exception of Murillo. I). 1685.
of the embassy from Pope Innocent IV.   CARERAS, JOSE MIGUEL, JUAN, and
to the descendants of Zenghis Khan, LUns three brothers, distinguished in
sent to prevent them  from  invading  the revolution of Chili; who for patriotEurope, and to induce them rather to ism, talents, and purity of character had
turn their arms against the Saracens and  not their equals in that country; yet, by
TurIs.                                a singularly adverse fortune, they all
CAPPOCRATES, a heretic of the 2d    perished at Mendoza, under the imercicentury, who denied the divine nature less rule of O'Higains and San Martin.
of Christ. His followers were accused  With brutal cruelty the latter sent their
of lewd and imlnoral practices, but Dr. aged father an account of the expenses
Lardner thinks the accusation to have  of the execution of Juan and Luis, who
arisen rather from enmity than fact.  suffered in 1818, with an order for its
CARR, JOHN, an English attorney and  immediate payment. He paid it, and,
writer; author of'"Thle Stranger in  two days afterwards, expired of a broken
France," " The Stranger in Ireland,"  heart. Don Jose Miguel did not meet
"A Tour through Scotland," &c. While his unhappy fate till 1822, when endeaviL Ireland, he was knighted by the lord  oring to take advantage of a popular
lieutenant.  D. 1822.-WILLIAM  HOL- movement in his favor, he was surWELL, an English clergyman, and a dis- rounded by a superior force, made pristinguished patron of the fine arts. He oner, and executed on the very spot
spent large sums in pictures, which lie  where his brothers had suffered.
bequeathed to the National Gallery. D.  CARRIER, JOHN BAPTIST, a monster
1880.                                 of ferocity, gendered in the French revCARRA, JOHN Louis, a French wri- olution, was b. near Aurillac, 1756. He
ter andc politician. In addition to a pe- was sent on a mission to La Vendde,
riodical, entitled " Les Annales Poli- where he caused thousands of victims,
tiques et Litteraires," he published  men, women, and children, to be drownseveral essays. Having joined the party  ed, beheaded, or shot, the ordinary
of Brissot, he was condemned on the   mode of execution being too tardy for
fall of that leader, and guillotined in  him. Fifteen thousand individuals ner1793.                                ished in this way; in short, the bainks
CARRANZA, BARTHOLOMEW, a French     of the Loire were strewed with the dead
Dominican. He distinguished himself bodies, and the water was so polluted,
at the council of Trent, and had the that it was prohibited to. drink it. On
honor to accompany Philip II. of Spain  the fall of the party called the Mountain,
to England, where he labored so zealous- he was'tried before the revolutionary trily to establish Catholicism, that the king  bunal which condemned him to the guilmade him archbishop of Toledo. Here, lotine, 1794.
however, his success ended; for being   CARRINGTON, EDiWARD, a valuable
accused of heresy, he was imprisoned at officer in the American revolution, was
Rome for 10 years, and subsequently   some time quartermaster-general of the
sent to a monastery for the remainder of army under Gen. Greene, in the South,
his life. His chief works are, a-" Sum- and by his judicious counsels andl unremary of the Council," and a " Treatise  mittedl exertions in supplying the army,
on the Residence of Bishops."  D.1576. greatly contributed to the advantages
CARRE, Louis, an eminent French     gained over the enemy. He afterwards
mathematician. Besides many import- was attached to the army in the North,
ant contributions to the "Memoirs" of but, previously to the evacuation of
the Academy of Sciences, he published  Charleston, resumed his former station.
an elaborate " Method of Measuring    After the peace he was a representative
Surfaces and Solids, and finding their in congress from Virginia. When Aaron
centres of Gravity, Percussion, and Os- Burr was tried for high treason, he was
cillation."  D. 1711.                 foreman of the jury. B. 1749; d. 1810.
CARREL, ARMAND, chief editor of       CARROLL, JOHN, first Catholic bishthe " Paris National," and a distinguish- op in the United States, was b. at Upper
ed political writer. D. of a wound he Marlborough in Maryland, 1734, and sent
received in a duel with M. Girardin, a  for education at the age of 13 to Flanfew days previous, July 24, 1836.     ders. From St. Omer's, where he reCARRENO DE MIRANDA, JUAN, mained 6 years, he was transferred to
)on, an eminent Spanish painter, pa- the colleges of Liege and Bruges. He
tronized hby Philip IV. In coloring lie was ordained a rriest and became a Jes



CAPB]                 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        257
uit.  In 1775 he returned to America, principal of the university of Edinburgh,
and engaged in the duties of a parish  in which important post he gave satisikcpriest. In 1786 he was appointed vicar- tion equally to her majesty and to the
general, and settled at Baltimore. In  Scottish public. By the house of Han1790 he was consecrated in Enuland, over he was equally patronized, and
Catholic bishop of the United States, he continued a favorite till his death, in
and returned with the title of the bishop  1715.
of Baltimore. A few years before his    CARSTENS, AsMus JAcoB, a Danish
death he was created archbishop. D. painter of very considerable merit. His
1815.-CHARLES, the last surviving sign- subjects, nearly all taken from the classic
er of the Declaration of American Inde- authors, exhibit gracefulness of attitude
pendence. He was b. at Annapolis, on  with vigorous expression. B. 1754; d.
the 20th of Sept., 1737; and d. at Balti- 1798.
more, Nov. 14, 1832, in his 96th year.  CARTE, SAMUEL, an English divine
I-He was descended of a respectable Irish  and antiquary, author of a valuable and
family; inherited a large estate, and was elaborate work, entitled " Tabula Chroof the Catholic religion. He was educa- nologica," &c. D. 1740.-THOMeAS, son
ted and studied civil law  in France. of the above, and like him an antiquary
Subsequently he went to England and   and historian, and a divine.  On the
pursued the study of common law at the  accession of George I., feeling that he
Temple. At the age of 27 years lie re- could not conscientiously take the returned to America, and was soon known  quired oaths, lie abandoned his profesas an advocate for liberty, and one of sion; and during the rebellion of 1715
the ablest political writers of Maryland. he was so strongly suspected, that a
In 1776 he was elected a delegate to con- warrant was issued against him, but he
gress, and subscribed his name to the was safely concealed in the house of a
Declaration of Independence. In 1778 clergyman in Warwickshire.      As an
he left congress, and devoted himself to  author he is chiefly known by his " Histhe councils of his native state; in 1789 tory of England," and that of the "Reevhe was elected a senator in congress; olution of Portugal."  B. 1686; d. 1754.
and in 1810 he quitted public life at the  CARTER, ELIZABETH, an English lady,
age of 64, and passed the remainder daughter of a clergyman residing at
of his days in tranquillity, beloved and  Deal, in Kent. Uncler the instructions
revered by his friends and neighbors   of her father she became an admirable
and honored by his country. His mind  Greek and Latin scholar, and was well
was highly cultivated, and he was much  skilled in German, French, Spanish,
distinguished for urbanity of manners Italian, Portuguese, Hebrew, and Araand social virtue.                    bic; nor was she a mere reader. She
a kRSTARES, WILLIAM, a Scotch di- translated Crousaz's critique onl Pope's
vine, but of more influence as a politi- "Essay on Man," Algarotti's explanacian, was b. at Catheart, 1649. In orderto  tion of Newton's philosophy, and Epicremove him from the danger of being led  tetus. These dissimilar labors appeared
into politics, his friends sent him from  during her life; and, after her decease,
Edinburgh, where he had commenced     six volumes of her correspondence were
his studies,to Utrecht. Becoming known  published, which are calculated to give
to the prince of Orange lie soon obtain- even a higher opinion of her intellect
ed his confidence, and was much em- than her mnore learned and masculine
ployed by him in forwardlig his inten- performiances. B. 1717; d. 1806.-JOHN,
tions upon England. Being privy to the anll eminent draftsman, architect, and
Rye-house plot he was pprehended, ald  antiquary.  In the latter character he
put to the torture, which he bore with  wrote ably and zealously in reprobation.much fortitude, but at length was in- of the disfigurement of the remnains of
duced to make a statement,v which was ancient beauty by tasteless attempts at
afterwards used against his friend, Mr. improvement. Of his ability as a drafltsBaillio. On his liberation he returned  man and engraver there is abundant
to 1Iolland, where the prince received  proof in the plates of the " Views in Enhim very cordially, and matde him his glind," &c.; and it is iworthy of notice,
chaplain. He accompanied William to   that his various powers were developed
England, and though nominally only his by his own industry, unaided by early edchaplain, was in fact one of the most in- ucation. D. 1818.-THOMAS, an emninent
fluential and able of his state advisers. Irish musician and comiposer of vocal
Under Queen Anne he had no political music.    Among lis compositions are
power, but she caused him to be made  the songs, " Oh, Nannie, wilt thou galng
22*




258                   CYCLOPADIA OF BI)GtRAPHY.                       fcOA
wi' me.!" and " Stand.to your guns,. my  commanded an expedition to the South
hearts of oak."  D. 1804.-NATHANIEL    Seas, in 1766. Of the discoveries they
HAZELTINE, a scholar and traveller, grad- made, some account is given by Hawkesiuated at Dartmouth college in 1811, and  worth in the introduction to his narraafterwards studied law.  He was two   tive of Cook's voyage.
or three years professor of languages in  CARTIER, JAMES, a French naviDartmouth university. In 1820 he be- gator, who made' several- voyages; of
came the proprietor and editor of a   discovery on the coasts of North Amernewspaper in the state of New York. ica, especially in Canada, from 1534 to
From 1825 to 1827, he was abroad trav- 1542.
elling upon the continent of Europe, as  CARTWRIGHT, JOHN, an English
the companion and guide of a young    gentleman, distinguished for his zealous
gentleman of New York, whose father attachment to political reform.     tlis
defrayed the expenses of the tour. Du- writings in favor of American indering his absence he enriched his paper pendence, and on universal liberty, as
witlh letters from Europe, which on his well as the public addresses which he
return he collected and published, corn- promoted in furtherance of a radical
prising the " Journal of a Tour through  reform of the government, made him
Ireland, England, Scotland, France, conspicuous. He also displayed great
Italy, and Switzerland,!' 1827. In 1829, firmness and disinterestedness oni all
he relinquished his paper, and for the  occasions where multitudes assembled
benefit of his health proceeded again to  to advocate and petition for popular
France. He d. at Marseilles, 1830, aged  rights. D. 1824, aged 84.-EDMUND,
42. He was a poet as well as a writer brother of the preceding, and a clergyof prose; his largest poetical piece is man of the established churlh. In 1770
entitled the " Pains of Imagination,"  he published a poem called "Armine
delivered at Dartmouth college.       and Elvira;" but he is chiefly known
CARTERET, Sir GEoGeE, one of the    by some valuable discoveries in meproprietors of New Jersey. The name    chanics, which obtained for him ~10,000
of lNvew Jersey was given, because Car- from parliament as the reward of his
teret's family were from  the isle of  ingenuity. D. 1824.-THOMAS, an emiJersey. Elizabethtown is said to have  nent Puritan divine of the reigns of
been named from his wife.-JOHN, earl Elizabeth and James I., author of" Comof Granville, an eminent English states- mentaria Practica. in totam  Historiam
man, was b. 1690. Immediately on at- Evangelicam," a ".Body of Divinity,"
tainilg his majority, he took his seat in  " Comminentaria Succinta et Dilucida in
the house of lords.: Warmly supporting  Proverbia Salomonis," &c.  D. 1603,
the Hanoverian succession, he was no- aged 68.-W   ILLIAM, an English divine
ticed by George I., and employed by   and poet. Both as a preacher, andls a
him in various posts until 1721, when  member of the council of war at Oxford
lie succeeded Craggs as secretary of  he served the cause of Charles I.; and
state. In 17283 he was appointed lord  his exertions in the latter capacity caused
lieutenant of Ireland; and though he  him to be for a short time imprisoned
gave the irritable natives some offence by the parliament. His litea y talents
by prosecuting the printer of the Dra- must have been great, for Bisop Fell
per's (Swift's) letters, he was on the said that he was "all that man could
wlhole a popular viceroy. In the reign  arrive at;"  and Ben Jonson, in his
of George II. he again held that distin- familiar way, said, "My son, Cartwright/
guished post, and with even more sue- writes- all like a man."  But the remains
cess than before.  On his return to   of Cartwright are very disproportionate
England he became a strong opponent to these high praises, consisting only of
of Walpole; and whenlhe had succeeded  four plays and a few poems. D. 16483.
in removing that statesman, and pro-    CARUSO, LUIGI, an eminient Neacuring office for himself, he supported  politan composer. Ills "II Fanatico per
measures similar to those lie had for- la Musica" is the work by which he is
rmerly condemned. But though as see- best known in this country; but all his
retary of state, and as president of the works are very popular in Italy and Gercouncil, in which office lie died, his many.   He died early in the present
conduct was marked by much vacilla- century; but it is not precisely known
tion, he retained his court favor to the  at what date.
last. D. 1763.-PHILIP, a distinguished   CARVER, JOHN, first governor of
naval officer of the 18th century. In  Plymouth colony, was a native of Enconjunction  with Captain Wallis he gland, and was among the emigrants to




CAR]                  CYCLOPAmDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      259
Leyden who composed Mr. Robinson's to his employers. He continued to sit
church in that place. When a removal in the council, and the next year atto America was contemplated, he was tempted to resume the reigns of govappointed one of the agents to negotiate  eminent by force, in order tlhat lhe imight
with the Virginia company in Eingland  retain the treasures which were in his
for a suitable territolry. Ie obtained a handcs. He arled a band of insurgents,
patent in 161'9, and in the following year but was at length repulsed and his iblcame to New England with the first lowers dispersed.    le was: carried to
company. As they arrived without the  England for punishment, but was never
territory of the south Virginia company, tried.-HENPY FRANCIS, the well-known
from whom they had received the char- translator of Dante, was b..at Gibraltar,
ter, which was thus rendered useless, 1772. His father was a captain in the
it was thouglt best that a political asso- army; but soon after the birth of his
ciation should be formled.  A written  son lie settled in Staffordshire, and sent
instrnment was drawn up and sub- him when eight years old to Uxbridge
scribed before they landed, and Mr. school, and iafterwards successively to
Carver was unatnimously elected gov- Rugby and Birmingham.     In 1790 he
ernor for one year. He conducted the  was admitted as a commoner of Christaffairs of the colony with great prudence, church, Oxford, and after finishing his
and discovered glreat address in hiis college studies he was presented s. o-.management of the inatives.  In the  cessively with the livings of Abbot's
ensuing March he was confirmed as Bromley in Staffordslire and Kingsbury
governor for another year. Hle died   in Warwiekshire. The delicacy of his
suddenly in April followinug.-JONA- health having obliged him to have reTHAN, an enterprising traveller, was a  course to the best medical advice, he
native of Connecticut. Ile was intended  went to London in 1808, and after holdfor the profession of medicine, but he ing various cures in the metropolis and
quitted it for a military life. He was the vicinity, in 1825 he became assistant
an officer in the French war, and served  keeper of printed books in the British
with reputation till thle peace of 1763. Museum, an office, however, which he
After this he spent two years and five  resigned in 1837, when his application
months in exploring the most interior for the chief librarianship was rejecte.
parts of North Almerica, and penetrated  Mr. Cary was addicted to literature from
to the Pacific Ocean, over that broad  his youth up; he contributed largely to
part of the continent, which lies between  the " Gentleman's" and the  London
the 4i3d and the 46th degrees of north  Magazine," produced translations of the
latitude.  He hoped to facilitate the  "Birds"  of Aristophanes  and   the
discovery of a nortlhwest passage, or "Odes" of Pindar, and wrote a series
of a coimmunication between Hudson's of "Lives of the English Poets," in
bay and the Pacific ocean. He arrived  continuation of Dr. Johnson's besides
at Boston in October, 1768, after having  editing the works of Pope, Cowper,
travelled nearly 7000 miles.  He went Milton, Thomson, and Young; but his
to England for the purpose of publish — chief reputation rests on his admirable
ing his journals alud charts. Though  translation of Dante, which, though
he presented a petition to the king, even  somewhat neglectedc on its first appearhis expenses were never refunied to   ance, has since received the meed of
him.   When.his papers were almost acknowledgmient firoin all' competent
ready for tlie press, under a permission  critics..   1844.-ROBERT, an English
he hlad obtained for their publication, divine and writer.  During the civil
an order in council required him to   war hedistinguished himself by leaving
deliver them into the plantation office, the establishec church and joineic  tlhe
to do which, he was compelle  to re- Presbyterian party; and, at. the restopurchase theinm, from the bookseller, to  rationi, he disgraced the church by again
whom he had. sold them. About ten     espousing its principles. His tergiveryea s afterwards he published an ac- sation was rewarded by an archdeaconry,
count of his travels. D. in abject want from which, however, he was ejected in
in London, 1780, aged 48.             1664. He wrote a learned and useful
CARY, THOMAS, deputy governor of    work, entitled "Pahleologia Chronica."
North Carolina for the proprietors, and  D. 1688.
collector of their quit rents, succeeded  CARYL, JOHN, secretary to Mary,
DaNIEL in the administration of the   queen of James II. He remained faithprovince, but was removed from his fll to that unfortunate prince, and was
offices in 1709, for neglecting to account rewarded for his fidelity with the titles




!260                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [OAS
of Earl Caryl and Paron Dartford. In   He was employed by Catharine II., of
the reign of Queen Anne he was living  Russia, to paint the victories -of her
in England, and was intimate witll armies over the Turks. B. in London,
Pope.   HIe was the author of some 1727; d. 1805.-JEAN BAPTISTE, another
poems, some translations of psalms brother of the adventurer. was b. in
from  the Vulgate, and of two plays, London, 1780. He was a pupil of Mengs,
"The English Princess," a tragedy; and closely connected wiva Winckeland "Sir Solomon, or- the Cautious mann in his antiquarian researches. It
Coxcomb," a comedy. The date of his is said that, by way of testing the sagadeath is unknown.-JOSEPIs, an eminent city of the German antiquary, he sent
nonconformist divine, author of a vo- him two pictures, which he had himluminous and valuable " Commentary    self painted in the style of those a short
on Job."  D. 1673.                    time previously found at Herculaneum,
CASA, JOHN DE LA, secretary of state  declaring themn to be ancient discoveries;
under Pope Paul IV..He was distin- and that Wilickelmann was so taken in
guished as a statesman, and as an ec- as to insert engravings of them in the
clesiastic; but his fiame rests upon his first edition of his " H-istory of Ancient
writings, which are considered among   Art," with an elaborate commentary
the purest specimens of Tuscan corn- upon their merits. Casanova was proposition.  His poems, both light and   fessor of painting in the Dresden Acadserious, are of a very high order, but emy; and his works on ancient art are
his chief work is a prose dialogue, "' Ga- still cited by the Germans as authorities.
lateo, or the Art of Living in the World."  D. 1798.
B. 1503; d. 1556.                        CASAS, BARTHOLOMEW      DE  LAS, a
CASANOVA, MARx ANTONY, a mod- Spanish prelate, distinguished for his
ern Latin poet. He imitated Martial in  generous and constant, though unavailhis style, and made Pope Clement VII. ing, exertions in favor of the natives of
a favorite object of his attack. lie at South America. He was b. in 1474, and
length offended so greatly that he was in his 19th year accompanied his father,
condemned to die. Clement, however, who sailed with Columbus, to the West
was induced to pardon him. But the Indies. On his return to Spain he emunlucky satirist escaped execution only  braced the ecclesiastical profession, in
to perish still more miserably; for, on  order that he might act as missionary
the taking of Rome by the Imperialists, in the western hemisphere, "there to
he was reduced to the necessity of lit- spend his days in preaching the gospel
erally begging for bread, and at length  to the Indians, and humanity to their
died of disease produced by hunger, in  oppressors."  Never did man more
1527.-DE SEINGALT, JEAN JACQUES, zealously endeavor to effect a great and
whose career of adventure and intrigue  good object. Twelve times he crossed
in almost all the countries of Europe has the ocean, to plead at the foot of the
gained for him the name of the Gil Bias  Spanish throne the cause of the wretched
of the 18th century, was b. at Venice, India1ns, and passed fifty years of his
1725. He figured as priest, soldier, and  life in attempting, thotugh with little
statesman, successively; found means effect, their amelioration. I-Ie was made
to gain the favor of some of the greatest bishop of Chiapa in 1544, but he repotentates of Europe, among others, signed his see in 1551, returned to his
Frederic the Great and Catharine II.; native country, and d. at Madrid, 1566.
and after roaming from place to place  Of the writings of Las Casas, the most
(for his intriguing spirit frequently led  valuable is his " General History of the
to a forced change of quarters) lie ended  Indies."
his long life of mingled charlatanerie,  CASAUBON, ISAAc, a native of Geneprofligacy, and ability at Vienna, 1803. va, distinguished by his great erudition
His love of literature and science, and  and powers of criticism. For several
his proficiency in them, brought him  years he held the Greek professorship at
acquainted with Voltaire and other cele- Geneva, but at length feeling dissatisbrated literary men of the day; and fied with the amount of remuneration,
besides other works he left copious he gave up his professorship, and rememoirs of his life and times. Brock- moved to Paris.   There he was made
haus, the Leipsic bookseller, to whom  professor of the belles lettres, and had a
the MS. was intrusted for publication, pension, not very punctually paid, aspublished them in 1822.-IFRANcIS, bro- signed to him by Henry IV.; ait whose
ther of the preceding an eminent painter, death Casaubon went to England, and
chiefly of landscapes and battle-pieces. James I. gave him two prebeuds. In




CAS]                  CYCLOPREDIA OF     3IOGRAPHYX.                    61
return, nowever, the pedantic king re- to whom he became assistant, and, finalquired the aid of the great critic inll wri- ly, successor in the professorship. His
ting  against the  Roman    Catholics. only published work is "Pentsesthesion, "
Casaubonls editions of classic authors or a treatise on the five senses. D. 1616.
are very numerous, and display im-      CASSINI, JOHN DOMINIc, an eminent
moense industryanderudition. B. 1559; astronomer, was b. at Perinaldo near
d. 1614.-MERIC, son of the above. His Nice, and studied at Geneva with the
"Pietas  contra  Maledicos,"  written  Jesuits. His fame reaching France, he
against the Catholics, and in vindication  was invited to pay a visit to that counof his father, introduced him to the no- try, where the kindness shown to him
tice of King Charles I., by whom  lie  by Louis XIV., and his great minister,
was presented to some valuable church  Colbert, caused him to remain for the
preferments. During the commonwealth  rest of his life. He was the first resihe was persecuted and imprisoned, but dent in the royal observatory at Paris,
reamained unshaken in fidelity. At the and he continued to inhabit it for uprestoration he recovered his livings. wards of forty years. During that time
Among his writings the best is, "A     lie determined the parallax of Mars with
Treatise concerning Enthusiasm."  D. the sun, demonstrated the diurnal mo1671.                                 tion of Jupiter round his axis, and disCASE, JOHN, an English physician     covered the four satellites of Saturn, in
and philosophical writer; author of    addition to that which Huygens had dis" Summa veterum Interpretum in uni- covered. D. 1712.-JAMESi son of the
sersam  Dialecticam  Aristotelis."  D. preceding, and, like him, an eminent
1599.                                  astronomer; author of "A Treatise on
CASANEUVE, PIERRE DE, a learned     the Figure and Magnitude of the Earth,"
French antiquarian; author of " Ori- "The Elements, or Theories of the
gines au Etymologies Francoises," "La Planets," &c.   B. at Paris, 1677; d.
Catalogue Francoise,' &c. D. 1650.    1756.-DE THURY, CMSAR FRANCIS, son
CASIMIR III., called the Great, one  of the last named, and his successor in
of the most illustrious sovereigns the the royal observatory. Like his father
world has ever seen, was b. 1309. Hav- and grandfather, he did much to ading succeeded his iather on the throne  vance science; and, having better inof Poland in 1333, lie entered upon a struments than theirs. he was enabled
course of vigorous and enlightened re- to improve upon their labors. B. 1714;
form, and closed a long life of devotion  d. 1784.-The last member of this illusto his people's welfare in 1370.      trious family, whose name is also assoCASLON, WILLIAM, an English letter- ciatedC with theirs in the pursuit of
founder, to whom we are indebted for science, d. in 1845.
improvements in printing type. B. 1692;  CASSIODORUS, MAicUS AURELIUS, a
d. 1766.                              Roman statesman and historian.    He
CASSAGNES, JACQUES, a French ec- was of a noble family, and held some of
clesiastic and poet. He was of so irri- the highest offices of state, including that
table a nature, that a satire of Boileau's of consul. His writings are extremely
actually drove him mad, and he was valuable, especially his twelve books o'f
obliged to be confined in the convent of  epistles, on account of the light they
St. Lazarus until his death, in 1679.  throw upon the manners of his time;
CASSANDER, GEORGE, an able Gex- but his slvle is condemned by Gibbon
man controversialist. Of his writings, as being quaint and declamatory. D.
which are very numerous, the ablest 575.
and most elaborate is his "Consultatio  CASSIUS, LONGINUS CAIUS, a Roman
Cassandri."  De Thou praises his mild- of the last age of the republic, and the
ness and modesty; qualities but too associate of Brutus in the assassination
rarely belonging to controversialists. B. of Julius Csasar. That his patriotism
1515; d. 1566.                         was sincere may fairly be inferred from
CASSAS, Louis FRANQOIS, an eminent his reply to Antony, who, on the day
French antiquarian and artist; author after the assassination of Caesar. tauntof " Voyage Pittoresque de la Syrie, de inly asked him if he had another dagla Phelicie, de la Palestine, et de la ger; "Yes," was the reply, "if you
Basse Eypte."   B. 1756; d. 1827.      become a tyrant."   At the battle of
CASSERIO, or CASSERIUS, GULIO, Philippi he commanded the left wing,
anatomical professor at Padua. He was and on its giving way he retired to a
at firs, the menial servant of the great tent with his freedman, by whom, as it
anatomist, Fabricius, at Aquapendente, is thought, he was slain, as he was found




262                   OYCLOPrEDIA   OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [OAS
with his head severed from'his b6dy. Sicilian gentleman, distinguished fr his
Brntus, in lamenting him, called him  zeal and talent as an antiquarian; anthor
"ultimus Romanorum."    D. 42.. c.   of " The Literary History of Sicily,"
CASTAGNO, ANDREAS DEL, SO called, " Critical Remarks on a Book printed in
after the villago in which he was b., was  Catania, in 1747," "Dissertation on a
the son of very poor parents, and, being  Marble Statue found in the Campagna
early left an orphan, was adopted by an  of Alessa," &c. B. 1727; d. 1794.
uncle, who employed him in tending      CASTELNAU, 1MICHAEL LE, lord of
cattle in the fields. In this situation he  Mauvissiere, an eminent statesman and
mande some attempts at drawing, which  soldier in the reigns of Charles IX. and
caused Bernard de Medici to place him  Henry III. He was very often in Enwith a master. While studying at Flo- gland in the character of ambassador
rence he became acquainted with Do- friom France. While resident there he
menicco Venetiano, who was acquaintec  acted with great kindness towards the
with the new method of painting in oil unfortunate Mary, queen of Scots. He
and varnis.  The splendor of this mode left memoirs of his negotiations, of which
of coloring, the art of which was then  there is an English translation by his
nnknown in Tuscany, was muclh ad- daughter. D. 1592.
mired, and Castfano'availed himself of  CASTI, GALMBATTISTA, an Italian poet; 
Domnenico's friencdship to obtnin the  author of an epic, entitled " Gli Animali
secret; but not satisfied with this, he  Parlanti," translated into English by
was wretch ellough to murder his friend  Mr. Rose; a satire, entitled "Tartaro;'
and benefactor, in order to be the sole  and some novels, &c. B. 1721; d. 1803.
possessor.  This he effected without     CASTIGLIONE, BALTIAZAR, an Italsuspicion, but just before his death con- iann statesman and writer. He was oem
fessed the heorrid crime. B. 1409 d. ployed   by various princes in very
1480.                                 delicate negotiations. In particular he
CASTALIA, SEBASTIAN', 0one of the   was sent by the pope, Clement VII., as
earliest friends a'nd fellow-laborers of ninncio to the emperor, Charles V., on
Calvin.  Unfortunately for Castalio's which occasion lie cisplEaed great talent
worldly condition, he differed from the and dexterity. His celebrity, however,
great reformer on sole theological ques  chiefly rests upon his writings. His
ions. Ile was in consequence deprived  poems, both Latin and Italian, are much
of his office of teacher in the college of  admired, as are his letters, which throw'
Geneva, and repaired to Basle, where much light on tlle affairs of his time.
he occupied' hinself wxith a Latin andca But his chief work is " I1 Cortegiano,?
French version of the Bible, gaining a the courtier. This work-, which is a
scanty subsistence for his: family by  body of information, on the art of living
teaching Greek. Calvin, uniioved by  at court, is so much admired by the
the indircence to which his conscientious  Italians, that they call it " The Golden
anid candid opponent was reduced, lsel Book."  B. 1468; d. 1529.-GIOVANNI
all his influence to thwanrt is exert ions. BENEDETTO,  a Genoese artist.:Ie:.ex
He even brought against him an accu- celled in landlscapes and animls, but his
sation of thleft, fiom  which Castalio  picture of "The Nativity" shows that
cleared himself triumphantly. D. 1563.  ie had power for the highest:walk lof
CASTELL, EDMUND, an El nglish divine  art. He was also an admiirable engraver.
and lexicographer, was: a native of Hat- D. 1670.
ley, Calblidgeshllie. He spent a hand-  CASTILLO, BEBNAL      DIAXZ DEL, a
some fortune, and occupied seventeen  Spanish office of the 16th century, one
years, in the composition of his'" ILexi- of the companions of Fernando Cortez,
con leptaglotton," a dictionaryin seven  in his expedition to South America. He
languages; but; iearmly all the copies re- xwrote, a work rough in style, but full
mained unsold, nd but for some prefez- of valuable information, entitled "Hisment in the church, and the Arabic    toria Vercladera de la Conquista de
professor at Cambridgehise, is zel, lern- Nuesva Espa.na."
n1a, and diligence would have been      CASTOLDI, GIOVANNO GIACOMO, a
unrewarded. B. 1606; d. 1685.         musical composer of the 16th century.
CASTELLI, BEBRN'RDO, a Genoese        CASTRACANI, CASTRuCCIo, an Italpainter, a friend of Tasso, for the plates ian general of great skill'and couragc.
of whose " Jerusalem," engraved by    He rendered reat service to the empeAgrostino Caracci, he drew the designs. ror, Lonis V. of Bavaria, who rewarded
D. 1629.                               him with the duchy of Lucca. Though
CASTELLO, GABIrEL LkUNCELOT, a he was almost constantly in service, he




CAS]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       263
-found time tt eultivafe his mind, and  cause in North Carolina. He was preshis name is amnong the minor Italian  ident of the convention which formed
poets. B. 1281; d. 1323.              the constitution of North Carolina in
CASTRO, JOHN DE, a celebrated Por- )December, 1776, under which constitttuguese general, who attended Charles tion he was governor from 1777 to 1780,
V. in the expedition against Tunis, and  and from 1785 to 1787. D. 1789.
was afterwards made governor of the     CATALANI, ANGELICA, one of the
Portuguese settlements in the East In- most celebrated singers of modern times,
dies. He was as disinterested a.s brave, was b. at Sinigaglia in the papal states,
and at his death only three rials were 1782. Her early years wee spent in the
found in his coffers.  3. 1500; d. 1048.  convent of Gubio; and so perfect were
CASTRUCCI, PIETRO, a celebrated     her vocti1 organs, even in her infancy,
violinist, who led the orchestra at the that the sanctity of the church itself was
King's Theatre in the early part of the  violated by the applause which her
last century. He was of a very irritable  choral performances called forth. Soon
disposition; and IlHoarthl has given an  after quitting the convent, she made her
admirable caricature portrait of hinm in  debut in the theatre Argentina, at Rome,
the well-known print of " The Enraged  in 1802; and the immense success which
Musician.'                            she achiegecd on this stage procured her
CASTRUCIO, CASTiRAAT, a acelebrated  imtmediate engagements in all the thegeneral, who was a foundling, discover- atres of Italy. At Lisbon, Madrid, and
ed by the monk Antonio, and his sister Paris new triumphs awaited her; but
Dianlora, in a heap of leaves in a vine- even those were far outshone, in 1806,
yard, at Lucca, inr Tuscany. in 1284. He by the enthusiasm of her reception in
was tenderly brought up by the human- England, where she remained eight
ity of his preservers, and intended for years, delighting the metropolis with her
the church; but lis fondness for bold  appearance at the Italian opera, and
exertions and military exercises made reaping large harvests both of fame and
him prefeb the profession of arms. He, vwealth in her provincial tours. After
entered in his 18th year as a lieutenant the restoration of the Bourbons, she rein the army of the G(hibelins, whom the turned to Paris, where she undertook
party of the Guelfs had just driven fiom  the managenient of the opera buffa; but
Pavia. The valor and coolness which   this speculation: was unfortunate, and
he displayed recommiended hi   to thee  Madame Catalcni, to repair hershmattered
good opilion of Guinligi, the oeneral, and  fortunes, made ~a professional tour
he soon rose, thoulnl  opposed and even  through all -the capitals of Europe, and
imnprisonedl by his enemies, to the hih- at length returned to England -in 1822,
est honor, andl was at last declared by  when tlhe elntlhusisasm of lier reception
the'people of Lucca their         s    uffered no abatement. There she reprince.   The: Florentines, however, maied three years. In 1825 she'agcain
viewed his elevation witl jealous en- visited Paris, and after once more going
mity, and 30,000 foot, and 10,000 hoise the round of Europe, she retired to
appeared in the field, 22,000 of whom he  Italy in 1830, when she purehased a villa
destroyed, with the loss of only 1600 of  near Florence, and spent the remainder
his own men. But here fortune checked  of her life in the bosom of her family.
tlhe career of his greatness; fatigued  She had been long married to a French
after the bloody contest, and regardless captain, called Vallabregue. D. atParis,
of a chill north wind which blew upon  1849. -
him, he was seized witih an ague, which  CATEL, CHIARLEs SIMON, an eminent
carried him off in a few d'ays, -when he composer, b. 1773, at Paris, was the anexpected to rise to the soeereignty    of thor of the famous'"Traite d'HarItaly. D. 1328.                       mone," and of many operas, the chief
CASWELL, RCHlAR, governor of        of which are " Semiramis," " Les BavaNorth Carolina. He w'as a member of   deres," "L'Auberge de Bagneres,"'&c.
the first coingress, 1774. In 1776 he was 1). 1880. 
at the lead of a reioiment, and was en-  CATESBY, MARK, an eminent Enga.ged by a body of loyalists under Gen- glish naturalist, patronized by Sir Hans
eral McDonald,' at a place called Moore's Sloane and other wealthy lovers of
creek bridce. McDonald was defleated, science. He spent many years in Amerand taken prisoner by Caswell, with the  ica, for the purpose of collecting and
loss of 70 men in killed and wounded, describing the most curious natural proand 1500 excellent rifles. This victory  ductions of that country. He fixed his
was of eminent service to the American  residence in Carolina, whence he made




264                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [CAT
excursions into Florida, Georgia, and  rused it. She possessed, considerable
the Bahama Islands. The result of his literary ability, but some devotional
labors was " The Natural History of pieces, which are sometimes attributed
Canada, Florida, and the Bahama Isl- to her pen, were in fact tie production
ands;" a very splendid work in two    of Queen Catharine Parr. D. 1536.folio volumes, illustrated by upwards The eldest dauohter of Sir Thomas Parr,
of 200 plates. B. 1680; d. 1749.      of Kendal, in Westmoreland. She was
CATHARINE, ST., of Sienna, was b. married early in life to Edward Burghe;
at Sienna, 1347, and when she was 20an, surviving him, she was next maryears of age became a sister of the order ried to John Neville. Lord Latimer.
of St. Dominic. HIving considerable   ier second husband, too, she survived;
ability and a very lively imagination, she and, in 1643, was raised to the throne by
became celebrated as a seer of visions. King Henry VIII., being the sixth and
So great an influence, in fact, did her last wife of that polygamic monarch.
alleged visions and revelations obtain  Her attachment to the reformed religion,
her, that she was able to prevail on  and her kindness to those who suplortGregory XI. to be reconciled to the ed it, gave deep and deadly offelnce to
Florentines, and to remove the papal the still powerful Catholic faction.
seat to Rome from Avignon, after it hlad  Gardiner, Wriotheslev, and others, defor 70 years been fixed at the latter place. termined to remove, if possible, so danShe wrote six treatises on the " Provi- gerous an opponent from  court, but
dence of God," " The Divine Doctrine  filed. Though during the king's last
delivered by the Eternal Father speaking  illness he was, in the words of a writer
to the Spirits," some short prose pieces of that time, "as furious as a chained
of devotion, and some poems. D. 1880, lion," Catharine continued to retain her
and was canonized by Pope Pius II. in  ascendency over him, and at his death
1464.-OF FRANCE, daughter of Charles he left her a legacy of ~4000 in addition
VI. of France, and the wife of Henry V. to her jointure, "for her great love, obeof England, who, on his marriage to her, dience, chasteness of life, and wisdom."
was declared successor to the French  She afterwards married Sir Thomas Seycrown. Their son, afterwards Henry   mour, uncle of Edward VI., but they
VI., was crowned in both countries lived by no means happily together;
while still an infant. Being left a wid- and when she died, though in clildbed,
ow, she privately espoused Owen Tudor, it vwas currently reported that she was
a Welsh gentleman, by whom she hadpoisoned. D..1548.-DE MEDICI, the wife
two sons, the elder of whom, Edmund, of Henry II. king of France, wvas the
earl of Richmond, was father of Henry  daughter of Lorenzo de Medici, duke of
VII. B. 1401; d. 1438.-OF ARAGON, Urbino. In 1519, being then only in her
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of 16th year, she was married to Henry,
Castile, was b. 1483. In her 18th year duke of Orleans, son and successor to
she was married to Arthur, prince of Francis I. of France. Her beauty and
Wales, eldest son of'Henry VII. The  accomplishments made her the orna.
young prince dying in a few months ment of the French court; and young
after his marriage, Henry's mercenary  as she was, she had deceit and cunning
dread of losing the rich dowryof Catha- enough to make herself acceptable to all
rine, induced her brother-in-law, after- parties. For ten years she brouglt her
wards Henry VIII., to marry her. The husband no children, but she subsevast religious changes to which this  quently had 10, of whom three successmarriage gave place, belong rather to ively were kings of France. With prohistory than to biography. Suffice it, found policy she secured the affection
therefore, to say, that after years of and confidence of her children in their
anxiety and spirited resistances, he was earliest youth, thereby assuring to herdivorced. But though she was no Ion- self that influence which she desired to
ger called queen at court, her attend- exercise overtheir maturer age. Onthe
ants at Kimbolton castle, where she  death of her husband, and the accession
took up her residence, were never al- of Francis II., the powerful Guises'lowed to address her otherwise than as shared her political power; and it is
queen, as she protested to the last that probable that it was in order to avoid colthe divorce was unjust and illegal. Just lision with them that she joined in their
before her death she wrote so pathetic a detestable fnry against the Huguenots.
letter to Henry in favor of Mary, their But the reign of Francis was very brief;
daughter, that, stern as the tyrant was, and when Charles IX., then only in his
he is said to have shed tears as he pe- 11th year, succeeded him, Catharine had




CAT]                  CYCLOP7EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      265
all the authority of regent, though not first his mistress and afterwards 1 S emthe title. The death of the cluke of press. During his lifetime she showed
Guise still further increased her power, great devotion to him, and at his death
and she was joined heart and soul with  sle was proclahied his successor. But
the Catholics in persecuting the Hugue- her reign was short; for her indulgence
nots. To characterize her political con- in intoxicating liquors produced a disduct at this time, we need only name the ease of which she d. in 1727, at the age
horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, of 41.-II., enipress of Russia, was the
an atrocity which just and humane men  daughter of the prince of Anhailt-Zerbst,
of every creed, country, and age will b. 1729, and in 1745 became the wife of
join in reprobating. That Charles IX. the emperor Peter III. This prince was
was' urged to this horrid act by the per- addicted to low society and to the most
suasions of Catharine most historians scandalous excesses; and   Catharine,
admit; and in less than two years after even in her youth, was by no means rethe massacre lie died, worn out in mind  markable for chastity. With the inconand body by the stings of remorse. At sistency usually to be observed in such
the death of Charles, Catharine was de- cases, each party reproached the other;
dared regent until the arrival of her son  Catharine, stung by her husband's bruHenry from Poland. During her regen- tality, became still more openly indecocy she governed rigorously and saga- rous in her conduct, and Peter indulged
ciously, and delivered up the kingdom  in low wassail to such an extent that lie
to Henry III. on his arrival, in such or- must have been deranged. He at length
der as with only common prudence and  became so infatuated by his disgust for
firmness, would have insured him   a Catharine and his passion for one of
peaceable reign. But the new king's his nistresses, the Countess Woronzoff,
weakness soon relaxed the bands which  that he had determined to divorce and
his mother had so firmly drawn around  imprison the former, and make the latfaction, and civil disturbances ensued, ter his empress.  Informed of his deby which Catharine's later years were  siens, Catharine promptly exerted her
much imbittered. Admitted by all to   self, caused her husband to be seized,
be a sagacious, adroit, and courageous and sent him as a prisoner to a small
woman, but detested by every party in  palace abou.t 20 miles from St. Petersthe state, she d., aged 85, in 1589.-OF burgh, where Prince Alexis Orloff put
BRAG&INZA, daughter of John IV. of Por- him to death, with the connivance, if
tugal, and queen of Charles II. of En- not at the positive command, of the
gland. The dissolute conduct of her empress. This occurred in July, 1762,
husband, and the shameful openness of and in the next month Catharine was
his illicit amours, gave her much pain. solemnly crowned empress of all the
But though neglected by him, she stead- Russias. Ill as her power was obtainily and sternly preserved her own honor, ed, she used it wisely and well. She
and his so far as it depended on her. trod firmly in the footsteps of Peter
After his death she returned to Portu- the Great, aiming at once to enrich and.
gal, and when, in 1704, her brother, Don  civilize her dominions.  Schools and
Pedro, was compelled by his increasing  towns were founded, public works of
infirmities to retire, she was made re- equal magnificence and use were comgent. She held this office but for a brief menced aLnd finished, and the horrible
space; but her conduct, both as regards tortures which had been inflicted on
her internal measures and her carrying  Russian criminals were almost totally
on the war with Spain, showed consid- abolished. But her amours in the mean
erable political ability.  D. in the 67th  time injured her as a woman, and her
year of her age, 1705.-I., empress of tyrannous conduct towards Poland is a
tlussia, was the illegitimate dauo hter of foul blot upon her escutcheon as a sovera Livonian peasant. After some years eign. Ambition, however, and lack of
spent in the service of a clergyman, she female virtue did not wholly degrade
married a Swedish dragoon, who shortly  her, for her internal policy was as much
afterwards went on an expedition and  directed to the useful as to the grand;
never returned. She then resided, it is and amid all the distraction of business
doubtful whether as servant or para- and dissipation she found time to enmour, iwith the Russian general, Bauer, courage literature.  Indeed, she was
when Prince Menkzikoff became enam- herself the author of instructions for a
"ed of her charms, and made her his code of laws, which she also translated
mistress.  Peter I. now distinguished  into German; and she wrote sev(ral
her by his notice. and she became at dramatic pieces, and some moral talea'23




266                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [CAT
for the use of children. D.. aged 67, He defeated the duke o Savoy very sig1796.                                nally in 1688, and il lb97 he took the
CATHARINUS, AMBRosE, an Italian    fortress of Ath, in Flanders, after expedivine; author of " Treatises against the riencing a desperate resistance. In 1701
Doctrines of Luther and Ochinus." He  he was appointed to the chief command
attended the council of Trent, and be- of the army in Italy; bhut either his skill
came successively bishop of Minori and  was inferior to that of Prince Eugene,
archbishop of Cauza. D. 1553.        to whom he was opposed, or age had
CATHEALL, ISAAC, a physician in    somewhat weakened his high qualities,
Philadelphia; studied in that cib.y, and  for he was decidedly worsted and comrnin London, Edinburgh, and Paris; and  pelled to retreat. D. 1712.
returned home in 1793.   During the    CATO, MARCus PORTIUS, surnamed
prevalence of the yellow fever in that the Censor, an illustrious Roman. At
year, and in 1797, 1798, and 1799, he the early age of 17 he commenced his
remained at his post, and even dis- career. as a soldier, and distinguisled
sected those who died of the disease. himself equally by his courage and by
He published "'Remarks on the Yellow  his singular temperance. After some
Fever," 1794; "Buchan's Domestic time he was made military tribune in
Medicine," with notes, 1797; " Memoir Sicily, and then qumstor in Africa, under
on the Analysis of the Black Vomit,"  Scipio.. In both these important sitnashowino that it might be safely tasted, tions his conduct was marked bv a rigid
1800, in 5th vol. of the transactions of  and honorable economy of the public
the American Philosophical Society; money; and in his 40th year he arrived
a~nd a pamphlet on the yellow fever, in  at the high dignity of the consulship.
conjunction with Dr. Carris, in 1802. In this situation he strongly opposed
D. 1819.                             the luxury of the R omans, and incesCATILINE, Lucius SERCIus CATALINA, santly endeavored to animate their haa Roman, of a noble family and great tred of the Carthaginiails, by speeches
talents, but of most depraved habits and  in the senate, usually concludin.  with
evil ambition. He was high in fiavor "Delenda est-        Carthtio;" "Ca'thage
with Sylla, who: advanced him to the must ftll."  ie composed many works;
quaestorship and other offices of honor but only "De Re Rustica," and some
and:profit.  After the death of this fragments of Roman history, are all that
powerfiul patron, Catiline conspired with  we know'of his writings. lie Was twice
other dissolute nobles and their follow- married, and had a son by each of his
ers, to murder the consuls and senators, wives. B. 232 B. C.; d. 148.-MARCus
and assume the government.    Fortu- PORTImus, surnamed, from his birthplace,
nately for Rome, Cicero was one of the "of'Utica," was grandson of the younger
consuls; and he, on being made aware son of the last named. Being early left
of Catiline's designs, branded him with  an orphan, he was taken into-the family
them in those famous orations which  of his uncle, Livins Drusus. He served
alone would suffice to give him the first for some time in the army, and obtained
rank among orators, ancient or modern. the commission of tribune in the army
Even the effrontery of Catiline quailed  sent against Macedoniai  He theni bebefore the indignant eloquence of the came questor, and exerted hiimself for
consul.  He left Rome and marched    the reformation of abuses. His conduct
towards Cisalpine Gatul, his confederates in this respect, and the unvarying graviin the'mean time endeavoring to corrupt ty of his demeanor, rendered him almost
the ainbassadors of the Allobroges. In  proverbial for inteority; and Cicero, to
thids they were defeated by the vigilance wvhose consular exertions he gave his
and promptitude of Cicero; and Catiline support,.called him " the fther of his
being stopped in his march by the pro- country."  Perceiving the designs of
consul. Q. Metellus Celer, an engagement COesar, he had the honesty and conraoge
ensued, in wlhich Catiline, at the head  to oppose him; and considering Ctesar
of his.associates, fighting with the most more dangerous than Pompey, he ranged
most desperate courage, was slain, 62 himself uinder the banners of the latter.
B. C.                                The fatal battle of Pharsalia compelled
CATINAT, NICHOLAs, an illustrious him to fly to his native Utica; and when
French general, as eminent for his vir- the triumphant CaGsar arrived before
tues as for his military talents. He was that place, Cato calmly retired to his
educated for the law, but abandoned the chamber, read Plato's Pheedo, or Diabhr for the army, and rose to the highest logne on the Immortality of the Soul,
niilitary honors by his skill and courage. and ended his life by failing upon his




CAV,]                CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       267
eword, 45 B. o.-VALERIUS, a Latin poet estants of Languedoc, when they reand grammarian. All that remains of   voltecd aainst the tyranny of the king;
his writings is "Dirse," a poem, which  and led by, him, they forced Marshal
is to be found in Mattaire^s "Corpus Villars to make a treaty with them.
Poetarum."  D. 80 B. C.               Cavalier then became a colonel in the
CATROU, FRANCIS, a learned French lkings service,.but fearing some treachJesuit; author of a "Translation of   cry he transferred his skill and courage
Virgil," "A History of the Empire of to England, and d. governor of Jersey,
Mogul," "A    Roman History," &c.;    1740.
and for many years a contributor to the  CAVALIERI, BONAVENTURE, an Ital"Journal de Trevoux."  D. 1787.      ian friar, who became a disciple of GaliCATTENBURG, ADRIAN        VAN, a leo. -He was:professor of mathematics
Dutch divine of the sect of Reinon- at Bologna, and wrote some valuable
strants, professor of theology at Rotter- treatises on geometry, conic sections,
dam; author of " Syntanma Sapientise &c. D. 1647.
Mosaicc," "The Life of Grotius," in     CAVALLINI, PIETRO, a Roman paintDutch, &c. D. 1737.                   er. He was pupil of Giotto, whom he
CATULLUS, CAMS VALERIUS, an ele- assisted in the flnmous mosaic in St.
gant but licentious Roman poet. D. 40 Peter's. D. 1864.
B. c.                                   CAVALLO, TBERIus, an ingenious
CATZ, JAMiES, a Dutch statesman and  natural philosopher, b. at Naples 1749,
poet, was b. 1577, at Brouwershaven, in  who went to England for commercial
Zealand.  He held various important objects, and was so struck with the disoffices, was twice ambassador to En- coveries at that period in physical scigland, and for fifteen years filled the  ence, that he abandoned his pursuits,
high stidion of pensionary in Holland. settled in London, and devoted his
D. 1660.                              future life to the advancement of science.
CAULAINCOURT, ARBMAND Auous- He was author of many treatises on
TIN Louis DE, duke of Vicenza, a descen- "Electricity," "Aelrostation," "Mag -
dant of a noble and ancient family of  netism," &c., and contributed largely to
Picardy. In the early cldays of the rev-  the "Philosophical Transactions." ID.
olution he was imprisoned as a suspected  1809.
royalist -but was liberated on being    CAVE, EDWARD, an enterprisin bookdrawn as a' recruit for the republican  seller, was b. at Newton, Warwickshire,
army. There he rose from rank to.rank  1691, and educated at Rugby school.
until lie became aid-de-camp to Bona- Having been deprived of a clerkship in
parte, whom he attended in the cam- the post-office, in consequence of his
paigns of 1805-6-7. Subsequently he   resistance to some abuses of the priviwas employed in confidential missions, lege of franking, he took a shop by St.
and in the post of foreign minister. John's gate, Clirkenwei l, and comnlenAfter the restoration he lived in retire- ced the  Gentleman's Magazine."  The
ment. B. 1773; d. 1827.'          work was highly successful; and among
CAUSSIN, NICHOLAS, a French Jesuit, the contributors to it was the subseconfessor to Louis XIII.; author of.a  quently famous Dr. Johnson, of whom
treatise "De Eloquentia Sacra et Hu- Cave was one of the earliest friends alnd
mana," &c.    He was banished from    employers. D. 17504.-WILLIAM a learncourt for opposing Cardinal Richeliett. ed Eglish divine; author of "PrimiD. 1651.                              tive Christianity,' " Lives of the AposCAVALCANTI, BARTOLOMEo, a learn- ties and Martyrs," and I Historia Liteed Italian; author of a work oni "Rhet- raria."  The last-named work is. an
oric," and of another on the "Forms of  account of the writers against and in
a Republic;" both able treatises.  He  defence of Christianityclown to the:14t
served for some time as a military officer, century. B. 1637; 5. 1713.
and was employed:in some important     CAVEDONE, GIACOMO, an eminent
negotiations by Pope Paul III ID. 1562. Italian painter. He was a disciple of the
-GuIDo, a Florentine philosopher and  Caracci; but though some of his -workks
poet of the 13th century, was a friend  are said to be equal to those of his masof Dante, anld, like him, an active Ghib- ters, he d. in absolute destitution, in
elline.  I-is poems, which are chiefly  1660.
amorous, are above mediocrity. D. 1300.  CAVENDISH, THOMAS, an English
CAVALIER, JOHN, the son of a navigator in the reign df Elizabeth, was
French peasant. was b. 1679. He be- a native of Suffolk, where he inherited
canme leader of'the Camiairdes, or Prot- a good estate; but having injured his




268                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [,AZ
fortune by early extravagances, he fitted  JOHN, Lord, brother of the preceding;
out three vessels to cruise against the an able statesman, who distinguished
Spaniards; and sailing for the coast of lhimself by his opposition to Lord North,
South America, succeeded in talking sev- and succeeded that nobleman as chaneral valuable prizes. After circumnavi- cellor of- the exchequer.  D. 1796.gating the globe, he returned to Enoland  HENRY, a member of the Devonshire
with a large fortune. This he soon dissi- family, and one of the most eminent
patec, and again wentto sea; but meeting  natural philosophers of modern times,
with no success, d. of chagrin while off  devoted himself exclusively to scienthe coast of Brazil, in 1592.-WILLIAAr, a tific pursuits, acquiring a distiunuished
native of Suffolk, was b. 1505. I-e ob- rank among those who have most contained the office of usher to Cardinal tributed to the progress of chemistry;
Wolsey; and the fidelity he displayed  and his researches relative to hydrogen
on the fall of his patron endeared him  gas, or inflammable air, gave rise to the
to Henry VIII., who took him into his practice of aerostation.  By the death
service and knighted him. In the sue- of an uncle, in 1773, he received a large
ceecding reigns he was equally favored, addition to his fortune; and, being exand his son became the earl of Devon- tremely regular and simple in his manshire. He wrote the life of his early  ner of living, he left at his death the
fri-iend and patron, Cardinal Wolsey. D. enormous sum of ~1.200,000, to his
1557.-WILLIAM, duke of Newcastle, son  relations. It has been truly said of him,
of Sir Charles Cavendish, the youngest that he was "the richest among the
son.of the last niamed. By James I. he learned, and the most learned among
was made a knight of the Bath, Baron  the rich men of his time."  B. 1731; d.
Ogle, and Viscount Mansfield. Charles 1810.
I. appointed him governor to the prince  CAWTON, THOMAS, a noncmnformist
of Wales, and made him earl of New- divine. Being implicated in Love's plot
castle. The earl proved himself worthy  against Cromwell, he fled to Holland,
of the favor shown to him; for, when  and became pastor of the English church
Charles I. resolved on an expedition  at Rotterdam.n I-Ie was skilled in the
against the   Scots, he   contributed  oriental languages, and assisted in the
~10,000,-a very large sum at that time  Polyglot Bible, and Dr. Castell's Poly-besides raising a troop of horse. Du- glot Lexicon. D. 1659.-THOMAS, son
ring the civil war he behaved with great of the above, and, like him, a Puritan
gallantry; and when the royal cause divine and an oriental scholar. He offibecame hopeless, he joined Charles II. elated to a dissenting congregation in
in his exile. At the restoration, he was Westminster; and was author of "Discreated duke of Newcastle. He was the sertatio de Usna Lingure Hebraicoe in
author of several poems and plays, but Philosophia Theoretica," a "Life of his
is now chiefly remembered as an author Father," &c. D. 1667.
for his treatise on "Horsemanship." B.  CAXTON, WILLIAM, the earliest En1592; d. 1676.-WILLIAM, first duke of glish printer, was a native of Kent, b.
Devonshire, was the son of William, about 1410. Having served his time as
third earl of Devonshire.  He was b. a    ererer, he went abroad as agent to
1640, and attended James, duke of York, the Mergers' company, and afterwards
as a volunteer against the Dutch; but was taken into the suite of. Margaret of
he soon made himself obnoxious at York, wife of the duke of BurVundy.
court by his opposition in parliament. While residing in Flanders, lie acquired
lie gave evidence in favor of Lord Wil- a knowledge of the art of printing, and
liam  Russel, and even offered to ex- translated and printed in that country
change clothes with that unfortunate the "Recuy6ll of the History of Troy."
nobleman to enable him to escape. In  Returning to England, lie set up a press
1684 he succeeded to the title of earl of in Westminster abbey; and 1474 issued
Devonshire, and was shortly afterwards the "Game of Chess," the first book
imprisoned, and fined ~30,000 for stri- ever printed in England. D. 1491.
king Colonel Culpepper, in the presence  CAYLUS, ANNE CLAUDE PHILIP DE,
chamber. For the payment of this large count of, a French writer; author of the
sum he gave bond, but before it became  " Description of the Gems in the Royal
cldue, the arrival of the prince of. Orange Cabinet," a truly splendid work; " Dishad put. an end for ever to the tyranny  sertation on the Arts," &c.; and foundof James. The earl now became a favo- er of a prize for drawing in the Academy
rite at court, and in 1694 his earldom  of Painting. B. 1720; d. 1765.
was raised to a dukedom. D. 1707.-      CAZES, PIEBl'     JACQsUES a French




CEL]                  CYCLOPREDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       269
painter, pupil of Boulogne and the elder the daughter of Actmus, a Grecian
touasse. His principal work is a noble prince; and founded Athens about 1556
Scripture piece of "The Woman with    B.C.
an issue of Blood," in the church of    CEDRIEMIS, GEOrGE, a Greek monk
Notre Dame. B. 1676; d. 1754.         of the 11th century, who wrote a " HisCAZOTTE, JOHN, a French writer; tory of the World, from the Creation to
author of" Le Diable Amoureux," "Oli- the Year 1057," which was printed with.vier," and other poems, chiefly of the a Latin version at Paris in 1647.
humorous kind.    In tile revolution,   CELESTI, ANDREA, a Venetian paintwhich he opposed with all his power, er. lie executed some beautiful landhe was thrown into the prison of the  scapes and some fine altar-pieces. D.
Abbaye, with his daughter Elizabeth; 1706.
and when the massacre of the prisoners  CELESTINE I., saint and pope; suetook place, his daughter threw herself  cessor of Boniface I. He became pope
between him and the miurderers, there- in 422, condemned the doctrine of Nesby preventing the execution of their torius in 430, and d. in 432, with a high
purpose; but he was again condemned   reputation for piety and wisdom.-III.,
to death, and perished by the guillotine, pope, succeeded Clement III. in 1191.
1792, tt the age of 72. From the seaf- He claimed the k.Jgdoms of Naples and
fold he cried with a firm voice to the  Sicily, and conferred the latter on Fredmultitude, "I die, as I have lived, faith- eric, son of the Emperor Henry VI., on
ful to God and to-my king."           condition that he should be tributary to
CEBA, AUFALDO, a Genoese poet; au- the holy see. D. 1198.-V., a pope and
thor of two tragedies, a history of Rome, saint.  He was a Benedictine monk,
and two heroic poems, "II Furio Ca- and founder of an order called Celesmillo," and "Esther."  D. 1628.       tines, which was suppressed in France.
CEBES, a Theban philosopher, pupil He led a life of great seclusion, and the
of Socrates. The Tablature of Human   fame of his austerity caused him to be
Life, usually printed with the Enchiri- elected pope in 1294. Cardinal Cajetan
dion of Epictets, is generally attributed  persuaded him to resign, and then, havto him, but by some his authorship is ing caused himself to be elected, by the
disputed.                             title of Boniface VIII., imprisoned CeCECCO DE ASCOLI, whose proper lestine. D. in confinement, in 1296.
name was FRANCIS DEGLI STABILI, an      CELLARIUS, CHRISTOPHER, a learned
Italian  physician, mechanician, and   German writer, professor of history at
poet; author of "L'Acerta," a poem, Halle; author of "Notitia Orbis Anti&c. In 1322 he obtained the appoint- que," "Atlas Ccelestis," &c., and editor
ment of professor of philosophy and as- of several Greek and Latin authors. D.
trology at Bologna, and subsequently  1707.
that of physician and astrologer to the  CELLIER, RENI, a learned French
duke of Calabria; but being accused of  Benedictine; author of an "Apology
magic, he was condemned by the In- for the Morality of the Fathers," written
quisition, and burnt to death in 1327.  against Barbeyrac, and compiler of a
CECIL, ROBERT, earl                 of Salistory of Sacred and        clethe second son of Lord Burleigh, the siastical Authors." D. 1761.
prudent minister of Queen Elizabeth.    CELLINI, BENVENUTO, a Florentine
Trained to business under his father, he artist, of equal geni-s and eccentricity.
became first the assistant and then the lHe was apprenticed to a goldsmith and
successor of secretary  Walsingham. jeweller, and at the same time learned
Towards the close of Elizabeth's reign, drawing, engraving, and music. Clemhe sedulously cultivated the friendship  ent VII. employed him both as goldof James VI. of Scotland. The event smith and musician; and such was his
justified his foresight, for he was made reputation for courage, that when Rome
high treasurer, and'created earl of Salis- was besieged by the duke of Bourbon,
bury almost immediately after James's  Cellini was charged with the defence of
accession to the English crown. He the castle of St. Angelo. During the
was an extremely able, and, generally life of Clement, Cellilni was emp:loyed to
speakiing, upright minister; but the  make stamps for the mint, and his coilns
share he had iin causing the deaths of and medals are exquisite specimens of
[Essex and laleigih, tenCs miucl to sink  skill. On the death of his patron he
him iln the estimation of posterity. B. went to France, where lie was patronized
1563; d. 1612.                        and employed by Francis I.; but he
CECROPS, an Egyptian, who married   soon retured to Rome, and beinm- ac



270                   CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CER
cused of having robbed the castle of St. cious and elegant, but they are occasionAngelo while intrusted with its defence, ally indelicate. D. 1723.
he was there imprisoned. He however iCEOLWULF, a king of Northumberescaped, was retaken, but finally released  land in the 8th century, of whom: the
-at thle intercession of the Cardinal For- Venerable Bede makes honorable menrara. lie once more went to France, tion as a just and pious king. His dowhere he executed some magnificent minions being overrun by Ethelbald,
works, especially some large figures in  king of Mercia, Ceolwulf retired to tha
metal. In five years he left Flrance for monastery of Lindisfarne, and spent the
Florence, wlhere le was employed by the  reimainder of his life in retirement and
Grand-duke Cosmio. Working equally    prayer.
well in metal and marble, on tie largest  CEPHALON, an Ionian author of an
and the most minute scale, Cellini, even  epitome of general history from the time
as an artist alone, was a most wonderful  of inus ttht of the emperor Acrian,
mnan. But when we remember that he in whose reign lie flourishled,'and of a
was a musician, an author, and an ad- history of Troy. In imitation of Herodmirable master of the sword, it is im- otus, he divided his epitome into nine
possible to withhold our admiration   books.
from the extent and vtriety of his genius.  CERACCHI, JOSEPH, a Romian sculpAs an author, he produced a work on   tor, a pupil of the great Canova.   e
sculptlue lndl the casting of metals, a  unfortunately involved himself in polittreatise on the goldsmith's art, and an  ical disputes, and was obliged to seel
autobiogr'aphy full of vivid and vigorous  shelter in France, whee  lie was Cenaned
writing. This last work, which contains  in a conspiracy against the life of Bonasome details scarcely credible, even with  parte, for which lie was executed in 1801.
a lar e allowance for the evident vanity  CERATINUS, JAiES, a learled Dutchof tile author, has been translated: into  man, pirofessor of Greek at Leipsic, which
all the modern languages. B. 1500; d. office le owed to the recommelndation
1570.                                 of Erasmus. His true name wnas Teyng,
CELSIUS, OLAUS, a learnedl Swede; that which he adopted being a Greek
the early patron of Linnaus, and the  derivative equivalent to Horn, the nlame
first promoter of the science of natural of his native place. lie wrote "De
history in Sweden. He published va- Sono Grseearumn Literarlum," compiled a
rious theological and:other works, par-  Greek and Latin lexicon, &c. 1). 1530.
ticularly one entitled " HierobotanicoCn,"  CERCEAU, JoUN ANTIIONY DU, a
an account of the plants mentioned in  French poet. He wrote seveiral critiques,
the- Bible. B. 1670; d. 1756.         somei comedies, and Latin and French
GCELSUS, AunrLIms CORNELmST   a Ro- poems. B. 1676; and accidentally shot
man physician of the time of Tiberius;  in 1730, by the prince of Conti, to whom
author of treatises on agriculturle, iheto- he'was tutor.;
ric, and military affairs, and:of 8 books  CERIDA, BELRNADA FEItERREIRA DE LA,
on medicine. All except the last work  a Porturguese lady of the 17th century,
is lost but that is used in the medical remarkable for the extent and variety
schools of every nation in Europe. —An  of-hera accomplishnlents; -She was'well
Epicurean philosopher of the 2cd cenl- vesed in the ancieent cand' modern lntury.  He wrote a book against the guagres; excelled in rhetoric, mathlematChristian religion. It is not extant, but is, and philosophy; wis a most skilful
if we may judge from Origen's reply to  musician; and wrote various poems and
it, Celsus was. a keen disputant, even  comedies of great merit.
with the disadvantagge of assailing truth  CERE. JOHNu NICHOL.S, a distinguishand defending error. e-                d French botanist, director of the boCELTES, CONRAn, a modern Latin tanic garden in the Isle of France. He
poet, native of Germany.   He wrote greatly extended the culture of-cloves
odes, amatory poems, and epigrams, and  and other spices in the island, and puba prose history of Nuremburg. D. 1508. lished a valuable memoir on the cultivaCENSORINIUS, a Roman, twice con- tion of rice. D. 1810.
sul. In 270 the soldiery compelled him  CERINI, GIOVANNI DoMENiCO, an Italto accept the purple, and murdered him  ian painter, chiefly of historical subjects.
a week after lie had done so.         B. 1606; d. 1681.-JosSEP, an Italian
CENTLIVRE, SUSANNATI, an English    poet and dramatist. B. 1738; d. 1779.
dramatic writer and actress; author of  CERINTHIUS, a heresiarch of the 1st
"The Busy Body," "A bold Stroke for century. He was by birth a Jew, and is
Wife"'&c. Her writings are viva- supposed to have been a pupil of Simon




CHA]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        2 71
Maarus. His doctrine was a compound   Garrick reproached him in the greenof Judaism, Christianity, and the specu- room, but the fiddler appeased the actor
lations of the Gnostics.              by exclaiinin, " Ah,' Mr.'Garlick, it is
CERUTI, FREDERIC, i learnec Italian  aivay the vay ven I be ver much please 1"
schloolmaster. HIe wrote a Latin clia- D. 17853, at the age of 103.
loue oni the "Riiht Education of       CESARINI, JULAN, a cardinal. I-Ie
Youth,' and anotiier on "Comedy,'     was employed by Martin V. and Euneand publishecl editions of Horace, Jtve- nins IV., in political negotiations. Benal, and Perseus, each with a para- ing sent by the latter pope to lIungaly,
phrase. B. 1,541; d. 1579.            he persuaded Ladislaus to breakl truce
CERUTTI, JOSEPr ANTHONY JOACHIM, with the Turks. The battle of Varna
a Jesuit, for some time professor in the  ensued, and the cardinal was slain, 1a144.
society's college at Lyons; author of an  -VmRGINIO,  n Italian writer, whos
"Apology" for his order, and of various Latin and Italian poems'are distinmiscellaneous pieces. He entered with   guished by great ele'ance. D. 1624.
ardor into the aflairs of the revolution,  CESAROTTI, MELC-mO, an Italian
and conducted a paper called "Feuille  poet, and professor of rhetoric, Greek,
Villaaeoise."   Bi. 1785; d. 1792.     and IIebrew, in the univelrity of Padua;
CERVANTES, DE SAAVEDRA, MIGL EL,author of "Essays on the.Origin and
the celebrated Spanish novelist, was b. Progress of Poetry," " On the Italian
1547. Althougl he gave early promise   Lalnuanoe, " &c.; and translator into
of litcrary talent, he was compelled, Italiln of the " Iliad," and of " Ossian'
through poverty, to seek a subsistence  Poems."    B. 1730;. 1808.
in some other profession, and became a  CESPEDES, PAUL, anl elminent Sp npage to the cardinal Giulio Aquaviva, in  ish painter. His principal workl is "The
otne. He:len entered the navy, and    Last Supper," an admirable picture in
lost his left arm at the famous battle of  the cathedral of Cordova. Hie was the
Lepanto.   After this, lie joined the  author of a learned treatise on ancient
troops at Naples, in the service of the and modern painting. D. 1608.
Spanish king; but, returning home-      CEZELLI, CONSTANCE, a heroie of
wa'rd, he was -unfortunately taken pris- the 16tl ceentluy. Her husband, while
oner by a corsair, and remained in     cefendcin  Lcucate, was taken by the
slavery at Algiers five yeare                ds,.den  they theatened Conwas at length ransomecd he settled at stance that they would put him to death
Madrid, rmanried, and published in the if she did not snurrender the fortress.
course of 10 years about 80 dramas; but She refused, but offered all her property
though lie slowed great genius, ihe,was to ransom him. This was unavailiang
not so successful as his rival, Lope cde  aid beiing foiled in two assaults, they
Vega, and he reluetautly abandoned this raised the siege, and put their barbarous
species of composition for that wvhicl  threat in force.
has immortalized his name-the produc-    CHABERT, JOSEPH BERNARD, martion of" Don Quixote."  Cervantes hiad  quis of, a distinguished navigator, asin view, by this work, to reform  the tronomer, and geographier, b. t Toulon,
taste and opinions of is countrymen. 1724. He perforlied several distant voyHe wished to ridicule that adventurols anes, and formed the project of a chart
heroism which was the source of innu- of the Mediterranean; but the. Americai
irerable novels on knight-erranctry. The iwar interrupted the wvork, and called
work was, at first, coldly received, but Clhbert to his post, where he. distinit soon met with applause, and it miay  guishecd himself so highly, that, in 1781,
now safely be said to be the most ppnu- ihe was made commianmdem of a squadron.
lar vwork that was ever written.  Still its The revolution drioe him to Enoland.
extraordinary good fortune cdid not ex- In 1800 he lost his sight, in consequence
tend to the author, who struggled on  of his intense application to study; and,
for many years with nothing to console in 1802, he returned to Paris, where
him in his poverty but his genius, and 3Bonaparte assigned him a pension. D.
a proper estimation of his own merit. 1805.
D. 1616.                                CHABRET, PIERRE, an able French
CERVETTO, a celebrated Italian mu- advocate; author of a work entitled
sician, who performed at Drury-lanie  "The French Monarchy and its Laws."
in the time of Garrick. He mich of- D. 1786.
fended that irritable performer by loudly  CHABRIAS, an Athenian general, to
snoring one nighlt, when the audience  whom a statue was erected, for aiding
was in a state of the most perfect silence. the Bceotians against Agesilaus.  Io




27                  MCYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CHA
conquered Cyprus for the king of Egypt, edit their books, and published many
and was slai at Chio, 535 i.. Cworks in his own name. In 1812 the
CHABRY, MARK, a French painter first portion of the work appeared,
and sculptor. His best sworks, inclu- which, of all his productions, hfIs the
ding a fine equestrian statue of Louis most largely contributed to his faime,
XIV., adorned the city of Lyons, but namely, "The General Biograplical Diethey were destroyed by the revolution- tionary," which was completed in 1817;
ary rabble. D. 1727.                  and he continued to occupy himself in
CHAIS, CHARLES, a Protestant divine. literary pursuits till ill-health compelled
Hie was a native of Geneva, but for many  him  to abandon them. D. 1834.years officiated as pastor of the French  GEOrsGE, a Scotch writer of considerable
church at the Hague. He was author ability and industry; author of " Caleof " An Apology for Inoculation," some donia," " An Estinmate of the Comptaratheological essays, and a French transla- tive Strength of Great Britain," &c.
tion of the Bible. D. 1785.           His statistical ability procured him the
CHAISE, FmPvNCI Dr LA, a French     situation of chief clerk of the Board of
Jesuit, confessor to Louis XIV., over Trade, which he enjoyed for many years.
whom he acquired a vast influence. D. B. 1744; d. 182.-ToIIAS, was b. at,
1709. The site of his house and grounds Anstruther, in Fife, on the 17th of
at Paris is now occupied by the beauti- March, 1780, and was early sent to study
ful cemetery swhich bears his name.   at St. Andrew's university. On thie comr
CHALCIDIUS, a Platonic philosopher pletion of his theological studies, lie offi
of the 3d century.  I-e wrote a corn- ciated for about two years as assistant
mentary on the Timtsus of Plato, of   in the parish of Cavers, and in 1808 he
which a Latin version was published at obtained a presentation to the parish of
Levyden.                              Kilmany, in Fifeshire. Here he remained
CHALCONDYLES,        DEETRIus, a for some years, in the quiet discharge of
learned Greek, who, on the taking of his clerical duties, when he as suddenly
Constantinople in 1479, established him- awakened to a knowledge of "vital Chrisself as a teacher of Greek in Italy. He tianity," whnile en'gaged in writing the
wrote a Greek grammar, and edited the article "Christianity" for "Brewster's
lexicon of Suidas. D. 1513.           Edinburgh Encyclopaedia," and from this
CHALES, CLAUDIUS FRANCIS DE, a moment his quickened and concentrated
French Jesuit, professor of hydroogra- faculties were intent on reviving the old
phy and mathematics; author of a      "evangelism of the Puritans uand the
"History of Mathematics," a " Treatise Reformers."  The heroism with which
on Navigation,"  "Researches on the he avowed his change, and the fervor
Centre of Gravity," &c.. D. 1678.     with which he proclaimed the gospel,
CHALLE, CHARLES MICHAEL ANGELO, made a great sensation in the quiet
a French painter, and professor of paint- country round Kilmany; and at last the
ing in the Paris acacdemy. He was a renown of this upland Boanerges began
successful imitator of Salvator Rosa and  to spread over Scotland, when, in 1815,
of Guido. D. 1778.                    the town council of Glasgow invited him
CHALMERS, ALEXANDER, was b. 1759, to be the minister of their Tron church
at Aberdeen, where his father carried on  and parish. Thither he repaired, and
business as a printer. When he was 18 in that city for 8 years sustained a series
years of age, an appointmient of assist- of the most brilliant argumlents and
ant surgeon in the West Indies was overpowering appeals in behalf of reliprocured for him; but, instead of sail- gion. In 1817 he visited London. Here
ing for Jamaica he proceeded to Lon- his popularity was not less overwhelmdon, where he connected himself with ing. The churches in which lie was to
the press. HIe became editor of the preach were crowded to suffocation long
" Public Ledger'" and " London Packet"  before tlhe service commenced; ancd
newspapers, during the period of the amongst his auditors were a number of
American war. Party politics were  then   distilguished clergy, peers, memrunning high, and Mr. Chalmers ob- bers of parliament, and literary eahractained much credit as a political writer ters of all classes and denonminations.
to other journals. under the signature After continuing about four years minof Senex. He iwas for a longe time a ister of the Tron churlch, lie was recontributor to the "Morninig Chroni- moved to the new church of St. John's.
cle," asnde afterwards editor of tie "Morn- In this new sphere he tried to give
ing Herald."  He also entered into en- practical direction to the theories he
gagements with several publishers, to  had propounded, relative to the suppoa7




CHA]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       273
and the suppression of pauperism. In  and one of the judges of the ill-fated
management, he expected it to become  Charles I. ltis zeal in the parliamentary
a model for all the parishes in Scotland, cause obtained him the governorship of
in the independence of its provision for Peel castle, in the Isle of Man. At the
the abatement of pauperism, as well as restoration in 1660, messengers were
in the spiritual agency it was to adopt. sent to apprehend, him, when he comuBlt the work he' had undertaken, and  mitted suicide.-THOMAs, brother of the
the invasions made upon his time, de- last named, and also one of the king's
prived him of that solitude so much   judges; author of an a account of the
required for pulpit preparations, especi- (pretended) discovery of the tomb of
ally for such pulpit exhibitions as he Moses. He absconded from England at
was wont to give; and he was fain to the restoration. D. 1661.
seek relief in an academic retreat. In  CHAMBERLAINE, ROBERT, an En1824 he accepted the chair of moral phi- glish poet, author of " The Swag-gering
losophy at St. Andrew's; in 1828 he was Damsel," a comedy; " Nocturnil Luremoved to the chair of theology in the cubrations," &c. 1D. 1637.
university of Edinburgh; and here he    CHAMBERLAYNE, EDWARD, a'thor
prosecuted his multifarious labors, lee- of an able work, entitled "The present
turing, preaching, publishing, organi- State of England," &c. D. 1703.-JoHN,
zing schemes for the welfar:e of the son of the above, translator of the " Rechurch, and taking an active manage- ligious Philosopher," by Nieuwentyt,
ment in her courts, till the disruption  &c. -D. 1724.
in the church of Scotland, in 1843, when  CHAMBERS, EPHRaIM, an able and
he joined the Free Church, which he most industrious English writer, commainly contributed to found, and be- piler of the well-known " Cyclopedia"
came principal and professor of theology  which bears his name. D. 1740.-Sir
to the seceding body. D. 1847.-LIONEL, WILLIAM, an able architect. He built
a physician of South Carolina, eminent that fine structure, Somerset house, and.for medical science. He first practised  was the author of a valuable treatise
in Christ-church, but soon'removed to  on "Civil Architecture."  Though of
Charleston, where he continued till his Scotch descent, he was by birth a Swede,
death. He wrote, in 1754, useful re- and his knighthood was conferred by
marks on opist.hotonos and tetanus, the king of Sweden. D. 1796.
which were published in the first vol-  CHAMIER, DANIEL a French Protulne of the observations and inquiries estant divine, author of a treatise "De
of the Medical Society of London. His (EcumenicoPontifice,"and other learned
most respectable work is an essay on  works. His reputation as a politician
fevers, published at Charleston, 1767, in  was so great, that he was intrusted with
which he gave the outlines of the spas- the important task of drawing up the
moedic theory, which had been taught edict of Nantes. I-e was killed during
by Hoffman, and which was afterwards the siege of Montauban, in 1621.
more fully illustrated by Cullen. Besides  CHIAMILLARD, STEPHEN, a learned
several smaller productions, he also pub- but very credulous French Jesuit and
lished a valuable work on the weather antiquary, author of " Dissertations on
and diseases of South Carolina. D. Medals, Gems and other Monuments
1777.                                 of Antiquity."  D. 1730.
CHALONER, THOMAS, an English          CHAMISSO, ADELBERT VON, son of
statesman.  He obtained his knlight- Louis, vicompte cl'Ormont, was b. at
hood by his gallantry at the battle of  Roncourt in Champagne in 1781. Driven
MTusselburgh, and was afterwards em- with his parents from their home by the
ployed as Queen Elizabeth's ambassador French revolution, he was educated in
to Spain and Germany. He translated   Berlin, where he became one of the
" Erasmus's Praise of Folly," and wrote royal pages, served in the Prussian
"De Republica Anglorum instauranda, army till the peace of Tilsit, and then
libri decem," &c. D. 1565. —THOMAS, returned to France, where he remained
son of the above, was distinguished as a  till 1812, as professor at Napoleonville.
chemist and natural philosopher, author But his strong inclination for his favoof a tract on the virtues of nitre. D. rite study, natural history, and the at1603.-EDWARD,`an English divine, son  tachinent he had imbibed for the land
of the above, chaplain to James I., and  of his education, once more drew him
one of the most celebrated preachers of to Berlin, where he seized the opporhis time. D. 1625.-JAMES, brother of tunity of accompanying Kotzebue in his
the preceding, a member of parliament, voyage round the world in 1815; and




274                   CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                     LCHA
on his return, in 1818, he was appointed  ning through the marsh plungede into
superintendent 0' the botanic garden in the river, and ca.lled to the galleys for
Berlin, an office which, he held till his help. This was plomptly gixven, and a
death.  Chamisso's works range over boat sent to take him nTp. The horse
various departments of literature. "' Ils  was carried back to camp.:To WashViews and Observations during a Voy- ington the success of Champe was very
age of: Discovery" are replete with in- acceptable intelligence.  Champe wl(as
teresting matter; his poems take:rank  taken to INew York and examined by
among his countrymen with those of    Sir Henry Clinton, and by hiim sent to
Uhland; andl as the author of " Peter Arnold, who offered him the place of
Schlemil,":he has obtained a European  sergeant-major in the legion lhe was
hfame. D. 1838.                     -raising. On:the last day of September
CHAMPAGNE, PHILIPPE, an eminent lie was appointed one of Arnold's:reFlemish. painter, was b. at Brussels in  cruiting sergeants. He enlisted for the
1602; went to Paris, where he:studied  purpose of being:near the person of
under Poussin, and became painter to  Arnold. The dearest wish: of Washingthe Queen;Maria de Medici, vwho gave  ton's heart, in this:.business, could not
him the direction of the paintings in  be accomplished, as Chaimpe could not
the:Luxembourg, and he was also made  secure Arnold in season to save Andr(,
director:of the academy of. ine ats  whose execution could be delayed only
His paintins, which are verv fine,:adorn  to the 3d of October.  In a few days
the dome of the Sorbonne, the musemn  Champe sent mnple evidence of the inof.Paris, &c. D. 1674..14....       nocence of the accused general, so that
CHAMPE, JOHN, sergeaint-major of    Genleral:Washington dismfissed all his
Lee-s legion of cavalry. in the revolu.- suspicions. Washinigton expressed his
tionary war.  Immediately after the   approbation of Champe's plan for taking
treason.of Arnold he was sent by Lee, Arnold, of whom he wished to "make
at the request of Washington, as a spy  a public examnple."  The plan was, to
to Ne:w York, for two purposes:.to   seize Arnold when   in  his garden,
ascertain, weheher another Ameican    whither hewent t   at a late hour every
general was also a ttraitor; as had been  night, to gag him, and to drag him besuggested in some papers in thle hands tween two men, as a drunken soldier,
of Washinglton;  and, if possible, to to a boat on the Hudson, and to deliver
bring off Arnold to the American head- him to a party of horse on the Jersey
quarters, that he might be tried and  shore.  It failed: it appeared that on
punished, and thus Aandre be saved. the eventful day, Arnold removed lis
It was with a daring spirit of patriotism, quarters, and the American legion, to
that Champe undertook this enterprise. which1 Chamlpe belonged  was trans
He feared not the danger; but the ig- ferred to the fleet of transports, and
nominy of desertion and of enlisting in landed in' Virginia.. Champe rejoined
the army of the enemy, he apprehended, the American army in North Cairolina.
would. destroy his hope of promotion, When his story was known it secured
should he live to return. He was as- him the' love and respect of the whole
sured, that his character should be pro- army. Washington granted him a distected at a proper time. At 11 o'clock  charge, lest falling into the hands of the
the same niaght Champe took his cloak, enemy, he should die on a gibbet. In
valise, dand orderly book, drew his horse  1798 inquiry was made for -Champe at
from the thicket, and fled as a deserter the request of Washington, it was found
from the American camp at Tappan. that he removed to Kentucky and soon
In half an hour the desertion was re- after tlied there.
ported to Lee, who made all the delay   CHAMPEAUX, WILLIAM DE, a divine
m his power, and then ordered a pur- andl philosopher, teacher of the celesuit about 12. At day-break a few miles brated Abelard, who subsequently benorth of the village of. Bergen the pur- came his rival. Champeaux rose to be
suinmo party beheld from the summit bishop of Chalons, and wrote a treatise
of a hll, the deserter half a mile in  On the Origin of the Soul."  D. 1121.
front. Ckampe now put spurs to his      CHAMPIER, SYMPHORIENI    a French
hoirse and the pursuit was hot; he    physician.  lIe wrote several learned
passed through Bergen, to reach the   workS, and founded the college of pllyBtritish gallevs a few miles west at Eli- sicians at Lyons. - He also served under
zabethtowxn point. Getting abreast of  the duke of Lorraine, by whom lie was
the galleys, having lashed his valise on  knighted for his courage. He compiled
his shoulders, he dismounted, and run- several works, of which the most valu



CHx]                  CYCLOPAED DI0A O' BIOGRAPIY.                      75
able is "Le, Grands Chroniques des   was a partner in the eminent mercantile
Dues de Savoie."  D. 1540.            firm of Gibbs & Channing, at Newport.
CHAMPLAIN, SAMUEL DE, a French       Educated at Harvard college, he was
naval officer. He was governor-general early induced to abandon the profession
of Canada, and founded the city of Que- of medicine, for which his father intendbee; and there is a lake in Canada which  ed him, and to prepare himself foil the
still bears his name. His'Travels in  Unitarian ministry; arnd in 1808 he comCanada" contain much curious inform- menced his career by taking charge of
ation. D. 1634.                       the congregation of the Unitarian chal el
CHAMPMESLE, MARY DiESMARES D, in Federal-street, Boston. His eloquence
a Frenchl actress. She was originally  rendered him fromn that time forth one
only a member of a strolling company, of the most conspicuous men in Amer-but when she appeared in Paris, the ica. His discourses display great genus;
great Racine praised her tragic perform- they are beautiful specimens of pulpit
ance, and even afforded her instruction.  eloquence; chaste, earnest, pure, and
This raised her to eminence in her pro- sublime. He took an earnest part in all
fission, and she became highly popular. the great reiigious and moral moveD. 1698.   m:ents of the day, and by the fervor of
CHAMPOLLION, JEAN FRANCIS, a        his convictions, the chasteness and perFrench writer, distinguished for his ac- suasiveness of his style, his dignified
quaintance with archleology, especially  character, and fearless utterance of what
as regards Egypt. In 1828 he went with  he thought, wielded a potent influence
an expedition of learned men to Eypt,  not only over the opiniolns of his cotemat the expense of the king, and made  poraries, but over the whole future mind
many   important   discoveries  there. of his country. To him more than to
Among his numerous works are "Pre — any one else the people of New Engla'nd
cis cu Systeme Hieroglyphique des An'are indebted for the liberality and tociens  Egyptiens,"  and   "Pantheon   erance of religious controversy.:Dr.
Egypjtien.'  B. 1790; d. 1832.        Ch"anning was ever the advocate of
-CHANCELLOR, Rc-HARD, an English    peace, aid though he could not but be
navigator, and founder of the English  aware that his opposition to the slave
Russia company. By this company ie    system: must needs diminish his popuwas sent to Russia a second time, and, larity, he was instant in season alnd out
while on his return with the Russian   of season inl denouncing it. D. Oct. 2,
ambassador and suite, he perished off  1842, ao'ed 62.
Norway, in 1556.                        CIIANTREY, FRANCIS, a sculptor of
CHANDLER, EDWARD, bishop        of  eminence, was b. at Norton, near ShefDurham; author of a "Defence of       field, 1781. When a mere child he disChristianity from the Prophecies of the  covered considerable talent in drawing
Old Testament," &c. B. 1671; d. 1750. and modelling; and duraing his'ppren-MARY, an English poetess. B. 1687    ticeship with Mr. Ramsey, a carver ind
d. 1745. —RIHARD, a divine and anti- gilder at Sheffield, the whole of his leisquary. He travelled, in 1764, through  nre hours were most assiduously devoted
Asia Minor and Greece, at the expense  to the study and practice of lis favorite
of the' Dilettanti Society; and wrote  pursuits. 1-Hvingm made a comlpensation
Travels" in those countrics.-SAMUEL, to his master for the remaiinina term of
an' eminent dissenting divine; author his apprenticeship, he paid a slhort visit
of a " Vindication of the Christian Re- to London, and attended the school of
ligion," a "Vindication of the History  the Royal Academy. I-e then returned
of the Old Testament," a "History of  to Sheffield, where, at 20 years of'ae,
Persecution," " History of the Life of  he may be said to have commenced blisDavid," &c. B. 1693; d. 1766.         iness; but his career of fame and forCHANDOS, JOHN, an English gener- tune was not begun until 1809, when he
al of great celebrity, in the 14th centu- received an order from Mr. Alexander
ry; distinguished not more for bravery  the architect, for:four colossal busts of
than for his uenerosity and moderation. Howe, St. Vincent, Duncan, and Nelson,
ile was killed at the'bridge  of Leusac, for the Trinity House, and for the Greennear I'oitiers, in 1869.              wich Naval Asylum. From this period
CIHANNING, WILLIAM E LLERY, was:he was unrelaxing in his efforts, and
b. at Newport, Rhode Island, 1780. His continually successful; and, among the
naternal granldfather, William  Ellery, adcmirable productions of his chisel,
was one of those who signed the Decla- there appeared, in 1817, that exquisite
ration of Independence, and his father group of "'The Sleeping Children," in




'276                 CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [0HA
Lichfield  Cathedral; universally ac- when he was induced to accept the proknowledged as " images of artless beau- fessorship of chemistry at Montpelier.
ty and innocent and unaffected grace."  His lectures procured him great repuHis busts of Lord Castlereagh, Sir Wal- tation, and on the breaking out of the
ter Scott, the poets Wordsworth and   revolution he took an active part in it,
and Southey, Mr. Canning, John Ren- and was selected by the new governnie, George IV., Williain IV., Queen  ment to supply the army with gunpowVictoria, Lord Melbourne, Sir Robert der. In 1799 the first consul made him'Peel, and the duke of Wellington: and  counsellor of state; and, in the following
statues of James Watt, Dr. Cyril sack- year, minister of the interior. He was
son, Grattan, Washington, Sir Joseph  the inventor of several kinds of cement
Banks, Spencer Perceval, Canning, Sir and wrote learnedly and well on national
John Malcolm, Dr. Dalton, Roscoe, Gen. industry and chemistry.  B. 1756; d.
Gillespie, Lady Louisa Russell, (when a 1832.
child,) Bishops Bathurst and Ryder, are  CIIARDIN, Sir JOHN, a French travamong his chief works. D. Nov. 25,1842. eller, whose travels in Persia and the
CHAPMAN, FREDEic IIENRY, a East Indies are extremely valuable. The
Swedish vice-admiral; author of a revocation of the edict of Nantes drove
" Treatise on Marine Architecture."  D. him to England, where he was well re1808.-GEORGE, an English poet. He      eived by Charles II., who knighted him.
wrote 17 dramatic pieces, but he is D. 1713.
chiefly remembered for his vigorous     CHARENTON, JOSEPH NICHOLAS, a
translation of Homer, of which Pope is French Jesuit, and for many years a
said to have made more use than lie missionary in Persia. He translated
chose to admit.   D. 1604.-JOHN, a    Maricana's "History of Spain" into
learned English divine; author of "Eu- French, and appended some valuable
sebius, or a Defence of Christianity,"  notes. D. 1785.
&c. B. 1704; d. 1784.                   CHARETTE      DE   LA  COINTRE,
CHAPONE, HESTER, was the daugh- FRANCIS ATHANASIUS DE, a French royter of a Mr. Mulso, of Twywell, North- alist, and leader of the party in La Venamptonshire. Among her first produc- dee.   He displayed great bravery in
tions is the interesting story of " Fidelia,"  numberless combats, but being at length
in the "Adventurer;" but she is prin- defeated by the republicans, and woundcipally known by her valuable "Letters ed, he was taken prisoner, and shot at
on the Improvement of the Mind," ad- Nantes, in 1796.
dressed to a young lady, and published  CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles the
in 1773. D. 1801.                     Great, king of the Franks, and subseCHAPPE D'AUTEROCHE, JOHN, a         quently emperor of the West, was b.
French astronomer. In 1760 he went 742. He was the son of Pekin, and sueinta Siberia to observe the transit of the ceeded his elder brother, Carloman, in
planet Venus; and, in 1768, lie gave 771. Having defeated the Saxons, and
tlhe public an account of his journey in  overrun Lombardy, he was crowned
thlee volumes. He then went to Call- emperor in 800. Though of a warlike
fornia for- the same purpose, but died  turn, and continually engaged in war,
there in 1769.-CLAUDE, nephew of the he was a great friend to learning, foundpreceding, was b. 1763. Hle introduced  ed several universities, and attracted
the use of telegraphs into France, and  by his liberality the most distinguished
the first public event communicated by  scholars at his court; among others,
it was the capture of Condd, in 1793. Alcuin, from England, whol he chose
The honor of the discovery being claim- for his own instructor. He completed
ed by others, his mind was so much    many important national works, encouraffected that he committed suicide in  aged agrioulture and the arts, and ren1805.                                 dered his name immortal by the wisdom
CHAPPLE, WILLIAM, an English to- of his laws. In private life, Charlepographer. He contributed largely to  magne was exceedingly amiable, a good
the "Gentleman's Magazine," and ed- fither, and generous. friend. His doited a part of " Risdon's Survey of Dev- mestic economy afforded a model of
onshire. D. 1781.                    frugality; his person a rare example of
CHAPTAL, JEAN ANTOINE CLAUDE, simplicity and greatness. He despised
count of Chanteloupe, a French peer, extravagance of dress in men, though
statesman, and writer. Being a younger on solemn occasions, he appeared in all
son he was destined for the profession of  the splendor of state; and as his person
medicine, and had completed his studies was commanding and his countenance




CHA]                  CYcLOPrEDIA O      BIOCQiAPIHY.                   ^7
noble and beneficent, he inspiredl those  over Spain. Subsequently, however, he
who saw him, nwith sentiments of love  was at war with his allies, and thus lost
and respect. He d. at Aix-la-Chapelle, Naples and Sicily; and rwas also enin 814.                                gaged in inl injurious contest with TurCHARLEMONT, JAMES CAULFIELD, key. D. 1740.-VIII., elector of Bavaria,
earl of, an Irish nobleman, distinguished  wals raised to the empire of Germany in
as the political coadjutor of Burke, Flood  1742, by the influence of France and
Grattan, and the other patriotic advo- Prussia, though he had a powerful rival
cates of Ireland, and as the comnmander in Maria Theresa of Hu-Ingary,  wo was
of the Irish volunteers. He possessed  supported by England and Sardinia.
considerable literary talents, and, after D. 1745.-II., surnamed the Bold, king
his death, his correspondence with     of France. He was crowned king in
Burke and other eminent men was pub- 840, and elected emperor by the Romans
lished. B. 1728; d. 1799.             in 875. D., supposed by poison, in 877.
CHARLES IV., emperor of Germany, -III., king of France surnamed the
son of John of Luxembulrg, and granud- Simple. He ascenlded the throne in 893.
son of the emperor, Henry VII., ascend- His whole reign was one of struogle
ed the throne in 1347. HiSs reion was against the Normans and his turbulent
distinguished by the golden bull of the  barons, who at length caused Robert,
diet of Nuremburg, by which the Ger- a prince of the bloocd royal, to be crownmanic constitution was established. D. Ie.    i the battle fought between the
1378.-V., emperor of Germany'and       two sovereilns, Robert was slain; but
king of Spain, succeeded his grandfather  his son, Huch the G-eat, pressed Charles
Ferdinand, on the throne of Spain, in  so hard, that he sought shelter in the
1516, and became emperor of Germany    castle of the count of Vermandois,
on the death of Maximilian, in 1519. where he d. 929.-IV., son of Philip the
His title to the imperial crown was dis- Fair, succeeded to the crown of France
puted by Francis I. of France; but, in 1329. His reign lasted only six years,
aided  by Henry VIII. of England, and in that brief time he was deprived
Charles maintained himself, and, at the by England of the province of Guienne.
battle of Pavia, even took his rival priis- D. 12S.-V., surnamed the Wise, was
oner. His whole reign, however, was the first prisnce who bore the title of
stormy - France, the Moors, and the    dauphin, on tlhe death of his brother, in
Protestant princes of Germanygave him  1364. His reign was very beneficial to
full employment, until, in 1556, he e- his people, whose commerce andl acrisignecd the crown to his son, and sounht culture he greatly promoted.  ie founldin private life the happiness he haxd not ed the libralry of Paris, and gained
found in governing anl emlpire. Taken  several adxvantages over the English. D.
altogether, he is one of the most remark- 1350.-V., surnatmed the Well-beloved,
able characters in history. He exhibited  was son and -successor of the above.
no talents in his youth, it not beino till Owing to the feuds of the dukes of Burhis O0th year that he showed himself  gundv and Orleans, and the misconduct
active andc indcependent; but, from that of his ministers, he cwas unabxle to resist
time till his iabdication, he xwas, through- the warlike Edward of England, who
out a monarch. lie was inldefatigablle  conquered France and disinherited the
in business, weighing the reasons on   da uphin. D. 1:22. —VII., surnamecdthe
both sides of every case with great Victorious. Ile was crowned in 1422
minuteness; very slow in deciding, but and recovered the whole of his dominfirm of purpose, and prompt to execute. ions from the English, with the excepBeing equally rich in resources and sag(a- tion of Calais. D. 1461.-VIII., king of
cious in the use of thems; ifted w ith a Frnce, surnamed the Affable, was the
cool judgment, arcd always m naster o  son of Louis XI., and ascended the
limself, he steadily piursued his plans, throne of France in 1-83, at tlhe early
nd wvas genelrally able to overcome the  age of thirteIen.  le was a warlike
grectest obstacles.. D. 155.-VI., son  prince, and, in 1495, obtained a victory
of the Emperor Leopold, was ceclared   over an army of Italians five times as
k-ing of Spain by alis father, in 1703, and  numerous asa his own. D. 1498.-IX.
crowned emperor in 1711. The taking  king of France, succeeded to the throne
of Belgrade by his general, Prince En- in 1650. The civil wars, and, above all,
gene, compelled the Turks to make      the massacre of Paris, have left an inpeace with him; and his alliance with  delible sta'ln upon the memory of this
Holland, France, and England enabled   prince. D.1574.-X., or CnAULES-PjIhim to obtain considerable adcvantage.,IPPja DE BOTnteBON, (known as Count
9.4



Z78                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CHA
d'Artois  until the accession of his he became possessed of' Provelnco, and
brother Louis XVIII., andc afterwards  of Anjou and Maine. Defeating' Manas Monsieur,) was the fifth and youngest fred, the usurper oi' Sicily, he assumed
son of the dauphin Louis, son of Louis the style of iing of Naples, and taking
XV., and was b. 1757. In 1773 he mar- his rival, Conradlin, duke of Suabia, anl
ried the princess Maria Thelesa, daluh-  the duke of Austria plisoners, lie eterter of Victor AImadceus III., kin  of  nally disgraced iimnself by causing them
Sardinia.  On his succeedingl to the to be put to death on the schlif'ol. His
throne of France in 1824, it was seen  tyranny at length so mucho enlraoed the
that he adhered too much to the ex- Sicilians, that on Easter Moindaty, in
plocled dogmas of the old reoimle to c- 1282, they massacred 8000 of the tIrenech
quire the same decgree of popularity that, -an event spoken of in history as the
by good tact and a more complying dis-  "Sicilian Vespers."  After this they
position, his predecessor had enjoyed. chose Peter of Aragon fol their ling-.
On the 25th of July, 1830, in conse-. 1285. —I., son of the above, at the
quence of the result of a general election, time of his father's decease, ias a prisCharles X. issued his two fatal ordi- oner in the hands of the Sicilians, and
nances, one abolishing the freedom of  would most probably been put to death
the press, and the other changling the  by them but for the hmnane intercesmode of election.  As a result, "the   sion of Constantia, the wife of Peter of
glorious revolution of 1830" took place, Aragon.  At her request he wasset at
in Paris, and paved the way for Lou1is liberty, in 1288, on condition of his rePhilippe. The king rietreated from St. nouncing all claim to the crown of Sicily;
Cloud to Rambouillet, where he offerec  a condition froml which the pope albto abdicate in favor of his grandson, the  solved him. His attempts upon Sicily
duke of Bordeaux, and requested firom  were, however, of no avail, and lie was
the provisional government a safe-con- obligecd to content himself with Naples,
duct to a seaport. Embarking att Cher- which lie governec with wisdomn and
bourg he sailed for England, acnd for a moderation.  D. 1309.-III., king of
time took up his residence at Lulworth  Naples, great grandson of the last
castle, and then removed to Holyrood   named. lie married Margareet, niece of
house, the scene of his former exile. Joan, queen of Naples; and when Joan
There he remained about a twelvemonth, was excommunicated, in 1380, he oband afterwards retired to the Austrian  tained that kinclom from the pope. He
dominions.   D. at Goritz, in llyria, put the deposed queento death, and was
1837. The latter years of this monarch  in his turn excommunicated by the pope.
were passed in acts of superstitious de- This did not prevent his endeavorilng to
votion: he constantly wore hair-cloth  possess himnself of the crown of Hunnext his skin, he fasted much, and fie- gary, but he was slain in the attempt in
quently imposed upon himself, as a     1886.-X., GUSTaVUS, king of Sweden.
penzance for some hasty expression, an  He was the son of John Casimir, and
absolute silence for several hours. The ascendec the throne on the abdication
dukes d'Angouleme and de Berri were    of queen Christina, in 1654. HIe was
his sons. —II., surnamed the Bad, king  very successful against Poland, but was
of Navarre. li e succeeded to his king- compelled to raise the siege of Copendom when only 18 years of age, and his hagen, which he sought to possess limreign was markei by much wickedness. self of, on account of Denmark having
He murdered the constable, Charles of  allied itself with Poland...1660. —XT,
Angoullme seduced the daupphin, after- king of Sweden, son andl successor of
wards Charles V., into rebellion against the precedinug. le lost several importhis father; and was accused of emnploy- ant places during his war witlh Delnmark,
ing a person to administer poison to  but they were restored to him  at the
Charles V. His death was as horrible peace of Nimseguen.     He greatly inas his life had been wicked. Being ill creased the power and resources of his
of a leprosy, his physicians caused hi kini gdkoms.  D. 1697. — XII., king of
to be swathed in cloths dipped in spirits  Sweden, son and successor of the preof wine, and covered with brimstone, ceding. He was only 15 years of age(
and his page accidentally setting fire to  when lhe ascended the throne, and lhis
these inflammable mate;ials, Charles d. youth encouraged Russia, Denmark, and
in great torture, in 1387.-I., kinge of  Poland to unite against hin.  Those
Naples and Sicily. le was the son of   powers, however, found him fully equal
Louis VIII. of France, and, marrying   to the task of humbling them. Denthe daughter of the count of Provence, mark being subdued, he attacked Ru s



CIIA]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOCRAPHY.                       27
sia; and in the famous battle of Narva, the proceedings of the new government,
in 1700, lie is said to have slain 30,000 and havingc taken instant measures to
of the enemy, besides making 20,000 put cown the insurgents, Charles Albert
prisoners, though his own force was fled to Novara, and deserted and beshort of 10,000. Poland next felt his trayed the party with whom he had co —
power; he dethroned Aunlgustus, and    operated. ienouncinm the opinions he
made Stanislaus king in his stead. Thus  hrd adopted, he acted as a volunteer in
far his whole course had been prosper- 1823, in Spain, under the duke c'Anous; but in seeking utterly to crush   gouleme, and there lent his aid to crush
Peter the Great, he sustained a terrible  the constitution, the principles of which
defeat at the battle of Pultowa, and was he had so lately attempted to establish in
himself so severely wounded, that he   Sardinia. On his return to Tuiin he rewas removed froni the field on a litter, mained in retirement until the death of
and compelled to seek shelter in Turkey. Carlo Felice led to his accession to the
Here his condcluct was so violent that throne, 27th April, 1831. During the
the Grand Seignior was compelled to first 17 years of his reign, few events
besiege his residence.  After desperate occurred to give a clear insight into the
resistance Charles was overpowered, and  natural bent of his mind; but in March,
for tell months he was kept a prisoner. 1848, after the Milanese haid clriven out
He no sooner was allowed to return to  the Austrians fronm Northern Italy, he
his own dominions than he commenced    a second time unfurled tIe revolutionary
an attack on Norwav, and in besieging  banner, and in a proclamation to the
Frederickshall was lilled by a cannon- "people of Lombardy and Venice,"
shot, in 1718. He was one of the great- espoused the cause of Italian regeneraest warriors of history.-XIII., king of  tion aainst Austria. His arms were at
Sweden, was b. in 1748; and being ap- firt crowned with success; but the
pointed, at his birth, ligh admiral of  Austrian field-marshal Radetzky having
Sweden, his eduLcation was directed   regained step by step the positions he
chiefly to the learning of naval tactics, had lost, at length compelled the Sarand in 1788 he defeated the Russians in  dinian forces to evacuate Milan in Authe gulf of Finland. On the murder of  gust of the same year, and in September
Gustavus III. he was placed at the headl an armistice was signed by the contendof the regency; but he resignedl the   ing parties.  In March, 1849, Charles
government, in 1796, to Gustavus Adol-  Albert was forced, by the clamors of his
phns IV., who had become of age, and   subjects, to renew the war with:l Austria.
did not appear again in public life till a  But the Sardinian army was defeatec at
revolution hurled the king from   the all points by Marsha l'Radetzky in the
throne. He was then elected, and sub- shortest canmpaign on record, four lays;
sequently bestowed his entire confidence  and inmmnediately afterwards, on the 24th
on Marshal Bernadotte, whom the estates  March, Charles Albert abdicated the
had chosen to succeed Prince Christian  throne in favor of his eldest son, and
in 1810.  D. 1818. —CHiARLES ALBERT, precipitately leaving Turin, tool up his
king of Sardinia, son of Carlo Emanuele, residence at Oporto, where le died, as
prince of Carignano, was b. 1798. At it is alleged, of a broken heart, July 18,
his Cirth l he hid but little chance of ever 1849. —Lous DE LORRAINE, archduke of
swaying the sceptre, for there were seven  Austria, a distinguished military commale heirs of the house of Savoy, mander, son of Leopold II., and younger
through whom the crown might have     brother of Francis II., was b. 1771, He
descended. His early life was conse- first entered on the career of arns under
quently passed in comparative insignifi-. Prince Coburg in 1793; and his great
cance, and his name was but slightly   abilities, not less than his exalted iank,
klnoxvn to Europe until the revoluation of  lyn corn1821, which broke out in support of the mand, After the battle of Nrwvilde,
so-called Spanish constitutioi of 1812, which restored that rich province to the
compelled King Vittorio Emanuele to imperial power, he was appointed govabdicate in favom of his brother, and led  ernor of the Low Countries, and was
to Charles Albert's nomination asregent soon after created a field-marshal. In
of the kingdom. Charles Albert, who    1796 he was promoted to the command
had ll along been in the secrets of the  of thle imlperial armies on the Rhine,
conspirators, took measures to carry out gained some advantages over the repmub
their designs; but the duke of Genevois, lican generals, Jourdan anmd Moreau,
in whose favor King Vittorio had resign- whom he compelled to retire across the
ed the crown, having refused to sanction  Rhine: took Kehl in 1797; su;se'luentiy




280                   CYCLOPzEDIA OF bIOGRAhPHiY.                     L[HA
commanded in Italy against Bonaparte  tween him and the parliament; but the
and Massena; long' disputed victory at dominant party, commamnnding the army,
Caldiero, Eckmuhl, and Esslinfo; but cleared the house of commons of the
lost the decisive battle of Wagram, moderate and      timid  members, and
where he was wounded.      After this  erected a court for the trial of the king.
event he lived in retirement, during  He was condemned to death, and on the
which lihe wrote a luminous and impamr- 30th January, 1649, beheaded at Whitetial narrative of his campaigns, and en- hall a warning to hypocrites and tyrants.
riched military science with the profound  -II., son of the albove, was b. in 1630.
views set forth in his "Principes de He was living as a refugee at the Hagueri
Strategic."  D. 1847.-I., king of En- when the sentence on his father was
gland, was b. in Scotland, 1600. He    carried into execution.  He, neverthewas the second son of James VI. of     less, asstuned the regal title, and finding
Scotland, and I. of aEngland, by Anne, that the Scots had proclaimed him, he
daughter of the king'of Denmark; and  left the IHague for Scotland, and was
upon the death of Prince Henry, his crowned at Scone. Cromwell marchled
elder. brother, in 1612, was created  towards Scotland to give. him battle, ani
prince of Wales. On the death of his Charles passed by forced marches into
father, in 1625, hle ascended the throne, England.  Cromwell, however, whose
his kingdom being engaged in war with  force was superior, discoverinlg  the
Spainl, and muchi imbitterecd against his manceuvre, turned back in pursuit; and
friend and miiister Buckingham. It the royal army was overtaken at Worunfortunately happened for Charles I. cester, and utterly routed. After diffithat he lhad to the full as high land ex- culties and escapes which have rather
acting a notion of the royal prerogative the air of romance than of fact, Charles
as eithler his father or Elizabeth, while  escaped to France, where lie resided for
lie had to deal with an entirely different some years, keeping up the mimicry of
state of public opinion. The parliament a court, but frequently reduced to eximpeached Buckingham, and the king     treme distress. The death of Cromwell,
supported him; war with France was the general discontent of the people, and
declared, amainst the popular wish, be- the dexterous policy of General Monk,
cause Buckingcham  so willed it; and   restored Charles to his crown and kinothen the king, obstinate and impolitic  dom; and he reigined wvith a power far
in his enforcement and exteunsion of his greater than that for aiming at which
prerogative, got at loggerheads with his  his father had been put to death. Unparlia'nent, and ultilaitely forced the taught by adversity, lie was luxurious,
nation into civil war. The first battle  selfish, and indolent. The English nonbetween the king's fobrces and the par- conformists were treated withl jealous
liamentary army was at Edgehill, in    rigor, and the Scottish Covenanters
which neither party had mch to boast were shot and sabred without compuncof. For some time, however, the royal- tion. And, perhaps, Charles's reply to
ists were generally successful; but the  some complaints mande to him of Laubattles of Marston Moor, Newbury, and  derdale's cruelty in Scotland, will give
Naseby were all singularly unfavorable  quite ias full a clew to his kingly charto the royal cause. Indeed, after the acter as can be required: "I perceive,"
defeat at Naseby, the king was so power- said Charles, " that Lauderdale has been
less, that he took the resolution of guilty of many bad things against the
throwing himself upon the good feel- people of Scotland; but I cannot find
ing of the Scottish army, then lying   that he has acted against my interest."
before Newark; and by that army le D. 1685. Duiring tlis monarch's reign
was sold, and delivered into the lihands the capital was visited by heavy calaniof the parliament. For a time he was ities; the plague in 1665, and the fire
treated with much outward respect, but of London in the following year; while
becoming alsarmed for his personal safe- pretended plots and conspiracies were
ty, he found means to make his escape made pretexts for bringing some elmlifrom Hampton Court. On arriving on    nent persons, who were obnoxious to
the coast, whither he went with the in- the court, to an ignominious death. As
tention of quitting the kingdomi, he to the character of Charles II., he was,
could not obtain a vessel to go abroad, in the fullest acceptation of the terms, a
but crossed overm to the Isle of Wight, senstalist and voluptuary: encouraging',
vwhiere the goveirnor, Hammond, con- by his example, a taste for dissolute
fined him in Carisbrook castle. Whliile ianners, which poisoned the moral
there, negotitiotis were carri'ed on be- health of society; and though he pre



CHA]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         281
served a degree of popularity with the of George IV. and Queen Caroline, was
multitude, fiom  the easiness of his b. Jan. 7, 1796, and married to Prince
manners, yet he was totally destitute of  Leopold of Coburg, May 2, 1816.  Her
exalted sentiments. -EDWAPrD STUART, marriage was the result of mutual
called the Pretender, was the grandson  esteem.  But their anxious wishes as
of James II., and b. at Rome, 1720. In  parents were suddenly blighted: on the
1745 he landed in Scotland, and pub- 5th of November, 1817, the princess was
lished a manifesto exhibiting the claims  clelivcred of a still-born child; and, in
of his tither to the English throne. lIe a few hours after, she was seized with
was joined by several of the Highlanders  convulsions and expired. Never before,
and on entering Edinburgh, he caused   perhaps, vwas national and individual
his father to be proclaimed; on which  sorrow so strikingly expressed.  The
General Cope hastened    towards the   unhappy dissensions of her royal pacapital, but was attacked by the Pre- rents, and the vicious blandishments-of
lender at Preston Pans, and defeated. courtly parasites, were contrasted at
Instead of making a proper use of this  Claremont by conjugal affection and the
victory, by advancing in to England, pleasures of a virtuous life.
Charles returned to Edinburgh, wastingo  CIHARNOCK, JoHN, an English naval
his time in an idle parade of royalty. officer and mliscellaneoua writer, author
Afterwarcls, on being joined by lords of a ".History of Marine Architecture,"
Kilmarnock, Cromarty, Balmerino, and   "Biogra.phia Navalis," a " Supplement
other discontented chiefs, lie marched  to Campbell's Lives of the Adhnirals,"
as far as Manchester; but hearing that &c. D. 1807.-STEPHEN, a nonconforthe king was about to take the field, he mist divine. I-Ie was an eloquent and
returned to Scotland, where he defeated  popular preacher, and advocated Calvinthe English forces, under I-awley, at istical doctrines with great force tind
Falkirk. In the mlean time the duke of  originality. His "Discourse on ProviCumberland advanced to Edinburgh, deuce" is considered the best of his
and from thence to Aberdeen, the Pre- writings.. 1680.
tender rereating before him. At last     CHARPETIER, FRANCIS, the author
the two armies met at Culloden, April of a treatise " On the Excellence of the
27, 1746, when, after an obstinate con- French Language," and. other works.
fict, in which the HighIlanders displayed  D.' 1702.
Prodigions courage, his army was sig-    CHIARRERIE, Madame DE ST. HIYAahlly defeated, aid entirely dispersed. CINTitE DE7 a French lady of versatile
Charles, after wvandering about in dif- ability; authoress of'"Lettres Neuferent disguises, chiefly among the He- chateiloises,"  " Caliste, ou  Lettres
orides, effected his escape to France. ecrites de Lauslnne," and several sucD. at Florence, 1788.                  cessful novels and dramas. D. 1806.
CItARLETON, LEWIs, bishop        of    CHARRON, PETER, a French divine,
Hereford, n a     ble prelate, distingnisled  and a friend of Montaigne, who, by will,
for his proficiency in theology and the  left him the privilege of bearing his
mathemnatics.  D. I3860.-WALTER, an    arns; a strong proof considering the
English physician. HIe resided abroad  pride of a Gascon, of his personal conwith Charles II., and returned with him  sideration. His chief works are "' The
at the restoration.  His writings, in  Three Smiths," a " Treatise on Wis*natural history, medicine, theology, and  domn," and a volume of " Christian Disnatural philosophy, are very nlunerous courses."
and learnled, especially his "' Onomas-  CIHASE, SAMUEL, a judlge of the suticon Zoicon" and "C Chorea Gigantum;"  preine court of the United States under
the former a classified arrangement of  the constitution of 1789. lIe was setanimals, the latter an essay on Stone- tied in the practice of law at Annapolis,
henc'e. D. 1707.                       at the commencement of the American
CHARLEVOIX, PETER FRANCIS XA- mevolution, was a delegate to the general
VIER, a French Jesuit, and for some    convention at Philadclphia, 1774, and
time a missionary in America. On his   served in that body several years. W5hen
return, ihe became conductor of the the proposition for independence was-be
"Journal. de Trevoux."  In addition to  fore congress, as he had been prohibited
his  numerous contributions to that fiom voting for it, bv the convention of
worl, lie wrote'" Iistoire Gendrale de  Mar'ylandcl, le immediately traversed the
*Palraguay," "Iistoire Glnerale e d la province, eand summoned county meetNouvelle France," &c. D. 1761.         ings to address the convention. In thia
CIIARLOTTE AUGUSTA daughter way that body was induced to vote for
24-zt




282                  CYCLOPA6DIA OF BIOGRAPHY                        [C]A
independence; and with this authority  Napoleon, in a wrathful proclamation. as
Mr. Chase returned again to congress in  "the leader of a band of robbers," and
season to vote for the declaration. In  an outlaw. In all his engagements he
1783 he was sent to England as the displayed equal skill and co-racge, and
agent of the state of Maryland to re- was at length rewarded with the post of
claim a large amount of property, which  governor of Venice. B3. 1763; d. 1820.
had been intrusted to the bank of En-   CHASTELET, GABRIELLE EMILIE DE
gland. In 1785 he removed to Balti- ]BRETEUIL, marchioness of, a F rench
more. In 1790 he was a member of the lady, distinguished by her proficiency
convention in Maryland for considering  in science. She translated the " Instithe constitution of the United States. tutes of the Philosophy of Leibnitz"
In 1791 he was appointed chief justice from the German, and subsequently beof the general court of Maryland, and  coming acquainted with the philosophy
in 1796, an associate judge of the su- of Newton, she translated his "Prinpreme court of the United States, in  cipia," and added an able commentary.
which station he continued till his death. B. 1706; d. 1749.
In 1803 Judge Chase was impeached for   CHASTELLUX, FRANCIS JOHN, Marhis conduct in the trials of Fries and  quis de, a French field-marshal; author
Callender, solely on political grounds, of " Travels in North America," and a
and the senate acquitted himl. D.-1811. treatise on "Public H-lappiness."  1).
CHASLES, FRANCIS JAMES, a French    1738.
writer of the 18th century; compiler of  CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCIS Authe "Dictionnaire de Justice."-GREGO- GuST E, vicomte de, whose checkered caRY DE, a French naval officer and a witty  reer and numerous productions gained
writer; author of "Les Illustres Fran- him a prominent place in the history of
qoises," " Journal d'un Voyage fait aux  his time, was b. at St. Malo, 1769. Aftci
Indes Orientales," &c. D. 1720.       pursuing his studies at Dol and Rennes,
CHASSENEUZ, BARTHOLOMEW DE, an      in his 17th year he joinedl the regiment
eminent French    lawyer; author of of Navarre as sub-lieutenant, and re-;Catalogus Glorise Mndi," "Consilia, paired to Paris.   On the eve of the
or Consultations on Points of Law," &c. meeting of the states-general in 1789,
It is greatly to his credit that he used all animated by a love of adventure, he went
his power as president of the parliament to Anerica. Here he spent two years
of Provence to delay the decree issued  amid the wild grandeur of savage life,
by that body against the Vaudois of Me- "' the world forgetting, by the world forrindol and Cabrieres. Indeed, it was got," when accident threw    into his
suspected that his humanity caused his hands a journal which revealed to him
enemies to hasten his end by poison. the immense events which three years
D. 1541.                              had suffered to bring about in his native
CIHASTELAIN, CLAUDE, a French       country, and he returned. Wounded at
ecclesiastical writer; author of a "Uni- the siege of Thionville in 1792, he was
versal Martyrology," the " Roman Mar- conveyed in a dying state to Jersey;
tyrology," and a journal of his own life. and after a partial lecovery sailed for
D. 1712.                              England, wvhere he suffered great privaCHASTELARD, PIERRE DE BOSCOLE       tions, which a few translations, and, as, a French gentleman, whom De Thou    he subsequently made known, the time3upposes to have been grandson of the ly aid of the Literary Fund Society, enChevalier Bayard.. He went to Scotland  abled him to mitigate rather than relieve.
in the suite of the unfortunate Mary, and  Here he published his first work, entibecame so violently enamored of his tled " Essai Historique et Politique sur
royal mistress, as to secrete himself in les Revolutions Anciennes et Moderher apartment. Being discovered when  nes," 1797. After the 18th Brumaire
the queen retired to rest, he was corn- he returned to France, and contributed
mitted to prison, and finally beheaded  to the Mercure. Iis " Attala" appeared
on a charge of treason                in 1801; and was followed in 1802 by his
CHASTELER, JOHN, marquis of, an     most celebrated work, the "G6nie du
eminent Austriani general. He was se- Christianisme."  Soon afterwards he
verely wounded at the siege of Valen- was appointed by Napoleon secretary to
ciennes in 1793, and was subsequently the French embassy at Rorne. In March,
opposed successively to Lefevre and   1804, lie was nominated minister pleniMurat. In 1808, with Hormayer, he was potentiary to Switzerland; but he re-.
the soul of the famous Tyrolese insur- signed on learning the melancholy fate
rection; and he was characterized by  of the duke d'Enghien, and resisted all




cHA.]                 CYCLOPFEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       283
the overtures which Napoleon subse-     CIIATEL, FRANcIS DU, a Flemish
quently made to him. In 1807 he pub- painter of the 16th century. His chief
lisheld';Les Martyrs," and four years  work, which is in the town-hall of
later his " Itinlrair te de Paris  Jerusa- Glhent, represents the king of Spain relein."  In 1814, Chateaubriand hailed  ceiviug the oath of fidelity from  the
the restoration, in a brochure, entitled  states of Flanders and Brabant.-PIErRE
"Bonaparte et les Bourbons."      At DU, bishop of Orleans, a strenuous deGhent he was considered one of the    fender of the Gallican church. Hie was
ministers of Louis XVIII.; in 1815 he  an excellent scholar, and assisted Eraswas created a peer of France; in the fol- mus in his translations from the Greek.
lowing year he became a member of the  He wrote a Latin letter against the emInstitute.  " La Mlonarchie selon la  peror, Charles V.,. and two funeral oraCharte," which he published the samne tions for Francis I. D. 1552.-TANNEyear, threw him for some years into dis- GUY DU, an able French general.  He
credit with the court; but in 1820 the was in the famlous battle of Agincourt,
highest state appointments once more  and when the Burgundians surprised
lay open to him, and he becme success-  Paris, he was fortunate enough to save
ively amblassador at Berlin in 1820, and  the dauphin, between whom'and the
at London in 1822, and thu same year duke   of Burgundy    he   afterwards
minister of foreign affairs in the Vilele  brought about a reconciliation. D. 1449.
ministry, when he organized the inva-   CIIATELET, PAxL DU HAY, lord of,
sion of Spain under the duke dcAngon- a French othcer of state in the reign of
emle, and took part in the congrcss of Louis XIII.; author of the " Historyof
Verona, the history of which he after- Bertrand dL Guesclin," constable of
wards recorded. In 1824, being sum- France. D. 1686.
marily dismissed from office, he took   CHATHAM, WIrLLMAM PITT earl of,
refufge in the columnls of the Journal one of the most illustrious statesmen that
des Debats, where he vigorously attack- ever graced the British senate, was b.
edi his former colleagues-; and on their 1708. Afcer studying at Eton and Oxfall in 1828, he w'as sent as ambassador ford, he entered the army as a cornet of
to Romne, but resiogned his office in 1829, dragoons but quitted it on being reon the forimation of the Polignac adini- turned to parliament as a member for
istration. On the news of the outbreak  Old Sarumr-. His tatlents as an orator
of the revolution of 1830, he hastened to  were soon displayed in.opposition to Sir
Paris, where le was hailed with accla- IRobert W5alpolc, and had so great an efmation by the people, but after deliver- teet, that the duchess of Marlborough,
inu  a glowing oration in faivor of the  who hcad a deadly hatred to that miniisduke of Bordeaux, he retired from the  ter, beqeathled to Mr. Pitt a legcy of
chllaber of peers, never to enter it &10,000. On the change of admlinistraagain. From this period he personally tion, he was made joint vice-treasurer of
took leave of politics; but he continuect Ireland and payimaster-general of the
to send folrthl fi om time to time pmn- army, which places he resoigned in 1755;
plilets oi the government of Louis Phi- but the year followinlr he uwas appointed
lippe, conceived in so bitter and violent secretary of state. In a few nlonths he
a spirit, that he became an object of sus- was again dismissed firom office  but an
piciou to the ministry, and was summa- efficient administration being wanted in
rily arrested, but soon discharged. Ilis  1757, and. the nation being enthusiastilast years were spent in domestic privacy. cally attached to him, he retalned to his
Besides the Iworks above mentioned, fiormer situation as secretary of state.
ChateaCubriand wrote "Etudes Iisto- His great mind now revealed its full
riques,"  E ssii sur la Litterature A- force, and his ascendency was complete
gIaise," (a poor production,) and numer- over the parliament no less than in the
ous pamphletts upon historical subjects  ministry. Hle aroused the English naandc the politics of the day. D. 1848.  tion to new activity, and, in the space
(IIATEAUBRUN, JOIN BAPTIST VI-      of a few years, it recovered its superiorVIAN D'E, a French dramatic writer au- ity over France, amn ihilating her navy,
tlhor of "Philoctetes," " Mahomet II.,"  and stripping ler of heri colonies.
"Leo Trovennes," &e. D. 1775.         France was beaten in the four quarters
CHATE AURENAUD, FRANCIs Louis       of the world. In 1760 he advised the
ROtussrLET, count of, a distinguished  declaration of war against Spain, while
French aldmiral. He was a gr et scourge  she was unprepared for resistance, as he
to the Sillce romers, anld signally defeat- foresaw that she would assist France.
ed the Dutch fleet in 1675. D. 1716.  The elevation of England on the rlin.s




284                   CYCLOPEDIA QF BIGIRAPHY-. ACHA
of the house of Bourbon was the great scholars of the genuineness of the MSS.,
object of his policy. But his plans were  Chatterton, thoIuch still a mere boy, besuddenly interrupted by the death of came a party writer; but even this reGeorge II., whose successor was preju- source failed him, and in a state of deep
diced against Pitt by his adversary, the  despondencv, produced  by  absolute
earl of' Bute, a statesman of limited  want, he destroyed himself by poison,
views. Pitt, therefore, resigned his post in 1770, at the age of 18.
in 1701, only retaining his seat in the  CHAUCER, GEOFrTEYZ an immortal
house of commons.     Foreseeing the poet, to whom is justly given the title
separation of the American colonies of the father of Engiish poetry. He
from the mother country, if the arbitra- studied law in the Temple, but soon
ry measures then adopted should be turned his attention to the court, and
continued, he advocated, especially in  became successively yeoman and shield1766, a concilintory policy, and the re- bearer to E]dwarld III. and comptroller
peal of thse rtamp act. In the same to the customs of London. In the folyear he was, nvited to assist in forming  lowing o' icn, haoing embraced the doca new ministry, in which be took the trines of Wickliff, he was committed to
office of privy seal, and was created vis- prison, but released on recanting his
count Burton, baron Pynsent, and earl opinions. lie now retired to Woodof Chatham; but in 1768 hlie resigned, as stock, where he composed his treatise
he found himself inadequately seconded  on the astrolabe. He seems to have
by his colleagues.  In the lhouse of  been fortunate beyond the usual lot of
lords, he continued to recommend the poets; for, independent of bounties he
abandonment of the coercive measures had bestowed on him by the crown, lie
employed against America, particularly  derived considerable property and influin 1774: but his warning was rejected, ence from his marriage awith a connection
and, in 1776, the colonies declared them- of the great John of Gaunt, duke of
selves independent. He still, however, Lancaster. As a poet, Chaucer is far
labored in the cause, and used all his less read and understood thlan he deefforts to induce the government to ef- serves, for his wvriting has a fresh and
fect a reconciliation with the American  lusty vigor, rarely to be met with in
states; and, as he was speaking with  morel modern poesy. B. 1328; d. 1400.
his accustomed energy on the subject,    CIIAUNCEY, CItARLESn, an Anmerican
in the house of lords, April 8, 1778. he  divinec, and one of the most eminent
fell down in a convulsive fit. Ile cl. on  writers of the Universalists; author of
the 11th of the following month, and   "'Thoughts on the State of Religion in
his body, after lying in state, was sol- New Enoland," "The Benevolence of
emnly interred in Westminster abbey, the Deity considered," " A True Sketch
where a superb monument was erected    of the Sufferings and Misfortunes of
to his memory at the national expense. the Town of Boston," &c. B. 1705; d.
-JOHN, earl of, &c., eldest son of the  1787. —HENRY, an English lawyer and
celebrated statesman, was b. 1756, and  antiquarian. Ie was knighted by Charles
succeeded to the peerage on the death  II. in 1681, and, in 1688, was made a
of his father, in 1778. On the death of Welsh judge. Just before his death he
the duke of Kent, he was appointed    published the " Historical Antiquities
governor of Gibraltar, which he held, of Hertfordshire," one of the most valuwith other offices, to the time of his able of Enclish county histories. D.
death, in 1885. lie was the last peer of 1700.-CHARLES, second president of
the Pitt family.                       Harvard college, was b. in England, in
CHtATTERTON, THOMAS, an English      1589. He received his gramniar educapoet, whose precocious genius and mel- tion at Westminster, and took the degree
ancholy fate have gained him   much   of M. D. at the university of Cambridge.
celebrity, was b. at Bristol, 1752. His He emigrated to New England in 1638,
father was sexton of Redeliff church, and after serving for a number of years
Bristol, and young Chatterton professed  in the ministry at Seituate, was appointto have received from him several an- ed, in 1654, president of Harvard college.
eient MSS. These he palmed upon the In this office he remained till his death,
world as the poems of Rowley, a priest in 1671.-ISAAC, a distinguished commoof Bristol in the 15th century; and so  dore of the navy of the United States.
admirably was his forgery executed, that He was b. at Blackrock, Conn., and folit is even now rather assumed than     lowed the sea in the earlier part of his
proved. Having vainly endeavored to life. In 1798 he was appointed lieutenpersuade Horace Walpole and other ant in the navy, and served with honor




CHE]                  CYOLOP-:DIA OF IIOGRAHY.T                       285
under Truxton, Preble, and others. Florence in 1760. His precocious skill
During the war of 1812 he had corn- in music attracted the attention of the
maud of lake Ontario, and in 1816 nego- grand-duke of Tutsany, who gave him
tiated the treaty with Algiers. D. 1840. a pension, and this enabledl him  to
CHIIAUSSE, MICHAEL ANGELO DE LA a complete his studies under Sarti, whom
French archheological writer; author of he afterwards assisted in his composi"Mulseulm Roman'um," "Pietur-e An- tions. In 1784 lhe repaired to London,
tiquce Cryptarum  omanarnum," &c. D. where le produced the "Finta Princi1724.                                 pessa," andl "Giulio Sabino." In 1786
CHEKE, JOIIN, an eminent Elnglish   lie settled in Paris, which thenceforwarc
statesman and scholar, professor of   became his adopted country, and the
Greek at Cambridge. Besides his cor- scene of his greatest triumphs.  His
respondence with Gardiner, he wrote   operas of "'Iphicenia," "Lodoiska,"
and translated several treatises.  Ie  "Al Baba" would alone have testified
also left in MS. an English translation  to the extent acnd variety of his powers;
of St. Matthew, in which no wor'd was but his faime chiefly rests upon his saadmclitted of other than Saxon origin. cred music, of which his " Requiem,"
B. 1514; d. 1557.                     comlposed for his own obsequies, deCIHEMNIZEI-, IVAN IVA hO-VITCH, a serves particular notice.  He was diRussian soldier and poet. le served   rector of the Conservatoire at Paris.
several  campaigns in the    imperial D. 1842.
guards, and afterwards entered the      CHESELDEN, VWIALAM, an emninent
corps of engoineers. Wechen e at length  English surgeon al an anatomist; author
retired he published various tales and  of a treatise on' The Anatomy of the
fables. which the Eussian critics coin- Human Body,"'  a treatise' On the High
pare to those of La Fointaine. B. 1744; Operation for the Stone," " Osteograplly,
d. 1784.                              or Anatomy of the Bones," a translation
CHENEVIX, IcriinI), an Irish gen- of "Le Dranl's Surgery," &c. He was
tieman of great and versatile ability as an admirable oculist; and invented a
a writer; author of " emarls on Chemi- system of lithotomv. B. 1688; d. 1752.
cerI Nomenclature according to the Svs-  CHESTERFIELD, PHILIP DORMiER
tern of the French Neologists,"'" 6b- STANHOP  ear, al of, was b. 1694. iHe was
servations on Mineralogical Systems,"  a particular fasvoite of George II., on
"The Mantuan liivals," a comedy; whose accession he was sworn a privy
"I Henrv VII.," a tragedy; " An Essay  councillor; was appointed, in 1728, amon National Character," &c. D. 1830.  bassador extraordinary to Holland; made
CHENIER, MARIE JOSEPH, a French     a knight of the Garter in 1730, and was
writer; author of "Charles IX.," "The appointe  ste ward of the household.
Death of Calas," and some other dra- The latter office he soon after resigned,
mas; of several odes sung on public and he continued for several years the
occasions during the revolution, and of  strenuous opponent of Sir R. Walpole,
"An Historical Sketch on the State and  clistinguished himself by his writings
Progress of French Literature."   D. in the " Craftsman," as well as by his
1841.                                 powerful eloquence in the house. In
CHERON, ELIZABETH SOPHIE, a French  1745 the government once more availed
lady, eminent as a portrait painter. She itself of his talents, and he was sent to
possessed considerable talent for music Ireland as lord-lieutenant, where he
and poetry, and wrote several psalms continued a year, exercising his power
and canticles in French.  D. 1711.-  in a manner calculated to gai.n the apLouis, brother of the above, and also a probation of the people. He was after-,
painter. Being refused admittance to  wards secretary of state, but deafness
the academy of painting in Paris, on  and declining health induced him to
account of liis being a Calvinist, he went relinquish office in 1748.  He wrote
to Ensgland in 1695, and remained there  some papers in the " World," and sevtill his death, in 1713.              eral poetical pieces, but he is principally
CHERUBIN, a French Capuchin friar, known as the author of " Letters to his
astronomer, and mathematician of the  Son."  D. 1773.
17th century; author of "Dioptrique     CHETHAM, HUrPHERY, a wealthy
Oculaire," "'A Treatise on the Theory, merchant of Manchester, to whose wellConstruction, and Use of the Telescope,"  directed munificence that town owes its
and "La Vision Parfaite."             college and library. D. 1653.
CHERUBINI, SALVADOR, a distin-        CHETWOOD, KNIGHTLY, dean of
guished musical composer, was b. at Gloucester; author of a "Life of Virgil,"




286                   CYCLOPARDIA OF BSIOGRAPHIT                     [0HI
a "Life of Lycurgus," &c. D. 1720.-     CHIABRERA, GABRIEL, caled tne
WILLIAM   RUFUS, a dramatic writer; Italian Pindar, was b. at Savona, 1552.
author of some plays, and of a "Gen- Besides odes and epic poems, which are
eral History of the Stage."  D. 1766.  chiefly Anacreontic, he wrote several
CHEVALIER, ANTONY RODOLPH DE, dramas. D. 1637.
French tutor to Princess, afterwards    CHIARAMONTI, ScIPro, an Italian
Queen, Elizabeth of England. I-e was ecclesiastic and writer. His works are
an erudite scholar, cnd published an  very numerous, and are chiefly on the
excellent "Hebrew Grammacr" an ir- mathematics and natural philosophy.
proved edition of the "'Thesaurus of IHe founded the academy of the OffusSanct. Pagninus," &c. He had corn- cati, at Osena, in Bologna, and was
menced a Bible in four languages, but president of it when he d., 1652.
did not live to finish it. D. 1572.     CHIARI, PIETRO, an Italian ecclesiCHEVERUS. LEFEBURE DE, Cardinal, astic and poet of the 18th century. He
archbishop of Bordeaux, was b. at May- was a rival of Goldoni, and his comedies
enne, 1768; came to America after the attained considerable popularity. Those
French revolution, and was consecrated  of Chiari were however much inferior to
first Catholic bishop of Boston in 1810; those of his rival. D. 1788.
returned to France by the invitation of  CHICHELEY, HENRY, archbishop of
Louis XVIII., and was consecrated     Canterbury, an able and accomplished
bishop of Montauban in 1823, and arch- scholar and statesman, was b. at Highanm
bishop of Bordeaux in 1826; and was in  Ferrers, 1362. On the accession of tlhe
1835, made a cardinal. I-e was a man  infant king, Henry VI., he became first
of distinguished talents, and extensive  privy councillor, and directed all his
scientific  and  literary acquirements. attention to chlirch affairsi striving at
During his residence in- Boston, he   once to check the progress of Wickliffsustained the character of a most amia- ism, and to moderate the arclor of the
ble, exemplary, and devout man. He Catholic court.    He founded and endevoted himself with great zeal and   dowed All Soul's college, Oxford, made
assiduity to the duties of his office, not many important improvements in Lainoverlooking the meanest of his flock; beth palace, and built the western tower
and he was regarded by Protestants, as of Canterbury cathedral at his ow'n exwell as by Catholics, with sincere affec- pense. D. 1443.
tion and high respect. D. July 19, 1836.  CHICOYNEAU, FRANcIs, an eminent
CHEVILLIER, ANDREW, a French        physician and professor of medicine at
ecclesiastic and antiquary, librarian to  Montpelier. When the plague was rathe Sorbonne. He published a Latin    ging at Marseilles, he was sent to the
dissertation on the I' Council of Chalce- relief of the sufferers, whom he reasdon," an historical dissertation on the sured by his calm courage. The import" Origin of Printing in Paris," &c. D. ant services he rendered on this occasion
1700.                        procured him  a pension and several
CHEVREAU, URBAN, an        eminent appointments at court. His prilcipal
French scholar. He became secretary   literary production is a work "On the
to Queen Christina of. Swedenl, and is Origili, Symptoms, and Cure of the
said to have had considerable share in  Plague;"a work doubly valuable on
convertiln her to Catholicism.  After account of the interesting narratives
acting as tutor and secretary to the duke with which it is interspersed, being the
of lMaine, lie at length retired from all result of the author's own experience.
public duties, and devoted himself to  D. 1752.
literature. He wrote " Effets de la For-  CHILD, JOSIAH, an eminent London
tune," a romance; "A History of the merchant of the 17th century, and allWorld," some plays, &c. D. 1701.      theorof several works on subjects conCHEYNE, GEORGE, an eminent phy- nected with political economy, am1ong
sician and writer, settled in London. which may be noticed his ".Discourse
His first publication was a matlhematical on Trade," &c. B. 1630; d. 1699.treatise, entitled "Fluxionium Methodus WILLIAM, an IuEnglish musical composer
inversa," which procured him consider- anid musician. He was for many years
able reputation, and admission to the organist in St. George's chapel, WindRoyal Society. His chief works are    sor, and in the Chapel Royal, at White"The English Malady, a Treatise on    hall. The simple style of his composiNervous Disorders," ". A Treatise on  tions caused them to be neglected in his
Gout," and an "Essay or Regimen."     own time, but they are now much adD. 1748                               mired. D. 1697.




CHo]                  CYCLOP.;DIA OF B3IOGRAPHYI                     287
CHIILDEBERT., king of France, ancient author, for  tile attack of fortified
wllo ascended the throne in 511. Aided places. I). 1644.
by his brothers, Clotaire and Clodomir,  CHILMEA), EDMUND, an English
lie atttacked and defeated Sigismnund, mathematician and musician; author
kino  of Burgundy.    Childebert and  of a treatise " On the Music of Ancient
Clotalire then turned their arms against Greece " another, which was not printed,
Spain, -bt without success.. 5o8.-  "On Sounds," and a "Catalogue of the
1., king ofFrance succeeded his father, Greek MSS. in the Bodleian Library."
Sigebert, in 575. On the death of his D. 1654.
uncle, Clilperic, king of Soissons, lie  CIIILO, one of the seven sages of
gained the kingidoms of Orleans and   Greece. Ile flourished in the 6th cenBurgundy.   D. by poison, 596.-III., try B. c., and was celebrated for his
king of France. He ascended the throne jtst conduct as a magistrate. It was he
at the very early age of 12 years; of who caused the celebrated "Knowthywhich circumstance Pepin, mayor of the  self;" to be graven on the temple of
palace, took advantage to govern both  Delphi.
kin and kingdom. 1). 711.               CHIPMAN, NATIANIEL, a distinC(IILDERIC I., king of France. He guished lawyer and judge of Vermont,
succeeded his father, Merovuses, in 456; b. at Salisbury, Ct., 1752, and in 1786was deposed in the following year, and  made judge of the supreme court of
reinstated upon the throne in 463. I). Vermont, whither he had removed. In
481. —I., king of France, was the son  1791 he negotiated the admission of
of Clovis II., and succeeded his brother, Vermont into the union as a state. In
Clotaire III., in 673. He was a de- 1793 he published a small work called
bauched and cruel tyrant, and, together "Sketch of the Principles of Governwith lls w ife and son, was assassinated  ment," which was afterwards expanded
in 673. IIl., surnanaed the Idiot, king  in a larger work. D. 1843.
of France, began his reign in 742, and  CHITTENDEN, TuOMAS, first governwas deposed in 752.                   or of Vermont, was a member of the
CHILLINGWORTII, WILLIAM, an         convention which declared Vermont an
English divine. He was a sound schol- independent state, and one of the comal, an able mathematician, and above mittee to solicit an admission into the
mediocrity as a poet. But his chief bent union in 1778; he was elected governor,
was towards disputation and metaphys- and continued so till his death. D. 1797.
ics; and he was so acute in discovering  CHITTY, JosEPIs, an eminent special
difficulties, that lie doubted where men  pleader, and the author of many wellof fir less natural capacity and acquir ed  known works, which have become inknowledge would have been presump- dispensable auxiliaries to every legal
tuously certain. In this state of mind  student and practitioner. D. 1841, aged
a. Jesuit convinced him of the truth of  65.
the tenets of Papacy, and he actually   CHOISIEUL, STEPHEN FRANCIs, duke
went to the Jesuit's college at Donuay. of, entered the army early, was appoint
While there, lhe meditated the publica- ed ambalssador to Rome and Vienna, and
tion of a vindication of his conversion  honored with a peerage. He then beto the church of Rome, but Laud, then  came prime minister of France, to which
bishop of London, dissuaded him from  station le was raised through the intis purpose. He subsequently returned  fluence of madame de Pompadour. He
to England, became a Protestant again, made many judicious reforms and alterand published the masterly tretise, ations in the French army, increased
entitled " The Religion of Protestants, the navy, and brought about the celea sutfe Way to Salvation."  Some hesi- brated family compact. In 1770 he was
tation about signing the thirty-rine dismissed from office, and exiled to one
articles prevented him from obtaining  of his estates. B. 1714; d. 1785.
preferment in the church; but he at    CHOISI, FRAsCIS ToMOLEON D)E, a
lengthl consented to. sign, and became  French eclesiastic and writer. In his
chancellor of Salisbury, &c.  At tle youth he was of very debauched iand
brleaking out of the civil war, lie warmly, abandoned habits. For some years he
espoused the royal cause, and published  wore the dress of a woman, and passed
ai treatise on the " Unlawfulness of Re- by the name of the Countess des Barres;
sisting the Lawful Prince, altho!gh   but a severe illness had the good effect
most Tyrannous, Impious, and Idola- of awakening him from this way of life
tlrons."  le also invented a machine, and lie becanle an abb6.  Besides a
or rather imitated one described by some  "Life of David," a " Lif, of Solomon,":




288                   CYCLOP'-,RDIA OF MIOGIaPHY.                     [cuH
and a "History of the Church," he      sion, he found time to give to the world
gave the " Memoirs of the Countess des some ingenious and valuable works,
Barres," containing some account of    viz., an "Essay on the Ancient Greek
his youthful irregularities.  -Ie also  Game invented by Palamedes," show
wrote and translated several other pieces, inga the orioin of the game of chess; a
but they are held in very little estima- " )isquisition upon Etruscan Vases;"
tion. D. 1724.                        an "Essay on the Earliest Species of
CHOPIN, FPREDERI, a great modern    Idolatrvy," &c. D. 1881.
composer and pianoforte player, was b.  CHIIISTINA, queen of Sweden. She
near Warsaw, 1810. Compelied to leave was the only child of the famous GustaPoland in consequence of political con- vus Adolphus, whom she succeeded in
vulsions, he played in public at Vienna  1632, being then only 6 years old. Duand Munich in 1831, and soon afterwards ring her minority the kingdom  was
repaired to Paris, where he continued to  wisely governed by the Chancellor Oxexercise his art till the revolution of  enstiern; and when she was crowned,
1848 drove him to England.    Hle re.- in 1550, she formally declared   her
turned to Paris in 1849; and d. in the. cousin, the count palatine Charles Gusautumn leaving behind him a reputation, tavus, her successor. For four years
both as a player and a composer. which  she governed the kingdom with an eviwill not soon pass away.-RENE, an emi- dent desire to encourage learning and
nent French lawyer and writer, author science; and at the end of that time,
of "The Custom     of Anjou," "The weary either of the task of governing,
Custom of Paris," " De Sacra Politica or of the personal restraint which royM1onastica," &c. D. 1606.             alty imposed upon her, she abdicated in
CHORIER, NICHOLAS, a French law- favor of her cousin, and proceeded to
yer and writer, author of a "General Rome, where she surrounded herself
h'istory of Dauphiny," &c. D. 1692.   with learned men, and busied herself
CHORIS, Louis, an eminent Russian   with learned pursuits.  At Paris, on
artist and traveller, b. 1795. He was one of the various occasions of her visappointed draughtsman to Captain Kot- iting that city, she had her equerry, an
zebue's expedition round the world in  Italian, named Monaldeschi, murdered
1814, and on his return published his in her own residence, and almost in her
"Voyage Pittoresque,"    accompanied  own presence; a crime which seems to
with Cuvier's descriptions.  He also  have had no other cause than the unpublished  "Les Crhnes     -umains,"  fortunate equerry's indifference to the
with observations by Dr. Gall and     blandishments of his mistress. In 1660,
others. In 1827, M. Choris sailed from  the death of the king, her cousin,
France, with the intention of travelling  caused her to go once more to Sweden;
through America; but while on his but her change of religion, and the rejourney in Mexico, in company with an  ports which had reached that country
English gentleman, they were attacked  of her conduct elsewhere, had so disby robbers near Xalapa, and Choris lost gusted her former subjects that -they
his life, March 19, 1828.             resolutely refused to reinstate hei in the
CHRETIEN, FLOrENIT, a French poet sovereignty. Being threatened with the
of noble family, tutor to Henry IV. of  loss of her revenues as well as her
Trance.  Besides writing satires andi crown, she consented to preserve the
tragedies, he translated Oppian, some  former by finally renouncing the latter;
of the plays of Aristophanes, and Paca- and she retired to Rome. D. 1689.
tus' panegyric of Theodosius. D. 1596.  CHIRISTOPHE, HENRY, a negro, one
CHIRISTIAN, EDWARD, an LEnglish     of the leaders of the insurgent slaves of
lawyer, author of an " Account of the St. IDomingo. He possessed c6nsiderOrigin of the Two Houses of Parliament able ability, but his courage was carried
with a Statement of the Privileges of the  to ferocity.  He successfully opposed
House of Commons," a "Treatise on     the French, whose perfidious seizure of
the Bankrupt Laws," &c.      He was the negro chief, Toussaint Louverture
Downing professor of law in thle uni- he amply revenged, and assumed the
versity of Cambridge, and chief justice  title of Henry I., king of Hayti; but he
of the Isle of Ely. D. 1823.          acted so despotically that a conspiracy
CHRISTIE, JAMES, the son of an emi- was formed against him; and Boyer
nent auctioneer in London, was distin- the successor of Petion, who had estabguished for his critical taste in the fine lished a republic in the south of Doarts, and his antiquarian knowledge. mingo, was invited to take part with the
Though he followed his father's profes- discontented subjects of Christophe, and
2




CH-U]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOCritAPHlY.                     289
demanded his deposition. At length,     CHIUBB, TiHOr.-SS anm English deistical
finding' that even his body-guard was writer, author of " rhe Supremacy of
no lo ger to be depended on, he shot the Father asserted,"'Discourse on
himself through. the heart, Oct. 8, 1820. Miracles," &c. B. 1679; d. 1747.
CIIRISTOPHERSON, JOHN, bishop         CHURCH, BENJAMIvN, celebrated for
of Chichester, during' the reigns of  his exploits in the Indian wars of New
Henry VIII. and Edward VI. lHe Enogland, was b. at Duxburv, Mass.,
translated, from Greek to Latin, Philo, 1639.  -e commandled the party that
Eusebius, and other authors; but le killed Philip in Aug st, 1676.-SENJAwas rather industrious than learned, and  IN, a physician of some eminence, and
succeeding authors have been much     an able writer, was graduated at Iarmisled by him  D. D.rd colleg.e in 1754, lnd prctised med
CHRYSOLORAS, MANIEL, a Greek        icine in Boston. For selral years beof noble family. Being sent to Europe fore the revolution, lie was a leading
by the Emperor Malnuel Palaologus to  character among the whiFs and patriots
solicit the Christian princes to aid Con- and on tihe commenceiment of ti e war
stantinople against the Tulrks, he settled  he was appointed physician-gen.tral to
at Florenlce as a teacher of Greek. Sub- tlhe army. While in the performnance
sequenltly hetalught at Milan; but when  of the duties assigned him in this capathe Emperor Manuel came to that city, city, he was suspeected of a treacherous
he was ermployed by him in a mission to  colrrespondence with the enemy, and
the court of the Emperor Sigismunc, immediately arrestec and imprisoned.
and aft. twards to the general council at  Afrter reinaining some tine in prisen,
Constance, in which city he died. Ile he obtained permission to depart for
was author of a' Greek Grannmar," a thle West Incdies. The vessel in which
" Parallel between Ancient cand Modern  lie sailed was never hIeardc from afterRome," &c. D. 1i14.                   wards.    Ie i; the author of a number
CIHRYSOSTOM, JOIIN, ST., was really  of occasional poems, seiious, pathetic,
named Secundus, but waIs called C1hr - and satilical, which possess consliderable
sostorn, which signifies "g)olden mouth,"  merit.
on account of his eloquence. IIe w-as   CHIURCHILL. CIIA.trLES, an English
b. at Antioch, and was intended for the  cleioyman and poet. Thiedeath ot his
bar; but being deeply impressed with  fatllr, who was curate of St. John's,
religious feelino s, he spent sevemral years  Westminstcr, brought him to London,
in solitary retirement, studyino' and  and lie obtained the mracant curacy. Iis
meditating with a view to thle'curch. income was small, while his love of gay
Having completed his voluntary proba- and expensive pursuits was unbounded,
tion, lie returlned to Antioch, was or- and lie was on the verge of imprisondained, and became so celebrated for ment, wlren Dr. Lloyd, of Westmlinster
tlhe eloquence of his preacling, that on  school, interifred, and effected a cornthe death of Nectarius, patriarch of Con- position with the creditors. IHe now
stantinople, he was raised to that high  detelrmined to exert the talents he had
and important post. He now exerted    so long allowed to lie idle; and his first
himself so rigidly in repressing heresy  production was " The Rosciad," an
and paganism, and in enforcino the ob- energetic description of the principal
ligations of monachism, that Theopli- actors of the time.  Public attention
lus, bishop of Alexandria, aided and  was fixed on this poem by the velheoncouraged by the Empress Eudoxia, mence with which the players replied
caunsd him to be deposed at a synod   to it, and Churchill found it worth his
held at Chalcedon, in 403. His deposi- while to give the town a new satire,
tion gave so much offence to the people, under the title of an " Apoloqy" for his
by whom lie was greatly beloved, that former one. " Night," "Tl'ie Ghost,"
the empress was obliged to interfere for'-in whicl he assailed Dr. Johnson, at
his reinstatement. He sooI, however, that time all but omnipotent in the litprovoked her anger by opposing the    erary world-and the " Prophecy of
erection of her statue near the great Famine," followed; he at lengtl threw
church; and, in 404, another synod de- aside all regard for his profession, sepposed him, and exiled him to Armenia. Lated firom his wife, and became a coinHe sustained his troubles with admira- plete "man of wit about town."  He
ble courage; but being ordered to a still now rapidly produced an "Epistle to
greater distance froll the capital, where  Hogarthl,  " The Conference,'  " The
his enemies still feared his influence, he Duellist," " The Author," " Gotham,"
died while on his journey. D. 407.      The Candidate," " The Times," " In25




290                   CYCLOPKEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [ciC
dependence,"  and   "The Journey."   modern stage is a new version. Tho
Tlie vi, or displayed in these imakes it piece was wonderfully popular, and, in
probable that le would in time have  addition to the large pr4ifts Cibber cdedevoted himself to higher subjects than  rived from its performance, it procured
party politics, and have produced works him the situation of poet-laureate. This
calcultited to give him  a higher and  appointment drew upon hini the rancor
more lasting fame; but a fever hulrried  of cotemporary wits and poets, and of
hilm to the grave, at the early age of 34, Pope among the number  but Cibber
in 1764. —WINSTON, a Cavalier, whose  iad the good sense to think solid profit
estates were sequestered during the  more important than the censure of the
commonwealth; but they were restored  envious was injurious; a nd he wore the
to himi by Charles II., who also knighted  bays, and performed in his own pieces
him.   Iie wrote "Divi Britanlici;" till he was nearly 74 years of age. Behistories of the English monarchs. D. sides tragedies and comedies, to the
6o88.                                number of twenty-five, some of which
CHURCHYARD, THOMAS, an English     still continue to be played as stock
poet, autior of' The Worthiness of  pieces, Cibber wrote an "Apology" for
Wales," &c. He flourished in the reign  his own life; an "1 Essay on the Characof Queen Elizabeth.                  ter and Conduct of Cicero," and two
CIACONIUS, PETER, an      eminent expostulatory epistles to his assailant
Spanish scholar. Pope Gregory XI11. Pope. D. 1757. —TnIEOPILUS, son of
employed him to superintend an edition  the above, an actor and dramatist, but
ofhie Bible, the " Decretal" of Gratiian, very inferior in both capacities to his
and other works, which that pontiff fatlher. He wrote a musical entertaincaused to be printed at the Vatican  ment called "Pattie and Peggy," and
press. HIe wrote some very learned   altered some of Shakspearle's plas.
notes on Tertullian, Pliny, Seneca, and  " The Lives of the Poets of Great Britother Latin writers; a variety of tracts  ain and Irelandl " appeared wvith his
on Italian antiquities; a treatise on the  name; but the wolk was said to be
old Roman calenda.r, &c.; and he aided  written by Shields, subsequently amalnClavius in reforminig the calendar. D. nensis to Dr. Johnson, froln materials
1581.                                furnished by Thomas Coxeter. Cibber
CIA3MPINI, JOHN JusTIN, a learned   was of very extravagant haibits, and his
Italian, author of "VeteraMonumenta," life was consequenitly spent in much
a "Htistory of the College of Abbrevia- cistress. He was drowned in his pastors,' " Lives of the Popee," &c. He sare to Ireland, 1757.-ANNA MARIA,
was one of the literary associates of  wife of the last named, and ian actress
Clristina, queen of Sweden, clduin her of the highest class. IHer union with
residence at Rome, and was much aided  Theophilh{s Cibber was productive of
by her in forminig  an academry for the  both discomfort and disgrace, and she
study of mathealitics, and another for irwas separated fromn him for many years.
the study of ecclesiastical history. D. I-er conduct, however, made it evident
1698.                                tliat hle had been more to blame for the
CIBBER, COLLEY, an actor and drarn- circumstance tlhan she h;ad; aInd she
atist, was the son of Gabriel Cibber, a was as much respected in private life as
celebrated sculptor, and b. in London, she was admired on the staoe. HIer
1671. Being disappointed of a scholar- style of actinll wNvs well adapted to that
slip at Camlbridge, he entered tie arnmy  of Garrick, with whom she frequently
-which did not suit his taste; and when  performed. I). 1766.
only about 18 years old he quitted it for  CICCARELLI, ALPEONS0, an Ttalian
the stage. For some timle lie had but physician; author of   De Clitnmno
little success; but his performance of  Flumine," " Istoria di Casa MonaldesFonldlewife, in the "Old Bachelor,"  ca,"' &e. Having forged cgenealofies,
mnade him very popular, and obtained  and committed other literary imostures,
him the monopoly of parts of that kind  he was executed at Rome, in 1580.
at Drury-lane. His first dramatic effort,  CICERO, MARCUS TULLrLUS, the prince
"Love's Last Shift," appeared in 1695; of Roman orators, was the son of noble
and it was followed by " Woman's     parents, and at an early age rave such
Wit" andc "The Careless Husband."    decided indications of his abilitv, that
His next production as a dramatist was after having served in a single campaign
an adclaptation of Moliere's Tartuffe, under Svlla andc P. Strabo, lie devoted
under the title of the " Nonjuror," of himself,'by the advice of his friends, to
which the "IHypocrite" of the more the bar. For this purpose he studied




CIM]                 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      291
Tunder Molo, an eminent lawyer, and  the rostrum at Rolne. Cicero was b. at
Philo the Athenian, then resident at Arpinum. 106 B. o.; and perished in his
Rome; ands at the age of 26, he corn- 64th year, 43 B. c. I-e was a perfect
menced practice as a pleader; his first model of eloquence; and, as Augustus
important cause being the defence of truly said, "he loved his country sinSextus Roscius Amarinus, who was ac- cerely."  Of his works, which are unicused of parricide by one Chrysogonus, versally known, and far too numerous
a freedman of the dictator Sylla.  le to be even named here, there have been
saved his client, but was obliged to with- almost innumerable editions.
draw to Athens from fear of resentment  CID, The, a Spanish hero, whose real
of the dictator. As long as Sylla lived  name was Don Roderigo Dias de Bivar.
Cicero remained at Athens, turning   He was knighted in consequence of the
even his exile into a benefit by diligent- valor he had displayed in his very youth;
ly studying under Antiochus and other and, in 1063, marched with Don Sancho
eminently learned men. When he re- of Castile ag.ainst Ramiro, ing of Araturned to Rome he rapidly rose in his gon, who fell in battle; after which he
profession, and the qusestorship in Sicily  went to the siege of Zamora, where
was bestowed upon him. In this office Sancho, now become king, was -slain.
he made himself very popular; and    On Sancho's death, his brother Alfonso.
henceforth his course was all prosperous, ascended the throne of Castile; but
until he attained the great object of his Roderigo, instead of continuing the
ambition-the consulship. The' bold   peacefuil and obedient subject, declared
and  evil designs of Catiline made himself independent, and, after depopuCicero's consular duty as difficult and  lating the country, fixed his habitation
dangerous as his performance of it was at Pena de el Cid, the rock of the Cid,
able and honorable. Bat his popularity  near Saragossa. He afterwards took
declined very soon after the expiration  Valentia, and maintained his independof his consulship, and it was chiefly as ence till his death, 1099.'The history
an advocate and author that he for some of this hero, whose name Cid signified
time afterwards exerted his splendid lord, has been immortalized in the rotalents. At length the task of averting  mances of the Spaniards, and particuruin from llis own head tasked even his larly in the popular tragedy of Corneille.
powers to the utmost. Publius Clodius  CIMALINE, JOHiN, a Florentilne paintwho had now become tribune of the er. Ile painted only in distemper, oil
people, raised such a storm against him  colors being then undiscovered; and
that he was a second time obliged to go though he painted historical subjects, lie
into exile. This time he sought shelter had no idea of light and shadow. Dante
with his friend Plancus, in Thessalonica, praises him; and, considering the baruntil the repentant Romlans recalled himn, barism of the time at which lie lived,
making him magnificent recompense for the praise was not undeserved.
the depredation and devastation by     CIMAROSA, DOMEdNICO, a Neapolitan,
which he had been impoverished. In   famous as a musical composer. When
the struggle between Coesar and Pom- the army of revolutionized France took
pey, Cicero espoused the cause of the possession of Italy, Cimarosa so openly
atter; but after the fatal battle of Phar- sympathized with revolutionary princisalia he made his peace with the former, pies, that, when the French withdrew,
with whom he continued to all appear- he was thrown into prison, and treated
ance friendlv, until Caesar fell under the with a rigor which is supposed to have
daggers of Brutus and his friends. He materially shortened his life. Of twennow took part with Octavius, and pro- ty-six operas which he composed, and
nounced the bitter philippics against most of wahich are comic, "' IMatrimoAntony, which at once shortened his life nio Segreto" and "II Matrimmonio per
and added to his fame. Antony, stung  Susurro," are the most aadmired. B
to the quick, insisted upon the death of  1754; d. 1801.
Cicero, and Octavits basely consented  CIMON, a celebrated Athenian geinto the sacrifice. In endeavoring to  eral. He was the son of Miltiades, and
escape frnom Tusculum, where he was first distinguished himself at the battle
living when the news of his proscription  of Salamis. Aristides;, surnamed the
arrived, he was overtaken and murdered  Just, thought so highly of him, notwithby a party of soldiers,:headed by Popi- standino his youtlh lhad been very dislius Luenas, whose life le had formerly  sipated, that lie initiated him into public
saved by his eloquence; and his head  business.: After having  repeatedly
and hands were publicly exhibited on  beaten the Persians, and enriched his




292                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [CLA
country by the spoils lie wrested from i addition to some elegant poet y, by
the enemy, the party of Pericles caused  which he is chiefly known, he wrote a
him  to be ostracized, on a chlarie of  Colmmnentaiy onttle Diogest."  1).1336.
having been bribed. At tle end of five   CINQ-MARS, HENRY COIFFIER, maryears, which was only half the term for quis of, was son of the marquis d'Efiat,
which he ihad been banlishe, he was re- m.arshal of France. He was introduced
called, and again led the Athenians to  by Cardinal Richelieu to the notice of
victory over their Persian foe. While  Louis XIII., and was for some time a
besieging Citium, in Cyprus, lie died; most distinguished favorite of that monhavilng served Athens, inot only by his arch. Ungrateful equally to the cardinal
prowess as a soldier, but also by lis and to the king, le instigated Gaston,
wisdom in foundin.g ipubllic schools. He  duke of Orleans, the king's brother, to
flourislhed in the 5thl century a. c.  rebellion. They had proceeded so fir in
CINCINNATUS, LucIUs QrINTUS, one     their treasonable designs as to set on
of the most illustrious characters of an- foot a treaty with Spain, engaging that
cient Rome. He ias iade consul when   power to assist them. But the vigilance
the senate and the people iere striving  of the cardinal discovered their plans,
Ior the ascendency; and, being much    and the smarquis was apprelendecl m ld
incensed agasinst the latter fotr havingl beheadec in 1642.
banished llis son, lete rnly resistedt   CIPRIAiNI, JOIN BAiPTIST, an emietnt
their demands. He was named consul painter, b. at Pistoia, in Tusscany. His
a second time, but refused the office anld  drcawins are greatly admired for their
retiredi to his farmn, whence lie did nlot correctness, fertility of invention, and
again emerge nntil he vas salted die- harmonious coloring; and many exquitator, and enteatecl to lelnd his aid  site engravsinls were made fioin them
against the AiEqui, who lhad closeiy in- by Bartolozzi. D. 1785.
vested the consul Minuscis, an!d the    CIECIGNANO, NICHOLas, an Italian
army uncder his command. Stepping at painter, several of whose works are in
once from the petty cetails of i farm to  the churches of Loretto and 1ome. D.
the momentous duties of a greneral and a 1588.-ANTtONY, son of the above, and
statesman, Cincinnatus exerted himself  also eminent as a painter. D. 1620.
so efficiently, that the zEqui were fin  CIEPILLO, DOMINIC, lan Italian botato retire, after having passed under the nist, president of the Academy at Naples.
yoke.   taving caused his son to be re- and professor of medicine in the uni
called from exile, after the chief witness  versity of that city; author of "The
against him had been convicted of per- Neapolitan Flora," a "Treatise on the
jury, he laid down his vast authority ]Ess'ential Characters of certain Plants,"
and returned to his farm.  le was again, &c. When the French entered Naples,
though 80 years of aoe, made dictator, Cirillo took tan actL ive part against his
when Mselius conspired to overthrow the  sovereign, and on the restoration of lerepublic; and he put down the domestic  gitimate governmlent was executed as a
conspirator as promptly as he had for- traitor in 1795.
merly repelled the iEqui. He flourished  CLAGGETT, W'ILLIAM, all Elngolish
in the 5th century B. c.               divine; author of four volumes of serCINELLI, GIOVANNI, a Florentine     mons, and of some well-written tracts
physician; author of " Bibliotheca Vo- against dissent and papacy. D 1727.lante."  B. 1625; d. 1706.            THOMAS JOHN, bishop of the diocese of
CINNA, Lucius CORNELIUS, a Roman; IMaryland. He was consecrated, Septhe friend, partisan, and fellow-bonsul telber 17, 1792, and d. AuLust 2 1816.
of Marius. He-I it was who drove Sylla   CLAIR, ARTHUR ST., was b. at Edinfrom Rome, and recalled Marius from   burgh, and came to this country with
his African exile. He participated in  Admiral Boscawen, in 1755. He served
the numerous murders which followed   as a lieutenant under Wolfe. In the revthe return of Marieus; and when in hiis olutionary war he espoused the American
third consulship, and while prepar in  cause. He was appointed a brigadierfor hostilities with Sylla, was assassin- general in 1776, and a major-general in
ated, 84 B. c.                        1777.  HIe evacuated Ticoncleroga in
CINO DA PISTOIA, an Italian juris- July, 1777, on the approach of Burconsult and poet, b. at Pistoia, 1270, goyne's army. A court of inquiry honwhose proper name was Guittone. He     orably acquitted him  of charges of
was very eminent as a lawyer, and be- cowardice and treachery.   He was a
came a senator of Rome, and professor  delegate to congress from Pennsylvania
successively at various universities. In  in 1784, and in 1787 was chosen prest




CLA]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF IlOGRAPHY.                       293
dent of congress. IIe was appointed   the interest of friends he was soon progovernor of the territory northwest of moted to be a imidlshipman, and in 1814
the Ohio, inl Oct., 1789. In 1791 he was was raised to tile raink of lietenant, and
appointed commander-in-chief of the appointed to the command of the Conforces to be employed against the In- fiance schooner, on lake Erie. In 1822
dians. -IHe suffered a signal defeat in the lie was chosen to accompany Dr. Oudneighborhood of the Miiami villages, in  ley and Lieutenant Denhami on an exNovember. It is said that such was the pedition to Central Africa, and on his
panic, that the troops fled precipitately  return to England he received the rank
thirty miles, though pursued only fonr. of captain. In six months afterwards
There was no grouncd of censure on St. he was dispatched on a seconld nmission
Clair for this defeat. The next year, for exploring the country from Tripoli
however, he resigned his military corn- to B3orno, but was not allowed to enter
mission. Ohio was erected into an in- the place. It was tluring( the period of
dependent state in 1802. In anl address his detention that he was attacked with
to the people he declined being a candi- dysentery, which proved fatal at Sackadate fior governor. Before the electiontoo, on the 18th of April, 1827.
of a governor by the people, he was re-  CLARiENDON, EDWAoD IiYDEn, earl
mnoved firom office by Mr. Jefferson. D. of, lord high chancellor of England, was
1818.                                 b. at Dinton, in Wiltshire, 1608. He
CLlAIRAULT, ALEXIs, a       French  was educated at Oxf'ord, and studied law
mathematician; author of "Elements tunder his uncle, Nicholas Hyde, chief
of Geometry," "Elements of Algebra "   justice of the King's Bench. During'
a " Treatise on the Figure of the Earth," the civil wars he zealously attached him&c.   lie was remarkable for the pre- self to the royal cause, and contributed
cocity of hlis talent; for at four years of  more than any other ma-ni to the restoage he could read and write, at nine lie ration. In his judicial capacity his conhad so far studied mathematics as to be duct was irreproachable, though lie was
able to solve some difficult problems, a strong loyalist. But he at length beand at eleven lie published a work on  camne unpopular, and was removed from
curves. B. 1713; d. 1765.             his high employments, and, in order to
CLATION, CLAIRE JOSEPHINE DE LA      escape the consequences of impeachTUDE, a celebrated French actress, b. ment, found it prudent to go into volnear Conde, 1723, and who, comnmen- untary exile. D. at Rouen, 1764. His
cing her histrionic efforts at the early  " History of the Rebellion," taken as a
age of 12 years, soon became the first whole, is ain admirable work, and calcutragic performer of her age and country. lated to secure to his memory a lasting
D. 1803.                              fame. His dauoghter Anne was married
CLAIRBOENE, WILLIAM C. C., gov- to the duke of York, afterwards James
ernor of Mississippi and Louisiana. II.; and two daughters, Anne and Mary,
Being bred a lawyer, he settled in Ten- the fruit of this marriage, both ascended
nessee, of which state he assisted in  the English throniie.-tENrY HYDE, earl
forming the constitution, and afterwards  of, son of the foregoing, was b. 1638.
represented it in congress. In 1802 he I-Ie was, for a short time, lord lieutenant.
was appointed governor of the Mis- of Ireland, in the reign of James II.,
sissippi territory, and in 1804, of Louis- and wrote a "History of the Irish Reiana. to which office lie was chosen by  bellion," &c. D. 1709.
the people, after the adoptIon of its con-  CLARK, WILLIAM, originally of Virstitution, from 1812 to 1816. He was ginia, was b. 1770, and lmoved with his
then elected a senator of the United   father's family to Kentucky, in 1784.
States, but d. before he took his seat, in  They arrived at the falls of Ohio, where
1817.                                 the city of Louisville now stands, on the
CLAPPERTON, IHIUGH, the celebrated  4th of March, the town then consisting
African traveller, was b. in Annan, Dum- of but a few log cabins, surrounding a
friesshire, 1788, and at the age of 13 was fort, but a short time established by
apprenticed to the sea-service. Having  Gen. George Rogers Clark, tihe brother
during his apprenticeship inadvertently, of the deceased. In 1808 lie was tenviolated the excise laws, by taking a fewv  dered by Mr Jefferson, the appointment
pounds of rock salt to the mistress of a  of captain of engineers, to assumue joint
house which the crew frequented, le    commandl with   Captain  MIerriwether
consented (rather than undergo a trial) Lewis, of the northwestern expedition
to go on board the Clorinda frigate, to the Pacific ocean. This was accepted,
commeanded by Capt. Briggs. Through    and the party left St. Louis for the-vast
25*




294                   CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CLA,
and then unexplored regions between   By his exertions the library of Camthe Mississippi river and the ocean, in  bridge was enriched with nearly a hunMarch, 1804. On this perilous expedi- dred volumes of manuscripts, and.the
tion, lie was the principal military di- colossal statue of the Eleusinian Ceres.
rector, while Lewis, assisted by himself, He also brought to England the sarwas the scientific manager. Gen. Clark  cophagus of Alexander, and a splendid
kept and wrote the journal, which has collection of mineralogical specimens,
been since published, and assisted Lewis which he turned to the best advantage
in all celestial observations when they  in his sabsequent popular lectures on
were togecther. In 1813, President Mad- minieralogy, when he was appointed to
ison appointed him governor of the ter- the professor's chair in 1808., D. 1821.
ritory and superintendent of Indian   -JEREMIAHr organist to St. Paul's caaffairs. He held these offices in une- thedral. His compositions arei.not nution, until Missouri was admitted into merous, but they are remarkable for
the union, in 1820. In 1822 lie was ap- pathetic melody. An imprudent and
pointed, by President Monroe, superin- hopeless passion for a lady of high rank
tendent of Indian affairs. As commis- so much disordered his mind, that he
sioner and superintendent of Indian   committed suicide, in 1707.-JOEN, an
affairs for a long series of years, he American divine and writer; author of
made treaties with almost every tribe  "Funeral Discourses;" a popular i'-tet,
of Indians. D. 1838.                  entitled "An Answer to the Q(uestIn,
CLARKE, ADAM, one of the most'Why are You a Christian?'" &c. D.
eminent modern scholars in the oriental 1798.-SA.IUEL, a learned Englisli dilanguages, and biblical antiquities. He vine; author of "'Scientia Metrica et
was b.in Ireland, and received the ru- Rhythlmica," &c. D. 1669.-ARAAM,
diments of learning from  his father, a signer of the Declaration of Indepenwho was a schoolmaster in that coun- deuce, was b. in New Jersey in 1726.
try; but subsequently studied at the He was a delegate to the continental
school founded by John Wesley, at congress, a member of the general conKingswood, near Bristol. At the early  vention which friamed the constitution,
age of 18 he becarne a travelling preach- and a representative in the 2d congress
er in the Methodist connection; and for of the Unitecl States.:. D. 1794. Ie was
20 years continued to be so. But though  a man of exemplary and unsullied inhe was very popular as a preacher, it is tegrity.-GrORGE ROGERS, colonel in the
chiefly as a writer that he is known. seivice of Virginia against the Indians
Hie published a very curious and useful in the revolutionary var, distinguished
"Bibliographical Dictionary;" a supple- himself greatly in that post, and renment to that wor k; a laborious  Coin- dered efficient service to the inhabitants
-mentary on the Bible;" a "Narrative   of the frontiers. In 1779 he descended
of the last Illness and Death of Richard  the'Ohio, and built Fort Jefferson on
Porson;"   "Memoirs of the Wesley      the eastern bank of the Mississippi:; in
Family;" and edited "Baxter's Chris- 1781 he received a general's coimmiission.
tian Directory," and several other reli- D. 1817, at his seat near Louisville, Kengious works.   His "Comnmentary onl tucky.l-SAMUFL, a celebrated English
the Bible" alone would have been a long  theologian and natural philosopher, was
labor to a man of ordinary industry. b at Norwich, 167;5. While at college,
But such were his energy and perseve- he translated "Rohiault's Physics," il
rance, that besides the above works5 and  order to familiarize students with the
numerous sermons, he wrote four elab- reasoning of the Newtonian plhiilosophy.
orate and valuable reports on the state When he took orders, he becalme chaipof the public records, and edited the lain to the bishop of Norwich, and ispfirst volume of a new and laborious edi- peared as an author in his own pCrotes
tion of Rymer's "Feedera."  B. 1762; sion, inl 1699, wheln he publishsed " Three
d. of cholera, 1832.-EDWaRD DANIEL,i a practical Essays on Baptism, Confirinacelebrated modern traveller, and profes- tion, and Repentance."  By this work
sor of minieralogy at Cambridge, was b. he established his reputation:as a writer;
1767. He accoinpanied Lord Berwick    and lie now entered the lists as a conto Italy in 1794; and iin 1799 he corn- troversialist; by publishing' Refiecmienced a tour through D)enmark, Swe- tions" on a book by Tolahid, entitled
den, Lapland, Finland, Russia, Tartary, "Amyntor." In 1704-5 lie was appointCireassia, Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, ed to preach the sermons at Bovle's
Evypt, (reece, and Turkey, returning  Lecture, and took for the subjects of his
in 1802, through Germany and France. sixteen sermons, "The Beino and Attri



CLA]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      295
butes of God," and "' The Evidences of it is said, but doubtfully, to a pastryNaturatl and Reveled Religion."    In  cook. The love of art, however, pre17112.he publishled a new anld valuable  vailec over the circumstances in which
edition of Ctesarls Commentaries,"'and  he was placed; and having receixvec
a work entitled, "The SCripture Doc- some instructions in drawNing from his
trine of the Trinity." This work in- brothe, who was a wood-enriaver he
volvedl him in a controversy, in which  went to Rome, and was employed by
his princilpa1 opponent was Dr. Water- the painter Tassi, from whom' he reland and the heterodoxy of Dr. Clarke ceived instructions in- the fndamnental
was made the subject of a complaint in  principles of his art.: But it was friom
the lower honse of convocation. Sub- the study of nature that he derivedi his
seqiiently lie had a controversy with  best lessons, and in tlat study he was
Leibnitz on the principles of religion  unwearied, passing entire days in the
and natural philosophy; and gave con- fields. noting every change in the aspect
siderable offence by altering the singin  of nature at the valious stages of the
psalms at St. Jatnes's, where he was day, from sunrise to dusk. The sight
chaplain to Queen Anne. The latter of some pictures by Godfirev Vals enpart of his life was distin guished by his chanted him so miuhll that, in spite of
letter to Mr. Hoadley, "On the Propor- his poverty, he tra velled to Naples to
tion of Velocitv and' Force in Bodies in  study with the artist. His -enins e now
Motion," and his edition of tl Homer's  nnfolded itself with such rapidity, tlat
Iliad" with a Latin version. D. 1729.-  he was soon considered one of the first
JOiT, brother of the above, dean of landscape painters of his time; particuSalisbury; author of "Sermons on the larly after he had studied, in Lomnlardy,
Origin of Evil," a translation of Gro- the paintings of Gioroione and Titian,
itus's "De Veritate," &c. D. 1729.-  wvhereby his coloring and chiaro-oscuro
WILLIAM, an English divine and writer; were greatly imp ro ed. After makingl
author of "The Connection of the RE- a journey into his native country, lie
man, Saxon, and English Coins,"   A  settled, in 1627, in Rome. where his
Discourse on thle Commerce of the Ro- wolks werie greatly sought for, so that
mais," &c.   ). 1771.                he was enabled to live nmuch at his ease,
CLARKSON, THOM^AS, a man whose     until 1682, when he died of the  out-.
whole life may be said to have almost The principal galleries of Italy, France.
passed in laborinfg to effect the extinc- EInlland, Spain and Germany are adorntion of the slave trade, was b. at Wis- edi witlh his productions.
beach, in Suffolk, in 1760. I-e was first  CLAUDIANUS, CLAUDIUS a Latin
brouglht into notice as the friend of the poet, whose place of nativity is supneero by a Latin prize essay upon      s tposed to be Alexandria, in Eg'pt. He
subject, which was afterwards published  flou beunder the reigns of Theodoin LEnlish. Associations were forned, sius, Arcadius, and Honorius; and a
and the question was agitated and dis- statue was erected to his honor in the
cussed throughout Enliland; at lenctli forum of Trajan.
Mr. Clarkson having become acquaainted  CLAUDIUS, TIBErIus DESus, a Rowith Mr. Wilberforce, it wvas areed that man emperor, was b. 9 B. o., at Lyons,
the latter gentleman should bring the and originally called Germaniicus. After
suliject under the notice of parliament. spending O 0 years of his life in a private
This was in 1787, and it tlere met with  station,'unhonored and but little known,
various success until 1807, when the he was, on the mnlrder of Caligula, his
memorable anti-slavery law obtained the uncle, proclainied emperor by the bodysanction of the legislature. D. Sept. 26, gard, and confirmed in the sovereicgnti
1846, a(cd 85.                       by the senate. At first lie perlfoined
CLAUDE, JOHN, an eminent French    some praiseworthy aets, but he soon beProtestant Jivine. He coiposed a re- came contemptible for his debauchery
ply to a work of the Portt-Royalists on  and voluptuousness, and ihe died of
the eucharist, anld was inv.olved, inl con- poison administereld by his second wife,
sequence, in a controversy with the Ag ippinla, 54.-II., MAR:cus ATRELIUS
Catholic writers, in whici he displayed  FLxAVIus, surnamccid GOTMIUS, a Roman
immense controversial powera. D. 1687. emperor hb. 214, was raised to the throne
CLAUDE LORRAI1E, so called firom   on the death of Gallienus; and, by his
the place of his birth, was anl admirable virtues, as well as by his splendid xvictolandscape painter. His real nanie was ries over the Goths, lie proved himself
CLAUDE GELEE, and he was the son of worthy of his exalted station. D. 270,
poor parents, who.put him apprentice,  CLAUSEL, BRTRAND, a distinguish



296                   CCLOPED!tPDA OF1 BIOGRAPIIY.                   [CLI
ed French soldier, b. at Mirepoix, 1773. of Delaware from  1789 to' 17!6 and
lie hadc already gained distinction in the  governor under the present constitution,
arnmy of tlie Pyrenees, at St. Domingo, iroma 1793 to 1796. In 1 98 he waselectin Italy, and Dallntia, whe1n le iwas ed to the senate of the United States.
sent to Spain in 1810, undler Junot and  During the ^vvar, when the Perluvian
Miassena. le besieged Ciudadl odrigo, bark was scarce, lie substituted for it
was nwolnded at Salamanca, and havingo  successfully in his practice, the poplar
saved, during a retreat memorable in   Liviodencld1ro, tzuliri:,ifecra coiojinecd with
military annals, the army of Portugal, nearly an equal qi antity of the bark of
and led it into Spain, wras appointed  the root of thle dogwood, Cornizs lo7es'oida.
colmmannder-in-chief in the north of D. 1799.
Spain, 1813. Banished on the return of   CLEAVER, WILT.IA, bishop of St.
tie Bourbons in 1815, lie retired to the Asaph, and principal of Brazenose colUnited States, where he remained some  lee, Oxford; author of "Directions to
years. Immediately after the revolution  the Clergy i on the Choice of Books,"'
of 1830 he was appointed colmmander-   " Observations on Marslh's Dissertations
in-chief of the forces in Alo'eria; but on the Gospels of 3Matthew, lMark, and
the check lie sustained at Constantine,  Lue,"' Sermons," andc other theoiogiin 1836, led to his resignation, and the  cal worls, and a "Treatise on Greek
rest of his days were passec in retire- M2etres.'l He was also editor of the
ment. D. 1842.                         celebrated "Oxford Homer," published
CLAVIERE, ETIENNE,, a statesman      under tile patronage of Lord Grenville.
and financier, was a native of Geneva  D. 1815.
and for some time conducted a bank in    CLEGHORN, GEoosGE, a Scotch phythat city; but was forced to emigrate to  sician, surgeon, and anatomist; authoi
France on account of the part lie took in  of a "Treatise on the Diseases of Minorsome political offences. In conjunction  ca," &c. D. 1789.
with Brissot, hle published a treatise,  CLELAND, JAMES, a distinguished
" De I F1rance et des Etats Unis." Dis- statistical writer, wilo held the office of
playing great zeal in revolutionizin) superintendent of public works at Glasrance iand her colonies, he obtained   goow, and by his nuimerous publications
considerable influence; but on the fall  of a local nature, gained the esteem of
of the Girondists lie was arrested, and  all conversant wlith political economy.
committed suicide in prison, 1793... 1770; ( 1840.
CLAVIGERO, FRANOESCO SvEIRo, a         CLEMENS, RoMAANus, an early Chrisnative of Vera Cruz, in Mexico. Hav- tian, a fellow-traveller of St. Paul, aiad,
ing madcle himself acquainted with the  subsequently, bishop of Rome.   IIis
traditions and antiquities of the Mexi- epistle to the church of Corinth is to be
cans, he wrote a very valuable work, found in the "Patres Apostolici" of Le
entitled, "The History of Mexico."    Clerc. Clemens is said to hlave died at
CLAVIUS, CHRISTOPHER, a German      Rome, at the end of the 1st century.Jesuit and nmathematician. By order of TITus FLAVIUS, known as Clement of
Pope Gregory XIII. he corrected the    Alexandria, one of the fathers of the
calendar; and lie ably defended himself church. About the year 189 le succeedagainst the animadversions on his labor ed Pantsanus in the catechetical school
of the elder Scaliger and others.  ee  of Alexandria, and taught there until
also published some valuable mathe- 202, when the edict of Severus compelled
matical works, among which was an     him to seek a new abode. Whlen or
edition of Euclid, with annotations. D. where lie died is unkhnown. His chief
1612.                                 works are "Pr etr epticon, or an ExhortCLAYTON, ROBERT, bishop of Clog- ation to the Pacrans" " Pedaoo. igus, or
her; author of an "Introduction to tlie te Inst ructor' "  ihat Rich Man shall
Historv of the Jews," "The Chronology  be Saved," and "Stron.ata," the last
of the Bible Vindicated  " A Vindica- namned of which is a velry valuable lmistion of the Iistories of the Old and  cellaneous -work, contai: in  facts and
New Testament, written against Bo- quotations to be met with in no other
lingbroke, &c., &c. B. 1695; d. 1758-  writer.
JOiN, an eminent botanist and physi-    CLEMENT XISV., Pope, whose real
cian of Virginia, was b. in England, and  name was GANGANEx L, was a n itive of
came to Amlerica in 1705. He was clerk  St. Archalngelo, near Piimni. In 1759
or prothonotary for Gloucester county, he wars raised to the cardinalate by Pope
in Virginia, 51 yetlrs. D. 1773, naed 87. Clement XIII., and on the death of that
-JOSHUA, a physician, was the president pontiff lhe was elected lis successor.




CLE]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       297
He was at first apparently disinclined to  he directed his thoughts to divinity at
the suppression of the powerful but the age of 19, and was at the proper
unpopular order of the Jesuits, but he time admitted into orders.  -e soon
at length became convinced of the ne- after embraced Arminianism, and after
cessity for their suppression, and he  residing some time at Samnur, he visitsig nel the brief for it in 1773. Clement ed England, where he was honored with
was one of the most enlightened and   the acquaintance of many learned and
benevolent characters that ever wore respectable characters. At Amsterdam,
the tiara. D. 1775.-FRANcsF, a French  1683, he became popular as a preacher.
Benedictine monk; author of a comple- and particularly as professor of philostion of " L'Art de verifier les Dates," a ophy, Hebrew, and polite literature. His
"Treatise on the Origin of the Samari- "Ars Critica" was published in 1696,
tan Bible," &c. D. 1793.-JEAN'MARIE  and in 1709 appeared his'; Sulpicins
BERNARD, a French critic and dramatic  Severus," his " Grotius," and also the
writer, who distinguished himself by   "Remains of Menander and Philemon,"
his strictures on the works of Voltaire, a collection which drew upon him the
La Harpe, and others. He is the author severe censures of thosleble scholars,
of the tragedy of "Medea."-B. 1742; Bentley and Burman. D. 1786.
d. 1812.                                 CLERFAYT,      FRANCIS   SEBASTIAN
CLEMENTI, Muzio, an eminent com- CHARLES JOSEPH DE CROIX, count de, an
poser and pianist; the father of piano- Austrian general, who served with great
forte music, and a genius whose fancy  distinction in the seven years' war, parwas as unbounded as his science. B. at ticularly at the battles of Prague, Lissa,
Rome, 1752; d. 1882.                  &. Tr&om the conclusion of that war
CLEOPATRA, queen of Egypt, was till 1788, when he took the field against
the cLaughter of Ptolemy Auletes, who, the Turks, lie lived in retirement; but
at his death, left his crown to her and  in the war whAich arose out of the French
her younger brother, Ptolemy; but be- revolution, he commanded the Austrian
ing minors, they were placed unlde the  army with great credit to himself, in
guardianship of Pothinus and Achilles, 1793 and 1794, though overborne by
who deprived Cleopatra of her share of  numbers, and often defeated in consethe government. Csesar, however, who  quence. In 1795 he was made fieldhad met her at Alexandria, being struck lmarshal, and general-in-chief on the
with her youthful charms, proclaimed  Rhine, and closed his military career by
her queen of Egypt; and for some time  totally foiling the plans of the French.
Cleopatra exercised a very potent and  He then resigned his command to the
injurious influence over the Roman    Archduke Charles, and became a memwalrrior. After Casar's death she ex- ber of the Austrian council of war. D.
erted her art, and used ler beauty and  1798.
accomplishments to entangle the trium-  CLERMONT      TONNERE, ANTOINE
vir, Mark Antonyl and becoming in- JULES DE, cardinal, and chief of the
volved in the ruin he brought upon    French bishops, was bishop of Chalons
himself in his contest with Octavius, she in 1782, and was an active member fiom
put an end to her existence, by applying  his diocese to the states-general. He is
an as p to her arm, the bite of which  chiefly mentioned, however, as the aucaused her immediate death, 30 aB.C., thor of a most interesting "Jourinal of
aged 89.                              what occurred at the Telmple cluritng the
CLEOSTRATUS, a native of Tenedos, Captivity of Louis XVI."    B. 1749; d.
and an eminenlt astronomer and mathe- 1839.-STANISLAUS, count de, was one
matician. He first arranged the signs  of the first anong the nobility to side
of the zodiac, Aries and Sagittarius, andc  with the popular party in the openingr
corrected the error of the length of the scenes of the French revolution. HayvGrecian year, by intoclducing the period  ing at length given umbrage to his party
termed Octoetaris. According  to Dr. he iwas put to death in 1792.
Priestley, he flourished in the 6th ccin-  CLEVELAND, JOIIN, a political wrivur'y V. c.                           ter of the tinie of Charles I. Ile strenCLEEC, JoHN LE, a celebrated scholar, uously supported the cause of that
o. at Geneva, 1657. As his fiather was a mionarch, and, for a time, prevented
ohvsician of eminence, and a Greek pro- Cromwell from being returned member
fessor at Geneva, the greatest attention  of parliament for Cambridge. When
was paid to his education, and after the civil war actually broke out lie joindtudying belles lettres and the classics cd the royal army, and was made judge
Mvith the most indefatigable earnestness,  advocate to the troops which garrisoned




298                   CYCLOIPDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [CLI
Newark. Of his satires sevreral editions  congress in 1775. In 177.6 he waas ap
have been printed, but they have shared  pointed a brigacier in the ar my of the
the fate of imost works written on tern-  United States, and continued dn(ring tho
porary subjects, and are now known to  progress of the war to render importanli
but few. D. 1659.                      services to the military department. * In
CLIFFORD, GEORGE, earl of Cumber- April, 1777, he was elected both goverland, an eminent naval commander and          d nor, ad lieutenant-governor of- New
scholar of the time of Qnueen Elizabeth. York, and was continued in the tormec
He was present at the trial of the unifor- office for eiglhteen years. IHe was unantunate queen of Scotliand, and in the  imously chosen president of the consame year sailed for the coast of South  veltion which assemblec  at PoughAmerica, where lie made himself very   keepsie, in 1788, to deliberate on the
formidable to the Portuguese. He was   new federal constitution. In 1801 he
captain of one of the ships engaied    a.nain accepted the office of oovereor,
against the memorable " Armada?' of    and after continuing in that capacity for
Spain, and subsequently commanded      three years he was elevated to the'iceseveral expeditions to the Spanish main  presidency of the United States; a digand. thle Westerni islands; in oine of  nitv which he retained till his death at
which expeditions lie had the good for- Wa'shington, in 1812.-DE WITT, was b.
tune to capture a galleon, valued at 1769, at Little Britain, in Oranle county,
~150,000.  B. 1558; d. 1605.-ANN-E, New York. He was educatedat Colurmdanughter of the preceding. She was    bia college, commenced the study of the
married first to Richard, Lord Buck- law, and was admitted to the bar, but
hurst, afterwards elrl of Dorset, and  was never much engaged in professional
second son to Philip, earl of Pembroke. practice. He early imbibed a predilecShe possessed considerable literary abil- tion for political life, and was appointed
ity, and wrote memoirs of her first hus-  the private secretary of his uncle, Geo.
baind, and of some of her ancestors. Clinton, then governor of the state. In
But she was chiefly distinguished by   1797 he wxs sent to the legislature fiom
her generosity and high spirit. She    the ceity of New York; and two years after
built two:hospitals, repaired several was chosen a member of the state senate.
churches, and erected monunmentsto the  In 1801 he was appointed a senator of
memory of Spenser and Daniels, the     the United States, and continued in that
latter of whom had been her tutor.     capacitv for two sessions. He retired
CLINTON, JAMEs, was b. 1786, in      from the senate in 1803, in consequence
Ulster county, New York. He- display-  of his election to the mayoralty of New
ed an early inclination for a military life, York, an office to which he was annualand held successively several offices in  ly.re-elected, -wxith the intermission of
the militia and provincial troops.. Du- but two years, till 1815. In 1817 lie was
ring the French war he exhibited many  elected, almost unanimously, governor
proofs of courage, and received the ap- of the state, x was again chosen in 1820,
pointment of captain-commandant of the  but in 1822 declined being a candidate
four regiments levied for the protection  for re-election. In 1810 Mr. Clinton had
of the western frontiers of the counties  been appointed, by the senate of his
Ulster and Orange. In 1775 he was ap- state, one of the board of canal commispointedl colonel of the third reigiment of  sioners, but the displeasure of his politNew York forces, and in the ssame year ical opponents havin been excited, lie
marched with Montgomery to Quebec. was removed from this office in 18203 by
During the war he tendered eminent a vote of both branches of the leeislaservices to his country, and on the con- ture. This insult created a strongo reelusion of it retired to enjoy repose on  action in popular feeling, and  Mr.
his ample estates. He was, however     Clinton was imnediately nominated for
fiequently called from retirement by the  governor, and elected by an unpreceunsolicited voice of his fellow-citizens; dented majority. In 1826 he was aVain
and was a member of the convention for  elected, but he d. befo re the completion
the adoption of the present constitution  of his term, February 11, 1828. Mr.
of the United States. D. 1812.-GEORGEeE, Clinton was not only eminent as a statesvice-president of the United States, was  man, but he occupied a conspicuous
b. in the county of Ulster, New York,  rank as a man of learning. His national
1739, and was educated to the profession  services were of the highest importance,
of the law. In 1768 he was chlosen to a  and the Erie canal especially, thouegh
seat in the. colonial assembly, and was  the honor of projecting it may belong to
elected a -lelegate to the continental another, will remain a perpetual monu



CLO]                  CYCLOPYEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       299
ment of thepatriotism and perseverance  and when he returned to England he
of Clinton.-Sir HENKY-   an  English  was raised to the first peerage by the
general, served in the -anoverian war, titles which stand at the head of this.and was sent to America in 1775, with  article.  He once more visited India,
the rank of major-general. I-e distin- but was called upon only for civil measguished himself at the battle of Banker ures, which he took with his usual
-ill, evacuated Philadelphia in 1778, sagacity. In 1767 he returned to Enand took Clarlestin in 1780. Ie re- gland, having done more to extend the
turned to England in 1782, and soon   English territory and consolidate the
after publislied an account of the cam- English power in India than any other
paign in 1781-83, which Lord Cornwal- coemmaneler. But the large wealth lhe
lis answered, and to which Sir Henry  had acquired during hi z long and ardumnade a reply. I-I was governor of    ous services exposed him to an accusaGibraltar in 1795, and also member for tion in the house of commons of having
Newark, and d. soon after. He was the abused his power. Tl-e charge fell to
author of' Observations on Stcdman's the ground, but it had.he effect of inHistory of the American War."         jurin hiss mind so deeply tnat he comCLITUS, a clistinguished Macedonian  mitted suicide in 1774.-CATARINE, a
genelal, who saved the life of Alexander celebrated actress, was the daualhter of
the Great at the battle of the Granicns, an Irish gentleman named Ruftar. At
but who, having expostulated with his an early age she gave her hand. to Mr.
imperial master when the latter was in a  Clive, a barrister; but a separation
ft of intoxication, was slain by him.  taking place between them, she took
CLIVE, ROBERT, Lord CLIVE. anld     the stage for her profession, and became
baron PLASSEY, was b. 1725, and in his a very great favorite. -Inprivatelifeher
19th year went to India as a writer, but wit caused her to be sought by persons
soon quitted that employment for the  of the hinhest ank. D. 1785.
army. Being intrusted with the attack   CLOOTS, JOHN BAPTIST DI, a Prusof Devicottah, a fort of the rajah of sian baron, better known as ANACHARSIS
Tanjore, he performed this important CLOOTS. one of the wildest and most
duty so well, that he w'ts shortly after- violent actors in the early scenes of the
wards made commissary. The French     French revolution. He was b. at Cleves,
having artfully obtained ccnsiderable and very early dissipated the greater
territory in the Carnatic, Cli ve advised portion of his fortune. In 1790, being
that an attack should be made on the  at Paris, he presented himself at the
city of Arcot, which being intrustec to  bar of the national assembly, attended
him, a complete victory was obtained. by a number of men dressed to repreThis unexpected victory drew off.the sent various foreign nations; and, deFrench froll Trichinopoly, vwhich they  scribing himself as the ".orator of the
were then besieging, to retake Arcot, human race," he demanded the right of
which Clive defended in such a manner confederation.  After making himself
that they were compelled to raise the  conspicuous by a variety of projects, he
siege. This was followed by a series of  was in 1792 sent to the national convenvictories; aned inl 1753 he emblarked for tion as deputy fiom the department of
Ensglasd, where le received a valuable the Oise. Ie twas among those who
present from the East India Company, voted for the death of the unfortunate
and was raised to the rank of lieutenant- Louis XVI., but becoming an object of
colonel in the king's service. After a suspicion to Robespierre, hle was arrestshort stay in England for the benefit of  ed, and guillotined in 1794.
his health, lhe. eturned to India, and   CLOSTERMAN, JOHN, a German
was shortly called upon to march to Cal- portrait painter. He was employed in
cutta, of which the nabob Surajah Dowe- Spain, Italy, and England: in the latter
lal had taken possession. He was ag.ain  country there ar many of his works;
successful, and perceiving that there  among them the great picture of Queen
could be no permanent peace obtained  Anne, in Gnildhall, London. D. 1713.
until the nabob was dethroned, he malde  CLOVIS, the first Christian king of
tlie necessary arrangements, and in the  France.  From  a comparatively petty
famous battle of Plassey, put the nabob  tract he extended his rule far and wide,
completely to the rout, and established  partly by force of arms and partly by
the power of the English more firmly  his marriage with Clotilda, daurhter of
than it had ever before been. As gov- Childeric, the deceased king of the Burernor of Calcutta, Lord Clive performed  gundians. Having conquered the petty
great services, both civil and military; independent states of Gaull he added




300                   CYCLOPTEDIA OF BIOGRAPITY.                      LCBn
them to his dominions, and established  Lutrin." - EBEN'EZER, remarkable for
the capital of his kingdom  at Paris, longevity, was b. in Plymouth, Miss.,
where he d. in 511.                    March 22, 1694, and was ten years coCLOWES, JOHN, ean English divine     temporary with Peregrine White, of
rector of the church of St. John at Man- Marshfield, the first son of New Enchester. EmbracinZ the doctrines of gland, who was born on board the MaySwedenborg, he published translations  flower in Cape Cod harbor in Nov., 1620.
of a large portion of his theological wri- D. at Kingston, Dec. 8, 1803, aged 107
tings, and many works in iagreement years.-JAMES, secretary to the East Inwith them. B. 1743; d. 1831.          dia Company, author of "The Sieoe of
CLUBBE, JOHN, a n English divine, Belgrade," " The Haunted Tower,4 and
author of a satirical tract, entitled "The  other dramatic pieces. D. 1818.
History and Antiquities of Wheatfield,"  COBBETT, WILLIAM, was b. in the
intended as a satireon conjectural ety- parish of Farnham, Surrey, 1762, and
mologists; "A Letter of Advice to a brought up from his earliest years on.
Young Clergyman," &c.     D. 1773.-   his father's farm.  An accident-the
WILLIAM, SOn of the above, v icar of  mere sight of the stage-coach on its
Brandeston, in Suffolk; translator of  journey to London while he was going
Horace's "Art of Poetry," and of six to Guildford fair-led him suddenly to
of the satires of that poet, and author quit his home and rustic pursuits, in
of three lyric odes, &c. D. 1814.      order to seek his fortune in a wider
CLUTTERBUCK,      oxkERT, O an English  sphere. His first employment, lnfittedc
antiquary and topographer, was a native  as lie was for it by nature and habit,
of Ierltfordshire, and having an inde- was that of an " under-strapping quillpendent fortune, devoted his time to   driver" in Gray's Inn.    After nine
scientific and literary pursuits. Havinr  months' drcudgery he enlisted as a solcollected materials for a new edition of cdier, and he was sent to the ddpot at
Chauncey's " Iistovy of Hertfordshire,"  Clatham, where he remained about a
he changecd his plni, and produced a year, attending closely to his duty, but
new work instead of re-editing the old  applying every leisure moment to the
one. D. 1881.                         improvement of his mind.    The regiCLUVIER, PHILIP, a Dutch soldier ment at lengthc sailed for Nova Scotia,
and scholar, author of " Germania An- and was then ordered to St. John's, New
tiqua," " Sicilia Antiqua, " Italia An- Brunswick, where he soon attracted the
tiqua," &c. He is said to have under- notice of his superiors by his industry,
stood and spoken with fluency no fewer regularity, and habitual temperance;
than nine languages. D. 162:3.        and was rewarded by being appointed
CLYMER, GE,  GEO, a patriot of the  sergeant-major of the regiment. After
American revolution, and one of the   seven years' service, the regiment resigners of the declaration of independ- turned to England; and Sergeant-major
ence.  lHe was educated a merchant. Cobbett solicited and received his cdisIn 1775 he was one of the first conti- charge. But seeing that awar with Ennental treasurers. In 1780 he co-oper- glan}d was inevitable, he embarked for
ated writh Robert Morris in the estab-  inmerica,, where, unlde the sobriquet of
lishment of a bank for the relief of the Peter Porcupine, lie quickly becan to
country. IIe was a member of congress exercise his talents by the piublication
under the present constitution.   In   of his "'Observxations" and other polit1791 he was placed at the head of the ical pamphlets, opposed to the preva
excise department in Pennsylvania. In  lence of French principles.  But he
1796 he was sent to Georgia to negotite, found it necessary to quit America;
together with EHawvkins and Pickens, a and, on his return to England, corntreaty with the Cherokee and Creek    menced a daily paler called the " PorIndians. IIe was afterwcards president cupine," ini which atfirst he strenuously
of the Philadelphia bank, and of the  supported the government.    He then
academy of fine arts. D. 1813, aged 73. begian l publication styled " The WYeekly
COBB, SAMUEL, an ing enious poet, Hegister,"    wlrih  containel various
educated at Christ's hospital, of which  articles which were severely denomihe afterwards became master. He was nated libels, and he was arrested, fined,
of Trinity college, Cambridge.  D. at and imprisoned.   From this period a
London, 1713. lie wrote observations gradual ohanpge may be discovered in
on Virgil, and a collection of poems. the tone of Cobbett's political disquisiHe also assisted Rowe in his "Calli- tions, and ere lone he was looked upom
psadia," and Ozell in his "Boileau's as the leader of the radical reformers.




coc]                  CYCLOPrDIA OF BIOGRIAPHY.                        301
In 1809 lie again attracted the notice of  foreign affairs at Vienna.  In 1805 he
Sir Vicary Gibbs, at that time his mj- was dismissed friom this office, and he d.
esty's attorney-general.  The libel re- in 1809.-JoHN PIILIP, count de, a
lated to the flogging of some men in the  cousin of the last named, and also a
local militia, at Ely, in Cambridgeshire; diplomatist. Being sent to Brabant to
he was found guilty, sentenced to two  treat with the Nethellanders, who reyears' imprisonment in Newgate, to pay  sisted some edicts of the emperor which
a fine of ~1000 to the king, and at the  they considered oppressive, they refused
expiration of the two years to give se- to receive him, and the edicts were in
curity for his good behavior for seven  consequencere voled. This failurepreyears, himself in ~300, and two secrii- vented hilm from being employed again
ties in ~100 each. This severe sentence  during the following 10 years; but at
Cobbett never forgot or fora-ve.  No  length, in 1S01, he was sent ambassador
sooner was he liberated than lhe showed  to 1Paris. D. 1810.
his enemies that his active mind had     COBJURG, FnEDERre JosIzs, duke of
received a fresh stimulus; hls reduced  Saxe-Coburg, ani Austrian field-marshal,
his. LRegister" to 2d., whlereby its sale  was b. 1787. In 1789 he commanded the
was immensely increased, and he sought imperial arrmy on the Danube, and, in
for every possible means of annoying   connection with the Eussian general,
those who had persecuted him.     At Suwarroff, defeated the Turkis, and conlength the arbitrary " Six Acts' were  quered Buc harest. In 1793 he defeated
passed; and as he firmly beieved they  the French at Neerwinden, expelled
were passed for the express purpose of  them from the Netherlands, and invaded
silencing him, (particularly the IPower France, taking Valenciennes, Cambray,
of Inprisonment Act,) he instantly took  and other places but when the English
his departure for America, and settled  army, under the duke of York, separain Long Island; f rom which spot his ted iromn hin, he sustained several defature " Registers' were dated, till his feats, retreated across the Rhine, and
return to Engiand, in 1819, after that resigned his command. D. 1815.
act was repealed. Cobbett announced,     COCCEIUS, JoIN,D a Dutch scholar of
on his arrival -at Liverpool, that he had  the 17th centurny, professor of theology
brought with himi the bones of the cele- at Leyden.  He taught that the Old
brated republican, Tom Pasine. In 1832 Testament was merely a type of the
he was chosen a member of parliament. New; and the book of R evelations being
His writings are numerous, spirited, and  a principal obiect of his attention, he
valuable. D. 185.                     warmlv asserted the doctrine of the
COBENTZEL, CHARLESs, count de, an  Millennium.   His followers formed a
eminent statesman. He swas a native of rather numerous sect, called Cocceians.
Laybach, and at an early ace comnmen- Besides 10 folio volumes of writings on
ced his public career. Dlurin the trou- divinity, which lie puniished during his
bles in the reain of Maria Theresa, his lie, he left a work, not printed till mlany
services gave so much satisfaction, that years after his ceath, entitled " Opera,
in 1753 he was placed at the head of af-  neccdotica Theologic et Philologica."
tfirs in the Austrian Netllherilands. In  B. 1603; d. 1669.-8 HENRY, an eminent
this important situationl he showed great Dutch civilian; author of "' Prodromus
respect for literalture and the arts, aind  Justitime Gentium," "Theses," c' e. IIe
severrl useful reformations rere carried  was raised to the disniitv of a baron of
into effect by him. Anmong his other the empire in 1713, anld d. 1719.-SA1scrvices was that of founding the Acad- UTe, son of the last named, and succesemv of Sciences at Brussels. D. 170. sor to his title. ie became grand chan-LouIs, count de, son of the above, cellor of Prussia, under Frederic the
and, like hin, a diplomatist. At the Great, and was a chief author of the
early age of 27 he was intrusted with  Frederickian code. He also published
miassion to Catharine II. of Russia, and  a valuable edition of Grotis, "' De Jure
his grallantry and compliance with her Belli et Pacs."2  D. 1755.
taste for theatricals made him a great  COCHIN, CHARLiES NICHOLAS, an cmifavorite with her. From 1795 he was nent French engraver and writer of the
concerned in many of the important ne- 18th century; author of "Travels in
gotiations between Austria and other Italy," "Letters on the Pictures of
powers, until the treaty of Luneville, in  Herculaneum," "Dissertation ccn the
1801. That treaty restoring peace be- Effect of Light and Shade," &c. His
tween Austria and France, le was short- plates a-ret numerous and well-executed.
ly afterwaris- mande minister of state for  COCHLAUS, JOHN,   able h)at bit~O




8002                  CYCLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [COD
ter opponent of Luther, Calvin, and   Fields. Besides those, and a tragedy,
other reformers, but more especially of entitled " The Revolution of Sweden,"
the first named, whom he censured with  she published some poems, a 1 History
great asperity in his work, " De Actis et of the Works of the Learned," " VindiScriptis Lutheri."  He published, be- cations of the Philosophy of Locke,"
sides this work, a very curious " Histo- and several metaphysical treatises. B.
_ry of the Hussites," and he maintained  1679; d. 1749.
a, fierce controversy with Dr. Morrison,  COCKER, EDWARD, an English penan English clergyman, on the subject of man and arithmetician; whose fime as a
the marriage ot Henry Vlll. and Anne  computist was formerly held in such reBoleyn. D. 1552.                      pute, that " according to Cocker" is still
COCHRAN, WILLIAM, a Scotch ar- used as an arithmetical'proverb. D.
tist of considerable talent and reputa- 1677.
tion. After studying at Rome, hlie settled  COCLES, PUBLIUS HOIRATIUS, a valiant
at Glasgow, where his abilities were so  Roman.. Ile was a descendant of the
well appreciated, that he realized a re- Horatii, and proved himself worthy of
spectable fortune. Of his historical his line. When Porsenna, king of the
pieces, " Endymion" and "Dcldalus"    Etruscans, had pursued the Romans to
are held in high estimation. B. 1738; the wooden bridge over the Tiber, Cod. 1785.                              cles and two companions boldly withCOCHRANE, ARCHIBALD, earl of stood the enemy unt the Romans had
Dundonald, b. 1749. He became a cor- crossed the bridge. His two compannet of dragoons, but exchanged from the ions then retired, bi t Codes remained
army to the navy, and had risen to the  until the bridge wvas broken down beralnk of lieutenant when he succeeded  hind him, anid then plunged into the
to the earldom. He then devoted him- river, and swam to the city.
self entirely to scientific pursuits, with  CODDINGTON, WILLIAM, the father
the intent of making improvements in  of Rhode Island, was a native of Linthe commerce anad imanufactures of the  colnshire, England. He came to this
kingdom. Among the numerousworks      country as an assistant, or one of the
published by him in the prosecution of umagistrates of Mass. and arrived at Sathis patriotic intention, were " The lens in the Asbella, 1630. He removed
Principles of Chemistry applied to the to Rhode Island, 1638, and was the prinImprovement of Agriculture," " An Ac- cipal instrumnent in effectinf the origicount of the Qualities and Uses of Coal nal settlement of that place. After vaTar and Coal Varnish," &c. He made    rious vioionary projects, something like
many useful discoveries, for some of a regular plan of government was adoptwhich he obtained patents; but unfor- ed, and Mr. Coddington chosen governtunately, though he did good service to  or, and continued in that office until
his country, he was so far from enrich- the charter was obtained, and the island
ing himself, that he was at one thime was incorporated in Providence plantaactually obliged to receive aid from the tions. In 1647 he assisted in formingl
Literary Fund. D. 1881.-JOHN DUN- the body of laws, which has been the
DAS, nephew of the above, an English  basis of the government of Rhode Island
naval officer. On retiring from the na- ever since. In 1648 he was elected govval service, he travelled on foot through  ernor, but declined the office. In 1651
France, Spain, and Portugal; and then  he wemnt to England and was commisthrough the Russian enapire to Kam- sioned governor of Aquetnech island,
schatia. Of this latter journey he pub- separate from the rest of the colony;
lished an account in two volumes, which  but as the people were jealons lest his
contain much curious information. He commission should affect their laws, he
was about to travel on foot across South  resigned it. He was governor in the
America, when he d. at Valentia, in Co- years 1674 and 1675. 1). 1678, aged 77.
lumbia, 1825.                           CODRINGTON, CHRISTOPHIER, a naCOCKBURN, CATHARINE, an English     tive of Barbadoes, was educated at All
authoress. Though almost self-educa- Saints college, Oxford; to which he beted, she began to publish at the early  queathed the sum of ~10,000 for the
age of 17, her first production being a  erection of a library, leaving his West
tragedy, entitled "Agnes de Castro."  Indian estates to the Society for the ProIn two years more she produced another pagation of the Gospel. As an author,
tragedy, entitled "Fatal Friendship," this munificent gentleman is only known
which was received with much approba- by some verses addressed to Garth, on
tion at the theatre in Lincoln's Inn  the publication of his i"Dispeiisary,"




COK]                 CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        303
and by some Latin poems in the " Mu- sophical Treatise on the Passions,"
sse Anglicanse."  B. 1668; d. 1710.  " heological Discquisitions," &c. ID.
*CODRUS, the 17th and last king of 1818.
Athens. Disguised as a common per-      COGSWELL, WILLIAM, an eminent
son, he rushed into the midst of the divine and writer of New Hampshire,
army of the Heraclidse, and was slain; a secretary of the Education Society, and
sacrifice he was led to make by the oera- at first a professor at Dartmouth, and
cle having pronounced that the leader then president of the Gilmantic Theoof the conquering party must fall. At logical Seminary. B. 1788; d. 1850.
his death, the Atlhenians deeming no one  -COHAUSEN, JOHN HENRY, a German
worthy to be worthy to be the successor physician. He wrote a curious work,
of their patriotic monarch, established a instructing his readers how to live to
republic.                             115 years of age; it was translated into
COELLO, ALONZO SANCHEZ, an emi- English by Dr. Campbell, under the
nent painter, a native of Portugal, whose  title.of "Hermippus Redivivus, or the
works obtained for him the appellation  Sage's Triumph over Old Age and the
of the Portuguese Titian. B. 1515; d. Grave."  D. in his 85th year, 1750.
1710.                                   COHORN, MENNO, Baron, a celebrated
COEN, JOHN PETERSON, governor of Dutch engineer, who, after distinguishthe Dutch settlements in the East In- ing himself as a military officer on many
dies, and founder of the city of Batavia. important sieges and battles, fortified
He went to India as a merchant, and in  Namur  Bergen-op-Zoom, and    other
1617 succeeded to the governorship of towns. He was the author of a " TreaBantam, when in 1619 he removed to tise on Fortification."  D. 1704.
the new fachetory he had founded. After  COKAYNE, Sir ASTON, a poet and
passing a short time in Europe, he, in  dramatist of the 17th century. A col1627, returned to. Batavia, andll bravely lection of his plays and poems was
defended that place against the emperor printed in 1658. D. 1634.
of Java. So many men perished in this   COKE, Sir EDWARD, a celebrated Enmemorable contest, that their bodies glish judge and law writer, b. at Mileproduced a pestilence, of which Coen d., ham, Norfolk, 1549, He pleaded his first
1629.                                 cause in 1578; and having married a sisCOEUR, JAMES, a French merchant of ter of the minister Burleigh, he possessed
the 15th century. His trade surpassed  considerable political influence. In 1592
that of any other individual in Europe  lihe had obtained a high reputation, andl
and he is said to have had 800 agents in  was appointed solicitor-general; aend in
the Mediterranean. He lent Chales VII. 1600, being then attorney-general, he
an immense sum, to enable him to con- prosecuted the earl of Essex; and the
quer Normandy, which was never re- asperity with which lihe conducted himpaid; for being falsely accused of pe- self to that inobleiman amnounted to very
ulation, and of poisoning the ki      little ss than brutality. In 1603 he
mistress, lie was so disgusted, that, on  was kniffhted; andl we ind him prosegetting his release, lie went into volun- cuting Sir Walter Raleigh, and behaving
tary exile. D. 1456.                  to hiili as unfeelingly as he had formerly
COFFEY, CHARLES, a poet and dram- belihaved to Essex  In 1606 he was made
atist; author of "The Devil to Pay,"  chief justice of the common pleas; and
&c., and editor of an edition of the  in 163 hlie was sworn of the privy counworks of Drayton. IHe was deformed    cil, and removed to the court of King's
in person, and performed the part of  Bench. His activity in the case of Sir
zEsop for his own benefit. D. 1745.   Thomas Overbury's murder made him
COGAN, THOMAS, an English phy- many enemies; and his opposition to
sicial, b. in Somersetshire.'In 1574 he the khng aind Chancellor Egerton caused
was chosen master of the school at Man- him to be removed from office in 1616.
clhester, where he also practised in his Having vainly endeavored to get into
proper profession. He wrote the " Ha- favor with the court, he in 1621 joined
vein of Health," "A Preservative from  the popular party, and was committed,
the Pestilence," and an "Epitome of   though only for a short time, to the
Cicero's Epistles." D. 1607.-THOMAS, Tower.    In 1628 he represented the
a physician, b. at Kibworth, Leicester- county of Buckinigham  in priliament,
shire, 1736; who; in conjunction with  and distingulished himself by his zeal
Dr. Hawes, founded the Hinmane So- against the duke of Buckingham. In
ciety. He translated the works of Cam- mere legal knowledge he has never perper, and was the author of  A Philo- ihaps been equalled; but for the nobler




304                   CYCLOPAEDIA   OF BIOGRAPI-IY.                   [COL
qualities of his minai   we may seek in  however, were but of short continuance,
vain. His "Commentary on Littleton"    for on entering parliamlent for Helston
and his "Reports" are lnvaluable. D. he was speedily noticed for his talent
1634.                                 and business-like habits, and on the
COLBERT, JOIN BAPTIST, marquis of   formation of the Addington ministry lie
Seguelai, a celebrated French statesman, was appointed secretary for Ireland, and
to whose talents, activity, and enlarged  keeper of the privy seal. IIe now coinviews France owes much of its financial menced some useful reforms in Ireland,
and commercial prosperity, was de- but before he could complete them lle
sceended fiom a Scottish family, but b. was elected speaker of the house of
at I         1heims, 1619, where his father was  commons. In 1817 an attack of erysipea wine merchant. In 1648 he became    las obliged him to resign the office of
clerk to the secretary of state, Le Tellier,,'eaker; on which occasion he was called
whose daughter lie married; and his to the upper house by the title of Baron
conduct in this situation recommended  Colchester, with a pension of 3~4000 per
him to the king as intendant of finances. annum. D. 1829.
Subsequently te became superintendent   COLDEN, CADWALLADEP, was b. in
of buildings, secretary of state, and rmin- Dunse, Scotland, 1688. After studying
ister of the marine; and in every ca- at the university of Edinburgh, he turned
pacity he acted so as to merit the love  his attention to medicine and matheof his countrymen, and obtain the ap- matical science until the year 1708, when
probation of his king. To literature and  he emigrated to Pennsyl-ania, and practhe arts lie constantly gave encourage- tised physic with much reputation till
nent; lie instituted the Academy of    1715. In 1718 he went to the city of
Sciences, and that of sculpture and paint- New York, and relinquishing the practice
ing; and it was at his recomnmendation  of physic, turned his attention to public
that the royal observatory was erected. affairs, and became successively surTo him, too, Paris owec the erection of  veyor-general of the province, master
many elegant buildings; and, if a less in chancery, member of the council, and
brilliant minister than some of his pre- lieutenant-governor. His political chardecessors, he certainly conferred more acter was rendered very conspicuous by
substantial benefits upon his country  the firmness of his conduct dc uinig the
than most of them.    D. 1688.-JoIIN   violent commotions which preceded the
BAPTIST, marquis of Torcy, son of the  revolution. His productions were nnpreceding. Ie filled, successively, the merous, consisting of botanical and
offices of secretary of state for the foreign medical essays. His descriptions of
department and director-general of the  between three and four hundred Ameriposts; and wrote "Memoirs of the Ne- can plants were printed in the "Acta
gotiations from the Treaty of Ryxswick  Upsaliensia."  ie also published the
to the Peace of Utrecht."  B1. 1665; d. "History of the Five Indian Nations."
1746.                                 D. 1775. I-e had three sons, CadwallaCOLBURN, ZERA, an       arithmetical der, David, and Alexander, all of whom
prodigy, b. at Cabot, Vt., 1804. His   acquired more or less local distinction
powers of mental calculation, displayed  in and about New York.-DAVID, the
at an early age, madcle him famous both  youngest, excelled in mathematics and
in this country and in England.  lie  natural philosophy, and was a correcould solve the most difficult problems  spolndent of Dr. Franklin.-CADWALLAalmost instantaneously. While in En- DEP D., son of David, was b. on Long
gland he studied under Charles Kemblle Island, 1769.  He practisec law   at
for the stage, but the experiment was a Poughkeepsie, till he came to New
failure.  Ie subsequently became a York, 1796. He was there mlade disteacher of as school at Fairfield, N. Y., trict attorney, and acquired the highest
and afterwards a Methodist preacher. rank in his profession. He was nem-.
D. 1840.                              ber of the assembly in 1818, mayor of
COLCIESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, Lord, the city after De Witt Clinton, in 1822,
was b. at Abingdon, Berks, 1757; and  member of congress, and in 1824, of the
having received the rudiments of his state senate.  He was an active proeducation at Westminster school, was moter of public schools and all other
entered of Christ-church, Oxford, in  charitable projects. D. 1834.
1775. After spendCing some time abroad,  COLE, WILLIAM, an English herbalist.
lie was called to the bar, and praetisecl  He was educated at Mcrton college, Oxwith every prospect of becaming a popu- ford, and became secretary to Dr. Duppa,
lar advocat eHi    forensic pul su!ts, bishop of Winchestel. His works ara




cOL]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         305
" The Art of Simpling," and " Adam in  but left unfinished at his death, was
Eden, or Nature's Paradise."  D. 1662. confided to Mr. Colebrooke; and while
-THOMAS, one of the most eminent engaged in this work, he was appointed
American landscape painters, was b. in to a judicial situation at Mirzapore,
England, but was brought to this coun- where lie completed it in 1796. His
try, where his parents had previously  other works consist of a "Dictionary
resided, when a child. They lived for of the Sanscrit Lang uage," the "Algea time at Philadelphia, and then re- bra of the Hindoos," and ivarious treaioved to the West. His father in 1818, tises on their laws, philosophy, and
established a paper factory at Steuben- arithmetic; besides numerous communiville, Ohio, where young Cole took his  cations to the society of which he was
first lessons in drawing. lie was ex- director. D. 1837.
ceedingly fond of the art, and passion-  COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TYLOR, emiately in love with   natural scenery. nent as a poet, essayist, and moral phiAbout 1820, a Mr. Stein, a travelling  losopher, was b. at Bristol, in 1770,
portrait painter, lent him  an English  where he received the rudiments of his
work on painting, which opened and    education. He was afterwards sent to
turned his mid to the art. Hle pursued  Christ's hospital, London, at which
it from that time with indefatigable in- establishment he made great progress
dutstry and zeal. Like Goldsmith, with  in the classics; andl he completed his
no companion but his flute, lie then   studies at Jesus college, Cambridge,
began to wander over the West as a where, in 1792, he obtained the gold
portrait painter. Ile met at first with  medal for the best Greek ode. It apindifferent success, but finally reacllecl pears that he xwas first inspired witl a
the city of Philadelphia. There he paint- taste for poetry by the perusal of Lisle
ed some transparencies to celebrate the  Bowles' Sonnets andc his intinacy with
sarrival of Lafaiyette, which enabled him  such men as Southey and Wordsworth
to go to New York, whlither his father (which commenced in early life) was
had removed. He erected his easel in likely to produce a congeniality of feelthe falmily garret, where he was long  ings and lead to similar results. The
without a patron, till Mr. G. W. Bruen  chief of Mr. Coleridge's'works are,
gave him a sma ll commission, and lle  "Sibvlline  Leaves," a collection of
gradually got into notice.  Mr. Cole   poelms, "Biographia Literaria, or biosubsequently went to Europe, passed    graphical sketches of his life and opinsome time in Italy, and oi his return  ions; "Aids to Eeflection, in the Formpainted those splendid seriall works, the  ation of a Man.ly Chlar ter'," &c.; arid
" Course of Empire," the "Voyage of    l The Frielnd," a sclies of essays; beLife," "Past and Present," wiith numer- sides a variety of minor poems, many
ous landscapes, which have made his   of which are replete with beautiful imaunale immnnortal,  The latter part of his gery sland sublime feeling; and numleroous
existence was passed at Cattskill, in the  treatises and essays connected withl
lrosecution of his art. D. 1847.   r. public events in the moral and political
irya1nt, the poet, his fiiend, has corn- world, some of which were published
nmeinorated his genius in a beautiful and  in a separate form, but the imajor part
appreciative discourse, delivered before  appeared in the public journals. D. at
the Academy of Design of New York.    Ilioghate, 1S8.   Hiis "Specimens of
COLEBRO()KE, lHENiR     TIiOxiA, 1an  Table Talk,," and some of his other
eminent orientalist, and director of the  productions, were published after his
Royal Asiatic Society, was b. 1765, andl death by his nephew, IIenry Nelson
in 178' was appointel' to a writership i  Coleridge, wrho cistinguiished himself
India. Being sent as one of a deputa- by v       arious valuable contributions to
tion to ilinvestigsate the resources of a  "Klnight's Quarterly  Magsazine" and
part of the country, it led to his publish- other words, and who d. a victim to
in-g "' Ielmarks on the HIusbandry and  rhleumilatisLn, 1813.-THARTLEY, onie of the
Comnlerce of Bengal;" iln ihich treatise smost original and pleasinl writers of the
he adv ocated a free trade between Great day, son of the above,wavs b. 1797. IIe
Britaiu and her eastern possessions.'was the author of many minor poemns
Soon after tius lie beg'an the study of ofgreat merit, of' Biogiraphies of iNoththe Sanscrit language, in which lie sub- ern Worthies," and ani extensive consequlently becaeic so eminent.   Tlle tributor to "Blackwood's Magazine."
tranislation of the great "Digest of D. 1849.
Hindu L saw," wlhichl hlnd been co',mpiled  COLIGNI, G.SAm',nD DE, admirlal of
ander lhe cdirection of Sir W. Jones,Franc3. Onlthe death of Henlry II., le
Oe;



306                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF    IOGRiAPHY.                   [COL
became chief of the Calvinist party, and  Newgate for writing in favor of James II.
the most efficient of its leaders against Hie attended Sir John Friend and Sir
the Guises. When peace was tempo- William Perkins, when they were exerarily established in 1571, he appeared  cuted for thel "assassination plot." Two
at court, and was received with every  nonjuring clergymen who accompanied
appearance of cordiality.  But at the him on this occasion, were talken up,
horrible massacre of St. Bartholomew, but Collier escaped, and lay hidden unin 1572, he was among the victims of til the. affair had blown over, when lie
party rage; and the infamous Catharine  again made his appearance, and publishde Medici ordered his head to be sent to ed "Essays on Miscellaneous Subljects."
the pope.-ODET, brother of the above, This work obtained him considerable
archbishop of Toulouse, was deposed   reputation; and his next publication
for having embraced the Protestant was a spirited attack upon the lieenfaith, and retired to England, where he tiousness of the stage. lie was, as a
was poisoned by a servant, in 1571.-  matter of course, replied to by many of
HENRIETTA, countess de la Suse; an    the dramatic writers of the time. He
ingenious French poetess, whose odes next translated and continued "' oreri's
and songs are printed with the poems Dictionary," and his reputation had h^w
of Pelisson. D. 1673.                 so much increased, that Queen Anne's
COLLADO, DIEGo, a Spanish Domin- government offered him valuable church
ican, superintendent of the convents of preferment, which, with a rare consistthe Philippines; author of a Japanese  ency, he steadily declined. His remaindictionary, and a treatise on the Japan- ing works were an "Ecclesiastical Ilisese grammar. D. 1638.                 tory," brought down to the death of
COLLANGE, GABmIEL DEX a French      Charles II., some sermons, pamphlets,
writer; author of " Polygraphy, or Uni- and a translation of "Marcus Antoniversal Cabalistical Writing." This book, nus." 1). 1726.
which lie published under the name of   COLLIN, D'IARVILLE, JO1N FRANCIS,
J. M. Trithiemius, subjected the author a French advocate, dramatist, and poet;
to the charge of magic. At the massa- author of "The Inconstant," "  Le Vieux
cre of St. Bartholomew, in 1572, he was Celebataire," and various other dramas.
mistaken for a Protestant, and murdered  B. 1750; d. 1806.-HENlEY DE, a German
-as one of his biographers naively says poet; author of six tragedies, some frag-"by mistake."                        ments of an epic poem, entitled "Tho
COLLEGE, STEPHEN, a mechanic of     Rodolphiad," and a number of spiritthe time of Charles II. He was a very  stirringm war songs. B. 1772; d. 1811.
zealous supporter of Protestantism,     COLLINGS, Jomc, a nonconfobrmist
whence he obtained the sobriquet of   divine; author of "The Weaver's Pockthe " Protestant joiner;" and probably  et Book, or Weaving Spiritualized," and
it was on this account that some inform- other works of a similar class. At the
ers charged him with being concerned  restoration he was one of the Presbytein a plot against the king. liHe defended  rian divines at the famous Savoy conhimself with spirit and ability, but was ference. D. 1690.
condemned and executed in 1681.         COLLINGWOOD, CUTIBERT, Lord, a
COLLEONE, BARTnOLOMEW, an Ital- celebrated English admiral, was b. at
ian soldier of fortune, b. at Bergamo, in  Newcastle-upoin-Tyne, 1748. He enter1400. He served at first under De Mon- ed the navy when only 13 years of age,
tone, and then in the army of Queen   and his services were long, arduous, and
Joan of Naples. Passing iito the ser- valuable. In the action of Junle 1, 1794,
vice of Venice, he totally destroyed the he was flag-captain to Admiral Bowyer
army of Nicholas Piccinino; but being  on board the Prince; and at the battle
ill rewarded, he left the Venetians, and  of Cape St. Vincent. in 1797, he coIntook his troops to the aid of Philip Vis- manded the Excellent. Having attained
conti.  He next served with Francis the rank of vice-admiral of the blue, and
Sforza, and gained the battle of Frascati being second in command at the battle
over the French. The Venetians now    of Trafalgar, where the hero of England's
made hinm their generalissimo, and when  navy fell, the command of the fleet
he d., in 1475, the senate erected a statute devolved upon Admiral Collingwood,
to his memory.                        whose gallant conduct at the onset had
COLLIER, JEPEMIAH, an English non- called forth an exclamation of delight
juring divine and learned writer, b. from Nelson, and to whose skill and
1650. At the revolution he refused to  judgment, after the battle, the preservatake the oaths, and was imprisoned in  tion of the captured vessels was chiefly




COL]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        307
attributable. For this and his other im- him a legacy of ~200, raised him from
portant services he was promoted to the  this abject condition; but his health
rank of vice-admiral of the red, and ele- and spirits were broken, and after linvated to the peerage. His letters, pub- gering for some time in a state of menlished since his delath, which took place  tal imbecility, he d. 1756.  His odes,
in 1810, show him to have possessed    which when published were utterly disconsiderable literary ability. - FRANCIS regarded, are. unquestionably among the
EDWARD, a captain in the English navy, first productions of British poesy; and
was a midshipman on board the Victory, the fate of their author is an indelible
at the battle of Trafalgar; and to him is disgrace to the pretended patrons of
ascribed the honor of being the avenger genius, and the age in which he lived.
of Nelson's death, having shot the -WILLIaM, an artist of distinguished
Frenchmlali in the maintop of the Re- merit, was b. in London, 1787. I-IHe indoubtable, who was seen to take delib- herited an enthusiastic admiration for
erate aim at the English hero the mo- the beauties of nature from both his pament before he fell. D. 1835.          rents. His father, who was one of the
COLL1NS, ANTHONY, a deistical con- first picture dealers of his time, was a
troversialist, was b. at HIeston, Middle- man  of considerable literary attainsex, in 1676. Among his works are " A  ments; and his friendship with MorDiscourse on Free Thinking," " A Dis- land the painter, early led to his son's
course on the Grounds and Reasons of   initiation into the mysteries of the penthe Christian Relihion," " Priestcraft in  cil. In 1807 he became a student of the
Perfection," &c. lHe was intimate with  Royal Academy, and having prosecuted
Locke a,~d other great men, and spent his studies with great zeal and success,
his life h literairy pursuits, and his wri- he was chosen an associate in 1814, and
tings exhibit him as a determined foe to  elected an academician in 1820. Down
Christianity. B. 1676; d. 1729.-AR- to the year 1846 he contributed regularly
TraR, a celebrated English genealogist; to every exhibition, displaying the verauthor of an English "Peeraude" and    satility of his powers by most elaborate
"B:aronetage;" lives of "Cecil, Lord   productions illustrative of history, and
Burleigh,' and "Edward the Black       by frequent revivals of those more doPrince," &c.   He was rescued from     mestic subjects by which he had won
poverty by a pension of ~400 per an- his early fame. True to his "first love,"
num, granted to him by George II. B. his last production, " Early Morning,"
1682; d. 1760.-DAVID, grandson of the  was an Elglish sea-piece. D. 1847.
above, a distinguished military officer,  COLLITSON, PETER, an English botand governor of Van Dieman's Land; anist, was b. 1694. He was intimate
author of "A History of Botany Bay,"   with Franklin and Linnfeus, the latter
which is written in a very unpretend- of whom gave the name Collinsonia to a
ing style, and abounds with interest- genus of plants. D. 1768.
ing information.  D. 1810. —FRANCIS,     COLLOT D'HERBOIS, JEAN MARIE,
doctor of the Ambrosian college, at a French actor of little repute, but. a
Milan; author of a treatise, " De Ani- fierce republicain. On the breaking out
mabus Paganorum," &c. D. 1640.-        of the revolution he became a conspicuJOINx, an able mathematician and ac- ous agitator, and was the first who voted
countant. Hie was for some time in the  for the abolition of royalty. When Ronaval service of Venice againsts the bespierre was fialling he joined in imTurks; bt-it at the restoration he was peaching him, while his treatment of
appointed to the office of accountant to  the royalist Lyonese obtained him the
the excise office, the court of chancery, sobriquet of the Tiger He wrote some
&c. He, however, found time to con- dramatic pieces, and the almanac of
tribute largely to the transactions of the  Father Gerard. Being transported to
Royal Society; corresponded with Bar- Cayenne, he d. 1796.
row, Newton, and other eminent math-     COLLYER, JosEPH, senior associate
ematicians; and wrote various mathe- engraver of the Royal Academy, was b.
matical works.   B. 1624; d. 1683.-of parents who were conspicuous in the
WILLIAM, a highly gifted but ill-fated  literary world by their translations from
English poet; author of odes, eclogues, Gesner and Boder, when the German
&c., was b. 17201), at Chichester.  In  language was but little known in En1774. he settled himself in London, but gland. He showed.superior talent in
suffered from. poverty even beyond the the stippled style of engraving; his
common lot of poets. The death of his portraits in that line stand unrivalled.
uncle, Colonel Martin, who bequeathed  D. 1827.




808                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [COL
COiOLMkAN, GEORGE, a dramatic writer the Turkish oppressors of his country,
and accomplished scholar, was b. at and contributed, by his heroic conduct
Florence, 1783, where his father at that during' the insurrection, to the final
time resided as the British   envoy. triumph of the Greek cause in 1828.
Having received his education at West- After the death of Capo d'lstria, he beminster school and at Christ-church, came a member of' the provisional ovOxford, he turned his attention to the  eminent; but having, conspired against
law as a profession; but his writings the regency establislhed till the majority
in " The Connoisseur" having met with  of King Otho in 1834, he was conldemnled
success, gave him a bias towards po- to death, and owed hlis escape to the
lite literature.  His first dramatic at- clemency of the kinc'. D. 1843.
tempt was "Polly Honeycombe," which     COLOMIES, otherwise COLOMEwas performed at Drury-lane with great, SIUS, PAUL,  a French scholar and
though only temporary success. In the  critic. I-e was librarian to the arch
following year, 1761, he produced his bishop of Canterbury, but lost that
comedy of the "'Jealous Wife," which  office on tle deprivation of Sancroft.
at once became popular, and has ever Ile wrote'lcon Fheologorum Presbysince kept the stare. "The Clandes- terianorum,"' "Bibliothyquel Choisie,"
tine Marriage," "'The English Mer- &c. D. 1632.
chant," &c., added to his fame; and     COLONNAn     FRIs1CIS, an ingenious
he wrote a number of other pieces, philosopher, author of the "'Natural
which, though inferior to these, were by  History of the Universe."  He was
no means deficient in merit. He also  burnt to death in his house, at Paris,
translated the comedies of Terence, and  in 1726.-PP.SPrr.O, son of Anthony,
Hiracee's "De Arte Poetica."  D. 794. prince of Salerno, waxs a very distin-GiERGE, "the younger," an eminent guished military oficer.    HIe assisted
dramatist and wit, son of the preceding, Charles VIII. of  lrance to conquer
was b. 1762. In 1784 his first acknovl- NTaples, but subsequently aided in reedged play, called "Two to One," mwas taking it for the house of Aragon. D.
brought forward, and introduced to th1e 1523.-PoMrPE, nephew of the above,
pnblc by a prologue fiom the pen of  a restless and intriguingo Roman cardihis fither who Iannounced it as the pro- nal, lwho rt length became viceroy of
duction of "a chip of the old block."  Naples. A poem of his is extant, enThe success of this exceeded his most titled "De Landibus Muliebrum."  D.
sanguine expectations. In 1787 his eel- 1532.-VITTORnIA, marchioness Of Pesebrated opera of "Inkle and Yarico"   cara, a celebrated Italian poetess, whose
appeared, and at once stamped his faimte. works 1re alike remarkable for the
Hiis principal works were, The Monu- beauty of their thoughts and the eletaineers," "The Tron Chest "T "he gance of their diction. B. 1490; d. 1547.
Heir at Law," "Blue Beard," "The        COLOTHES, or COLOTES, a Grecian
Review, or VWas of Windsor," "The     sculptor, cotemporary with  Phidias,
Poor Gentleman," "Love laughs at whom le is said to have assisted in the
Locksmiths,"  "John   Bull,"  "Who    statue of Jupiter Olympus. Several of
wants a Guinea?" "We fly by Night,"   his works are spoken of in very high
"The Africans," andcl'"X.. Z."   terms, especially an ivory figure of 2^sThese, with numerous preludes and in- culapius.
terludes, prologues and epilogues, may  COLQUHOUN, PATRICK, a celebrated
be said to embrace his cramatic works: writer on statistics and criminal jurishis other compositions, entitled "Ran- prudence. Ie was a native of IDumdom Records," "My Nightgown and       barton, in Scotland, b. 1745 andc early
Slippers," "Broadc Grins,"'"Poetical in life came to A-merica. On his return
Vacaries,"  "Vagaries Vindicated, or from that country he settled at Glasgow
Hlypocritic IIypercritics," complete the  as a merchant, and became lord provost
list. D. 1886.                        of the city, and president of its chamber
COLOCCI, ANGELo, an Italian bishop, of commerce. Subsequently he removed
author of some very elegant Latin to London, and in 1792 he was made a
poens. After the fashion of his time, police magistrate. Hle published sevhe assumed a Latin name; that of AIn- eral valuable works, including a " Treagelus Colotius Bassus. D. 1549.       tise on the Police of the Metropolis," a
COLOCOTRONIS, TIiEOD., one of       tract on the "Education of thle La boring
the regenerators of modern Greece, was Classes," "A Treatise on the Populab. in Messenla, 1770; distinguished   tion, Wealthi, Poower, and Resources of
himself in numerous engagements with  the British Empire," &c. D. 1820.




COM]                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       309
COLTON, CALEB C., a writer of con- length induced Ferdinand and Isabella
siderable talent, but of eccentric and  of Spain to equip and man three vessels
discreditable habits, first attracted no- for a voyage of discovery; it being
tice by the publication of a pamphlet, stipulated that Columbus should have a
entitled " A plain and authentic Narra- tenth of all profits, and be viceroy of all
tive of the Sampford Ghost," in which  the land he expected to discover. IHe
lie attempted to prove that certain oc- set sail from Palos, on his daring adcurrences which took place in a house venture, on the 2d August, 1492; and,
at Salipford Peverell, near Tiv     er       sailing for two months, was in irorlioinated in supernatural agency. He minent danger of losing the reward of
also wrote a satirical poem, entitled  all his study and toil, the variation of
"Hypocrisy," and another on " Napeo- the needle having so much alarmed his
leon;1" but he obtained most of Iis crews, that they were on the point of
fame from " Lacon, or Maany Things in  breaking into open mutiny, and he was
Few Words," which he published in      obliged to promise that if three clays
1820. Though a beneficed clergyman, produced no discovery l-e would cornholding the vicarage of Kew with Pe- mence his homeward voyage. On the
tersham, in Surrey, he was a well-known  third day they happily hove in sight of
frequenter of the gaming-table; and    one of the Bahamas, and subsequently
suddenly disappearing from his usual explored some other of the West India
haunts in the metropolis about the tilme  Islands. Ilaving thus far succeeded, he
of Weare's murder, it was strongly sus- built a fort at Hispaniola, left some of
pected that he had falulen by the hand  his men there, and then set out oni his
of an assassin. It was, however, after- return to Europe, where he was rewvards ascertained that lie had absconded  ceived with every mark of admiration
to avoid his creditors; and, in 1828, a  and regard. The gold and other valusuccessor was appointed to his living. ables which he presented to the king
lie then came to reside in America; but and queen in token of his success, exsubsequently lived in Paris, a professed  cited the spirit of adventure in both the
gamester; and it is said that he gained  sovereigns and their subjects, and in
by this vicious course of life, in two  his second voyage lie had no difficulty
years only, the stun of ~25,000.  He in obtaining followers. It was not until
blew out his brains while on a visit to a  his third voyage, made in 1498, that he
friend at Fiontainbleau, in 1832.-WAL- saw the mainl'ancd of Amerlica, which
TE) ain American author, and chaplain  both Americus Vespucius and Sebasin the United States 1avy. His prin- tian Cabot reached before him. IHaving
cipal work is "Ship and Shore," a     assumed the command of the settlement
series of sketchles in the countries bor- at Hispaniola, various complaints were
derino the Mediterranean. D. 1850.    made against him, and Columnbus waas
COLULMBA, ST., a native of Ireland, not merely displaced, but Bobadilla, a
who went to Scotland. ancd founded the new governor, who had been dispatched
famous monastery of ieolmkill. D. 597. thither by the court of Spain, even sent
COLU MBUS, CHRISTOPHERn, the most him to that country manacled a's a priscelebrated navigator, and in many re- oner. Columbus endured this outrage
spects one of the greatest men record- with noble equanimity; and on his reed in history, was b. at Genoa, 1437. turn, having obtained an audience of
Ile soon evinced a strong passion for his sovereigns, was partially restored to
geographical knowledge, together with  his dignities; but he found that full
an irresistible inclination for the sea. justice was never intendedto be awardAfte.r many years spent in the active  ed him. Yet, notwithstanding this unduties of a maritime life, he went to  worthy treatment, he made another
Lisbon, where an elder brother of his voyace, in which he encountered every
was settled; married the orphan daugh- imaginable disaster from  storms and.
ter of Palestrello, an Italian navigator; shipreck; and, two years after hiis reand studied all the maps and charts he  turn, his noble mind sunk under the
could procure, making occasional voy- load of injustice anld oppression. D. at
ages. His own reflections, corroborated  Valladolid, 1506.-BARTHOLOME, Don,
by fiacts of which he was informed by  brother of the above, was fiamous for
various seamen, led him at length to   his skill in constructing sea-charts. D.
feel convinced that there were unknown  1501.
lands separated from  Europe by the      COMBE, Dr. ANDREW, one of the
Atlantic. After vainly seeking aid from  most eminent medical practitioners and
Genoa, Portugal, and England, he at writers of our time, was b. at Edin



310                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CON
burgh, 1797. In 1825 he took the de- vations, though he is too lenient when
gree of M.D., and two years later was speaking of the atrocities of Louis XI.
elected president of the Phrenological On the death of that monarch, CornSociety. During these and several fol- mines was thrown into prison and
lowing years, he contributed many in- treated with great severity, but was at
teresting papers to the " Phrenological length liberated. D. 1509.
Journal," and published a work on       COMMIRE, JOHN, a French Jesuit,
mental- derangement. In 1836 he had   distinguished for his Latin  poetry.
the gratification of being appointed  Among his works are fables, which
physician to the king of the Belgians. some have considered equal to Phae
1etwcen the years 1834-39, he publish- drus. D. 1702.
ed the three great works for which he   COMMODI, ANDREA, an Italian hishad been long and carefully collectino  torical painter. His best work is a picand arranging the materials,   "The ture painted for Paul V., of the angels
Principles of. Physiology applied to the  falling from heaven. I. 1638.
Preservation of'Iealth and to Educa-   COMMODUS, Lucius AiURELIUS AN
tion," " The Physiology of Digestion,"  TONINUS, fa Roman enmperor, son and
and " The Moral and Physical Manage- successor of Antoninus the philosopher.
ment of Infancy."  In 1838 he was ap- He was guilty of the worst crimes, and
pointed one of the physicians extraor- was poisoned by his concubine, Marcia,
dinary to the queen in Scotland.  D. who had discovered that he intended to
1847.                                 put her to death, 122.
COMENIUS, JoniN Axos, a Moravian      COMNENUS, DEMiIETiRIUS STEPHANOminister. He for some time officiated  POLI CONSTANTINE, the supposed deas pastor to a congregation at Fulnec, scendant of the celebrated family of the
but was driven thence by the invasion  Comneni, which for ages sat on the
of the Spaniards, and settled in Poland, throne of the eastern empire, was b.
where he published a work, entitled   17419, in the island of Corsica. After
"Janua Linguarlum,"'which obtained   studying at Rome, with the intention
him  so great a celebrity that he was of becomino' an ecclesiastic, Demetrius
invited to England; but the breakiicng  entered into the service of France, and
out of the civil war rendered his stay  obtained a captaincy in a regiment of
both brief and unprofitable, and he set- dragoons in 1778. At the beginning of
tled for the remai-nder of his life at Am- the revolution, he fought under the
sterdam. B. 1592; d. 1671.            banners of Condce, and went into exile
COMES, NATALIS, the Latinized name with other royalists; but he returned
of NAiTAL CONTI, an Italian writer, au- to France in 1802, and lived on a penthor of poems in Greek and Latin, &c., sion of 4000 francs, assigned to him by
and of a system of nythology. D. 1590. Napoleon.  Louis XVIII. confirmed
COMMANDINE, FREDERIC, an Ital- this stipend, and made him marechal
ian mathematician, the author of some  de camp, and knight of St. Louis. D.
original works, anid translator of Ar- 1821.
chimedes, Apollonius, and other ancient  COMPTE, LouIS LE, a French Jesuit
mathemiaticians. D. 1575.             and mathematician. He was for some
COMMELIN, JrEOMEr, a very learned   time a missionary in China, and on his
French printer.  He established his return to Europe published memoirs of
press first at Geneva, and subsequently that country. -D. 1729.
at Heidelberg; and published several    COMPTON, SPENCER, earl of North
of the Greek and Latin fathers, with  ampton, one of the bravest and mos
notes from his own pen. ID. 1598.     zealous adherents of Charles I. Being
COMMERSON, PHILIBErRT, a French     overpowered at the battle of lHopton
physician and  botanist.   He wrote   Heath, he was offered quarter, but in-'Icthyology,"  two quarto volumes; dignantly refused it, anld was slain, 1643.
and the "Martyrology of Botany," an     CONCA, SEBASTIAN, an eminent Italaccount of those who had lost their ian painter. D. 1761.
lives in botanical pursuits. B. 1q21; d.  CONCINO CONCINI (more celebra1773.                                 ted and better known by his title of
COMMINES, or COMINES, PHILIP        Marshal d'Ancre) was by birth a FlorDE, lord of Argenton; an eminent his- entine, and accompanied Mary de Metorian, statesman, and courtier of the  dici, the wife of Henry IV., to France.
reign of Louis XI., b. in Flanders, 1445. He obtained great preferment, and after
His "Memoirs of his own Times"        the death of Henry IV. so muclh abused
abound with valuable facts and obser- the influence he had over the queen



CON]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         311
regent, that w hen her son, Louis VIII.,  CONDILLAC, STEPHEN, a French
bec. ine old enoungh to act for himself, nmetaphysician; author of an'Essay on
he consented to tile assassination of the  the Origin of Human Knowledge," a
1:riilqils, which accordingly took place  " Trieatise on Animals," a "Treatise on
in 1617; and in the same year his wife  the Sensations," " A Course of Study
was burned to death as a sorceress. Tie  drawn up for the Instruction of the
judges who tried her on this absurd   Prince of Parma," to whom     he was
chiare, demanded of her by what arts   tutor, &c. D. 1780.
she hadc gained her ascendency over the  CONDORCET, JOHN ANTHONY NICHqueen, when she mad   the memorable    OLAS CARITAT, marquis of, a French
reply, " My only sorcey has been the  mathematician and philosopher, was b.
influence of a streng mind over a weak  at Ribeliont, in Picardy, in 1743, and edolle."                                 ucated at the college of Navarre. When
CONDE, Louis, first prince of, was only 22 yeas of age he distinguished
the son of Charles of Bourbon, duke of  himself amongr m,.'ematicians by the
Vendomle, and   greatly distinguished  publication of his work on "Integral
himself at the battle of St. Quintin,  Calculations."  Two years afterwards
thoun'h he was then very young. At he published a treatise on "The Probthe leath of Ienry II. he became a    lemr of the Three Bodies," and in the
leader of the Huguenots, and was killed  following year his  Analytical Essays."
at the battle of Jarnac, in 1569. I-is  In 1769 he was chosen member of the
memoirs were published after his death. Academy, and in 1773 became its secre-HENRY, prince of, who, at the request tary, in vlich situation he distinguishof Henry IV7., became a Catholic, was b.  d himself by the graceful eloquence of
1583. In 1616 he was sent to the Bas- his eloes. In 1791 lie became a mnemtile, where he remained three years. her of the national assembly and of the
After the death of Louis XIII. the     Jacobin club, and he soon became as
prince was liberated, and mnade minister noted for his political virulence as lhe
of state to the regent. D. 1646.-Louis,had alread y been'eminent for his scienprince of, duke of Enghien, the illus- tific genius.  Becoming offensive to
trious son of the preceding, and usually  Robespierre, that tyrant threw him into
called the Great, wmas b. t Paris, 1621. prison, vwhere, on the third morninlig,
WheLn he was a mere boy, his conversa-  28th March, 1794, he was found dead in
ion evinced so much talent, that Cardi- his bed.  Besides the works named
nal Richelieu predicted that he would  above, lie wrote "A Sketch on the Probecome 1' the first general in Europe andc gress of the Hmalln Mind," an "Elethe first man of his time."  When only  nientary Treatise on Arithmetic" and a
22 years of age he gained the victory of  tract on " Calculation."'
Rocroi, over the Spaniards and follow-   CONFUCIUS, or CONG-FU-TSE, a
ed up that achievemsent by the capture  Chinese philosopher, was b. 551 B. c.
of Thionville and other important places. IHe spent his life in endeavoring to enSubsequently he distinguished himself  lighten and improve his fellow-subjects,
in various actions in Germlany, whence  and his advice was attended to' by the
he was recalled and sent to Catalonia, but kingo of Lu, with a respect little short
was repulsed before Lerida. In 1641 he  of reverence. Iis cdescendants to this
defeated the Imperialists in Flanders, day are mandarins of the highest buton which occasion the slaughter was    ton, andl his books are regarded by the
prodigious. For a time he sided with   Chinese as treasures of the purest mothe queen-mother and her advisers, and  rality. D. 407 B. c.
even succeeded in reconciling them to   CONGREVE, WILLIAM, an emiinent
their opponents; but beino ill-treated  English dramatist, was b. near Leeds,
by Cardinal Mazarin, he joined the mal- 1670, and educated at Trinity college,
contents, and fought against the court Dublin. lIe entered himself as a stuin the civil war of 1652. Refusing to  dent at the Middle Temple,' but, like
accede to the peace made between the   many more befbore and since, abandoned
contending parties, he entered into the  the lav for literature. His first piece,
service of Spain; but at the peace of  written at the age of 17, was a romance,
1659 he was restored to the favor of   entitled "Incognita, or Love and Duty
France, uand greatly distinguished him-  Reconciled."  In 1698, being then only
self, particularly in the conquest of  21 yeiars old, he wrote his first comedy,
Franche Comspte, until infirmity of body  "The Old Bachelor."  This produced
compelled him to retire to private life. him not only great reputation, but also
D. 1686.                               the substantial benefit of a conlnission



312                   CYCLOPoDIA OF BIOCGRAPHY.                      [CON
ership in the hackney-coach office, of Naples. Pope Urban IV. gave the
which was given to him by the earl of kingdom to Charles of Anjou, who deHalifax, who afterwards still further feated Conrad, then only 16 years old,
patronized and:fvored him. He wrote  and caused him to be beheaded in 1268.
also "Love for Love," "The Dou-        CONl)BNGIUS, HER MANN, professor of
ble Dealer," "The Mourning Bride,"    physic and politics at the university of
"The Way of the World," an opera; Helmstadt; author of valuable treatises
and some poems. D. 1729. Witty and    on law, German antiquities, and on the
spirited as Congreve's plays are, they  Aristotelian system. D. 1681.
are too licentious to keep possession of  CONSALVI, Er.COLE, cadinal and
the stage at the present day; and in his  rime minister of Pope Pius VII., was
own time they receive  svre castiga- b. at Toscanella, 1757. As he lad ever
tion from the celebrated Jeremiah Col- opposed the French party in Rome to
lier.-Sir WILLIAM, the inventor of the the utmost of his power, he was banCongreve rockets, was b. in 1772, and  ished fiom that city when the Friench
entered the military service early, in took possession of it. When, however,
which he obtained the rank of lieuten- the papal affilrs were in a better condiant-colonel. He possessed much inven- tion he returned; and, as secretary of
tive talent, which he applied to the  state, he concluded the iamous coicormechanic arts; and for several years the  dat with Napoleon; continuing, in fiact,
rocket which bears his name, and which  at the head of all the political and ecclewas first used in the attack on Boulogne, siastical affairs of the Roman state till
in 1806, was considered a granan axili- the death of the pope. D. 1824.
ary in warlike operations, although it  CONSTABLE, ARCHIBALD, the most
has now fallen into comparative disre- enterprising bookseller that Scotland has
pute. D. 1828.                        ever produced, was b. at Kellie, in FifeCONNOR, BERNARD, anl Irish physi- shire, 1775. After serving his appienclan, for some time settled at WarsTaw  ticeship to Mr. Peter Hill, of Edinburgh,
author of a "History of Poland," and  the friend cnd correspondent of Burns,
also of a Latin work on the miracles of  he commenced business for himself in
our Saviour. D. 169S.                 1795; and his obliging manners, general
CONRAD I., count of Franconia. In   intellicence and indefatigfable activity
912 he was elected king of Germany, but gainec him the esteem of all who came
Arnaul, duke of Bavaria, disputedc his in contact with him. His reputation as
title, and engaoed the iHuns to overrun  a publisher dates fromi 1802, wxhen he
Germany.   Conrad, however, avoided   published the first number of'the Edinthe threatened ruin by engaging to pay  buroh Peview; and in 1805 he publishedl,
a yearly tribute. D. 918.-II., son. of in conjunction with Messrs. Loncmanl
Ierman, duke of Franconia, was elected  & Co., "The Lay of the Last Minking of Germany in 1024. Attempts strel," the first of that lon, series of
were made to displace him, but he beat oricinal and romantic publications in
his opponents, ancl in 1027 was crowned  poetry and prose which has immortalemperor. at Rome. By the will of Ro- ized the name of Walter Scott. The
doiphus the kingdom of Burgundy be- well-knownv "Miscellany" that bears his
came his in 1033. D. 1039.-I-II. em- name was his last project. D. 1827.peror of Germany, was son of Frederic, JON, an eminent landscape painter,
duke of Suabia, and before his election  was. at East Bertholt, in Sufolk, 1776.
was duke of Fraanconia. His election  Havino early displayed a love of art, he
produced civil war; but hle terminated  visited London in 1795, and in 1802 sent
that and vwent to the Holy Land, where  his first pictnue to the exhibition of the
he lost a vast number of his troops Royal Academy. From this period lie
through the Greeks poisoning the foun- was a reogular contributor doxwn to the
tains. He died in his own dominion, year of his death. Few pencils, indeed,
1152.-IV., duke of Snabia, was elected  have beein more prolific; and thie works
emlperor at the death of his father, Fred- hle has left behind him, both in number
eric II. The pope, Innocent IV., pre- and excellence, have earned for hina a
tended that thle right of appointment distinguislhedl place amon  the landlay in him, and preached a ciusade scape painters, not only of Eingland, but
against the new emperor. Conrad re- of the world. In 1829i he was elected
plied to this bvy marching into Italy, and  an acadenmician. D. 1837.
t:aking several important places. D.    CONSTANS I., FLAVIuIs JUIUS, one
12544.-Co'NAD, or CONRIADIN, son of the  of the sons of Constantine the Great,
last named, who left him the kingdom  and his successor in the sovereignty of




CON]                   CYCLOP:EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         313
Africa, Italy, and Western Illyricum. published the memorable edict of tolerHis brother Constantine endeavored to   ation in favor of the Christians; and was
dispossess him of it; but being defeat- declared by the senate, chief, Augustus,
edl and slain in the attempt, Constans  and pontifex maximus.     Constantine
became master of the whole empire. had married his daughter to Licinius;
His conduct was, however, so offensive  but the latter, jealous of his fame, took
to the people, that the standard of revolt up arms against him, and they met in
was hoisted, and Constans was put to    Pannonia, A.D. 314. Constantine, Surdeath, 850.                             rounded by bishops and priests, inCONSTANT DE REBECQUE, BEN- voced the aid of " the true God;" while
JAMIN DE, a distinguished orator and    Licinius, calling uplFn his soothsayers
author, attached to thle liberal or consti- and magicians, relied.ipc' them and
tutional party in France. He was b. at their gods for protection. The ChrisLausainne in 1767, and at the commence- tian emperor was victorious, and a peace
nient of the French revolution went to  was granted to Licinius; but he afterreside at Paris, where he soon distin- wardls renexwed hostilities, was again deguislhed himself, both by his political feated, and finally put to death. Thus
Writingls and his eloquent speeches in  Constantine became, in 825, sole head of
the senate. His conduct, however, ren- the Eas      a     estern and  estern emipires; and
dered him obnoxious to the first consul, his first care was the establishment of
and he was dismissed from his office in  peace and order. Though his actions
1802. After retiring' to Germany lie    on the whole entitled him to the proud
again appeared at 1als in 1814, and     surnam'e of  The Great," yet various
)publicly advocated the cause of the Bour-  acts of cruelty, and, above all, the nmurbons. In 1819 lie was elected a mem- der of his soi Crispus, have lefb a Stain
ber of the chamber of deputies, where   upon his character alikoe as a man, a
he long' remained as a distinguished    Christian, and an emperor. D. 887.leader of the opposition, particularly in  II., son of the above. In the division
all the discussions relatings to the cen-  of thie empire he had for his share, Gaul
sorship of the press and the rilghts of  Spain, and Britain; but, discontented
the people. Ite wrote many works on     with the   arrangement, he marched
political questions, was one of the editors aagainst his brot1er Constans, and was
of "L La Miner e," and a contributor to  killed a't Aquileia, 840.-FLA wTUs JULIus,
the " Biographie Universell."  As an   a private soldier, who was raised by the
orator he was eloquent and profound; army in Britain to the imperial dignity
and as a writer livelv, imaiinative, and  in 407, on which lie crossed over to
acute. D. 1880.                         Gaul, cand conquered that country and
CONSTANTINE, CtmUS FLAVIUS VA- Spain.         He fixed his court at Arles,
LRIMIuS AuRrLIcus CLAUDIUS, surnamed    where he x was besieged by Constantius,
the Great, emperor of the Romans, was the general of the Emperor Hlonorius,
the son of Constantiuls Chlorus, by     to wxhom he surrendered on the promise
Helena, and b. A. D. 274. On the death  that his life should be spared; but it was
of his father, in 306, lie was proclaimed  basely violated, and both Constanltine
emperor by the troops. After defeating  and his son were put to deatt, A. I>. 411.
the Franks, he crossed the Rhine into   -IV., who vwas called the Beacrded, was
Belg'iumn, wvhicli he overran. Inl 3007 he  son of Constan' II., whom he succeeded
married FaPusta, the daughter of Maxi- in 658. The'iimy lihaving set iup his two
mnan, but he was soon involved in a war brothers s  his coadcjutors, lie ordered
w'ith hiss father-in-law, who assumed the  their noses to be cut off. le defeated
title of emperor. The usurpelr's reign  the Saracens, and called a council at
vwas brief; and on his being taken pris- Constantinople, at which the doctrine of
onei, Constantine caused him    to be   the Monothelites was condemnned. D.
strangled. This involved him in a war   685.-VI., was son of Leo II., whom lie
with Maxentius, son of hAaximinian, ill succeeded.   eing only ten years old
which the latter was defeated and drown-  when his father died, his mother Irene
ed in the Tiber. It was at this time that was his guardian and regent of the erlthe emperor, as lie aleteed to Eusebius, pire. On arriving at a mature age he
saw a luncinous cross in the heavens, assumed the government himself; but
with the inscription, "In hoc signo     Irene, made cruel by ambition, tool advinces."  (Under this sign thou shailt vantage of an invasion of the Bulgrarians
conquer.)   He accordilngly caused a    to cause her son to be seized acid destiandard to be mnade in imitation of this  prived of his eyes. This occurred in
cross; marched to Rome in triumph; 792, and the unfortunate emperor ]an27'




314                   CYCLOPrEDTA OF nIOGRAPHY.                       LCOO
guished some years in obscurity, and   1760; sustained her station on the stage
when he d. was succeeded by his un- 32 years; and d. 1813.
natural parent. —VlI., surnamlicd  or-   CONTE, NICHIOLAS JACQUES, a French
phyrogenlitts, succeeded Leo the Wise  painter, but more distinguished for the
-in 912. He drove the Turks from Italy,  ingenuity of his mechanical contrivances.
andll: defeated the Lombards. But rmil- IHe accompanied the expedition to E(ypt,
itary afftairs did not prevent him from  where his services were of the g eatest
attending to letters; and besides other value; for, the mlachines and instruwritinrs, lhe left a treatise on state af- ments of the army having fallen into the
fairs, the geography of the emnpire, and  hands of the Arabs, lie constructed corn
the- Life of the Emperor Basilius the  and  gunpovwder mills, manufictured
Macedonian."    D. 959.-IX., was son   swords engineering instruments, teleof the Emperor Romanus, and, in con-   scopes, and, in short, every thilng necesjunction with his brother, Basil 11., sary for a military and scientific expecisucceeded John Rlinisces in 976; the   tion. B. 1755; d. 1805.
actual power, however, was chiefly      CONWAY, lENrry SEYMroU, was a
wielded by Constatine.         1028.   distinguished militay offcer and statesDRAcoSES or PALIUOLOGUS, the last of the  man, b. 1720. lie served with applause
Greek emperors, succeeded to the throne  in the seven years' war, was secretary
in 1449. Hle wlas killed in bravely de- of state from 1765 to 1768, ppoilnted
fending ColstantinopleagainstMahomet commandcer-in-chief in 1782, alnd d. in
II.; who, in 1453, besieged the city with  1795, beingat tt th  time the senior Brit300,000 men. The heroic valor display- ish field-marishal.
ed by Constantine in this unequal con-  CONYBEARE, Jor-N, bishop of Bristest demands our admiration  but valor tol; author of an able    Defence of
tas of no avail, the city was taken by  Revealed Religion," against Tincmdl's
storin, and thus ended'lthe Greek em-  "Christianity as Old as the Creaiion,"
pire.-CXzSAROVITCH PAULOVITCH, g1rand- and of two volumes of sermons. D.
prince of Russia, second son of the    1757.-JourN JosIAS, a learned English
lEmperor Paul, and brother of Alexan- divine, critic, and anliqury;  aulthor of
cer, was b. 1779.   Ie attended his    a volume of sermons, preaclied at the
brother in all his campaigns, and was Bampton Lecture, and of various articistingmished for bravery in the field: cles on Saxon literature, contributed to
but lhe possessed the characteristics of a  the " Censura Literaria," alnd the "Brithalf-civilizedl ruler, beiner cruel and  ish Bibliographer."  D. 1824.
tyrannical in all that related to the gov-  COOK, IIEN-Y, an Engilish painter.
ernment of the Poles, over whioni hel IHe studied in italy udeier Salvator
was placed. He formally renounced his  Rosa, but for many years after his reright of succession to his younger bro- turn to Englland he lived in obscurity
ther, the Emperor Nicholas, anld was and distress. lie wa s at length empresent at his coronation. D. 1831.   ployed by King William to repair the
CONSTANTIUS, CHLORUs, the son       cartoons, from which timle lie seems to
of Eutropins, and the father of Constan- have been comparatively prosperous, as
tine the Great. He obtained the title of  Iorace iWalpole mentions several pubCsesar fiom his victories in Germany  lie works which were either wholly or
and Britain; and on the abdication of  in part performed by him. D. 1700.Diocletian was chosen the colleague of  JAMES, a celebrated English navigator,
Galerius.  He d. at York, in 306.-    was b. at Marton, in Yorkshire, 1728,
FLAVIUS JULrUs, the second son of Con- and his plarents being poor, his early
stantine the Great, was b. 317, ma.de education included only reading, wriCasar in 323, and elected emperor in  ting, and the rudiments of common
337. The soldiers, to secure the throne  arithmetic. He commenced his naval
to the three sons of Constantine, mas- career in the merchant service, then ensacred the uncles and cousins of those  tered on board the Eafle man-of-war,
princes, with the exception of Julian the and after four years' ieritorious service,
Apostate, and his brother Gallus. After was made master of the Mercury. Thlis
this the sons of Constantine divided the vessel formed part of the squacron sent
empire, Constantius taking the East to  against Quebec, and Cook performed
his share. He d. on his march -against the difficult task of taking soundcings in
Julian in 861.                        the St. Lawrence, in the very face of the
CONTAT, LOUISE, maldame de Parny, French encampment, and of making a
a French actress, remarkable for her chart of the St. Lawrence below Quebeauty, vivacity, grace, and dignity; b. bee. After various and arduous servi



COO]                  OYCLOPADIA OF tIOGRAPI-IY.                      315
ces,he was at length raised to the rank  -WILLIAM, an eminent English lawyer,
of lieutenant, and then commenced that author of a "Compendious System of
series of voyages, the details of which  the Bankrupt Laws, with an Appendix
form one of the most popular and de- of Practical Precedents."  D. 1832.lightful books in our language. Un- WILLIAM, a poet and biographer, b. at
happily, while touching at Owhyhee, Cork, in Ireland; author of'"The Art
Captain Cook, in spite of the utmost of Living in London," "Elements of
prudence and humanity, was involved   Dramatic Criticism," "Biographies of
in a dispute with the natives, and while  Macklin and Foote," "Conversatiol,"
endeavoring to reach his boat, was sav- a didactic poem, &c. D. 1824.
agely murdered, on St. Valentine's Day,  COOMBE, WILLIAM, an industrious
1779.                                 and clever writer; author of " The DiaCOOKE, BENJAMIN, an able musician   boliad," a satire; " The Devil upon Two
and composer; author of "How Sleep    Sticks in England," "Tour of Dr. Synthe Brave,"' "Hark, hark, the Lark,"  tax in Search of the Picturesque,"
and many other beautiful and popular  " History -of Johnny Quae Genus,"
glees. D. 1814.-GEORGEO FREDERICK, "English Dance of Death," &c. D.
an eminent modern English actor, was 1823.
b. 1756. In early life he was appren-   COOPER, ANTHONY      ASHLEY, first
ticed to a printer, but his attention to  earl of Shaftesbury, an eminent statestheatricals so completely absorbed his man, b. 1621. He studied for a short
mind, that his master soon had his in- time in Lincoln's Inn, but at the early
dentures cancelled. He then tried the age of 19 lie was elected member of
navy with no better success, his inelina- parliament for Shrewsbury. At the
tion for the stage being unconquerable. breaking out of the civil war, lie at first
In October, 1800, he made his appear- sided with the king, but afterwards
ance at Covent-garde, in the character went ovei to the parliament, raised
of Richard III. His performance of    troops, and stormed Wareham, in Dorthis character gave him at once a place  setshire. After serving in the long paramong the very first histrionic artists of liament, and in the convention wvhich
the day. He afterwards accepted an    succeeded it, and being also one of
enmagcement in America, where he per- Cromwell's privy councillors, he beformed with similar success, but his came one of Monk's colleagues in bring-.indulgence in debauched habits broke  ing about the restoration of Charles 11.
his originally vigorous constitution, and  The king, in 1672, created him earl of
he d. in 1812.-THOMAS, ain English    Shaftesbury, and raised him to the high
poet, translator of the works of Hesiod, and important post of lord high chanand of some of those of Cicero. He cellor. This office, however, he held
also wrote some political tracts, dramas, only a year: and on the seals being
and poems, the latter of which gave taken from himis he became one of the
offence to Pope, and procured their an- opposition. In this capacity he was so
thor a place in the "Dunciad."    D. violent that he was at length sent to
1756. —THOMa&, whose versatility of the Tower, where he remained more
musical talent has had few equals, was than a year, and only obtained his re.
b. at Dublin, 1781. He evinced even in lease at last by making a full submis.
his infancy a genius for music; and so  sion. When he again got into power,
assiduously did he cultivate his talents, he had tlhe merit of bringing forward,
that at the ace of 15 rie became leader and causing to be passed, the invaluable
of the band at the Theatre Royal of his law called the habeas coipus act. His
native city. His first appearance as a unremitting efforts to exclude the duke
singer was in the character of Seraskier, of York from the succession, roused
in the "Siege of Belgrade."  In 1813 that prince to such strenous exertions,
he appeared on the boards of the En- that in four months the ministry was
glish Opera house, now the Lyceum, in  turned out, and shortly afterwards the
London, where he at once became a earl was sent to the Tower on a charge
public favorite. Besides being the lead- of high treason. On this perilous charge
er of the Philharmonic concerts for lie was acquitted, to the great joy of the
many years, and a conductor on many   people at large; but his triumph was
occasions, he was appointed, in 1846, somewhat damped by the withering
leader of the Concerts of Ancient Mu- satire with which his character was desic, and was repeatedly engaged in the picted  in  Dryden's "Absalom  anid
same capacit' for the great musical fes- Achitophel." D. 1683.-ANTIHONY Asimtivals throulhout the country. D. 1848. LEY, - third earl of Shaftesbury, and




316                   CICLOPIEDIA OF     GIOGRAPHY.                    [COP
grandson of the last named, was an emi- who took an active part in defence of
nent English writer, b. 1671. In 1693  the French revolution.   He wasl dehe was elected member ot' parliament nounced by Burke for his democratic
for Poole, in Dorsetshire. Ile nwas the  sentiments. He came to America, oined
author of various works, the principal Priestley in Pennsylvania, where he esone of which is entitled "Chalracteristics  tablishedl  imself as a lawyer.  HIis
of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times."  early opposition to the administration
As a man, both in public and private   of the elder Adams, caused him to be
life, he was beloved and respectec by  prosecuted under the sedition act.  le,
all parties. D. 1713.-Sir ASTLEY PAS- Was afterwards appointed to the chair
TON, a surgeon of distinguished celebri- of chemistry in Dickenson college, and
ty, was b. at Brooke, in Norfolk, 1768. then to that of Columbia college, S. C.
in his 20th year he went to London, and  Hle was also the anthor of a translation
took up his abode with Mr. Cline, who  of "Justinian's Institutes," a treatise
found him so able a coadjutor, in lis on "Bankrupt Laws," and a great many
situation of demonstrator to the stu-  minor essays, metaphysical, political, redents, as to assign himc a share in his ligious, and scientific.
anatomical lectures also. In thisi promni-  COOTE, Sir EYRE, a distinguished
nent pOSition he outshone all wivho had  military officer. Ie was b. in Ireland,
preceded him as a popular teacher. His 1726, and as early as the rebellion of
class of students increased from 50 to  1745 bore ar'ms in the king's service.
400, which was the lareast ever known  His regiment being ordered to the Ea:st
in London. In 1792 lie visited Pris,   Indies in 1754, he greatly distingtished
and attended the lectures of Deanult himself at the sieges of Haufghley, Chanand Chopart; and on his return ihe tool  dcernacore, and Pondicherry, anid at the
up his resideence in London, first in  battle of Plassey, &c. In 1780, IHvder
Jeffery-square, and afterwards in Broad- Ally having invaded the Carnatic, Sir
street.  is practice had n    ow become, Ey:e Coote, with a vastly inferior force,
immense, and long before hel removed   arrested hisi prog'ress, and in various
to New-street, Sp.ring  Gardens, he was  encounters signally defeated him. D.
decidedly affluent. While there le for at Madras, 1783.
mansy years realized firom ~18,000 to     COPERNICUS, NICTIOLAS, a cele~20,000 per annium. The honor of a     brateld iathematici1n and astronomer,
baronetcy was conferred on him at the was a native of Thorn, in Prussia. He
coronation of George IV., to whom he   travelled into Italy, and became a prohad been appointed nsugeon. D. 1841.-  fessor of mathematies at Rome. On his
JOuIN GILBE.T, a clever Englishl writer; return to his native country, his uncle,
authtor of' The Povwer of TI iHarmony, a the bishop of Warmi la, gave him a canpoem; "The Life of Socrates"     Let onry;    and bein'et  thous a t ease as to
ters on Taste, "  The Tomb of Shak- fortune, lie diligently labored to improve
speare," &c.   D. 1769. —SAMUEL, an    the science of astronomy; and the fruits
eminent English painter whose excel- of his researches appeared in his Latin
lence in miniature paintinog gained himn treatise "On the levolutions of the
the nmlne of the Miniature Vandyke. Celestial Orbs," in wahich le representOne of his best wvorks is his portrait of  ed the suna as occupyinl ai centlre round
Oliver Cromwell. D. 1G7.-SAMUEL, anwhichSh the esarth ainds the other planets
American clergymanl dcistinuished both  revolve. His lcreat work remained in
as a preacher and a patriot. lIe was MS. some years atfter lie had completed
anmon  the foremost in opposinrg Great -it, so diffident wats lie as to the reception
Britasin in her dispute writh the colonies, it might meet with; and it was only a
and wrote many political tracts; and he  few hocurs before his death that a printwas also an eminent critic and theologi- ed copy was presented to him, g ivingf
an. B. 1725; d. 1823.-TiOMoAS, bishop  him assurance that his opinions w'ould
of Winchester; author of " An Epit- see the ligit, though he would he beome of the Chronicles," "An Exposi- yondl the reach of censure and persecution of the Sunday Lessons,"" Thesau- tion. B. 1473; d. 1543.
rus Linounae Romanm et Brittantice, et   COr'LESTON, EDWAnD, bishop of
Dictionarium Historicum et Pocticum,"  Llandaff, asnd dean of St. Paul's, was
&c.    e'ya a very lealn anc. tlnd zealous  b. at Offwvell in Devonshire, of which
prelate, and much favored by Queen     pariish his fsather was at once the patroe
Elizabeth.  D. 1594.-Trl't  AS, a dis- and incumbent, 1776. At an early age
tinguished political writcr, b. at Lon- of his life he gained great distinction by
don, 1759, educated as a physBician and  his polemical pamphlets in fav Dr of the




tOR]                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        317
university; and besides contributing   be admitted.   The assemblies at Calvarious articles to the " Quarterly le- vados were the first subjects of converview," gave to the world numerous      sation, and Marat heard with eagerness
sermons and charges, all of them dis- the names of those who were present
tinguishec by vigor, clearness, and pre- at them.  "All these," he exclaimed,
cision of thought. D. 1849.            "shall be guillotined."  At these words
COPLEY, JOHN SINGLETON, an emi- Charlotte plunged her cdagger into his
nent painter, was b. at Boston, 1788; bosom, and he instantly expired, uttervisited Italy in 1774; and in 1776 went ing the words, "To me, lly fiiend!"
to England, and was chosen a member Meanwhile the maid renmainedl calm and
of the Royal Academy. As an artist he tranquil as the priestess before the altar,
was self-educated, and had executed    in the midst of the tumult and confumany works of merit before he left sion. She was afterwards conducted as
Amlerica   but his  "I)Deth of Lord    a prisoner to the Abbaye.   A young
C(athaam' established his fame in En- man, who begged to die in her place,
gland. IMany other fine historical sub- was also coindeined to death. -er first
jects were subsequently produced by    care was to implore the forgiveness of
flir, among which were " The Siege     her father for disposing of iher life xwihof Gibraltar," "Death of Major Pier- out his knowledcSe.      S   the hn wrote to
son," " Charles I. in the House of Coir- Barbaroux as follows: " To-morrlow  at
mons," &c. MIr. Copley was the father fiven o'clock, my trial bc ins, and on the
of Lord Lyndhurst, late lord chancellor same day I hope to meet wit'lh 13rtus
of England, and since chief baion of the  and the other patriots in ely-mm.",
excheque..    1815.                  ShIe appeared before the revolutionary
CORBET, RcIcurD, an English di- triblaunl wiith a diginified air, and her
vine, and a poet; author of a spirited  replies were firm and noble. She spoke
": N'rrative of a Journey to France,"  of her deed as a duty w'hich she owed
and of various other poems, published  her country. Her defender, (Chaveau
under the title of "Poetica Stiromata."  Lagarde,) full of astonishmei  t at such
He was remarkable for wit, and no less  courage, cried ont,' You hear the acso for an eccentricity and mirthful jocu- cused lherself! She confesses her crime 
larity, which did not very well accord  she admits that she has coolly reflected
with the character of his profession. It upon it; she conceals no circumstance
did not, however, prevent him from     of it; and she ivishes for no defence.
being raised, successively, to the bish- This unslhalhen  calmness, this total
oprics of Oxford and Norwich. B. 1582; abandonment of herself, these appeard. 1635.                               ances of the utmost internal tranqcuillity,
CORDARA, JULIUSs CJSAu, an Italian   are not nattural! Such appearances are
Jesuit, author of an able work, entitled, not to be explained only by that polit-'"Historia Societatis Jesu," &c.  ical fanaticism, which armed her hand
1784.                                  with the dagger. To you then, gentlteCORDAY D'IARMANS, MAmIr ANNE         men of the jury, it belongs to juldie of
CHARLOTTEr, a fematle of great beauty anid  wlhatt weight this moral view may bc inl
courage, who, in revenge for the death  the scale of justice!"  lis words could
of her lovel, an officer in the g arrison  make no imipression on othe minds of the
ofCaen, became the murderer of Marat.  judces. She was condemncedl, iand led
Inspired with a deep-rooted hatred     to the scaifold, retaininc  her calmness
against him, she left hoer hoze, and on  acnd presence of mind to the last, thougih
arriving at Pirlis (July 12, 179O,) she ppursued by the crowd wit hI yells andc
went to his house, but was not admit- shouts of execration. Sh1e was b. at St,
ted. On the samle evenlinig she wrote to  Saturninl, near Seez, in Normandy, 1768,
him as follows:-" Citizen, I have just and sufferec by the u(illotine, July 17
nowx come fiom Caen. Your love for     1793. Lamlrtine calls her the'a ngel
your couLntry no doubt makes you de- of assssassinrtion.
sirous of being informied of the unhappy  CORDIER, MINATHURIN, an! eminent
transactions in that part of the republic. professor at Paris in the 16th century,
Grant me an interview for a momen.      eter   o         is Latin name, Cix -
I have imiportant discoveries to make  DFnrus; author of thle "Colloquies" so
to you."  The following day camyle, andl, tluch i useld in the education of youth,
with a dagger in her bosom, she pro- and xvarious other works. D. 1546.
ceeded to the house of Marlat who,,juist  COPDiNEPNER, CAIriLES, an anltiquarilnr
on the point of coming out of lis bath, and topogrlcaplhical writer was b. at'eimmediately gave orders that she should  terhead, 1746.  Hoe wrote "The Pic27*




318                   CYCLUO.DJLA Uv' -ULUIviAr'Hr.                 LCOR
turesque Scenery and Antiquities of the distinguished for the courage and pride
North of Scotland "   1780, London. so much prized by the Romans. In a
The engravings which accompany this war with the Volscians, the Romans bework are from designs by Mr. Cordiner, sieging Corioli, the capital of the Voland are. much adnmired for their ac- scians, were driven back to their lines.
curacy. D. 1794.                      Marcius rallied his countrymen, pursued
CORDOVA, JosE, general in chief     the enemy, and possessed himself of
of the auxiliary Colombian army in Bo- Corioli; for which he was rewarded
livia, who repeatedly distinguished him- with a large share of the spoil, and with
self by his bravery, and was for a long  the surname of Coriolanus.  Subsetime the faithful adherent of Bolivar; quently, in disputes which took place
but lie set up the standard of revolt in  between the patricians and plebelans,
Antioquia, where he was attacked by   Coriolanus made himself so obnoxious
General O'Leary, and slain, 1829.     to the latter, that he was baiished.
CORIATE, or CORYATE, TriOMAS, Stung by the ingratitude of his counan English traveller and writer. For a trymen, he joined the Volscians, and,
considerable time he held a situation in  jointly with Tullus Aufidius, led a nuthe household of Prince Helnry, son of  merous army against Rome.  He had
James I., and was so remarkable for encamped within five miles of the city,
oddity and eccentricity, that, as An- and its ruin seemed inevitable, when
thony W2ooc remarks, "he was the at the urgent entreaties of his mother,
whetstone for all the wits of the age.a"  he withdrew his army. It is generally
In 1608 he commenced a pedestrian tour supposed thatt, in a tumult of the enof Europe; and having walked 900      raed Volscians, he wars assassinated s
miles with one pair of shoes, he hung  a traitor to their cause; but the histothem tp, on his return, in the parish  rimn Fabius affirms that le lived many
church of liis native place, Odcombe, in  years after this event. 448 B. o.
Somersetshire. This eccentric traveller,  CORNARO, LUDOVIco, a Venetian
who is said to have introduced into En- noble, who, having greatly injurec his
gland the use of table forks, published  health by too fiee indulgence in the
"Crudities hastily gobbled up in Five  pleasures of the table, hadl the resoluMontlis' Travel in France, Savoy, Italy, tion entirely to abandon that indulRthetia, Helvetia, Germanya and the   gence, and to restrict himself to twelve
Netherlands;" "Coriate's drambe, or ounces of food and fourteen ounces of
his Colewort twice Sodden," "Traveller wine in the 24 hours. Having by this
for the English Wits," and "A Letter regimen restored himself to health, he
fiom the Court of the Great Mogul."   wrote various treatises recommendatory
D. while travelling in the East Indies, of the system from which lie had de1617.                                 rived so much benefit. Besides these,
CORILLA, MARIA MADELINA FER- which are collected under the title of
NANDEZ, a celebrated  improvisatrice. "Discorsi della Vita Sobria," he wrote
Her abilities, both as a poetess and a  "Trattato delle Acque."  I-He commusician, were very great and versa- menced his dietary rule when he was
tile. She became a miember of the acad- 40, and died at the great age of 104, in
emy of the Arcadi at Rome, and was 1566.-HELENA       LUORETIA, a learned
solemnly crowned at the accession of  Venetian lady, who was educated at the
Pius VI. She was married to a Signor university of Padua, where she took her
Morelli, of Leghorn; but her conlduct degrees and was made a doctor, and
after marriage was very unworthy of her received the title of Unalterable. At
great genius. D. 1800.                Rome she was admitted at the univerCORINNA, a celebrated poetess, to   sity, and was entitled the Humble. She
whom the Greeks gave the appellation  made a vow of perpetual celibacy, that
of the Lyric Muse. She composed a she might with more intense application
great nnmber of poems, of which only  devote herself' to literary pursuits; and
a few fiagments have come down to us, so great was the reputation of her learnand five times obtained the poetic wreath  in, that the most illustrious characters
from' her great competitor, Pindar. She wvho travelled through Venice were
flourishe in the 5th century Bs. c., and  more anxious to see lher than all the
a tomb was erected to her memory in   curiosities of the city. D. 1685.
her native city, Tanaigra, in Bceotia.  CORNBURY, EDWAR D HYDE, lord,
CORIOLANUS, CAIus MARnIUS. was governor of New York, was tle son of
a descendant of the patrician family of  the earl of Clarendon, and one of the
the Mareii, and was from an early age first officers who deserted the army of




CORJ                  CYCLOPAEDIL    OF BIOGRAPHY.                     319
King James. King William, in grati- I enry.    D. 1630. —CHARLES, marquis
tudie oir iis services., appointed lil to 1of sonl of the ist Earl CorrNallis, \as
an i Anleriicaln govelrnlent.  lie colln- b. 1f786, zand entered tile army as soon
mlen1ed iis adcinisitration as a site- as le Ll;td comnpleteed his education at
ce;sor of Lord Beuiamantin, 1702. -le  Cambridge.   In America le Wacted a
was a bigot in religion, and oppressive  conspicuous part, and gretly distinandl unjust in hiis aldinistration of the gusised liiihiselt t the battle of Brandygovernment. 1). 1728.                 wine,   nd at the siege of Charleston.
COEflNEi LLE   PIEsRE, the greatest After gaining thle importtant battles of
of the ireench drcamatic poets, was b. at Ciniden aCnd Guildford lie determined
Iouen, 16u6, and for some time prac- to invade Virginia; but his plans ftiiltised ii that city as an advocate. Ilis ing, and owing, as ie afliirmncd to tie
hirst driaoastic periormance viwas "hi:- iineicient conduct of Sir lienry Clinton,
lite,  a comedy, which met with such   upon whom he h       d relied for st:pport,
distinguislhed success, that he rwas en- he and his armiy were lmade prisoners.
courag'ec to devote his rare powers to  In 1786 lie was made governt "-general
the cdrmna. IThe tragedies of "Medea,"  and commander-in-chief in ii Il.t; In'The Cid," "The loratii," and'"Cin- 17S8 he was sent to Ireland'is lord
na,' iobllowed, and established for their lieutenant; and in the trying and terria.uthor a pre-eminent station among    ble scenes of the rebellion so conducted
French ldramatists. Besides the fore- himself as to gain the good opinion of
going, he wrote many other tragedies; the public, while vigorously upholding
and translated Thomas al emnpis, " On  and vindic ating the laws. In 1804 ie
the Imitation of Jesus Christ."  It is was a second time appointed governornmelaiehlolv to reflect that the great Cor- general of India. J). 1805.
neille, whs1 had achieved faime equally  CORONELLI, VINCENT, a Venetian
for himself and his country's literature, ecclesiastic, andc a professor of georended his days in poverty and distress. raphy and mathematics. Ile was tile
1D. 1684.I-TloAs, s brother of the pre- aulthol of a very extensive atlas, and tile
ceding, and also a feirt ile and successful fobunder of tle geographical society at
dramatist, was b. 1625. Several of his Venice. 1). 118.
tragedies are admirable; in fact, there  CORREA      DA SERRA, JosEPE FRANseems to be a good deal of truth in Vol- cis, a botanist, and the founder of the
taire's assertion, that Thonias Corneille  academy of sciences at Lisbon, was b.
would have had a great reputation, if  at Serra, Portugal, 1750.  In 1816 lie
he had not had a great brother. Be- was sent to the united States as 1Portusides dramatic works, he wrote a "' Dic- guese envoy and recalled in 1819I to be
tionmrv of Arts sand Sciences," a "Geo- a member of finance. D. 1828.
graplhical and Historical Dietionarly,  COERIEGGIO, ANTONIo ALLSGXI DA,
ancd ttranslation of the MetamLorphoses  a painter of tiranscesndent ability, was b.
of Ovid. D. 1708.                      in 1494, at Correggio, in the duchy of
OORNELIA, an illustrious Ronman      Modena.   He is the founder of the
lady. She was the daughter of Scipio   Lomlbamrd school, and unrivalled by all
Africanns, wite of Tiberius Sempronius competitors for the grace and loveliness
Gracchus, and mother of the two famlous  of his figures, and the exquisite hartribunes. She was of a grave and dig- mony of his colorin. "His color and
nified deportment, and possessed so   mode of finishing," says Sir Joshua
great a control over her feelings, that Reynolds, "approa ch nearer to perfecwhen a friend condoled with heron the  tion than those of any other painter;
death of her sons, she replied, "The  the gliding motion of his outline, afnd
woman who had the Gracchi for sons    the sweetness with which it melts into
cannot be considered unfortunate." Her the ground; the clearness and transliterary talents must have been consid- pareney of his coloring, which stops at
erable, as Cicero very highly commends  that exact medium in which the purlsome of hei epistles. She flourished in  ty andl perfection of taste lies, leaves
the 2d century B. c., and after her death  nothing to be wished for."  Yet, notthe Romans erected a statue to her withstanding' his genius and industry,memory, bearing the inscription, "To   "poorly, poor man, he lived; poorly,
Cornelia, the mother of the Gracchi."  poor man, lie died!"  D. 1534.
CORNWALLIS, Sir CHARLES, an able       CORS1NI, EDWARD, an Italian monk,
English statesman.   te was sent to    professor of philosophy and metaphysics
Spain as ambassador from James I., and iat Pisa; author of " Philosophical and
was treasurer to the king's son, Prince  Mathematical Institutions," in 6 vols.*




320                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [cos
1"Elementary Geometry," several clas- ferred on him a short time previous to
sical works,' A History of the Uni- his death, in 1821.
versity of Pisa," &c. D. 1765.           COSIN, JOHN, a learned, and chariCOtITEZ, or COETES, FERNANDO, table prelate, was b. at Norwich, 1594.
the conqueror of Mexico, was b. 1485, In 1640 he was made dean of Peterat Medlelin, in Estremadura, and, after borough; but the Puritans deprived
studcying the law, quitted it for the mil- him of his preferments, and even went
itary profession. In 1511 he went with  the length of impeaching him    on a
Velasquez to Cuba; and the conquest charge of being inclined topopery. On
of Mexico being determined upon, Cor- this he retired to France, wher he etez obtained the command of the expe- mained until the restoration of Charles
dition for that purpose. In 1518 he set II., who raised him to the see of Dursail with 700 men in ten vessels; and  ham.    Among his writings are "A
on landineg at Tabasco he c used his   History of Transubstantiation,"   and
vessels to be burned, in order that his  " A Seiolastical Iistory of the Canon
soldiers might have no other resource  of the Holy Scriptures."  D. 1762.
than their own valor. Having conquer-    COSMO I., grancd-di ke of Tuscany,
ed the Tiaacalans, and induced them to  b. in 1519, was the son of John de
become his allies, he marched tonwards Medici; and on the assassination of
Mexico, whlere he    a iwas amicably 1'- Alexander, chief of the house of Medici,
ceived; but having' seized upon their was elected head of the republic of Florinca, MAontezulma, iand treated the peo- ence. Several attempts were macde to
ple with the utmost insolence, the Mex- shake the power of Cosino, but he sucicans first mumurred, and then resisted. ceeded in defeating them; and it was
Cortez besieged the city of Mexico; and  probably in ocrder to secure himself able
in the desperate struggle which ensued, and zealous defenders in case of open
it is said that upwards of 100,000 of the  revolt, tllat h  instituted the military
faithful and unfortunate Mexicans were  order of the Knights of St. Stephen.
killed or perished by famine. H —vinlg  I-He restored the university of Pisa, and
reduced the devoted city, Cortez corn- held out the most liberal encouragement
pletely overran the Mexican territories; to men of scientific and literary emiin doing which he committed atrocities nence to settle there as professors. Ie
which would be incredible if related on  also founded the academy of Florence,
any less irrefragable testimonies than  established its gallery of paintings,. nd
those which compel our belief. In re- performed miany other wise and Iono-orward for the addition le had made to   able actions; thus procuring himself a
the wealth of Spain, he had a grant of  celebrity and inlluence which probably
land and the title of marquis; but on  he would in vain have sought by the
returning he found that the court of   more dazzling, but infinitely less useful
Madrid wrere become jealous of his achievelments of the warrior. D. 1574.
power, and treated him with cold neg-    COSTA FlURTADO DE MEINDO,CA,
ect. D. 1554.                          HIPPOLYTO JOSEPH DA, a Portuguese genCOlTONA, PIETRODA, properly PIE- tieman of scientific and literary attainTRO BEInrETTINI, an Italian painter, w' as ments, who, being charged with freea native of Cortona, in Tuscany,.anld at masonry, xwas thrown into the prison of
an early age was placed under thle tuition  the Inquisition at Lisbon. Here he wris
of Baccio Ciarpi at oeome. The Barbe- repeatedly examined, and his answers
rini palace, the new works at theVat- not being satisfactory to his persecutors,
ieanC, and many of the churches of     he was remlandced to his dun'eon, with
Roome, were decorated by him; and at little prospect that lhis sufferin-gs would
Florence he adorned the Pitti palace for terminate otherwise tlhn in death. IB
the Grand-cdulke Ferdinand 11. In ld- one of those fortunate accidents which
dition to being ain eminent painter, lhe somzetinmes make " truth strang'er thanl
was almost equally eminent as an archi- fiction," his cell was left open, sand he
tect. D. 1669.                         was enabled to possess himself ofa blunch
COPVISART, JOHN NICHOLAS, an         of keys which opened every lock tlhat'eminent French physician, was b. 1755. was between him sand liberty. 1Havin/g
He was chief phy;sician to Napoleon, taken these keys, and a book 1which lay
who made him a baron, and an officer bcsie he, i         de he  is escanpe; andic
of the legion of honor. Nor was his    after lyilng hidden several xwees'n the
great merit overlooked by the Bourbons,  illmmediatte neighborhoode of hlis!are
the place of honoraryv mlemsber of the  dunsgeon, he,found ieansls to emlbark foi
royal academy of niedicine being con- England. The book which lie brought




COT]                  CYCLOPX^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        321
from his prison contained,?Wter aca, Boileau and. Moliere. He was counsellor
notes of his examinations before the in- and almoner to the king, and a member
luisitors; and soon after his arrival he  of the French Academy. B. 1604; d.
aublishec. a narrative of the persecutions  1682.
ae had undergone, the account of his    COTTA, J. G., Baron, an eminent
sxamination being taken from the offi  bookseller of Germany, and the proaial document of which he had thu; prietor of the "Allgemeine Zeitung," a
dclly become possessed. His talents, political daily paper, as well as of several
and the interest excited by his adven- others devoted to literature and the arts,
Lures, obtained him considerable notice, was b. at Stuttgard, in 1764:; for many
and he became foreign secretary to the years carriedcon an extensive and flourduke of Sussex, and charge d'azaires in  ishing concern; and also acted a conEngland for the Brazilian government. spicuons part as a political man. D.
D. 1824.                              1832.
COSTANZA, ANGELO DI, a Neapolitan     COTTERELL, Sir CHARLES, an excelpoet, of noble birth; author of sonnets lent linguist and scholar of the 17th
rnd other poems, and of "Istoria del century. IIe was naster of the requests
Regno di Napoli," containing the his- to Charles II., an office which was filled
tory of Naples fiom 1250 to 1489. I. by his descendants for several gener:i1591,                                 tions. He translated the romance of
COSTAED, GEaORGEI a learned En- "Cassandra" from the French, besides
glish divine; author of " Letters on the  some works from the Spanish and ItalAstronomy of the Ancients," a treatise  iann. D. 1687.
on " The Use of Astronomy in Chronol-   COTTIN, SOPHIA DE, an accomplished
ogy and History," " A Commentary on   French lady; authoress of" Matilde,"
the Book of Job," &e. B. 1710; d. "Claire d'Albe," the well-known and
1782.                                 highly popular " Elizabeth, ou les Exiles
COSTE, PIERRE, a learned French     de Sibrie," &c. B. 1773; d. 1807.
Protestant, for some time resident in.COTTON, CHARLES, an Enolish poet;
England, and who acted as amanuensis  author of' Scarronides, or Virgil Trato Locke, but subsequently returned to  vestie;" a supplemeat to " Walton's
his own country. Ile translated into   Treatise on Angling," and a volume of
French, Lockle's'" IResonableness of  original poems, ec. I-e also translated
Christianisty," Newton's: Optics," &c. Corneille's tragedy of the Horatii and
H-e also vwrotee the " Life of the Great Montaigne's Essays. B. 1530; d. 1687.
CondS."  D. 1747.                   — NATHANIEL, an English physician and
COSTER, LAuRENXCE JhANSEN, a native  poet; author of " Visions in Verse for
of Inaerlem, in Holland, to whom his the Instruction of Younger Minds."
countrymen ascribed the invention of Ile for somle yearslkept a lunatic asylum
the art of printing, in the year 1430. at St. Alban's, and the poet Cowper was
The Gerians, however, with sufficient for a time one of its inmates. B. 1707;
proof assert, that the merit is due to  d. 1788.-Sir ROBERT BRUCE, a distinGuttemberg, Coster having merely used  guished English antiquarian, was b. at
wooden blocks, and nsot, as Junius as- benton, in Hiunltingclonshire, 1570. In
serts, metal types. B. 1370; d. 1439.  1629 hle was brought before the privv
COS WAY, RrIIARD, an eminent En- council, in consequence of a political
glish artist. Ie painted miniatures ad- treatise of his in MS. being lent by his
mirably, and was almost equally great as librarian, the contents of which gave
an oil painter. He was one of the oldest so much offence at court, that he was
niemibers of the LRoyal Academy, and d. sent to the Tower. le wrote "The
at the aie of 90, in 1821.            Antiquity and Dignity of Parliaments;
COTELIER, JOHN, a learned French    and assisted, both with his literary treasdivine and critic; tie author of " Ec- ures and his purse, Speed, Camden, and
clesia Gr,-uce Monumenta," and the co- other writers on British archeoology.
adjutor of Du Cang'e in makling a D. 1631. —JOHN, one of the most distineatalogue of the Greel MSS. in the rovyal gished of the early ministers in New
librarv at Paris. D. 1686.            Enland.    Wihen the English church
COTES, FRANCIs, an English artist of  fell into the hands of Bishop Laud, a
great eminence as a portrait painter, as  complaint was preferred against Mr.
well in oil as in crayons. D. 1770.   Cotton, for 1nonconformlity, in not kneelCOTIN, CHAPLES, a French poet of    ing at the sacrament. Being cited bethe 17th century, chiefly known now   fore the high com1mission court he
from  the satires levelled at him  by  embarked for America, and arrived at




322                   CYCLOPIEDIA    OF BIOGRAPHIT.-                  1CO
Boston, September 4, 1633, and October formed church at Lausanne. in Switzer10 was established the teacher of the  land; author of " Le Mondcle Prinitif
churlch in Boston, as colleague with Mr. analyse et compare avec le Monde
Wilson, who was pastor. On the voy- Moderne," a pamphlet in praise of aniage from England Mr, Cotton's eldest mal magnetism, &c. D. 1784.
son was born, and whlom at his baptism   COURTILZ, GAMEN DE, a French
in Boston he called Seaborn. lie re- military officer, remarkable for his.trong
mained connected with this church more  predilection for literature. His works
than nineteen years, and such was his are "Tlle Annals of Paris," " A. Iisto y
influence in establishing the order of  of the Dutch War," "The Liv-es of Cothe churches, and so extensive was his ligni, Turenne, and  Rochfort,"  &c.
usefilness, that he has been called the  Soine of his opillions giving offence to
patriarch of New England. D. 1652.    the court, he was thrown into the Bastile,
COUDRETTE, CHRISTOPHER, a French     where he remained nine years. D. 1712.
priest, and a very able opponent of the  COURTNEY, WILLIAM, archbishop
Jesuits; author of " A General History  of Canterbury, b. 1341. In 1381 lie beof the Jesuits," "Memoirs relative to  came archbishop of Canterbury anid lord
the Formulary," &c.    His bold and    high chancellor, in which office he showliberal tone of thought caused him to be ed a rancorous spirit of persecution
twice imprisoned: at Venice in 1735, against the Wickliffites. Hils charactei
and at Paris, in the Bastile, in 1738. D. was resolute and arrogant. D. 1396.
1774.                                    COURTOIS,    JAMES, surnamed    IL
COULOMB, CHARLES AUGUSTINE DE, a     BORGONONE, a French painter, especially
French philosopher and officer of engi- eminent in battle-pieces. His wife dying
neers, to whose scientific labors many  of poison, which he was suspected oT
discoveries in electricity and magnetismn  having administered, he took the habit
are owing. B. at Angouleme, 1736; d. of a lay brother of the Jesuits, with
1806.                                 whom, though lie still practised his -e',
COUPLET, PHrLIP, a Flemish Jesuit he remained till his death, in 1676. —
and missionary to China; author of     WILLIAM, brother of the above, and also
" Chronological Tables of Chinese His- an eminent painter.  He excelled in
tory," "A  Treatise on the Philosophy  historical pieces, and assisted his broofConfucius," &c. D. while on a secon  ther in some of his works. D. 1679.
voyage to China, 1693.                   COURVOISIER, JEAN Jos. ANTOINE,
COURIER, PAUL Louis, one of the     b. at Besanon about 1770, was originally
wittiest writers and most profound Iel- a soldier under the prince de Conde, and
lenists of France, was b. near Angou- afterwards a lawyer in his native city.
leme, in 1774. He was for several years In 1815 he was made advocate-general,
in the corps of artillery, in which le  and was then elected a deputy of tlh
rose to be a major; but at length he re- chambers for eight years, where he dissigned in disgust. Every moment of    played extraordinary ability as a speaker.
leisure while in the army was devoted  In 1829 he was appointed to the departby him to the study of Greek authors. ment of justice under the administration
He was assassinated in 1825. Courier of Polignac.   The revolution of July
published various translations from the  drove him into retirement. He is known
Greek; but his chief fame is derived  as an author by his "Dissertation sur le
from his political pamphlets, which are Droit Natarel," and his " Trait sur Obremarkable for wit, irony, and pungency  ligations Divisible et Indivisible, selon
of style.                             l'Ancienne et la Nouvelle Loi."    D.
COURTANVAUX, FRAxNCI CBSAR LE        1835.
TELLIER, marquis de, a French military  COUSIN, JOHIN, a native of France,
officer, and also a distinguished natural and generally regarded as the earliest
philosopher.  Ile served with   great French historical painter. He chiefly
ability and courage in Bavaria and Bo- painted on glass, but his " Last Judghemnia under his uncle, the marshal de  ment," painted on canvas for the conNoailles; but was obliged to quit the  vent of the Minims at Vincennes, is
service in 1745 on acconift of ill health. esteemed an excellent wolr. He wvas
He then devoted his time to science, and  the author of "Livre de Perspective,"
becae a member of the Academy. He     and some other treatises connected with
was a good astronomer and mrechalician. the art. D. 1590.
D. 1781.                                COUSTON, NICHoLAs and WILLINM,
COURT DE GEBELIN, ANTHONY, a brothers; two French sculptors of connative of France, minister of the re- siderable eminence in their profession:




Cow]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     323
the formerb. at Lyons, in 1658; d. 1783: that his squares were only the millionth
the latter b. 1678; d. 1746.         part of an inch superficial.  He also
COUTHON, GEORGE, a French advo- made two chamber organs, telescopes
cate and president of the court of justice  of extraordinary power, and some balat Clermont. Becoming a member of ances for tlhe assaying of gold, of such
the legislative assembly and of the na- nicety that they would weigh to the
tional convention, he voted for the trial thousandth part of a grain. ID. 1812.and death of Louis XVI.; and after THOMAS, lord keeper of the great seal in
hesitating awhile as to the party with the reign of Charles I., was the son of
which he should act, gave in his adhe- Thomas Coventry, a justice of the court
sion to that of Robespierre.  When   of common pleas.   He was b. 1578;
troops were sent against Lyons, he was studied the law in the Inner Temple;
commissioner from the convention, and  and having by various gradations begave with his own hand the signal for come solicitor-general, attorney-general,
the destruction of the buildings of that and lord keeper, in 1628, he was raised
city. Sharing the power and participa- to the peerage; and, according to the
ting in the acts of Robespierre, he was character given of him by Clarendon,
also involved in his ruin. Guillotined  he was well worthy of his great and
1794.                                uninterrupted success. —WILLIAM, son
COUTTS, THOMlAS, a London banker, of the above, was knighted in 1665, and
eminent for his wealth and connections, made a commissioner of the treasury in
He Wvent from Scotland at an early age; 1667; but having offended the duke of
and from being a junior partner in a Buckingham,l e was forbidden to appear
mercantile house in London, rose to be at court. On this he retired to him seat
one of the most considerable bankers in in Oxfordshire, and passed the remainEngland. In 1815 his first wife died; der of his life in privacy. He was author
and, three months afterwards, he mar- of several political works. D. 1686.
ried Harriet Mellon, an actress of some  COVERDALE, MILES, an English dicelebrity, to whom he bequeathed the vine, and one of the earliest reformers,
whole of his immense property, consist- was educated at Cambridge, and became
ing of 600,000 in personal, besides real a canon of the order of St. Angustin.
estates in lands and houses, to a great Having embraced the reformed doctrines
amount. D. 1821, aged 66.            he went abroad, and, in 1522, joined
COUTVREUR, ADRIENNE LE, a cele- William     Tyndale in translating the
brated French actress.  She was the Scriptures. On his return to EnglFlndm
mistress of the great Marshal Saxe, and  he was made almoner to Queen Cathawhen that celebrated commander was in  rine, and subsequently bishop of Exeter.
great distress for money and troops, she On the accession of queen Mary he repledged her plate and jewels for 40,000 tired to the Continent, but returned on
livres, and sent the money to him. D. the accession of Elizabeth.  D. 1580,
1780.                                aged 81.
COVELL, JOHN, a learfled English     COWARD, WILLIAM, an English phydivine. He was for some time chaplain sician, and author of "Thougilts on the
to the English embassy in Turkey, and, Human Soul; demonstrating the Notion
while resident in that country, obtained  of the Human Soul united to the Human
much valuable knowledge on the early  Body to be an Invention of the l-eaconstitution of the Greek church, on thens, and not consonant to the Princiwhich subject, when he returned to pies of Philosophy or Reason."  This
England, lie published a very valuable work excited considerable indignation
work. D. 1722.                      among the more zealous divines, who
COVENTRY, HIENRY, author       of procured an order to have it burned by
"Letters of Philemon to Hydaspes," the common hangman. D. about 1722.
and one of the authors of the well-known  COWELL, JOHN, an English lawyer
"Athenian Letters." D. 1752.-JoH0N, and antiquary; author of "The Intera skilful, self-taught English mechan- preter," a law dictionary, which was
ician, whose genins led him to make burned by the common hangman on
-experiments in mechanics. He invented  account of some unconstitutional docan hygrometer, which met with the ap- trines on the king's prerogative, and
probation of the Royal Society, and waas "The Institte  the Laws of Enpresented to the king. Subsequently  gland." D. 1611.
he employed himself in drawing mi-    COWLEY, ABnnrHAM, an eminent Encrometers on ivory and glass; and to glish poet, b. in London, 1618. In his
such a perfectiond id he bring them, 17th year he published a volume entitled




324                   CYCLOP.E1DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [cow
"Poetical Blossoms," which procured     COWPER, WILLIAIM, Earl, an eminent
him  considerable reputation. In 1636 English lawyer, who was raised to the
he was elected a scholar of Trini-y col- peerage in the reign of Queen Anne, by
lege, Cambridge,.where he produced a the title of Viscount Fordwick, and
pastoral colmedy, entitled " Love's Rid.- made lord high chancellor. This office
die," cand  Naufragium   Joculare," a he resigned in 1710, but accepted it again
Latin comedy, which was performed by   in 1714. In 1717 he was created Earl
the members of his college. Ile resided  Cowper, and in 1718 wholly retired fiom
at the nniversity until 1643, whlen he was  office. Dnring the latter years of his
ejected by the Puritan visitors, and be- public life, he very ably exerted himself
came an active partisan of the royal in favor of religious liberty; and parcause.  Ie was much esteemed by Lord  ticularly in causing a bill to be thrown
Falkland, and accompanied the king in  out, by which Unitarians would have
several journeys.   When the queen left been subject to severe penalties.  D.
the countryhe accompanied hler mtajesty, 1723.-AILIarA, a distinguishecd Enand remained abroad for some yealrs; glish poet, was b. at Berkhamnpstead,
during which time he was a chief agent IIertfordshire, 1731. He was the son
in managing the correspondence between  of a clergyman of good family, and was
the king and queen. In 1656 he return- at an early agle renoved from a country
ed to Enegland, and soon after published  school to thalt of Westminster. Being
a volume containing most of the poems naturally of a timid temper and slight
printed in the final collection of his frame, the rodogh usage le meet with
works.   Being suspected by the party  froni stronger and less sensitive boys
in power, he was thrown into prisonl, rendered his school a place ol' complete
but released on the bail of Dr. Scar- torture to him, as may be seen from the
borough. HIe aain went abroad, and     tone of his " Tirocinium."  On quitting
was again employed in aiding the royal school, he was articled to an attorney,
cause. On the restoration takling place  with whom he remained for three e-ears,
lie was for some tine neglected; but at and then entered himself of the Midcdle
length, by the interest of the duke of  Temlple. Ie seems, however, to have
Buckingallam, he obtained the lease of a  been by nature unfit for the rougher
farm at Clhertsey, which produced him  paths of ife; for thoughl the interest of
about ~800 a yeal. D. 1667.-HIANNAI,   his fai'mily had procured him the valuan accomplished Enoglish dramatic wri- able and honorable pilce of clerk to the
ter; anthoress of "The Runaway," "The house of lords, his nervousness and
Belle's Stratagem," " More Ways than  mauvcaise 7Mente weresuch that he was
One," &c., besides some poems and     obliged to resign it. lHe then fell into
farces.  The spriihtliness of dialogue, so terrible a state of nervous and mental
and the variety of characters and inci- debility that he was for some time placed
dents which this lady introlducec in her in the lunatic asylum of Dr. Cotton. The
cramatic works, evince much versatility  skill and humanity of that gentleman
of genius. D. 1809.-HEIlNRY WiELES- restored him anicid he retired to HuntingLxE, Lord, a distingnished diplomatist,  don. There he became acquainted wiith
and a scioin of that illustrious family of  the falnily of tie Reverend Mr. Unwin;
which tile dlke of Wellington is the last anld after that gentleman's death he r1esurviving representative, wxas b. 1778. moved, with Mrs. Unwin, to Olney,
In 1807 he rwas returned to parliament, Bucks, where he contracted a clo,3
and became one of the secretaries of the  friendship withl the curate of Olney, the
treasury; but in 1809 he exchanged his Reverend John Newton, and subseparliamentary duities for the embassy at quently with Lady Austen. His natural
Madrid; a mission cwhich  amid oreat melanlholy gave him so gloomy a view
difficulties and obstructions of all kindds, of reliion, that his mind wivs frequently
he fulfilled for thirteen years. In 1823  reduced to imbecility. While this was
he wvent as ambassador to Vienna; hlele the case, the influence of Lady Austen
he remained till 1831; and for the ability  tended to rouse and sustain him; though
he displayed there, coupled with his that of his other friends seems rather to
length of service, he was raised to the  have increased his weakness, by coinperagte with the- title of Baron Cowley  cidinz with his delusions. But although
-the original patronymic of the Welles- his mind was so frequently assailed by
ley family. In 1841 he was appointed   gloom, and bent down by despondency,
ambassador to the Tuileries.    This   he was not only a very volumlinoius wrioffice he held till the fall of Sir Robert ter, but a poet of first-rate merit. In
Peel's ministry in 1846. D. 1847.      addition to translating Homer, which




Aj]                 CYCLOPA DIA OF BIOGrAPIY.                        325
he did with more accuracy than Pope, son, was distinguished by the richness
if with less polish, he wrote "The Task"   of his ilmagination aind the dazzling na-the best of all his poems,'"The Sofa',"  tre of his coloring, and his fame laid
"Tirociniultm," and a host of smaller the foundation for the mannerism of
poems; he also translateci some, of Ma- the French school.  D. 1721.-NoLr
dame Guyon's spiritual songs; and his NICHOLAS, usually called Covpel the uncorrespondence, exhibits him as one of cle, despised the false glitter of this
the most elegant of Englishl letter-wri- school, and aimed only at truth and naters. Towards the close of his life,is stre. D. 1735.-CIIARLEs ANTHONY, the
gloom  deepened into absolute despair, son of Anthony, was a decided coypist
trom which he never wholly emerged, of his father's manner, and accommoand he d. 1800.                       dated himself to the prevailing taste of
COX, Mrs. LETITIA. The name of this the times for gaudy coloring. B. 1694;
female, who d. at Bybrook, in Janmaica, d. 1752.
1838, is inserted here as affording the  COYSEVOX, ANTOINE a celebrated
most surprising instance of longevrity to  sculptor, was b. at Lyons, 1640, and d.
be met with in modern times. By her at Paris, 1720. Among his best works
own account she was a grown-up young  are the statue of Cardinal Mazarin, in
woman at the time of the destruction  the museum   at Paris, an equestriaa
of Port Royal by an earthquake, (June  statue of Louis XIV., Castor and Pol9, 1692,) so that she must have been up- lux, &c. On account of the beauty and
wards of 160 years of age.-UIOHARD    animation of his portraits, he was called
bishop of Ely, was b. at Whaddon, the Vandyke of sculpture.
Bucks, 1500. While at xew college, he   CRABBE, GEORE, rector of Trouembraced the opinions of the Reforma- bridge, Wilts, and anthor of "The Lition, and was consequently thrown into  brary," "The Village," "Tales of the
jail, but obtained his release through  IH-all," &c.; a poet, whose "short and
the influence of Cranmer. lIe subse- simple annals of the poor" exhibit an
quently became tutor to Edward VI., in  accurate knowledge of human nature,
whose reign he was made a privy coun- and show that however homely or paincillor, almoner to the king, dean of ful the scenes may be which he depicts,
Westminster, and chancellor of Oxford. there is no want of skill or truth in his
I-e contributed the Gospels, the Acts, representations. He had the good forand the Epistle to the -Romans, to the  tune to receive the early patronae of
"'Bishops'Bible," besides writing vari- the celebrated Edmundl urke, which
ous controversial tracts.             led to other valuable connections, of
COXE, WrrtLIAm, an historian and   whom Dr. Johnson was one; and eventtraveller, was b. 1747. After receiving  ually to church preferment, at the hands
a university education, lie became a of the duke of Rutland. Crabbe's pocanon residentiary of Salisbury, anid  etry is distinguished for minuteness of
archdeacon of Wilts. He was the au- description and close analysis in depictthor of "Travels in Switzerland," "Trav- ing human charaeter, however dark or
els in Poland, Russia, Swedien, and Den- disgusting; yet, though searching, mimark," a'" History of the HIouse of  nute, and often repulsive, it abounds
Austria," "Historical Memoirs of the with vigor, pathos, and oricinality. An
Kings of Spain,"' Memoirs of Sir Rob- ew antediton  of    O       h a, life
ert Wialpole," and many other works anct notes, by his son, was published by
equally interesting, and valuable for  Ir. M luray, l in 1838. B. 17i-; d. 1832.
their research a5nl aadherence to truth.  CRAFTS, WILLIAM,  a lawyer, and a
D. 1828.                              popular mis ellaneous wr1iter, was b. in
COYER. GBRImEL FRANXIS, a French    Charleson, S. C., 1787. He received his
writer, b. 1707. His principalS works are education at Harvard college, alnd stud"  idtory of John Sobieski," "'Travels ied law in his native city, wher e he acinto Italy and Holland', anld his trans- qui.red some reputation' for talent aind
laion into irencli of    Blakstones i eloquence.  L;e*was a member of the
Commentaries.": D 172.                South Cmrclina leg'is1lure, and for some
COYP'EL, the name of several emi- time editor of the Ciharileston Courier.
nent French pailnters.i-o EL, was b. D. 1826.
162, anld d. 1717. He adorned the old   CREAIG, Jon30,  a Scotch mathematiLouvre and the Tileries, painted some  cian of the 17th century, famous for a
fine pictures for the council hall of Ver- work entitled "Theologias Christiansa
sailles, and executed seveal Scriptural PrincipiLa MIathematica."  The object of
pieces of great merit.-ANwuooNr, his this curioust tract is to apply mathematair
-...




826                   CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAmPH.                       [CRA
cal calculation to the credibility of the rannical acts of his admil-'stration are
gospel history, upon wahich principle he  narratecd by Belknap. In his displeassur
nma'ntains that tile Christian reighion  towards the Rev.. M.  oody, ihe elnmust end. according to the doctrine of tmred to enforce the uniormlity act. He
chances, in the year 8150, when oiur ventuiecd to tax the people without their
Saviour will make his second appear- consent. lHe came to this country to
ance.-Sir THOMAS, an emiienat Scotch mnake his fortune; his injustice drove
lawyer, b. 1548; author of a treatise on  him away in dishohnor.
feudal law, which ihas often been r e-  CRANMER, THOAS, archbisop of
printed. D. 1608.-WILLIAM, a Scotch   Canterbury, whose life is rendered so
iudge, and a literary chlaracter of no  nemnorable by the part lie took in the
mean ability, was b. 1745; entered at Reformation, was b. at Aslacton, Notthe bar in 17687, ald succeeded Lord  tinghlanlshire, 1489, and educated at
Hailes on the bench in 1792. lie w'ws a Jesus college, Cambridge. The opinion
principal contributor to the "Miirror,"  which he giave on the question of Henwrote mllany papers in the " Loungerl,"  ry VIII.'s divorce fromn his first wife,
and numbered among his friends some   Catharinc  of Aragon, recomnmer'lc,
of the most eminent literary men of the  him to that monarch, who elmpkcyed
age. D. 1813.                         him to vindicate tile imeasure, and sent
CRAMER, FRAsNCIS, an eminent mu- him to the foreiign universities to obtain
sician, was b. at Mannleim, 1772. In  their opinion upon the point. On Cran1799 he succeeded his father as a leader mer's return the king raised him to the
of the Ancient concerts, in London. archbishopri  c of Canterbury, in which
For many years he was alternate leadcer office he zealously promloted the cause
of thie Phiiharmonic concerts, with Lo- of the Reformation. ThrLough his means
der, T. Cooke, Weichsels, &c.; and for the Bible was translated and reLd in
upwards of 40 years held the chief    churches, and he greatly aided in supplace at the great provincial festivals. pressing the monastic institutions. In
D. 1848.-GABRIEL, an eminent geome- 1586, when Anne Boleyn was destined to
trician; editor of the works of Wolf and  lose her reputation and her life, Cranmer
the " Bernouillis," and author of several meanly stooped to promote the sentence
mathematical and algebraic works. B. of divorce. By Henry's will he was ap1704; d. 1752.-JOHN ANDREW, a Ger- pointed one of the council of regency to
man mineralogist, was b. at Quedlin- Edward VI.; and as the young king
burg, 1710. He was the first who sys- was brought up chiefly under the archtematized the art of assaying, upon   bishop's care, it enabled him to fulther
which subject he wrote a very able work. the objects of the Reformation in a
D. 1787.-J-OHN ANDREW, a German poet regular and consistent manner, by fiaand miscellaneous writer, was b. in Sax- minu the liturgy, the homilies, articles of
ony, 1723, but principally resided in  religion, &c. On the accession of Mary
Denmark, where he d. 1788. Besides    he was tried on charges of blasphemy,
his poems, he wrote "The Northern      perjury, incontinence, and heresy, and
Spectator," and "Sermons," in 22 vols. sentenced to be deprived of office.
He also translated "Bossuet's Universal Tempted, however, by the promise of
History," and other works.-JoHN AN- pardon, le was induced to sign a rccanTHONY, dean of Carlisle, a well-known  tation of his principles, and avowed his
writer on subjects of classical antiquity, sorrow for having entertained them.
was b. in Switzerland, 1793. In 1831 hle But when lie was brought into St.
was appointed principal of New-hall Mary's church to read his recantation in
Inn. During this period le was actively  public, instead of doing what was reenraged in literary pursuits, and his quired of him, he besought the forgivedcescriptions of Ancient Italy, Asia M1ii- ness of God for the apostasy of which
nor, and Ancient Greece, are enduring  he had been guilty, and exhorted the
monuments of his accuracy vand esearch.   people against the errors of the church
In 1842 he succeeded Dr. Arnold as re- of Rome. This greatly enraged his adJius professor of modern history, and in  versaries, who, after vilifying him as a
1844 he was nominated to the deanery  hypocrite and heretic diraged him to
of Carlisle. D. 1848.                 the stake opposite Baliol college, which
CRANFIELD, EDWARD, president of     he approached with a cheeriful counteNew Hampshire, succeeded Waldron in   nance, nnd met his death with the ut1682, and was succeeded by Barefoote, most fortitude, exclaiming, as he held
in 1688. He was afterwards collector of  out his right hand for the flames to
Barbadoss, and d. about 1700. The ty- consume it, "This unworthy hand!




cRE]                  CYCLOPRiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        327
this unworthy hand!"    D. March 21, eral works relative to that country. ID.
1556.                                 1726.-WILLIAM HARRIS, b. in Nelson
CRANZ, or KRANZ, DAVID, a Mora- county, Va., 1772, was earlly     emoved
vian preacher, b. 1723, and resided sev- with his parents to Georgiat, where he
eral years as a missionary in Greenland, taught a school, while he was acquiring
of which country he wrote a vadluable a knowledge of law, until he was admithistory; also "A History of the Mora- ted to-practice, in 1799. Before 1802 he
vians."  D. 1777.                     was at the head of his profession, when
CRASHAW, RICARDn, a poet, b. in     he was elected a member of the legislaLondon, and educated at Cambridge. ture and thence transferred to the senHe was a friend of the poet Cowley, ate of the United States in 1807. He
and having embraced the Roman Catho- was re-elected in 1811, and in 1813 made
lie faith, was appointed to a canonry at minister to France, by Mr. Madison.
Loretto. His poems have considerable  After two years he returned to take
merit, and contain ideas which were   charge of the department of war, and
thou ght worthy of initation both by  then of the treasury. He was nomiMilton and Pope. D. 1650.             nated for the presidency in 1816, in a
CRASSUS, Lucius LICINIUS, a Roman    democratic caucus of the members of
orator, of whom Cicero speaks in terms  congress, but did not receive as many
of the highest praise. lie was consul votes as Mr. Monroe. In 1827 he was
96 B. c., and afterwards censor.-MARcus  appointed judge of tlie northern circuit
LICINIm-S, surnamed Dives, from   his of Georgia. D. 1834.   He was distinriches, was of the same family as the  guishec as a speaker, and a man of uppreceding. He defeated Spartacus, and  right character and affable address.
put an end to the Servile war. HIe was  CREBILLON, PRosPER JOLYOT DE, a
first consul, then censor, and formed one French dramatic poet, denominated the
of the triumvirate with Cesar and Pom- French JEschylus, was b. at Dijon, 1674.
pey. IIe perished, with a great part of  He was intended for the legal profession,
his army, in an expedition against the  but evincing a decided predilection for
Parthians, 53 B. C.                   the dramal, the solicitor with whom he
CRATINUS, an Athenian poet, to      was placed encouraged him to pursue
whom the invention of satirical comedy  the bent of his inclination. He accordand comic poetry is attributed.  His ingly devoted himself to the tragic muse,
powers of sarcasm are said to have been  ancd produced " Idomeneus," which met
unrivalled. He was an exception to the  with success.  This was followed by
general rule that intemperance leads to  "Atreus," "Electra," and "Rhadaminsan early grave, having attained the age  tus,1 whicli were still more successful.
of 97, though a boee viva-nt in its fullest He then led a secluded life for many
sense. D. 431. c.                    years, but again resumed his dralmatie
CRAVEN, CHARLES, governor ofSouth    labors, and produced the tragedies of
Carolina from 1712 to 1716, had been   "Cataline" and'"The Trilumvirate."
previously secretary to the proprietors. D. 1762.-CLAUDE PROSPER JOLYOT DE,
They ordered him in 1712 to sound Port son of the foregoing, was b. 1707. le
Royal river, and probably he built Beau- acquired the name of the French Pctrofort soon afterwards. In 1715, on the nius, fiom his novels; one of which,
occurrenice of an Indian war, he dis- entitled " Les Egaremens dn Ceur et de
played great vigor and talents, and ex- l'Esprit," is alluded to by Sterne in his
polled from the province the invading  "Seimentimetl Journey."  D. 1777.
savages.                                CREECH, THOMAS, an English poet,
CRAWFORD, ADAM, a physician and     was b. at Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1659;
naturalist of considerable eminence in  and after receiving the rudiments of a
his profession; physician to St. Thomas's classical education at Sherborne freehospital, and professor of chemistry at school, finished his studies at Wadham
Woolwich. IHe was the author of sev- college, Oxford.   Ile translated, into
eral chemical works, and the first who  English verse, Lucretius, Horace, Theocprescribed muriate of barytes for the ritus, &c. D. by his own hand, 1700.
scrofula. B. 1749; d. 1795.-ANNE, an    CREIGHTON, ROnRT, an       English
actress of great ability, which combined  divine  and  musical composer.  He
with her personal beauty, caused her for shared the exile of Charles II., and
many years to be highly attractive on  spent the leisure thus unhappily affordthe staoe. D. 1801, aged 67.-DAVID, ed him in tle study of music. Ameong
historiographer for Scotland in the reign  his compositions is the celebrated anof Queen Anne, ancd the author of sev- them, " will arise and go to my father,"




O82&                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [CRO
which is performed in nearly all thle En-  CRICHTON, JAMES, a Scottish genglish cathedrals. D. 1736.           tleiant of the 16tlhcentury, who, on acCRELLIUS, JOHN, a German divine. count of his remarkable endowments,
He was a Unitarian, and one of the ablest obtained the surname of the AdIeirable.
advocates of that sect, which he defend- The most extraordinary tales of his
ed at once ably and courteously against prowess, both bodily and mental l-ave
Grotins. His cliief works are, " Answer been handed down to us; but, so far as
to Grotius," "Twvo Books-concerning  the latter is concerned, the verses that
the One God, the Father," "A Treatise remain, go far to show, tlat, howevecr
concerning the Holy Spirit," and "A  astonishing he might be on account of
Defeince of Religious'Liberty." D. 1633. his versatility, he received at least as
CRESCENZI, JUAN BAPTISTE, marquis much praise as he deserved.   ie was
de la Torre, xwas an eminent painter, b. educated at St. Andrew's, and gave
at Rome, towrdls the end of the 16th  such early proofs of his learning, that
century. Philip IV. made tlim a gran- he obtained the degree of M.A. when
dee of Castile, and honored him with  only 14-years of age. IIe excelled in
his title,-PIETRO, the restorer of the eloquence; overcame every opponent in
scientific study of agriculture in Europe, logic and scientific disputation; knew
was b. at Boloona, 1230. He spent a ten languages; and was a per.'ct master
long life in acquiring and disseminating  of all military and athletic exercises. He
agricultural klnowledge; and his " Ru- is said to have been stabbed by his puralinm Commodoruilm" is a masterly pro- pil, Vincenzo Gonzaga, son of the duke
duction, founded on sime prinple les, of Mamta, and to have d. of the wounr,
and free from many errors that contin- in 1583, agsed only 23.
ued to preval even for centuries after.  CRILLON MAHON, Louis DnF BitR
CRESPI, GIOVANNI MARIA, surnamed   TON DES BALBES DE QUIERS, duke de, a
11 Spagnuolo, on account of the cox- descendant of Louis de Berthon Crillon,
combry of his attire, an eminent Bolog- an eminent military officer. He served
nese painter of the 18th century. His against England in her war with the
chief talent lay in caricatures; but there United States of America. He cormare lmany of his more ambitious corn- nanded at the celebrated siege of Gibpositions in the palaces and churches raltar, where he was repulsed by the
of Bologna.  In order to command a ability and courage of General Elliot.
nice observation of the force of light and  He wrote "Military Memoirs," and d.
shadow, he used to paint in a room in  1796.-Louis ATHANASIUS BALBES BER.vwhich there was only a sufficient aper- TON DE, brother of the last named; an
ture to adnlit a single ray of light.  eminent French divine and scholar; auCRESSEY, or CR'ESSY, I-IuoH PAULIN, thor of " Memoires Philosophiques de
an eminent Catholic divine and writer; M. le Baron de * * *, Chambellan de
anthor of "Exomologesis," a narration  S. Mh.'Imp. Reine," a treatise "'D
of the cause of his conversion to the l'Homme Morale," &c. D. 1789.
Catholic faith; "The Church History    CRITIAS, an Athenian, was among
of Brittany," &c.  He was ani able the number of the rulers who are made
writer, and as much distinguished for notorious in history under the title of
his candor and goocl temper in disputa- the "thirty tyrants," and is said to
tion as for his ability in argument. D. have distinguished himself even among
1674.                                them  for cruelty and avarice. When
CREUTZ, GUSTAvUS PHILIP, count of, Thrasybulus and his patriotic friends
a Swedish poet and statesman, b. 1726. took arms against "the thirty," Critias
His poem, entitled "Atis og Camilla,"  was slain in an attack made on the Piis considered a very fine production. rE-us, in the year 400 B. c.
He was appointed Swedish minister at   CROCKETT, DAVID, an       eccentric
Paris, where he renmained twenty years, backwoodsman, who was elected to the
and became particularly acquainted with  congress of the United States in 1827,
Miarmnontel and other celebrated French  where he acquired great notoriety by his
writers. 1). 1785.                   speeches and actions. Many of the sayClEVIER, JoaN BAPTIST Louis, a ings and doings ascribed to him, howFrench historical writer; author of a ever, are fictitious. He moved to Texas
continuation  of "Rollin's History," in 1834, and fell heroically fighting in
"History of the Roman Emperors to    defence of the Alamo in San Antonio de
Constantine inclusive," "History of the Bexar.
University of Paris," "Observations on  CROES, JOHN, bishop of the Protestthe Spirit of Laws," &c. D. 1765.    ant Episcopal church of New Jersey, b.




CRo]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                         329
of Germnul  parents at Elizabethtown, the duke of Richmlond, the natural son
1762.  Ife educated himself, and was   of Henry VIII. Ie was one of the
ordained a priest in 1792. His minis- earliest English cultivators of the Greek
trations were confined mostly to Spotts- language, and wrote some valuable treawood and New Brunswick, till his elec- tises on philosophical subjects. D. 1558.
tion in 1816 to the bishopric of ITew    CROMWELL, THOMAs, earl of Essex;
Jersey enlarged the sphere of his use- one of the ablest statesmen of the time
fulness. I. 1832.                      of Henry VIII.    Being confidentially
CR(ESUS, the fifth and last king of  employed by Cardinal Wolsey, he got a
Lydia. He succeeded his father, Alyat- seat in the house of commons; and
tes, in the year 557 B. c., and was so  when the full tide of popular as well as
fortunate in all his enterprises, that he' courtly hate ran against his once powersoon became one of the richest monarchs ful friend and patron, he boldly and ably
of that time. Vain of his great wealth  defended him. In all probability this
and influence, he asked tle philosopher very circumstance tended to recommenl
Solon what lie thought of his good for- him to the truculent Henry VIII., who.
tune: "I pronounce no man bfrtunate    on the death of Wolsey, cistinguished
until his death," was the sage's reply. and employed him. In the various high
Subsequently the wealthy and powerful offices he held, he served the king zealmonarch was overpowered and made a     ously, ably, and faithfully; but his merit
prisoner by Cyrus, king of Persia. Ac- in th'at lespect is greatly liminished by
cording to the barbarous practice of the  the indiffrence he displayed to the weltime, the unhappy captive was bound    fare of the people. Having, after all his
to the stake and about to be burnt to  services, given offence to the king, by
death. In this miserable condition he promoting the marriage between his
recalled the impressive words of Solon, majesty and Anne of Cleves, he was arandc thrice repeated that philosopher's rested while sitting at the council table
name. Cyrus, struck with the earnest- on a charge of high treason, condemned
ness of his tone, demanded an explana- even without a hearing, and notwithtion. Craesus gave it; and Cyrus, prob- stancino a most humble and affecting
ably impressed by it writh a more than  letter to the king, beheaded on Towerusual feelilg of the mutability of all hu- hill, July 28, 1540.-OLIVER, one of the
man greatness, not only s pard his life, most extraordinary characters in English
but also took him into his fhavor and  history, was the grandson of Sir Henry
protection.                            Cromwell, and tlhe son of Robert CroniCROFT, Sir HlliumBERT, was originally  well, a man of good property, and a
intended CorI the bar, but took jloly or- brewer at Huntingdon, where Oliver
ders, tihough he never held any b'sefice. was b., April 25, 1599. Having been
Ile wrote a life of Dr. Young, which   educated at the free-school of tlhat city
was introduced into Johnson's "'Lives  and at Sydney college, Cambridge, lhe
of the Poets," and a volume of letters, became a law student at Lincoln's Inn.
entitled "' Love and Madness," and sup- I-ere, however, he did not remain long;
posed to be written by the Rev. James as in his 21st year he married Elizabeth,
Ilackman, who was hanged in 1779, for the daughter of Sir James Bourchier,
shlootinl Mliss Ray. D. 1816.-Sir Ricu- and settled at Iuntingdon.   In his
AIrD, a relation of thle last named, anud  youth he is said to have manifested a
his successor in the baronetcy. He wras  degree of reckless dissipation  but as
very eminent as a surgeon and accou- soon as he married he threw the follies
chliur; and was selected to attend the  of youth aside, and assumed a staid and
Pirincess Charlotte, the la-mentteddauh- grave aspect.and deportment, well calter of George IV. and Queen Ciaroline. culatel to obtain the esteem and confiThe unfortunate death of his illustrious  dence  of his neighbors, one of the
patient, in 1817, so preyed upon his consequences of wvhich was his being
minld, that lie committed suicide a few  elected member of parliament for Huntmonths after.-iWILLIAM, an excellent ingdon, in 1625. Shortly after his elecEngrlish musician aund composer. IIis tion he openly attached himself to the
best anthlems and a sublime burial ser- Puritans, vwlo were just then rapidly
vice, were-published in 1724, under the  rising into power and influence. IIn his
title of " Musica Sacra. B. 1667; d. 1727. parliamentary career lie wavs remarkable
CROKE, Sir AiLEXANDDER, b. at Ayles- rather for his business-like habits and
burya, as an eminient civilian, and a  onergy of character, than for elegance of
voluminous awriter. D. 1842. —LIOAD,, larngiuage or gracefulness of delivery,
an Eunglish divine and scholar; tutor to IHis appearance and dress, too, were
28-9




330                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [OCR
plain and unprepossessing. He not- trious, and exact in his official duties;
withsl;anding acquired conlsiderable in- yet, under the guise of piety and virtue,
fluence; and in 1642, when it wvas he practised the most subtle Machiavelresolved to levy forces to oppose the ism, and maintained his power as lie had
king, Cromwell received a commission   acquired it, by cunning and boldness.
from the earl of Essex, and raised a troop  He had appointed his eldest son, Richard,
of horse at Cambridge, of which he, of  to succeed him; but the reins of governcourse, had the command. Small as      ment were not to be held by one so mild
was this beginning, the energy and self- amid virtuous; and having been cornpossession of the man made it sufficient. pelled by the mutinous officers to disThis force he soon enlarged to a regi- solve the parliament, he voluntarily
mert of 1000 men, at the head of which  abdicated the protectorship, April 22,
he became the most conspicuous of the  1659, and ended his days in tranquil
parliamentary leaders.  Between 1642   seclusion, at Cheshunt, Hertfordshire,
-nd 1646 he signalized himself on a great in 1712. His brother Henry, whose upvariety of occasions, particularly  at right administration, as viceroy of IreMarston Moor, Newbury, Naseby, and     land, had gained him many friends, also
Torrington. In the negotiations which  retired to private life, an. cd. in 1674.ensued between the king and the vie- O LIVE, great grandson of Henry, second
torions parliament, Cromwell was at son of the protector. He was for sevfirst disposed to consent to restoring  eral years a solicitor in London, and
Charles under certain. conditions, but, held the appointment of clerk to St.
finding that the royal captive was not to  Thomas's hospital. He is noticed here
be trusted, he resolved to join in bring- chiefly on account of his valuable pLubing him to the block. I-Ie was one of lication, entitled' "Memoirs of theProthe forty persons who, after the death of  tector Cromwell, and his sons Richard
Charles, formed the council of state. and Henry; illustrated by Original LetIreland yet remained to be subdued. ters and other Family Papers."       He
Cromwell was, therefore, appointed lord  succeeded to the family estates of Thegovernor of that island for three years, obalds, which descended to him through
and in August, 1649, he sailed to assume  the children of Richard Cromwell above
the command. Storming Drogheda and     named, and d. at Clieshunt-park, Herts,
Wexford with horrible slaughter of the  in 1821, aged 79.
garrisons, he so terrified the enemy that  CROWNE, JOHN, a poet and dramatist
in nine months peace was restored. In  of the 17th century, and the cotempo1650 he defeated the Scots at Dunbar; rary of Dryden. He was a native of
and, in the following year, lie obtained  Nova Scotia, but passed the greater part
what he called his " crowning victory"  of his life in England. At the command
over Charles, at Worcester. One step   of Charles II. he wrote the " Masque of
inore sufficed to place him at the summit Calisto;" and subsequently he ridiculed
of power. Having by force dissolved    the whig party, in his comedy of " The
the Long Parliament, he assumed the    City Politics."  Besides seventeen drasupreme authority, in 1653, under the  nas, he wrote "Dalneids," a burlesque
title of lord protector. The title of king  poem; and " Pandiofi and Amphigeria,"
lie was more than once desirous to ob — a romance.
tain, but was deterred from assumning it  CRUDEN, ALEXANDER, who was betby the dread of alienating his partisans. ter known during his life by his assumed
For five years he maintained himself in  title of "Alexander the Corrector," was
the perilous station to which he had   a native of Aberdeen, b. 1701, and edureached, but his sway was disturbed by  cated with a view to his becoming a
incessant plots, cabals, and other cir- minister of the kirk of Scotland. Uncumstances of formidable annoyance. happily he exhibited such an unsteadiAt length he fell into a nervous fever, ness of intellect that he was not considof which lie d., September 3, 1658. The  ered fit for so important a profession;
political administration of Cromwell was  and, proceeding to London, he for some
ener getic and decisive; the army was time maintained himself by giving priregularly paid, and the public revenues rate lessons in the classics; but in 1732
were strictly and economically managed; hlie commenced business as a bookseller,
while the honor of England was well near the Royal Exchange. While thus
maintained on the ocean, and her foreign  employed, he devoted his leisure in
commerce assumed a flourishing aspect. compiling a very elaborate and useful
He lived without parade or ostentation;l "Concordance of the Old and New
he was temperate, indefatigably indus-  Testament."  Soon afterwards he be



~UM]                 CYCLOPEADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      331
came decidedly lunatic, and was placed  CUFF, HENY, an eminent English
by his- friendcs in a madhouse ait Bethnal scholar, Wvas for some time Greek progreen, from which place, however, he lessor at Merton college, Oxford; but
contrived to make his escape, and sub- growing weary of a secluded life, he besequently broughlt ain action for false came secretary to Robert, earl of Essex,
imprisonment, but was nonsuited. He on the expedition to Cadcliz. Being imsubsequently resumed his old employ- plicated in the transactions which ledlto
ment of correcting the press.  As a the apprehension and trial of the earlof
literary man he was extremely industri- Essex, the latter charged him with beir r
ons, patient,and able; and his " Con- his adviser and abettor in all his violent
cordance" holds, and ever will hold, a measures. Cuff was accordingly tried,
very high place in the estimation of tll condemned, and executed in 1601.
biblical stdents. D. 1770.             CUJACIUS, or CUJAS, JAMEs, a cel -
CRUIKSIIANI, WILLIAM, an eminent brated French jurist; was professor of
English surgeon, anatomist, and writer; law at Turin, and was held in the highauthor of' lThe Anatomy of the Ab- est esteem as an expounder of difficult
sorbent Vessels of the Human Body,"  questions. His writings were collected
"Experiments on the Insensible Per- i five folio volumes. D. 1590.
spiration of the Ituman Body," &c. D.  CULLEN, WILLIAM, a celebrated phy1800.                                sician and medical writer, was b. at LanCRUZ, JUxATA IxEZ DE LA, an ingeni- ark, 1712. After serving his apprenticeous lady, b. at Mexico. She was nattu- ship to a srgeon alnd apothecary at
rally en'dowed with great powers ofmind, Glasgow, he went some voyages as a
which were carefully cultivated, andt surgeon.  He subsequently settled at
rendered her well-skilled in philosophy, Glasgow, and was appointed lecturer on
history, matiemlatics, poetry, and every  chemistry in the university of that city,
blrmnch of literature. The poems.which in which capacity he obtaiined so high a
sle publisled possessed great merit, reputation, that lhe at length became
according to the opinion of Father Fey- medical professor in the university of
jod. Tle best part of her life was spent Edinburgh. As ian author, he is well
inl the seclusion of the monastery of St. known by his " Lectures on the Materia
Geronilo, where she d. 1695.         Medica," "Synopsis Nosologism PracCRUZ CANO Y OLMEDILLA, DON         ticse," and his "I First Lines on Medical
JUATN DE LA, an eminent Spanish geog- Practice." I). 1790.
rapher of the 18th centnry; author of  CULPEPER, Sir THOMAS, an'English
the " Mapo Geographico de America writer of the 17th century; uathor of
Meriilion;."                        " Considerations on Mairriate," a " DisCTESIBIUS, of Alexandria, an erni- course on Usury," "Brief urveyof the
nent ancient mathematician. He is said  Growth of Usuriy in Englalndl."-NIC oto have invented the puamp; and he LAS, an English herbalist of the 1tli cenconstructed a clepsydra, or water-clock, triy. He was educatec at Cambridge;
in iwhicli the movingl power was a falling and, after servinrg his apprenticeship to
column of water. A work of his, en- an apothecary, settled in that profession
titled " Geodesia, or the Art of Dividing  at Spitalfields, in London. Ite wrote a
and Measuring  Bodies," is to be found'"Herbal" and a " Dispensary," but the
in the Vatican Library. He flourished  science and industry which fie indlisplin the 16 th Ol viqpiad, or about 120 B.. tably possessed were in a great degree
CTESIPIION, or CHERSIPItIQN, a marred by his absurd pretensions to asfamlous Epliesian architect. He gave trolog.-THOMAs, lord1, governor of Virthe design for the first templeof Diana ginia fiom 1680 to 1683. D. 1719.
of the Ephesians, which was fired by   CUMBERLAND, RICHARD, bishop of
Erostratus. He flourished in the 6th  Peterborongh; atlhor of a treaitise'De
ccnturv PB..                        Legibus NatturT," written in opposition
CUDWO)RTH, RALPIH, an English      to tlhe philosophy of Iobbes; a transladivixne and philosopher; author of a tion firom Eusebius of "Sanconiatlhon's,isourse Oconcerning the Tnre Nature  Phcenician IIistory," an "Essay on the
of tie, Lord's Supper," " The True In- Jewish Weights and Measures," "Oritellectul SySstem of the Universe," &c. gines GentiiluL Antiquissilne." Ie was
lie was an extremiely learned and powver- an extremely learned man, but not more
ill writer; and, indcependentlv of hold- remiarkable'for learning thanl for modest
ilnx siomne,valuaible churceh preferment, he alnd unaspiring virtues.-RICHARD, tani
was master of Christ's college, Cam- able dralnatic and miscellaneous writer,
bridge. D. 1688.                     was a son of Dr. Cumberland, bishop




$3z2                  CBYC-LOPAiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [OUR
of Clonfert, and b. 1732. He was ill-   CTUNNINcGHAM ALEXANDERL, a Scotch
troduced to public life as the secretary, historical writer; author of a " Ilstory
of Lord IHalifax, wheni viceroyo of Ire- of Great Britain, fion the Revolution to
land. His first iiterary efforts obtained  the Accession of George.1"  This was
ibr him but little fime; but on the ap- elegantly written by him in Latin, but a
pearance of his comedy of "The West translation of it was published by Dr.
ndian    i 171, is reputin   1,   as a Thompson, in 1787. (unninohamn also
dramatist was at once established. From  held some government emlployments,
this period till the time of his decease, amonpg which was that of resident at
he continued to be one of the most pro- Venice. D. 1737.-AL.LAN, an eminent
lific writers for the stage, though none  poet, novelist, and miscellaneous writer,
of his subsequent pieces were so sue- was b. at Blackwood, in Dunmfriesshire,
cessfnl as the comedy before mentioned. 1785. Iis parents were in very humble
In 1780 he was employed by the govern- circumstances, and lhe was taken from
mnent to conduc         t seret   gotiation  school when only 11 years of age, and
with the courts of Madrid and Lisbon; apprenticed to a stone-mason. These
which, to the disgirace of the ministry, disadvantaoeous circumstances did not
involved him in glrela cistress, as they  prevent him from acquiring,, by great
refused to reimnburse his expenses, to  though cdesultory reading, mltch informthe amount of ~5,000, which compelled  ationi; and ia 1810 he i'epaired to Lonhim to part with his hereditary proper- don, where he at first earned ai mainty. To add to his distress, the bobard of  tenance by contributing to periodicals,
trade was broken up, and he retired, and reportincg for the press. At a later
with a trifling pension, to Tnbride    peiod he obtained employment il the
Wells, where he cevoted himself to lit- studio of the erminent sculptor Chantrey,
erary pursuits with the most unabating  as principal assistant, which enabled
ardor and industry. Besides his nunmer- hinm to rosecute his literary tastes withous dramatic productions, he publish- out hazar7d; and he so well improved
ed a collection of essays, under the title  his advanttages, that he not merely disof " The Observer," {lso the novels of  tinguishecl himaself as a critic land histo"4 Arindel h" "ienry," and "John de rian as to the arts, and as a poet and
Lancaster;" "Calvary," a poem a,  nd  novelist, but also by combniing the pruvarious other works, the last of which  dence andt tact of the man of business
was his own " Maemoirs."   The comic with the fervor and feieling of the man
dramla was certainly his forte; but or genius, acquired considerable pecuthrouglhout the whole of his writings niary resources. Among his numerous
there is much merit, and many of themla  works are " Sir Marmacluke Maxwell,"
possess the elements of a lasting vitali- a drama; " Paul Jones," and " Sir Mity. D. 1811.-WILLIAuB AUGJUSTu  dlke clhael Scott," novels; the "Lives of
of, second son of George II., was b. Burns and Sir David Wilkie," besides
1721, and at an early age entered on the  many poems, ballads, and lyrics; but
duties of a military life. At the battle his most important work, and that by
of Dettingen, in 1743 hle was wounded, which he is best known south of the
while fighting by the side of his father; Tweed, is " The Lives of British Paintand in 1745 ie signalized himself, when  ers, Sculptors, and Architects."  D.
commander-in-chief of the British army  1842.-JoruN, an ingenious Irish poet
in Flanders, at the battle of Fontenoy, and dramatic performner:  author of
where, however, he was obliged to yield  "The Landscape," and other poems,
the palm of victory to Marshal Saxe. and of " Love in a Mist," a firce, upon
On his return to England lhe took the  which Garrick is said to have founided
field against the Scottish rebel troops, that of the L Lying Valet."  D. 1773.
whom he defeated at the battle of Cullo-  CURL, EDIMND, a bookseller, whose
den; but he stained his laurels by un- name is handecl cown, like many others,
necessary cruelty. 1). 1765.          by the satirical wit of Pope, kept a shop
CUNITIA, MARIA, a learned lady in   in the purlieus of Covent-garden, and
the 17th century, b. in Silesia.  She had his ears cut off in the pillory as a
possessed a perfect knowledge of an- reward for publishling obscene books.
cient and modern languages, but par-    CURRAN, JOHN PIILPOT, a celebrated
tieularly excelled in mathematics and  Irish barrister, of humble origin, was b.
astronomy, on which she wrote some near Cork, 1750; received his education
ingenilous treatises, especially her " Ura- at Trinity college, Dublin. amnd comling
lia Propitia," in 1650, in Latin and Ger- to London, studied law in thle Temple.
maan. D. I16S.                        In course of time he was -Cd lled to the




culS]                 CYCLOPAEIA. OF BIOGR-AP:HY.                       8833
bar, and thourgh at first he had to strug- the gulf.-RUFUS QU-INTUS, a ROmfan hisgle with greit cdifficulties, his brilliant toran, who wrote the history of Alextalents, exerted in defence of various  ander the Great in ten books, the first
persons charged with political offences, two of which are lost. The exact period
overcame all obstacles, anrd he quickly in which he flourished is not known;
rose to forensic eminence. Ie became   ior thouglh his style would indicate that
a member of the Irish house of com- he lived in one of the best periods of
mons in 1784, and was a povwerful mel- the Latin lainguage, no writer of any
ber of the opposition until the Whigs  earlier cldate than tlhe 12th century has
canme into office, ill 106, when lie was made any mention of him.
made master of the rolls in Ireland.     CUSA, NICIOLAS iE, an eminent earThis office he held until 114, and re- dinal, who took his name from that of
ceived a pension of ~3,000 on retiring, the village of Cusa, in the diocese of
af'ter which period he generally resided  Tieves, where w he was born. After soeme
in London. His oratorical powers wvee  minor prefermenits in the church, he
of the most splendid kind; his wit     was sent by Pope Eugenius IV. as legate
pathos, and sarcasms beino alike irresisti- to Constantinople, to endeavor to bring
ble; and though m.ean in personal ap- about a union between the Greek and
pearance, anld not always using his    Latin churches.  He was made a cardi-.
intellectual reapons with good taste, nal by Pope Nicholas V., who also gave
they enabled him to support tlhe charac- him the see of Brixen, in the Tyrol. Beter of a popular advocate and an eftec- sides metaphysical, theological, mnathetive debater. D. 1817.                 matical, and other treatises, which form
CJRRIE, JAMES, was a native of Scot- thrse volumes folio, he wrote a very
land, but settled as a medical man at learned and powerful refutation of the
Liverpool, where he enjoyed an exten- Koran. D. 1464.
sive acnd very lucrative practice. Ile is  CUSHING, THiOMAS, lieutenant-govvery favorably known as a professionsal ernor of Massachusetts, was graduated
writer, by a paper "On Tetanus and     at Harvard college, 1744. Being the son
Convilsive Disorders," and "Medical of an eminent merchant of Boston, lhe
Reports,"' &c. But his literary celebrity  had no chosen profession. He was early
rests less upon his professional treatises  called into public life, first as a repre -
than upon his biography of the poet sentative of Bosto, and afterwards
Burns, an edition of whose works was speaker of the house.      He held the
superintended by Dr. Currie, in a man- latter office whesn the controversy with
ner which obtained him great and well- England had reached the point, which
merited applause. D. 1805.             made an appeal to arms indispensable,
CURTIS, WILLIAM, an eminent En- and he sided with his counltry. He was
glish botanist, was a native of Alton, in  a member of the first and second conHampshire, and wvas apprenticed to an  gress. On his return to his own state
apothecary in that place. But lis love  he was elected into the council, which
of botanical pursuits induced him to   then constituted the supreme executive.
relinquish his profession to establish a  After the adoption of the present conbotanical garden, and exhibit as a botani- stitution of Massachusetts he was electcal lecturer. Besides his lectures, which  ed lieutenant-governor, and was kept in
were published with    expensive and   that office till his death. D. 1788, aged
hadcsome illustrative plates, lie wrote  62.-WILLAM, judge of the supreme
"Practical Observations on the British  court of the United States, was graduGrasses," "Flora Londinensis," an ac- ated at Halrvard college, 1751. In 1772
curate and beautifill work; a "Botanical he received a commission as justice of
Magazine," &c. D. 1799.                the superior court of Massachusetts, and
CURTIUS, MARCUS, a celebrated Ro- in 1777 that of chief justice.   At the
man. Livy relates, that in the year beginning of the revolution among the
362 B. c., a vast chasm appeared in the  high in office, he, alone, supported the
midst of the Forum, which the oracle   rights of his country.  At the, orga.npronounced could only be closed by the  ization of the federal government, he
Romans throwing into it that by which  was placed by Washington, in 1789, on
they were most powerful.   Curtis de- the bench of the supreme court of the
cared that the arms and courage of the  United States, and held the office till his
Romans were their most valuable pos- death. D. 1810.
sessions, and having solemnly devoted    CUSTINE, ADAM PHILIP, count de,
himself, he put on his armor, mounted  was b. at Metz, 1740; and having enhis horse, and galloped headlong into  tered the army early in life, attracted




2384                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [CZE
the notice of Frederic of Prussia, under  bishop of Carthage; and suffered marwhom he served in the seven years' tyrdom in 258.
war.   He afterwards accepted a corn-    CYRIL, ST., originally named CONmission in one of the French regiments STANTINE, and called the Philosopher,
that assisted the Americans in resisting  was the apostle of the Slavi, in the 9th
the English; and on returning to France century, and invented the Sclavonic alwas made governor of Toulon. In 1792 phabet. D. at Rome., in 822.
he had the command of the army of the   CYRUS, king of Persia, a renowned
Rhine; but being suddenly summoned    conqueror-, was the son of Camb)yses and
to France, the rulers of the hour sent Mandane, daughter of Astyages, king
him to the guillotine, August, 1793.  of Media, by whom he was sent to PcrCUTHBERT, an English saint, who     sia. Here he soon collected a formidhad the honor to baptize EgfredI king  able army, and deposed his grandfatther,
of Northumberland, and the good for- 560 B. c.   He also conquered Crcesus,
tune to be made bishop of that district. the rich and powerful king of Lydia,
He founded a monastery at Lindisfarne, and Nabonadius, king of BMiloin, whose
and d. in 686.                        capital he took, after a siege of two
CUVELLIER DE TRIE, JOHN WIL- years. Extending his conquests on all
LIAM AUGUSTUS, a French dramatist of  sides, till his dominions in Asia reaclied
great fecundity and considerable talent, from the Htellespont to the Indus, lie at
was b. 1766, and d. 1824. He was some- length niarched against the Massagetie,
times called the Corneille of the bou- a people of Scytliia, then ruled by a
levards.                               queen named Tomyris; but though sueCUVIER, GEORGE,LEOPOLD CIHRSTIAN   cessful in the first great battle, he was
FFREIERIE) DAGOBERT, Baron; the most defbated in the second, and slain, 529
eminent naturalist of modern times; B. c.-Thle YOUNxGER, was the soI of Dawas b. at Montbeliard, in the lduchy cf  rius Nothus, and brother of Artaxerxes,
Wirtemberg, 1769. Having a decided    whose life lie attempted, in order to
partiality for natural history, he devoted  obtain the throne. I-He was, however,
his leisure hours to the pursuit of that pardoned, and made governor of Lydia;
interesting science, while acting in the but lihe treacherously raised an army,
capacity of private tutor in the family  marched against his brother, fought a
of count cd'Hericy, in Normandy. As desperate battle, and was killed, 400 B.C.
soon as lie quitted this situation lie -Of Panapolis, a Latin poet and solestablished himself in Paris; and such  dier, in the time of Theodosius the
was his talent, and such the perseve- Younger.    He was made consul and
rance with which he followed up his prefect of Constantinople; afterwards
examinations and inquiries, that lie was embraced Christianity, and was made
ere long acknowledged to be one of the  bishop of Plirygia, where lie died.
first zoologists in Europe. Ills profound  CZERNI-GEORGE, whose real name
knowledge and comprehensive views, was GEORGE PETROVITSCmI, the appellahis ingenious classifications and elegant tion of " George the Black" being given
illustrations, delighted the accomplished  him on account of the darkness of his
visitors of the Ly cee, where he lectured; complexion, was b. of humble parents,
and his fame reachinug the ears of Na- near Belgrade; but lie raised himself to
poleon, the most important offices in the the rank of a prince by the force of his
department of public instruction were  natural talents, and a degree of coursge
given to him. Hie twice visited England, rarely equalled. With an ardent desire
namely, in 1818, and in 1830; and d. at to liberate Servia, his native country,
Paris in 1832. To Baron Cuvier, France  from the Turks, he first raised a small
is indebted for the finest osteological troop, was successful in various eneollectibn in the world; while the whole  counters, and at leng(th, in 1800, made
world is indebted to him for the im- himself master of Belgrade.    A long
mense addition he has made to the gen- and arduous struggle followed; and
eral stosk of zoological science.-FRED- though for a time Czerni-George was
ERic, brother of the above, was also  the acknowledged prince of Servia, he
highly distinguished as a naturalist. D. was eventually compelled to retire to
1888.                                 Russia, where he was received with
CYPRIAN, THASCIUS CECILIUS, was a distinction, and    created  a Russian
learned father of the church, b. at Car- prince. But he was still bent on posthage, aind who embraced Christianity  sessing_ Servia; and having entered that
in 246.   He wrote a work, entitled    territory, in 1817, he was taken prisoner
"Gratia Dei;" succeeded Donatus, as and beheaded.




DALI                  CYCLOPADITA OF BIIOGRAPHY.                      S5
D.
DACII, SIMON, a German poet, b. the same institution, in 1748. He was
1605, professor of poetry at Konigsberg. a native of Attleborough, Mass., and in
D. 1659.                              1751 was settled in the ministry at Smith
DACIER, ANDREW, a critic and clas- Town on Long, Island. From this place
sical commentator of some eminence, b. he removed to New Haven in 1756, and
1651, at Calstres in Upper Languedoc. became professor of divinity in the colHI- was made perpetual secretary of the lege. lie held this office till his death;
French Academy in 1731, and had the and from the death of Mr. Clap in 1766,
care of the cabinet in the Louvre in- till April, 1777, lie exercised the duties
trusted to him. Hie translated Horace, of president. D. 1780.-DAVID, an emiPlaito Pltarch, Epictetus, &c., into nent judge of Connecticut, b. 1764, a
French. D. 1722.-ANNE LEFEVREI wife senator of the United States, Kent proof the preceding, was b. 1651, at Sau- tessor of law at Yale college, and chief
tur. I-er love of classical literature  justice of the supreme court of the
was displayed at an early age; and her United States. D. 1850.
proficiency was so great, thlat at the age  DAGOBERT I., king of the Franks,
of 22 she produced an admirable edition  siir named the Great on account of his
of " Callimachuis,"n which was followed  military success, began his reign in 628,
by various other.s of the Delphian clas- and d.'at the age of 32.
sics. She Isubsequently translated I-Ho-  D'AGUESSEAU, HENRY FRANCIS, callmer, Anacreon, Sappho, Terence, with  ed by Voltaire the most learned magisportions fioom  Aristophanes, Plautus, trate that France ever produced, was b.
&c. In 1683 she married M. Dacier, at Linioges in 1608, and d. 1751. His
and soon after they both renounced the works w'ree published in 13 vols. 4to.
Protestant religion.  Though her life   DALBERG, CHARLES THEODORE AN
was spent in constant literary labor, she THONY MARIA, a baron of the German
was far from being ostentatious of her empire, prince-priimate of the confedereminent abilities. D. 1720.           ation of the Rhine, grand-duke of FrankDAEI)ALUS, a celebrated Greek arch- fort, and, finally, archbishop of Ratisbon,
itect and sculptor, who is said to have  was b. near Worms, 1744. I-e espoused
flourislhed at Athens in the 10th cen- the new ideas to which the French revtury B.C., and to have been the inventor olution gave impulse; and though he
of' many useful instruments, viz., the opposed the invasion of Germany by
axe, the saw, the plummet, the auger, the Frencleh. in 1797. he assisted at the
&c.-There was also another Dedalus coronation of the Emperor Napoleon in
of less note, a sculptor of Sievyon.  1804. Throughout life he was distinDAENDELS, HERMA.N WILLIAM, a gished for industry in the discharge of
Dnutch general, b. at Hattem, 1762, who  his official duties, and for an incorrupttook an important part in the troubles ible love of justice,; he was also the enwhich began in Holland in 1787, on the courager of learning and science, and
side of tlie patriots, and, awith many of  himself the author of several ingenious
his countrymen of the same party, was treatises, legal, scientific, and philosophcompelled to take refuge in France. In  ical. In 1813 he voluntarily resigned
1793 lie was appointed colonel to the  all his possessions as a sovereign prince,
new legion of volunteers, and rendered  and retired to private life, retaining only
great service to Dumouriez and to Pich- his ecclesiastical dignity. D. 1817.
earu in 179'4. When Louis Bonaparte      D'ALBRET, (HARLOTTE, sister' of
ascended the throne lie was made gov- John d'Albret, king of Navarre, and
ernor-o eneral of Batavia.. le was re- wife of Casar Bor'lia. She was a poetess
called by Napoleon in 1812, and on his of no mean powvrs, and as remarkable
return 1Iublislied an account of his ad- for virtue as her husband was for vice.
ministration, in which many valuable D. 1514.-(CHPARLES, constable of France
statistics were also gixen. He was after- in the reign of Charles VI., to whom he
awards appointed b~y the king of the was related by blood. I-He commanded
Netherlands, to organize the colonies on  the French army at the famous battle of
thle coast of Africa. D. 1818.        Ainconrt, in which he lost his life,
DAGGETT, NAPTHALI, the fifth pres- 1514.-JEANNE, daughter of Margaret,
ident of Yale college, was graduated at queen of Navaire, and mother of Henry




830                   CYCLOP:ED1A OF BIOGRAPIHY.                      [PAL
of Navarre, afcerwards Hienry IV. of    I The Argus,"a work on the plan of the
France. D. 1572.                       SpectatorI; "A General listory of SweDALE, RICHARD an American naval den " " JBrulmhilda       a tragedy, &c.
officer, was b. ii Virginia, 1 756; was B. 1708S; d. 1768.
sent to sea at 12 years of ae, and at 19 DALLAS, Sir GEORGE lord hiefju.shad the command of a merchlant-vessel. tice of the common pleas, was b. in
While serving as a    nidshipma n on   London,!758, and at the age of 18 he
board of the American brig-of-war Lex- wnt to Idia as a writer, where his
ington, hle was taken by a British cutter; talents soon raised him to high civil
but, after being confined a twelvemonth  offices. Ile warmly espoused the cause
ia Mill prison, he effected his escape  of Hastings when impeached,, and in
into France, where he joined the cele- 1789 he wrote a pamphlet, in whicl hle
brated Paul Jones, then commanding    attributed to him the British sulareIma
the American ship Bon Hlomine Eicharc  in India.  In 1793 le publisiled his
and was the first mana that boarlded the' Thonghts upon our Present Situntion,
English frigate Serapis which was cap- witlih emarkLs upon the Policy of a War
tured. In 10      he had the commaneud  with France," which created considerof an American scquadroln, and hoisted  able sensation, and especially excited the
hli pendlant on board the President. cadmiration of MrI. Pitt. D. 18;3.-R-oBIde was a brave, honorable, and intelli- ERT CnIARLES, known as the friend a.ind
gent seaman.   The aclventures of his  biographer of Lord Byron, was b. at
early'days were of the most rolmant ic  King'stoni Jamaica, and studied the law
and perilous kind; but his latter years in the Irlner Temple.  After residing
were passed in the peaceful enjoymlent for a time in France and America, lie
of a conmpetent estate at Philadelphia.  returned to Enuland, and devoted hinmD. 1826.- DAVID, a skilful meclanlic, self to litertte  I-Te translated several
anCal the orlinator of tlhe well-known  -wiorks from tho French1, and wrote the
Laniark Miils, was b. 1739, at Stewarton, novels of" Atubrey,T "Perceval,' "The
in Ayrshire. From beillg a journeyman.orlaniids," &c.; butL  he is now more
weatve     r he became a cotton manuafactureber r memered for his'R Ilecollections of
on a lmost extensive scale, first in con- Lord Byroin.'  D. 18-12.-ALE-XANDER
-julction with Sir R. Arkiwright, andd JAaEs, was b. in the island of Jamaicna,
afterwards s on his own acount. By his  1759. In 1783:he left Jamlaica for the
mean's employment was given to thou- United States, and settled in Philadelsands, old and young; nor did he leave  phia. In 1785 lie was admitted to practhe lattie without the means of mental tise in the supreme court of the state,
instrtuction, but provided teachers andd and i foul or five years in the courts of
established schools at all his works. D. the Union. During this time lie pre1806.-Sir Tuomuts, was sent.out to Vir- pared his " Eeports," and was enogaged
ginia as high marshal, in 1609, anid a  n various literary pursuits, writing
second time in May, 1611, with 800 col- much in the periodical journals.  lie
onists, supplies, and new laws2 with the  occupied successively the offices of secexecution of which he was intrusted. retary of Pennsylvania; district attorney
His administration was rigorous and   of the United'States; secretary of the
excited great disaffection, but the in- treasury, and secretary of war. On the
terests of the colony were advanecd   restoration of peace in 1816, Mr. Dallas
under it. He built the town of Hen- resigned his political situation, and reiico, on Jamnes river, and conquered   smnecd the successful practice of his prothat of the Apponmattox Indians, a:t the fession.  His services as an advocate
mouth of the river of that name. In   were called for in almost every part of
August, 1611, Sir Thomas Gates sue- the Union, but in the midst of very
cee'ded him in the government.    He  flattering expectations he d. at Trenton
continued, however, to take an active in 1817.-ALEXANDER JAMEs, son of the
part in the affairs of the colony, and on  preceding, became a distinguished naval
the return of Gates to England, in 1614, officer of the United States. He entered
the chief command again devolved on   the navy in 1805, when only 14 years of
him. He retuined to Englanl in 1616. age, was with Commodore Rcgers on
HIe afterwards went to the East Indies, board of the President, in 1812, and,
and there died.                       subsequently with Chauncey on lake
DALIN, OLAUS VTON) called the father Ontario. He also accompanied Porter
of modern Swedish poetry, was the au- in his exterminating cruise amigalst the
thor of many spirited satires, songs, West India pirates.   D. 1844.
epiorams, and fables.  lie also wrote   DAL   YMPLE, ALEXANDER hydrog



BAN]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF Bi.OGRAPHY.                      J37
rapher to the Admiralty and the India his vicious inclinations, obtained the
Colpanpyll   was b. at Ne'w Hailes, near appellation of Robert le diabie, was b.
Edinburgh, in 1737, and spent the early  171;, at Tieulloy, a village of Artois.
part of his life in India, as a writer. Hie  While at P'ais, iin a menial employmient,
wrote "The Oriental Repertory," tlre  le e was accused of haring poisone one
" Collections of Voyages," &c. D. 1808. of his masters and robbed another; and
-Sir sDiAVID, a Scotch jtfdge and anti- having evaded the law by flight, ihe in
quary, was b. at Edinbuurgh in 1726, and  course oitine returned, to practise new
edulcated at Eton and Utrecht. On his enormities. In January, 1757, lie stabbed
becominig atudge of the court of session  Louis XV. in the iidcst of his guardcs, as
in 1768, le took the title of Lord IIailes. he was getting' into his carriage. The
Iiis principal orks are " Amnnais of Scot- wound was not mortal, and'Damiens
lannU," which Dr. Johnson assistec in  was instantly seized; but the most cruel
revising, and' Memorials relating to thie tortures which le Wvas doomed to suffer
1istory of Great Britain." D. 1792.-  could not induce him to confess that he
Sir sJoHN, for manyr years a baron of  had any accomplices; and the horrid
exchleqcler in Scotland, and the author sentence, which condemned hlimn to be
of " Memoirs of Great Britain and Ire- torn in pieces by horses, was executed
land."  D. 1810.                      March 28, 1757,
DALTON, JoIIN, a mathematician and    DA DMOCLES, a sycophanl at athe court
natlural philosopher, was b. at Eaofles- of Dionysius of Syracuse. lHe was one
field, near Cockermouth, in 1766. From  day extolling the happy condition of
teaching a school as a boy in his native princes, on vwhich the king invited him
village, in 1793, when in his 23d year, to a sumptuous  entertainment, but
he becamie professor of mathematics and  caused a naked sword to be suspended
natural philosophy in the new collegae, over his head by a single hair; thereby
Manchester. He made his first appearance intimating the cldager that awaited the
as an author in a vorlume of "Meteoro- great, though surrounlded by vassals
logfical Observationss and Essays," in  andc rev.ellings in luxury. This is said to
1793. In 1808 lhe published'"A New   have produced a salutary effect on the
Systsem of Chemical Philosophy," and a  courtier, who begged that the king
second part in 1810. In 1826 he was would dismiss him to any meaner stapresented with a gold medal by the tion, so that he emighlt live in safety.
ioyal Society for his scientific discov-  DAMON, a Pythagorean philosoipher,
eries; andc in 1883 the sum of ~2000 was rendered memorable for his fi'ienldslhi
raised by his friends and townsmeen for with Pythias. Diosnysius ha7vinl cor;the erection of a statue (by Chantrey) desmned him to death, he obtaineed leave
to perpetuate his remembrance.   HIis of absence to go home and settle Ils
"' Atomic Theory" must ever render his affairs, Pythias pledging himself to enname meemorable.   Cotemporaneously   dure the punishmeit in his stead if he
with Gay-Lussac, with whom many of    did not return at the appointed time.
his researches run parallel, he discovered  Daumon was punctual; and this instance
the important general law of the expan- of friendship so pleased the king, that
sion of gases; and his contributions to  he pardoned Damon, and requested to
meteorology were also of the most im- become one of his fiiends.
portant kind. D. 1844.-MICIAxEL, an     DAMPIEIR, WILLIAM, an      Enalish
eminent lawyer of the 16th century; navigator, was b. at East Colke, Somerthe author of a book on the (' Office of  setshire, in 1652, and became a mariner
a Justice of the Peace," and another on  at an early age. During manly years of
the " Duties of Sheriffs."  D. 1620.  active service in privateers andc tirading
DALZIEL, THOMAS, a Scotch general, vessels, he several times visited the
who was with Charles II. at the battle  South Seas; and the result of his obserof Worcester; after which he entered. vations were given to the public in a
into the Russian service, but was re- work, entitled "Voyages round the
called at the restoration.            World," ewhich possesses very conDAMER, ANNE SEY.OUR, eminent as siderable merit. He d., as is supposed,
a sculptor as well as foi her general ac- in 1712, but the exact time is not known.
complishments, was the daughter of       ANA    F, cefust       of MasField-,marshal Conway, and b. 1748. sachusetts under the constitution of 1780
She took lessons in the art -from Ceracci He was a delegate in congress from Mass.
and Bacon, and afterwards studied in  from 1776 to 1779, vwhen he accompanied
Italy. D. 1808.                       Mr. Adams to Paris as secretary of leDAMIENS, IRoBrmT, who owing to      gation. He was appointed minister to
29




~88                  CYCLOP.;EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [DAN
Russia in 1780, and1 though not publicly  wrote the " History of John IIT., king
received as such, remained there till the of Portugal."-'T'iOAS, another brother,
end of the war; he returned to America an ALugustine friar, called by his order
in 1783, and was a delegate in congress Thomas of Jesus, attended Don Sebasin 1784. He was appointed chief justic  tic m in his expedition against the elmperin 17..2, and resigned in 1806. D. 18LI, oi ot' Morocco, was taken prisoner, and
aged G68.-JAMIES FREEMAN, was gradu- shut up in a cave by the Moors, in which
raed at iHarvard college, 1815.and in a place he wrote a book called "The Suftew yeiars after was appointed assistant ferings of Jesus."
professor of chemistry in that senlinaryV.  DANE, NATHAN, an eminent jurist
In 1820 lie was appointed professor of and statesman. He was b. at Ipswich,
cicemiistry and mineralogy at Dartmouth  Mass. He was the framer of thle celecollege; resigned this office in 1826 on  brated ordinance of congress of 1787, for
being appointed professor of chemistry  the government of the territory of the
in theecollcge of plhsicians and surgeons United States northwest of the river
at New York. lie published, witx Ili  Olhio, by which the principles of fiee
brother, "Outlines of the Geology and  government, to the exclusion of slavery,
Mineralogy of Boston;" an "Epitome   were extended to an immense recion,
of Chemicale Philosophy;' as a text book. and its political andl moral interest se1. 1827.                            clured on a permanent basis. Iis great
DANCKERTS, the name of a family    work, entitled L" A General Abridgmnent
of Dutch artists, of awom CORNZTEIDIS b. ad Digest of American Law," will re1561, appears to have been the first of main a proof of his learning and indusany no e. He excelled as a portrait and  try, and the Dane Professorship of Law,
historical enrlaver.                 founded by his munificence at Harvard
DANCOURT, FLOIENCE CARTON, a        univiersity, and the Law Hall, will be
French actor and dramatic poet, was b. elnduring m onuments of his desire to
in 1661, at Fontainbleau, and was origfi- promote the interest of the profession
nally a barrister, bet quitted that pro- of law, and the welfare of the coinfession for the stae..  1726.       munity. D. 1834, aged 82 years.
DANDINI, CAsAR and VINCENT, two      DANGEAU, PHILIP DE COURCILLON,
Florentine painters of the 16th century, marquis of, was b. 16,8, and distinbotl elninent for their historical pieces; guished himself not less by his own
as was also their nephew PIETRO, who d. ta lents than by the patronLe le e afin 1712.                             forded to the literati of his day. IHe
DANIOLO, HENRY, a celebrated doge  wrote nll extensive "Journal of tlhe
of Venice, to which hiigh office he was Court of Louis XIV.," extracts fiom
chosen in 1192, wheni in his 84th year. whiclh have been published, but not the
At thle siege of Constantinople, driing work entire. 1. 1720.
the fourth crusade, the venerable cdoge  D'ANGH;IERA, PETER sIMAlRTR, an
commanded his men to lrn up to the   Italian scholar of a noble Milanese flinily,
walls, and. was himlself the first who  atuthor of several historical worls, which
leaped on shore, D. 1205, aged 97.-  are usually quoted under tlle namle of
VINCOENT, a Venetian chemist, ldescended  Peter Martyr. B. 1455; d. 1526.
fioml the ftinous doge and captor of Con-  DANICIAN, ANDRE, better known
stantinople, was b. 1758. At all times by the name of PHILrDOR, a celebrated
zealous fbr the independence of Italy, lie playerand writer on chess,wasb. tParLis,
became a member of the council of the and resided several years in England,
Cisalpine republic, after the treaty of where he published his " Analysis of
Campo Formio. Amnon    his works are that celebrated game, anld also soime
"Fondameniti della Scielnza Fisico-Che- musical comrpositions. D. 1795.
mica," &c. D. 1819.                    DANIEL, SAMUEL, a poet and histoD'ANDRADA, ANTHONY, a Portu- ria.n, was b. 1562, near Taunton, Devon,
guese Jesuit, wlo discovered in 1624 and educated at MagTdalen hall, Oxford.
the country of Cathay and Thibet, of He becamie poetlaureate on the death of
which hi published an account. D. 1634. Spenser, and was subsequently appoint— IEGO DEPAYVU, a learned Portuguese  ed to the office of groom of the bed —
divine, who distinguished himself at the chamlber to James T. Besides various
council of Trent by his talents and elo- poems, some of whvich possess considquence, and xwrote an elaborate defence  erable merit, he wrote a "History of
of it against the attack of Chemnitils. Englandm" to the end of the reign of
D. 157. —FRANCIs, his brother, was his- Edward III. D. 1619.
toriographer to the king of Spain, and  DANIELL, SAMUEL, an artist, wto




DAN]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       339
travelled into the interior of Africa, the republic. Here ended his good formacle numerous drawings there, and on  tune. He belonged to the party called
his return published a work entitled  the Bianchi, oi Whites; and their oppo" African Scenery."  He also spent six  nents, the Neri, or Blacks, having gained
vears in the island of Ceylon, where he the ascendency, he was first banished
cl. in 1811. He left an extensive collec- fiom Florence, and afterwards condemntion of drawings, cbiefly illustrative of ed to be burnt alive, in case of his fall-;he natural history of the island; and a ing into their hands. [Nearly all the revolume wias published, entitled "The  mainder of Dante's life was spent in
Scenery, An tnals, and Native Inhabit- wanderings, and in fiuitless struggles.
ants of Ceylon."-WILLAM, an eminent At length, he found an asylum with
draughtsman, b. 1769, was initiated in  Guido Novella, lord of Ravenna; and
the pictorial art at a very early age, and  at Ravenna lhe d. September 14, 1321.
accompmaied his uncle to India, when  Dante wrote various works, but his
he was only 14, for the express purpose fime rests on the Divina Comlmedia,
of assisting in depicting the scenery, which consists of three parts, Ilell, Purcostume, &c., of that interesting coun- gatory, and Heaven. In this astonishtry. Immediately on tleir return, the ing production Dante does, indeed, "on
large work, entitled "Oriental Scenery,"  Horror's head  horrors accumulate."
was printed. He also published " A    For boundless and wild imagination, for
Picturesque Voyage to India," a work  gloomy grandeur, for terrific energy, it
entitled " Zoograpiy,"' and a great va- has no superior; while, on the other
riety of separate views and panoranlas. hand, it often charms by exquisite
Hle was particularly successful in de- sweetness, simplicity, and grace. The
picting the ocean in all its varied aspects; best English translation (and it is not
and his glowing representations of East- likely to be surpassed) is that by Cary.
ern scenery are well known to the pub- — IGNATIUS, a Dominican, of the same
lie by his splendid " Oriental Annual." family as the poet.  He was a celeD. 1837.                              bratecl matheniatician, and wrote a treaDANNECKER, JOHN HENRYx, whose tise on the astrolabe. He became bishop
statue of Ariadne on the Leopard, at of Alatri, and d. 1586.-JOHN BAPTIST,
Frankfort, would suffice to place him in  professor of mathematics at Venice in
the first rank of modern sculptors, was the 15th century, was also a member of
b. at Stuttgard, 1758.  His female fig- the above family, and is said to have
ures have rarely been surpassed; and  made a pair of wings, with which he
his busts of Schiller, Lavater, Gluck, flew over the lake Thrasinmenus.
and many of the members of the royal    DANTON, GEOROE JAMES, b. in 1759,
family of Wurtemburg, are models of was an advocate by profession, but beartistic skill. D. 1841.              came one of the most active among the
DANTE ALIGHIERI, the sublimest leaders of the French revolution. He
of the Italian poets, was b. at Florence, took the lead in the.meeting of the
in 1265. The family name was Caccia- Champ de Mars, which paved the way
guida, and that of his mother was Ali- to the dethronement of the king. Well
glieri. The name by which he has de- qualified for the position lie assumed, by
scended to posterity is a contraction of  his colossal figure, stentorian voice, and
Duraute, his Christian name. Brunette fierce demeanor, lie became one of the
Latini was his teacher, and Dante rapid- executive council, and prepared measly profited by his instructions.  Nor ures for the defence of the capital when
were his feelings less precocious than  it was threatened by the PPussian inhis talents, if it be true that at the age  vaders under the duke of Brunswick.
of ten years he fell in love with the lady  He was afterwards a member of the
whomll  lie has immortalized under the  convention and of the committee of pubname of Beatrice.  He was destined, lie safety, and was a chief promoter of
however, in his twenty-sixth year, to  all the acts of that terrible period. At
marry Gemnma, one of the Donati fanily, length a struggle for supremacy took
fromn whom, after having lived unhap- place between him and Robespierre, in
pilv wihi her, he was separated. Be- which the latter succeeded, and Danton
fore his marriage, he served his country  was sent to the guillotine, in 1794.
with distinction in the wars against    D'ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTE BouIArezzo and Pisa, and also as an envoy, GuroNoN, first geogfrapher to the kiing of
in which capacity lie v as fourteen times France, member of tle Academiy of Inemployed.   In 1300 he was raised to  scriptions and Belles Lettres, of tle Arbe one of the eight clief magistrates of  tiquarian Society of London, and ad



840                   CTC.LOP'DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LDAU
joint-geographer to the Parisian Acade- ER PULMY, Miartluis, a distinguished
mly of Sciences. iAmoni' the best of his statesman in the reign of Louis XIV.,
wvorks are the "Atltas ot Alcienlt Egypt,  was lieutenant-general' of the police in
Orbis Veteribus Notuis, and " Orbis Paris, and the first who introduced let-.romanus."' He published 78 treatises tres-de-oachet: he was subsequently
and 211 maps, all of' whichl are distiil- clhancellor; but finally retired under
guished for their accuracy and perspi- some diserace to a monastery, in which
cuity. B. 16917; d. 1782.               e d121. 17.  u16
1ARBAN, JAeaES, an eminent French     )D'ARGONNET, NiOLL BONAwVENTURE, a
surgeon, b. 1701, was celebrated chiefly  French Carthusian monk of tie 17th
for his skill in cliseases of the bladdier. century. Iis "M6elanges c'Histoire et
For a considerable tiine he Cwas surgeon- de Litt6ratuctre,  published under the
major in the imperial army, but scttled  name of Vignenl de MaIrville, is a clever
in Paris, where i.e acquired both famle  collection of anecdotes, accompanied by
and fortune by his practice. D. 1784.    i s  trikiu andjust remarks. Argonne is
D'ARBLAY,l Madaine, (FRANcxET   U- also favorably known as the author of
NEY,) was tih daugihlte'r 0 Dr. Burney, "Traitc de la Lecture des Peres de
the celebrated comoloser and author, l'E lise.I
and may be reckoned aenmon_ the most     DARIUS I., king of Persia, was the
distinguished novelists of the las;t cen- son of HIystaspes. iie enteled i:nto a
tury; hler fiist work, "'Evelina," hav- conspiracy, with six others, agadinst the
ing created a greater selsation alnong  usiurper Smerdis, acnd having slain himi,
the literati of her time tltla was probably  they agreec that he should have the
ever caused by any similr produetion.  crown whose horse should cneil'h first in
Her other chief works were'O Cecilia  the morning'. By a well-concerted plan
or the Memoirs of an IIei ess, " Ca- of his groo0l, the horse of Darius neighmillC, or a Picture of Youth', "The    ed immediately lhe canme to the:spot
Wanderer, or Female Difficulties," acnd  where they were to meet, in conse-''Memoirs of Dr. Barney."  D. 1840.   quence of which hie was saluted king.
DARCET, JoIIN, a 1rcnchl chelimist D. 485 r. c.
and physitian, lwho contributed much    DARNLEY, IENRY, earl of, the husto the progress of chemical science, was bandc of Mary, queen of Scots, whose
b. in 1725, at Douazit, in Guienne.  -e  hand lie received in 1565, and perished
made several improvements in the man- about two years aftterwards, owing to
ufacture of porcelain, tried the effect of  the house in which lie resided being
fire on various mlinerals, and demon- blown    up with gunpowder. Whtetler
strated the combustibility of the dia- Mary was privy to this horriid crine or
mond. D. 1801.-His son, JOHN PETER     not, has never been clearly proved; but
JOSEPH, also anl ingenious practical chelm- there are those who conjecture that her
ist, has greatly contributed to the im- illicit passion for Botlhwell, or resentprovemelnt of science by a number of   ment for the deatl of her favorite, Rizvaluable discoveries.                 zio, lmight have been the cause of the
DARCY, P TRICK, Count, an eminient catastrophe.
engineer, was b. at Galway, in Ireland,  DARiU, PIEaRE ANTOINE NOEL BRUNO,
in 1725, andc educated at Paris. Ie also  a peer of France, eminent as a statesdistinguishled himself by his mathemati- man, poet, and historian, was b. at
calworks, viz.:    "An Essay on Artil- Montpelier, in 1767. At the age of 16
lery," " A Memoir on the Duration of   he enterec the army, and at tlte breakthe Sensation of Sight," &c.. D. 1799.  ing out of the revolution adopted its
D'ARGGENSOLA, LUPERCIO LE ONAR- pinciples. He published a translation
DO, a Spanish poet, b. at Balbastro, Ar- of the works of Horace, which, with his
agon, in 1565, was secretary of war at  Cleop6die," or "Theory of Literary
Naples, under the viceroy there. He   Fame," established his reputation as a
was the author of three tragedies and  poet. It wlas not long before Napoleon
various poems. D. 1613.-BARTHOLO- discovered his abilities, and rewarded
MEW,. brother of the preceding, was him by various official appointments of
chapl.iin to the Emnpress Maria of Aus- trust; and at the first restoration of the
tria, and the writer of some historical Bonrbons, he was called to the chamber
works of m-erit, viz., a " History of the  of peers by Louis XVIII. He afterwards
Conquest of the Molucca Islands,"     wrote the "Life of Sully" and the "His" Annals of the Kingdom of Aragon,"   tory of Venice," the latter work being
&c. D. 1731.                           oneof the most important productions
ID'ARGENSON, MARKii RENE LE VOY- of modern literature. D. 1829.




DAVJ                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOCGRAPHY.                       341
DARTWIN, ERtAS-MUs a poet and phy- fessor, was b. at Boulogne-sur-mer,
sician, was b. at Elton, neoar INewnrki in  Being sent to the convention by the d(e1721. lie was educated at Calmbricge, pa.rtmlent of Calais, le strove to save the
took his doctor's degree at Edintburgh, king and the Girondists, but was thrown
land settled at Lichfield as a physician  into prison by  tobespierre. B. 1761;
till 1781, when lhe removed to Derby, d. 1840.
where he d. in 1802. He was a man ot     DAVENAiNT, Sir WILLIAM, all emigreat talent but of relmarkably eccentric nent poet; was b. at Oxford, in 1606, and
opinions, as his works abundantly prove. tlhere eduvcated. After having been in
Ills poetic fame rests upon his " Botanic the service of the duchess of Richmond
Garden," the versification of which is anc Lord Brooke, he began to write
highly polished but too mechanical. for the stage; and upon the death of
His other great work is entitlecl "Zoo- Ben Jonson, he was createcd poet launomia, or the Laws of Organic Life,"   reate. During the civil war he fought
whiich, though able and ingenious, is for the king, was made a lieutenantbuilt upon the most absurd lIypotheses. general, and received the honor of
Ie also wrote "Physologia, or the Phi- knighlthood.  On the restoration of
losophl of Agriculture and Gardelnin,"  Charles II, he obtained a patent for a
several papers in the "Philosophical theatre in Lincoln's Inn Fields.   His
Transactions," &c.                     works consist of plays and poems, all
DASCHKOFF, CATHARIisINE OsrANOW- of which display talents fatr above meA, princess of, b. 1744, was a woman   diocrity. D. 1668.-CIARLnES, eldest son
of great coag     and of considerable  of the preceding, an eminent author and
literary abilities. Having led a body of  civilian, was. 1656.  le wvas succestroops to the Empress Catharine, the sively ioint inspector of plays, conammislatter placed heself at the ir head, iand  sioner of excise, and inspector-general
precipitated her husband   from   the  of exports and imports. Iis "Essays
throne. For this service she desired to  on Trade," was his principal work; but
have the command of a regiment of      he also wrote "Circe," a tragedy, and
guards, which the czarina refused; but some other plays.   D. 1714. —Jou,
was made director of the academy of bishop of Salisbury, was the son of an
sciences, and president of the newly   eminent merchant in London, where he
established Russian academy. She was was b. in 1570. IIe was elected professor
the author of some comedies and other of divinity at Cambridge in 1609;, but is
works. D. 1S10.                        chiefly known as havine been sent by
DAUBENTON, Louis JbAN MARIE, a       James I. to the synod of Dort.
French naturalist and physician, was b.  DAVENPORT, CuRISTOPIER, an Enat Montbar, Burgundy, in 1716.    He glish Franciscan friar and theological
was the friend and coadjutor of Buffon  writer. I-Te was chaplain to the queen
inhis "Natural Historyof'Quadrupeds,"  of Charles I. B. 1598; d. 1680.-JoHN,
the anatomical part of which was pre- first minister of New Haven. He was
pared by him with great clearness and  an eminent preacher among the Puritans
accuracy.  He is the author of " In- in London.    Becoming a conscientious
struction to Shepherds," "A Method- nonconformist, hle was obliged to resign
ieal View of Minerals," and other works. his pastoral charge and to retire intto
D. 1800. —His wife waas the author of a  Holland, 1633. A letter giving a favorpopular romance called "Ze1ie dans le  able account of the colony of MassaDesert."  D. 1824.                     chusetts induced him to come to AmerD'AUDIGUIER, VITAL, a French no- ica in 1637. le sailed with his conlmpany
bleman, author of a "Treatise on the   March 30, 168, fromn Boston to QuinniTrue and Ancient Usage of Duels."  D. piack, or New Haven, to foundi  a nlew
1630.                                 colony.   lie preached nunder an oak,
DAUN, LzOPOLD      JosEsP r  MAPL-, April 18th, the first Sabbath after their
Count, an Austrian field-marshal, was arrival, and he was minister there nearly
b. 1705.  He commenced his military   thirty years. D. 1670, aged 72. —ADcareer in the war against the Turks, and  DINGTON, judSe of the sup-1remne court of
greatly distinguislhed himself; but it Massachusetts, wacs grladuated at Harwas as commnanderi-n-chief, when op- vard college in 1689, and after halving
posed to Frederic of Prussia, cluring the  visited England, Spain, and the West
seven years' war, that lie obtniln-d his  Indies, returned to Boston, and susfatne as a great general. D. 1766.     tained successively severall of the mlost
DAUNOU, PIERLnE CLAUDE FiRASCOis, responsible ofiices in the got eminent.
a very learned Frencch writer and pro- He- was clerk of the house of e epresent29`11




342                   CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [DAY
atives, and of the supreme court and  gland, but was taken prisoner after a
court of common pleas, a member of the brave resistance, and conveyea to the
council, and in 1715 was appointed a Tower, and did not recover his liberty
judge of the supreme court. D. 1736, till 1357, on paying a heavy ransom. D.
aged 66.                              1371.-FreANCIS ANNE, a very eminent
DAVEZAC, AUGUSTE, late      charge French engraver, who published many
from our government to the court of   illustrated works, among which were
Holland, was b. of French parents in  "Histoire de France, sous le Regne de
St. Domingo, and was sent in his youth  Napoleon le Grand,"' " Elemens du
to a military college in France. Troubles Dessin," &c. D. 1824.-JACQUEs Louis,
in St. Domingo, which enabled the     a celebrated modern French painter, was
blacks to expel the French, induced his b. at Paris in 1750, and was a pupil of
family to take refuge in the United   Vien. In 1774 he went to Rome, where
States. HIe studied medicine in North  his talents for historical painting were
Carolina, and afterwards settled. as a  quickly developed; and in 1789 he
practising physician in Accomac county, finished a large picture, representing
Virginia. After the accession of Louis- Brutus concemning his son to death.
iana to the Union, he went to New     In the national convention he became
Orleans, where, under the advice of his  one of the Mountain.  In the sudden
brother-in-law, the eminent jurist, Ed- changes, however, which at that time
wa rd Livingston, he commenced the    took place, he was committed to the
study of the law. He soon became dis- Luxeibourg, and only escaped the
tinguished in his new profession, pr- guillotine from the celebrity he had
ticularly as a criminal lawyer. In the rained as an artist. In 1800 Bonaparte
last war he served as judge advocate and  appointed him painter to the govermaid to General Jackson, and rendered  ieit; and, dcluring the imlperial domisignal service at the battle of New Or- nation, Davic  exercised considerable
leans. In 1829, General Jackson, then  influence over the measures adopted for
president, appointed him secretary of  the cultivation of the fine arts. On the
legation at the court of the Netherlands. restoration of the Bourbons he was banIn 1Sel he was appointel clharge-d'taf  ished from France, and c. at Brussels
faires at the same coirt. In tle years in 1825.
1811 and'43 he was elected to the      DAVIDSON, Jonx, a celebrated travlegislature of this state from the city of  eller. From  1826 up to the tille of his
New York. In tile early part of Presi- death, he was constantly engaf(ed in exdent Polk's administration, he was sent ploring distant regions.' Ie visited
as charge to Holland,) where he remained  North and South Almerica, India, Egypt,
four yeirs. D. 1850.                  Syria, Palestine, Greece, Italy, France,
DAVID, ST., the patron saint of     and Germany. His last expedition was
Wales, was the son of the prince of   to Africa, and it proved a ftalt one.
Ceretica, now  Cardiganshire, and b. Whilst vainly attempting to reach the
towardls thle end of the 5th century. great obiect of European curiosity, tle
On the deatll of St. Dubricius, he be- fiar-fltuled city of Timbuctoo, and wll en
caLme archbishop of Caerlon, at that time  about 25 days' journey from it, he was
ttle metropolitan church of Wales; but robbed and murclerecd by a party of the
he translated it to Menevia, now St. tribe of El Harib, Dec. 1, 1836.-TLucaEDaxvid's. HIe had the reputation of   TIA MARIA, an Amnerican poetess of exgreat learning and piety, and was the  traordinary talent, industry, and precofounder of twelve mon0asteries, the prin- city, was b. at Plattsburi in 1808. When
cipal of which was in the vale of loss. she was only folu years old she rwas in
-I., kine of Scotlancd succeeded his the habit of rctirin{- to some secluded
brother Alexander the Fierce in 1124. place, while her schoolnates where at
lIe mnarrlied Maud, gralid-niece of -Wil- play, and. there occupyinm  herself in
libam the Conqueror; and was earl of  makiina rude drawings,'witl verses deNorthumberland and Huntingdon when    scliptive of them, written in the characcalled to the Scottish throne. D. 1153. ters of the printed alphabet. Ier parentts
-II., king of Scotland, was the son of  not beingr in good circumstances, she
Robert Bruce, at whose death he was was much employed in donestic seronly five ye.ars old. On thie invasion of  vices; but still she devoted every interval
ScotlandI by Baliol, David wais sent'to  of leisure to intellectual purisuits, and
France; but his party prevailing, after with such a fatal ardor, that it laid the
a bloody contest, he retrnled lhome in  foundation of a cisease whice! termina1342. lie uade several inroads on En- ted in death, August 27, 1825, in the




DAV]                  CYOLOPAMDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                       243
17Mlh ycar of her age.  Her poetical sey, was b. 1724. IHe went to Hanover,
pie.es were tifterwards published, with  Va., in 1747, anld sooni obtaine(d of the.1 biogr:pliic-i sketchl, by Mr. Morse.-  eleneril coirt a license to ofliciate in
vA yolnler -siister exuhibited a siinilar tfur meeting-honses. In October, 1748,
precocious development, and died at the tlree more mnectingll-houses were licenssaune early a'ge.                      ed and among lis. seven assemblies,
1AV IE, WILLIAM RICHARPSONN, a na- which were in different counties, Hantive of England, but brouglht up in   over, Henrico, Caroline, Louisa, and
America, was eraduated at the college  Goochlaind, some of them forty.miles
of N!assau-hall, New Jersey. I-Ie was cdistant fiom each other, he divided his
intended ftor the law, but yielding to the labors. In 1759 lie was chosen president
military spirit which the war of inidepen- of Princeton college. D. 1761.
delce "hl'ad excited in Carolina, he ob-  DAVILA, ARRiIG CATERINO, an emitained tlhe command of a company in    nent historian, was b. in the territory of
Count Pulnskli's legion, quickly rose in  Padua, in 1576; and being brought up
rank, and greatly distinrguishdcc himself  in France, served with reputation in the
by his zeal, coLurige, andl skill. In 1799  French army. On his return to his nahe was elected governor of North Caro- tive country, he held several high offices
lina, and, soon after, appointed by    under the Venetian government; but in
President Adams one of the envoys to   1631, while onl his journey to take the
France. lie possessed a comniainding   command of the garrison at Crema, lihe
figure, a noble and patriotic spirit, and  was assaissinated. IIe wrote "The Hiswas gifted with a masculine, ready elo- tory of the Civil Wars of France," a
quence, alike serviceable to himself and  work which still ranks among the best
the cause of his country. I). 1820.    Italian productions.
DAVIES, Sir JonI, an Engalish poet     DAVIS, lHENRY EDWARmD, an Englishb
and judge, b. 1570, was a native of Wilt- divine, b. at Windsor, in 1756. He was
shire. Oi the accession of James I. he the author of'"An Examination of Gibwas created a kniflht, and appointed to  boen's Rome," and the only opponent
the office of attorney-general for Ireland,. whom the historian deigoned tot answer.
In 1626 he was made chief justice of  D. 1784.-Jomi, an eninent navigator,
the King's Bench, but died ducring the  was b. near Dartmouth, in Devoiishiire,
samie yeiar.  Iis principal poem, en- and went to sea at an early age. In
titled "Nosce Teipsum," has very con- 1585 hlie was sent out with two vessels
siderable merit, and his work on the to find a northwest passage, whlen he
state of Ireland contains many sound   discovered the straits which still bear
political arguments and reflections.-  his name. He afterwards explored the
JOHNI  a learned Welsh divine; author coasts of Greenland andi Iceland, proof a ganammar of the Welsh languae, ceedins as far as latitude 73~ N. In
and a dictionary, Welsh uand Latin. D. 1571 he went, as second in command,
1644.-RoBERT, a miiodern bard of Wales, with Cavendich, in his unfortunate voyand one whose knowledge and love of    age to the South Seas. After this ihe
Cambrian literature were never exceed- made five voyages to the East Indies, in
ed. IIe gained numerous medals and     the last of which he was killed im an
premniums at the different Eistcddfcdan, engagemient with some Japanese  )ifor his Welsh effusions on popular and  rates off the coast of Malacca, 1605. Hle
patriotic sulbjects; and was also the au- wrote an account of his voyages, and inthor of anl excellent "Welsh Grammar,"  vented a quiadrant.-THOLAS, a miiscel&c. Amongo the admirers of the ancient laneous writer, by turns a booikseller and
British langua'e, Mr. Davies was known  an actor, was thie author of "The Life
bv the bardicc ippellation of Bard Nant- of Garrick," "'The Life of Henderson,"
glyi. D. 1836.-WALTERa, vicar of Llian- " Dramatic Miscellanies," &c. D. 1705.
rlhai-adhr, one of the Cambrian patriots,  DAVOUST, Louis NICiOLAS, duke of
to whom, since the middle, and, more Auerstadt and prince of Eckniuhl, a
particularly, since the last decenniumi marshal'mand peer of France, was b. at
of the 18th century, the principality be- Anniox, 1770. He studied at Brienne
came indebted for a new epoch in the with Bonaparte, and entered the army
development of old British literature, in 1785. Hie accompanied Bonaparte to
and, at the same timle, of the national Egypt; but it uwas in those brilliant
life and spirit of the Welsh people; was campaigns wvich took place from 1803
b. at Wern, in the parish of Lialln-y- to 1809 that lie obtainedl his high repuMeclhain, 1761; d. 1840.-SAmUEM, presi- ttimon ad was ewarded with tihe titles
dent of Princeton college, in New Jer- of marshal, duke, and prince. D. 1823.




344                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAiPHYo                        L EC
DAVY, Sir I-IUiaPHRnEY, one of the   many works. but the only one by bwhich
most eminent among modern chemnists,    is na'ime'-ili be perpetuated is the
was b. at Penzance, in Cornlwall, 1778.'l -istoyvof' Sndiorcd ntd Melrton."  I).
Hie was intended for the medical profes- 1789. —STEPIHEN, the first printer of New
sion, and placed with an apothecary for Enaland, came to America in 1638 or
the necessary initiation;' but he gave  1681J. The first thilg printed  Tas the
himself up to the study of chemistry, freemani's oath, next anl allnanc, made
and, with the consent of his master, by William    Peirce, mariner  then the
quitted himi in his 15th year, in order to  Psalmns, newly turned into inetre. D.
prepare hilmself as a physician at Edin- 1638, aced 58.
nbugh.  his ifriends enlcouramlged the bent  DAYTON, ELIAS, a revolutiona'y
of his genlius, and lie,was induced to  officcrl  was  appointed  by  congress
accept the superintendence of a pneu-  colonel of a New Jersey rooiment, in
lmatil'institution at Br-istol.  Wllile  February, 1778; and at the'lose of the
there le published lhis "'C hemlical and  vrwar was promotecl to the lrank of brigPhilosophical Researclhes," the famite of  adier-general. His services were parwhich ilmniediately obtained him  the  ticularly useful whenl the enemy under
professorship of chelmistry at the Royal Kniphausen penetratec  into Jersey, in
Institution, where his popularity as a  cirecting the execution of the measmures
lecturer was. unbounded. In 1802 he    adopted for their annoyance; after the
became professor to the Board of Agri- war was concluded, he lield the office of
culture; in 181S hle was created a bar- major-general of the militia. In private
onet     andcl in  1820 he was elected  life he sustained a high reputation. D.
president of the Royal Society; and a  at Elizabethtown, N. J., 1807, aged 71.series of scientific discoveries and pro- JOHNx,'overlnor of South Carolina, electfessional honors flowed on without in- ed in 1800, acnd iagain in 1808.  ie was
terruption till his death, which took  afterwards appointed district judge of
place at Geneva, in 1829. Tlie invention  the United States, and held the place till
of the safety-lamp, the discovery of the  his death, at Charleston, 1822, in his 61st
metallic bases of the alkalies and earths, year. Ie published "A View of South
and of the principles of electro-chemistry, Carolina," and'" Memoirs of the Icavoluand numIerous other discoveries and in- tion" in tlhat state.
ventions not less important, attest his  DEANE, SILAS, a member of the first
skill and induistry, and give him  an  congress of 1774,commissioner to France,
imperishable fame. Besides his separ- and other countries, to negotiate treaties.
ate works of a scientific character, he  D. 1789.
was the author of nulmerous papers in    DEARBORNE, IIENRY, an eminent
the " Philosophical Transactions;" and  revolutionary general, who reached Lexwhen, cluingr his illness, he was dis- infton the day after the battle with sixty
posed to divert his mind with lighter volunteers;'as at the fi.lht on Bunker
studies, he wrote "Salmonia, or days   hill; accompanied Arnold in the expediof Fly-fishing,' and "Consolations in  tion to Quebec; served with Gates at
Travel." -JoEN, a musical composer of  the capturep of Burgoye; distinguished
some notoriety.   lie was a pupil of   himrself at Monmoutlh, and wa s present
Jackson, discov ered a very early genius  when Yorktown was surrendered. In
for music, and composed soime success-  1801 he was appointed secretary of war,
ful operas and songs. B. 1765; d. 1824. and in 18138 captured York, in Upper
DAYWE, GEORGE, an eminent painter,   Canada. He'was minister to Portugal
who held the situation of first painter to  in 1822. D. 1829.
the emperor of Russia, and was a mem-    DE BERNARD, CIHALES, one of the
bcr of the academies of St. Petersburgh, most graceful and lively modern writers
Stockholm, and Florence, excelled both  of fiction, was b. 180'3. His woriks "La
in portraits and historical subjects, and  Fernme de Quarante Ans," "1Gerfaut,"
was the author of " The Life of George  &c., are chiefly illustratinve of French
Morland.'" D. 1829.                    domestic life.'He was of a shy and reDAY, THOCAS, an English writer, was  served disposition, and many curious
b. in 1748, and received his education at anecdotes are told of his abstraction and
the Charterhouse, from whence he was   absence of mind. D. at Paris, 1850.
removed to Corpus Christi college, Ox-   DECATUR, STEPIEN, an Americanh
ford, after which lie entered the Middcle  naval officer, distinguished fol skill and
Temple, but never followed the law as a  bravery, was b. in 1779, became captain
profession. iis manners were eccentric, of the President fiigate, andc perform ed
and his opinions visionary. lIe wrote  many gallant exploits during' thie late




DEL]                 CYCLOPfEDIA OF BIOG-RAPHY.                      345
war with England. In 1812 he fell il duced his "True-born Englishman," a
with and captured the Macedonian, satire. coarse but characteristic.  The
English frigate, a vessel of inferior class year following appeared his " Shortest
to his own, after an engagement of aln  Way with the Dissenters," for which he
hour and a half. In1815 he endeavored  was sentenced to the pillory, fined, and
to elude the vigilance of the British  imprisoned.  He was instrumental in
squadron blockading New York but promoting the union of England and
was captured after a runnlin  fight of  Scotland. In 1713 he was again corntwo hours and a half. HIe lost his life mitted to prison for some political painin a duel with Commodore Barron in    phlets, but Lord Oxford procured his
1820.                                 pardon.  In 1715 he published the
DE CANDOLLE, AUGUSTIN PYrAME,      "Family Instructor," a religious perone of the first botanists of Europe, b. formance of merit; and in 1719 appeared
at Geneva, 1778, was professor of botany  his admirable  " Robinson  Crusoe."
at Montpelier, and wrote the "Theorie Defoe wrote a number of other books,
Elementaire de Botanique," "Plantarum  among which w;as a "Journal of the
Succulentarum Historia," " Flore Fran- Plague in 1665," by a supposed witness
caise," &c.. D1841.                  of it, " Captain Rock," &c. D. 3731.
DECKER, THOMAAs, an English drain-    DELABOIDE,, JEAN BENJAMINT, a eelatist, cotemporary with Ben Jonson, ebrated French musical compoer and
who satirized hin in his " Poetaster,"  performer on the violin. He was b. in
under the name of Crispanus, but Deck- 1734; was a great fiavorite with Louis
er retorted in his " Satyromastix, or un- XV.; became afterwards fermicr-genetrussing of a Humorous Poet."    He rla, and was guillotined during the
wrote several plays, some of which pos- reigfn of terror, as a favorer of monarchy.
sess great merit. D. 1638.              DELACAPEDE, BERNARD GERMAIN
DECRES, a French admiral, b. 1761. STEPHEN LAVILLE, a celebrated French
He commanlded the Guillaume Tell at naturalist, b. 1756. IIe held the situathe battle of Aboukir, and when that tion of keeper of the cabinets in the
vessel was blown up, was saved and    Jardin du Elois at Paris, which he greatmade prisoner by the victors.         ly improved. He was successively seeDEE, JOIN, la mathematician ans d as- retary and president of the national
trologer, was b. at London in 1527, and  assembly and on the formation of the
educated at St. John's college, Cam- institute ile was chosen one of the first
bridge. In the reign of Mlary he was members. Under the regime of Bonaimpriisoned on a suspicion of treasonable  parte he became president of the conpractices; but was in great favor with  servative senate, and grand chancellor
Queen Elizabeth, who visited him  at of the legion of honor; but when, in
Mortlake, where he had collected a 1814, the reverses of the emperor tried
library. In 1596 he was made warden   the fidelity of his friends, Delacapede
of Manchester college, and d. 1608. He appeared to wnver. At the restoration
published several mathematical works of the Bourbons he returned to his
in Latin and English, and wrote many  studies in natural history. D. 1825.
more wvhich were never printed.         DELACOUR, JAMES, an Irish poet;
DEFFAND, MARIA DE VICHY CHAM- author of "The Prospect of Poetry,
ROUD, marchioness du, a French lady, and a poem in imitation of Pope's, enwho for many years was a conspicuous titled " Abelard to Eloisa." Hils intellect
chlaracter a-rong the literati of the age, becoming deranged, he possessed the
and whose "Correspondence" has been   notion that he was ifted with the spirit
published, was b. in 1697. Few females of prophecy. B. 1709; d. 1781.
possessed more natural or cultivated    DELAMBRE, JOHN BAPTIST JOSEPI,
talents, and her abode was regarded as one of the most eminent French astrolothe rendezvous of wit and genius. D. mers, and a pupil of Lelande, was b. at
1780.                                 Amiens, 1794. Though he did not comDEFOE, DANIEL, an immortal English  mence the study of astronomy till he
writer, whose family name was Foe, was was 36 years of a'e, he rapidly acquired
the son of a butcher, and b. 1660. In  great fame, andc produced "numerous
1688 he kept a hosier's shop in Cornhill, works of great merit; among which are
but failing, he had recourse to his pen  his "Theoretical and Practical Astronofor a subsistence. In 1695 he was made lmy," and a "History of Astronomy."
accomptant to the commissioners of the  D. 1822.
glass duty, which office he held till that  DELANDINE, ANTHONY FRANCIS, a
impost was taken off. In 1701 he pro- modern French writer, b. at Lyons,




346                   CYCLOPA1DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [DEL
1756, of which city he became the libra- Latin poetry at the college of France,
rian. He wrote "Memhoires Bibliogra- and of tlie belles lettres at the university
phiques  et Littdraires,"  and  other of Paris; but in 1794 he withdrew from
works. D. 1820.                       France, though he returned agrain in
DELANY, PATRICK, a learned divine, 1801, and wns chosen a nmember of tll
was a native of Ireland, and b. about Institute. He again, however, emnigra1686. In 1732 he published " Revela- ted; and it was in London that he transtion examined with Candor," and in lated the "Paradise Lost."    After his
1738 appeared his "Reflections upon   final return to his own country, he wre.te
Polygamny."  His next publication was his admired poem,' La Conlcrsation,"
the "Life of David," and in 1754 he   and became blind. Besides the poemns
publisled "Observations on Lord Orre- already mentioned, the most prominent
rv's Remarks on the Life and Writings  of his productions are the "Three
of S      -wift."  D. 1768.       -   Reigns of Nature,"'Imagination," and
I3E LA RUE, GERVAISE, a French      " Misfortune and Pity."  Without posabbe and   an, enlinent antiquarian; sessing so large a share of creative
knight of the legion of honor, and a genius as some others, he was excelled
member of many learned societies in   by none in exquisite versification, purity
Europe. IIis works are chiefly elucida- of moral sentiment, or true pathos. Di
tory of Anglo-Noritan poetry. D. 1835. 1813.
DELAUNEY, Count D'ANTRAIGUES,         DELISLE, CLAUDE, a French I 3toa distinguished political agent during  rian, was b. at Vaucoleurs. in 1644, and
the revolutionary era of France. When  d. in 1720. IIis works are, "Relation
Robespierre was in his zenith he emi- Historique ldu  Royaunme de Siam,"
grated to Germany, and in 1797 lie was  " Abridgmient of the Universal Histoemployed in the service of Russia. ry," 7 vols., and a "Genealogical and
While thus engaged in Italy, he was Historical Atlas."-WILLIAM DE, son of
arrested by the agents of France, and  the preceding, was b. at Paris, 1675. lie
thrown into prison, from   which he was appointed geographer to the king,
was liberated through the intercession  to whom hle hadc the honor of giving
of Madame St. Huberti, a celebrated   lessons in that science. D. 1726.-Louis
actress belonging to the French opera, DE, brother of the preceding, an able
whom lie afterwards married. In 1806 astronomer and geographer, made sevhe was sent on a mission to England   eral journeys on the coast of the frozen
by the emperor of Russia, and he was ocean, to determine the situation of a
often employed ky the government. He variety of places in the countries lying
resided at Barnes, Surrey, and, from  nearest to the north pole; after which
some cause wholly unaccounted for, he he traversed Siberia; and in 1741 went
was assassinated by his Italian servant, alone to Kamtschatka, with the same
on the 3d of Jnly, 1812.              object, but d. the same year.-JosEPri
DELAVAL, EDWARD I-USSEY, a chem- NICHOLAS DE, the youngest and most
ist and natural philosopher. He particu- celebrated of the three brothers, was b.
larly directed his attention to optics, and  at Paris in 1688; visited England, where
his principal work was "An Experimon- lhe formed an acquaintance with Newton
tal Inquiry into the Cause of the Changes and Halley; andi in 1726 was appointed
of Colors in Opaque and Colored Bod- astronomer-royal at Petersburl, where
ies."  He was brother to Lord Delaval. he resided 21 years, during wvhich he
I). 1814.                             published " Memoirs Illustrative of the
DELAVIGNE, CASIMIR, one of the History of Astronomy," and an' atlas of
most eminent of the modern French     Russia. On his return to Paris, in 1747,
poets, was b. at Havre-de-Grace. His he was appointed professor of matleworks were very numerous, and to the matics in the royal college. D. 1768.honor of French taste be it said, they  JOHN BAPTIST ISOARD, a French writer
vere very popular also; for never since  known under the namxe of Delisle de
the days of Corneille has French verse Sales, was b. at Lyons, 1743.. He was
embodied sentiments more noble or the author of "La Philosophie de la
magnificent. D. 1843, aged 49.        Nature," which being denounced aa
DELILLE, JAQUEs, a modern French    immoral and irreligious, he was tried
poet of eminence, was b. at Aigue Perse, and imprisoned, thereby acquiring a
in 1738.  His translation of "Virgil's temporary celebrity.  He aftemrwards
Georgics," in 1769, established his fame, wrote romances, histories, and Plhtonic
and obtained him   admission to the dreams; was imprisoned during the
French Academy. He was professor of reign of Robespierre, but subsequently




DEM]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOCGRAP1HY.                     347
became a member of the Institute. D. naturalist, latterly residing in England,
1816.                                 where he obtained   a pension fiom
DELLA MARIA, DOMINIQUE, a musi- Queen Charlotte, who appointed him
aal composer, ofItalianextraction, though  her reader. He was the author of sevb. at Marseilles, 1778. He studied nnder eral geological works. B. 1726; d. 1817.
the first masters in Italy, and acquired a  DEIMETRIUS, surnamed POLIORCEstyle at once pure, natural, and graceful. TES, king of Macedon, was the son of
D. 1806.                              Antigonus. At the age o twenty-two
DELOLME, JOHN Louis, a native of    his father intrusted him'with a  army
Geneva, was b. in 1745, and bred to the  against Ptolemy, by whom he was depractice of the law; but, taking an ac- feated near Gaza. But he soon repaired
tive part in the political events of his the loss, and with a fleet of 250 ships
country, he was obliged to repair to En- sailed to Athens, which he delivered
gland, where he at length became known  from Demetrius Phalereus.  He afterby his celebrated work on the " Consti- wards defeated Cassander at Thermotution of England."  IIe also wrote a pyls; but the successors of Alexander
"History of the Flagellants;" and re- alarmed at his progress, collected their
tnrning; to Switzerland in 1775, d. there  forces and marched against him. They
in 1706.                              met at Ipsus, 301 B. c., and after an obDELORME, MARION, was b. 1612 or stinate battle the army of Demetrius
1615, hut where is not exactly known, was defeated, and his father sl.'n, but
though  probably in Champagne, or he himself fled to Ephesus. He, howFranche Compte. Of rharvellots beau- ever, mustered a new army, and relieved
ty and exquisite wit, she became, after Athens from the tyranny under which
certain amatory adventures, the mis- it groaned. He then slew Alexander,
tress, and subsequently, by secret mar- the son of Cassander, and seated himriage, the wife of Cinq Mars; and, as self on the throne of Macedonia. D.
such, was persecuted by the terrible  284 B.I..-   ki   o Sy,  n  surnamed
Cardinal Richelien. Even before he was SOTER, was the son of Seleucus Philopasent to the scaffold, she had formed  ter. He was sent hostage to Rome by
other intrigues, and then had a long  his father, on whose death Antiochus
list of lovers, amongst whom were De Epiphanes, and after him4iis son AntioGrammont and St. Evremont.     Then   chus Eupator, the one the uncle, and the
she became the " glass of fashion and  other the cousin of Demetrius, usurped
the mould of form" of the city of Paris; the tlrone of Syria. He applied to the
she dabbled in politics, and eventually  Roman senate for assistance to recover
formed one oft he chiefs of the malcon- his right, but in vain. The Syrians,
tent party; was in danger of arrest, like however, recognized him for their lawthe Princes De Conti and De Conde. fl prince, and at last he obtained the
To escape a jail she spread a rumor that throne.-II., called NIcATOR, (conquershe was dead, and actually got up a or,) was the son of the preceding. Ptolmock funeral of herself.  Afterwards  emy Philometor, king of Egypt, placed
she escaped to England, marriec a lord, him on the throne of his father, after
and- in a short time became a widow, expelling the usurper, Alexander Bales,
with a legacy of ~4,000. She returned  146 B..  He married Cleopatra, the
to France, and on her way to Paris was wife of the same Alexander, and daughattacked by brigands, robbed of her ter of Ptolemy.-PHALEREUS, a philosomoney, and made to marry the chief of pher of the Peripatetie sect.   The
the band; four years later she was again  Athenians were so charmed with his
a widow, and then she wedded a MI. eloquence, as to erect statues to his
Laborde; after living with him seven- honor.  He afterwards fell into disteen yeais, he died, and she went to  grace, and retired to the court of PtolParis with the remains of her fortune; emy Laus, king of Egypt, whose son
robbed by her domestics, she was re- banishel him from his dominions, and
duced to beggary, and continued to lead  he d. by the bite of an asp, 234 B. c. —
a wretched existence to the extraordina- A czar of Russia, commonly called the
ry age of 134.                        false Demetrius, was, according to most
DELPINI, CHARLEs ANTHONY, was b. historians, a native of Jarowslaw, and a
in the parish of St. Martin, Rome. Ile  novice in a monastery, where he was
was the best clown of his day, and the tutored by a monk to personate Demeauthor of several dramatic works. D. trius, son of the czar John Basilowitz,
1828.                                 who had been murdered by Boris GudoDETLTTC, JTOHN ArDPmEw, a Genevese  now    Having learnt his tale he went




8348                  C1:CLOP1MDIA OF' BIOIGRAPHY.                      IDEl
into Lithuania, embraced the Roman      defended himself in his celebratedl oraCatholic  religion, and  married  the  tion De Corona, that he was honorably
daughter of the Palatine Sendomir. In  acquitted, andi his adversary sent in1o
1604 Demetrius entered iRussia at the  exile. Shortly after, however, Demoshead of a small army, was joined by a  thenes was convicted of receiving a
number of Russians and Cossacks, and   golden Cutp and twenty talents froml
defeated an army sent against htim. Harpalus, one of Alexander's generals,
On the death of Boris, the people stran- who had retired to Athens with a quangled his sonl;and placed Demetrius on  tity of plunder, which he had gathered
the throne; but -his partiality to the  in Asia. To avoid punishment, he fled
Poles, and contempt of the Greek re- to lEgina, where he remained till the
ligion, occasioned an insurrection, and  death of Alexander, when lie was rehe was assassinated in 160G, after reign- called by his countrymen, and brought
inc about 11 months.                   home in triumph. But this change of
)DEMiOCRlITlU, one of the most cel- fortune was of short duration.     The
brated philosophers of antiquity,'and of  victory of Antipater was followed by an
the Eleatic school, was b. at Abdera, 460  order to the Athenians to deliver up
B. c. He studied under Leucippus'; and  Demosthenes, who fled to the temple of
on the death of his father, who was a  Neptune, at Calauria, where he poisoned
wealthy citizen, lie travelled to Egypt, himself, 822 B..
Chaldea, and other countries, by which   DEIMPSTER, TIOMAs, a Scotch writer,
he greatly enllaged his stores of knowl- was b. in 1579, and studied at Camedge; and when he returned to his na-  bridge, from  whence he removed to
tive city, though at first slighted, his  Paris. IIe was afterwards professor of'
intellectual acquisitions gained the re- philology at Pisa, aanl  d. at Bologna in
spect of his countrymen, and he was 162o.    -He wrote several workls, the most
placed at the head of public affairs; bat, curious of whichl are a " Martyrology
indignant at the follies of tle Abderites, of Scotland,"  " List of Scottish Wrihe resigned his office, and retired to  ters," and a "Iistory of the Etruscans."
solitude, devoting himself wholly to     DENHAM, DIXON, an enterprising
philosophical studies.                 traveller and intrepid soldier, was b. in
)DEMOSTIENES, the greatest orator    1786, and entered the a-rmuy as a volunof antiquity, was the son of' an opulent teer in 1811, serving with honor in the
sword-blclade manufacturer at Athens, peninsular war, lwhere he obtained a
and was b. about. 380 B..  IHaving lost lieutenancy. In 1821 he was chosen to
his father when a lmere child, his ecduca- proceed to central Africa, in company
tion was neglected; but at the age of  with Captain Clapperton and Dr. Oudseventeen he ldetermined to study elo- ney, for the purpose of exploring those
quence, though his lungs were weak, regions, lis courage, perseverance, adhis pronunciation inarticulate, and his  dress, and conciliatory manners pecugestures awkward. Theseimpecliments liarly fitting him for such an undctertahe conquered by perseverance, till by  king. On llis returnto England, in 1824,
degrees he surpassed all other orators  he published a "Narrative"    of his
in the power and grace of eloquence.    travels. In 1S26 he was sent to Srra
When the encroachments of Philip of    Leone as superintendafnt of the liberMacedo   alarnned the Grecian states, he  ated African-s, andl in 1828 was appointed
depicted his ambitious design with so  lieutenant-governor of the colony; soon
much effect, that similar orations are to  after which he was seized waith a fever,
this day called Philippics. When thatt which quichly proved fatal.-Scir JonN,
monlarch was about to invade Attica, a poet of some celebrity, was b. 1618,
Demosthenes was sent as amibassacor to  at Dublin, where his fathler waa cief
prevail on the Bceotians to assist them, baron of the excheqier, butl afterwards
in which mission lIe succeede.    Ie  became a judge in England.l In 1641
was also at the battle of Cheronea, but appeared his tragedy of "The Sophy,"
his conduct there showed that lIe was  anld soon after he was made governor of
as deficient in personal courage as he  Farleham castle for the ling.  In 1643
was inimitable in the senate. The in-  he piblished his "Cooper's Hill."  Ho
fluence of Demosthenes being on the    attended Charles II. in his exile, and
decline, 2Eschines took advantage of it was sent by him aimbs.sacdor to Poland.
to brine an accusation against him on  At the restoration hle was knic'hted aind
the subject of his conduct at Cheronca,  appointed surveyor-general of the royal
and    his having had a crown of gold  buildings. D. 1668
awarded him; but the orator so well      DENINA, GUaoxo CA;Ro, an Italian




nES]                  CYCLOPM    I IA O  BIO10R.APHY.                  49
historian, was b. 1731, at Revel, in Pied- I and real character in unparalleled mysmont. For many years he was a pro- tery. That D'Eon was a man of talent
fessor of rhetoric at Turin, and ulti- is'sufficiently evident by his works,
mately became librarian to Napoleon. which appeared under the title of "LoiHis principal works are "History of   sirs du Chevalier P'Eon.."
the Pevolutions of Italy, "  The Politi-  DERMODY, THOMAS, a poet of some
cal and Literary History of Greece,"  merit, was the son of a schoolmaster,
"The Revolutions of Germany," &c. and b. at Ennis, Ireland, in 1775. He
D. at Paris, 1813.                    obtained through Earl Moira a commisDENMAN, THOrAs, an eminent 1phy- sion in the army; but so confirmed were
sician and medical writer, was bo. at his liabits of intermperance, that he d. a
Bakewell, Derbyshire, in 1733. He first victiinm to the disease, in 1802. His poems,
served in the navy as a surgeon, but in  which were written under the pressure
1770 he commenced giving leetures on  of necessity, and often in great haste,
the obstetric art in London, and was ap- possess considerable merit.
pointed licentiate in midwiSfri'y of' tle  DERRICK, SvAMUEL, a native of IreCollege of Physicianis in 1783. He wrote land, who, on the death of Beaull Nash,
an "-Essay on Puerperal Fever," an   was appointed master of the ceremonies
"Introduction to the Practice of Mid- at Batli and Tunbridge Wells. On comwifery," and "Aphorisms " for the use ing to London he attempted the stage;
of junior practitioners. His son was but being unsuccessfial as an actor, he
the late distinguished chief justice of  had recourse to his pen. He wrote "A
the court of King's Bench. Dt. 1815.  View of the Stage," "The Third Satire
DENNIS, JOHN, a dramatist and critic, of Juvenal in English Verse," " Sylla,"
was b. in London, 1657, studied at Cam- a dramatic piece; and edited " Dryden's
bridge, and devoted himself to literature. Poems," 4 vols., a "Collection of VoyThrouo'hout life he was almost per- ages," &c. B. 1724; d. 1769.
petualily in broils with one or other of  DERSCHAWIN, or DERZHAVINE,
the wits of the ace; and Pope, in re- GABnRIEL ROeIANOVITSCli, a Russian poet
turn for his animladversions, gave him a  and statesman, was b. at Casan, in 1743.
conspicuous place in the Dunciad. He In 1760 he entered the army as a comoriginally had a considerable fortune;  on soldier, but soon distingurl-ushed
but having dissipated it, the duke. f  himself; and, after a military service of
Marlborough obtained for him the place  14 years, entered the civil service, in
of land-waiter at the custom house; which he arrived at the important situthis he mortgaged, and his latter days ations of treasurer of the empire, and
were spent in poverty, aggravated by  minister of justice. He holds a high
blindness. D. 1784.                   place among the bards of his country.
DENON, DOMINIQUaE VIVANT, IBaron    P. 1819.
de, was b. in 1747, at Chlialon-sur-Saone,  DERYCK, or DERICK, PETER CORin Burgundy. Though originally des- NELIus, a painter of Delft, b. in 1568,
tined for the law, he w'as appointed to and d. 1630. He excelled in landscapes.
the office of "gentilhomanme ordinaire"  DESAGULIERS, JOHN THEOPHILus,
about the person of Louis XV. He      an ingenious philosopher, was b. 1683
afterwards resided several years in Italy, at Rochelle, and at Oxford succeeded
as secretary of embassy, during which  Dr. Keil as lecturer in experimental phiperiod he applied himself sedulously to  losophy.. He published a "Course of
the study of the arts. Ite was a man  Experimental Philosophy," a "Disserof great and varied talents; and his tation on Electricity," &c. D. 1749.
able work, entitled " Travels in Upper  DESAIX     DE   VOIGOUX, Louis
and Lower Egypt during the Campaign   CHARLES ANTHONY, a French general,
of General Bonaparte," aas gained? him  was b. 1768. In the early part of the
an imperishable fame. D. 1825.        revolution he became aid-de-camp to
ID)EON DE BEAUMONT, CHARLEs General Custine; and contributed greatGtvENFEvEVE LOUISE AuGUSTE, was b. at ly, by his talents, to the famous retreat
Tonnerre, in 1728, and known until of Moreau. He accompanied Bonaparte
1777 as the Chevalier D'Eon. He was to Egypt, was appointed governor of
equerry to Louis XV., chevalier, doctor the upper part of the country, and signed
of law, parliamentary advocate, military  the treaty of El-Arish with the Tarks
officer, ambassador, royal censor, &c.; and English. He was killed at the battle
occupying in short, during his eventful of Marengo, to which victory he greatly
life, the most varied stations with con- contributed, June 14, 1800.
summate skill, and involving hi% sex    DESAUSSURE, HENmRY W., a distin"0




5'0                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     {[WES
gulshed chancellor of South Carolina.   DESFORGES, PETEr JOHN BAPTIST
He bore arms in defence of Charleston  CiHOUDARD, a dramatic writer and actor,
in the revolutionary war, and was ap- b. at Paris, in 1746. Ile was the author
pointed by Washington director of the of twenty-four comedies, besides some
mint. Hie'was for 29 years chancellor romances.:of the state, during which t.me he pub-  DESGODETS, ANTHONY, a French
lished four volumes of "Equity Re- architect, was b. in Paris, 1653. On his
ports," which contain a valuable record -passage to Rome in 1674, he was taken
of decisions. B. 1764; d. 1839.       by the Algerines, and kept in slavery
* DESCARTES, RENE, a celebrated       sixteen months. On being exchanged
-French philosopher, was b. at La Htave, he repaired to Rome, where hle comnin Touraine, in 1596, and received his posed a work, entitled "The Ancient
education at the Jesuit collegoe at La Edifices of Rome;" and, on his return
Fleche. On leaving that seminary he to Paris, he was made comptroller of the
removed to Paris, and applied to the royal buildings, and architect to the king.
study of mathematics.    In 1616 lie D. 1728.
entered into the army of the prince of  DESIIOULIERES, ANTOINETTE DU LiOrange; and, while serving in tle garri- GIoR, a handsome, witty, and accolmson at Breda, solved a difficult mathe- plished woman, and a viriter of much
matical problem which had been posted  versatility, was b. at Paris, in 1634;
in the public streets. This introduced  married a gentleman of fiamily, and was
him to the acquaintance of the learned  on terms of friendship witli the principal
Beckmann, the principal of the college literati of the age. She produced inuof Dort. While at Breda, he wrote in  merous plavs and operas, few of whIich
Latin a "Treatise on Music," and pro- were successful; but her "Idyls," "Ecjected some other works.    ile next loucs," and "Moral Reflections" are
served in the army of the duke of Ba- still admired. D., after twelve years of
varia, but soon after quitted the military  suffering, of a cancer in her breast, in
life, and travelled into Italy, where he 1694.-ANTOINETrTE TIIERuESi, a daughter
saw the famous Galileo at Florence. In  of the preceding', and the inheritor both
1629 he settled at Amsterdam, and ap- of her talents aind her sufferings; havplied assiduously to the mathematical ing written various poems, &.c., and
sciences, particularly dioptrics, in which  been for twenty years the victim of canhe made some important discoveries. cer. D. 1718.
About this time lie visited England, and  DESMOULINS, BENEDICT CAMILLE, a
during his stay made observations on the native of Guise, in Picardy, who disdeclination of the magnetic needle. His played his republican zeal at the tahing
philoso phy now became the subject of  of the Bastille, and in the demolition of
much discussion, and met with an ex- the monarchy. As the friend of Danton
tensive reception, though with consider- he was one of the original founders of
able opposition.  At the invitation of  the Jacobin club.  The fill. of Danton
Christina, queen of Sweden, he went to  was his own: for seized in the night,
Stockholm, where he d. 1650. His prin- 31st March, 1794, he opened his windows
cipal works are "Principia Philoso- to call in vain for help, and with Young's
phis," "Dissertatio de Methodo recte  Night Thoughts and Hervey's Meditaregendoe Rationis," &c.; "Dioptrice," tions in his hand, he was dragned to
"Meditationes," and "Geometry."       prison, and immediately after to the
DESEZE, RAYMOND, or ROMAIN, a scaffold.       His writings were mainlynative of Bordeaux, and an able coun- "The Revolutions of France and Brasellor of the parliament of that city, was bant'-" The History of the Brissotins"
b. in 1750. He afterwards practised at -the " VieuxCordelier." HIis wife, who
Paris, and his acknowledged talents wished to share his fate, was permitted
caused him to be named one of the to follow him ten days after to the scat
counsel for the unfortunate Louis XVI., fold. When asked his age by the bloody
whose cause he most ably defended, after tribunal, he answered, " My age is that
Target had declined the dangerous task. of Jesus Christ when he suffered death,"
He was imprisoned for a time, but es- 33.
caped the scaffold.  He held several    DESPARD, EDWARD MARcus, a native
distinguished offices; was a peer of  of Ireland. He early embraced a P.iiFrance, a knight of the order of Malta, tary life, and was enmployed in the West
a member of the French Academy, and   Indies, on the Spanish main, and in the
president of the court of repeal. D. bay of Honduras, where he was ap1828.                                 pointed superintendent of the Eng]-isl




DEW]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        351
colony. His conduct in this office gave with Lo'rd Howard in an expedition
offence to the settlers, and in conse- against Spain, where he contributed to
quence of their complaints he was re- the capture of Cadiz. In 1597 he was
called home, 1790; but when he applied  made earl marshal of England, and, on
to government to investigate his ad- the death of Lord Burleigh, chancellor
ministration, his representations were  of Cambridge. Beheaded 1601.-ROBERT,
rejected  without explanation.  This   earl of Essex, son of the preceding, was
rendered him a disaffected subject. He b.1592, and restored to his family honors
was seized for seditious conduet, under by James. In 1620 Essex served under
the suspension of the habeas corpus act, Sir Horatio Vere in the Palatinate, and
and confined in several prisons, but afterwards under Prince Maurice in
when at last liberated, past misfortunes Holland. On his return to England he
lihad made no impression upon him, but appeared as a member of the opposition
rather stimulated him to revenge. He  against the court; and on the breakin_~
now formed the plan of seducing the omut of the rebellion had the commanA
soldiery from  their allegiance, and in  of the parliamentary army. lie gained
the secret committees which lie held  the battle of Edgehill, after which he
with his associates, under the sanction  took Reading, raised the siege of Glouof a solemn oath it was agitated to as- cester, and fought the first battle of
sassinate the king, as he proceeded to  Newbury.  By the self-denying ordithe opening of parliament. This design  nance in 1645 he was.deprived of his
was discovered by some of the accom- command, and d. the year following.
plices, and Despard and his associates  DEVONSHIRE, GEORGIANA CAVENwere seized, and tried at a special corn- DISH, duchess of, a female alike remarkmission in Southwark, 5th February, able for personal graces and mental ac1803.  He suffered on the 21st March  compiishments, wasb. 1757, and married
with nine others.-JOHN. entered the to the duke of Devonshire in her 17th
army at an early age, and saw much    year.   Her "Passage of Mount St.
service in different quarters of the globe. Gothard," and such other of her poems,
Ile had been in 24 engagements, had    as have been published, bear the iamtwo horses shot under him, was three press of a highly cultivated mind. D.
times shipwrecked, taken prisonmer once, 1806.
and had the standard of hi, regiment     DEWES, Sir SIMONDS, an antiquary,
shot out of his hand, when an ensign, at was b. in 1602, and created a baronet in
15 years of age. After all these "hair- 1641; but on the breaking out of the
breadth escapes" he lived to attain his civil war he espoused the cause of de85th year, and d. 1829.               mocracy, and d. in 1650. He was the
DESSALINES, JOHN JAMES, origin- author of " The Jolrnals of the Parliaally a slave in St. Domingo, but having(r ments during the Reign of Elizabeth."
an opportunity of showing great courage  DE WEES, WILLIAM POTTS, a distinand talents during the disturbances in  guished physician of Philadelphia, b.
that colony, became second in command  1768, at Pottsgrove, Pa. He was long a
to Toussaint Louverture; on whose im- professor in the university of Philadelprisonment he was chosen emperor of    phia, where he published his " System
Hayti, under the title of James I. This of Midwifery," his "Diseases of Chilwas in 1804; but he retained his im- dren," his "Practice of Medicine," and
perial dignity only two years, having  other works, which are standard with
perished the victim of a conspiracy, in  the profession. D. 1841.
1806.                                   DE WINT, PETER, a distinguished
DESTOUCHES, PHILIP NERICAIULT, an   artist, was b, at Stone, in Staffordshire
eminent. French dramatic writer, was b. where his father practised as a physician
at Tours, 1680. His principal pieces are 1783. English landscape scenery formed
"Le Philosophe Marie," and "Le Glo- the chief theme for his fertile pencil.
rieux."  D. 1754.                     D. 1849.
DEVEREUX, ROBERT, earl of Essex,      DE   WITT, JoHN, an enlightene(c
b. in 1567, accompanied the earl of Lei- statesman, was b. in 1625, at Dort, in
cester to Holland, where lie behaved  Holland. At the age of 23 he published'with much bravery at the battle of Zut- an excellent mathematical work entitled
phen, and on his return to England was  " The Elements of Curved Lines." In
made master of the horse. In 1591 he 1650 lie was chosen pensionary of his
commanded the forces sent to the assist- native city; and, after distinguishing
ance of Henry IV. of France; and in   himself in public affairs, was elected
1596 he was.appointed joint-commander pensionary of Holland. While in that




352                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGIlAPHY.                       LDIt
capacity he concluded a peace with in 1500. The king, nowever, changen
Cromwell, one article of which excluded  it to its present more auspicious appelthe house of Orange from the stadt- lation.-JonN, a martyr to the friantic
holdership; and in 1667 lie established  zeal of his brother, was a. native of' Cuthe perpetual edict for abolishing the enza, in Spain.  ie studied at Paris,
office of stadtholder, for which he re- where, by reading the works of Luther,
ceived public thanks.   However, in   he became a Protestant. He then quitted
1672, when Holland was invaded by the  France, and visited Calvin at Geneva;
French, and civil dissension overspread  afterwards he went to Strasburg, and
the country, both John de Witt and his lastly to Neuberg, whither lie was folbrother Cornelius were barbarously mur- lowed by his brother Alphonisus, a zealdered by the populace.]-BENJAMIN, a   ous Catholic.  Alphousus finding his
physician of New York, was appointed  exhortations could not i.claim him, preprofessor of medicine in Columbia col- tended to close his vitit and take his
lege in 1807, and professor of chemistry  departure, but secretly returned at break
in 1808. Hle was also health officer  of of day, with a companion a nd-mnurdered
the city, and died of the yellow fever, at him with an axe, 1546.
Staten Island, 1819, aged 45. He pub-   DIBDIN, CHALES, a dramatist, poet,
lishedl a "Dissertation on the effect of  and actor, but mostly celebrated as a
Oxygen," 1798; an "Oration commeme- writer of songs and a musical composer,
orative of the Prisoners who died in the was b. at Southampton, in 1745. -He
prison ships at Wallabout," 1808; "Ac- was intended for the church, and recount of Minerals in New York," &c., ceived his early education at Winches&c.-JOHN, professor of biblical history  ter; but, seduced by his love of music,
in tie theological seminary of the Dutch  and relinquishing all thoughts of the
Reformed Church at New Brunswick, clerical profession, he made his first apN. J. He was a native of Catskill, N. Y. pearance as a performer, in 1762; but he
D. 1831, agoed about 42.              never shone as an actor, though both as
DEXTER, SAMUEL, a benefactor of     a writer of light dramatic pieces and
Harvard college, was a merchant of Bos- musical compositions he was very sucton. In the political struggles just be- cessful. His sea songs were eminently
fore the revolution he was repeatedly  popular. Altogether he produced about
elected to the council and negatived for 1400 songs and 30 dramatic pieces: behis patriotic zeal by the royal governor. sides which he wrote " A History of
In his last years he was deeply engaged  the Stage," his "Professional Life
in investigating the doctrines of the- "A Musical Tour," three novels, &c.
ology. For the encouragement of bib- D. 1814.-THomAs,'a dramnatic author
lical criticism he bequeathed a hand- and song writer, was the eldest son of
some legacy to Harvard college.   He the preceding, had the honor of having
also bequeathed $40 to a minister, whom  Garrick for his godfather; and in 1775,
he wished to preach a funeral sermon  when only four years of age, he appeared
without making any mention of him in  on the stage as Cupid, in Shakspeare's
the discourse, from  the words "the   "Jubilee," to the Venus of Mrs. Sidthings which are seen are temporal, but dons. From that time until 1795 lie is
the things which are -not seen are eter- said to have performed in every departnal."  D. 1810.-SAMUEL, secretary of  ment of the drama, and written more
war of the United States, son of the pre- than 1000 songs. Among his best theatceding, was b. in 1761, and graduated  rical compositions are " The Cabinet,"
at Harvard college, 1781. After being: "The English Fleet," "Mother Goose,"
some time a member of the house of    (which yielded more than ~20,000 profit
representatives ini congress, he was to the managers of Covent-garden theaelected to the senate. During the ad- tre,) "The High-mettled Racer," (a
ministration of John Adams he was ap- clear gain to the proprietors of Astley's
pointed secretary of war in 1800, and  of ~18,000,) "The Jew and Doctor,"
seeretary of the treasury in January, "Past Ten o'Clock," &c. D. 1841.1801, and for a short time, also had the THOMAS FPOGNALL, nephew of the celecharge of the department of state. D. brated song writer, and himself the
1816.                                 most zealous bibliographer, and one of
DIAZ, BARTHOLOMEW, a Portuguese     the most voluminous and miscellaneous
navigator, who, in 1486, with two small writers of his time, was b. at Calcutta,
vessels, discovered the Cape of Good  1775, and after receiving his education
Hope, which he named the Cape of      under the care of an uncle at Reading,
Tempests, and perished there in a storm, matriculated at Oxford, as a commoner




DID]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        353
of St. John's college, where his taste for in 1774, and in subsequent years. In
literature and history commenced. The June, 1776, he opposed the declaration
law being ]lis destination, he became a of independence, when the motion was
pupil of'Mr. Basil Montague; but he   considered  by congress, because he
subsequently changed his views, and    doubted of the policy of that particular
after waiting some time for a degree, he period, " without some precursory trials
was ordained a clergyman in 1804. D. of our strength," and before the terms
1847.                                 of confederation were settled, and foreign
DICK, Sir ALEXANDER, a Scotch phy- assistance made certain. He had occasician, was b. in 1703, and studied at sion afterwlards, in order to prove the
Leyden under Boerhaave. In 1756 he     sincerity of his attachment to his counwas chosen president of the college of  try's liberty, to appeal to the fact, that
physicians at Ecdinburgh, to which he within a few days after the declaration,
was a benefactor. IHe was the first who  he was the only member of congress who
paid attention to the culture of the true  marched to face the enemy. He accomrhubarb in Britain; for which he re- paniedl his regiment to Elizabethtown in
ceived, in 1774, the gold medal from the July to repel the invading enemy, and
London Society for promoting arts and  remained there till th;. end of the tour
commerce. D.1785.-Sir ROERT HNRY,      of service. In 1779 hL  was a member
entered the arnmy as an ensign in the  of congress from Delaware, and in 1781
75th foot, in 1800; and in 1804 obtained  president. In 1782 he was chosen presa company in the 78th.    Ie accom- ident of Pennsylvania, ard remained in
panied the expedition to Sicily, and was office fioml Nov. 1782 to.Oct. 1785. In
wounded at the battle of Maida; joined  Nov. 1767, he began to publish his celAbercromby, and was present at tle     ebrated letters against the acts for taxbattle of Alexandria, and was severely  ation of the colonies; in which writings
wounded at Rosetta. In 1808 he con- lie supported the liberties of his country,
ianded a light battalion at Busaco and  and contributed  much  towards the
Ciudad Rodrigo, and at the storming of  American revolution. Of the eloquent
Fort St. Michael, and during the siege  and important state papers issued by
of Burgos, &e. He served in the cam- the first congress he wrote the principal.
paign of 1815, and was severely wounded  Mr. Dickinson's political writings were
at Quatre Bras while commlanding the   collected and published in two volumes,
42d. On the restoration of pecoe he re- 1801. D. 1808.-PIIILEMON, an officerin
tired to his paternal estate at Tullimet. the war of the American revolution, who
D. 1846.                               engaged in that contest at an early
DICKONS, Mrs. (whose maiden name    period, and enjoyed the praise of courwas Poole;) was a celebratec singer,  age and zeal in the cause of liberty. He
who, though not equal to Mrs. Billing- commanded the Jersey militia at the
ton, many years sustained the same cast battle of Monmouth. After the organof characters at the opera, and was regu- ization of the national government in its
larly enagced as a principal vocalist at present form, he was appointed to a seat
the oratorios. She commenced her pro- in congress.   Having ddischarged the
fessional career at Covent-garden in   duties of the several civil andl military
1793, and retired in 1818. D. 183.     stations which he held with reputation,
DICKINSON. JONATH-AN, first pers- and enjoyed several years of retirement
ident of New Jersey college, was gradu- fromn public life, le d. at Trenton in
atcd at Yale college, 1706. HIe wvas a  1809.
settled miinister of the first Presbyterian  DCKSON, JAMrS, a Scotch divine,
church, in Elizabiethtown, New 3ersey, but Iknown chiefly as a writer on airinearly forty years. The charter of the  culture, was a native of East Lothian,
collere of New Jersey, bhein  enlarged  and d., by a fall firom his horse, in 1776.
by Governlor Belcher, the institution  His "' Treatise on the Amricnlture of the'was commenced, and Mr. Dickinson     Ancients" is much esteemed.
appointed president, Oct. 22, 1746, and  DIDEROT, DENISs, a French writer,
d. Oct. 7, 1747, aned 59. Hiis publica- was b. at Laneres, in 1718. In 1746 lie
tions were numerouns, but exclusively  published " Pensees Philosophliques,"
upon theological subjects, and princi- and was concerned in a Medical Dicpally serimons.-JonI president of Del- tionary, which suggested to him the idea
aware and of Pe-nnsylvania. I-He was a  ofn Dictionnaire lEcvclopCdiclue; wvhich,
member of the Pennsylvania assemnbly   with the assistance of D'Alemibert and
in 1764, and of thle eneral congress in  others, he completed. While en'gao'ed
1765; of the first re- olutionary congress in the Encyclopedie, he wrote a licesn0o'::




354                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     LD1e
tious. novel, called "Les Bijoux Indis- In 1642 lie sent Abel Tasman on a voycrets," and two comedies, " Le Fils age to the south, the consequence of
Naturel" and "Le P6re de Famille."   which was, the discovery of that Dart of
In 1749 appeared his "Letters to the  New Holland called Van Dierene's and.
Blind," the free sentiments in which  D. 1645.
occasioned his being imprisoned six   DIETRIC, JOHN CONRAD, a Lutheran
months at Vincennes. D. 1784.        divine, was b. at Butzbach, in WetterDIDOT, FmRANcIS AmBROSz, a cele- avia, in 1612. After studying at various
brated printer, was b. at Paris, in 1730. universities, he became professor of
He greatly raised the typographic art; Greek and history in his own country,
improved the construction of paper- and in 1653 removed to Giessen, where
mils; and invented many curious and  he d. 1667. He wrote " De Peregrinauseful machines relative to the art of tione Studiorum," "Antiquitates Rotype-founding, stereotyping, and print- mane," "Lexicon  Etymologico-Grneing.  D. 1804.-PIERRE FRANCOIS, his cum," "Antiquitates Biblice," &c.
brother, as well as his sons and nephew,  DIETRICH, JOHN WILLIAM ERNEST,
have each eminently contributed to the  an excellent painter, was b. 1712, at
improvements of the arts of type-found- Weimar, where his father was painter
ing and printing.-FIRmIN, the most eel- to the court, and celebrated for his porebrated and skilful of modern printers, traits and battle-pieces. After studying'
and son of Fran;ois Didot, was b. 1764. under his father he went to Dresden,
His editions of Sallust, the " Lusiad,"  and was instructed in landscape paintand the "Henriade" are much sought. ing by Alexander Thiele.    He next
He was an excellent translator, and no  visited Italy, and in 1763 became promean original writer. D. 1836.       fessor in the academy of Dresden, and
DIEBITSCH, Count SABALKANSKY, a    director of the school of painting at
distinguished Russian general, was the  Meissen. For versatility and general
son of a brave officer who had served  excellence few have surpassed him. D.
under Frederic the Great, but who after- 1774.
wards quitted the Prussian service for  DIEZ, JUAN MARTIN, better known as
the Russian, where he obtained an im- the Empecinado of modern Spanish
portant command. In the campaign of  guerilla warfare, was the son of a peasant
1812,'13, and'14, he signalized himself  of Valladolid, and b. in 1775. He first
by his skill and bravery, and was ad- served in the regular army as a dragoon;
vAnced to the rank of quartermaster- but in 1808, with a chosen band of about
general to the Emperor Alexander. He  50 brave fellows, he commenced that
displayed great courage in the battles of  harassing guerilla system, which so
Austerlitz, Dresden, Eylau, and Fried- much contributed to the disasters of the
land. D. 1831.                       enemy in the Peninsula. On the reDIEFFENBACH, JOHANN FRIEDERICH, establishment of Ferdinand's governone of the most distinguished surgical ment, the Empecinado became obnoxious
operators that ever lived, was b. at to the ruling powers, who, regardless of
Konigsberg, in' 1795. After studying  his former great services, had him seized
for the church at Greifswalde, he took  on a charge of conspiracy, tried, and expart in the war of liberation of Germany; ecuted, in 1825.
and it was not till a year or two after the  DIGBY, Sir EVYEARD, an Efnlish
fall of Napoleon, in 1815, that he began  gentleman, a partisan in the Gunpowder
the study of medicine and surgery, in  plot, for which he was executed in 1607.
which he has secured undying fame. -Sir KENELM, son of the preceding, was
D. 1848.                             b. at Gothurst, in Buckinghlamshire, in
DIEMEN, ANTHONY VAN, governor 1603. He was knighted by James I.,
of the Dutch East India possessions, and by Charles I. he was appointed to
was b. at Kuilenberg, of which place his several offices. On one occasion, when
father was a burgomaster.. He went to  some difference existed between England
India, where he was employed as ac- and the Venetians, he was sent with a
countant to the government. In 1625 fleet into the Mediterranean, where he
he became a member of the supreme    attacked the fleet of the republic in the
council. In 1631 he returned to HIol- bay of Scanderoon.  About 1636 he
land as commander of the India fleet, quitted the church of England for that
but the year following went out again  of Rome. At the conmencement of the
as director-general; and not long after civil war he was imprisoned by the parhe became governor-general, greatly ex- liament in Winchester house, but in
tending the Dutch interest in the East. 1643 he regained his liberty, and went to




Dio]                 CYCLOPADIA O     BIOGRAPHY.                   355
France. When Cromwell assumed the for which he was created a baron of the
government, lie ventured to visit his empire, physician to her majesty, and
native country, and paid great court to  counsellor of state. He wrote Tracts on
that ruler. tIe wrote a " Treatise on the  Inoculation, in which is an account of
Nature of Bodies," " On the Operations his first journey to Russia. D. 1800.
and Nature of Man's Soul," a-nd " Peri-  DINEZ DA CRUZ, ANTHONY, all emipatetic Institutions."  D. 1665.-JOIIN, nent Portuguese poet, was b. 1730, and
ear] of Bristol, b. in 1580, was gentle- d. in 1798. As a writer of odes, sonma... of the bedc-chamber to James I., nets, and lyrical pieces generally, he
who sent him to Spain to negotiate a holds the first rank among his countrymarriage between Prince Charles and  men.
the Intfnta, and the same year he was  DINOCRATES, a Macedonian archicreated earl of Bristol. When the civil teet, who was employed by Alexander
wars broke out he emigrated, and d. at in building the city of Alexandria. He
Paris in 1653.-Lord GEORGE, son of the also rebuilt the temple of Ephesus, and
above was b. at Madrid in 1612. He proposed to cut Mount Athos into a
became a member of the Long Parlia- statue of the Macedonian hero.   IIe
ment, wherein he at first opposed the died in Egypt, under the reign of Ptolcourt, but afterwards joined the royal emy.
party, and exerted himself in the service  DINWIDDIE, ROBERT, governor of
of Charles I. D. 1676.               Virginia from 1752 to 1758, had been
DIGGES, THOMAxS, an astronomer and  previously clerk to a collector of customs
mlathematician; author of "Aloe sive in the W7est Indies, whose enormous
Scalme Mathematicce," "Perfect Descrip- fraud he detected and exposed. For
tions of the Celestial Orbs," &c. D. this disclosure he was rewarded by his
1595.-Sir DUDLEY, son of the preceding, appointment in Virginia. But while he
was b. 1583, and educated at Oxford. was governor he did not forget what he
lie was knighted by James I., who sent had learned when a clerk, for he was
him ambassador to Russia; but in the  charged with applying to his own use
parliament of 1621 he resisted the court ~20,000 sent to defray the expenses of
measures, and so continued to do till Virginia for the public service. It was
1636, when he was brought over by the during his acdmnistration that Braddock
grant of the mastership of the rolls. lie proceedecd on his expedition against the
wrote "A Defence of Trade," "A Dis- Indians. D. 1770.
course concerning the Rights and Priv-  DIOCLETIAN, CAIs     VALERIUS, a
ileges of the Subject." D. 1639.     Roman emperor, in whose reign the
DILLENIUS, JOHN JAMES, an emi- Christians suffered a persecution, was
nent botanist, was b. in Darmstadt, in  born of an obscure family in Dalmatia.
Germany, in 1687, and educated at the  He rose fiom being a common soldier
university of Giessen. In 1721 he ac- to the rank of general, and on the death
companied Dr. Sherrard to England, of Numerian, in 284, was chosen emwhere he spent the remainder of his peror. I-e renounced the crown in 304,
days. Soon after his arrival lie under- and retired to Salona, where he d. 313.
took a new edition of " Ray's Synop-   DIODATI, JOHN, an eminent divine,
sis;"  and was appointed   the first b. at Lucca, in 1589, was descended
botanical professor at Oxford on Sher- from a noble family, and brought up in
rard's foundation. He wrote " Hlortus  the Catholic faith; but lie emnbracec
Elthamensis" and a "History of Moss- Protestantism, became professor of Hees." D. 1747.                        brew at Geneva, and is much celebrated
DILLON, WTENTWORTH, earl of Ros- for a translation of the Bible into Italian.
common, was b. in Ireland about 1633, D. 1649.
and educated at Caen, in Normandy, by  DIODORUS, SICJLTJS, a native of Arthe fa'mous Bouchart. After dissipating  gyrium, in Sicily, wlLo wrote a Univerhis property by gaming, he was made sal History, of which only 15 books and
master of the horse to the duchess of a few fragments remain. He flourished
York. IIe then married a daughter of  about 44 r,. c.
the earl of Burlington, and applied to  DIOGENES, surnamed the Cynic,
poetry. 1). 168-4.                   was b. at Sinope, a city of Pontus, 414
DI)ISDALE, TOimr  As, a physician, B. c.  I-e accompanied his father to
who )beame celebrated by his success- Athens, where he applied to the study
ful mode of inoculating for the small- of philosophy under Antisthenes, the
pox. In 1768 he went to Russia, and  founder of the Cvnics. IIe distinguished
inoculated the emnpress and grand-dule, ]himself by the excessive rudeness of




356                   CYCLOPaiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [l)OD
his manners, with which was blended a Alexandria. to whom is attributed the
great knowledge of human nature, and  invention of algebra, is supposed to havo
a zeal for the interests of virtue, on  existed at the becgiloing of the Chriswhich account Plato called him the tian era.
" Mad Socrates."-the BABYLONIAN, was   D1PPEL, JoHNm CONRAD, a German
a Stoic philosopher, who flourished   physician and celebrated alchemist, was
about 200 B. c.-LAIRTIUS, a Greek his-. at Frankenstein, in Hesse, in 1672.
torian, was born in Cilicia. He wrote He led a walnderin? hin d of life, made
the "Lives of the Philosophers," i- 10 himself obnoxious to various governbooks, and d. 222.-a Cretan philoso- melnts, and was often imprisoned. He
pher; succeeded his master Anaximenes piretended to have discovered the phiIn his school of Ionia, about 560. c.  losopher's stone, and prophesied that he
DION, a celebrated patriot of Syra- would not die till 1808. IHe, however,
cuse, was the disciple and friend of  falsified his prediction, by suddenly dePlato when that philosopher was at the parting this life in 1738; and instead of
court of Dionysius, whose daughter finding the philosopher's stone, lie disArtte he married. Being accused of    covered Prussian blue, and the animal
treason, he was banished by Dionysius, oil which bears his name
and went to Athens, where he acquired   DISRAELI, IsAAc, authior of the
considerable popularity, which so pro- "CLriosities of Literature," the "Quarvoked the tyrant, that he confiscatec his rels" and  " Calamities of Authors,"
estates, and compelled his wife to marry  " Illustrations of the Literary Characanother man. Dion, irritated at this ter," was b. at Enfield, 1767. He was
treatment, resolved to attemlpt the de- the only child of Benjamin Disraeli, a
liverance of his country; and with a Venetiani merchant. Besides the works
small force he landed in Sicily durinc  above mentioned, which have carried
the absence of Dionysius, and entered  his namnie throughout the civilized world,
Syracuse in triumph. After various sue- he published "Commentaries on the
cesses he perished, the victim of a con- Life and Reign of Charles I.," the
spiracy, headed by one Calippus, an   " Amenities of Literature," and was
Athenian, 854 B. C.                   for many years a contributor to the
DION CASSIUS, an historian of the   "' Quarterly Review" and the "Gentlethird century, born at Bithynia; was man's Magazine."    Mr. Disraeli was
twice consul; and wrote, in Greek, thc  smitten with blindness in 1839, anid the
"History of Rome, from the Building  last years of his intellectual pursuits
of the City to the Reign of Alexander were impeded, though not interrupted,
Severns."                             by this affliction. D. 1848.
DIONYSIUS I., of Syracuse, who,       DOBSON, WILLIAM, an English paintfrom being a citizen, became commander er, who succeeded Vandyke in the apof the forces, overthrew the govern- pointmnents he held under Charles I.,
ment, and assumed the title of king, was b. in 1610, and d. in 1646.
404 B. C.-II., the Younger, the soni and  DODD, RALPH, a civil engineer, to
successor of the above, was driven froin  whom  several important public works
Syracuse, 343 B. C., but again returned  owe their origin, was a native of Norabout 10 years afterwards, and was ex- thumberland, b. 1761. He was the propelled by Timoleon, on which he fled to.jector of Vauxhall bridge, the South
Corinth, where he supported himself as Lambeth waterworks, the Gravesend
a schoolmaster.-An ancient geographer, tunnel, &c.; and wrote several able
who was sent by Augustus to survey    works connected with his profession.
the Eastern part of the wold, was D. 1822.-GEoRGE, his son, who folcalled PERIEGETES, from  his poem of lowed the same profession, was the
"Periegesis, or Survey of the World."  planner, and for a time the resident enD. about 150.-An historian and critic of gineer, of Waterloo bridge. D. 1827.Halicarnassus, in Caria, who was invited  WILLIAM, was b. 1729, at Bourne, Linto Rome about 30 years B. c., and there  collshire; and after being educated at
wrote his " Roman Antiquities," only  Cambridge, entered into oiders, became
11 books of which are extant.-The a popular preacher in London, and was
AREOPAGITE, Was a native of Athens, mmade one of the king's chaplains. But
and a member of the Areopagus, where he kept high society, and was extravahe sat when St. Paul was brought before gant; and findingo himself unable to
it, and made his famous speech respect- support an extensive establishment, he
ing the "unknown God."                endeavored to procure the livingl of St.
DIOPHANTUS, a mathematician of      George's, Hanover-square, by offering a




DOL]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF1 BIOGRAPHY.                      857
bribe of ~8000 to the lady of the lord  )DODSLEY, ROBERT, an author and
chancellor.  She was, however, indig- bookseller, was b. 1703, at Mansfield,
nant at the offer, and on her informing  Nottinghamshire. Htis parents being
the chancellor, Dodd was struck off the poor, le was apprenticed to a stockingroyal list. The earl of Chesterfield, to  weaver, which trade he left, and became
whom he had been tutor, afterwards footman to the Hon. Mrs. Lowther.
presented him with a living; but being  While in this situation he published a
pressed for money he forged a bond for volume of poems, entitled "The Muse
~4,200 on his former pupil and patron, in Livery," and a dramatic satire, called
probably intending to take it up before  "The Toyshop," which being patronit became due; but the fraud was soon  ized by Pope, and successfully brought
discovered, and lie was tried, convicted, out on the stage, enabled Dodsley to
and executed at Tyburn, in 1777, not- commence business as a bookseller in
withstanding great interest was used, Pall Mall. Ile still continued his literary
and the most extraordinary efforts made pursuits, and produced  " Cleone," a
to obtain his pardon. He was the au- tragedy, and four light dramas; many
thor of several works; the principal of poems; "The Econouiy of Humnan Life,"
which are "Sermons on the Miracles &c. IIe also edited and published a
and Parables," in 4 vols., " Sermons to  " Collection of Old Plays," and was the
Younc Men," 3 vols., "Poems," "Re- projector of the " Annual Rcgister."
fleetions on Death,"  "Thoughts in      DODSWOBTTH, ROGER, an 1ngolish
Prison," and "The Sisters," a novel.  topographer, was b. in Yorkshire, in
DODDRIDGE, Sir JOHN, an English     1585, and d. in 1654. He collected the
judge, and the author of several works antiquities of his native country, in 162
on legal science, was b. in 1555, at Barn- folio volumes, which are in the Bodleian
staple in Devonshire, and ceducated at library, Oxford.
Exeter college, Oxford. In 1613 lie be-  DODWELL, HiENRY, a learned critic
came one of the judgres of the King's and theologian, was b. at Dublin, 16,1,
Bench, and d. in 1628. His chief works and educated at Trinity college.  In
are "The Lawver's Lioght," "The En- 1688 he was appointed Camden profesglish Lawyer," "The Law of Nobility   sor of history at Oxford, but lost his
and Peerage," "The Complete Parson,   office soon af'ter the revolution.  He
&C.-PHI.IP, a pious anid hi(ghly-gifted  wrote several books, but the work which
dissenting minister, was b. in the me- excited most notice was " On the Natutropolis in 1702. HIe was successively a  al Mortality of the Soul."  D. 1711.-minister at Kibworth, Market Iarbor- HENRY and WILLIAM, his sons, were
ough, and Northampton, and acquired, also both distinguished by their wria great and deserved reputation. Being  tings; the former, who was bred to the
afflicted with a pulmonary complaint, he law, by his skepticism; the latter, who
went to Lisbon for the benefit of his was a prebendary of Salisbury, by his
health, but d. there in 1751. His prin- orthodoxy.
cipal works are " The Family Expositor,"  DOES, JACOB VAN DEBP, a Dutch paint"The Life of Colonel Gardiner," "Ser- er, b. 1623, and d. 1673; he studied at
mons," and "Hymns."                   Rome, and adopted the style of BamDODINGTON, GEORGE BUBB, Lord        boccio.-JACon and SIMON, his sons,
MELCOM BE REGIS, a statesman, remark- were both good artists; the former,
able for political versatility, was b. 1691, celebrated for his historical pieces, d. in
in Dorsetshire. In 1715 he came into 1613; the latter, who excelled in landparliament, was soon after appointed  scapes and cattle, d. in 1717.
envoy to Spain; was made lord of the   DOGGETT, THOMAS, an actor and
treasury during Walpole's administra- dramatic poet, was a distinguished
tion; and, after years of political in- comic performer at Drury-lane. Hie is
trigue, in which the most shameless der- now remembered by the legacy he left
eliction of principle was manifest, he to provide a " coat and badge," which
was raised to the title of Lord Melcombe. is rowed for annually on the -lst of AuThough servile as a politician, he was gust, from London-bridge to Chelsea,
generous, witty, and hospitable in pri- by six watermen. D. 1721.
vate life; and had the merit of associa-  DOLCE, Louis, a Venetian writer,
ting with and patronizing men of talent. was b. 1508. He translated into Italian
His' celebrated "Diary,' published in  great portions of Horace, Ovid, Seneca,
1784, is highly interesting, revealing, as  Euripides, &c.; but was chiefly celeit does, much of the art and mystery of brated for his heroic poem, entitled
statesmanship. D. 1762.               " L'Achille et l'Enea."  He also wrote




358                   CYCLOPR DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LD[ o
a life of Charles V. D. 1568. —CAR, o, a  DOMITIAN, TITUS FLAVIUS, the seccelebrated painter, b. at Florence, 1616, ond son of Vespasian, and the last of
was remarkable for the felicitous man- the 12 Cresars, was b. 51, and succeeded
ner in which he treated sacred subjects. his brother Titus in 81. He was volupHis heads of madonnas and saints are tuous, cruel, and malignant; and though
inimitable. D. 1686.                  at his accession he made some show of
DOLLOND, JOHN, an eminent opti- justice, and even of kindness to the
cian, was b. at Spitalfields, London, in  citizens, yet the cruelty of his disposi1700, and brought up as a silk-weaver; tion was too deep-rooted for concealbut, devoting himself to the study of ment, and he was both feared and hated
astronomy, his attention became direct- for his tyranny. He was in continual
ed to the improvement of telescopes. dread of conspirators, and at length fell
tIe invented the achromatic object-glass, by the hands of an assassin, in the 45th
the application of the micrometer to re- year of his age, 96.
fleeting telescopes,&c. D. 1761.-PETER,  DONALD V., king of Scotland, suchis son, who d. in 1820, made many val- ceeded his brother Kenneth II.  The
nable improvements in optical instru- ancient laws of Scotland were revised
ments, and they both enjoyed a well- and confirmed under his authority. He
deserved reputation.                  d., after a reign of four years, in 864.DOLOMIEU, DEODATUS, a French        VI., succeeded Gregory the Great on
geologist and mineralogist, was b. in  the Scottish throne, in 894. In tLis
Dauphine, in 1750, and entered into   reign, the Danes having invaded his
the order of Malta. HIe accompanied   kingdom, he fought and defeated them.
Bonaparte to Egypt, and on hisi return lIe l. at Forres, in 904.-VII., commonwas taken prisoner and confined at Mes- ly called Donald Bane, usurped the
sina. IIe was the anthor of many es- throne in 1093. He vwas expelled from
teemed works, of which his "' Mineral- the throne by Duncan, in 1094, but reogical Philosophy," a and  "Voyage to  gained it again by the murder of that
the Lipari Islands," are the chief. D. prince. He did not, however, long en1801.                                 joy it, for lie was finally dethroned by
DOMBEY, JosiraPH, one of the most Edgar Atheliun, in 1098.
eminent French botanists of the last    DONALDSON, JOSEPH, a native of
century, b. 1742. After a lil-e of perse- Glasgow, and author of " The Eventful
cution from which his ultra-philanthro- Life of a Soldier," and "Scenes and
py did not protect him, he was captured  Sketches of a Soldier's Life in Ireland."
v corsairs, in returning from St. Do- D. 1830.
mingo, and d. in the prisons of Mont-  DONATELLO, orDONATO, an emiserrat.                               nent sculptor, was b. at Florence, 1388.
DOMIENICHIINO, a celebrated paint- I-is statues and basso-relievoes adorn
er, whose real name was DO-ENICIIO    many of the Italian churches, and it is
ZAMPIEPRI was b. at Bologna, in 1681, said that Michael Angelo held his works
and was a pupil of the Caracci. Though  in hih esteem. D. 1466.
at first his progress was so slow that Ilhs  DONATI, VITALIANO, an Italian phyfellow-students, in derision, called him  sician, b. at Padua, in 1717; author of a
"the.Ox," yet he rose to first-rate emi- "Natural History of the Adriatic Sea."
nence in his art. I-e was also well lie travelled to the East for scientific
skilled in architecture, and held the purposes, and d. at Bassorah, in 1763.
situation of architect to Gregory XV.   DONDUCCI, GEORGE ANDREW, a BoD. 1641.                              lorgnese artist. He was b. in 1575; studDOMINIC, ST., founder of the order ied under Annibale Caracci; and his
of monks which bears his name, was b. pictures are remarkable for their strong
1170, at Calahorra, in Old Castile. He contrasts of light and shade.
was employed by Pope Innocent to        DONDUS, or DONDI, JAMEs, a phyconvert the Albigenses; but, failing in  sician of Padua, who acquired the name
his endeavors, and, dying in 1221, was of Aggregator, on account of the nucanonized for his zeal.               merous medicines he made. He was
DOMINIS, MARd ANTHONY DE, a         also well skilled in miechanics, particuDalmatian archbishop, -who went to En- larly in horology. D. 1350.
gland, and was made dean of Windsor.    DONNIE, JoN, an English divine
He wrote " De Republica Ecclesiastica,"  and poet, was b. in London, 1573. Beanld was the first who gave a true ex- ing the son of a Catholic, he was brought
planation of the colors of the rainbow. up in that faith; but after completing
D. 1625.                              his studies at Oxford, he embraced Prot



DOU]                  CYCLOPErDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       359
estantisn, and became secretary to the uits was the author of "A History of
Lord Chancellor Ellesmere. After hav- the Revolutions of England," and " A
ing lost this office, and even been irm- History of the Revolutions of Spain."
prisoned for clandestinely marrying the B. 1644; d. 1698.
chancellor's niece, le took orders, when  DORSCII, EVERARD, a celebrated enKing James made him one of his chap- graver on gems, was b. at Nuremburg,
lairds, and lie afterwards became preach- 1649, and d. 1712.
er of Lincoln's Inn, and dean of St.    DORSET, THOMAS SAcKVILLE, earl of,
Paul's.  Donne has been termed by     the son of Sir Richard Sackville, was b.
Dr. Johnson the founder of the meta- in 1527, and educated at Oxford and
phisical school of poetry. Though rug- Cambridge. He was distinguished both
gec in his versification, lie often displays as a statesman and an author, having
great force and originality; and his prose  been ambassador to Holland, chancellor
works, though quaint, and sometimes of Oxford, andi lord treasurer. He wrote
pedantic, show deep thinking and strong  the " IndLuction to the Mirror for Magispowers of reasoing. His works corn- trates," and the " Complaint of Henry,
prise Letters, Sermons, Theological Es- duke of Buckingham," &c. D. 1608.says, &c. D. 1631.                    CHARLES SACKVILLE, earl of, was b. in
)DORAT, JOHN, a French poet, b. in  1637. He was one of the distinguished
1507-, was professor of Greek at the wits and revellers at the court of Charles
Royal college, and poet laureate to   II.; but he was of an heroic turn; and
Charles IX. l He has the reputation of  while acting as a volunteer, under the
greatly contributing to the revival of  duke of York, in the Dutch war, he
classical literature in France, and of  wrote on the eve of a battle the celehaving written a host of Greek and    brated sonog, "To all you ladies now
Latin verses, besides some French po- on laud."  His poems possess considerCms.   D. 1558.-CLAUiDE JOSEPH, a able point and liveliness. D. 1706.
French poet, b. 1734. His works are     DOSSI, Dosso, a painter of Ferrara,
voluminous, and embrace poetry of every  some of whose works have much of the
class, with dramas and romances. D. style both of Titian and Raphael. Ari1780.                                 osto mentions him in terms of high comDORIA, ANDREW, a Genoese naval mendation. B. 1479; d. 1560.
commander of great renown, was b. of    DOUCE, FRANCIS, an antiquarian, well
a noble faminily at Oneglia, 1468. Hav- knooWn to the literary world by his "I1ing distinguished himself in the service  lustrations of Shakspeare and of Ancient
of differenit Italian states, and success- Manners."' Ie also contributed various
fully contended against the African pi- papers to the' Archseologia," the "Genrates and other enemiecs of his native tieman's Magazine," &c.; and shortly
country, he entered the French service, before his death published a beautiful
in the hope of counteracting the revolu- volume, illustrating the " Dance of
tion that had broken out in Genoa, by  Death," by dissertations on the claims
putting that city in possession of the  of olbein and Macaber. D. 1834.
French; but fifling in his design, lie  DOUGLAS, GAWIN, a Scotch divine,
joined withl the Imperialists in endeav- and poet of some eminence, was b. at
oring to expel them. This object being  Brechin, 1474. Atter receiving a liberal
effected, the Genoese senate gave himn  education he entered the church, was
the title of " the Father and Defender made provost of St. Giles's, and eventof his Country," erected a statue to his  ually obtained tlle abbacy of Aberhonor, and built a palace for him. His brothick and the bishopric of Dunkeld.
whole life was a scene of great exploits Political dissensions induced him to
and brilliant successes; and he d. at seek refuge in England, where lie was
the great age of 92, in 1560.         liberally tureated by Henry VIII., but he
DORIGNY, MeICHAEL, a French paint- fell a victim to tihe plague of London,
er and engraver in aqua-fortis, was b. in  in 1522.  He x wrote "&The Palace of
1617, and d. in 1665.-NICOLAS, a son  Honor," and other works; but his chief
of the foregoing, b. 1657, was the en- performanmce is a translation of Virgil's
graver of the celebrated cartoons of'  Eneid.-JArES, an eminent anatomist,
Raphael at hiampton-court, for which  was b. in Scotland, 1675; settled in Lonlie received the honor of knighthood  don, and waas patronized by the celefrom George I. D. at Paris, 1746, aged  brated Dr. John Hunter. He is the au90.                                   ll thor of a "Comparative Description of
D'ORLEANS, PETER JosEPH, a French   all the Muscles" and other workls on
historian, and oae of the society of Jes- medical science. D. 1742.-Sir JAMES,




~60                  OCYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [DOU
a renowned warrior, who on the death l  as necessary at the meeting of prliaof Robert Bruce, king of Scotland, was ment, to be held at Edinburgh, he and
commissioned to cairy the kingls heart his brother accepted an invitation to a
to the holy sepulchie at Jerusalem; royal feast at the castle. The entertainupon which errand lie sailed in June, ment was prolonged with unusual pomp,
1330. On arriving off Sluys, in Flanders, and every delicacy spread on the table;
where he expected to find companions till at leath a bull's head was suddenly
in his pilgrimnage, he leIaned that A1- placed before tthe two noble guests,
phonso XI., thle young kilng of Leon  which they knew to be the lier ld of
and Castile, was engaged in a war with  death. They then hastily sprung froin
OsCman the Moo r; and such w'as the   their seats, and made somie vain efforts
crusading zeal of Douglas that he en- to escape; but a body of armed men, at
tered the lists against the foes of Chris- a given Signall rushed in, bound tlieir
tianity. The Moors were' defeatedi; but havslds, and led them to instant execuDouglas was slain.-AucHIsmLD brother tion.   T'iis lhappened in 1437. —WILof the preceding, was appoint;e, regeOnt LIAM, the eghth earl, was a hauoghty and
for Scotland or king Davicl Bruce, and  ambitious noble, wielding at times an
fell at the battle of Halidon Hill, July  uncontrolled influence over the king,
22, 1383. WILLIAM, lord of Liddisdale, aund at others openly bearcling his auwas a warrior of considerable renown in  thority.  ie raised the power and
the 14th century; but whose fame was grandeur of the house of Douglas to its
tarnished by an act of baseness and in- loftiest height; and, not content with
humanity towards the brave Alexander the sway lie exercised at houme, caused
Ramsay. The kinr pardoned him, but hiniself to be received at Rome and
he was killed by t.he earl of Douglas, in  France with those honors which are due
1853, while hunting in Ettrick forest.-  to sovereign princes. Killed by King
WILLLAM, first earl of, was taken pris- James, 1452.- JAsMES, brother of the
oner with David Bruce at the battle of  foregoing, and ninth. and last earl, took
Durham, but soon ransomed.    lie re- up arms to revenge his brother's death,
covered Douglasdale and other districts and, assembling all the members of the
from the English; afterwards went to leacue, brought a large army into the
France, and bought at the battle of Poic- field. The king, however, being active,
tiers. D. 1884.-JAMES, second earl of, and well provided with forces, laid siege
afterperformning many valorous exploits, to the castle of Abercorn, when Douglas
was killed at the battle of Otterburn, in fled to Annandale, with his brothers,
1388.-WILLIAM, lord of Nithsdale, call- the earls of Ormond anid Moray. Thither
ed "The Black Douglas," whose' very   they were pursued by the king's forces;
name was said to be a terror to the   Moray was slain, Ormond made prisEnglish, mararied Egedia, daughter of  oner, and Douglas himself driven to
Robert II.; and after a lief of bold and  provide for his safety in England. Sevsuccessful warfare, was murdered by   eral years after, Douglas returned with
the earl of Clifford, in 1390.-ARCHIBALD, Percy, earl of Northumberland, upon an
the fourth eail, succeeded his father expecdition against his country, in which
Archibald in'i the title and estates, and  Donulas was taken prisoner; and James
married Margaret, daughter of Robert contented himself with sending his rebel
II. When Henry IV. of England laid    captive to the abbey of Lindores, where
siege to the castle of Edinburgh, in  he d. 1488.-GEioRGE, fifth earl of Angus,
1400, Douglas successfully defended it; was commander of the forces that debut he lost an eye and'was taken pris- feated the earls of Douglas and Noroner at the battle of Homildon.   lie thumberland, when Douglas was taken
afterwards joined Percy in his rebellion  prisoner, and his estates forfeited. D.
against his king was'taken prisoner at 14062.-ARHIBALD. sixth earl of Angus,
the battle of Sbrewsbury,' bit irecovered  commanded the right wing of the royal
his liberty and awent to Frisance5' where arnmy at the battle of Torwood, where
he was slain at. the battle of Veornil, in  Janmes III. lost his life; and at the fatal
1424.-ARClmIBALD, the fifth earl, was the  battle of Flodden Field he endeavored,
ambassador to EAnglain'd fo the release  thoughi unsuccessfully, to  dissuade
of James I. "D.   13488.-WILLIAM, the  James IV. fiom that engagement. His
sixth earl, is remembered.on account of  eldest son, George, was there slain; and
tlhe tragical fate which awaited him, the earl died in the year following.almost as soon as he came to his family  JAMES, earl of Morton, was for some
titles and estates. Under the specious fnlie regent of Scotland, and was a chief
pretext that thL young earl's presence  actor-in the transactions which took




DRAI                  CYCLOP'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        361
place in that country during the reign  merit, were produced  by him.    1).
of Mary, and in tile minority of her son1 1806.
James VI. IIe was beheaded in 1581. —   DRACO, an Atheniar. legislator, the
JAMES, earl of Morton and Aberdeen, extraordinary and indiscriminate severwas b. at Edinburgh, 1707. He estab- ity of whose laws has rendered his name
lished the Edinbulg'h Philosophical So- odious to humanity.
ciety, and in 1733 was elected president  DRAKE, Sir i'rtANc, an eminent
of the Royal Society of Lonono. D. navigator and commander, Was b. at
1768.-JOHN', a learned divine and critic, Tavistock, )Devon, 1545. I-e first served
b. at Pittenweem, Fifeshire, in 1721; was in the royal navy under his relative, Sir
raised to the see of Carlisle in 1787  John IHawlins; and distinguished himtransferred to that of Salisbury in 1792; self by his valor at the unfortunate exand d. in 1807. Dr. Douglas was a dis- pecition against the Spaniards, in the
tinguished writer, and the fiiendcl of Dr. harbor o'Vera Cruz. In 1570 he went
Johnson and most of the eminent it- to the West Indies, on a cruise against
erary characters of his daV.-)AVID B., the Spaniards, which he soon repeated
an officer of the United Sta'tes army, Who  with success; and in 1572, having rebehaved gallantly at Lundy's Lane and  ceived the conmmand of two vessels, for
the siege of Fort Erie. lHe afterwards the purpose of attacking the commercial
took an active part in the organization  ports of Spanish America, le took posof the military academy at West Point, session of two of their cities, and rewhere he was a professor for some years, turned laden with booty. Onl his return
when he retired to prepare the plans, le equippec three frigates at his own
etc., for the Croton aqueductt, and to  expense, with which he served as a voldischarge tile duties of president of  unteer, under the earl of Essex, in IreKenyon college. B. 1793; d. 1849.     land, where he distinguished himself so
DOUSA,.JoHN, whose real name was much by his bravery, that Sir ChristoVANDEai DOES, was b. at Noordwickl, pher IHatton introduced him to Queen
Holland, in 1545. He became eminent Elizabeth. Drake disclosed to lier his
both as a soldier and a scholar. D. 1604. plan, and being furnished with five
DOUW, GERPARD, an eminent Dutch      ships, he sailed, in 1577, to attack the
painter, and the pupil of Rembrandt, Spaniards in the South seas. In this
was b. at Leyden, 16i3, and d. there inl expedition he ravaged the Spanish set1674,.or, as some say, in 1680. For the tlements, coasted the North American
excellence of his coloring, delicacy of  shore as far as -48 N. lat., and gave the
finish, and attention to every minutise name of New Albion to the country he
of his art, this master's compositions are had discovered. HIe then went to the
unrivalled; and the prices which some  East Indies, and having doubled the
of his.paintingrs have obtained are al- Cape of Good IHope, returned to Plymost with ou p   llel.                  outh in 1580. I 1585 he again sailed
DOVER, GEORGE J[AMES WELBOIRE       to the West Indies, and succeeded in
AGAr, ELLIS, Lord,was b. 1797. In 1818  taking several places and ships.  In
he was returned as member for Heytes- 1587 he commanded a fleet of 80 sail
bury; in succeeding parliaments he sat with which he entered the harbor of
for Seaford, Ludgershall, and   Otik- Cadiz, andc destroyed the shipping o  and,
hampton; and in 1830 he was appointed  in the following year, he colnmandedl as
chief commrissioner ofwoods and forests.  vice-admiral under Lord Howard, and
But it is as a patron. of the fine arts, and  had his share in the cdestruction of tle
as a promoter. of literature, that Lord  Spanish armada.  D. off Nombre de
Dover will be chiefly remembered. In  Dies, 1596.-FRA.NCIS, an eminent anti1828 he published ".Historical Inquiries  quary and surgeon at York; author of
respecting the Character of Edward     " Eboracum," or the history and antiHyde, Earl of Clarendon;" after which  quities of that city. D. 1770.-JAnES,
appeared the "Ellis Correspondence,"  an English physician and political wriwhich was followed by his' Life of ter, was b. at Cambridge, in 1667. In
Frederic the Great;" and his last liter- 1704 he published a volume, entitled
ary task was that of editing the "Letters  "The Memorial of the Church of Enof Horace Walpole to Sir Horace Mann."  gland," which gave such offence that a
D. 1833.                              proclamation was issued for discovering
DOYEN, GABR.IEL FRANCIS, an emi- the author, who kept concealed. H1e
nent French' painter, pupil of Vanloo. was afterwards prosecuted for the pubThe "Death of Virginia," "Death of lication of a newsp zper, called "MerSt. Louis," and.other. works. of great curius Politicus;"but though he was
31




3632                  aYcLorPADIA oF BIOGRAPHY.                        Dito
acquitted, it produced in him   such   for his reputation as a theological metaviolent excitement as to cause his death. physician. Quitting trade, he now wrote
He was also the author of a "System of  several valuable works, among which
Anatomy," a translation of Herodotus, must be noticed his "Treatise on the
&c. D. 1707.-JOSEPH RODMAN, a poet Being and Attributes of God;" and from
and physician of the city of New York, the year 1819 to his death he edited the
who d. while he was yet young, but who, "Imperial Magazine" with    singular
in his " Culprit Fay," and several mis- ability. D. 1833.
cellaneous pieces, gave promise of the  DROUET, JoHN BAPTIST, one of the
most exalted fame. His friend, Fitz- French revolutionists, was b. 1763. He
Greene Halleck, has celebrated his was postmaster of Menehould when
memory, in those often-quoted lines:  Louis XVI. and his family, in 1791,
"None knew thee but to love thee,  passed through that town in their enNone named thee but to praise."  deavors to escape from France; and it
He was b. 1795; d. 1820.               was owing to Drouet that they were
DRAPER, Sir WILLIAM, a military      conducted back to Paris. For this irmofficer, well known also as a controver- portant service the national assembly
sial writer, was b. at Bristol, 1721. offered him 30,000 francs, which he reHaving entered the army, he distin- fused.     In 1792 he was nominated a
guished himself in the East Indies, was deputy to the convention, in which le
raised to the rank of a colonel in 1760, distinguished himself by his support o"'
and in 1763 lhe commanded the troops at the most violent measures.  D. 1824.
the capture of Manilla, for which he re-  DROUOT, General Count, the wellceived the honor of knighthood. In    known commander of the artillery of the
1779 he was appointed lieutenant-gov- guard under Napoleon, was b. tat Natncy,
ernor of Minorca. He owes his literary  1774. Scarcely hatd he finished his educelebrity to the circumstance of his   cation when the wars of tilb revolution
having undertaken the defence of his broke out in 1792. The folloawing -year
friend, the miarquis of Granby, against he was admitted into the school o;f' irtilthe attacks of Junius. D. 1787.       lery as sub-lieutenant, and gradually
DRAYTON, MICHAEL, a poet, was b. rose through the different ranks to that
at Atherstone, Warwickshire, in 1563, of general of division, which lhe attainled
ancd educated at Oxford.   I-e wrote in 1813. In abilitie    s as an officer of
"The Shepherd's Garland," "Baxron's   artillery, in bravery and steadiness, and,
Wars," " England's Heroical Epistles,"  above all, in single-minded honlesty,
" Polyolbion,7 " Nymlphidia," &c., and  stanch fidelity, and unimnpeaechable viris reckoned a standard author amiong  tuc, lie had no superior and but few
the early poets. D. 1631.              equals in all that band of heroes who
DR.EBBEL, CORNELIUS VAN, a Dutch    raised the emperor to his throne. D.
chemist ald natural philosopher, was b. 1847.
at Alkmaar, in 1572. With a consider-   DROZ, PETER JACQUET, a skilful meable share of charlatanism, he combined  chanician, was a native of Switzerland,
real talent, and made several useful dis- and b. in 1721. Among other curious
coveries; such as the invention of the things he made a writing automtaton, the
thermometer, the method of dyeing      motions of whose fingers, &c., correscarlet, and the improvement of tele- sponded exactly with those of nature.
scopes and microscopes. D. 1]6834.     D. 1790.-HENtRY Louis JACQUET, a s0on
DRELINCOURT, OCHARLES, a French      of the foregoing, b. in 1759, excelled
Protestant divine, was b. at Sedan in  even his father, by whom lhe was taught,
1595, and d. at Paris in 1669. He was in the construction of mechanical figthe author of several religious books, ures. At the tage of 22 he went to Paris
but the only one by which he is now re- with some of tihe products of his incemembered is that entitled "Consola- nuity, aniong which was an automaton
tions against the Fears of Death."    representing a female playincg on the
DREW, SAMUEL, the son of poor harpsichleord, which followed the notes
parents at St. Austell, Cornwall, was b. in the music-book with the eyes and
in 1765, and became a shoemaker. In   head, and having finished pltaying, got
1799 he published his " Remarks on    up and made an obeisance to the comPaine's Age of Reason."    This was pany. D. 1791.
very favorably received; but it was from  DRUMMOND, WILLTAM, a Scotch
his next production, entitled " An Essay  poet, was the son of Sir0 John Drumon the Inemmateriality and Immortality  mond of Hawthornden, and b. 1585. He
of the Soul," that he is chiefly indebted  was educated at th,3 university of Edin



DUB]                  CYCLOPErDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         86
burgh, and studied civil law at Bourges; Sedition."  His next satire was "Mae
but Parnassus had more charms for him  Flecknoe;" after which appeared "Rethan legal science; and, on coming to ligio Laici," a compendious view of the
the famiily estate, the romantic beauties arguments in favor of revelation.  At
of Hawthornden inspired him with a the accession of James II., Dryden belove for poetry and polite literature. came a Roman Catholic, and, like most
His poems are replete with tenderness  converts, endeavored to defend his new
and delicacy. Hie d. 1649, and his death  faith at the expense of the old one, in a
is said to have been accelerated by grief  poem called "The Hind and Panther,"
for the tragical fate of Charles 1.-Sir which was admirably answered by Prior
WILLIAM, a learned antiquary, a states- and Montague, in " The Country Mouse
man, and the author of several works, and City Mouse."    The abdication of
classical and historical. He was a privy  James deprived Dryden of all his officouncillor, and at one period filled the  cial emoluments; and during the 10
office of envoy extraordinary and minis- concluding years of his life, when he
ter plenipotentiary from Great Britain to  actually wrote for bread, he produced
the king'of the Tvwo Sicilies; and at an- some of the finest pieces of which our
other, (1801,) went on an embassy to language can boast. His translation of
Constantinople, when he was invested   Virgil, which alone would be sufficient
with the Turkish order of the Crescent. to immortalize his memory, appeared in
His principal works are " A Review of  1697; and, soon after, that masterpiece
the Governments of Sparta and Ath- of lyric poetry, "Alexander's Feast,"
ens," "Herculanensia," "Odin," a p6- his " Fables," &c. D. 1700.
em, and " Origines, or Remarks on the    DUBOCAGE, MAIni ANNE LE PAGE,
Origin of several Empires, States, and  a French lady of considerable literary
Cities."  D. at Rome, 1828.            abilities, and a member of the academies
DRY'DEN, JOHN, one of the most of Rome, Bologna, &c., was b. at Rouen,
celebrated English poets, was b. at Aid- 1710. She translated Pope's "'Temple
winkle, Northamptonshire, in 1681, and  of Fame," Milton's "Paradise Lost,"
received his education at Westminster  "The Death of Abel," &c. into French,
school and Trinity college, Cambridge. and wrote "The Columbiad," an epic
On the death of his father, in 1654, he  poem  on the discovery of Armerica;
went to London, and acted as secretary  "The Amazons," a tragedy; and "' Travto his relation, Sir Gilbert Pickering, els through England, Hoiland, and Itfawho was one of Cromwell's council: ly."      D. 1802.
and on the death of the protector he     DU BOIS, EDWARD, who gained a
wrote his well-known laudatory stanzas high reputation in the lighter literature
on that event. At the restoration, how- of the day, was b. 1775. He commenced
ever, he greeted Charles II. with a poem, his literary career as the editor of the
entitled "Astrea Redux," which was     "Monthly Mirror," while Thomas Hill
quickly followed by a panegyric on the  was its proprietor, and Theodore Hook
coronation; and from thal time his love  was a contributor. He at the same time
for the royal house of Stutrt appears to  filled the lighter departments of the
have known no decay. In 1661 he pro-    "Morning Chronicle,".under Mr. Perduced his first play, "The Duke of     ry; and lhe maintained his connection
Guise," but the first that was performed  with the press to his latest years. In
was "The Wild Gallant," which ap- 1808 appeared "AMy Pocket Book, or
peared in the year following. In 1667  Hints for a ryghte mnerrye and conceithe published his " Annus Mirabilis;"  ede Tour in Quarto," written in ridicule
and his reputation, both as a poet and a  of the books of travel manufactured by
royalist, being now established, he was Sir John Carr. The only works pubappointed poet laureate and historiogra- lished  with  his name were   "The
pher royal, with a salary of ~200 per Wreath," " Old Nick," a satirical story,
annum. He now became professionally    the " Decameron of Boccacio, with
a writer for the stage, and produced   Remarks on his Life and Writings,"
many pieces, some of which have been   and an edition of " Francis's Horace.
strongly cen&ared for their licentiousness  D. 1850.-DE CHRANCE, EDMUND Louis
and want of good taste. In 1681 lie    ALEXIs, a modern French statesman,
commenced his career of political satire, was b. at Charleville in 1749. He was
and at the express desire of Charles II. one of the deputies to the states-general
composed his famous poem of " Absa- in 1789, and in the convention he voted
lorn and Achitophel," which he followed  for the death of the king. To him the
xup by " The Medal," and "A Satire on  republican army owed its first organiza



164                   CYCLOP'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [DUD
tion, by his having procured the decree  Francais from 1802 until 1830. B. 1777
for the levy of o00,000 men, promotion  d. 1835.
according to seniority, &c. D. 1814.-    DUCIS, JEAN FRANCOIS, a distinWILLIAM, a French cCardinal and states- guished French dramatist, was b. at
man, notorious for his ambition and his  Versailles in 1733. D. 1817.
vices, was the son of an apothecary, and  DUCK, STEPHEN, an English poet,
b. at Brive la Gaillard, in the Limousin, was originally an agricultural laborer,
in 1656. IHaving obtained the situation  near iMarlborough, Wilts, who, in a fit
of preceptor to the duke of Oleans, lie  of mental derangement, drowned himpandered to the passions of his pupil, self, in 1756.
and secured his attachment; till at     DUCKWORTH, Sir JOHN THOMAS, an
length lhe became  is privy councillor  Enolish admiral b. in Surrey, 1748, and
and overseer to the household: and, entered the navy in 1759. He had frewhen the cduke became regent, he was quent opportunlities of distinguishing
appointed minister of foreign affairs. hinself during the war, from the memThe archbishopric of Cambilay having  orable action of the 1st of June, 1794,
become valcant, Dubois, though not in wehich he took a conspicuous part, to
even a priest, had the boldness to re- his destruction of the French squadron
quest it, and succeeded  aend b  his  off St. Domingo, in 1806. D. 1817.
consummate address he afterwards ob-    DUCLOS, CIHARLES PINEAU, a French
tained a cardinal's hat, and was made  novelist and biographer, was b. at Diprime minister. D. 1723.              nant, in Brittany, in 1705; became secDUBOS, JEAN BAPTISTE, an author of  retary of the French Academy, and on
merit, and secretary to the French Acad- the death of Voltaire was appointed to
emy, was b. at Beauvois in 1670, and dis- the office of historiographer of France.
tinguished himself both as an historian  All his writings are iively and satirical,
and a writer on the polite arts.  D. descriptive of love, wominen, ahd in1742.                                 trigue; the principal are "  emmoires
DUBY, PETER. AuTEIERn TOBIESLEN a   Str le Mceurs du XVIIIme Siecle,"
celebrated Swiss medalist and antiqua- "Confessions du Compte du B."    D.
rian, was b. 1721, and d. 1782.       1772.
DUCAREL, ANDREW COLTEE, an1 emi-      DUCREST, CIIARLES Louis, marquis
nent antiquary and civilian, was b. at was a brother of madame de Genlis. He
Caen, Normandy, 1718. His principal published, in 1817, " Fate de la Moworks are "Anglo-Norman Antiquities"  narchie Absolute," a work containing,
and "Histories of Lambeth Palace and  nmong other singular propositions, one
of St. Catharine's Church."  D. 1785.  to teach the military discipline on the
DUCASSE, JEAN BXPTISTE, a French    Lancast.erian system.
naval officer, who, as governor of St.  DUDLEY, EDMUND, a celebrated
Domingoo, renderedl himself formidable  statesman, b. 1462, who on the death of
to the English, and who also obtained a  Henry VII. was sent, with Empson, to
victory over Benbow. D. 1715.         the Tower, and beheaded     in 1510.
DUCIIANGE, GASPARD, a French en- While in confinement, Dudley wrote a
graver, and counsellor.of the academy  piece entitled " The Tree of the Comof paintin. B. 1662; d. 1756.         inonwealth."-JoHN, duke of NortlanmDUCHESNE, ANDREW, geographer berland, was a son of the preceding, and
and historiographer to the king of. b. in 1502. I-e was first createcl VisFrance, was b. 1584, and d. 1640. -   count Lisle, then earl of Warwick, and
JOSEPr-I, better known by the Latin   after being appointed lord high admiral,
name   of Quercetanus, a celebrated   reached his dukedom in 1551. He cfFrench physician and writer; author of  fected a marriage between his son, Lord
a "Pharmacopoeia," and several med- Guildford Dudley, and Lady Jane Grey,
ical works, now very rarely referred to. daughter of the duke of Suffolk. He
D. 1609.                              afterwards prevailed on the young king,
DUCHESNOIS, JOSEPHINE RUFIN, a      Edward, to set aside his sisters, Ma'ry
celebrated French actress of whom it is  and Elizabeth, from the succession in
said that she was so much attracted by  favor of Lady Jane, whom he caused to
the representation of "Medea," which  be proclaimed at the king's death. But
she witnessed when only 8 years of age, an insurrection being raised in favor of
that she secretly began to prepare for Mary, she was proclaimed in London,
her future career, and appeared in the  and the duke executed as a traitor, in
part of Palmyra, in " Mahomet," when  1553.-ROBERT, earl of Leicester, a son
only 18. She performed at the Theatre  of the preceding, was b. 1532. Queen




DUTI]                 CYCLOPADIA o0     BIOGRAPHY.                    365
Elizabeth proposed him as a husband   comic writer, was b. in 1648, and d. in
for Mlary queen of Scots, but she re- 1724.
jected him with disdain; and in 1572    DUGDALE, Sir WILLIAM, an emihe married privately Lady Doug'las, but nent antiquary and herald, was b. near
never acknowledged her as lins wife. Coleshill, Warwickshire, 1605.    His
lie afterwards married the countess chief work is the " Monasticon Anglidowager of Essex, and finding Lady    canumn;" but lie also wrote "The BarDouglas intractable to his proposals for onaoe of Elngland," "The History of
a separation, is charged with having  St. Paul's Cathedral," "Origines Juripoisoned her.  D. 1588.-Sir ROBERTr, dicales," and several other works of
the son of the earl of Leicester by the merit. D. 1686.
Lady Douglas, was b. 1573. Hie drained  DUGUAY TROUIN, RENE, one of
the morass between Pisa and the sea, the most celebrated naval officers of
by which Leghorn became one of the France, was b. at St. Malo in 1673. His
finest ports in the world. lIe was the  love for a maritime life soon showed
author of "Del Arcano del Mare," and  itself, and at the age of 18 le x was the
other works.   D. 1630.-Sir HENRY     commander of a privateer. At 20 lie
BATE, was b. in 1745, educated for the. maintained ain action with li  for ty-g'un
church, and took orders. Much of his ship, against six English vssels, but
early life was, however, spent in politi- was captured. D. 1736.
cal, literary, and convivial society; and,  DUGUESCLIN, BERTRPXND, a rein spite of his sacerdotal calling, he was nowned French warrior and statesman,
engaged in several duels.   "Parson   who was constable of France in the 14th
Bate," as he was familiarly called, es- century, may be regarded as a model of
tablished the "Morning Post," and     valor, prudence, and high-minded hero" Morning Herald,"'daily papers; and  ism. Though deformed in person, and
wrote "'hle Woodman," " Rival Can- of an unamiable disposition in his youth,
didates," and several other dramatic he persevered in his endeavors to eclipse
pieces. His political connections event- these defects by the brilliancy of his
ually procured him  a baronetcy and   actions; and mainly to him must be
valuable church preferment. D. 1824.- attributed the expulsion of the English
JOHN WILLIAM WARD, earl of, was a from Normandy, Guienne, and Poitou.
man of powerful talents, but remarkable  DUHALDE, JOHN BAPTIST, a French
for his absence of mind and the habit Jesuit, was the arithor of " A Geographof "thinking aloud," of which many    ical and Historical Description of China,"
ludicrous anecdotes are told. In 1823 which he compiled from the records of
he succeeded to the peerage; was ap- successive missionaries, and is allowed
pointed secretary of state for foreign  to furnish the best account ever pubaffairs, and sworn a member of the    lished of that immense empire. B. 1674;
privy conlcil in 1827; raised to the d. 1743.
rank of an earl in the same year, and   DUHAMEL, JOHN BAPTIST, a French
d. 1833.                              ecclesiastic and a philosopher, was b. at
DUFAU, FORTUNE, a native of St. Do- Vire, in Lower lNormandy, 1624.   In
mingo, who studied under David, and   1678 appeared his "Philosophia Vetus
became   an  excellent painter.  His et Nova."  His other worls are, "R e"Count Ugolino in Prison" is an ad- gie Scientiarum   Academie IHistoria,"
mirable production. D. 1821.          and an edition of' the " Vulgate Bible,
DUFRESNOY, CHARLES ALPHONSO, a with Notes and Tables, Chronological
French painter and poet, was b. 1611. and Geographical." D. 1706-Du    oN —
In 1634 lie went to Italy, where he corn- CEAU, H1ENlRY Louis, an eminent French
pleted his well-known poem, "De Arte philosopher and writer on agriculture,
Graphlica;r" thoug'h it did not appear b. at Ptaris, 1700. His whole life was
till after his deathi, when his friend De dedicated to the cultivation of useful
Piles published it, with annotations. science; and besides largely contribuIt has been three times translated into  ting to the transactions of diffirent learnEnglish, by Dryden, Graham, and Ma- ed societies, of which lie was a member,
son. In painting, Titian and the Ca- the followinrl  are among his separate
racci appear to hlave been his'models; works: "Traite de lI Cultlur   des
and though he benefited but little by  Terres," "Elements of Agriculture,"
his artistical labors, they are now highly  Traiite des Arbres et Arbmustes qui se
valued. D. 1665.                      cultivunt en France en pleine Terre,"
DUFRESNY, CHARLS RIVIERE, a ver- "Physique des Arbres," "De'Exsatile and witty French dramatist and  ploitation des Bois," " Traite des Arbres




366                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [DUM
Frultlers," " Elemens de l'Architecture queenly dignity, deep pathos, or the veNavale."  D. 1782.                    henient display of the fiercer passions.
DUIGENAN, PATRICK, an Irish civil-    DUMONT, GoORGE, a statistical wriian, was b. of humble parents, in 1735. ter, and at one time secretary to the
He practised as a barrister, was after- French embassy at St. Petersburgh, was
wards ki g's advocate, then judge in  b. at Paris in 1725, and d. in 1788.
the prerogative court; till by perseve- Among his works are a "History of the
ring industry he raised himself to the  Commerce of the English Colonies,"' a
post of vicar-general of the diocese of  "Treatise oeatise  n the Circulation of CredArmagh, with a seat in the Irish house it.," &ce-JOHN, an eminent publicist,
of commons, and the rank of a privy   was a native of France, but settling in
councillor. He was a strong promoter Austria, became historiographer to the
of the Union, and as firm an opponent emperor, by whom he was created baron
of Catholic emancipation.  He wrote of Carlscroon. He published a volumi" Lachrymn  Academicre," and various nous work, entitled "A Universal Diplopolitical pamphlets. D. 1816.         matic Code of the Law of Nations,"
DUJARDiN, CHARLES, an eminent besides "Voyages," &c.          D. 1726.Dutch painter, a pupil of Berghem, was ETIENNE, a distinguished writer on leb. at Amsterdam, in 1640; and d. at gislation, and a member of the order of
Venice, 1678.                         Jesuits, was b. at Geneva, in 1750. He
DU   JARRY, LAURENCE JUILLARD, resided for several years in England,
eminent both for his pulpit oratory and  and was on friendly terms with the celehis poetry, was b. 1658; d. 1730.     brated Jeremy Bentham, who intrusted
DULON, Louins, a distinguished flute- him with the manuscript of his " Traitd
player and musical composer, was b. at de Legislation Civile," wlhich Dumont
Oranienburg, near Berlin, 1769. He lost published in 1802. Ile subsequently
his sight at a very early age, but evin- translated and edited Benthami's " Theocing a decided taste for music, lie was rie des Peines et des Re1compenses,"
put under the first performers, and soon  and also published his " Tactics of Learrived at singular eminence iu his pro- gislative Assemblies."  Since his death
fession. He prepared an autobiographi- which happened in 1829, at Milan, an
cal work, entitled " The Life and Opin- interesting work by him, under the title
ions of the Blind Flutist," which was of " Souvenirs sur Mirabeau," has been
edited by the celebrated Wieland. D. published.
1826.                                   DUMONT DIURVILLE, JULES SEDULONG, a celebrated French chem- BASTIAN CAESAR, one of the most skilful
ist, to whom we owe the discovery of and intrepid navigators of France. D.
the "Chlorure d.'Azote," by an explo- 1842.
sion of which dangerous substance he    DUMOURIER, CHARLEs FRANCOIS, an
lost an eye and a finger. B. 1785; d. eminent French general, was b. at Cam1838.                                 bray, 1739. He entered the army early
DUMANIANT, JOHN ANDREw, an          in life, and at 24 years of age liad reactor and dramatic writer, was b. in  ceived 22 wounds, and was made a
1754, at Claremont, and d. in 1828.   knight of St. Louis. In 1772, Louis
DUMARESQ, HENRY, who at the XV. sent him with communications to
time of his death was chief commission- Sweden, but he was arrested, and for a
er of the Australian company in Nexw  longtime confined in the Bastille. HowSouth Wales, entered the army as a lieu- ever, in 1789, we find him a principal
tenant in the 9th foot, at the age of 16; director of the Jacobin club, which was
and served in 8 campaigns, of which 6 composed of all who aspired to be acwere in the Peninsula, one in Canada, counted the friends of liberty. The
and the last that of Waterloo, where he directory entertained suspicious regardwas shot. The ball, which was never ing his designs, because it was known
extracted, is supposed to have event- that he was desirous to spare the life of
ually induced paralysis, and caused his the king, and Dumourier retired into'
deaith, March, 1838.                  Switzerland. Finding that a reward of
DUMESNIL, MARIEFRANCOSEi., acele- 300,000 francs was offered for his head,
brated French actress, who rose to the he went to Hamburgh, where he lived
highest eminence as a tragical performer, on a small pension fiom the landgrave
was b. 1713, first appeared on the stage  of Hesse-Cassel until 1804, when he acin 1737, retired from it in 1775, and d. cepted an asylum in England, wrote his
1803. Like Mrs. Siddons, she surpassed  own memoirs, and eimployed his mind
all her cotemporaries in parts requiring  in other literary pursuits. D. 1823.




DJP]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        367
DUNEAR, WILLIAM, a Scotch poet of bequeathed it at his death towards the
considerable merit, was b. about 1465, foundation of a mathematical school at
and d. in 1535.'or the age in which  his native town of Crediton, in Devonhe lived, his poems displ y Imuch skill, shire. lle published an atlas, treatises
and are not deficient eitlier in inlagina- on book-keeping, navigation, &c. D.
tion or energy.   "The Thistle and    1792.
Rose" and " The Friars of Berwick" are  DUNNING, JOIN, Lord ASHBUR.TON,
favorable specimens of his poetical vein. a celebrated lawyer, was b. at AshburDUNCAN, ADAM, Viscount DUNCAN, ton, Devon, in 1731. Ile became attorof Camperdown, &c. was a native of    ney-general in 1767, chancellor of the
Dr.ndee, and b. 1731. le went to sea  duchy of Lancaster in 1782, and was
when young, rose to the rank of post- raised to the peerage, but d. in the folcaptain in 1761, and steadily advanced  lowing year.
till he became admiral of the blue.     DUNlIS, JOHN, count of Orleans and
While in command of the North Sea Longueville, an illegitimate son of the
fleet, he had for two years the tedious  duke of Orleans, was b. in 1402. So
duty of watching' the motions of the  successful was he in his military caDutch squadron, and was at length     reer, particularly in the share lie bore
oireed to quit the station, in conse- in the expulsion of the English f: om
quence of a mutiny breaking out among  France, that Charles VII. honored him
his men, during which the enemy put with the title of "RIestorer of his Counto sea. The admiral, however, calle up  try."  D. 1468.
with the Dutch fleet off Camperdownl,   DUNS, JOHN, usually styled Duns
totally defeated them, and captured 8  Scotus, a theological disputant, who
sail of the line, June 11, 1797. D. 1804. acquired the title of "the mlost subtle
-WILLIAM, a learned writer, was b. doctor" by his metaphysical abstrac1717, at Aberdeen, where he was edu- tions, was b. at Dunstance, in Northumcated, and afterwards became profissor berland; studied at Merton college,
of philosophy in the Marischal college. Oxfrcld; and havingr  enterec the uniHe was the author of a "Treatise on   versity of Paris, was soon appointed
Logic,".and the translator of Cicero's professor and regent in the theological
Orations and Caesar's Conmmentaries.  schools. Great as was his fame, the
DUNCOMBE, WILLIAr, b. in Lon- works which obtained it are now disredon, 1690, wras the author of " Lucius garded as a mass of misapplied talent
Junius Brutus," a tragedy. He also    and intellectual lumber. I). at Cologne,
translated Horace, and wrote various in 1309.
minor poems and prose pieces.     D.    DUNSTAN, ST., archbishop of Canter1769.-JOHNu, his son, b. 1730, and d. bury, an.accomplished prelate and emi1786, was the author of "The Feme- nent statesman, was b. at Glastonbury,
neid" and other poems.                in 925, in tlhe reign of Athelstan. He
DUNDAS, Sir DAVID, a general in     took a conspicuous part in the political
the English army, and a member of the struggles of the day; and assumed, as
privy council, was b. at Edinburgh in  was the custom of the clergy in that age,
1736, and entered the military service in  as great a share in tlhe temlporal authority
1758. lis " Principles of Military Move- of the kingdom as in its spiritual affairs.
ments" and " Reoulations for the Caval- D. 988.
ry" are both acklnowledged standard     DUNTON, JOIN, a noted London
works in the army. D. 1820.           bookseller, was b. at Graf'ilm, HunDUNLAP, WILLIAM, an        eminent tingdonshire, in 1669.  -le projected
painter, b. at Perth Amboy, N. J., 1760, and carried on "T'lile Athenian Merwho was among the earliest and most cury," a selection from which, under
successful of American artists. H-e was the title of "lThe Athenian Oracle,"
originally a pupil of Benjamin  West, was reprinted. He was also the authlor
some of whose works he copied. Ile    of" Athenianism," consistiucn ofrl aner
was also a dramatist a an  an author, ous treatises in prose mand verse: and a
having written "Memoirs of George     curious work, entitled " Dunuton's Life
Frederic Cooke," a " History of the   and Errors."  D. 1733.
American Theatre," the "Art of De-      DU'PATY, JLEAN BAPTISTE MERCIFR
sign," several plays, and a i Biography  president in the parliament of Bordeaux,
of Charles Brockdlen Brown."  ). 183.  was b. at Rochelle, 1746; and d. at Paris,
DUNN, SAMUEL, a mathematician1      1788. He was the author of I" istorical
who having acquired considerable prop- Reflections on Penal Laws," "Academiorty in the exercise of his profession, cal Discourses," and " Letter, on Italy."




868                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                       LDUR
-CHARLES, his son. was a celebrated    ern times, was b. in the department of
sculptor, whose productions are remark- Haute Vienne, 1777. At the age of 3
able for their classic purity. D. 1825.  years he was stolen from his home by a
DUPEERON, JAxMs DAVY, a Swiss lady of rank, who wished to adopt him;
Protestant, who, having' abjured his but he was subsequently returned to
religion, was suceessively promoted bv  his parents, and hle owed his future
Henry 11. and IV., till he at length ol- elevation to the accidental circumstance
tained the archbishopric of Sens, and  of an officer who seeing him in his nawas elected a cardinal. B. 1556; d. 1618. tive village, and beingo struck with his
DUPIN, Louis ELLIS, an eminent address, macde proposals that he should
French historian and ecclesiastic, was b. go with him to Paris, where his educain Nolrmandy, 1687.   He became pro- tion should be attended to. Placed by
fessor of divinity in the royal college, this officer in the college de a Marche.
but lost the professorship in conse- he soon evinced a great aptitude for
quence of his religious moderation. He medical science; in 1803 he took his
was the author of an extensive and van] - degree of M.D., and after passing with
able work, entitled "'Biblioth6que Uni- distinction through various grades of
verselle des Auteurs Eccldsiastiques," the profession, he obtained in 1815 the
&c. D. 1719.                          chair of clinical surgery in the li-tel
DUPLEIX, JOSEPT, was a celebrated    Dieu, the laborious duties of which he
French merchant, who, as the hecad of  discharged wiith equal ability and suethe factory at Chandernagore, had raised  cess for twenty years. Dupuytren was
it to such a pitch of prosperity, that, in  equally distinguished as a, plysioloFist
1742, he was appointed governor of     and as a surgeon; and there are few
Pondicherry, and director-general of the  among the most enlightened practitionFrench factories in India. In 1748 he  ers of France who do not acknowledge
successfully defended it against the En- him as their master. D. 1835.
glish, for which he was raised to the    DUQUESNE, ABRAHArM, a brave and
rank of marquis; and during his vwhole skilful naval officer in the French service,
administration he displayel first-rate  was b. at Dieppe in 1610. He distintalents, both civiland miitalv.. 1763. guished hinmself by numerous acts of
-ScIPIo, historiographer of France, was intrepidity during a loln  career, and
b. in 1566. He wriote "Memoirs of the addedr much to tlhe maritime character
Gauls," a "-History of France," a " His- of his country. D. 1688.
tory of Rome," "A Course of Philoso-     DURANTE, FRAnAcsco, a celebrated
phy," &c. D. 1661.                     musical composer, was b. at Naples, in
DUPONT     DE   NEMOURS, PETER       1693, where he d. in 1755. HIe is prinSAMUEL, a French political economist, cipally known as the composer of vocal
was b. at Paris, 1739. Though lhe twice  church music.
sat as president of the constittional    DURER, ALBEPRT, an eminent painter
assembly, and held other high official and engraver, was b. at Nuremberg in
situations under the revolutionary gov- 1471. His father was a goldsmith, in
eminent, he invariably opposed    the which profession the son had made conanarchists, and narrowly escaped be- siderable progress before he turned his
coming their victim, in 1797, by his attention exclusively to the arts. He
timely retreat to America. From'that was the first who in Germany taught
country he returned in 1805, and became  the rules of perspective, and of tle propresident of the chamber of commerce; portions of the human body, accord inr
and in 1814 he was appointed secretary  to mathematical principles.  Tlhougl
to the provisional government. In the particularly eminent as a painter, he
following year he finally retired to   also excelled as a sculptor and architect,
America, where he d. in 1817. Dupont wrote several works illustrattive of those
was the author of various treatises on  arts, and made great impriovelments in
different branches of political economy, copperplate andi wood engaraving. IIe
he also wrote " Philosophie de J'Uni- was patronized by the enlperors Maxivers," and other works of merit.       milian I. and Charles V., land d. at his
DUPRE DE ST. MAUR, NICnoLAs          native town, in 1528.
FRANCIS, a French vwriter, b. 1695, and  D'URFEY, TmOMAS, a facetious poet,
d. at Paris, 1775. IIe translated Muil- once highly popular, but now nearly
ton's " Paradise Lost," tand wrote some  fo rgotten, was the son of a French relworks on numismatics.                  ul'ee, and b. at Exeter in 1628. I-e
DUPUYTREN, Baron WILLIAM, one        abandoned the study of the law for the
t'f the most renowned surgeons of mod- life of a dramatist, and was the author




DWI]                  CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIO$GRAPHY.                      269
of about thirty comedies, all of which  of peril and glory in the wars of France,
have justly become obsolete from their till the time of his death, which happenlicentiousness. He was also a writer of  ed at the battle of Wurtzen, in 1813.
songs and party lyrics, which wereo   Napoleon, who was firmly attached to
printed in 6 vols., under the title of  Duroc, wept over him on his death." Pills to purge Melancholy;" and being  bed.
the boon companion of Charles fI. his   DUSART, CORNELIUS, a Dutch paiantsociety was courted by the witty and  er, who excelled in tavern scenes, levelprofligate frequenters of his court. D. ry, &c., was the disciple of Adrian
1723.                                 Ostade. B. 1665; d. 1704.
DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON,          D-USSAULT, JOHN JOSEPI, a French
earl of, was in 1828 raised to the peer- journalist and critic, was b. at Paris,
age by the title of Baron Durham. On  1769. He contributed largely to the
the formation of Earl Grey's government " Journal des Debats,1 and the articles
in 1830, he became a member of the he furnished were afterwards published,
cabinet, as lord privy seal; and to him  entitled "Annales Litteraire' D. 1824.
is mainly attributed thle great extent  DUSSEK, JOHN Louis, anr:minent
and liberality of the reform bill. and its musical composer, was b. at Czaslau, in
eventual triumph. In 1835 he went to  Bohemia, 1762, and studied at HamnRussia as ambassador,- and remained   burgh, under the famous Emanuel Bach.
there till the summer of 1837, when he From the north of Europe he went to
returned to England; and in the follow- France, but being compelled to leave
inc year he went out as governor-general that country during the revolution, he
to Canada, intrusted with extraordinary  repaired to Londoin in 1796, and, in conpowers; but finding himself not sup- junction with Corri, opened a musical
ported as lie expected by the ministry, establishment. D. 1812.
lhe returned home the same year. B.     DUTENS, Louis, a miscellaneous wri1792; d. 1840.-Sir PiILIP CIHARLES ter, was b. at Tours, 1730. His prinCALDERWOOD, was b. at Largo, in Fife- cipal works are, " An Inquiry into the
shire, in 1763, and entered the navy in  Origin of Discoveries," and " Memoirs
1777, as a midshipman on board the of a Traveller in Retirement."  D. 1812.
Edgar, of 74: guns. He was afterwards   DUVAL, ALEXANDER VINCENT PINacting lieutenant in the Viceroy, 104, DER, a popular and voluminous French
flag-ship of Admiral Kempenfelt, whom  author. He was a member of the Inhe followed oin his removing, to the stitute, and keeper of the marsenal library.
Royal George. He was appointed act- B. 1767; d. 1842.-VALENTINE JAMERAI,
ing lie tenant of the Union, 98, at the the son of a peasant, was b. at Artonay,
relief of Gibraltar, by Lord Howe; and  in Champagne, in 1695. Being left atafter various promotions, to which his orphan at tle age of 10, he was employservices well entitled him, lie coin- ed as a shepherd's boy, and underwent
manded the Defence, of 74 guns, at the great privations; but at 18 he became
battle of Trafalgar, Oct. 21, 1SO5; but, keeper of the cattle belonging to the herin fact, lie was almost continuously  mits of St. Anne, near LuLneville, and by
employed from 1780 to 1815, when the one of that fraternity he was taught to
last Bonapartean flag that waved in the read.  Thenceforth he displaveyd an
West Indies struck to him. HIe was earnest desire for ac uiring knowledge;
made vice-admiral in 1819, and full ad- and being discovered by two noblemien
miral in 1820. His last service was that while he was studying geography under
of commander-in-chief at Portsmouth, a tree, with his maps stretched out bewhich post he resigned in 18:39. Sir fore him, they were so pleased with his
Philip was M. P. for Queensboroulgh in.conversation that they introduced himt
1830, and for Devizes in 1835. D. 1845. to the duke of Lorraine, who sent him
DUROC, MICHAEL, duke of Friuli and  to college, afterwards made him  his
a marshal of France, was b. 1772, and  librarian, and eventually procured lhil
entered the army in 1792. Being sub- the situation of keeper of the books and
sequently appointed aid-de-camp to    medals of the imperial cabinet of Vienna.
Bonaparte, he accompanied    him. to  D. 1775.
Eoypt, where he eminently distinguish-  DUVERNEY, JosEPi GTUICHARD, a
ed himself. On the formation of the celebrated French anatomist, was b. at
imperial court in 1805, he was created  Feurs, in 1648; appointed professor of
grand-marshal of the palace; and was anatomy at the royal garden in 1679, and
afterwards employed in diplomatic mis- d. in 1730.
sions, though he still took-his full share  DWIGHT, TIMOTHY, an American




370                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [EAT
divine, of great reputation both as a pul- "History of the University and Collegcs
pit orator and a writer, was b. in Massa- of Cambridge," 2 vols., and " The'Privchusetts, in 1752; became president of  ileges of the University of Cambridge."
Yale college in 1795; and d. in 1817. &c., are the niost important. B. 1755;
His "System of Theology" is regarded  d. 1841.-Sir JAMES, chief justice of the
as a work of great merit, and has been  common pleas, and speaker of the house
frequently reprinted.                 of commons, was b. 1512, and d. 1581.
DYER, Sir EDWARD, a poet of the     Dyer's "Reports" are still highly valued
Elizabethan ane, was b. about 1540. He by the profession.-JOHN, a poet of crnreceived miany proofs of the royal favor. siderable reputation, was b. at Aberbeing employed in various embassies by  glasney, Caermarnthenshire, in 1700, and
the queen, wlho conferred on him the educated at Westminster school.    He
chiancellorship of the garter in 1596. His was intended for the law, which he
poetical pieces consist chiefly of pastoral abandoned for painting, but niot ar riving
odes and madrigals.-GEO:GE, aelassical at excellence as an artist, lie took orders,
scholar and miscellaneous writer, whose and obtained some respectable church
long life of literary toil may in some sort preferment. In 1727 lie published his
be exemplified by quoting from   the poem   of " Grongar Hill," which met, Gentleman's Magazine" the following  with deserved success. He then made
mournful record:-"The greatest labor the tour of Italy, where, besides the'
of his life was the share he had in the usual study, he often spent whole days
production of Valpy's edition of the in the country about Rome and Florene'e,
classics in 141 volumes, being a combi- sketching those picturesque scenes that
nation of the Dolphin, Bipont, and Vari- there abound; and it is very naturally
orum editions. With the exception of  imagined that the beautiful landscapes
the preface, Dyer contributed all that depicted in his two subsequent poems
was original in this vast work, upon  owe. their existence in no slight dLegree
which lie was engaged from the year to that cause. These are entitled " The
1819 to 18301 iHe had scarcely coIr- Ruins of Rome," and' "The Fleece."
pleted this work when his eyesight gave  His poetry displays a lively imagination,
way, and shortly afterwards left him in  and combines great originality with the
total blindness."  His writings are va- warmest sentiments of benevolence and
ried and numerous; amongst them his virtue. D. 1758.
E.
EACHARD, JOHN, an English divine,   translated to Salisbury in 1688. Dr.
was b. 1686. After studying at Catha-  Earle was the author of an ingenious
rine hall, Cambridge, he was chosen   work, entitled, " Microcosmography;
master in 1675, and d. 1697. He wrote  or, a Piece of the World Characterized,
a work, entitled. "The Grounds and    in Essays and Characters."   -lHe also
Reasons of the Contempt of the Clergy  translated the "Icon Basilike" into
and Religion inquired into," and was  Latin. D. 1665.
also known as the author of two dia-    EARLOM, RI-IHARD, a mezzotinto enlogues, in which the system of Hobbes  graver, was b. in London, 1740. He
is sattacked with satiric humor.      was employed by Boydell to make drawEADMER, an English Benedictine      ings from the celebrated collection of
monk of the 12th century, who became. pictures at Houghton, which he afterabbot of St. Alban's. He wrote a " His-  wards engraved in mezzotinto-an art in
tory of the Liberty of the Church," and  which he was his own instructor. D.
various other ecclesiastical works. D.  1822.
1124.                                   EATON, WILLIAM, an American ofiiEARLE, John, an English prelate,   cer, was b. at Woodstock, Conn., 1764,
was b. at York, and entered Merton col-  an, at the age of 16 enlisted as a soldier.
lege, Oxford, in 1620. He became chap-  In 1792 he received a captain's commislain and tutor to Charles, prince of  sion in the American army, and in 1794
Wales, and suffered much in the rebel-  obtained the appointment of American
lion. At the restoration he was made   consul at Tupis. War beino declared
dean  of Westminster and bishop of    in 1801 acainst the United States, by
Worcester, from   which see ble was -the bey of Tripoli, who was a usurper,




EDM]                  CYCLOPA:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      371
Hamet Pacha, the ex-bey, who was then  age of 16. The moderation of his reign
an exile at Tunis, induced Mr. Eaton to  procured him the name of Peaceable.
join him in the desperate attempt of  He vanquished the Scots, and laid
recovering possession of his dominions. Wales under a yearly tribute of a cerD. 1811.                              tain number of wolves' heads, which
EBELING, CHRISTOPHER DANIEL, a cleared the country of those animnals.
distinguished geographer, was b. 1741; He subdued part of Ireland, and maind. 1817.                              tained a large fleet which secured his
ECHARD, LAURENCE, an English di- kingdom from invasion. D. 975.
vine and historian, was b. 1671; became  EDGEWORTH, RIcHARD LOVELL, of
archdeacon of Stowe, and obtained some Edgeworthtown, Ireland, was b. at Bath,
valuable livings in his native county, 1744. Being possessed of a good fortune
Suffolk.  He was a very voluminous    he devoted much of his time to agriculwriter: "The Roman History," a"Gen- tural improvements, as well as to the
eral Ecclesiastical History," a "History  amelioration of the existing modes of
of England," and a "Gazetteer," ale   education, by writing, in conjunction
the most prominent of his works. D. with his highly gifted daughter, many
1730.                                 useful works. He also wrote lis own
ECHINUS, SEBASTIAN, a Venetian      "Memoirs;" and among his various
nobleman, eminent for his writings, mechanical inventions was a telegraph.
particularly on medals. D. 1585.      D. 1817.-MARIA, the celebrated Irish
ECKHATR, JOHN FREDERIC, a learn- novelist, whose works have had great
ed and voluminous writer on philology  influence in promoting the cause of
and bibliography, was director tand li- education, and of social morality, was b.
brarian of the college of Eisenach; b. in  in Oxfordshire, in 1766. She was the
Saxony, 1723; d. 1794.-JOHN GEORGE, daughter of Richard Lovell Edgeworth
an antiquary and historian, was b. in  above mentioned. She commenced her
Brunswick, 1764, and brought up a career as an authoress about 1800; and
Protestant; but abiuring his religion, in her early literary efforts she was
he was made historiographer and l eep-  greatly assisted by the advice of her
er of the archives at Wurzburg. His father. The famous " Essay on Irish
principal works are, "A Body of His- Bulls," the joint production of herself
tory of the Middle Ages," "The Origin  and her father, was published in 1801.
of the Families of Hapsburg     and   -er "cCastle Rackrent" abounds in adGuelph," &c. D. 1730.                 mirable sketches of Irish life and manECHIEL, JosEPHtr ILARY, a learned  ners. Her "Belinda," a novel of real
Jesuit, well skilled in numismaties, was life and ordinary characters, is also deb. in Upper Austria, 1736. His two    scriptive of some of the striking traits
works, entitled'"Doctrina Nummorumn  of the Irish character.  In 1804 she
Veterunn" and " Nummi Veteres Anec- published her "Popular Tales;" and
doti," are both replete with sound in- two years afterwards, " Leonora," a
formation on the subject. D. 1798.    novel in 2 vols. In 1809 she issued
ECLUSE, CHPARLES E L', better known  "Tales of Fashionable Life," of a more
by the name of CLusIus, was b. at Arras, powerful and varied cast than any of
in Flanders, in 1526, and became cmi- her previous productions. Three other
nent as a physician and botanist. D. vols. of "Fashionable Tales" appeared
1609.                                in 1812, and fully sustained the high
EDELINCK, GERARD, an eminent reputation which she had now attained.
engraver, b. at Antwerp, 1649; d. 1707.In 1814 her novel of "Patronage" was
EDEN, Sir FREDERIC MORTON, a published.        For many years, indeed,
writer on statistics and political econ- literary composition formed the chief
omln. His principal work is entitled  business of her'life. Originality and
"The State of the Poor, or a History of fertility of invention, and a power of
the LaboriIng Classes in England, from  depicting Irish manners, unequalled
the Conquest to the present Time." D. among modern authors, are her chief
1809.-Sir MORTON, i diplomatist, who, characteristics as a novelist. D. 1849.
after beinu employed as ambassador to   EDMONDES, Sir THOMAS, a statesvarious continental powers, was raised  man in the reigns of Elizabeth, James
to the peerage by the title of Lord HEN- I., and Charles I. He was also distinLEY, and d. 1802.                     guished as a political writer. D. 1639.
EDGAR, one of the most distin-        EDMONDSON, JOSEPr, a genealogist
guished Saxon kings of England, sue- and heraldic painter.   His principal
ceoded his brotlher Edwy in 959, a the works are, "      A Body of Heraldry," and




372                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOCRAPHX.                       [ED
" Baronagium   Genealogicum, or the   against the Saracens, where he signaliPedigrees of English Peers."  D. 1786.  zed his valor on many occasions; and
EDMUND, ST., king of the East An- having, on his return, conquered Wales,
gles, was so illustrious for his piety as he created his son prince of that counto obtain a place in the Roman calendar  try, rwhich title has from that time been
In 870 he was defeated, and taken pris- given to the heir-apparent.  Hle also
oner by the Danes under Ivar, who     brought Scotland into subjection, and
causecd him to be fastened to a tree, and  took the king, John Baliol, prisoner.
to be shot to death with arrows. His D. at Carlisle, 1807.-II., son of the paeremains were interred at Bury St. Ed- ceding, b. at Caernarvon. He was gov
muncd's.-I., king of England, son of  erned by his favorites, Gaveston and
Edward the Elder, succeeded his bro- the Spencers, which occasioned the
ther Athelstan in 941.   Hie subdued  barons to rise against him. After reMercia, Noqthumberland, and Cumber-' sining his crown, he was confined in
land. Ile was killed in 948, while at a  Berkeley castle, Gloucestershire. where
banquet, by an outlaw, named Leolf.-   he was traitorously murdered py the
Il., surnamed IRONSIDE, on account of  contrivance of his queen, Isabella, and
his prodigious strength, was the son of  her favorite, Roger Mortimer, earl of
Ethelred, whom he succeeded in 1016; March, in 1328. —II., the son and suebut being opposed by Canute, he agreed  cessor of the above, was one of the
to share the crown with him. After a most celebrated heroes of his country.
reign of nine months only, le was Being but 15 when the crown devolved
treacherously murdered, in 1017.       to bhi'n, the queen dowager and her inEDRIDGE, HIENIY, an eminent land- famous paramour governed during the
scape and miniature painter, b. at Pad- first three years of his reign; but in
dington, 1768. D. 1821.                1380 the king took the reins of governEDRISSI, ABU ABDALLAH MOHXAMMED      inent into his own hands; disgraced
BEN MOHAMMED, a descendant of the and confined his mother, and caused
African princes of the race of Edris, Mortimer to be tried and executed for
was b. in Spain, in 1099, and settled at the murlde of his father, and his uncle,
the court of Roger,' king of Sicily, for the earl of Kent. He then put himself
whom he framed an immense terrestrial at the head of his army, reduced the
globe of silver, and wrote, in Arabic, a Scots, and took their king, David, prisgeographical work to explain it.       oner.  IIe next invaded France, laid
EDWARD THE, ELDER, son of Alfred     claim to the crown, as heir to his moththe Great, succeeded his father in 901. er, the sister of Charles, the last king,
He encouraged learning, and improved   who died without issue. Victorious by
the university of Cambridge. North- sea and land, against France and Spain,
umbria and East Anglia were subdued    he was elected emperor of Germany, but
by him; and he extended his domin- refused the imperial throne, and reions, by conquests, in Scotland and    turned in triumph to England, leaving
Wales. D. 925.-THE MA RTYR, son of     his son Edward, the Black Prince, to
Edgar, king of England, was b. in 962, command the army in his absence. D.
and crowned in 975. He was murdered    1377.-The Prince of Wales, surnamed
by order of his stepmother Elfrida, at the Black Prince, son of Edward III.,
Corfe castle, after a reign of three years. was b. in 1380, and, accompanying his
-TIIS CONFESSOR, was the son of Ethel- father to France, in 1845, took a leading
red, and succeeded Hardicanute in 1041. part in gaining the victory of Crecy, in
He restored Malcolm to the throne of   the year following. During his stay in
Scotland, which had been usurped by    France, in 1856, he won the great battle
M'acbeth. He caused the Saxon laws to  of Poictiers.  D. 1876.-IV., son of
be revised, amended, formed into bne Richard, duke of Yorl, succeeded Hlenbody, and translated into Latin; hence  ry VI., in 1461.  I-Ie married Lady
they were called his laws. He consulted  Elizabeth Grey, which so disgusted the
William of Normandy about the choice   earl of Warwick, commonly called the
of a successor, which furnished that king-maker, that he joined the Lancasprince with a plea for invading the trian    party, and defeated   Edward's
kingdom after the death of Edward      forces near Banbury, in 1469.   Soon
which happened in 1065.-T., (of the    afterwards he took Edward prisoner,
Norman line,) called Longshanks, sue- who effected his escape, and obtained a
ceeded his father, Henry III., in 1272. victory over Warwick, at Stamford
After firmly establishing his authority  Wells. That nobleman fled to France,
at home, he led an anrmyinto Palestine, from whence he returned with a supply




EGE]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       373
of troops, and proclaimedc Henry. Ed- where he d. in 1758. I-T wrote a "4 Treaward on this escaped beyond sea, and  tise concerning Religious Affections,"
Warwick released Henry from the Tow- "The Life of David Brainerd, a Miser and placed him on the throne; but sionary," " An Inquiry into the Modern
Edward' returned with succors, and    Prevailing Notion of that Freedom of
marched to London, where he took      Will which is supposed to be essential
Henry prisoner.   He shortly after de- to Moral Agency," &c.-THOMrAS, an infeated Warwick, who was slain. An- genious poet and critical writer, was b.
other victory at Tewkesbury secured to  in London, in 1699, and bred to the bar.
him the quiet possession of the throne. In 1744 he attacked Warburton's edition
D. 1483.-V., son of the preceding, of Shakspeare, which being coarsely
whom he succeeded at the age of 12 noticed by the haughty editor, was folyears.  Richard, duke of Gloucester, lowed by a humorous publication, entihis uncle, took the guardianship of him  tled " Canons of Criticism, with a Glosand his brother into his own hands, and  sary," which passed through several
placed them in the Tower, where they  editions.  D. 1757.-WILLIAM, a selfwere smothered in their beds, in 1483. taught architect, was b. in Glamorgan-VI., the only son of Henry VIII., by  shire, in 1719. He was only a common
Jane Seymour, his third queen, ascend- mason, but by the force of genius he
ed the throne when only nine years old, acquired an extraordinary skill in build-'and, considering his extreme youth, ing bridges, the principal of which is
displayed many qualities of the fairest that on the river Taafe. D. 1789.
promise. He promoted the reforma-       EDWIN, JOHN, a comic actor of very
tion, and established the service of the  considerable talents, was b. in London,
church of England, in 1552, by act of  in 1750. lIe made his first appearance
parliament. He founded the hospitals  on the London boards at the Haymarket
of Christ-church, Bridewell, and St. theatre, in 1775, and subsequently perThomas. D. 1553.-PLANTAG ENET, earl formed at Covent-garden, where he was
of Warwick, the only surviving male   a decided favorite. D. 1790.
descendant of the house of York, was    EDWY, king of England, son of Edkept a prisoner in the Tower several rmund I., succeeded his uncle Edred, in
years, through jealousy, and at last be- 955. He opposed the temporal power
headed, in 1499, on a pretext that he of St. Dunstan, and called him to acentered into a conspiracy with Perkin  count for his share in the administration
Warbeck against Henry VII.            of the preceding reign; but the wily
EDWARDS, BRYAN, an ingenious        ecclesiastic proved too much ifor the
writer, b. 1743, at Westbury, in Wilt- monarch, and Edwy was driven from
shire. Mr. Edwards wrote " The His- his throne, to make way for his brother
tory, Civil and Commercial, o* the Brit- Edgar. D. 959.
ish Colonies in the West Indies," "The  EGBERT, the first king of all EnProceedings of the Governor and As- gland, and the last of the Saxon heptarsembly of Jamaica, in regard to the   chy, was a prince of great accomplishMaroon Neeroes," and " An Historical ments; but, while young, he was obliged
Survey of the French Colony in the    by Brithric, king of iWessex, to withIsland of St. Domingo."   D. 1800.-   draw to France, wiere he lived at the
GEORGE, an eminent naturalist, was b. court of Charlemagne. There he ac1693, at Stratford, in Essex. D. 177. quired both the arts of war and goavern-JONATHAN, celebrated for his neta- ment;'and being recalled to take posphysical knowledge, was b. at Windsor, session of the kino'dom of YWessex, to
Conn., 1703.  In 1722 he became a which he was the rigitfiul heir, he soon
preacher, at New York, to a Presbyte- united all the other kingdoms under
rian congregation, and in 1729 was cho- him, giving the whole the name of Ensen tutor of Yale colleve. In 17. he  gland. His dominions vwere twice aftermesigned that.station. and became assist- wards invaded by the Dan'es with great
ant to his grandfather, who was a main- force, but he signally defeated them on
ister at Northampton. Here he con- both occasions. D. 838.
tinued till 1750, when he was dismissed  EGEDE, HiANS, a Dutch divine, b. in
for refusino to administer the sacrament 1686, was the founder of the religious
to those who could not give proofs of  missions to Greenland, whither he went
their hein converted. The year follow- in 1721. D. 1758. —PAUL, son of the
llg he went as missionary among the   preceding, was his assistant in the misIndians, and in 1757 was chosen presi- sion.. He composed a dictionary and
-lent of the college of New Jersey, grammar of the language, translated into
P,2




374                   CYCLOPmEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ELG
it a part of the Bible, and published a nent German divine and biblical critic,
journal of his residence in Greenland, was b. in 1752, and beeame professor of
from 1721 to 1788. D. 1789.            Oriental literature at Jena-; from iwhich
EGERTON, JOHN, an eminent pre- place he went to the university of Gotlate, b. in London, 1721; was made dean  tingen, where he was long oie. of its
of'Hereford in 1750, and afterwards sue- brightest ornaments.  His works are
cessively preferred to the bishoprics of  erudite and voluminous, the principal
Bangor, Lichfield, and Durham.    D. beingg "The History of Literature from
1787.-THOMcAS, lord chancellor of En- the Earliest to the Latest Times," a
gland in the reign of James I., b. 1540; " General Library of Biblical Literawas made attorney-general in 1592; soon  tre," " Repertory of Biblical and Oriafter, master of the rolls, and then lord  ental Literature," "Introductions to the
keeper. In 1603 he was appointed lord  Old and New Testaments,"   D. 1827.
chancellor, with the title of Baron Elles-  ELBEE, GIGOT D', generalissimo of
mere; aind in 1616 he was created      the Vendean royalists, was b. at DresViscount Brackley. His principal work  den, 1752.  He entered the French
is entitled " The Privileoes and Preroga- army as lieutenant of cavalry; and havtives of the HIlich Couct of ChancerV."  inr, at the commencement of the revD. 1617.                               olution, retired to his estate in Anjou,;GG, JiHN GASPAR, a Swiss agricul- the insurgent peasants of La Vendce, in,
turist and political economist, b. in 1738. 1798, chose him their leader. He disIHe was the founTder of several industri- played great courage and firmness, won
ous agricultural colonies, working with  masnny victories, and was often defeated
common funds, in the minmncr of those  by superior numbers; at length lhe- was
projected by Mr. Owen of Lanark. u     wounded and taken prisoner, brought
EGIL, SCALLEGRIMt, an Icelandic war- before a court-martial, and shot, Janrior and poet of the 10th century, who  nary 2, 1794.
distinguished himself by his warlike ex-  ELDON, JOHN SCOTT, earl of, a disploits in predatory invasions of Scotland  tinguished lawyer and statesman, who
and Northumberland.                   for twenty-five years filled the office of
EGINHART, or AEGINHIARD, acole- lord high chancellor of England, was
brated historian, was a native of Ger- the third son of William Scott, coalmany and the pupil of Alcuin, who rec- fitter, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne.   He
om1smended him to Charlemagne.    At was b. on the 4th of June, 1751. In
first he was the emperor's secretary, and  1778 he was admitted a member of the
it appears that he gained his esteemi and  Middle Temple; but he resided chiefly
confidence; but tle story of his nightly in or near Oxford, till he was called to
interview and marriage with Cfsarle- the bar in 1776. In 1783 lie came into
magne's claughter, Imma, is now be- parliamefft and attached himseltf to the
lieved to oe as fabulous as it is increcli- party of Mr. Pitt, whio was his personal
ble. He wrote a " Life of Charlemagne,"  friend. He was made solicitor-general
"Annals of France, from 741 to 829," in 1788, received the honor of knightand some epistles.  lie became abbot hood, and became attorney-gencral in
of the monastery of Seligenstadt, anld  179; succeeded Sir James Eyre as lord
d. 889.                                chief justice of thle common pleas; and
EGINTON, FEANCIS, an artist cele- in July, 1799, was raised to the peerage
brated for his paintings on gilass, and to  as Baron Eldon, of Eldon, in the county
whom we are indebte(d for the restora- of Durham.   In 1801 he became lord
tionl of that art, cwas b. 1757, and d. at hiogh chancellor of England. In FebHandsworth, in Shropshire, in 1805.    ruary, 1806, he resigned the great seal;
EGMONT, LAMORAL, count of, a dis- but was reappointed in April, 1807,
tingtuished nobleman in Flandcers, was fiom which period lie held it until April
b. 1522, and served in the armies of   80, 1827. At the coronation of George
Charles V. with great reputation. He IV. the lord chancellor was promoted to
was made general of horse by Philip II., the dignities of Viscount Encombe and
and distinguished himself at the battle  earl of Eldon. D. 1838.
of St. Quintin in 1557. But the duoke   ELGIN, THoMAs BruccE, earl of, was
of Alva fearing his power, and that his b. 1771, and succeeded to the peerage in
designs were in favor of the prince of  his childhood. Oil many occasions the
Orange, caused hmrn to be beheaded at earl of Elgin was honored withl diploBrussels, in 1563, together with Count maiic missions, the last of wchich was to
Horn.                                  the Sublime Porte, in 1789, where he
-EICHHOR-N, JOHN GEoo)RGE, an emi- continued till the French were finally




ELL]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      375
driven out of Egypt. Being desirous of  On his return to England he was raised
rescuing the remains of Greece also to the peerage by the title of Lord HIeathfrom destruction and oblivion, he availed  field, Baron Gibraltar. D. 1790.
himself of the opportunities of his sta-  ELISSE, PERE, a name once of great
tion, and succeeded in forming a vast diplomatic influence. B. 1769; d. 1817.
collection of statues, specimens of archi-  ELIZABETH, queen of England, was
tecture, medals, and other valuable an- the daughter of Henry VIII. by Anne
tiquities, which were eventually pur- Boleyn, and b. in 1533. She was educhased by government for ~35,000, and  cated in the Protestant religion; and in
deposited in the British Museum. D. the reign of Mary, in consequence of
1841.                                  her known attachment to it, she was
ELIAS, MAATrutW, an eminent painter, sent to the Tower, from whence she
was b. at Cassel in 1658, and settled at was afterwards removed to Woodstock.
3Dunkirk, where he painted a grand altar- On the death of her sister in 1558. she
piece. His portraits are in high estima- was proclaimed queen. Philip of Spain
lion. D. 1741.                        made her an offer of marriage, which
ELIO, FRANCIS XAVIER, a Spanish     she declined.  The French and Spangeneral, who nobly defended his coun- iards having formed a league for the
try against the French, and at the res- extirpation of heresy, Elizabethlvas intoration of Ferdinand VII. was appointed  dulced to protect the Protestants; and
governor of Valencia; but when the    this she did so effectually as to separate
revolution took place, in 1820, part of  the United Provinces fiom the Spanish
the population rose against the governor, throne. In 1588 Philip sent against Enand declaring him guilty of tyrannical gland his famous Armada, to which the
acts, he was imprisonel, tried by a pope gave the name of " Invincible..
irilitary commission, and sentenced to  On this occasion the queen distingtuished
the punishment of death, which was    herself by her great presence of mind
inflicted, Sept. 3, 1822.             and courage. She rode on horseback in
ELIOT, Jon1, styled the apostle to  the camp of Tilbury, and inspired her
the Indians, was b. 1604; came to New  people by  her deportment and her
England in 1631; and there learned the  speeches. The English fleet, however,
Indian language, that he might devote assisted by the winds, prevented the
himself to the conversion of the natives. Slpaniarcs from landing-, and their boastIn this he met with great success, and cl  armada was destroyed.  Elizabeth
obtained a considerable influence over combined prudclence with bortitude, and
the various tribes.  He translated the  judgment with vigor; but she was vioBible into their languLage, and wrote lent, haughty, and insatiably fond of
several pieces of practical divinity. D. admiration.  Shle had strong natural
1689.-THsrAts, an English writer in the talents, was well versed in Greek and
reigii of Henry VIII. He was a native  Latin, and gave repeated proofs of her
of Suffolk, but resided chiefly at Camr- skill in the art of ovoernin.. D. 1602.bridge. Ile compiled a Latin and En- PETROWNA, dauglhtcr of Peter the Great,
glish dictionary.. 14. 46.            was b. 1709. In 1741 she usurped the
ELIOTT, G(EOnI      AUOGUSTUS, Lord  imperial throne, by dethroning the inHeathfield, was b. about 1718.  After fanlt Ivan, which revolution was efected
receiving his education at Leyden he in  without the sheddinm of blood. At her
1735 attached himself to the enaineer accession she made a vow that no capicorps. In 1759 he served on the Con- tal punishments should take place in
tinent with great reputation; and on  her reign. But her humanity was equivhis recall from Germany he was sent to  ocal, as is instanced in the shockling
the Itavanna, in the reduction of which  punishment whlich she inflicted upon
he lhad an eminent share. In 1775 Gen- the Countess Bestuchef and Lapookin,
eral Eliott was appointed commander-in- who were publicly knouted, and had
chief in Ireland; firom whence he re- their tongues cut out, for bet raylin
turned soon after, and was made gov- some secrets relating to the amours of
ernor of Gibraltar, which fortress he  the empress. D. 1761.
defended with consummate talent and     ELLiENBOROUGH, EDWARD LAW,
persevering fortitude.  He was very   lord chief justice of the King's Bench,
abstemious, his constant food being   and a distinguislhed lawyer, b. 1748, at
vegetables, and his drink water. HIe  Great Salkfield, Cuniberland.  On the
never allowed himself but four hours trial of Warren Hastings, in 1785, Erasleep at a time; and was so accustomed  kine having refused to undertake the
to hardiness that it was become habitual. defence, hel served as leading counsel,




)76                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIHY.                     [ELL
and obtained the victory. In 1801 he are. " An Essay towards a Natural His
was made attorney-general, and next tory of British Corallines," and <'  A Natyear, on the death of Lord Kenyon, be- urai History of uncommon Zoophytes."
came lord chief justice of the King's -WILLIAM, a practical agriculturist of
Bench, and was created a peer. It is the 18th century, who hived at Great
said that the result of the trials of Hone, Gaddesden, Herts, and enjoyed conwho was prosecuted for impious paro- siderable reputation both as an inventor
dies and libels, (the jury having found  of farming implements, and as the anverdicts  contrary to  his loidship's thor of" The Modern Husbandman."
charges,) had a great effect on his de-  ELLISTON, ROBERT WILLIAMr, an
dining state of health; and though lie  eminent comedian, was b. in London in
continued to appear in court, and per- 1774. He was intended for the church;
formed his functions with his usual but at the age of 16 lie quitted school,
energy of mind, his frame was fiast without the knowledge of his friends,
sinking. D. 1818.                     went to Bath, and there first gratified
ELLEY, Sir JOHN, a distinguished    his ambition for scenic celebrity. Iis
English officer, who by his own merit first bow to a London audience was
rose to the highest military rank, and to  made at the lHaymarket theatre, 17196;
a host,of other honors, from the very  but it was not till 1804 that lie became
humnble situation of a private in the fixed at either of the winter houses.
royal horse guards. D. 18839.         This occurred on -Kemble's retirement
ELLIOTT, EBENEZER, "The Corn- from Drury-lane; and till the destrucLaw Rhymer," was b. at Masborough, tion, by fire, of that edifice in 1809, lihe
near Rotherham, in 1781, where his fa- continued to be one of its most active
ther was a commercial clerk in the iron  and efficient sufpporters. D. 1831..
works.   His first publication, "The    ELLSWORTH, OLIVER, chief justice
Vernal Walk," written in his 17th year, of the United States, graduated at the
showed to what extent the scenery of  college in New Jersey, 1766. In 1777
his native country had impressed itself  he was chosen a delegate in congress
on his mind.    From this period his from   Connecticut.  In 1780 he was
poetic effusions were unceasing.  He  elected into the council of Connecticut,
contributed to the " New Monthly Maeg- and was a member of that body till
azine," "Tait's Magazine," and many   1784, when he was appointed a judge
other periodicals. The great object of  of the superior court. In 1787 he was
his political life was the abolition of the  elected a member of the convention,
corn laws; and it is not too much to say  which framed the federal constitution.
that the "Corn-Law Rhymes' were as In an assembly illustrious for talents,
instrumental, especially in the manufac- erudition, and patriotism he held a disturing districts, in fanning'the excite- tinguished place. When the federal
ment which ultimately led' to the aboli- government was organized in 1789 lhe
tion of the corn laws, as the eloquence  was a member of the senate from Conof any member of the Anti-Corn-Law- necticut. In 1796 he was appointed by
League. The last edition of his poems Washington chief justice of the supreme
appeared in one volume in 18-0.   D. court of the United States, but on ac1849. - JESSE DUNCAN, a distinguished  count of ill health resigned the office in
commodore of the United States navy, 1800. In 1799 he was appointed by
b. in Maryland, 1785, who served with  President Adams envoy extraordinary
honor in the war on the lakes in 1812, to France for the purpose of settling a
performing many gallant exploits, and  treaty with that nation. D. 1807, aged 65.
afterwards on the AMediterranean and    ELLWOOD, THOMAS, was b. at CrowWest India stations. D. 1845..        ell in Oxfordshire, in. 1639. Hle was bred
ELLIS, GEORGE, a miscellaneous wri- in the tenets of the church of England,
ter of considerable talent, was b. in Lon- but was induced to join the Quakers,
don, 1745, and d. 1815. He commenced  through which he lost the favor of his
his literary career as the author ofvarious  father. He became reader to Milton,
political satires and essays; and he sub- which tended greatly to his improvesequently produced "' Specimens of early  ment in learning.  Ellwood suffered
English poets," "Specimens of early imprisonment for his profession, and
English Metrical Romances."-JOHN, an  wrote a number of books in its defence.
English poet, was b. in London in 1698, He also edited " George Fox's Journal,"
and brought up a scrivener. D. 1791.-  and published a " History of the Old and
JorNm, a naturalist, was b. in London in  New Testaments;" a sacred poem on
1710, anid d. 1776. His principal works the life of David, &c. D. 1713.




ELZ]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      377
ELMSLEY, PETER, an eminent pli- ensign in the 84th infantry.       After
lologist and classical scholar, was b. in  serving with mnch distinction in various
1778.  In pursuit of his philological parts of the globe, he was made lieustudies lie visited the principal libraries tenant-colonel of the 33d foot in 1813.
on the Continent; andc in 1819, in con- He was madcle  ajor-genral in 1837, and
junction with Sir Iumphrey Davy, he iwas commander-in-chief of the Bengal
accepted a commission fiom   govern- army, iwhlen the British arms received
ment for the development of the Hercu- so awful and disgraceful a check in AfPlanean papyri, but their labors  roved  ghanistan. D. 1842.
abortive. On his return he settled at   ELSTOB, WIILLIa, a learned divine,
Oxford, where be obtained the Camden  was b. at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 1673,.-fesrorlsh irnn of ancient history, and  and cd. 1714. He was profoundly skilled
was elected' nri.iininal of St. Alban's in the Saxon language andlcl  tiquities,
hall. He, roctuced- editions of various and published a L atin translation of the
classics, andc contributed to the early  "Saxon Homily of Lupus;" and the
numbers of the "Edinburgh Neview," "'-omily on St. Gregory's Day," in
and at a subsequent period' to the Saxon and Latin. He also wrote "An
"Q,uarterly."  D. 1825.             Essay on the Affinity and Agreement
ELPHINSTON. ARTIUR, Lord BAL- between the Two Professions of Law
MERINO, ws b. 1688. He had the corin- andc Divinity," &c.-ELIZABETIH, sister
mand of a company of foot in Lord     of the preceding, was b. at Newcastle,
Shannon's regiment in the reign of 1683. She resided with her brother at
Queen Anne; but at the accession of   Oxford, and became the partner of his
George I. resigned that commission, and  studies. She accompanied his " Homijoined the earl of Mar, under whom he ly on St. Gregory" with an English
served at the battle of Sheriifinuir. At version and a preface, and published a
the decisive battle of Culloden he was Saxon grammar. D. 1756.
taken prisoner by the duke of Cumber-   ELVIUS, PETER, a Swedish matheland's army. Being conducted to Lon- matician, and secretary of the royal acaddon, he was committed to the Tower, emy of sciences at Stockholm, was b. at
and broulght to trial in Westminster Upsal, 1710; and c. 1749.
hall, 29th July, 1746, along with the   ELWES JOHN, an extraordinary miearls of Klilmarlnocland Cromarty, both  ser.  His family name was  eoggot,
of whom pleaded guilty.  The earl of  which he altered in pursuance of the
Cromarty obtained a palardon, but the will of Sir Harvey Elwes, his uncle, who
other two   suffered  decapitation  on  left him at least ~250,000, and he was
Tower-hill, 18th August, 1746.-JAMs, possessed of nearly as much of his own.
a native of Edinburhh, whose attempts At this time he attended the most noted
to effect an iuimainary reformation in  gaming houses, ancd after sitting up a
the orthogranhyof the English lan- whole night at play for thousainds, lhe
guage, by spllinc all words as they are would proceed to Smithfield to meet his
reonounced, occupied a great part of  cattle, wher  e he would stand disputing
his life, and endcle in complete disap- with a cattle-butcher for a shillinll. He
pointment.  In this pursuit he pub- would sit in wet clothes to save the exished various works, among which we pense of a fire; eat his proyisions in the
ucmay mention "Enllish Orthography    last stage of putrefaction; and, in short,
epitomized," and "Propriety's Pocket subject himself to aly privation, or be
Picture."  B. 1721; d. 1809.          guilty of any becgarly conducet, by
ELPHINSTONE, GEORGE        KEIT1-, which a sixpence migfht be saved  yet
Viscount, b. 1747, was a distinguished  if by his personal exertions he could asnaval officer. He entered the service  sist another, provided it cost him notheai.y in life, arnd arrived at the r.nlk of  ing but his labor, he was active anc
post-captain in 1775. During the Amer- recady. In 1774 he was chosen membe'
ican wIar he served with great credit at for Berkshire, and his conduct in p.rlia
the attack on Mud Island, at Charles- ment was perfectly independent. D
ton, &c.; he also captured L'Aigle of  1789, aoed about 77, leaving a fortune
40 guns and 600 men; and when the of ~500,000, besides entailed estates.
war broke out with. France he was       ELZEVIR. The name of a celebrated
among the first who sustained the credit family of printers, residing at Alnsterof the British navy. D. 1823.-GEORGE  dam iand Leyden, whose beautiful ediWILLIAN   KEITH, b. 1782.'Early in life  tions were chiefly published between the
this distinguished, but eventually un- years 1594 and 1680.-Louis, the first of
fortunate, officer entered the service as them, began to be known at Leyden in
8.2:




S~                    aJCYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [ENga
1595, and was the first who made the and in 1808 suffered the death of a traidistinction between the v consonant and  tor. His youthful ardor, eloquence, and
the u vowel. Ite took for his device an  intrepidity have been greatly extolleL.eagle holding seven arrows, with the THOMAS ADDIS, elder brother of the premotto, "Concordia res parvoe creseunt."  ceding, was also bred to the profession
This he afterwards exchanged for that of the law, but becoming. involved in
of a man standing, with the motto " Non  the Irish rebellion, he fled his country,
solus;" and this was adopted by his and settled in the United Slates, where
successors. Their names were JOHN, he practised as an advocate. D. at New
DANIEL, MATTHEW, ISAAC, BONAvENTURA, York, 1827.
and ABR.IAHAr. The latter two prepared   EMPEDOCLES, a Greek philosopher,
the smaller editions of the classics, in  whose doctrines were nearly allied to
12mo. and 16mo., which are still valued  those of Pythagoras, was b. about 460
for their beauty and correctness. Al- B. c., at A'grigentum, in Sicily. The
thouglh the Elzevirs were surpassed in  sovereignty was offered him by' his fellearning, and in Greek and Hebrew edi- low-citizens; but beingo a fi iend to pure
tions, by the Stephenses of Paris, they  democracy he refused it, and established
were unequalled in   their choice of a popular government.
works, and in the elegance of their ty-  ENFIELD, WILLIAM, a dissenting
pography.                              minister, and a writer of much judgaEMANUEL, king of Portugal, sue- ment, was b. at Sudbury, 1741; and afceded  John II. in 1495. He restored   ter filling the situation of resident tutor
the nobility to their privileges, and  and lecturer on the belles lettres at
greatly encouraged maritime adven- Warrinoton academy till the dissolutures, by which means a new passage    tion of that establishment, he d. 1797.
to India was discovered by Gama, and   He was one of the principal contributors
Brazil in 1501, by Cabral. Emanuel also  to " Dr. Aikin's Biographical Dictionsent an expedition to Africa, and estab- ary;" and is known as the author or
lished a commercial intercourse with   comnpiler of several useful works, viz.,
the kingdom of Congo. D. 1521.         " The Speaker," " Exercises on ElocuEMERY, JOHN, an actor of very con- tion," "Natural Philosophy," &c.
siderable merit, (particularly in rustic  ENGEL, JOHN JAMES, a German wricharacters, where his perfect knowledge  ter, whose philosophical works are held
of the Yorkshire dialect rendered hiin  in high esteemi, was b. in Mecklenburgh,
so effective,) was b. at Sunderland, in  1741; and, after studying at several
1777. D. 1822.                        German universities, he accepted the
EMLYN, TIHOMAS, a Protestant dis- office of professor of morals and literasenting minister, memorable for the ture at Berlin, where he was made a
persecution he sustained in consequence  member of the Royal Academy of Sciof his religious sentiments with regard  ences, and wrote the greatest part of his
to the Trinity, was b. at Stamford, Lin- works. D. 1802.
colnshire, in 1663, and studied at the  ENGELBRECHT, JOHN, a religious
university of Cambridge. In 1691 he fanatic, was b. at Brunswick, 1599. He
settled at Dublin, as assistant to the travelled for several years through GerRev. Joseph Boyce, but was soon inter- many, fasting at times for a fortnight
dicted from his pastoral duties, on sus- togetker, and not unfrequently falling
picion of Arianism. Finding himself into trances, during which he pretendedc
the object of much odium and miscon- to receive divine revelations and misception, he published "A Humble En- sions for proselytizing mankind. D.
quiry into the Scripture Account of Je- 1642. 
sus Christ;" upon which he was arrest-  ENGHIEN, Louis ANTOINE HENRI DE
ed on the charge of blasphemy, tried, BOU.BON, duke of, son of the duke of
and sentenced to a year's imprisonment Bourbon, and a descendent of the great
and a fine of ~1000. His character was  Cond6, was b. at Chantilly, in 1772.
amiable, and he was on terms of inti- Having served with credit in the armies
macy with Dr. Clarke, Whiston, and    opposed to the French republic, he went
other eminent men. D. 1743.           to Baden, in 1804, married, and lived
EMMETT, ROBEET, the son of a phy- there as a private citizen. He was, howsician at Cork, was educated for the le- ever, regarded with a jealous eye, as one
gal profession; but, on the breaking  who might become a dangerous foe to
out of the Irish rebellion, he was drawn  the ambitious designs of the. first consul;
into its vortex, became secretary to the  and an order to arrest him was accordzeeret directory of United Irishmen, ingly issued. He was accused of having




EP-I]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        379
taken part in conspiracies against the pupils, for whose wants he provided
life of the first consul; and though noth-  with such disinterested devotion, that he
ing was proved against him, he ieceived  often deprived himself of the necessaries
sentence of dea th, and was led into the  of life, restricting himself to the plainest
fosse of the castle, where lie heroically food, and clothing himself ini the coarsest
and firmly submlitted to it.          apparel. D. 1789.
ENGLEF1EL), Sir HENRY CHAIRLES,       EPICIIARMIUS, of Cos, a philosopher
a fellow of the Royal and Antiquarian  of the Pythagorean school, lived in the
societies, to whosi I "Transactions" he  latter part of the 5th century B. c., at
contributed largely, was b. 1752. He Syracuse, and there wrote his celebrated
was the author of a work "On the De- comedies, all of which are now lost. lie
termination of tlhe Orbits of Comets,"  also wrote upon medical and philosoph"A   Description of the  Pictturesque  ical subjects, and attained the age of 97
Beauties and (Geological Phenomena of  years.
the Isle of Wiht,"' &c. D. 1822.        EPICTETUS, a Stoic philosopher, who
ENNIUS, QUINTUS, a celebrated Latin lived in' the first century, was a native
poet of the earlier times of the republic, of IHierapolis, in Phrygia, and was oriliwas b. at Calabria 239 B.c..Cato the nally a slave to Epaphroditus, one of
Censor beca:ne acquainted with him in  Nero's freedmen. Having been emanSardiniia, was his pupil, and brought cipated, he gave himself lp wholly to
him to Rome, where he soon gainel the  the sttdy of philosophy, antd his life
friendship of the nmost distingluished in- affordedl an example of unblemished
dividiuas, iand instructed young men of  virtue.
rank in Greek. D. 269-) B..              EPICURUS, the founder of the EpiENTICK, JoHN, an English divine, d. curean sect of philosophers, was b. at
in 1780. He publislhed a "History of   Gargettuis, 842 B.C., and studied at
the War which ended in 1763," a "His- Athens. For a time he resided succestory of London," a well-known and ap- sively at Colophon, Mitylene, and Lampproved " Latin and English Dictionary,"  sacus, but finally settled  at Athens,
&c.                                   where lie purchased a garden, and there
ENTINOPUS, an eminent architect expounded his system       of philosophy.
of Candit in thle 4th century, who may  D. 271 B. C.
properly be styled the founder of Venice.  EPIMENIDES, a celebrated philos}laving fled from  the ravages of the  opher and poet of Crete, who flourished
Goths to the morasses on the Adriatic  during the 6th centlury B. c. He is repcoast, he built the first house there for resented as favored with divine commuhimself, and afterwards assisted the in- nications, aid as an infallible prophet.
habitants of Padua, who also took refuge  EPINAY, LoUISE. madayme d', a female
there, in buildingo the 80 houses which  of considlerable talents, and notorious for
formed the first city. D. about 420.  her connection with Rousseau, was the
EPAMINONDAS, a Tlieba.n general, wife of MI. Delalive de Bellegarde, who
illustrious for his talents and his virtues, fille the office of fa mer- eneral. Dnwas the son of Polymnnis. Ile was the ring the earlier part of her life, she fornmfriend of Pelopidas, and by him appoint- ed an acquaintance with the philosopher
ed to the commniand of the Theban armies. of Geneva, to whom she gave a cottacre
He defeated Cleombrotus, and gained   in her park of Chevrette, (afterwards thie
the battle of Leuctra; overcame Alex- well-known hlermitage,) where he passed
ander tyrant of Ihereia; and fell in the mainy of his days, whxich were rendered
imomient of victory at the battle of Man- happy by this romantic attachment, untinea, 36s3 B..                      til he becanme jealous of Baron Grimm,
EPEE, CHARLES MICuIAEL DE L', a     whom lie had himself introduced to his
French abbe, founder of the institutio nmistress. She was the author of "Les
in Paris for the deaf and clumb, was b. Conversation1s d'Emilie," "Lettres 
at Versailles in 1712, and deserves grate- mno  Fils," and "Mes Moments Heuful rememibrance for the philanthropic  reux."  D. 1783.
occupation in which the greater part of  EPISCOPIUS, SIMON, alearned divine,
his life was spent. He entered into holy  b. at Amsterdam, 1583. In 1612 he was
orders, and became a Catholic priest; chosen divinity professor at Leyden;
but his great object being to impart in- was the principal of the remonstrants, or
striictionI to the deaf and diumb, he spent Arminians, at the synod of Dort, which
his whole income, besides what was arbitrary assembly deposed him and the
contributed by benevolent patrons, in  other deputies from  their ministerial
the education and maintenance of his. functions,.and banished them the re



380                  CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPH1Y.                      [ER
public. He then went to Antwerp, but Greek lecturer, at Cambridge. In 1514
nm 1626 he returned to Iolland, and be- he once more returned to the Continent,
came minister to the remronstrants at and lived chiefly at Basle, where he vigRotterdam. D. 1643.                   orously continuecld his literary labors,
EPONINA, a Roman female, whose      and prepared his edition of the New
strength of conjugal affection is worthy  Testament, with ~ Latin translation;
of record, was the wife of Julius Sabin us, his " Ciceronianus,1' and his celebrated
who, after beinge defeated in his revolt "Colloquies," which latter gave such
against Vespasian, took shelter in a sub- offence to the monks, th ththey u  J to
terranean cave, where, dur ing nine years, say, "Erasmus laid the e~g which Luhe and Eponina li ed concealed. Their ther hatched."  With Lut/her, however,
retreat being at length discovered, and  whom he had provoked by his treatise
Sabinus being   condemned to suffer on Free Will, he was in open hostility.
death, the faithful wife having vainly  In: 1528 appeared his learned work, "De
implored the emperor's clemency for her recta Latiuis Gr ecique Sermonis Prohusband, heroically refused to survive nunciationc," and his last publication,
iris loss, and d. a willing martyr to her which was printed the year before his
constancy,                                  wa78.eath,  s entitled " Ecclesiastes, or the
ERASISTIRATUS, n ancient physi- Manner of Preaching."      D. 1536.
clan, who acquired great reputation at  EPATOSTliENESa nativeofCvrene,
the court of Seleucus Nica.nor, king. of in Africa, 275 B. c., was librarian at AlexSyria, was one of the first who disseeted  andria, and improved the science of
human bodies, and accurately described  mathematical ceography, which he cor-.the brain.'rected, enlarged, and reduced to system.
ERASMIUS, DroSIDn.RITUS, one of thee  e weas also a philosopher, poet, and
most eminent scholars of his age, c was b. gramumarian; while he rendered much
at Rotterdam, 1467. He was the illegit- service to the sciences of astronomy and
imate son of one Gerard, by the daugh- geography, by first observing the obter of a physician; but his father and  liquity of tlhe ecliptic, and by discovermother dying when he ewas only nine   ing the method of measuringu the ciryears old, he was left to the cre of  cumtference of the globe.
three guardianls, who determined on     ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, a Spanish
bringing him up to a religious life, that poet and soldier, was b. in Biscay, about,they might enjoy his patrimony; for 1580. He was brought up at the court. which purpose they removed him from  of Charles V., and joined an expedition
one convent to another, till at last, in  which was sent out to Chili against a
1486, he took the habit among the tribe of natives called the Araccanians.
canons-reguliar at Stein, near Tergon. Hence came hiis admirable epic of "La
The monatstic life being disagreeable to  Araucana,'" which describes tlhe perils
him, he accepted an invitation from the and exploits of that fierce and dangerous
archbishop of Cambray to reside with  contest; this he wrote on scraps of paper,
him. During his abode with this prelate  and on bits of leather when paper could
he was ordained priest; but in 1496 he not be had, during those brief intervals
went to Paris, and supported himself by  which could be snatched from  active
giving private lectures. In 1497 he vis- duty.
ited England, and met with a liberal re-  EREMITA, DANIEL a writer of the
ception from the most eminent scholars. 17th century, was a native of Antwerp,
On his return he spent twelve years in  and became secretary to the duke of
France, Italy, and the Netherlands; and  Florence. He wrote several works, the
during that time he published several principal one beine entitled " De Aulica
works of great merit. In 1506 he took  Vita ac Civili."  D. 1613.
his doctor's degree at Turin, and went  ERIC IX., king of Sweden, Denmark,
to Bologna, where he continued some. and Norway, succeeded Margaretin 1412.
time; thence he removed to Venice, and  He married the daughter of Henry IV.
resided with the famous Aldus Manu- of England. In 1439 he was formally
tins. From Venice he went to Padua    deposed. He afterwards settled in Poand Rome, where many offers were made merania, where he d. in 1459. He comhim to settle; but having received an  piled a "History of Denmark to the
invitation from Henry VIII.. he went year 1288."-XIV., son and successor
to England again in 1510; wrote his of Gustavus I., king of Sweden. He
"Praise and Folly" while residing with  courted the Princess Elizabeth, afterSir Thomas More; and was appointed    wards queen of England, but being
Margaret professor of divinity, and   refused, he married the daughter of a




ERS].CYOLOPA-DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       381
peasant. This aloenated from him the    ERSKINE, EBENEZER, the founder of
hearts of his subjects, and, together with  the secession church in Scotland, b. at
his cruelties, occasioned a revolt. Eric  Dryburgh, in Berwickshire, 1680. In
was compelled to renounce his throne   1731 he accepted of a call to Stirling';
in 1568. D. in prison, in 1578.       and circumstances soon afterwards havERICEIIA, AFERDINAND DE MENEZES, ing occurred to augment the hostility he
Count, a Portuguese historian, was b. had always shown to the law of patronat Lisbon, in 1614. Ite devoted himself  age, he declared the church judicatories
to military service, and distinguished  to be illegal and unchristian, and, after
himself as an able general at Tangier. some delay and discussions, was "delIe wrote " The History of Tangier,"   posed from the office of the holy uminis"History of Portugal,'? &c.-FRtANCIS try' in 1740. But he was soon joined
XAVIER MENEZES, Count, great-grandson  by his brother Ralph, minister of Dunof the above, was b. at Lisbon, in 1763  tfermline, and other ministers; and havand d. in 1713. He wrote on " Academ- ing constituted themselves into a presbyical Studies," "Parallels of Illustrious tery, they founded the secession church
Men and Women," &c.                   of Scotland. D. 1754.-JOHN, son of an
ERIGENA, JOHN SCOTUS, a learned     eminent Scotch lawyer of the same name,
man of' the 9th century, was b. in Scot- was b. at Cardross, in 1721, and destined
land, though some imake him a native for the bar; but his inclination leading
of England, and others of Ireland. He him to the study of theology, he was,
is said to have. travelled to Athens, in 1742, licensed to preach. His ""aowhere he acquired the Greek and Ori- locical Dissertations" appeared in 1765;
ental languages. He resided many years hbut his " Sketches and Hints of Church
at the court of Charles the Bald, king of  History and Theological Controversy"
France,. with wbhom he lived on terms were not published till many years
of the greatest familiarity. At the re- after. These, wvith a voltmeofsermons,
quest of his patron he translated the  are his principal works.  D. 1803.works of Dionysius into Latin, which  THOMAS, Lord, third son of David Henry
* drew upon him the resentment of the Erskine, earl of Buchan, was b. in 1750.
pope, to avoid whose fury he went to  He was called to the bar in 1778, and
England, where he was courteously re- obtained immediate success. In May,
ceived by Alfred the Great, who placed  1783, he received a silk gown, and, the
him at the head of his newly-founded  same year, was elected nimember of parliacollege at Oxford; but after a residence ment, and unanimously rechosen for the
there of about three years, he retired to  same borough on every succeeding eleothe abbey of Malmnesbury. His greatest tion, until raised to the peerage. In
work was the " Division of Nature, or 1792, being employed to defend Thomas
the ioature of Things," printed at Ox- Paine, when prosecuted for the second
ford in 1681.                         part of his " Rights of Man," he declared
ERNESTI, JOHN AUGUSTUS, an emi- that, waiving all personal convictions,
nent German critic, and professor of he deemed it right, as an English advotheology at Lcipsic, was b. 1707. He cate, to obey the call; by the maintepublished several valuable editions of nance of which principle he lost his
Xenophon, Cicero, Suetonius, Tacitus, office of attorney-general, to the prince
Homer, and Callimachus, accompanied   of Wales. The most, arduous effort,
with learned notes; and a "Theological however, in his professional life, arose
Library."  D. 1781.-AUGUSTUS WIL- out of the part cast upon him, in conLIAM, a nephew of the preceding, was junction with Mr. (afterwards Sir Vicary)
also a distinguished classieal scholar, Gibbs, in the trials of Hardy, Tooke, and
and published several learned works. others, for high treason, in 1794. These
B. 1753; d. 1801.                     trials lasted for several weeks, and the
ERSCH, JOHN SAMUEL, a German        ability displayed by Mr. Erskine on this
bibliographer, b. 1766, was principal eventful occasion was admired and aclibrarian, and professor of geography  knowledged by all parties. He was a
and statistics, at the university of Halle. strenuous opposer of the war with
He wrote a " Manual of German Litera- France; and wrote a pamphlet, entitled
ture;" a " Dictionarv of French Writers, " A View of the Causes and Consequenfrom 1771 to 1805 " was joint editor ces of the War with France;" when
with Professor Grtiber of the "Universal such was the attraction of his name,
Encyclopsedia," published at Leipsic; that it ran through the unprecedented
and editor of the "Jena Literary Ga- number of forty-eight editions. In 1802,
zette."  D. 1828.                     the prince of Wales not only restored




882                   CYCLOP.EDIA OC'F BIOGRAPHYL. [E ru
him to Ilis office of attorney-general, but and deputy firom  the nobility to the
made him keeper of his seals for the states-general ill 1789. He had from his
duchy of Cornwall. I-He was the author youth entertained the project of restoof a political romance, entitled "Ar- ring to France the states-general; and
mata," and some pamphlets on the for the violence of his speeches on that
Greek cause. But it was at the bar subject he was seized and banished to
that he shone with peculiar lustre. D. the isle of St. Margaret; but being re1823.                                 called to Paris in 1789, he defended the
EEXLEBEN, JOHN CHRISTIAN POLY- monarchy against innovators with as
CA.RP, a German naturalist, b. at Qued- much warmth as he had before opposed
linburg, 1744. lHe studied physic at the despotism of the ministry.  le was
Gottingen, and gave lectures there on  ultimately condemned by the revollthe veterinary art and natural history. tionary tribunal, and perished on the
His "Principles of Natural History" is scaffold, in 1793.
particularly vdalable. D. 1777.         ESTAING, CHAtRLES HENRY, Count, a
ESCOBAR Y MENDOZA, ANTIIOiY, French commander, was b. of a noble
a celebrated Spanish Jesuit, b. at Valla- family in Auvergne, anc commenced
dolid, 1589, and d. 1669. He was a his career in the East Indies, under
popular preacher and a voluminous au- Lally, when he was taken prisoner by
thor. IHis most noted works are his the English. In the American war he
"' Moral Theology," and his "Cases of  was employed as vice-admiral and genConscience."                          eral of the French armies onl that staES'COIQUIZ, DON JUAN, a Spanish     tion, where he took the island of Grenadiplornatist and author, b. 1762.  ie da. In 1787 lihe became a member of
was the confidential friend of Ferdinand  the assembly of notables, and commandVII., whom    he defended   zealously  ant of the national guards at Versailles,
against the machicnations of the Prilnce  at the commencment of the revolution;
of Peace, and of Napoleon at Bayonne; but, like manly others who had promoted
yet for havincg advised the king to accept, the revolution, he was accused of counat least in part, the constitution of the ter-revolutionary projects, and suffered,
Cortes, lie was banished on his restora- in 1793, by the gruillotine.
tion, and d. in exile, in 1820. Among   ESTE, one of the most ancient and
his wiorks are the " Conquest of Mexico," illustrious families of Italy, which owed
and also translations from Milton and  its origsin to those petty princes who
Young.                                governed Tuscany in the timlle of the
ESMENARD, JosEPH ALPHONSE, a        Carlovingians. In later times, they reFrench e -soet and political writer, was b, ceived fr'om the emperors several dis1770, at Pelissane, in Provence. During  tricts and counties, to be held as fiefs of
the revolution he was connected with  the empire, with the title of marquis.
nmany literary and political journals; Of this family was Guelfo IV., who,
accompanied General Leclerc to St. Do- having received the investiture of the
mingo; and oni his return became ac- duchy of Bavaria, founded the house of
quainted with Marmontel. His poem, Brunswick.
"La Navigation," is highly descriptive;  ESTEADES, GODFREY, Count, a
he also wrote the operas of "Traian"  French general and diplomatist, b. 1607,
and "Ferdinand.-. tez."  D. 1811.    and d. 1661. He served with distinction
ESPAGNAC, JOHN BAPTIST, baron d', in the Netherlands, under Prince Maua French geneIal, b. 1713. I-e served  rice.
under Marshal Saxe, and wrote a num-    ESTREES, GABRIELLE, duchess of
ber of books on the military art, and a Beaufort, mistress to Henry IV. of
history of the marshal, in 3 vols. 4to.  France, was b. about 1571, and was deESPER, JOHN FREDERIC, a naturalist scended from   an ancient and noble
and astronomer, was b. at Drossenfeld, family in Picardy. So passionately was
in Bayreuth, 1732. He published "A   she loved by Henry, that he intended to
Methlod of determining the Orbits of  raise Gabrielle to the throne as his lawComets, and   other celestial Bodies, ful consort, for which purpose he prowithout astronomical Instruments or cured a divorce from Margaret of Valois.
mathematical Calculations;" and was The design was strongly opposed by
the first who examinled and described  Sully, who succeeded il rendering it
the curious fossil remains in the subter- abortive. D. 1599.
raneanl caverns of Bayreuth. D. 1781.   ETHELBERT, kino of England, the
ESPREEMENIL, JAMES DUVAL D', a second son of Ethelwuolf, succeeded his
counsellor of the parliament of Paris, brother Ethelbald, in 860. He was a




EUL]                  CYCLOPrEDIA OE BIOGRAPHY.                       383
virtuous prince, anlld beloved by his  Megara., and the disciple of Socrates,
subjects.                             fromi' whom he differel in the manner
ErIELREED I., king of England, son  of teaching; for, instead of instructing
of Ethellwoli, succeeded his brother his pupils in morals, he confined their
Ethelbert, in 866.-II., kilng of England, attention wholly to the subtleties of
the son of Edgar. succeeded his brother logic. He flourished about four centuEdward the lMartyr in 978, and, from  ries before the Christian era, and was
his want of vigor and capacity, was sur- the founder of the Megaric sect.-A
namled the U!lready.  te paid a tribute  celebrated mathematician of Alexanto the Daines by a tax levied on his sub- dria, who flourished 300 B. c. le imjeets, called Danegelt. To fiee himself  mortalizec his name by his books on
from this oppression, he causedl all the geomet ry, in which he digested all the
Danes in Eneland to be treacherously  propositions of the eminent geometrimassacred in one dav. On this, Sweyn, cians who preceded him, as Thales,
king of Dernmark, entered his kingldon, Pythagoras, and others.  His "Eleand compelled him to fly to Normanrdy; ments" lhave gone through innumerable
but Swevn cdying soon after, Ethelred  editions annCd  ouigh he wrote on mureturned ancd resumred the government. sic, optics, and other subjects, it is as a
D. 1016.                              geometrician that he will ever be reETHELWOLF, king of England, suc- rmembered.
ceeded his fathier Egbert, in 838,'Land  EUDOCIA, a learned    female of
gave to his son, Athelstan, the sover- Athens, whLose original nane was Atheeigntty over Essex, Kent, and Sussex. nais, was the dauigheter of Leontins the
D. 857.                               philosopher. In 421 she was marriecl
ETTIEREDGE, Sir GI.OIGEe an En- to the emrperor Theodosius, who afterg. glish dranatist, and one of the wits of wartds divorced her in a fit of jealousy.
the court of Charles II., was b. about She then went to Jerusalem, where she
16-33. He studied at one of the inns built churches, and led a life of great
of court, but soon relinquished legal devotion. This empress wrote several
science tbr the dissipation which char- Greek.poems, and paraphrases on some
acterized the era in which lhe lived. Hie  of tle prophets. D. 460.
devoted considerable attention to light  EUGENE, FRANCIS, of Savoy, known
literature andl wrote songs, p megyrics, as Prince Euene, a distinguished mililampoons, and draiase; wich, though   tary commander, and a grandson of the
tinctured with licentiousness, possess  duke of Savoy, was b. at Paris, 1663.
humor, ease, and spirit. I-s comedies IIe was intended for the church, but his
are entitled " The Comical Revenge, or predilection for military life was so
Love in a Tub," "She Would if She     strong, th-t on being refused a regiCould," and "The Man of Mode."    He ment in the French army, he entered
is sraid to have lost his lite, in 1683, by  the service of the emperor, as a volunfliling down stairs while in a state of in- teer against the Turks, where his bratoxication.                           very attractinr notice, he was soon apETOILE, PETER DE L', a French wri- pointed to the comlmand of a regiment
ter, b. 1540, whose diaiy of events fur- of dragoons. He wais afterwards placed
nished the matter for the "Journal of at the head of the army of Hungary, and
Henry III.," and the " Journal of Hen- was the companion in arms of the great
ry IV.? D. 1611.                      duke of Marlborough, participating in
ETTY, WILLIAM, a distingruished art- the victories of Blenheim, Oudenarde,
ist, was b. at York, 1787. On his arrival &c. He likewrise saved Turin, expelled
in London, in 1805, he soon attracted  the French from Italy, reduced Lisle,
the attention of Opie, Fuseli, and Sir and, in short, raised his namure to the
Thomas Lawrence; and the death of an  very pinnacle of military renown, by
uncle, who bequeatthed him a consider- repeated demonstrations of skill and
able fortune, havinl  enabled him to  bravery. D. 173ii.
prosecute his studies as he pleased, he  EUGENIUS, rler obscure man, who,
proceeded on a tour to Italy, where he from  being a grammarian, was proimbibed that taste for Venetian art claimed empreror in Dauphine, by Count
which he subsequently carried out in  Arbogatus, after the death of Valentinthe numerous works that proceeded     ian the Younger, in 392. Ite crossed
from his pencil.  Iis "    Judith" and  the Alps, and made himself master of' Joan of Arc" mav rank with the best Milan; but in 394 he was defeated and
compositions of modern times. D. 1850. slain by the. emperor Theodosius.
EUCLID, an eminent philosopher of.. EULER, LEONXUD, a celebrated mar




884                   CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        EVA
thematician, b. at Basle, in 1707, and  EUSEBIUS, PAMPHILUS, an ecclesiaswas a pupil of John Bernouilli. lie was tical historian, was b. in Palestine about
one of the literati invited to St. Peters- 270. In the persecution by Diocletian,
burg by Catharine I., and for a time he assisted tlie suffering Christians by
sustained the whole weight of the ma- his exhortations, particularly his friend
thematical department in the nevar uni- Pamphilus, whose name, out of veneraversity, with great talent and industry. tion, he assumed. Eusebius was chosen
In 1741 he accepted an invitation from  bishop of Cesarea about 813.. He was
Frederic the Great, and remained at at first the friend of Arius, because he
Brienne till 1766, when he returned to  considered-him  as persecuted, but on
the Russian capital, where he d. in 1783. perceiving the dangerous extent of his
Though he had been: blind for many     opinions, lihe abandoned him, and asyears before his death, he still cou- sisted at the council of Nice, which he
tinued his literary labors; and in that opened with an address. He was also
state he produced his   iElemoents of  at that of Antioch. The emperor ConAlgebra" and    his "Theory of the     stantine hada particular esteem for him,
Moon."   His writings, which are 1nu- aid showed him several tokens of favor.
merous, are able and original, both in  lie died about 338. HIe wrote an "Ecmetaphysics and philosophy; and, in    clesiastical Histor, " the " Life of Confact, he may justly' be regarded as one staltine,"' and other works, the principal
of the greatest mathematicians of the of which is "' Evangelical Preparation."
age. JOHN    ALBERT, CHARLES, and'EUSTACHIUS, BARtTHOLOMEW      an
CHRISTOPHER, three sons of the pre- eminent Italian physician of the 16th
ceding, were each eminent in their re- century. lie settled at Rome, where he
spective walks of life.-JoHN ALBERT, a  formed his anatomical tables, and made
mathematician, was b. at St. Petersburg, several important discoveries, among
in 1734, and d. there in 1800. He was a  which is the passage from the throat to
counsellor of state, and secretary of the  the internal ear, called the Eustachmlan
Imperial Academy of Sciences, and     tube. Boerhaave published this author's
wrote many treatises on astronomy, op-  "Opuseula Anatomica" in.1707. D. 1570.
tics, &c.-CHimLES,s the second son, whio  EUSTATHIAJS, an eminent critic and
was b. at St. Petersburg, in 1740, was archbishop of Thessalonica, was b. at
physician to the court, and a member Constantifinople, and lived in th-e 12th
of tnhe Imperial Academy of Sciences. century. He wrote commentaries on
D. 1766; and to him is attributed an   Homer and Dionysius the geographer;
able treatise on the motion of the plan- displaying, in the former more especialets.-CHRISTOPHER, the youngest son, ly, profound philological learning.
was b. at Berlin, 1743. Besides beingc   EUTROPIUS, FLANHS, a Latin hiseminent as a mathematician, he was an  torian of the 4th century. He was secexcellent astronomer, and was one of   retary to Constantine the Great, and
the persons selected to observe the tran- served under Julian in his Persian exsit of Venus, in 1769.                 pedition. He wrote an epitome of the
EURIPIDES, a Grecian tragic poet, history of Rome, of which numerous
was b. in the island of Salamis, 480 B. c. editions have been printed.
He studied at Athens under Anaxagoras   EUTYCHES, an ecclesiastic of the 5th
the philosopher, and Prodicus the rhet- century, from whom the sect of Eutyorician; but left that city in disgust, on  chians sprung, was a man of strict piety,
account of the rivalship of Sophocles  but who, in opposing the doctrines of
and the raillery of Aristophanes, and  Nestorius, fell into the opposite extreme,
went to the court of Archelauins, king of  and denied the human nature of Christ.
Macedon. He wrote an immense num-       EVAGORAS, a Greek writer in the
her of tragedies, nineteen of which are  time of Augustus. He wrote a History
extant. As he was walking one evening  of Egypt, the Life of Timagfenes,, " De
in a wood, he was attacked by the king's  Artificio Thucydidis Oratorio," &c.
hounds and torn in pieces. He was       EVANS, ABEL, commonly called Dr.
then in his 75th.year.                Evans, the epigrammatist, was one of
EUSDEN, LAURENCE, an English poet, the Oxford wits, and intimate with the
was b. in Yorkshire. In 1718 he ob- most eminent poets of the age. He was
tained the laureateship, which raised  a member of St. John's college, and
him several enemies, particularly Pope, vicar of St. Giles, Oxford. He took his
who placed him in. the " Dunciad." He  degree of D. D. in 1711.-Arise, an
became rector of Coningsby, in Lincoln- astrologer of the 17th century, wyas a
shire. D. 1730.                       native of Wales, and educated at Oxford.




EVE3]                CYCLOP-EDIA OF1 BIOGRAPIHY.                      285
He removed to London, where he taughit was substituted in place of the " Panopthe mathematics, practisedl strology, list," under the authority of the Ameriand had   the reputatition of a necro- cin board. This work was also committed
mancer.-CALEB was an eminent Bap- to him.      -le had been chosen treasurer
tist minister at Bristol, and the authbor of the board in 1812, and the next year
of "Sermons on the Scripture Doctrine  one of the prudential committee. He
of the Son and Holy Spirit,". "f, list served as treas   till 1822. In 1821,
Crucified, or the Scripture Doctrine of  he succeeded Dr. Worcester as correthe Atonement," &c. D1791.-COR- sponding secretary, in which office he
NEIIUS, an i mpostor was b. at Ma r-contilnued nearly ten years, till his death.
seilles but lis.ifther was a Welshman. D. 1831. 
In 1648 he went to England, ad pre-     EVELYN, JOHi, was b. in 1620.
tended to be the prince of Wales, to  Throughout life he evinced a love for
whom he bore a great resemblance. the liberal and useful arts; and having
After carryingo on tllis firce a few weeks at an early period been induced to leave
lie vas sent to Newgate, from whence  England on account of the civil wan, he
he effectecd is eseape, but what boecalne added greatly to his stock of knowledge
of him afterwnads is not known.-JouN, by the good use he lnade of his timl
a Baptist minister, and theological wri- while travelling in France and Italy.
ter, was b. at Uske, in Aonmoutllishile. I-e returned home in 1651, and made
He, wrote andl compiled several works, some efforts in favor of the royal cause;
but is chiefly knowni as the author of  on lwhich acco unt he was miuch favored
"A Brief Sketch of the several Denom- by Charles II. after his restoration. On
inations into which the Christian World  the foundation of the Royal Society, he
is divided. I). 1827.-NATHANIEL,  mminis- wass nominated one of the first fellows;
ter and poet, was b. in Philadelphia, 1742. soon after which he publislledl his most
Having been ordained by the bishop of  celebrated work, entitled " Sylva, or a
London, he entered on a mission near Discourse of Forest Trees," &c.    In
the close of that year, (under the pa- 1664, Evelyn was appointedl one of the
tronaoe of the Society for Propagatingc conmmissioners of sick and wounded
the Gospel,) in   Gloucester county, seamen; also a commissioner for reN. J., where, after laboring nearly ten  building St. Paul's cathedral; and he
years, he d. 1767. Ile lhad a high repu- afterwards had a place at the board of
tation for talents, and left a variety of  trade. In thie rein of James II. lie was
manuscripts, from which a selection of lmade one of the conmissioners for
poetry and prose was soon after pub- execntiing the office of lord privy seal,
ishied.-LEWIS, eminent forl his ac- ancl afller the revolution he awas apquaintance witl Anmerican geography, pointed treasurer of Greenwiclh loswas a surveyor in Pennsylvinia, and d. pital. Evelyn has the hlolor of being
1756. He made many journeys into the  one of the first who improved horlticulneighboring colonies, and had been fie- ture, arnd introduced exotics into this
quently employed in surveying lands country. Of his garden at Sayes Court,
purchased of the natives. Ile had col- a curious account may be seen in the
leeted a great store of materials fiom  " Philosophical Transactions." Besides
other sources. From these lie compiled  his' Sylva," he wrote "Terra, a Philoa map of the niddle colonies, and of  sophical Discourse of Earth." " Nnumisthe adjacent country of the Indians matl, or a Discourse      of Medals,"
lying northward and westward. The     " Sculpturea,  " Acetaria,"  &c.  His
first edition of it was published in 1749,  IMemoirs," comprehending a curious
and a second in 1755, accompanied with  Diary and Correspondence, have been
an explanatory pamphlet.              published; besides an interestino " MeEVARTS, JEi1UrEIAI, secretary of the moir of Mrs. Godolphin," (whicIh he left
American board of commissioners for in MS.,) edited by the present bishop
foreign missions, graduated at -Yale col- of Oxford; and still more recently a
lege, 1802. Fromn 1803 to 1804 he was  " Iistory of Relicion."  D. 1706.
the instructor of the academy at Peach-  EVERARD, JOHANNES SECUNDUS, son
am, and afterwards studied law with   of Nicholas Everard, president of the
Judge Chauncey of New Haven, where council of Hollandl was b. at the Hague,
he commenced practice. In 1810 he re- 1511, and became Latin secretary to the
moved to Charlestown,nearBostoin, in or- emperor Charles V., whom he accomderto becoie editor of the" PaLoplist,"  panted to the siege of Tunis. lie was
a religious and literary monthly publica- the author of " Basia," a collection of
tion. In 1820 the " Missionary Herald"  Latin poems, elegant in language, but
83




386                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                     [EY
licentious in principle; it is therefore to  EWALD, JOHN, an eminent Danish
be lhmrented that they have been trans- poet was the son of a clergyman, and
lated into most modern European lan- b. at Copenhagen, 1743. IlavinS lost
guages. Johannes Secundus, as he is his father while young, and disliking
usually called, died in 1536.        the clerical life, he left his home when
EVERDINGEN, ALDEr VAN, a Dutch     but 15 years of age, and enlisted in the
painter, celebrated both for landscapes Prussiain army. Deserting to the Ausand sea-pieces, was b. in 1621.      trian service, he was made a sergeant,
EVEIEETT, ALEXANDIER IH., a distin- but not being able to obtain his disguished literary man, was b. at Dorches- charge when he wished, he deserted
ter, Mass., 1790. After leaving college, again and returned to Denmnark. His
he v was an usher at Phillips' cadclemy, youthful follies being now at an end, he
Exeter; and in 1809 accompanied Mr. pursued a literary life with grceat ardor,
Adamns to St. Petersburg, as secretary  and produced several very excellent
of legation. In 11S8 lie was appointed  works; but that one to which lie owed
by Mr. Monroe charlge d'affaires at his earliest distinction as a poet was an
Birussels, and in 1825, by Mr. Adams, " Elegy on the Death of Frederic V."
minister to Spain. He remained    at His "Songs of the Scalds," ad other
lMadrid until the year 1829, when lie pieces after the manner of Ossian, gave
was recalled by General Jackson. Mr. hfimi great reputation; and lie may be
Everett retirned to Armerica by the said to have surpassed all preceding
way of Paris, in which city he held an  Danish poets in spirit and originallity.
interestiln interview with Charles X., a D. 1781.
short tilme previous to the breaking out  EWING, JoHN, an eninent divine,
of the revolution of the three cdays. natural philosopher, and mathelmatician,
A few months after his return to the was b. in Maryland, in 1732. He was
United States, Mrr. Everett became the pastor to the first Presbyterian churlch
editor and principal proprietor of the in Philadelphia; and on visiting Great
"Norti American Ieview." He had long Britain in 1773, he received for om the
been a leading contributor to this jour- university of Edinburgh the diploma of
nal, which, nilder his charge, was mate- D.D. In 1775 lie returned home; and
rially improved. About the year 1832 in a fcw years afterwards was made prolie ellgaged actively in politics; and soon  vost of the university of Philadelphia.
after connected himself with the demo- IHe also became one of the vice-presicratic party. On the accession of Mr. dents of the American Philosophical
Polk to the presidency, he gave to Mr. Society; and was justly esteemed as a
Everett the appointment of commis- mathematician of distinguished reputasioncr to China. Mr. Everett sailed for tion. D. 1802.
Canton about 1845, but proceeded no    EXMOUTH, EDWARD PELLEW, Visfarther than Rio Janeiro, in consequence  count, was descended from a Cornish
of ill-health. From Rio Janeiro he re- family of respectability, and born at
turned to the United States, and after Dover in 1757. At the age of 13 he
an interval of several months agiain  entered the navy as a midshipman on
cailed for Canton, but had hardly be- board the Juno frigate; and during the
come settled in his new residence, when  American war we find him in the Blonde
he d. 1847.                          frigiate, contending for naval supremacy
EVREMOND, ST., CHARLES MARQUE- on Lake Champlain, where lie attracted
TEL DE ST. DENIS, lord of, was b. 1613, the notice of his superiors by his daring.
and became one of the most lively and  He also served in the war with France.
amusing writers of his time. He stud- Few men in the naval service bore so
ied the law, but subsequently entered  prominent a part, or evinced more deterthe military service, and obtained the  mined courage and coolness in discharge
rank of general winder the prince of of their arcduous duties, than did this
Conde; but he lost his commission for gallant, limane, and active officer. He
having  indulged his propensity for seemed to be the very beau ideal of a
satire at the expense of the prince. He British sailor. D. 1833.
then got embroiled with Cardinal Maza-  EYCK, HUBERnT and JOHN VAN-, brorin, was imprisoned in the Bastille, and  thers, both eminent as painters, were b.
afterwards escaped a second arrest only  at Maaseyk, in Holland; the former in
by flying to England. He was well re- 1866, the latter in 870. HUBEIiT is received at the gay court of Charles II.; garded as the founder of the Flemish
and, after indcllgng in a life of ease and  school; anid JoHN, who from his place
enjoyment, d. 1703.                  of residence is known as John of JBru



FAB]                 CYCLOPA DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      287
ges, was certainly the first who brought have excelled all others in painting on
the art of painting in oil to perfection. glass, delicately blending his colors, and
He also made great improvements in the yet so firmly fixing them that obliteraart of perspective; and is allowed to tion was impossible. Ile d. in 1441.
F.
FABEER, BASIL, a learned German    last century. He wrote a "ContinuaProtest-ant, who published, in 1571, a tion of Fleury's Ecclesiastical History,"
work, entitled "Thesaurus Eruditionis a "French and Latin Dictionary," ald
Scholiastica," since improved by Cel- translated Virgil, Phaudrus, &C.-JOHN,
larius and others. D. 1576. —JoN, a a native of Nismes, whose name deserves
German divine, was b. at HIeilbron in to be handed down to posterity as a
1500.-lThere was another of this name, noble instance of filial piety. At a petermed "Malleus Hereticorum," or the riod when the spirit of persecution was
Crusher of the Heretics, who wrote se.v- rife in France, his father was condeimntral publications against the Protestants, ed to the galleys for having made one
for which lie was raised to the archbish- of a Protestant congregation. The son
opric of Vienna. D. 1542.            was no sooner informed of the cruel
FABERT, ABRAHAM 1DE, a French      sentence than he solicited to be exmilitary commander of great reptation. changed for him, and was accepted.
was b. at Metz in 1599.. When only 13 Though compelled to herd with the
years oll, his father procured him  a vilest of mankind, he remained in this
conlmiss on in the army; and such was degrading state of slavery upwards of
his skill and ardor for the service, that six years, having refused to purchatse
le rose to the first rank in his profes- his liberty on the condition of prevailing
sion, and distinguished himself by a upon the Protestant pastor to quit the
series of exploits which have had but kingdom. B. 1729; d. 1797.
few parallels in modern warfare.  D..   FABRICIUS, CAIUS, surnamed Lus1662.                                cinus1 a Roman general, who was twice
F'ABIAN, ROBERT, an English chron- consul, and gained several victories over
icler of the 15th century.  I-e' was a the Samnlites and Lucanians. He was a
tradesman of London, and served the pattern of virtue, in his intelrity and
offices of alderman and sheriff. His contempt of riches. D. 250 B.C.-JOHN
4" C'ronicle of England and Franlce" was ALBERT, a learned critic and divine, was
first printed at London in 1516.     b. at Leipsic, 1668.  He became proFABIUS, MAXIMus RULLIANUS, an il- fessor of eloquence at HamIburglh, w here
listrious Roman. In 303 B.c. he served  he d. in 1736; leaving behind him a
the oflice of censor, and obtained the  justly-acquired fame for profound and
name of Maximis for lessening the comprehensive erudition.     He is the
power of the populace in elections. He author of "Bibliotheca Latina," "Bibtriumphed over seven   nations, and liotheca Grnca," " Codex Apocryphus
served the office of dictator a second  Novi Testamenti,"  and many other
time, 287 B. c.-MAXIMUS, QUINTUS sur- learned works.-JOHN CHRISTIAN, a disnamed Verrucosus, was a lineal ce- tinguished entomologist, and the friend
scendant of the above. He was employed  and pupil of Linnaeus, was b. at Tunagainst Hannibal, in opposition to whom  dern, in Sleswick, in 1742, and d. at
he adopted a harassing and protracted  Copenhagen in 1807.
mode of warfare, instead of risking the  FABRONI, ANGIOLO, a learned Italfortunes of Rome upon the event of a ian, was b. at Marradi, in Tuscany in
single battle; and thus the Fabian   1732. He is generally known by his
manner of conducting a campaign has biographies of Italian literati of the 17th
become an adage. D. 203 B. c.-PIOTOR, and 18th centuries, of which work he
the first writer of the Roman history, published 18 volumes, and left another
who flourished 225 B. c. There is a work  ready for the press. He also wrote the
extant under his name, bdt it is a man- " Lives of Lorenzo and Cosmo de Meifi:st forgery.                      dici," and of "Leo X.;" besides editFABRE, JOHN CLAUDIUS, a French     ing a literary journal, wkich extended
writer of some note, was b. at Paris in to 110 volumes. Towards the close of
16068, and d. about the middle of the his life he retired to Pisa, became cu



388                   CYCLOPAEDIA OFI' BIOGRAPH'Y.                     [FAI
rator of that univei-sity, and there d. in  ian poet, celebrated for -he facetiousness
1802.-GGIOVANNI, an Italian writer of  and drollery of his writings, was b. at
great celebrity, whose works on polit- Florence, in 1660, and d. in 1742.
ical economy, agriculture, and physical  FAHIRENHEIT GABERIEL DANIEL, an
science are alike remarkable for the   experimnental philosopher, whose arsound maxims they contain, and the     rangement of the thermometer and baextensive views in which they abound. rometer which bear his name, was a
He was director of bridges and high- work of great utility. I-e was a native
ways, (under the imnperial government,) -of Dantzic. B. 1686; d. 1736.
for. the department beyond the Alps,     FA'IFAX, EDWARD, was the son of
and held many honorable situations    Sir Thomas Fairfax, of Denton, in Yorkconnected with literature and science. shire, and is reoarded as one of the
B. 1752; d. at Florence, 1823.         great improvers of English versification.
FABROT, CiHARLES ANNMIBAL, a learn- Settling fat Newhall, in Knaresborough
ed jurist, was professor of jurisprudence  forest, lie led the life of a retired counhat Aix, in Provence, where lie was b. try gentleman,' devoted to literary purin 1581. Iis principal work, entitled  stlits. His chief reputation as a poet
"Basilicon," is. a translation of the  rests on his translation of Tasso's " Godbasilics or laws of the Eastern eimpire  frey of Bouillon," which is written in
but lie wrote several professional works  the same stanza with the original, and
and edited many of the Byzantine his- combines fidelity to the sense of the autorians. D'. 1659.                     thor, with stikting harmony of style.
FABRY, Jon:- BAPTIST GERMATN, sec- lie also wrote " Eclogues," and a prose
retary of Fouche6 duke of Otranto, Bo- B work  nl "Demonology,' in which he
naparte's minister of police. He was was, it seems, a believer. D. about 1632.
the author of. Le Spectateur Fi'ranal s  — THOMAS, Lord, a distinguished eomau 19ime Siecle," and many other works. mander in the civil wars, and one of the
B. 1780; d. 1821.                      leading characters of that turbulent peFACCIOLATI, JAMEs, an Italian phi- riod, wias the eldest son of Lord Fairfax,
lologist, was b. at Torreglia, near Padua, to whose title and estates he succeeded
in 1682. He devoted great attention to  in 1647. When the disputes between
reviving the study of ancient literature  Charles I. and the parliament terminated
and hasing conceived the idea of a Latin  in open rupture, Fairfax warmly eslexicon, in. which every word, with all poused the cause of the latter, and
its significations, shouild be contained  joined-his father in making active prepand illustrated by examples from  the  arations for the approaching contest.
classical writers, this immense under- In the earlier part of his career, he suftaking occupied for nearly forty years  fered various checks firom the royalist
both him and his pupil Forcellini. D.  forces, but he retrieved his character at
1769                   -Marston-moor, and was appointed genFACINI, PETER, a native of Bologna, eral-in-chief when Essex resigned. Ite
who was first a pupil, and afterwards  was afterwards victorious at Naseby,
the rival, of Annibal Caracci. He was reduced the west to obedience, and
extensively employed in ornamenting   compelled Colchester to surrender. But
churches and mansions; but his works   he was hostile to the execution of the
being painted in fresco, few of them are  dethroned monarch; and considerable
preserved-. B. 1561; d. 1602.          jealousy appears to have been enterFAGE, REIMOND DE LA, a French        tained of him by Oliver Cromwell. At
artist, celebrated for the extraordinary  length lie resigned the command of the
facility and beauty of his pen-and-ink  army, and retired for awhile from pubdrawings, some of which have been en- lie life. At the restoration he crossed
graved and published. D. 1690.         over to Holland for the purpose of conFAGEL, GASPAR, an eminent Dutch     gratulating Charles II. on his accession,
statesman, b. at Haerlem, in 1629, was and was formally reconciled to that
grand pensionary of Holland, and dis- monarch. He devoted his leisure hours
tinguishecd himself not more by the   to the encouragement and cultivation
firmness with wh'i:h he opposed Louis  of letters, and left behind him a volume
XIV., when he invaded his country, of poems and miscellanies, including an
than by the activity. with which he sup- interesting sketch of his own life. D.
ported the prince of Orange inh his plans  1671.
for the expulsion of James II. from En-  FAIRFIELD, JOHN, a senator of the
gland. D. 1688..            United States, from Maine, b. at Saco,
FAGIULOLI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Ital-    1797, and elected to congress in 1835,




FAN]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       389
where he became distinguished.    In  carried into effect, the plot was discov1842 he was chosen governor of Maine, ered, and Falieri suffered decapitation,
and the same year senator. le was re- April 17, 1.55.
elected in 1845. D. 1848.               FALK, JouN DAN-IEs, was the son of
FALCONER, WILLLuAr, an English      a poor wig-maker at Dantzic, who
poet and writer on naval tffairs, was b. would scarcely allow him to be tacught
at Edinburgh, about 1780. When very   even to read'and write before lie elmyoung, he went to sea in the merchant ployed him in his trade; but his love
iservice, and had risen to the situation  of knowledge was sufficient to overcome
of second mate, when the vessel to    the difficulties that lay in his way of atwhich he belonged cwas cast away. taining it, and all his little savings were'rnus furnished with the incidents of laid oLt ait the circulating librarLy. Hayhis "Shipwreek," it was published in ing thus obtained a tolerable education,
1762. In 1769 he was appointed purser he published some admirable satires,
of the Aurora, which ship was never but afterwards wrote principally upon
heard of after she quitted the Cape of relig ios subjects. B. 1770; d. 1826.
Good Hope, in December, 1769,'and was  FA LKENSTEIN, JouN ILNREY, a votherefore supposed to have foundered at luminous writer, was b. in Franconia,
fea, and all lier crew to have perished. in 1682. Ile wrote the "'Antiquities of
Besides "The Shipwreck," lie wrote' Nordgau," and other works of a shnilai
some minor poems, and a "Marine kind. D. 1760.
Dictionary."                           FAALKLAND, HENRRY CARY, Viscount,
FALCONET, STEPHEN MAURICAE, a son of Sir Edward Cary, master of the
celebrated French sculptor, was b. at jewel office to Queen Elizabeth and to
Paris, in 1716. Although, owing to his Jamies I., was made comptroller of the
humble origin, lie had been apprenticed. king's household, and elevated to the
to a cutter of barber's blocks, he became  (Scotch) peerage of Fa]kland in 1617.
an excellent modeller, and, assisted by  Subsequently he was made lord deputy
Lemoine, the sculptor, rose to eminence  of Ireland, but did not long hold the
as an artist; while, owing to his per- office, the Catholic party being much
severing application, le also shone as opposed to himn. Hle w.'is a man of conan author. In 1766 lie was invited to  siderable literary talent, and published
Russia, to execute the colossal statue of  " Letters to the Duke of Buckingham,"
Peter the Great, and there he resided  " A History of that unfobrtunate Prince,
twelve years. D. 1791.                Edward I1.,"&c. D. 1633.-Lucius CARY,
FALCONETTO, JOHN MARIA, an Ital- Viscount, son of the preceding, fought
ian architect, was b. at Verona, in 1458. boldly and for his king; and d. at the
He built palaces, and much improved   battle of Newbury, in the 34th year of
the style of architecture in the Venetian  his age, 1643. -IENRY LUCIUS CARY,
states; and a building of his at Padua Viscount, son of the above, died young.
is said to have suggested to Palladio the He is said to have been a man of talent,
idea of the famous Villa Capra, which  but the only proof we have of it is a
served as the model of Lord Burling- play, called " The Wedding Night."
ton's villa at Chiswick. D. 1534.     D. 1663.
FALIERI, MARINO, a Venetian noble,    FALLOPIUS, GABRIEL, an eminent
succeeded Andrew IDandolo as doge of anatomist and physician, was b. at MoVenice, in 13o4.  He had previously   dena; studied at Ferrara and Padua;
commanded the troops of the republic was professor of anatomy for three years
at the sieae of Zara, in Dialmatia, where at Pisa;'anid, lastly, filled the chair of
lie gaincld a brilliant victory over the  anatomyv and surgery at Padua, where
kicng of Hun gary; and was afterwards he remained till his death, in 1563. -He
ambiassadoi to Genoa and Rome. When   was the first who accurately described
he succeeded to the office of doge he Iwas the vessels and bones of the ifetus; and
76 years of age, and had a young and  his account of the Fallopian tubes has
beautiful wife. Jealous of Michael Steno, served to perpetuate his name. His
he quarrelled with and was insulted by  chief work is entitled' Observations
hin at a masquerade; but Steno being  Anatomice."
sentenced to no more than a month"s     FANEUIL, PETER, founder of Faneuil
imprisonment for his offence, Falieri, hall in Boston, d. March 3, 1743. He
burning with revenge, entered into a possessed a large estate, and he employconspiracy with the plebeians to overturn  ed it in doing good. While his charities
the government and massacre the patri- were extensive, his liberal spirit induced
cians. On the night before it was to be I him to present to the town of Boston a
83*




890                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [FAR
stately edifice for the accommodation of  1705. He studied under Porpora, and
the inhabitants at their public meetings. went from Rome to Vienna, where the
FANSHAWE, Sir RICOHARD, a states- emperor, Charles VI., loaded him with
nian and poet, was b. at Ware park, rich presents. In 1734 he came to LonHerts, in 1608. In 163,5 he was sent don, and, by the magic of his singing,
ambassador to Spain, whence, in 1641, so delighted the public that Handel was
he returned, and acted steadily for the  obliged to dismiss a rival company over
royal cause. He was taken prisoner at which he presided, in spite of all his
the battle of Worcester, and closely con- powers and popularity. Many extraorfined fbr a considerable time; but at last  dinary stories are related of his vocal
recovered his liberty, and went to Breda  skill, and his command over the feelings
where he was knighted by Charles II., and sympathies of his audience appears
in 1656.  At the restoration he vwas to shave been unrivalled.
made master of requests, and sent to    FARINGTON, GEOsRE, an historical
Portugal to negotiate the marriage with  painter, and a pupil of West. In 1780
the king and the Inilnta Catharine. In  his painting of the incantation scene in
1664 he was sent ambassador to Spain, Macbeth was rewarded with a gold
land d. there in 1666. He translated into  medal by the Royal Academy. B. 1754;
English the "Pastor Fido, or Faithful d. 1788.-JosrEP, brotier of the preShepherd of Guiarini;" also the " Lu- ceding, and eminent as a landscape
siad," by Calmoens. His letters during  painter. He made many drawinigs for
l;is embassies in Spain and Portugal tthe "JBritannia Depicta," and left bewere printed in 1702.                 hind him several good pictures of lake
FANTIN-DESODOARDS, ANTOINE          and landscape scenery. I) 181.
ETIENNE NICHOLAS, a French historian     FAIMER, RICuAPr), a divine and anand political writer, was b. in 1738, at tiquary, was b. at Leicester in 1735. In
Pont de Beauvoisin, in Dauphine. He   1767 he became one of the preachers at
was originally an ecclesiastic; but be- Whitehall.  le subsequently became
coming acquainted with Danton and      vice-chancellor and librarian of the uniRobespierre, he employed his pen in de- versity; and also obtained prebends at
fending the revolutionary career of his  Lichfield and Cinterbury, tile latter of
cotenipolraries. He was the author of  which he exchanged for a canonlry at St.
several extensive works, among them his Paul's. In his " S  ssay on the Learning
" Histoire Philosophique de la Revolu- of Shakspeare," which is a work of great
tion Franeaise."                      critical merit, he proved that all the
FARE, CHARLES Au1GUSTUS, marquis    knowledge of ancient history and mythde la, a French poet, and captain of the  ology possessed by tlhe immortal bard,
guards to the duke of Orleans, was b. in  was drawn from translations. 1). 1797.
1644, and d. in 1712.   According to  -JOHN, well known throughout New
Voltaire, Fare did not begin to write  England, as a enealogist and antiquary,
poetry till he was nearly 60. His com- was b. at Chelmsford, Mass., 1789, and
positions are remarkable for sweetness  was a lineal descendant of Edwiard
andl eleance. He was also the autohor  Farmer,  wo cmigrated from Anecly, in
of "Memoires sur le Regne de Louis Warwickshire, England, and        settled
XIV.," a work containing satirical re- about 1670 at Billerica. He was selfflections on cotemporary characters.  taught, possessed great industry, ind
FARIA   Y SOUSA, MANUEL iDE, a      his labors in the peculiar departments
Portuguese historian and poet, wasb. at of learning to which he almlost excluSouto, in Portugal, about 1590, and for sively devoted his power, will long be
some time secretary to the marquis of  appreciated. His publications have been
Castel Rodrigo, ambassador of Rome. numerous, among which the most imHe wrote various historical works rel- portant are his edition of " Belkniap's
ative to Portugal and its distant posses- History of New Hampshire," to which
sions, seven volumes of poems, &c. D. he added a body of notes and illustra1649.                                 tions scarcely less valuable than tie text
FARINATO, PAUL, an eminent paint- itself; and his "Genealoical Reuister
er of Verona, whose numerous works    of the First Settlers of New England,"
were distinguished by freedom ofdesign,  published in 1829, a work of vast labor
boldness of coloring, and great facility  and research, and embracing nearly
of execution. B. 1522; d. 1606.        every family of the first European setFARINELLI, a Neapolitan singer of   tiers of this country. D. 1838.
great eminence, whose real name is said  FARNESE, the name of an illustrious
to be Carlo Broschli, was b. at Naples, family in Italy, many of the members ol




F'AU]                 CYCLOPArDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      891
which filled the highest situations inl His libertinism of language and sentichurch and state.-ALEXANDER, the son  mlent are, however, highly reprelensible.
of Peter Louis tlle first grand-duke of  FAlsAiTaN, I Licr A12, an English mnPariln and Placentia, was b. in 1520, andc sician. Ile held situations il the Chapel
created a cardinal by his grandfi ther, Royal aned St. George's chapel, Windsor,
Pope Paul III.   -le swas tean of thle firoo  1564 to 1580, land is remarkalble tfr
sacred college, and distinguished himself  tlie devout and solemni style of his comnhigllly by his learninll an'd his virtues; positions.
while as a statesnitan his talents were  FARREN, ELIZA, countess of Derby,
such as to obtain tbr him the office of  was the daughlter of a surgeon at Cork,
n!cio to the courts of Vienna and Paris  who failing in his profession beOame a
I). 1589.-ALEXANDERl)  ne1p  ew of the lprovincial actor, anld died'  oung, ieaving
prece'din, was    te third du e of Palrin, his family in destitute circulnstances.
and highlly disting'uaished as a military  Eliza was b. in 1759; mIade Iher first
colmmltander unlder Philip II., wlio sent appearance at Liverpool, vwhen 14 vyers
him to Flsanders, where the situation of  of tage; and, in 177, appeared att the
the Sp aniards was becoming desperate. Haymarket theatre, London, as Miss
-He recovered several cities, and sue- Ilardeastle, in " She St.oops to Conquer."
ceedec in reconciling the Catholic part She afterwards played cat Drury Lane
of the populatioin to te Spanish govern- and Covent Garden; and eventually
ment. IHe afterwards invaded France, succeeded Mrs;. Abington in her princiand compellec IHenry IV. to raise the  pal chlaiactels, which she played wiith
siee of' Iouen. On his return from   greait eclat, and established her theatrithat expedition-hle received a wound li  cal faLie. She married Lord Derby.
his arm  befcre Cadcebee, in conse- 1. 1829.
quence of the neglect of which he died,  FASTOLF, Sir JOHN, the supposed
at Ara s, in 1592, aged 46.          prototype of Shilakspelare's Falstatf, was
FARNEWOn, ELRT LS,,, an English  a native of Norfolk. Adopting tile prodivine, was b. in Derbyshire, and ecld- fession of a soldier, he served with
cated'at Jesus college, Cnambrildge. In  some distinction in Irelandl, ulnder Sir
1762 he obtained the rectory of Carsing- Stephen Scropc, deputy to the lord lieuton, in Derbyshire, where he d. the year tenant, and marrlied hiis widow, who was
following. He translated the "'Life of  all heiress; through the acquisition of
Pope Sixtus V." from the Italian, 1574; whose property lie obtainec the honor
Dav\ila's "History of the Civil Wars of  of kniglhthiood, and the order of the
France," in 1757; the works of' Ma- GartIer. IIe was wounded at the battle
cliavel, 1761; and Fleury's "History  of Agincourt, and rewardel for his
of the Israelites."'bravery; but at the battle of Patay he
FARQUHAR, GEOeGE, a comic wri- slhamefully tarnished his laurels by fleeter, was b. at Londonderry, in Ireland, inc, panic-stricken, from Joan of Are.
inl 1678, and educated at Trinity college., D. 14699.
Dublin, from lwhich he either eloped or  FATIO DE DUILLIER, an ingenious
was expelled for irregular conduct, and Imathemiaticiantl, was b. at Basle, in 1664;
repaired to London with his friend    settled in London in 1687, and distinWilks, the actor, where he commenced  guished himself as a geometrician and
his career of dramatic authorship. Iis astronomne; but becomiing a zealous
first production was " Love i  a Bottle,'  partisan of a fanatical sect, called the
performed at Drury-lane theatre witl French prophets, he was tried anl d put
success in 1698, about whicl time he at- in the pillory. Many inventions in the
tracted the favor of Lord Orrery, who  mechanical arts owe their existence to
procured him a lieutenancy in his own  liml; among  others, was the jewelling
regimlent. In 1700 he added to his rep- of watchles.
ntation by " The Constant Couple," a    FAUCHET, CLAUDE, a French histocomedy in which, under the character of rian and amrchlologist in the 16th century,
Sir Harry Wildairi he exhibited a lively  and historiographer to Henry IV. lie
picture of the foppish fine gentleman of  wrote various antiquarian wolrks, of
the end of the 17th century. He c. in  which  his "Antiquites et Histoires
1707, at the premature age of 29, and  Gauloises et Franfoises" is tile chief.
during the run of hiis last and best play, D. 1601.-CLAUnDE, a native of Dore,
"The Beaux Stratagem."    Farquhar's  France, was grland-vicar to the archwit is genuine and spontaneous, his bishop of Bourgmes, and preacher to
characters are obviously drawn fromna- the kine. Just previous to the French
ture, and his incidents well arranged. revolution he joined the sect of the




392                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LFAW
Illuminati, and became one of their reason to believe that lie d. of the plague
chiefs; and during the popular commo- in 1466.-Dr. JonN who lived in the
tions in Paris, lie took aln active part, beginning of the 16th contury, was b.
appearing sword in hland at the head of at Knittlingen, in Suabia. After receivthe mob which attacked the Bastille. In  inf an' ecdulcation at Wittemburg', he
1791 he was elected constitutional bis&hop  went to Ingoldstadt, where he studied
of the deprtmient of Calvados, and    medicine, "a strolovy, and maaice;'ad
chosen a milember of the legislative as- occupied himself in alchemical experi —
sembly. I-e continuec to   istinguish  ments. That he was a mian of great
himself by his revolutionary furlor till scientific acquirements there is little
the trial of Louis XVI., for  hose iln- doubt and, iaccording to legendary traprisonment lie voted instead of his ditioil, lie imadeuse of his powerl in a
death; aznd having joined the Gironcists,  manner calculated to inspire his connhe was persecutec by the opposite party. trymen with a firm belief that he liad
At last he was condemnect to death on  fsamiliar dealings with the devil. rhe
the unfounded ceharge of being an ac- supernatural feats performed by him
complice of Charllotte  Cocday in the rand his servant, Mephistopheles, have
assassination op Marat, and sufferedl by  been immortalized br the genius of
the guilloti-e in October, 1793.      Goethe.
FAUJAc DE ST. FOND, BAiriTHOLO-       FAVART, CHARLES SIMO:-, a dramatic
MEW, ani er.x inuet French geologist, was  poet, to whom the comic opera in France
b. at Montelhmart, in 1750; became pro- is greatly indebted, was b. in 1710. D.
fessor at the museum  of natural his- 1792.
tory; and wrote various works connected  FAVRAT, FReNCIS A-NDEW) a. Pruswith his favorite pursuit; among which  sian general, so remarkable for his
are "The Mineralogy of Volcanoes,"    strength, that he is said to have once
"A Natural History of Dauplinp," "A  lift-edl un a horse and its rider, and to
Journey in England, Scotland, andl the have often carried a cannon on his
I-Iebrides," &c.                      shoulder with as much apparent ease as
FAULHABER, JOHN, an ingenious a soldier carries his fireloclk. He was
mathematician, lid the fiiend of Des- governor of Glatz, andi wrote " Memoirs
cartes, was b. at Ulm, in Suabia, where  of the HIistory of the War of the Polish
he d. in 1635.                       Revolution fiom 1794 to 1796."
FAUQUE, a French authoress, klnown    FAWCETT, JoeN, an eminent theby the name of Madame de Vaueluse, atrical perfolrmer, was the son of an actor
was b. at Avignon, at the beginning of of humble pretensions at Drury-lane,
the 18th century. She had been forced  and was b. in London, in 1769.'At the
by her parents to become a nun against age of 15 he was apprenticed to a linenher will; and lhving obtained a dispen- draper, but clandestinely left the shop
sation from  her vows, she retired to  for the Margate theatre, where, under
England, where she supported herself the name of Foote, he made his first
by writing for the press. Among, her appearance. He afterwards joined Tate
productions are "Dialogues Moraux et Wilkinson on the York circuit; and in
Amusans," and " listoire de Madame 1791 madehis bowto a London audience,
de Pompacdour."  D. 1777.             at Covent-garden, as Caleb, in "He
FAUST, or FUST, JOHN, one of the would be a Soldier."       His dramatic
three artists to whom the invention of reputation was at length fixed by his
printing lias been ascribed, was the son  representation of Dr. Pangloss, Ollepod,
of a goldsmith at Mentz. The other two  Caleb Quotem, and Job Thornberry.
were Guttemburg and Schalffer; to the In 1798 he joined the Haymarket conformer of whom the invention of print- pany, and became acting manager,, in
ing with wooden blocks is attributed; 1800, of that theatre. In 1813 he apand to the latter, who married the peared at the Enllish Opera, and in
daughter of Faust, is allowed the honor 1816 rejoined the Haymarket. Ile afterof having invented punches and mat- wards became manager of Covent-garrices, by means of which this grand   den theatre, which situation he held till
art was carried to perfection. It has his retreat from' the stage in 1886. D.
been pretended that, when Faust went 1837.
to Paris to sell a second edition of his  FAWKES, FRANCIS, un English poet
Bible of 1462, lie was arrested on the  and divine, was b. in Yorksllire, about
supposition that he effected the printing  1721. I-e published a volume of poems,
of them by magic; but this story ap- and translations of Anacreon, Sappho,
pears to be a mere fiction. There is Bion, Moschus, and Theocritus, His




FEL].                CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        393
poetry, though not of first-rate talent, is  FEITH, IHYNVIS, a modern Dutch
elegant and correct. D. 1777.         poet, was b. at Zwolle 1753. He stud~AY, CHARLES FRANCIS DE CISTERNAI ied law at Leyden, and, returnihng to his
DU, the son of an officer of the French  native city, was made burgomaster, and
guards, was b. in 1698; and though he  afterwards receiver at the admiralty colfirst embraced the military profession, lege; but he did not relinquish the art
soon quitted it for the study of chermis- of poetry. I-e wrote " Inez de Castro,"
try and natural philosophy, He was a and several other good tragedies; many
member of the Academy of Sciences, poems, hymns, and odes, remarkable
and distinguished himself by his re- for feeling and elevated sentiment; and
searches concerning  the phosphoric his "Grave" stands foremost among
light in the mercurial vacuum  of the the best didactic poems in the language.
barometer, the magnet, and the nature D. 1822.
of electricity, which he divided into two  FELIX I. succeeded Pope Dionysius
kinds, the vitreous and the resinous, in 269. He suffered death in 274, and
answering to the positive and negative was canonized.  An epistle by him
electricities of Franklin. D. 17839.  against Sabellius and Paulus SamosancFAYDIT, ANSELM, a troubadour of tus is extant.-II., antipope. He was
the 13th century, patronized by Richard  placed in the papal chair in 355 by the
Coeur de Lion, whose praises he cele- emperor Constans, during the exile of
brated in a funeral elegy.            Liberius, on the return of whom he was
FAYETTE, MARIE MADELEINE DE LA      expelled. Constans would have had
VERGE, countess oft a female of great the two popes reign together, but the
literary attainments, wife to the Count people exclaimed, "One God, one Christ,
de la Fayette, in the reign of Louis and one bishop!"  Felix was then exXIV. She was in habits of friendly iled, and d. in o65.-III., succeeded Simnintimacy with many of the most dis- plicius in 483. He had a violent distinguished men of' letters; and her ptite with the emperor Zeno in behalf of
romances of "Zaide" and "The Prin- the Western church, and d. in 492.cess of Cleves," afford ample testimony  IV., a native of Beneventum, ascended
that the fame she acquired for delicacy  the chair after John I. in 1526. He
of sentiment and graceful description  governed the church with zeal and piety,
was not exaggerated. She wrote also   and d. in 1530.
" Memoirs of the Court of France." D.   FELL, JOHN, a dissenting minister,
1695.                                 was b. at Cockermouth, in Cumberland,
FAZIO, BARTHOLOMEW, an historian    in 17385, and bred a tailor. He wrote
and biographer of the 15th century, was " An Essay on the Love of One's Counby birti a Genoese, and patronized by  try," "Genuine Protestantism," "A
Alphonso, king of Naples, at whose Letter to Mr. Burke on the Penal
instance he translated Arrian's " History  Laws," " An Essay towards an English
of Alexander" into Latin; but his most Grammar," &c. D. 1797.-Dr. JOHN,
important work is entitled "De Viris bishop of Oxford, was b. at Longworth,
11ustribus," containing brief accounts in Berkshire, in 1625. At the restoraof the most famous of hlis cotemporaries. tion he was made canon and dean of
FEARNE, CHARLES, a writer on meta- Christ church, and 10 years after lie had
physics and jurisprudence, was b. in  obtained the deanery lie was raised to
Lolndon, in 1749, and educated at West- the see of Oxford. He was a learned
minster school. He became a student prelate, and a liberal benefactor to his
at the Inner Temple, and attained a first- colleae, the magnificent tower of which,
rate reputation as a chamber counsel and  called the " Toim' Gate," he built. Sevconveyancer. He was the author of eral valuable works from his pen are ex"An Essay on Contingent lRemainders,"  tant; aimong others, a Latin translation
&c. D. 1794.                          of Wood's "History and Antiquities of
FEATLEY, DANIEL, an eminent En- Oxford," "In Laudem Musices Carmen
glish divine of the 17th century, was Sapphicum," a "Paraphrase on     St.
b. at Charlton Kings, Oxfordshire, in  Paul's Epistles," &c. 1). 1686.
1582. He was the author of "Clavis      FELLENBERG, EMANUEL DE, whose
Mystica, a Key opening divers difficult labors in the cause of education have
Texts of Scripture," &c.; and among  earned for him immortal fame, was b.
his controversial tracts is one bearino  at Berne, in Switzerland, in 1771. His
the quaint title of " The Dipper cipt, or father was of patrician rank, and a
the Anabaptist plunged over Heatd and  member of the government of Berne;
Ears, and shrunk in the Washing."     his mother, a great grand-daughter of




294                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAP1HY.                      [FEN
the celelrated  Dutch  admiral Vr Jhe published in 1836, under the title of
Tromp. After a somewhat desultory    "The Religion of the Universe."  He
education at home and under different was the intinate fiiend of Dr. Parr and
masters, young De Fcllenberg repaired  the Baron Mascres; the former presentto the university of Tdibinoen in 1790, ed him to Queen Caroline, whose cause
to complete his studies in civil law; but he espoused with great zeal; a]ndC the
these he soon abandoned for the more latter left him nearly ~200,000, which
congenial pursuits of politics and phi- enabled him at once to gratify his own
losophy. In order to acquaint himself tastes for literatnre, and to benefit his
with the moral state of his countrymen, fellow-creatures. He enterecld with much
he spent much of his time in travelling  spirit into the project of establislih-i  a
through Switzerland, usually on foot, university in Lonon, supporting it both
with his knapsack on his back, residing  by his counsel and his purse. D. 1847.
in the villages and farm-houses, min-  FELTHAM, OWEN, was b. about the
gling in the labors and occupations and  middle of the 17th century in Suffolk.
partaking of the rude lodging and fare Little more is known of him than that
of the peasants and mechanics, and   he resided many years in the family of
often extending his journey to the adja- the Earl of Thonond, during which pecent countries. Immediately after the riod he published a work of great merit,
fill of Robespierre in 1795 lhe visited  entitled "Resolves, Divine, Political,
Paris. He purchased, in 1799, the es- and Moral," which went through 12
tate called Hofwyl, two leagues from  editions before the year 1709. D. about
Berne; and his life forms, hencefor- 1678.
ward, an important page in the records  FENDALL, JOSIAS, governor of Maryof benevolent enterprise. But it would land, who exercised also the powers of
be impossible within our limits to give  chief justice, received his appointment
evein an outline of the various schemes from the commissioners of parliament
for the improvement and diffusion of in 1658. He had previously been apeducation that emanated from M. de pointed governor by the proprietors,
Fellenberg during the long period of butrendered himself unworthy of their
forty-five years that followed; of the confidence by his intrigues, which
skill and tact with which he defeated  caused great confusion in the province.
the combinations of interested and jeal- In June, 1660,. he was succeeded by
lons opponents; and the success which  Philip Calvert. Twenty years after lie
ultimately crowned his labors. D. N'ov. was fined forty thousand pfuinds of to21st, 1844.                          bacco, and banished from the province
FELLER, FRANCIS XAVIER, b. at Brus- for his seditious practices.
sels in 1735; author of an "Historical  FENELON, FRANCIS DE SALIGNAC DE
Dictionary," "Remarks on the Newto- LA MOTEr, archlbishop of Cambray, was
nian Philosophy," &c. D. at Ratisbon, b. 1651, at the chateau Fenelon, in Peri1802.-JOACHIM, a German poet, was gord of a family illustrious in church
b. at Zwickaw in 1638; chosen profes- and state. He studied at Callors and
sor of poetry at Leipsic in 1661; and  Paris, where he made such astonishing
became librarian to that university in  progress in the most difficult studies,
1676. His compositions were chiefly in  that, in his 15th year, he preached with
Latin. His death, which happened in  great applause. At the age of 24, Fene1691, was occasioned by his filling  ion took holy orders, and'c commenced
from a window, in a fit of somenamrbu- his regular ministerial functions in the
lism.-JOACuIM FREDERIC, son of the   parisl of St. Sulpiee. He was afterforegoing, was secretary to the grand- wards appointed chief of a mission for
duke of Weimar, a situation he filled the conversion of heretics in Saintonge
during 20 years. le wrote a valuable and Aunis; and on his returnl he bework, entitled C' Ionument.a varia Ine- came knoxwn to the public as a writer,
dita," and some others. D. 1726.     by a work, "Sur le Ministere des PisFELLOWES, ROBERT, a writer chiefly  teurs," and a treatise, l De lEducation
on religious and political subjects, was des Filles."  In 1689, Louis XIV. inb. in Norfolk, 1770. Ele was educated  trusted to him the education of his
at St. Mary hall, Oxford, where he at- grandsons, the dukes of Burgllundy, Antained the degree of M. A. in 1801, and jou, and Berri. In 1694, Fenelon was
was ordained in 1795; but he gradually  created archbishop of Cambray; soon
relinquished the doctrines of the church  after which, a theological dispute with
of England, and at length adopted the  Bossuet, his former instructor, respectopinions maintained in the work which  ing the devotional mysticism of the cele



FER]                  CYCLOP.IEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        395
bi;ated Madame Guy o., whose opinions and brought under his rule a large proFenelon favored, tel minated in his con- portion of the Neapolitan dominions.
demnation by Pope Innocent XII., and lBut the most extraordinary feature in
his banishment to his diocese by Louis his reig'n is the discovery of America
XIV. He wrote many excellent works; by Columbus, which opened to him and
among the chief of which may be reck- his successors the sovereignty of a new
oned lhis "Dialogoues of the. Dead,"   hemisphere. D. 1516.-I., emperor of
"Dialogues on Eloquence,"'"Letters    Germany, succeeded his brother, Charles
on different Religious and Metaphysical V.,.in 1558, at which time Ferdinand was
Subjects," &c. But his most celebrated  king of the Romans, and of Hungary and
production, and the one which for ages Boliemia.-II., was the son of the archwill survive, is his "Adventures of duke of Styria; elected king of Bohemia
Telemachus," in which he endeavored    in 1617, and of Ilungary in 1611. Soon
to exhibit a model for the education of a  afterwards he succeeded Mathias as emprince  and more pure and elevated     peror. D. 1637.-III., surnamed Ernest,
maxims were never woven into a tale    was the son of the preceding, and b. in
either of truth or fiction. His death  1608; made king of Hungary in 1625, of
was accelerated by the overturning of  Bohemia in 1627, and succeeded his
his carriage, which biought on a fever, father in 1637. D. 1657.-OF CoRDOVA,
and the amiable and virtuous prelate   a learned scholar and accomplished
expired in Jan. 1715.                  cavalier of the 15th century, whose atFENTON, ELIJAH, a poet of consid- tainments in every art and science that
erable talent, was b. in 1683, at Shelton, can adorn the mind, or add a dignity
near Newcastle, in Staffordshire. Hav- to manhood, have been handed down
ing received a classical educatio-n, the  for the admiration of posterity.-I., kino
earl of Orrery, in 1710, made him  his of the Two Sicilies, was b. in 1751, and
private secretary, and placed his eldest succeeded his father, Charles III., on
son under his care. He afterwards lived  the throne of Naples, in 1759, on the
with Lady Trumbull, as tutor to her accession of thle latter to that of Spain.
son. lie became acquainted with most D. 1825.-VII., king of Spain and the
of the wits of the age, and assisted Pope  Indies, son of Charles IN. and Maria
in his translation of the " Odyssey."  Louisa of Parma, was b. at St. IldefonBesides this, he published "IMarianne,"  so, in 1784. In 1816 Ferdinand married
a tragedy, and the lives of Milton and  Theresa, a princess of Portugal, for his
\Waller.  D. 1730.-Sir GEOFFREY, an    second wife; in 1819, Maria-Josepha
English writer, was b. in Nottingham- Am-elia, a princess of Saxonv, for his
shire, andl d. at Dublin, 1608. ie trans- third. She died in 1828, and in 1829 lihe
lated Guicciardini's "1 History of the  mnarried Maria Christina, the daughter
Wars of Italy."                        of Francis I., king of Naples, motlier of
FEIAUD, JOHN FRANcIS, a French       the present queen of Spain. D. 1833.
grammarian, and a professor of rhetoric  FERDUSI, or FERDOUSI, a celebraand plhilosophy at Besancon, -was b. ted Persian poet, whose talents having
1725. Ie wrote a " Gramumatical Die- attracted the notice of Mahimoud, the
tionary of the French Language," and   reigning sultan, he gave him a distina "Critical Dictionary."  D. 1807.     guished reception at his court, and eamFERBER, JOHN JAm.ES, a Swedish       ployed him to write a metrical history
mineralogist of note, was b. at Carlscr'o- of the Persian sovereigns. This work,
na, in 1743, and d. in Switzerland, while  which is called the " Schahnameh," conon a scientific tour, in 1790. Ile wrote  tains 60,000 stanzas, and occupied him
" Letters from Italy," which are nmuch  30 years, during which long period the
esteemed.                              enemies of Ferdusi succeeded in prcjuFERDINAND V., king of Aragon, dicing Mhahmoud against him. Instead
surnamed the Catholic, on account of   of being rewarded, according to promise,
the expulsion of the Moors from Spain, with 60,000 pieces of gold, the same
was the son of Johsn II. of Aragon, and  number of the smallest silver coin was
b. in 1453. Bv his marriage with Isa- sent to him, which the poet indignantly
bella, queen o)t Castile, he founded the distributed among the menials, wrote a
union of the different Spanish king- severe satire on the sultan, and fled to
donms; overcame Alphonso, kirng of     Bagdad. B. 916; d. 1020.
Portugal, at the battle of Toro, in 1476;  FERGUSON, ADAM, an eminent histotally subjugated the Moorish power in  torian and moral philosopher, was b.
Spain, which had for so many centuries 1724, at Logoierait, Perthshire. He was
baffled all the efforts of his ancestors; educated at Perth, St. Andrew's, and




396                   CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                     [ER
Edinburgh; was. chaplain to the 42d   merous works on astronormy, meclhnregiment, in Flanders, till the peace of  ics, drawin%, electricity, &c. D. 1776.
Aix-la-Chapelle; and, on his return to  FERGUSSON, ROBERT, a poet, was b.
Edinburgh, was chosen professor of    at Edinburgh, 1750. He was educated
natural philosophy, which chair he sub- for the ministry, but a love of poetry
fsequently resigned for that of moral and dissipation disqualified himn for
philosophy. In 1767 appeared his "Es- that profession, and he obtained a place
say on Civil Society," whici procured  in the sheriff-clerk's office at Edinburgh.
him the degree of LL. D.  In 1773 he  His conversational powers rendered his
accompanied the earl of Chesterfielcl on  company highly attractive, and the exhis travels; and in 1776, having replied  cesses into which he was led are said to
to Dr. Price on civil liberty, he was ap- have impaired his naturally feeble conpointed to the secretaryship of a recon- stitution, and rendered him an inmate
ciliatory mission sent out to America in  of the Edinburgh lunatic asylum, where
1778..On his return he resumed his he d. in 1774. His poems, written in
professorial duties, and composed his the Scottish dialect, have considerable
" History of the Roman    lepublic."  merit; but those' in English are often
Several years after this appeared his below mediocrity.
" Treatise on Moral and Political Sci-  FERISIITA, MOTIAMMED CASEM, an
ence," and "Institutes of Moral Phi- Indian historian, who flourished in the
losophy. D. 1816.-JAMES, an experi- 16th and 17th centuries, was b. at
mental philosopher, astronomer, andc   Ahmedagur, in the Deccan. He was
mechanist, was the son of a laborer, and  liberally patronized by the sovereign of
b. in 1710, at Keith, in Banffshire Scot- Visapour, under whose auspices he publand. His extraordinary genius quickly lished his " History of India under the
displayed itself; as he learned to read in  Mussulmans," a work of acknowledged
infancy by hearing his father teach one merit for impartiality and truth.
of his brothers; and when only eight    FERMAT, PETER/ DE, an eminent
years of age, he constructed a wooden  mathematician, civilian, and poet, was b.
clock. When old enough to work, he    at Toulouse, in 1590. He was a good
was placed out as a servant to a farmer, scholar, and wrote poetry in the Latin,
who employed him in keepin    sheep, French, and Spanish languages.    His
in which situation he acquirel a sur- prose works were collected and pubprising knowledge of the stars, and his lished under the title of " Opera Vairia
abilities being  discovered  by  some  Matlematica."  D. 1664.
neighboring gentlemen, one of them      FERNANDEZ, JUAN, a Spanish pilot
took him to his house, where he learned  and navigator, who, in 1572, discovered
decimal arithmetic and the rudiments the island which be'ars his name.
of algebra and geometry. Froin a de-    FERNANDEZ XIMENES DE NAscription of the globes in Gordon's   VARETTE, JoiN, a celebrated Spanish
gralnmal, he miade one in three weeks  painter, and a pupil of Titian, was b. at
sufliciently accurate to enable him to  Logrono, in 1576, and surnamed El
work problems; and, having a taste for Mudo, in consequence of being deaf and
drawing, began to draw portraits with  dumb.  Ie was appointed painter to
India ink, by which he supported him- Philip II., and d. in 1579.
self creditably some years. In 1743 hle  FERRACINO, BARTHOLOMEW, a selfwent to London, where he plublished   tauht genius of Padua. H e aas b. in
some astronomical tables anc calcula- 1695, ad bred a sawyer. His first intions, and gave lectures in experimental vention was a saw worked by the wind.
philosophy, which he repeated with    He made curious clocks and hydraulic
success throtulhout the kingdom. In   engines, but his greatest work is the
1754 he published  a brief description  bridge over the Brenta, which is reof the solar system, with an astronomi- markable for the boldness of the desi n
cal account of the year of our Saviour's  and its firmness. D. 1764.
crucifixion; also an idea of the material  FERRARI, the name of a  TdIilanese
universe, deduced from a survey of the  family, many of whose nmembers, dusolar system. But his greatest work is ring the 16th and 17th centuries, were
his "Astronomy explained upon Sir distinguished by their scholastic attainIsaac Newton's Principles, and made   ments.-OCTAVIAN, b. 1518, professor of
easy to those who have not studied    politics and ethics successively at Milan
Mathematics."   On the accession of   and Padua, translated the works of
George III. he was elected a fellow of  Athenseus into Latin, and wrote two
the Royal Society. He published nu- treatises on the works of Aristotle, &c.




FES]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIO-GRAPHPY.                       97
D. 1586.-FANcOico BERNTARDIsn, b. ill by the Portuguese as one of their classic
1577, was a doctor of the Ambrosan col- authors, was b. at Lisbon, 1528. He
lege of Milan, ands celebrated throurhout carried to perfection the elegiac and
Europe for his intimate acquainiance   epistolary style, and his "nes de Caswith books and literature in general. tro" is the second regulna tragedy that
His collection of rare books formed the appeared after the revival of letters in
foundation of the celebrated Ambrosiab n  Europe.   I. 1560.
library; and his own writings, several   FE' E  REAS, JOolN  DE, a learned
of which are yet extant, cisply great Spanish historian and ecclesiastic, was
erudition. D. 1669.-OcTAV.Ic, b. 1607, b. at Labneza,  2, of poor but noble
was professor of rhetoric and hisKiog- r ialily. and completed his studies at
rapher at Mfilan. He afterwards set4ed  Salmanalaca. Ile - wrote several works in
at Padua, where the fame of his learniing  philosophy, theolooy, and history, the
brought him numerous scholar, and the  most considerable of which is his "'Hispatronage of crowned heads.   Amon o   tory of Spain," in 10 vols. 4to. He also
these were Christina of Siweden and    ssisted in the compilation of the greai
Louis XIV., from the latter of whom hee  "Spanish Dictionary.  D. 1785.
enjoyed a pension of 500 crowns. IDis-  FEItR ETI, or FERRETO, an historian
tinguished as he was by his great tal- and poet of Vicenza, was b. about 1296
ents, he was not less remarlkable for and contributed greatly O tthe restorasuavity of manners and disposition, tion of polite literature in Italy.
universally acquiring theleby the apnel-  FEBRIAR, JO-iN,     physician and
lationofPacificator. le follo-eledScaliger miscellaneous writer, was b. at Chester,
in an able work entitled " Origines Lin-!76o4; t   ook hiis medical degree at Edinguate Italice," and wrote various treatises  burgh, and settled in M anichester, where
on ancient manners, customis, &c. D. he was chosen iphysciann to the inrmary
1682.-GAUDENZIO, an eminent painter    and!lnatic asylum, and became an ei-iwas b. at Valdugia, in 1484, and assisted  cient and actirve member of the Literary
Raffaelle in ornamentin$l  the Valtcanm. and Phiioso-ohical Society.:He wrote
D. 1550.-GoIOV-AN_-N ANDREA, celebrated  may professioenal tracts, published unas well for his paintings of fruit and  lder the tiRle of " Me.edical Histories and
flowers as for his landscapes and his- Reflectioons;*' also " Illustrations of
torical pieces, was b. at Genoa, 1599, and  Sterne," which display much research
d. in 1669.-Lours, an Italian mathema- in tracingc that eccentric author's literary
tician, was b. 1552, at Bologna, where  obligations to Burton, Hall, and other
he became professor. I-ie was a pupil satirical moralists, besides other works,
of Cardan, and the disciverer of the  in verse and prose. D. 1815.
method of resolving biquadratic equa-    FERRI, CIBo, an eminent Italian
tions.                                 painter and architect, was b. at Rome,
FERBAITS, JosEPnH, count de, an.1684. He was a pupil of Pietro du
Austrian general, distinguished  as a  Cortona, to whose style his pictures
geographer and skilful engineer.   e  bear a strong resemblance. D. 1689.
was b. at Luneville, in 1726; entered   FESCH, JosEPH seniorpriest-eardinal
the army in 1741, and ill 1776 was ap- of the sacred college, and archbishop of
pointed director-general of artillery for Lyons, and brother of Letitia Rainolini,
the Netherlands, at which timle he un.- mother of Napoleon Bonaparte, was
dertook and completed the 25 sheet b. at Ajaccio, in Corsica, 1764, educated
map of that country, which bears his in France, and was in thlat country
nanme. He served against the French   when the revolution broke out. In
in the campaign of 1793; afterwards  1796 we. find him commissary-general
became vice-president of the aulic eoun- to the urmy of Italy, which was then
cil of war at Vienna; was made a field- commanded by his Bonaparte. H-aving
marshal in 1808; d. 1814.             in this capacity realizedla princely forFERRARS, GEOiGE, a lawyer and       tune, le retired from the army, resumed
poet, was b. in 1512, near St. Alban's. his clerical studies and profession, and
lie was in great esteem with Henry    in 1802 was consecrated archbishop of
VIII., who gave him a large grant of  Lyons. Early in the following year he
lands in IHertfordshire. I-H wrote some  received a cardinal's hat, and went to
pieces inserted in the' Mirror for Ma- Rome as ambassador from France. In
gistrates," published in 1559; and the  1804 the cardinal accompanied Pius VII.
"History of Queen Mary," in Grafton's to Paris, and assisted in the conseera"Chronicle."  D. 1579.                tion of Napoleon; by whom, in the folFERREIRA, ANTONIO, a poet ranked    lowing year, he was made grand almoner




39@8                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [FIC
of France, a principal officer of the legion- him by the side of Beccaria and other
of honor, and a member of the senate. illustrious jurists. D. 1833.
As president of the council of Paris, he  FEUILLEE, Louis, an eminent natuopposed his self-willed nephew in many  ralist, geographer, and mathematician,
of his schemes, who deprived him of   was b. at Provence, about the middle
his succession to the arch-chancellor- of the 17th dentury. Louis XIV. sent
ship. When his disgrace with the emr- him to South America to make reperor was thus published, lie retired at searches in natural history and philosofirst to Lyons, and subsequently to   phy, of which he wrote a " Journal."
Rome, where, with    Madame Bona- Ile was afterwards employed in an exparte, he lived a quiet but most luxuri- pedition to the. Canary Islands, to asceroius life. His library and picture gallery  tain the relative pm tition of the meridian
were the finest thait even Rome, that of Ferro, which, having satisfactorily
city of the arts, could boast. I). 1839.  performed, he was rewardled with a penFESSENDEN, THnoMAS GREEN, an        sion and the situation of botanist to the
American author, b. at Walpole, N. H., king.. D. 1732.
1771.  When in colleoe, one of his      FEVRE, GUY LE, a French poet,owas
poetical effusions, " Jonathan's Court- b. 1544, at La Boderie, in Lower Norship," was so popular as to lead him to  mandy. He was the author of several
indulge freely in the writing of rhyme. works relating to oriental literature, beIn 1801 Mr. Fessenden visited London  sides several poems, which obtained for
with a view to some patent-right specu- him considerable reputation. I. 1598.
lation that had been imposed upon him. -ANTHONY LE, a brother of the preNot, however, succeeding in this, and  ceding, an eminent statesman, was ambeing destitute of cash, lie betook him- bassador at Brussels in 16'07, when he
self to his pen as his most natural re- discovered the conspiracy of Marshal
source.  The result was-" Terrible    Biron against his master, Henry IV. liHe
Tractoration"-a poem in IHudibrastic  was twice ambassador to Englind, and
verse. It went through successive edi- d. in 1615.
tions, and gained for him much reputa-  FEVRE, or FABER, TANAQUIL, a
tion. On his return to America in 1804, classical scholar, of great eminence, was
he published a political satire in verse, b. at Caen, in Normandy, 1615. Cardientitled " Democracy Unveiled."  lie  nal Richelieu procured him a pension
also published other fugitive works of  of 2000 livres, with the office of inspector
a similar character, from all which he  of works printed at the Louvre.  He
derived but small pecuniary advantage. was subsequently professor of classical
After various expedients and vicissi- literature at Saumur, and died there in
tudes, in 1822 he became the editor of  1672. His works, which are very nuthe "New England Farmer," a weekly    merous, chiefly consist of commentaries
journal devoted principally to the dit- on, and translations from, the Greek and
fusion of agricultural knowledge. Be- Latin authors. The celebrated Madame
sides his editorial labors, Mr. Fessenden  Dacier was his daughter. D. 1672.
published, from time to time, various    FEYJOO Y MONTENEGRO, BENEcompilations on agricultural subjects, or DICT JERoME, a Spanish Benedictine
adaptations of English treatises to the  monk of the last century, who pubuse of the American husbandman. He lished his thoughts on a vast variety of
also edited the "Horticultural Register,"  topics, in the form of essayb designed
and the " Silk Manual."  D. at Boston, for popular use, whence lie has been
1837.                                  sometimes styled the >Spanish Addison.
FEUERBACH, PAUL JOHN ANSELM         His " Teatro Critico Universal," and
VON, one of the most eminent of late  his " Cartas eruditas y curiosas," both
European jurists and scholars, was b. works of merit, are devoted to a comat Frankfort-on-the-Maine, 1775.  He mon object-the refutation of error, and
studied philosophy and law at Jena, the removal of prejudice. A selection
where he also taught in 1799. In 1804  from  his essays and discourses was
he was invited to Landshut, in Bavaria, translated into English, and published
to superintend the university and draw  in 4 vols. in 1780.
up a new penal code for the kingdom.    FICHTE, JOHN THEOPHILUS, a celeThis code was adopted in several other brated German philosopher, and metaGerman states. In 1804 he was made    physician, was b. in 1762, in Upper
second president of the court of ap- Lusatia; studied at Wittenberg and
peal.  His writings in law were nu- Leipsic; and was successively professor
merous, profound, and able, placing    of philosophy at Jena, Erlangen, and




FIE]                  CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGLtAPHY.                      399
Berlin. In most of his writings he un- greatly increased by the death of his
folds the doctrines of transcendental wife. Neither disease nor grief, howidealism, representing the life of the  ever, paralyzed the efforts of his pen.
mind as the only real life, and all the In rapid succession he brought forth
reality in the universe being expressed  four periodical papers, called  "The
in what he called the " absolute I." His Champion," "The True Patriot," " The
works have been translated into English. Jacobite Journal," and "The CoventD. 1$14.                              Garden Journal," "Essays on ConverFIDDES, RICHARD, a clergyman of     sation, and on the Knowledge and
the church of England, and author of  Characters of Men," " A Journey from
several works, was b. at Hunmanby, this World to the Next." and the novels
Yorkshire, 1671. Among his various of "Toni Jones" and       Amelia."  Duworks are, "A     Body of Divinity,"   ring the rebellion of 1745, he lent the
"Fifty-two Practical Discourses," and  assistance of his literary talents io the
a " Life of Cardinal Wolsey."  D. 1725. government, and was rewarded with the
FIELDING, HENRY, an English nov- then not altogether rep utable office of a
elist and a political writer, pre-eminently  Middlesex justice.  To the credit of
distinguisheql for genuine humnor and a Fielding, however, he did much to renknowledge of the world, was the son of  der it more respectable by the prevenLieutenant-oeneral Fielding, of Sharp- tion of crimes, and the improvement of
ham park, Somerset, where Henry was the police. Ill health at length obliged
b. April 22, 1707. He was first sent to  him to try the milder air of Lisbon, and
Eton, whence lie removed to Leyden; a Narrative of his Voyage to that place
but the straitened circumstances of his was the last of his works. He, unhapfather shortened his academical studies, pily, received no benefit from the change,
which, added to a love of gayety and   but d. in the Portuguese capital, in 1754.
dissipation, led him to turn his attention  -Sir JOHN, half-brother of Henry, and
to the stage.  His first piece, which  his successor as a justice for Middlesex.
came out in 1727, was entitled "ILove Though blind from   his childhood, he
in several Masks," and its success in- discharged his office with great credit,
duced him to persevere. Some of his and in 1761 received the honor of knightdramatic efforts were, however, failures; hood. He published somtie tracts on the
though neither wit, humor, nor spright- penal code, and a miscellaneous collecliness is generally wanting in them. In  tion, entitled "The Universal Mentor."
his 27th year he married Miss Craddock, D. 1780.-SARAH, the third sister of
a lady of some fortune and, at the same Henry, was b. in 1714, lived unmarried,
time, by the death of his mother, be- and d. at Bath, 1768. She was a woman
came possessed of a small estate in Dor- of talent, and wrote, several novels, &c.,
setshire. Unfortunately, instead of bus- of which "David Simple" is the princlbanding these resources, he immediately  pal. She dalso translated from the Greek,
set up for a country gentleman, on a   "Xenophon's Memoirs of Socrates."
scale which, in three years, reduced him  FIESCO; JOHN Louis, count of Lato greater indigence than ever. with a vagna, a Genoese of an illustrious fatmyoung family to support. He then, for ily, was at the head of the conspiracy
the first time, dedicated himself to the which was formed against the celebrated
bar as a profession, and, for immediate  Andrew Doria ancl his nephew.  On
subsistence, employed his pen on vari- the evening of the 1st of January, 1547,
ous miscellaneous subjects, "The His- Fiesco, who had prepared a galley under
tory of Jonathan Wild" being among    pretence of a cruise a.uinst the corsairs,
the early fruits of his literary industry. waited upon Do ia to request permisIn 1742 appeared his first novel, "Jo- sion to depart fiom the harbor early in
seph Andrers," in which the Cervantic the morning. Iaving succeeded in lullstyle of' lumor is admirably imitated. ing his intended victims into a false
It immnediately received the attention to  security, lie sallied forth in the night at
whicth it was entitled; but success as a the head of 500 men; and dispatching
novel writer was not very likely to ad- parties to take possession of different
vance his practice at- the bar; nor was posts, himself proceeded to the dock
the emolument attached to it sufficient where the Valleys lay; but in ~passing
for a manner of life never sufficiently  on a plank from one galley to another,
regulated by the rules of prudence.  ie he fell into the water, and, owing to the
was further impeded in his professsion  weight of his armor, was unable to rise
by repeated attacks of the gout; added  arain. His confederates failed in their
to which, his domestic affliction was attempt on Andrew Doria, though Gi



400                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [FIN
annetino, his nephew, fell beneath their soon after lord-keeper, with the rank of
swords; and the family of Fiesco were a peer.   In. 1675 he was made lord
made to pay the penalty of his amrbition  chancellor, and in 1681 created earl of
by ruin and proscription.              Nottingham. His powers as an orator
FIESOLE (so called from the monas- were highly rated; and Dryden has
tory to which he belonged) was one of handed down his portrait to posterity
the most celebrated restorers of painting  in his poem of "Absalom and Achitoin Italy.  tIis family name was Santi phel," under the chlaracter of Amtri. D.
Tosini. B. 1587; d 158.               1682.-DAXIErL, eldest son of the proFIGUEROA, BARTITOLOMoEW CAsAsco- ceding, was b. 1647. In 1680 he was
SA DE, a Spanish poet, was a native of  appointed first lord of the admiralty,
Log'rono, and studied at the university  and in 1692 succeeded his rtther as the
of Salamanca. B. 1510; d. 1570.       earl of Nottingham. On the kcath of
FILANGIERI, GAETANO, a celebrated    QCueen Anne, ]ie was one of te lords
writer on political economy and legisla-  justices for the iaministration of afairs,
tion, was b. at Naples, 1752. IIe was at and soon after wais madle president of
first intended for the army, but being  the council; but in 1716 lie was dismissof studious habits. lie was allowed to  ed, on account of a speeph which lhe
gratify his inclination for a literary life. made in behalf of the Scottish lords con 
His great work, entitled "The Science demned flor high treason. Ile devoted
of Legislation,  notwithstanding it was his remaining years to the enjoyment
never completed according to his origi- of retirement and literary leisure, the
nal desion, attracted  areat attention, ftits of which appeared inl an eloquent
fiomn its bold and original views and  reply to Whiston, on the subject of the
the liberality of its sentimenlts, and  Trinity. D. 1780.-ROBERT, an ingeniplaces him in the rank of a first-rate  ous antiquary, was b. in London, 1783.
writer upon one of the most difficult andh Ie travelled through the south of Euimportant subjects that can. engage the rope and Palestine, and died tat Rome,
mind of man. In 1787 he was made a     1830; bequeathing to the Ashmolean
member of the supreme council of fi- museum, at Oxford, his valuable library,
nance. D. 1788.                        medals, coins, pictures, and antiquec cuFILICAIJA, VINSCeNZO DA, an eminent riosities.
Italian poet, was b. at Florence, in 1642,  FINGAL, celebrated in the poems of
and studied at Pisa. His "Canzoni,"   Ossian his son; was prince of Morven,
commemorating the deliverance of Vi- a province of ancient Caledonia, and was
enna by John Sobieski, fully established  b. about the year 282. He constantly
his poetical fame, and obtained for him  struggled with the Romans, who at thal
firom the duke of Tuscany the title of time ruled in England; and frequently
senator, while more solid rewards await- made expeditions to Sweden, the Orkney
ed him in being appointed governor, Islands, and Ireland. FinaPls characfirst of Volterra, and afterwards of Pisa. ter, as sketched by Ossian, is that of a
D. 1707.                               noble hero, the father of his people.
FILMER, Sir ROBERT, an English         FINIGUERRA, TOMMASO,    a celebrated
writer, was b. in Kent, and educlated at sculptor and goldsmith, to whom  is
Trinity college, Cambridge. He wrote   ascribed the invention of copperplate
"The Anarchy of a limited and mixed   printing. lie lived at Florence, about
Mlonarchy," "Patriarcha," in whicn ne the middle of the fifteenth century, and
contends that government was monarch- practised the art called qiiello, which
ical in the patriarchal ages; and "The  consisted in enchasing dark metallic
Freeholder's Grand Inquest."  iIe was substances into cavities worked on gold
a man of talent, but a more bigoted   or silver, and fixing them by fusion. D.
chalmnpion of absolute monarchy has sel- 1475.
dorn appeared; and it was to refute the  FINLAY, JOHN, a modern Scotch
doctrines of Filmer that Locke wrote his  poet, was b. at Glasgow, in 1782. He
"Treatises on Government."  D. 1747.  was the author of " Wallace of Ellerslie,"
FINCH, HENEAGE, first earl of Not- a " Life of Cervantes," and the edition
tinghamn, was the son of Sir Heneage  of "A Collection of Scottish Ballads,
Finch, recorder of London. IIe was b. historical and romantic."  D. 1810.
1621. Charles II. made him   solicitor-  FINLEY, SAMUEL, president of the
general, and created himn a baronet. He  college of New Jersey, was a native of
was returned to parliament for the uni- Irelancd, and came to America 1784.
versity of Oxford, in 1661. In 1670 he  Having been licensed to preach, he was
was   pplointedl attorney-general, and  ordainied by the presbytery of New




FIT]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         401
Brunswick, 1740. The first part of his  Oliver Cromwell. He was a native of
ministry was spent in fhtiguing itine- Dorsetshire, studied at Oxford and
rant labors. In 1744 he was settled as Cambridge, and served on the royalist
the minister of Nottingham, Maryland, side in the civil wars; but on the dewhere lie remained seven years. While  dine of the king's affairs he joined the
here he established an academy which   republicans, and celebrated their sucacquired great reputation. On receiving  cesses in several Latin poems. He also
the appointment of president of New    wrote a "Synopsis of Heraldry," and
Jersey college he removed to Princeton. various poems. D. 1693.
D. 17;66, aged 50. —OBERnT, president of  FISK, PLINY, a missionary, graduated
the university of Georgia, graduated at at Middlebury college, 1814. Having
Princeton college, 1787. From 1793 to  studied theology at Andover, he was em1795 he was a tutor, and a trustee from  ployed as an agent for the board offor1807 till 1817, when he resigned. He   eign missions one yea, and sailed for
was the minister of Basking B:ridge, Palestine with Mr. Parsons, 1819. On
N. J., fom June, 1797 till 1817. Deeply  arriving at Smyrna they engaged in the
interested in the welfare of the free study of the Eastern langruaes; but in a
blacks, he formed a plan of sending   few months removed to Scio, in order to
them to Afiica, and may be considered  study modern Greek under Professor
as the father of the Colonization society. Bambas. The college at Scio then had
D. 1817.                               about 800 students. But in 1821 the
FIRENZUJOLA, ANGE;LO, an Italian    island was, desolated by the barbarous
dramatic poet, b. at Florence in 1493. Turks.  In 1822 he accompanied to
lie was originally bred to tlhe bar, but JEgypt his fellow-laborer, Mlr. Parsons,
left it for the church, and devoted him- anld witnessed his death, and buried
self to literary pursuits. D. 1545.    him in the Greek convent. From Egypt
FISCHER, JOHN BeBRNARD, an emi- he proceeded through the desert to Jiunent German architect, b. at Vienna, in  dea. Havinr visited Jerusalem he went
1560. Ile erected the palace of Schoen- to Beyroot, lBalbec, Damascus, Aleppo,
brunn, the church of St. Boromeo, and  and Antioch. When he withdrew from
a number of other fine edifices at Vien- Jerusalem in the spring of 1825, he rena; and was appointed chief architect tired to Beyroot, wherhe e d. IHe was a
to Joseph I., who created him baron   preacher in Italian, French, modern
d'Erlah. ch D. 1724.                  Greek, and Arabic. IIe had been elmFISH, SIMON, a native of Kent. and a ployed in preparing a dlictionary in Enmember of the legal profession, w, ho,glish  nd Arabic.-WILUR, president
having acted a part in a play written for of the Wesleyan university at Middlethe purpose of ridiculingo Cardinal Wol- town, Ct., a. distinguished Methodist
sey, was obliged to flee to the Continent. preacher, and author of" Travels in EuHe there wrote a satire upon the Catholic rope."  B. 1793; d. 1839.
clergy, entitled "The Supplication of   FITCI, JOHN, an ingenious but unthle Beagars," which vwas answered by  fortunate inventor, who, after a life of
Sir Thomas More in his " Supplication  poverty and distress, saw the merits of
for Souls,"   Fish was ultimately re- lis discoveries appropriated by others,
called home by Henry VIII., but d. of  while his own genius remained unacthe pladrue soon after his return, in 1531. knowledged. He was b. at Windsor,
FSI-IER, JOH-, bishop of' Rochester, Ct., 1743, received a common school
a learned d ivine, was b. at Beverly, in  education, and servecldan pplrenticeship
Yorkshire, in 1459. IHe becanme vice- to clock-mnakinf. In 1767 he was unchan(cellor of Camnbrido'e; and being ap- happily marriced, and soon separated
pointed confessor to Miararet, countess from lisi wife. Two years afterwards lhe
of Richmlond, it wasi througlh his iniu- settled as a silversmiith in Trenton, N. J.,
ence that she founded St. Johni's and  where his house. and property were deChrist's colleges. Deeply prepossessed  stroyed by the British armly. IIe then
in lfvor of tlhe ancient faith, he opposed  joined the armny as a lieutena'nt of volwith zeal and perseverance the prini- unteers. Ie afterwardcs went to Kenples of Lutler anid his followers; and  tucky, vwhere lhe pirchased large grants
hav.ing denied the supremnacy of Ieny  of lands, but fell into the halnds of lnVIII. as hlead of the chulrchi, he was con- dians by whom he was kept in painfll
victed of high trea son, andl beheaded on  captivity for years. In 1782 he retturnedc
Tower- hill, in 1535.-PAYNE, a poet of to the East, and lived by the construction
the 17th century, chiefly miemorable for of maps of the western country, the,
having: he1ld the office of laureate under almost unknown. On the 29th August,
4-".




!402                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.o                      FLA
1785, he presented to congress.a plan for Marlborough. At the time of the French'( applyingsteam-power to water-craft."  revolution, the name of the duke of
His first experiment was made on the Fitzjames was placed on the list of pro1st May, 1787, when a packet was run  scription, in consequence of his having
between Philadelphia and Burlington. emigrated; but, at the restoration of
[But Fitch was so embarrassed by want the Bourbon family, he returned to
of funds, by the ignorance of mechanics, France, and became aid-de-camp and
by controversies with rivals, and by the first nobleman of the chamber to the
indifference of the public bodies to  count d'Artois, afterwards Charles' X
which he applied, that he almost gave D. 1839.
up in despair. Some of the state legis-  FITZSTEPHEN, WILLIAM, a learned
latures gave him patents, and he visited  English monk of the 12th century, and
France and England, but was not able the friend of Thomas a  Becket, archto carry out his designs. He returned  bishop of Canterbury, whose life he
to the West in disgust, and d. in June, wrote. Prefixed to this life is a " De1798. The spot where he was buried is scription of the City of London, and of
now unknown.                          the Manners and Customs of its Inhab-' FITZGERALD, EDWARD, Lord, b. itants," which is curious on account of
1763. At a time when the revolutionary  its being the earliest account of London
spirit was at its height in Ireland, he extant, and has been preserved by being
joined the malcontents, became the ob- printed at the end of Stowe's Survey.
ject of proscription, and was shot in  D. 1191.
1798.                                   FITZWILLI   AM, WILLIATI WENTFITZGIBBON, JOHN, first earl of     WORTH FITZWILLIAM, earl, was b. in 1748;
Clare, and lord chancellor of Ireland, commenced his education at Eton, finwas b. in 1749; and was educated at ished it at Oxford, and took his seat in
Trinity college, Dublin, and at Oxford. the house of peers in 1769. In 1798 he
He rapidly rose in the legal profession, was appointed lord lieutenant of the
till he became a chancellor, in 1789, with  West Riding of Yorkshire; and on Mr.
the title of Baron Fitzgibbon; and in  Pitt's death, in 1806, he became pres1795 was raised to the peerage as the ident of the council, which he retained
earl of Clare. He was an eminent law- until the fall of the Grenville adminisyer and a decided promoter of the tration in the following year. After this
YJnion. D. 1802.                      be gradually retired fromn public life.
FITZHERBERT, Sir ANTHONY, an        D. 18383.
able and learned judge in the reign of  FLACCUS, CAIUS VALERIUS, was a
Henry VIII., was b. at Norbury, in Der- Roman poet of the 1st century, who
byshire, and educated at Oxford, from  lived at Padua, and d. young. lie wrote
whence he removed to one of the inns  an epic poem, entitled "; Argonautica,"
of court. In 1523 he was made a judge of which seven books, and part of the
in the court of common pleas, and d. in  eighth, were completed by himself, and
1538. He wrote "The Grand Abridg- the others supplied by Apollonius.
ment," a " Collection of Law Cases"     FLAMSTEED, JOHN, an eminent as" The Office and Authority of Justices tronomer, was b. at Denby, in Derbyof the Peace," " The Office of Sheriffs,"  shire, in 1646, and received his education
" Natura Brevium,r" &c. He is also    at the free-school of Derby. He wasled
supposed to have written a book on the to the study of astronomy by perusing
Surveying of Lands, and another on    Sacrobosco's work, " De Sphoera;" and
Husbandrv, though some have ascribed  lie prosecuted his studies with so much
these to his brother, John.:-NICHOLAS, assiduity, as to be inferior only to Sir
grandson of the preceding, was b. about Isaac Newton, his cotemporary, who, in
the middle of the 16th century; was fact, availed himself of some of Flameducated at Oxford; went to Italy, and  steed's calculations in his " Principia.":held the situation of secretary to Cardi- He was appointed astronomer-royal, and
nal Alan, whose life he wrote; and is the observatory at Greenwich was erectsaid to be the author of a treatise on the ed for him, where, during the remainder
"Antiquity and Duration of the Roman  of his life, he assiduously cultivated the
Catholic Religion in England."  He was sublime science. His principal work is
accidentally drowned in 1612.         entitled " Historia Ccelestis Britannica."
FITZJAMES, EDWARD, duke of, was D. 1719.
the great-grandson of the duke of Ber-  FLAXMAN, JOHN, an eminent sculpwick, who was natural son of James 1I. tor. was b. at York, in 1755; and was
of England,: by a sister of the duke of  admitted a student of the Royal Acad




FLE]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      403
emyin l770. Having made considerable lawyer, and recorder of London in the
progress in his own country, lie visited  reign of Elizabeth, was b. in Lancashire.
Italy, and, during a seven years' resi- IIe wrote the history of Edward V.,
dence there, executed several important Richard III., I-enry VII. and VIII., the
woiks in sculpture, besides making   "Office of a Justice of Peace," &c. D.
drawings for the illustration of Homer, 1393.-WILLIAiM, an eminent prelate,
lEschylus, Hesiod, and Dante.  This was b. in Loonon 1656. Soon after the
established his fame as an artist of clas- revolution lie became chaplain to Wilsical taste, and he was elected a member liam and Mary, and fellow of Eton. In
of the academies of Florence and Car- 1702 he obtained a canonry of Windsor,
rara. In 1794 he returned to England;  and in 1706 he succeeded Bishop Bevand firom that period till his death he eridge in the see of St. Asaph, fiom
was.dllost uninterrnpteklly emploved  whence, in 1714, he was translated to
in worksof first-rate character. Among  Ely. He xwrote "Inscriptionum Antithem may be named, Lord Mansfield's quarum Sylloge,"'" Chronicum PrecimonuIment in Westminster abbey; and  osun, or an Account of the English
tiose ot Collins, the poet; Lord Nelson, Money, the Price of Corn," &c., 8vo.,
Elarl Howe,' Sir Joshua Reynolds, and  "A plain Method of Christian Deevothe Baring family. HIe also finished a tion," 8vo., "An Essay on Miracles,"
set of drawings and a model for the  &c. D. 1723.
shield of Achilles, as described in Ho-  FLELItNG, a poetical writer and
mcers Iliad. In 1810 he was appointed  translator of the Elizabethan a(e. He
professor of sculpture to the Royal Acad- was the author of numerous poems,
emy, and d. in 1826.                 chiefly devotional, translated some of the
FLECHIER, ESPRIT, a famous French  classic authors, and was the editor of
bishop, was b. in 1622, at Pernes, in the  " Hollinshed's Chronicle."-ROBnERT, a
county of Avignon.  -Ie wasgreatly ad- Scotch Presbyterian minister, who remnired as a preacher at Paris, and his tired from his pastoral charge at Camfuneral orations set himi on a level with  buslamn on the establishment of prelacy,
Bossuet. In 1679 he published his and went to Rotterdam, and is known
"l History of Theodosius the Great."  as the author of a work, entitled, " The
In 1685 lie was made bishop of Lavanr; Fulfilling of the Scriptures." B. 1630;
on which the king said, " I should have  d. 1694.-RonBRT, son of the preceding,
rewarded you much sooner, but that I accompanied his father to the Continent,
was afraid of losing the pleasure of hear- and was a member of the universities of
ing your discourses."  Shortly after he Leyden and Utrecht. He was for some
was promoted to the see of Nismes; and  years minister to the Scotch church at
d. 1710.                             Amnsterdan; but on coming to England
FLECKNOE, RICHARD, an English      he was chosen pastor to the Scotch
poet and dramatic writer, whose name church at Lothbury, and lectured at
is now more remembered on account of  Salter's hall. He is principally known
its having been held up to ridicule by by his work entitled c" Christiology," a
Dryden, in his invective against Shadc- " History of Hereditary Right," and a
well, than for the value of his own com- discourse on the rise andc fall of Popery,
positions. D. 1678.                  in which are many passages thmt correFLEETWOOD, CCHARLES, a parlia- spond remarkably with the early events
mentary greneral in the civil wars, was in the French revolution. D. 1716.
the son of Sir William Fleetwood, who  FLETCHER, ANDREW, a Scottish pobelonged to the household of Charles I. litical writer, was b. in 1653. D. 1766.He entered the army, and, on the break- JAMES, author of a " Iistory of Poland,"
ing out of the civil wars, declared against a volume of Poems, &c., was b. in 1811,
the kinl; commanded a regiment of    and filled the situation of assistant in a
cavalry in 164t1; and at tlhe battle of  school at St. John's Wood, London. D.
Worcester bore the rank of lieutenant- 1832.-JoHN, an eminent English drageneral. Becoming allied to the family  matic poet, was the son of the bishop of
of the protector, by marrying his daugh- London, and b. in 1576. He received
ter on the deceasee of her filst husband, his education at Cambridge, and wrote
Ireton, he was sent as lord deputy to  several plays in conjunction with BeauIrelad; but, on the deat'h of Cromwell, mont. In this dramatic partnership, it
lie Joinedi  i inducing his son Richard to is said that Fletcher found fancy, and.
abdic.ate: thus hastening the estoration  Beaumont judgment.  He d. of the
of Charles II., an event which lie did  plague at London in 1625, and was
not long survive. —WILLIAM an Enolish  buried in St. Saviour's church, South



404                  CYCLOOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [FLO
wark. The principal piece of his own  T7d to his 90th year, he administered
writing is a dranlatic pastoral, entitled  the affairs of Iis country with great sue"The Faithful Shephleresss  and there  cess. D. 17t4.-CLAUDE, a French hisis no doubt it suggested the idea of Mil- torian and divine, was b. 1640. I-e was
ton's "Comus."   Edward Phillips, the  educated as an advocate, and beca'me
nephew of Milton, classes him with   a counseilor of the parliament of Paris
Shakspeare and Ben Jonson, as one of  in 1658; but subsequently took orders,
the "happy trinmnvirates" of the age. —  and acquiring a great reputation for
GILEs, was a native of Kent, an finished  learning', was appointed preceptor to
his education at Cambridge, where he  the princess of Conti, and afterwards
acquired the rep utation of being a good  associated with Fenelon in the task of
poet. In 1588 he was sent ambassador educating the young dukes of Burto Russia, of which country he pnblished  gundy, Anjou, and Berri. lie subsean account on his return, but it was quently obtained the  riory of Argenquickly suppressed, lest some strictures teuil, where he resided till 1716, when
on the brutal tyranny of Ivan Basilo- he left it to become confessor to Louis
vitch should offend the reigning prince. XV. I-is most important works are
HIe enjoyed some civic offices, and was "Ecclesiastical History," " Manners of
treasurer of St. Paul's. D. 1610.-GILEs, the Israelites," and "Mlanners of the
son of the preceding, was b. 1588, and  Christians."  D. 1723.
d. at Alderton, Suffolk, 1623. He was  FLINDERS, MATTHEW, an eminent
the author of a fine poem, entitled  English navigator, was b. at Donning" Christ's Victory and  Triumph  in ton, Lincolnshire, and entered early
Heaven and   Earth, over and after into the merchant service, from which
Death."-PIINEAS, brother of the fore- he removed into the royal navy as a
going, was b. about 1582. In 1621 he midshipman, in 1795. In 1801 he was
obtained the living of Hilgay, in Nor- appointed to the command of an exfolk, where he d. in 1650. He is best pedition of discovery to New Holland,
known by a poem, entitled " The Pur- having previously distinguished himple Island," which is an allegorical de- self by the discovery of 1ass's Straits;
scription of man, in 12 books, written  and after exploring a considerable part
in Spenserian verse.  He also wrote of the coast, his vessel was wrecked on a
"Piscatory Dialogues," "Poetical Mis- coral reef, adl he was obliged to return
cellanies," and a work in prose, entitled  to Port Jckson. On his passage home"De Literatis Antiqun Britannie."    ward, in 1803, haviun touched at the
FLEURIEU, CHARLES PIERRE CLARET, Mauritius, le was detained by General
count de, a French naval officer, and IDeceen, the governor, whlo, notwithone of the most learned hydrographers standing lhe hliad passports from  the
of modern times, was b. at Lyons, 1738. French government, thouglht proper to
Having turned his attention to nautical make hiln a prisoner.  There le was
studies, he invented the sea-chronome- kept till 1806, when, through the interter. In 1790 he was made minister of cession of the 1oyal Society of London
the marine; but the revolution obliged  and the National Institute of France, le
him to discontinue his public occupa- was set at liberty, and had his vessel
tions, apd he was committed to prison  restored. I-e d. in 1814, having prein 1793. HIaving, however, survived the pared an account of his researches, unreign of terror, lie was nominated by  der the title of "A Voyage to the Terra
Bonaparte, in 1799, a member of the  Australis," &c., which was published
council of state; and he was also made after his decease.
intendant of cavalry and governor of   FLINT, TnrOTrTY, a native of Reading,
the Tuileries, which office he resigned  Pa., was graduated at Harvard college
in 1805. D. 1810.                    in 1800, and ifr several years a preacher
FLEURY AND, An.   HCULL D  t, ear- at Lunenberg, MIass., a missionary to
dinal and  iimne minister of?rance, the Mississippi valley, and an author of
under Louis XV., was b. at Lodeve, iii some brilliancy and force. His principal
Languedoc, in 1658. Coming t6 court, writings were "Recollections of the
he won generMl favor by his pleasing  Miississnpi  Valley" "History and Geoperson and fine understanding; becamne  -raphy of the  M.ississippi Valley,"
bishop of Frejus; and, through the in-  Francis Berrian, the Mexican Patliot,"
terest of Madame Maintenon, was ap- and "' George Mason, the Young Backpointed instructor to Louis XV.  In  woodslmn," the two last novels.  B.1726 he was made cardinal, placed at 1779; d.1889.
the hedl of the ministry, and fromn his  FLOOD, W'II,.AM, one of the signere




'FOL]                CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       405
of the declaration of American independ- the employ of Philip II. of Spain, who
once, was a member of the committee' was engaged in the erection of the Esof correspondence of New York in 1774, curial, near Madrid. On his return to
and a Telegate to congress from Suffolk  France he constructed the canalof the
countv.  lie continued in that station  Adour, and built the tower of Cordouan.
until near the close of the revolution, -PAUL DE, archbishop of Toulouse, was
after which he removed to the then un- b. in 1528, and distinguished himself as
settled valley of Oneida, and resided  much for his diplomatic abilities as for
there during the remainder of his life. his virtuous and tolerant conduct as a
In 1789 he was again elected a member churchman. He was employed -on emof congress. In 17.)2 he was one of the bassies in England, Scotland, Venice,
electors of president and vice-president, ald Rome. D. 1584.
and was repeatedly appointed to the     FOLCZ, JOHN, a barber of Nuremsame offico at subsequent elections. He berg, b. at Ulm, in the 15th century,
d. at Western, 1821, aged 89.         was a celebrated German poet, belongFLORIAN, JEANl PIERRE CLARIS DE, a ilng to the class called Mastersingers, a
popular French writer, was b. in 1755. class which sprung up in Germany in
Among his earliest works were "Gala- the 14th century, after the extinction of
tea,' "Estelle," and " Numa Pompi- the Minnesingers, or Suatian bards.
lius." He also produced some admirable  FOLENGO, TEOrPHILUS, ian Italian
"Fables," and various dramatic pieces. burlesque poet, who wrote under the
D. 1794.                              name of Merlin Coccaie, was b. near
FLORIO, JOHN, the descendant of a Mantua, in 1491; became a monk of the
family of Italian refugees in England, Benedictine order, which he quitted
was b. in London, in the reign of Henry  for several years, and wrote Macaronic
VIlI., taught French and Italian at Mag- verses. D. 1554.
dalen collere, Oxford; and on the ac-   FOLKES, MARTIN, an English philoscession of James I. was appointed tutor opher and antiquary, was b. at Westto Prince Henry, and clerk of the closet ninaster in 1690. At the age of 23 lihe
to the queen. His wolrks are, "First was chosen a fellow of the Royal SoFruits,"  " Second Fruits," and the ciety, and in 1741 he succeeded Sir Hans: Garden of    eereation," besides a  Sloane as president of that learned body,
"Dictionary, Italian and English'." D. and was elected a member of the Royal
1625.                                 Academy of Sciences at Paris.   Mr.
FLOYER, Sir JoHN, an eminent phy- Folkes wrote, besides' a number of pasician, was b. at Hinters in Staffordshire, pels in the "Philosophical Transacin 1649, settled at Lichlifield, was knight- tions," a "Table of English Silver
ed, and d. in 1734. His works are, "T he  Coins, from the Norman Conquest to
Touchstone of Medicines," "The Vir- the Present Time."   D. 1754.
tues of Cold Water," "The Physician's   FOLLEN, CHARLES, late professor of
Pulse Watch," "The Galenic Art of     the German language and literature in
Preserving Old Men's Health," &c.     Harvard college, was b. at Romrod, in
FLUDI), ROBERT,'an English plilos- Hesse-Darnstadt, in 1796.  After the
opher, was the son of Sir Thomas Fludd, assassination of Kotzebue, by Sand, he
and b. at Milgate, in Kent, in 1574. His was wrongly suspected of being conwritings are wholly oni alchemy, and  cerned in the deed, and driven from
the mysticism of thle Rosicrucians. D. Germany. He took refuge at Basle, in
1637.,      Switzerland, where lie was made proFOGLIETTA, UBERTO, an historian     fessor of civil law, but the despotism of
and orator of Genoa, from which city he Prussia reached him there, and lie fled
was banished and his property confis- to the United States. In 1830 he was
cated, for censuring the nobles, in a  made professor at Cambridge, and not
book entitled "Della Republica di Ge- long after qualified himself for the clerinova."   He wrote several works of    cal profession, and was employed in
iumerit during his exile. B. 1518; d. 1581. several places in Massachusetts and
FOIX, GASTON rDE, the nephew of     New Yorkl. He was lost in the burning
Louis XII. of France, was b. in 1489. of the steamboat Lexington, in Long
IIe had the command of the army, and  Island Sound, in 1840. Hie was a man
ona account of his daring exploits was of the noblest character and fine attaindenominated the Thunderbolt of Italy. ments. His principal writings, consistAfter performing prodigies of valor, he ing of "Lectures on Schiller," have
was killed at the battle of Ravenna, in  been collected and published by his
1512. —Louis DE a French architect in  widow.




406                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [rFON
FOLLETT, Sir WILLIAMS WEBB, an      Boilean, Racine, and all the first wits of
eminent lawyer, was b. at Topsham,n the French capital, by whom he was
Devon, in 1798. In 1818 he became a much beloved for the candor and simmember of the In-er Temple, and corn- plicity of his character. Yet, with this
menced practice as a special pleader in  simplicity, which amounted almost to
1823. On Sii Robert Peel's accession to stupidity, he united the talent of maplace as prime minister, in 1884, he was king severe, shrewd, and sensible obserappointed solicitor-general; but upon  vations on human life, and decorating his
Sir Robert's resignation in 1835, lie also  verse with touches of exquisite grace
quitted office, and was knighted. At and delicacy. Besides his "Tales" and
the general election of 1837, and again  "Fables," La Fontaine was the author
in 1841, he was re-elected member for of "Les Amours de Psyche." " AnaExeter. On Sir Robert Peels resump- cr6ontiqnes," two comedies, &c. D.1695.
tion of office,:he was once more ap-   FONTANA, DOMINIC, an eminent
pointed solicitor-general.  On Sir F. Italian architect, was b, in 1543, at Mill,
Pollock's elevation to the judicial bench  on the lake of Como. He was employed
in 1844 he succeeded him as attorney- by popes Sextus V. and Clement VlII.,
general. D. 1845.                     and afterwards appointed to the situa[FONBLANQ.UE, JOHN DE GRENIER, tion of first architect to the two kingan eminent barrister, wasb. in 1759, and  doms of Naples and Sicily. Among the
in 1789 was called to the bar. In 1790 he many edifices he built, no one is more
acted as lcading counsel for the London  remarkable than the Egyptian obelisk
merchants, ill opposition to the Quebec in front of St. Peter's at Rome. D.
bill, at the bar of the house of coimmons. 1607. —JouN, his brother, was distinIt 1793 aippeared his celebrated "Trea- guishedi as an hydraulic architect, and
tise onl Equity," which went through  performed some extremely important
several editions, and is regarded by the works in that department of the art. B.
courts as an authority on the subject. 1540, d. 140.-FELIX, an eminent philosD. 1837.                               opher and naturalist, was b. at Pomarlo,
FONESCA, ELEANORA, marchioness in the Tvrol, in 1730. He was appointed
de, a lady of: great beauty and talents, professol of philosophy at Pisa by the
was b. at Naples, in 1768. She cultiva- grand-duke of Tuscany and afterwards
ted the study of botany, &c., with    invited to Florence by Leopold II., who
success, and assisted Spalliazani in his made him his physician, and employed
philosophical investigations. She warm- him to form a cabinet of natural history.
ly espoused the cause of the French   To this he ad'ded a variety of anatomical
revolution, and when the French in- figures in colored wax, most exquisitely
vaded Italy, she engaged in intrigues  finished, which, with other objects of
against that court, tlhougth less perhaps interest and curiosity, together form at
fiom principle than from  her having   present one of the attractions of the
formerly been dismissed from her situni- Florentine capital. D. 1805.-GRPEGORY,
tiona of attendant on the queen. During  a mathematician, and brother of the
the triumph of the republican party she preceding, was b. in. 1735. Ie filled the
was in the zenith of lher fame. and    office of mathematical professor at Pisa,
edited a paper called "The Neaplolitan  for more than thirty years, was elected
Monitor;'' but the royal cause. again  a member of the Cisalpine republic in
succeeding, she was ultimately arrested  1796, and d. in 1805.-FaRANcIS, a Neaansd hanzed, in 1799.                 politan astronomer of the 17th century,
FONTAINE, JOH-DE IA, the ilimi- to whom the invention of the telescope
table f.abulist, was b. in 1621, at Chateau. has been erroneously attributed, first
Thierry, where his father was overseer studied jurisprudence, and received the
of the forests. HIis taste for poetry was  degree of doctor of laws, but afterwaards
first aroused by hearing one of Mal- cldevoted himself to astronomical and
herbe's odes recited; bult to the patron- mathematical researches, and made image of the duchess of Bouillon, who    provements in several instruments. D.
invited him to Paris, and encouraged   1656.
him to write his Tales, he owed miuch of  FONTANELLE, JOHN GASPAR Duthe distinction in literatiure he afterwards  BOIS, a popular French writer; author of
acquired. For 35 years he lived in Paris, " Aventures Philosophiques," " Nauresidino successively with the duchesses  frage et Aventures de Pierre Viaud,
of Bouillon and Orleans, madame de     "Cours de Belles Lettes," several plays
Sabliere, and madame d'Hervart; and    &c. B. 1737; d. 1812.
was in hab.ts of intimacy with Moliere,;FONTANES, Louis DEs. an eminent




fFOit]                CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        407
French writer, was b. in 1761. At the wrote several two-act farces, and concommencement of the revolution he tinned to perform at one of the winter
edited a journal, called "The Modera- theatres eyery season, usually bringing
tor," and after the fall of Robespierre  out some pieces of his own, and reguloined La Harpe and others in the pub- larly returning to his summer quarters.
lication of another, called "The Memo- In 1777, having been charged with an
rial," which with many others was infamous criime by a discarded mansuppr essed by the national convention  servant, lie was tried for the crime, and,
in 1797, and the proprietors, editors, though fully acquitted, it had such an
&c., included ii one common sentence  effect upon his mind and health, that he
of banishment andc confiscation of prop- d. in a few months after. He wrote
erty. When the amnesty was grranted   twenty-six dramatic pieces, all replete
on the elevation of Bonapiarte to the with wit, humor, and satire; but "The
consulship, he took a share in the man- Mayor of Garratt" is the only one which}i
agement of the " Mereure de France,"  at present keeps possesslo,. of the stage.
and soon after obtained a seat in the   FOPPENS, JOHN FRANCIS, a leariled
legislative assembly, of which he became  Flemish divine and critic, was b. about
the president. He afterwards attained  1689, and d. in 1761. He was professor
the rank of senator, and was one of the  of divinity at Louvain, and canon of
first, in 18l4, to propose the recall of  Malines  compiler of the "Bibliotheca
Louis XVIII., who made him a peer Belgica," containing an       account of
and a privy councillor. I. 1821.       Flemish writers; and the author of
FONTENAY, PETE2R        CLAUDE,  a   various works, historical and theologiFrench Jesuit; atnthor of a "; History of' cal.
the Gallican Chinurch." B. 1683; d. 1742.  FORBES, Sir CHARLES, bart., an emiFONTENELLE, BERNARD LE BOVIER       nent Indian merchant, was b. in AberDE, a nephew of the great Corneille, and  deenshire, 1773. IHe was for more than
an author of great anmed varied talents, 40 years the head of the first mercantile
was b. at Rouen, in 1657. He-studied  and financial house in India; and his
the law at the request of his fittheri, who  name stood in the highest repute in the
was an advocate; but soon devoted     commercial world for ability, foresight,
himself exclusively to literature.  At and rectitude of character. lie was rethe outset of his career lie met with  turned toparliamentin 1812 forBeverley;
little encouragement in his poems and  and during five parliaments, from 1818
dramas, but on the appearance of his to 1832, hesat for Malmesbury. D. 1849.
" Dialogues of the Dead," and his -DuNcAN, an eminent Scottish judge,
"Conversations  on the Plurality of was b. at Culloden, in 1685.     It'was
Worlds," his fame was at once fully   mainly owing to his exertions that the
established. In 1699 he was made rebellion of 1745 was prevented from
secretary to the Academy of Sciences, spreading more widely among the clans.
which post he held forty-two years, and  He was the author of " Thoughts on
of the proceedings of which body he   Religion," &c.    D. 1747. — PATRICK
published a volume annually. He con- bishop of Aberdeen, descended of a
tinned to write on general subjects, noble family, was b. in 1564, took orders
agreeably  combining a taste for the  in 1592, and was raised to the episcopal
belles lettres with more abstruse studies  bench by James VI. in 1618. He was
with little intermission, till he had  a munificent patron to the university of
almost reached the patriarchal age of  Aberdeen, whlich owes to him the re100 years. D. 1757.                   vival of the dormant professorships of
FOOTE, SAMUEL, a comic writer and   theology, medicine, and civil law. He
actor, was b. in 1721, at Trurso, Corn-  as   auth or of an elaborate " Cornwall; and intended for the bar. After mentary on the Apocalypse."  D. 1618.
a course of dissipation, to which his -ALEXANDER, Lord Forbes of Pitsligo,
small fortune fell a sacrifice, he turned  commanded a troop of horse in the rehis attention to the stage, and appeared  bellion of 1745; and after the battle of
in " Othello," but having little success, Culloden he fled to France, but returned
he strunek out an untrodden path for to Scotland in 1749, and d. 1762. He
himself in the double character of dra- was the author of " Moral and Philomatist and performer.    In 1747, he  sophical Essays," and is said to have
opened the Haiymarket theatre with    been the prototype of the baron of Bradsome very humorous imitations of well- wardine in the novel of" Waverly." —Sir
known individuals' and thus, having   WILLIAM, b. at Pitsligo, in 1789, was the
discovered where his strength lay, he founder, in conjunction with Sir James




408                   CYCLOPAETDIA 01' BIOGRAPHY.                    L[ro
Hunter Blair, of the'first ban'king estab- in 1i720, at Aberdeen, anmid educated at
lishment in Edinburgh.     ie was an  that uni versit. He published "Serearly member of the celebrated literary  mons to Youi0g AW omnl, "Addresses
club, which numbered, amongst its il- to Young,   Men," " Addresses to the
lustrious associates, the names of John- Deity," a volume of poems, and some
son, Reynolds, Garrick, and Burke. singl-ie sermons. D. 1796.-GEORGE, an
Some time previous to his death, which  eminent physician, nephew of the preehappened in 1806, Jie published an    cedin, was b. in 17 6.    In 1759f he
account of the life and writings of Dr. settled[ in London, and commenced lccBeattie, which exhibits throughout sound  tures on the inmateria medica and practice
judgment and discriminatingo taste     of physic, in which ihe acquired an unFORCELLINI, GmLES, an eminent rivalled reputation.        In 1770 he was
Critic and lexicographer, was b. at Tre- chosen physician to St. Thomas's hosvisoe, in the VenetianI States, in 188, and  pital, and in 1776 a fellow of the Royal
d. there in 1768. He was associated in  Society. In 1787 he was elected, speciali
his literary labors with Facciolati; jointly  gratia, a fellow of the college of phyproducing, amongst others of less note, sicians. Dr. Fordyce is known by his
that important work, "Lexicon totius   "Dissertations on Fever," a "Treatise
Latinitatis."                          on Digestion," "Elements of the PracFORD, JOHXe, an English dramatic tice of Physic," e. He was also an
author of great ability, was b. in 1586, excellent experimental chemist, and
at l1sington, in Devonshire, where his published "Elements of Agriculture
father was a justice of the peace. He and Vegetation."  D. 1802.
became a member of the Middle Temple    FOREST, JolN, painter to the kin.e
in 1602, and d. about 1689. His first of France, was b. at Paris in 1636, anla
tragedy, "The Lover's Melancholy,"     d. in 1712. His landscapes are meuch
was printed in 1629; and lie was the   admired.
author of many other plays, besides      FORESTI, or FORESTA, JAMES
some which he wrote in conjunction    PHILIP,, 1usually called Philip of Berwith Drayton and Decker.-Sir JonN, gamo, an Aug[ustine monk, and author
was b. at Harting, Sussex, in 1605. Du- of a "Chronicle from the earliest Period
rina the civil wars he commanded a to 120.3," &c. D. 1520.
regiment of horse, and suffered much    FORKEL, JOHN NICHOLAS, an eminent
in the royal cause, being imprisoned on  writer on the history and theory of mususpicion of aiding the king's eseape sic, and director of music in the univerfrom Hampton Court; but owin_1 to the  sity of Gottingen, was b. in 1749, and d.
interest of Ireton, whose sisterle had  1819. His "G(aeneral History of Music."
married, he obtained his release. lie is reckoned the most valuable of his
was a man of considerable mechanical numerous works. IIe was also a coIningenuity; and at the request of the   poser and a good pianist.
citizens of London, he contrived machi-  FORSKAL, PETER, a vounIn  Swedish
nery for raising the Thames water into  naturalist, the scholar andl fiiend of Linall the high streets, which machinery  nasus, who, after completing his studies
was afterwards used to drain mines and  at Upsal, travelled into the East with
lands in other parts of the country. D. Niebuhr, buti d. at Djerim, in Arabia,
1670.                                 during the second year of his travels,
FORDUN, JOHN DE, a Scotch historian  and before he had attained his 28th year.
of the 14th century; author of a history  On Niebuhr's return he published Forof Scotland, entitled " Scotichronicon,"  skal's remnarks on the productions of the
which would be a valuable document, countries through which he had passed.
were it not disfigured by much that is  FORSTER, JOHN REINHOLD, an 0e1miabsurd and fabulous.                 rnent naturalist and geographer, was b.
FORDYCE, DAVID, an ingenious wri- in 1_729, at Dirschau, in Polish Prussia;
ter, was b. at Aberdeen, 1711. Ile was and officiated as minister of Dantzic, and
educated at that university, and became  afterwards at Neassenhuben. I-Ie then
professor of moral philosphy -in Maris- went to England, as teacher of the French
dial college. In 1750 lie made a tour and German lan Lgutages, and natural histo Italy, and on his return the follow- tory, at the dissenting academy at Waring year, was drowned on the coast rington. In 1772 he accompanied Capof Holland.   He wrote    "Dialogues tain Cook ii his second voyage round
concerning  Education,"  " The   Ele- the world, as naturalist to the expedition,
ments of Moral Philosophy," &c.-       and took his son with him as a comparnJAMrS, brother of the preceding, was b. ion. Besides his " History of Voyages




FOS]                  CYCLOPIr  DIA OF BIOCRAP.HY.                     409
anrl Discoveries in the North," he wrote the U. S. senate, where he took a foreseveral other original works, andc tralns- most position. D. 1841.
hated many into German. D. 1798. —      FORTESCUE, Sir JoHIN, an eminent
Join GEOGE ADAM, son of the prece-    judge and writer on the law, was a son
ding, was b. in 1754; accompanied his of Sir HIenry Fortescue, lord chief jusfather in the voyage round the world; tice of Ireland. HIe studied at Lincoln's
was professor of natural history in Hesse  Inn, was called to the bar, and in 1442
Cassel, and afterwards at Wiilna.    Ile was made chief justice of the court of
subsequentlysettled at Mentzas a book- King's Bench.  He was a principal
seller, and entered warmly into the revo- counsellor in the court of Henry VI.,
lutionary principles of France; on lwhich  and for his devotion to that monarch he
account he was nominated a deputy to  was attainted by the parliament under
the Elhenish convention, and sent to   Edward IV.; and in 1463 i e fled, with
Paris, but Mentz being besieged and    Queen MarLgaret and her suite to Flantaken by the Prussians, Forster was ders, whllerele remained in exile several
obliaed to remain at Paris. wherle   e d. years, ldurin which time he wrote his
in 1794, while preparilng, as it is said, well-known work " De Laudibr i Leoum
for a voyage to Ilindostan and Thibet. Anhlie." Returmnag to Engrlarl, to join
He was thle authorl of several works on  in the struglle for the restorat..on of the
geography, natural history, philosophy, house of Ltlceaster, he was taken at the
and politics.-NATHIANIEL, a learned di- battle of Tewkesburv, but obtained his
vine and writer, vas b. in 1717, at Plynm- pardon fiom lEdward, and was allowed
stock, Devon; obtained a prebendal stall to retire to his seat in Gloucestershire
in tL e cathedral of Bristol, and the vicar- where he d. in his 90th year.
aetf  of Roclidale, in 1754. Hle wan the  FORTIGUEIRRA, NICHOLAs, an.Ita;lauthor of " Reflections on the Antiquity, ian prelate and poet, was b. at Pistoin, in
Government, Arts, and    Sciences in   1674, and d. in 1735. H-e was the author
E3gypt," "A Dissertation on Josephus's  of a burlesque poem, entitled "RicciarAccounrt of Jesus Christ," and a "He- detto," a lively andc elegant production,
brew Bible without points."  1). 1757.  in which the sttvle of Ariosto and Pulci
FORSYTH, ALEXANDER JOHN-, "the is by turns very happily imlitated.
discoverer of the percussion principle,"  FOSBROOKE, THOMAs DUDLEY, a
was h. 1769. I-Ie succeeded his father learned and industrious antiquary and
in the pasltoral charge of the parish of  archaologist. was b. in 1770; comBelhelvie, 1791. Soon after his settle- Ieneced ihis literary career in 1796, with
menit, he commeneiced for hlis amuse- a poem entitled "The Economy of Moment, a series of' chemical experiments, nastic Life;" and, in 1799, he produced
principally on fulmina;lting powders, and  his " British Monachism.'"  His next
other explosive compounds. In the year work was the "History of Gloucester1805 he was called to London, to make  shire," a.nd in 1819 appeared his " IIisexperiments for the government on the tory of the City of Gloucester."  These
percussion principle, which  he had    were followed by the ""Wye Tour,"
about two years previously discovered.  " Ariconensia,"  and  the' Berkeley
D. 1843.-VWILLIAxM, aln able horticul- Manuscripts."  In 1824 he published
turist, was b. at Old Meldrum, Aber- his most important work- the " Encydeenshire, in 17i57. He was a pupil of  clopecdia of Antiquities, and Elements
the celebrated Philip Miller, and suc- of Arlchmoloagyv;   and, in 1828, a. kind
ceeded him at the physic-gasrdens of the  of sequel to it, called " Foreign Topogapothecarxies' company at Chelsea. In  raphy."  D. 1842.
1784 he was made superintendent of the:FOSCOLO, UGO, a distiin uished Italroyal gardens at Kensington anld St. bain writer, was b. at sea, in 1776, in a
James s, and d. in 1804. — JoN, a dcis- Venetian frigate, lying near Zante, of
tinguished politician, b. in Virglinia, which islanid his fatler was governor.
1780. Ilis father was a native of En- He was educated at Padua, and progland, but served in thle American    duced his traecly of " Thyestes" before
arimy, during the revolution. He   a  hewas 20 was  w0as soon after employed
educated at Princeton college, and stud- as secretary to Battoglia, who was selnt
ied law at Augusta, Ga. In 1808 hle    ambassador to Bonaparte, to endeavor
became attorney-general of the state, to preserve the independence of the
and in 1811 was elected to congress. Venetian republic. The emiobassy was
Mr. Monroe made him       minister to unsuccessful, and Foscolo retired into.
Spain in 1819. In 1828 he was governor Lombardy, where he produced his celeoi Georgia., and in 1835 a member of  brated "Letters of Ortis," which est':bo'JS




410                   CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [FOU
lished his fame. Having enlisted in the  Social Virtue," &c. D. 1753.-JOHN,
first Italian legion that was formed, he  one of the most able writers and originivas shut up in Genoa during the famous al thinkers of modern times, was b. in
siege of 1799, with General Massena, and  Yorkshire, 1770. At an earlv age lihe
while th-ere he composed two of his   entered the Baptist college at Bristol,
finest odes. Ile remained in the Italian  and on the completion of his theological
army till 1805, when he was sent to    studies, was successively settled as a
Calais with the troops professedly des- preacher at various places, the last of
tined for the invasion of England; but which was Dowmnend, near Bristol; but
le soon after quitted the service. lie he afterwards relinquished his pastoral
was appointed pr-ofessor of literature at duties, and the last 20 years of his life
Pavia, n 1809; when the bold language were chiefly devoted to literairy pursuits.
of his introductory lecture is said to I-e was a frequent contributor to t1 e
have offended Bonaparte, and the pro-  "Eclectic Review," (some of his article
fessorship was immediaitely suppressed. have been collected and published sep
In 1812 he produced his tragedy of     arately,) but his chief reputation is
"Ajax," which was represented ait the founlded on his "Essiys," which have
theaitre Della Scala, at Milan; but it gone througch numerous editions, and
beinfg supposed to convey a satire on  whose popularity seems to increase with
the character of Bonaparte, he found it the lapse of time. D. 1843.-S8ir Minecessary to withdraw to Florence. IHe  CHiAEL, an eminent lawyer, was b. at
is said to have subsequently engaged in  Marlborough, in Wiltshire. In 1735 he
a conspiracy to expel thle Anustrians  was chosetl recorder of Bristol; and, in
from  Italy  bLut a discovery taking   1745, appointed one of the justices of
place, he was oblifed to decamp, first the Kinm's Bench, on which occasion he
to Switzerland, from whence he shortly  received the honor of knighthood. He
after removed to England, where hie published a tract against Bishop Gibwas well received by the most eminent son's "Codex on Church Power," and a
literati, and noticed by people of dis- " Report of the Trials of the Rebels, in
tinction. Besides publishing his "Es- the year 1746." He was an independent
says on Petrarch,1" "1 Disputations and  and fearless assertor of the liberty of the
Notes onl DTmmite," &c., lie contributed  subject.
to the Edinburgh, Quarterly, and other   FOTHIERGILL, GEOReGF, an eminent
reviews. D. 1827.                      divine, was b. in Westmoreland, in 1705,
FOSSE, CAimIILES D  LA, an eminent and educated at Kendal school, from
painter, was b. at Paris, in 1640. He whence he removed to Queen's college,
became successively professor, director,'Oxford, where he became fellow and
and chancellor of the academy of paint- tutor. In 1751 he was elected principal
ing, and d. in 1716.-ANTImONY DE LA, of Edmund hall, and presented to the
sieur d'Aubigny, nephew.of the prece- vicarage of Bramley, in Hampshire. He
ding, was b. mit Paris, in 1655.  -le was wrote two volumes' of sermons, which
secretary to the duke d'Aumont, but lie  were highly esteemed. D. 1760.
devoted considerable time to literary    FOUCHE, JOSEPIH, duke of Otranto,
pursuits, and wrote several successful was the son of a captain of a merchant
tragedies, of which the best is entitled  ship, and b. at Nantes, in 1763. It was
"Manlius Capitolinus."  D. 1708.      intended he should follow the same proFOSTER, JAMES, an eminent dissent. fession as his father, but he adopted that
ing minister of the sect called Indepen- of the law, and the events of the revodents, was b. at Exeter, in 1697, anid lution soon brought him into notice.
commenced preaching there in 1718. He headed a popular society at Nantes,
He afterwards removed to Trowbridge, by. which he was sent, in 1792, as their
in Wiltshire, where he turned Baptist; deputy to the national convention; and
and in 1724 was chosen successor to Dr. on the trial of Louis XVI., he voted for
John Gale, of the chapel in'Barbican, his death. In 1793 lie was sent to Lyons
London, where he acted as a: pastor with Collot d'Herbois, and the cruelties
nearly 20 years, and also as a lecturer at he there committed are recorded in his
a meetinl-house in the Old Jewry. He   own letters and reports. Returning to
was so eloquent a preacher that crowds  Paris, he joined in the destruction of
flocked to hear him, and Pope has made  Robespierre.  Circumstances at length
honorable mention of him in his satires. placed him at the head of the Parisian
He wrote a "Defence of Revelation," in  police, in which office he was a useful
reply to Tindal; "Tracts on HIeresy,"  instrument in the hands of Bonaparte.
"Discourses on Natural Religion and    To the superintendence cf police Bona.




Fou]                  CYCLOPDIA OF BIOGRIAPHY.                      411
parte added the management of the ments and discoveries in chemistry, and,
interior, and in 185 he made him duke in conjunction with them, he drew up
of Otranto. HI-e then opened his draw- the new "'Methode de Nomenclature
ing-room to the ancient nobility, many  Chimique."  When the revolution took
of whom he employed as spies;' but the place, he enlgaged in politics, and was
emperor grew suspicious of this minis- chosen a deputy from Paris to the nater, and after his second marriage he tional convention. In 1794 he became
resolved on dismissing him, for which  a member of the committee of public
an opportunity soon offered. lie was safety, and, next year, passed into tho
then sent into a sort of honorable exile, council of ancients. In 1799, Bonaparte
with the empty title of governor of  gave him a place in the council of state,
Rome. In 1814 he returned to France, when he was intrusted with the manageanid was well received by the restored  nent of all affairs relating to public ingovernment.   When Napoleon reap- struction, and acquitted himself in a
peared in France, Fouch6 was suddely  manner highly meritorious. He was the
called to the ministry, and filled his post author of many valuable works on
with skill. After the battle of Waterloo  Qhemical science and natural philosophy.
he was appointed president of the pro- D. 1809.
visional government, when he appeared  FOURIER, FRANcOIS CHARLEs MARE,
as negotiator between the emperor and  was b. at Besanqon on the 7th April,
the allied powers; and seeing the use- 1772. He was the son of a linen-draper,
lessness of Paris offering a defence, he  was educated at the college of his native
acted honorably in advising Napoleon  city, and was an industrious and sueto abdicate. Louis XVIII. continued  cessful student. It was his wish to deOtranto as one of his ministers, until, vote himself entirely to scientific purby the law of the 6th of January, 1816, suits, but his. family had determined
he was obliged to quit France. D. 1820. that he should follow some mercaintilo
FOULIS, ROBERT and ANDREW, two     occlupation. This disappointment im
eminent printers in Glasgow, distin- bittered his naturally irritable temper
guished for the beauty and ac curacy of  and laid the foundation of that detest
their books, particularly the Latin and  ation for commerce and its customs
Greek classics. Andrew d. 1774, and  which he ever afterwards entertained,
Robert, 1776.                        When Fourier was in his ninth year his
FOUQUIER TINVILLE, ANTHONY         father died, leavine him about four thouQUENTIN, was b. 1747. As director of sand pounds. At the age of eighteen
Robespierre's revolutionary tribunal in  he went to Rouen, where he remained
1793, hle boasted of pronouncing only two years in the shop of a linen-draper.
one word-" Death." It was lie that From Rouen he removed to Lyons to
accused Marie Antoinette of incest with  occupy a situation in a merchant's office.
the dauphin; to which infamous accusa- He set up in 1793 as a merchant in Lytion she replied, "I appeal to all mo- ons on his own account with the money
thers whether the charge is possible."  which his father had left him. In 1796
Hle called the guillotine the coining ma- the political events in which Lyons was
chine of the revolution; but was guillo- involved ruined him. The same year
tined himself in 1795.               he was obliged by the mandate of the
FOUQUIERES, JAMrES, a Flemish      government to join a cavalry regiment.
painter, was b. at Antwerp in 1580. He His health failing, he obtained permiswas the disciple of Velvet Breughel, sion in 1798 to leave the army, when he
and became so excellent in painting  entered as clerk into a large commercial
landscapes, as to be ranked with Titian. house at Marseilles. In 1800 he spent
D. 1659.                             some months at Paris, through which
FOURCROY, ANTOINE FRANCOIS DE, on his way to Rouen he had formerly
an eminent Frenclh chemist and natural passed. From 1800 to 1814 he seems
philosopher, was b. at Paris, in. 1755; chiefly to have resided at Lyons, though
and having adopted the profession of as a commercial traveller he visited dumedicine, he applied himself closely to  ring that time Germany and other counthe study of the sciences connected  tries. About the year 1800 he conlwith it, especially to chemistry.  In  menced publishing articles in newspa1784 he was. appointed professor of  pers. In 1808 appeared Fourier's "Thdochemistry at the Jardin du Roi; and  rie des Quatre Mouvemens," intended
about this period he became associated  as a confession of faith and also as an
with Lavoisier, Berthollet, &c., in re- introduction to the series of works
mearches which' led to vast improve- which he proposed afterwards to pub



412                   CYCLOPaeDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       r[OX
lish. In the autumnl of 1814 he went to  make way for Mr. Pitt, afterwards earl
reside with a married sister who lived  of Chatham, but returned to office the
at Belley, not far from Lyons. About followingc year as paymaster of the
ihis time he was fortunate to make one forces; aand in this situation his public
convert, M. Just Muiron.  In 1822 he   conduct has been much animadvertedc
went to Paris, and endeavored to at- upon. In 1768 he was created Baron
tract the notice of the press to his   Holland   of Foxley, and   d. 1774." Theory of the Four Movements," and   CHARLES JAMES, tile second son of the
also his " Traite de lUnit6 Universelle,"  preceding, was b. Jan. 13th, 1748; and
but ifiled. D. 1842.                   received his education at Westmlinster,
FOX, GEORaE, foullder of the society  Eton, and Oxford, where his proficiency
of Friends, or Quakers, was b. at Dray- in classical literature attracted considton, Leicestershire, in 16021, anld appren-. erable notice. It was the intention of
ticed to a grazier. At the age of 19 he  his father, who had a high opinion of
persuaded himself that he lhdcl received  his capacity. that he should occupy a
a divine command to devote him-self    prominent station in the political world,
solely to religion. Ile aecord'ingly for- and lie accordingly procured ffor him a
sook his relations, and wandered tromil seat in parliament for the borough of
place to place, leading a life of itineran- TMidhurst when he was only 19. He,
cy, in which he fasted i much, walked  however, prudently remlained silent till
abroad in retired places, stCudyins the  lie had attainec the legal ase of a mernBible, and sometimes sat in a lhollow  ber, and then we find him, in 1770,
tree for a day together.   In 1648 he:aiding the ministry, who rewaurded him
beoan to propagate his opinions, and   with the office of one of the lords of the
commenced public preacher. At Derby, admiralty; but he resioned that situahis follo  swers re first denominated  tion in 1772; and, in 1773, was noniQualkers, in consequence of their tremlu- nated a commissioner of the treasury,
lons manner of delivery. Ile was taken  from  whence lie was suddenly disuIp in 1635, and sent a prisoner to    missed, in consequence of some disaCromwell, who, being satisfied with his  gleement with Lord North. Mr. Fox
pacific intentions, set him at liberty. In  now entered the lists of opposition, and
f    act, he was imore than once indebted  throullhout the whole of the American
to the Protector for his freedom, when  war proved a most powNerful antagonist
committed to prison by the countly     to the ministers of that period. On the
magistracy for his firequent interruption  downfaill of Lord North lie was appoint.
of ministers while perforlrming divine  ed, in 1782, one of the secretaries of
service. In 1666 he was liberited from  state, which situation he resirned on
prison by order of Charles II., and ilm- the death of the marquis of Rockingmediately commenced the task of form- ham, when the earl of Shelburne, aftering his followers into a formal and    wrds marquis of Landsdowne, was
united society. In 1669 he married the  appointed to succeed him. On the ciswidow of Judge Fell, and soons after solution of that short-lived administra-s
came over to America, for the express tion lie formed th e coalition with Lord
purpose of making proselytes. On his   North, (a coalition which swas odions to
rettvrn he was again thrown into prison, the great mass of the people,) lnd rebut was soon released, and went to Ilol- sumed his forsmer office.  TIe now
land. Returning to England, and refi- brought in his India bill, whleh, after
sing to pay tithes, he was cast in a suit having passed the house of colmmons,
for the recovery of them, and again    was unexpectedly thrown out by the
visited tihe Continent. His healtlh had  house of lords, and occasionred the resnow become impaired by the incessant ignation of the ministry, of which he
toil and suffering he had endured, andl  orimec a part. Mr. Pitt then came into
he again revisited his native land, living  power; while Mr. Fox placed himself
in a retired manner till his death, in  at the head of the opposition, and along
1690. HIe was sincere in his religious  contest took place between these illusopinions, and a rigid observer of the  trious rivals. Worn out, and perhaps
great molal duties. -His writingos consist  lisgusted, with public business, he, in
of his "Journals," "Epistles," and1 1788, repaired to the Continent, in com" Doctrinal Pieces."-HENssY, the first pany with Mrs. Fox, and after spending
Lord Holland, an eminent statesman, a few clays with Gibbon, the historian,
was b. in 1705. After filling lower offi- at Lausanne, entered Italy. Hisliterary
ceae in the state, he was in 1746 appoint- abilities were of the first order; and had
ed secretary at war; retired in 1756, to  he lived in less stirring times, there




FRA]                 CYCLOPARDIA OF BEIOGRAPHY.                     413
is every probability his country wolcld body of banditti and recruits, at Sperhave benefited by his writings. As it longa, threw open the prisons, and was
was, he left little behind him for our joined by numerous lazzaroni; but, after
admiration but his eloquent speeches, a severe action, he was defeated and
and "The H-istory of the Early Part of taken prisoner, condemned by a special
the Reign of James II."  On the death  commission, and executed. He d. with
of Mr. Pitt he was again recalled to  disdainful indifference. He often, like
power, and set on foot a negotiation for Robin Hood, restored their liberty and
peace with France, but -did not live to  property to captives who interested
see the issue of it. Hle d. in the 59th  lim, especially females, even making
year of his age, on the 13th of Septem- them presents, and affecting to protect
ber, 1806.-JOHN, a celebrated church  the poor.
historian and divine, was b. in 1517, at  FLAMERY, NIC-IOLAS STEPHEN, an1
Boston, Lincolnshire. Applying him- eminent French musician and dramatist,
self closely to the study of tleology, he b. at Rouen in 1745. IIe was the combecame a convert to the principles of the poser both of the poetry and music
reformation, was expelled his college on  of several operas; wrote many critical
a charge of heresy, and suffered great tracts, &c., and for a time conductea
privation. Ie was the author of many  the "Jolurnal de IMusique."  D. 1810.
controversial and other works; but the  FRANCIA, FR1ANCESco, an eminent
only one which now obtains perusal is painter, was b. at Bologna, 1450. IIe
his "H tistory of the Acts and Monu- had been a goldsmith and an engraver
ments of the Church," commonly called  of medals, but afterwards applied wholly
"Fox's Book of Martyrs."  D. 1587.   to painting.  Being employed by ElaFOY, MAXIMILIAN SEBASTIAN, general, phael to place a picturle of his in a church
was a native of I-am, in Picardy, where at Bologna, it is said that he was so
he was b. in 1775. He entered the army  struck with its beauty, and convinced
at fifteen years of age, and made his first of his own inferiority, that he fell into a
campaign under Dumouriez in 1792. desponding state. D. 1518.-JosE GAsHe displayed his military talents to great PAR RODRIGUnEZ, the celebrated dictator
advantage in Italy, Germany, and Por- of Paraguay, was the son of a small
tugal, and succeeded MLarmont as com- French proprietor in the country, and
mander-in-chief after the battle of Sala- b. at Assumrnion, in 1757. His nother
manca, where he conducted a skilful was a creole.   Arrived at the proper
retreat to the Douro. I-e received his age, he was sent to the university of
fifteenth wound on the field of Waterloo, Cordova, with a view to entering the
but refused to quit his post until the church; but his plans nnderwent a
close of that engagement. He was af- change while lie was still a student, and
terwards employed as inspector-general on his return to his native town with
of infantry; and in 1819 was elected a the degree of doctor of laws, he be(gan'member of the chamber of deputies at his public career as a barrister.  His
Paris, when he  listinguished himself  highl reputation for learning, but still
as an orator, and was a great public fa- more for honesty and indepencence,
voritc. D. 1825.                     procured him  an extensive practice;
FRA DIAVOLO, a Neapolitan rob- and lie devoted himself to legal pursuits
ber, whose real name was Michael Pozzo, for thirty years, varyinlg his professional
was b. about 1769. le was at first a avocations with a pearusal of the French
stoclking-maker, afterwards a fiaiar, and  Encyclopvedian  writers, and the study
in the latter capacity united hiimself as of mathematics and mechanical philosoleader to a gang' of outlawed banditti in  phy, to which he remained addicted
Calabria. -In his double character of throumhout his life. In 1811, soon after
robber alnd priest, he offered his ser- the revolution of the Spanish possesvices, in 1799, to Cardinal Ruffo, wvho sions of South America becamne general,
headed the counter-revolutionary' party  Dr. Francia, then in his 54th yea, was
in favor of the Bourbons of Naples. For appointed secretary to the independent
his services, althougah a price hadc'been  junta of Paraguay; and such was the
previously set oln his head, he obtained  ability le dispDlayed in llis capacity,
pardon, clistlnction, nlld a pension of  that on the formlation of anew congress,
8600 ducats, with lwhich lie retired to an  called in 1813, lie was appointed consul
estate which he purchased. On Joseph  of the republic, with Ye.ros for his colN'apoleon becoming king, the expelled I leaue. From this momnent the affairs
government again set him iln motion. of his counitry underwent a favorable
ie mlde a descent in 1806, with a large | change; the linances were husbanded;
2~~~~~~~outyfvrbe




414                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        FRA
peace was obtained in Paraguay, while  nil estate, he not only assented to it,
the rest of the South American conti- but literally stripped himself. He was
nent was a prey to anarchy; and the now looked upon as a saint; and grei,
people's gratitude to their deliverer was numbers joining him in his vow of pov
characteristically exhibited by confer- erty, he drew up rules for their use,
ring upon him, in 1817, unlimited des- which being sanctioned by Pope Innopotic authority, which he exercised du- cent III., the order of Franciscans was
ring, the remainder of his life. D. 1840. established.  So rapidly did they inFRANCIS, GILBERT Y., a native of    crease, that in 1219 lie held a chapter,
Virginia, noted for his romantic and  which was attended by 5000 friars. Af
eventful life.: Ile was. in early life at- ter having made a fiuitless effort to con
tached to the navy, then to the stage, vert the Sultan Meleddin, he returned
travelled over the world, was for two  to Assisi, where he d. in 1226; and was
years a prisoner in the great desert. of  canonized by Pope Gregory in 1230.Arabia, afterwards a slave to the bashaw  OF PAULO, a saint, b. at Paulo, in Calaof Tunis, then a lieutenant of guerillas  bria, in 14:16. He was brought up in a
in Spain, and master of a I)utch luggerl Franciscan convent; and in order to
trading to the Malaccas. He was next exceed the preceding saint in austerity
overseer of a sugar estate in Jamaica, a  of life, he retired to a cell on the desert
prisoner of the Mexican banditti, a cap- part of the coast, where he soon obtaintive among the Camanclie Indians, rar- ed followers, built a monastery, and
somed by some fur-traders from Oregon, thus commenced a new order, called
a trader to Chili in the employ of the  Minims. He enjoined on his disciples
Russians, and finally one of the early  a total abstinence from wvine flesh, and
settlers of Texas. He ws a man of de- fish; besides which they were always
fective education, but of the most ener- to go barefoot, and never to sleep on a
getic character.  D. at New Orleans, bed. He d. in France, aged 91, in. 1508,
of yellow fever, 1839.-I., king of France, and was canonized by Leo X.-DE SALEs,
ascended the throne in 1515, at the age another saint, was b. of a noble family
of 21. IHe was the son of Charles of Or- at the castle of Sales, near Geneva, 1567.
leans, and of Louisa of Savoy, grand- He obtained great praise for the success
daLughter of Valentine, duke of Milan, which attended his missions for the conin right of whom he laid claim to that version of his Protezstant countrymen.
duchly. He founded the Royal College  He was ultimately made bishop of Geof Paris, and furnished a magnificent neva; and he performned the duties of
library at Fontainbleau, besides build- his station with exemplary diligence anding several palaces, which he orna- charity. He dc in 1622, and was canonmented with pictures and statues, to ized il 1665.-P ILIP, son of the dean
the great encouragement of the fine arts. of Lismore, was a poet and dramatic
lie is frequently termed "the Great,"  writer, though much more celebrated
and "the Restorer of Learning."   D. for his translation of Horace and other
1547.-Of Lorraine, emperor of Ger- classic authors than for his orijinai
many, was b. in 1708, and married in  compositions. He was educatd at  Dub1736 Maria Theresa, daughter of Charles lin  and having taken orders, first
VI. On the death of her father in 1740, settled at LEsher, Surrey, where he kept
Maria Theresa appointed her husband   an academy, and had Gibbon the histo the administration of the government, torian amnon his pupils. He afterwards
and on the death of Charles VII. in 1745, held the living of Barrow, Suffolk, and
he was elected emperor. D. 1765.-ST., Was chaplain to Chelsea Hospital. He
or FtANCIS or AssisI, the founder of the wrote "Eugenia" andt  "Constantia,"
order of Franciscan friars, was b. at two tragedies, some controversial tracts,
Assisi, in Umbria, in 1182. He was the  &c., D1). 1773.-Sir PHIIP a political
son of a merchant, and said to be of  character of some distinction, and a son
dissolute habits; but on recovering from  of the preceding, was b. at Dublin in
a dangerous illness he became enthusi- 1740.  le entered into public life as a
astically devout, and devoted himself  clerk in the secretary of state's office;
to solitude, joyfully undergoing every  after which he went out as secretary to
species of penance and miortification. the embassy to Portugal; and, in 1773,
Thinking his extravagance proceeded   he became a member of the council of
from insanity, his father had him closely  Bengal. He remained in India till 1780,
confined; and at length, being taken  during which time lie'was the constant
before the bishop of Assisi, in order and strenuous opponent of the measures
formally to resign all claim to his pater- of Governor Hastings; and his opposi



FRA]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      415
tion savoring too much of personal hos- lisher was imprisoned, and forbidden
tility, a duel was the result. On his to continue it. To elude this prohibireturn to England he was chosen mern-' tion, younn  Franklin was made the
ber for the borooih oior, and himoth,                      indentes were
Isle of Wight; and, joining the opposi- ostensibly cancelled. Aftei the release
tion, he took a prominent part in most of his lother, he took advantage of
of their measures, particularly in the this act to assert his fieedom, antc thus
impeachment of Mr. HIstings.. He pub- esca.ped fiom  a severity of treatment
lished many political pamphlets and   which he tholght savored more of the
speeches, all of which are imbued with  rigorous master than the kind relation
considerable spirit and party feeling. He therefore secretly embarked aboarc
The celebrated "Letters of Junius"    a small vessel bound to New York,
have been attributed to him. D. 1818. without means or'ccommnedations
-I., JOSEPH CHARLES, einperor of Aus- and not finding employment there, he
tria, kinr of Lombarclv, &c., was b. in  set out for Philadelphlii, where  e ar1768, and succeeded his father, Leopold  rived on foot with a penny roll in his
II., in 1792. At that time he was styled  hand, and one dollar in his purse. Here
emperor of Germiany, by the name of he obtained employment as a composiFrancis II.; but, in 1804, when France  tor, and having attracted the notice of
had been declared an empire, he as- Sir William Keith, governor of Pennsumnied the title of hereditary emperor sylvania, was induced by his proinises
of Austria; and, on the estaiblislinient to visit England, for the purpose of
of the confederation' of the Rhine in  purchasing types, &c., to establish hinm1806, he renounced the title of Romain self in business. Upon reaching Lonemperor and German king, and resigned  don, in 1725i he follld himself entirely
the government of the Ge6lnan empire. deceived in his promised letters of
D. 1835.                              credit and recommendation from GovFRANCKLIN, THOMAS, was the son      ernor Keith; and being, as before, in a
of the printer of the celebrated anti- strange'place, without credit or acministerial paper called "The Crafts- quaintance, he-weint to work once more
man," and b. in 1721. He was educated  as a compositor. While he was in Lonat Westminister school and Trinity col- don (a period of about eighteen months)
lege, Cambridge; became Greek pro- he became a convert to deistical opinfessor at Cambridge; obtained succes- ions, and wrote a "Dissertation on Libsively the livings of Ware, Tunbridge, erty and Necessity, Pleasure and Pain,"
and Brasted, and was made king's clhap- wherein he endea.vored to show that
lain. lHe translated Lucian, Sophocles, there was no difference between virtue
and other classic authors; wrote a and vice. In 1726 he returned to Phila"Dissertation on Ancient Tragedy,"    delphia; soon after which he entered
four volumes of " Sermons, " The [Earl into business as a printer and stationer;
of Warwick," and various other dramas. and in 1728 he established a newspaper.
D. 1784.                              In 1732 he published his "Poor Richard's
FRANCKS, or FRANKEN, FRANCIS. Almanac," which became noted for the
There were two eminent Dutch painters concise and useful maxims on industry
of this name, father and son; distin- and economy with which it was springuished for the beauty of their scrip- kled. In 1786 he was appointed clerk to
tural pieces. The elder Franks d. 1616; the general assembly at Pennsylvania,
the other 1642.                       and the year following, postmaster of
FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN, an eminent Philadelphia. In the' French war, in
philosopher and politiciani, was b. at 1744, he proposed and carried into effect
Boston, 1706. His father, who had emi- a plan of association for'the defence of
grated from  England, was a tallow- that province, which merits notice, as
chandler; and Beinjamin, the fifteenth  it served to unfold to America the secret
of seventeen children, was apprenticed  of her own strength. About the same
to his elder brother, a printer and pub- time lie commenced his electrical experlisher of a newspaper at Boston. His iments, making several discoveries in
early passion for reading, which lhe had  that branch of philosophy, the principal
always manifested, was iow -gratified; of which was the identity of the electric
and he was able also, through tihe medi- fire and lightning; and as practical-utilnm of the newspaper, to try his powers ity was, in his opinion, the ultimate
at literary composition. Some political object of all philosophical investigationi
articles in this journal having offended  he immediately applied his discoveries
the general court of the colony, the pub- to the invention of iron conductors for




416                   CYC'LOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [FtR
the protectior of buildings from ligoht- in. Gilbert's " Annals of Physics," all
ning. In 1747 he was chosen a repre- contributed to establish his futlne; and
sentative of the general assembly, in'le d. in 1826, after having been raised
which situation he distinguished him- to deserved celebrity as a man of science.
self by several acts of public utility.  FREDERIC I., surnamed Barbarossa,
By his means a militia bill was passed, emperor of Gerimany, b. in 1121, was
and lie was appointed colonel of the   the son of Frederic, duke of Suabia, and
Philadelphia regiment. In 1557 lhe-was succeeded his uncle Conrad on the imrsent to England as agent fbr Pennsyl- perial throne in 1152. His principal
vania.. At this time he was chosen     efforts were directed to extend and confellow of the Royal Society, aend honored  firm his power in Italy, but the events
with the egrlee of doctor of laws by the  ofthe war, which lasted tllmost twYenty
universities of St. Andrew's, Edinburghl, years, were not particularly fivorable for
and tOxfordl   In 1762 lie returned to  him.-II., the grandso3n of the preceAmerica; but two years afterwards he   ding, and son of Henry VII., was b. in
again visited England, in his former   11941 elected king of the Rolmans in
capacity, as agent; and it was at this 1196, and etrlperor in 1210 in opposition
period that he was examined at the     to Otlo. Hle afterwards went to the
house  of commons     concerning  the  Holy Land, and concluded a truce with
stamp act. In 1775 he returned home, the sultan of Babylon, which so proand was el eted a delegate to the con- voked Pope Gregory IX. that he anathgress. He was very active in the con-  ematized himn. On this Frederic returnedc
test between England and the colonies; to Europe, and laid siegoe to Rome, which
and was sent to France, where, in 1778, occasioned the famous parties of the
he signed a treaty of alliance, offensive  Guelphs andc tlhe Ghibelines. D. 1290.
and lefensive, which produced a war       FREDERIC     WILLIAM, generally
between that country and England. In   called the Great Eiector, was b. in 1620,
1783 he sigecd the definite treaty of  and at the a'e of 20 years succeeded his
peace, and in 1785 returned to America, fither as elector of' Brandenbulrg. IHe
where he was chosen president of the   is considered as the founder of the Prussupreme council. D. 1790. Besides his sian greatness and fiorn him is derived
political, miscellaneous, and phlilosophi- much of that militmlar spirit which is now
cal pieces, he wrote several papers in  thle national characteristic. By affordthe "American Transactions," and two   ing protection to the French i'iotestant
volumes of essays, with Iis life prefixed, refuees, he gained, as citizens of the
written by himnself.-ELic.ANOR ANNwE, the  state, 20,000 industrious manurficturers,
wiife of Captain Franklin, the celebrated  an acquisition of no slight importance to
navigaltor but known as.n authoress'tS the northl of Germany; and he also gave
Miss Porden, was the youngest daughter great encouragemelnt to anricultural imof Mr. Porden; an archlitect; and b. 1795. provements. He foutnded the library at
In early youth she exhibited great talent Berlin, and a university at Duisblurg
and a strong memory, and acquired    aand at his death he left to his son a
considerable knowledge of Greek and    country much enlarged, a     a a well-supotlher languages  HIerfirst poem, "The  plied treasury. D. 1688.-I., king of
Veils," was writtten when shie was 17. Prussia, son of Frederic I., and fatier
Her next was " The Arctic Expedition,"  of Frederic the Great., was b. in 1688,
-which led to her acquaintance with    and ascended the throne in 1713, havinl
Captain Franklin; but her principal previously married a daiughiter of the
work is the epic of "Coeur de Lion."   elector of Ilainover, afterwards Geolrge 1.
D. 1825.                               of England. His habits were entirely
FiRAUENHOFER, JOSEPH voON, pro- military; anld his constant care was to
iessor of philosophy in the IRoyal Bava- establish the strictest. discipline a'monr
rian Aca`demy, was the son of a glazier hIis troops.  D. 1740.-I., kino ofPrursat StraubinSg,'and apprenlticed to alass-sia c, omrmonly called the Great, andc
cutter.  After struggling with many    sometimes erroneously stvied Frederic
difficulties, he aequiredl a. knowledage of  III., was b. in 1712. lie o'btained but a
the theory of optics and mathematics,  scanty education, owing to hlis fther's
conlstru    cted lass-tti   achine, and  predilection or militry ciscipline, ad
ground optical glasses. His subsequenm t his determrinrmtion to chieck the strlong
discoveries and inventions in optics, the  inclirnation which he perceived in tlhe
excellence of thle telescopes which lie  heir-mnppurent to cherish literatur. Thiis
manufactured  and     his  "Researches  led him, in 1730, to attelmp air cieampe
concerning the Laws of Light," printed  from Prussia; but the scheme being dis



FRE]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF DIOGRAPHY.                         417
covered, the prince was confined in the  poems, &c.  D. 1786.-III., ]ing of
castle of Custrin, and his young cor- Prussia, was b. in 1770, and ascended
panion, Katte, executecl before his fice. the throne, on tie death of his father,
After an imprisonment of some months, in 1797.
a reconciliation was effected; and in 1738  FIEIND, JonN, a learned physician
he married the princess of Brunswick   and writer on medical science, was b. in
Wolfenbuttel, in obedience to his fl- 1675, at Croton, in Northamptonshire.
ther's command; but it is said the matr- In 1703 he distinguished himself by an
riage was never consummated. In 1740 able work on diseases peculiar to females,
he succeeded to the throne, and it was which raised him to eminence as a physnot long before he added Lower Silesia iologist. The next yea'r ie was appointto his diominions.  In 1744 he took    ed chemical professor at Oxfordl; and in
Prague, with its garrison of 16,000 men. 1705 he accompanied the carl of PeterIl 1745 lhe defeated the plrince of Lor- borough in his expedition to Spain, as
raine at Freidburgh, and then marched  phisiciln to the.army. On his return
into Bohemia, where he defeated an     in l   1707 he pubhlished a vindication of
Austrian arlmy. Shortly after he took  the carl's conduct in Spain, which gailiDresden, laid it under heavy exactions, ed lim considerable reputation.  He
tnd there concludclec a highly favorable then obtained his diploma of IM.D., and.
)ceace. During the ten yeals of com- in 1709 publishel   his "Lectures on
parative tranqillity that followed, Fred- Chemistry.'" In 1716 Le was elected a
eric employed himselft in br'inging his fellow of the college of' physicians, and
troops into a state of discipline never in 1722 lie was brollght into plarliament
before equalled in any age or country. for Launceston. Thle year following he
lie also encouraged alrieulture, the arts,  a wa sent to the TowTer on suspicion of
manufactures, and colmmerce, reforrmed  being concerned in Atterbury's plot, but'
the laws, and increasec the reve nuee;  wias soon released on bail.  While in
thus improving the condition of the    confinemnt, lie wrote an epistle to his
state, and rendering it lmore than a  friend Dr. Madtl, "De quibuscdam Varimatcl for foreigni enemies. Secret in- olarun Gencribus." I-Ie alsoformed tho
formation of ani alliance between Aus- plan of' his greatest literary undertaking,
tril, Russia, and Saxony cgae hilnm reason  wvhich lie afterwar'ds published, under
to fenar an attack, whiclh hie hastened to  the title of "The History of Physic,"
aniticipate by the invasion of Saxony, in  &c. At the accession of George II. he
1756. This commenced the seven years' was appointed physician to the queen.
war, in which he contended single- D. 1728.
handed against the united forces of      FREINSIIEM, or FREINSHEMIUS,
Russia, Saxony, Sweden, France, Aus- JoHa, a learned German, was b. at Ulm,
tria, and the great mlajoritv of the other in 16)8, and became professor of rlhetoric
Gernman states till att lelnth, after vari- in the university at Upsal, and librarian
ous chalnges of fortune, lie was left, in  to Queen Christina of Sweden; but
1763, in the peaceful possession of all returned to Germany in consequence of
his paternal and acquired dominions. ill health, and died at Heidelberg, 1660.
He now entered into a lea gue with his He showed himself a profound scholar,
former enenies, wihich in 1772 was ce- particularly by his celebrated supplemented by the partition of Poland, an  mnents to the lost books and passages of
act which was then, as it is now, de- Curtins and of Livy.
nounced by every lover of freedom and    FRENICLE DE BESSY, BERNARD, a
national security. The remainder of his French mathematician, celebrated for
life, wit th e exception of a short dc- his skill in solving mathematical quesmonstration of hostility towards Austria  tions without the aid of algebra. IHe
which was terminated by the mediation  kept his method a secret during his life,
of Russia, was passed in the tranquillity  but a description of it was found amongo
of literary leisure, and in an unreservel his papers, and is called the method of
intercourse with learned men; among   exclusion. D. 1675.
whom Voltaire and Maupertuis were for   FRERE, JOHN IHOOKFIAM, a gentleman
a long time his especial favorites. His  distinguished for his diplomatic talents,
own literlary attainments were far above  was b. in 1769,, and was educated at
mediocrity, as may be seen by his " His- Eton, where, in conjunction with Cantory of his own Times," " The History  ning, &c., he appeared as one of the
of the Serven Years' WVar,"  Consider- youthful writers of the "Microcosm." He
ations on the State of Europe,' "Me- entered parliament in 1796 as member
moirs of the House of Brandernbhurgh," for West Looe; in 1.799.succeeded his




418                   CYCLOrPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LFRO
friend Mr. Canning as under-secretary  the first who cultivated mulberry-trees
of state for foreign affairs, and'subse- in that country.  Ie was the author of
quently filled various diplomatic mis- a "German and Latin Dictionary," a
sionS in Spain, Portugal, and Prussia. "Description of German Insects," &e.
Mr. Frere was a good scholar, and a D. 1743.
man of great and varied talents; but     FRISCHLIN, NICODEMUS, a German
most of his writings were of a fugitive writer, who distinguished himself by
kind, and have not been published in a his classical attainments, and still minre
collected form. He had resided tat Malta by his poetical satires. II^ was b. Lat
many years, and there he d. 1846.     1Balinoen, in the duchy of Wirtemburg,
FRERET, NICHOLAS, a French writer   in 1447; studied at the university of
was b. at. Paris, in 1688, and abandoned  Tubingen, where he obtained a profeshis profession of law to devote himself sorship at 20.years of age; and wrote a
to the study of history and chronology. critical work, entitled "Strigil GramHis treatises and controversies on these  matica," which involved him in much
subjects, among others with Newton, angry controversy. Having written an
compose a great part of the memoirs of abusive letter to the duke of Wirteinthe Academy at that time. His first burg, for refusing to grant him some
work, "On the Origin of the French,"   pecuniary favor, he was arrested, and
wounded the national vunity so deeply, sent to the prison of Aurach; from which
that it occasioned his imprisonment -in  he attempted to escape, but fell down a
the'Bastille. D. 1749.                frightful precipice, and was dashed to
FRERON, ELIE CATHARINE, a French     pieces. This happened in 1590.
critic, was b. at Quimper, in 1719, and  FRISI, PAUL, a mathematician and
was originally a Jesuit, but quitted the philosopher, was b. at Milan, in 1727;
society at the age of 20. In 1749 he obtained professorships in several colcommenced his "Letters on certain leges;,and ultimately was placed by the
Writings ofthe Times," which extended  government at the head of the archito 18 vols.; and, as he freely criticised  tectural department in the university of
the works and actions of others, it pro- his native city. He was the author of
cured him   some   powerful enemies, many useful treatises on electricity,
among whom was Voltaire. He then       astronomy, hydraulics, &c. D. 1784.
beganhllis " Annee Litteraire," which    FROBENIUS, or FROBEN, JOHN, a
he continued till his death, 1776. Be- learned printer, was b. at Hammnelburg,
sides the   above works, lie wrote in Franconia, in 1460. He established
Miscellanies,  " Les Vrais  Plaisirs,"  a press at Basle, at which Erasmus, who
" Opuscules," &c.-Louis STANISLAUS, was his intimate friend, and lodged in
son of the preceding, was one of most his house, had all his works printed.
violent of the French revolutionists. D. 1527.
In 1789 he commenced an incendiary       FROBISHER, Sir MARTIN, a celejournal, called "L'Orateur dut.Peuple,"  brated English navigator, was b. near
associated himself with Marat, and was Doncaster, Yorkshire, and brought up
guilty of many enormities at Toulon and  to a maritime life. The discovery of a
elsewhere. B, 1757; d. 1802.         Inorthwest passage to the Indies excited
FRESNEL, AUGUSTINE JOHTIN, an ex- his ambition; and, after many fruitless
perimental French philosopher, distin- attempts to induce merchants to favor
guished by his admirable experiments   his project, he was enabled, by theon the inflection  and polarization of ministers and courtiers of Queen Elizalight; was b. at Broglie, in 1788, and d. beth, to fit out a private adventure,
in 1827.                               consisting only of two small barks and
FRESCOBALDI, GIROLAMO, an emi- a pinnace. In this enterprise, he exnent musiecian and composer, b. at plored various parts of the arctic coast,
Ferrara, in 1601, and appointed organist and entering the strait which has ever
at St. Peter's, Rome, in 1624, IHe is the  since been called by his name, returned
first Italian who composed in fugue for to England with some black ore, which
the organ, which is a German invention; being supposed to contain gold, induced
and is considered as the father of that Queen Elizabeth to patronize a second,
species of organ playing known at this and even a third voyage, but all of them
day by the name of "voluntaries."      proved fruitless.  In 1585, Frobisher
FRISCH, JouN LEONARD, a German       accompanied Drake to the West Indies;
naturalist and divine, was b. in Sulzbach, and, at the defeat of the  Spanish
in 1666. He was the founder of the silk  Armada, was honored with knighthood
manufactory in Brandenburg, and was for his bravery. In 1590 and 1592,




FUG]                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        419
he commanded squadrons successfully    wich; also, sister to Lady Bntxton,
against the Spaniards; and il 1594, be-'vidow of Sir Fowell Buxton. Mrs. Fry
ing sent with four ships of war to the has been   emphatically  called  "the
assistance of Henry IV. of France, lie female Howard;" and although she did
was wounded in attacking fort Croyzan, not confine her sphere of observation to
near Brest, and died on his return home. the unhappy inmates of the prison alone,
FROISSART, JOHN, qn early French     but dispensed her blessings to the poor
chronicler and poet, was b. at Valen- and helpless wherever found, her main
ciennes, in 1337. He was originally    object through life was the alleviation of
destined for the church; but his incli- the sorrows of the captive. D. 1845.
nation for poetry was soon apparent,     FRYE, THO.AS, an artist, born in
and. was accompanied by a great passion  Ireland, in 1710. He is said to have
for the fair sex, and a fondness for feasts been the first manufacturer of porcelain
and gallantry. In order to divert his in England, but the heat of the furnaces
mind from the chagrin attendant on an  having injured his health, -he adopted
unsuccessful love-suit, or, what is more  the profession of a portrait painter and
likely, a desire to learn from their own  mezzotinto engraver. D. 1762.
mouths the achievements of his cotem-   FUCA, JUAN DE, whose real name was
porary warriors, induced him to travel; Apostolos Valerianos, was a native of
and he visited England, where le was Cephalonia, and d. at Zante, in 1; 32.
kindly patronized by Philippa of Hai- For upwards of forty years he acted as
nault, queen of Edward the III., whose a pilot in the Spanish American pose.escourt was always open to the gay poet sions; and, in 1592, he was sent by the
and narrator of chivalric deeds. In 1366 viceroy of Mexico to explore the west
he  accompanied   Edward the Black     coast of North America, for an inlet
Prince to - Aquitaine  and Bordeaux. which might lead to a communication
On the death of his protectress Philippa, with the Atlantic. But the account of
Froissart gave up all connection with  his discovery was mingled with such
England; and, after many adventures romantic tales, that it remained disbeas a diplomatist and soldier, lie became  lieved in modern times, until the tradomestic chaplain to the duke of Bra- dino vessels which frequent this coast,
bant, who was a poet as well as himself, in thle fur trade, having approached the
and of whose verses, united with some shore from   which Captain Cook had.
of his own, he formed a kind of romance, been driven by contrary winds, discovcalled " Meliador."  On   the duke's ered the inlet mentioned by De Fuca,
death, in 1384, he entered the service of between the 48th and 49th parallels.
Guy, count of Blois,.who induced him  This strait was thoroughly explored by
to continue his chronicles. He paid   Vancouver, in 1792.
another visit to England in 1395, and   FUCHS, THEOPHrILuS, a German poet,
was introduced to Richard II., but on  b. at Leppersdorf, in Upper Saxony, was
the dethronement of this prince he re- the son of a poor peasant, whose labors
turned to Flanders, where he died, in  he shared till he was 18. IIe afterwards
1401. His historical writings strikingly  studied theology at Leipsic, became a
exhibit the character and manners of country clergyman, and wrote many
his age, and are highly valuable for their lyrical pieces. D. about 1810.
simplicity and minuteness.               FUESSLI, JOHN GASPARD, a Swiss
FRUGONI, CiH.RLES INNOCENT, a cele- artist, b. at Zurich, in 1706; author of a
brated Italian poet, b. at Genoa, 1692. "History of the Artists of Switzerland,"
He originally belonged to one of the &c. D. 1781, leaving three sons.-Romonastic orders, but obtained leave to  DOLPH, afterwards librarian to the emquit it, settled at Parma, and was ap- peror of Germany; HENRY, the eminent
pointed court poet. He was a fertile and  painter, better known by the name of
elegant writer, and his works include FUSELI; and GASPAR, a skilful entomoloalmnost every variety of poetical compo- gist, who resided at Leipsic, and pubsition. D. 1768.                      lished several works on his favorite
FRY, Mrs. ELIZABETH, whose active    science.
exertions and pious zeal in administer-  FUGER, FREDERIC HENRY, an emiinug to the moral and spiritual wants of nent painter, and director of the impethe wretched, will hand down her name rial picture-gallery  in  Belvidere, at
to posterity as a benefactor of miankind, Vienna, was b. at IHeilbron, 1751.  He
was the wvife of Joseph Fry, esq., of began by painting miniatures while a
Unton, Essex and sister to Joseph Gur- mere child; but as he grew up, his pasney, esq., of harlham Hall, near Nor- sion for historical subjects leda him to




420                  CYCLOP    DIA OP 1]IOG RAP1HY~                  LFUI
emulate the great masters in that branch  mense sum of money with which he
of the art. In 1774 he went to Vienna, had supplied him; and on a fire made of
and was sent as a pensioner to Rome by  cinlnamon wood, which had been lighted
the Empress Maria Theresa.   After a in tle hall, he nobly, though somewhat
diligent study of seven years there, he ostentatiously, made a burnt-offering of
went to Naples, andc resided two yeas it to his imperial visitor. "This noble
in the house of the imperial ambassador, finily," says the " Mirror of Honor,'
Count Von Lamnberg, where    e h h   a a"conltains in five branches, (1619,) 47
fine opportunity of exerting his talents. counts and countesses, and including
On his return to Vienna, in 1784, he the other members, old and young,
was appointed   vice-director of the aboutas many persons as the year has
school oi painting and sculpture at Vi- days."  Even while counts they tonennal. He painted many large portraits, tinned to pursue commerce, and their
miniatures) and historical pieces, sone  wealth became such, that, in 94 years,
of which are highly esteemed.    His they bought real estate to the ainount'"St. John in the Wilderness,i painted  of 911,000 florins, and in 1762. wned
for the imperial chapel, in 1804, is a two counties, six lordships, and 5l Dther
masterpiece, and for it he received 1000  estates, besides their houses and lands
ducats.  D. 818.                      in and around Augsburg. They had
FUGGEIS, the name of a rich and     collections of rich treasures of art and
noble family, whose founder was John  rare books.  Painters and musicians
FuIgerl a weaver, residing in a small were supported, and the arts and scivillage near Augsburg.-JONi, his eld- ences were liberally patronized by them.
est son, likewise a weaver, obtained, by  Their gardens andi buildings displayed
marriage, the rights of a citizen of Aug s- good taste, and they entertained their
burg, and carried on a linen trade in  guests with regal magnificence.  But
that city, then an important commercial while the industry, the prudence, the
place. D. 14.09.-ANDRE,, son of the honors. the influence of the Fugger
last, acquired such great~ wealth, that faimily is mentioned, we ought also to
he was called the rich Fugger. He died  state that these were equalled only by
without issue, and his three nephews. their unbounded charity and their zeal
ULRICH, GEORsE, and JAMiES, married   to do good. In acts of private benevoladies of noble families, and were raised  lence, and in the foundation of hospitals,
to the rank of nobles by the Emperor schools, and charitable institutions, they
Maximiliin. Under the Emperor Charles were unrivalled.
V. this family rose to its highest splen-  FULDA, CHARLES FREDERIC, a Protdor. When Charles held the memora- estant divine, b. at Wimpfen, in 1722;
ble diet at Augsburg, in 1530, he lived  authlor of several learned treatises, viz.:
for a year and a day in Anthony Fug-    ()On the Goths," "On the Cimbri,"
ger's splendid house near the wine mar-" On the Ancient Germlan Mythology,"
ket. The emperor derived considerable &cc. D. 1788.
pecuniary aidi from him, and in return  FUPLLER, TEHOMAS, an eminent historaised him and his brother Rainmond to  rian and divine of the church of Enthe dignity of counts and bannerets, in- gland, in the 17th century, was b. at
vestec them with the estates of Kirch- Aldwinkle, Northamptonshire, in 1608.
berg and Weissenhorn, and granted     His first clerical appointment was that
them letters giving them princely privi- of a minister of St. Bennet's parish,
leges, and the right of coining money. Cambridge, where he acquired great
Anthony left at his death 6,000,000 gold  popularity as a preacher. He was aftercrowns, besides jewels sand other Valu- wards collated to a prebend in Salisbury
able property, and possessions in all cathedral, and obtained the rectory of
parts of Europe and the Indies. It was Broad Winsor, Dorsetshire.  His first
of him that the Emperor Charles, when  literary production was entitled " Daviewing the royal treasure at Paris, ex- vid's heinous Sin, hearty Repentance,
claimed, " There is at Augsburg a linen  and heavy Punishment."  In 1640 he
weaver who could pay as much as this published his " History of the Holy
with his own gold."   And it was he   War," soon after which he removed to
also who did one of the most graceful London, and was chosen lecturer at the
and princely courtesies on record, as the Savoy church, in the Strand. About
following anecdote will show:-When    1642 he published his "  oly State." In
Charles V. returned from Tunis, and   1643 he went to Oxford, and joined the
paid Anthony a visit, the latter pro- king, became chaplain to Sir Ralph
duced the emperor's bond for an im.- Hopton, and employed his leisure in




FUN]                  CYCLQPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        421
making collections relative to English  wrecked just as they came in sight of
nestory and antiquities.  In 1650 ap- the shore. At the time of her death
peared his "Pisgah Sight of Palestine,"  she had partly finished a work on the
and his "Abel Redivivus;" but it was  " Recent Revolutionary Changes in Eunot till after his death that his principal rope."  B. 1810; d. 1850.
literary work was published, entitled    FULTON, ROBERT, an American en"The Worthies of England," a produc- gineer and projector, of celebrity, was b.
tion valuable alike for the solid informa- in Little Britain, Pennsylvania, in 1765.
tion it affords relative to the provincial Having acquired some knowledge of porhistory of the country, and for the pro- trait and landscape painting, he went to
fusion of biographical anecdote and    England, and studied under his distinacute observation on men and manners. guished countryman, West, with whom
In 1648 he obtained the living of Walt- he continued an inmate several years;
nam, in Essex, which, in 1658, he quit- and, after quitting him, he made paintted for that of Cranford in Middlesex; ing his chief employment for some time.
and at the restoration he was reinstated  He afterwards formed an acquaintance
ill his prebend of Salisbury, of which  with another fellow-countryman, named
he had been deprived by the Parlia- Rumsey, who was well-skilled in mementarians.  He was also made D. D. chanics, and hence he ultimately adoptand chaplain to the king.-ANDREW, an   ed the profession of a civil engineer.
eminent Baptist minister, and secretary  He also became acquainted with the
to the Baptist Missionary Society, was  duke of Bridgewater, so famous for his
b. at Wicken, in Cambridgeshire, 1754. canals, and with Earl Stanhope, a nobleHis father was a small farmer, who gave  man celebrated for his attachment to the
his son the rudiments of education at mechanic arts. TIn 1796 he published a
the free school of Soham; and though   treatise on "Inland Navigation;," and
principally engaged in the labors of   after making public some clever invenhusbandry till he was of. age, yet he  tions and useful contrivances, in spinstudied so diligently, that in 1775 he  uing, sawing, &c., Mr. Fulton went, in
became, on invitation, the pastor of a  1797, to Paris, where he lived seven
congregation, first at Soham and after- years, and studied the higher mathematwards at Kettering. In the establish-  ics, physics, chemistry, and perspective.
ment of the Baptist Missionary Society, It was there, in 1800, that he projected
by Dr. Carey and. others, Mr. Fuller ex- the first panorama ever exhibited; and
erted himself with great energy, and   there also that he perfected the plan for
the whole of his future life was identi- his submarine boat, or torpedo. Refled with its labors. lIe was also an able  turning. to America in 1806, he. immecontroversialist. His principal works  diately engaged in building a steamore a tleatisc "On the Calvinistie and So- boat, of xwvhat was then deemed.very
cinian Systems comppared as to their Mo- considerable dimensions, and which beral Tendency," "Socinianismi Indefen- gan to navigate the Hudson river in
sible," "The Gospel its own Witness,1' 1807, its progress th,'ough the water
"IDiscouises oni tIhe Book of Geneesi,"  being at the rate of five miles an.hour.
&c. D. 1661.-SARA- MA/RGARErT, (m(iar- He had meditated oni this experiment
chioness cl'Ossoli,) a distinguished. fe- since 1793, and was the first who apnmale writer of the United States, whose  plied water-wsheels to the purpose of
untimely and traigic deathL imparted a  steam-navigation; and thoughri he claimmelancholy interest to her writings. ed the invention, lie certainly was not
She w as a native of Massachusetts, cand  the eal inventor-that credlit being due
by her literary acquirements, early gain- to John Fitch. It is said that vexation
ed a reputation. She was the writer of  at being denied the merit of this discovmany miscellaneous articles in "TThe   ey, and prevented. from deriving the
Dial," translator of " Eck'ermainn's Con- whole benefit of it, preyed on his muind,
versations with Goethe," and authoress  and hastened his death. D. 1815.
of " A Sumnmer on the Lales," " Womr-    FUNES, GREGORIO, a patriot of La
an in the Nineteenth Century," and     Plata. in South America. He was dean
"Papers on Literature and Act'."    In  of the catledral church of Cordova, in
1847 she went to Europe as the corre- which station he employed all his infiuspoindent of the C NewYorlc Tribune,"  ence in support of the revolution.  In
and was there married to the marquis   1810 he was sent as a deputy from Cord'Ossoli, with whom,,and one beautiful dova to the congriess of Buenos Ayres,
and promising child, she was returning  and on various subsequent occasions he
to her native land, when the vessel was took a prominent part in the political




422                   CYCLOPAMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [rUX
transactions of his country. He was ship with the celebrated Lavater, and
also distinguished as an historical wri- became enamored with literature. Is
ter, especially by hli  "Essays de la studied English, read the best authors
Historia Civil del Paraguay, Buenos in that language, and translated the
Ayres, y Tucuman."  D. 1829.          tragedy of Macbeth into German. In
FURETIERE, ANTHONY, abbot of 1763 he went to England, and on his
Chalivoy, was a French philologist, b. showin  his specimens of painting to
1620. He distinguished himself by va- Sir Joshua Reynolds, the latter expressrious literary productions, and was a ed himself.in terms of high comimenida
member of the French Academy, but tion, and advised him to go to Rome
was expelled from it on a charge of hav- This he did; and after eighlit years spening pillaged the unpublished lexico- in studying the Italian masters, he regraphical labors of his colleagues to  turned to England. Having sunfgested
enrich a dictionary of Ins own; and his to Alderman Boydell the idea of forming
expulsion gave rise to a virulent paper his " Shakspeare Gallery," for which he
war between him   and his former as- painted eight of his best pictures, that,ociates.  Besides this " Dictionary,"  splendid design was accordingly exe
which served as the basis of the " ic- cuted. In 1790, Fuseli became a royal
tionnaire de Trevoux," he published   academician; and during the next nine
" Gospel Parables,"   Five Satires,"  years he painted a series of 47 pictures,
"Le Ro-ian Bourgeois," &c. D. 1683. afterwards exhibited as the " Milton
FURIETTI, JOSEPi ALEXANDER, a       Gallery."  In 1799 he was appointed
cardinal, b. at Bergamno, in 1685; author professor of paintin, and, in 1804,
of a treatise on the mosaic art of paint- keeper of the Royal Academy. D. 1825.
ing. D. 1764.                           FUSS, NICmHOLAS VON, a distinguished?FURNEAUX, PHILIP, a nonconform- mathematician and natural philosopher,
ist divine, b. at Totness, Devon, in 1726. b. at BasIe, 1755. He first studied under
He was the author of " An Essay on    Bernouilli, then professor of mathematToleration."  D. 1783.               ics at the university of that place, wlihc
FURST, WALTER. was a native of procured him a situation, when he was
Altorf, Switzerland, by whose means, 17, with his friend, the celebrated Euler,
aided by the heroic William Tell and  at St. Petersburg, who wished to obArnold of Melcthal, the liberty of his tain a young man of talent in the proscountry was established, in 1307.     ecution of his philosophical inquiries.
FURSTEMBERG, FERDINAND DE, an       Here he soon obtained distinction and
eminent prelate, b. at Bilstern, in West- preferment. In 1776 he was appointed
phalia, in 1626. He was raised to the adjunct of the Academy of Sciences for
bishopric of Paderborn in 1661, by Pope  the higher mathematics. In 1784, CathAlexander VII., who afterwards   ade  arine II. gave him a professorship in the
him apostolical vicar of' all the north of  corps of noble land cadets; and in 1792
Europe. He collected a numberof MSS. he was appointed secretary to the free
and other monuments of antiquity, and  economical society. In 1800 he was
published them   under the title of raised to the dignity of a counsellor of
" Monumenta'Paderbornensia:" he also  state; in 1805 he was constituted one of
published a valuable collection of Latin the council for the organization of milpoems. D. 1683.                      itary schools; and, continuing to adFUTRADO, ABRAHAM, a French Jew, vance the interests of science in the
who was one of the leading, members of various honorable stations to which lihe
the Sanhedrim, convoked by Bonaparte was promoted, he was rewarded with
in 1808, at Paris.  He wrote several the order of Vladimir and a pension.
works, and is said to have possessed  He was a regular contributor to the
great eloquence. B. 1759; d. 1817.    "Memoirs of the Academy of Sciences
FUSELI, HENRY, was the second son   at Petersburg" for a period of 50 years,
of Gaspard Fuessli, and b. at Zurich, and published various works, chiefly on
about 1739. He was originally intended  mathematics and astronomy. D. 1826.
for the church; but he had employed     FUX, JOHN JOSEPH, a celebrated muhimself, while under'his father's roof, sieal composer during the reigns of the
in making copies from the works of    emperors Leopold I., Joseph I., and
Michael Angelo and Raphael, and this Charles VI., was born in Styria, about
had inspired him with an insurmount- the year 1660, and held the office of
able desire to devote himself to the pro- imperial chapel-master for about 40
fession. While at the lHumanity college, years. He composed several operas
I. Zurich, he formed an intimate friend- and had great influence on the musical




GAI]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                       4'23
taste of his time. His H Musical Gradus"  collection of paintings has some of his
and some of his sacred pieces are still productions. His subjects are chiefly
highly esteemed. D. 1750.             game, beasts, birds, fruit, and flowers;
FYT, JOHN, a Dutch painter, b. at and they are remarkable for their fidelity
Antwerp, in 1625. His pencil was so to nature in the drawing, and for theit
prolific, that almost every important rich and glowing colors.
G.
GABBIANT, ANTONY DOMINmI, an         he wrote a book, entitled "Unheard-of
Italian painter; b. at Florence, 1652, Curiosities concerning the Talismanic
and accidentally killed by falling from a Sculpture of the Persians, th( Horoscaffold, while employed in pailting the  scope of the Patriarchs, and. the Leading
large cupola of Castello, in 1726.     of the Stars."
GADBURY, JOHN, an astrologer,         GAFURIO, FRANCHINO, an eminent
who, in the latter part of the 17th cen- Italian conmposer and professor of music,
tury, attracted considerable notice. lie was b. at Lodi in 1451.
was originally a tailor; afterwards be-  GAGE, THOMAS, the last governor of
came an assistant to Lilly the fortune- Massachusetts appointed by the king,
teller, (the Sidrophel of Butler;) and  first came to America as a lieutenant
like his master, he published astrological with Braddock, and was present at the
slmanacs and other works of a similar battle in which that officer received his
Aescription.                           mortal wound. He was appointed govGADD, PETER ADnRIAN, a Swedish       ernor of Montreal in 1760, and in 1763
chemist and natural philosopher; pro- succeeded General Amherst as cornfessor of chemistry in the university of  mander-in-chief of the British forces in
Abo, in Finland. lie wrote several trea- North America. In 1774 he succeeded
tises on geology, &c.; and d. about the Hutchinson as governor of Massachuend of the 18th century.               setts, when he soon began the course
GADSDEN, CHRISTOPHEn, was b. in      of illegal and oppressive acts that brought
Charleston, 1724.  He was appointed    on the war of the revolution. In 1775
one of the delegates to the congress the provincial congress of Massachusetts
which met at New York in October, declared him an enemy to the colony,
1765, to petition against the stamp act. and not long after he returned to EnHe was also chosen a member of the gland, where he d. in 1787.
congress which met in 1774. He was       GAGNIER, JOHN, a celebrated orienamong the first who openly advocated   talist, was a native of Paris. He was
republican principles, and wished to   bred a Roman Catholic, entered into
make his country independent of the    holy orders, and became a canon in the
monlarchical government of Great Brit- church of St. Genevieve; but turned
ain. Duringn the siege of Charleston, in  Protestant and settled in England. IHe
1780, he remained within the lines with  was patronized by Archbishop Sharp
five of the council, while Governor Rut- and many other eminent persons, and
ledge with tile other three left the city  received the degree of M.A. at Camat the earnest request of General Lincoln. bridge anud Oxford. In 1706 he pubIn 1782, when it became necessary, by  lished an edition of Ben Gorion's "Illsthe rotation established, to choose a new  tory of the Jews," in Hebrew, with a
governor, he was elected, but declined  Latin translation and notes. D. 1740.
on account of his age. D. 1805.         GAIL, JOHN BAPTIST, a celebrated
GAFFARELLI, JAMES, a French wri- Hellenist, was b. at Paris, 1755, and d.
ter, who applied himself to the study  in the same city, in 1828, professor of
of the Hebrew language and rabbinical Greek literature at the college of France.
learninog, was b. at Mannes, in Provence, He was a member of the academy of
about 1601. He adopted the doctrines inscriptions and belles lettres, and a
of the Cabala, in defence of which he knight of the legion of honor. HIe conwrote a quarto volume in Latin. He tributed greatly to render the study of
bIecatne librarian to Cardinal Richelieu, Greek popular in France. Among his
who gave him several preferments. Ile productions are a " Greek Grammar?'
d. at Sigonce, of which place lie was and translations of Xenophon, Thucydthen abbot, in 1671. Besides the above  ides, Theocritus, Bion, Mosehus, ani




424                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [GAL
Lucian's " Dialogues of the Dead."-   having issued an order for his death,
SoPHIA, the wife of the foregoing, was  Galba revolted against h1e emperor;
b. about 1779, and cl. at Paris il 1819. and Gaul declaring for him, Nero put a
For the arts, and particularly for music, period to his own existence.  Galba
she manifested an early taste, and she  gave himself up to the government of
began to compose when she was not three obscure men, whom the Romans
more than twelve years of age. Among   called his schoolmasters; and lie was
her principal compositions are the operas slain by the pratorian band, who proof "The Jealous Pair," "Mademoiselle claimed Otho in his stead, 69.
de Launay in the Bastille," and "The     GALE, THEOPHILUS, an eminent nonSerenade."                             conbfrmist divine, was b. in 1628, at
GAILLARD DE LONTUMEAU, bishop        King's Teighton, in Devonshire, and d.
of Apt, in Provence, was the first who  in 1678. He wrote many works, the
projected a universal historical diction- principal of which is his "Coolt of the
ary, and employed Moreri, who was his  Gentiles," 8 vols. 4to., in which he
almoner, to execute the work. D. 1695. proves that the theology and philosophy
-GABRIEL HENRY, a French historian, of the pagans were borrowed from the
b. at Ostel, near Soissons, in 1728, and  Scriptures.-THOMAS, a learned English
d. in 1806. He was the author of "tHis- divine, was b. in 1636 at Scruton, in
toire de Charlenmalne," "Rhetorique    Yorkshire. He published a collection
Franqoise," "Histoire de Francis 1.,"  of the Greek mythologists,'"Historie
and many other works of a similar char- Poeticse antiqui Scriptores Griscne et
acter. — Jo N EiNEST, a  imusical con- Latinle,"'  " lerodoti 1Ialicarnassensis
poser of considerable merit, was b. at Historiarnm,"  "IHistoris  BritannieC,
Zell, in 1687, and became a pupil of  Saxonice, Anglo-Danic," &c. D. 1702.
Farinelli. D. 1749.                   -ROGER, the eldest son of the precedGAINSBOROUGH, THOMAs, a cele- ing. lie published some valuable books,
brateclandscape painter, was b. at Sudt- the principal of which was an edition
bury, in Suffolk, in 1737. He was self- of his father's "Commentary on Antotaught, andclused to entertain himself by  ninus." D. 1744.-SAMUEL, his brother
drawing landscapes from nature, in the, was also eminent for his knowledge of
woods of his native county. From Sud- antiquities. D. 1754.
bury he went to London, and com-        GALEN, CHRISTOPHER BERNHAD VVAN,
menced portrait painter, in which line  the warlike bishop of Munster, first enhe acquired great eminence. His chief  tered the military service, which he
excellence, however, was in landscape, afterwards left for the church. In 1660
in which he united the brilliancy of  he was chosen prince-bishop of Munster,
Claude with the precision and simplicity  but was obliged to besiege the city on
of Ruysdael. IHe was highly esteemed  account of the opposition of the citizens;
by Sir Joshua Reynolds, who bestowed  he, however, conquered it, and built a
on him a high but well-meritecl compli- citadel to secure his power. In 1664 he
ment in one of his academical discourses. was appointed one of the leaders of the
D. 1788.                              imperial army against the Turks in
GALAS, MATTHEW, one of the greatest Iungary. He afterwards fought against
generals of his time, was b. at Trent in  the Dutch, first in alliance with En1589. He served in Italy and Germany, gland, and then with France, taking
andc rendered eminent services to the  fiom them several cities and fortresses.
Emperor Frederic   1. and Philip IV. After this he joined the Danes against
king of Sp ain. He was deprived of tle  the Swedes, and made new conquests.;
coLmmand, after being defeated by the  and in 1764 he formed an alli'ance with
Swedes near Miadceburg, but was re- Spain, and again gave battle to his old
stored, and d. at Viellna in 1647.    enemies the Dutch. le was a iman of
GALATIN, >PETR, a Franciscan        extraordinary enterprise, one of the
nmonk, who flourished about 1530. He  greatest generals of his time, and an
wrote. "De Areanis Catholice Verita- adroit diplomatist. D. 1678, aged 73.
tis," a work of considerable reputation. -CLADrUS, one of the most celebraGALBA, SE1MVIUS SULPIOIUS, emperor ted physicians of ancient times, was b.
of Rome, was descended from the an- at Pergamus, in Asia, in 131.       Afcient filmily of Sulpicii. He was succes- ter studying philosophy and general
sively pr'etor, proconsul of Africa, and  literature, he travelled through Egypt
general of the Roman armies in Ger- and other countries in the East for the
nIlmny and Spain. He retired to avoid  purpose of acquiring medical ancd anathe jealousy of Nero; but the tyrant tomical Jknowledge. On his return 1?




SAL]                   CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        425
practised four years in his native city, stars; but his most remarkable disand then went to Rome, but was driven  coveries were Jupiter's satellites, Satfrom thence by the intrigues of his jeal- urn's ring, the sun's spots, and the
ous rivals, who attributed his success to  starry nature of the milky way. The
magic. From Rome he returned to Per- result of his discoveries was'his decided
gamus; but was recalled by an especial conviction of the truth of the Copernican
mandate of the iEmperor Marcus Aure- system; thougl the blind and furious
lius, who, on quitting Rome to nmake   biglotry of the monks charged him with
war on the Germans, confided to Galen  heresy for it, andc he was twice persethe care of the health, of his son Con- ented. by the.Inquisition, first in 1615,
modus. The place and time of his death  ald again in 1633. On both occasions
are' uncertain; but lie is supposed to lhe was compelled to abjure the system
have d. at Rome, ini about the'70th year of Copernicus; but it is said, that in the
of his age. A part only of his very nu- last instance,.when lie had repeated the
meronus writings has been preserved; abjuration, he stamped his foot oin the
but even that part forms five folio vol- earth,'incligisuntly: muttering, -"yet it
umes, and affords undoubted proofs of  moves!"  T'he latter years of his life
his practical and theoretical skill.   were spent at his own country-house
GALERIUS, CAIUS VALERIUS MAXIMI- near Florernce, where lie devoted himANus, a Roman emperor. Entering the    self to the perfecting of his telescope;
army as a common soldier, he rose to   and lie d. at the age of 78, in 16429 the
the hiihliest ranks by his bravery, and  year in which Newton was born.
was adopted by Dioclesian, who gave      GALITZIN, DEMETRIUS AUGUSTINE, a
hiim his datughter in marriage. He as- son of Prince Galitzin, one of the hiolhcendedl the imiperial throne in O05, and  est of the Russian nobility, who became
d. in 311. lIe was naturally of a cruel a Catholic priest, and settled' at Loretto,
disposition, and during his reign the near Baltimore, Md., where he collected
Christians suffered great persecution.  a congregation and preached. He wrote
GALILEI, GALILEO, an      illustrious  a "Defence of Catholic Principles."  D.
astronomer, mathematician, and plhiloso- 1819.
pher, was the son of a Florentine noble-  GALL, JOHN JOSEPH, the celebrated
man, and b. at Pisa, in 1564. I-e was Aphrenologist, was b. in 1758, at Teifenintended by his father for the medical brunn, Wirtemburg.    ie studied nmedprofession; but his love for mathemati- icine under Professor Shermainn, acnd
cal studies was so decidedly evinced, settled in Vienna, where he attracted
ianid his aversion for the othel so strong, much attention by his "l Anatomical and
that he was allowed to pursue the oer- Physiological Inquiries respecting the
mer, which he did with such unwearied  Brain and Nerves," on account of the
diligence, that at the age of 24 he was principles it contained, that certain
aippointed  mathematical professor at talents and tendencies depend on the
Pisa. There hlie was constantly engaged  formation of certain parts of the head,in asserting the laws of nature against that, in fact, each facultv of the mind
the Aristotelian philosophy, which raised  has a separate organ in the brain, and
up such a host of enemies against hi, that those organs are marked externally
that, in 1592, hle was obliged to resign  by elevations or protuberances on the
his professorship.  Hie then went to   cranium.    I-ie  afterwards  travellcaPadua, where lie lectured with un- through the north of Germiany, Sws
paralleled success, and students flocked  den, and Denmark, deliverineo lectures
to hear him from all parts of Europe. and, in 1807, established hlimself i
After remaining' there eightecel years  Paris, thinkilnu France the most likel
Cosmo 11I. invited him back to Pisa, part in whicTl to circulate his doc
anid soon after called him to Florence, trines.  Prince Metterneih  comnsultec
with the title of principal mathematician  him as his physician, and, in 1810, guarand philosopher to the grand duke. anteed the expense of publishinig the
Galileo had heard of the invention of  work of Gall and Spurzheim on phrethe telescope by Jansen; and making    nology. Dr. Gall d. at Paris, 182. I-IHe
one for himself, a series of most import- directed that no clergyman should atant astronomical discoveries followed. tend his funleral, and that his head
lie found that the moon, like the earth, should be dissected and placed in the
has an. uneven surface; and he tanught museum he had collected.
his scholars to umeasure the height of its  GALLAND, ANTHONY, an able oriinountains by their shadow. A particti- entalist, was b. 1646, at Rollot, in Pilar nebula he resolved into individual cardy. He was employed to travel o-,
86"



120                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [GAL
account of the French government; and  of the public executioner in order to
his zeal and industiy are evinced by   ridicule the academical custom of pourseveral treatises, which he published on  ing forth lamentations in prose and
his return, illustrative of the manners verse, on the death of great personages.
and customs of the Mohammedan em- In 1759 lie was appointed secretary to
pire and religion. He is now princi- the French ernbassy, and soon took a
pally known by his " Mille-et-un Nuits," lead among the wits and literati il Paris.
a curious collection of eastern romances, lie wrote a number of able works;
translated into all the languages of Eu- among which are a " Treatise on Morope, and known to us as the " Arabian  ney,"  "Annotations upon   Horace,"
Nights' Entertainments."  Galland was  "Dialogues on the Corn Trade," " On
Arabic professor to the college of France, the Reciprocal Duties of Neutral and
and antiquary to the king. D. 1715.    Belligerent Princes," &c. lie held se\vGALLATIN, ALRBET, a distinguished    eral important offices under the Neapolistatesman, scholar, and financier, was b. tan government, and d. greatly esteemed,
at Geneva. January 29th, 1761. He was 1787.
left an orph.an in his infancy, but was  GATLIENUS, PUBLIUs LcINIus, a
sent to the university of his native place, Roman emperor, -ho reigned in conwhere lie graduated in 1779.. In the   junction with Valerian, his father, for
nineteenth year of his age he came to  seven years, and became sole ruler in
this country, with a letter from  La   260.
Rochefoucauld to Dr. Franklin. In 1782   GALLOIS, JoHN, a French critic of
lie was chosen a French teacher in Har- the 17th century, celebrated for thle univard university, and four years after- versality of his knowledge. IHe was one
wards settled in Pennsylvania, when he of the projectors of the " Journal des
was elected a member of the convention  Savans," and its conductor for many
to revise the constitution. In 1790 he years. D. 1707.
was chosen to the house of representa-   GALLUS, CAIeS FIBIus TREBONIANUS,
tives of that state, and, in 1792, to con- emperor of Rome, was an African by
gress. The next year he became senator birth; but holding a command in Mmsia,
of the U. S. In 1801 Jefferson nmade   under Deemis, at the time that monarch
him  secretary of the treasury, and in  was slain in a battle with the Goths, he
this capacity his financial abilities ena- was proclaimed emperor by the army,
bled him to do much towards extin- in 251.      He proived unworthy of his
guishing the national debt. In 1813 he station, and he fell by assassination in
was one of the commissioners to Ghent, 253.-CORNELIUS, a Roman poet, was b.
to settle the peace with Great Britain. 70 B. c., at Forum Julii, and was intiHis subsequent life was mostly passed  mate with Virgil, whose tenth eclogueo
in diplomatic services, being successively is inscribed to him.
minister to France, to the Netherlands,  GALT, JOHN, a voluminous author on
and to England. In 1840 he published   a great variety of subjects, but chiefly
an " Essay on the North-Eastern Bound- known as a novelist, was b. in Ayrshire,
ary," and he wrote in his later years 1779. The scene of his novels is in genmany historical and ethnological papers, eral laid in Scotland, and his intimate
and also a Tract on the Currency Ques- acquaintance with every light and shad
tion. D. 1849.                         ow of Scottish life, makes them reallGALLIANI, FERDINAND. an Italian     important to all who would know Scot
abb6, celebrated for his writings, was b. land-especially the Scotland of middle
at Chieti, in the province of Abruzzo, and lower life-as it really is. The list
Naples, 1728. He made a rapid progress of his works is formidably long: perin is studies, and was no less remarka- haps the best of them are, " The Entail,"
ble for playful wit than for more solid  "The Annals of the Parish," " The
acquirements. Having made a collection  Ayrshire Legatees," and "Ringan Gilof specimens of the various volcanic pro- haize."  Independent of his numerous
ductions of Vesuvius, he sent them to  novels, lie published tragedies, minor
the pope in a box, thus labelled, " Bea- poems, voyages, and travels, and several
tissime Pater fac ut lapides isti panes biographies. He was, for some time,
fiant"-"Holy Father, command that editor of the Courier newspaper, and
these stones be made bread," which the it is asserted that he gave up that appope virtually attended to by giving him  pointment rather than allow the inserthe canonry of Amalfi, worth 400 ducats tion, though at the request of a minister,
per annum. One of his earliest produc- of an article which he considered obtions was a volume written on the death  jectionable. For several years previoun




(AR]                 CYCLOPrDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       427
to his death',e suffered very severely  GAMBARA, V     oERONICx, an  Italian
fiom paralysis of the limbs. D. 1839.  poetess, born of a noble ifmily in 1485.
GALUPPI. ]3ALDESSAr.O, a distinguish- On the death of lher husband, Giberto,
ed composer, was b. near Venice, 1703. lord of Correggio, whom she survived
His operas, about 50 in number are al- many years, she devoted much of her
most all of the comic kind, and had, at timic to the cultivation of literature; and
one time, the chief run throughout Italy. her poems possess originality and spirit.
D. 1785.                             D. 1550.
GALVANI, Louis, an Italian physi-    GAMBAET, JEAN FELIX ADOLPA, a
ologist, celebrated as the discoverer of  distinguished. astronomer, b.'it Cette in
galvanism, was b. at Bologna. 1787. le 1800. He was director of the observastudied medicine uinder aleazzi, whose tory at Marseilles, and was the discovdaughter he married. In 1762 he be- erer of no less than thirteen comets,
came lectarer on anatomy at Bologna, between the years 1822 and 1834. 1). at
and obtained a considerable reputation. Paris, 1836.
By experiments on firos, lie discovered,  GAMBIER, JAMEs, Lord, a British
that all animals are endued with a pecu- admiral, was b. inl 1756, at the Bahama
liar kind of electricity; and he followed  Islands, his father being at that time
up this discovery with so much perse- the lieutenant-governor. He entered
verance and success, as to give his name  the naval service at an early age, was
to a system of physiology, which has actively engaged on various occasions,
excited uninersal attention. His first and was rewxarded by different gracapublication on this subject was in 1791, tions of rank. D. 1803.
and entitled ",Aloysii Galvanii de Viri-  GANDOLPHY, PETER, a Catholic
bus Electricitatis in Motu Musculari priest, greatly clistinguished as a preachComlmertariis." Upon this system the  er, wars b. about 1760. lie wls a confamous Volta made vast improvements. troversialist, and publislhec "A Defence
Galvani, on the death of his wife, in  of the Ancient Faith," in 1811; and "A
1790, fell into a state of melancholy; full Exposition of the Christian Eeliand d. 1798. Besides the above work, pion," in 1813; ut a sermon "tOn the
he wrote several memoirs upon pro'es- Relations between Spiritual and Temsional subjects.                     poral Authority" exposed him to the
GATIA, VASCO or VASQUEZ DE, an     censure of his diocesan, in 1816. D. 1821.
illustrious 11naigator, was b. at Sines, in  GANDON, JAMES, an eminent EnPortual, of a'noble family; and to him  glish larchitect, and tle first who rebelongs the merit of havinc discovered  ceived the architectural gold medal of
tle route to the East Indies by sea. the RoyalAcademy. His reputation was
IHavincg under his command four vessels, much enhanced by his editorial labors
manned with 160 marines and sailors, in producing the "Vitriuvius BritanniGamla set sail, July 9th, 1497; in the cus;" after which lie went to Ireland,
beginning of the next year reached the  and remained there till he died, in 1824,
eastern coast of Afic'a, and, holding his aged 84. IIe designed the custom-house,
course straight towards the coast of tle four courts, and many other elegant
Malabar, arrived in May, at Calicut, a structures in Dublin.
citv inhabited by Hindoos, where the   (ANS, EDWA-\D, b. at Berlin, 1798,
ruler over the country, called the zamo- was one of the leading jurists of Lis age.
rin, or king, had his residence. IIe  For iany years he was at the head of
returned to Lisbon in two years acnd  the philosophical sclool of jurisprntwo months from the time of his setting  deuce in Gerniany. His writings were
out; iand the result of this expedition  numerous and able; amongr them, the
promised such great advantages, that, " System  of' Roman L,,w" and the
in 1502, he went out with 20 ships, but  Scholie to Gaius," and he also edited
hle was attacked by an opposing fleet on  the lectures of Hegel on the " Philosothe part of the zamorin, which he de- phy of IHistory," which is almost wholly
feated, and returned the following year his oxwn. D. 1839.
witll 13 rich vessels which he ha'd cap  GARAMOND, CLAUDE, a celebrated
tured in the Indian seas. John III. of French engraver and letter-founder, was
Portugal appointed him viceroy of India; b. at Paris towards the close of the 15th
on which he went there a third time, century. IHe brought the art of letterand estlablished his government at Co- foundi'nf to such perfection, that all
chin, where lie d. n 525.  The Lusiad  ptrts of Europe were supplied with his
of Camioens is fouaded on the adven- types   Among his works are sonm
tures of his last voyage.            beautiful specimens of Greek, and it




428                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [GAwas he who brought the Roman charac- expeditions, and fell in battle, in 1586.ter to perfection. D. 1561.            Another, surnamed the Inca, because,
GARAY, JOHN DE, a brave Spanish      by his mother's side, he was descended
officer, b. at Badajoz, in 1541. He came from the roydal family of Peru, was b. at
to America, as secretary to the governor Cusco, in that country, in 1630. Philip
of Parag'uay; where he displayed so   II. dreading the influence of Garcilaso
much enterprise and talent, that he was among the nat. ves, summoned him. to
raised to the rank of lieutenant-general Spain, where he died. lie wrote an
and governor of Assumption. He found- interesting and faithful history of Peru,
ed Santa FIe rebuilt and fortified Buenos and also a history of Florida.
Ayres, and endeavored by kindness to    GARDEN, ALEXANDER, an eminenit
civilize the Indians. IHe was killed on  botanist and zoologist, was b. in Scotthe-banks of the Parana, about 1592.-  land, in 1730, and educated at the uniDon1 MARTIN DE, a Spanish statesman, versify of Edinburgh.     He came to
who acted a conspicuous part in the America, and settled as a physician at
management of public affairs fiom 1808 Charleston, South Carolina, where lihe
till the restoration of Ferdinand VII. engaged in botanical researches, and
He was made minister of finance in    was very successful in the discovery
1816, dismissed in 1818, and d. in 1822. and verification of new species among
GARCIA, MANUEL, a distinguished     the animal and vegetable tribes of North
musical performer and composer, was America. lie opened a correspondence
b. at Seville, in Spain, in 1782. He with Linnceus, which was attended with
showed great proficiency at an early age, many reciprocal advantages. After a
and appeared as a public singer at the residence of 20 years in 4merica, lie reopera-houses of Madrid, Paris, Rome, turned to England, where he d. in 1791.
Niaples, Turin, and London. He was      GARDINER, STEPHEN, a celebrated
engaged as principal male singer at the  prelate and statesman, was b. at Bury
King's theatre, Loindon in 182; and   St. Edmund's, in -Suffolk, in 1483.
his abilities attracted much attention, He was the illegitimate son of Dr.
both as a vocalist and as an actor. His Woodville, bishop of Salisbury, and
dramatic compositions are too numerous brother of Elizabeth, queen of Edward
for insertion here, and many of them   IV. Gardiner drew up-articles accusing
possess great merit  Madame Malibran  Henry VIII.'s last queen, Catharine
tie Beriot was his daughter. Garcia d. Parr, of heresy; but the queen avoided
in 1882.                              the storm, and lie fell into disgrace. At
GARCIA     DE   MASCARENIHAS, the accession of Edward VI. he opposed
BLAISE, a Portuguese, who figured both  the efo rmation, and was committed first
as a soldier and poet, was b. in 1596, at to the Fleet, and afterwards to theTower,
Avo. In 161l4 he entered into the mili- where he was a prisoner during the retary service, andc went to Brazil, where  mainder of the reign.  I-He was also
he remained 26 years, and on his return  deprived of his bishopric; but on the
to Lisbon was appointed governor of accession of Mary he was restored to
Alfayates. Having been falsely charged  his see, and appointed chancellor of
witlh treason and imprisoned, and being  England.  His conduct towards the
denied the use of pens and ink, he corn- Protestants was cruel and sanguinary.
posed a letter in verse to the king, in  He d. in 1555. He was a learned man,
the following ingenious manner:-lhe  but artful, dissembling, ambitious, and
procured a printed book, cut out the proud.-WILLIAMi, an Irish engraver, of
words he wanted, and pasted themi on  talents rarely excelled, b. in 1760; who,
a blank leaf; this he -threw from his after a life of great vicissitude and diswindow to a friend, who delivered it, tress, durinrg which he had been alterand it procured his liberation. ID. 1656. nately jockey, bookseller, painter, priest,
GARCILASO DE LA VEGA, called        and actor, wrote a paper on the miseries
the prince of Spanish poets, was b. at of life, and destroyed himself in 1814. —
Toledo, in 1503. He was early distin- JOHN, was b. in Boston, Mass., about
guished for his wit and fancy, wrote 1731; was sent to England to complete
several pathetic pastorals and sonnets, his education; studied law at the Inner
and did much: towards reforming that Temple; and Was admitted to practise
taste for bombast, which, at the period  in the courts at Westminster hall. He
in which he flourished, disfigured the was an intimate associate at this time
productions of his countrymen. Gar- with Churchill, the poet, and John
cilaso followed the profession of arms, Wilkes, the reformer, in whose cause,
and attended Charles V. in many of his at the time politics ran high, he appeared




&ARJ                  CYCLOP'EDIA    3F BIOGRAPHY.                     429
as junior counsel, and attracted the no- Man of Letters," a treatise on " The
tice of Lord Mansfield, who expressed a  Origin of the Government of France,"
high opinion of his natural endowments  a'Continuation of Velley's History of
for eminence in his profession, although  France," a treatise on "Civil Educahis political connections were not such  tion," &c. During the reign of terror
is to secure his lordshi p's fivor, or his he fled from the French capital to Bouo>wn rapid advancement. He practised   jival, where he d. in 1795.
a short time in the Welch circuit with  GAROFALO, BENVENUTO, an artist
success, and then marriedl a Miss HIarris,  of Ferrara, b. in 1481. During his stay
of respectable family in South Wales; in'Rome lie formed an intimacy with
but being impatient to get at once into  laphael, and frequently assisted him.
lucrative practice he procured the ap- His works unite the grace aind clearness
pointment of attorney-general at'the  of.Raphael with the rich coloring of the
island of St. Christopher's in the West Lombard school, and his Maclonnas. and
Indies, whither hlie removed with his  angels -are full of beauty and expression.
family about the, year 1765. He prac- D. 1559 
4ised law with great success in the     GARRICK, DAVID, the most celeislands of St. Christopher'and Jamaica., brated actor that ever appeared on the
until the termination of the American  Englishi stage, was descended from  a
revolution by the peace of 1783, when  French family, who, being Protestants,
lie removed with his family to his native fled to England on the revocation of the
town. After practising law in Boston   edict of Nantes. His father, Peter Garfor two or three years with much celeb- rick, was a captain in the army, and
rity, he removed in 1786, to an estate  generally resided at Liehfield; but beiln_
left by his father at Pownelborough in  on a recruiting party at Hereford, David
thtu then district of Maine, where he was b. there in 1716. He received his
also practised law, and whence he was education partly at the grammar schoo
sent as representative to the Massachl- at Lichfield, and partly under Dr. Johnsetts legislature, friom the year 1759 to  son, with whom he first came to London,
his death, which happened in 1793.    in 1786, and prepared himself for the
GARNERIN, JAaES ANDREW, a eel- study of the law.        The death of his
ebrated French aeronaut, to whom be- father, however, disturbed this arrangelongs the merit of first making the rment; and having been left ~1000 by
daring experiment of descending in a  his uncle, he went into partnership with
parachute. Hits first attempt was made  his brother in the wine trade. A love
at St. Petersburg, in 1800; and he sue- for the stage had long been deeply rooter'
cessfally repeated it in England on the in his mind, and, abandoning- the wire
21st of Sept., 1802. D. at Paris, 1823.  trade, he resolved on being an actor.
GARNET, THOMAS, an English phy- His first attempt was at Ipswich, in 1741,
sician, was b. in 1766, at Casterton, in  under the assumed name of Lyddal;
Westmoreland. On the foundation of     and the applause he met with induced
the royal institution in 1800, he:was him to make his appearance at the theachosen professor of chemistry.   Dr. tre, Goodman's Fields, in the character
Garnet was the author of " An Analysis  of Richard III. The effect of this was.
of the Mineral Waters at Harrowgate," immediate and decisive.    The other
a "Tour through Scotland," "Outlines theatres were quickly deserted, and
of Chemistry," several papers and essays  Goodman's Fields became the resort of
on medical and physical subjects; and  people of fashion, till that theatre was
"Zoonomia," Which was published after shut up. Garrick then formed an enhis death. D. 1802.                   gagement with Fleetwood, the patentee
GARNIER, GERMAIN, Count, a French    of Drury-lane, where his reception was
statesman, was b. in 1721, at Auxerre. equally flattering. In the summer of
-1e became prefect of the department of  1743 lie visited Dublin; and in 1747 he
De-. and. Oise, and president of the  became joint-patentee  of Drury-lano
senate'.- and was known as the trans- theatre. In 1749 he married Mademoilator of Adm Smith's "Wealth of Na- selle Violette, a sketch of whose life
tions," and otir Englishworks on polit- forms the subject of our next article.
ical economy.:  1821.-JE AN JACQUES, The remainder of his career was a long
historiographer Ot- France, was. b. in  and uninterrupted series of success and
1729, at Goron-sur-Mhiue, and at the prosperity until its close, which took
breaking out of the revolution was pro- place in 1776, when he determined upon
fessor of Hebrew in the university ofa retreat,andsold hismoietyofthe conParis.  He was the author of "The cern for~3.7,000. D. 1779.-EVA MARIA




430                    CYtLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY                         [GAS
wife of the preceding, was b. at Vienna, masques for her cntertainment. Besides
1725.  Her maiden name was Viegel, his original and translated dramas, he
which she changed to that of Violette, wrote "The Steel Glass," a satire, and
by command    of the empress-queen, other poems. Till of late, when it beMaria Theresa, whose notice she had    came the fashion to search after the relics
attracted as an opea dcancer. In 1744  of old English literature, the works of
she arrived in England. A mutual at-   Gascoigne were quite neglected, but his
taclhment having been formned between  poems will repay perusal. 1). 1577.her and Garrick, their nuptials were ceel- Sir VWILLIAZ, an eminent judge in the
ebrated June 22, 1749, and the earl of  reigns of Henry IV. and V. I-e was b.
Burlington gave the bride a marriage   at'Gawthorp, in Yorkshire, 1350; beportion of ~6000. From    this circum-  came sergeant-at-law in 1398; and on
stance a notion prevailed that she was the accession of Henry IV. was appointthe erl's natural cdaughoter; such, how-  ed one of the justices of the common
ever, was not the I ct. D. 1822.       pleas, and afterwards made chief justice
GARTH, Sir SAMUEL, an       eminent  of the King's Bench. In thishigh office
physician, and a poet of no mlean rank, lie distinguished himself on many occawas a native of Yorkshire, and educated  sions, particularly for refusing to pass
at Peter-house, Cambridge. where, in   sentence upon Archbishop Scroop as a
1691, he took.his degree. I-e was ad- traitor, by the king's commandment, as
mitted a fellow of the college of physi-  being contrary to law; and still more
cians in the following year, anld soon  remarkable by committing the prince of
attained the first rain in his profession. Wales, afterwards IHenry V., to prison,
His taste for general literature, his com- for striking him when on the bench.
panionable talents, and his attachment  Like many other prominent events in
to the principles of the house of Hanover,  Enlish  history, this  has furnished
acquired him patrons of rank and infi-  Shakspeare with materials for a most
once; and on the accession of Geore I. effective scene. D. 1413.-N ILLIAaM, all
he received the honor of knicPhthood, inrgeious natural philosopher of the
and was appointed physiciani-in-ordi- 17th century, was b. 1621, and is connary to the king, and physician-general sidered as the inventor of the micrornto the army.   His principal poem   is  eter, though the merit of that invention
iThe Dispenssary," which contains much  was claimed long after his time by M.
lively and polished satire. D. 1718.-  Azout.   Gascoigne was killed while
TIIOMAS, an Enllish general, and colonel fightins in the royalist army at Marstonof tle 1st regimenct of dragoons. From  moor, July 2, 1644.
the year 1762 to that of 1814, when he    GASPARINI, FRAcESCco, one of the
attained the rank of general, this officer  ablest musical composers of the 17th
was employed in active service. It had  century, was a native of Lucca, and b.
long been whispered that he was the     in 1650. His works are not numerous,
husband of one of the royal princesses  but possess much merit. D. 1724.
of England, though the circumstance       GASSENDI, PETER, a       celebrated
was never made public during his life. French philosopher and mathematician,
D. 1829, aged 8.                       was b. 1592, at Chantersier, in Provence.
GARZI, Louis, a painter, vwas b. at Before he was 20 years of age lie became:some, 1640. He was a disciple of An-  professor of philosophy at Aix; but he
drea Sacchi, and considered by many as  soon resi ned the chair, and gave himequal, if not superior, to Carlo Maratti. self up waolly to his scientific pursuits.
D. 1721.                               In 1645 he was appointed professor of
GASCOIGNE, GEORGE, a poet of the     mathematics in   the college-royal of
Elizabethan age, was the son of Sir John  Paris, and his lectures were exceedingly
Gascoigne, of Walthamstow, Essex, and  popular. In fact, he was distingu1ished
is said to have been disinherited by his  as an astronomer, naturalist, theoloc,-;11
father. He studied at Cambridge, from  and mnatlhen1atician. Gasse:ndi coT^ited
whence lie removed to Gray's Inn, which  tle metaphysics of Descarteu and dlhe soon left for a military-life in Iolland, vicled withl that great nmial ohe philosowhere the prince of Orange gave him a  pliers of his time alinot all ofl whom
captain's commission; but having a     were Cartesians or Cassendians. Gibquarrel with his colonel, he resigned it lon calls him    tJle monst philosophic
soon afterwards. On his return to En- among the learned, and the most learned
gland he became an attendant at court, among the philosophic of his age. He
and accompanied the queen in some of   d. 1655, Ieaving nine volumes of hiU
hor progresses, during wlich he wrot   philloaophical works.




GAY]                  CYCLOPrADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        431
GASSICOURT, CHARLES Louis CADET he lad obtained the chief command of
DE, a modern French philosopher and   the southern districts, being signally deadvocate, was the son of an apothecary  feated at Camden, by Lord Cornwallis.
at Paris, and first attracted notice by a D. 1806, aged 77.
pamphlet, published in 1797, on the      GATTERER, JOHN CHnRISTOPHER, a
Theory of Elections; which he followed  learned German historian; author of a
up by a variety of essays on political "History of the World to the time of
subjects.  In 1803 appeared his new    Cyrus," "An Essay towards a General
" Dictionary of Cllemlistry," afterwards Universal History," &c. His treatises
introduced in the Polytechnic school. display a spirit of deep research and
He followed the Frenclh army into Aus- sound criticism. D. 1799.
tria in 1809, and wrote L hlistory of the  GAUBIL, ANXTIONY, a learned French
campaign. The moclern plan bor the missionary in China, was b. at Caillac, in
organization of the French board of    1708, and d. at Pekin in 1759, where he
health owes its origin to himn, and he  was interpreter to the coo;t. He wrote
had not only the satisfaction of seeing  the history of Genghis Khan, and an
it eagerly adopted, but that of obtaining  "Historical and Critical Treatise on
the appointment of reporting secretary, Chinese Astronomy."
which situation he held till his death,  GAUBIUS, JELROME DAVID, a celein 1823.                               brated physician, was b. at Heidelberg,
GASTON, WILLIAM, b. at Newbern, in 1705. His treatise on the'"Method
N. C., 1778, was descended froom a Hfu- of Prescribing, or of Writing Receipts,"
guenlot faily, and his fatller distin- contains the best rules onl that important
guished himself in the revolutionary   subject. But his greatest work is his
war. Ie was graduated at Princeton'"Principles of Nosologv."    D. 1780.
college in 1796, and began the practice  GAUDE)NTIO, an historical painter of
of law in 1798. Before he was 22 hie Milan, was b. about 1460. He painted
was chosen a senator of his unative state, in fiesco andl oil a number of pictures for
and in 1813 a representative in congress, the churches in his native city.
where he remained till 1817. He greatly  GAULTIER, Louis, a IFrench abbe,
distinguished himself by his advocatin(  whose life was spent in rendering eduthe war with Great Brituain.  Iis useful- cation a scientific amusement rather than
ness subsequently was confined to the a task, was b. about the year 1745. D.
legislature and convention of iNorth   1818.
Carolina. D. 1844.                       GAUTIEY, EMILIAN MARIE, an emiGATAKER, THOMAS, an English di- nent civil cnineer, was b. at Chalonsvine, was b. 1574, in London. In 1619  stu-Saone, ill France, in 1782. He filled
he published a curious treatise on the  several important posts; and untder his
"Nature and Use of Lots," which occa- direction many public works of magnisioned considerable controversy.  He tude were undertaken and completed.
was also the author of " Opera Critica," Ile conceived the idea of forming a canal
and other eminent works, chiefly of bib- from Chalons to Dijon, which is termed
lical criticism. D. 1654.              the " canal du centre," and is 23 leagues
GATES, HOPRATIO, an American officer, in extent. This was completed in 1791.
who greatly distinguished himself in the He also executed the junction canals of
war of independence, was b. in England, the Saone, Yonne, and Doubs; and
1728. After serving in the army, and   built several bridges and quays.  He
obtaining considerable promotion, he   wrote several professional treatises, the
purchased an estate in Virginia, and re- principal one of which  is entitled
sided on it until the commencement of  "Traite complet sur la Construction des
the revolutionary war in 1775, when   Ponts et des Canaux navigables."   D.
congress appointed him  adjutant-gen- 1806.
eral; and during the struggle Iwhich    GAVARD, HYACINTTHE, one of the
followed, he rendered many brilliant most able aiantoumists of the 18th centuservices to his adopted country. On   ry, was b. at Montmelian, in 1753, and
the 8th of October, 1777, he totally de- was a pupil of Pesault. IIe published
feated General Burgoyne, who, on the treatises on osteology, myology, and
16th, was compelled to srirrender his splanchnology, the latter of whiich eswhole army, which was considered the  pecially has been highly praised. D.
most important achievemlent of the     1802.
whole war, and had the greatest effect   GAY, JOHN, an eminent English poet,
in obtaining the result that followed. was b. at Barnstaple, Devon, in 1688,
Heo wa, however, unfortunate after he  was apprenticed to a silk-mercer in Lon



432                   CYCLOOP;. DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [GED
don; but, showing a marked aversion   that regulate the composition c f bodies,
to trade, his indentures were cancelled  have proved of eminent practical utility.
by mutual agreement, and lie devoted  He closed a long life of almost unparalhimself to literature. In 1711 he pub- leled scientific industry, May 9, 1850.
lished his "Rural Sports," which he      GAYOT   DE PITAVAL, FRINCIS a
dedicated to Pope, then a young poet French writer, wasb. at Lyons, in 1673.
like himself; a compliment that i.ntro- He was at first an ecclesiastic; next he
duced them to each other, and proved  entered into the army; and, at the age
the foundation of a friendship which  of 50,he became an advocate. He comlasted for life. The year following he piled the "Causes C6lebres."  D. 174:3.
was appointed secretary to the duchess  GAZA, THEODORE, one of the chief
of Mionmouth. About this time came revivers of Greek literature in the a1th
out his burlesque poem, entitled " Triia, century, was b. at Thessalonica, in 139.
or the Art of Walking the Streets of  D. 1478.
London;" which was succeeded, in 1714,  GEBER, an Arabian philosopher of
by the " Shepherd's Week, a series of the 8th century, whose skill in'astronoPastorals,"' in ridicule of Phillips. The  my and alcheinical researches obtained
same year he went to Hanover with the  for him in that dark age the character
earl of Clarendon, as secretary to the of a magician. He is said to have been
embassy; but though he had great ex- a Greek by birtlh and to have apostapectations from the court, they were tized from Christianity to MAahometannever realized.. In 170 he' published  ism.  His works, under the title of
his po8es, in 2 vols. 4to., by subscrip- "Lapis Philosophorun," prove that his
tion; which produced him a consider- knowledge of chemistry was by no
able sunm, but he lost it all in the South  metans so limited as that of mnany who
Sea scheme. After producing many in- wrote subsequently to his time.
genious and   agreeable works, sonie    GEBHARDI, Louis ALBERT, a volninstances of court favor encouraged him  minous historical writer; author of the
to employ himself in his well-known   histories of Denmark and Norway, the
"Fables," written professedly for the Wendes and    Sclavonians, Courland,
instruction of the duke of Cumberland, Hungary, the sovereign houses of Gerandl published with a dedication to that  any, and various poitions o the "Uniprince in 1726; but though they were  versal History," published at Halle. He
popular, they failed to serve him at court. was librarian at IHanover, where he d. in
He thereupon wrote "The Beggar's 1802.
Opera," which was first acted in 1727,  GED, WILLIA-, the inventor of the
and ran for 63 successive nights; but it art of stereotypiln, which he priactised
so offended the persons in power, that in 1725, was a goldsmith of Edinburgh.
the lord chamberlain refused to licenseIn l1729 he entered into partnershlip with
for performance a second part of it, enL  Fenner, a stationer of London, but no
titled " Polly."  This resentment inl- advantage to him-resulted fiom tthe conduced his friends to come forward on its nlection, and lie returned to Scotland.
publication with so handsome a sub- D. 179. 
scription, that his profits amounted to  GEDDES, ALESNXiDER, a Roman Cath~1200. The cause of Gay was taken up  olic priest, b. in Ruthven, Banfshire,
by the duke and duchess of Queensber- 1737. In 1779 the university of Aberry, who gave him a residence in their deen granted him the degree of LL.D.,
house, where he d. Dec. I1; 1732. He being the first Catholic since the reforwas buried in Westminster abbey, and  mation to whom it had been given.
a monument was erected to his memory. About this time he removed to London,
GAY-LUSSAC, NIcohLAS FANCOIS, and began to deevote himself to a transwhose important discoveries in numer- lation of the Bible into English. In 1786
ons branches of physics and chemistry  he published his prospectus of that
have placed himn in the foremost ranks work. The first volume of it appeared
of science, was b. at St. Leonard, in in 1792, comprisin the Pentateuch and
France, 1788. At an early age he dis- the Book of Joshua; and in 1797 aptinguished himself by his aerial voyages peared the second vollume; after which
for the observation of atmospheric phe- he pblished "Critical Remarks," in
nomena at great heights; and the nu- vindication of his work, and an "Apolmerous experiments ihe made in con- ogy for the Roman Catholics of Great
junction with Humboldt, Renard, and  Britain."  D. 1802.-JAMES, an ingeniBerthollet, on an infinite variety of sub- ous writer, was b. in Tweeddale, Scotjects connected with the general laws land, in 1710; educated at Edinburgh;




GEM]                  CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      433
entered on the study of the law, anc4 was vations upon the Topography, Edifices.
admitted ani advocate. He was the an- and Ornaments of Pompeii." For rlany
thor of " An Essay on the Composition  years Sir William had resided in Italy;
and Manner of Writing ol the Ancients, first at Eome, and afterwards at Naples.
particularly Plato." D. 1749. —MICAEL, He was ktnightecd on his return from a
an eminent English divine of the 17th  mission to the Ionian Islands in 1803;
century. He was chaplain to'the factory  and in 1S29( the late Queen Caroline
at Lisbon, where lie was apprehended  appointed him one of her chamberlains.
by the Inquisition in 1686, and inter- D. 1836.
dicted from officiating in his ministerial  GELLERT, CHRISTIAN FURCHTEOOTTcapacity; on which he returned to En- a German poet ncld writer on morals,
gland, and was made chancellor of Salls- was b. at Haynichen, in Saxony, in 1715.
bury. He wrote the "IH-istory of the He ieeceived his education at Leipsic,
Church of Malabar," the " Churlch His- and acquired great celebrity by his tales,
tory of Ethiopia."  D. 1741.          fables, and essays. He was appointed
GEDOYN, NICHOLAS, the translator extraordinary professor of philosophy at
of Quintilian and Pausanias into French,, Leipsic, where ie read lectures on poewas b. at Orleans in 1667, and d. in 1744. try and eloquence, which were received
GEER, CIHARLES DE, a very celebrated  w ith g eat applause.  Iis conplete
Swedish nalturalist, was b. in 1720. HIe works were published in 10 vols. D.
possessed a share in the iron-wors t 176 CPr        E  n     T, brother of
Dannemora, which mines he improved    the preceding, w as a celebrated metclby the application of new machinery. lurgist. He introduced veTl iimpoirtnt
HIe also invented an apparatus for dry- improvements into the method of sepaing corn by the heat of the smelting  rating metallic substances by amalgamahouses.   By these means he gained    tion, and wrote on the arts. B. 1713;
great wealth, which he applied to the  d. 1795.
noblest purposes, in feeding the poor,  GELLI, GTAMBATISTA, an Italian poet
repairing churches, and  establishing  and dramiatic writer, b. at Florence, in
schools.  Ie was appointed marshal of  1498. He was bred to some low trade,
the colrti knight of the polar star, and  but became a member of the academy
created a baron. He wrote " Mlnoires of Florence, and had a high reputation
pour servir ia l'Histoire des Insectes." in his day. Besides his original works,. 1778.                               consisting of comedies, poems, and reGEHLEr, JoHN SAMuEL, an eminent narks on tlie Italian lanlgage, he transnatural philosopher and a senator of  lated the " History of Euripides," into
Leipsic, author of a "Dictionary of   Italian. D. 1563.
Natural Philosophy."  D. 1795.          GELLIBRAND, IIENRY, a mathema-:GELASIUS, bishop of C'esarea in the  tician, b. in London, in 1597, and edu4th century, was the author of a " His-  cated at Trinity collee, Oxford.  In
tory of the Church," of which some    1627 he was elected professor of astrolnportlons are still extant.  D. 894.-I.,  omy at Gresham  college.  He wrote
was elevated to the papal chair on the several useful works on the longitucle
death of Felix III. in 492. He had a the variation of the magnetic needle, on
contest with the patriarch of Constanti- trigonometry, and on navigation.  D.
nople, and by his arrogance prevented  1636.
a union between the two churches. D.    GELLIUS, AULUS, a Ronan lawyer,
496.-II., a native of Campania, was b. in 130. He studied at Athens, and
elected pope in' 1118. Cencio, nmarquis is the author of "Noctes Attiese," a
di Frangipan, who was in the interest work full of interesting observations,
of the Emperor Henry V., drove him    critical and philological.
from Rome, and le retired to the abbey  GEMINIANI, FRAN-ESCo, an eminent
of Clugny, where he d. 1119.          musical composer, was b. at Lucca, in
GELL, Sir WILLIAM, a celebrated an- 1666, and completed his studies under
tiquarian and classical scholar, was b. in  Corelli.  His chief work is entitled,
1777. He devoted his time to literary  "Guida Harmonica, or a sure Guide to
pursuits, and published "The Topog- Harmony and Modulation." D. 1762.
raphy of Troy," "T1he Geography and     GEMISTUS     PLETHO, GEORGE, a
Antiquities of Ithaca," "The Itinerary  philosopher, b. at Constantinople, in
of Greece," "The Itinerary of the Mo- 1890, but who resided chiefly in the
rea," " The Topography of Rome," and, Peloponnesus, where he acquired great
lastly, his interesting and  beautiful fame for his wisdom and virtue. He
work, entitled "Ponpeiana, or Obser- was a zealous defender of the Platonista
37




434                   CYOLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [GEIN
against the Avistotelia^s, and of the lhis reign: having, before his death, diGreek church against hat of Pome. vided M    his immense territories between
On going to the council of Florence, the four princes whom   he had by the
1433, his zeal and eloquence gained him  first of his four wives.
the admiration of all parties. He con-  GENLIS, STEPHANIE FELICITE, counttributed to the revival of Platonism, in  ess cle, celebrated for her literary talents,
Italy, and was the means'of laying the and by many for the independent prinfoundation of the academy in that city. ciples which prevail through all her
lie d. in his native country, at the age  writings, was b. near Antun, in 1746.
of 101.                               Her maiden name was Ducrest de St.
GENDIEBIEN, a distinguished Bel- Aubin, and the connection of her fiamily
gian, b. 1753, took part, in 1789, in  with that of St. Anbin procured her adshaking off the yoke of Austria; in   mission, at four years of age, to enter as
1790, sat as a deputy for the Belgian re- a canoness into the noble chapter at
public, when united with France in the  Aix, from which time she was called la
council of five hundred.  In 1815 lie  comtesse do Lancy. At 17, a letter of
was nominated one of the commission   her writing having fallen into the hands
for l drawin  up the constitutional act, of the count de Genlis, he was so fasciuniting Belgium tand Holland aIs the nated with its style as to make her the
kingdom  of the Netherlands.    As a offer of his hand and fortune, which she
meinber of the second chamber, lie accepted. By this marriage she became
steadily opposed the arbitrary acts of  niece to madame de Montesson, who
the royal authority, especially those  was privately married to the duke of
which emanated from Van lMaanen, the  Orleans; and his son, the duke of
minister of justice, and took a decided  Chartres) chose her, in 1782, to superpart in the Belgic revolution of 1831, by  intend the education of his children. It
which Belgium again separated itself  was, soon after, rumored that an imfrom Holland, and declared its independ- proper attachment existed between her
ence.                                 and the duke; and Pamela, afterwards
GENGHIS-KHAN, or JINGHIS- the wife of the unfortunate Lord EdwardKHAN, the son of ia petty Mongolian. Fitzgerald, was supposed to be the issue
prince, was b. in Tartary, in 11683. At'cer of tlat connection.  At this periocld,
a species of intestine warfare with vari- madame de Genlis wrote several excelous Tartar tribes, this renowned con- lent works, producing,i in rapid succesqueror invaded China, the capital of  sion, "Adela and Theodore," "The
which was taken by storm, in 1205, and  Evenings of the Castle," "The Theatre
pluntiered. The miurder of the aimbas- of Education,, and "Annals of Virtue,"
sadors which Genghiis-Khan had sent all of which xwere highly popular. In
to Turkestan, occasioned the invasion  1791 she went to England with her pupil,
of that empire, in 1218, with an arnmy  mademoiselle d'Orleans, and on their
of 700.000 men; and the two great cities  return to France, the following year,
of Bokhara and Samarcand were storm- both were ordered to quit the territories
ed, pillaged, burnt, and more than     without delay. After some time, they
200,000  individuals  destroyed  with  went to Switzerland, but were not perltem. He continued his career of dev- ulitted to reside there; and General
astation for several years, and in 1225, Montesquieu obtained them an asylum.
though more than 60 years old, he in the convent of St. Clair. In 1800 she
marched in person, at the head of his returned to France; and in 1805, Napowhole army, against the king of Tangut, leon gave her apartments in the arsenal
who had given shelter to two of his at Paris, and allowed her a pension of
enemies, and refused to surrender them. 5000 francs. On the return of the BourA great battle was fought on plains of  boens, she seemed to forgfet her old paice, formed by a frozen lake, in which  tron, and her love of republicanism gave
the king of Tangut was totally defeated. way to admiration for the restored dywith the loss of 300,000 men. Thisam- nasty.,  When her old pupil, Louis
bitious warrior, whose ravages had cost Philippe, ascended the throne, both he
the human race upwards of 5,000,000 and his ftalrily paid the kindest attention
human beings, by dint of successive   to the comforts of madame de Genlis;
victories, became monarch of a territory  and her pen was actively employed to
exceeding 1500 leagues, includingNorth- the last day of her existence. So nuern China, Eastern Persia, andt the merous are her works, amounting altowhole of Tartary. He d. in 1227, in the gether to about 90 volumes, that the
66th year of his age, and in the 52d of  mere enumeration of their titles would




GEO]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF' BIOGRAPHY.                       435
occupy too much o 9 our space. They   entered into the Austrian civil service,
embrace nearly all subjeots, and are under the most favtorable auspices and
characterized by fertility of inagination  hopes. He was appointed one of the
and a pleasing style. )D. 1830.       secretaries at the congress of Vienna in
(ENNARI, C(.SAR and BENEDICT, 1814, and at Paris in 1815, and he took
two painters, who were the nephews    an active part in the various congresses
and disciples of Guercino. After work- that sprung out of the restoration. A
ing( togrether some years, Cesar estab- selection from his various works, conlished himself at Bologna, and Benedict  rising political questions, a'" Life of
went to England, where he became      Mary Queen of Scots," and numerous
patinter to James II., on whose expul- articles written for the " Journal Ilistosion he returned to Italy. D. in 1715, rique," was published in 1838. D. 1832.
aged 82.                                GEOFFREY of Monmotith, a Britisl
GENNARO, JOSEPH AURELIUS, a ci- historian who flourishec     in the 12th
vilian, was'b. at Naples, in 1701.  He century. He was a native of Monmouth
became chief magistrate in his native became its arclhdeacon, and was raised
city, anld his works, which are all on  to the see of St. Asaph; but, in conse —
legal subjects, are remarkable for purity  quence of the disturbed state of the
of style and depth of erudition.  1). north of Wales, he left his bishopric,
1762.                                 retiring at first to the monastery of
GENOVESI, ANTHONY, an Italian      Abington, an[d then takinog up his abode
philosopher and metaphysician, was b. at the court of Htenry If   li.is cLiecf
at Castiglione in 1712. lie read lectures work is entitled " Chronicon';i.e His.in philosophy at Naples with great rep- toria BLitonun  and is foJi Lo: legendacry
utation for some time, but at lengoth hle tales respectiug the early Brit.ish monwas attacked by numerous enemlies for archs.
publishing his metaphysics, in which    GEOFFRITN, LAEa THERESE RODET,
he recommendel the works of Galileo,a woman -t!i'e distinguished for the
Grotius, and Newton.   The ling o:    qualiti- of her mind and heart, who
Naples, however, protectrdlio, -      duog' half a century, was the ornament
made him professor of poliC il economny  of the most polite and cultivated socieand moral philosophy in the Neapolit:- ties of Paris. She wrote a treatise "Sur
university.  lHe was the auth.-. of  la Conversation;, but passed most of
"Plilosophical Meditttions o -'ieligion  her life in active benevolence. D. 1777.
and Morality,"'I "Syste, o0t Logic,"   GEOFFROI, STEPHEN      FRANCIS, a
" Humorous Letters,' and     t Itallian  French  physician, and professor of
Morality," which l.- is accounted his chemistry at Paris, where he was b.
principal pertfol, ^e. "  )D 17690    1672. He was the author of a PharmaGENTIL7'- or G'NTILI AIBERIC,       copceia, called " Le Code Medicamentaire
an Itahli: -'ivilian, b, at Ancona, in  de la Facult6 de Paris," and was a
(550   ilis fither, who was a physician, member of the Royal Society of Lono,,,raced the ref;,imed, religion, anld  don. D. 1731.
o-ent to England,.      llree Alberico be-  GEOFFROY, JULIAN Louis, a French
came professor at law at Oxford; d. critic, remarkable for the severity of his
1608. le wrote " D' Jure Belli," and  dramatic censures. He conducted the
other works on jurisprudence.-SCIPIO,  " Literary Annals" after the death of
his brother, who was professor of civil Freron, and published a "Course of
law at Altdorf, and d. in 1616, was the  Dramatic Literature," a "Commentary
author of "De Jure Publico Populi on Racine," &c. B. 1743; d. 1814.Romrnni," &c.                         STEPHEN Louis, an eminent French phyGENTLEMAN, FRANcIS, Ia dramatic     sician  and  naturalist; author of a
writer and actor; b. in Ireland, 1728. "Manual of Practical Medicine for SurBesides some theatrical pieces, he was geons," a "' Dissertation on the Organ
the author of "The Dramatic Censor,"  of Hearing," a "IHistory of Insects,"
and a volume of "Royal Fables, in     &c. B.1725; d. 1810.
imitation of Gay."  D. 1784.            GEOFFROY      SAINT     HILAIRE,
GENTZ, FirEDERI     voN, a distin- ETIENNE, a distinguished zoologist and
guished publicist, and an uncompro- comparative anatomist, sprung from a
mising antagonist of France, was b. at family well known in science, was b. at
Breslau, 1764; studied at K6nigsberg, Etampes, 1772. He was originally desand after a short sojo irn in England, tined for the church, but he preferred
where he gained the good will of Pitt, dedicating himself to natural science,
he repaired to Vienna in 1803, wnere he  a taste for. which he had imbibed from




436                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPI-IY.                        GER
the instructions of Brisson, at the col- though he was greatly indebted to the
lege of Navarre, and in the company of princess-dowager, his mother, for the
IlaRuy his colleague at the college of lormation of his mind and character.
Cardinal Lemoine. In 1798 he formed l-e ascended the throne on the death of
one of the great scientific expedition to  his grandfather, in 1760, being then in
Egypt, explored allthe conquered coun- his 23d year, D. 1820.-IV., son of
tries, and was one of the founders and  the preceding, succeeded his father, and
most active members of the institute, d. 1880.
of which he afterwards became pro-      GEOiRGES, Chevalier DE ST., a viclilfessor. In 1808 he went on1: a great ist and musical composer. lIe was a
scientific mission to Portugal; in 1815 native of Guadaloupe, and usually relie was a member of the chamiber during  sided in Paris, where, as well as in Enthe hundred' days; but, on the returnr gland, he was equally celebrated for his
of the Bournbons, he retired from politieal skill as a sword-pll.aer as for his perlil. The great merit of Geolfroy Saint formanes on the violin.. 1801.
ililaire as a naturalist. consists in his  GEORGIADES, ANASTASIUS, a moddiscovery of the law of unity that per- ern Greek author, b. in 1770, at Philiipvaces the orgainic composition. of all polis. He published at Leipsic a work
animal bodies —a theory glanced at by  in modern Greek, called " AnthropoloBuffon and Goethe; and- i1 his havino g'y," and another on the pronunciation
founded the tlleory of " Analocues," or of ancient Greek.  He was a physician
the methoc by which the identity of at Bucharest.
organiclmaterials is determined in the  GERANDO, Baron de, a distinguishmidst of all their transfolrmiitions. With  el dwriter on philosophical subjects, was
him too originated the doctrine of " de- b. at Lyons, 1772; took poat in 1793 in
velopmlent," which hlas found so ablle a the defence of his native city against the
supporter  amiong  ourselves inl thle  troops of the convention, was forcel to
author of the " Vestiges oi Creation." flee in consequence, returned in 1796,
His chief works are " Histoie laiturelle'ld was prese.it at the battle of Zurich,
des MIammifcres," "Philosophic Ai\qto-  ". But in the heart of the camp he
mique," "Principes de la l'hilosoplhia l'ld found time to cultivate literature;
Zoologique," "1 Etudes Progressives,"'r lis "Collparative History of the
&c. D. 1844.                          Sys6e-mns of Philosophy" aturacted the
GEORGE, LEWIS, I., king of Great notice of Lucien Bonaparte, who maode
- Britain, was the son of Ernest Aug'ustnus,  lil secrleiC —general to the minister of
elector of Hanover, by Sophiai, daughter the interior in 1804; and in 1805 he acof Frederic, elector-palatine, and grand- conmpaniec NIapolmna to Italy, where he
daughter of James I. He was b. in remained for som     e  vus eldeavorino' to
1660; was trained to arms under his intr'oduce the - Fre, s-"o" m of adinT1
father; married   his cousin, Sophia istration.  In 187 lie was lc-ecl to the
Dorothea, daulhter of the duke of Zell  peerage. D. 1842.
1682; served in three campaigns with    GE.RARD, a.E           R, a Scote i
the emperor's armey, against the Turks vie and writer v\as b   at Garocu.
in H-unoary; and succeeded to the elec- Aberdeenshire, in 1728. lIe was edutorate in 1700. In 1706 he was created. cated at Aberdeel and Edinburghli, iand
duke of Cambridgre, and succeeded to  in 1752 he became professor of mioral
the throne of England on the death of philosophy in Aarischal collecge.  In
Queen Anne, in 1714. D. 1727.Au- 1759 he was appointed professor of diGUSTU), II., son of Gcorge I., was b. in  vinity, took his doctor's degree, and in
1683; married ini 1705, the Princess   1771 he obtained the theological profesCaroline, of Bradenburg-Anspach, who  sorship in King's college, Aberdeen.
died in 17 7;- went to England with his He was the authlor of "An Essay on
father at time accession of the latter; was Taste," " Dissertations on the Genius
created prince of Wales; and in: 1727  and Evidences of Christianity," "An
succeeded to the throne. D. 1760.-     Essay on Genius," two volumes of serIII., eldest son of Frederic, prince of  mons, and a " Discourse on the Pastoral
Wales, and grandson of George II., was  Catre."-FRANCOIS, a French historical
b. June 4, 1738, being the first sovereign  painter, of the highest merit. lie beof the Hanoverian line that couild boast came, at the early age of 14, a pupil of
of England as the place of his nativity. the celebrated David, and is thought by
On the death of his father, in 1751, his  many good judges to have equalled, if
education was intrusted to the earl of  not in some cases to have surpassed hlia
Haircourt and the bishop of Norwich; master. His battle-pieces are extremely




GER]                  QYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        427
grand; but probably his portraits of ian,1" a treatise on the "Rise and Prothe Bonaparte fa imily, antd of the allied  gress of the Anabaptists," &c. D. 1560.
sovereigns are his finest achievements.  GERBERT, MARTIN, a dignified eccleB. 1770; d. 1837.-Louis, an eminent siastic, born in the Austrian states in
French physician and botanist, b. in  1790. He was prince-abbot of the Bene17383  He was distinguished for his re- dictine monastery at St. Blair, in the
searches in various branches of natural Black Forest and was eminent for his
science; and he first noticed the natural knowledge of, and taste for, the fine
affinities of plants, in his "Gerardi art.s, particularly music. He travelled
Flora Gallo-Provincialis."  D. 1819.  throughout tlhe Continent for the mateGERARD DE RAYNEVAL, JosrEPH         rials of a work on the history of church
MIATTHIAS a French diplomatist, who   music, and in 1774 it appeared under
for a long series of years was emiployed  the title of "De Cantu et Musica Saera
as secretary in political missions, atnd  a prima Ecclesic.Etate usqiue ad presubsequently became chief of the divi- sens Tempus."  A still more valuable
sion in the office of foreign affairs. He one, now very scarce, appeared in 1784,
greatly distinguished himself both by  entitled  "Scriptores Ecclesiastici. de
lis diplomatic talents and his published  Musica Sacrh potissimum."  D. 1793.
opinions. B. 1736; d. 1812.             GERBIER, Sir BALTHASAR, a painter,
GERARD      THOM, or TENQUE, was b. at Antwerp, 1592. lIe went to
founder of the order of St. John of Je- England with Rubens, and was knightrusalem, was b. at Amalfi, about the ed by Charles I., who made him     his
year 1040. He first visited Jerusalem  agent at Brussels, and employed him in
for commercial objects; but in 1100 he different negotiations. At the restoratook the religious habit, and associated  tion he prepared the tritumphal arches
with others, who made the vows of for the reception of the hing. D. 1667.
chastity, poverty, and obedience: the   GERBILLON, JOHN FRANCIS, a Jesuit
object of their institution being to de- missionary in China, b. in 1654. He
fend Christian pilgrims in their journey  wrote " Observations on Great Tartary,"
to and from the Holy Land. Thus arose  and an account of his travels is inserted
the powerful order of knights hospital- in Du HIalde's History of China. Ile
lers of St. John, who afterwards became was in great favor with the emperor, for
the knights of Malta, and acquired such  whom he composed the "Elements of
distinguished fame. D. 1120.           Geometry," and was his instructor in
GERARDE, JOaN, an English bota- mathematics and philosophy. Hie was
nist and surgeon, b. at Nanitwich in  allowed to preach the Christian religion
Cheshire, in 1545, and d. in 1607. He in China, and finally became superiorwas the author of " Catalogus Arborurm, general of all the Jesuit missionaries
Fruticum, et Plantarumr," and the' Her- sent from France. D. at Pekin in 1707.
bal, or General History of Plants," a   GERMANICUS, C ESAi, the son of
work which contributecl to diffuse a Claudius Drusus Nero, and the younger
taste for botany.                      Antonia, a niece of Augustus, was
GERARDEN, SEBASTIAN, an eminent adopted by Tiberius, his paternal uncle.
French naturalist; author of " Tableau  lIe was at the head of the Roman armies
Eleinentaire de Botanique," &c.   B. in Germany when Augustus died; and'
1751; d. 1816.                         after gaining manygreat victories there,
GERARDS, MARK, a painter of Bru- Tiberius, jealous of his nephew's glory,
ges, was b. in 1561. About 1580 he called him     home under pretence of
went to England, and was appointed    granting him   a triumph.   In order,
painter to Queen   Elizabeth. He was however, to get rid of a man whose
eminent in history, portraits, and land- popularity appeared dangerous, he sent
scapes. D. 1635.                      {im, invested with almost absolute powGERBAIS, JEAN, a French civilian, er, into the East, where lie died, under
doctor of the Sorbonne, professor of strong suspicions of being poisoned,
rhetoric at the royal college of Paris, A. D. 19, aged 34. Ils death was regardand principal of the college of Rheims, ed at Rome as a public loss, amid all the
d. in that city in 1669. He wrote "De houses were closed on the day of his
Causis Majoribus," "A Letter on the funeral.
Ornaments and    Luxury   of Female      GERMANUS, patriarch of ConstantiDress," &c.                            nople in the 8th century, was a zealous
GERBELIUS, NICHnOLAs, professor of   defender of imnage-worship, for which
jurisprudence at the university of Stras- he was degraded, in a council held at
burg; author of the "Life of Cuspin- Constantinople, in 780. D. 740.
87*




438                   CYCLOPRDIA O     BIOGRAPHY.                   [Gto
GERNSTNER, FRANCIS ANTHONY, " New Method of calculating Eclipses,"
chevalier de,' distinguished Austrian  &c.
engineer. 1-ie constructed the railroad  GERVAISE, ARMAND      FRANCIS, a
from Budweis to Lintz, and part of that French ecclesiastic of the order of the
from  Moscow to St. Petersburg.  He   Carmelites. He abridged the works of
published an important and elaborate St. Cyprian, and wrote his life. He was
work on " Practical Mechanics." ID. at also the author of the lives of Abelard
1'hiladelphia, 1839.                  and Heloise, and other biographical and
GERRiY, ELB1mIDr, one of the sign- theological works. D. 1744.-NICHOLAS,
ers of the declaration of independence, brother of the preceding. He went to
and vice-president of the United States, Siam. where he remained four years as
wee b. at Marblehead, Mass., in 1744, a missionary; and on his return puband received his education at Harvard  lished the natural and civil history of
college. He was graduated at this insti- that kingdom; also, a description of
tution in 1762, and afterwards engaging  Macassaf'. After a time he was consein mercantile pursuits, amassed a con- crated bishop of Horren, in Guiana, and
siderable fortune.  I-Ie took an early  went thither; but was amurdered, with
part in the controversies between the all his clergy, by the natives, in 1729.
colonies and Great Britain, and in 1772  GESENIUS, FREDERIC HENRY WILwas elected a representative, from his LIAM, one of the most distinguished
native town, in the legislature of Massa- orientalists of modern times, w.els b. at
chusetts. In 1776 hlie was elected a dele- Nordhausen, 1786. He was professor
gate to the continental conllress, where  of theology at Halle; and during the 30
for several years he exhibited the ut- years that he lectured in that universimost zeal andc fidelity in the discharge  ty, he published numerous works, which
of numerous and severe official labors. have made a new era in oriental literaIn 1784 MNr. Gerry was re-elected a mem- ture.  His " Hebrew Grammar," and
ber of congress, and in 1787 was chosen  many analogous productions enjoy a
a delegate to the convention which as- universal reputation,;.d some oft them
selmbled at Philadelphia, to revise the are translated into most European lanarticles of confederation.  In 1789 he guages. D. 1842.
was again elected to congress, and re-  GESNER, CONRAD, an eminent phymained in that body for four years, sician and naturalist, was b. at Zurich,
when lie retired into private life till the in Switzerland, in 1516, and was profesyear 1797, when he was appointed to   sor of philosophy there for 24 years.
accompany General Pinekney and Mr. His fame as a botanist was spread over
M{arshall on a special mission to France. Europe, and he maintained a correspondIn October, 1798, MIr. Gerry returned  ence with learned men of all countries.
home, having been elected governor I-le wrote numerous able works on difof his native state, and in 1812 vice- ferent branches of natural history, of
president of the United States, he d. at which his "IHistoria Animaliuni" is
Washington, 1814.                     reckoned his greatest performance, and
GERSON, JOHNl CHARLIER DE, an       procured him. the appellation of the
eminent French divine, b. at Gerson, in  Pliny of Germany. His "Bibliotheca
Champagne, in 1363. lIe was chancellor Universalis," a full catalogue of all wriof the university of Paris, and canon of  ters extant, in three languages, Greek,
Notre Dame; and he distinguished him- Latin, and Hebrew, is a monument of
self by his piety, his writings, and his immense learning and industry.  He
defence of the council of Constance   otherwise rendered much service to
against the authority of the pope. D. science, and for his various and 2great
1421.-JoIN, abbot of Vercei, in the 12th  merits he was ennobled.  D. 1561.century, by whomn the book entitled   SOLOMON, a poet and painter, was b. at
"De 1mitatione Christi," which bears Zurich, in 1730. He was placed under
the name of Thomas h-Kempis, was, as a bookseller at Berlin, but soon eloped
it now appears, really written.       from his master, and employed his time
GERSTEIN, CHRISTIAN Louis, a math- in painting and poetry. On his return
matician, was b. at Giessen, in 1701; to Zurich he.published "Daphnis,"
appointed to the professorship of mathe- which was followed by " Inkle and Yamaties there in 1733; but afterwards rico;" but his fame was established by
deprived of it for not submitting to the his "Idylls and Pastorals." Hie next
decision of a court of justice in' a law- added to his celebrity by the very popu-.suit. D. in 1762. He wrote some Latin lar piece of " The Death of Abel," which
works on barometrical observations, a appeared in 1758, and made his name




GIB]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPEHY.                       439
known througohout Europe. He tlen      ting the entranc to paradise. It conpuiblishled his 1First Navigator," "Mor- tains 24 panels, representing various
al Tales," "Dramas," &c.; and after- subjects from the New Testament. D.
wards turned his attention more par- 1455.
ticulhaily to painting and engraving, and  GIIIRLANDAIO, DOMENICO, one of
produced several landscapes; at the the elder Florentine painters, was dissame time instructing with his pen, tinguished for fertility of invention, and
while he pleased the eye, and contribu- has therefore been imitated by later arted to the progress of art. D. 1788.  tists.  He was b. 1449, ande had the
GESSNER, JOHN MATTHIAS, a pro- honor of being teacher to Michael Angefound scholar anld critic, was b. at Roth, o1. — RIDOLPHO  s,  ai s so, w also ain ex
in Anspach, in 1691. IIis most esteemed  cellent artist, and highly esteemed b-;
works are editions of some of the clas- Raphael. D. 1560. 
sics, anid an excellent Latin Thesaurus.  GIAMBEETI, FPANCcEsc., a Floren
GETA, SmEPTIMIUS ANTONIUS, second   tine architect of the 15th century, who
so;, of tlie.Lanperor Severus, and bro- made the designs for many buildings in
t.ler of the infiamous Caracalla, whom he  Florence and Rome, coimposed a work
joined in the government on the death  containing the drawings of ancient
of llis fitther. IHe was b. 189, and had  monmnents remaining in the Roman
not reachied his 23d year wvhen the Ro- territory and Greeee.-.GIULIArNO, his
nans hliad to lamenit his untimely death. son, was architect, sculptor, and engiGEZELIUS, JouN, bishop of Abo, neer to the house of Medici; built a
the capital of Finland, was the author magnificent palace for the Grand-duke
of a " Pentaglot Dictionary," an abrid- Lorenzo, besides many other palaces,
ed " EncvclopTedia of the Sciences," &c. churches, and fortresses; in slort, he
B. 1651;` d. 1690.-JoxN, his son, who  was one of the first architects of the
succeeded him in the bishopric, was age. B. 1448; d. 1517.
also a learned scholar, and translated   GIANNONE, PETER, a fearless histothe Bible into the Finlandish tongue. rian, was b. at Ischitella, in Apulia, in
D. 1718.                               1676, and became anr advocate at Naples.
GHERARDESCA, UGOLINA DELLA, Ile wrotea valuable " History of Naples."
immortalized in the " Inferno" of Dante, in which  e gve g rv eat offence to the
under the appellation of Count Ufgolino, court of Rome, and exposed him to its
was a Neapolitan, who, in the 13th cen- fury. I-is bookvwas prohibited, limiself
tury endeavored to usurp the govern- excommunticated,, an, after having been
ment of Pisa, and found a new princi- criven into exile, he d. at Turin, in 1738.
pality, after the example of Della Scala  GIBBON,'EWARD, the celebrated
at Verona. After a time he succeeded, historian, was b. at Putney- in 1787;
but governed his countrymen with great sent to Westminster school, but soon
despotism; and Roger d'Ubaldini, the   transferred to a private tutor; then to
archbishop of Pisa, who was as cruel Magdalen college, Oxford, for a short
and ambitious as himself, formed a con- timne, and finally to Lausanne, where he
spiracy against him, the result of whlichl renolunced the Roman Catholic faith,
was, that Count Ugolino was attacked iln  ithout embracing aly other, and behis palace, and, after a brave resistance, came a confirmed skeptic. On returntaken prisoner, with three of his sons ing to England he entered uipon the
and one of his grmandsons, all of whom  duties of active life, but read much, and
were imprisoned, and left to die of star- prepared himself for authorship.  In
vation.                                1763 lie went on his travels; and while
GHEZZI, SEBASTIAN, JOSEPII, and PE-  sitting amidst the ruins of the capitol at
TErI LEO, father, son, and grandson;   Rome, he formed the idea of writing the
three Italian artists of'the 17th and 18th  history of the decline and fall of that
centuries, each of whom was more or city. In the mean time he joined M.
less eminent in ornamenting churches   Deyvurdun in a journal called "-Meand palaces.                           moires Litteraires de la Grand BreGHIBERTI, LoRErNzo, a celebrated     tagne," which met with no success. In
sculptor, b. in 1378, at Florence, who  1770 he began his celebrated history of
early learned the arts of drawing, model- the "Decline and Fall of the Roman
ling, and casting metals. At Florence he  Empire;" the 1st vol. of which, in 4to.,
executed two bronze doors, which still appeared in 1776; the 2d and 3d in
adorn the baptistery of St. John, and, 1781; and the concluding three vols. in
according to the hyperbolical praise of  1788. Previous to this umdertaking, Mr.
Michael Angelo, were worthy of decora- Gibbon was chosen into parliament for




440                   CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                       [GIF
Liskeard; and when hostilities corn- astici Anglicani."    In 1715 he wi'.
menced between England and France, made bishop of Lincoln; was transferred
in 1778, he was employed to draw up the to London il 1720, and d. 1748. — ICHmanifesto on that occasion; for which  ARD, known by the name of the Dwarf,
he was made commissioner of the board  an English painter in the time of Sir
of trade, but lost the place on the change  Peter Lely, whose manner he studied.
of administration in 1783. He then     In his youth he was servant to a lady at
went to reside at Lausanne, where he   Mortlake, who, perceivi ng his taste for
continued till the French revolution  painting, put him undcle De Cleyn, for
obliged him to return to Englalnd. D. instruction. ee was page to Charles I.,
1794.                                 and when he married Mirs. Anne ShepGIBBONS, GRNIIN LI, an     eminent herd, who was also a dwarf, the kinno
sculptor and statuary, was b. in London  gave away the bride.  They weree  of
about the middle of the 17th century. equal stature, each measurin  3 ft. 10 ill.
His flowers anct foliage carved in wooc  They had nine children; five of whom
have alnmost the lightness of nature; arrived at years of mlaturity, and were
and he executed severl fille pieces also  of the usual stature. Gibson d. in his
in marble and bronze. Amongst his 75th year, and his wife in 1709, at the
works are St. Paul's and Windsor chnirs, age of 89.-JOIuN General, a soldier of
the wooden throne at Canterbury, the the French wnar, and also of the nAmerimonument of ViscoIunt Camden. at Ex- can revolutionmay war, Aras b. in Lantoi, in Rutlandshire, the font n St. caster, Penlnsylx;ania, 17-10. I-e early
James's church, the statue of Chailes II. served under General Forbes in the
at Charing-cross, and that of James II. expedition to Fort cld Quesne, which
in Privy gardens. D. 1721.             was occupied Nov. 25, 1758, and called
GIBBS, JAME.S a1n architect, was b. at Pittsburg.  Here he remained  s a  an
Aberdeen, in 1683.  Ie desionec thle  Indian treader. In 1763 he was captured
churches of St. Martin's and St. Mary- by the Indialns, and adopted by a squaw,
le-Strand, Londoni  the senate-house   whose son he had slain in battle. He
and the new buildingos of Kin's colle,  ld thus an opportunity to acquire a
Cambridge; the Radcliffe library, Ox- knowledge of several Incdian languages.
ford, &c. D. 1754.-Sir VICcEY, chief   On beingo released he ag.ain settledl at
justice of the common pleas, was b. in  Pittsbuirg. In 1774 he was an ilmport1752, at Exeter. On the death of Mr. ant ag'enlt in 1making the Indian treaty
-Richlard Burke, he was appointed re- enteredl into by Governor Dliuninocr.
corcle of Bristol, and was soon distin- On this occasion Logan's celebrated
guiseed as an eloquent pleader and an  speech was delixredl, of which Colonel
able advocate. The trials of Horne     Gibson was the interpreter.  On the
Tooke, Hlardy, and otherms, for Iigh   commencement of the revolutionary war
treason, brought the talents of Mr. Gibbs he was appointed the colonel of a Virstill more conspicuously before the pub- ginia regiment, of which ihe was in coinlie; and soon aftel he became king's mand at the close of the war. Residing
counsel. He was also elected into par- at Pittsburg, he was in 1788 a member
liament for tle university of Cambridge; of the Pennsylvania convention; he was
made chief justice of Chester; next so- also associate judge, and major-general
licitor, and afterwards attorney-general, of militia. In 1800 he was appointed
with the honor of knighthood. In 1813  secretary of the territory of Indiana, and
he was appointed a puisne judge of the held the office till 1816, when the terricommon pleas; and, the year following, tory became a state. D. 1822.
lord chief justice. After discharging the  GIFFORD, JoxN, a political and hisduties of this office about four years, he  torical writer, whose real name was JOHN
resigned it, at the end of 1818, on ac- RICHARDi GREEN, wvas b. 1758. HIe concount of infirmities, and d. 1820.     tributed to the establishmnent of thle
GrBSON, EDIUND, a learned prelate    "Britisl  Critic," and afterwards of the
and antiquary, who was b. at Knipe, " Anti-Jacobin     Review," which last
Westmoreland, in 1669.    In 1691 he arose out of a newspaper of thle same
published a new    edition of Drum- name. He also wrote "The Iistory of
mond's "Polemio Middiana," and Janes   France," the "I-istory of tle French
V. of Scotland's."Cantilena Rustica;"  Revolution," and "The Life of the
translated the "Saxon Chronicle" and   Right HIon. William Pitt."  D. 1818.Camden's "Britannia;" and produced     WILLIAm, a celebrated critic and satirist,
several original works, the principal of  was b. at Ashburton, Devon. His f'ither,
which was his "Codex Juris Ecclesi- who was a plumber and glazier, at South




GIL]                  CYCLOPFEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        441
Molfton, died when he was 12 years old. reign of Elizabeth, was b. at Dartmouth,
The widow soon followed her husband    in 1539. He published, in 1576, a disto the grave; and the orphan was at course to prove the practicability of a
first sent to sea in a coastin'g vessel, but northwest passage to China; and in
shortly after apprenticed to a shoemaker 1578 he himself sailed on a voyage of
in his native town. There he remained  discovery to the coast of America. In
till he was in his 20th year; but bein  a second voyage, in 1583, he took posdisgusted with his emiployment, ana    session of Newfoundland; but his ship
evincing talents of a superior order. Mr. foundered on her return to England, and
CookesJey, a surgeon of the town, pro- all on board perished.-WILLIAM, a phyposed to some of the inhabitants to raise  sician, and experimental philosophir,
a subscription, with a view of purcha- who discovered several of the properties
sing his freedom, and giving himn an   of the loadstone, was b. at Colchester,
education. This being effected, he was  in 1540; elected a fellow of the collefge
sent to Oxford, to pursue studies more  of physicians, and became physician to
congenial to his mind.    In 1791 he I Queen Elizabeth. He was a strenuous
published "The Baviad,'" a poetical advocate for the inductive mode of philsatire, in which he severely lashled the  osophical matters, and was the first who
poets and poetasters of the day; and, asserted the theory of a great central
in 1794, appeared "The Mseviad," a     inagnetin the earth, afterwards applied
satire on the degraded state of the by Dr. Halley to the explanation of the
drama. In 1797, SMr. Gifford became variation and dipping of the needle in
editor of the " Anti-Jacobin," a weekly  the mariner's compass. D. 1603.
paper, established by Mr. Canning. This  GILDAS, surnamed the Wise, a Britpublication, which continued only one ish ecclesiastic and historian of the 6th
year, involved hirn in a cfuarrel with Dr. century, was the son of Caw, a British
Wolcot, against whom he published a prince, who emigrated to North Wales,
poetical squib, entitled "An Epistle to in order to avoidl submissiorn -' the AnPeter Pindar."   In 1802 appeared his  glo-Saxons. Ile appears to have been a
translation of Juvenal; in 1805 an edi- monk; and, after residing in one of the
tion of Massinger's plays; and, subse- small isles called the Holmes, in the
quently, the works of Ben Jonson, Ford, Bristol Channel, retired to the abbey of
and Shirley; but it awas in his capacity  Glastonbury, where he died. A book,
of editor of the " Quarterly Review,' ascribed to Gildtas, has been repeatedly
(which he conducted from    its con- p ublished, entitled "Epistola de Excidio
mencement in 1809 till 1824,) that he Britannic'e, et Castigatio Ordinis Ecclewas most generally known. D. 1826.     siastici;'" but it exhibits so frightful a
GIGLI, JEROME, an Italian poet, b. at picture of the depravity of manners,
Sienna, 1660, whose attacks upon the which pervaded all classes of Britons,
Academy Della Crusca, and caustic wavit, that its authenticity has been questioned
as well as his lyrical and dramatic pro- by some critics, who presume it must
duetions, gave him  great popularity. have been the work of a foe rather than
I-e was comipelled however, at lome, to  of a friend to their race. D. 570.
retract all his offensive opinions, and lie  GILES, WILLIAM BEANOeH, b. in Amed. 1722, in such poverty that his funeral lit county, Va., 1762, waas governor of
expenses were paid by some charitable  Virginia, and for iany years a member
monks.                                 of congress from that state, both in the
GILBERT, DAvIES, an eminent man      senate, and house of representatives.
of science, vice-president of the -loyal'He was governor of Virginia from 1826
Society, and memiber of numnerous other to 1829. He published a speech on the
learned and scientific societies, was b. embargo laws, 1808; political letters to
at St. Erth, in Cornwall 1767.   His the people of Virginia, 1813; a series of
family nanme was Giddy, but havingo, in  letters, signed a Constituent, in the
1808, married the daughlter of a wealthy  " Richiniond Enquirer" of Jan., 1818,
Sussex gentleman named Gilbert, lbe    against the plan for a general education;
assumed his name and arms in 1817. in April, 1824, and a singular letter of
He contributed several papers to the invective against President Monroe and
transactions of scientific societies, and  AMr. Clay for their "hobbies," the South
published "A Plain Statement of the America cause, the Greek cause, internal
Bullion Question."  He represented the  improvements, and the tariff. In Nov.,
borough of Bodmin in parlianent from   1825, he addressed a letter to Judge
1806 to 1832. D. 1840.-Sir HUMiPHREY, Marshall, disclaiming the expressions,
an enterprising English navigator in the not the general sentiments, in regard to




442                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGAPHYo.                       [GI0
Washington, ascribed to him in the life pose. In the reign of Elizabeth lie was
of Washington. I-e has also appeared  offered the bishopric of Carlisle, and the.
before the public as the correspondent provostship of Queen's college; but reof John Quincy Adams. D. 18;0.        fused both, contenting himself with
GILL, ALEXANDER, a famous school- Houghton, where e d., deeply lamented
master, was b. in Lincolnshire, in 1564. by his parishiones, in 15838.WILLIAM,
In 1608 he became master of St. Paul's a divine of the church of Enoland, and
school, where he brought up many emi- an elegant writer, was b. inl 1724, at
nent persons, and among the rest John  Carlisle. He published the " Life of
Milton.  Dr. Gill wrote a "Treatise   Bernard Gilpin," his ancestor, aboveconcerning  the Trinity in   Unity,"  mentioned; the "Lives of Latimer,
"'Logonomia Anglica," "Sacred Phi- Wickliff, IHuss, and Archbishop Cranlosophy of the Holy Scripture," &c. -  iner," an "Exposition of the New TesALEXANDER, his son, who sueceeded     tallent," "Observations relative to Piehim in the lhead-mastership of St. Paul's turesque Beauty," a " Tour to the
school, had also the honor of having  Lakes," "Remarks on Forest Scenery,"
Milton for his scholar while he was at" Sermons to a Country Congregation,"
Trinity college, Oxfbrd, and it appears  "Moral Contrasts," &c.  1). 1804.that the pupil had a great esteem for SAWREY, brother of the preceding, was
his preceptor in after life. D. 1642.-  b. at Carlisle in 1733. He was placed
JoHN, a divine of the Baptist persuasion, with a ship-painter, and his first works
was b. at Kettering, in Northampton- which attracted notice were some marshire, 1697. His education was limited, ket groups, which he sketched from his
owing to the contracted circumstances window. But it was principally as an.
of his parents, but, by application, he animal painter that he acquired his repbecame a good classical and oriental utation, though his historical subjects
scholar. He commenced as a preacher were above mediocrity. D. 1807.
at Highamn Ferrers, from whence he      GIL POLO, GASPAR, a Spanish poet
removed to a congregation at Horsley- and advocate, was b. at Valencia in 1516,
down, Southwark. He wrote an " Ex- and d. there in 1572. He is the author
position of the Song of Solomon," and  of "Diana Enamorada," so highly ex-;lThe Cause of God and Truth."   But tolled by Cervantes, as combining elehis great work was an "Exposition of  gance, sweetness, and purity.
the Bible."                             (ILRAY, JAMES, a celebrated caricaGILLIES, JOHN, was b. at Brechin, turist, unrivalled in his art for the rich
Forfarshire, 1747.  He was appointed  broad humor and keen satire of his
historiographer for Scotland on. the ready pencil. D. 1815.
death of Dr. Robinson, and he con-      GIL VICENTE, a Portuguese drantinued his literary labors to a late period  atist of the 16th century, who wrote
of' his life.  His chief works are, "A  nearly fifty plays, and excelled all the
History of Ancient Greece,"    " The  dramatic writers of that period in eleReign of Frederic II.," " History of the  gance of style and fertility of invention.
World, from Alexander to Augustus,"   Ile was b. at Barcellos, in 1485, and d.
translations from  Aristotle, Isoerates, at Evora, in 1557.
&c. D. 1836, aged 90.                   GINGUENE, PETER Louis, a French
GILPIN, BERNARD, one of the En- writer, b. in 1748, at Rennes, in Britany,
g]ish Protestant reformers, was b. at was descended fiom an ancient but imRentinire, in Westmoreland, in 1517. poverished family, and obtained a small
By reading the works of Erasmus, h, government office. At the revolution,
secretly embraced the principles of the  in which he'took an active part, he'asreformation. In 1;556 he was presented  sociated himself with the more moderate
by his uncle to the archdeanery of Dur- writers upon the affairs of the times, and
h   an, and the rectory of Easington,   arrowly escaped the scaffold during the
where hlie labored with zeal; and, in his  reign of the Jacobins. Tile directory
capacity of archdeacon, made strict vis- appointed him ambassador at Turin, and
itations, being a great enemy to non- Bonaparte gave him a seat in the senate.
residence and pluralities. lie was next Upon being removed from this he appresented to the rectory of Houghton- plied himself wholly to literature. The
e-Spring, where his labors in promoting  work to which he is chiefly indebted
the Protestarnfaifth were so remarkable, for his fame is his " Histoire Litteraire
that Bishop Boniier threatened to bring  d'Italie."  D. 1816.
him to the stake in a fortnight, and sent  GIOCONDO, or JOCUNDUS, JolN,
a messenger into the north for that pur- an Italian architect and antiquarian, b.




GIR]                  CYCLOMPMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       443
at Verona about the middle of the 15th  otto's vessel. In 1334 he undertook the
century. He built the bridge of Notre famous tower of Santa Maria del Fiore,
Dame, at Paris, and various other edi- at Florence, for which he was made a
fices both there and in Italy; fortified  citizen, and rewarded with a pension.
the city of Treviso, and was summoned  D. 1336.
to Rome by Leo X. after the death of    GIRALIDI, LILIO GREGORIO, retter
Bramante, to assist in the building of known by his Latin name of GYRALDnS,
St. Peter's. lIe belonged to the Domnin- a learned Italian writer and Latin poet,
ican order, and as an antiquary and a was b. at Ferrara, in 1479; and has een
literary character he also greatly dis- considered by Casaubon and other autinguished himself.                   thorities as one of the most learned men
GIORDANO, LucA, a Neapolitan       whom modern Italy has produced. At
pailtel, the pupil of Spagnoletto and  the sacking of Rome by the troops of
Peter of Cortona, who imitated the style  Charles V. he lost all his property, and
of Titian so closely that his pictures are was reduced to indigence; but he wrote
not easily distinguished from the works numerous works, the principal of which
of that great master. In fact, lihe imi- is a "History of the Heathen Deities,"
tated the best artists so successfully, and eventually triumphed over his adthat even connoisseurs were often de- verse fortune, having accumulated 10,000
ceived, while his celerity of execution  crowns before his death, which took
was wonderful. B. 1632; d. 1704.      place in 1*552.-CINTIO, JOHiN BAPTIST, a
GIORGIONE, or GEoRGEE BARBARTELLT, relative of the preceding, was an Italian
was an eminent painter of the Vehetian  poet and physician, b. at Ferrara, in
school, b. in 1477 at Castelfi'ranco. Ile  1504. Ile was secretary to the duke of
received his first instructions from John  Ferrara, and professor of philosophy
Bellino; but studying afterwards the and medicine in the university of his
works of Leonardo da Vinci, he soon   native city, and afterwards professor of
surpassed them both, and became the rhetoric at Pavia. He wrote nine trafirst colorist of his time. He d. of the gedies in Italian, but his principal work
plague, in 1511. Giorgione excelled in is entitled "Hecatommiti," which confresco painting, and was the first of the sists of 100 tales, in the manner of BooLombard schoiol who found out the caccio. D. 1573.
effects of properly contrasting strong   GIRARD, STEPHEN. a celebrated
lights with strong shadows.           banker, was b. about 1746, in France.
GIOTTO, or ANGIOLOTTO, an in- He sailed to the West Indies, as a cabingenious painter, sculptor, and architect boy, when he was only 12 years of age,
of Florence, was b. in 1276. He was and after residing there some time rethe son of a peasant, and his real name moved to the United States. In 1775 he
was Ambrogiotto Burdone; but beinl    opened a small shop in New Jersey, and
observed by Cimabue drawing figures in 1780 went to Philadelphia, where by
on the ground while feeding his sheep, gradual accumulations he gathered an
lie took him, and instructed him in tle immense fortune.  During the yellow
art of painting. He soon surpassed his fever of 1793 he was noted for his bemaster, and acquired such a reputation  nevolent exertions. In 1811 he became
that Benedict IX. sent a person to Tus- a banker, and at the time of his death,
cany to make a report of his talents, and  in 1832, was estimated to be worth
to bring a design from each of the Flo- $12,000,000.
rentine artists.  When the messenger    GIRARDON, FRANciS, a sculptor and
came to Giotto, and informed him of his architect, was b. at Troyes, in 1628.
business, the painter took a sheet of  His chief works are the mausoleum of
paper, and, with one stroke of his pen- Richelieu, in the church of the Sorbonne,
cil, drew a circle as perfect as if it had  the equestrian statue of Louis XIV., and
been performed by a pair of compasses. the Rape of Proserpine, in the gardens
On presenting tlhis, the man said, "I of Versailles. D. 1715.
want a design;" to which Giotto re-     GIRODET, TRIOSON NICHOLAS, the
plied, "Go about your business; his most original, versatile, and scientific of
holiness asks nothing else of me." The  the modern school of French painters,
pope on being made acquainted with    was b. at Montargis, in 1767, was first
this, sent for him to Rome, where, be- a pupil of Regnault, and afterwards
sides painting many pictures, he made  studied under David. His subjects are
a ship of mosaic, which is over the por- distinguished for fulneOs and beauty,
tico at the entrance of St. Peter's church, and his coloring is rich, transparent
and is still known by the name of Gi- and harmonious. Among his principal




44z4                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [GLI
works are Endymion sleeping, Hippo- Candia, where he was killed, in 1616;
crates refusing the Presents of Artaxer- and the Venetian senate erected an
xes, the Deluge, the Burial of Attala, equestrian statue to his memory.
&c. IHe also painted N.apoleon receiv-  GLANVIL, Sir JOHN, an eminent
ing the keys of Vienna; full-length lawyer and. statesman in the reign of
portraits of the Vendean leaders, Bon- Charles I. He graduated at Oxford;
champ and Cathelineau; and St. Louis entered at Lincoln's Inn; obtained a
in Egypt, which was his last great work. sergeant's coif in 1639; and, being a
D. 1824.                              member of parliament, was chosen
GIRTIN, THOMAS, an artist, was b. in  speaker of the house of commons in the
London, in 1773. He was a pupil of    year following. His attachment to the
Dayes; after which lie stuJdied the royal cause rendered him obnoxious to
works of Canaletti, and the coloring of  the republicans, who imprisoned him,
Rubens.   He first, introduced the cus- and he was not restored to liberty till
torn of drawing upon cartridge paper, 1648. He recovered his rank on the reand he also painted excellently in oil turn of Charles II., but died soon after,
colors. He took many beautiful views in 1661.
in Scotland, Wales, and various parts part GLASS, JOHN, founder of the religious
of Engllandcand France. He also paint- sect of Glassites in Scotland; b. in Fifeed a panorama of London, which was shire, 1695; d. 1773.
exhibited in Spring gardens.'D. 1802.  GLAUBER, JOHIN RODOLPim, a chemGISBORNE, THOiAS, prebendary of ist, alchemist, and physician of AmsterDurham, an    eminent philosophical, dam, who died in 1688. Chemistry is
theological, and miscellaneous writer, indebted to him for facilitating many
was b. at Derby, 1758. He was edu- useful processes, as well as for the discated at Harrow and Cambridge, where  covery of the purgative salt which bears
lie greatly distinguished himself, and on  his name. Like others of his day, he
soon after entering holy orders, in 1792, was incessantly occupied in attempts to
he obtained the living of Barton in Staf- find out the philosopher's stone-; and
ford, and the same year removed to his experiments, however futile for his
Yoxall Lodge, near Barton, where he   professed object, threw light on the
ever after resided. It would oceeupy too  composition and analysis of various
much of our space to enumerate the    metals, inflammable substances, &c.
long series of works which Mr. Gisborne  GLEIM, FREDERIC WILLIAM Louis, a
gave in succession to the world. Many  celebrated poet, sometimes called the
of them have attained great and lasting  German Anacreon, was b. in 1719, at
popularity; among which may be men- Ermsleben; filled the office of secretary
tioned the " Principles of Moral Philoso- to the chapter of Halberstadt; and d. in
phy investigated," &c., "An Inquiry   1803, aged 84. He owes his chief fame
auto the Duties of the Female Sex,' to his war songs,, composed for the
"A Familiar Survey of the Christian   Prussian army; and they will long be
Religion and History," &c., besides   remembered    by his countrymen for
sermons, and two volumes of poetry, their spirit-stirring power.
which, under the title of " Walks in a  GLENDOWER, OwEN, a celebrated
Forest,"  and." Poems, Sacred   and  Welshman, lineally   descended  from
Moral," gave him   no inconsiderable Llewellyn, the last prince of Wales, and
poetic fame. D. 1846.                  who opposed Henry IV. fourteen years,
GIULIO ROMANO, the most distin- declaring him a usurper of the Engvlish
guished of RaphaelPs scholars and as- throne. B 1350; d. 1416.
aistants, was b. at Rome, in 1499. He   GLENIE, JAME,'an eminent matheresided principally at Mantua, and there matician, was b. in Ireland, and educated
found a wide feld for the exercise of his at St. Andrew's. During the American
powerful genius, both in architecture  war he distinguished himself as an offiand in painting. He was unequalled    cer of artillery; but having written a
for the boldness of his style, the gran- pamphlet, ridiculing the dukTe of Richdeur of his designs, and the loftiness of  mond's plan of fortification, he was
his poetical conceptions. D. 1546..   compelled to leave the service, and he
GIUSTINIANI, POMPEY, by birth a     afterwards experienced much of the viCorsican, was an eminent general in the  cissitudes of life. He was a member of
Spanish service, and obtained the name. the Royal Society: and. the author of
of Iron-armi, by having one of iron   a " H-Iistory of Germany," and several
made to replace the arm he lost at the mathematical works. D. 1817.
siege of Ostend. lHe was governor of    GLICAS, or GLYCAS, MICHABL, a




GOB]                  CYOLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        445
Greek historian of the 13th century. ice were in turn the theatres of his
His "Annals fiomn the Creation," and  glory. His " Alcoste," and " Orpheus,"
the "History of the Byzantine Emper- produced at Vienna, between the years
ors," are extant, and were published  1762 and 1769, had an overwhelming efby Labbe at Paris, 1660.              feet by their boldness and originality,
GLOUCESTER, RoBERT oF, the oldest and served, together with some later
of English poets, lived in the time of  ones, to establish the fame of their
Henry II. Camden quotes many of his   author. In 1774, Gluck went to Paris;
old English rhymes, and speaks highly  and the celebrated Piccini arriving there
of him. He d. at an advanced age, shortly after, the French capital was diabout the beginning of the reign of King  vided upon the merits of the two conmJohn. —WILLIAr FREDERIC, duke of, the posers. Such a scene, indeed, of musison of Prince William Henry, duke of   cal rivaly had never before been known.
Gloucester (brother to George ITI.) by  Ile now brought out his lolg-promised
his wife the countess-dowager of W:alde- opera of " Iphigenia in Aulis. "  It was
grave, was b. at Rome, in January, 1776. received with enthusiastic applause, and
D. 1834.                              represented 170 times in the course of
GLOVER, RicHARD, a poet and dram. two seasons. In 1787 lie returned to
atist, was the son of a London met-   Germany, with a large fortune, and d.
chant, and b. in 1712. He was educated  at Vienna in the same year.
at Cheam school, where, at 16, he wrote  GMELIN, JoIHN GEORGE, a botanist
some verses to the memory of Sir Isaac and physician, was b. at Tubingen, in
Newton, which obtained' considerable   1709. Hte went to Petersburg, where
attention.  On leaving school, he en- he became member of the academy, and
terec on the mercantile line under his professor of chlemistry and natural hisflther, who was engaged in t.he Ham- tory. In 1773 he was sent with a comburgh trade. In 1787 he inarnried a lady p1any employed to explore the boundaof fortulne; soon after which he pub- ries of Siberia'   He published "Flora
lished his l"'TLeoiidas,  " an epic poem. Siberica" and "Travels through SibeHis poen of " London, or the Prooress rias.'   D1. 1755.-SAMIJ-EL TIIEOP-ILUTS,
of Commerce," appeared in 1739. The nephew of the precedingo, was b. at Tusame year he published his popular bingen, in 1748; went to Petersburg,
ballad, entitled "HIosier's Ghost,' in- and obtained a professorship. Hle spent
tended  to rouse thle national spirit sonme years in travelling through Tartary,
against the Spaniards. In 1753 his t-a-  where he d. in prison, into which he
gedy of t Boadicea" was brought out at had been thrown by one of the chiefs,
Drury-lane, but, though supported by  in 1774. He wrote his " Travels through
Garrick, Mossop, Mrs. Cibbber, &c., it Russia," and a" Journey from Astracan
was performed onaly 9 nights; is "Mle- to Czarictn." —Joix FRiEDERIC, a phydea," some years after, met with greater sicia.n acd chemist, was b. at Tubingen,
attention. At tbhe accession of George  in 17'48. He became professor of chem1II. he was chosen M.P. fobr Weymouth,  istrv and natural history:at Gottingeln;
pnd was esteemed by the mlercantile in- and published several works on. chemterest as an active and able supporter. istr, mnineralosy, and' natural history.
D. 1785.-JAi NE, a distinguished actress, One of the moost celebrated is his edition
was b. at Newry, in Lrelnd, in i781. of the "Syatema Naturme" of Linneus.
Under the auspices of her father, M1,r. Ie. was also the author of I" A History
Betterton, she commenced her theatri- of Chemistry:' aund the world is incal career at the age of six; andc after a  debted to him for the discovery of sevhighly successful appearance in the   eral excellent dyes, extracted from miiprovinces, she was engaged by Mr. Har- eral and vegetable substances. D. 1805.
ris, of Covent-garden, where'she made   GOAD, JOHN, an eminent schoolmhnsher debut, as Elvina, in lannah More's ter, was b. in London, 1615. I-is works
"Percy," in 1797. D. 1850.            are, " GenealogiconLatinum," "AstroGLUCK, CERISTHER, one of the most Meteorological    Aphorisms and Diseminent musical composers of modern    courses of the Bodies Celestial, their
tines, was b. in Bavaria, in 1714, de- Natures, Influences," &c. The subject
voted himself to the study of music, and  of this is a kind of astrology founded
became a skilful performer on several on reason and experiment, and gained
instruments.   ie went to London'.a   himgreat reputation.
1745, and composed for the Italian opcra.  GOBBO, PETER PAUL CORTONESE, a
He then went to the Continent; and     celebrated painter of fruit and landVienna, Naples, Rome, Milan, and Ven- scapes, b. at Cortona, in 1580.   He,8




446                    eYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      Lc40D
copied nature with the greatest accuracy, and Henry VI. lle labored 40 years in
andl by his skill in the chiaro-oseuro lie compiling a chronicle from the creation
gave an exact and expressive roundnebs  of the world to the year 1186. It is
to his fruits, &c., but he chiefly excelled  written in a mixture of prose and verse;
in coloring. D. 1640.                  and was first printed at Basle in 1559.
GOBELIN, GILES, a French dver of       GODMAN, JouN D., an eminent
the 17th century, who resided at'Paris, anatomnist and naturalist. After obtainand is said to have invented or greatly  ing his medical dcleree, he entered with
improved the process of dyeingl scarlet. energy upon the active duties of his
In 1666, a royal establishment for the profession.  le went to Baltimore, and
manufactory of fine tapestry wv-s founded  afterwards removed to  Philadelphia.
on the spot where his premises stood, Being invited to the professorship of
whence the work produced there was anatomy in the college of Ohio, he spent
termedl the Gobelin tapestry.          a year at the West, cand then returned to
GODDARD, JoNATAI.N, an able chem- Philadelphia, where he willingly retired
ist. and physician, b. at Greenwich, from the field of practice, and devoted
about the year 1617. lie was educated  himself to scientific pursuits. Deterat Oxford, graduated at Cainmbridge, and  mined to be a thorough teacher of
on the breaking out of the civil war was anatomy, he opened a room for private.attached to the parliament. lie attended  demonstrations, and in the first winter
Cromwell in his expeditions to Scotland  had a class of seventy students. After
and Ireland, as plhysician to the forces; prosecuting his anatomical labors four
was appointed wariden of Merton college, or five years, he was chosen professor of
ancd i the parlament of 1653, sat as sole  anatomv in Rutier's medical college in
representative for Oxford. D. 1674.    New YXork. With a broken constituGODFREY of Bouillon, chief of the tion lie was compelled, before the cornfirst crusade, and ling of Jerusalem, pletion of his second course of lectures
was the son of Eustacee II., count of to retire from the school, and to seek
Boulogne and Lens. lie served with     a milder climate. After passing the
great gallantry in the armies of the Em- winter in Santa Cruz, he settled in
peror lenry IV., who conferred upon    Germantown, near Philadelphia. He
him the title of duke of Lorraine; and  wrote the articles on natural history for
when the first crusade xvas set on foot, the "American Encyclopedia" to the
the fame of. his exploits caused his elec- end of the letter C., besides numerous
tion as one of the principal commianders. papers in the periodical journals of the
In 1096, accompanied by his brothers, day. lie published the "Western QuarEustace and Baldwin, lie commenced     terly Reporter of Medical Science," Cinhis march, and on ara'iving at Philop- cinnati, 1822; " Account of Irregularities
polls, in Thrace, lie compelled the Emn- of Structure and Morbid Alxatoxmy;"
peror Alexis Comnenus to allow him     "Contributions to Physiological and
a free passage to the East. Several dif- Pathological Anatomy;" "Bell's Anatoficulties occurred; but at length the  my" with notes; "iAnatomical InvestiTurks were vanquished, and the object gations, comprising   descriptions  of
of his ambition was effected. Jerusalem  various Fasciae of -the Body," 1824;
was carried by storm, after a siege of  "American Natural History," with enfive weeks, (July 15, 1099:) anid, in  gravings; addresses on various public
eight days after, Godfrey was proclaimed  occasions, 1829; and "Rambles of a
king, by the unanimous voice of the    Naturalist."  D. 1830.
crusading army; but the piety and hu-    GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY, a poet, was
mirity of the conqueror wrould not suffer b. in Cornwall, in 1610; educated at
him to wear a crown in the holy city, Exeter college, Oxford; and having
and he declined the regal title, content- joined the king's army, he fell in an
ing himself with that of -Defender and  engagement at Chagford, Devon, in
Guardian of the Holy Sepulchre. The   1643. Besides several poems, he transsultan of Egypt, at the head of 400,000 lated that part of Virgil which recites
men, now attempted to dispossess him  the loves of Dido and iEneas.
of.his newly-acquired territory,. but   GODWIN, earl of Kent, a powerful
Godfrey gave him battle in the plain of  Anglo-Saxon lord. In 1017 he accomAscalodn, and 100,000 Cment were left dead p}anied Canute in an expedition against
on the field. D. in 1100.-OF VITERBO, Sweden, where lihe behaved with such
an historian xwho lived in the 12th cein- valor as to receive the daughter of that
tury, was cha1plain and secretary to- monarch in marriage, and'large grants
orad III., and th'e eimperors Freaeric  of land. On the death of Canute, the




GOD]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       447
earl sided with HIardicanute against former, its object being.t  decry the
Harold, but afterwards he espoused the  existing constitution of society, while it
cause of the latter. He was charged   portrayed, with appallingf force, the
with murdering Alfred, one of the sons effects of crime. After the trial of his
of Ethelred  1., from which he vindi- friends, Hardy, Thelwall, and Iorme
cated himself by oath. On the death of  Tooke, he published a pamphlet, conHardicanute he joined Edward, who     taiing   strictures  on  Judge Eyre's
married his daughter, but afterwards he  charge to the jury, the circulation of
rebelled against Edward, and being    which government tried in'ain to preunsuccessful, fled to Flanders. Having  vent. Mr. Godwin did not appear again
gathered fresh orces, lhe sailed up the  as an author till.1797, when he published
Thamnes, and appeared before London, a series of essays, under the title of
which threw the country into such con- " The Enquirer."  In the followinag
fusion, that the king was obliged to  year he produced tle "Memoirs of Mary
negotiate peace with Godwin, who was Wolstoncroft," authoress of a "Vindirestored to his estates.  D. 1053.-   cation of the Eights of Woman," whose
IRANCIS, was b. at Havington, in Nor- congenial mind in politics and morals,
thamptonshire, in 1561. In 1601 lie was aici whose noble spirit he ardently
promoted to the see of Llandaff, and  admired. He had lived with her some
was translated to that of Hereford in  time before their marriage; and in her
1617. -le d. in 1633. He was the author "Memoirs" he says, "the principal
of "Rerum   Anglicarum  Hen. VIII."   motive for complying with the ceremony,
&c.; and a curious book entitled " The  was the circumstance of Mary's being
Man in the Moon, or a Discourse of a in a state of pregnancy." She, however,
Voyage thither, by Domingo Gonzales.' died a few months after, in giving birth
-THOMAS, a distinguished scholar, who  to a daughter. In 1799 he produced
in the 17th century was the master of  another work, entitled " St. Leon," a
the foundation school at Abingdon, romance. In 1801 he again married
Berks. He was thle author of a useful and shortly after opened a bookseller's
work, entitled "Roomanam Iistorisc An- shop in Skinner-street, where ushered
thologia,"  a  " Synopsis of Hebrew   forth a variety of juvenile publications.
Antiquities," and a treatise on Jewish  nly of which were his own composirites and ceremonies. D. 1643.-WIL- tion.    Thouglh  elngaed in trade, he
LIAN, the well-known author of " PIolit- continued to wield the pen of an expeical Justice," "Caleb Williams," &c.  rienced author. Ie wrote the novels of
was the son of a dissentiln  minister,  "'leetwood," and " Msadeville;" a
and b. at Wisbeach, in 1756. Ie was     History of the Life and Age of Geofdesigned for the same calling as his frey Chaucer,"   a "History    of the
father; but, while studying at the    Commonwealth of England, two 1unDissenters' college, Hoxtlon, his reli- successful trlgedies, aln " Exposition of
gious opinions had undergone repeated  Mr. Malthus's Theory of Population,"
changes, and though he commenced as   "Cloudeslevy," a novel; " Thouohts on
a preacher, he ultimately abandoned the  Man; his Nature, Productions, and
pulpit in 1783, and went to London as a  Discoveries;" " The Lives of the Necliterary adventurer. His first publica- romancers," &c. As a novelist, Godtion was a series of six sermons, called  win is decidedly orilinal, combining
"Sketches of History;" and he soon    great depth of thought with singular
after had the good folrtune to obtain independence   and energy   of style.
employment as a principal conductor of  During. the administration of Earl Grey,
the " Xnnual Register," from which he  he was appointed to the sinecure office
derived a small but certain income. of yeoman-usher of the exchequer, by
Associating with the democrats of the  which his latter days were rendered
day, and expressing opinions in unison  comfortable. D. April, 1836.-The wife
with theirs, he soon enlisted under their of the preceding, though better known
banners. But it was the stormy ele- as MARY WOLSTONCROFT, was b. 1759.
ments of the French revolution which  The poverty of her parents could only
called forth his extraordinary powers of  affbrd her the commonest mode of edumind, and gave birth to that bold and  cation. Reading and reflection, with
astounlding masterpiece of republican- extraordinary talents, her biographer
ism, his "Political Justice."  In 1794  tells us, supplied all deficiencies; so
he published his celebrated novel,of that, at tlie death of her mother, she
"Caleb Williams," awork which pro- opened a school with her sisters at
duced nearly as great a sensation as the Tslington, f'rom whence they removed to




448                   CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [GOF
Newington Green. Shortly after, Mary them. There, too, his own dramatic
quitted her sisters to attend upon a sick  works first appeared, viz., " Goetz von
lady who had been her benefactress, and  Berlichingen," " Faust'," " Iphigenia in
who died at Lisbon. Upon her return   Tauris," " Tasso," " Clavigo, " Stella,"
she engaged herself as governess to   and "Count Egmont." In 1786 he made
Lord   Kingsborough's  children.  In  a journey to italy, where he remained
1789 she fixed her residence in London, two years, visited Sicily, and remained
and began her literary pursuits with  a long time in Rome. In 1792 lie fol"Thoughts on the Education of Daugh- lowed his prince during the campaign
ters."  In 179:7 she was married to in Ch:ampagne.     He was afterwards
William Godwin, and died a few months created minister; received, in 1807, the
afterwards.-WILLIAM,i son of the author order of Alexander-Newsky from Alexof " Caleb Williams" and the brother ander of Russia, and the grand cross of
of Mrs. Shelley, was a contributor to the legion of honor from'Napoleon. D.
some of the best periodicals of the day, at Weimar, March 22, 1832, aged S0.
ansd a  parliamentary  reporter.  is Goethe was an intellectual giant; and
essays showed that he was an attentive  his profound knowledge of life and of
observer of men and manners, and were indivicdual caracter laces his works
written  with  considerable tact and  amnong the first ever produced.  Iis
vivacity. D. 1832.                    greatest production, " Jaust," has been
{3OETIIE JOHN WoLFGANG VON, the repeatedly translated into English. IHis
greatest modern poet of Germany, and  beautiful songs and shorter poems, elethe patriarch of German literature, was gics, distichs, &c., possess a perennial
b. at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, August beauty. Goethe's writings are by fiar
25, 1749. His father was doctor of law  too voluminous to be here enumerated;
and imperial counsellor; and being in  but we must mention " William Meisgood circumstances, possessing  a taste ter's Apprenticeship," an ethic fiction';
for the fine arts, and having made a  " Herman   and Dorothea,"   and the
tolerable collection of pictures anid other  "Elective Affinities," &c.
objects of virtu, young Goethe had an   GOETZE, JOIHN AUGUSTUS EPHRAIM,
early opportunity of indulging his fancy  a German naturalist, was b. at Aseherand aimproving his mind. Drawing, leben in 1731; and d. in 1793. IIe made
music, natural science, the elements of  many microscopic discoveries, and wrote
jurisprudence, and the languages occu- several books on-natural history; amolng
pied his early years; and when he was which are "'Entomological Memoirs,"
15, he was sent to the university at "A History of Intestine Vermes," and
Leipsic, but did not follow any regular a "European Fauna."  tle was pastor
course of studies. In 1768 he quitted  of the church at Quedlinburgh.
Leipsic, and subsequently went to tle   GOFFE, WILLIAM, one of the judges
university of Strasburg, to qualify himn- of King Charles I., and a major-general
self for the law; but he paid niiore at- under Cromwell, left London before
tention to chemistry and anatomy than  Charles II. was proclaimed, and arrived
to his nominal pursuit. In 1771 he took  at Boston in July, 1660. Governor Enlthe degree of doctor of jurisprudence,  dicott gave him  a friendly reception.
and then went to Wetzlar, where he But when the act of indeninity arrived
found, in his own love for a betrothed  in November, and his name was not
lady, and in the suicide of a young man  found among those to whonm palrdon
inamned Jerusalem, the subjects for his was offered,, the government of Massa"Werther," which appeared in 1774, clhusetts was alarmed. Perceiving his
and at once excited the attention of his danger he with Whalley left Camcountrymen, while it produced an in- bridge, where they had resided, and
stantaneous effect on his country's liter- went to New Haven. They were here
ature. Having, in 1782, entered the   concealed by Deputy-governor Leet and
service of the duke of Saxe-Weimar,   Mr. Davenport.    From  New   Haven
whom lie had met in travelling, he was they went to West Rocl, a mountain
made president of the council chamber, 300 feet in height, at the. distance of
ennobled, and loaded vith honors. A   two or three miles from the town, where
splendid galaxy of talent assembled at they were hid in a cave. They afterWVeimar, and united itself to Goethe. wards lived in concealment at Milford,
The direction of the theatre was con- Derby, and Branford, and in October,
fided to him, and he there brought out 1664, removed to Hadley, in Massachusome of the noble dramatic c7efi-d'aeire setts, and were concealed for 15 or 16
of Schiller, with an effect worthy of years in the house of Mr. Russell, the




OOL]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         449
minister.. On the first of September, that department of dramatic poetry in
1675, the town of Hadley was alarmed  which he was to excel, namely, descripby the Indians in the time of public tion of claracter and manners, in which
worship, and the people were thrown    he took Moliere, whom   he began to
into the utmost confusion. But sud- study about this time, for his model.
denly an aged venerable man in an un- Having taken the direction of the theacommon dress appeared in the midst of  tre at Rimini, he set about the reformathem, revived their courage, and putting  tion of the Italian stage, and in 1761 to
himself at their head,'led them to the undertake a similar office. at Paris. On
attack, and repulsed the enemy. The the conclusion of his engagement, he
deliverer of Hadley immediately disap- was appointed Italian master to the
peared, and the inhabitants, overwelm- princesses  with apartments in Vered with astonislment. supposed that an  sailles, and a pension  For 30 years he
angel had been sent for their protection.  resided in the French capitil; but the
ID. about 1679.                        revolution having deprived him of his
GOGUET, ANTI-ONY YVEs, a Parisian   chief resources, he sank into a profound
advocate, and a writer on jurisprudence.  melancholy, and d. 1792, aecd 85.
His principal work, exhibiting much      GOLDSMITH, OLIVER a celebrated
industry and learning, ppeared in 1758,  poet, historian, and essayist, was b. in
(the year in vwhich he died,) and is en- 1731, at Pallas, in the county of Longtitled " Origine des Loix, des Sciences, ford,,Ireland. He was the son of a
et des Arts, et de leurs ProgrCs chez clergyman,an and was educatel at the
les Anciens Peuples."                 universities of Dublin, Edinburgh, and
GOICOECHEA      JosEPI ANTONY DI     LeydCen, with a  view to the medical proLi-EUDOY, professor of philosophy and  fesesion. But his eccentricities and caretheology at Guatimala, in South Amrer- less conduct were the prolific source of
iea, and founder of the Econoinical So- difficulty to himself and friends; and
ciety there, was a Franciscan fiiar, but when he abruptly quitted Leyden he
at the same time a public spirited menl- had but one shirt and no money, though
her of the state. He published a numlber lie intended to make the tour of Europe
of mnemoirs on botany, agriculture. &., on foot, and actually travelled through
and imported into his own    country   Flanders, part of France, Germany,
lmany invaluabl iinventions alnd discov- Switzerland, and Italy, often subsisting
eries. D. 1S14-.                       on the bounty of the peasants, and reGOLDING, ARTHIuR,, an Engslis!l hwri- turning the obligation of a night's lodgter, of the Elizabetlian era, patronized  ilng, or a meal, by his skill on the Gerby Cecil, Sir Philip Sidney, and other man flute, which lle fortunately carried
cotemporary literati, was the translator  with him as his stock in trade.- In 1758
of Ovid's'"Metamorphoses" into En- he arrived in England; and, by the asglish verse, and of Cesar's "Conmmen- sistance and recommendation of Dr.
taries" into prose. He was likewise the  Sleigh, his countryman and fellow-colauthor of ian account of the earthqunake  legian, obtained a situation as ushier in
of 1580, and of several devotional and  a school at Peckham; where, however,
other treatises.                       he did not remain long, but settled in
GOLDONI, CHARaES, a celebrated       London, and subsisted by writing for
Italian dclamaatst, was b. at Venice, in  periodical publications. One of his first
1707: and so early did his taste for the  performances was an "Inquiry into the
dramna appear, that before he was 8    State of Polite Learning in Europe;"
years old lie had skethed the plan of a  but he emerged from obscurity, in 1765,
comedy. His father, who was a physi- by the publication of his poem, entitled
cian, having settled at'erugia, intendel  "The Traveller, or a Prospect of Sothalt lls son slhould follow the medical ciety," of which Dr. Jolnson said,
profession; but Goldoni, dissatisfied  that there had not been so fine a poem
with this pirsuit, obtained permission  since Pope's time." The year following
to study law in Venice. After commit- appeared his well-known novel of the
tina' many youthful follies, he brolght'Vicar of Wakefield." His circua-'
a few pieces upon the stage, which pro- stances were now respectable, and lie
cured but little pro-fit, and not much  took chambers in the Temple; lbut the
praise; aind lie conltinued to live in a liberality of his temper involved him
continual scene of dissipation and in- in frequent dcifficulties. In 1768 lie
triu-re until le maie  d'ie  the daughter brouglht out his comedy of the " Goodofat notary in Genoa, and removed to   Natured 2Man" at Covent-garden, but
Venice. IHere hie h rst baean to cultivate its reception was not equal to its merits.
38*




450                   CYCLOPEDIA      OF BIOGRAPHY.                  [GOR
In 1770 he published " The Deserted ticed to a surgeon, he first practised at
Yillage," a poem, which, in point of  Coggeshall; biit in 1793 he settled in
description and pathos, is above all London, as a surgeon and apothecary;
praise; yet such was his modest opin- and having obtained a diploma from the
ion of its merits, that he could hardly  university of Aberdeen, he commenced
be induced to take-the proffered recom- practice as a physician in 1802. It is
pense of ~100 from his bookseller. In  stated of him, that so incessant and
1772 he produced his comedy of "She multifarious were his labors in 1803,
Stoops to Conquer," which was highly that he was finishing a translation of
successful and profitable. Besides these  "Solomon's Song," carrying on his
performances, he produced a number    "Life of Dr. Geddes," valking from 12
of others; as a " History of England, in'to 14 miles a day to see his patients,
a Series of Letters from a Nobleman to  editing the " Critical Review," and suphis Son," " A History of England," "A  plying a column of matter, weekly, for
Roman and a Grecian History," " A     the "Sunday Ieview;" added to which
History of the Earth and Animated Na- he had, for a short period, the manageture," " Chinese Letters," &c. Gold- ment of the "British Press" newspasmith was the friend of Johnson, Rey- per. In the winter of 1810, Mr. Good
nolds, and Burke, and a member of the commenced his lectures at the Surrey
Literary Club established by the former. Institution, which were published in
D. April 4, 1774.                     1826, entitled "The Book of N.ature."
GOLIUS, JAMES, an eminent oriental He produced    many   other valuable
scholar, was b. at the Hague, in 1596; works, among which are "The Study
educated at Leyden, and'in 1622 went of Medicine."  D. 1827.
as interpretei to the Dutch embassy in  GOODRICH, CIIAUNCEY, lieutenantMorocco. On- his return he was appoint- governor of Connecticut, was b. at Dured professor of Arabic at Leyden, and  ham, October 20th, 1759, and graduated
afterwards also nominated professor of  at Yale college in 1779, with a high
mlathemlatics, and interpreter of the ori- reputation for genius and acquirements.
ental languages to the United States. After having spent several years as a
His principal works are, an "Arabic tutor in that seminary, he established
Lexicon,"  a  "Persian  Dictionary,"  himself as a lawyer at Hartford, and
" The History of the Saracens, transla- soon attained the first eminemce in the
ted from Elmacin," and "The Life of profession. IIe was chosen a representTamerlane."   D. 1667. -PETER, his ative in the legislature of the state in
brother, who was also an excellent ori- 1793, and the following year was elected
entalist, became a Catholic, and founded  to a seat in congress, and continued
a Carmelite convent on Mount Libanus. there till 1800. In 1802 he became a
He d. in 1673, at Surat; in the East counsellor of the state, and retained the
Indies, whither he had proceeded as a office till 1807, when lie was appointed
missionary.                           a senator of the United States. He reGONGORA, Louis, a celebrated Span- ceived the office of mayor of Hartford
Ish poet, was b. at Cordova, in 1562, and  in 1812, and lieutenant-governor of the
is called by his countrymen the prince  state in 1813, when he resigned his seat
of lyric poets. His style, however, is in the United States senate. D. 1815.
often difficult to comprehend, even to  GOOKIN, DANIEL, a major-general
the Spaniards themselves, among whom  of Massachusetts, was b. in England,
lie has had alnmost as many censurers as and in 1621 omiigrated to Virginia. In
admirers. D. 1627.                    1644 he removed to New England, and
GONSALVO OF CORDOVA, HERNAN- was appointed superintendent of all
DEz Y AGUILAR, a celebrated Spanish   the Indians who had submitted to the
warrior, was b. at Montilla, near Cordo- government of Massachusetts. In 1681
va, in 1443. He entered the army when  he received the appointment of majoronly 15; distinguished himself against general of the province. He d. in 1687,
the Moors, Turks, and Portuguese; was at the age of 75. I-He left in manuscript
appointed viceroy of Naples, after hayv- historical collections of New England
ing conquered that kingdom, and uni- Indians, which were published in the
versally obtained the appellation of the first volume of the." Massachusetts HisGreat Captain. D. 1515.               torical Society."  He also left in. manuGOOD, JOHN MAsoN, a physician, script a history of New England.
poet, and philologist, was the son of a  GORDIAN, MARCus ANTONIUS, the
dissenting minister, and b. 1764, at Ep- elder, a Roman emperor, surnamed Afping, in Essex. Having been appren- ricanus, was descended from the Grac



GOR]                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        451
chi, and the family of Trajan. IHe wa-s pute with Lord Sandwich, relative to
b. 157,'and the early part of his life wias promotion. lie sat in parlilment for
spent in literary pursuits. After bein  Lug'gershall, and became conspicuous
edilo, twice consul, and proconsul of' by   lis opposition to ministers;  but,
Afiica, 1-: was, at the aice of 80, raised  tlhough eccentric, he displayed no deto the throne, in conjunction with his ficiency of wit or argument. -He soon,
son; who being slain in battle six wveeks  however, became an object of great
after thleir accession, the father, in a.n  notoriety; for a bill havi;ne been introagony of grief, put a period to his owrin lduced into the house, in 1780, for the
existencee.-MAeRCuS ANTON'US, raiqndson lrelief of Roman  Cathlolics fiomn certain
of the preceding, was called to the throne  penalties and disabilities, he collected a
when he was only 13 years.of age. I-le  mob, at the head of whoml lie mIarched
became a renowned w'arr1ior, and was to present a petition against the prostyled the Guardian of' the Common- posed measure.        The dreadful riots
wealth. He d. neuir Circesium, in 244.  which ensued, led to his lordship's arGORDON, PATRICK, governor of         rest and trial for high treason; but no
Pennsylvania, uilder the proprietors, evidence being adduced of such a decommenced liis administration as the   sign, he was acquitted. In the beainsuccessor of Sir Wiilliam Keith, in 1726. ning of 1778, having been twice convictIt was distingulished by prudence, mlod- ed of libelling the French iambassador,
eration, and'm reogard to the interests of  the queen of France, and the'criminal
the province, and was highly popular. justice of his country, he retired to
Ile was bred to armls, and served fiom  HIollnd; but he Iwas arrested, sent
his youth to near the close of Queen   home, and    committed   to  Newzate,
Anne's reig'n, with a lhigh reputation. where le d. in 1798. —To I.RAS, a politiD. at Philadelphia, 1736.-    mILLIA,,   cal writer, was b. at Kirkledbright, in
minister of Roxbmn', Mfass, ws a        na-  Scotlinc, and settled in London as a
tive of Enlandc. HIe had been settled  classical teacher, but soon turned his
in the ministrv in England, and came to  attention to politics, and was employed
America in 1770, and was ordained rnin- by Iaarley, earl of Oxford. Mr. Trenclister of the third clhurch in Roxbury, aidc next took him to live with him,
1772. IHe took an active part in public  and they wrote in conjunction "Cato's
measures during the war with Great Letters,'and the "Independent Whig."
Britainl, and was chosen chaplain to the  He translated Tacitus and Sallust; and
provincial colngress of Mlassachusetts. after his death, which happened in
In 1776 le foirmed the desirn of'writing  1750,. appeared "' A Cordial for Low
a history of the great events in Aneri- Spirits," and the " Pillars of Priestcraft
ca. Besides other sources of informa- and Orthodoxy Shlaken.'
tion, lie liad recourse to the records of  GORE, ClnRISTOPHEI, a governor of
conglress, and to those of New Enrland, the state of Massaichusetts, was, b. at
and was indulred with thle perusal of  Boston, in 1758, his father being an
the  paperls of Washincrton,    Gates, opulent mechanic there. In 1789 WashGreene, Lincoln, and Otho Williams. ington appointed him first United States
After the conclusion of the war, he re- attorney for the district of Massaehuturnedicl to hlis native country in 1786, setts; amd in 1796 he was selected by
and in 178S publishecd the wvork which  the president as the colleague of the
had f(r a numnber of -e urs occupied his  celebrated William  Pinkney, to settle
mattention.  D. 1807 -ALEXANDER,, a    the American ch1imls upon1 England for
Scotch intiquary,'wvl o lived many years spoliations. In this situation lie evinced
in Italy and other pmats of the (onlti- his wonted energy -and talent, and renent; anld, in 1736, was appointed sec- covered property to a very great amount
retary to the society for the encourage- for his fellow-citizens. In 1803 he was
mnent of learninmo. In 1741 he went to left in London as c7lacrqu da'ct.ffiires, when
Carolina, where'h e held severmal offices, Rufus King, the Amierican minister, reand had somle'rants of lnld. D. 1750. turned to America.    In 1809 lie wis
Amono: Ilis works are the "Lives of Pope  chosen governor of Massachusetts, but
Alexander VI. mand his son Ctesr Bor- retained his dignity only for one year.
gia," " A (Complete HIistory of Ancient In 1814 he was called to the senalte of
Amnplhitheatres," &c.-Lord GTEOroGE,   the Union, and served in this capacity
sol of YCosmo George, lduke of Gordon, for three vears, when lie retired from
was b. in 1750. Ie entered when younc   public affaiirs, and d. in 1827, aged 68.
into the navy, but left it during tlme He was a good scholar, and d     an exAmericanr war, in consequence of a dis- cellent knowledge of the world, which




452                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [GoU
qualities were set off to the-best advan- Lille, in the Netherlands, in 1751. He
tage by his fine person and graceful was engaged in a tour through Europe
manners.                              for several years, and made many valuGORGIAS, LEONTINUS, a celebrated    able researches concerning' ancient geogorator of the school of Empedocles, was raphy. In 1789 he was admitted a iema native of Leontium   in Sicily, and  ber of the national asseinbly, and, in
flourished in the 5th century B. c. A  1791, nominated a member of the censtatue of gold was erected to his honor tral administration of commerce. He
at Delphi; and Plato has given his name  was subsequently employed in the war
to one of his dialogues. He lived to the  department, became a member of the
age of 105.                           legion of honor; and was ultimartely
GORHAM, NATHANIEL, president of nmade keeper of the king's library andl
congress, was b. in Charlestown, Mas- cabinet of medals, &c., at Paris. Iis
sachusetts, in 1738, and d. June 11th, works relate to ancient geography, andc
1796, aged 58. He was often a member possess omuch merit. D. 130.
of the legislature, and in 1784 was elect-  GOTHOFRED, DENIs, an eminent
ed to congress. As a member of the     French lawyer, b. of an illustrious family
convention he assisted in forming the  at Paris in 1549. Francebeino involved
constitution of the United States.-Jou-N, in- confusion by the leaguers, he accepta physician of Boston, graduated at Har- ed of a professor's chair at Geneva, until
yard college, 1801, and finished his pro- he w'as employed by Henry IV.; but
fessional education at Edinburgh. In   beino afterwarcls deprived of his office,
1809 he was appointed adjunct professor as a Huguenot, he retired to Heidelberg,
of chemistry and materia medica at and d. in 1622. Ie wrote many books,
Cambridge; and in 1816 professor of    the chief of which is the "Corpus Juris
chemistry alid mineralogy. Hie d. 1829, Civilis."  THEonDE, son of the preceaged 46. He published an "Inaugural din, was b. at Geneva, in 1580. As
Address," 1817; "Elements of Chem- soon as he had finished his studies he
ical Science," 1819.                   went to Paris, where he conformed to
GOSNOLD, BARTHOLOMEW, an in- the Catholic religion, and applied with
trepid mariner of the west of England, indefltigable ind1ustry to the study of
sailed from Falmouth for the coast of  history. In 1632 Louis XIII. made him
America, March 26,1602. Instead of ap- one of his historiographers, with a stiproaching this country by the way of the  pend of p000 livres; and, in 1636, he was
"Test Indies, he was the first English- sent to Cologne, and subsequently to
man who directly crossed the ocean. nMunster, to assist at the treaty of peace
He discovered laumld MIay 4th, and a cape  negotiting there. He d. in 1649. His
on the 15th, near which he caught a principal work is an "Account of the
great number of cod, from which cir- Ceremonial of the Kings of France."cuunistance he named the land Cape Cod. DENIS, son of Theodore, was b. at Paris,
The Ildians which he met at different in 1i15. He studied history, after his
places wore ornaments of copper, and   father's example; became as eminent in
used the pipe and tobacco. He passed  that department of knowledge, and obSandy Point, and in a few days ca1ne to tained the reversion of his falther's placo
an islancd  which he named Mlartha's  of historiographer royal, from  Louis
Vineyard, as there were many vines XIII., when her was but 25 Zears of age.
upon it. This is supposed to have been, He finished the "Memoirs of Philip do
not the island which now bears that Commines," began by his father; and
name,-but the smnall island which is was preparing a history of Charles VIII.;
called No Man's Land. He resided three  when he d., in 1681.
weeks on the most western of the Eliz-  GOTTSCHED, JOIN CIIRISTOPIER, a
abeth islands, on which he built a fort German writer, was b. at Konigsberg, in
and storehouse.  But finding that he 1700; and is considered to have conhad not a supply of provisions, he gave  tributed much towards the reformation
up the design of making a settlement. of German literature. He was succesThe cellar of his storehouse was discov- sively professor of the belles lettres,
ered by Dr. Belknap in 1797. After his philosophy, metaphysics, and poetry, in
return to England he embarked in an   the university of Leipsic; and d. in 1766.
expedition to Virginia, where he was a He wvas assisted in his dramatic writings
nember of the council. But he d. soon  by his wife, who was a woman of splenafter his arrival, 1607.              did talents.
GOSSELIN, PASCAL FRANCIs JOSEPH,      GOUJON, JEAN, a French sculptor
an eminent French geographer, b. at and architect in the 16th century, 8 ho,




GRA]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        453
being a Protestant, fell in the massacre  for him to maintain the place. On the
of St. Bartholomew, 1572. IlHe designed  restoration of the Bourbons he was crethe fine fa.qade of thle old Louvre, and  ated a peer, and made a commander of
other works, which procured him the the order of St. Louis. In 1817 he was
title of the French Phidias.          appointed minister for naval affairs, and
GOULD, JAMES, an eminent American   he subsequently filled the highest office
jurist. IHe was a native of Branford, in the war department. D. 1880.
Conn.: and graduated at Yale college in  GOWER, JOHN, an English poet of
1791. In early life he became distin- the 14th century, supposed to have been
guished as a lawyeri; and was raised to  b. in Yorkshire, about 1820. le was a
the office of judge of the supreme court member of the society of the Inner
of his native state. From this office, Temple; and some writers assert that he
however, lie was displaced in 1818, by  became chief justice of the common
the adoption ofa new conistitution. For pleas; though the more general opinion
many years he was associated with     is, that the judge was another person of.J:udge Tapp an Reeve, as professor of the the same name. He d. in 1402, and was
law school at Litchfield, and after the buried in the conventual church of St.
death of Judge Reeve lie continued to  Mary Overy, Southwark, to which he
conduct the school till within a few years was a benefactor, and where his tomb is
of his death, when the state of his health  still to be seen. I-Ie was author of a
required him to relinquish it. In his tripartite work, entitled, "Speculum
manners lhe was an accomplished gen- Meditantis," "Vox     Clamantis," and
tieman; in his faminily one of the most " Confessio Amantis."
amiable and affectionate of men; and in  GOYEN, JOHN VAN7 a painter of landthe social circle one of the most refined  scapes, cattle, and sea-pieces, was b. at
and agreeable companions. His mind    Leyden, in 1596; and was the pupil of
was richly stored waith the treasures, not Vandervelde. lIe possessed great facilof his profession only, but of ancient ity and freedom; his works are conseand modern classics, and also of the ele- quently more general throughout Europe
gant literature of the day. D. 1838.  than those of any other master, but suLch
GOUVION ST. CYR, General LATu- as are finished and remain undamaged
RENT, marquis de, an eminent French    are highly valued.
commander, commenced his military       GOZON, DEODATI, grand-master of
career during the revolution. In the  the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was
campaiagn on the Rhine, in 1795, he re- celebrated for his courage and other virpeatedly distinguished himself; and in  tues. A fabulous story is told of hlis
the following year he attracted the par- killing a dragon of a monstrous kind, that
ticular attention of Moreau, who hesi- infested the island of Rhodes. D. 13583.
tated not to attribute to his skill and  GOZZI, GASPAR, Count, an Italian;
bravery much of the success which at- a- uthor of" Dramatic Pieces," "Poems,"
tended the French arms. He was after- "Familiar Letters," and a work on the
wards intrusted with some diplomatic plan of the Spectator, called the " Venemissions; and whein these were per- tian Observer."   B. at Venice, 1813; d.
formed, he returned to the camp, and in  1786.-CHARLES, Count, brother of the
1800 commanded the centre of the army  preceding, a dramatic writer, known as
of the Rhine. In 1804 he was made the persevering enemy and rival of
colonel-general of tlie cuirassiers, and Goldomli.
grand officer of the legion of honor. He  GRACCHUS, TIBERIUS SEsTPRONIUS,
continued to pursue a successful career was a celebrated Roman, of eminendurino the following campaigns in Italy  talents and patriotism, who distinguishand Germany; and when the French      ed himself at the taking of Carthage, and
first invaded Spain he was employed in  was elected tribune of the people. HavCatalonia, where he also displayed con- ing, in their name, demanded of the
siderable ability.  In the disastrous senate the execution of the agrarian law,
campaign of Bonaparte in Russia, he by which all persons possessing above
succeeded Marshal Oudinot in the com- 500 acres of land were to be deprived of
mand of the central aimy; and for his the surplus, for the benefit of the poor
services on that occasion he was promo- citizens, among whom an equal distrited to the rank of marshal. He belived  bution of it was to be made, it met with
with great judgment and bravery at the  violent opposition, and Tiberius fell a
battle of Dresden, anid was left there victim to eis zeal and the fury of the ofwith a garrison of 16,000 men; but sue- fended patricians, 188:B. c.-CAIUS, a
ceeding events rendered it impossible younger brother of the preceding, who




454                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [aRA
possessed similar talents and principles, I was uniformly an opponent of ministers,
and pursued similar measures. HIe was till his death. He was the author of a
twice tribune, and obtained the passing  volume of theological essays, &c. D.
of various laws obnoxious to the patri- 1811.-RICHARD, an English historian,
cians; but, at length, he was slain in  who carried on an extensive business in
battle? when contending with the consul London, as a printer, in the 16th cenOpimius, 121 i. c.                   tury. He greatly assisted in the compiGRACIAN, BALTHASAR, a Spanish       lation of "HIall's Chronicle," and also
Jesuit, and one of the most popular produced another, entitled "A Chronipreachers and writers of his time, was cle at large of the Affayres of England
b. in 1584, and became rector of the col- from the Creation of the Worlde untc
lege of Tarragona. IIe wrote several Queene Elizabeth."   Grafton's Chroniworks; the chief of which are, "The    cle was republished in 1809.
Courtier," "The Hero," and "The Art      GRAGGINI, ANTHONY FRANCIs, an
of Prudence."  D. 1658.               Italian poet of the 16th century. He
GRAEFE, or GRzEVIUS, JoHN G., a was the originator of the Della Crusga
learned classical scholar, b. at Naum-  academy; and the author of poems and
burg, Saxony, in 1632. His avidity for tales, the latter rivallin_, in purity of
study in lhis early years was astonishing.  style, those of Boccaccio. B. at FlorIHe succeeded Gronovius in the profess- ence, 1503; d. 1583.
orship of history at Deventer, and re-   GRAHAM, GEORGE, an ingenious
moved from thence to Utrecht, where   watchmaker, and a most accurate mechhe dc. in 1703. IHe published editions of  anician, was b. at Kirklington, Cumber.
several of the classics; but his greatest land, 1675.  He invented various asworks are his " Thesaurus Antiquitatum  trononmical instruments, by which the
Romanorium," and "Thesa.urus Anti- progress of science was considerably
quitatumln et 1Historiarum Itali."   ifurthered. The great mural arch in the
GR1ZMIE, JOHN, a Scotch poet, was b. observatory of Greenwich was made for
at Calnwarth, in Lanarkshire, in 1749. Dr. Halley, under his inspection, and
Hie was the son of a poor farmer, but divided by his own hand. lIe invented
discovered a superior genius, obtained  the sector with which Dr. Bradley disa liberal education, first at Edinburgh, covered two new motions in the fixed
and next at St Ans. Ands rew-         sts. Ie we furnished the. members of
paring for the ministry, when he c. in  the French Academy, who were sent to
1772, leaving behind hilm a volume of  the north to measure a degree of the
elegiac and miscellaneous poetry, which  meridian, with the instruments for that
was aftervarlds published.             purpose; and he composed the whole
GRAFFIGNY, FIANCES D'IssEMBouRG      planetary system, within the compass
D'HA-PPONOOURT DE, was b. at Nancy in  of a small cabinet, from which model all
1(94. She was the wife of Graffinly, succeeding orreries have been formed.
clhamberlain to the duke of Lorraine, D. 1751.-Sir JOHN, the faithful comfrom whom she was legally separated    panion and fellow-patriot of Sir William
on account of his brutal conduct. Her Wallace. He fell at the battle of Falbest literary productions are a sentimen- kirk, July 22, 1298.-JoiN, of Clavertalt vork, entitled " Lettres d'lune Peru- house, Viscount Dundee, "a soldier of
vienne," and the drama *of "Cenie."    distinguished courage and professional
D. at Parlis, 1758.                    skill, but rapacious and profane, of vioGRAFTON, AUGUSTUS HENRY FITZ- lent temper, and of obdurate heart,"
ROY, duke of, was b. in 1736; succeeded  whose name, "wherever the Scottish
his grandfather in the family honors in  race is settled on the face of the globe,
1757; and in 1765 was appointed secretary  is mentioned with a peculiar energy of
of state; but the year following he relin- hatred," was b. in 1650. IIis career in
quished that station, and soon after be- arms commlenced as a soldier of fortune
came first lord of the treasury, which he  in France; he subsequently entered the
held till 1770. During his acdministra- Dutch service; alnd on hli  return to
tion, he was virulently attacked by Ju- Scotland in 1677, he was nominated to
nins, who seems to have been actuated  the command of a regiment of horse
quite as much by personal enmity as by  that had been raised against the Covepolitical hostility. In 1771 the duke was  nanters. His subsequent career we will
nominated lord privy seal, whlichofficehe  not dwell upon.  Among many cruel
resigned ini 1775, and acted in opposition  instruments of a tyrannous sovereign,
to the court till 1782, when he was again  he made himself conspicuous by his
ih place for a short time. After this, he barbarity, and has obtained an unenvia.




GRA]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRIAPY.                        455
ble notoriety in history, romance, and  GRAMMONT, PHILIBETT, count of, a
local tradition. The services which he  celebrated wit of Charles the Second's
rendered to his sovereign vwere rewarded  court, was the son of Anthony, duke of
from time to time by various high offices; Grammonnt. Afer serving in the army
and he was finally raised to the peerage  under Conde and Turenne, he came to
by the title of Viscount Dundee. Killed  England in the early part of the reign
at Killicrnlkie, in the hour of victory, of Charles II., with whom, as well as his
in 1689.-Sir ErcrARD, Lord Viscount mistresses, he became a great favorite.
Preston, was b. 1648. I-e was sent ani- He married the daughter of Sir George
bassador by Charles II. to Louis XIV., IHamilton, fourth son of the earl of Aberand was master of the wardrobe and    corn, and d. 1707. Ie is described as
secretary of state under James II. possessing, with a gr'eat turn for gallantWhen the revolution took place, he was ry, much wit, politeness, and good-natried and condemned, on an accusation  ture: but he was a greeat gamester, and
of attempting the restoration of that seems to have been indebted for his supprince, but, throughl the queen's inter- port cliefly to his superior skill and succession, he was pardoned. He spent cess at play. His memoirs were written
the remainder of hs (lays in retirement, by his brotler-in-law, Anthony, usually
and published an elegant translation of  called Count Hamilton, who followed
Boethins on the "Consolations of Phi- the fortunes of James II., and ended
losophy."  D. 1695.                   his days in the service of France. —The
GIlAIHAME, JAMES, a Scottish poet, duke of, father of the duke of Guiche,
was b. 1765, at Glasgow, and educated  and the countesses of Tankerville and
at the university of that city. Hle was Sebastiani, d. at Paris, aged 81, August,
bred to the law, but relinquished fbren- 1836. Some years aro qle instituted a
sic pursuits for clerical; and d. in 1811, suit in the French couirts to establish
curate of Sedgefield, near Durham. Iis his clain to the citadel of Blaye and its
poetry is mostly of a religious character, dependencies; and the cour royale of
solemn, yet animated, flowing, and de- Bordeaux decreed that, at the expirascriptive.  His principal pieces are, tion of three years, the state shouldlpay
"The Sabbath," "The Bards of Scot- the duke an annuity of 100,000 francs,
land,"' and "British Georgies."       or reinstate him in the possession of the
GRAINGER, JAMEs, a poet and phy- citadel. The present duchess de Coramsician, was b. at Dunse, in Scotland, in  mont is sister to Count Alfred d'Orsay.
1723. After serving his time to a sur-  GRANDIUS, or GEANDI, GUIDG;o,an
geon at Edinburgh, he became a regi- Italian mathematician, was b. 1671, at
mental surgeon in the English arnny in  Cremona. I-fe became professor of phiGermany; but on the restoration of losophy at Florence, and zealously advopeace in 1748, he took his doctor's de- cated the Cartesian doctrines; subsegree, and settled as a physician in Lon- quently removed to Pisa; was appointed
don; where, however, he principally   professor of mathematics in that universupported himself by wrliting for the  sity, and d. 1742. He corresponded with
press.  An " Ode to Solitude," pub- Newton, Leibnitz, and Bernouilli, and
lished in Dodsley's collection, first pro- published several works, the chief of
cured him reputation; and, ameong oth- which is a Latin t.reatise, "De Infinitis
ers, the acquaintance of Shenstone and  Infinitorum."
Dr. Percy. In 1759 lie published his    GRANET, FRANCIS, deacon of the
"Elegies of Tibullus," which, owing to  church of Aix, and an able critic, waab.
some severity of criticism, involved him  1692, at Brignolles, in Provence., He
in a paper war with Smollett.. He then  continued Desfontaines's "Nonvelliste
went to the West Indies as tutor to a  du Parnasse," till the work was, supyoung gentleman, and, during the voy- pressed; after which   he  published
age, formed an attachlllent to a lady, "Reflexions sur les Ouvrages de Litt&whomn he married on his arrival at the rature."  He also translated Newton's
island of St. Christopler's, of which her "Chronology," and edited  Iaunoy's
father was governor. Here he success- works. D. 1741.
fully established himself as a medical  GRANGE, JOSEPH DE CIANCOR DE LA,
practitioner, but did not lay aside his  a poet, was b. in 1676, in Periord. He
peno. He xwrote a West Indian Georgic, wrote a comedy at 9 years old, and a
or didactic poem, entitled " The Sugar tragedy at 16; but the work which made
Cane," and the ballad of "Brian and   him known was a satire, entitled "PhiPereene.".IIe d. at Basseterre, St. Chris- lippics," containing many infamous actopher's, 1767.                       cusations against Philip, duke of Orleans.




-456                  CYCLOPALDIA    OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [LRA
For this he was seized, and ordered to  was admitted an advocate. lie distinbe imprisoned in the Isle of St. Marga- guishld himself by his publications in
ret; but he contrived to effect his es- ftavor of the revolution, for which he
cape, and on the regent's death returned  was rewarded, first by a baronetcy, and
to France, where he was allowed to live  soon after by being appointed one of
unmolested. His works, consisting of the judges, or senators in the college of
operas, tragedies, and  miscellaneous  justice, when he took the title of Lord
poems, form five volumes. D. 1758.     Cullen. Ile continued to discharge the
GRANGER, JAMES, an English di- duties of his office for 20 yeais, with the
vine, who published a valuable an-d    highest reputation; and d. in 1726.hlighly:interesting work, entitled "The  JAMrES, a Scotch barrister, and at the
Biographical History of Encland.'  D. time of his death the father of the Scot1776.                                 tish bar. lie was early distinguished
GRANT, ANNS, usually designated      for his liberal political principles, and
Mrs. Grant of Laggan, a popular and    could number among his friends Henry
instructive miscellaneous writer, whose Erskine, Sir James Mackintosh, and
maiden name was M'Vicar, was b. in     many others, eminent for their attainGlasgow, 1735. Her early years were    ments and the lead they took in the
passeed ill America, whither her ftheher, politics of the cda. lie was the author
rwho held a commission in the British  of "Essays on the Origin of Society,"
army, had removed with the'intention  "Thou'ltis on the Origin and Descent
of permanently settling there; but cir- of the Gaiel," t&. D. 1835.-Sir WILcurnstances interfered with his design, LIAM, master of the rolls; an excellent
and on his return to Scotland lhe was equity judge, the promptitude and wisappointed barrack-master of Fort An- dom of whose decisions were appreciated
gustus. Here his daughter became ac- no less by the public than by the proquainted with the Rev. James Grant, fession, of which he was a distingonished
clhaplain to the fort; and a numtual at- member.  B. at Elchies, in Scotland,
tachment having sprung up between     1754; d. 1832.
them, on his appointment to the living  GRANVILLE, Sir RICHARD,       was a
of Laggan, Invernesshire, they were   native of Cornwall, b. in 1540, and enmarried in 1779. In 1801, left a widow  tered early into the military service, as a
with a large family, and but scanty    volunteer against the Turls. He aftermeans, she was induced, by the persua- wards joined Sir Walter Raleigh in his
sion of her friends, to publish a volume  expedition to America; and, in 1591,
of her poems, which proved successful became vice-admiral under Sir Thomas
beyond her most ardent wishes; and     Howard, wsho was sent out to the Azores
the literary ice once broken, she now  to intercept the Plate fleet. The Spanadopted literature as a profession, and  lards, however, being apprised of the
at various. periods produced her "Let- design, dispatched a powerful squadron,
ters from the MTountains," (which have which succeeded in cutting off Granbeen often reprinted,) " Memoirs of an  ville's ship from the rest; and in a desAmerican:Lady," "Essays on the Su- perate contest with them he was morperstitions of the Higihlanders of Scot- tally wounded.-Sir BEVIL, grandson of
land," "Popular Mocdels of Impressive  the preceding, was b. in 1596. At the
Wa rnings from the Sons and Daughters  commencement of the civil war, he raised
of Industry," &c. Nearly the last 80 a troop of horse at his own expense, and
years of herl liife were spent in Edin- was killed at the battle of Lansdovwne,
oulrgh, where she formed the centre ofin 1643.-GEORGE, Lord Lansdowne, a
a highly accomplished circle, numbering  nobleman of very considerable talents,
amoner. her friends Sir Walter Scott, grandson to Sir Bevil. B. in 1667. He
Lord Jeffrey, Henry Mackenzie, and all lhad a strong inclination for a military
the Scotch " notables" of tlhe day; and  life; but this was checked by his friends,
where the Christian resignation which  and he employed himself, durinn the
she: displayed amidc many calamitons varons political changes that occurred,
events, and her amiable character, no in cultivating hlis taste for literature. In
less than her literary celebrity, procured  1696, his comedy, called " The Gallants,"
her general esteem andregard. D. 1838. was performed at the theatre royal in
Her " Memoirs and Correspondence' Lincoln's Inn Fields, as was his tragedy
have:since been: p.Lblished. —FRANIS, of " Heroic Love," in 1698. On'the acLord Cullen,: an eminent Scotcl judge, cession of Queen Anne, he msade his
was b.'about 1660. -He studied a Ley- first appearance at court; took his seat
den'under Voet, and on hisreturn home in the house of commons as member for




GRA]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        457
Fowey; became successively secretary   energetic support of Catholic emancipaof war, comptroller of the household, tion  and it may be truly said, that he
treasurer, and one of the privy council. d. in the service of this cause. D. 1820.
On the queen's death he not'only lost  (GRAUNT, EDWARD, a scholar' of the
his post, but being suspected of lisaf- 16th century. Ile was appointed master
aoction to the  -Ianoverian successio, of Westminnster school in 1572; resigned
was arrested and sent to the Tower, the mastersllip in 1591; and d..rector
where he remained upwards of a twelve- of Toppersfield, in Essex, 1601. Ie was
month. I-e then retired to the Conti- the author of "GrTece Lingume Spicilenent for ten years; and on his return  giuml," &c,
passed his life as a country gentleman,  GAVES, RIcA-RD, a clergyman of
amusing himself with the republication  the church of England, but better known
of Iis poems, anc in writing a vindclica- as a novelist and poet than as a divine,
tion of his uncle, Sir Richnarc, aginst was b. at Mickleton, in Gloucestershire,
the charges ofClarendon and Burnet. in 1715. In 1750 he was presented to
D. 1735.                               the rectory of Claverton, near Bath; and
GRATIAN, a Roeman emperor, was       in that pleasant sequestered village he
the son of Valentinian I. by his wife  resided till the time of his death, in
Severa, and b. in 359. His father took  1804.  Amlong his various works are,
him as his associate in the elpire lwhen' The Festoon, or a Collection of Epihe was only 8 years old. In his 17th   gralams,"  Lucubrations in Prose and
year lie succeeded to the throne, on the  RhySme," "The Spiritual Quixote," a
death of his father. G1itian defeated  novel ridiculing the extravagances of
the Goths, and exerted himself with    Miethodism, as they appeared among the
energy and success in defending the    iilrmediate followers of Whitefield and
empire, but was put to death in a revolt,  esley and coimbining much shrewdin Gaul, A. D. 383.-A Benedictine in the  ness, wit, and humor.
12th century, was a native of Chiusi, in  GRAVESANDE, WILLIAM JAMES, an
Tuscany.   He employed twenty-four eminent Dutch eometriciain and philosyears in compiling an abridgnment of the  opher, was b. at Bois-le-Duc, in 1688.
canon law, commonly calleel " Gratian's Ile was bred a civilian, and practised
Decretal."                             some time at the bar with reputation;
GRATIUS, FALIscus, a Latin poet, but, about 1715, le became professor of
supposed to be eotemporary with Ovid. mnathematics and natural philosophy at
He wrote a poem, entitled " Cynogeti- Leden, where he taught the Newtonian
con," or the "Art of Hunting with      systenm. D. 1742.
Dogs."      -                            GRlAVINA     o, JON VINcENT, a celeGRATTAN, HENT., an eminent Irilsh  brated jurist and literary characteri, was
orator and statesman, was b. about the  b. in Calabria, in 1664, became professor
year 1750, at Dtcblin, of which city his  of civil andc canon law at Rome, was one
fatheri  was recorder.  He finished his  ofthlefoulnders ofthe rcadian academy,
education at Trinity collee, whenee he  and the early protector of Metastasio,
removed to Englancl, and became a stu- and d. in 1718. His works are numlerdent in the Middle Temple. He was ous, and the principal one, "Origines
called to the Irish bar inl 1772, and  Juris Civilis," is said to be replete with.
brought into the parliament of Ireland  learning.
in 1775, where lie immediately became    GRAY, STEPIEN, a gentleman belongdistincRished for his patriotic speeches, ing to the Charter Iouse, who, early in
and that v igorous opposition to the stat- the 18th century, distinguished himself
ute 6th Geo. I., which roused the whole  as an experimental philosopher.  He
island, and produced its repeal, in 1782. discovered the method of communlicaFor his share in this transaction, Mr. ting electricity to bodies not naturally
Grattan received addresses from all parts  possessingc it, by contact or. contiguity
of the country, and was rewarded wTith  wth electrics; and lie plrojected a kind
the sum of ~50,000, voted to him by the  of luminous orrery, or electrical planetparliament of Irelandc. In 1790 he was  arium, thus leading the way to futuro
returned for the city of Dublin, princi-  discoveries and irnprovements.- THOMpally for the purpose of opposing the  As, a celebrated English poet, was b.
unio-'; but when that measure was     in London, in 1716, and entered himself
carried) he did not refuse a seat in the  at the Inner Temple. with a view of
united house of commons.. The latter studying for the bar.   Becoming intiyears of his parliamentary attendance  mate, however, with Horace Walpole,
were chiefly devoted to a warn and    he was easily induced to accompany himi
89




458                   CYCLOP-rDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [GRE
in his tour of Europe; but they parted  which lie gave to the wolld under tne
at Reggio, and Gray returned to England  title of' Pyranmidographi;" he also
in 1741. Here he occupied himself sev- published an ingenious work, entitled
eral years in laying literary schemes andl  Epoch1 Celebriores," and a L" Disserplans of magnitude, which he admira- tation on the Roman Foot and Denarius."
bly commenced, but wanted energy to    D. 1652.-TaHOiAS and EDWARD, his bromature.   So slow was he to publish, thers, were also men of learning: the
that it was not until 1747 that his  Ode  former, a good orientalist; the latter,
on a distant Prospect of Eton College"  eminent as a physician, and created a
made its appearance; and it was only   baronet by Charles II.
in consequence of the printing of a sur-  GRECOURT, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH
reptitious copy, that, in 1751, he pub- VILLART DE, alFrench ecclesiastic, famous
lished his'.Elegy written in a Country  as a wit and poet, was b. at Tours, in
Churclhyard."'Ie declined the office  1684.  He excelled in epigrams, tales,
of laureate on Cibber's death, in 1757, sonnets, and fables a collection of which
and the same year published his two    was published. D. 1743.
principal odes, " On the Progress of     GREENE, RBERT, a humorous poet
Poesy'' and "The Bar3;l.  In 17iS the in the reign of Elizabeth, was b. at Norduke of Girafton presentec him with the  wicll, about 1560. He was educated at
professorship of modern history at Cam- St. John's college, Cambridge, and after
bridge.  BLt thouigl Gray published    mnakig "the Fgrand tour," took orders.
little besides his poems, he was a man  lie wrote five plays, and various tracts
of extensive acquirements in natural in prose among which is one, lately
history, the study of ancient architec- reprinted, with the quaint title of "A
ture, &e.; his correspondence places   Groat's Worth of Wit bought with a
him among the best epistolary writers, Million of Repentance."   1). 1592.and some of his posthumous pieces at- MATTHEW, authlor of "The Spleen," a
ford proof of ias plrotbund and varied  clever poem, was a native of Londclon.
erudition. As a poet, he is energetic Ie held a situation in the custom-house,
and liarmonious, and his lyrics, thouch  andi is described as a man of great probfew, htave been rarely, if ever, surpassed. ity and suavity of manners.  D. 1737.
D. 1771.                              — SAsMUEL, was the first printer in North
GREATOREX, TuoIAxs, an eminent America. The first thinsg printed was
musician, was h. at North Winafield,   the " Freeman's Oatl," in 1639, the
Derbyshire, in 1758. lie was a pupil next an almanac, and the third the New
of Dr. Cook, and afterwards awent to   England version of the Psalms in 1640.
Italy, where lie studied vocal music   The time of his death is unknown.under Santarelli, at Rome; and havin g  NATANIEL, 1mnajo r-geaneral in the army
made himself acquainted with all the   of the United States, was b. in Warknowledge he could gather by a profes- wick, R. I., 1742.  Thllugh enjoying
sional tour to the principal cities of  very few advantages of edlucation, he
italy, Germany, Switzerland, and the   displayed an early fondness for knowlNetherlands, he returned to England in  edge, and devoted his leisure time as1788, and established himself in Lon- siduously to study.   In 1770 lie was
don as a teacher of music, in whiclh hle electeda member ofE the state legislature,
was eminently successful. He harmo- and in 1774 enrolled hinself asa private
nized \various airs, adapted many of   in a company called the Kentish Guards.
Handel's productions, and   arranged   Froml this situation lie was elevated to
parts for the grand orchestra with great the head of three regiments, with the
ability. But he did not devote his at- title of major-general. In 1776 lie actention wholly to music; mathematics, ceptedi from congress a commission of
astronomy, botany, and chemistry, each  brigadier-general, and soon after, at the
occupied his miand by turns. D. 1831.'  battles of Trenton and Princeton, disGREAVES, REcHARD, an orientalist tinguislied himself by his skill and
and maithematician, was b. at Colmore, bravery.  In 1778 he nwras appointed
IHants, in 1602, and chosen professor of  quartermastene-general, and in that ofgeoimetry at Gresham college, in 1630. fee rendered efficient service to the
lie next went to Leyden, where he      country by his unwearied zeal and great
studied the Arabic language under Go- talents for business. le presided at the
lius. He also visited Egypt, and made  court-martial which tried Major Andrd
a survey of the pyramids.   While in in 1780, and was appointed to succeed
Egypt, he made an accurate measure- Arnold in the command at West Point,
ment, &c., of the principal pyramids, but he held this post only a few days.




GRE]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        459
Tin December of the same year he as- 1765, and succeeded Pits VIII. in the
sumed the command of the southern    papal chair, 1831. His reign embraced
army, and in this situation displayed a a period of no ordinary interest and difprudence, intrepidity, and firimness ficulty in the history of the church, and
which raise him to an elevated rank   in the relations of the Vatican with the
among our revolutionary generals. In  temporal powers of Christendom. D.
September, 1781, he obtained the fa- 1846.-NAZIANZEN, ST., eminent for his
mous victory at Eutaw    Springs, for piety and extensive learning, was b. in
which he received from    conogress a  324, at Nazianzum, in Cappadocia, of
British standard and a gold medal, as a which place his father was bishop. He
testimony of their value of his conduct received an excellent education, which
and services.  On the termination of  he improved at Athens, where he formhostilities, he returned to Rhode Island, ed an acquaintance with St. Basil. On
and in 1785 removed with his family to  his return home he was ordained, and
Georgia, where he d. suddenly in June  having displayed great theological and
of the followinfr year.               classical talents, he was chosen bishop
GREENFIFLD, WILLIAM, celebrated    of Constantinople, which appointment
as an oriental scholar and linguist, was was confirmed by Theodosius in 380.
editor of the " Comprehensive Bible,"  After filling the archiepiscopal throne
and made many valuable translations of  for several years, lie resigned it, and rethe Bible into Eastern dialects.  His turned to his native place, where lie d.
literary acquirements were made under in 389.-King of Scotland, cotemporary
great difficulties, and while pursuing  with Alfred, succeeded to the throne in
his daily occupation of a bookbinder. 883. He delivered his country from the
D. 1832..Danes, acquired the counties of CumGREGORY I., surnamed the Great, borland and Westmoreland, performed
was b. of a noble family at Rome, about many brilliant exploits in Ireland, and
the year 544. HIe discovered such abili- built the city of Aberdeen. D. 894. —ties as a senator,. that the Emperor Jus- Bishop of Neocestarea, in the 3d century,
tin appointed him  prefect of Rome; was surnamed THAUTJMATURGUS, or tihe
after which he embraced the monastic  "Wonder-worker," on account of the
life, in a society founded by himself. miracles which lie is said to have perPopO PelCgius II. sent him as ntuncio to  formed. The church flourished under
Constantinople, and on his return made  his care until the Dacian persecution, in
him   apostolical secretary.  He was 250, when he thought it prudent to reelected successor to that pontiff in 590. tire for a time. He was a pupil of the
D. 604.-VII., pope, who is said to have  celebrated Origen, and appears to have
beenm the son of a carpenter, and his real been a man of learning..D. 265.-Ori
name HILDEBRAND, is chiefly memorable NYSSA, ST., was ordained bishop of
for his extension of the authority of the  Nyssa, in 372. The zeal he displayed
popes. This he carried so far as to de- against the Arians excited the rescntpose Henry IV., emperor of Germany, ment of the Emperor Valens, who beand to sen-d legates into all the king- longed to that sect, and he was banished,
doms of Europe, to support his proe- but, on the accession of Gratian, he was
tended riihts. D. 1085.-XIII., was a restored to his see. HI-le drew up the
native of Bologna, and succeeded Pope  Nicene creed at the council of ConstanPi-s V. in 1572.   He was tle most tinople, and d. 396.-GEORGE, a divine
deeply versed in the canon and civil law  and miscellaneous writer, was a native
of any in his time.  lie ornamented   of Ireland, and b. in 1754. With an inRome with many fine buildings and     tention of following mercantile pursuits,
fountains; but his pontificate is chiefly  he was placed in a counting-house at
mer0morable for the reformation of the Liverpool, and it was not till 1778 that
calendar, which took place under his he took orders. In 1782 he settled in
auspices, and bore his name. I). 1585. London, where he obtained the curacy
-XV., was a native of Bologna, and    of Cripplegate, and was chosen evening
descended of an ancient fanily, but his  preacher at the Foundling. Among his
real nanme was ALXA-NDER LUDOVISIO. works are, "Essays, Historical and
He was elected to the papal dignity in  Moral," a "Church History," " The
1621, and was the author of several Life of Chatterton," "The Economy of
works, one of which, entitled "Epistola Nature," "Sermons," "Letters on Phiad Regem   Persarum, Schah Abbas," losophy," and a translation of "Lowth's
particularly deserves mention. - XVI., Lectures on Hebrew Poetry."  D. 1808.
MIAURO CAPELLARI, Was b. at Belluno in  -GxEOP GE FLORENCE, saint, commonly




460                    CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [GRE
called Gregory of Tours, was b. 544, in  Astronomy" and the " Fantalogia," a
Auvergne. He d. in 595. IIe was the    comprehensive dictionary of the arts
-author of a "-lHistory of the Franks."  and sciences, of which he undertook the
and other works.-JAMES, an emineent general editorship.     Through the inmathematician and philosopher, was b. tercst of his frienc, Dr. Hutton, he was
at Aberdeen, in 1608. I-e published in  appointed, in 1802, mathematical master
1663 his " Treatise on Optics," in which  at the royal military academy, Woolhe imparted his invention of the re- wich, where he obtained the professor's
fleeting telescope. About 1665 lie went chair. I-e was the author of " Elements
to Padua, where lie printed a work on  of Plane and Spherical Trigonometry,"
the "Quadrature of the Circle and Ily-  " Mathemaltics foPrlactical Men," "' etperbola."  On his return froil his trav- ters to a Friend, on the Evidences,
els, he was chosen a fellow of the Royal Doctrines, and Duties of the Christian
Society of London, and merit procured  Religion," and "Meioirs of the Life,
him the mathematical chair at St. An- Writintls, &c., of the late John Mason
cdrwcs. In 1674 he removed to Edin- Good, M.P."      D. 1841.
burglh, on being appointed to the math-  GREGORIE, HIENPY, Count, bishop
enmtltical professorship:; but he held the  of Blois, a French prelate, cistinguished
situation only or a short time, for wh-ile  by his love of cdemocracy, no less than
showing the satellites of Jupiter to soile  by his inflexible integrity and active
pupils, in October, 1675, he iwas sud- philanthropy, was b. in 1750, at Vatro,
denly struck blind, ad d. a few days near Luncv'ille. In 1789 hle was 1nomiafter.-DAVID, nephew of thel prccediing, nated by the clergy of his province a
andcl the inheritor of his abilites and his  nenober of the states-general; and in
fame, was b. at Aberdeen, in 1661, and  the constituent assembly lihe disting-uishbecame professor of mathilematics in   ecl hlimself by the boldness of his opinEdinburgh. He was afterwards elected   ions relative to civil and religious libSanilian professor of astronom: y at Ox- erty.  Ile rws aong the irst of the
ford, carrying his election against Hal- clergy who swore fidelity to the constiley, who avs also a candidate ior that tution; but during the reign of terror
situation.  In 1695 he published his when the bishop of Paris abdicated his
"Catoptricm et Dioptric o Spherics Eie- office, and several of the clergy abjured
menta." His demonstration of the curve  Clhristianity, the bishop of Blois stood
called the catenarian, appeared in 1697, forwarc d as the supporter of the reliioni
in the "Philosophical'Transactions "  of his countryl. ie also opposed the
but his greatest work was published in  accession of the first consul to the throne
1702, and entitled " Astronomilm Phy- of France.   On the restoration of the
sicac et Geometrice Elementa." D. 1710. Bourbons he was excluded fi'rom the In-JAMEs, was b. at Aberdeen in 1753, stitute, andcl deprived of his bishopric.
and was long one of the brightest orna- He spent the reainiider of his life in
nments of the university of Edinburtgh.  retirement, and d. at Paris in 1831.
He was the auithor o'f 1Philosophical Alniong his writings are, "Essai sur
and Literary Essays,"  "Cullen's First l'Amelioration Politique, Physique, et
Lines of' thle Practice of Physic with  Morale des Juifs;- "IMxemoires en faNotes," and'" Conspectus Medicince   veur dcs (ens de Couleur, ou SangTheoreticie."  D. 1821.-JOHN, a phy- miles de St. Domnague;"      Essai Hissician anld nfiscellaneous writer, was b. torique sur les Libertds de 1PEiise
in 1724, at Aberdeen, became professor Gallicane " "L L  Ruines   de Port Royof philosophy at Aberdeen, ad after- al," &c.
wards professor of physic at Edinburgh,  GiRENVILLE, GrEOSGE a1n English
and was appointed first physician to the  statesman in the reigns of Georre Ii. and
kiing of Scotland. His works are, "A   III., was younger brother of Richardc
Comparative View of the State and Fac- Grenville, Earl Temple, and the father
ulties of Malan with those of the Animal of Lord Grenville. I-e entered parliaWorld," "Observations on the Duties ment as member for Buckinghamishire,
and Offices of a Physician," " Elements  and was distinguished for his eloquence.
of the Practice of Physi," and "A Fa- He successively filled the situationls of
tlier's Legacy to his Daughters."  D. treasurer of the navy, first lord of the
1773.-OnLNTImUS, was b. at Yaxley, in  admiralty, and first lord of the treasury.
IHuntingcdonshire, in 1774.  He corn- In 1763 he became chancellor of tihe exmienced his literary career at the age of  chequer; but, in. 1765, he resigned his
19, but thie works which chiefly brought  ost to the marquis of Rockinghamm.
him into notice were his -Treatise on  Hi administration having been violent



GREJ                   CYCLOPARDIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                        461
Jy.httacked by the: press, he published  literati of the French capital; but at
"Considerations on the Commerce and     length hlie renounced his favorite pur*Finance4 of England, and on the Meas- suits, and retired fiom the gay world to
ures taken by the Ministers," &c., in its enjoy the tranmquillity of.retireent. I)D.
defence. -D. 1760.-W ILLIAM WYNDHAMr, 1777. His literary fatme rests principally
Lord, third son of the preceding, was b. on his " Ver Vert," his "Chartreuse,'
1759. He began his parliamentary career and " Le Mechant."
as the representative for Buckingham-     GRETREY, ANDIE ERNESTE MODshire, filled the speaker's chair six   ESTE, an eminent musical composer, was
months, and then succeeded Lord Sid- b. in 1744, at Liege. Hie first studied
ncy as secretary for the home depart- under Moreau, then went to Rome, and
ment. In 1790 he was raised to the finally settled at Paris, in 1768.      He
peerage, and in the following year made  produced upwards of 40 operas, of
secretary of state for foreign affairs. On  which about 20 retai.n possession of the
the dissolution of the ministry, his lord- stage, and two of them, "Zenire' et
ship principally confined his senatorial Azor' and "Richard Ccoeur de Lion,"
exertions to the cause of Catholic.eman- have been translated, and played in
cipation, for which he was always a     London with success. D. 1813.
steady and consistent advocate. He was    OEEVILLE, FUTLEN Lord Brooke, a
distinguished for his general literary at- patron'of letters, and an ingeniouis writainments, as well as for his political ter, was b. 1554, and    descended fron
knowledge; and he held the office of    the noble families of Neville, Beauchancellor of the university of Oxford; champ, and Willoughby de Brooke. lie
to which, on his death, in 1884, the was in great favor with Elizabet.i, and
duke of Wellington was elected.         was created Lord Brooke by James I.,
GRESHAM, Sir THOMAS, a patriotic      who gave him Warwick castle. In 1614
merchant and citizen of London, the     he was made tinder-treasurer, chancellor
son of Sir Richard Gresham, a merchant of the exchequer, and, one of the privy
and lord mayor of London, was b. 1519. council.' He founded a history lecture
His father had been the king's agent at at Cambridge.  He was stabbed by a
Antwerp, and the person who succeed- servant named Haywood, whom he had
ed him having mismanaged the royal reprimanded for an insolent expression,
affairs there, Sir Thomas was sent over, after which the assassin committed suiin 1552, to retrieve them. This he did  cide with the same weapon. This was
effectually. Elizabeth, on her accession, in 1628. After his death appeared sevremoved him from his oflice, but soon   eral of his poetical works, and the life
restored it, and knighted him.     He   of his friend Sir Philip Sidney, written
planned and erected a burse or ex- by him.
change for the merchants of London, in    GREY, CHARLES, Earl, a British statesimitation of that at Antwerp; and, in   man, distinguished for his senatorial
1570 it was opened by the queen in per- abilities generally, but more especially
son, who dined witlh the founder, and   for his long iand inflexible advocacy of
named it the Royal Exchange. Having     parliamentary reform, waes b. at Fallobuilt a mansion in Bishopsgate-street,  den, near Alnwick, 1764. He was alfor his town residence, he directed by  most constantly occupied in the discushis will that it should be converted into  sion of the most important questions
habitations and lecture-rooms for seven  that engaged the attention of parliaprofessors or lecturers on the seven    ment. At the onset of his career, his
liberal sciences, who were to receive a  oratorical powers were displayed as one
salary out cf the revenues of the Royal of the managers of-the impeachment of
Exchange; but Gresham      college has  Warren HIastings; and from that time
siince been converted into the general he always held a conspicuous station
excise office, and the lectures are now  among the Whigs. When, in January,
given in a room over the exchange. D. 1806, Mr. Pitt was removed from the
1579.                                  hielm of state by death, Mr. Grey took
GRESSET, JEAN BAPTISTE Louis, a       office, under Mr. Fox, as first lord of the
French poet and dramatist, b. in 1709; admiralty; and in the following October
entered the society of Jesuits, but with- was secretary of foreign affairs.  The
drew from them at the age of 26. For a  Whig ministry was soon after dismisslong time he excited the admirations of  ed, parliament was dissolved, and, oni
Parisians circles, wrote some elegant po- the death of Lord Grey's father, il 1807,
ems, became a member of the Academy, I e removed to the upper house.       D.
and was the comlpanion. of the wits anid  1845.-Lady JANE, an illustrious female,




462                   CYCLOPAErDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [RI
whose accomplishments and misfortunes possessed extensive legal information.
have rendered her an especial object of D. 1767.
interest, was the daughter of Henry     GRIESBACH, JOHN JAMES, an emiGrey, marquis of Dorset, by the Lady  nent German theologian, b. 1745, at
Frances, daughter of Charles Brandon, Butzbach, in the duchy of Hesse DarmAluke of Suffolk, and Mary, younger stadt. He studied successively at Franksister of Henry VIII. She was b. in   fort, Tubingen, Halle, and Leipsic; be1537, at Bradgate, her father's seat in  came rector of the university of Jena,
Leicestershire; and early in life gave  and ecclesiastical privy councillor to
proofs of talents of a superior order. the duke of Saxe-Weimar; and d. in
She wrote an incomparable hand, played  1812. His works, which are too numnerwell on different instruments, and ac- ous to particularize here, possess great
quired a knowledge of the Greek, He- erudition; but the most valuable is an
brevw, and Latin, as well as of the French  edition of the Greek Testament, with
anld Italian languaces. Ioge- Ascham  various readings.
has given a beautiful. and atfecting    GGIFFIER, JoxN, known by the apnarrative of his interview with her at pellation of Old Griffier, an eminent
Bradgate, where he found her reading  painter, was b. at Amsterdam -in 1658,
Plato's "Phedo," in Greek, while the and d. at London, in 1718. He sucfamily were amusing themselves in the ceeded chiefly in landscapes, and paintpark. In 1551 her Ifather was created  ed several views on the Thames. lie
cluke of Suffolk; and at this time Lady  also etched prints of birds and beasts.Jane Grey was much at court, where the His son RIOBERT, called the Younger
ambitious duke of Northumberland pro- Griffler, was b. in England, and was a
jected a marriage between her anld his good landscape painter, though not
son, Lord Guildford Dudley, which took  equal to his father.
place at the end of May, 1553. Soon     GRIFFIN, EDWARD DoRR, an eminent
after this Edward VI. died, having been  divine, b. at East Haddam, Ct., 1770.
prevailed upon, in his last illness, to  He was a pastor first at New Hartford,
settle the crown upon the Lady Jane, Ct., and then at Newark, N. J., and in
who reluctantly accepted the crown, and  1809 was appointed professor of sacred
-was proclaimed with great pomp. This rhetoric at Andover theological school.
gleam of royalty, however, was of short lie was next a preacher at Boston, and
duration, for the pageant reign lasted  in 1821 was chosen president of Wilbut nine days. The kingdom was dis- liams college. He was one of the most
satisfied, and the nobility indignant at eloquentpreachers of his day. D. 1837.
the presumption of Northumberland;      GRIF1 ITH, ELIZABETH, a native of
so that Mary soon overcame her ene- Wales, who jointly with her husband
mies, and was not backward in taking  wrote two novels, entitled  "Delicate
ample revenge. The duke of Northum- Distress," "The Gordian Knot," and
berland was beheaded; and Lacy Jane  "'The Letters of Henry and Frances."
and her husband were arraigned, con- She also produced several works of her
victed of treason, and sent to the Tow- sole composition, among which  are
er. After being confined some time, the  " Lady Juliana Harley," " The Morality
council resolved to put these innocent of Shakspeare's Drama illustrated," and
victims of a parent's unprincipled am- some plays. D. 1793.
bition to death. Lord Guildford suffered  GRIMALDI. The Grimaldi family
first; and as he passed her window, his have ever been of great importance in
lady gave him her last adieu. Immedi- Genoa, and many of its members are
ately afterwards she was executed on  conspicuous in the history of that rethe same scaffold; suffering with calm  public.-RANIERI, was the first Genoese
resignation, and a firm attachment to  who conducted the naval forces of the
the Protestant religion, Feb. 12, 1554.  republic beyond the Straits of Gibraltar.
GRIDLEY, JERFaMIAHr, an eminent In the service of Philip the Fair of
lawyer of Massachusetts, was b. about France, Grimaldi sailed to Zealand, in
the year 1705, and was graduated at 1304,- with 16 Genoese galleys and 20
Harvard dollege in 1725. He was a French ships under his command; and
warm advocate for the colonial rights, defeated and made prisoner the Count
but, notwithstanding, was appointed at- Guy of Flanders, who commanded the
torney-general of thie province, and in  enemy's, fleet of 80 sail.-ANTONIO, was
that capacity defendeld the obnoxious also a distinguished naval commander.
writs of assistance. He was a man of His victories over thle Catalonians and
an ardent and generous character, and  Aragonese, who had  committed ag



GRI]                  CYCLOPeEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        463
gressions on the Genoese, for a long   peculiarly his own-portraying to the
time gave the latter a decided maritirne  life all that is grotesque in manners, or
ascendency; but at length, in 1853, the  droll in human action. D. 18;37.-WILClataloni ans, assisted by the Venetians, LIAU, (marquis of Genoa,) was b. in
under the command of Nicholas Pisani, 1785, in Westminster, and in early life
gave him battle, and nearly destroyed  entered into the service of the East Inlis whole fleet.-GIOvANNI, is celebrated  dia Company, but afterwards held a
for the victory lie gained over the Vene- situation in the war-office at the Horse
tian admirall Trevesatni, on the Po, in  Guards. In 1828 he travelled in search
1431; when, in sight of Carmagnola's   of his hereditary rights, and disco-vered
armly, he succeeded in taking 28 galleys, that he was sole heir of the late marquis
and a great number of transports, with  of' Girnaldi; but he never enjoyed any
immlnse spoils.-DoMENICO, cardinal, advantage fiom it, being attacked by a
archbishop, and vice-legate of Avignon, fit of apoplexy while at his prayers.
was eminent both as a naval commandcl-   GRIMBALD, ST., a learned ecclesias
er and as a zealous extirpator of heresy  tie of the 9th century, who was invited
from the Catholic churchl. At the bat- over from Flanders by Alfred the Great.
tie of Lepanto, in 1571, though a bishop  He brought with him several learned
at the time, he is said to have distin- associates, and settled at Oxford; but
guisihed himmself by his skill and cour- disputes arising between the strangers
age.-GERONImo,, b. 1597, was sent by  and the students before placed there, lie
Urban VIII. as nunlCi to Germany and   retired to a monastery, founded by AlFrance; and the services he rendered   fred, at Winchester. It is supposed
the Roman court were rewarded, in      that he was skilful as an architect, and
16-13, by a cardinal's hat. He was bish- that the crypt of St. Peter's church, Oxop of Aix, and endeavored to reform    ford, is his work.
the manners of the clergy in his diocese,  G  IKE, THOMAS SMITHr, a cistinby establishing an ecclesiastical semina- guished lawyer of South Carolina, b. at
ry; he also founded an hospital for the  Charleston, 1778. lie was a fine claspoor, andc annually cistributed 100,000  sical scholar, of  levotec  piety, and
livres of his vast property in alns. D. throughout his life took a. warm interest
1685.-FRANcESCO MARIA, a learned Jes-  in all the benevolent movements of the
uit and an eminent mathematician, was  day, especially on the subject of peae.
b. at Bologna, in 1613. He assisted    D. 1834.-JOMN F., judge of the si
Riccioli in his scientific labors; and was preme court of South Carnolina, was a
the author of " Phvsico-mathesis de Lu- colonel in the war of the American revmine Coloribus et Iride, aliisque annex- olution. He published " A Revised Ediis," &c. D. 1663.-GIOVANNI, an emi- tion of the Laws of South Carolina, to
nent painter, also called Bolognese, was  1789;" " On the Duty of Justices of
b. at Bologna, in 1606. He studied Iunl- Peace," "A Probate Diector." D. 1819.
der Annibale Caracci, to whom he was     GRIMM, FREDERIC MELcoIHIO, baron
related; and became distinguished chief- de, counselloi of state of the Russian
ly as a landscape painter, though he was empire, and a man of letters, was b. in
also employed on historical subjects, 1723, at Ratisbon. Going to Paris, he
particularly in the Vatican. Nor Was became principal secretary to the duke
he merely a painter; ias an architect lhe  of Orleans, and acquainted with Rouswas greatly distinguished, and as an en- seau and other Parisian philosophers;
graver also his merit was conspicuous. an account of whose writings, f'iecndCardinal Mazarin invited him to Paris, slips, disputes, &c., has been preservec
where he enjoyed a pension, and was in his "Correspondence.".In 1776,
much noticed by Louis XIII. D. 1680. being appointed envoy fiom the duke
-JOSEPr, an unrivalled pantomnimie     of Saxe-Gotha to the French court, he
clown, b. 1779, was the son'of Signior was honored with the title of baron, and
Grimaldi, an artiste, noted for his hu- invested with several orders. On the
mor and eccentricities, who by day fol- revolution breaking out, he retired to
lowed the profession of a dentist, and  the court of Gotlha, where lie found a
by night that of ballet-master at Drury- safe asylum.  In 1795 the empress of
lane.   For a period of forty years Russia mlade him her minister plenipo"Grimaldi the clown" delighted the tentiary to the states of Lower Saxony;
laughter-loving audiences of Drury-lane, and he was confirmed in that post by
Covent-garden, and Sadler's-wells, with  Paul I., and retained it till ill health
a rich and (paradoxical as the term rnay  obliged him to relinquish it. D. 1807.
Beem) intellectual species of buffoonery,  GRIMOARD, Count PHILIP DE, a




464                   -CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [GRO
French diplomatist, general, and author, collection of valuable books, and settled!escended from an aancient fimily, one  pensions on many eminent sholars.
of whose miembers s was Pope Urban V. D 1565.
Louis XVI. intrusted him wiith a nego-  GRONOVIUS, JOHN FREDERIC, asn
tiation in HIolland; and on his return he  erudite writer, b. at Hamburgh, in 1611.
formed the plans, offensive andc defen- He studied at Leipsic and Jena; travsive, for. the campaign of 1792. The  elled through France, Holland, and
fall of the king interruptedl hi career, England, and  became professor of
and he retired to prisvte life, devoting  belles lettres at Leyden, where he d.
himself to literature. He wrote "Essai in 1671. With extensive knowledge
Thlorique et Pratique surles Batailles,"  he combined indcefatigable industry, a
"Rechereces sur la Force de 1'Armee ie modest opinion of his own merit, and
Franlaise," &c..; andi " Tableau HIistori- amiable manners. IIe published a numque de la Guerre dela:RIvolation de ber of classics with valuable notes and
France," 1808, in conjunction with Gen- improved readings; of which L; Comeral Servan; of which work only 3 vols. mentarius de Sesterciis," a'nd'his edition
were published, when it was suppressed  of Hugo Grotius's work, " De Jure Belli
by order of Bonaparte. D. 1815.       et Pacis," will serve as instances.GRIMISTON, Sir HAnBOTTLE ain emi- JAJMES, son of the preceding, was b. at
nent English lawyer in the time of    Deventer, in 1645. He was educated
Cromwell, was b. in Essex, about 1594. entirely nnder his father, whom  he
In 1660 he was chosen speaker of What surpassed in learning, though he fell
was called "the healing parliament,"  short of him in modesty and liberality.
andl he was one of the coinmissioners In 1672 le went to France, and from
who waited on Charles II. at Breda; on  thence to Italy, where the grand-ducke
whose restoration he was made master of Tuscany gave him a pension, and
of the rolls. He published the " Re- obtained for him    a professorship at
ports of Sir George Croke."  D. 1683.  Pisa. This he held two years, and
GEINDAL, EDMUND, archbishop of      then returned to Leyden; land was
Canterbury, was b. at Hensingham, in  appointed to the professorship of belles
Cumberland, in 1519. In 1559 lie was lettres and qeography in that university.
chosen master of Pembroke hall, and   His acquirecnents in criticism and phithe same year preferred to the see of lology were very extensive; le compiled
London; in 1570 he was translated to the valuable " Thesaulrus Antiquitatum
York; and in 1575 to Canterbury. Two  Gracarltn, andl edited a variety of clasyears afterwards he was suspended from  sics. I). 1716.
his archiepiscopal functions, for refusing  GROS, ANTOINE JEAN, Baron, a disto obey Queen Elizabeth's order to sup- tinguished Frenlch painter, professor of
press prophesyings, or associations of  painting at the Ecole loyale des Beaux
the clerfly'to expound the Scriptures. Arts, was. at Paris, 1771. His pencil
At lengthl his sequestration was taken  was chiefly devoted to the illustration
off, though lie never completely recov- of subjects fromn the history of France
ered tlhe royal favor. Ho contributed  during the career of Napoleon; andc his
to "Fox's Acts ancd Monumenlts, " and  pictures, though coarse, are conspicuous
founded: tle celebrated school of St. for vigor and felicity of execution. OD.
Bee's, in Cumberland. D. 1583.        1835.
GGRISWOLD, RoGER, governor of          GROSE, FRANCIe, an enminelt English
Connecticut, graduated at'Yale college, antiquary, was b. in 1731, at Richmond,
1780,. and afterwards studied law. In  in Surrey. His father was a jeweller,
1794 hle was elected a member of con- and left him a good fortune, which he
gress. In 1801 he declined the appoint- soon spent, ancd becaume adijutant and
ment of secretary of war, offered himu by  paymaster in the Sulrrey militia. Ie
Mr. Adams. In 1807 he was appointedi wvas remiarlkable for his wit and humlor,
a: judge of the supreme court of Con- and of a generous disposition, but his
lnecticut. He was lieutenant-governor imprudences involved him in mgreat diffrom 1809 to 1811, when he was elected  ficulties; to clear himself fiomsl which,
governor. D. 1812, aged 50.           he published his " Views of Antiquities
GROLLIER, JoHn, patron of learned    in England and Wales."   Besides his
men, was b. at Lyomns, in 1479. lie was  " Antiquities," he publieshed a " Treagrand treasurer to Francis I., who sent tise on Ancient Armor and Wceaponls,"
lim on an embassy to Rome, where lie  "MilitaryAntiquities," and other works
employed the Alduses to print some    D. 1791
classics for him. He also made a large  GROSSMANN, GUSTAVUS FRaEDERI




GRU]                  CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        465
WILLIAM, a celebrated actor and drama- uncommon facility for learning, and at
tist, b. at Berlin, in 1746. He was ori- the age of 14 delivered public orations
ginally employed in some subordinate  at Venice. He d. 1585, having a short
diplomatic situations at Warsaw and   time before performed the part of (EdiBerlin; but having become acquainted  pus in. a play at Vicenza, with great repwith Lessing at the latter place, an acci- utation.
dental hint frim that celebrated writer  GROUCHY, EMANUEL, marquis of, a
induced him to try his fortune as a   distinguished marshal of France, and a
dramatist; and he wrote several sue- scion of a noble Norman family, was b.
cessful plays. He afterwards became   at Paris, 1766. In 1789 he was a suban actor and manager, manifesting con- lieutenant of the royal gardes du corps;
siderable talents, and effecting many  but embracing the new ideas, he took
reformations in the German stage; but part in the wars of the revolution, and
his bad suceess as a manager led to    gained great distinction, especially in
habits of intemperance, and involved  the Alps and La Vendee, where he was
him in great distress. D. 1796.       named general of division in 1793, The
GROTIUS, or DE GROOT, Huoo, an      decree which deprived all the nobles of
eminent scholar and statesman, b. at France of military rank fell heavily upon
Delft, in Holland, 1583. He was de- him; but nothing daunted he joined
scended from a noble family, received  the army as a. private, and his distinan excellent education, and gave early  guished gallantry soon led to his restomanilestations of surprising talents. In  ration. Dispatched in 1798 to the army
15'9 he commenced his career as a legal of Italy, under the command of Joubert,
advocate, and also as an author; and  he planned the abdication of the king
lie was successively appointed histori- of Sardinia, and thus united Piedmont
ographer, advocate-general of Holland  to France. He took part in the battle
and Zealand, a member of the states- of Novi, where he received 14 wounds,
general, and envoy to England. In 1613  and fell into the enemy's hands. His
le became syndic, or pensioner, of Rot- bravery was no less conspicuous on the
terdam,; and, declaring himself on the fields of Hohenlinden, Eylau, Friedland,
side of Barneveldt, he supported him, Wagram, Moscow, &c.; and he obtained
and the cause of the Ajminlans, by his the marshal's baton from the hands of
pen and influence. Blut he narrowly   the emperor shortly before his abdieaescaped the fate of Barneveldt, who   tion. During the: hundred days he was
suffered on the scaffold, and received  opposed to the duke d'Angouleme in
sentence of imprisonment for life in the the south, and made him prisoner. He
fortress of Louvestein. From this, how- was then sumninmonedinto Belgium, where
ever, at the expiration of 18 months, he played an iumportant part. Ile had
which he had employed in writing his already carried the villages of Fleurus,
celebrated "Treatise on the Truth of   (June 16,) and Ligny, (June 17,) and
the Christian Religion," he succeeded  was marching according to his instrucin escaping. This was effected by the tions in pursuit of Blucher with a body
management of his wife, who contrived  of 30,000 men, when the battle of Wato have him carried out of the castle in  terloo. was fouoht. Not getting instruca clest that had been used for the con- tions in time, he could not take part in
veyance of books and linen. Grotius at the battle, and his absence may in some
first souglht an asylum in France; and  measure be. said to have decided the
it was during his residence there that fortune of the day. At the restoration,
he composed his great work, " De Jure  his title of marshal was not acknowlBelli et Pacis."  After an absence of 12  edged, and remained so till 1830, a year
years, he returned to his native country, wtich righted a good many wrongs. In
relying on the fa Tor of Frederic Henry, 1832 he was created a peer. 1). 1847.
prince of Orange, who had written him   GRUBENMANN, JOImN UJLRIC and
a sympathizing letter. But, by them in- JOHN, two Swiss mechanics, who having
fluence of his enemies, he was con- been brought up as carpenters, devoted
clemned to perpetual banishment. He their entire attention to the construction
passed the remnant of his life in. the  of wooden bridges without the support
diplomatic service of Sweden, and d. at of piers. The most extraordinary of
Rostock, in 1645.                     these were at Reichenau, Wettingen,
GROTO, LEWIS, an Italian poet, str- and Schaffhausen; the latter, over the
named II Ciero, was b. at Adria, in   Rhine, being nearly 400 feet long. Du1541. He wts blind from his infancy; ring the campaign of 1799 they wrere all
notwithstanding which he displayed an  destroyed by the French. The ingenious




466                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      [GUE
builders died about the end of the 18th  his depredations in the British Channel,
century.                              and also on tte coast of Spain. In 1709
GRUNDY, FELIX, a senator of the     he was ennonled, and two years afterUnited States, b. in Virginia, 1777, who  wards he made himself master of Rio
early removed to Kentucky, where he   Janeiro. D. 173G.
distinguished himself as a lawyer. He   GUELF, or GUELPHI (fi'om the Italwas a member of the Kentucky legisla- ian Guelfi and the German WLelfen,) the
ture froml 1799 to 1806, when he was name of a celebrated family, which, in
appointed one of the judges of the su- the 11th century, was transplanted fi'om
preme court, and then chief justice. Italy to Gernany, where it became the
Shortly afterwards he removed to Ten- ruling race of several countries. The
nessee, where he was elected to con- family still continues in the two lines of
gress, in 1811, and served with activity  Brnnswick-the royal in Eng'land, and
for several sessions.  In 1829 he was the dcal in Germany. The memory of
appointed senator, and took a leading  this ancient name was revived by the
part in the politics of the period. Presi- foundation of the IHanoverian Guelphic
dent Van Buren made him     attorney- order.
general. D. 1840.                       GUERCINO, (properly      GIANFRANGRYPHIUS, AN.DREW, a celebrated     cEsco BARBIrmI, but surnamed Guercino
German dramatist, was b. at Glogau, in  da Cento fiom  his squinting,) was a
1616. He was called the Corneille of  celebrated painter, b. at Cento, near
Germany, and his tragedies acquired   Bologna, in 1590. Ile studied under
great popularity. He also wrote a keen  Cremonini and Gennari; but adopted
satire on the old comedies of his coun- two or three styles in succession, and
trymen, and produced some smart epi- atfterwards pertected himself in the
grams. D. 1664.-SEBASTI.N, a printer school of Ludovico Caracci. He executed
in the 16th century, who settled at 106 altar-pieces for churches, and 144
Lyons, and was distinguished for the  historical pieces, besides numerous perbeauty of his Greek and Hebrew types. forlances in fresco; i short, such was
D. 1556..                 the uncommton rapidity of his pencil,
GUA, JOIN PAUL DE, a French ccle- that, having been requested by some
siastic, was b. in Languedoc, in 1712. monks, on the esve of a festival, to paint
He laid the plan of the " Encyclopddie,"  Jehovah for the grand altar, he finished
and wrote a number of mathematical the picture in one night by torch light.
papers in the " Memoirs of the Acad- The duke of Mantua conferred on hiim
emy;" besides which he translated some  the honor of knighthood; and several
English works into French. D. 1785.   sovereigns endeavored, in vain, to draw
GUALDO PRIORATO, GALEAsso, an       him into their service. He d. in 1666,
Italian historian, b. at Vicenza, in 1606; very rich, notwithstanding he lhad exauthor of a "History of the Troubles in  pended large sums in building chapels,
France," an "Account of the Adminis- founding hospitals, and other acts of
tration of Cardinal Mazarin," and his charity and devotion.
" Life," a "History of the Wars of the  GUERICKE, OTTO VON, a distinEmperors Ferdinand II. and III.," &c. guished experimental philosopher, was
D. 1678.                              b. 1602; studied at Leipsic, Jena, and
GUARINI, BATTISTA, a celebrated Ital-  Leyden; travelled in France and Enian poet, b. at Ferrara, in 1537. He was gland; and settled at Magdeburgh, where
secretary to Alphonso, duke of Ferrara; he eventually became burgomaster. lie
next, to Ferdinand de Medici, grand- invented the air-pump, and in 1654 made
duke of Tuscany; and, subsequently, the first public experiments with his
to the cduke of Urbino. IIe was well lmachine at the diett at Ratisbon, before
acquainted with polite literature; wrote the Emperor Ferdinand III., several
several admired poems; but his chief  electors, and other estates of the empire.
composition is his pastoral draman, en- His electrical and astronomical knowltitled "11 Pastor Fido.' 1). 1612.    edge also was considerable. D. 1686.
GUAY-TROUIN, RENE DU, a. French       GUERRERO, VICENTE, elected presinaval officer, was b. at St. Maloes, in  dent of the United Mexican States, in
1673. He commanded a ship at the age 1829, was by birth a Creole. At the
of 18, and had great success on the coast very commencement of the revolution
of Ireland, but at last fell in the hands in Mexico he took arns against the
of some English cruisers, and was carried  royalists, and never ceased to occupy a
into tPlymouth; from whence he made prominent position in the affairs of that
his escape, and in a short time renewed  country. On repeated occasions, from




GUI]                  CYCLOP~EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        407
1819 to 1828, General Guerrero became professor of jurisprudence in his native
the rallying point of the liberal or popu- city.  Politics, however, occupied the
lar party, the Yorkinos, and was repeat- rest of his life. In 1512 he was sent amedly called into active service in his bassador, on the part of the republic, to
military capacity. Having been success- the Spanish court at Bruges; for his
ful in various contests with the aristo- services in which mission he was recratical party, he at length, in 1829, was ceived with great honor by his countryelected to tle presidency. The expedi- men, and Leo X. constituted him advotion of Barradas soon gave employment cate of the consistory. In 1518 he was
to the new government; and the better made governor of Modena and Reggio,
to enable the president to meet the and next of Parnma, where he drove out
exigency, he was invested with extra- the French, and confirmed the inhabitordinary powers; but after the victory  ants in their obedience. He was afterover the Spanish troops, and when the wards reappointed to the government
invading  expedition  was destroyed, of Modena, and the presidency of the
Guerrero evinced an unwillingness to   Romagna; and, in 1531, he was'made
relinquish the dictatorship, which be- governor of' Bologna, where he assisted
camne the pretext of another revolution; at the coronation of Charles V. After a
and Bustamente, the vice-president, as- life of great activity, he returned to his
sumed the reins of government. Guer- native city, and there began his great
rero, however, was not long idle: in   work on the "1 History of Italy during
September, 1830, he collected a large his own Time," which he had nearly
force at Valladolid, and established a completed at the time of his death, in
form of government in opposition to that 1540.
of Bustamente, and the whole country     GUIDO RENI, one of the most emiwas agitated by troops in arms. But nent among the Italian painters, was b.
his career was almost run. In February, at Bologna, in 1575.  Combining the
1831, he was taken, and shot.          beauties of Albert Durer and Caravaggio
GUEVARA, Louis VELEZ DE LAS with the school of Caracci, lie soon gave
DUENAS Y, a Spanish dramatist and      his teachers occasion to admire his
romance writer, was b. in 1574, at Ecija,- talents, and is even said to have exin Andalusia. He was an advocate, ald  cited the jealousy of Annibale Caracci.
by his flashes of wit often drew forth  I-e washonored, caressed, and employed
peals of laughter from the court. Sev- by the great, and might have accumueral of his comedies are excellent; but lated great wealth; but, to satisfy an
the work which especially established  unfortunate passion for gambling, lie
the fame of Guevara was his "Diablo    often sold his paintings at any price,
Cojuelo," an admirable romance, which, and became involved in pecuniary emafforded the idea of Le Sage's famous barrassments, so that, in 1642, he d. in
"Diable Boiteux."  Many of his witty   a state of poverty and dejection. Guido
sayings have become familiar to the    imitated the beautiful in nature, and
people, and to this day are often heard  was pre-eminently the painter of youth
as proverbs in Spain. D. 1646.         and female loveliness. - CAGNACCI, an
GUIBERT, JACQUEs ANTOINE HYPo- historical painter, b. at Bologna in 1600,
LITE, count de, a celebrated French tac- and a disciple of Guido Reni. D. 1680.
tician, was b. at Montauban, in 1743.    GUILLOTIN, JOSEPH IGNATIUS, a
He studied the military art under his French physician, who, during the revfather, with whom   he served in the olution, proposed the use of the gullGerman war; and, in the expedition to lotine, an instrument made after the
Corsica, he was made a colonel, with the fashion of "the maiden," which was
cross of St. Louis.  On his return to  used on the Scottish borders in the 16th
France, lie published his "Essai Gen6- century.  He practised medicine in
ral de Tactique," which work being     Paris many years, and was much rediametrically opposed to Folard's, ex- spected for his general conduct. He was
cited a vehement controversy. HIe was a member of the national assembly,
also the author of some tragedies; his- where his political principles were
torical eulogies on Marshal Catinat, the  marked by moderation, and his introchancellor die l'1o6pital, and Frederic  duction of this instrument of death was
the Great; "Travels in Germany," and   fiom a humane motive-that of render" Travels in Switzerland."  D. 1790.   ing capital punishment less painful, by
GUICCIARDINI, FRANCIs, an Italian    decapitation. He was not, as has been
historian, uwas b. at Florence, in 1482. reported, the victim of his own conIle was bred to the law, and appointed  trivance, though greatly annoyed by its




468                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [GuS
being called by his name. D. in peace- procured his assassination as he was enful retirement, 1814.                 tering the council chamber, Dec. 23,
GUIRAN, GALLIARD, counsellor of      1558.-IIENRY II., duke of Lorraine,
state to the prince of Orange in the 17th  a grandson of the preceding, was b. 1614.
century; author of an " Historical and  He is described as piodigal and brave,
Chronological Register of the Seneschals  addicted equally to love and war. After
of Nismes and Beaucaire."  D. 1680.   having joined in the rebellion of the
GUISCHARD, CHARLES GOTLIEB, an       count de Soissons, and received a parable writer on military tactics, was a na- don, he was induced to join the revolted
tive of Magdeburg.    His works are    Neapolitans; and, at their head, dis" IMmoires Militaires sur les Grecs et played great gallantry; but he at length
les Romains" and'"Memoires Critiques  fell into the hands of the Spaniards, D.;
et Historiques sur plusieurs Points    1664.
d'Antiqnites Militaires."  D. 1775.      GUITON, JOHN, a citizen of Rochelle,
GUISE, FRANCIs oF LOrBRINE, duke     who was chosen mayor of the town when
of, an illustrious warrior of France. but it was besieged by Cardinal Richelieu,
as ambitious and bigoted as he was in 1667. He refused the post, unless
brave. IHe was b. 1519; distinaguished  permitted to have a poniard to stab the
himself by his bravery at the siege of  first who should offer to surrender.
Boulogne, the defence of Metz, the con- Being told that famine had carried off
quest of Calais, &c.; and lost his life  many of the inhabitants, he: answered,
by assassination, in 1653.-CHARLES OF, "It matters not, provided there is one
usually called the Cardinal of Lorraine, left to shut the gates."
was the minister of Francis II. and      GUIZOT, ELIZABETH CIARLOTTE PAUCharles.IX. He is notorious for his    LINE, a French lady, whose works writviolent and intolerant spirit, and his ten for the instruction of youth have
memory will ever be held in execration  given her celebrity, was b. at Paris, in
for the furious persecution he promoted  1778. Herl father died when she was
against the Protestants of France. B. a child, and her famniiy havilng been
1525; d. 1574. —HENRY OF LoRRAINE, brought to distress by the revolutionary
eldest son of Francis, duke of Guise,,changes, she was induced to attemrpt
was b. in 1550. He is memorable in the  authorship, in order to provide for their
history of France for. his bravery; -but exigencies. She accor'dingly produced
he was of a turbulent, ambitious, and  the novels, entitled " Les Contradiccruel disposition. After having cistin- tions" and  La Chapelle d'Ayton;" she
guished himself in Hungary by his valor  also wrote in the public journals; and
agoainst the Turks, -le placed himself at her articles on manners, the dranma,
the head of an armed band, which he    &c., attracted considerable attention.
called the League, under the pretext of  At length she became acquainted with
defending the Rolman CathoeR religion, M. Guizot, since distinguished also as a
Henry III. the king, and the state, statesman; in 1812 they were married;
against the designs of the Huguenots, or  and she subsequently acquiredno small
French Protestants.   This plan was    share of literar y distinction for her
formed by his brother the cardinal, and  " L'Ecolier on Raoul et Victor," " Nouthe Huguenots were massacrec by thou- veaux Contes," and " Lettres de Famillo
sands. But their violence did 1nott stop  r l'Edncation Domestique." ID. 1827
here. Guise now became an open rebel;    GUNDULF, bishop of Rochester, was
he entered Paris against the king's ex- one of the Norman ecclesiastics brought
press order, and put to the sword all over, by William the Coiqueror. iHe
who opposed him; and the streets be- was a celebrated architect; and built
ing barricaded to prevent his progress, that part of the Tower of London called
this fatal clay is called in French history, the White Tower.  He also erected
"the day of the barricades."  The kiing  ochester castle, and rebuilt the catheescaped to Blois, and convened an as-  dral. D. 110S.
sembly of the states; and the duke of    GUNNER, JOHN ERNEST, bishop of
Guise had the boldness to appear there  Drontheim, was b. at Christiana, in
to a summons sent him for that purpose. Norway, 1718. He founded the Royal
A forced reconciliation then took place  Norwegian Society, in the Transactions
between thenm, by the advice of this as- of which he published several valuable
sembly; but it being afterwards discov- papers on natural history. On account
ered that Guise had formed a plan to   of his zeal for botany, Linnleus gave his
dethrone the king, the latter, wanting  name to a plant in his system. He pubthe resolution to bring him to a trial, lished "Flora Norvegica," and d. 1773.




GUY]                 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOoRAPHIY,                     469
GUNTER, EDMUND- a mathematician, MSS. of Archbishop Sancroft; "'The
was b. in Herefordshire, in 1581. I-e History and Antiquities of the Colleges,
was professor of astrononly in Gresham  &c., fronm iSS. in the Bodleian library,
college, where he d. 1626. He invent- written by Anthony Wood;" "The
ecl a portable quadrant for astronomical Antiquities'and Annals of the Univerpurposes, and the famous "rule of pro- sity," &. D. 1831.
portion," whicih, in its inechanical form,  (UTIIRIE WILLItn,  an indefatigable
is styled" Gunter's scale."  le alsodis- writer, was b. at Brechin, Scotland, in
covered the variation of the magnetic 1708; and after receiving his education
needle. His works were collected into  at King's college, Aberdeen, settled in
one volume, and have been repectedly  London as an author. Among the. vapublished. D. 1626.                  rious works which bear this author's
GUSTAVUS I., king of Sweden, name are, a'"History of Englanld," a
known by the name of Gustavus Vasa, "History of Scotland," an "Universal
was b. in 1490. Having delivered Sweden  History,' the  "Geographical Gramfrom the Danish yoke, he was, in 1523, mar;" " The Friends," a novel, " Reelected king of that country; reigned  marks on English Tragedy," also a
gloriously for 37 years, and d. 1560.-  translation of /uintilian, and Cicero's
ADOLPHUS, the grandson of Gustavus  "Offices."  D. 1770.
Vasa, was b. at Stockholm, in 1595, and  GUTTEMBERG, JOHN, usually called
ascendedthethrone in1611. HIebrought the inventor of printing, was b. at
the war in which his country was then  Mentz, in 1400. In 1427 le resided at
involved with Denmark, Russia, and   Strasburg, as a merchant; but returned
Poland, to a successful issue; alnd after- to Mentz in 1480. About 143S, Guttemwards led an army of 60,000 men into  berg made use of movable types of
Germany for the noble purpose of res- wood; and in 1450 formed a co-partnercuing the Protestants from the tyranny  ship with John Faust, or Fust, a rich
of the house of Austria. He penetrated  goldsmith, who furnished money to
from the Vistula to the Danube, and  establish a press, on which the Latin
twice defeated the celebrated Tilly. Bible was first printed. Guttemberg,
This great prince fell in the battle fought whose printing-office remained in Mentz
on the plains of Lutzen, in 1632.-II'., till 1465, d. 1468.
was the son of Adolphus Frederic aind  GUY, TroMAs, the founder of Guy's
Louisa Ulrica, sister of Frederic II., hospital, was the son of a iighterman of
king of Prussia. He was b. 1746, and  Horsleydown, and b. in 1644. He was
succeeded his father in 1771. ie abol- brought up to the business of a bookished the practice of torture, and intro- seller, and had a lucrative trade by
duced other good regulations in the dealing largely in the importation of
administration of justice. Ie alsoform- bibles firom  Iolland, and afterwards
ed a college of co{mmerce, and reforled  contracting  with  Oxford  for those
his army and navy. In 1788 he wa's in- pinted at that university; but his
volved in a war with Russia, which   principal gains arose from the disrepupower was assisted by Denmark. Gus- table purchase of seamen's prize tickets,
tavus headed his army himself, and   and jobbing in South Sea stock. By
stormed the defences of Frederickshall, these means, joined to most penurious
where he took and destroyed a great habits, lie amislsed a fortune of nearly
number of vessels. On the breaking   half a million sterliln,  of which he
out of the French revolution, a coalition  spent about ~200,000 in building and
was formed between the northern pow- endowing the hospital in Southlwark,
ers and Spain, by which it was agreed  which bears his name. He also erected
that Gustavus should inarch against alms houses at Tamworth, and made
France at the head of a considerable bequests to Christ's hospital and vaarmy; but    lfwile preparations were rious other charities; besides leaving
inakingf, le was shot at a masquerade  ~80,000 to be divided among those who
by Anlkarstroem, a disbanded officer of  could prove anv degree of relationship
the army, 1792.-IV., was b. 1778, and  to him. D. 172.
ascended the throne when his father fell.  GUYON, JEAN MARIE BOUVIERE DE
D. 1857.                             LA MOTHE, a French lady, celebrated as
GUTCH, JoHiN, an antiquarian vwriter, a religious enthusiast, was b. at Monwho was registrar of the university of targis, in 1648, and became a widow
Oxford, rector of St. Clement's, and with three children, at the age of
chaplain of All Soul's college. He pub- twenty-eight. Having a strong predilished "' Collectanea Curiosa, ffroim the lection for a kind of mystical devotion,
40




470                   CYCLOPAFDIA OF BIOGRAPITY.                     LGWI
shl relinquished the care of her children  was the son of a lawyerat Dijon, where
to others, and gave up a part of her he was b. in 1737. I-e fiogued among
fortune for their mainteniance, whlile the earliest and most violent of the
she professed to be wholly guidec by  revolutionists; bore a decided enmity
" divine impulses," thereby implying a to the kingly authority and the priestcomplete renunciation of self, the silence  hood; becmne successively a Imember
of the soul, and the annihilattion of all of the legislative assembly, the convenearthly cares and ecmotions, which has tion, the colmmittee of. public safety,
since obtained the naime of quietislm. and the council of five hundred;i was
For several years she wandered froom  made a melnber of the legion of honor,
place to place, preaching her doctrines, and a baron of the empire by Bonaand mnaking converts; till her famne parte; and was director of tlhe Polyreaching Paris, and calumny having    technic school, and administrator of the
been busy with her character, sche wvas mint. Besides his share in the " Encywas by the king's orderl shut up ill a clopedie Methodique," he was one of
convent. Through the intercession of  the principal editors of the "Annals
nmadame de Maintenon, however, she    of Chemistry," and wrote solne other
soon obtained her liberty;,end such  chemical works. D. 1816.
were the attractions of her eloquence,  GWILYM, DAVID AP a British bard,
anrd the tenderness andcl apparent fervor known by the name of Dlavid of Glaof her piety, that she not only madcle morgan, anld styled the Welsh Ovid,
proselytes of many ladies of the courti, was b. in 1840, in the county of Cardibut enlisted the illustrious Fenelon in c gan. HIe was one-of tle itinerant bards,
her cause. Her doctrines and conduct and becamle steward and tutor in the
at length excited the resentment of Bos- family of Ivor Iael, where Ihe d. 1400.
suet and other rigid ecclesiastics, and  His poelms were published in 1792, and
she was compelled to si(gn a recantation. are said, by those who profess to be
But again pursuing the same career in  judges, to be nnsurpassed by any of his
Paris, she was confined in the Bastille. bardic successors.
On being liberated, in 1702, she retired  GWINNE, MxATTvEW, was aphysician
to Blois, and there passed the rermainder  of Welsh descent, but b. in Lonlon.
of her life in the private exercise of  After taking his degrees at Oxford, lhe
"quietism." HIer works, which are     commenced practice there: but, on the
very voluminous, are now scarcely     settlement of Gresham college, he was
remembered, except the one entitled   chosen professor of physic, and in 1605
"The Song of Songs interpretecl ac- appointed physician to the Tower. He
cording to its Mystical Sense."-MARIm  wrote a comiedy called "Vertumlnus,"
CLAUDE, a priest of the Oratory at Paris, " Orations,'" Letters on Chemical and
author of a "History of the Amazons,"  Magical Secrets," &c. D. 1627.
a "History of Empires and Republics,"   GWINNET, BUTTON, was b. ill Ena "History of the Indies."  B. 1701; gland in 1732, and after engaging in
d. 1771.                              commercial  pursuits,  emigrated  to
GUYS, PETER AUGUSTINE, a Fcrench    America in 1770, and resided for about
merchant, b. at Marseilles, in 1720; two years at Charleston, S. C. H.  e then
whose love of letters induced him, removed to Georgia, and having purwhen trading to the Levant,'to make   chased a:plantation turned his attention
frequent excursions into Greece, with to agriculture. On the commencement
Homer in his hand, for the purpose of of the revolution, he took an active part
making his comments on the spot, anld in the affairs of this state; was elected
tracing the vestiges of its ancient glories, a representative in the general congress
The fruit of his researches appeared in  of 1775, 1776, and 1777, and sigledl the
a work, entitled "Voyage Litteraire d  dedclaration of independence. In May,
la Grece."  He also wrote "Relation   1777, he was a candidate for the chair
Abregee de les Voyages en Italie et of governor of the state, but failed; and
dans le Nord."                        on the 27th of the same month was shot
GUYTON     DE  MORVEAU, Louis in a duel with a political rival, General
BERNARD, an eminent French chemist, M'Intosh.




HiAG]                CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        471
H.
IHAAK, THEODORE, a German writer, tory of thatcounty. B.1560; d.1647.b. at Newhausen, 1605. lie studied at WILLIAM, son of the preceding,  as b.
Oxford, translated the Dutch " Annota- at Henlip, Worcestershire, in 1605; and
tions of the Bible," and was one of the  was botlh a poet and an historian. He
founders of the Royal Society. D. 1690. was educated at St. Omer's and Paris;
HAAS, WILLIAM, a letter-founder at married the daughter of the first Lord
Basle, who improved the -'rt of printing  Powis; and published a volume of
by the invention of a balance-press, &c. poems, under the title of "Castara;"
D. 1800.                              which, according to the judgment of
IHABERLIN, FRANCIS DOMINIC, a Ger- modern critics, possess much -fancy,
man historian and antiquary, author of elegance, and moral feeling. His other
the " History of the German Empire,"  works are, "The Queen of Aragon," a
but which, owin- to his death, in 1787, trai-comedy; " Observations upon Hiswas left incomplete. lie was a native  tory," and " A History of Edlward IV."
of Suabia, and professor of history at D. 1645.
HIelmstadt.-CIIAPLES FREDERIC, 0so1 of  IIACKET, JOHN, bishop of Lichfield,
the preceding, was professor of juris- was b. in 1592; received his education
prudence in the university of Helm- at Westminster, and Trinity college,
stadt, and. the author of vnrious legal Cambridge.; and became chaplain to
works. 1). 1808.                      Jamnes I. This appointment soon led
HABERT, GERnMAIN, a French poet, to other church preferment. -le was
was abbot of Notre Dame de Cerisi, and  the author of " A Century of Sermons,"
one of the first members of the acadelmiy. "  Loyola," a Latin play, twice performed
He d. in 1655. His principal poem is at the university before James I.; and
entitled l "Mtamorphose   des  Yeux   the "Life of Bishop Williams." D. 1670.
d'l-is changes en Astres." lIe also    IHACQUET, BALTHASAR, an eminent
wrote the " The Life of Cardinal de naturalist, b. at Conquet, in Britany, in
Berulle."-IsAAc, bishop of Vabres, in  1740. D. 1815.
France; distinguished himself as a con-  HADLEY, JOeN, an English philosotroversialist against Jansenius, and left pher, who lived in the early part of thle
a translation of the pontifical of the 18th century. He inventecd the quadGreek church, some Latin poems, and   rant ihich bears his name, and also a
other works. D. 1668.                 reflecting telescope; was vice-president
HABINGTON, TrOMAS, a gentle- of the Royal Society; and contributed
man of landed property, at Henlip, in  several pa:pers to the "Philosophical
Worcestershire, who was implicated in  Transactions."
various treasonable practices, but who   I-IAFIZ, or   IAFEZ, MOIAMrED,
had the good fortune, though detected, SCIIMSEDDIN, the most popular of the
to escape from the full penaltv of them. Persian poets, was b. at Shiraz, and
He was found guilty of engaoing in a flourished in the 14th centurv. Like
conspiracy to release Mary queen of Anacreon, his muse is dedicated to love
Scots, ior which he was imprisoned six  and wine, and, it is said, he practised
years; and he was nfterwsards convicted  what he preached. If we may judge of
of concealing some of the agents in the  their general merit from the odes which
gunpowder-plot, and received sentence  have been translated by Sir W. Jones
of death; bat obtained a pardon, owing  and others, we must admit that the fame
as soIme assert, to his haiving  been the  of Hafiz has never been overrated. He
godson of Queen Elizabeth; though, d. in 1889, and his countrymen erected
more probably, to the circuminstance of  a monument to his memory, which was
his daullhter being the wife of Lord  destroyed by an earthquake in 1825.
MIonteagle, and the supposed writer of  HAGEDORN, FREDERIC, a celehrated
the mysterious letter that led to its dis- German poet, was b. at Hanmburgh, 1708.
coverv. He was, however, restrained   He was educated in the college of his
from ever leaving Worcestershire; in  native city; went to London in the suite
consequence of this, he employed te rest of the Danish ambassador; and, in 1733,
of Iris life in collecting a mass of topo- was appointed secretary to the English
graphical materials, which subsequently factory at Hamnburgh. IHe was the auformed the foundation of'Dr. Nash's his- thor of Fables, Songs, Tales, and Moral




472                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [HAL
Poems; in all of which there is consid- and his whole time was now spent in
erable originality, and many of them are testing his principles by practice, and in
extremely graceful.  D. 1754.-CIRIS -rmaking known the results in various
TIAN LEiwis, brother of the preceding, publications. In 1813 he removed to
held the rank of counsellor of legation, Leipsic as Magister Legens; but the
and was eminent as a connoisseur of the persecutions of the apothecaries drove
fine arts. He wrote "Remaiks on Paint- him thence to Cothen, where the duke
ing. "  B, 1717; d. 1780.              of Anhalt-Cothen offered him an asylum
HAGER, JosEPI VON, professor of the in 1820. Here he remained for 15 years,
oriental languages in the university of  extending his faime and practice; but in
Pavia, was b. at Milan, 1750; -studied at 1835, having married a French lady
Vienna, and devoted himself to the ac- when iln his 80th year, he removed with
quisition of a critical knowledge of the her to Paris, where he remained in the
Chinese tongue. He resided some time active exercise of his profession, and
in London, where he published several surrounded by numerous disciples fromn
works explanatory of the Chinese lan- all parts of the world, till his decease,
guanoe; but meeting with little success, which took place in 1843. His chief
he went to Paris, and there published  works are the " Oranon of the Healing
many more.    Amlon   his works are, Art," published in 1810; and "Chronmic
"The Chinese Pantheon," "An Expla- Diseases, their peculiar Nature and Honation of the Elementary Characters of  mceopathic Care," published in 1828.
the Chinese Language," "A Dissertation   HAKLUYT, RrIAlRD, a naval histoon the newly discovered Babylonian    rian, was b. at Eyton, in Herefordshire,
Inscriptions," &c. D. at Milan, 1820.  1553. He received his education at
HAHN, PHILIP MIATTHEW, a celebrated  Westminster school, and at Christmechanical genius, b. 1789, at Scharn- church, Oxford, where he made cosmoghausen. While at the university of Tu- raphly his favorite study, and read leebinoffen, he spent his leisure hours in  tures on it. About 1584 he went to
making sun-dials and speaking-trum- Paris as chaplain to the English ambaspets, grinding glasses, &c. He continued  sador, and, durilng his absence, was made
his labors with unremitting assiduity, prebendary of Bristol. On his return
and eventually produced works of great to England he published several works,
ingenuity: as, a clock showing the course  particularly  a  translation  from  the
of the earth and other planets, as well Spanish of "Leo's Geographical History
as that of the moon and other satellites, of Africa," and Peter Martyr's " History
and their eccentricities: a calculating  of the West Indies."  In 1605 lie was
machine; and many other ingenious promoted to a prebend of Westminster,
inventions. D. 1790.                  and the rectory of Whetheringset, in
HAHNEMANN, SAMUEL, founder of        Suffolk. His principal work is a valuathe system of medicine called Homoe- ble collection of the "Voyages and Disopathy, was b. at Meissen, in Saxony, coveries of the English nation."
1755. Educated at the high school of     HALE, Sir MATTHEW, an eminent Enhis native town, he successively studied  glish judge, was b. at Aldersley, in
at Leipsic, Vienna, and Erlangen, where  Gloucestershire, 1600; educated at Maohis zeal in the pursuit of knowledge pro- daleni hall, Oxford, and removed to Lincured him the reoard of aill his teachers; coln's Inn, where he studied the law
and having taken his degree of M.D., with great applicatioi. He acted as
he was appointed, in 1781, district phy- counsel for Stafford, Laud, Hamilton,
sician at Gomern, near Magdeburg, and even for Charles himself; yet, by
where lie relieved his professional la- dint of imnportunity, Cromwell prevailed
bors by an ardent study of chemistry and  upon him to become one of the justices
mineralogy.  In 1784 he removed to     of the bench; but, refusing to warp the
Dresden, where lie gained a high rept- laws, he offended the protector, and retation as a practitioner; but struck with  fused to try any more criminal causes.
the absence of a guiding principle in  In the parliament which recalled the
therapeutics, and the great uncertainty  king, he sat for his native county; and,
of the healing art, he retired from prac- soon after the restoration, was made
tice, and devoted himself exclusively to  chief baron of the exchequer; from
chemistry  and   literary  occupations. which he was advanced to the chiefWhile thus employed, the great law of  justiceship of the King's Bench. IHe
"similia similibus eurantur" dlawned  resigned his office in 1675, and died the
upon him, and, in 1796, lie announced  following year. He was a learned man,
his new (dicovery to the medical world, an upright judge, and an exemplary




HAL]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        473
Christian. His writings are numerous    HALIFAX, GEORGE SAVILLE, marquis
on theological, philosophical, and legal of, an eminent statesman, was b. in
subjects.  The principal are, "The 1680; contributed to the restoration of
Primitive Originamtion of Mankind con- Charles II., who made him    a privy
sidered and explained according to the  councillor, and rewarded him with a
Light of Nature,   The istoy of te    coronet. On the accession of James, he
Pleas of the Crown," and  Contempla- was appointed president of the council,
tions, Mora1l and Divine."   He also  from which he was dismissed for refuwrote variousn mathematical and philo- sing his consent to a repeal of the tests.
sophical works, and left a very valuable  In the convention parliament he was
collection of manuscripts relating to his- chosen speaker of the house of lords,
tory and jurisprudence, which are pre- and at the accession of William and
served in the library of Lincoln's Inn.-  Mary was made lord privy seal. D.
NATHIAN, Captain, a11n officer in the Amer- 1695. He wrote an excellent piece, entiican revolutionary w ar, graduanted at tied "Advice to a Daughter," and variYale college, 1773. In the war lie com- ous political tracts.
manded a company in Col. Knowlton's     HALKET, Lady ANNE, the wife of
regiment, and was with the army in the  Sil James Halket. She was the cdaiughretreat fi om Long Island, 1776. Wash- ter of Mr. Robert Murray, of the Tulliington halving applied to Knowlton for a bardin fiamtily, and b. in. 1622.  I-Ter
discreet and enterprising officer to pen- father was preceptor to Charles I., and
etrate the enemy's camp and procure   afterwards provost of Eton college; and
intelligence, Hale passed in disi se to  her mother was sub-governess to the
the British camp, but on his return wts duke of Gloucester and the Princess
apprehended and carried before Lord   Elizabeth. Anne received a liberal eduWin. Howe,-by whom he was ordered     cation; but theology and physic were
for execution the next morning. Hee   her favorite studies.  Her skill in the
was denied a bible and the aid of a latter was so great, that persons came
clergyman. The letters, full of fortitude from Holland, and other countries, to
and resignation which he had written to  beneit by her advice and treatment. D.
his mother and sister, were destroyed. 1699.
He was hung, regrettino that he had      IALL, EDWAID, an      old  English
but one life to lose for his country;  chronicler, whose works rank with those
though executed in a brutal manner as of Iiolingshed alnd Stowe. HIe was a
a spy, lie was firm and composed.     native of London, and being a lawyer
HALES, JOIN, comlmonly called " the  by profession, attained the rank of a
ever-inemnorable," was b. at. Bath, 1584. judge in the sheriff's court. His death
He suffered great hardships in the re- took place in 1547. As affording delinbellion, and d. 1656. He was a man of  eations of the manners, dress, and cuslearning and skill in argument, as ap- tolms of the  age, his "Chronicle,"
pears from his works, whichl were col- which Grafton completed, is very cuieceed after his death, and published  rious.-Sir JAMES, b. 1760, was the anunder the title of " Golden Remains of  thor of "An Essay on the Origin, Printhe ever-memorable Mr. John Iales, of  ciples, and History of Gothic ArchitecEton college."                        ture," and of many papers in the
IIALFORD, Sir HENRY, bart., one of'Transactions of the Royal Society of
the most eminent and successful of nmod- EIdinburogh."  D. 1832.-BASIL, Captain,
ern English plhysicians, was the son of  a distingulished writer of voyages and
)Dr. John Vtaughan, of Leicester, and  travels, &c.; was b. at ECdinburgh in
was educated at ugby and Oxford. D. 1788. Entering the navy in 1802, he
1844.                                 gradually rose throulgh the minnor ranlks
IIALTIED, NATHANIEL BRiASSEY, an    till lie becalme post-captain in 1817. Beeminent orientalist, was educated at sides contributing numerous papers on
IHarrow school, and afterwards became scientific subjects to various journals
at civil officer in the East India Colmpa- and encyclopecdias, Capt. Hall wrote
ny's service. lie published " A Code  "A Voyage of Discovery to the Westof Gentoo Laws on Ordinations of the  ern Coast of Corea and the great LooPundits, from a Persian Translation;"  Choo Island in the Japan Sea," a m1ost
"A Gralmimar of the Bengal Language;" interesting wo k, which went thloulgh
aned "A Narrative of the Events which  many editions; "Extracts from a Jourhave happened in Bombay and Bengal, nal written on the Coasts of Chili, Peru,
relative to the Mahratta Emslpire since alndc Mexico, in the Years 1820, 1821,
J.uly 1777."  B. 1751; d. 1830.       1822," "Travels in North America,"
40*




174                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [HAL
"Fragments of Voyages and Travels,"   can missionary at Bombay, graduated
"Schloss Heinfieldc or a Winter in    at Williams college in 1808. Having
Lower Styria," &c. D. 1844.-ROBERT, studied theology, lie refused an invitaa celebrated Baptist preacher, and a  tion to settle in Connecticut, saying,
distinguished theological writer, was  "' Woe is me if I preach not the gospel
1). at Arnsby, ir. Leicestershire, in 1764. to the heathen."  Offering hiimself as a
His father, who x -is also a Baptist min- missionary to the American Board of
ister, early rem-r ed his precocity of  Commissioners for bfoeign missions, he
talent, and in 177.3 placed him under the was ordained 1812, and sailed for Calinstruction of the learned and pious cutta. He arrived at Bonlbay in Feb.
John Ryland, of Northampton. At 15 1813, and there spent thirteen yeears.
he became a student in the Baptist col- D. 1836.
lege at Bristol; and at 18 he entered   HALLER, ALBERT VON, an eminent
King's college, Aberdeen, where lie took  Swiss physician, was b. at Berne, in
the degree of M.A. He then was chosen  1708. The early display of his abilities
as colleague with Dr. Caleb Evans, in  was most extraordinary; and when in
the ministry at Bristol, and adjunct pro- his 13th year, he was not only distinfessor in the institution. Here he at- guished for his knowledge in Greek and
tained great popularity; but he was Latin, but also for his poetical genius.
obliged to retire fromn this situation, in  In his 16th year he began to study mediconsequenee of approaching symptoms   cine at Tubingen, but the fame of Boerof mental derangement. By judicious haave induced him to remove to Leytreatment, during a long seclusion from  den, where, animated by the example
the world, his powerful mind regained  of the great geniuses around him, he
its former vigor; and, in 1791, he re- spent his days and nights with the least
moved to Camnbridge, being chosen sue- possible intermission, in the most incessor to the celebrated Robert Robin- tense study. In 1727 he visited Enson. He now appeared as the author gland, and formed an acquaintance with
of a pamphlet, entitled "Christianity  Sir Hans Sloane, Cheselden, and other
not inconsistent with the Love of Free- eminent men. He received the title of
dom."   This was shortly after followed  physician and counsellor to King George
by his "Vindication of the Freedom of  II., at whose request Francis I. gave him
the Press," which passed through sev- a patent of nobility, as a baron. After
eral editions, and is still regarded as a 17 years absence at Gottingoen, the fame
standard work. But it was his " Ser- of vwhose medical school he liad greatly
mon on Modern Infidelity" that estab- extended, lie returned, in 1753, to Berne,
lished his fame as a divine. In 1802, where his countrymen received him
Mr. Hall's mind again received a shock, with the respect due to his great fame
which obliged him to suspend his pulpit and talents. IHaving been elected a
labors; and on his recovery he renmoved  member of the sovereign council of the
to Leicester, where he remained as pas- state, he soon obtained one of its mlator of the Baptist congregatioln upwards gistracies; and his various duties as a
of 20 years. On the death of Dr. Ry- statesman, a physician, and a medical
land, in 1826, he succeeded to the presi- teacher, occupied his attention till his
dency of the Bristol academy, and the  death. Hiis " Elementa Physiologie"
pastorship of Broadmiead chapel; and  and "Bibliotheca Medicinal' afford' amthere he continued till his death, which  pie proofs of his penetrating genius
took place in 1831.-T-LYMAN governor and solid judgment; and his plhilosophiof Georgia, was a native of Connecticut, cal and descriptive poems display great
and graduated at Yale college in 1747. depth of thought and richness of imaHaving studied medicine, he established  ginaion. Hle was, in short, a profound
himself at Sunbury, Georgia. He early  philosopher, an admirable poet, and a
and zealously espoused the cause of his first-rate physician and botanist; yet
country. His efforts were particularly  not more eminent for his various scienuseful in inducing the Georgians to join  tifle knowledge, than for his piety and
the American confederacy. In May, active benevolence. D. 1777.
1775, he was a member of congress, and  HIALLEY, EDMUND, an eminent Ensigned the declaration of independence, glish astronomer and mathematician,
and continued in that body to the close was b. in 1656, at Haggerston, near Lonof 1780. While the British had pos- don. Hle received his education at St.
session of Georgia they confiscated his Paul's school and Queen's college, Oxproperty. In 17S3 hle vwas elected gov- ford, where he made so great a proernor. D. 1791 — GORDoN, first Ameri- ficiency in his mathematical studies,




HAM]                  CYCLOPE DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         475
that in 167G he published observations  favorable reception of the constitution,
on a spot in the sun, by which the no- by the essays aihe wrote, in conjnllction
tion of that body on its axis was deter-  u ithl Mad:ison and Jay, in the "Felermmied. The same year he we nt to St. alist."   On the organization of the fedlelena, where le determinied tlhe posi- eril government iin 1789, lie was aption of 350 stars, which procured him  pointed secretary of the treasury; and
the name of the Solthllern Tycho. On   duri ng  his continuance in that office,
his return to Englalin he w[as creatcd  about five yeias, he raised the public
master of arts, and chosen a fellow of  credit from the lowest state of depresthe Royal Society; which learned body  sion to Ia height altogether unprecedeputed him to go to Dantzic, to adjust dented in the history of tile country.
a dispute between Hooke and lHve- in 1798, when an invasion wvas apprelilus respecting their propler glasses sfor hended fiom the Friench, and a provisastronomical pturposes. In 1680 lie made  ionll army had been called into the field,
the tour of Europe with Mr. Nelson;    his publi ricrices were again required;
and on the passage to Calais was the   and on the death of Washington, in
first to observe the great comet. After  1799, lie succeeded to the chief corlhis return, lie turned his attention to  mannd. When the uarmy was disbanded,
the theory of the planetary motions, -Hamilton guain returned to the bar, and
which broug'ht him   acquainted with   continuedl to ipractise, w itll increased
Isaac Newton, who intrusted to him thle  reputation and success, until 1804. A
publication of his Principia. In 1703  quarrel liavingr taken place between him
he was appointed Savilian professor of  and Colonel Burr, the latter challenged
geomet.r at Oxford; in 1705i he miade  him  alnd they met at Ihoboken on the
public llis valuable researches on the  llth of July. At the firsts fire Hamilton
orbits of comets; in 1718 lhe became   fell, mortally xwounded, on the same,secretary to the iovacl Society; and in  spot where, a short time previously, him,
171C lie succeeded e laimsteed'as astron- eldest son had been killed in a duel.oiuer royal. The remainder of his life  ANT1OTNY, Count, a poet, courtier, and
xwas chiefly spent in the sedulous per- man of letters in the 17th century. He
formance of lis duties in that situation, was descended from an tnncient Scotch
especially il colnpleting the theory of  fimily, but b. in 1646, in Ireland; fiom
the motion of the moon. D. 1741-2.     whence he was taken to France, when
IIALS, FiRANCIS an eminent polrtiait a child, by his parents,'who were atpainter, b. at Mechli  in 1584, who was  tached to Charles II. When James II.
considcered as ranking next to Vandyke. was obliged to contend for his crown in
D. 1666.-DImx, ]lis brotheri, was fit-  reland, he gave Count Hamilton a regimous for painting merry-makings and   ment of infantry, and made him govsubjects of drollery. D. 1656.         ernor of Limerick; but on the ruii of
IHAMILTON, ALEXNnx     ER, was b. in  the royal cause, he accompanied J1ames
1757.   Wllile a student of Columbia to Fralnce, wlere lie passed the rest of
collegre, N. Y., at the age of 17 hl!e pub- his life. His wit and talents secured
lishlec  several essays concerning  thie  him admnission into tle first circles, and
rigilts of the colonies, which were    he d. at St. Gelrman, in 1720. Count
marked by rig'or a nrl maturity of style, IHamilton is chiefly known as an aauthor
as well ais by soundness of argument.by hisi' Memoirs of Count Grammont,"
Befbre lie was 19 he entered tltc Amer- a lively and spirited production, exhibiti;en larmy, witll the ralnk of captmain of  ing a friee'and faithlful (elineation of tihe
artillery; anud b  the time lie xwas 20, voluptuous court of Charles II.  His
tl;e collmanlder-inel-chief hadl mleade him  other works are, " Poems and Fairy
his aid-de-campl, with the rank of lieu-  Tales," which, as well as the memloirs,
tenant-colonlel. From this time hie con- are in French, andc display eleganuce of
tinned the inseparalble commpanion of  style with fertility of inventionl.-ELzWashinton durilng the war, and wxas    BET,-r  a laldy of great literary attainxalwTvs consulted by hmim on the most'mnents, was b. at Belfaist, in Ireland, in
important oecasions.  After the war, 17.58.    She wrote the " Letters of a
Cololnel Itamiitlon, then about 24, cor- Hindoo lRajtahl,  "The Life of AFriipmenced the stnudy:f tie lawx, and nwas pina,'" "M.lemoirs of Moderln Philososoon ladmitted at tie bar. In 1782 h   phEph]s,  "Popul;ar Essays," "On the
was chosen a. membler of coniress fi'omlx Elementary 1Principles of Education,"
tile state of New York, vhere lhe quickly  " Ietters on the Formation of the ReIcquired the greatest influence and dis- ligious and Moral Principle," and other
tilnction.  e contributed greatly to the  woirks, replete with sound sense and in



476                  CYCLOP.,EDIA OF BIOGRtAPY.                     [IAM
formation. D. 116. —GAVIN, an histor- WILLITA, an historical painter, was b.
ical painter, and connoisseur of ancient in 1750. lie went to Italy when very
art, was b. at Lanark, in Scotlandl. young, and was there placed under the
HIaving discovered an early genius or instruction of Zucchi, the painter of
painting, he was sent to Italy, and   arabesque ornaments, at Rome. On his
placed under Au.gustine Massuchi, by  return to England lie acquired considwhose instructions he profited consider- erable employment; and, in 1789, was
ably; after which he applied with great admitted a royal academician. D. 1801.
diligence to tlhe study of the antique,  -WILLIAM., a Scotch poet, was b. at
which has given his paintings of ancient Bangour, in Ayrshire, in 1704.  HI
subjects that propriety with regard to  joined the Pretender in 1745, and narcostumre, which distinguished them at rowly escaped being taken after tho
the time froin the generality of modern  battle of Culloden. D. 1754. Among
compositions. One of his greatest works his songs andt ballads is the well-known
was his Homer, consisting of a series of  "Braes of Yarrow."-WILLIAM GiERRnD,
pictures, representing scenes taken from  a statesman who obtained the a ppellathe Iliad. The latter part of his life was tion of " Single Speech Hamilton, fIrom.
employed in makinlg xcsavations, at Tv- the extraordinary impression prodiced
oli, among the rains of Adrian's villa  by the first and almost only speech he
and in various other places in Italy, by  ever made in the Britishi parliament,
which he was einbled to brin: to bhlight was the son of a barrister of Lincoln's
many of the long-buried treasures of  Inn, where lie was b. in 1729. He was
antiquity; so that the success which  educated at Winchester school and Oriel
crowned.his researehes lmale ampie college, Oxford. In 1754 he was elected
amends for the loss which painting rmay  into parliament for Petersfield, and the
have suffered by the intermission of his year following delivered the speech aelpractice. D. at Rome, 1796.-JAMES, in- luded to. In 176.1 he went to Irelandc
ventor of the Hamiltonian system of as secretary to Lord Halifax, and in the
teaching languages, d. at Dublin, where parliament of that kingdom he confirmed
he had gone for the purpose of giving  the reputation which he had gained in
lectures, Sept: 16, 1829.-PATRICK, the  England by his oratory. He awas about
first Scotch reformer, was neplhew to twenty years chancellor of the exchequer
James, earl of Arran, and b. in 1503. in Ireland, but retired from public life
He was educated at St. Andrew's, after in 1784. His worls, consisting of " Parwhich he went abroad, where he im- liameitary Logic," "Speeches," &c.
bibed the opinions of Luther. On his &&c., were printed in 1808, with the life
return home he was made abbot of      of the author prefixed.  Among the
Ferne, in the shire of Ross, where lhe  many to whom the Letters of Junius
promulgated the new doctrines with so  were once ascribed, Mr. Hamilton was
much zeal as to excite the wrath of the  one; but there was scarcely the shadow
clergy, who caused him to be appre- of an argument to support the conjecture.
hended and sent to Beaton, archbishop  D. 1796.-Sir WILLIAM, was a native of
of St. Andrew's. After a long exami- Scotland; b. in 1730. His mother havnation he was declared contumaious, ing been the nurse of George III., young
and burnt at a stake, opposite St. Sal- IHamilton very naturally obtained that
vador's college, March 1, 1527.- To- - prince's patronage.  Sir William was
AS, is chiefly known as the author of generally distinguished for his taste in
"Cyril Thornton," a stirring novel of the polite arts, employed a large portion
military adventure, combining the ele- of his life in the study of natural history,
gant style of an excellent classical scho- and supplied the Philosophicl Translar with the graphic description and  actions and the Archeologia with many
vivid feeling of one who had partici- learned articles. During his residence
pated in the scenes and circumstances as ambassador from  England to the
that he described. After serving through  court of Naples, he published  his
the Peninsular and American caampins, "Campi Phlcgrai," from his observaCapt. Hamilton devoted his time chiefly  tions of Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna,
to literature, and he was a voluminous and other volcanoes.  ke presented
contributor to " Blackwood's Magazine,"  many books, manuscripts, alnd geologiin which "Cyril Thornton" originally  cal curiosities to the British Musemn;
appeared.   His chief separate works and, after his death, his superb collecafter Cyril Thornton are, "Annals of  tion of anltique vases was purchased by
the Peninsular Campaign," and "Men    parliament for that institution. D. 1803.
and Manners in America."  D. 1842. —EMrmA, Lady, wife of the above, was




IAM]                 CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       477
the daughter of a female servant. At of her arts. IHe made her his wife in
the age of 13 she obtained a situation  1791; introduced her at the court of
under the name of Emma H rte, in      Naples, where the queen became so inthe house of Mr. Thomts, of Hoiwar- fatuated with the new ambassadress, as
den, Flintshire, to wait on his children. frequently to keep her a visitor at the
Emma, it seems, thought the situation  palace. It was there that she imbibed
lull, and left it. At 16, she wentt to  a violent passion for England's naval
London, got a place in the house of a hero, then commanding the "Agamemshopkeeper in St. James's market, and  non;'1 and, from that period, she became
soon after was hired to wait upon a lady  the companion of Nelson, to whom she
of rank, where, having only the duty of was sometimes useful as a political agent.
dressing her niistress, she passed her After the victory of Aboukir, when tlhe
leisure time in reading novels and plays. conqueror was received in Naples with
She soon acquired a taste for the drama; extravagant rejoicing's, Lady IHamiltor
an( employed herself in imitating the was the heroine of the crowd, and acattitudes aind manners of persons on the companied the slave of hler charms
stage, from a desire to become an actress. wherever lie went. To her advice is
She thus laid the foundation of her ex- attributed the ignominious death of
traordinary skill in piantomimic repre- Prince Caracciolo, the oldest and the
sentations.  But she neglected   her best officer in the Neapolitan navy. She
business, was dismissed, and went to  d. in 1816, in the neighborhood of Calais.
serve in a low tavern, frequented by    HAMMOND, ANTHONY, an ingenious
actors, painters, miusicians, &c. In this writer, was b. at the family seat of
service she formed an acquaintance with  Somersham place, Huntingdonshire, in
a Welsh youth, who was pressed upon   1668. He was educated at St. John's
the river, when she went to the captasin  college, Cambridge, and became a memand obtained the boy his liberty. The ber of parliament, where his eloquence
captain loaded her with presents, and  procured him  the name of "Silver
witlh him she remained for some time. tonlue."  He was also a commissioner
At length she quitted him foir a gentle- of the navy; but d. a prisoner in the
man of large fortune, who kept her in fleet, in 1788. 1e was the author of a
great affluence for a short period; but "Miscellany  of Original Poems."disgusted by her extravagance, and in- JAMES, an elegiac poet, xwas b. in 1710;
duced by domestic considerations, lie received his education at Westminster
dismissed her. Reduced to the greatest school; was appointed equerryto Fredpoverty, she became one of the most eric, prince of Wales; and sat in- parcommon of degraded females. From     liament for Truro. D. 1741.
this state she was relieved by the infa-  IHAMPDEN, JOHN, a political charmous Dr. Graham, who, perceiving the acter of great celebrity in the reign of
beautiful symmetry of her person, took  Charles I., was descended of an ancient
her to his house, and there exhibited  family in Buckinghamshire, and b. in
her, covered only with a transparent London, in 1594. In 1636 he distinveil, under the name of the goddess guished himself by his spirited oppoHygeia. Painters, sculptors, and others, sition to the payment of ship-money, by
paid their tribute of admiration at the which he acquired great popularity. He
shrine of this new goddess. The artful became a leading man in the house of
quack had her bust modelled; numbers commons; and at the commencement
purchased it, and a greater number came  of the civil war he took up arms against
to admire the original.  She was an   the king, and accepted the command of
adept in deceit; with a violent and   a regiment in the parliamentary army,
impassioned temper, she assumed the under the earl of Essex. Prince Rupert
appearance of candor, innocence, and  having beaten up the quarters of the
simplicity.  Charles Greville (of the parliamentary troops near Thame, in
Warwick   family) became enamored     Oxfordshire, Hampd en eagerly joined a
with, and would have married her, but few cavalry that were rallied in haste,
for the interference of his uncle, Sir W. and, in the skirmish which ensued, reHamilton, who, according to some ac- ceived a wound, which in a few days
counts, made an agreement with Grev- proved fatal. His character and conduct
ille to pay his debts, on condition that throughout his contest with the crown
he should give up his mistress; or, as showed great firmness and moderation;
others state the circumstance, in his and his name has become a sort of
endeavors to save his nephew, fell into watchword to many who, loving his
the snare himself, and became the victim  stern republican virtues, exult in dis



478                   CYCLOP^EDIA OF BOGIRAPHY.                        [HAL
playing their patriotism by resisting not out his chef-d'otvve, the oratorio of the
merely taxation by prerogative, but all "Messiah."  D. 1759.
injustice. D. 1643,            HANMER, Sir THOMAS, an English
~IANICOCK, JOHN, an American pa- statesman and writer, was b. in 1676,
triot and statesman, was:b. in Quincy, and succeeded his uncle in his title and
Massachusetts, in 1787, and under the  the family estate of Hanmer. He was,
patronage of a wealthy uncle received a  in 1713, chosen speaker of the house of
liberal education, and was graduated at commons.   Towards the close of his.Harvard college, in 1754. On leaving  life he withdrew altogether from public
college he entered the counting-house of  business, and occupied himself in elehis incle, by whose sudden death in    gant literature; the fruits of which ap1764 he succeeded to great riches, and  peared in a corrected edition of Shakthe management of asn extensive busi- speare's dramatic works. D. 1746.
ness. IIn1766 he was chosen a member     HANNIBAL, general of the Carthaof the assembly, and soon distinguished  ginians, was the son of Amilcar, who
himself by his zeal in the cause of the  caused him, at the age of eight years, to
colonies. In 1774 lie was elected pres- swear before the altatr eternal enmity to
ident of the provincial congress of Mas- the Romans. In the year of Rome 534,
sachusetts, and in the following year and 220 B. c., he took the command of
president of the continental congress, in  the army, on the death of his brother
which capacity he was the first to affix  Asdrubal. After achieving aeveral conhis signature to the declaration of iude- quests in Spain, he turned his arms.
pendence. In this station lie continued  against the Romans, and crossed the
till October, 1777 when ill health in- Alps by a new road. Having defeated
duced him to resign. In 1780 he was Scipio and other commanders, in sepaelected governor of Massachusetts, and  rate actions, he marched towards Rome,
held that office for four successive years, and gained the victory of Cannae, 216
anid again from  1787 till his death in  B.C. Instead of following up this ad1793. Governor Hancock was liospita- vantage, Hannibal rested     at (Capua,
ble and munificent, a man of excellent which enabled the Romans to recover.
talents for business, and a true lover of  from their fright, so that when the Carhis country.                           thaginians encamped before the city,
HANDI;EL, GEORGE FREDERIC, an illus- their appearance created no alarm. Ilantrious musician, was b. at Halle, in Sax  nibal, finding it hopeless to make any
ony, in 1684. His father, who intended  attempt upon  the capital, retreated.
him for the law, perceiving his propen- Two years afterwards he defeated Marsity to music, discouraged it as much as cellus; but notwithstanding this, findpossible, and especially forbade him to ing his affairs growing despe'ate in Italy,
touch ian instrument. The boyi how- where he had now been 16 years, he
ever. contrived to lhave a sminall clavi-, made overtures of peace, which terminchorl d concealed in the garret, where he  ated without effect. The battle of Zama,
used to amuse himself when the family  in which he lost 20,000 iiien, completely
were asleep. At: the; ae e of 9, Handel ruined Hannibal, and he retired to Asia,
comlposed the church service, for voices  where le took refuge with Prusias, king
and instruments; and when he was 14    of Bithynia; but hbeing apprehensive
he far excelled his master, and was sent that he should be delivered up to the
to Berlin, iwhere the sovereign m'ade him  Romans, he took poison- at the age of
libera'il presents. In 1704 lie brought out 64, 183 B. C.
his first opera, "AlmirA."  Soon after   IANNO. There were several Carthis 1he -visited Italy, -and at Florence  thlginian geniierals of this nare.-One
produced the opera of " Rodrigo."  He  of themi made a voyage on the western
sunlSequently went to Venice,: Naples-  coast of Africa, of wvhich lie has left a
and Rome; and havinl, altoether re -desceiption, called the-'"Periplus of
mained in:Italy about s-ix years, le ac- Ianno."  The purpose of this voyage
cepted the pressing-invitations.he had  was to make discoveries for the benefit
receivedr froi imiuan.y of the British no- of commerce, and to settle colonies, of
bility to visit London, and set out for  which hei established several. Two CarEngoland, where lie arrived in the latter tlhatrinian generals, of the itname of lanend of 1710. The flattering reception lno, commaded it Sicily, successively,
he experienced induced him to proloni  durliin  the first Punic war. —Another
his stay, and he rose, during the 50   Hanno was one of' the commanders unyears which followed, to the height of  der Hannibal in Italy, and was successprofessional honor. In 1741 lie brought ful on several occasions.




HtAR]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        479
HANS SACHS, a German poet of*the rich von Ofterdincen," though unfin16th ccntmvy. Prolific as Gernan wri- ished, has called for the admiration even
ters in general are, honest Ians must of such fastidious critics as Tieck and
ever be regarded as an extraordinary  Frederic Sclle.el. D 1801.
instance of poetical fertility, if what his  HARDICANUTE, king of England
countrymen assert be trlte, namely, and Denmalrk, was the son of Canute,
that lie wrote no less than 10,840 corn- and succeeded Iis father on the Danish
positions in verse, anmong which are  throne in 1038; and at the same time
218 comedies and tragledies. To this we laid clairn to that of England, which had
are bound to add, as in additional proof  devolved to his half-brother, Iarold.
of his industry, that he was a shoema-  A compromise was effected, by which
ker, and worked all his life at the trade. he governed the southern part of'the
IHANSARI), LUKEi, an ildustrious     kin.cdom duriln Harold's life, and sucand successful printer, was b. at Nor- ceeded to the whole on his death. His
wich, in 1752. -Ie serrved his appren- conduct was violent. and tyrannical-he
ticeship in his native city; and, at its revived the odious tax called danegelt,
expiration, he started for London, with  and his subjects rejoiced at his early
agood character, and one solitary guinea death, which happened in 1041.
in his pocket. His first situation in    -IARDOUIN, JorN, a learned French
London was that of a compositor in the Jesuit, the author of several works, but
printing-office of Mr. Hughs, printer to  remqrkalbl  s e  the athor of one in parthe house of coimmons:;  in which he ticular, (which excited equal interest and
acquired the full confidence of his el:l animadversion at the time,) the object
plover, andl, by his indefattigable atten- of whichl was to show that almost all the
tion, extended the business. In 1774  writings under the names of the Greek
he becanme a partner in the concern, and  ond Roman poets and historians are the
when the whole oftthe business devolved  spurious productions of the 13th centuupon him, by the death of Mr. lughs, ry. B. 1647; d. 1729.-JoiIN STEPIHEx,
lie spared no cost nor personal labor in al French avwiter; the translator of
performing the importtant duties in- Young's "Night Thoughts," andc Fenetrusted to him. He amassed a very     lon's'" Telemachus, " into rhyme. B.
considera ble property, and finished his  1735; d. 1817.:
useful and laborious life in 1828, aged  IIARDWICK1, PtHILIP YORIEt earl
76.                                    of,.an eminent English lawyer, was b. at
1IARIDENBERG, CHIARL'LS AUGUSTUS, Dover, in Kent, in 1690. After serving
baron, afterwardcls prince of, a famions the offices of solicitor and attorney
Prussian statesman, b. in 1750; became  general, he was, in 1738, appointed
cabinet minister in 1793; andc his signa- chief justice of the King's Bench, and
ttre will be found to most of the t reaties creaited a peer. In 1736 he was made
of coalition a-ainst Napoleon, witli Rus- lord chancellor, which situation lie held
sita and Austria, till the battle of Aus- 20 yeas. ITn 1754 he was created earl
terlitz, in 1805. In 1810 hle was made  of Hardwicke. D. 1764.-PmILIP YORKt,
chancellor of state. He was one of the  earl of, eldest son of the preceding, was
Russian plenipotentiaries signing the hb. in 1720. In 1738 he was appointed
treaty of Paris in 1814; was created  one of the tellers of the exchequer, and
prince; accom panied the allied sver- in 1764 succeeded his father in the earleigns to London; was one of the most domi. Ie d. in 1790. Lord Hardwicke
proiminent actors at the congress of wrote a poem on the death of Queen
Vienna; and afterwalrds made president Caroline; and with his brother, the
of the council of state. IHe wvs present, Honorable iCarles Yorke, projected the
in 1818, at the congress of Aix-la-Cha- "Athenian Letters, or the Epistolary
pelle; in 1819, at Carlsbad; in 1820, at Correspondence of an Agent of the
Vienna, at Troppau, anld Verona. D. King of Persia, residinng at Athens du1802. —FREDERIC iVOxs, (better kinoin by  ring the Peloponnesian War."  A few
his literary cognomen, NVAtIs,) wa cs b. copies only of t:,is work were at first
at Mansfield, near Eisslben, 1772; stud- pinted o  priv ate circulatiton; but in
led at Jena., Leipsic, and Wittenberg, 1798 an eleogant edition was published.
and finall  becamce superintte nit of  Lord Hardwicke also printed." The Corthe mines in Saxony, having acquired a respondence of Sir Dudley Carleton, in
comtpetent knowle-]ecle of the science of the reion of Jamnes.," and "Miscellainineralogv ucnder tie celebrated TWer- neolls State Papers fiom 1501 to 1726."
ner. His lvic poemis ltve gained him    H-ARDY, Sir CARrEs, an English
great celebrity; and his romaniee, "Hein- adminr.. and the grandson of an cmi



480                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      [HAR
nent naval commander of the samne     nlmd c. in 109.-IT., king of England,
name, in the reign of Queen Anne. He was the second son of Godwin, earl of
had the commanrd of the Channel fleet Kent. Upon the death of Edward the
in 1779, but died the samne year at Spit- Confessor, in 1(66, he took possession
head.-Sir TnHOMAS, a gallant officer, the  of the th'one, without attencdin to the
friend and brother in arms of the gal- nore legal claihv of Edgar Athelin, or
lant Nelson, whose last breath he re- the asserted bequest of Edward in fivor
ceived on board the Victory.  At the of William, duke of Nolmandy. The
early age of 12 lie entered the roval latter accordingly invaded Enloclnd with
navy as a mnidshipman, on board tie    a larg'e army, and IHarold fell at the
Helena, of 14 guns, and in November, memoorable battle of IHastings, October
1793, was made lieutenant in the Melea- 1-, 1066; by which the conquest of the
ger, of the squadron of Nelson, under kingdom was effeeted, and the Tc Norman
whose notice he was thus brouglht. I-e rule began.
was thenceforth constantly emiployed    HABUN, or AARON AL IRASCHID,
under the hero, who, in 1797, prolm-oted  a celebrated caliph of tile Saracens, ashilm to the command of tlhe brig La    icondod the thrl one in 783, and was the
MKutine, of the capture of which he -was most potent prince of his. race, ruling
tlhe main cause. His constant gailant-ry  over territories extending ifrom Egypt
and especially his conduct at the battle to Khorassan1. H-e g-ained many spleidid
of the Nile, in which his vessel, La victories over the Greek emperors, and
Mutine, was the only single-decker that obtained immense renown for his brawas present, caused Nelson to promote  very, imagniflcence, a.d love of letters;
him to the command of the Vanguard. but hie was cruel and tyrannical. D. 808.
In July, 1803, he became ft.g-ca-tn'ain to  HAPRPER, ROBERT GOODLOE, was a
Nelson, on board the Victory. Ior is native of Virginia, but when very young
Services at Trafalgar he was created a' removed with his parents to North
baronet. B. 1769; d. 1889.            Carolina. His parents were poor, and
HARLEY, RoBERT, earl of Oxford       in early life he passed througlh a number
and Mortimer, a distinguished English  of vicissitudes. At the age of twenty
statesman, was b. 1661. At tlhe revolu- he found himself in Charleston, S.C.
tion he was returned to the house of  with but a dollar or two in his pocket,
commons, and in 1702 he was chosen     and with the intention of studying the
speaker. In 1710 he again came into   profession of the law. IIaving obtained
office, as a commissioner of the treasury, introduction to a lawyer, he- prepared
and chancellor of the exchequer. Shortly  himself under his instruction for the
after he was-stabbed by the marquis o' bar, and, in about a twelvemonth, unGuiscard, a Frenchman, when under dertook the management of causes on
examination at the council-board; but his own account.   He then removed
he recovered from his wound, andc the fi'om Charleston to an interior district,
assassin died in prison. He was then  where he first distinguished himself,
advanced to the peerage, and made lord  politically, by the publication of a series
high treasurer; which office he resigned  of newspaper essays on a proposed
a few days before the death of Queen   change in the constitution of the state.
Anne, in 1714. On the accession of    He was immediately elected to the state
George I. he was impeached by the legislature, and soon afterwards to conhouse of commons, and committed to    gross, where he was an efficient member
the Tower, where he was kept two      of the federal party, a powerful advocate
yebars, and then, after a public trial, he of the policy of Washington, and the
was acquitted. After this, he retired  personal friend of the most distinguished
wholly from public business, and d. 1724. federal statesmen of the day. Many
IHARLOW, GEORGHEIINRY, an En- years afterwards he collected in an ocglish painter, was b. in 1787; studied  tavo volume, a number of his circulars
iinder Drammiond and Sir Thonlas Law- and addresses to his constituents, and
rence; and d. 1819. He produced sev- several of his speeches in congress. In
eral good pictures; among which is the  1797 he published a pamphlet, entitled
well-known scene from    Shakspeare's  "Observations on he Dispute between
Henry the Eighth, containing portraits the United States and France," which
of the Kemble family and other distin- passed through numerous editions, and
guished actors.                       acquired great celebrity both at home
HAROLD     I., surnamed IIarefoot, and iin Europe. The speeches which lie
king of England, succeedec his father, delivered in mananing the imnpeachment
Canute, in 1035. He reigned four years, of Blount, and the defence of Judgo




1IAR]                 CYCiOPr.DIA 0' BIOGRAPHY,                      481
Chase, are admirable specimens of argi'- governor of the state. In 1789 lie was
ment and eloquence. On the dowe{ifall appointed one of the judges of ihe suof the federal party Mr Halper resu  med     court of the United States, but
the practice of the law in Baltimore, declined accepting the. office. which was
where he married the daughter of the  afterwards conferred on Mr. lredel. He
distinouished Charles Carroll. He at- exerted himself in the prosecution of
tended almost everyv session of the the revolutionarv war with great ardor,' supreme court, fiom'the time of its re- and in his stationl as judge and governor
moval to Washinoton to that of his displayed very superior talents. He d.
death, and was always heaerd with re- 1790. BENJAMN, goovernor of Virginia,
spect and attention by the court and  was educated at the college of William
juries. The federal party havino' re- and Ma ry. lie went early into public
~ained the ascendant in Maryland, Mr. life, comineneing as a member of the
Harper was immediately elected a sen- leoislature of his native province, Virator in congress, but the demands of ginia. He was offered by the British
his profession soon obliged him to resign  government a seat in the executive
his seat.                             council, which hle declined.. and reHARRINGTON, JAMES, a celebrated     imainedtrue to his country. In 1774 he
political writer, was b. in 1611, in North- was a (lelegate in congress from Virginia,
amptonshire. His chief work is entitled  and continued to be a member till 1777.
"Oceana," a, political romance, in which. From 1782 to 1784 lie was governor of
he defended republicanism. In 1661 lie Virginia.  -le was a memiber of the
was, on a charge of treason, sent to the Virginia convention for adopting the
Tower, from whence he was removed to  constitution of the United States. D.
St. Nicholas's Island, near Plymouth, 1791.-WvILLIAMI  HENRY, president of
but was afterwards released on bail. the United States of America, was b. in
D. 1677.                              Virginia, in 177l3, his fiather being one
HARRIS, JAMES, ae philological writer, of the most conspicuous among the pawas b. at Salisbury, in 170}9. In 1774 triots of the revolution. After receiving
he was made secretary and comptroller the customary education at Hampden
to the queen. He wrote " Three Trea- Sydney collego, lie studied for the muedtises: the first concerning' Art; the  ieal profession; but partici ating in the
second concerning Music, Palitin, and  general excitement which   prevailed
Poetry; and the third concerning- Hap- throughout the country against the
piness;" " Hermes, or a Philosophical barbarous mode of warfare at that time
Inq uiry concernineg Universal Gram- practised by the Indians on the northiner;" " Philological Inquiries," &e. western frontiers, he suddenly abanD. 1780.                              doned the precepts of Galen, and joined
HARRISON, JoiN, celebrated as the his brethren in arms, as an ensign ini
inventor of the time-keeper for ascer- tle U. S. artillery, in 1791. Durinig the
taining the longitude at sea, was b. at years 1811, 1812, rand 1813, General
Foulby, Yorkshire, in 1693. His father, Harrison assembled a body of militia
a carpenter or builder, brought him up  and volunteers, and marched against
to the saine occupation; but by dint of  the Indians, who, under Tccumseh, had
ingenuity and perseverance he learned  created serious disturbances on the fronto make clocks and watches; and having  tier. The most signal success crowned
turned his attention to the improvement his efforts, and lie was appointed by Mr.
of pocket-watches, lhe was induced to  Madison to negotiate witli those enemies
make.a time-keeper, in that form, which  against whom  his military skill had
he finished in 1759. This chronometer, been so ably directed. In 1828 he was
in two voyages, havinc been found to  sent as United States minister to Cocorrect the longitude within the limits lumbia; and, in 1840, he was elected
required by the act of parliament, Har- chief magistrate. But one month after
rison applied for the proposed reward  his accession lie was seized with an illof ~20,000, which he received. D. 1776. ness, and d. April 4. 1841.
-JOHN, one of the regicide judges who   HIART, JOHN, a patriot of the Amersat upon the trial of Charles I., was the  ican revolution, and one of the signers
son of a butcher, and became a general of the declaration of independence. He
in the parliamentary army. He was one  was a member of congress in 1774, from
of the ten who were executed for that New Jersey. In the- latter part of the
act, after the restoration.-ROBERT HAN- year 1776 his farm was pillaged by the
SON, sustained the offices of chief justice enemny, and'his faniily dispersed. The
of the general court of Maryland, and  alarm and distress of these occurrences
41




482                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [HAT
caused *he death of his wife. After the educated at Westminister, and at tho
evaecn -ion of New Jersey he again col- age of 17, went out to India, a  a writer
lectecd  is family; but hlis health was in the compans lys service. On his arnow failinil  him, and he d. 1780.    rival he applied with diligence to thie
HARE, WALTER, an English poet duties of his station, and at his leisure
and historian, was b.'and edueated at studied the oiental langruaoes. After 14
Mailborough, in Wiltshire. He pub- years' residence in Bengtl, he retrined
lishedl a poetical collection, called the  to England; but in 1769 he went out
"Arnalranth," a "History of Gustavus   as second in council at Madrias where
Adolphus," and "Essays on Husband- he remained about two eears, and then
ry."  D. 1773                         removed to the presidency of Calcutta.
~HARTLEY, DAVID, an English phy- In 1786 he returned to Englancd, when
sician, was b. at Armley, in Yorkshire, he twas accused of having goverened
in 1705, and d. at Bath in 1757. He arbitrarily and tyrannically; o' having
wrote an excellent work, entitled "' Ob- extorted imlmense sums of money;  and
servations on MaI." -DAVID, son of the  of having  exercised   every species of
preceding, was b. in 1730; educated at oppression. An inpeachment followed,
Merton college, Oxtord; became MT P. P which lsted 9 years. I-Ie was at length
for Hull;   as distionguished by his acquitted, and sentenced to p.ly only
strenuous opposition to the American  tile costs of prosecution, (~71,080 sterwar; and was appointed one of the ne- ling,) for wluch the East India Company
gotiators to treat with Dr. Franklin. Ie'incdemnified him by a pension of ~4,000
had thle merit of several inernious in- for life. He lived, however, to see his
ventions, olle of which is ai mode of  plans for the security of India publicly
seetluiln buildings fiom fire. D. 1813.  applauded, and d. 1818. Mr. 1istings
HARVARD, JoRN, a nonconformist was a man of mild and unassuming
divine, who d. in 1t88, at Challestown, manner s, and an elegant scholar. He
Mass. He is deserving of comnlemlora- wrote   A Narrative of the Insurrection
tion by being the founder of the college  at Benares.i " "Memoirs relative to the
bearing his name, at Cambridge.       State of India,' some fugitive poetry,
IARVEY, WILLIAM,.      a celebrated  &c.-FRANCIS RAWDON, imarquis of, son
physician, was b. at Folkstone, 1578. of the earl of Moira, was b. in 175-1, and
He discovered the circulation of the  entered- the army in 1771. lle greatly
blood, of which he published an ac-    listinguished himself in the American
count in 1628, entitled' Exercitatio  war; was appointed in 1778, adjutantAnatom -a de Motu Cordis et San- general of tile British forces there, and
guinis." In 1632 he was made physi-    ose to the rank ofa majo-general  In
cian to Charles I, and adhered fitithfully  1812  lie obtained  the appointment
to the king; for which, in 164,h le was of governor-general of British India,
chosen  warden   of Merton    college, which he held till 1822; and during the
Oxford; but when the parliamentary    10 years of his sway he ovecamnie the
visitors came there, he left it for Nepaulese, the Pinidarees, and other
Locndon. In 1651 appeared his " Exer- native powels, anld rendered the British
citationes de Generatione Aniniai m." nauthlority  supreme ini India. While
D. 16a58.                              bsent lie was created marquis of I-last
H-ASSELQUIST, FREDERIC, a Swe- ins. D. 1725.
dish naturalist, and one of the most    TIATTO, or HATTO VERCELLENcelebrated of all the pupils of Linnaeus, SIS, was bishop of Vercelli, in Italy, in
was b. in 1722.    lie embarked for the 10th century.      is wolrk on the
Smyrna in Augrst, 1749, w ent to Egypt,  Grievances of the Church," (winch is
remained solme time at Jerusalem, and  curiously illustrative of the spirit and
afterwvards visited other parts of the  complexion of the timnes,) toether with
country.  Returning  to Smyrna,:he his canons and epistles, were published
brought with him an adn lirable collee  in 1768.
tion of plants, minerals, fishes, reptiles,  HATTON, Sir CnHRISTOPIIER, in eliinsects, and other natural:culiosities. nent statesman, and lorcl chancellor of
His "Iter Palestinum, or a Journey    England, was b. at Holdenlby, in North.
to the Holy Land," was derived from   almptonshire. In 1587 was:made both
his journal, and wxas drawn up by Lin- chancellor and knight of the garter.
ncius..                      His inexperience created nmuch preC
HASTINGS, WARREN, was b. in 1738, udice against him     at first, but Ins
at Churchill, Cxfordshire, where his natural capacity and sound jadgoment
father was the    lergyman.  He was were seldom found defective'He wrote




RAW]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHIY.                      483
the fourth act in the tragedy of " Tan- raphy, and natural history, are all
cred and Sigisiunda;" and to him is highly esteemed; and      his beautiful
ascribed "A Treatise concerning Stat- collection of minerals, for which he had
utes or Acts of Ptarliament."  D. 1591. refused an offer of 600,000 francs, was
HAAUBOLD, CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB, a bought by the duke of Buckingham.
celebrated German jurist, was b. at 1). 1822.
Dresden, in 1766. I-Ie was made doctor  HIAWES, STEPHEN, a poet of the 15th,
qf law in 1788; and eventually became century, was a native of Suffolk, and
ordinary professor of law in the univer- educated at Oxford.
sity of Leipsic.                        HAWKESWORTH, JOHN, the son
HAUFF, WILHELM, one of the- most of a watchmaker at Bromley, Kent, was
graceful prose writers of Germany, was b. in 1715, and apprenticed to his
b. at Stuttgart, 1802. He went to the father's trade; but he soon left it for
university of Tubingen from.1820 to literary pursuits, and eventually became
1824, where he studied philosophy and  an author of eminence. He is chiefly
theology, with a view to the church. remembered by his "Adventurer," a
While discharging the duties of tutor series of periodical essays; a. sentence,
in a noble family at Stuttgart, he com- taken from the last number of which
emenccd his literary career with the work, is inscribed on a marble monu" Marchen Almanach auf das Jahr,"     ment erected to his memory in Bromley
1826.  The chief of his works are, church. D. 1773.
"Memoiren des Satans," "Mann im         HAWKINS, Sir JoirN, a brave EnMonde," "Lichtenstein," "Die Bett- glish admiral under Queen:Elizabeth,
lerin von Pont des Arts," "Phantasien  was a native of Devonushire. He was
im Bremen Rathskeller," &c. He had    rear-admiral of the fleet, which she sent
just undertaken the editorship of the against the Spanish Armada,s and had a
celebrated journal, called the "Morgen- gre'at share in that victory. He was
blatt," when lie d. November, 1827.   afterwards made treasurer of the navy.
iHAUGWITZ,      CHRISTIAN   HENRY   But his memory is disgraced by Iis
CHAS., count of, an eminent Prussian  being the first European who carried
statesman, was b. in Silesia, in 1758. off slaves from the coast of Africa, and
D. 1832.                              introduced that inhuman traffie into the
HAUKSBEE, FRANcIS, an English       West Indies. Queen Elizabeth herself,
philosopher of the 18th century, who  while she   honored  his bra very by
mnide many experimental discoveries in  knighthood, threatened him with the
electrieity, and published them.      divine vengeance for this practice. D.
HAUTEFEUILLE, JOHN, a mechanlic, 1595.-Sir JOIN, a tlawyer and miscelwas b. at Orleans, in 1647. I-e made laneous writer, was b. in London, in
several discoveries and improvements 1719. He practised as a solicitor, with
in  clock-making, and invented the reputation for some years;, and having
spiral spring which moderates the vi- made general literature the studv of his
bration of balance-wheels in watches, leisure hours, he also wrote for the
which Huygens afterwards perfected. periodical press. A taste -for music led
He also wrote several short treatises on  him to become a member of the acadinechanical subjects; also, "The Art of  emy of ancient music; and in 1742 he
Breathing under Water," "The Per- was chosen a member of the literary
petual Pendulum," "A new System of    club, established by Dr. Johnson, with
the Flux and Reflux of the Sea," &c. whom lhe formed an:acquaintance which
D. 1724.                              lasted during their joint lives. HIaving
IIAUY, R3NE JUST, Abbe, a celebrated  in 1753 married a lady of great fortune,
mineralogist, b. at St. Just, in Pieardy, and: becoming possessed of a: mluch
in 1742, He first studied theology, and -greater one in 1759, on the death of lier
was twenty-one years professor of lan- brother, he gave up his profession, and
giages. hut mineralogy was his favorite became a magistrate for Middlesex.
puirs'uit, and to him science is indebted  His principal work is, "A General Hisfor'an adn mirable theory of cry stalliza- torv of the Science and Practice of
lion,* founded on geomiietrical laws. He  Music," and his edition, witlth notes, of
-ias appointed by Bonaparte professor  "Isaac Walton's Complete Angler,"
~tf minueralogy at the botanic garden, acquired deserved popularity. D. 1789.
ind to the faiculty of sciences at Paris.:HAWLEY, JOSEPH, a distinguished
In 1803. at the commniand of Napoleon, American patriot, was b. in 1724,' at
le wrote his "Trait:. de'bPhysique."  Northampton, Mass., and being bred a
fis treatises on mineralogy,' cerystallog- lawyer, soon acquired great eminence in




844                    YCLOPrDIA oF BIOGRAPHY.                    [HAT
his profession. But lie was mostly dis- ill 107; the subject of it, "Joseph and
tinguished for his knowledge of political Mary resting  with our Saviour after a.
history and the principles of free gov- day's journey on the road to Egypt."
emrnent-a circumstance whicil renlcr- lHids second.reat work, "Dentatus,"
cd him one of the ablest advocates of was exhibitedlin 1809, and in the followAmerican liberty in the legislature, pre- ing year it obtained the great prize at
vious to and during the contest be- the Royal Institution. His "Judgment
tween the colonies and the parent state. of Solomon' appeared next. I-e went,
D. 1788.                             accompanied by Wilkie, to Paris, in
HAY, GEORGE, judge of the United   1814, to study at the Louvre, and on his
States court for the eastern district of return commenced his llagest work,
Virginia, and for many years attorney of  "Christ  entering   into  Jerusalem."
the United States, in which capacity he This picture was exhibited in 1820, both
was the prosecutor of Aaron Burr. i He in London and Edinburgh, and was cond. 1880. Ilis political writings, signed  sidered a triumph of moden i art. But
Ilortensius, gave lirm some eele, brity,  with his acknsowledged powers, lie dislie wrote also a "Treiatise against the  dainecl to follow the more certain path
Usury Laws," "The Lif:e of John      to faime and fortune. He becaime poor
Thompson," and a " Treatise on lEmi- i  cd discouraledl, and died by his own
grationl.                            hiand in 1846.
HAYDN, JOSEPHI, an eminent Ger-      IAYES, CHARLES, a mathematician,
man musician, was b. 1782, in the village  b. 1578. He published a'   Treatise o
of Rohroul on the borders of Hunrgary  Fluxions,' and some other nathematical
and Austria. HIe was the son of a poor pieces, besides several works of a thcowheelwright, who, having a taste for looical nature. D. 1760.
music, played the harp on Sundays, his  HAYLEY, WILLIAM, an English poet,
mother accompanying with her voice; a  w was b. at Chichester, 1745. After quitcircumstance which accounts for the ting Trinity college, Canmblidge, he setstrong predilection which their'son  tled at Earthal, in Sussex, and devoted
showed for the science even in his in- his time principally to literature. He
fincy. When but eight years old he was the autlhor of an " Essay on -Iistory,
became a chorister in St. Stephen'se nd  in Three poetical Epistles to Edward
at ten years of age composed pieces for Gibbon, "Triumphs of Temper," "Esseveral voices. With his fine soprano  says on Paintinc and Sculpture " a prose
he lost his place, and his situation was "Essay on Old Maids," and lastly,
very discouraging; but he had the good  " The Life and Coirespondence of the
fortune to  become acquainted with   Poet Cowper." D. 1820.
Prince Esterhazy, who placed him at    HAYNE, ISAAC, a colonel in the
the head of his private chapel. For American army, and a martyr to the
this prince he composed some beautiful cause of independence, was descended
symphonies-a department in which he -from a highly respectable familv in South
excelled all other composers-and the  Carolina.  After the capitulation of
greatest part of his fine quartettes. Oharleston, he consented to subscribe
When, after a period of about 20 years, a ceclaration of his allegiance to the king
the prince reduced his court, and HIaydn  of Great Britain, provifled he mihat not
was discharged, lie went to London, to  be compelled to bear arms Sagainist his
which capital he had often been invited. countrymen. He was summoned, howIn- 1794, having made a second journey  ever, after the successes of Greene had
thither, he found a most splendid re- changed the face of affairs, to repair imception, and the university of Oxford  mediately to the British standard. This
conferred upon him the degree of doc- he refused, as a violation of the compact
tor of music. On his return from En- he had entered into, and hastened to the
gland, lie purchased a small house and  American camp.  Being shortly after
garden in one of the suburbs of Vienna, taken prisoner by the English, hle was
where he died. To the English public tried, and condemned to be hanged.
he is universally known by his noble This cruel sentence, notwithstanding
oratorio of the "Creation," which is the mitigating circumstances of the case,
considered a chef-d'1ouvre. D. 1809.  was accordingly put into execution, Aug.
HAYI)ON, BENJAMIN ROBERT, an his- 4, 1781.
torical painter of distinguished merit,  HAYS, JAcoa, a noted constable and
was b. at Plymouth, 1786. He com- thief-taker, of the city of New York,
menced Ihis studies at the royal academy  who was appointed. by Edward livin 1804. His first picture was exhibited  ingston in 1801, and discharged the




HIEBJ                 CYCLOPAMDIA OF BIOt RAPHY.                       485
duties of his office till the day of his kept his name before the world as one
death, in 1850. IIis natural qualifica- of' the first Enolish engravers, besides
tions for the place were remarkalble; he exercising a marked influence over that
never forgot a n an that lie had seen, department of the arts. D. 1848.-WILand his colrage as well as ingenuitv in  LIAM, major-general in the Anerican
catchinel offenders marde him a terror to  revolutionary army, was a native of Roxevil-doers.'B.-1772; d. 1850.        bury, Mass. In 1775i he was'appointed
HAYWOOD, ELIZABETH, an ingenious    provincial bricadier, and also brigadier
writer, was b. in London, 1693, and d. of the United States, June 22, and Aug.
1756. She published the " Female Spec- 9, 1776, majo-general. When the iarm!v
tator," "Epistles for the Ladcies," "For-  emoved to New York, he commanded
tunate Foundling,"  "Adventures of     near King's-bridge. In 1777 lle was iNature" &c.                            trusted with the command of the eastern
HAZARD, EBENEZExRz, postmaster-gen- department near Boston, and the priseral of the United States, was a native  oners of Saratoga fell under his care.
of Philadelphia, and graduated at Prince- In June, 1779, he returned to the main
ton college in 1762. In 1782 he sue- army, and commanded the troops on the
ceeded Mr. Bache as postmaster, and   Hudson, and in that station, for the
continued in office until the adoption of  most part, he remained until the close
the constitution in 1789. -He published  of the war. lie was the last surviving
a valuable work in reference to Amer- American major-general of the war. He
ican history, which is often quoted, pblished a volume, which for a time,
namely, "H-istorical Collections," also  tad great notoriety, entitled, "Heath's
L"Remarks on a Report concerning the Memoirs."    D. 1814. —JAES, an historWestern Indians."  D. 1817.           ical writer during the reigns of Charles
HAZLITT, WILLIAM, a distinguished   I. and II. HIe wrote "A Chronicle of
critic and essayist, was the son of a dis- the late War," "The Glories and Trisenting minister, and edtucated at the  nmphs of the Restoration of Charles
Unitarian college at Hackney. He be- II.," "Flagellum, or the Life and Death
gan life as an artist; but though he   of Oliver Cromwell." &c. D. 1664.
always preserved an intense love for the  HEATHCOTE, RALPH, a clergyman
arts, he soon relinquished the pencil for of the church of England, to whom the
the pen; and when he was not borne     merit is due of being the projector of
away by violent prejudices, he appeared  the "General Biographical Dictionary."
as one of the most able, powerful, and  He was also the author of "The Irejudicious critics of the day. Besides narch, or Justice of the Peace's Manbeing a constant contributor for many  ual,"  "Sylva, or the Wood,"     "A
years to the "Morning Chronicle" and   Sketch of Lord Bolingbroke's Philoso"Examiner" newspapers, he occasion- phy,"     and  other polemical works;
ally wrote in others. Among the most which caused his introduction to Dr.
popular of his writings are several vol- Warburton, who nominated him   his
unies collected from periodical works, assistant preacher at Lincoln's Inn. He
nuder the titles of " Table Talk,"' The  subsequently obtained higher church
Spirit of the Age," and "The Plain    preferments. D. 1795.
Speaker,"  The largest and most elab-  I-EBE1, REGINALD, bishop of Calorate, though not the most successful of  cutta., was b. at Malpas, Cheshire, 1783.
his works, is the "Life of Napoleon."  He entered a student at Brazenose colHis " Characters of Shakspeare's Plays," lege, Oxford, in 1800, and, 8 years after,
attracted much notice; as did also his carried the English prize for his beauti-' View of the English Statge," "Political ful poem, "Palestine."  From 1803 to
Essays and Sketches of Public Charac- 1822, he spent his time in discharging
ters,'- "The Literature of the Eliza- the duties of a parish priest; during
h-,ethan Age,' "The ModernPygmalion,"  which he published some elegant poems,
&c. His last work was a very interest- and the life of Jeremy Taylor.  le was
ing volume, entitled "Conversations of  then elected preacher.at Lincoln's Inn.
James Northcote: esq., R. A."  D. 1830. On the death of Dr. Middleton, the
HEATH, CHARLES, an eminent line     bishopric of Calcutta was offered to Mr.
engraver, was b. 1784. His taste for art Heber, and on the 16th of June, with
was fostered and matured by his father, his wife and infant daughter, lhe enlJames Heath, a name well known to the  barked for Ilndia. On the I t!l of Octoprint collector; and his serial artistic  ber he reached his destination, and found
publications, the "Book of Beauty" and  constant occupation in the important
the "Keepsake," &c., for many years exercise of his official duties. In 1826
41*:




486                  CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [HEI
he took a journey in the discharge of the founder of a new school of philosohis episcopal duty, to Trichinopoly, phy, was b. at Stuttgart, 1770, He was
where he     sed o te st of April, prossor successively at Jena, Heidel1826. The next day he. was seized with  berg, and Berlin;. e was at first the
aln apoplectic fit, whilst bathing, which  disciple of Schellig, with whom he was
terminated his valuable life. Since his associated in the conduct of:a philosophdeath,' "Na' rrativc ofa Journey through  ical journal in 1802-8. But his opinions
the Upper Provinces of India," has ap- gradually took a different turn. He repeared, and his widow has also publish-  jected Schellig's intellectual intuition
ed his biography.                    as an unwarrantabl, e assumption, alHEBEIT, JAMES RENE, commonly tho(ugh lie continued to nmaintain its
called Pere Duchene, (from the title of a leading idea. tHis system is at present
Jacobin paper of which he was the cdi- the centre of nearly all philosop-ical intor,) wa.s b. at Alencou, 1755. He was terest in Germany, chiefly from  the
one of the most violent advocates lor widely discrepant deductions, political
the French revolution. Having dared  and religious, which his friends and ento oppose his colleagues and inasters, emies draw from it; sonme maintaining
they accomplished his destruction. At it to be favorable to the present order
the place of his execution, contempt and  of things in church Land state, others
insult were added to the severity of his fobndilng upon it conclusions at varistifferings, and he d. amid the hisses of ance with all ordinary notions of religion
the populace, on the 24th March, 1794.  or miorality. D. of cholera, 1831.
IIECKWELDER, JOIN, many years        I-IDEGGER, JoIN JAMErs, a very
employed by the Moravian brethren as a extraordinary character, by birth a Swiss,
missionary to the Delaware Indians, was who took up his resicence in London,
a native of England. In 1819 he pub- in 1660, and, obtaining a commission in
lished, at Philadelphia, "A History of the guards, was known in f.ashionable
the Manner-s and Customs of the Indian  society by the appellation of the Swiss
Nations who once inhabited Pennsylva- count. IHe undertook the linaagemient
nia;" and, in 1820, a " Narrative of the of the opera house, and in his conduct
Moravian Mission among the Delaware of that establishment wasasvery fortunate;
Indians, &c., from 1740 to 1808." He added to which, by givine concerts, lmasd. at Bethlehem, 1823, aged 78.      querades, &c., nuder the patronage of
HEDLINGER, Jonu      CHARLES, the the court, he gaieneda hanldsone income,
most celebrate dcie-cutter of his age, which he expended in keeping  a hoswas b. at Schweitz, 1691. Many crown- pitable table, and relieving the unfortued heads, among whom were Charles nate. D. 1749, aged 90.
XII. of Sweden, Peter the Great, and   HEINE, HEINRICN,   a German poet
Pope Benedict XIII., honored him with'and miscellaneous writer, was b. at
thei patronage. He frequently visited  Dusseldorf, 97, and studied at Bonn,
Sweden, and on hlis last voyage fiom  Gottinffen, and Berlin, with the view of
that country, in 1745, lie lost tile greater embracing a legal career; but his temper
part of his property by shipwreck. Iis andlturn of mind rendered a residence
works are distinguished by great sim- in Germany distasteful, and he repaired
plicity, softness, and correctness of de- to Paris about 1820, where he continued
sign. D. 1771.                       thencefobrward principally to reside. Ilis
HIEEREN, APNOLD HERMANN. LUDWIG, works comprise two plays, political paina distinluished German historian, was phlets and satires, views of French sob. near Bremen, 1760; studied at Got- ciety, &c.; but his fame chiefly depends
tingen; and after spending some years on his poems and the "Reisebilder,"
in foreign tra vel, returned to Gottingen  wlicl, though often deformed by a
in 1787, when le was appointed pro- spirit of raillerv, alnd satire that knows
fesotr, and thenceforwarc dcedevote him- no boundcs, re full of grace, tenderness,
self to the composition of those numner- and artless ease. D. 1847.
ous works which have placed him among  HEINECCIUS, JoHN GOTLIEB, a celethe first historians of his age. His chief  brated civilian, b. at Ersenburg, in Alworks are, "Idceen uliber die Politik den tentburg, in 1681. After having studied
Verkehr, &c., der vornehlnsten Volker at Goslar and Leipsic, he became proder  alten  Welt,"  "HIandbuch   der fssor of philosophy at Halle, 1710; and
Geschichte der Staaten des Alterthums," in 1711 he was made professor of civil
"Ilmndbuch der Europaiisehen Staaten- law, with the title of counsellor of the
systemn," &c. D. 1842.               court. Iis g reat reputation induded the
HEGEL, GEonoRE MWILLIAM FREDERIC, states of Friesland to invite him to




REL I                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        487
Franeker, in 1724; but in 1727, the   had he lived at the present day, would
king of Prussia prevailed on him to   have been styled an imnpudent quack
accept of a plrofessolship of law at but tihough his works abound witl
Fratukfort-on-the-Oder, where he dis- crude and visionary dogmas, they contin)uished hinself till 1753. Becominf  tein also many observations on the
again professor at Ialle, lie remained  Galenical system, which are shrewd and
tlhere till his deatl in 1741, though  pertinent.  ). 1644.-FRANCTS MI ECURY
invited to  Marburg, Denmark, and     vAN, Baron, son of the precedilnn, was
Holland.                              b. at Vilvorden, in 1618, and there princI-EINECKEN, CiRIsTIAN TIENRY, an    tised as a physician and experimental
ext-raordinary child, b. at I  ubeck, in  chemist. If  e fthe f er be charecrd with
1721.  So astounding is the account eccentricity or quackery, the son hlas a
whicll is related of this mental phcnom- tenfold right to both qualities; yet that
enon, that notwithstandinf it is sup- he was a man of talent none have ldeported by the most powerful evidence, niecl. He travelled over a part of Enit still exceeds credibility. I-Hc  e spokerope with a caravan of Boleminans, (a
fluently at ten months old; at twelve gang of gipsies,) to learn their lang nfae
he could recite the principal facts in the  and opinions; pretenldec to have disPentateuch; in two months more he     covered the original lancuage of man;
was master of the entire history of the  and hadc the impudence to affirm that a
Old and New Testaments; at two years child born deaf and dumb would be
and a half, he answered the principal able to articulate the characters at first
questions in geography, and in ancient sight. Ie professed to believe in the
and modern history; and lie spoke     doctrine of transmilration, in the existLatin and French with great facility be- ence of the philosopher's stone, and
fore e  liad reached his fourth year. other theories no less wild and visionHe (lied in his fifth year.            rv. D. 1699.
HEINSIUS, )ANIEL, professor of poli-    IELOTSE, or ELOISE, celebrated
tics and history at Leyden, and libra- for her beauty and wit, but still more
rian to the university, was b. at Ghent, on account of'her love for Abelard, was
1580. He became a pupil of Joseph     b. at Paris in 1101, and d. in 1164.
Scaliger at Leyden, and was greatly in-  IIELST, BAiRTHOLOAMEW VAN DEraIe an
debtec to him   for the eminence to    admirable Dutch painter, excelling in
which he attained in literature.  He   portraits, but also great in landscapes
distinguished himself as a critic by his and historical subjects. B. at Haerlem,
labors on many classical authors, and  1613; d.1670.
was highly lionored at home and abroad.  IHELVETIUS, ADnIAN, a Dutch phy.
Gustavus Adolphus gave him a place sician, who:beinz at Paris while the
among his counsellors of state; the re- dysentery was raging in that city, suepublic of Venice made him a knigiht of  cessfully arrested its'proress by admicnthe order of St. Mark; and Pope Urban  istering a. remedy. Being ordered by
VIII. invited him to come, as he ex- lIouis XIV. to make it public, he depressed it, to rescue Rome fio ambarba- clared it to be ipecacwtaln7a, and was reism. D. 1666.-NICIOLAS, thie son of    warded with 1000 louis d'ors, and made
Daniel, was b. at Leyden, and became inspector of the military hospitals. B.
as great a Latin poet as his father, and  16561  d. 1721.- JouN CLAUDE, son of
a still oreater critic. D. 1681.      the preceding,-was also l. physicitn, and
HELMONT, JoIIN BAPTIST VAN,. a. man of great; skill in his profession.l
celebrated chemist, was b. at Brussels, iHe curedl lois:XV. of a dangerois disin 1577. His first literary procuction  order in his infancy,'and became first
was a treatise on the Spa waates, which  plhysician to tihe queen, and counsellor
is remarkable on account of the author of state. Ile wtas tlhe authlor of severial
having used the German word gheist, able wolks, alnd a member of the Acodanswering to the Enelishl ghost, or em     of Sciences, &c. D. 1755. -CrLAU
Epirit, to denote the air on which t:he  AmD'IEN, son of the last mentiotned, was
properties of the Spa water depend, and  b. at Pris in 1715; and. at the age of
from which is derived themodern wvord  23 obtained tihe post of a farmer-genGas, now so extensively used. In 1609  erdl; but resioned it, and afterw.ards
he settled at Vilvorden, where lie prac- purclhased the place of maltre-d?,hAtel to
tised medicine gratuitously, and is said  the queen  ITn 1758 lie publ-isled " De
to have performed some very wonderful l'Esprit,," tile materialism of which dr:ew
cures.  He profcssed to disregard all upon lhim many attacks, and it was conbook-learning on the healing art; and  demned by the pailiament of Paris.




488                   CYCOLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [IIEN
The book, however, obtained a rapid     IHEMSTEREIUYS, TIBERIUS, a celecelebrity, though its author found it brated Dutch philologist, wias the son
necesary to insure Ins personal safety  of a physician, and b. at Groningen, in
by withdrawin forI a time, first to Enl- 1685. In 1705 lie became professol of
gland, and afterwards to Prussia. lie mnathematics and philosophy at Amfsterat lenplth returned to France, and led a dam, where le applied himself so zealretired! a.nd doinestic life on his estate at ously to the Greek authors, that lie may
Vore, till lis deathl, which happened in  justly be said to have been the most
1771. A   posthuinuous    i work, entitled  profoind IHellenist of the a( e. 1Hem"De'lionome,'" is a continuation of  sterlluys ha 1 no taint of pride or dogthe former treatise, andl contains a fuller matislm, but 5was remarkable for his
development of the doctrines laid down  modesty and mildness of character. D.
in it; but, at the same time, many new  1756. —FiANCIS, his son, inherited his
ones, particularly such as relate to the  classical acquirements, and was, moresci,~nce of education.                over, an acute philosopl-er, and a (critical
IHEILWIG, AMELIA VON, a distin- judge of the fine'rts.   B. 1720; d. 170.
fuished female poet of Germany, b. at    IENAULT, CHARLES JOHN FKANCIS,
Weimar, in 1776. Ier father trlavelled  an eminent French  rliter, was presiin France, England, and Holland  and, dent of the parliamen-t of Paris, where
at a very early age, she discovered a re- he was b. in 1685. He became president
murkable aptitude in learning, not only  of the first chamber of inquests in 1710,
the modern languages, but Greek, while  which led lhin to make the Roman law
her poetical talents were at the same  his study, though ihe still amused limtimle successfully cnltivatecl. Among a self with poetry, and, in 1713, produced
hostof literary characters, whose friend- his tragedy of "'Cornelia."  In 1723 he
ship she obtained, and from whom she  obtained a place in the French Academy,
derived much valuable instruction, were after which lie set himselft to digest into
Scliller and Goethe. D. 1832.         a chronolooical order the history of
HIEMANS,'FELICIA    DOROTHEA, an    France. This work appeared in 1744,
amiable and highly accomplished po- and has been translated into most Euetess, was b. at Liverpool, of respect- ropean languaees. I-e also wrote three
able parents of the name of Browne, comedies, and after his death appeared
who subsequently took up their resi- a work of his, entitled " Iistoire Critidence near St. Asaphi, Wales.    She  que de l'Etablissement des Francois
married young; but her marriage was dans les Gaules."    He was intimlatcly
infelicitous, and, after the birth of five  connected with madame du Deffanl,
children, her husband estranged him- and from his rank, as well as his talents,
self from her society, and a permanent le held a cistinigished station amongr
separation ensued.   From  childhood  the literati of Paris. D. 1770.-JOHN D'
she had  a ardent thirst for knowledge, a French poet, was b. at Paris. After
and her reading was extensive and va- travelling into several countries, he reried. 1er imagination was rich, chaste, turned to France, and was patronized
and glowing; and though some of her by Fouquet. His works were printed
earlier poems may be deemed rather at Paris, in a small volume, in 1670;
monotonous, her " Records of Woman"    besides which he translated part of
and "Forest Sanctuarvy" are poems of  Lucretius, but was persuaded by his
ai high order. After her establishment confessor, when at the point of death,
at St. Asaph was broken up, she retired  to throw it into the fire.
to Vavertree, near Liverpool, but re-    HENDERSON, JCHN, a first-rate
mained about three years only, when she  actor, was b. in London, in 1747. He
settled in Dublin, where she d. on the  aeouired great celebrity at Drury-lane
16th of May, 1835, in the 41st year of  tlhetre in  Shakspeare's  characters,
her are. Besides the two works before  where he performed Falstaff, Richard
mentioned, Mrs. Hemans wrote "'Wal- III., &c., with unbounded applause.
lace." "Dartmoor,"  Dramatic Scenes,"  D. 1785.
" Welsh Melodies," " The Siege of Va-   HENGIST, the first Saxon king of
lencia," "Songs of the Affections," "Na- Kent, who, with his brother Hlorsa
tional Lyrics and Songs for Music," "landed a-n army at the mouth of thi
"Scenes and Hymns of Life," "The      Thames, and eventually snbjugated thi
Vespers of Palermo," a tragedy, imand a  Britons. The kingdom of Kent, foundvariety of scattered lyrics, in the " New  ed by IHengist, embraced that tract
Monlthly" and "Blackwood's" maga- which is now known as the counties
zines.                                 of Kent, Middlesex, Essex, and part of




HEN]                 CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       489
Surrey.  He established his residence  had given him the talents, and educaat Canterbury, and d. about the year tion the character, suitable for an able
488, leaving his kingdom to his pos- ruler. In every thing he undertook, he
terity.                               displayed a steady and   persevering
HtENLEY, ANTHONY, an ingenious spirit: the clergy were compelled to
writer, cotemporary with Steele and Ad- acknowledge their dependence on him,
dison, and who contributed to the and the temporal lords he held in actual
"Tattler," and other works. He was subjection. B. 1017; d. 1056.-IV., son
b. at the Grange, in Hampshire, the   of the preceding, was b. in 1050, and at
seat of his father, Sir Robert Henley, the death of his father was only five
became M.P. for Andover, and d. in    years old.  His disputes with Pope
1711.-RoBERT, lord chancellor North- Gregory VII., who had been elevated to
ington, third son of the preceding, was the papal chair without the consent of
b. in 1708, educated at Westminster the imperial court, embroiled him in a
school, and Christ-church and St. John's series of wars, and caused him to be excollege, Oxford; becamle lord keeper in  communicated. His eldest son, Conrad,
1757, and raised to the peerage in 1760, rebelled against him, but was overcome,
when he presided at the trials of Earl and died at Florence in 1101, deserted
Ferrers and Lord Byron; resigned tlhe by his partisans. He then caused his
great seal in 1766, and d. in 1772.   second son, Henry, to be elected his
JOHNN, familiarly known by the appella- successor, and crowned; but the latter
tion of " Orator Henley,' was b. at Mel- also rebelled, and making himself maston Mowbray, 1692. He was educated    ter of his father's person in 1105, by
at Cambridge, and entered into holy   stratagem, compelled him to abdicate
orders; but being dissatisfied with his the tlirone. Henry IV. ended his life
prospects of church preferment, he com- and sorrows in nefgleet, at Liege, in 1106.
nmenced public orator. Having opened  -V., emperor of Germany, the son and
a chapel in London, he gave lectures on  successor of the preceding, and who had
theological subjects on Sundays, and on  made himself notorious by his conother subjects every Wednesday. Nov- spiracy against his father, was b. 1081.
city procured. him a multitude of hear- In 1111 he married Matilda, the daughers; but he was too imprudent to gain  ter of Henry I., king of England, and
any permanent advantage by it; he be- the rich dowry he received with this
came the butt of wits and caricaturists, princess, gave him the means of underand he gradually sunk into obscurity. taking an expedition over the Alps, in
D. 1756.                              order to demand the imperial crown
ItENRIETTA, ANNA, of England, from the pope in Rome. He caused the
duchess of Orleans, the daughter of   pope to be conveyed away from    the
King Charles I,, was b. at Exeter, in  altar, while at mass, and cut down, in
1644, amid the turbulent scenes of the the streets of Rome, all who opposed
civil war.  Her unhappy mother fled   him.   D. 1125.-VII., was the first
with her to France when the infant was German emperor who was chosen solely
scarcely three weeks old; and after the by the electors, without the interference
death of the king she repaired to the of the other states of the empire. I-He
convent of Chaillot, and there devoted  undertook an expedition to Italy, and
herself to the education of her daughter. compelled the Milanese to crown him
She united with great sweetness of    king of Lombardy. He then suppressed
character the charms of beauty, and. by force a revolt which had broken out
was married to Philip, duke of Orleans. in Upper Italy; took several cities by
1). 1680.                             storm; and, havingl captured Rome, he
HENRY I., of Germany, surnamed      was crowned Roman emperor by two
"the Fowler," u,5s the son of Otho the cardinals, while in the streets the work
Illustrious, duke of Saxony and Thu- of murder and pilla.e  was still foing
ringia, and b. in 876. When he was on. D. 1313.-THE LION, the most reelected sovereign of Germany, in 919, markable prince of Germany in the 12th
he had to contend with anarchy at century, was b. in 1129, and assumed
home and enemies abroad, but his ac- the government of Saxony in 1146.-Dp.
tivity and prudence overcame them all. BLOIS, bishop of Winchester, nephew
After a fortunate and glorious reign of  of William Rufus, and brother of King
sixteen years, he d. at Quedlinburgh, in  Stephen, was an active prelate and a
936.-III., of Germany, son of the Em- bold, ambitious, and enterprising statesperor Conrad II. succeeded his father man. When England was invaded by
m the i perial dignity, 1039. Nature the partisans of the Empress Matilda, lie




490                   CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [HEi
at first joined Iher standard, but subse- found innuierable difficulties in estabquently deserted it, and became her lishinlg his claimls. His Protestant relimost determinecd eemrny. The emnpress gion was brorlt: foirward to prejudice
queen and her followers having taken  the Cat:holics ragainst him. After a prorefuige in the castle of Winchester, he tractedand obstinate strnuggle, convinced
laid.siege to it, set the city on fire, and  that he should never enjoy quiet posconsumed twenty churches, a     number sessioin of the French throne without
of reliftious houses, and many other professin  the Catlolic iflth, Ienry at
baildings.  He is now    rememberedl length yielded to the wishes of his
cliefly as the founderm of the hospital friends, was instructed in'the doctrines
of St. Cross, near Winchester, the of the Catholic church, acnd professed
church of which is regarded by many   the Catholic faith, July 25, 1593, in the
antiquaries as furnishing the model of  church of St. Denys. He happily esthe distinguishinl features ofthe Gothic caped an atteimpt to assassinate himn;
or pointed style-of'architecture. D. 1171. was solemnly anointed ling at Cilartres
-TEiu  NA VIGATOP, the fourtli son of in 1594; anld entered the capital amid
John I., kinlg of Portugal, was b. 1394. the aeclaiations of the people.  He
He gave early proof of birilliant courage,  made use of tle tranquillity whlich folbut his love of arms was surpassed by  lowed, to restore the internal prosperity
his love of the sciences, particularly  of his kinogdoml, and p rticlulrly the
mathematics, astronomy, and navilga   wasteclfinances; and in this design hl
tion. Hle was the first who applied thie  was hibghly sutcessful, with the aid of
compass to navigation; and to him also  his prime minister Sully. To his former
a principal part is ascribed in the inven- brothers in faitli and in alrms, the Prot.tion of the astrolabe. Various expedi- estants, he g.ranted entire religious fieetions were undertaken, and discoveries  dom and political securiiy, by the edict
made, under his patronage and st his of Nantes, in 1598. In 1610, wshile ridinexpense; but, at length, companies were through the streets of Paris, his coach
formed of ente rprising men, who were was obstructed in the street de la Fetempted with the prospect of obtainino, ronnerie, by two wvaons. A fanatic,
gold dust, and the whole people becammenamed Ravaillac, took advantage of this
animated with the love of discovery. moment to perpetrate a long-meditated
In: 1446 Nunno Tristan doubled Cape   deed; and lhe received a fatal stab fiom
Verde; and,. two years later, Gonzao  the haind of this assassin, in the 52d
Vallo discovered three of the Azores year of his ae aend 22d of his reign.islands, about 1000 miles from the con- I. king of England, caled, on account
tinent. Ilenry continue these efforts of his learning, "Beauclerc," was the
till his death, in 1463, and thus secured  youngest son of William the Conqueror,
for himself an undying  name as the   b. in 1068, and succeeded his brother
patron and friend of navigation.-IV., Rufus in 1100. I-e, restored the unicalled THE( GREAT, king of France and  versity of Cambridge, forgave all debts
Navarre, was b. in 1553, at Pau, in   owing to the cr'own prior to his accesBearn. His father, Anthony of Bour- sion, reformed the court, and conquered
bon, was descended from a son of Louis Wales. He abolished the cur'few-bell,
IX.; his mother was Jeannie d'Albret, established a standard for weights and
daughter of Henry, king of Navarre. measures, and signed the charter, which
He was brought lup in the sihple and  proved the origin of the Englishl liberhardy manner of the peasantry of B1arn, ties.  D. 1135.-II., king of England,
and this laid the foundation of a vigor- the son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and
ous constitution and temperate habits. Maud, empress of Germany, was b. in
-Ie was placed under the tuition of Flo- Normandy, in 1132, and succeeded Sterent Chretein, a learned man and zealous phen in 1154. He added the provinces
Protestant.  In 1599 he accompanied   of Aljou, Touraine, Maine, Poitou,
his mother to Rochelle, and learned the  Saintonge, Guienne, and Gascony, to
art of war under Admiral Coligni. Hav- the Eno-lish crown.  HIis reign w'as
ing assumed the title of "King of Na- troubled by disputes between him and
varre," his marriage took place, Aug. Becket, archbishop of Canterbury, who
18, 1572.  Then followed the horrible  being murdered in 1170, the pope obliged
scenes of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24th. the king to undergo penance for it at
The Catholics, in 1585, formed the cel- Becket's tomb at Canterbury. In 1170
ebrated league, which the king was he caused his eldest son, Henry, to be
obliged to confirm  and when called, by  crowned king of England. In 1172 ho
righlt of birth, f te i French throne, he  conquered Ireland, and, the year fol



HEN]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         491.owing, his sons rebelled against him. country, and he landed an army at liar-.ienry checked the prevailing licenti- fleur, Aug. 14, 1415. With 15;000 men
ousness by severe laws, partitioned En- he gained the battle of Agincourt, though
gland into foul judiciary districts, and  the French amounted to 52,000.  He
appointed itinerant justices to make   then returned to England; but three
regular excursions through them. He years afterwards lie went again to
revived trial: by jurly, discouraged that France, espoused the Princess Cathaby combat, and demolished all the newly  rine, on condition that the French
erected castles, as shelters of violence crown should go to Henry and his heirs
and anarchy. D. 1189.- II., king of    on the death of the king of France, and
England, surnamed of Winchester, on   be inseparably united to the crown of
account of his having been b. in that England. D. 1422. —VI., king of Encity, succeeded his father, John, in 1215. gland, son of the preceding, was b. at
Ie was obliged to relinquish Normandy, Windsor, in 1421, and w'as lbut ten
Anjou, Poitou, Tourainc, and Maine to  months old at the death of his father.
the king of France; after which a civil His grandfather, Charles, king of France,
war brole out in England, and the kin  died soon after, and the duke of Orleans,
was taken prisoner by the barons, at the encouraged by the minority of Henry,
head of whom was Simon de Montfort, assumed the title of king by the nanme
earl of Leicester.  The tide of affairs of Charles VII. When only nine years
turning, in his favor, he deprived sev- old, Henry was crowned at Paris, and
eral of these lords of their estates, and  the great duke of Bedford, his uncle
gave them to his fiiends. B. 1207; d. ancd guardian, obtained several import1272.-IV. king of England, surnamed    ant victories. LBut the raising of the
Bolingbroke, was b. in 1367. He was siege of Orleans by Joan of Arc gave a
the son oftJohn of Gaunt, duke of Lan- new turn to affairs, and the English ineaster, the third son of Edward III. In  terest declined. The death of the duke
the reign of Richard II. he was made   of Bedford was a fatal blow to the cause
earl of Derby and duke of lHereford. of Henry. and at length the English were
Having accused the duke of Norfolk of  deprived of their possessions in France,
treason, the latter challenged him to  except the town of Calais. The insurrecsingle combat; but on the appearance tion of Cade followed. To addto hismisof the two champions, at the appointed  fortunes, the York party in England pretime and place, Richa'rd would not suffer vailed, and Henry was sent to the Tower,
them to proceed. Both were banished    where, according to the prevailing opinthe kingdom, Norfolk for life, and Here- ion, he was slain by Richard, duke of
ford for a term of years. On the death  Gloucester, in 1471.-VlI., king of Enof his father lie succeeded to the duke- gland, first sovereign of the race of
dom of Lancaster; and, returning before  Tudor, was b. 1457. He was the son
the stated time, for the avowed object of Edmund, earl of Richmond, and of
of claiming his duchy, and having been  Margaret of the house of Lancaster.
joined by the earls of Northumberland  By the assistance of the duke of Britand Westmoreland, soon found himself   any he landed in Wales, and laid claim
at the head of 60,000 men. Richard II. to the crown in 1485. The people, diswas defeated, taken prisoner, and de- gusted at the cruelties of Richard III.,
posed; and the duke was unanimously   joined him in such numbers that ihe was
declared 1king, under the title of Henry  enabled to give the usurper battle at
IV. This usurpation gave rise to the 3osworth field, where Richard was slain
civil war between the houses of York  and Henry crowned on the spot. He
and Lancaster. D. 1413.-V., king of   reigned 24 years, and d. 1509.-VIII.,
England, called, after his birthplace, of  king of England, was b. in 1491, and
lAMcnLmouth, was b. in 1388. His dissi- succeeded his father at the age of 18.
pated habits while a prince gave his The Emperor Maximilian and the Pope
father great uneasiness; but he fre- Julius   II., having leagued    against
quently displayed noble traits of char- France, persuaded lenry to join them,
acter, and on ascending the throne he  and he in consequence invaded that
cast off his former companions, and   kingdom, where he made some conjustified the best expectations. France  quests. About the same time James
being at the time torn asunder by the IV., king of Scotland, invaded England,
opposing factions of the dukes of Or- but was defeated and slain at Flodden
leans and Burgundy, Henry took the Field. When Luther commenced the
favorable opportunity of reviving the reformation in Germany, Henry wrote
claims of his predecessors upon that a book against him, for which he was




d492                 CYCLOPfEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [HER
complimentced by the pope with the title ed the honor of being the first to comof IDefender of thte Eulitll. Having con- mence the opposition to thle measures of
ceived an affection for Anne Boleyn, lie the British government, which termidetermined to divorce his wife UCntha- lnated in the revolution.. He was one of
rine of Aragon, to whom lhe had been  the delegates sent by Virginia to the
married 18 years. Bnt on the divorce  first general congress of the colonies, in
being refused by the pope, Henry as- 1774, and in that body distinguished
sumed the title of supreine head of the  himself by his boldness and eloquence.
Encglish church, put down the monas- In 1776 lie was appointed the first govteries, and alienated their possessions to  ernor of the commonwealth, and to this
secnlar purposes. His nmarriage with  office was repeatedly re-elected. In 1786
Anne Boleyn follonwed* bnt aftervwards  he was appointed by the legislature one
he broulght her to the scaffold, and mar- of the deputies to the convention held
ried Lady Jane Seymour, who died in   at Philadelp.hia, for the purpose of rechildbed.  -Ie next married Anne of   vising the federal constitution. In 1788
Cleves; but she not provilng agreeable lie was a member of the convention,
to his expectations, lhe put her away, which met in Virginia to consider the
and caused Cromwell, earl of Essex, the  constitution of the United States, andcl
projector of the match, to be beheaded. exerted himself strenuously against its
His next wife was Catharine Howard, adoption. In 1794 he retired from the
who was beheaded for adultery; after bar, and d. in 1799. Without extensive
which he espoused Catharine Parr, who  information upon legal or political topics,
survived him. D. 1546.-CHnARLE, a lihe was a natural orator of the highest
gentleman distinguished for his chemi- order, possessing great powers of imacal knowledge and scientific pursuits, gination, sarcasm, and humor, united
was the son of an eminent manufactu- with great force and energy of manner,
ring chemist at Manchester, and b. in  and a deep knowledge of human nature.
1775. Though intended for the medi-     HENRYSON, ROBERT, a Scotch poet
cal profession, he relinquished it for the  in the 16th century, was schoolmaster
sake of co-operating in his father's lu- at Dunfermline, and a monk of the
crative pursuits, which lie afterwards Benedictine order. His "Fabils" were
carried on.  D. 1836.-MA.TTHEW, a non- printed at Edinburgh in 1621; and his
conformist divine, was b. in 1662. He  " Testament of Faire Creseide" in 1593.
was educated by his father, Philip HIen- I-e wrote a number of other pieces,
ry, an eminent Presbyterian divine; which are to be found in the collections
studied the law in Gray's Inn, but re- of Hailes, Pinkerton, &c.
nouncedl it for the ministry, antd settled  HEPBURN, ROBalIT, a miscellaneous
at Hacknl y. His chief work is an " Ex- writer, was b. in Scotland, in 1690. At
position of the Bible;" besides which  the age of 21 he published, in 80 nulmhe wrote a "Method of Prayer," a bers, a series of essays, entitled "The
" Discourse on ths3 Lord's Supper," and  Tattler, by Hector Macstaff, of the
other books. of pLctical divinity. D. North."  He studied the civil law in
1714.-EOaBERT, minister of one of the  Iolland, and became a member of the
churches in Eldinburh, and author of faculty of advocates at Edinburgh,
"The History of Great Britain," was where lie d. 1712.
b. at St. Ninian's, near Stirling, in 1718,  HERACLITUS, the founder of a phil* and d. in 1790.-PAmRioo, an American  osophical sect, wras b. at Ephesus, and
orator aLnd statesman, was b. in Vir- flourished in the 69th Olympiad, about
ginia in 1736, and after receivilg a con- 500 B. c. I-Ie incorporated the mysteries
mon school education, and spending    of the Pythagorean sy stem into his
some time in trade and agriculture, own, which was exceedingly severe and
commenced the practice of the law, after obscure. Being of a misanthropic turn,
only six weeks of preparatory study. whence lie is said to have wept at the
After several years of poverty, with the  follies of mankind, he retired to a
incumbrance of a fanmily, lie first rose  mountainous region, where he liveid
to distinction in manal llg the popular upon roots and herbs, but being atcause ill the controversy between the  tacked by a fatal disease, was obliged to
legislature and the clergy, touching the  return to the city, and soon afterwards
stipend which was claimer by the latter. d., in the 60th year of his affe.
In 1765 lie was elected a member of the  IHERAULT DE SECHELLES, MARIS
house of burgesses, with express refer- JEAN, 7advocate-geleral in the pa-rliaessce to all opposition to tile British iment of Paris under the old regime,
stamp act. in this assembly he obtain- and afterwards a member of the lnatioem




tER]                  OTCY-LOP-EDIA    OF BICOGRAPH~1Y.                493
al convention, was b. at Paris, in 1760. derman at York. After receiving his
He chiefly distinguished bhimself in the education at Oxford, he travelled for 4.
contest between the Mountain and Gi- years in Asia and Africa, of which he
ronde parties, and he powerfully co-op- published an account. On the breakling
erated in the destruction of the latter; out of the civil wars lie sided with the
but all his services to the terrorists did  parliament; but havingo been appointed
not save him from the scaffold; lie was to attend upon Charles in lis captivity
executed with Danton, in 1795.        he became warrmly attached to him, and
HERBELOT, BARTfOLOMEW        D', a proved himself a zealous and ineorruptilearned orientalist, was b. at Paris, in  ble, servant to him up to the hour of
1625. After travelling twice into Italy, his execution. He assisted Dugdale in
in search of Eastern manuscripts, and  his' "Monasticon Anglicanum,". and
to converse with oriental travellers, with  published an account of the last two
a view to the elucidation of the Hebrew  years of the life of King Charles, under
Scriptures, he was appointed reoiUs the title of "Threnodia Carolina."  D.
professor of Syriac in the French capi- 16S2.
tal, and granted a pension. Hie was the  HERDER, JOHN GODFrEY VON, a clasauthor of "The Oriental Library," and  sieal German writer, and philosopher,
other able works. D. 1695.            was b. in 1744, of poor parents, at MohHERBERT, EDWARD, lord of CHER- rungen, in Prussia; was educated for
aBJRY, was b. in 1581, at Montgomery  the church, and became court preacher,
castle; was sent, when only 12 years ecclesiastical counsellor, and vice-presiold, to University college, Oxford; was dent of the consistory, to the duke of
made a knight of the Bath, soon after Saxe Weimar; and d. 1803. At the
the accession of James I.; and shortly  moment when he expired he was wriafter travelled on the Continent, where ting a hymn to the Deity, and the pen
his elegant manners and chivalric ac- was found on the unfinished line.. He
complishments attracted the greatest was greatly esteemed by all who knew.
notice. He served in the Netherlands in  him, and looked upon as the Fenelon
1610 and 1614, distinguishing himself  of Germany. His unrelaxing zeal and
by his romantic bravery; was twice    diligence penetrated the most various
ambassador to France, and on his re- branches of science, theory, philosophy,
turn, in 1625, was created an Irish peer, philology, natural and civil history, aad
and afterwards an English baron. He politics.
espoused the parliamentary cause du-    HERMAS, an ancient father of the
ring the civil wars, but quitted it, and  Christian church, surnamed Pastor, or
d. 1648. Ills principal work is entitled  the Shepherd, who is said to: be the.
"'De Veritate,' the object of which was same mentioned by St. Paul, in. his.
to assert the sufficiency and perfection  Epistle to the Romans. He is supposed.
of natural religion, with a view to prove  to have d. at Rome about the year 81.:
the uselessness of revelation. He also  A piece of his, entitled " The Shepherd,"
wrote " De Religione Lalci," his own  is still extant, and was translated into
"Memoirs," a "Life of Henry VIII.,"   English by Archbishop Wake.
&c.-GEoORGe, a brother of the prece-    HERMELIN, SAML. GUSTAVuS, Baron,
din'g, was distinguished as a poet and a a Swedish mineralogist, was b. in 1744,
divine. He was b. in 1593; educated   at: Stockholm. After having travelled
at Westminster school, and at Trinity  extensively, and paid particular attention
college, Cambridge; and became rector to the statistics and geology of the counof Bemerton, Wilts; where he d. in    tries winch he visited, he settled in his.
1612.  He was a man of exemplary      native land, and for more thtan 50 years
piety and benevolence, and a poet of no  held the most eminent situations in the
mean rank.-WILLIA.., earl of Peru- management of the Swedish mines.
broke, a poet and the patron of learned  Hermelin wrote various works relative
men, was b. in 1580, at, Wilton house, to the mineralogy, metallurgy, and rethe family seat. He was educated- at sources of Sweden'.and spent 15 years
New college, Oxford; and in 1626 was in perfectin, the Swedish Atlas, a geoelected chancellor of that runiversity, to  grtphical iundertaking of vast magniwhich he' was a liberal benefcttor tude. D. IlS20.
through life, and bequeathed to it at his  HERMES, Tmr.SMEGIrSTUS, an Egyptian
death a valuableo collection of manu- priest and philosopher, who, according
scripts. D. 1630.-Sir TOMrAs, a de- to Diodorus, was the friend and coInscendant of one of the branches of the sellor of the great Osiris, and is said to
Pembroke family, was the son of an al- have been the first lawgiver, and the.  42




494                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [HER
founder of reigeious ceremonies among  situation in the band of the Durham
the Egyptians. He instructed his coun- militia. When the regiment came to
trymeni in the cultivation of the olive, Doncaster, he formed an acquaintance
the meiasurement of lands, and the with Dr. Miller, an eminent comrposer
knowledgce of l hieroglyphics, and to him  and organist of that town. It happetied
are attributed all the mystic sciences of about this time that an organist was also
the Alexandrian school.   But every   wanted at Halifax, and, by the advice of
thing relating to him' is so uncertain  the doctor, his veounne friend offered
and obscure, that even the time when, himself as a cmandicdate oir l.ie place, and
and the place where, hlie lived cannot be  was successful. In 1766 he removined
assigned with any certainty.           from  Yorkshire to Bath, where hle was
IIERMILLY, VAQUETTE, D', a French    chosen organist at the Octagon chapel,
historian, was b. at Amiens, in 1707, and  and leader of the orchestra tat the public
d. at Paris, in 1778.   lIe wrote the rooms. Althouogh enthusiastically fond
"History of Majorca and Minorca," and  of music, lie had for some time devoted
translated Ferrara's " Hlistory of Spain"  his leisure hours to the studly of nmathand the "Critical Thleatre" of Father ematics and astronomy; and, in 1779,
Feijoo.                                having constructed a telescope, and
ERIMOGENES, a rhetorician, b. at begun a regular survey of the heavens,
Tarsus, in Cilicia, lived about the mid- star by star, lie discovered, March 13th,
dile of the 2d century, and is celebrated  1781, a new primary planet, which lihe
for the precocity and rapid extinction of  named the Georgium Sidus. in honor of
his talents. At the agre of 15, he was George the Third.'The same year he
famous for his powers of oratory; at 17, was elected a fellow of the Royal Society,
he published his rhetoric; and, soon   and had the gold medal awarded him'or
after, various treatises on oratory, which  his discovery. After a long series of
ranked him high among writers upon     arduous and valuable labors, in 1802 he
that subject; but, in his 25th year, he laid before the Royal Society a catalogue
wholly lost his memory, and smank into  of 5000 new nebule, nebulous stars,
a state of mental imbecility.          planetary nebulae, and clusters of stars,
HERODOTUS, called by Cicero the which he had discovered. He continued
"Father of History," was b. at Halicar- his astronomical observations till within
nassus, in Carila, 484...and is the  a few years of his death, which took
most ancient of the Greek historians place in 1822.-CAROLINE LUCIETIA, siswhose works are extent.               ter of the above, and, like him, distinHERRERA TORDESILLAS, ANTO- guished for her zeal in astronomical purNIO DE, a Spanish historian, who wrote suits, was b. at Hanover, 1750. Havin&g
a "General History of India," which is joined her brother at Bath, in 1771, she
a curious work. IHe also wrote a " Gen- voluntarily undertook thle ardlmuous duties
eral History of Spain."  B. 1565; d. of his astronomical assistant, not only
1625.                                  acting as his ammmensis, but executing
HERRICK, ROBERT, ain English poet the laborious numerical calculations neof the 17th century. He received his cessary to render his discoveries availeducation, first at St. John's college, and  able to science, and laboring in the cause
next at Trinity hall, Cambridge; after of astronomy with an ardor and activity
which he entered into orders, and ob- which neither the fatigue of the body,
tained, in 1629, the vicarage of Dean  nor the inclemencies of-the season, could
Prior, in Devonshire. He was deprived  exhaust. Her own observations were so
of this living during Cromwell's usurp- numerous and important, that the Royal
ation, but recovered it at the restora- Society published them in one volulie;
tion, and d. not long afterwards.     and her " Zone Catalogue" was honored,
HERSCHEL, Sir WILLIAM, one of the in 1828, with the gold medal of the Lonmost distinguished astronomers of mod- don Astronomical Society, of which she
ern times, was b. at Hanover, ini 1738. was also elected an honorary member.
His father, who was a musician, brought D. 1848.
him up to his own profession, and, at   HERVEY, JAMES, an English divine,
the age of 14, he was placed in the band  was b. in 1714, at Hardingstone, near
of the Hanoverian foot-guards. Towards  Northampton; and eventually succeeded
the close of the seven years' war, when  his father, as rector of Weston Favell
the French armies entered Hanover, and Collingtree. His chief writings are,
young Herschel resolved to visit En- "Meditations    and   Contenmplaltions,'
glund, but not being able to obtain em- "Remarks on Lord Bolincbroke's Letployment in Lonion, hQ accepted a ters on the Study and Use of History,"




HID]                  CYCLOPACDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      495
and "Theron and.Aspasia; or, a Se- Help to English History," the " Life of
ries of Dialogues and Letters on the  Charles I.," a "History of the Reformamost important Subjects."  D. 1758.-  tion," &c. D. 162.
JOIHN, Lord, second son of John, first  H-IEYNE, CIIRISTIAN GOTTLOB, a di.,earl of Bristol, was b. 1694. In 1720  tinguished scholar, was a native of
he married Miss Lepell, so well known  Chemnitz, in Saxony, whither his father,
in Pope's letters and verses; in 1723  a poor linen  weaver, had fled from
he succeeded to the title of Lord Her- Gravenschutz, in Silesia, on account of
vey by the death of his elder brother; religious persecution. Though destitute
and in 1725 became member for Bury, and obscule, he acquired a remarkable'
whlen he attached himself to Sir Robert acquaintance with the ancient languages,
Walpole's party in opposition to Pulte-  and succeeded Gesner as professor of
ney's, and was made vice-chamberlain  eloquence at Gottingen, where he was
in 1730, which he retained by court in- soon after appointed first librarian and
fluence till 1740, when lie became lord  counsellor. By his editions and comprivy seal. From an early age, Lord   Inentaries on classic authors, Heyne has
Hervey took an active part in the liter- deserved the reputation of being one of
ary and political contests of the day. the most distinguished luminaries of the
His pamphlets in answer to the " Crafts- literary world. D. 1812, aged 82.
man" involved him in a duel with Pul-   HEYWOOD, JOHN, one of the earliest
teney; his quarrel with Pope, which   of the English dramatic poets, was b. at
extended over many years, gave rise to  North Mimi, in H-ertfolrdshire, and edusome of the bitterest satirical sketches  cated at Oxford; after which he became,
ever penned; and he carried on an ac- through Sir Thomas More, a great favortive correspondence with Dr. Middleton  it with H-enry VIII. He also continued
regarding the mode of electing the Ro- in the court of Edward VI., and was
man senate.   His " Memoirs of the    much in the confidence of Queen Mary;
Reign of George II. from his Accessioh  on whose death, being a Roman Cathoto the Death of Queen Caroline," after lie, he went abroad, and d. at Mechlin,
slumbering for a century in the chests in Brabant, 1565. lIe wrote " The Parof Ickworth, were published in 1848, able of the Spider and Fly," a volumiwith an interestingaccount oftheauthor nous poem. His other works are, a
by John Wilson Croker. D. 1743.       "          of Proverbs," and several
IIESIOD, a very ancient Greek poet, plays.Tnom-H3AS, a dramatic writer and
but whether a cotemporary with, or actor in the reigns of Elizabeth, James
older or younger than, Homer is not I., and Charles I. He is said to have
agreed among the learned. The "The-   been a most voluminous author, having
ogony" and " Works and Days" are the  written no less tlhan 220 plays, of which.
only undoubted pieces of tlhis poet now  only 24 are extant. He also wrote "The
extant.                               Actor's Vindication," "The Hierarchy
HEWSON, WILLIAM, a celebrated       of the Aungels," a ";Life of Merlin,"
anatomist and physiologist, Nas the son  "Life of Queen Elizabeth,"' Lives of.
of a surgeon at Hexham, in Northutm- the Nine Worthies," &c. Neither the
berland, where he was b. in 1739. In  date of his birtlh nor that of his death
1771 he obtained the Copleyan medal are on record.
from the Royal Society, for his discov-  HICKES, GEOmKE, an eminent divine
cries of the lymphatic syste:n in birds  and learned antiquary of the 17th centuand fishes, and was elected a fellow of  ry, was b. at Newsham, in Yorkshire,
that learned body. He also published  in 1642. Dr. Hickes was a profound'"Experimental Inquiries into the Prop- scholar, particularly in Saxon lore; but
erties of the Blood." D. 1774.        in theological matters the violence of
IIEYLIN, PETER, an English divine, his prejudices sometimes obscured his
was b. at Burford, in Oxfordshire, in  judgment. His greatest work is en160 0. In 1681 he published his "His- titled' "Thesaurus Grammmatico-Criticus
tory of St. George," for which the king  et Arch-eologicus Linguarum  veterum
gave him the rectory of Hemmingford, Septentrionalium."  D. 1715.
in Hnntingdonshire, and a prebend of     IIDALGO Y COSTILLA, DoN MIGWestmiinster, to which was added the  UEL, a Spanish priest, who distinguished
living of Houghton, in the bishopric of  himself in promoting the war of indeDurhalm. Othei church preferment fol- pendence in Mexico, which commenced
lowed.   le published a weekly paper, in 1809. He -was at that time curate of
called " Mercurius Aulicus."  His other Dolores, and posscssed great influence
productions are, " Cosmography,  "A   over the Indians a'id Creoles. After




196                   CYCLOPA'MDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       tHIIL
raising the statndcard of independence, he itinerancy, preachino in the st eets of
was joined by Allende anc a consider- Bristol, on the quays, or among the colable body of insurgents; upon which he liers at Kingswoocd; wherever, i.n fact,
threw off his clerical robes, and assumed  lie could gain an audience; but resuthe uniform and rank of generalissimo. ming,c at stated periods, the services of
At first hie obtained great success; but the London and Bristol tabernacles. In
he ultimately fell int) the hands of the 1783 the buildingc of Surrey chapel was
royalists, and was executed in July, completed; and fronl that time to the
1811.                                 perisc  of his death, an interval of 50
HIGGONS, BEVIL, a dramatic poet years, he continued to pass his winters
and historian. His priincipal works are, in town for the purpose of officiatincg
a tragedy called " The Generous Con- there,n his place being supplied during
queror," and a " Short View of the En- the summer months by a succession of
glish History." IIe accompanied James popular mininisters from  the country.
II. to France, where he d. in 1735.    His writings are very numerous, the
HIGHMORE, JOSEPH, a portrait and    principal of which is eintitleci " Village
historical painter- b. in London, 1692. Dialogues." But he was not sparing of
Among his best paintings is, "Hagari and  wit, humor, or sarcasm, whenever he
Ishmael," in the: Foundling:Hospital. could make either subservient to lis
He distinguished himself also as an au- purpose, as was strikingly seen in a
thor. D. 1780.-NATHANIEL, an English   satirical pamphlet against the nministers
anatomist, was b. at Fordingbridge, in  of the established church, which he
Hanpshire. He wrote I Corporis hu- published anonymously, under'the. title
inani Disquisitio Anatomicae," and other of " Spirituadl Ch(aracteristics, by an Old
medical works. The:eavity called- the  Observer." D. 1888, aged 88.-ROBEET,
An trnm Highmorianutm, in the superior a self-taught genius of extraordinary
maxilla, takes its name from him. B. merit, was b. in Hertfordshire, in 1699,
1613: d.1684.                          and bred a- tailor and staylmaker. By
HILL, Sir JoHN, a voluminous wri- indefatigable application he acquired a
ter, was b. in 1716, at Peterborough. sufficient knowedge of the Latiin, Greek,
He was brought up as anl apothecary, anan Hebrew languages, to. be able to
and practised as a physician; wrote nu- teach them. He d. at Buckilgham, in
merous books with great rapidity, and  1777. He wrote "Remarks on the Eswas the inventor of several lucrative  say on Spirit," "The Character of a
quack medicines. Under the auspices Jew,"'and. " Criticisms on Job."
of the earl of Bute he published a " Sys-  HILLHOUSE, JAMES A., a,.distintem of Botany," and on presenting a guished poet, b. at New Haven, Conn.,
copy of it to the king of Sweden, was where he pa'ssecl most of his. life.:His
invested with an order of knighthood. chief procuctions were " Hadad,"' a
Hte also published a supplement to     scriptural drama; "Percy's Mask.;'
Chamber's " Cyclopsedia," " Essays on  "Sachem's Wood," anid several spirited
Natural History and Philosophy," con- miscellaneous pieces.: He. also wrote
ducted a periodical called "The Inspec- considerably in prose, but no sustained
tor," and wrote several, novels, farces, or contihuous work. D. 1846..
&c. He was a constant attendant oni      HILLIARD, NICHOLAS, a portrait
every place of public amusement; and, painter, was b. in 1547, at. Exeter., He
being a satirical " busybody," was often  imitated the style of Hans Holbein,- and
involved in quarrels wvith the wits of the became goldsmith, carver, and painter
day. On one of these;occasions he was to Queen Elizabeth.. Among. his best
characteristically:hit off by Garrick in  works are the portraits "of Elizabeth and
the followivng epigrammatic couplet   Mary, queen of Scots. D. 1619'.
4 For physic stnd fitrces his rivn-l tShere scarce is;  IILLTON, WALTER, a' Carthusian
His fi.res are physic, his physic a firce is.'"  monk' of the moniastery of Sheen, in
-RowLANI, the venerable minister of   the 15th celitury'; author of " The Scale
Surrey chapel, was b. at Hawkstone, or Ladder of Perfection," and to wheom
near Shrewsbury, in 1744. At the time'also hass.:'bee' erroneously attributed
he quitted the university the celebrated  the celebrated book  "De Imitatione
George Whitefield was in the zenith of Christi," written by Thomas a-Kemipis,
his popularity; &iad so congenial to his or by Gerson.
nature was that extraordinary preach-    IILTON, WILLIAMr, an eminent Ener's manner and doctrine, that he quick- glish artist. On the death of the great,
ly adopted both, and became his zealous though  eccentric, Fuseli, Mr. Hilton
disciple, prosecluting his favorite plan of  succeeeded him as keeper of the Royal




HOB]                  CYCLOPAtDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        497
Academy, and in that important office  promised him preferment, but which he
he ably and indcfatigably directed anld  id not obtain from her. On the accesaided the students. B. 1787; d. 1840.  sion of George I., he was made bishop
HIPPARCHUS, the most eminent of Bangor; and soon afterwards trans-.among the ancient astronomers, was a lated to Hereford. In 1723 he obtained
native of Nicea, in Bithynia, and flour- the bishopric of Salisbury, and in 1784
ished about a century a.nd a half before he became bishop of Winchester. D.
the Christian era.  He resided some    1761.-BENJAMIN, eldest son of the pretime in the island of Rhodes, whence   ceding, was physician to George II. and
he has derived the appellation of Rho- Frederic, prince of Wales. Ho.pubdins; baut he afterwards went to Alex-  iished some medical aand philosophical
andria, at that time the great school of  pieces; but he is best known as the
science. Ile has been styled the patri- author of " The Suspicious Husband,"
arch of astronomy, and was certaintly  a comedy. B. 1706;, d. 1757.
the first wavho treated tlhe sublime science  HOAPE, Sir RICuHARD COLT, an emiin a philosophic manner. HIe discovered  nent local historian and topographer,
the precession of the equinoxes, calcula- was the eldest son of Sir Richard Ioare
ted tlheeclipses, determined the revolu- the first baronet, and b. in 1758. In
tions and mean motions of the planets, 1818 he printed for private circulation
inveinted the stereographical method of  among his friends, his "Recollections
projection, numbered ande catalogued  of a Classical Tour."  Various treatises
the fixed stais, and, in short, by his  on antiquarian and other kindred sublabors, were laid the solid fouhndations jects occasionally came fiom his pen;
of geographical and trlgoiiometrical sci- but his great work, on which he beence.                                 stowaed the utmost care and attention,
HIIPPIAS, p    rince of Athens, was the and which entitles him to a distinson of Pisistratus, at whose death he guishecd place in the first rank of topoassumed the government, in conjune- graphical historians, is the "AAncient
tion awith his brotlher Ilipparechus; but and Modern  History of Wiltshire,"
the latter being assassinated by a band  awhich at the time of his death was not
of conspirators, while coclducting a sol- quite complete. D. 1838.
etln procession to the temple of Miner-  HOBART, JOHN     -IENRY, was b. in
va,; Hippias immediately seized the reins Philadelphia on-the 14th of September,
of government, and revenged the death  1775. He was educated at the college
of his brother by putting to death all in Princeton, New   Jersey, acndi was
of whoam he entertained the least sus- noted in early life for his inldustry and
pieion.                               proficiency in his studies. On leaving
HIPPOCRATES, the most eminent this institution he was engaged a short
of the Greek phasicians, and deservedly time in inercantile pursuits, was subsestyled the father of medical science, was quently a tutor at Nassau hall, and after
b.in the isle of Cos, 460 B.., and d. 361 two years' service in this capacity he
B. c. His memInory is still. senerated in cdetermiined upon the study of theology.
his native island, and the inihabitants In 1798 lie wvas admitted into orders,'-how with pride a house in whicli they  and was first settled in the two churches
say he resided. Of Chios, a celebrated  at Perkiomen, near Philadelphia, but
geonmetriciain, who lived aboult 500 B.., soon after accepted a call to Christ
andc discovered the quadirature of. the  church, New Brunswick. In about a
lUiula, which bears his namme.'      year he removed cl fom  this place to
HIPPOLYTUS, ST., a Christian bish- become an assistant minister of the
op, Who sulffered inl the persecution of  largest spiritual cure in the country,
AlexanderScerus, A. D. 230. His works  comprising three associated coangregain Greek and Latin were printed by Fa- tions in the city of New York.'In 1811
briAius, 1716.                        he was elected assistant bishop, and in
HIIPPONAX, a satiri poet, of Ephe- 1816 became diocesanl of New York,
sus, who lived about 450 B. C., ad was and in performaing the severe duties of
cotemporary with Anacreon.            the office, his labors were indefatigable.
HOADLIY, BEAMAIN,x     a celebrated   rom 1818 to 1823 he was emiployed in
prelate, was b. at Westerham, in Kent, editDingt the. American edition of Mant
in 1676. He soon distinguished him- and D'Oyley's bible, with notes. In
self.as a championa of freedom, in   September, 1823, the state of his health
his controversy witlh Calarmy and Atter- required a visit to Europe, awhere he
bury; and was recomimended by the     reainniedd about two years. He d. in
hotuse )f con1mmons to Queen Anne who  1880. He was incessantly active in
4C5



-498                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF     3IOOIRArHY.                  [HO
performing his religious offices, and  important and difficult station he acmade several va.uable compilations for quitted himself well, and succeeded in
the use of the church.                 defeating the emigrants at Quiberon,
HOBBES, THOMAS, a celebrated phi- and in inducing thle royalists to yield
losopher and political writer, was b. in  obedience to the government. After
1588, at Malmesbury, Wilts; was edu- having been sent, in the winter of 1796,
cated at Magdalen hall, Oxford; and in  as commander of the troops in the ex1608 became tutor to a son of the earl pedition to Ireland, and firom which he
of Devonshire. On the death of his returned in disgrace, he was appointed
-patron and pupil, he became travelling  to the command of the army of the Samtutor to a young gentlenman; but the bre and Meuse, and had already gained
countess dowager of Devonshire re- considerable advantages when his career
called him into her family, to take upon  was stopped by the armistice between
him the education of the young earl. Prince Charles and Bonaparte. D. 1797.
In 1628 he attended the earl on his     HiOFER, ANDREW, a patriotic leader
travels, and at Pisa contracted an inti- of the Tyrolese, was b. in 1765, at Pasinacy with Galileo. In 1642 he printed  sayer; and when lie grew up, he kept
his book, "De Cive," which procured   an inn there, and dealt in corn, wine,
him many enemies by its dangerous and cattle. By the treaty of Presburg1
principles. Soon after this he was ap- the Tyrol was transferred to the king oft
pointed mathematical tutor to the prince  Bavaria; but the war being rekidndled
of Wales. In 1650 appeared, iniEnglish, in 1809, the inhabitants rose in a mass
his work on "Humnan Nature;" and      to drive out the Bavarians, and lagain
one, "De Corpore Politico, or the place themselves under the dominioni
Elements of Law."   The next year he of Austria. The riches anld influence
published his still more famous and   of 1Hofer, his athletic form n and decided
obnoxious book, entitled "Leviathan.'7 character, all combined to induce the
At the restoration he received a pen- insurgents to elect him   their ciief.
sion; but in 16685 the parliament passed  Every thing prospered under his direca censure on his writings, which greatly tion. Almost the whole country was
alarmed him. Besides the works which  conquered, and 8000 of the best troops
we have enumerated above, lihe pub- of Bavaria were made prisoners by the
lished " De Mirabilibus,Pecci, or the peasants. HIoferi.now appeared upon
Wonders of the Peak," a poem; a the Brenner, and becamei the idol of the
translation of Homer; "Elements of Tyrolese. lie was preparing to restore
Philosophy," a " Letter on Liberty and  to the closely blockaded and suffering
Necessity," " Six Lessons to the Pro- Tyrol a coummunication with the intefessors of the Mathematics," &c. The rior of the imperial states, when tlhe
latter years of' his life were spent at battle of Wagram was succeeded by the
Chatsworth, the seat of the earl of Dev- armistice of Znain, the terms of which
onshire, where he d. 1679.            required that the   Austrians should
HOBBIIMA, MINDERaOmUT, an emiinent abandon the Tyrol and Voralberg to the
Dutch landscape painter, b. at Antwerp, vengeance of the enemy. The gallant
in 1611. Ills pieosn are remarkable for Hofer concealed himself in a cave, but
the grace and beauty of their execution, soon issued from his retreat, and drove
and being rare, are now very valuable.  the French invaders out of the country.
HOIOiHE, LAZARus, an eminent French  At length, however, the tide of victory
geueral, was b. iln 1788, at Montreuil, turneedi; anid although they mainta-ined
near Versailles, where his father was an  a glorious struggle, aend gained many
hostler. In 1785 he entered the army; splendid victories, the Tyrolese were
was made a corporal of grenadiers, and  subjugated, and Hofer beiing discovered,
having. passed with applause thronugh  he Wvas tried by a court-martial at Manthe intermediate gradations of rank, tua, and shot, Feb. 20, 1810. After his
frequently distinguishing himself by  death he was revered by his countryacts of bravery, lie was raised ill 17)93, men as a martyr, his family were into the command of the army of the     demnified for the loss of their property
Moselle, where lie had to contend with  by the emperor of Austria, and his son
the duke of Brunswick, and was several was ennobled by him.
times beaten. He, however, succeeded   1HOFFMAN ortHOFFMANN. There
better when engaged with the Aus- were several Germans of this nammle distrians, whom lie drove out of Alsace. tingnished for their medical knowledge.
In 1795 he was placed at the head of the -MAURICE, an anatomist, botanist, and
republican tarmey in La Vend6e. In this physician; b. in 1621, at Furstenwaleo,




HOG]                  CYCLOPAEDIA    OF BIOGRAPHY.                      499
in Bradenbur; settled in Altorf, where  applied himself to these plusuits in
lhe held the professorships of anatomyv  order to obtain a livelihood. le posbotany, and physic; was the discoverer Resseed much imagination and talent;
of the pancreatic duct; and d. in 1698. blut lie was an intemperate liver, anll
-1c, as iwell as his son, Jo-nx MA]URICE, suffered much from hlpochondriacism.
wrote several worl-ks on various medical Amonga his works afre,' The Devil's
sunjects.-FRmEDmC, the most celebrated  Elixir  " The Entail,"'The Adverof the name, was b. in 1663, at I-Ialle, in  sary," &c.; all displayiinf a singularly
Saxony,  where his frtlier was also an  wild and romantic imagin.tion. In 1816
eminent physician.   lie studied  and  lie was reinst ated as counsellor in the
lecturecd at Jena, and afterwards prac- court of judicature in Berlin, alnd d. in
tised at Minden. In 16S4 he visited    1822.
Enland, and flr med an acquaintance      IIOFLAN1), BAnRBRA, (widow of Mr.
w-ith Boyle and other men of science. T. C. HIosLAND, landscape painter, wh1
On the establishment of the university  d. in 1843,) well known by lhel numeerous
of Iialle, he was appointed primary pro- works, written prin.cipall fol the aimusefessor of medicine and nlatural plhiloso- ment and instruction of youtth, was the
phy; and thrice held tihe situation of  daughter of mnanuflcturer at Sheffield,
rector. His reputiation beinl now fully  nained lWrealks, whclee she wvas b. in the
established, Ilnd his falne widely sprecad, yeiar 1770. She coimmenced( l-er literary
Ce wvas elected a membe  r of variouos career in ISO, by tlhe publication of a
scientific associations in London, Berlin, volume of poemns, by subslcriptio; fiom
and Petersburg; lad appointedl phy- the proceeds of which she estiablished
sician to the kinm of IPrisial, who gtve  hierself in a school at Harrowra-ate, at the
hil the title of archliater and   ulice  same time appe aring occasionally as a
counsellorl, it-h a liberal salary. IIis  writer of moral and amusing tales..xworks are very numerous; the morst Among the       noie important of her
important beinf his "Svstema Ml edi- works are "Emily," a novel; " Beaeinle Rationalis'' and " lMeclicina Con- trice," "The UnloedC One," " The Son
sultatoria."  It has been remarked of  of oa Genius,"' Tales of the Priory,"
himl, that as a tleorist his suggestions' Self' denial," " The Merchant's Wid.
were of great value, andcl contributed to  ow," " Decision, &c.  D. D1814.
introdnce thalt revolution in the science  IHOGARTH, WiLLIMAIM, a t'ruly great
of patholoauy. wM ich subsequent obser- and original palinter of life and manners,
vation has extend ed and confirmed. D. was b. in London, in 1698, and bound
1742.-CASPAR, canother German phylsi- apprentice to ian engraver of arms on
cian, was a native of Gotlha; irote    silver plate. About 1720 he set up for
several medical waorks, becamie professor  himsielf, and his firsit elmployment was
of the theol r of mledicine att Altorf. and  to engmrave coats of armns and shop bills.
d. there in 1. 64i. —(ClltUSTOePrE. LEWIs, He next undertook to execute, plates for
also a physicitm, was b. in 1721, at booksellers, the chief of wrhichx are the
Rhedac, in Wxestphali. HIle cistiniiguishedl prints to Huclib ras. His first pemrforimIimself as a professionail writer, and  ance as a painter was a representation
formed a new systemn of medicine, by   of' Wlanstead Assembly, the portraits
colmbining the'huimoral and nervous beingx takeln from life. TIn 1780 lie marpathology; assumin, as tlle basis of his ried a danlghte r of Sir James Thornhill;
system1, the sensibility and irritability  shortl afteir which lie ellbellished the
of the solids, and the corruption of the  gallrdens of Vauxhall xwith some excellent
hlumors as thee plilciple of irritation. paininns, for whiich the propietor coinIle xwas successively physician to the  plimenited hiin witih a perpetual ticlet
bishop of Munster andi the electors of  of adlcmission.  Ii 1788 appeared his
Colorne land Melntz. D. 1807.-EgiNEST  " lHarlot's  Procress,"  prints  which
THcEODORiE WILLIAMI, ta Gel rmanl of varried  stamped his ireiptation, andl were foltalents, was b. at Koniosberi, in 1776. lowedl by other mnoral histories and sale studied the l:aw, and hleld various timriceal representations of vice and folly,
judciic:  l appointments in P rssii; till his  such as " The Rake's P rorress," " MarIcal career wasx intelrrte ed by the in]- rinfe-'-l a-Mode," " Inldustry tand Idlevausion of Warsaw by the French in     ness," &e., all admirably executed. Soon
1S06, in the goovernment of whichi city  after the treaty of Aix-la:-Chapelle he
lie  hadL l-co.en  appointed  counsellorl.  went to IFrance, and while at Calais
Ilaviinlr devoted his leisire hours to the  bchuan to sketch a drawinlvr of the gate
study of music, andc being at the same  of the town, for vlwhich he was taken up,
time a romance writer and an artist, he  but was soon released. On his return




500                   CYCLOPArDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                      [Iro1
hie commemorated the affair in his ex- and companion of Sir Walter Scott until
cellent print, " O the Roast Bee of Old  the decease of the latter. D. 18.
England."   In 1753 he published his    HOHENLOHE, ALLXANDEPr LEOPOLD,
"Analysis of Beauty," in which lie was prince of, bishop of Sardica, celebrated
assisted by Dr. Hoadly. In 1757 lie be. for the numerous miraculous cures
came sergea-nt-painter to the king; but which credulity has attributed to him,
though he had arrived at Awealth and  was b. at Kupferzell, 17934. Destined
eminence, yet, from being destitute of  from  his infancy for the  buchuh, he
the advantages of a liberal education, he passed through'his educational course
was inordinately vain of his talents, and  at Vienna, Berne, and Ellwangoen; in
affected to despise every kind of knowl- 1816 he entered into holy orders at
edge wl  e     which  e  did not possess. He  Olmitz; and after a journey to lome,
was also remarkably absent, of'wrhich  wlhere he lived chiefly witl the Jesuits,
3he following is an instance: On setting  he discharaged ecclesiastical duties at
up his carriage he paidc a visit to the Bambeerg and Munlich, to the satisfaction
lord mayor, and hIaing protracted hisof all the members of his church.. In
stay till a heavy shower camle on, lie 1820, having beten struclk with the cures
was let out by a different door fromn which the prayers ofha Badenese peasant,
that by which he entered, and unmind- Martin Michel by name, were said to
ful of his carriage, he set off on foot, ihave effcted on many distinguished
got home wet to the skin, and when    invalids, Prince Hohenlohe. was nduced
asked where he had left the carriage, to have recourse to similar means; and
said that he had forgotten it. D. 1769.  having healed some nervous patients,'HOGG, JiMES, (the Ettrick Shepherd,') he was soon surrouncded by a host of
a native of Scotland, was b. January 25, invalids, eager to test the spiritual pow1782, the anniversary of the natal day  ers of one vwhose fame hact been noised
of Burns. His humble occupation, like  abroad as having effectecl cures which
that of his ancestors, 6 tinme out of  had baffled all ordinary medical skill.
mind," was that of a shepherd; nor had  As in most similar cases, rumor was far
he, as he avers, even been more than  in advance of the truth; but the prince
half a year at school. At the age of 18, was the dupe of his own credulity; and
lowever, he began to amuse himself in  it was not until a thorough exposure of
stringing rustic rhymes together; and  the whole proceedings was given to the
he continued to tend his sheep, and to  world by the burgomaster ofr Banberg,'write verses, until it was his good for- that hle abandloned hlis supernatural
tune to be noticed by Sir Walter Scott, pretensions. He wrote several tracts
(who had seen some of his poetical ef- and sermons, and d. at Grosswaradin,
forts,) which induced him to attempt in Hungary, 1849.
something of a more decided character.  IHOLBACI, PAPUL THIEmRrY, Baron
He produced an " Essay on Sheep,"     von, a distinguished natural philosowhich won for him the premium given   p ler, was b. at lleidelsheim, in the
by the Highland Society; and which, Palatinate, 1723. His house was long
added to the success of a volume of the centre of attraction to all the savans
ballads he had shortly before published, of Paris; he contributed to the Encyunder the title of "The Mountain Bard,"  clopcie numerous articles on natural
led him to hope for future fame and   history, politics, and philosophy; and
profit. He soon afterwards produced   few nmcn have left behind them more
his "Forest Minstrel," which gained   enduring memorials of taste, skill, and
him but little in either sense; and it ability. 1). 1789.
was owino to the kindness of Scott and  IIOLBEIN, HANS, or JOHN, an emiGrieve, that his pecuniary difficulties nent painter, was b. at Basle. in 1498,
were relieved.  It was not until the  and learned the elements of his art from
publication of the " Queen's Wake"    his father, whoml he soon excelled. His
that his fame was established; but from  talents procured him the friendship of
that time he was considered as a some- Erasmus, for whose " Praise of Folly "
what popular author. His publications  lie drew several whimsical designs. At
are numerous; and he contributed to   the recommendation of Erasmus he
some of the Edinburgh periodicals of  went to Englandd,and was employed
tthe higiest literary character. In fact, first by Sir Thomas More, who introit was from  the repeated mention of duced him to HIenry VIII.     le now
"the Shepherd" in tie "Noctes' of rose to the zenith of fortune in that
Blackwood, that his name attained its monarch's court, and painted a vast
chief celebrity. He continued the friiond  number of portraits, which are still con



11OL]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,                      501
sidered masterpieces of art. Some of was rector. I-ewastheauthor of "Mrshis earlier productions, especially his cipula," a Latin poem, iwritten with clas" Dance of Death," ale also very cele- sical purity; also of a dissertation, entibrated; and he was no mean proficient tled " Pharsalia and Philippi, or the Two
in the art of wood-englaving, many of Philippi in Virgil's Georgies explained."
his historical paintings having- been  D. 1746.
executed by him in a highly graphic     HOLINSHED, or HOLINGSHED,
style. D. of the plague in 1554.      RAPHAEL, an English chronicler, of the
1HOLBERG, Louis, baron of, a popu- Elizabethan age. He is said to have
lar Danish writer, was b. at Bergen, in  been descended from a respectable famNorway, in 1684. Ils father had ralised  ily in Cheshire; and fiom his own will
himself, by a bold achievement, from  it appears, that in the latter part of his
the ranks to the office of colonel, but life he was a steward to Thomas Burtook little care in forming the mind and  det, esq., of Bromcote, Warwickshire.
character of his son, who struggled with  The " Chronicles of Holilshed" were
great difficulties in acquiringi learning. first published in 1577; and prefixed to
By reading the accounts of tiravelles, lie them is one of the most curious and
became desirous of visiting other coun- interesting memorials existing of the
tries; and though straitened in circum- manners and domestic history of the
stances, lie travelled in England, Hol- English in the 16th century. D. 1582.
land, France, and Italy; and, onl his   HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSAL,
return to his isative country, raised  Lord, was the only son of Stephen,
himself to fame, fortune, and rank, by  second Lord Holland, elder brother of
his literary talents. IHe laid the foun- the Right Hon. Charles James Fox.
dation of his fame by a comic-heroic During his parliamentary career he was
poem, or natioiinal satire, called "Peder the uncompromising advocate of the
Plaars." Ite also wrote numerous dramas, Catholic claims; a zealous pr omoter of
romances, fables, and epigrams, all of every endeavor to soften the asperities
which abotund with wit, humor, and    of the law; and an assertor of popular
originality. His other works consist of  rights in the most extensive sense of
"Tbhe Subterraneous Travels of Nicho- the term. When the Whig party came
las Klimm,7" an "Universal History," into power in 1830, he became a cabinet
"Parallel Lives of Illustrious Men and  minister, and chancellor of the duchy
Women," a "H listory of Denmark," &c. of Lancaster. During his lifetime, HolD. 1754.                              land house, presided over by Lady HolHOLCROFT, THOMAS a dramatist, land, who died, 1845, was the most
novelist, and miscellaneous writer, was renowned temple of wit and hospitality
the son of a London tradesman, and b. of which England could boast. Lord
in 1774. He at first followed his father's Holland left behind him some interesttrade, (that of a shoemaker,) then be- ing "Foreign Reminiscences," which
came a     n actor and finally directed his were published in 1850. D. 1840.
talents tfo literary pursuits. It was as a  IIOLLAR, WENCESLAUS, an eminent
dramatist that he first essayed his pow- Bohemian engraver, was b. at Prague
ers; and, between.1778 and 1806, he 1617. He was brought t^ REngland in
produced more than thirty pieces, several 1686, by the earl of Arundel, on his reof which were successful, and sonic still turn from the embassy to Vienna; and,
retain possession of the stage,,among  in 1640, he was appointed drawing-maswhich is the'Road to Ruin."  On the ter to the prince of Wales and the duke
breaking out of the French revolution, of York. His "Ornatus Muliebris AnHoleroft rendered himself obnoxious as glicanus" is held in high estimation, as
a strenuous supporter of liberal princi- portraying, with great correctness, the
pies, and was accused of high treason in  fir:sex, of all classes, in the 17th cen1794, on which he surrendered himself; tury.
but, owing to his companions, Hardy,    HOLLES, DENZIL, Lord, one of the
Horne Tooke, and Thelwall, being ac- five members of the long parliament
quitted, he was not brought to trial. who were demanded by King Charles I.
Among his productions are, ".A Tour when lie went to the house of commons.
in Germany and France," several novels, At the restoration he wivas advanced to
and numerous translations from the Ger- the peerage; in 1663 he was sent amman and French. D. 1809.              bassador to Fran    d in 1667 was one
HOLDSWORTH, EDWARD, an elegant of the English plenipotentiaries at Breda.
writer, was b. 1688, at North Stoneham, Notwvithstanding these employments, he
in Hampshire, of which parish his father remained a zealous friend to liberty;




002                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF' BIOGRAPH.                        [HOt
and when the politics of the reign tended  great legal knowledge, was b. at Thame,
to make the king absolute, Lord Holles  Oxfordshire, 1642. He filled the office
was a conspicuous leader of the opposi- of recorder of London for about a year
tion. D. 1680.                         and a half, when his uncompromising
HOLLEY, I-HonRA, a celebrated pul- opposition to the abolition of the Test
pit orator, was b. in Connecticut, 1781, Act caused him to lose his situation.
and graduated at Yale college in 1799. Becoming a member of the lower house,
On leaving this institutionl he began the  he distinguished himself so much by his
study of the law, which he soon relin- exertions and talents in what is called
quished for divinity, and in 1805 was the " convention parliament," that on
ordained  to the pastoral charge of    King William's accession he was made
Greenfield hill, Conn. In 1809 ihe was lord chief justice of the King's Bench.
installed over the society in -Iollis-street, On the removal of Lord Somers, in 1700,
Boston, where he remained for ten years, he was offered the chancellorship; but
when he accepted an invitation to be- he refused it. D. 1709.
come president of Transylvania univer-   HOLTY, Louis HENaxRY CHmrlTOPsHEIr, a
sity, in Kentucky. In this situation he  German. poet, excelling particularly in
continued till 1827, when lie tied on his lyrical and elegriac compositions was 1.
passage from New Orleans to New York. at Mariensee, 1748. He'ws of a mild
His sernions were generally extempora- and pensive disposition,  pursued his
neous, and were distinguishecl for power studies beyond his natural strength,
and eoquence.                          and prematurely d. at Gottingen, 1775.
HOLMNAN, JOSEPii GEORCGE, a drama-    HIOLYOAKE, FRANCIS. a learned lextist and actor, was a native of London,  icoographer, was b. in  Warwickshire,
aund intended for the church; but il nabout 1567, and d. 1653. His "Etymo1784 he made his debut at (Covent-gar- logical Dictionary of Latin Words" was
den theatre.  I-Ie afterwards came to  fist printed in 1606. —TtoMAS, his son,
America, and    became   manager   of  was coctor in divinity, and d. in 1675.
Charleston tleatre.  Among his dra- During     the civil wars he commanded a
matic productions, are the "Votary of  troop of horse in the king's service, alWealtlh,   a  comedy;    " Red  Cross  though in holy orders, and on the fiilure
Knigtss," " Abroad u and at Home,"     of tl croyal caus e he ractised medicine
&e. hIis deathl was remarkable iand    for a subsistence; but at the restoration
melancholy, takino' place together with lhe resumed his ecclesiastical functions,
that of his seconc wife, two; days after and obtained church preferment.  Hie
their marriage, by yellow fever, in 1817. enlarged his fiather's dictionary, whlich
HOLMES, ABIE,,   a divine andc author, was published in 1677.
was b. in Woodstock, Connl., 1768;       HOLYOKE, EDWARtD AUGUSSTUS, an
graduated at Yale college, 1783; from  American physician, b. in Essex county,
November, 1785, to Jlune, 1791, was    Mass., in 172S. HIe graduated at la''pastor of a Congrecational church at vard college, and in 1749 begian to pracicdway, Geo.; anid in 1792 lie became  tise at Salem; was upwardsi of 100 ycarsl
pastor o' the First cllurch in Cambridge, old when lie died, yet it is said ho wfas
Mass., whee he remained tihe rest of   never in lis life so fir as 50 miles fi'om
his life. His most considerable literary  the spot where he was born. Even after
production, entitled "The Annals of    he had attained huis 100th year he took
America," is one of the most valuable interest in the investigation of medical
historical publications that has been  subjects, aind wrote letters which show
written inthis country. D. 1837.       that his understanding  was still clear
IHOLT, FRANCIS LUDLo   w, queen's    and strong. Dr. Holvbke was a Cood
counsel, and for 22 years vice-chancel- anc atomist; was versed in naturMl "plilor of the county palatine of Lancaster, losophy and astronomy; lldcl rec eulaly
was called to the bar in 1809, and in  recorded his rneteorologlrieal observations
1831 rose to the rank of a king's counsel. daily for 80 years. D. 1829.
lHe was the author of several legal works  HOLYWOOD, JoriN- or, according to
on the law of libel, shipping aind navi- his Latinized appellation, Di) SAcR.OT'osgation laws, the bankrupt'laws, reports  co, was ain Esnglish m tlmlhematician,and
of cases at lisi prius, &c. He also wrote  divine, b. at Ialifax, in Yorkshire. Afone or two dramatic pieces; and was for ter receiving his education tit Oxford, lie
many years the principal editor of     went to Paris, where he taul1lgt math" Bell's Weekly Miessenger."  D.1844.-4 eimtics,  nd d. in 126(. He'wote " D
Sir JOHN, an eminent Enclish jiudcre   Sphwera Mundi," "De Anni!Batone,"
celebrated for firmness, integrity, and  and "De Algorismo."




liON]                 CYCLOPzDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       503
IHOME, DAVID, a Scotch divine, who  in 17r56, and gave such offence to the
was emiployetd by James 1. to bring tlie,presbytery that the author, to avoid ecProtesLtnts of Europe into olie confes- clesiastical cnesure, resigned his living,
sion. lHe wrote " Apologia Basilica, and ever after tappeared and acted as a
seu lMachiavelli Ingoenium  Examina- layman. He obtained some trifling govtuin,l', " L'Asysassinat du Roi," &c. —Sir ernmnent appointments, and wrote four
Evi-LARD, an eminent surgeon, was the other plays, which, however, failed to
onl ofr Robert Home, esq., of Greenlaw  attract. His " History of the Rebellion
castle, in the county of Berwick; and  of 1745-6," also disappointed the public
wals brought up to the profession under expectation. D. 1808.
his brother-ill-law, the celebrated John  HOBMER, the fhtherof poetry. Of the
liunter. For a period of more than 410 birth of this immortal bard, and of the
vel'rs lie practised with great success in  circumstances of his death-of his paiLundolo  and during that time lie pro- rentage and descent, nay, even of his
duced numerous medical works, which  actual existence-all is involved in doubt
are held in high repulte. He was ser- and fable. Seven cities disputed for the
ge:ant-surgeon to the king, surgeon to  honor of being his birthplace: Snmyr(hlelsea hospital, vice-president of the na, Colophon, Chios, Argos, Athens,
oyval Society, pre'sident of the Royal Rhodes, and Salamis the probability is
College of Surgeons. and was created a that he was an Asiatic Greek, and flourbaronet in 1lSl. Among lis works are, ished in the 9th century B. C.
"Lectures on Cr,lnparative Anatomy,"    IONDEKOETER, GILES; GYSBRECEIT,
andc I Practical Observations1 on a vanr- his son; and MLCIIIOR, his grandson;
ety of diseases, consistinl of several three Flemish artists of the 16th aind
volumes; besides numerous valuable   17th centuries. The first excelled in
contribtions to the   "hililosophical landsca.pe painting; the second in de —
Transactions," &c. B. 17i5; c. 1832. lineatinfg birds; and the last, who was
-IH-N-uY, Lord KAuMES a Scottish judge  by far the most celebrated of tlhe three,,nd eminent writer, b. in the year 1696. combined the powers of the former two,
Mr. HLome's success at the bar was not and painted with great elegance and ace
great, till his abilities were known by  curacy.
thie publication of his "iRemarkable De-  HONDIIUS, ABRAHAM, a Dutch artist,
cisions of the Court of.Session, fom 1716 of considerable ability, particularly in
to 1718," which happened in 1728. his hunting pieces; he also painted
Fromi that period he practised, with  " The Destlruction of Troy," in a manmuch respectability and success, till the ner which has obtained for him the
year 1752, when he was called to the highest praise. He went to England,
benich. Eleven years afterwards he was and d. 1691..appoi ted one oi' the lords of justiciary.  HONE, NATIANIEL, a celebrated
Independent of various judicial works, painter in enanmel, was a native of Dublie wrote "Essays concerning British  tin, but came to London early in, life,
2'Antiquities," " Essays on the Principles and was one of the first members of the
ol Morality and Natural Religion," "An  Royal Academy. D. 1784.-WILLISAM
Introduction to the Art of Thinking," the son of a dissenter at Bath, became
and "i Elements of Criticism."  Noth- conspicuous as tie publisher of a series
ing further came from his pen till 1772, of parodies, in wbhich such irreverent use
wihen "The Gentleman Farmler" made was made of the liturgy, that the govits appearance; and, the following year, ernment felt bound to prosecute him.' Sketches ofthe lHistory of Man."' The He was tried on three charges, and delast work he published was "Loose fended himself for three days with conHints upon Education, chiefly concern- siderable ability, and with equal courage:lm': the Culture of the Heart."  D. 1782. and temper; and, its the government of
-JHN, the author of the popular tra- that day was in ill odor With that large
gedy of "Douglas," was b. near An- party in whlom tlhe reforming spirit at
crulln, Roxbrirghshire, in  1724, and  that time was rife. a verdict was rettrneducated for the churche but in the re- ed in his favor. lie subsequently had a
bellion of 1745 he entered into the royal large sum subscribed for Ilimn, by peranllly, and was taken prisoner at the sons who, we presume, must have enbattle of Falkirk. He contrived, how- tertained sentiments similar to those of
ever to lmake his escape, and in 1750 the "persecuted but triumphant chemwas ordained as minister of Athelstatln- pion of the press."  His publications
ford, in East Lothiman. His tragedy of were the "Every-Day Book" and the
" Douglas" was performed at Edfinburghl  "Year Book."  This business, however,




504                   CYCLOP'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [i00
did not succeed, and 1'Mr. IHone became licly known by the occasional appearance
much involved. Being led to attend the of lis narne to various clever and whimministry of Mr. Binney at the Weigh- sical trifles, which enlivened the pages
house his character became changed; of some of the most popular amnong the
and the new religious connection result- weekly and monthly periodicals. After
ed in his becoming' subeditor of the this caie his   WVins'and Oddities,"
" Patriot;" this he continued till his' tNational Tales, " Comic Annuals,
death, which took place in Novelnber, "Whiminsicalities," "The Plea o' thi
1842.                                 Midsunmmer'Fairies," "Tylney Hall,"
HOOD, ROBIN, a celebrated English   "Up the Ehine," &c. Much, however,
outlaw of the 12th century-whose per- as we have admired his abilities as a
sonal courage, skill in archiery, boldness punslet and a satirist, and heartily as we
of enterpaise, and generous disposition, lave laughed at his oliginal sketches,
have rendered his name famous in the droll allusions, and grotesque similes;
legendary history of that country-live I much as vwe esteem the man of wit who
in Sherwood F]orest, in iNottinghalm- can "shoot folly as it flies," without
shire. The heads of his story, as col- indulglin in personalities, or inflicting
lected by Stowe, a1e briefly these:-  pain on any but th"e worthless, we can
" In-t his time (about the year 1!90, in  still both admiire andc esteem hlim more,
the reign of Iichard I.) were many rob- when withi true pathos, lie fixes the atbers and oitlaws, amoneg whom  loban  tent'ion of the reader, andc commands
Hood andLittle John, renowned thiceves, the best sympathies of man's nature, by
continued in the woods. despoiling and  compositions so simple, eloquent, and
robbing the goods of the ric.'They   forcefbil as  Trhe Song of the Shirt."
killed none but such as would invade B. 1798; d. 1S5.
them, or by re-istaane for their own de-  HIOOGST1PATEN, DAVID     VANN, a
fence. The said Robin entertained 100 Dutch poet andc critic, b. at Rotterdam,
tall men and good archers, with such  in 1668; became professor of the belles
spoils and thefts as lhe got, upon whom  lettres at Amsterdan, wrote several
400 (were they ever so strong,) durst good poems, in the Latin language, and
not give the onset. He suffered no    otherwise displayed considerable claswoman to be oppressed, violated, or sical attainments. D. 1724.
otherwise molested; poor men's goods    HOOG'VLIET, ARNOoLD, a Dutch poet,
he spared, abundantly relieving them  b. in 1687. His chief fame rests on a
with that which by theft he got from  poem  entitled "' Abraham  the Patriabbeys and the houses of rich old     arch," which is admired for the beauty
carles."  D. 1247.-SAMUEL, Lord Vis- of its style and imagery. D. 1763.
count, the son of a clergyman at Thorn-  HOOK, JAMES, a musical composer,
combe, in Devonshire, was b. there in  of great indlustry and talent, was b. at
1724, and entered the royal navy at the Norwich, in 1746.  His operatic and
age of 16. By his bravery in the cap- melodramatic productions amount to
ture of a fifty-gun ship, in 1759, he ac- more than 140 complete works, many
quired the rank of post-captain; and  of which were highly successful; lihe
he was present, as rear-admiral, at the also set to music upwards of 2000 songs.
famous defeat of De Grasse, by Rodney, D. 1827.-Dr. JAMES, dean of Worcester,
April 12th, 1782, when his services on  son of the preceding, was an accomthat occasion were rewarded with an   plished -scholar, and an able dignitary
Irish peerage. In 1784 he was elected  of the church. Besides some dramas,
into parliament for Westminster; but which he wrote early in life, lihe pubin 1788 he vacated his seat on being  lished, in 1820, "Anguis in Herbas; a
named one of the lords of the admiralty. Sketch of the true Character of the
In 1798 he signalized himself by thie Church of England and her Clergy,"
taking of Toulon,' and afterwards Cor- which he inscribed " To the sober sense
sica; in reward of' which achievements of his country.'!" Few writers, indeed,
be was made a viscount, and governor surpassed Dr. Hook as a polemical or a
of Greenwich   hospital.  D. 1816. —- political pamphleteer. D. 1828.-TMEoTHOMAS, a poet, humorist, and miscel- DOr:E EDWARD, a celebrated novelist and
laneous writer, the son. of Mr. Hood, dramatic writer, but more celebrated for
bookseller, was at first a clerk, and then  his surpassing wit and extemporaneous
an engraver, and at length we find him  powers, was the youngest son of James:contributingf to, and in part editing, the Hook. He was b. in London, in 1788.
ILondon Miagazine."  But his connec- At 17 he produced his first drainma,
tion with the press became more pub- "The Soldier's Return," which was




{UOP]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        505
speedily-followed by "Catch him who   was the author of' three.tragedies, viz.,
can,'" "Tekeli,"' illing1 no Murder,"  " Cyrus,"  " Timanthes," and "Cleoand nine other dramatic pieces, nearly  nice."  D. 1808.
all of which were decidedly successful,  IIOOPER, WILLIAM, a signer of the
These, with a host of piquant articles in  declaration of independence, was b. in
the "' Satirist Magazine," and other pc- Boston in 174i2, and was graduated at
riodicals, were hit off' before he reached IHarvard college, iJ 1760. He enrgaged
his 25th year. In Oct., 1813, he wasap- inl the study of the law,: and removing
pointed to the offices of accountant-gen- to North Carolina commenced the praceral and treasurer of the Mauritius. which  tice of his orofession in that province.
he held till Feb., 1818, when it was dis- In 1774 he vWas elected a delegate to the
covered that there was a deficiency in the general congress which met. at Philladelmilitary chest of ~12,'00, abstracted, as phia. In 1776 ho was a third timne dleit afterwards appeared, by his deputy, gate to congress, but in the following
who, on the accounts being about to be vetar was: obliged to resign his seat in
investigated, destroyed limsinelf; but consequence of the -embarrassment of
Mr. Hook, as a, matter of course was his private affairs. D. 1790.
made answerable for the acts of his     HOPE, JoH.N, a physician and natusubordinate. He was accordingly sent ralist, b. at Edinburgh, 1725, as prohome, his effects were seized and sold, fessor of botany and the materioa medica
and he became for a considerable time  in his native city, and in 1761 was apan inmate of the Kineg's Bench. The pointed botanist to the king, and superfirst series of "Saying's and Doings"  intendeant of the botanic gariden.  D.
appeared in 1824.   Other novels, as 1786. -TiOAS, an Enolish gentleman
"Jackl Brag,'" " Births, Deaths, and  of large fortune, distinmuished by his
Marriages," "Gilbert Gurney," &e., talents and patronage of the fine arts,
followed at short intervals.  He also was the nephew of a rich merchant of
wrote "Memoirs of Sir David Baird"    Amsterdam. In 1805 he first appeared
and of "Michael Kelly," the composer. as an author, by publishiing a work, enBut not a little of his notoriety arose  titled " Household Furniture and Infrom his connection with the "John    ternal Decorations;" this was followed
Bull," of which he was editor as well as by two elegant publications,. "The Cosa joint proprietor;: and fiom his pen  tulmes of the Ancients," and "Designs
proceeded most of those bold political of Modern Costume;" but his great perarticeles racy sketches of men and man- formance was " Anastasiis, or Memoirs:ners, smart poems, and epigrammatic  of a Modern Greek," which appeared
jeux d'esprit, which for so long a time  anonymously in 1819, and was for some
distinguished  that ultra-tory  paper. time very generally ascribed to Lord
For the last few years he was the editor Byron. Another work of a metaphysiof the "New Monthly Magazine."    D. cal nature, has been published since his
1841.                                 death, entitled "The Origin antd ProsHOOKER, JOHN, a learned antiquary, pects of Man."   D. 1881.
was b. at Exeter, 1524. He wrote, a     HOPITAL, MIC1AEr DE L', was an
"Description of Exeter,"   and some   eminent chancellor of France, to which
part of "Holingshed's Chronicle," be- high station he rose through the zeal,
sides other pieces. D. 1601.-REIHARD, ability, and integrity he displayed in.an eminent English divine, author of the various offices he before filled. He
an excellent work, entitled "The Laws  was b. in 1505; studied jurisprudence
of Ecclesiastical Polity," was b. at Heavi- in the most celebrated universities of
tree near Exeter, in 1553, and d. at France and Italy; rose rapidly in his
Bishop's Bourne, Kent, of which place  profession, and was sent by Henry II.
lie was rector, in 1600.              as ambassador to the council of Trent.
HOOLE, JOHN, a dramatic poet and    In 1554 he was made superintendent of
translator, was b. in 1727. He was a the royal finances, when, by his good
clerk in the India House, but devoted  management, and his inflexible cisrehis leisure hours to literary pursuits, gard of those rapacious favorites of the
particularly the study of the Italian lan- court who battened on the public purse,
guage, of which lie acquired a great he restored the exhausted treasury. He
knowledge, as appears by his excellent Was a sincere friend to religious toleratranslations of Ariosto's " Orlando Fu- tion, and the principal author of the
rioso," and Tasso's "Jerusalem," into edict of 1562, which allowed freedom of
English.  He also published two vol- worship to Protestants.    When the
amea of the dramas of Metastasio, and  atrocious massacre of the Protestants,
43




506                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                      LHOK
on Bartholomew's Day, 1572, was at its  was a celebrated antiquary. IHe assisted
height, and his friends thionht he     Bishop Gibson in his edition of the
would be made one of its victims, he' Saxon Chronicle,' and was the transnot only rerhsed to take measures for lator of the article "Worcestershire,'
his own safety, but, when a party of  in Calmden's "Britannia."  In 1675 he
horsemen advanced towards his house, was promoted to a prebend in VWorceshe refuse to close his gates. They were  ter cathedral: held the mastership of
in fact, dispatched bv the queen with  St. Oswald's hospital; and d. 1700.express orders to save him. Ie sur- WILLIAM, was the author of "An Apvived this event a few months only, peal to Common Sense;" and, though
dying in 15783.-W-ILLIAM FRANCIS AN- openly professing Arian principles, held
THIONY DE L  marquis de St. Mesme, a the rectory of Bolney, in Sussex, till
celebrated French  n mathematician was his death, in 1786.
the son of a general in the army, and b.  HOPKIINSON, FRANCIS, an eminent
1661.  Such was his reputation for author, and one of the signers of the
matthematical science, that the protbund  declcaation of independence, was b. at
1Huygens did not disdain to apply to  Philadelphia, in 1738. Ilis father was
hini or information. He wrote several the intimate friend and scientific coadworks on conic sections, equations, &e. jutor of Franklin. After gradclatin at
D. 1704.                              the college of Philadelphia, and makLing
HOP-KINS, LExrEL, an American        the law his study, Francis visited EInphysician and author, b. at Waterburny, glhnid, the country of his parents' birth,
Conn., 1750.   e introduced the anti- and, in a few years after his return, enphlogistic regimen and practice in feb- terec congress as a delegate from New
rile diseases, and was not less assiduous Jersey. He produced many satires and
than he was skilful as a practitioner; ironical pieces, such as the "Prophecy,"1
while, as a literary man lhe successfully  the "Political Catechism," &c., tending
distinguished hinmself by various politi- to ridicule the old country; while, at the
cal tracts and satires, written witl  same tine, he directed his efforts against
view to give a tone to the public feeling  the ribcldry of the newspapers, and the
in filaor of the administration of Wash- exaggerations and prejudices with which
ington. D. 1801.-SAMUEL, founder of the federal constitution was at first asthe sect called Hopkinsians, wasc b. at sailed. After his retirement from conWaterbury. Conn., in 1721. He was a gress, he was iappointed judge of the
pious and zealous mlan, with considera-  admiralty for Pennsylvania, and d. in
ble talents, and almost incledible powers  1791.  Alnon  his xoorks, the greater
of aplplication; o but his theological opin- part of which are of a political characions have given rise to much contro- ter, there are manay sound essays and
versy. He publisheid numerous ser- scientific papers, acute andlearnied judimons, a''Treatise on the Millennium,"  cial decisions, andc  a variety of songs,
&e.; and earnestly advocated the aboli- possessing much sweetness and delition of slavery. From the year 1769 hle cacy, which were rendered still more
presided over a congregation at New- pspular by the airs he composed for
port, R. 1., where he d. in 1803. —STE- them1.
PHE N, one of the signers of the declara-  HOPPNER, JOHN, an ilngenious portion of independence, was b. in 1707, in trait and la:ndscape painter, chiefly exthat part of Providence which now      celling in females and children, was b.
forms tle town of Scituate. In 1782 he  1765, and d. 1810. As the author of a
was elected a representative to the gen- metrlcal translation of " Oriental Tales,"
cral assembly from  Scituate, and was and in other literary performances, he
chosen speaker to that body in 1741. In  also distinguished himself.
1751 he was appointed chief justice of  IIORATIUS FLACCUS, QUINTUS, or
the superior court of Rhode Island; IIORACE, one of the most eminent,
and, in 1756, was elected its governor; and certainly the most popular and clewas several times chosen a member of   gaint of the Roman poets, was b. at Vecongress, Land d. in 1785. He was a clear nusium, a city lying on the borders of
and convincing speaker, land a good    Lucania and Apulia, 65 B.  li. His fither,
mathematician; and though he hadi re- although following the cailing of a taxceived but a very limited education, his gatherer, was a man of elevated and
knowledge of literature, science, and  liberal sentiments, and took the areatest
political economy was varied and exten- pains in providing for his education. At
eive.-WILLIAM,, an English divine, b. the age of 20 years he went to Athens to
at Evesham, Worcestershire, in 1647, complete his studies, and while thero,




HOR]                 CYCLOP^EDIA OF BIOGRAPIY.                         507
Marcus Brutus passing through the city thse Newtoniian philosophy as inconsiston his way to Macedonia, Horace, ac- ent with the Bible; ill 754 lie wrote
companied by other Roman youths, against Dr. Shucklford's account of the
joined the army; became a legionary   creation and fall of man; and in 1756 lie
tribune; fought in the last battle' for the  became involved in a controversy with
freedom of Rome at Philippi, and saved  Dr. Kennicott, the supposed author of
himself by flight. Though he saved his  "A Word to the Hutchinsonians." But
life, he forfeited his estate, and was re- among his numerous works, which are
duced to great want, till Virgil introdu- too numerous for specifying here, the
ced him to Maecenas, by whose interest principal is "A* Commentary on the
he recovered his patrimony. Augus- Book of Psalms,'5 an elaborate performtus now became his friend, and offered  ance, on the composition of which he
to make him his secretary, which Horace  bestowed nearly 20 years. D. 1792.
declined. When Mieceiias was sent to    HORNECK, O0rocAR OF, one of the
Brundusium, to conclude a treaty be- oldest historians in the German language,
tween Aungustus and Antony, he took   was a native of Styria, and lived in the
with him torace, Virgil, and other lit- 13th and 14th centuries.  About the
crary friends; and, not long after, his year 1280 he composed a work on the
munificent patron presented him with   great empires of the earth, which conthe Sabine villa; to which, havingf wit- cluded with the death of the Emperor
nessed such striking examples of the   Frederic II., and is still extant in maninstability of fortune, b withdrew from  uscript at Vienna.  I-He also wrote a
the tumult at Rome, preferring retire- chronicle of the events of his own time,
ment to a more brilliant life. His odes consisting of more than 83,000 verses,
are models of that kini, of composition, and which is said to be rich in portrayand his epistles and satires abound with  ing the characters of eminent men, and
acute and vivacious observations on life in the description of festivals, tournaand manners; while hia "Ars Poetica,"  ments, and battles, at part of which lihe
so often quoted, evinces great taste, and  was himself present.
is remarkable for a species of graceful  HORNEMANN, FimmiRIC CONRAD, a
negligence. D. 9 Ba.                   celebrated German traveller, b. at 1HilHORN, CHARLES EDWARD, the best desheim, in 1772. At the instance of
English melodist of nmdern times, the Blumenbach, the famnous naturalist, lie
son of C. F. Horn, a German musician, was, in 1797, employed by the African
was b. in London, 1786. At the preco- Association, in London, to explore the
cious age of six, lie showed evident interior of Africa. After havlig visitsigns of a taste for composition, his ed Cyprus, Alexandria, and Cairo, lihe
skill at im provisation arresting the at- crossed the Libyan  desert, reached
tention of his father's visitors, among  Mourzouk, the capital of Fezzan, and
whom the great Haydn could be num- soon afterwards proceeded on. an excurbered. On the opening of the English   sion to Tripoli. From this place he set
opera house, he was er gaged as second  out with the intention of penetrating
tenor, and he subsequently shared the into Central Africa, and is believed to
public favors with the first singers of  have d. on his return to Fezzan, of a
the day. Hle composed the whole or fever caused by drinking cold water,
the greater portion of the music for in- after being exposed to great fttigue.
numerable operas; and he was the an- His Journal, which was sent by him
thor of the three mos'. popular ballads from Tripoli, was published in 1802 by
of his time, "Cherry Ripe," "I've been  the African Society.
Roamin g,'" "The deep, deep Sea," &e.   HORNER, FRANCIS, barrister-at-law,
D. at New York, 1849.                  was b. at Edinburgh, 1778. Ite entered
f[HORNE, GEORGE, a leprned and pious parliament in 1806, and distinguished
English prelate, was 1'. 1730, at Otlam, himself as chairman of the bullion comKent.   He took ordems in 1753, and his mittee; but his severe application to
graceful elocution and excellent style that intricate subject injured his health,
rendered him a popul.r preacher. He which was naturally delicate; and lie d.
was successively chaplain to the king, in 1817, at Pisa, whither lie had gone for
vice-chancellor of the university, and  its restoration.
dean of Canterbury; -.lrd, in 1790, he  HORNTHIORST, GERARD, a celebrated
was raised to the see of Norwich. He painter, called also GERARDO DALL1E NOTwas distinguished for his biblical knowl- Ti, from his subjects, was b. at Utrecht
edce, and in early litf was a strenuous in 1592, and was a pupil of Abraham
lIutelinsonian.  In 1751 he opposed   Bloemart, but finished his studies at




508                   CYCLOFrYDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LHOW
Rom e. Hie painted night-scenes, aihd  went to Geneva, Gottingen, and Leypieces illuminated by torch or candle den; visited England;, and returnedto
light. On his return from Italy lie vis- his native country, enriched with vast
itecl Engllnmd, and obtaiied the favor of  stores.of knowlecdge. In 1642 he was
Charles 1.; and on his return to Holland, appointed professor of ecclesiastical hishe was mach emplomyed by the p ince    tory inllhis native city-; and by his teachof Oraige. Ainono laisi numerous pic- ingand writings contributed greatly to
tures, that of Jesus Christ before the promote the study of oriental literature.
tribunal of Pilate is the most celebrated. In'1667, while preparing for a visit to
D. 1660.                              the university of Leyden, in compliance
HORROX, JEREMIA, an Englisih s- with repeated invitations, he was accitrolnoier, was b. at Toxteth, in Lianc- dentally cdrowned, with three of his
shire, about 1619. lie lwas thle first who  children, by the upsetting of a boat, in
observed the transit of Venus over the the  neighborhood of Zurieh.-JOHIN
sunl's disk, his account of which was JAMES -sou of the precedicn,    ias b. at
published by lHeselins, at Daltzic, in  Zurich, in 1652; at which pl ace Ihe be1661, under tlhe title of "' Venus inlSole  came professor of theology; and d. 1735.
visu, anno 1639, Nov. 24: " and lie    His principal work is an "Ecclesiastical
formied a tlheory of lLunmr iotion, which HIistory of Switzerland."-Anothe r proNewton did not disdainu to adopt. D. fessor at Zurich, of the same name,
1640.                                  kinow n by his editions of the classics,
I-IORSLEY, JohN, alearnied antiquary, was b. 1750 and d. 1819. He was an
who d. 171. lls iwork, entitled "Bri- acute critic and elegant scholar; among
tannia. Romana," folio, gives a copious his best works is an "Essay towards a
and exact account of the remains of the  Comparison of the German with- the
Romans in Britain.-SAMUESL, a celebra- Greek and Roman Poets."
ted English plelate and:nathematicilan,  IIOVEDEN, RoGERn s, anl Enlish hiswas b. in London in 1733; and held     torian, who flotrisledl in the reign of
several livings in succession, till lie ii- Ienry I   Hie wrote  Annals" in Latin,
rived at the episcopal dignity.  Bnt cotmencing at 731, the period at which
while he was rapidlly rising  in the   Bede finished, and bringing down afchurchl, and opposing Dr. Priestley, the  fairs to the third year of John, 1201.
great champion of Unitarianism, by his His style is defective, but he is highly
theological arguments, he was not le- esteemed for diligence and fidelity.
glectful.of science.  In 1775 lhe pub-'HOWARD, CHARLES, earl of Nottinglished an edition of Newton's works; ham, ain intrepid English admiral, conand firom 1773' till the election of Sir mander-il'-chief at the defeat of the
Joseph Banks, he was secretary of the  Spanish'armada. B. 1536; d. 1621.Royal Society. His writings weae nu- EDWAR D, the: descendant of anl ancient
merous and importanit, inl theology, in anid opulent famtily, was one of the
science, and in classical literature. 1D. earliest aild best of the naval school.of
1806.                                  no velists. " Ratlin the Reefer," "OutHOSACK, DAVID, an eminent phy- ward Bound, "TLhe Old Commodore,
sician of New Yorl. He receivedc his and "IJack Ashore," attest lis powers.,
education at Edinburgh; was long at while his "Life of Sir Henry Morgan.
the head of the profession in New York; the Buccanleer, gave promise of even
and was an eloquent and able teacher as higher excellence. D. 1842. —JoHN, the
a professor of the theoryand practice of  celebrated philanthropist, vtas b. at
physic in the New York Medical College. Hackney; in 1726.''He was apprenticed
lie was held in high estilmattion as a man  to a grocer, but his constitution being
of talents, learning, and worth;. was a delicate, and having an aversion to trade
liberal promoter of the arts and sciences; he purchased his indentures and went
and was the author of the "Iistory ofthe  abroad. On his return hie lodged with
Erie Canal,' and of the Life of his a widow lady, whonm he afterwards marfriend, De Witt Clinton, formerly gov-  ied. After the decease of Mrs. Howard,
ernor of New York.    D. suddenily of  who lived only about three years, he, in
apoplexy, 1835, aged 66.               1756, embarked for Lisbon, in order to
HOTTINGER, JOiN HENRY, a learned     view the effects of the recent earthoriental scholar, b. at Zurich, in 1620. quake, but on the passage the ship was
He displayedp such a propensity for, andl taken and carried to France. The lardmade such progress in, the ancient lan- ships he suffered and witnessed during
guages, that lie was sent to foreign   his imprisonment, first roused his atuniversities at the public expense. He tention to the subject of his future la



o101ff]              CYCLOPAtDIA OF     IIOGRAPHY'.                   509
bors. On being released, Mr. Howard   out of thee disturbances in Ireland, he
retired to a illa in the New Forest; and  was appointed lieutenant of that kinginl 175S hle mnarried a second wife who  dom, where le elisuppressed t he reelllion.
d. in childbed iin 1765, leavino hilm  N otwtithstandin:' his great serviceis
one son. Hie'at this time residced at tHenry, at the close of life, caused the
Cardington, near Bedford, where he in- duke to be sent to the Toiwer, on a
dulgec the benevolence of his disposi- charge of treason, and his son to be betion' by continually assisting and a'me- headed in his presence. The death of
lioratiu'a the condition of the poor. In  the tyrant only saved the duke's lite.
1773 he served the office of sheriff  D. 1554.-EDWARD, younger brother of
which, as he declarec., "brought the the above, entered ealy on the maritime
distress of the prisoners more imme- service, and about 14944: was knighted.
diately under his notice," and led him  In 1i12 he was sent as lord high adto form the design of visiting the jails miral of EnglanncT with a large fleet
through England, in oider to devise   against France, tihe coasts of wihlich he
means for alleviating the miseries of the  ravaged. He also defeated tie enemy's
prisoners. Having done so, le laid the  fleet off Brest; but the year following
result of his inquiries before the house  lie was slain in boardinz the French
of commons, for which hle received a admir'al's ship. and his body thrown
vote of thainks. He next made a tour into the-sea. —IENnY, ea'rl of Surrey, an
through the principal parts of Europe, accomplished nobleman, a brave soldier,
anO -published his "State of the Pris- and the best Engslsh poet of his age,
ols," with a view to render them both  was b. in 1520. IHe served under his
more hummane and more efficacious. A  father, the duke of Norfolk, as lieutennew subject now engaged his attention, ant-general of the army sent against
namely, the management of lazarettos, Scotland, and performed various other
and the means of preventing the con- military exploits of eminence and value.
munication of the plague and other con- He had quartered on his escutcheon the
tagious diseases. In this he encountered  royal arns of Edward the Confessor, to
every danger that can be conceived, and  which he had an hereditary right, and he
having become personally acquainted. is said to have aspired to thle hand of
with the subject, in 1789 he published  the Princess Mary.. On these and other
"An account of the principal Lazarettos less substantial chaires he suffered dein Europe, with Papers relative to the capitation on Tower-hill, 1546, by the
Plague," &c.  Actively pursuing this  jealous and arbitrary mandate of Henry
salutary and benevolent object, Mr. VIII.    His works consist of "Songs
Howard took up his residence at the and Sonnets," &c., which deserve a
town of Cherson, a Russian settlement high degree of commendation, for the
on the Black Sea. A nalignant fever period at which they were composed.prevailed there, and he having been   THOMAs, earl of Arundel, a nobleman
prompted by humanity to visit one of  distinguished by his patronage of the
the sufferers, he caught the infection, fine arts, was earl marshal in the e'aly
and d. Jan. 20, 1790.-Sir ROBERT, an  part of the reign of Charles I.,,and was
English poet and historian, was the son  employed in several forein embassies
of Thomas, earl of Berkshire. He was by that prince and his father. He sent
was a zealous friend of the revolution  agrents into Greece and Italy, to collect
of 1688. He wrote several plays, the for him, at a vast expense, whatever was
"History of the Reigns of Edwarid and  curious and valuable of the works of
Richard II," the " History of Religion,"  ancient artists, which had escaped de&c. D. 1698.- TrMas, earl of Surrey   struction. IIis unrallled museum of
and duke of Norfolk, an eminent states- antiquities was divided at his death, and
man and warrior in the reign of Henry  Henry, the sixth duke of Norfolk, about
VIII. -le served with his brother, Sir the year 1668, presented to the nniverEdward, against Sir Andrew Barton, a sity of Oxford a considerable part of his,
Scotch pirate, who infested the English  moiety, including the celebrated Parian
coast in 1511, but who was killed and  Chronicle, which with the other ancient
his ships taken. He next accompanied  inscribed stones accolmpiyinyf  it are
the marquis of I orset in his expedition  now termed the  Arundelian marble's.i
to Guimnne, which ended in the con- D. 1646.-JoHiN E;EGER,.an offier of the
quest of Navarre by Ferdinand. The army of the American revolutionl, was
victory of Flodden Field, in which the  b. in Baltilmore in 1752. After serving
king of Scotland was slain, was chiefly in the rank of captain, in 1779, le was
owing to his bravery. On the brealking  appointed lientenanlt-colonel, and dis43*




510                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY                      [.HUA
tinnuished himself by his valor and   enemy. In 1783 he accepted the post
activity during the war. At tie battle  of first lord of the admiralty, and in
of Cowpens, Col. Howard, at one time, 1788 he was created an earl of Great
had in his hands the swords of seven  Britain. In 1793, on the breakilng out
officers who had surrendered to him   of the war with France, he took the
personally. He was also present at the  command of the British fleet, and bringbattles of Germantown, White Plains, ing the enemy to an action on the 1st
Monmouth, Camden, and      H-obbicks of June, 1794, obtained over them a
hill. On the disbanding of the army   decisive and most important victory.
he retired to his patrimonial estates, In 1797 Lord Howe exerted himself
near Baltimore, and was subsequently  with great success to quell the mutiny
sovernor of Maryland, and member o'f among the seamen at Portsmouthl, and
the senate of the United States. D. d. in 1799.-Sir WILLIAM, brother of'the
1827.                                preceding, succeeded General Gage in
HOWE, Jo-N, an eminent noncon- the chief command of tle British forces
formist clergyman of the 17th century, in America, having landed at Boston
b. in 1680, at Lolughborough, was ejected  with generals Clinton and Buroynle, in
from his living at Torrington, Devon, May, 1775. General Howe commanded
and for many years officiated as the  at the attack on Bunker Hlill, was beminister of a Presbyterian congregation  sieged in Boston clurinog the next winter,
in London; afterwards retired to the evacuated that town in the ensuing
Netherlands, but returned to England  spring, and retired to Halifax. In Jolne,
upon James's proclamation of liberty of 1776, he arrived at Staten Island, where
conscience.  1). 1705.-JoN, a states- he was joined by his brother Lord
man in the reigns of William III. and  Howe.  Here thle brothers informed
Anne. le was a member of the con- congress that they had received full
vention parliament, and exerted himself  power to grant pa1rdon to all the rebels
greatly in favor of the revolution, but who should return to their obedience;
afterwards joined the opposition, and  but the commissioners appointed by
gave great offence to the king by the  that body considered both tlhe form and
boldness of his conduct. In the sue- substance of the propositions too objec
ceeding reign he was made a privy     tionable to deserve attention. In Aucouncillor and paymaster of the forces; gust he defeated the Americans on Long
but retired on the accession of George  Island, and took possession of -New
I., and was succeeded in his office by  York in September.  Afticr the camWalpole. D. 1720.-RICHARD, earl, a paign of the Jerseys, he set sail from
celebrated English admniral, was the Ner York and entered Chesapeake
third son of Emanuel, Viscount Howe, Bay.   Having previously secured the
and was b. in 1725. He was placed, at command of the Schuylkill, lie crossed
the age of 14, as a midshipman on boartl it with his larmy, and repelled the attack
the Severn, in which ship he sailed with  of the Americans at GerlanatownI. In
Anson for the Pacific, and continued  May, 1778, lie was succeeded in the
going through the usual gradations of  comminand by General Clinton. D. 1814.
the service under that admiral till 17445,    EL,  JAMES, a miscellneous
when, though only 20 years of age, le writer, was b. in 1595, at Abernant in
obtained the commnand of the Baltimore  Caermarthenshire, andl after receiving
sloop of war, and was made post-captain  his education at Oxford, travelled oil the
for gallantly defeating two French ships  Continent as agent to procure workien,
bearing succors to the Pretender. Hav- &c., for a glass inanuifactory then for
ing greatly distinguished himself on  the first time established in England.
many occasions, he sailed, as com- He was subsequently a member of parmander-in-chief, to the Mediterranean  liTmeit, secretary to the British aicbasin 1770, with the rank of rear-admiral, sador in Denmark, and clerk of the
and in a few years rose to be vice-ad- council. For some offence to the parmiral of the blue. On the breaking out liatmentarians he was imprisoned in the
of the war with France, Lord Howe     Fleet, but obtained his liberty by applysailed for the coast of America, with a ing to Cromwell, becan.e historiographer
squadron destined to act against D'Es- to Charles II., and c. in 1666. -le wrote
taing, and, on his return in 1782, he many books, but the one by which he
was created an English viscount.  In  will be longest rememlbered is, "Episthe course of tie salme year Ihe sailed to tole Howellianme, or Familiar Letters,
the relief of Gibraltar, which he effected  domestic and foreign."
in spite of the combined fleets of the  IHUARTE, JOHN, a Spanish philos



HUG]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          511
opher and author in the 17th century,   ItUDSON, IENRmY, a distinguished
who gained celebrity by a work, enti- navigator, whlose early history is untled l   s Exsen de Ingenios para las  known. After making     three voyages
Scinzias,", &c., or, an. Examination of  to find a northeast or norths ast palssuch Geliuses is as re fit for slcquiring the  sage to China, in the second of which ih
Sciences. This book, which is full of  discovered the river Itudson, he set sail
practical wisdom, has been translated  a fourth time, April 17th, 1610, in a bark
mito English, under the title of " The  named the Discovery, andc proceeding
Trial of Wits" and into German by      westward, reached, in latitude 600, the
Lessing, ns  "Prifiung   der Kopfe.'   strait bearing his namme. Through this
Though he wrote in Spanish, and is sup- he advanced along the coast of Labrador,
posed to have been born of Spanish     until it issued into the vast bay wslicli is
parents, Iuarte was a native of Navarre.  also called after him. Helr, with his
IIUBER, JOHN JAMES, a celebrated     son, and seven infirnm sailors, he was
anatomist, was b. at Basle, in 1707. He  turned adrift by a mutinous crew, and is
studied under Haller at Berne, and next supposed to have perished.
at Strasburg; after which lie took his   HUERTA, VINCENT GARCIA DE LA, a
doctor's degree at his iative place. lie  Spaiish poet and critic, b. 1729, at
assisted Haller on his great work on the  Zafra, in Estremadura.  He acquired
Plants of Switzerland. He obtained the  considerable fame among his countryrank of court physician and counsellor men, aind zealously defended Spanish
of state; published a work on the spinal literature from the censures  of Voltaire
marrow and othler parts of the nervous  an'd other French writers. He publishsystem, entitled " Comnmentatio de Me- ed various poems and dramas, and editdulla Spinali."  D. 1778.-ULRIC, a  a- ed "Teatro Espafiol."
tive of Friesland, auth-or of " De Jurle  HUET. IPETErI  DANIEL, a celebrated
Civitatis."  D. 1694.-MARY, a cleisticll French critic and classical scholar, b. at
writer; author of " Lettres sur la Re- Caen, in Normandy, 1630. Hle was eduligion de 1l'Homlme,  and many other   cated in the JesuiRts collcee, accompaworks. B. at Geneva, 1694; d. 1759.-   nied Boclhat to Sweden, and was in
JonN JAMES, a painter, called by Fuscli vain persuaded to settle there by Queen
the Swiss Tintoretto. B. 1668; d. 1748. Christina, In 1670 he was appointed
-JOIHN, a Genevese artist, b. in 1722. preceptor to the dauphin; and while he
He was a good painter, but devoted filled that situation he wrote an erudite
much of his attention to thle art of cut- work in defence of Christianity, entitled,
ting profiles, in which he. cquied anll'"emonstratio Evangelica;   hle also
extraordinary degree of cexterity. I-e published the Latin classics, in 62 vols.,
is described as being an eccentric char- with those ample illustrations which
acter; and, among other fanciful schemes, have mnade what are called the Delphin
formed a project for guiding the course  editions so generally knowvn and esteemof air balloons by tile flight of large  ed. In 1689 lie *was miade bishop of
birds; on which he published a tract,   Avrantes, buit resigrned that sce in 1699,
illustrated with plates. D. 1790. —Mr- and spent the remainder of his days in
CHAEL, a native of Bavalria, professor of  literary retirelment, producing  maiiny
French in Leipsic, and the translator of  works of great merit. He d. at Paris,
several Germian works into French. B. 1721.
1727; d. 1804.-Loris FERDINmAND, son     HUFELAND, CHRISTIAN       WVITLIAM,
of the preceding; editor of several jour- a Prussian counsellor of state, who was
nals. B. at Paris, 1764; d. 1804.-s also an eminent physician, was b. at
THERESsA, daughter of tie celebratec   Langensalza, 1762, and first practised
philologist Heyne, anid wife of the pre- physic at Weimar.  In 1793 lie wvas
ceding; a popular German novelist, smide professor at Jcna, and in 1801
many of whose works appeared under physician to thIe king of Prussia. He
her husband's namle. —FRANCIS, a natu- greaitly improved his art, ancd wrote a
ralist, b. in 1750, at Geneva; author of  "System of Medicine," which is aimong
" Nouvelles Observations sur les Abeil- the best practical books extant. D. 1836.
les," in which he explains the manner    HUFNAGEL        Groae,    a Flemish
of the cqueen-bee's impregnation, &c. painter, was b. at Antwerp in 1i545, and
Haviang lost his way in a winter night, d. 1600. HIe was also a tolerable poet in
the effect of the cold produced total Latin and Gelrman.
hlindness; but tile lady to whom le had  HUGH CAPET, the first of the third
been betrothed afterwarcds miarirred him, race of French monarchs, was count of
and became his-constant amaanuensis.   Paris and Orleans. He was proclaimed




5152                   CYCLOPAD IA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LTUM
king of France at Noyon, in 987, and d. Mialay languages: nor should we forget
in 90i, aged 57.                       to mention, at mnost illustrative ot his
HUGliES, JOi IN, an English poet, anmiability and excellernce o' heart, his
drainmatic antilor, and essayist; b. 1677?; "Letters to aFeimale Friend.c'  D. 1885.'
d. 1727. Iis last work was, tie  Siege e HUMEl, DAvID, a celebrated historian,
of DWamascus," a tragedy, which still phiilosopher, and miscellaneous writer.,
continues on the stage. Several papers wa b. at Edinburgh in 1711. Ie was
in tile "Tattler,"' Spectator,   and  designed for the law, but havling no in" Guardian" were written by him.       clination to that protlession, he a ppliedl
II UGO, HERMN a learned Jesuit and   to mercantile pursuits, and becamei, in
JLatin poet, was b. at Brussels in 1588, 1734, clerk in an eminent liouse at Brisand d. of the plmague at Rhinberg, in tol. HIe did not, however, continue
1629.                                  long in tihat line; for, lhaving  a strong
IHUGTENBURGHI JOHINVAN, aDutch       propensits to literature lie went to
painter, who painted the victories of the  France, where he wrote.hins' Treatise
duke ot'Marlboroughl andPrince Eugene. of Human Nature," which lie published
D. 173.                   -            at London in 1738. This metaphysical
HULL, THOMAS, a dramatic writer work, however, met with an indifferent
and autor, b. in 1728. He was cotempo- reception; nor were his " Moral Esrary with Garrick, and lived to be father says," which appeared in 1742, more
of the British stage, but niever rose to  successful. In 1746 he became secretary
any great eminence in his profession. to General St. Clair, whom lie accompaHIe was the author of a deservedly popu- nied in his military embassy  to the
lar poem, entitled " Richard Plantale- courts of VieInna and Turin.'While at
net," besides some novels, tales, and  the latter city, he repnhlislhed his first
dramas.                                work, under a new title of " An Inquiry
HUMBOLDT, WILLIAm        VON, a dis- concerninm  HIuman Understanding, 
tinguished statesman and philologist, and, in 1752, appeared at Edinbuglih,
the elder brother of the great philos- his " Political Discourses," which were
opher and traveller, was b. at Potsdam, followed the same year by his " Inquiry
17b'., Hc received his early education  concerning the Principles of Morals,"
at Berlin, and. studied at Gottingen and  which of all his writings he considered
Jena, wlhere lie formed a friendship with  incomparably the best.  In 1754 lie
Schiller, which lasted through life. In  published the first volume of his "Hils1800 he was appointed Prussian minister tory of England,1'  which he did not
at the papa'l court, where his love of an- complete till 1761.  While this work
tiquarian and classical pursuits neces- was in progress he printed a piece, with
sarily received a fiesh impulse; and on  the title of: "The Natural History of
his return in 1808 he was created a    Religion," which was attacked by Warcounsellor of state, and nominated rnin-  burton in an anonymous tract, ascribed
ister of education. In 181)0 he went as  at the time to Dlr. Iumd. His great
plenipotentiary to Vienna; and he shared  work, the "History of England," had
in all the.great diplomatic transactions  now acquired considerable celebrity, and
of the next few years;-at Prague, at the  the writer gained largely by its popularconferences of Chatillon, where he sign- ity, for besides the profits it brought
ed tlhe capitulation of Paris along with  him, he obtained a pension through
Hardenberg,-and at the congress of     Lord Bute. In 1763 lie accompanied
Vienna, &c. Ile next went as ambas- the earl of Hertford on his embassy to
sador extraordinary to London; assisted  Paris, from whose fashionable and' litat the congress of Aix-la-Chapelle, in  erary circles lie received an enthusiastic
1818; and the following year he became  welcome; and where, in 1765,. he rea member of the Prussian cabinet, but mallin ed as charg6 d'affalires. Tie. year
he soon retired in conseqtrence of the following lie returned hlome, accomIparetrograde policy pursued by his col- niOdby Jean Jacques Rousseau, to whom
leagues, and thenceforward lived chiefly  he behaved with great delicacy and geiat his seat, Tegel, near Berlin, in the  erosity. He then became under-secrecultivation of literature and science. tary of state to General Conway.   lii
His works are of a most miscellaneous  1769 he retired to his native country on
character, and show the extraordinary  an. independent income of ~1000 per
versatility of his powers; but his chlief  annum. D. 1776.
fame rests on his erudite researches into  HUMMEL, JOHN NEPOMUx, an eumiphilloogy, and   more   especially the nent musician, was b. at Presburo, in
]Basone, Sanscrit, North American, and  1778. His friends discoverin. in hin: an




HUNl]                 CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       o51
extraordinary capacity for music, he was was a young.man, he was a'decided
placed with; Mozart when only seven    loyalist; but later in life he became a
years of age; and after remaining un- " radical reforlmer, associated Nwith the
der his roof'.about two. years, he and his most disafifected, and was looked lup to
father travelled through various parts of  by many of thenm as the fearless chainEurope, visiting England in 1791, where  pion of their party. He long tried for
his perifomances on the pianoforte were a seat in parliament, but was unsuccesshighly applauded. lie soon. acquired   ful at Bristol, Westminster, and for the
great celebrity as a composer as well as county of.Somerset. He was, however,
aperformer. In 1820he became chapel- twice elected f'or Preston, in 1830-1;
master to the. grandc-duke of Weimar, but the year after his second return, his
where lie continued afterwards to re- constituents declined. his future serside, making, from time to time, bril- vices.. As. "lord. of the manor of Glasliant and profitable tours in iGermany, toabury'l he acted fairly at his courtRussia, and England.   I-Iummel com- leet; and,.a.s a popular orator,- he obposed some operas, the most celebrated  tainedl notoriety; but a rdical meeting
of which is " Mathilde von Guise;" his at Manchester, where lie presiled and
church music was also aldmirable; but declaimed, having ended with loss of
his fame will chiefly rest upon his bril- life and limb to many of the assembled
liant compositions for the pianoforte. multitude, he was indicted as the ringD. 1837.                              leader of an..unlawfuulassembly of the
HUMPIREYS, DAVID, minister of        people; tried, found guilty,.and senthe United States to the, court of Spain  etenced to three years' imprisonment in
was b. in Connecticut in 1758, and re- Ilchester jail  But, thoughi in confineceived his education at -Yale college  ment, he was -not idle; lie disco,ered
Soon after the commencement of the     and made known to the public some
revolutionary war, he entered the army, flagrant malpractices roing on at the
and was successively anraid to Parsons, jail, which, through his means, were
Putnam, Greene, andc Washington. He    afterwards corrected. HIe was -seized
left the airmy with the rank of colonel. with paralysis while alighting, from his
In 1784 he was appointed secretary of  phaeton at Alresford, Iants, where he
legation to Paris, and was subsequently. c 1835.1
ambassador to the court of Lisbon,~ and  HUNTER, ROBERT, an English genin 1797 miiister plenipotentiary to the  tleman, who wrote the famous letter on
court of Madrid. While i the mnilitary  Enthusiasm, which has been ascribed
service, he published a poem addressed  both to Swift and Shaftesbury.- ie was
to the Ameiican armies, and after the  governor of New York acnd New Jersey
war another "On thle Happiness and     several:years,:and afterwards of Jamaica,
Glory of America."   In 1789 he pub- where he d. in 1734.-WILLTA-A, a. celelished a "Life of General Putnam,"     brated anatomist and physician, w as b.
and while in Europe a number of mis-   at Kilbridgc, Lanarkshire, 1718.  Ilis
cellaneous poems. D. 1818.-JAMES; an   father was a farmeri and designed him
eninelat lawyer'and juridical writer; for the chuch;: but an acquaintance
author of "Observations on the En- with Dr. -Cullen. inclining hinm to the
glish Law of IReal Property," &c.   e  study of physic, he resided with the
was a native    of Montgomeryshire, doctor 3 years. In 1740 he.remloved to
Wales; and d. in 18830.                Edinburgh, where lhe. followed -his studHUMPHRY, OZIAS, an ceminent min- ies with intense:application, -and the
iatnre painter, b. at Honiton'i Devon, in  year following visited London, soon af1743. He first settled at. Bath; then -ter wlhich he nwas taken.by- Dr. James
went to Lnondon,by the advice of his  Douglas into Ihis house as a dissector,
friend, Sir Joshua' Reynolds, and was  and also tutor to his son. In 1746 he
made a i'oval academician. In 1780 he  succeeded lMr. Saimuel Sharpe as lectuwent to India, where he was held in high  rer to a society of surgeons in Coventesteem by Sir W. Jones and. Warren    garden, and commenced a series of leeHastings, and was chosen one of the   tures on anatomy" and surgery.    He
first members of the Asiatic Society. soon rose into extensive practice in surD. 1810.                              gery and midwifery, but confined himHUNT, -IxENRY, was b. at Uphaven, self to the latter, and in 1764 was apWilts; about the year 1773, where he pointed physician extraordinary to the
was well known as an opulent farmer, queen.    He was elected F. R. S.; beand one who was a regular attendant at came physician to the British Lying-in
the Devizes market. When Mr. Hunt hospital; and on the foundation of th




514                  CYCLOPLODIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [LUN
Royal Academy, the king appointed him  Whitefield, whom she constituted her
professor of anatoimy.  In 1770, Dr. chaplain; by tile influence of her rank
Hunter completed his house in Great and fortune, appeared at the liead of a
Wiilmill-street, to whichl were attached  sect; and, after tle death of Whiteleld,
a theatre, apartutents for lectures and  his followers were designated as the
dissections, and a lmagnificent room as a people of Lady Huntingdon. She foundmuseum. His valuable museum is now   ed schools and colleges for preachers,
in the university of Glasgow. Ie wrote and expended annually large sumis not
several able works on medical subjects, only in their support, but in private
the most elaborate of which is " The charity. D. 1791.-WILLIAM, a religious
Anatomy of the Gravid Uterus."'  D. enthusiast, was b. 1744. le was tile
1783.-JOI-iN, younger brother of the son of a fiarmer's laborer in Kent, and
preceding, was b. 1728, and apprenticed  the early part of his life was passed in
to a cabinet-maker; but, hearing of  menial service and other humble occuWilliam's success in London, he olfered  pations. After indulging in vice and
his services to him as an anatomical as- dissipation for several years, accordling
sistant. In a few monthsh he liad attain- to his own account, lie was converted,
ec such a knowledge of anatomy as to  and became a preacher among the Callbe capable of demonstrating to the pu- vinistic Methodists. He soon enoaged
pils in the dissecting room. In 1753 hie in religious controversies, published a
entered as a gentlemanl-comlmoner of St. vast number of tracts, and was rearcrded
Mary's hall,'Oxford. In 1767 lie was as the head of a peculiar set. His pubchosen a fellow of the Royal Society, lications are very numerous, and some
and, the next year, he was elected one of them  contailn cur'ious details relative
of tile surgeons of St. George's hospital. to his personal history and religious
In 1776 lie was appointed surgeon extra- experience. After the death of his first
ordinary to the king; and, subsequently, wife, he married the wealthy relict of
inspector-general of hospitals and sur- Sir James Sanderson, a London aldergeon-general. He d. suddenly, having  man, and passed tlhe latter part of his
been seized with at spasmodic affection  life in affluence. After his conversion,
of the heart., in St. George's hospital, he generally appended to his name the
Oct. 16, 1793. He wrote several profes- mystical letters S. S., or Sinner Saved.
sionial treatises, besides recording tle  HUNTINGFORD, GEORGF ISAAC, a
results of malny of his valuable discov- distinguished classical scholar, and an
cries in the' Philosophical Transac- amiable dignitary of the church, was b.
tions."-ANXm, wife of the preceding, at Winchester, ill 1748. Through the
and sister of Sir Everard Iomne, was the patronage of Lord Siclmouth, who had
author of many lyrical poems possess- been his pupil at Winchester, he obing much sweetness and beauty. Some  tained the see of Gloucester in 1802, and
of these were set to music by Iaydn. that of Hereford in 1815. He was the
B. 1742; d. 1821.-WILLIAM L. an enii- author of i Greekl Monostrophics," " A
nent citizen of Rhode Island; from   Call for Union with the Established
1811 to 1821, senator in congress, and in  Church," "Thoughts on the Trinity,"
1844 minister to Brazil.'. 1774; d. &c.   ). 1832.
1849.                                  HUNTINGTON, EBENEzER, a distinHUNTINGDON, IIENRY OF, an an- guislhed citizen of Connecticut, d. 1834,
cient English historian, who flourished  graduated at Yale college in 1775; joined
in the lith and 12th centuries.  He the army near Boston the samne year as
composed a general history of England  a volunteer; in September was conlmisfrom the earliest accounts to the death  sioned as a lieutenant; in 1776 was apof King Stephen, in 1154, in 8 books; pointed a captain and also deputy adja-.
and, towards the conclusion, the author taut-general; in 1777 a maljor; and in
honestly acknowledges that it is only an  1799 a lieutenant-colonel. le was presabridgmnent, observing that to compose  ent at the surrender of Cornwallis at
a complete history of England, mnany  Yorktown. In 1799 he was, at the recbooks were necessary which he could  ommendation of Washingtol, appointed
not procure.-SELINA, countess of, the a brigadier-general in the army raised
second daughter of Washington, Earl by congress, when expectations were
Ferrers, was b. in 1707, and married in  entertained of a war with Irance. D.
1728 to Theophilus, earl of Huntingdou. 1834.-SANMUEL, a signer of the decllraAfter she became a widow, she espoused  tion of independence, was b. in 1732, in
the principles of the Calvinistic Method- Connecticut, settled in early life at Nor.
ists. and patrQnized the fanous George wich as a lawyer, and soon rose to pop



HUT]                 CYCLOPA'EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       515
ularity and eminence. In 1775 he was    HUSKISSON, WILLIAM, an English.
elected a delegate to congress, and in  statesman, was b. in 1770. He was
1779 was chosen president of that ven- brought into parliament for Morpeth,
erable body. In 1784 he was appointed  by government interest, in 1797, fiom
lieutenant-governor of his native state, which time he connected himself on
and advanced to the seat of chief judge. terms of friendship with Mr. Canning,
Ile was chosen chief magistrate inl 1786. and supported all the measures of the
D. 1796.                              Pitt administration. During the Whig
HUPAZOLI, FRANCIS, one of the few   administration of 1806, he was an active
individuals who have lived in three   member of the opposition; but on its
centuries. He was b. in 1587, at Casal, dissolution he returned to office, and
in Sardinia, and d. in 1702. At first he remained till the premiership of the
was a clergyman, and afterwards became duke of Wellington, with the short exa merchant at Scio; and, in his 23d   ception of ain interval n 1809, when the
year, lie was appointed Venetian consul quarrel took place between Mr. Canning
at Smyrna. By his fifth wife, whom he  and Lord Castlereagh, and he sided
married at the age of 98 years, he had  with the former in withdrawing from
four children. His drink was water; the government. When Mr. Canning
he never smoked, and ate little, (prin- was appointed to the government of
cipally game and fruit.) He drank a India,'r. Huskisson succeeded him as
good deal of the juice of the scorzonera member of parliament for Liverpool;
root, ate but very little at night, went to  was successively treasurer of the navy,
bed and rose early, then heard mass, joint secretary of the treasury, viceand walked and labored the whole day  president and president of the board of
to the last. lie wrote down every thing  trade, and was colonial secretary during
remarkable which he had witnessed, in  the Liverpool and Canning administra22 volumes. He never had a fever, was tions. It was during this latter period
never bled, and never took any medi- that he brought forward his celebrated
cilue. At the age of 100 his gray hair free-trade measures. Mr. -Huskisson d.
again became black. When 109 -years   at Manchester, September 15, 1830, in
old, he lost his teeth and lived on soup; consequence of one of his legs being
and, four years later, he had two large  crushed, and other severe injuries susnew teeth, and began again to eat meat. tained, by the wheels of a locomotive
HURD, IICHARDl, an eminent English  steam-engine comihg in contact with
prelate and philologist, was b. in 1720, him, while present at the celebration of
at Congreve, in Staffordshire. In 1749 the opening of the Liverpool and Manhe published " lioratii Ars Poetica,"  chester railway.
with an English commentary. In 1750     HUSS, JOHN, a celebrated Bohemian
he published a commentary on the reformer and martyr, b. at Hussienitz,
" Epistle" of Horace to Augustus; and  about 1376. He was the first opposer
also a satirical attack on Doctor Jortin, of the doctrine of transubstantiation,
in defence of Warburton, in an. essay on  and the defender of Wickliff; for which
the " Delicacy of Friendship," which he lie was burnt alive by order of the counafterwards endeavored to suppress. His cil of Constance, in 1415.
"Dialogues, Moral and Political," with  HUSSEY, GuIs, an English painter,
"Letters oel Chivalry and Romance,"   b. at Marnhull, in Dorsetshire, In 1710.
appeared, at different times, from 1758 tle studied in France and Italy, posto 1764, and were republished collect- sessed considerable talents, and painted
ively, in 1765. None of his works at- some good pictures; but he was sometracted so much notice as the "Dia- what eccentric, and met with little enlogues," which were translated into   couragement in proportion to his merits.
German. In 1767 he was made arch- D. 1788.
deacon of Gloucester; 1775 was raised  HUTCHESON, FRANCIS, a metaphysto the bishopric of Lichfield and Cov- ical writer, was b. in 1694; studied at
entry; and, not long after, was trans- Glasgow; and, on his return to Ireland,
lated to the see of Worcester in 1781. officiated to a dissenting congregation,
D. 1808.                             for some time, in the northern part of
HIURE, CHARLES, a French divine of  that kingdom; but, in 1729, he was
the Jansenist persuasion, was b. 1689, elected professor of moral philosophy at
and d. 1717. His works are a "Die- Glasgow. He was the author of "An
tionary of the Bible," a "Translation  Inquiry into the Ideas of Beauty and
of the New Testament into French,"    Virtue," and a "Treatise on Jhe Paswith notes, a "Sacred Grammar," &C.   sions."  In 1755 his son, ID-. Fmx-o]a




516                   CYCLOPA>DIA OF BIOGRAAMY.                       [lUT
HIUTOCHESON, a physician of Glasgow, manner at Brompton, and d. there in
-rinted from his father's papers, "A  1780.  Governor Hutchinson was the
System of MAoral Philosophy," to which  author of a "History of the Colony of
is prefixed an account of the author. MIassachusetts Bay," &c..
D. 1747.I HUTTEN, JAcoB, a native of Silesia,
HUTCHINS, JOHN, an English divine who in the 16th century, founded a sect
and topographer, was b. in IDorsetshire, called the Bohemiian or Moravian brethin 1696, and d. 1773. He was the author ren. These were the descendants of
of the "History and Antiquities of the the Hussites, and appear to have. given
County of Dorset."-THOarAs, geogra- rise to the Anabaptists. Hutten is suppher-general to the United States of posed to have been:burnt as a heretic
America, was b. in. New Jersey, about at Inspruck.-ULRIa voN, a. German
1730.  He had served in. the army     soldier, poet, and: miscellaneous writer,
against the Indians in Florida; was was b. at Steekelberg,.in Franconia,.it
imprisoned in England, in 1779, on the  1488. He was the most. active of all
charge of having corresponded with Dr. the early reformers;- and hi writings
Franklin, then. Americian   agent in  against the church of Rome were so
France; afterwards joined the army of severe, that the pope sent orders to the
General Greene, and d. at Pittsburg, inquisitor to seize him; but he fled into
in 1789. He published several topo- Switzerland, and d. near Zurich in 1523.
graphical and historical works of con- His letters and poems are very classical.
siderable interest.                   Hutten was one of the boldest and most
HUTCHINSON, ANN, a religious en- free-spirited man of his time; injusthusiast in New England, who instituted  tice, falsehood, hypocrisy, and tyranny
meetings for women, in which she pre- filled him  with indignation,: and lie
tended to enjoy immediate revelations. unmasked them    with a spirit that
By these means, great dissensions.were  knew no. fear. Herder has collected
caused in the churches, and in 1637 an  his poems.
ecclesiastical synod assembled and con-  HUTTER, ELIAS and LEONARD,. two
deminned her errors. Not long after, she cotemporary Protestant divines, b. at.
was banished from the.colony, where Ulm, about the middle of the 16th cen-,
in 1643, she and her family, consisting  tury.  The former is remarkable for.
of 15 persons, were captured by the having published a Hebrew Bible, conIndians, and  all except a daughter taining no less than 30 versions. of the
killed.-JOHN, an English philosophical 117th psalm in various languages. He
and critical author, celebrated as. the- also published a Polyglot Bible in. four.
opponent of Dr. Woodward in natural languages, Hebrew,'b Greek, Latin, and
history, and of Sir Isaac Newton in   German; and he afterwards added to it
philosophv. B. 1674; d. 1737.-JOHN    the Italian, French,.Sclavonic, and
HELY, an Irish statesman and. lawyer, Saxon.:D. 1608..-LEONARDn, who distinllwas b. in 1715. HIe becat ae secretary  guished: himself as a stanch: supporter
of state, and accumulated a number of  of the reformed church, published a
lucrative employments. So great indeed  variety of polemical treatises.: obtained
was his avidity for office and emolu- the divinity professor's chair at the
meut, that Lord North said, "If En- university of Wittemberg, and d. in
gland and Ireland were given to this   1616.
man, lie would solicit the Isle of Man   HUTTON,     CiARLES, an    eminent
for a potato garden." lHe possessed    mathematician, was b. at Newcastlegreat talents and eloquence, and d. 1.794. upon-Tyne,. in. 1737.  Having  made
-THOMAS, lord chief justice, and after- great progress in  his m'athematical
wards lieutenant-governor of the colony  studies, and distinguished himself by
of Massachusetts, was b. at Boston, the production of a sinall work on the
1711. He had been greatly:respected  principles, of bridges, he was appointed
in his province for his able and. irre- professor at the royl- military college,
proachable conduct on    the judicial Woolwich.     le produced in1 179'6 is
bench; but having covertly taken, part " Mathematical. and Philosophical Dicwith Great Britain against the American  tionary," and in 1798 he gave to the
colonies, and given the English minis- world the first edition of his " Course
ters advice relative to the enforcement of Mathematics.'   He was afterwards
of the duty on tea, it was found neces- entgaged with  Dr. Pearson and Dr,
sary to remove him and place General Shaw in an abridgment of the PhiloGage in his situation. He accordingly  sophical Transactions, for his labor in
went to England, lived in a retired    which work, it is said; he received




HYPJ                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF DiOGaiAPHY.                      517
~6000. Ie reti: 3d from his appoint- remained till 1681, when he returned to
Inent at Wool0ich in 18017    with a his native country, and d. 1695.
pension of ~500. D. 1823. —JAME, a      HUYSTUM, JOHN VAN, a celebrated
celebrated geolo.ist and natural phi- painter, was b. in 1682. at Amsterdam,
losopher, was b. in Edinburgh, in 1726. where his father, Justus van Huysum,
After finishing his education at the  was a respectable artist. John was the
university, he was apprenticed to a wri- most distinguished flower and firuit
ter to the signet, but qnitted the legal painter ol mocdern times, and his pieprofession for that of medicine, as being  tures fetched enormous prices; his
the nearest alliec to chemlstir, wlhici landscapes were also highly esteemed.
was his favorite study. HI inl conse- He d. i'n 1749.-He had two brothers,
quence went to the universities is     U arcis   USTis ad JACon, theU former palinted.nd Leydcen, at the lattel of which Le i battles, and d. in his 22d year; tie
took his degree in 1749; bit oln ais latter coeied the works of John with
return, being desirous of makin g him- great cxactness, and d. in London, in
self conversant with  afcietultu e  e 1740.
settled upon a farm of his owna iin Ber-  HYiDE, TIiOMxAs, a lened d   aivine   and
wickshire. In 1768 he went to Edin- orientalist, was. bin 163, atBillin sley,
burgh, and from that time he devoted  in Shropshire, and studied at King's
himself entirely to scientific pursuits,  college, Camlbridge. While there, bepublishing numerous works, land inves- fore he was 18, le assisted WValton in
tigatiing  various subjects of nat-ual his great Polyglot bible. In 1658 he
philosophy.  Dr. Hutton    is chiefly  wrent to Oxfordc, and b iecam  successively
distinguished as the authior of a system  Hlebo rew eader and keeper of the Bodor theory of geology, termed the Pluto- leian Library. IHe was next promoted
nian, by which the structure of the to a prebend inSalissbury cathedral, and
solid parts of the earth are accounted  afterwards appointed regius professor
for by the action of subterraneous fire. of Hebrew, and canon of Christ-church,
This theory excited a warma controversy  Oxford. D. 1703. His "Veterum Peramong men of science, and met with    sarum et Medorum Historia' is regarded
many fierce opponenlts; but tlhe late  as a highlly valuable worlk.
Professor Playfair advocated it in his  iHYDER ALI, or HYDER         ALLY
"Illustrations of the Iluttonlan Theory  KIHAN, a celebrated Indian prince,
of the Earth," and it las since been  who, durinol the latter part of the 18th
gradually rising into repute. Among   century, was a formidable enerny to the
the chief works of Huttomn are, " The Engiis  in Hiandostan, was the son of a,
Progress of Reason fror Sense to Sci- petty chief in the Mysore. He introence and Philosophy," and a " Theory  dluced the European discipline among
of the Earth, aviti Proofs and Iliustra- his troops, becaea *igencral-in-chief of
tions."  D. 1797,                      the.orces of Cinoas,vwho then reigned
HIUYGENS, CeRIen  TIANx,   an eminent at Seringapatam as a, vassal of the great
mathematician and astronomer, was b. at Mogaul; and haviang quarrelled with the
the Hague, in 1629. Ie was the son of granld vizier. got hill into his power,
Constantine HIuygens, lo:r of Zuyliceh n, and eventually assumed the sovereignty
a nobleman of great scientific abilities, himself. He madce important conquests
wlho initiated his son in the principles fiom the Malhrattas, twice invaded the
of general science and classical learning, East India Company's territories, and at
and sent him to the university of Ley- one time caused the greatest apprehenden. He soon distinguished himself by  sion for the safety of the British power
the publication of several learned works, in the East. A treaty was concluded in
both  astronomical and mathematical; 1769, whici was broken in 1780, and
he also invented the pendulum, im- the war renewed with vigor; but the
provecl the air-pump, ascertained the skill of Sir Eyre Coote proved superior
taw-xs oF collision of elastic bodies, and  to Hyder, who left the military operadiscovered  the ring and one of the tions to his son Tippoo Saib. D. 1782.
satellites of Saturn, of which lie gave  HYPATIA, a female philosopher, of
an account in his "'Systema Saturni- the eclectic sect, was the daughter of
num."   He visited botl  France and   Theon, a celebrated mnathematician, who
England for scientific purposes; was governed the Platonic school in Alexmaale a fellow of the Royal Society in  andria, in the 4th century. She early
1661, and shortly after, at the invitation  exhibited proofs of extraordinary genius
of Colbert, he settled in France, where  and judgment; and being educated by
he recel zed a handsome pension, tind  her father in all he knew, she became a
44




518                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [lGn
prepeptress in the school in which    and intolerant prelate, at thail time the
Hierocles and other celebrated philoso- patriarch of Alexandria; and such was
phers had presided. 11er ready elocu- the blind bigotry and resentment of his
tion, her beauty,`and graceful address  monkish partisans, that they conspired
united with deep erudition and sound  against Hypatia's life, and a furious
judgment, procured her the admiration  band of assassins seizing her as she was
of all her hearers; and her house be-  returning home from the schools, they
came the resort of all the learned and  dragged her through the streets, tiureminent persons in Alexandria, among  derecd her in the most barbarous manwhom was Orestes, the governor. This  ner, and threw her mangled limbs into
roused the jealousy of Cyril, a haughty  the flames, A. D. 415.
1.
IBRAHIM    MANSOUR EFFENDI, rank among German actors. As a wrian adventurer, whose real name was ter he was almost equally successful.
Cerfbere, was b. at Strasburg, of a   In 1798 he published an edition of his
Jewish family. After having served in  works, which contained 47 comedies
the republican hussars, he becaime so  and tragedies; and he subsequently
violent a royalist that he was irnpris- wrote many others. D. 1814.
oned. In 1802 he went to Constantino-   IGNARRA, NICHOLAS, a learned Neaple, turned Mahometan, and was em- politan antiquary, b. in 1728. HIe was
ployed to discipline the Turkish troops. educated at the college of Urbano, at
He subsequently wandered     through  Naples, and at the age of 20 he taught
Russia, Sweden, and Denmark; held, Greek in that seminary. When Charles
under the name of Medelsheim, a gov- III. founded the Herculanean academy,
erminent office in Westphalia; fought in 1755, Ignarra was appointed one of
against the Servians; was, for three  the first members. In 1763 he succeed}ears, engineer to Ali Pacha; recom- ed Mazzochias, professor of sacred, lit-.nenced his wanderings, and extended  erature in the royal university, and in;hem to various parts of Asia, Africa, 1771 he became principal professor. In
and America; and'at last, being in a  1782 he was nominated director of the
starvin_ state, shot himself at Paris, in  royal printing-offlce; and two years
1826. HIe wrote a "Memoir of Greece   after, tutor to the hereditary Prince
and Albania, during the Government Francis of Bourbon. He was made a
of Ali Pacha."                        canon of the cathedral of Naples, 1794,
IBYCUS, a Greek lyric poet, a native  and d. in 1808. His principal work is
of Rhegium, was b. in the 6th century  entitled, "De Pal"estra Neapclitana
B. c. He wrote seven books of odes, of  Commentarium," 1770, a very learned
which only a few fragments are extant. production. He also published "The
He was killed in a solitary spot by rob- Litel of Mazzochi," and other pieces.
bers, whose crime is said to have been  IGNATIUS, ST., a father of the
discovered in a singular manner. While  church, made bishop of Antioch by St.
dying, lie saw a flight of cranes passing, John the evangelist. After exhibiting
and called upon them to avenge him. many virtues in his province, he was
As the murderers were walking in Rhe- seized by Adrian, and exposed to the
gium, one of them   saw some cranes fury of wild beasts in the Roman amoverhead, and said to his companions, phitheatre. Seven of his epistles are
"Here are the avengers of Ibycus."    preserved.-A patriarch of ConstantinoThis speech excited suspicion, and the pie, was son of the Emperor Michael
truth was wrung from the criminals by  Curopalata, by Procopia, and presided
torture.                              at the eighth general council of that see.
IFFLAND, AUGUSTUS WILLIAM, a D. 878.
popular actor and dramatist, was b. at  IGNATIUS DE LOYOLA, the founHanover, in 1759, and from his child- der of the order of the Jesuits, was b.
hood had a propensity to the stage, in 1491, of a noble family, in the Spanwhich his father vainly endeavored to ish province of Guipuscoa. In 1521 he
repress. In 1770 he abscofided from his was severely wounded at the siege of
home, and made his appearance at the Pampeluna. The, result of his inediGotha theatre. He soon rose to the first tatiobs on a bed of pain was, sorrow fot




INN]                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       519
}is past debaunhed life, and a determi- was 15. Not liking the restraints to
nation to devote himself to works. of  which he was necessarily subject, he
piety. He began by a pilgrimage to    abruptly quitted his place in 1779. In
Jerusalem; after which he studied at 1790 he made his debut at Covent-garAleala, Salamanca, and Paris; and be-. den theatre, with great success, as Dergan to preach and to make disciples. mot, in "The Poor Soldier," and rose
At first he was opposed, and even im- at once into a degree of popularity,
prisoned; but at length the pope, in  which attended him till the infirmities
1540, gave his sanction to the new    consequent upon advancing years, and
order which Loyola had established, an irregular mode of life, compelled him
and appointed him its first general. lie to quit the stage. His voice combined
d. in 1556, and was canonized in 1622.  uncommon power, sweetness, and flexiIHRE, JOHN, an erudite Swede, was bility,' both in the natural tones and the
b. at Upsal, in 1707; was educated at falsetto, and his intonation was singuthe university there; became professor larly correct. Indeed, those who have
of poetry, rlihetoric, and politics; was heard him in "The Storm," "Blackennobled and made a knight of the Po- eyed Susan," or any of the better sort
lar-Star; and d. 1780. He is the author of the old English ballads and huntingof " Lexicon Dialectorum," "Glossarium  songs, will not easily forget a style of
Sueco-Gothicum,' "A I)issertation on  singing which, we believe, has seldom,
Runic Antiquities,"' and other works.  if ever, had its equal. D. 1826.
INCHBALD, ELIZABETH, a dramatist      INGENHOUSZ, JOHN, a physician
and novelist, whose maiden name was and experimental philosopher, was b. in
Simpson, was b. in 1756, at Stannin-  1730, at Breda, in Holland; settled in
field, near Bury, in Suffolk. At the age  London, where he was chosen a memnof 16 she secretly quitted her family, be- her of the Rooyal Society; was recolming prompted by an irrepressible desire mended by Sir John Pringle to inoeuof visiting the metropolis. After es- late the family of the Empress Maria
caping many danglers in her rash adven- Theresa; resided for many years at
ture, she married Mr. Inchbild, of 1Dm- Vienna, in the enjoyment of honors
ry-lane theatre, and was for several years and fortune; and at length returned to
upon the stage. In 1789, however, she England, where he d. in 1799. He is
quitted it, and thenceforth depcended  the author of "Experiments on Vegetaupon her literary labors.  She d. in  bles," " Experiments in and Observa1821. She wrote 19 dramas, some of:tions on Natural Philosophy," and other
which were deservedly successful; and  works of great merit.
two novels, "The Simple Story," and     INGERSOLL, JAnED, judge of the
" Nature and Art," which rank aniong  admiralty court of Connecticut, gradthe standard works in that class of lit- uated at Yale college, in 1742. lHe
erature; and she edited "The British  settled at New IHaven as a lawyer, and
Theatre," "The Modern Theatre," and   was agsent of the colony in England, in
a' Collection of Farces."            1757; but being appointed distributor
INCHOFER, MELOuIOR, a German        of the stamps in Connecticut, under the
Jesuit, was b. in Vienna, in 1584. lie  stamp act, lie lost his popularity. The
wrote a book, entitled, "The Virgin   people of New Haven compelled him
Mary's Letter to the people of Messina to resign. Not deeming this resignaproved to be genuine," which gave tion explicit, a large company from the
great offence to liis brethren, whonm lie eastern part of Connecticut set out on a
found great difficulty in appeasing.  ie  journey to New Haven. They met Mr.
also wrote a satire agaitist them, which  Ingersoll at Wethersfield, when they
was printed after his death under the compelled him to resign, and cry out
title of "Monarchia Solipsorum." lie  three tines, "Liberty and Property."
also wrote the " Ecelesiastical History  The next day 500 men escorted him to
of Hunmiary," &c. OD. at Milan, 1648.  Hartford. He was afterwards judge of
INCLEDON, BENJTMrIN CHARLES, a the admiralty. D. 1781.
celebrated English singer, was b. at St.  INMAN, HENRY, an eminent portrait
Keveran, in Cornwall, in 1764, where painter of: New York, was b. at Utica,
-his father practised as a surgeon. When  1801.  In 1812 he removed to New
only eight years old, the astonishing fine York, and became a pupil of the famous
tones of his voice induced his parents Jarvis.  Ite subsequently, achieved a
to article him to Jackson, of Exeter, un- brilliant reputation as an artist.
der who,3e tuition he remained,- as a   INNOCENT I., a native of Albano,
ehoriste~ in Exeter cathedral, until' he elected pope after Anastasusi the -st,




520                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRtAPHY.                     [INN
402.  lie defended Chrysostom, and   super Decretales," and was the first who
condemned the Novatians and Pela- invested the cardinals with a red hat, as
gians.  D. 417.-II., was elected pope a mark of their dignity.. D1254.-V.,
after Honorius II., though part of the Peter de Tarantaise, a Dominican, archcardinals protested against his elevation  bishop of Lyons, and a cardinal, made
to the papal chair, by appointing the pope, 1276. IHe wrote "Notes on the
son of a Jew, of the name of Peter ce Epistles of St. Paul," commentaries,
Leo, who assumed the appellation of  and other works. D. 1276.-VI., SteAnacletus II.  Innocent, though sup- phen Albert, a native of Pompadour, in
ported by the princes of Europe, except Limoges, was bishop of Ostia, and a
the kings of Scotland and Sicily, who  cardinal, and in 1352, elected pope after
acknowledged the authority of his rival, Clement VI. lie was of a peaceful diswas at last driven from Rome by the Fp1sition, and labored earnestly to recontumults of Arnauld de Bresse, and re- cile the kings of England and France.
tired to France, where he held several He is blamed for bestowing too many
conicils at Clermont, Rheims, Puy, and  honors on his family, though their good
other places. After the death of Ana- conduct deserved the hihgest dignities.
cletus, and the abdication of his succes- D. 1362.-VII., Come de Meilorati, a nasor, Victor IV., he returned to Rome, tive of Sulione in Abruzzo, was elected
where he held the second Lateran coun-  ope, 1404, but opposed by the arms of
cil in 1139, attended by 1000 bishops, Ladislaus, king of Naples, who drove
and crowned Lothaire as emperor. He him from Rome. D. 1406.-VIII., John
afterwards made war agminst Roger, Baptist Cibo, a noble Genoese, of Greek
king of Sicily, and d. at Lomne, 1148.-  extraction, bishop of Melfi, elected pope,
II., Lothair e Cohti, a native of tAna'ni, 1484.  ie labored much to re-establish
raised to the popedom, 1198, afer Ceies- union among Christian princes, and
-inus III. though only 37 years old. showed himself particularly attentive to'o unite the Christian princes in the re- the interests of his family, and of his
eovery of the Holy Land, lie preached a children, whom lhe had had before he
crusade against the Albigenses of Lan- was admitted into the church. He was
guedoc, and afterwards put Philip Au- a benevolent pontiff, and d. of an apogastus of France under an interdict, and  plectic fit, 1492. —IX., John Anthony
excoilmn'nicated John, king of England,  Facchinetti, a native of Bologna, made
and Raymond, count of Toulouse. HIe a cardinal by Gregory XIII. for his serraised the papal authority to such a vices at the council of Tret. lIe was
height that the Roman republic in its elected pope, 29th October, 1591, and d.
bri0ghtest days, was never more power- two months after.-X. John Baptist
fil, so that the pope was no longer the  Pamphili, a native of Rome, who suevassal of the neillboring princes, but ceeded Urban VIII., 1644, at the age of
the temporal master of all soveeigns, 72. IHe persecuted the Barberinis, to
wihoml  h could depose or restore agee- whom he was indebted for his elevation,
ably to his absolute will.  Under In- and he published his bull against the
nocent, the Dominicans, Franciscans, five propositions of the Jansenists. D.
Trinitarians, and other orders arose, 165.-XI., Benedict Odescalchi, a awhich were still to spread farther, and  tive of Como, in the Milanese, was made
to confirm the power of Rome. This a bishop and a cardinal by Pope Innopope, thus listinguished by political cent X., and elected pope 1676.  lie
sagacity and co'utly intrigue, d. at Pe- reformed several abuses in the ecelesirouse, 1216.-IV. Sinibaldi de Fiesque, astical states, and opposed with great
chancellor of the Roman church, and  firmness Louis XIV. by refusing to
cardinal, was elected pope, 1243, after admit to bishoprics those persons who
the death of Celestinus IV.  IHe was were recommended to him by tle monearly engaged in a quarrel with Fred- arch, so that at his death not less than
eric, emeperor of Germany, who wished  thirty dioceses were vacant.  le conto invade the rights of the church, and  demned the errors of the Molinists and
lhe held a council at Lyons, in which he the Quietists, and effected a strong coaexcommunicated and' deposed the im- lition between Germany, Poland, and
perial delinquent. This severe measure  Venice, against the Tnrks. D. 1689.-'was cdispleasing to several princes, but XII., Anthony Pignatelli, a nob)le NeaLouis, king of France, interfered in vain  politan, raised to the papal chair, 1691,
with the inexorable pontiff, and the dis- after Alexander VIII. Ile issued a bull
pute was terminated only by the death  against the system adopted by his preof the emppror. He wrote "Apparatus decessor, of paying particular honors to




IRV]                 CYCLOPEmDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        521
the relations of popes, and condemned   IRETON, HENRY, a soldier, statesthe "Maxims of the Saints," written   man, and regicide, was b. at Attenton)
by Fenelon, archbishop of Cambray. in Nottinghamshire, in 1610; studied at
D. 1700.                              Trinity college, Oxford, and the Middle
IRELAND        UE, S L, was originally a Temple; and on the breaking out of the
silk manufacturer in Spitalfields; but rebellion, joined the parliamentarians,
having a taste for the arts, he became a the left wing of whose army he comspeculator in scarce books, prints, &c., manded at the battle of Naseby. Havand published many embellished tours. ing married a daughter of Oliver CromIn 1796 his character sustained a deep  well, he soon rose to preferments; sat
injury in consequence of the part he  in judgment upon the king, whom he
took in the publication of an impudent had previously betrayed; and was apEorgery, fabricated by his son, which  pointed commander-in-chief in Ireland,
made a great noise at the time, and was where he d. in 1651. His body was
entitled " Miscellaneous Papers and Le- brought to England, and buried in
gal Instruments, under the hand and   Westminster abbey till the restoration,
seal of Williamn Shakspeare," &c. His when it was taken up, suspended at the
son, however, acquitted him of wilful gallows, and then thrown into a pit with
participation in this gross literary fiaud, those of Cromwell and Bradshaw.
in what lie termeda an  Authentic A-    IRVING, WILLIAM, a merchant of the
count of the Shakspeare Manuscripts."  city of New York. He was also distinBesides avariety of"Picturesque Tours"  guished as a gentleman of literary taste,
above alluded to, Samuel Ireland pub- and in 1812 became a member of conlisled a work in one volume, entitled  gress. Mr. I. w.as a brother of Wasliing —
"Graphic Illustrations of Hogarlth." D. ton Irving; and it is said furnished
1800.                                 several papers for the noted work under
IRENAEUS, ST.2 a Christian martyr the namle of " Salmagundli."  D. 1821.in the 2d centurv, was bishop of Lyons. EDWARID, a native of A1nnan, Scotland,
lie was a. man of considerable learning, was b. in 1792. IIe received the first
and animated with an ardent zeal for rudniments of classical education of the
Christianity; inu wlichl caus free e s ed  vle schoolmaster, which he corndurinog the fifth persecution under Sep- pleteld at the university of Edinburgh.
tirns Severus, in S 02,ad is honored as lWhen a mere child lie is said to have
a siint.                              been singullar in his way of thinlking,
IRENSE, lan elmpress of Constantinople, habits, and amliusements; and, before lie
alike fitmos for hler talents, her beauty,  had reacled the 17th year of his age, he
and lher crimes, was by birtlh an Atie- was recommended aa teaclher of the
nian, and married Leo IV., after whose mathematics, by Professor Leslie, to an
death, in 769, she raised herself and ler academty a tlladdington. That situation
son Constantine VI., who was then but he left, in order to fill a similar one nt
9 years old, to the imprcial throne. Kiirkkaldy, where he remlainede seven
Clharlemagne at that time menaced the years, cand cdrin) whicl time he became
Eastern empire. Irene at first delayel  enamoried  of Miss Isabella MAartin,
hnil by promises; and at length went whom hle afterwards nlarried. In 1819
so far as to oppose him, larms in hand; l  he went to Edinburgh, wit.h a dcetclrmibut lie totally defeated h1er army in the naltion of becominig  a preacher of the
year 788. Wien Constantine had ar-     ospel; and on Dr. Clhalnei s liharing
rived at manhood, hi refused to permit hin in the pulpit, lie appointeld him his
her to participate lonoerl in the govern- assistant at St. Jolhn's churchl, (lasgow.
nent, and actually reilgned alone sven  In 1823 he was appointed to prcach at
yelrs; but the inllluman and unnatural the Caledonian asvluim, in Cross-street,
empress caused him to be deprived of    t ltton-garden. Thle force, cloquence
his sight, and assumed the sovercignity.  und, it may be ladded, the novelty of
Iter entrance into Constantinoplel ol n a style and inanner of Mr. Irvilng, (dew
trilumphal car of gold and precious   such large congregations to the Calestones, her liberality to the people, the  doniiin asylum, that those only were
ifrecdom wllich she bestowed on all pris- admitted who could procure ticketsoners, and other artifices employed by  even for "standihn room;" while these
her, were not sufficient to seciure her were  chiefly  listributed anonog the
from tlhe consequences of her criminal noble, weasltlhy, andl liberal of both
accession. NicephorLs, who was placed  sexes. tIle published rltny of hlis eron tlle iimperial throne, exiled her to the mons and opinions; and on becoming
isle ol Lesbos, whlere she d. in 803.  acquainted with Mr. Drummond, joined
44




'2;~ GCYCLOPEmDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                               LISI
" the prophets," as they were called, of was b. 1451, and married, in 1469, FerAlbury park, the seat of the latter. dinancd V., kin  of Aragon. After the
These" prophets" were twenty or thirty death of her brother, HIenry IV., in
persons assembled together at the above- 1474, she ascended the throne of Castile,
named seat, for the express object of to the exclusion of her eldest sister, Jostcldying or elucidating, "the sublime anna, who had the rightful claim to the
science of sacred prophecy," accounts crown. After the kingld.oms of Aragon
of which were published in 1827. In  and Castile were unitedl, Ferdinand and
the course of this and the following year Isabella together assumed the royal title
the change in Mr. Irving's doctrines of Spain. She was haulhty land aimbibecame evident to ris former admirers; tious; but with tlhe graces land charms
and in 1880 he was charged with heresy  of her sex, Isabella united the courage
by the Scotch church in London. Pro- of a hero, and the saegacity of a statesceedings of the presbytery were carried  man and legislator; she was always
on against him; and the judgment of present at the transaction of state affairs,
that body being approved by the trus- and her name was placed beside that of
tees of the National Scotch  chu  ch,her husband in publicordinanees. Priwhich had been erected for him in Re- vate warfire, which had formerly pregent square, he was dismissed there- vailed to the destruction of public tranfrom, and afterwards deposed by the  qunillity, she checked, and introduced a
presbytery ofAnnan. He then removed  vigorous administration of justice. D.
to Newman-street to preach, and grew  1504.
wilder than ever, till he d. 1834.     ISIUS, an Athenian orator, the pupil
IRWIN, EYLES, was b. at Calcutta, of Lysias and Isocrates. I-e lived in
of Irish parents, in 1748, and received  the first half of the 4th century B. c.w, was
his education in England. In 17G7 he re- wholly unconnected with public affairs,
turned to the East in a civil capacity, but and devoted himself to the task of inwas suspended in 1777, for 1lis attach- structing others. Eleven of his orations
ment to Lorl Pigfot; oi which he came are still extant.
to Europe over land to seek redress,   ISCANUS, JOSEPHUS, or JosEPe    OF
obtained it, and was restored to his EXiETER, was a distinguished writer of
former station at Madras, whither he Latin poetry, who accompanied Richard
again repaired.  In 1785 he returned  Cceur de Lion to Palestine. Ite was the
again to England; but in 1792 he went author of an epic poem, entitled " Antito China to superintend the Company's ocheis," or the deeds of Richard, which
affairs; after which he revisited England, the poet had himself witnessed. This
where he d. in 1817. His worls are is unfortunately lost; but another, on
"Adventures during a Voyage up the the Trojan war is still extant. Warton
Red Sea, and a Journey across the Des- styles Iscanus "the miracle of his age
ert," "Eastern Eclogues," an "Epistle in classical composition." D. 1224.
to Mr. Hayley," " Ode on the Death of  ISELIN, IsAAc, a German philosopher,
Hyder All," "An Inquiry into the Fea- and an ingenious writer, b. at Basle, in
sibility of Bonaparte's Expedition into  1728, of the grand council of which city
the East," "' Napoleon, or the Vanity of he became secretary in 1756. His prinHuman Wishes," &c.                   cipal work is entitled "The IHistory of
ISAAC, KARo, a rabbi, who was forced  Mankind," but many others came from
to quit Spain in consequence of the edict his pen. D. 1782.
of Ferdinand and Isabella in 1499, which  ISEMBERT OF XAINTES, a French
compelled the Jews to leave that coun- architect of the 12th century, whose
try within 4 months, or become Chris- skill in building the bridges of Xaintes
tians. He first went to Portugal, and  and Rochelle, induced John, king of
from thence to Jerusalem, but was so England, to recommend him to the citiunfortunate as to lose all his children  zens of London, in 1201, as an engineer,
on their journey, as well as his library. or architect, who might be useful to
He then passed the remainder of his life them in completing the bridge over the
in solitude, occupying himself in writing  Thames then building.
a "Commentary on the Pentateuch."      ISIDORE OF MILETUS, a Greek archiISAACSON, HENRY, the author of a tect of the 6th century, who, together
valuable system of chronology, was the with Anthemius, was employed by the
son of Richard Isaacson, sheriff of Lon- Emperor Justinian, to erect the church
don. B. 1581; d. 1684.               of St. Sophia, at Constantino pe. It is
ISABELLA OF CASTIL, the celebrated  now used as a mosque.-OF P    sELUSIUM,
queen of Spain, daughter of John II., a saint in the Roman calerdar, and so




IVE]                  CYCLOPLEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,                       523
called from  his retli ng to a solitnde. and the concurrence of a portion of tih
near the town which bears that namle, deputies, he was proclaimed emperor,
was a celebrated disc pie of St. Chlrysos- May 18, T822. But defection now betom, and flourished n the 5th centry.  came general among the officers of the
lie wrote 3000 episiles on theological army, and in all the provinces, so that
questions and ecclesiastical disdipline.-  Iturbide saw'plainly that his cause was
OF SEVILLE, another Roman saint, wts hiopeless, and 1astily assembled at-Mexh. at Carthagena, of which his father was ico the dispersed members of congress,
governor. Isidore succeeded his brother and tendered to them his abdication of
in the bishopric of Seville in 601, and d. the crown, March 20, 1823. Congress
in 636. His works are numerous, and   a lced to grant Iturbide a large yearly
among theni is a chronicle, endclin  at pension, on condition of his leaviln the
the year 626.                         Mexicanl territory for ever, and residing
ISOCRATES, one of the greatest ora- somewhere in Italy. He proceeded to
tors of Greece, was b. at Athens, 436  the coast, and elibarluedS, 1823, for LegB. c., and was the son of a musical in- horn. HIe might h-ave continlued to live
strument-maker. His principal teachers  happily in one of the chalirminc- villas of
were Gorgias, Prodicus, and Therame- Tuscany, had he not been impelled by
nes. On account of his weakl voice and  an ambition to attempt the recovery of
natural timidity, lie tookl but little share  lIis lost empire. With this object he
himself in public speaking, but he ap- left Italy for England, andc embarked for
plied himlself with the (relatest ardor to  Mexico, precisely a year after his dleinstruction in the art of eloquence, and  parure friom it  d aried   in sight of
preparin( orations for others. IIe was the port of Soto la Marina, July 14.
partiCuRlai'ly distinguished for a. polishe  Duringl the year that had elapsed, the
style iand atn harminiio us construction of  Mexicains hacl adopted a republican conhis sentences;, his subjects were the stitution.  The government had been
most imnportant points of morals andi a pprised of his leaving Italy, and suspolitics; and it is recorded to his honor pected his design. A decree was passed,
that he never, by writing or accusation, 1824, declaring him to be proscribed as
injured a single incividual.  He wa     traito a n taito  d requiring that, in case lie
warmly attachecd to the liberties of his landed in the country, the mere fact
country; andc such his grief onl hearing  should  r entder him  a public enemy.
of the fittal battle of Cheronaia, that le Wholly deceived it the fate which
took no food for four days, and literally  awaited him Iturbide landed at Soto la
died of starvation, in the 98th year of  Marina, accompanied only by Beneski,
his age.                             Ihis secretary, and was almost immediITURBIDE, AucrUSTiN, emperor of     ately arrestecl by order of La Garza,
Mexico, was b. at Valladolid, in New  cornmnander of the province.of New
Spain, 1784, andl entered the military  Santandcer. La Garza lost no time in
service at the age of 17. In 1819 he was conducting his prisoner to Padilla, the
invited to take the command of an  m  capital of the province. His fate was
destined to the south, and lie marched  for a short time delayed; sentence of
to Acapulco. There he meatured a plan, immnediate death was pronounced; and
tlhe prolfssed object of which was the lie was shot, July 19, 1824.
emancipati`on of Mexico fiomn the yoke  IVANOF, FEODoR. FEOnDOovITscuI, a
of Spailn the independence of the coun- Russian dramatist, was b. in 1777. He
try, the protection of religion, and tle first served in the armliy, from which he
union of the Spaniardcs Land Mexicans. was remnoved to thie commissariat deOn the strength of this plan Iturbide  partunent, was tlhe author of several
continued his ma rch to Qiieretaro, and  comedies, and a tragedy called "Martha,
was soon joineid by Victoria, the most or the Conquest of Novogorod."   D.
devoted of tile friends of liberty. Ie  1816.
took possession of tile capital in the  IVES, JouN, an English antiquay,
nalme of the nation, and established a was b. at Yarmouth, in 1751. He beregency, consisting of members nom- came Suffolk herald extraordinlary, and
inated by himself, amnd whiolly mndcer his published three numnbers of select papers
colitrol. Finclin  that the republicans on subjects of English antiquities; also
saw througli his intentions, and were op-'Remarks on tlie Garianonumn of the
posed to his dominanttion, he resolved to  Romans," "Remarks on English Coins,"
preserve his mauthlority by boldly iisurp- &e. D. 1776.
ing  tile  crown;  and, accordingly,    IVETAUX, NICHOLAS VAUIQEITN, Seithrough the subserviency of his troops, gneur d', a[ French poet and man of let



5,24                 CYCLOPEBDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [JAO
ters, b. 1559. He wrote a clever poem, Antiquities, or Memorials of he City of
entitled "Institution d'un Prince," and Exeter." was b. there, filled the otffces
a variety of other pieces D. 1. J49. of town-clerk and chamberlain, and d.
IZAACKE, RIcHARD, author of " The in 1700.
J.
JABLONOWSKY, JosEPPH ALEXAN- b. at Lensy, in Yorkshire, in 1680
PERi VONx a Polish plrice, b. in 1712. The corporation of Doncaster gave him
Preferring a life of literary ease, he re- the living of IRossington, but the pertisigned hlis dignitv when the troubles nacity with which lie supported his
broke out in his conntry, and went to Arian princiles prevented his further
live at Leipsic, where he distinguished  rise in the hellurc. Ie was the author
himself as the patron of science, founded  of " Chronological Antiquities;" and left
a society, called by his name, which still behind him the character of a learned
exists. le wrote " The Lives of TWelve and sincere writer, though strongly tineGenerals," a " Treatise on Sclavonic tnurd with the ftuits of a violent polemic.
Poetry," and other works. D. 1777.   D. 1763.-JoHN, an eminent En'lish
JACKSON, ANDREW, president of the  portrait painter, was b. at Lastingliam,
United States fiom 1829 to 1887, was b. in Yorkshire, in 1778, and apprenticed
in South Carolina, 1767. His fatier ws  to his father, who was a tailor; bht disan Irish emigrant. At the age of 16 lie covering a decided talent for the art in
took part in the war of independence; which he afterwards excelled, his abiliat tle close of whlich he became a law  ties procured him the protection of Sir
student, and was thus enabled to dis- George Beaumont, through whose means
charge efficiently some high legal offices he removed to London, and studied at
in Tennessee, to which he was subse- the Royal Academy. At the time he
quently appointed. On the breaking   enteredcthe great theatre of art, Lawout of the war with England in 1812, le  rence, Opie, Beeclhe, and other eminent
took vigorous measures for the defence masters  pre-occupied  the particular
of the menaced territory; in 1814 hle was branch he had chosen, nnd fol a time
appointed major-general; and, among  he contented himself with painting porother exploits, which raised hin to the traits in water-coiors, in which he was
highest point of popularity, he gainled  very successful. Ie was, however, dethe decisive victory over the Ehnglish, termlined to take a high stand, if possiJan. 8, 1815, at New Orleans, which put ble, as a portrait painter in oil; and the
an end to the war. The same success tact with which he copied the works of
attended his arms against the Creek  the old masters surprised his cotempotribes, whom  ie repeatedly subdued. raries. He was elected royal academiIn 1821 he was appointed governor of cian in 18i7; and when, in 1819, he
Florida; atnd his gallant deeds being  travelled throu gh Italy, and visited
still fresh in his countrymen's recollec- Lome with Mr. Chantrcy, lie was chosen
tion, he was brought forward by the a member of the academy of St. Luke.
democratic party as a candidate fbr the D. 1831.-WILLIAM, a musical composer
presidency, elected in 1829, alndl e- and author, was b. in 1780, at Exeter,
elected in 1833. His period of office is and received the rudiments of a classical
chiefly remarkable for the extension of  education, with a view to his following
democratic tendencies which took place one of the liberal professions. His taste
during it. I-Ie obtained from France  for music displayed itself, however, so,the payment of an indemnity of twenty- decidedly vwile lie was yet a youth, that
five millions of francs for injuries done his fiiends were induced to place him
to the commerce of the United States under Travels, the organist of the caduring the empire. lis refusal to re- thedral belonging to his native city.
new the bank charter, in 1883, led to  Having passed two years in the metropone of the most violent financial strug  olis, he returned to'Exeter in 1750, and,
gles on record. General Jackson was succeeding eventually to the situation
endowed with inflexible will, an ardent of olranist, there passed the remainder
patriotism, and vwts alwavys the idol of of his life. }II published several books
the people. D. 1845.-JOJN, a learned  of songs, canzonets, hymns, and sonatas
Hebraist and controversial writer, was of his composition, which are still held




JAM]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         525
in esteem for their chasteness of concep- ventor of the beautif.ll apparatus for
tion and truth of expression; he was figured weaving, which bears his name,
also the author of a treatise " On the was b. at Lyons, 17352. At an early age
Present State of Music," "The Four he displayed a taste for mechanics
Ages," &    Jc. D. 1804.              which distinguished him through life;
JACOBI, JOHN    GEORGE, a German    and whether in book-binding, typepoet, was b. in 1740, at Dusseldorf; founding, or cutlery-all of which he
studied at Gottingen; was professor of tried in his youth-he showed a strong
philosophy and eloquence at Halle; and, aptitude for improvement. On his fasubsequently, of the belles lettres at ther's death, lie attempted to carry on
Friburg, which he retained during his the weaving business, which he inherited
life. The style of Jacobi was formed on  from him, but with little success; and
that of the lighter French poets, and  soon afterwards, during the troubles of
possesses much ease and gayety. D. 1814. the French revolution, he lost his little
JACOBS, FREDENIC, a celebrated phil- all, having been compelled to flee from
ological writer, was b. at Gothar, in  Lyons after its reduction by the army
Saxony, in 1764. In 1785 he became a  of the convention. He then joined the
teacher in the gymnasium'of his native  army of the Rhine; but having seen his
city, wher. he published a number of  son fall in battle by his side, he once
excellent works, of which, independent more returned to Lyons, where lihe was
of those of a critical or philological char- obliged to earn a precarious sustenance
acter, may be noticed his "School for in the humble occupation of plaiting
Women," and " Tales."     D. 1847.-   straw. But a new era was now in store
JURIEN, was a native of Switzerland, b. for him. In 1801 he submitted to the
in 1610. He studied under Snyders, "National Exposition" his celebrated
and is celebrated for the fidelity and  machine, which forms a memorable
spirit with which he painted the animals  epoch in the textile art; and its merits
in his hunting pieces.-LucAs, commonly  being at once acknowledged and recalled LIuCAS VAN LEYDEN, was b. at warded, he was soon afterwards emLeyden, in 1494. ile studied under his ployed by Napoleon in the "Conservafather, Huglh Jacobs, and next under toire des Arts et des Me6tiers," at Paris,
Cornelius Enoelbrecht. Many of his where hle introduced some ingenious
pictures in oil and distemper are to be  improvements in the models and maobund on the Continent; but he is now  chinery there in use. On his return to
best known by his engoravings. D. 1586. Lyons, lie had to struggle against much
JACOPONE, DA TODI, so called on     opposition and prejudice on the part of
account of his birthplace, was an Italian  the weavers; but lihe outlived it all, and
poet, whose real name was JAcoPO DE   long before his death he had the satisBEINEDETT. On being left a widower faction of seeing his machinery introhe distributed his property amnong the  duced into every European and Amerpoor, and entered into the order of    ican manufactory; and so far from
Minorites as a servitor. Ile composed  diminishing employment, as some feared
Sacred Canticles, Latin poems, and the  on its first introduction, it has increased
fanious " Stabat Mater," since so cele- the number of. workmen in the operabrated by the compositions of Haydn, tions to which it is applied tenfold.
Pergolesi, &c. D. 1806.                I. 1834.
JACOTOT, JEAN JosEPir, originally a    JAHN, JOHN, a learned orientalist
captain of artillery in Napoleon's army, who after having been professor ofi
and subsequently sub-director of the biblical archelology and theology in the
Polytechnic school, was deprived of his university of Vienna, obtained the chair
office at the restoration for having been  of oriental literature, which, in 1806, he
a member of the chamber during the was obliged to relinquish on account of
" hundred days." Retiring to Belgium, his heterodoxy. He published a " Hehe there conceived and put into partial brew Bible," " Biblical Archoeology,"
practice a new system of education, on  "E1nchiridion HIermeneeutica generalis
the principle that all intelligences are Tabularum  veteris et novi Fcederis,"
equal, the only difference between man  &c.; and his works on the philology of
and man being the result of cireumn- the sacred writings are said to be the
stances more than of nature. He has most valuable extant. D. 1817.
left several works upon the subject, in-  JAMBLICHUS, a philosopher who
teresting for ingenuity, if not for cor- flourished at the beginning of the fourth
rectness. B. 1770; d. 1840.           century, and was a native of Chaleis in
JACQUARD, JosEPH MARIE, the in- Ccelosyria. Ile was the disciple of Ana



602                   CYCLOPAtDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [JAM
tolius and Porphyry, from whom lie    of the Earl of Clarendon, by whom he
learnt the mysteries of the Plotinian  had two daughters, who afterwards besystem of plilosoply, which he taughlt came queens of Enllland, viz., Mary and
with great reputation. Among the phil- Anne. In the Dutch wtar, he signalized
osophical works of Jamblichus now ex- himself as commander of the Tnglish
tant are, " The Life of Pythagoras," fleet, and showed great skill and bra"An Exhortation to the Study of Phi- very. On the death of Charles II., in
losophy," and a' Treatise on the Mys- 1685, the duke succeeded, under the
teries of the Egyptians, Chaldeans, and  title of James II., and, from the time of
Assyrians.7s                         his ascending the throne, seems to have
JAlMES I., king of Scotland, of the acted with a steady determlination to
house of Stuart, b. inl 1394, was the son  render himself absolute. After disgustof Robert III. In 1405 he was taken by  ing the great majority of his subjects,
the Enilish on his passage to France, lie proceeded to levy the customs and exand kept in confinementt 18 years. In  cise without the atthority of parliament.
1424 he obtained his liberty, and se- He proceeded by every direct and indiverely  punished those who had gov- rect attack to overthrow the establishel
elnedl hiis country in is s absence for church; but these innovations, in regard
which, and some strong measures which  both to the religion and government,
he took to curb a ltawless nobility, he gradually united opposing interests, and
fell a victir to assassins, who gained  a large body of the nobility and gentry
admission to his apar tment, and mur- concurred in an application to the prince
dered him in his bed, in 1437.-V., of  of Orange, who had been secretly preScotland, succeeded, in 1513, at the paring a fleet and an army foir the
death of his fiather, James IV., though  invasion of the country. James, who
only 18 months old. At the age of 17  was long kept in ignorance of these
he assumed the govel rnment, and as- transactions, when informed of thlem
sisted Francis I. of F rance against by his minister at the lHague, was struck
Charles V., for which that prince gave with terror equal to his iforier infatuahim his dauglhter Margaret in imarriane. tion; and immediately repealing all his
On her decease le married Mary of Lor- obnoxious acts hie practised  every
raine, daufhter of Claude, duke of Guise. metliod to gain popularity. All confiD. 1545.-1. of England, and VI. of Scot  dence was, however, destroyed between
land, was the son of Mary, queen of the king aund the people. William arScotland, by HIenry Stuart, Lord Darn- rived with his fleet in Tolbay, Nov. 4th,
ley, andl was b. in 1566. In the follow- 1688; and being speedily joined by
ing year, queen Mary being forced to  several menl of rank, his ranks swelled,
resigni the crowns, le was solemnuly  while the army of James began to
crowined at Stirling, and all public acts desert by entire regiments. IIe fled to
ran in his name. In 1603, on the death  France. The throne of Great Britian
of" Elizabeth, James succeeded to the  was declared to be abdicated, and Wilcrown of England, and proceeded to liam and his consort Mary (the cdaunhter
Locndon. IHe received during his life- of James) were unanimously callecl to
time a deal of adulation for lis literary fill it conjointly.  Assisted by Louis
abilities; but though he was the author XIV., James was enabled, in March,
of some few books, they display more  1689, to make an attempt for the repedantry than learning. D. 1625.-II., covery of Ireland. The battle of Bovne,
king of Englanld, second son of Charles fouglt June, 1690, compelled him to
I. and of Henrietta of rtance, was b. in  return to France. D. 1701.-THOMas,
1638, and immediately declared duke of  an English navigator, in the 17th cenYork. After the capture of Oxford by  tury, who, in 1631 and 1632, attempted
the parliamentary army, he escaped, to discover a northwest passage. Ile
and was conducted to hi.s sister, the wintered on Charleton Island, in Hudprincess of Orangme. At that time he son's Bay; and next summer proceeded
was 15 years of age. Ie soon after on his voyage, but was unable to pcnejoined his mother at Paris, and, when  trate farther than 65 degrees and a half
he had reached his 20th year, served in  north. He made somel discoveries on
the French army under Turenne, and   the coast of Hudson's Bay; to the coulnsubsequently entered tlhe Spanish army  try on the western side of which he
in Flanders, under Don John of Austria  gave the name of New South Wales.
and the Prince of CondO. At the res- On his return to England le published
toration he returned to England, and  an account of his expedition, entitled
married secretly Anne Hyde, daughter' The strange and dZangerous Voyage




JAY]                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                        527
of Captain Thornas James, for the Dis- w    cisaccounted not inferior to him.covery of at Northnwest Passage to the  CORNELIUS, called also JOIINSON, an eniSouth Sen."- WILLIAM, the author of a  nent portrait painter, was b. tat Amstervaluable national wolrk, entitled "The  darn. He resided in England several
Navarl History of Great Britain, from  years, and was engageed in the service
the declaration of War by France, in   of King James 1. His paintings are
1793, to the Accession of George IV."  easily distinguished by their smlooth,
&c. Every accessible solurce of atuten- clear, and delicate tints, and by a strong
tic informantion was niade use of by Mr. character of truth and ilature. D. 1685.
James in writing thlis history; alnd his  -VICTOR HIONORIrS, a celebrated historindlnsty ancd research deserve the high- ical paintter, was b. at Brussels, in 1664.
est praise. D. 1827.-WirLLIAM, a land  He associated with Tenmpesta, the celeanreit and surveyor, was a native of   brated landscape painter for several
Henley-in-Ardcle, Warwickslhire.   He  years, and painted the figures in the
was the oroieinal projector of the Man- works of that great mnaster as lon- as
chester and Liiverpool railway; and niay  they resided to ether. For slnall hisin sorne respects be regarded tas the  torical pictures, hle was preferable to all
father of the railway s steml, Ihav1in1  the painters of his time.
surveyed Innlerous lines at his own       JARNOWICK, GIOVANNA MANE, a
expense alnd boeen a   c ative promoter celebrated violinist, was b. at Palermo
of these nndertakings, at a time when  in 1745, and was the most accomplished
they were considered to be imiere specn- pupil of Lulli. For several years he
lative innovations. D. aed 66, at Bod- resided at Paris, and was considered at
eiin, Cornvwall, March 11, 1837i       the hlead of his profession; lie afterJAAMESON, GEORGE, an        eminent  wards event to Ensland, where he was
paiiter, justly termned the Vandyke of very popular; but on being invited to
Scotland, was b. eat Aberdeen in 1586, settle at Petersburg, he went thither,
and d. in 1644.                        where he d. in 1804. I-e was as eccenJANSEN, CORNELUS,       bishop  of trie   ld irritable as he was clever, and
Yples, and professor of divinity in the  nnmnerous singular anecdotes arLe reuniversities of Louvain eand Douay, corled of him.
vwas one the most learned divines of the  JARVIS, JOHN,     an artist, distin17th century, and foundcr of the sect guished by his paintings on glass, was
of Jansenists. I-le was b. in 1oS5, et b. in Dublin, in 1749; and after practiAkavy, near Leerdacit, in HIolland; and  sing his art in that city, removed to Lonstudied at Louvain. Beint sent into     don, lwhere lie obtained great reputaSpain to transact some business of con- tion. His mliost celebrated performance
sequence relating to thle university, the  is the west xwindow of New  college,
Catholic king, vieswing   with a jealous  Oxford, from the design of Sir Joshua
eye the inltriguinge policy of  rance, Reynolds.    D. 1804.-JoHN    WESLEY
engaged with hibm    to write a book    a distinguislecld and eccentric portrait
against the French, for having forneed  painlter, one of thle foremost of his day,
an alliance with Protestiant states and  vwas b. at South Shields, 1780, but came
rewairded him  for it with the see of  to America early in life. He was apprenYpres in 1635. lHe had arnong other ticed to Edwinu, the engraver, but his
writings before this, maintained ia con- tastes were for painting, and lie took to
troversy against the Protestants upon  the brush. Settling in New York, he
the subject of grace and predestination; soon won a high reputation as well for
but hisa "Augtstinus," respectinge which  his wit aLnd convivial taleiats as for his
a firious and alnlost inte.rminable con- skill as an artist. His portraits are
test arose, wavs the prillcpal labor of his  among the mlost spirited that have beeni
life. D. 1638.                         produced. D. 1834.
JANSENTUS, COPNELIUS, bishop of        JAY, JOIN, alln eminent jurist and
Ghent, was b. at Helst, ie Flanders, in  statesmran, was l. at New York in 1745.
1510. He distiuguishlec himself at the  After sttiud ing atColirmbia (then Kiing's)
council of Trent by his learning and   college, he was iadmitted to the bar, tind
inodesty. lIe xmr ote a. " Iial lony of  in 1774 wass chosen a delegate to the first
the Gospels," aind otlher wvorLs, and d.  Alnerican congres, at Philadelphia. In
at Ghent in 1576.                      1776 he vwas chosen president of the
JANSSENS, ABRAHAM, an historical congress, in 1777 he was a meimber of
pailter, was b. at Antwerp, in 1569. the convention which framed the conHie was coteiiporary Vwith Ruhbens, and  stitetion of New York, and in the folin many of the finest parts of the art lowing year he was appointed chie




528                  CrCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LJEP
justice of that state. Ile was next sent was nameed his successor at Paris, from
as minister plenipotentiary to Spain, which he proceeded(, as envoy, to Lonand in 1782 lie was appointed oneo of don, ii 1786. Atthe usual presentation,
the commissioners to negotiate a peace however, to the king and queen, both
with Great Britain.   The definitivne Mr. Adams and himself were received
treaty having been signed in September, in the most ungracious manner, and,
1783, he returned to the United States, after a few vague and ineffectual conand in 1784 he was sent as envoy ex- feences, lie returned to Paris. I-Here
traordinary to Great Britain, and con- he remained, with the exception of a
eluded the treaty which has been called  visit to Iolland, to Piedmont, and the
after his name. In 1795 he was elected  south of France, until the autumn of
governor of his native state: this post 1789, zealously pursuing whatever was
ie continued to occupy till 1801, when  beneficial to his country.  He subselhe declined a re-election, aiswell as a  quently filled the office of secretary of
reappointment to the office of clict jis- state under Washington, until 1793,
tice of the United States, and passed the when he resigned, and lived in retireremainder of his days in retirent mentmen for four years.  He was then
D. 1829.                             elected vice-president, and  in  1801
JEBB, JOHN, a divine and physician, chosen president.  At the expiration
was the son of Dr. John Jebb,. dean of of eight years he again retired to private
Cashel, and b. in London in 1736. He life, and on the 4th of July, 1826, (the
studied at Trinity college, Dablin, and  fiftieth anniversary of American indePeter house, Cambridge, and obtained  pendence,) he d. Ie was the acknowlchurch preferment, which, however, lie edged head of the republican party, andc
resigned, and then commenced practice. an acute politician, eloquent and per-'as a physician, in which lie was very  suasive in conversation, and possessing
successful. -Ie was a violent partisan  the faculty of acquiring an ascendency
in whatever he engaged, and, though  in his Ip:olitical connections.
conscientious in his religious opieions,  JEIFFREY, FANCIS, Lord, equally
their peculiar complexion, and the free- eminent on the bench, at the bar, and
dom with which he indulged in tLe in the world of letters, w^as b. at Edinpolitical squabbles of the day, obstructed burgh, in 1773. In 17 94 he was called
his professional progress.  D. 1786.-  to the bar in Scotland, and whenhe had
SAMUEL, an eminent physician and clas- obtainec a fair share of practice, he
sieal scholar, was a native of Notting- joined a few of his more intimate friends
ham. While at the university he pub- in establishing the'"Edinburrh Relished the "Dialogue of Justin Martyr view," of which he was sole editor for
with Trypho the Jew," in Greek and   the long period of 27 years. The first
Latin.   He afterwards married the number appeared Oct. 2, 1802. On the
daughter of an apothecary, procured  formation of the Whig ministry late in
the degree of M.D., practised as a phy- 1830, he was made lord advocate, and
sician at Stratford, in Essex, and retired  after sitting a short time for the Perth
to Derbyshire, where he d. 1772. Dr. district of burghs and for Malton, lie
S. Jebb was the conductor of a classical was chosen to represent Edinburgh in
journal, entitled "Bibliotheca Litera- parliament, immediately after the passria," land the editor of' Roger Bacol's ing of the Reform bill. His success in
" Opus MaIjus."                      the house of commons disappointed his
JEFPERSON, THOMAS, third presi     admirers, chiefly because he entered so
dent of the United States, was b. in late in life on a new field, and partly
1748, at Shaldwell, in Virginia, and was becaus  e pe soke generally above his
brought up.to the bar. In 1769 he was audience. In 1834 lhe was promoted to
elected a member of the provincial legis- the bench, and in this capacity he disla;tue, and in 1775 hle entered conglress, played such eminent qualities, that lie
and took a conspicuous and very decided  is by common consent allowed to -rank
part in opposition to the measures which  among the very ablest judges that ever
fiEngland had adopted towards ler Amer- sat on the Scottish bench. D. 1850.
lcan colonies, and it was he who drew   JEFFREYS, GEronR, Baron W      iem,
up the fnimous declaration of independ- Lord, commonly known by the name of
ence. In 1776 he retired fromi his seat Judge Jeffreys, was b. at Acton, in Denin congress, and was next chosen gov- bighshlire, towards the beginning of the
ernor of Virginia, which post he hleld  17th century, and educalted at Shrewstwo years. On the return ofDr. Frank- bury schlool. H-e studied at Westmninlin to America, in 1785, Mr. Jefferson  ster and the Inner Temple, and rose




JEN]                  CYOLOPAXDIA O0     BIOGRAPHY.                    529
through the gradations of recorder of of parliament, and one of the managers
London, a Welsh judge, and chief jus-'bf tle trial of Sachllcerel; was knighted
tice of Chester, till at length, in 1683, by George I., who raised him to the ofhe attained the dignity of chief justice  fice of imaster of the rolls. 1). 138.
of the King's Bench. On the accession   JENNER, EDWARD, an English phyof James II., he was one of the advisers  sicin, celebrated for having nearly eradand promoters of all the oppressive and  icated a pestilent disorder from  the
arbitrary measures of his reign; and, human race by introducing vaccine inocfor his sanguinary and inhnuman pro- ulation, was b. at Berkeley, Gloucesterceedings against the adherents of Mon- shire, in 1749, and subsequently settled
moutli, was rewarded with the post of  there as a mcedical practitioner. About
lord high chancellor in 1685. His con- the year 1776, his attention was turned
duct on the bench was, in the highest to the cow-pox, by the circumstance of
clegree, discreditable at all times, and  his ascertaining that those persons who
lhe indulged in scurrility and abuse of  had been affected with this disease, were
the most degrading description.   On  thereby rendered free from   variolous
the arrival of the prince of Orange, he  infection. From that time till 1796 ihe
disguised himself as a seaman, in order steadily pursued his investigation of
to get on board a ship unknown, but this discovery; and having at length
was detected in a low public house at established its general efficacy, amidst
Wapping, by an attorney whom he had   all the opposition n atLrraly to be expectinsulted in open court. The latter ma- ed in such a case, the practice of vaccikilg him known, he was seized by the   nation was introducec into the London
populace, carried before the council, and  hospitals, the army and navy, &e., and,
committed to the Tower, where he d. finally, extended to every part of the
1689. —GEOrGE, an English poet, was b. globe. Honors and rewards were now
at Weldon, Northamptonslire, in 1678. conferred on Dr. Jenner as a public
He was a nephew of the eighth Lord    benefactor; a prliamentary grant of
Chandos, and bred to the bar. He wrote  ~20,000 was voted him; learned sociei'Miscellanies, in Prose and Verse," and  ties at home and abroad enrolled himn
two tragedies, " JEdwin"' and " Merope."  as a member; and when the allied poD. 1755.                              tentates visited England in 1814, the'JEFFRIES, JoIxN, was b. at Boston   emperor of Russia sought an interview
in 1774. Having' studied medicine at with him, and offered to bestow oni him
the university of Cambridge, he w ent a tussian order of nobility. Dr. Jellto Lononon, aicl on his retuin to Boston  ner's writings consist mnerely of " Obpractised with great success, until the  servations on the Variolhe Vaccine,"
evacuation of that city by the British  anid a paper il the Philosophical Teransgarrison.  IIe then accompanied Gon- actions "On the Natural History of the
eral Howe to Halifax, and was nmade    Cuckoo."  D. 1823.
surgeon-general to the forces in  760.  JENNINGS, -HENRY CONsTANTIN, an'
He subsequently resigned his army ap- antiquary and virtuoso of most eccenpointments, declining even the offer of  tric habits and checkered fortune, was
the lucrative post of surgeon-g:eneral to  b. in 1731, and was the only son of a
the forces in Indiac, and in 1780 settled  gentlenman of considerable property at
in London. He there occupied himself  Shiplak e, in Oxfordshire.  -Ie was ecnmuch in scientific research, and in order cated at Westminster school, and at
to ascertain tle correctness of certain  seventeen became an ensign in the footpreconceived hypotheses relative to at- guards; but resigned his commission,
mospheric temperature, he undertook iand travelled on the Continent, where
two aerial voyages, the second of which  he collected, while in Italy, a number of
was made Jan. 7, 1785, froin the cliffs statues andc otlier antiques, witl which
of Dover, across the British Channel, he decorated his seat at Shiplake.' Ie
into the forest of Guinnes in France, and  now led the life of a man of fashion and
was the only successfu:l attempt that fortune, indulgiing in the most expenhad then been maade to cross the sea in  sive follies; thie consequence of which
a balloon. In 1789 lie again returnel was that he soon became an inmate of
to Boston, and continued to practise  the King's Bench. He was at length
there with success. till hi death in 1819. free  fiom  his pecuniary embarrassJEKYLL, Sir JOSEPrI, a lawyer and   ments, and settled on an estate he had
statesman in the reig'ns of Anne and  in Essex, where he gave himself up
George I., was the son of a clergyman  with enthusiasm  to the collection of
in Nottinghamshire. He vwas a member scarce books, pictures, and curiosities.
45




530                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [JEW
But the current of good fortune did not "The Dignity of Human Nature, an
long run smooth. Having'borrowed a Essay," "The Alexandrian School," &c.
sum of money from a person who was D.'1812.
indebted to the crown, his museum was   JEROME, or HIERONYMUS, ST.,
hastily sold for a small sum, to satisfy  one of the fathers of the chfirch, was
the claim of government under an ex- b. in 332, at Stridon, on the frontiers of
tent in aid. TFor many years he was a Dacia, and studied at Rome, under Doprisoner in Chelmsford jail; but on re- natus the grammarian. He was ordained
gaining his freedom, he resumed his a presbyter at Antioch, in 378; and soon
former habits, and settled at Chelsea. after went to Constantinople, where he
ID. 1819.                             lived with Gregory Nazianzen. In o82.
JENYNS, SOAME, a sprightly and      he visited Rome, and was made secreentertainuinr writer, was the only son of  tary to Pope Damasus; but tlhree years
Sir Robert Jenyns, b. in London, in   afterwards he returned into the East,
1704. Having entered into public life accompanied by several monks and feas representative of the county of Cam- male devotees, who wished to lead an
bridge, lie began his career by support- ascetic life in the Holy Land; aid d. in
ing Sir Robert Walpole, and ever after 42, superintendent of a monastery at
remained a faithful adherent to the Bethlehem, —OF PRAGUE, so called fromn
minister for the time being. Thiis at- being a native of the capital of Bohemia,
tachment to ministers vwas rewarded by  studied in the universities of Oxford,
his being made a commissioner of the Paris, Pragcue &c. was a disciple of
board of trade, an office he held for five- Wichiff, and boldly followed the great
and -twenty years. As a country gen- reforiner, Hlss, in propagating his doctleman ancd miagistrate, Mr. Jenyns ap- trines.  -le attacked the worship of
peared to mulcl greater advantage tlan  imiages and relics with ardor, trampled
as a politician; but it is asn a uthor, themi under foot, andl caused the monks
a wit, and a shrewd observer of mian- who opposed him, to be arrested. Ite
ners, that lie is principally to be regard- publicly burned, in 1411, the bull of the
ed.  His chief works are "Poems,"    crusade against Ladislans of Naples,
" Free Inquiry into the Orioin of Evil,"  and the piapal indulgences. When Huss
"A View of the Internal Evidence of the  was imprisoned at Constance, he hasChristian Religion," " Political Tracts," tened to his defence; but on his atteniptand some others. D. 1787.             ila to return to Prague, the duke of
JEPIISON, RcHmaR, a dramatic wri- Sulzbach caused hin to be seized, and
ter, was a native of Ireland, and b. in  carried in chains to Constance. He here
1736. He was a captain in the army, received, in prison, information of the
and master of the horse to the lord-lieu- terrible fiate of his friend, and was territenant, during twelve administrations. fied into a momentary recantation of his
As a dramatist his claims are chiefly  principles; but he resumed his courage,
founded on his tragedies o(f "B Braranza"  and, retracting his recantation, avowed
and the "Count of Narbonne."     He   that none of his sins tormented him
also wrote the "Law of Lombardy,"     more than his apostasy, while he vindi" Julia," and " The Conspiracy," trage- cated the principles of Huss and Wickdies; and the farce of "Two Strings to liff with a boldness, energy, and eloyour Bow," " Love and War," &c. He    quence that extorted the admiration of
was also.author of "The Confessions of his adversaries. He was, however, conJames Baptiste Coutean, Citizen of    delmned to be burnt; which senteuce he
tVrance," a severe satire on the French  endured with heroic fortitude, May 30,
revolution, "Roman Portraits," a poem  1416.
in heroic verse, with historical remarks  JEWELL, JOHN, a learned prelate of
and illustrations. D. 1803.'the church of England, who was bishop
JERNINGHAM, EDWARD, a poet and      of Salisbury in the reign of Queen Elizmiscellaneous writer, was descended   abeth, and a great polemical writer
from an ancient Roman Catholic family, against popery. He was b. 1522, at the
anld b. in Norfolk, in 1727. He was village of Buden, near Ilfracombe, Deveducated at Dolay and Paris; but oil onshire; studied at oxford, and in 1546
his return to En'igland, he joined in  openly professed tl.e tenets of the recommunion with the established church. formers. Having obtained the living of
He was the author of the tragedies of Snningwell, Berks, he distinguished
"Margaret of Anjou" and "The Siege himself by his zeal and assiduity as a
of Berwick;" he also wrote "An Es- parish priest; but at the accession of
say on the mild Tenor of Christianity,"  Queen 1Mary, finding they were about




JOH]                  CYCLOAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         531
to prosecute him as a heretic, he made  and, on April 29th, 1429, entered Orleans
his escape to the Continent, and became  with supplies. By bold sallies to which
vice-master of a college at Strasburg. she animated the besieged, the English
On the death of Mary he returned to    were forced from their intrenchments,
England, was received with great favor. and Suffolk abandoned the siege. Joan
by her successor, and in 1560 he was entered Orleans in triumph, and the
raised to the bishopric o' Salisbury. His coronation at Rheims followed; after
principal work is entitled "An Apology  which Charles caused a medal to be
for the Church of England," originally  struck in honor of the heroine, and enwritten in elegant Lati-, but translated  nobled her family. The town of Dominto every European language; and      remi also, where she was born, was
which, it is said, had more effect in  exempted from   all imposts for ever.
promoting the reformation, than any    After the coronation, Joan declared that
other book ever publisl-ed. D. 1571.   her mission was at an end, and that she
JOAN OF ARC, called also the Maid    should now retire to private life; but
of Orleans, was one of the most cele- the French commandant, Dunois, wlho
brated heroines in history.  She was thought she might still prove serviceborn of poor parents, at Domremi, a vil- able, induced her to throw herself into
lage on the borders of Lorraine, 1402; Compeigne, then besieged by the duke
and beearne a servant at an inn, where  of Burgundy, and the earls of Arundel
she attended the horses, drove the cattle  and Sulffolk.  Here, after performing
to pasture, and was employed in other prodigies of valor, she was taken prisservices similar to what a man-servant oner in a sally; and after four months'
would perform  in America.   At this imprisonment, was cruelly condemned
time the affairs of France were in a de- by the English to be burnt alive. on thoe
plorable state, and the city of Orleans charge of sorcery. She resolutely dewas so closely besieged by the duke of fended herself from the absurd accusaBedford, that its fall appeared inevitable. tion, and was carried to the stake, where
In the exigency Joan pretended to have with dauntless courage she met her disreceived a divine commission to expel astrous fate, in the 29th year of her age,
the invaders. On being introduced to   May 20, 1431.
the king, Charles VII., she offered to   JODELLE, ETIENNE, an early French
raise the siege of Orleans, and conduct poet and dramatist, b. at Paris, 1532.
his majesty to Rheims to be crowned and  He was the author of the first regular
anointed; at the same time demanding   tragedy acted on the French stage; and
for herself a particular sword, which  he is described as having possessed an
was in the church of St. Catharine. Af- extraordinary facility and fluency of
ter a little hesitation her request was composition.  Though  enjoying  the
complied with; and while the French    favor of Charles IX. and of Henry II.,
soldiers were elated by having an in- yet he died in great poverty and disspired leader, the English were as much  tress, in 1573.
dismayed. From this period, she ap-      JOFFRID, abbot of Croyland, in the
pears the finest character in the history  12th century. In the continuation of
of the middle ages of France. In a male  "Ingulph's Account of Croyland," by
dress, armed cap a pie, she bore the Peter de Blois, he says, "that Abbot
sword and the sacred banner, as the Joffridsent a deputation of three learned
signal of victory, at the head of the  French or Norman monks, named Odo,
army. Still no unfeminine cruelty ever Terrick, and William, to his manor of
stained her conduct. She was wounded   Cottenham, near Cambridge, to teach
several times herself, but never killed  the people in that neighborhood, grainany one, or shed any blood with her mar, logic, and rhetoric; and that these
own hand. The general belief of her three monks went every day from Cotelevated mission, of which she herself tenham to Cambridge, where they hired
was piously persuaded, produced. the  a barn, in which they taught those scimost extraordinary effects.  Resolute, ences to a great number of scholars, who
chivalrous, gentle, and brave, looking to  resorted to them from all the country
one single aim, she was skilfully em- round."   If De Blois can be relied on,
ployed by the generals to animate the  Joffrid may therefore be considered as
army, while they did not implicitly fol- the original founder of the university
low her counsels. The first enterprise  of Cambridge.
was successful. With 10,000 men, un-     JOHN, king of England, was tmie
der the command of St. Severre, Dunois, youngest son of Henry II. by Eleanor
and La Hire, she marched from Blois, of Giienne, b. 1166, and succeeded his




532                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                          LjoH
brother Richard. HIe rendered himself  pay a fine of five hundred malrs, to be
the object of such universal contempt degraded fromn the priesthood, and to
and hatred, that his ~obles determined, be publicly whipped from  Newgate to
if possible, to control his power, and es- Tyburn. I-e bore all these disgraceful.
t.ablisll their privileges; and though the  punishments with unshrinkinz fortipope declared his disapprobation of their tude, and continued to employlis pen
conduct, the barons assembled in arms  in the same cause until the revolution,
at Oxford, where the court then was, when the king offered him the rich
and immediately proceeded to warlike   deanery of Durham; but this he refused,
operations. They were received with-   as inadequate to his sufferings and serout opposition in London, which so     vices, which he thought merited a bislhintimidated the king, that lie consented  opric. He finally received a present of
to whatever terms they chose to dictate. ~1000, and a pension of ~300 per annum
Thus was obtained that basis of Enclish  for the life of himself and his son. D.
constitutional freedom, known as MICg- 1703.-SAMUEL, the celebrated lexicogna'harta, which not only protected the  rapher, and one of the most distinnobles against the crown, but secured  guished writers of the 18th century,
important privileges to every class of  was b. in 1709, at Lichfield, where his
freemen. —OF GAUNT, dutke of Lancas- father was a bookseller. IIe completed
ter, a renowned general, was b. 1840. his education at Pembroke college, OxHe served with glreat distinction in   ford; and in 1732 lie becamie underFrance with   his  brother tlhe Black  master of a free-school at Market BosPrince, and on his death had tle lman- worth, in Leicestershire, which situation
agement of affairs cdring the life of his he was soon induced to quit, on account
father. John of Gaunt was a man of     of the haughty treatment hie received
great valor, prudence, and generosity. from the principal; anld he next endeavHis son afterwards became king, by the  orec to earn a scanty lmaintenance by
title of Henry IV. D. 1399.-Or' SALIs- literary employment. In 1785 ie marBUEY, bishop of Clartres, in France, was  ried MIrs. Porter, the widow of a uercer
b. at Salisbury, in Wiltshire. in tlhe bc- at Birminghlam, with a fortune of about
gining of the 12th century.'He studied  ~800, by which he was enabled to open
under the most eminent professors on   a boarding-school; but tiLe plan did not
the Continent, and acquired considerable  succeed, and, after a year's trial, he reflane for his proficiency in rhetoric and  solved to seek his fortune in London,
general literature. After his return to  in company with one of his few pupils,
ngland, he becamne tie intimate friend  thle celebrated David Garrick. In Mar ch,
and comlpanion of' Thomas i. Becket     1737, the two adventurers accordcingly
whom  he had attended in his exile, and  arrived in the metropolis, Johnson with
he is said to have been present when l he is unfinished tragedy of " Irene" in his
was murdered in Cfianterbury cathedral. pocket, and wiith little to depend upon
He was one of the first restorers of the  but his slender elgag.emeint witt Ciave
Greek and Latin languages in LEurope, tle proprietor of tihe Geentleman's IMaga-;and an elegant Latin poet.            zin. At this time ie became acquainted
JOHNSON, SAXMUEL, a divine, emni- with the reckless and unfortunate Savnent fo-r his zeal, and for his numerous a:ge, and in some respects his personal
writings, in the cause of civil liberty, coinduet was un favorably afiected by the
was b. in 1649, in the county of Stafford; initinmacy  but fronm irreg'ularity of this
received lIis education at' S. PaLul'  nature le was soon recovered by his
school'and at Trinity college, Cam- deeply g'rounded religious and moral
bridge; and became minister of Cor- principles. His first literr.ryprodclction,
ringlanm, in Essex. In the reign of    which attracted notice in the metropolis,
Charles II., while Lord Russell and his was his "London,:' a poem in imitation
coadjutors were promoting the bill for  of the third satire of Juvenal. In 1747
excluding the duke of York, he pub- he printed proposals for an edition of
lished a tract, entitled "'Julian the  "Shakspeare," anmd the plan of his "'EnApostate,' for which lie,was fined aind  glish Dictionary," adcdressed to Lord
imprisoned. In 1618, when the army     Chesterfield.  The price agreed upon
was encamped on Hounslow Heath, he     between him and the booksellers for the
drew up a paper, entitled "An humble last work was ~1575. In 1749, Garrick
illd hearty Address to all the English  brought his friend's tragedy on the
Rrotestants in thle present Army," for stage of Drury-lane, but it was unsucwhich Ihe was tried, and condemned to  cessful.  In 1750 he commenced his
stand in the pillory in three places, to  "Rlamubler," which was continued till




JOH                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                       533
1752. In this work only five papers ianum," which were the first local catawere the productions of other writers. logues of plants publihe.d in England.
Soon after the close of this paper he lost But his great work was an improved
his wife, a circumstance which greatly  edition of "Gerard's Heerbal."  In the
affected him, as appears from his "Med- civil wars he entered into the royal
itations," and the sermon which hewrote  army; at the siege of Basing-house he
on her death. In 1755 appeared his Die- received a wound, of which he d. in
tionary, and the same year the university  1644.-RIcIIARD M., an eminent poliof Oxford conferred on him the degree  tician, and for some years vice-president
of M.A. Lord Chesterfield endeavored   of the United States.  le was b. at
also to assist it by writing two papers         in          and at an early
in its favor in "The World;" but as he  age was chosen a member of the legishad hitherto neglected the author, John- lature,'then a member of congress, alnd
son treated him with contempt. The finally vice-president of the     United
publication of this great work did not States. He took an active part in the
relieve him from his embarrassments, Indian wars of thle northwest, and is
for the price of his labor had been con- supposed to have been the man who
sumed in the progress of its compilation. killed the great chief, Tecunsel. While
In 1758 he beran the "Idler," a period- in congress he read a report on the subical paper, which was published in a ject of stopping the mails on Sunday,
weekly newspaper. On the death of      wich was a m       hasterly argoiment and
his mother in 1759, he wrote the r0- gave him.realt eclat. D. 1850.
mance of "Rlasselas" to defray the ex-  JOHNSTON, or JOHNSON, CMARLES,
penses of her funeral. In 1762 the king  a native of Ireland, who was bred to the
granted him a pension of ~300 per an- bar, and came over to Elngland to pracnum. In 1773 he went on a tonl with    tise; but being afflicted with dea.fness,
Mr. Boswell to the western islands of  he was compelled to quit that pro'esScotland, of w-hich journey he shortly  sion. His first literary attempt waas the
after published a highly interesting ac- celebrated "Chrysal, or the Adventures
count; but which gave offence to many, of a Guinea," a political romance, which
by the violent attack therein made on  produced a great sensation. This work
the authenticity of the poems attributed  having so well succeeded, he produced
to Ossian. In 1779 he beganll is -" Lives  others of a similar class, viz.: "The
of the English Poets," a work which, Reverie, or a Flight to the Paradise of
on the whole, may be regarded as a     Fools,"  "The History   of Arbaces,
treasure of sound criticism, andc a model Prince of Betlis,  " The Pi'rim, or a
of literary biography.  ). 1784.-SAM- Picture of Life," and the I"History of
IEL, a dramatic writer and performer of  Joihn Juniper, esq., alias Juniper Jack."
eccentric celebrity; aithlor of "Hurlo- In 1782 he went to India, where he enthrumbo, or the Supernatural," andy va- gaged in literary and other speculations,
rious other laughable extravaganzas. D. and obtained considerable wealthi. D.
1778.-SAIMUEL, first president of Kin's  1800.
college, New York, was b. at Guildford,  JOHNSTONE, JOHIN IIENRY, a celeConnecticuit; educated at the college of  brated comic actor and vocalist, was b.
Saybrook; first preached at West Ha- in 1750 at Tipperary, lw here his fatther
vie,. then became an Episcopalian, and  was a small farmer. At the age of 18 he
went to Enoland to obtain ordination. enlisted in a regoiment of Irish draloons,
On his return he settled at Stratford, and soon attractec the notice of his cornwhere le preached to an Episcopalian   rads, by his fine voice and -'ood-hucongregation; received the degree of  mored liveliness.  The colonel of the
D.D. from Oxford, in 1743; and was regiment ihaving had lproofs of Johnchosen president of the college at New  stone's vocal powers, and hearing that
York on its establishment in 1754. Hle  he iad an inclination for the stag2le, he
hleld this situation.with much credit, generously granted his diseharge, and
until 1768, when he resinned and re-'ave him  a recommendatory letter to
turned to his pastoral charge at Strat- Mr. Rlyder, then mannaoer of tle Dublin
ford, where he continued till his death, theatre, who enuagoed himn for three
in 1772.-TiHOOMAS, an English botanist,  years, at two guineas per week, which
was b. at Selby, in Yorkshire.  ie rwals was soon raised to foni  His falne as a
bred an apothecary in London, and be- vocalist increased rmipidly; and having
came, says Wood, tlhe best herbalist of  ma1rried a Miss Poiticr, who had ace'uirhis age.  He wrote "Iter in Agrum      ed a profouncd knowhledOe of the science
Canturarium" and "Ericetuin Hamsted- of music, he profited by her instriecl.~.X.




384                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [JON
tions, and soon became a finished sing- scape painting.  He went to Venice
er. His first appearance at Covent- where the works of Palladio inspired
garden theatre was made in October, him with a taste for architecture; and
1783. D. 1828.                         he afterwards devoted all his energies
JOINVILLE, JOHN, Sieur de, senes- in pursuit of th at noble branch of art.
chal of Chammpagne, an eminent French  lIe soon acquired fame, and obtained
statesman and historian of the 13th    the situation of first architect to Chriscentury. He accompanied Louis IX. in  tian IV., king of Denmark, who visiting
his first crusade or expedition to Egypt, his brother-in-law, James I., in 1606,
in 1249, sharing his master's captivity, brought Jones with him to England.
and rendering him many imiportant ser- Beingr induced to remain, the queen
vices. In the king's second crusade, chose him as her architect; and the.however, he declined taking a part, and  place of surveyor-general of the board
subsequently employedl himself in wri- of works was gran-ted to hiri in reverting the'" Life of St. Louis," one of the sion. In 1620 he was appointed one of
most interesting documents existing    the commissioners for repairing St.
relative to the history of the middle Paul's cathedral; but this was not cornages. D. 1318.                         menced till 1623. In the following reign
JOLY, CLAUDE, a French ecclesiastic,he was much employed in preparing
who wrote "' A Collection of Maxims for masques for the entertainment of tlhe
the Education of a Prince," which gave  court, and in building the Banqueting
greitt offence, and was burnt by the   House at Whitehall: but while thus
langnman.  The author, however, re- engaged ie fell under the displeasure of
publ-ished it with an addition, calledl Ben Jonson, who ridiculed him on the
" Codicil d'Or," or the Golden Codicil. stage, and made him the subject of his
B. at Paris, 1607, and d. there in 1700. epigrammatic muse. Jones realized a
-GUY, the confidential secretary of    haundsome fortune; but being a Roman
Cardinal doe Retz, who wrote " Memoirs Catholic, and a partisan of royalty, he sufof his Times," containing an interesting  fered severely in the civil war. D. 1652.
account of transactions from  1648 to  -OWEN, a Welsh antiquary, and a mem1665, in which is included the private  ber of the Gwyneddigion, or Cambrian
history of his patron.- MARY ELIZA- society, for encouraling the bards, lanBETII, a celebrated French actress, was guage, and music of Wales, was b. in
b. at Versailles in 1761. She comnmen- 1740, and d. in 1814. lHe collected and
ced her theatrical career in 1781, and  published "The Archaeology of WAales,"
soon rose to eminence in her profession,  the "Poems of Dafydd ap Gwillym,"
excelling principally as a representative  and other productions.- Jomx PAUL, a
of the soubrettes of the French drama. naval adventurer, was a native of SelIn 1793 she was imprisoned among oth- kirk, Scotland, and b. in 1736. His first
er political victims, but recovered her voyage was to this country, where lie
liberty on condition of performing at settled early in life; and at the comthe theatre of the republic. D. 1798.  niencement of the struggle between the
JOMELLI, Nicoro, a musical corn- colonies and the mother country, lihe
poser, was b. in 1714, at Aversa, in   offered his services to the former, and
the kingdom of Naples. He composed     was appointed first of the first lieutena number of operas in his own country, ants. In 1775 lie obtained the command
and became a popular favorite. lIe of a ship under Commodore Hopkins,
afterwards visited Bologna, Rome, Ven- and distinguished himself in several
ice, and other principal cities of Italy, engagements, for which he received his
everywhere carrying away the palm      commission as captain of the mnarine.
from rival musicians. He was the au- He then sailed to France, and being,
thor of many devotional pieces, among  well acquainted with the Irish coast,
which are his celebrated "Requiem".3   and the northern part of England, lie
and "Miserere."  D. 1774.              conceived the design of effecting a
JONES, INsGo, a celebrated architect, descent. For a long time he kept the
and the reviver of classical architecture  northern coast in a constant state of
in England, was b. in London, about alarm; at lengthi he effected a landing
1572. He was at first an apprentice to a  at Whitehaven, and hlavin dismantled
ioiner; but his talents for drawincg   a fort; set fire to some shipping in the
having attracted the notice of the earls harbor.  From  thence lie sailed for
of Aruindel and Pembroke, the latter Scotland, where lie landed on the estate
supplied him with thle means of visiting  of the earl of Selkirk, and plundered
Italy, for the purpose of studying land- his lordship's house of all the plate.




JON]                  CYCLOPX DIA OF BICOGRAPHY.                       535
lie next took the Drake sloop of war, he composed a " Treatise on the Gods
with vwhich ho returned to Brest. He of Greece, Itall, and India."      Iis
afterwards sailed round Ireland to the  translation of the celebrated "frdiNorth Sea, with three ships, the Rich- nnnces of Menu," the famons Indian
rcl, Pallas and Vene-lance.   Havinl legislator, published early in 1794, had
committed great mischief on that coast, scarcely atppeared, when he was seized
lie fell in withthe Baltic fleet, convoyed  with an inflamm-ation  of the liver,
by the Serapis figate, ancl the Countess  which terminated his truly valuable life
of Scarborough armled ship, both which, on the 27ith of April, in the 48th year
after a severe action, he captured off of his age.
Flamborough lead. For these services     JONSON, BENJAMIN, a celebrated
the king of France conferred on him    dramatist, and the cotetmporary and
the order of merit, and gave him a gold- friend of Shakspeare, was the postlluhilted sword. I-e afterwards was in- moun son of a clergynan. I-e was b.
vited into the Russian service, with the in Westminster, in 1574; at the gra'mrank of rear-admiral, where he was mar-school of wihich city he was placed,
disappointed in not receiving the com-  under Camdlen, at an early age; till his
mand of the fleet acting asgainst tie mother marrying again to a person wlaho
Turks in the Black Sea. -  He found   held the humble occupation of a brickfault with the conduct of the prince of laver, young Ben, as he was fimiliarly
Nassau, the admiral; became restless called, was taken home abrsuptly by hIis
and impiatient, was intriguecd amainst at father-in-law, and employed by hiin as
court, and calumniated by his ennies;  an assisitant in his trade. Th.e ardent
anid hacl permission, fiomn the emlpress spirit of the future poet revolted against
Catharine, to retire fiomn the service  his condition; he fled firom home and
with a pension, which was never paidc. entered the tarmy  as a  private soldier,
He returned to Paris, sunk into po- in which capacity he served in the Enortv, and d. 1792.-Sir WILLIAM, ian   glish army in Flancdes. On his return
emlnient lawyer, poet, and general he resnmed his studies, and went to
scholar, was the son of an able mathe- Cambrlidce'; but friom thle poverty of
matician; an'd was only three yealrs of cae his circumstances, he was obliged to
whens his filther died, in 1746. In 1776 leave the university and take to the
he was made a commissioner of bank- stage. At first he was not very successrupts; about which time his correspond- ful, either as an -actor or an author;  and
ence with his pupil evinced the manly  havinr the nmisfortune to kill another
spirit of constitutional freedom  by   actor in a duel, he iwas taken ip and
which he was actuated; and to his imprisoned, iand narrowly escaped with
feelings on the American contest lie life. On being released firom confinegave vent in a spirited Latin ode to   ment Jie married, and recommenced
Liberty. In 1778 appeareld his trans- writing for the stnge, to twhich he was
lation of the " Orations of Isteus," with  encouraged by Shaklspcare, who pera prefatory discourse, notes, and con- formed in one of his pieces. In 1598
mentary, which, for elegance of style, he produced his comedy of "Every
and profound critical andl historical Man in his Humor;" wYhich was folresearch, excited much aidmiration. At lowed by a new play every vear, i til te
length, on the accession of the Shelburne reign of James the First, vwlen he was
admlinistration, lihe obtained what had  employed in the maisques and entcrtainlong been the object of his ambition, ments at court. But regardless of pruthe appointment of judge in the su- dence, Benjoined Chapman iand Marston
prenle court of  -cicaturee in Be l  in writing the comedy of " E-stward
Ile went to India in April, 1783. Oe   Hoe," which so grossly libelled the
of his earliest acts in India was the  Scotch nation, that the authors were
establishment at Calcutta of an institu- committed to prison, and had they not
tion on the plan of the Royal Society, made a timely and humble submission
of which he was chosen the first presi- for the offence, they would have lost
dent. Another was, to take vigorous their noses iandl ears in the pillory, acmeasures for procuring a digest of the cording to their sentence. By his adHindlo and Mallhonetan laws. HIe then  dress, however, he soon contrived to
applied himself with ardor to the study  reinstate himself in the favor of a
of the Sanscrit, aind his health soon  monarch to whose pleasures the effusuffering from the climate, lie took a sions of his imuse had become nccesjourney through the district of Benares, sary; and for the remainder of that
during which cessation of public duties reign he continued in high favor as s




536                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [JOS
kind of superintendent of the court THOMArS a dramatic writer in the reign
revels. In 1617 he was appointed poet of Charles I. IIe wrote two comedies
laureate, with a salary of ~100, and a  and a masque; and is mentioned by
butt of wine yearly forn the king's cel- Langbaine with respect.
lars. Want of economy, however, kept     JOtDANO, LuCA, a famous painter,
him constantly poor; although, in addi- was b. at Naples, in 1632; and d. there
tion to the royal bounty, he had a pen- in 1705.
sion from the city. D. 1637.             JORTIN, JH0IN) an eminent scholar
JORDAENS, JACOB, an eminent his- and divine, was b. in London, in 169S.
torical and portrait painter, was a native  Here he acquired so high a clharacter
of Antwerp. lIe was the son-in-law of  for learning and acuteness, that he was
Van Oort, under whom he studied; he   employed by Pope to extract the notes
also received some instruction from  froin Eustathins, to pint with his
Rubens; and his pictures are executed  translation of the Iliad. Hiis chief works
with correctness and. brilliancy.  B. are, "Discourses concerning the Truth
1J94; d. 1678.                        of the Christian Religion,. " MiscellaJORDAN, CHARLES STEPHEN, a Prus- neous Observations upon Anthors, anSian writer, originally.of a French fam- cient and modern," "'Iemarks upon
ily, was b. at Berlin in 1700 and d. in  Ecclesiastical History," "Life of Eras1746. HIe wrote "'Travels in France, nmus," and seven volumes of' "Sermons
England, and Holland, witl Sttirical and Charges," which were printed after
Anecdotes," " A Miscellany of Litera- his death. D. 1770.
ture, Philosophy, and ilistory," and     JOSE, ANTONIO, a Portuguese dramlathe " Life of e' la Croze.'"-DOEoTnIi, tist, by birth a Jew, who was burnt
or DOROTHY BLAND, (Jordan being only   live tit the last auto-da-fe in 1745, for
an assumedl n1ane,) was b. at Waterford, having introduced in one of hli farces a
about the year 1762. She made her scene, in wlhich a criminal is conversing
theatrical debut on the Dublin stage, in  at the gallows with lis confessor, in a
1777, in the part of Phoebe, in "As Y ou  style, as may be supposed, not the most
Like It."  In the followino season she edifyfing.
appeared at Cork, lwhere she was lmulch  JOSEPH I., emperor of Germany,
admired for her archness and sportive  the son of Leopold I, wa-s b. at Vienna,
simplicity. In 1782 she came lo En- in 1678; received the crown of l Hngaryt
gland, was cngaged by Taite Wilkinson, in 1689; and was soon after electedt
arcd first appeared at the Leeds theatre  king of the Romains.. 1711.-II.,
as Calista., in " The Fair Penitent."  e!nperor of Gerlmany, was the son of the
From Leeds she proceeded to York, Emperor Leopold and Maria TIleresa,
where she first played under the name  queen of t!ng'ary. IIe was. clowned
of Mrs. Jordan, by which, thouglh. never king of tlie Riomans in 1764; the year
married, she was subsequently known. following lie succeeded his father; and'In 17'85 she made her first appearance  in 1780 by the death of the empressbefore a London audience at Drury- queen, he succeeded to the crown of
lanl, as Peggy, in 1" The Country Girl;' Hungary and Bohetnia. D). 1789.
and immediaitely became such a decided  JOSEPHINE, empress of France and
favorite, that her salary was doubled, queen of Italy, was b. at Martinique in
and she wa-s allowed two benefits. At 1763, and bore the name firom her pathe close of' the season, she lmade a pro- rents of lRosE TASCHER DE LA PAGEIIE.
vincial tour, anl dvisited nearly all the  While very young, slhe was taken by hlei
large towns in England, everywhere re- father to Frsance, to be the bride of the
eeiving the most enthusiastic welcome  Viscount de,Beauharnois-a marriage
from admiring audiences. When the having been arranged by the two failduke of Clarence first made overtures to illes when the Marquis Bealularnois was
her, she was the mistress of a Mr. Ford, governor-general of tile Anlilles. They
wViO refused to nmake her his wife, wvere accordingly married; and, in the
throlugh fear of oftending  his fther. enjoyment of each other's society, they
Mrs. Joridln then entered into that con- lived beloved and respectec, while Jonection with the duke, which continued  sephine became the muother of two chlilin aim almost uninterrupted state of do- cdren, Eugene and Hortense. Prompted
nestic iharmony, until it was suddenly  by fi lial attaclhmelnt, she wenit, in l 86,
broken otff in 1811.   D. 1816.-Sir to Martinique, to attend ulponl her msoJosEPiH, a galllant English adminiral, who  thieer inl sicknless; and having taken hler
by iis presence of mind and valor,    caugioter withl her, she remainled in the
gained the battle of Solebay, in 1672.-  island three years. The sudden rising




JOU]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF TBIOGRAPHY.                        537
of the colony, however, obliged her to  priests of the Jews, and his mother was
quit it for France, with such haste, as of the Maecabean race. He was early
not to allow of her taking leave of her instructed in Hebrew learning, and beparent. After effecting her escape, and  came an ornament of the sect of the
surmlounting numerous obstacles, Ma- Pharisees, to which he belonged. When
dalme Beauharnois began to experience 26 years old lie visited Rome, for the
the horrors of the French revolution; purpose of obtaining the release o' sonm
and soon saw her husband, who had     prisoners wholm Felix had sent to the
used every exertion at the head of the  capital, on which occasion lie was inFrench army on the Rhine, dragged to  troducecd to Popp aa, afterwards the
a prison, and thence to the scaffold. wife of Nero, and, on his return, was
She was also included in the list of made governor of Galilee.    Ile afterproscription; but the death of her hus- wards obtained the command of the
band reduced her to such a state that Jewish army, and supported with courshe could not be removed, and to this  age, wisdom, and resolution a siege of
circumstance she owed her deliverance. seven weeks, in the fortifiec town of
Bohespierre at length perished, and the  Jotapata, where lie was attacked by
viscountess was delivered from prison  Vespasian and Titus.  The town was
by Tallien, who was never forgotten by  betrayed to the enemy.  He accomher, nor by Eugene, from whom he re- panted Titus back to tome, where he
ceived a considerable pension till his was rewarlded wiith the freedom of the
death.   Josephine was indebted to    city, and received a pension and other
Barras for the restoration of a part of  fivors firom Vespasin and his son,,nd
the property of her husband; and at as a mark of gratitude, he then assulmed
his house, aflter the 13th Vendemiaire  their Ifamily name of Flavius.  His
she' met General Bonaparte, who was'"History of the Jewish War, and the
desirous of seeing her, in consequence  Destruction of Jerusalem," was comof her son Eugenle, then 15 years old, posed at the command of Vespasian,
presenting himself before the general, uand is singularly interesting and affectto solicit that the sword which had be- ing, as the historian was an eye-witness
longed to his father might be given to  of all he relates. St. Jerome calls him
him. Bonaparte from the first was fa- the Livy of the Greeks. His "Jewish
vorably imlpressed towards the widow  Antiquities," written in Greek, is a very
and his attachment strengtlhening at   oble work and his discourse "Upo
every succeeding interview, lie married  the M5artyrdom of the Maccabees" is a
her in 1796. From that day it becamue  masterpiece of eloquence. I:e is supher practice to encourage hinl through  posed to have d. about the year 95.
dangers, and.moderate his feelings in   JOUFFROY, marquis de, who disthe hour of victory. After Napoleon   putes with Fulton and Fitch the honor
became enperor, a divorce was a sub- of having been the first to apply steam
ject to which his friends cadvised him, to the purposes of navigation, was b. in
but which lie at first declined. Jose- Franche Comlte, 1751.  Ho made his
phline had been erowlc'd empress at first attempt on the Doubs in 1776, and
laris, and queen of Italy at Milan. renewed it with more success on the
When Napoleon became desirous of      Saone in 1783, but he failed to carry it
miarrying a prilcess, anld she was tmade out through want of means and support.
acquainted with the wishes of the na- I-le was no less unsuccessful at Paris i;
tion regardingo a successor, she resolved  1816, but the Academy of Sciences ac
to sacrlifice her private feelings, and  knowledged his claim to the discovery
giving the archduchess, Maria Louisa, inl 1840, a  distinction with  which,
credi; ior all the estimable qualities Iwhelther merited or otherwise, he could
which she knewn were requisite to the not fail to be gratified. D. 1832.-THEohappiness of Napoleon, she consented  DORE, a distinguished writer on philoto the marriage. She, how-ever, would  sophical subjects, and professor of
not follow the wishes of her children, philosophy at Paris, was b. at Pontets,
who were anxious that she should quit 1796. Besides numerous original works,
France; but retired to her beautiful which are in great repute for clearness
seat of Malmaison, with the title of and depth, he translated into French
empress-Queen-dowager. D. 1814.       the writings of Reid and Dugald StewJOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS, the celebrated   art, and his " Cours du Droit Naturel"
historian of the Jews, was b. at Jeru- will be found worthy the most attentive
salem, A... 7. H-is fither, Mattathias, perusal. D. 1842.
was desended from the ancient high-    JOURDAIN, A.ABLE LOUis MIOHEL




538                  CYCLOPAgDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                     [JUA
BRECIILLET, b. ill 1788, was the son of a ject was afterwards carried into execucelebrated surgeon-dentist at Paris. He tton.  In 1799 he was recalled, and
was designed for the law, but being  malde minister of justice for the interior,
struck at hearing the splendid eulogies but before twelve months were past, he
bestowed on Anquetil du Perron, the was dismissed, and banished to the
orientalist, he determined on cultivatig island of Mtajorca, where he was conthe stine brtnches of learning for which fined in the convent of the Carthusians.
that great scholar had beei, distin- After the tall of Godoy, the prince of
guished. This he pursued with such  peace in 1808l, he recovered his liberty,
success, that the office of adjunct-sec- and subsequently became a member of
retary of the school of orientallanguages the supreme junta. I-e was, however,
was created in his falvor, and he leld it suspected of favolrin the French; and,
till his death. He was a contributor to at length, being denounced as a traitor
the " Biographie Universelle," and other ior endeavoring to promote their plans
extensive publications, and author offor the subjugation of Spain, he was put
"La Perse, ot Tableau de l'Histoire, cdI  to death, in 1812, during a popular inGouvernement, de la Religion, de la surrection. I-e wrote  Lyric Poems,"
Iitterature, &c., de cet Empire," be- " Pelayo," a tragedy, "The IIonorable
sides some others. D. 1818.          Delinquent," a comedy, several works
JOUVENET, JoriN, an     historical on subjects connected with political
painter, b.:t Rouen, in Normandy, in  economy, and translated Milton's " Par1644, and who studied under Poussin. adise Lost."
Ile was employed to adlorn the apart-  JOYCE, JEREmIIA, an1 ingenious and
ments of Versailles and the Trianon; industrious writer, whose profession
he also painted colossal figures of the was that of a dissenting minister, was
twelvel  apostles in the hospital of the b. in 1764, and first attracted public
Invalids at Piaris. D. 1717.         notice as one of the persons included
JOUY, JosEPHm E1'TIENNE DE, a facile in the state prosecution with Hardy,
and graceful writer, was b. in 1764, Hore Tooke, Thelwall, and others for
served in Alielica and India, and took  treason. He was' the coadjutor of Dr.
part in the first campaign of the revolu- Gregory in the colpilation of his " Cytion. But he soon abandoned the sword  clopoedia," and subsequently produced
for the pen, and rose to great popularity  another on a similar plan, which goes
with his'vaudevilles and the librettos by the name of' Nicholson.  He was
Which he wrote for Spontini, Cherabini, also the author of "Scientific Dialogues,"
iand Rossini. He was also distinguished  "Dialogues on Chemistry," "Letters
as a political writer, but he is best on Natural Philosophy," &c. D. 1816.
known in England for his amusing and   JUAN, or Don Joi N -of AUSTRIA, a
satirical work called the "Heermit of the natural son of the Emperor Charles V.,
Chaussee d'Antin," which was trans- and the great military hero of his.ae,
lated into English many years ago. In  was b. at Ratisbon, in 1546. His mo1830, Louis Philippe appointed him li- ther is said to have been a lady lnamed
brarian at the Louvre. D. 1846.      Barbara Blomberg. but this is doubtful,
JOVELLANOS, DONx GASPAR MEL- and a singular veil of mystery hangs
CHIOR DE, one of the most distinguished  over his maternal parentage. He was
Spaniards of modern times, was b. at first employed, in 1570, against the
Gijon, in Asturias, in 1744, of an an- Moors of Granada and acquired great
cient and'noble family.  He became fnme by their subjugation.   He also
a member of the crirminal branch of signalized himself by a memorable viethe audiencia in Seville, and advan- tory over the Turks, in 1571, in the
cing rapidly in his professional career, gulf of Lepanto, as well as by the conhe was finally appointed to the dignified  cquest of Tunis and other places on the
station of member of the council of the African coast.  In 1576 he went to
military orders at Madrid. About the Flanders, took Namur by stratagem,
same time he was intrusted with some and succeeded in reducing the insurimnportant affairs, and nominated coun- gents to obedience. D. 1577.-Y SANsellor of state, by Charles III. When, TICILIA, Don GEORGE, a learned Spanish
in 1794, Spain found herself loaded with  mathematician and naval officer, was b.
debt, Jovellanos proposed, for the relief  at Orihuela, in 1712. His progress in
of the national difficulties, a tax on the mathematics was so great that, while a
property of the higher order of the student in Carthagena, lie obtained the
clergy, for which he was exiled to the appellation of Euclid: and, entering the
fmouittains of Asturias, though his pro- naval service early, his reputation as a




VN]                 CYCLOPi:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      539
-cientific man occasioned his appoint- Jugurtha into his power, and deliver
Inent, with Antonio de Ulloa, to accomn- him up to the Romans.  He was ac.
p any Boug er and La Condamine to cordingly seized, and sent in chains to
Peru, in 1785, to measure a degree of Marius, at Cirta.  Thus the war wa&
the mneridian at the equator. He after- ended, and Numidia became a Roman
wards directed much of his attention to  province.  Jugurtha, having suffered
marine arclitecture, and his exertions many insults from  the people, was
to improve the Spanish navy were thrown into a dark prison, and starved
hihlly successful.  He published his to death after six days, 106 B. c.
" Observations on Astronomy and Phys-   JULIAN, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS, surics, made in Peru," and treatises on  named the Apostate, a Roman emperor,
navigration and ship-building.  D. 1774. was the youngest son of Constantius,
JUBA, a king of Numidia and Man- brother of Constantine the Great. He
ritania, who wa s an ally of Pompey  was b. in 331, educated in the tenets of
against Julius Coesar. After the battle  Christianity, and apostatized to paganof Phali.alia he joined his forces to ism.  In 335 lie was declared Ctesar,
those of Scipio, but being totally de- and sent to Gaul, where he obtained
feated at Thapsus, he put an end to his several victories over the Germans, and,
own life, and his kingdom became a in 361, tle troops in Gaul revolted fiom
Roman province.-II., ling of Numidia, Constantius, and declared for Julian.
son of the preceding, was, when a boy, During the lifetime of his cousin, Conled a captive to Rome to adorn the tri- stantius, he made a profession of the
umph of Caesar, but the Roman con- orthodox faith, but, on succeeding to
queror bestowed on him an excellertt the throne, he threw off all disguise
education, and he became one of the reopened the heathen temples, and
most learned men of his time.   IIe sought to restore the heathen woIrship
gained the hearts of the Romans by the in all its splendor, while he laborec,
courteousness of Ins manners, and was both by his pen and authority, to dein great faivo i with Augustus, wvho gave  stroy Christianity.. D. 36.
him the daughter of Antony in mar-     JULIEN, PnIEmL, an eminent French
riage, andi made liim king of G'etulia, sculptor. many of whose productions
of wRhich cdignity he proved himself adorn the metropolis of France, and
worthy, by governing his dominiions whose chef-d'ceuvre is "The Dying
with justice and lenity. He was also an  Gladiator." B. 1731; d. 1804. -SIMON,
able and piolific author, as appeals by  a Swiss painter, who by his brother
Pliny, Strabo, Plutarch, and other wri- artists was called the Apostate, in alluters, who allude to his histories of the sion to the Roman emperor of the same
Arabians, Assyrians, and Romans, his name, as well as to his abandonment of
treatises on the fine arts, and his natural the French school of painting for the
history, of all which a few fragments Italian. B. 1736 d. 1799.
only have been preserved. D. 24.       JULIUS I., Pope, succeeded to the
JUGURTHA, king of Numidia, was papal see on tile death of Mark, in 337.
the son of M anastabal. He was en- Celebrated for the part he took in the
dowed by liattre with superior talents, Athanasian controversy. D. 352.-II.,
and was rsemarkable for manly strength  Pope, nephew of Sixtus IV., was b. in
and personal be.ity.  Formed for a 1443. He is said to have, at one period
soldier, his valor and conduct won the  of his life, followed tile occupation of a
esteem of the Roman army, and the    waterman. I-e was remnarkable for his
friendship of Scipio; but involving him- wars, and his patronage of the arts.
self in litrigues and crimes to obtain  During his pontificate,:the rebuilding
the Numnidian crown, the Roman senate of St. Peter's Was commenced. D. 1518.
sent Metellus against him, who con- -III., Pope, previously known as Carquered liimn in a great battle, and re- dinal Monte, was chamberlain to Julius
jected all his bribes.  When on the  II., whose name he subsequently aspoint of signing a shameful peace, and  sumed. He took little part in public
surrendering to the Romans, Jugurtha, business, but led a life of indolence at
throughl fear that they might inflict the villa still known by his name. D.
vengeance on him for his former crimes, 1555.
suddenly chlanged his resolution, and  JUNGE, or JUNGIUS, JOACHIM, an
deterlmined once more to abide the   eminent philosopher of the 17th cenwortt.  The king of Mauritania, his tury, was b. at Lubeck, in 1587, and
ally, hlaving concluded a peace wit.l the distinguished himself as an able antagRomans, Svlla persuaded him to draw  onist of the Aristotelian philosophy.




540                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [US
Like hi! great cotemporary, Lord Bacon, phetes,"  " Histoire de Calvinisme et
he substituted experiment in the place  du Papisme," and " Histoire des Dogof idle and antiquated theories, and is mes et des Cultes."  D. 1713.
ranked by Leibnitz as equal to Coper-  JUSSIEU, DE; ANTHONY, BERNARD,
nicus and Galileo, and bat little interior and JosEPu; three eminent French bottc Decar'tes.  Among his works are anists and physicians. The first was b.
"Geometria Empirica,"  Doxoscopise at Lyons in 1686, and d. in 1758. He
Physica Minores," and L"Isagoge 1Phy- enriched the iemoirs of the Academy
toscope," from which. latter work Ray  of Sciences at Paris with several valuaand Linnenus appear to have taken some  e papers, the result of observations
valuable hints. D. 1657.             made in his travels, on botany and minJUNOT, ANDOOCE, duke of Abrantes, eralogy. He also wrote the appendix to
a dlistilguished French general, was b. Tournefort, and abridged  Barellier's
in 1771, and entered the army, as a work upon the plants of France, Spain,
volunteer, in 1791. Ile first attracted  and Italy; he was likewise the author
the notice of Bonaparte by his coolnessof a "Discourse on the Progress of
and courage when serving' as a lieuten- ]Botany.' -BERNAMRD, brother of the preant at the siege of Toulon; and in 1806 ceding, was b. at Lyons in 1699, and d.
he made him coloncel-general of hussars, in 17i7. He published an edition of
and appointed him to the command of  "Tournefort's Hi-story of Plants about
Paris. In the following year he was  Paris," and was the author of a book,
placed at the head of the army in Portu- entitled "The Friend of Humanity, or
gal, where he remained two years, and  the dvice of a good Citizen to the Nawas honored with hi ducal title; but tion.'7 He was botanical demonstrator
being defeated at the battle of Vimiera at the kin's garden, and.was much esby Sir Arthur Wellesley, (the duke of teemed by Louis XV. Cavier calls him
Wellington,) he was compelled to capit- "the most modest, and, perhaps, the
ulate. He subsequently served in Spain, most profound, botanist of the 18th
Land was made governior of the Illyrial  century, who, although he scarcely pubprovinces. D. 1818.-Madame, duchess lished any thing, is nevertheless the inof Abrantes, wife of the preceding, was spiring genius of modern botanists."from her infancy intiinate with'apo- JosEPH, Vwas also a imember of the Acadleon. Her estates being confiscated in  emy of Sciences at Paris, and accompa1814, the Emperor Alexander offered  nied Condameine to Peru, in 1735. He
their restoration, on condition of her was not only a good naturalist and phybecoming a naturalized Russian. She sician, but an excellent engineer. He
refused, an.ll remained in Paris, living  published a journal of his voyages, and
quite literally by the labors of her pen. d. i 179.
The best known of her writings are the  JUSTEL, CHRISTOPHIER, a French
celebrated "Memoirs," which had a statesman and juri.ical writer of the
prodigious run. But she experienced  17th century, was b, in 1580, and d. in
the only too common fate of athors; 1649.   He was well acquainted with
harassed by creditors, she retired to a ecclesiasticnl antiquities and the canon
maison de sant6; where she died, in law, respecting which he npublished sev1838.                                eral learned worlks, andl left valuable
JUPIEU, PETER, a French Protestant MS. coliections.-His sonl IHENRY sent
divine and theologian, was b. in 1637. his  ther's f h SS. to the university of
lie studied in England, under his ma- Oxford, for which lie was complimentternal uncle, Peter dil Moulin; and, ed with the decgree of LL.D.  On the
while there, was episcopally ordained; revocation of thie edict of Nantes, he
but the French Protestants disapprov- came to London, and was appointed
ing of episcopal ordination, he was re- keeper to the king's library. Ite pubordained according to the form of Ge- lished, chiefly from his father's collecleva. He filled the chair of divinity at tion, " Bibliotheca Canonici veteris,"
Sedan with reputation; but, when that and also some able works of his own.
university was taken from the Protest- B. 1620; d. 1693.
ants, he retired to Holland, and settled  JUSTI, JOHN HENRY GOTTLOB DE, an
at Rotterdam, where he became a vio- eminent German mineralogist, who, afent polemic, and engaged in some fierce ter gaining some literary reputation at
contentions with Balyle and others. His the university of Jena in 1720, enlisted
principal works are a "Preservative as a common soldier in the Prussian
against Popery," "La Politique du service. He rose to the rank oflieutenClerge," "L'Accomplissement des Pro- ant; was cashiered and imprisoned for




JJV]                 CYCLOP'EDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      541
insubordination, but made his escape to  Justinian interesting to posterity, was
Leipsic, and maintained himself by wri- the celebrated refoimation of the Roting for the press. In 1755 he became man jurisprudence. He commissioned
professor ot political economy and   Tribonian, aided by other learned civilnatnrall history at Gottingen; but hav- ians, to form a new code from his own
ing' written too freely on the Prussian  laws and those of his predecessors. To
goveirnment, was iarrested, and ended  this code Justinian added the "Panhis days a prisoner in the fortress of  dects," the "Institute," and the " NoCustrin, in 1771. lie was tethe athorof  vell," since called, collectively, the
a. "Treatise on Money," a "Treatise on  body of civil law, (corpus juris civilis.)
Mineralogy," "Miscellanies on Chem- Ie likewise emnbellished the capital with
istry and Mineralogy," and "A Com- numerous magnificent churches, among
plete Treatise on Manufacturees."     which is the celebrated Sancta Sophia,
J USTIN, a Latin historian, lwhio pro- now subsisting as the principal mosque
bably lived at Rome in the 2d or 8d  in Constantinople. Brildes, aqueducts,
century. He made an epitome of the hospitals, fortresses, and other public
history of Trogfus Pompeiuis, a native  works, were also undertaken throughof Gaul, who lived in the time of Au- out the various provinces of the empire.
gustus, and whose works, in 44 books, But towards the end of his life he becontain a history of the world, from the came avaricious, oppressed the people
earliest ages to his own time. Justin  with taxes, andc lent a willing ear to
has been illustrated by the most able  every accusation; and at length, full of
commentators, and particularly by Gr- cares and disquietudes, le d. in 565,
viLs.-ST., a Christian philosopher nnd  after a reign of 3S years, and in the 83d
martyr in- the 2d centril'y, wxas a native of his ace.-II. was the elder son of
of Sichen, in Samaria. A persecution  Constantine Pogonatus, whom he suebrelaking out against the Christians, un- ceeded in 685. He recovered several
der Antoninus, Justin presented to thait provinces from the Saracens, and made
emperor an admiralble apoloey in thleir an advantageous peace with them; but
behalf, which had the dcesired ceTect. his exactions, cmruelties, and debauchHe afterwards addressed another apology  eries tarnished the glory of his arms.
to Marcus Aurelius, in which he doe- He xwas slain, with his son Tiberius, in.
fended those of his religion against the  711, by Philippicus Bardanes, his succaluinnies of Crescens, a Cynic philoso- cessor.
pher. For this, and his neglect of pa-  JUSTINIANI, AUvGUTrIN, bishop of
gan worship, he was condemned to be Nebo, in Corsica, was a prelate of disscourged and then beleaded, whxich    tinguished literary abilities.  He was
sentence was put in execution, A. D. 164., the author of " Annales de Republica
in the 75ttllh ear of his age.        Genoensi;"  a  "Psalter in Hebrew,
JUSTINIAN I., surnaned the Great, Greek, Arabic, and Chaldee, with Latin
nephew of Justin I., emperor of the notes," &c., being the filst of the kind
East, and celebrated as a lawgiver, was that ever appeared in print. Ile perb. in 483, of an obscurt ftmily. He ished in a voyage fiom Corsica to Geshared the fortunes of his uncle, who, noa, in 1536.-ST. LAWRENCE the first
froln a conmmon Thracian peasant, was patriarch of Venice, was b. there in
raised to thle impertal tllrone; land at 181; d. in 1485; and was canonized by
whiose death, in 527, xe obtained the ex- Pope Alexander VIII. in 1690. He was
elusive sovereignty  Ile was then in  the author of several devotional works.
his 4Sthl year, and' distineouished for his -BERINARD, nephew of the preceding,
devotionxl  austerity; bit inmmlediately  was b. at Venice, in 1408; was emupoll hiis elevation lie solemnly espoused  ployed in several important missions by
Theodora, aln actress anld courtesan, Calixtus III.; wrote a history of Venice,
whose influence over him was unbound- which has been considered the. first
ed.  During the reign of Justinian   regular attempt of the kind, and the life
inialny conquests were ie e by his brave  of his uncle, Lawrence the patriarch;
general Belis'aius. In 523 and 529 lie and d. in 1489.
obtained three glorious victories over  JUVENAL, DEcIIs JUNIUS, a Latin
the Persians; in 534 lie destroyed the poet, remarkable for the caustic severity
empire of the Vandals in Atfica; Spain  of his satires, was b. at Aqulium, in
and Sicily were reconquered; and the Campania, about the beginning of the
Ostrogothls, who possessed Italy, were reiln of Claudius. He studied rhetoric
vanquished. The principal event, how- ndler the most celebrated masters, and
ever, which has rendered the reign of became an eminent pleader at the bar;
46




542                   CYCLOPADIA. OFP BIOGRAPIIY.                          1
but satire was his forte. Ilis first essay  the Roman poets, and as the hold and
as a poetical satirist was directed against  unflinclhing castigator of vice he stands
the player, Paris, who was the minion  withoiut a rivail. Good- as are his irtelnof Domitian; for which he was sent into  tions, honwever and forcibles as are his
an honorable kind of exile, by being   cldenunciations, the moral indelicacy of
made conmmander of a cohort at Pen-    the age in which  eli ved renders the
tapolis, on the borders of Egypt. On   satires of Juvenal too gross in their deDoinitian's death lie returnecd to  nRoe,  tails for readers of the present clay.
whl ler  e d. in his 80th year, A.D. 128. Able translations have been mlade by
He may be said to have been the last of  Dryden, Gifford, &c.
K.
KAAB, a celebrated Arabian poet, brated physician, naturalist, and travelcotemporary with Miahomet, whom    he  ler, was b. at Lemogo, in Westphalia,
at first strenuously opposed, but after- 1651; studied at Dantzic, Thorn, and
wards eulogized. As a reward for wri- Cracow; performied a journey, in 1683,
ting a poem -in hli favor, the prophet as secretary to a Swedish enbassy, by
gave him his green mantle, which one   land throiugll Russia and Persia; after
of the descendants of Kaab sold for which lie visited Arabia, Hindost.an,
10,000 pieces of silver. D. 662.       Java, Sumatnra  Sian, and Japan, in
KAAS, NcICHOLAS, an eminent Danish  which last country he resided two years.
statesman, was b. 158-, and studied in  In 1692 hie returned to his native counthe universities of Geermalny. In 1573  try, took his degree of M.D. at Leyden,
he was made chancellor of Denmarik;, anc entered upon medical practice. He
and, on the death of King Frederic II., was the author of a " History of Japan,"
in 1588, he was nominalted to fill the  "Amicenitates Exotic-e." &c. D. 1716.
situation of first reoent duringio the mi-  IKAESTNER, AnBRHAM GOTTHrr  LF, a
nority of Christian I. 1). 1594.       Inatliheatician, astronomer and poet,
KABRIS, JosrEPi, a French sailor, aWas b. 1719, it Leipsic; and filled the
who, being taken prisoner by the En- sitation of professor of mathematics at
glish obtained permission to enter on  Gottingen, with the highest reputation
board a South sea whaler, and being    for Imore than 40 years. His scientific
wrecked on the coast of the island of  works are extremely numerous, of which
Noukahiwa, in the Pacific ocean, fell the principal is a "History of Matheinto the hands of the cannibal inhabit-  nltics."  D. 1799.
ants. While preparations were mcaking g  KALB, baron de, a major-general in
for his intended fate, and his doom aip- the American army, was b. in Germany,
peared inevitable, lie was saved by tle  about the year 1717. IIe entered into
intercession of the kingrs daughter, who  the French service when young, and
shortly after becaime ihis wife. Being  continued in it 42 years. In 1757, dunow allied to roy.';y, he was made chief  ing the war between Great Britain and
judge of the island, which office he ex- Franlce, lhe was sent by the French govereised with reputation and comparative  ernment to the American colonies, in
ease, owing to the simplicity of their order to see withl what efect thle seeds
legal institutions.  Nine years thus   of discontent against the mother country
*passed away, and Kabris lived in the   might be sown among them. While in
enjoyment of domestic happiness, when  the performance of this commission lie
he was carried off, as he stated, while  was seized as a suspected person, but
asleep, by the Russian navigator, Cap- escaped detection.  He then went to
tain Krusenstern.   On returning to    Canada, where he remained until its
France, in 1817, he exhibited himself to  conquest by the British, after -which lie
the public at Paris and elsewhere, his returned to France. During the war of
face being tattooed in the New Zealand  the revolution lie offered his services to
style. His object was to raise money, the congress, which ewere accepted. Onl
to.enable him to return to his wife iand  the 15th of Aiugust, 1778, vhen Lord
ft:mily at Noloukahiwa; but, while trav- Ieawlon defented General Gates, near
elling for this purpose, he d. suddenly. Camden, the baron commanded the
at Versailles, 1822.                   right wing of tle American army, and
KJEMPFER, EGELBo,    caHT, a cele- fell covered with wounds.




rKAUJ                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        543
KALE, or KALF, WILLIAM, an emi- ical Inquiry into the Nature of Pure
nent painter, was b. at Amsterdam, in  1eason," which contains the sxsteln
1630. He had the power of Rembrandt colmmonly known undlcr the title of the
in distributing' his ligoht and slade, while  "Critical Philosophy."  A second part
in correctness and del'.cacy he equalled  of it, published in 1783, bore the title of
Teniers. I. 1693.                      "Prologomlena for future MeBtap'hysics "
KALKBRENNER, ClroISTIAN, an em- The principles contained in them       he
inent musical composer, was b. 1755, at had, however, long been promulgating
Mnllden, in Prussia * was a pupil of   fiom his professional chair. In 1786 he
Emnlanl l Bach; and having made co- was chosen rector of the university;
siderable progress both in the theoret- and, thoungh far'advanced in life,  e
ical and practical branches of the profes- continued to produce works in further
sion, entered the service of Prince Henry  development of his philosophicl prinof' -Prussia, and finally settled in Parsis  ciples, until 1798, when he retired from
where his reputation obtained him the  his official situations, and d. in 1804.
appointlmernt of sinc,1inl(-m,1ster to the lKanlt was a man of high intellectual enacademl of lmusic, which lie bleld till his dowiments; and his critical philosophy
death, in l1800.-CIIRISTIeN F1REDERIC, a ifor a time superseded every otller in the
distinguished pianist, son of the aboe  ProtGeItnrmany.
was b.'at Cassel, 1784. Having acquired,  iKAIAMSIN   NICHIOLAS MIOIIAELOat an early age, a hih reputtation ais a  va'o-im imperial Russian historiographer,
brilliant perloirmer on the pianoforte,  as. 17 6; ecducatedat Moscow; served
he renoved in 1806 to Paris, whence    for a Awlile in the imperial'uards, and
le 1made fiequent profssioinal tours travelled for two years, tlrough Middle
thronghou t Europe, his finme daily in- Europe; after which hle devoted himself
creasing, both fiom his own perforn- to litcrature.  iis "Hlistory of the Iuts-'anmes and the brilliant conupositions sian IEipir'e, the " Letters of a Russian
which ihe gave to the world. In 1814 lhe  Travellerl," and "Aglia,": t collection
removed to London, where lie remained  of tales, nae all worko s of merit, and in
9 years. I-Ie once returned to the Frenchl  mucli esteem. D. 1820.
capital in 1823, when le joined  i. Pley-  KAU FMANN, Mat     ANNT ANGILLdel as a manufactiurer of keyed instru- ICO  a distinguished artist, b. at Coire,
lents, and continuedt to ocupy a, promr- in the Grisons, 1741. She acquired tlhe
inent position in the nustical' world till first principles of drawing and painting
his decease. D. 1849.                 fiom her father, wlhom sle soon excelled.
KALM, PETE.n, fa Swedish traveller At Milan, Florence, Rome, and Naples
and natural philosopher, wras b. 1715, in  she greatly increased her skill; and
Ostro Bothnia;   travelled  in  North  when,n l 1766, she went to England,
Amierica and Russia, for the purpose of  and was patronized by royalty, her repexploring those countries; became pro- utation and success quickly implroved
fessor of botany in the university of  her cirumstances. She relained there
Abo, and d. 1779. His works consist seventeen years; married Zucchi, aVeof "Travels in Ameirica," whichl have  nietian painter; and d. at Rome, in
been translated into English;- besides 1807. She excelled most in the reprenumerous dissertations, illustraitive of  sentation of felmale characters; and
the state of comllmerce, agricultlure, and  maIny of her most ad-miired paintilogs
mianul ctll ures in Sweden,.           were engraved by Bartolozzi, vwlose
KANT, EMMIANUEL, a ceiebrated Ger- labors amuch contributed to the growth
manm mletaphlysician, and tle founder of  anid per petlity of her fame.
a new philosophical sect, was b. at Ko-  KAUN1TZ, WWENacSLAus ANTHIONY
ni-isberl,   in Prussia Proper, 1724, and  Prince, a German statesman, aras b. at
w[as the "son of a saddler. Throuoht the  Vienna, in 1711; and thonllh at first
kindniess of a ricl uncle lie was etdcated  destilned for the chlllnch, hle finally enat thle Frederician college, on leaving  gaged in p-olitical life.  His talents,
xwhiell hle accepted the situation of titor aidled by a fatvorable exterior, opened a
in a lelt gyimanl famLmily. He commenced  brilliant career to him. In 1744 he wnas
Ils literary career iIn his 23hd year; but made milinister of state for the kinir'dolms
it ras not till hle vwas appointed a pro- of Illunary and BIohemia; in 1748 lhe
lessor il the university o' Kiouigberg, assisted at the congcess of Aix-la-Chain i770, that any traces of 1is nec  meet- pelle, was honored lxith the order of the
aplhsical system, vwhich afterwairds at- golden flece by Maria Theresa, and
traiced so mlulh notice, aiappeared in his iemployed as an-bassatdor to Paris; reworks. In 1'Sie pblie shed this' Crit- turned to Vienna in 1758, and took tho




644                   CYCLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.                        [KEB
office of chancellor of state; concluded  seen by the manager of the Edinburgh
the treaty of alliance between Austria  theatre, who engaced him for twenty
and France, in 1756; was made a prince  nights, on twelve of which he performed
of the German empire in 1764, and d. 1Hamlet to crowded houses. lie was at
1794.                                  this time only sixteen; and we find that
KAYE, or CAIUS, Dr. JoiHN, the       his provincial engagements led him, in
founder of Cains college, Cambridge, the course of a few years, to nearly all
was b. at Norwich, in 1510; was edu- the principal towns in the south alnd
cated for thle medical profession, first at west of Englland, playing in tragedy,
Glonville hall, Cambridge, and subse- comedy, opera, and pantomnime.'In the
quently at Bologna, where he graduated  mean time, Dr. Drury, hlis old patron,
as M.D. 1On his return to England he   had recommended hlimi to tihe directing
became physician to the court, and held  committee of Druryl-]ane, as fitted to
that office during tlhree successive reins. revive that deeeiin, theatre. HIe was,
He was for several years president of  in consequence, engaged there for three
the college of physicians; and, in 1557, years, at a risilng salary of eight, ten,
he obtined a iroyal license to advlnce  and twelve guineas a week for each sucGlonville hall into a college, which he  cessive year. His first appearance was
endowed with severa.l considerable es- on the 26thl of January, 1814, i; tile
tates, and added to it the quadrangle.  character of Shylock. In 1820 lie visited
D. 1573.                               the United States, and performed in
KEAN, EDMUND, an eminient English    New York, Philadelplia, Baltdimore, and
tragedian, was the son of a scene-car- Boston, on0 the whole with great success.
penter of the name of Kean, (whose     After his return to EIngland, the extravbrother, Moses Konn, obtained so0me    ag'ance and cissoluteness wich lhad alnotoriety as a lmlinic and a ventrilo- ways disgraced his character, involved
quist,) and the cdaolihter of thle well- him inl great embarrassments; aid a
known George Saville Carey, a dramatic  second visit to America, in 1825, was
writer anld performer.  ie was b. in   attended with little credit or advantage.
Castle-street, Leicester-square, London, lie returned again to England, and bein 1787. He trod the stage almost as   came manager of the theatre at Richsoon as he could walk alone, being erm- mond, Surrey, where lie d. Mayl 15,183.
ployed in processions, &c., thus imaper-  KEATS, JOHN-, a young English poet,
ceptibly acquiring the rudiments of his  of humble origin, was b. in 1796, at a
theatrical education under the eye of livery-stable, kept by his grandftilher in
that great actor, Joihn Kemble, whose  Moorfields. He waTs apprenticed to a
rival he was afterwards destined to be- sulrgeon, but gave way to the amlllition
come. Miss Tidswell, an actress long   of becoming a poet. He publilhled
known on the metropolitan stage, andL "Endymlion,    a poetical romanice, ill
said to have been a relation, assisted  1818; and, in 1820, his last and best
Kean in his juvenile efforts, andc, at the  work, " Lamian,'"'and  other poemls.
tae of 1. recommnended him to a coin- Being in feeble health, from  a severe
pany of players in Yorkshire. IIe per- pulmonaltry disease, lie was advised to
formled there under the name of Carey, try the fine climate of Italy, where lie
and is said to have obtained much ap- arrived in Novemilber, 1820, accompanied
plause in the parts of Iamllet, Lord   by his frielnd Mr. Severn the artist, and
lHastings, and' Caito.  le also distin- d:'. in IRolme on the 27th of DecelImbler
guislle  himself by his tatlents for reci- followilg. IHe was interred in the Entation; antcd his delivery of Saitn's Ad- dglish buryil ng-grolund, near tuie Ilo11il1dress to the Sun, firom Milton's Paradise  menit of Ctaius Cestius, and not fari from
Lost, andc the first soliloquy in Shak- the place whlere, soon after, were despeare's Richard III. hiavini been highly  posited the remains of the poet Shlelley.
applauiided, he repeated his recitations Mr. Leigh HuInt, who was his elalicest
at Windsor, before some of the royal and wirllmest patron, describes hilm as
family. lie had also the good fortune  having " a very mninly a.s well as a ldlito attract thle notice of Dr. Drury, who  cate spirit," ald beinT gifted with "the
sent hini to Eton, where he remained   two hmighest qutalities of a poet in the
three years, and is said to have made highest degree-sensibility and imiagigreat progress in classical studies, de- nation."
voting munch of his attention to the     KEBLE, JOSEPH, an English lawyer,
precepts and examples of Cicero. On     vhose industry was so remarkable duquittinrg Eto.i hle procured an engage- ringl Ils whole life, that some account
ment at Birmingihlamn, where he was of it is absolutely due t, his memory.




KEL]                    YC~LOPaEDIA OF BIOGRtAPHY.                     545
He was born about 16O2, studied at Ox- lution he distinguished himself by his
ford, and was called to the bar in 1658. patriotism and judgment. At the cornThree years afterwards he began to sig- mencement of the war he received the
nalize himself by the constant regularity  command of the army of tlhe Moselle;
of his appearance in the court of King's formed a junction witli the main army
Bench, where from that time to the day  under Dumouriez; and sustained, Sept.
of his decease, a period of nearly half a  20th, 1792, the celebrated attack of tle
century, he occupied himself incessantly  duke of Brunswick at Valmy, which
as a reporter of the cases which camine  contributed muchl to the success of tlhe
befbre the court. Nor was he less per- calnpaign. I-e was repeatedly denounsevering while attendin    the chapel, ced to the national convention by Custine
copies of upwards of 4000 sermons, dce- and others; but his trial not taking place
livered by various )preachers in that till after tle reign of terror, he was aeplace of worship, being found among   quitted. In 1795 he took the command
his papers when lie d, in 1710. His   of the arlmy of the Alps and Italy, but
publications are numerous, the principal he was soon superseded by Bonaparte.
being, "A Table to te Statutes," "As- In 1798 he was nominated a member of
sistance to Justices of the Peace," "Re- the military board; in 1S01 he was presports," and " Essays on Human Nature icent of the conservative senate, and the
and Human Actiols."                   following year a marshal of the empire.
KEILL, JOHN, a learned mathenati- He served under Napoleon in Germany
cian, was b. at Edinburgh, in 1671. In  and Prussia; and havingl, in 1814, voted
1698 he published an examination of   for the restoration of royalty, was emBurnet's "Theory of the Earth," to    ployed under the Bourbons till his death
which he subjoined "Remarks on W.This- in 180.
ton's Theory."  The year following he   KELLEY, or TALBOT, EDWARD, a
was appointed deputy-professor of nat- celebrated necromancer lanld alchemist,
ural plhilosoplhy  and in 1701 he pub- was b.' t Worcester in 1555, and edulished his 1Introdnctio ad Veram Phy- cated at Gloucester hall, Oxford; but
sicam,  as a preparation for the study  was obliged to leave the university for
of Newton's "Principia." In 1708 ie   some crime, and after rambling about
defended Newton's claim to the inven- the kingdoin, was sentenced to lose his
tion of Fluxions, which brought him   ears at Lancaster. He next became an
into a dispute with Leibnitz. In 1709  associate with the credulous Dr. Dee, and
he was appointed treasurer to the Ger-  ccompanied him to Prague, where Kelnman exiles f'om  the Palatinate, and  ley contrived to live habndsomely by his
attended them in that capacity to New  impostures, and was knighted by the
England. IHe next defended Newton's   Enmperor Rodolphils; but his tricks
doctrine against the Cartesians, and re-  being discovered, lie was thrown into
ceived his degree of M.D. In 1714 he  prison, 1 and in attempting to escape, he
was chosen Savilian professor of astron- fell, and bruised himself' to such a deomy at Oxford, and the year following  gree, that he d. soon after, in 1595. He
appointed cecipherer to the queen. wrote a poem on chemistry, and another
Among his works are, "An Introduc-    on the philosopher's stone; besides sevtioe to True Philosophy" and "n An    eral Latin and English discourses printed
Introduction to True Astronomy."  D. in Dr. Meric Casanbon's "True and
1721.                                 faithful Relation of what passed for
KEISER, REINHAmRD, an eminent Ger- nmany years between Dr. John Dee and
man musician and composer, was b. at some Spirits."
Leipsic, in 1673. IIe was the author of  KELLY, lIrHH, a dramatic and mis118 operas, of which his    "Circe,"  cellaneous writer, was b. in 1739, near
broug-'ht out at HIamnburgh in 1734, was  the lake of Killarney. He was -apprenthe last and most beautiful. Ie pos- ticec to a staymaker, wrlicll trade le
sessed a most fertile imagination, ard is  quitted when in London, and became
consicerel as the fatler of German     clerk to an attorney.  After wards lhe
melody. D. 1735.                      turned his attention to lauthorlship w itll
KELLERMANN, FRANCIS CHRISTO- considerable success, wristing political
PMER, dulke of Valmy, peer andl marshal panphllets, plays, &c. His ivorks are,
of France, &c., wlas b. at Strasburg, in  "False Delicacy," "A  WTord  to the
1735; entered the Conflans legion as a  Wise," "The School for YWVives," tile
Ihussar when 17 years of agre, andl rose  "Romance ofran Itour," comedies; "Cleto the rank of quartermaster-general in  menltina," a tragedv;' "Thespis," a poem
1788. At the breaking out of the revo- in the manner of Churchill's "R osciad;"
46-'




546                   CYCLOPnEDIA OF BIOGIRAP:IY.                      LEM
1' Louisa Mildmay,"'  a novel; and "The  nified and accomplished actor on the
Babbler," a. collection of essas.  D. British stage since the days of Garrick,
1777'. —JoiNn, a learned Elnglisi ciergy- was the eldest son of RIoger Kemble,
mulanl  s a i. ltive or I)ouolas, in tihe sie  maint.ier of a company of comnedians at
of' Mn, and b. in 1750. Iiaving paid a  Prescot, in Lancashire, where ie was b.
partitbultl' atteltion to the vernacnlar in 1757. Being of Catholic parents, he
dialect of thle Celtic tongue, which was was sent to the English college at Douay,
slioken in tlhat islanzd, lhe waaS introduced  where lie early distinulislhed himlself by
to Bishop lildeslc, who emploved him In hi- profiencyn  in elocution  and had
in i rlnsiantin-1 te Bibile into the e Mnks Talma for a fellow-student.' inding
1la:nuaeuge and ordained himn a minister that iis fatiher designed hliln for tlh
of the  pisicop:l  congi'reanti   or Ayr, priesthiood, Ihe quitted the colleoge cliinin Sco(tllnld. Tlhrouii t!he patronage of  destinely, returned to England, and,
the duke of Gordon, to whose son, the  cneaiing' in an itinerant company, perlmarq'lis of Iliuntiy, lie wras tutor lie folrmed iith great eclat at Liverpool,
olntai ed the rectory of Copford, in   Edinburghll, York, &ec. In 1798 lhe mad
Essex; anld!vingll elltered at St. John's  his first appearlance on the boards of
college, C;ambridime, lie iwas there hon- Diury-liane, in the character of tIIHalet.
ored with the del'ree of LLD. In 1.808  IIis success iwas complete; and from
Ihe published ": A Practical Gramimar of  tliat time he maintained the character
the Ainient Gaelic, or Lianguage of the  of being the first traoedian of the age.
Isle of Man;" and in 1805' issued pro- On the secession of tIA. King, hle became
posals for publishino "A Trirlot Diction- maniager of Dirury-lane theatre. In 1802
ary of the Celtic Tongue," wllichl was he took advantage of the peace to visit
nearly completed when tle -sheets were  the Continent, in order to study the
destroyed by a fire on the premises of  Frenelh rand Spaniish hlistrionic cstab~Mr. INichols, the printer. D. 1809.-  lishnents, wvith a view to the improveMICHAEL, a composer.ncd singer, was mient of thle English. On his return, he
the son of a wine lmrchant in Dublin,  became managler of the Covent-garden
who, for imany years, acted as master of  theatre, where lie continued till 1809,
the ceremonies at the vicerefgdl castle. when that building was destroyed by
le was b. in 1762, and at an early ae  fire. On the restoration of tle edifice,
gave proofs of genius for munsic, whiich  Mr. Kerble was, duringo the O. P. riots,
induced his father to place him under as they were called, tlhe object of ropo —
Rnuzzini, at that tiime in Dublin, wh1o  tl re entlment, in consequence of havprevailed on his friends to send him to  ing rrised the plices, and madle certain
Naples, wher    e he arrived when in his  obnoxious arrangements in regard to
16th year. lie there found a patron in  the private boxes. In 1817 le retired
Sir WAYilliam IoaHnmilton, tle British min- from the stage, after a long and honorister; studied uncder Fineroli andc Ap- able career; and, in consequence of ill
rili; and subsequently  performed at health, went first to Montpelier, and
most of the Italian  theatres, and in  thence to Lausanne, where he d. Feb.
Germany.   Ile contracted a close inti- 26, 1823.-GEORGco  STEPHEN, brother of
macy with Mozart durlino Iis stay at the foregoilng, and also an able actor,
Vienna;,vwas for somle timle in tihe scr- was b. at Kingstownl ill Ierefordshlire;
vice of tle Emperor Joseplh; and at his mother havinog performted the part
length returned to London, wliere e eof Anne Bullen, in the play of Ienry
made his first appearance, in 1787, at VIII., on the evening of his irth. This
-Drury-lane theatre, in "Lionel and Cla- gentleman was intenided for the medical
rissa," and retained his situation as first profession, anld was appCrenticed to a
singer at tha:t theatre, the musical per- surgeon in Coventry, but soon quitted
formalnces of which he directed till his it for the st'age. He first appeared at
retirement fiom the stage. He set to   Covent-garden theatre in 1783. Tle was
music upwards of 60 pieces, most of    afterwards manager of the theatrles of
which wvere successful, and amongst cEdinburghh, Glasgow, Liverpool, and
these are the once higlily popular con- Newcastle; and lhe was riemarkable for
positions in Colmnal's musical romaice  playinog the part of Falstaff without
of'"Bluebeard."  A few months pr' i- stuffing.  D. 1822. -PnRCILLAN, idow
ous to his ldeathl appeared his "i eminis- of John Philip Kemble, the eininent
cences,'7 a very amusing work, replete tragedian, d. at Leamington, aged 90, on
witih anecdotes of hiis cotemporaries  the 18th of Mayv, 1845. This lady, like
and famniliar associates. D. 1826.     the widow of Mr. Garrick, lon survivedc
KEMBLE, JOHN PHILIP, the most dig- her celebrated husband, and, it is said,




KEN]                  CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       547
was (like ler) the oldest member of the  dramatist, many of whose pieces still
theatrical profession at the time of her keep possession of the stagc3, was b. in
decease.  She entered on that public Irelandl, about 1670.  Ilis linvely farce
career in very early youth, and was first of'" Raising the Wind," with its inmarried to Mr. Brereton, an actor of imitable character of Jeremy Diddler,
considerable celebrity. Not many years was his first dramatic production.   This
after his death she was united to Mr. was soon followed by "Love, Law, and
Kelmble, and on his death in 1823, she  Physic," "Matrimony," " The World,"
took up her residence at Leamington   "The Illustrious Stranger," &e.  His
where she live d highly respected; her health had been for a long time infirm,
lively conversation andi knowlecdge of  adc hle d. on the mornin' fixed for his
the world rendering her society no less benefit at D)rury-lane tleatre, Aug. 1,
desirable, than her liberal and charitable 1849.
disposition hlad made it useful.        KENNICOTT, BENjAiMrN, an able dciKEMP, JOSEPII an eninent musical vine anid biblical critic, was a native of
composer, was b. at Exeter, in 1778, ndc  Totness, Devon slhire, of which place his
was a chorister in the cathedral of hifs father was paish clerk. IIe wa's ecdusnative city, where he studied uncer the  cated at Wadclrn college, Oxford, becelebrated William Jackson. In 1802, camte vicas of Culllfhm, preacher of
haviln been appointed organist of Bris- Whitehall, librarian of the Radcliffe, a
tol cathedral, he removed thithler, and  prebend of Westminster, and canon
in the same year composed one of his of Clhrist-church. Dr. Kenlnicott's litbest anthenls, " I amn Alpha and C Omeg a,"  erar y famne mainly rests on his HIebrew
In 1807 ihe left Br3istol ibr Lonclon, and  Bible, in collating the nulnerlouss tsimannthe year followingi took the de ree of  scripts for the text of whiclh h1e was
M.B. at Cambridgoe.  Inl 180'9 }!e pro- incessantly occupied durins( more thlan
ceeded to that of doctor, riwhen his xer'- tell years. Thoughl some object to this
cise entitled "The Crucifixion'"  as great workl that the author was insufperformed. He now became.a lecturer ficiently acquainted with the Eastern
on music at several institutions, and in- languagres, yet every scholar admits that
vented a new moode of teaciing the   he renldered great service to the cause
science. His principal works are, "A  of science and religion by opening the
new System  of Musical Education, be- way ill this depalrtlient of biblical critiing a Selflnistructo," " TscTwenty Psalm- cisl'a. D. 1783.
odical Melodis, " Tlle Siege of Isclha,"  KENRICK, WnITLTAr, ai miscellaneous
an opera, with a variety of songs, glees, writer, was b. at Watford, in Hertfordduets, &c.                            shire. tIe was broughl t up as a ruleKEMPELEN, WTOLrFGABNG, Baron, a     maker, but quitted his trade, obtained
celebrated mlltathematician. was b, in  a doctor's degree at Leyden, and becnme
1734, at Presburg, in T-lunglary. Among  an industrious authlor and critic. He
his inventionss twas tle famouns iauto'ma- est.ablishedtl the "London Review," in
ton clhess-player, which he first exhibit- rwhich iintny critiques of merit appe ared,
ed at Paris in 178S3, ad adfterwards in too often, however, contaminated by
London; but the secret of it was never vituperative liag'e.alndl unwarrantdiscovered. IIe also invented a. speak- able personalities. tIe compiled a "Dicing fioiure, which hle himself described  tionary of the lEnglish L'anguals e, a'nd
in a w ork0 called "The Mecl anlism of  wrote various wolcks, amnonor whichl are
Speech."     He was also asn author, and  the comcedies of " Falsti1ff's isWedding,"
wrote " Perseus andc Andromeda," a'"Th1e Widow.ed Wife,' and'  The Dueldrala, " Thle l'nknown Be nefictor," a list,"  Epistles, PhilosophFical and
comedy, and some poems. D. 1804.      Mroil,' andl v'rious poems. D. 1779.
KEMIPIS, TnIlOMAS A, a famous wsriter  KENT, JArES, b. July 31, 1763, in
of the 14th century, wias b. at a village  Fredelicksl'urs, then part of Duchess
of that na.me, in the diocese of Cololge, countyt N'. Y., r eceived his prepar'ltory
in 1380, and di. in 1471. His treatise,  education at Norw alk, Ct., and entered
"De Imitatisone Christi," or, " Of the Yale college in 1777. In July, 1779, duImitation of Christ," some have at- ring the invasion of Newx Haven, the
tributed to Gerson.                   collece exercises were suspended, and
KEN, THOMrAS, a learned and pious it was durini this period that tlhe future
dignitary of the church of En'land, was clancellor acquired a fondness for the
b. at Berkhamnstead, in IHertfordshire, profession of the law. Ie then first read
in 1637. D 111. 1Blackstone, and read it witn care and
KENNEY, JAMES, a distinguished      enthusiasm.  He wias grad:ated with




548                   CYCLOPAEDIA O' BIOGRAPHY.                       [KER
distingnished honor in 1781.   Upon 11571, at Wiel, in the duchy of Wirtemleaving college he studied the law withL burg.  Ie was educated at Tubingen,
Egbert Benson, attorney-general of the  under Maestlins, and, in 1591, was apstate of New York, andl in 1787 was ad- pointed professor of astronomy at Gratz,
mitted, at Albany, a counsellor of the  soon after whilcl he  published his
suprenrl court of the state. In 1790, " Msterium      Cosmographicum."   In
and again in 1792, while residing at 1598 he was banished the university for
Poughkeepsie, he was elected to the   profrssing the reformed religion, but
legislature fiom his native county, but was afterwards recalled, and restored to
in 1793, having lost his election by a his office. In 1600 lie was invited by
few votes, he removed to tle city of  Tycho Brahe to join him in Bohemia;
New York, and became professor of law  a{nd when Tyehoo died, he became math -
il Columbia college. In 1796 he was ematician to the Emfiperor Rodolph, who
appointed a master in chancery, andl in  employed lhim in completing the Rodolthe lnext year was made recorder of the phine tables. To Kepler we are indebtcity. In 1798 he was appointed associate  ed for the discovery of the laws which
justice of the supreme court. In July, regulate the movements of the planetary
1804, lie was appointed chief justice, and  bodies, their ellipticity, &c.; and he
in February, 1814, he abandoned the   accordingly ranks among the first class
latter office for that of chancellor, and  of astroinoiners.  Amon  hliis scientific
on July 81, 1823, after hearing and d-e- productions are "The Iaodolphine Taciding every case that had been brought bles," "Optical Astronomy," "   arbeforeb him, lhe retired fiom office, agree- mony of the World,"  "Copernican
ably to the provisions of the constitution  Astronomy," &c. D. 1630.
of 1821, which disqualified for judicial  KEPPEL, AUGusTUS, Viscount, acoffice all above sixty years of ace. This companied Commnodore Anson in his
event was universally regarced witi re- voyage round the worldc,  aid afterwards
gret. The bar of New York, the bar of passed through all the gradantions of the
Albany, and such gentlemen as were    service, till he attained the rank of adthen attendingc the supreme court at nmiral.   In 1778 he commanded     thl
Utica, vied with each other in expres- Channel fleet, which, on the 12th of
sions of respect. The letters which are  July, in that year, fell in with the
preserved in the seventh' volume of   French, under count d'Orvilliers, off
"Johnson's Chancery Reports,"    are Ushant. A partial action ensued, which
signed by the mrost distinguished law- the English admiral thought to have
yers in the state, and prove that, gereat  enewed in the molniln, but the enemy'as had been his merits as a juldge, the  had retired. This affair gave great cdiswarmth and generosity of his feelings satisfaction to the nation, which was
had left an impression not less decided. agogravated by Sir Hugh Palliser, second
The next year he was reappointed law  in command, prefelrrinlg a charge against
professor in Columbia college, and the Admiral Keppel; but he was honorably
lectures which he there celivered formed  acquitted by a court-martial at Portsthe basis of his celebrated "Comment- mouth. Sir Hugh was then tried and
aries."  D. 1847.                     censured. In 1782 he was raised to tlie
KENYON, LLOYD, Lord, a celebrated   peerage; he was also at two separate pejudge, was b. at Gredington, Flintshire, riods first lord of the admiralty. D. 1786.
1783. lie became a member of the so-     KERGUELEN      TREMIAREC, YVE,
ciety of Lincoln's Inn, and was called to  JOSEPH DE, a French navigator, twas b.
the bar in 1761, buthe does not appear at Brest, in 1745. After having been
to have made a conspicuous figure till employed on the coast of Iceland, to
1780, when he led the defence, with Mr. protect the whale fishfery, he was sent,
Erskine, for Lord George Gordon. In   in 1771, on an explo-atory voyage to the
1782 he was Imade attorney-general and  South Sea; and hav.ng returned with a
chief justice of Chester. He was also flatterming account of a supposed contireturned to parliament for Hindon, in  nent towards tlhe south pole, was again
Wiltshire. In 1784 he was appointed   sent on a similar expedition in1 177-3.
master of the rolls, and, on the resigna- On his return he was chmared with hartion of the earl of Mansfield, in 1788, lie inc abandoned a boat's crew on a desert
was raised to the office of chief justice  shore, for whlich lie was cashiered and
of the King's Bench, and created Baroni imprisoned, but he was at length libKenyaon.   ). 1802.                   ermated.  Hle published accounts of his
KEPLER, JOI-m, a distinguished as- voyaces to thle North and South Seas,
troinomer and mathematician, was b. in  and d. in 1797.




XIN]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF      3IOGRAPTIY.                  549
KERR, R)BERT, a surgeon at Edin- wicl, and, in 1689, di rn of Peterburgh, who devoted himself principally  borough, on which occasion lie took
to the physical sciences, alnd distin- his doctor's degree. On the deprivaguished himself as an industrious au- tion of Dr. Ken, lie was consecrated
tlhor and translator. Aimong his works bishop of Batl and Wells. and preached
are, " A I-Iistory of Scotland during thethe Boyle's lecture in 169. Ie allnd his
reign of Robert Bruce," " Cuvier's The- wie were killed in tlheir bed at Wells,
ory of the Earth,'" a "General Collec- dliuing the nlight of the great storin,
tion of Voyages and Travels," &c., &c. Nov. 26, 1703. Besides several sermon s
D. 1814.                              and' relig'ious tracts, he published a
KEIRICK, THoMiAS, principal libra- work, entitled "Tlle Demonstration of
rian of the university of Ctambridce, the Messiah," a "Commentary on the
author of "Observations on the Gothic Pentateuch," &c.
Buildings abroad, particularly those in  KILBYE, RIcHARD, an Englisll diItaly, and on Gothic Architecture in  vine, whlo studied at Lincoln college,
general." 1). 1828.                   Oxford of which he beclamne rector in
KESSEL, JOneN VAN, an artist, was b. 1590. IHe was one of the translators
at. Antwerp, in 1626, and d. about 1690. of the plesent version of the Bibe, and
iIe painted portraits in the inanner of  d. in 1 620.
Vandyke, but excelled in the represent-  ILLIGREW, WILLIAM, TrOMAS, and
ation of flowers, fruits, and insects.  IIHENRY, three brothers, disting'uished
KETEL, CORNELIUS, a Dutch artist. for their talents, wit, and loyalty, in the
lIe went to England in the reign of Eliz- reins of Charles I. and II., were the
abeth, whose portrait lie painted, as sons of Sir Robert Killigrew, of Ianwell as the portraits of many of the no- wortl, in Middlesex. Tliomas, by his
bilitv. On his r.turn to Holland he laid liveliness and wit, became a gret lfaaside the use of pencils, and paint  te   vorite with Charles  I., anld obtained
with the tops of his fingers, and even  the name of king's jester.-ANNE, b. in
with his toes. D. 1602.               1660, had a decided genius for painting
KETT, IiEtNRY, a divine andl an ac- and poetry, and was distinguislled for
complished scholar, was b. in 1761, at herl exemplary piety and tlunblemisled
Norwich, was educated at Trinity col- virtue, aniidst the seductions of a licenlege, Oxford, was appointed.Bamipton  tious court. She was one of the maids
lecturer in 1790, and rector of Charlton, of honor to the duchess of York, of
&c. Ile was the author of "IHistory, whom, as well as her husband, she exthe Interpreter of Prophecy,"' "Ele- ected portraits. D. 1685.
ments of General Knowledge,"     " A    KIMBER, IsAAc, a dissenting minisTour to the Lakes," "Emily," a moral ter, b. at Wantage, Berks, in 1692, autale, &c. Drowned while bathing, in   thor of a "'History of England," a
1825.-WILLIAI,   a tanner of Norfolk, "Life of Oliver Cromwell," some essays,
who in the reign of Edward VI. excited  discourses, &c. D. 1758.-EDWARD, his
a revolt against the government. After son, followed the same pursuits. His
defeating the marquis of Northampton, publications were the "Peerages of
he was routed by the earl of Warwick, Scotland and Ireland," the' BaronetfaO e
and Kett with several others was hanged, of England," a " History of Englanci"
in 1549.                              and " The Adventures of Joe ThompKEULEN, LUDOLP-I VAN, a Dutch       son," a novel.
geometrician, who acquired great celeb-  KING, PETER, lord chancellor, an able
rity by his calculation of the approx- and upright judge, neplhew of John
imate correspondence between the di- Locke, was b. 1669. Whbile serving his
amieter of a circle and its circumference.  penti ship to his father, a grocer at
lie taught mathematics at Breda and   Exeter, he secretly acquired the learned
Amsterdam. D. 1610.-JANSSEN VAN, a languages by self-tuition, and so great
portrait painter, was b. in London, of was the proficiency lie attained, that it
Dutch parents, and before Vandyke     induced his uncle to sendl him to Leycame to England, was in great favor den university. After leaving Leyden
with Charles I. D. 1665.              he entered tile Middle Temple, a nd atKIDDER, REIHARD, a learned En- tained high forensic eminence. In 1705
glish prelate, wat. a native of Sussex, or, le became a member of parliament, was
as some say, of Suffolk, and'wias edn- made lord chief justice of the common
cated at Emanuel college, Cambridge, pleas in 1715, and raised to the chancelwhere he was elected to a fellowship. torship in 1725. Lord King offers a
In 1681 he was made prebend of Nor- remarkable instance of the attainment




550                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOG RAPHY.                       [IR.
of the highest judicial rank, simply by  be rememlbered is "Political and Lithis own lecal knowledcge and hifhl moral erary Anecdotes of his own Times." B.
cnaracter, without any adventitious aid. at Stepney, 1685; d. 1763.- WLLIAM,
But he was no less re'markable for his  archbishop of Dublin, was b. in 1650,
legal attainments than f or his ecclesias- and educated at Trinity college.  He
tical learning; for, besides a variety of  was the author of a celebratec treatise,
controversiail works of great ability, he  " Dc Oriine Mali," or the Oriin of
wrote a ":Historyofthe Apostles'Creed," IEvil, wherein he undeitook to sho'l
and " Anlnqui inuir into the Constitution, how all the several kinids of evil with
&c., of the Prilmitive Church," which  which the world abound are consistent
excitecl great ilterest at tle time of  with the goodness of God, and may be
their publication.  ). 1734. —luFus, a accounted for witlhout the supposition
statesman and diplonatist, b. 1755, at of an evil principle. D. 1729.
Scarborotugi, MAaiit, entered IIarvard  KINGSBOROUGH1, EDWARD, Viscollege in 1773, studied t!le law, and was count, eldest son of the third eail of
admitted to the bar in 1778, and was Kintston, was greatly distinguished for
elected a imelmber of congress in 1784. his literary acquirements    hs d hi  tIn 1790 he,was appointed by President tachment to literary pursuits. I-e was
Washington, minister plenipotentiary   a fllow of the Antiquarian Society, and
to the court of St. James's, the faunc-  author of a splendid work on "lThe Antions of' whicl office he continued to tiquities of Mexico."  B. 1795  d. 1837.
disclharge till 1803, when lie returned  KINNAIRD, DOUGLAS, was b. in
home. In 1813 h1le was a third time sent 1786, and received his eaLly education
to the senate by the leg-islatuer of Noew  at Eton. lie afterwards passed some
York, and his speech on tlhe burning  time at Gottingen, where he made himof'Washlington by the liEnglisl was a  self mnaster of the French and German
most eloquent displ!ay of oratory.  In  hanguages. In 1813 he accompanied
1816 le lost his election, but in 1820 le  Mr. H-lobhouse throcgh Sweden, and to
was once mole re-elected, and continued  Vienna, and was present at the battle
until the expiration of tie term in 1825. of Culm. Ie became an active partner
He then acceptced the appointment of  in the banking-house of Ransom and
minister plenipotentiary at the court of  Morland; and after the old partnership
London, but was takeln ill, returneid  was cissolved, took the principal imanhome, and soon after d. 1827.-TOMcAs, afgiemlnt of the business. I-Ie possessed
a celebflated actor and cralmatic writer, great energy of mind, was a l]over of
was b. in London, in 1730. lIaving ob- literature, a liberal patron of the arts,
tained great celebrity ns a comic actor and an intimate friend of Lord Byron.
in provincial con ipmies, lie was engaged  D. 1830.
iat Drury-lanle tlleatre in 1759x, whlerlie he IPPIS, ANDREW) a dissenting dliBo6n became a favxorite weith the public, vine, biographer, and  miscellaneous
and in 1766 arrived it the leight of his writer, wa s b. at Notti(no'ham, in 1725.
professional reputation by the perform- i Ice was pastor of congregations succesance of Lord Ogleby.    His dramlatici sively at Boston, Dor'kin, and Westpieces are, " Lox'v  at'First Siglht,i"  minster, and latterlv one of the tutors
"Neck or Nothing,'a farce, " A Peep  at tle dissenters' college, Hackney. Dr.
behind thle Curtain, or the Nexw Re- Kippis laid the fbundaltion of "The
hearsal," a coecly, "Wit's Last Stake,"   New   Annual Register," and devoted
a comedy, and'"Lovers' Quarrels." 1). his principal attention, curing the lat1805.-WILLIAM, a poet and miscella- ter years of his life, to an improved
neous writer, wias b. in London, in 1663, edition of the "'Bioglraphia Britannic.,'?
was educated at Christ- chiurch, Oxiord, of whiich five volumes were printed;
admitted an advocate in doctors' corn- but it was conduclted on a plan so elabmons, and obtained varaious preferments  orate as to afford no prospect of its terin Ireland. tis poetical and political irinationr. IIe also published the lives
wvorks are numerous, and some of theml  of Captain Cook, IPringlc, Doddricde,
are replete with pleasantry and wit: alnd Lardner,    A Vincdication of the
but his most useful book is, "An His- Dissenters," a volumle of sermons, and
torical; Account of the Heathen Gods   "Observttions oni the late Contests in
and Heroes." D. 1712.-.WILLAM, prin- the Royal Society."  D. 1795.
cipal of St. Mary's hall, Oxford, and an  KIRBY, JoHN JOSIUA, an artist, was
ingenious theological and political wri- b. at Parham, in Suffolk, in 1716.
ter. He was the author of various Latin  Though originally a house-painter, he
tracts, but the work by which he will had a goodl knowledge of the art; and




KLA]                  CYCLOP EDIA OrF BIOiGRAPHiIY.                   551
on scttlih  in London, he was intro- 1787 he conformed to the established
ducedh by Tord LBute to George III., by  church, and obtained successively the
lwhio l Il e became clerk of the works at prebcndary of Iowth, the living of St.
Kew. lie published the "Perspectiveo  Nicholas, in Dublin, and the deanery of
of Archtitecture,"   and d. in 1774.WIL- Killlia. As a pulpit orator he excelled
LIA1:, honorary member of the Entomo- all his coteiporaries; so great, indeed
logical society'of London, and fellow of were his attractions, that we are told
thoe loyal, Liinnman, Zoological, and Ge- that it was often necessary to keep off
ological societies, &c., has left behind  the crowds, by guards mnd pallisades,
him an imperishable lname as one of firon the clur ches in lwhich lie was
the first entomologists of any age. His preaching. D. 1805.-RICinAD, a dis-'Monographia, Apun Anglik," pub- tinguished writer on chemistry, geology,
lished in 1801, excited the warimest &c., was a native of Galway county, in
admiration of British anld foreign ento- Ireland. He was educated at the unimologists.   is umeos neroi and valuable  versity of Dublin; devoted Iimiself with
papers in the "T1ransactions of the Lin- great ardcor to chemical and mineraloginalan Society;" tile "Introduction to  cal researches; and became a member
Entomology,'" written in conjunction  of the Royal Irish Academy, and also a
with Mr. Spence; the entomological fellow of the Royal Society. In 1784
portion of his Bridgewater treatise, appeaed his " Elements of Mineral"On the History, albits, and Instincts ogy."  le also published "Geological
of Animals s" and his description of the Essays," a treatise on the "Analysis of
insects of the " Fauna Boreali-iAmerica-  Mineral Wa.ters," an "Essay on Phlona" of Sir Jolnl Richardson, are among  giston iand the Constitution of Acids,"
his other works. D. 1850.             &c. D. 1812.
KIRtCIER, ATmANASIMS, a Jesuit, was   KITCI-IENER, WILLIAM, a physician
b. in 1601, at Geysen, near Fulda, in  and miscellaneous writer, was b. about
Germanvy and studied at Wurtzburo     1775, and was the son of a respectable
and Avignon; after which he was a coal merclhant in Londonm, who left him
teacher of mathematics in the college  a large fortune.  He was educated at
belonging to his order at itomne. Ilis Eton, and settled in London as a physiworks evince great depth of learning  cian; but lie distingusihed himself far
the principal i'e, " (Idipus Egyptia- more by his precepts on the art of gascus,' Ar'S Mlgnesia," " Lingua11   Egvp- tronomv thaln by the practice of meditiaca Restitut'i,'  "Mlundcls Subter- cine.  Ie was a kind-hearted, social
ra1neus,'" Organon   Mathematicum,"   being, with mnore foibles than fiults.
" Musumgia Universalis," &c. D. 1680. I-e wrote a boolk under the title of
KIRK, Colonel, an English officer, "The Cook's Oracle;" in which the
who, in 16S5, committed the most inhu- laws of the culinary art, professedly
man barbarities in the west of England, founded on his own practice, were proin the time of James II.              mulgatd cc  aind, by appointing a "cornKITlKLAND, JOHN TIIORNTON, a dis- mittce of taste' aml ong his friends, who
tinulished president of Harvard college, had rclegular invit.tions to his dinnerwas b. 1770, at Little Falls, on the Mo- table, the faie or this epicure spread
haxvk, and was educated at Harvard.,fr ancd wide, while his evening coniverHe was a preacher at Boston for sixteen  saziones wrere the resort of privileged
years; in 1800 was made president of  wits, and literary bon viivants. Optics
Htarvard, and in 1828 resigned... 1841. and music were ilso particular objects
KIRKPATRICK, JAMES, a silful ori- of his study. Besides " The Cook's
cntalist, was a major-general in the  Oracle," which wals his most popular
British service, and passed a great part work, he publMishe " The Art of Ilnvigof his life in India. He published a orating and Prolonlging Life," "The
"Description of the ]Kingdom of         oomy of N Ethe Eyes," "The Travelpaul," a "Biography of Persian Poets," le's Oracle," "o(bservations on Vocal
and the "Letters of Tippoo Saib."  D. Music," and l   "Thel Loyal and National
1812.                                 Sons-s of England."  D. 1827.
KIRWAN, WALTE-iR BLAuE, lan Irish     KLAPROTI, MARTIN       HENRY, an
divine, eminent for his populariity as a eminent chemist and mineralogist, was
preacher. IIe was b. at Galway, in 754i; b. at Berlin, in 1743; became chemicld
was educaltecd atSt. Onmels and Lrouv;in; professor there; and d. 1817. He was
took orders as'a Catholic priest; and, in tihe discoverer of uranium, the zirconia,
1778, was appointed chaplain to the and mellitic acid; he also made interestNTenpolitan emb:assy in London.   In  ing experiments on copal, and completed




552                   CYCLOP.: EDIA 1OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [KLO
the discovery of tellurium and titaniun. where he rose to the rank of mnajor;
Among his works are,'" A Mineralogical and was killed, after displaying almlost
System," " Chemical Essays," and, in  roimantic brverv, at the bat-tle of lunconjunction witlh Wolf, a'"lictionar  ner sdorff, in 1759. His principll poem,
of'hemistry. "-:IIENi  JULES, soI of  entitled "Spring," is beautifully dethe preceding, cwas intended by his scriptive, and hlas been compared to the
father to pursue the study of the physi-  Seasons" of Thomson.  Kleist also
cal sciences, but ab:mndoned them in  wrote idylls, moral treatises, and a milifavor of the oriental languages, in which  tary romance, called " Cissides."
he became one of the ablest modern      KLINGEMIANN, AUGUrSTUS, a drascholars. In 1805 hle was selected to  matic writer, and director of the national
accompany the Russian ambassador into  theatre at Brunswick, was b. in that
China, and in 1807 the academy of St. city, 1777.  In 1813 he received the
Petersburg commissioned him to visit cdiirection of the theatre of his native
the Caucasian provinces. Subsequently   place, and under his superintendence it
lie settled at Paris, where he founded  became one of the first in Germany.
and organized the Asiatic society. He His dramatic works form 12 volumes,
has left several valuable works: " Asia ald among t.lhem  are, "IHeinrich der
Polyglotta,"  "Tableau du Caucase,"   Lowe," " Luther," "Moses,"    Faust,"
&C..   1783; d. 183.                 &c. D. 1812.
KLEBER, JEAN BAPTISTE, a celebra-     KLINGER, FiEDiERIC      MAXIMILItAN
ted French general, was b. at Strasburg, vo, an officer in the Russian service,
in 1754. lie was originally an architect, and a literary character, was b. at Frankbut preferred the military profession, fort-on-the-Maine, in 1758.  I:He comand enterel into the Austrian service, mleneed as a dramatic writer; but, in
where he remained from 1776 to 1783. the war of the Bavarian succession, lie
When the French revolutionary war entered the military service, and was
broke out, he entered as a grenadier made a lieutenant in the Austrian army.
into a volunteer regiment of his native  In 1780 Ihe went to St. Petersburg, and
department, and rose rapidly into com- was appointed an officer andl reader to
nand.   He displayed great skill and   the Grand-prince Paul, with whom lie
bravery at the battle of TMayence, after afterwards travelled through Poland,
which he was employed in La VendCe, Austria, Italy, France, &c., and, in the
but the sanguinary scenes there so dis- reign of Catharine, le rose to the raiink
gusted him that lie obtained his recall, of colonel. By the Emperor Paul he
and was engaged in the north, where le  was made major-general, and director
defeated the Anstrinls, took lMons, and  of the corps of cadets; and, when
drove the enemy from    Louvain. Hte  Alexander ascended the throne, he realso captured Maestricllt, and contribu- ceived other offices and further promoted to the splendic successes whvich dis- tion. D. 1831.
tinguished tle calmpaigns of 1795 and   KLOPSTOCK, FREDERIC TnEOPrIIILs,
1796 on the hline. Thle directory gave  one of the most celebrated of the Gerhim tile comml nd of tile army of the  man poets, was b. at Quedlinbulrg, in
Samnbre nndc Meuse, whiclh lie resigned  1724. After receiving a liberal educato Hoche, and for a time retired from  tion at his native place, lie was sent to
the service.  Bonaparte, however, who  study theology Pt Jena, where he lwrote
well knew the value of his talents, pre- a  greatpt part of his "Messiiah," which he
vailed upon him to join the expedition  published in 1757, at Leipsie. Though
to Egfypt. He was wlounded at the bat- this poem  underwent the ordeal of
tle of Alexlndria, but he marched into  severe criticism by some, it was adSyria, wher lie commlandted the corps muired by more; and Bodmer, with the
of observation duri-ing the siege of Acrc, Swiss in general, were loud in its praises.
and defeated the Turks in several ac- Ilopstock was invited into that country,
tions. When Bonaparte left Egxypt, lie  and while there the people recgrded himi
appointed Kleber connammtnll   chiefde r-ith  kind of veneration. IFrom thence
of the army; and he was aassssinated  he was called to Copenhagen, by the
by an Arab, June 14, 1800.            most flatterinl proiises, which were
KLEIST, CmRISTIxAN EWLeD VON, a anply] fulfilled. In 1771 he went to reGerman poet, was b. at Zeblin, in Pom- side at I-laburgh, as Danish legate, and
erania, in 1715.  After studying the counsellor from the court of Baden. -Ie
maahemtics, philosophy, alld law, at was twice married. MARGARET, his first
Konigsberg, lie entered into the Danish  wife, whom  ie married in 1754, and who
service, and next into that of Prussia, d. in 1758, was a woman of kindred




KNI]                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        553
genius and literary accomplishments. tist missionary, was b. st Kettering, in
-Among her productions are, " The       Northamptonshire, at tie beginning of
Death of Abel," a tragedy; and'"Let-    the present centuly.  Olriinally  ipters froml the Dead to tle Living."  I). prenticed to a printer at Bri!tol, he
1808.                                  offered, on thel death of his brother, to
KLUIT, ADRIAN, a Dutch historian, supply his place as a teaceler of a B:lptist
was b. at Dort in 1785; studied at school in Jamaica, and having repaired
Utrecht, and became professor of archte- thither in 1824, hle was in 1829 iappointed
ology and diplomatics at Leyden. Iis Ipastor of the mission church at 1'i1political opinions occasioned his removal mouth, wxhere his efforts to ameliorate
ifomr the chair in 1795; but in 1806, the condition of the negroes were amlply
under the regal governent, lie was     rewardedi by their gratitude towards
professor of sitl.stics. His chief work  him.  But these very efforts excited
is a history ot the political affrairs of such h-ostility amongr the planters, overHolland to 178;i. D. 1807.             seers, and others in the slave-lolding
KNAPP, S, ITrEL LORENZO, an Amer- interest, that when in 1832 a formidable
iean author. w/rl. wrote extensively on  slave insurrection was threatened, Mr.
various subjects, graduated at Dart- Knibb was not only compelled, despite
mouth collee, N. I., in tle year 1804:;his sacred calling, to serve in the militia
and was by profission a lawyyer. As    but was treatecl  ith marked indincity,
such lie acquired in the early part of his  and shortly afterwardls arr ested for belife a desirable eminence.  At differet ing implicated in tile threatened rebelperiods, he was anl inhabitant of New-  lion. In the absence of all evidence to
buryport, Boston, and New York. Hisr support a criminal prosecution he was
labors with his pien wele freequently for released, but his chapel and mission
means on which to subsist, and hence   premises having been burnt cdon durnalny of his productions carry with   ring the disturbances, lie resolved to
them  marks of haste. As a nan of proceed to England to explain all the
kind and benevolent feelings he will circumstances connected with Ihis mislong be remembered by his personal sion. Feeling that the tiime for nenfriends. D. at lRopkinton, Massachu- trality was passed, he now       boldly
setts, 1888.                           advocated the entire and immediaite
KNELLER, Sir GODnr1EY, an eminent abolition of slaverv; and it is not going
portrait painter, b. at Lubeck abut toa fr to f   say, that his stirring harangues
1648, was designed for a military life, throughoutt the country lhadl no uiimand sent to Leyden to study mathle- portant share in     bringing  about the
imatics and fortification, but showing a  emancipation act of 1833 1). in Jamaica,
decided bent for painting, was placed  1845.
under Bol and Rembranllit at Antstcr-    KNIGHT,     Er)Awn), i    celebrated
darn. Having visited Itally, where le  comedian, b. at Binrminhharlui, 1774:. Iie
studied with Carlo Mllaratti atnd Berlnini,  orlreloredl at Druryl-line iad  i:.t tle
he went to England in 1674, anld was Lyceun, till illnes,o nniicOd him to
lnulch patronized by Charles II., JaTmles  quit tire stagee. D1. 18261 —(:oon,  an
II., and William III., for the latter of ]n glishl plilosopher, awus educated at
whom he painted the beauties at Il-iap- Maragdalen college,  Oxford, -wlhere he
ton Court, and several of the portraits  took his degcree of bclielor of pbhysic
in the gallery of admirali. Itis coloring  in 1742. IHe piratised ill London, ald
is lively, true, and lharmonious; his    s as chosen a fellow of the toyal Society.
drawing correct, and his disposition   I-e published " An Attempt to demonjudcicious; he displays, however, a sin- strate that all the Phenomena in Nature
gular want of imagination in his  ic- may be explained by Attraction and
tures, the attitudes, the action, and  Rep)ulsion." —HENuRY GALLY, a distindrapery being tasteless, univarying, and  guished traveller and antiquary, was b.
ungraceful. IHe was in habits of inti-  1786. In 1814 he published a poem,
mnacy with   Pope  and   most of his   entitled "Europa Rediviva," and this
1eineit cotemiPOoraries; and, as lie   was followed at different intervals by
possessed a fund of hlumlor, andi was of  "Phrosyne, a Grecian Tale,"  Alashagay and convivial turn, hIis accaint- tor an Arabian Tale," andl " Hannibal
ance was eagerlysorught after. I-e con- in Bithynia."  But Mr. Knight's chief
tinned to practise his art till after he  title to fame consists in the zeal with
was seventy years of age, amassed a   which he devoted himself to the inveslarge fortune, and d. in 1723.         tigation of architectural history both at
KNIBB, WILLIAM, a celebrated Bap- home and abroad; and the firuit of
47




554                   CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         [Kn(!
which  he gave to the worldl ill an    permlission to retire into privqte life  In
"Architectural Tour in INortmalndy,"   1798, when our relations with FJrance
"The Normans in Sicily," and his last were assuming a cloudy aspect, he rwas
and greatest work, the "Ecclesiastical called upon to take a command in the
Architecture of Italy, &c. In 1824 lie  army, but the peaceful arrangeclment of
was for a short period M.'. for Ald- affairs soon permitted him to return into
boroughh; in 1830 he sat for MIalton; and  his retirement. D. at Tholmaton, Me.,
from 1835 down to his demise he was    1806.-JonHN, the great champion of the
one of the members for North Notts. Scottish reformation, wis b. 150I, at
D. 1846.- RICHlARD PAYNE,  a maan of   Gifford, in East Lothian, and;was eclufortune, and a patrlon of learning and  cated at Haddington and St. Aindlrew's.
the fine arts, was b. in 1748.  e devoted  Iie was converted friom  the Catliolic
a great portion of his time to the culti- faith by Wishart, and became a zealous
vation of classical literature, and the  preacher of the new doctrines. IHaving
elucicldation of the domestic mannlers of been compelled to take shelter in the
the ancients; while his splendid collec- castle of St. Andrew's, he fell into the
tion of ancient bronzes, medals, pic- hands of the Frncchl in July, 1547, and
tures, and drawings, in his lmuseumt at was carried awitli the garrison to France,
his house in Soho-squnare, gave suffici- wher e le remained a captive on board
ent proofs of his taste for every tling  of the galleys till 1549. Subsequent to
connected witlh tvirt.  The wlhole of his liberation he was, for a short time,
this valuable collection, w orth ~50,000, chalplain to Edward VI., after which he
he bequeathed to the British Museum, visited Geneva and Frankfort, and, in
Amongc his works are, "An Account 1-555, returned to his na.tive country..
of the Remaains of the AW;orship of Pria- After having for twelve montlis labored
pus," an " Analytical Inquiryiv into tle  actively and successfully to strenrgthlen'rinciples of Taste," " Proleigomena in  the Protestant catu:l in Scotland lie reHomerum," "The Landscape," a dci- visited Geneva, lwerle he remained till
dactic poem, and " Tle Progress of     1559. During his residence in Geneva,
Civil Society." D. 1824.-THoaAS, a1n 11e publishled his " First Blast of the
actor and dramatic writer, was a inative T'lruimpeot a gainst the m11onstrons Rcgiof Dorsetshire. I-e wrote " Thle Ilonest ment of Women;" a treatise which was
Thieves," "The Turnpike Gate," and     levelled against Milary of Eirlnncl, but
several other dramatic pieces. I) 1820'. whicl gave serious olfence to Elizlabeth.
KNIGHTON, HIENRYv an Enghlish his- F'rolm  April, 1559, when 11. one mnore
torilan, was a canaoni regular of Leicester andc finally set foot on Scottish earthl till
abbey, in the reign of Ricllard II., of  his decease, vwich took place Novemlber
whose deposition he wrote an accoiunt; 24, 1572, the reforlmed  church1 wasr trialso a chronicle fiom the Conquest to  umphnlll t, and hle was one of its m1aost
1695.                                  promlinent,'admRnled, and honored leadKTOXS IIENRY, an American.gen e,'l,  ers. Of his v.'oks tile priicipal is "A
was b. in Boston, 1750, and, after re — listory of the ReformaationI in Scotceivingo a common school education, nlad: tlhe fourth edition of it includes
comnienced business as a bookseller in  all his other writings.-VICESIAMUs, a dihis native towni. He early took a part vine and miscellhneous Nwr-iter, was b.
in the affairs of the revolution, tand -vas  1752; was educatetd at Merchant Tailors'
present as a volunteer at the bnttle of  school, and at St. John's collee, Ox3Bnker hiil. For his services in pro- ford; succeeded his father as head
cnrin sonme pieces of ordnance from the  master of Tunbridge school; hlel  that
Canatdian frontiers, he was intrusted by  situation for thirty-three years; obtaincongress with the command of the artil- ed the livings of Runwell and Ramslery-department, with the rank of brig- cden Crays, in Essex, and the clapelry
adier-gencral.  He was present, and    of Shipbourne, in Kent.  Aaionc   his
displayed great skill and couralre at the  original works are, "Essays, Moral
battles of Trefiton, Princeton, German- and Literary;  "Liberal Education;"
town, andl Monmoutilh, and contributedl " Winter Evenings;   " Persooal Nogreatly to the capttre of Cornwallis. bility;, "Christian Philosophy;" and
Immediately after this event le received  " The Spirit of D)espotism.i" He was the
from congress the commission of major- colnpiler of the "Elegant Extracts and
general. In 178.5 le succeeded General Epistles. D. 1821.
]Lincoln in tle office of secretary of war,  KOCH, CHaRISTOPIHE WILLIAM, a puband havinog filled this department for licist and historian, was b. at Bouxweileleven years, he obtained a reinctant ler, in Alsace, 1787; was educated at




EOS]                    YC1COPrADIA Ot    BTOGRAPHY.                  555
Strasburg, undcer Schoepflin; succeed- his writings have been repeatedly transed him as professor of public law; and  lated into English.
d. 1813, rector of the university of     KONINGSMIARK, MA'IAI AURORA,
Strasburg. Among his numerous and     countess of, xwas b. about 1678. She was
learned works are, "A. View of the equally celebrated on account of her
Revolutions of Europe " "An Abridged  personal charms and extraordinary taltHistory of Treaties o' Peace;" and  ents, and of the part which she per" Geiailoiceal Tables of the Sovereign  forined in politics. While a girl, she
Families ot Europe."                  wrote and spoke Swedish, German,
KOENIG, GEORGE MATTHIAS, b. at French, Italian, and En1lish; read the
Altorlf 1616, was the author of a Latin  classics in the orioinal h'had in exten" Biographical Dictionary," of consider- sive knowledge of history and geogable merit. D. 1699.-JOHANN GERARD, raphy; and even comnposed poems in
a physician of Courland, in Lithuania, Frenchl and Italian. She played on sevb. 1728, was a celebrated botanist, and  eral instruments, composed music, sang
travelled to the East Indies and other acnd painted with great skill; all whicli
countries, in pursuit of his favorite sci- accomplishments xere aided by a refined
cnce, keepin-r up a correspondence at wit and superior conversational powers.
the tiame with Linnaus, his old pre- Thus gifted and accomplished, she arceptor. D. 1785.-DANIEL,:1a native of rived, in 1694, in Dresden, with her two
Switzerland, was killed, in his 22d yeaur, sisters. The elector fill in love with her
at Franeker, by the mob, who in a. pop- at first sight; she yielded, appeared at
ular commotion, fell upon him under the court as his mistress, aind bore hiln a
supposition that lie was a French spy, son, the famous Marshal Saxe, to whose
as he had been heard to converse in that improvesment she consecrated the relangullage.  I-le translated into Latin  mainunder of her life. Though the passion
"Arbuthnot on Ancient Coins."-SAM- of the fickle king cooled, and another
UEL, his brother, was a good mathemnat- favorite supplanted the countess, he alical scholar, anld filled -the professor's ways remained in terms of fiiendship
chair at Franeker, in philosophy arid  witht her; and by his influence she was
ethics; but afterwards settled at the appointed, by the court of Vienna, nsuIIa gue, havilng been invited thither by  perintendent of Quecdlinbur, where she
the-prince of O3irange, who made him  his efl resided intil her deaeth, in 1768.
librarian. D. 1757.                      KOSCIUSZKO, THADDEUS, a Polish1
KOLLOCII, SHEPIIERD, a lieutenant general iand patriot, was b. 1746, in Liin the revolutionary war, who was at the tihuania, and was partly educated at tilhe
battles of Trenton, Short Hills, Fort Warsaw military school, vhere he exLee, &c., established the "New Jersey  celled in mathematics and drawing. I-e
Journal" in 1779, and the "New York   completed his studies in France. When
Gazetteer" in 1783, and was judge of the the American colonies threw off the
common pleas in Philadelphia, for 35 yoke of the mother country, Kosciuszko
years. D. 1839.                       entered into their service, and was made
KORNER, TIHEODORE, an eminent a colonel of engineers and aid-de-camp
poet, often called the German Tyrtoeus, to Washington. Returning to his ownv
was b. at Dresden, 1791; and, after corntry, he lived in retirement till 1789,
studyving at Leipsic, became a dramatist when the diet appointed himn a majorand secretary to the management of the  general. In the brief struggle of 1792
court theatre of Vienna. Beingf an en- le belhaved iwith distinguished valor;
thusiast for the liberty of Germanlly, lie but as soon as the fate of Poland was
entered as a volunteer in the Prussian  sealed, he retired into voluntary exile.
army, in 1812; signalized himself equal- He kept iup, however, a correspondence
ly by his bravelryand his martial songs; with the friends of liberty in his native
wias promoted tor his conduct at the land; and when, in 1794, the Poles rebattle of Lutzen; was afterwards twice solved to make one more effort to break
wounded; made a lieutenant; and fell their chains, they placed Kosciuszko at
in a skirmish with the French, in Meek- their head. He began his career by delenburg, August 26, 1813. His lyrical feating the Russian general, Deniso-ff, at
poems were published after his death, Raslavice.  But the enemy poured in
under the title of the "Lyre and Sword;,"  on atll sides, and at length, after havinc.
but innumierable ectitions of his works, for six months delayed the fall of Poland,
consisting of his dramas, poems, and  lie was wounded and taken prisoner, onl
other liteLrary remsains, have since been  the 4th of October, at the battle of Ma-;pubhlished in Germany, aeld many of   ceiowice. He was sent to St. Peters



556                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [Kh U
burg, andl ilica.rceriated till the acces- and Melancihthon, wh;sce portraits, as
sion of the Emperor Paul; whvo liberated  taken by him, are amongst the most inhim. The remaitining part of his exist- terestiln  memIorials of their age. D.
ence was spent in Anerica, France, nndl 155i.-LUCASs, his son, with ]who in h is
Switzerlanld, but chiefly in Fran ce..sometimes confouncled, gained great
at Soleure. October 17, 1817.         distinction in the same career, and d. in
KOTZEBUE, AUGUSTUS FREIDElRIi FER- 1586.
DINAND VoN, a German writer, was b.     KRANTZ, ALTBERi, a German histo1761, at Weimari and vwas educatecl at rian and philosopher of the 15th celJena and Duisboturlc. In his twentieth  triy; author of a Latin L' Chronicle of
year lie was invited to St. Petersburg, the Kingdloms of Denmark, )Swedel,
by the Prussian ambassador, and twas and Norway,' a'HIistory of the Anpatronized by Catharine, who raised him  cient Vandals," &c. His reputation as
from post to post, till lie became presi- ain able and upright diplomatist also
dent of the civil goverinment at Revel; was so well establislhe;l, that in a disa station which lie held for ten years. pute of a territorial nature, which ocFrom 1794 till 1800 lie resided, variously  curred between the courts of Holstein
occupied, in Germany. In t!ie latter and Denmark, the contending potenyear lie returned to Russia, but had no  tates agreed to abide by his arbitration.
sooner set foot oil its territory, than lie  KRASICKI, IGNATIUS, counlt of Sietwas seized and banisthed to Siberia. Tlhe  zei, prince-bishop of Warmia; &c., one
capricious tyrant Paul, soon, however, of the most illustrious of the Polish
recalled him, and took him into favor. literti, was b. it Dubiecko, in 1735.
In 1801 he nrgain quitted the land of tihe  When the first partition of' Poland, in
knout and of autocracy. Some subse- 1772, deprived him     of his senatorial
quent years were speiit in travelling, dignities, he turned his attention to litand the remainder of his lite in pourinug  erature, and prodlucec numlerous poems,
forth his innumerable literary produc- epic, nock-lheroic, and satirical.  He
tions, and talking a pat in politics. I-e  was much esteemed by Frederic the
is said to have iwritten many of the   Geeat, vwho took great pleasure in ]lis
Russian state papers and proclamantions. lively and most acreeable conversation.
The Emperor, Alexander, subsequently   Amoni his writings are, "The War of
umpployed him in various posts, and in  Choczim," "L t  laononmachiic, or the
1817 appointed him  his literary corre- War of tile Monks," "La Sourilade,"
spolndent in Germany. This invidious fibleg, odes, &c.  1801.
office Kotzebue is said to have filled in a  KRAUSS,. Joi-N BAPTST, a learned
manner hostile to the fieedom of his German ecclesiastic, and a most indenative country; and for this supposed fi itigable writer. le was 1. at Ratisbon,
crime lie was assassinated, on the 23d  in ]700; took tile monastic habit at ian
of March, 1819, by a youtthftil fanatic,  early age; became prince-abbot of the
named Sand.    Kotzebue undoubtedly    Benediictine monastery of St. Eimmeran
clisplayed genius in his wriitings; but in 1742; and presided there till his
they are vitiatedby much frivolity, imuch lde, th, in 1762. His works on theology,
bad taste, and, in imany instances, a more  history, trnd criticism are very numerthan doubtful morality. His dramas o ls.
number nearly three hundred. Aniong     KREUTZER, RODOLPH, a celebrated
his other works, are "A History of the  violinist and masical composer, was b.
German Empire," "A Iistory of An- at Versailles, in 1767. le travelled in
cient Prussia," ancd various Narratives  Germainy, Holland, and Italy; and havand Recollections of his travels.     inc established himself as one of the
KR ANACII, Luoxs, (whose proper filrst performers in Europe, lie was
namle was Sunder,) a distinguished    placed at the head of the orchestra at
painter was b. at Kranach, in Bamberg, the grand opera of Paris. He composed
1472. He was greatly patronized by    the ilmisic for the operas of " Lodoiska"
Frederic, elector of Coburg, whom he   "Joan of Are," "Paul and Virginia,"
accoimpanied on a journey through Pal-  "Charlotte and Werter," and some
estine in 1493, and soon afterwards others. D. 1831.
commenced his career as an historical    KRUDENER, JULIANA, Baroness VApainter, which, whether we consider the LERIE DE, a religious enthusiast, wans the
number or the excellence of his works, daughter of the Russian baron Vietinghas not been snupassed by any of his ho f, governor of Riga, where she was
countrymen. I-e was intimately asso- b. in 1766. At the age of 14 she mariated with the great reformers, Luther  ried Baron Krudener,- appointed a-l -




KrUY-]                CvCYOLOP.)IA OF BIOGL otAPi4Y.                 557
bassadorby Catharine II. to Berlin, and  to have acquired the faculty of foresubseqnently to Venice. Here the sIre- knowledle, and of holding conmmunionl
tary of legation fell in love with her, with invisible spirits; but while traveland conmmitted suicide; on which event ling through Russia, where some of his
she wrote a romance, entitled " Vale- prophecies were distastefiul to the govrie."  For. ye,-s she resided in France, eminent, lie was brought to thle stake,
and was the gayest of the gay in tle  and suffered with all the fortitude of a
Parisian circles. At lengcth she became  iwartyr, in 1689.
a fanatical devotee, and wandered from  KUNCKELL, JOHu, an        eminent
state to state, preaching and prophesy- chemist, b. at Huysum, in Sleswick, in
in:g. In 1814 she became acquainted   1630, distinguished himself by several
with Alexander, emperor of Russia, important discoveries, especially by the
who had already for some time shown'  extraction of phosphorus from  urine.
disposition to religious contemplations, le was ennobled by the king of Slweden,
and on whomn her conversations had a    and made counsellor of mines. D. 1703.
great influence.  In Paris, she had    KUSTEIE, LUDOLPH, a learned Gerpraycr-meetings, attended by distin- man writer, and one of the first Greek
guished persoiiaaes, where she was seen  and Latin scholars of the age, b. at
in the backgroundc of a suite ot rooms, Blombero, in 1670. He visited the prinin the dress of a priestess, kneeling in  cipal libiraries in Europe, chiefly with
prayer. Her predictions excited much  the view of collating the manuseripts of
attention; and when the allied sover- Suidas, and was successful in restoring
eigns quitted Paris, she retreated into  many portions before unpublished. D.
Switzerland, where she preached the 1716.
approach of the millenniuti, and drew   KUTTNEI, CHARLES GOTLOB, a Geraround her multitudes of the credulous man traveller, b. in Saxony, in 1775;
mountaineers, who listened to, and be- studied at Leipsic and Basle; and travlieved in, her mission. At length the ellec, as tutor to young Englislamen,
states interfered, and she emoved to througch most of the countries of EuGermany; but wherever she arrived, rope. His works comprise " Letters on
she was ulnder the surveillance of the Ireland," "Letters of a Saxon in Switpolice, who ultimately transported her zerland," "Travels in Germiany, Dento the Russian frontier. She was, how- mark," &c., and "Observations on
ever, ordered not to co to Petersburg  England."' D. 1805.
or Moscow; she accordingly visited tle  KUTUSOFF SMOLENSKOI, or KUCrimea, where she d. 1824.            TUSOW,.M    HAmmEL, prince of, a celeKRUMMIACIIHEI, FziEDEIc      ADOL- brated Lussian field-miarshal, was b. in
PHUS, a German relioious writer, whose 1745 and educated at Strasburg. HIe
"Parables " and many other works are entered the army in 1759; served in
well known in. England, was b. at Teck- Poland from 1764 till 1769, and afterlenburg in 1768; anid became successive- wards against the Turks under Romanly minister of Orefeld, Kellwick, and  zoff. He behaved with great gallantry
Bernberg, and ended a longr and useful at the siecre of Oczacoff, where lie was
career as an efficient preachemr and wri- dangerously wounded, and on his recovter at Bremen, 1845, here lie had la- cery lie joined Suwarrow at the storumbored for 21 years.                   ing and capture of Ismailoff, when he
KRUNITZ, JonN GEORGE, a German      was advanced to the rank of lieutenantpliysician and natural philosopherm, was general. In tihe subsequent Polish war,
b. at Berlin, in 1728; studied at Gottin- he was particularly conspicuous during
gen, Halle, and Frankfort-on-the-Oder; tlme memorable day of Praga. In 1805
devoted his whole life to literary pur- the emperor Alexander gave him time
suits on his return to his native city, chief command of the first ERussian
and d. in 1796. He produced an extra- corps against the French, and he headed
ordinmar  number of works, tihe most -the allied army at Aisterlitz, where lie
collsiderableof wxhichis an "Economico- was wounded. In 1810 andi 1811 lie
technological Encyclopaedia," which he obtained several advantages over the
comimenced in 1778. He had completed  Turks: and, in 1812, when 70 years of
73 volumes, and had just reached the ace, the chief command of the Russiuan
article "Leiche,' a corpse, when his amimy, destined to oppose Napoleon, was
procresas was arrested by deauthi     bestowed upon himn. To commemorate
KUHLMAN, QUIRINUS, a fanatic, and   his victories, lie received the surname
probably a mgdman, of the 17th centu- of Smnolenskoi. He d. in 1813.
ry, b. at Breslau, in 1651. He pretended  KUYP, or CUYP, ALBERT, a eele47*




558                   CY'CLOPREDIA OF BIOGtRAPHY.                     [LAB
brated painter, whose father was an able the " Musnum  Minerv e;" was the
landscape painter, was b). at Dort in  translator of Chaucer's "Troilus and
1606. He particularly excelled in the Cressida" into Latin, and author of
purity and brilliancy of lig0ht; and was  " Leoline and Sydanis," &c. D. 1642.
not surpassed, even by Claude, in an    KYRLE, JOHN, celebrated by Pope
accurate representation of the atmo- as the Man of Ross, was b. at Whitesphere, and of tle various effects of sun- house, in Gloncestershire, and possessed
shine or shade upon the objects de- an estate of ~500 a year at Ross, in
lineated. His paintings are all highly  Herefordshire, where he c. in 1754, age
finished, and many of them grace the 90. The good deeds of this estimable
principal collections in Great Britain. man so hliolly eulogized by Pope in his
I). 1667.                             "Moral Essays," do not appear to be
KYNASTON, Sir FANCeIs, an English   overrated. Warton says, Kyrle was the
poet, b..at Otley, in Shropshire, in 1587. Howard of his age, and that'he deserved
He was knighted by Charles I., became  to be celebrated beyond any of the here ent of a literary institution, called  roes of Pindclar.
L.
LABADIE, JOHN, a French enthu-       Perpignan, but the French being obliged
siast, was b. in 1610, at Bourg, in    to abandon it, she renounced the miliGuienne. He was originally a Jesuit;   tary service, and devoted herself to
but fromn his licentiousness and scan- literature and poetry.  A rich ropedalous practices, he was compelled to  maker, named Ennemond Perrin, bequit that society, and seek an asvlmn  came enamored of her, and married
amnong the Protestants. From these he  her, and from that time her house was
was also driven out, and forced to retire  the resort of the literati, and men of
to Middleburg, where he propounded a   rank and fashion. She was much adnew doctrine of belief, and by his im-  mired for her talents, accomplishments,
posing eloquence obtained many fol-    and beauty.
iowers. The looseness of his private     LA  BEIDOYERE, CHARLES ANGElife, however, lost him  manny of hisi LIQUE FRANCOIS HiUoIIET, count de, a
sect, and he was at length obliged to  noted general, b. at Paris 1786. He
retire to Altona, in Holstein, where he  served as an officer in the imperial
d. 1674.                              guards at tle battle of Eylau, and in
LABAT, JEAN BAPTITE, a Dominican     1808 and 1809, was aid-de-camp to
missionarvy, was b. in Paris, in 1663. He  Eugene Beauharnois. He was in the
possessed great mathematical knowl- retreat fiomn Moscow, and in 1818 disedge; and while in America, where he   tinguished himself at the battles of
remained twelve vears, he acted as an  Lutzen and Bautzen. On the abdication
engineer in   defence of Guadaloupe    of Napoleon, he was, in 1815, appointed
when attacked by the English in 1703. to a regimncnt stationed at Grenoble; but
On his return to Europe in 1708, he    immediately on the return of the French
acecrately surveyed the environs and   emperor from Elba, La Bedoyere, was
coast of Andalusia; soon after travelled  the first to bring him a regiment. -He
into Italy and other parts, and finally  was rapidly promoI ted, and eventually
returned to Paris, where he d. in 1738. raised to the peerage; but being found
l-Ie wrote many works, the chief of in Paris after its occpattion by the allied
which  are Ihis "Voyage aux lies de    army, he was tried by a court-martial,
l'Amnerique," "Travels in Spain and    and suffered death, August, 1815.
Italy," a  l"Description of the Countries  LABERIUS, DECIMUS JUNTrs, a Roof Western Africa," &c. m&an knight, rwho wrote " Mimes, or
LABE, LouISA, called " La belle Cor-  Short Pieces for the Stage;" one of
diere," ewas b. at Lyons about 1526. which Julius Cesar compelled him to
Her early educationrlhaving been directed  periform, much against his inclination,
to riding and military exercises, as well and for wvhich reason lhe delivered at
as to langsuagesl and mlusic, she acquired  the same time a prologue, full of satire,
a taste for military olory, and entered  against that great man. This piece is
the army il 1543. She soon displayed   extant in Aulus Gellius. D. 46 B. C.
her strength and courage at the siege of  LABROUSE. SUXSANNE b. in 1743,'~^~"'~Z   v -— ~ ~V~-  -3  — ~ ~ —-  0 --




LAF].                 CYCLOPCEDImA OF BIOGRAPHIi.                      559
one of the extraordinary characters pro- professor of rhetoric in Nicomcdia.
duccd by the French revolution. She Shiuhequently he wns appointed'tutor to
prochliiimd herself a prophetess at that Crispui, the son of Constantine, wNho
periodl, fneied herself inspired, and  dying not long after, Lactantins was
perslu defii many of the Jacobin party to  neolected. t lo wrote inany worl'ks in
credit her ravings, after the enthusiast, vindication of C1histianlity, filoml the
Don Serle, had declared her prophecies beautiful style of which Ie lhas been
true in the constituent assemblsy. She  honored with the nmne of the Christian
published them in 1f99.               Cicero. His principal works are, "InIACARRIY, GILES, a learned French  stitutiones DiivnlT  and a treatise, " De
Jesuit, was b. in 1605. IHe was well Persecutione."
skilled in history, ancd taughlt philosophy  LACY, JouN', a dramatic writer, was
and theology. Ainmong his numerous b. at Doncaster, and bred a clancinworlks are,  HistoriaO Ga.lliarnm  snb  master; this employment he quitted for
Prmlectis Pritorii Galliarnm," "His- the army, but subsequently he took to
toria Romana," "De Regibus Franicie the staoe; in which line he acquired such
et Lege Saliea," &c. D. 1684.         celebrity as a comedian, that Cliarles
LACOMBE, JAMES, a French miscel- II. had his portrait painted in three
laneous writer, was b. at Paris in 1724. cifferent characters. lie wrote the comHe published several useful abridgments edies of "'The Dumb Lady," "Sir
of hlistories. His best work, however, Hercules Buffoon," "Old Troop," and
is "H-istoire de Christinee  ie   de   " Sawney the Scot."  D. 1681.
Suede."-DE PREZEL IINORE, brother       LAER, PETER DE, a celebrated painter,
of the above, was b. at Paris, in 1725. usually called Bimboecio. IIe was b.
IIe published a " Dictionnaire de Cit- in 1613, at Laaren, in Holland. After
yen," "Dictionnaire de Jurisprudence,"  studying the art at Roine, and increasing
andt oter works.                      his knowledge of it by an acqulaintance
LACRETELLE, PIERoE        Louis, a nitlh Poussiln andc Claude, lie returned
French writer, was b. at Metz, in 1751. to IIolland, in 1638, whler e he njoved
He was at counsellor of parliament, one  unrivalled celebrity, till he was cornof the editors of the "G rand Repertory  pelled to shiare it with W5ouvermans.
of Jurisprudence," and of the " Mer- In energy of toulhi, in the manageinent
cure de France ";'and in 1787 he was of thIe chiaro-oscuro, and in fertility of
appointed  member of a committee       invention, lie excelled his rival, but not
cihareld wnithi the reformation of the  in neatness and delicacy of pencil; yet
penal code. 5lihen the revolution took  the competition so much affected his
place, Lacretelle etnbraced its principles  prosperity, that in a fit of despondency
witll moderation, andl st in the legisla- le drowned himself in a well, in 1763,
tive assembly; but during the reign of  wheln 60 ears of age.
Robespierre he found it necessary to    LAFAYETTE, GILBERT MoTT ER, marretire from public duty. Ile afterwaNrds quis de, wans b. 1757, at Chavagnae, in
appeared for a short time, butt held no  Auvergnc. At tile aoe of 17 he inarried
ofmicial situation, and dclrilln the impe- the grancd-dacglliter of the duke of Noarial and regal governments he devoted  illes; and, altholughi he inhrietecld a lare
limhself  s wholly to literary  piursuits. fortune, was of high rnk, and had poivAmlonl his writinlis lare, "Eloquence  erful connections at court, he came, In
Judiciaire et Plilosophlie Leegisative,"  1777, to join the war of independence in
" Roman Thatral,'" "Portraits at Ta- Amcrica.    -Ie raised and equlippedi a
bleaux," &c. D. 1824.                  body of men at his own expense; foluht
LACRUX Y CANO, Doln RAXMONDE, as aS volunteer at the battle of Brandva famous Spanish dramatic poet, b. in  winie, in 1778; at that of Monlmouth in
1728, and d. in 1795. Among his best 1778; and received the thanks of conpieces 1re, " El Slleno," 44El dia dce gress. Ile then proceeded to France, in
lochle Buena," "El Temo, &c.          order to obtain reinforcenments; reteurned
LACTANTIUS, LucIus CCELIUS, or with the Rm amaments under General RoC(ECILTANTS FIRMInANUS,  an  eminenlilet chambeau; anld commanded WVashing-L
filther of tile church, was by some es- ton's vaniulard at tlIe time of the su'teemed ani African, and lby others a render of Lord Coriwall-His, inl 1782. The
native of Feorro, in Anconi. IIe stud- capitutlation of Yorktown followed, and,
ied rhetoric undler Arnobius, and by  on the peace with tie motlher country,
his production, entitled " Symposium,'  tlhe general returned to Francee.  le
or the " Bouquet," lie obtained such re- was elected a mlember of the notables in.
novn, thliat Diocletian appointed him  1787, and, on the breaking out of tim




560                    CYCLOP.,DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [LAF
revolution, he todk part with the fliends was b. at Paris, in 1715. She  istinof liberty, though with wise llolderation.  nishec herself by her opposition to the
In October, 1789, hle was made coln-    Irench philosophers of the last centrny,
mander-in-chief of the national g.tard, with whonm her mother had been conanld ordered and assisted in the ctemoli- nected, and by her literary talents gention of the Bastille. On the 6th he    erally.  In 1771 she wals appoilted
mnarched to Versailles, saved the royal grand-mistress of the burlesque order
fanily from the outrages of the mob, of the Lauturelns, while its tounder,
and placed them under the protection  her friend, tlhe mnrquis de Croismatre,
of the tntional assembly. In 1790 lie  was grand-mnaster. Tills whimlsical inproclaimed the " sacredness of the right stitution obtained'so much eclat, that it
of insurrection," and established, in  was esteemed an honor by several sovconjunction with Bailly, the club of   ereign princes to becotme Lauturelus.
Feuillans. On tlie attemlpted escape of  She d. in 1791, and left many posthuLouis XVI., Lafayette lost some of his mous writings.
popularity, through being accused of     LAFITAU, JosEPi FltANciS, a French
conniving at it; but, dissipating these  Jesuit, was b. at Bordeaux, and sent
calumnies, he fought against tle emi- as a miassionary amlong the North Amergrants and allies in Flanders; and mn- ilea Itndians. On his return to Europe
tual accusations of counter-revolution  lie wrote a work, entitled " Mceurs des
passed between hin    andi Diumoutriez  Sauvages Ame6ricains comnpariees nax
and Collot d'iIerbois. IHe returned to  Mceirs  es plreniers Telips,"    and
Paris to denounce thelm, ad(l to protest anotler on the possessions and discovagainst the violence offered to the lking. ejies of the PortuLauese ii the New
But the Mountain was too strong forl   \orld.. 1740.-PETEiR   FRANCIS, brohim; he was burnt in effigy on the 30th  ther of the above, and a Jesuit, was
of June, 1792; and, being obliged to   also b. at Bordeaux.  lie was sent onl
escape from France, fell iito the lhands  a mlission to Rome to arlrane the cisof the Atstrilans, who imprisoned himi  putes of France, respecting the bull
at Olmitz.   There e li  emained five  Unigenitus, and while there lie obtained
years, till after Bonaparte's first tri- favor with the pope, Clement IX., who
miplihantt caimpaigtn of Italy, when, on  madce him bishop of' Sisteron, iIn Prothe special demand of the latter, lie was vence. lHe left tle society of Jesus to
set at liberty. Laflayette, however, was preside over his diocese, aid d. in 17641.
consistent: when Napoleon became anl lIe wrote many reliious works, amongr
apostate from liberty, lie voted against wlich were the " Iistory of the Conthe consulate for life, and. withdrew  stitution Unigenittus,' and the  Life of
from public affairs. But, afte the battle  Pope Clement IX.  In thle latter he
of Waterloo, he reappeared to protest speaks much against Jansenism.
against a dictatorship; and, havinl sub-  LAFITTE, JACQUES,     a celebrated
seqitently proetedted aa1inst the cissolu- French banker ancd financier, was b. in
tion of the leg'islative body by PrussianL 1798. Having obtained employment in
bayonets, again withdrew to his estates, a banaking house, he rose from a clerk
till he was returned, in 1818, deputy for  to be cashier, partnerl, and, at length,
the department De la Sarthe. In 1821   head of the miost eminent banik in
he'ma de a visit to America, and wtras France. Possessed of this conspicuous
received with cistinction and cnthu- position, and of great weallth, he speedsiasml, as joint founder of Alnerican  ily becaime a nememlber of tle chamber
liberty with Washington and Frankllin. of deputies. HIis advocacy of ext remely
The iuncostitutional violence and ordi- liberal principles reanderel him so popnances of Charles X., in June, 1830, uilar, that when Cliies X. was driven
brought Lafayette on the stage Lagaill, ill fiom t' tthre onLe, and thie )reat majority
the character withl which he commenced  of the public men of the dlay were for
hi;s career-that of commander-in-chief  establishingt a republic, M. Lahtte, by
of the national uard and the advocate his word alone, made the citizen king.
and supporter of a citizen king. Hie   But the commercial calamities vhich
soon afterresigned the command; and    followed the revolution fell so heavily
having seetn ouis Philippe recognized  upon gareat hiouses which were indebtedl
as king of the French, he once more    to Lafitte, that his house, too, became
retired to domestic lite.. D. 1834.    insolvent. Nearly a mlillion mad a hal-f
LA FERTE 1MBAULT,       MAPRLA TtE- of francs were raised for him by a public
RESA, GEIOFFIRTN, marchioness de, daugh- subscription; bet when his affairs were
ter of the celebrated Ma danme Geoffrin, finally -.ttled, he was found to have




LAI]                 CYCLOePiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       561
nearly seven millions after paying all published many classical works, and
demands. D. 1844:; aged 76.          left in MS. a collection ill 30 vols., haLAFONTAINE, AUGUSTUS tHENRY         ing for its object the justification of his
JULIUS, a celebrated German romance order from all, the odious imputations
writer, was b. at Brunswick, in 1756. that had been cast upon it.
Amono his numerous works of fiction     LAGRANGE, JosEPrr Louis, a celeare, ";lanche and Minna, or the Man- brated mathematician, was b. iat Turin,
ners of the Burghers," " Moral Sys- in 1736. At the age of 16 he became a
terns," "The Country Clergyman, or professor in the royal school of artillery,
new Family Pictures," and i" Clara du  where he formed an association, which
Plessis and Clairaut, or the History of  afterwards rose to the rank of an acadtwo Lovers."  D. 1831.                emy of sciences. Here he made many
LAGERBRING, SUEN, a Swedish his- important discoveries, particularly. in
torian, was b. in 1707. He was professor calculating the motion of fluids and in
of history in the university of Lutnd, in  vibrations, introducing also the theory
Scania. His chief works are a history  of recurring consequences and the doeof Sweden, in 1457, and an abridgment trine of chances to the differential caldown to modern times. D. 1788.        culus, &c.  -IHe communicated to the
LAGERLOEF, PETER, historiographer society a number of papers, and some
of Sweden, in the 17th century, and   to the Academy of Paris, of which he
professor of rhetoric at Upsal, was an  was chosen a foreign member. While
eminent classic scholar. He wrote an  on a visit at Paris le wrote his celebrahistorical description to accompany a ted work, "Me6chanique Analytique."
collection of national monuments, called  In 1766 he removed to Berlin, where he
"Suecia Antiqua et Hodernia," at the was appointed director of the academy;
desire of Chailes XI., and published nu- and in 1787 he settled at Paris, and bemerous historical dissertations, among  came successively professor of the Norwhich was "I istoria Linguae Gracze,"  mal school and Polytechnic school. He
" De Magno Sinarum    Imperioe," &. there announced his "Fonctions AnaD. 1699.                             lytique," and pursued other literary
LAGERSTROEM, MAGNUS VON, a labors till his health giving way under
philosopher of Sweden, and director of' this fatigue, he d. 1813.
the Swedish East India Company, was     LAtARPE, JEAN FRANCOIS DE, a
b. at Stockholm, in 1696. His youth   French dramatic poet, was b. in 1793.
was spent in Germany and Denmark, His father was an officer in the army,
and on his return home he applied him- and dying in indigence, the son was
self to trade, which, however, he soon  taken into the college of liarcourt by
relinquished. lie wrote a dissertation  the president, M. Asselin; but lost the
on political economy, and translated  favor of his patron by a satire, of which
many French, Germlan, and Danish      lie was suspected to be the author.
works. Appointed director to the East After a confinement for some time he
India Company of Gottenburg, he con- was set at liberty; but it disgusted him
siderably promoted scientific researches, with his situation, and he resolved to
especially in natural history, many novel trust to his talents as an author for supspecimiens of which, at his instance, port. In 1763 he wrote his tragedy of
were procured from abroad. D. 1759.   "Warwick," which met with great sueLAGNY, THOMAS FAUTET DE, an enmi- cess. This was followed by " Timoleon,"
nent French mathematician, was b. at "Pharamond," and some others not
Lyons, in 1660. I-le wrote many works equally successful. But when his series
on mathematics, and made many im- of Elogies appeared, they gained him
portant improvements and discoveries. great credit, particularly one on Henri
Among his works may be mentioned,'Quatre. During the fury of the revolu"New and Concise Methods for the Ex- tion, thou'gh he embraced the principles
traction and Approximation of Roots,"  of republicanism, the moderation of his
" The Cubature of the Sphere," " A    views rendered him an object of suspigeneral Analysis, or Method of Resol- cion, and he was thrown into prison in
ving Problems," &c. D. 1784.          1793. Though sentenced to deportation,
LAGOMARSINI, JEROME, a learned' he regained his liberty, and lived in reJesuit and philologist, was b. at Genoa, tirement till the time of his death, in
in 1698. Ie was professor of rhetoric 1803. His principal work is "Lyceum,
at Florence 20 years, and in 1750 he was or a Cornwlete Course of Literature."
appointed professor of Greek in the col-  LAINEZ, ALEXANDER, a native of
lege at Rome, where he d. in 1773. He France, remarkable for his poetical jeux




562                   CYCLOPEDIA OF 131iUrfRAPHY.                      [LAL
d'e.sprit, was b. at Chlilay, in 1650. volume of that autl.hor's History of EnArter' reccivin lhis education at.lheims,'landc. His chilef work, however, was
she visited Pilis, land then journeyed at  I History of Scotland.'" ie also edited
throun!l Europe and Asia. On his re- a new edition of the poems of Ossian,
tulrn, he took up his abode in the French  and d. in 1819.
capitil, till his deatli, in 1710.-JAxes,  LAIRESSE, GERARD, an eminent hisa    Spinish ecclesiastic, and associate of  torical painter, was b. at Liege, in 1640.
thoe famous lgnatins Loola, was  w   b. 151f2. H1e surpassed hii,s; father under whom he
At tle ideath of Loyola he became gen- studied, and obtained such renown, as
eral of the Jesuits, fnd induced the pope  to be considered the Raphacl of the Dutch
to grant hitm i nanyv privileges. He ob- school. IIe also well understood musio
tained the papal deccee for rendering the  and engraving. He lost lis sight some
oeneralship perpetual in the person cho- time befoire his death, and d. at Amstersen to fill it, and giving him tile power dam, in 1711. His chief-d'aivre is a large
of iallinig any and every compact with- picture of the child Moses tralpling on
out conslltinp the brethren;  lso for the eEgyptian diadeln-ERNEsST JoI-i,
giving autlhenticitv to all his cornlelnts  and JAMis, the tlhree brothers of thie
and explanations of their constitutions; above, also obtaineLl soml1e e-minence in
and, likewise, foll havlinl prisons ilde- the art; the two forl er excelled in anipendent of the secular aulthority, whlere mral painlting. and the latter in flowers.
he miaihtpl unish the refractory brethren. -rTwo sons of Gerard also practised the
D. 1565.                               art, but with very inferior pretensions
LAING, ALEXANDlER, an antiquarian    to eminence.
and miscellaneous writer,   was b. in    LAIS, a celebrated courtesan, was b.
Aberdeen, in 1778. He latterly ftlowced  at Iyyecara, in Sicily. She possessed
the calling' of anr itinerant vendor of old  great personal charms, a ndl at Corinth
books; a'nd bein a man of much lhutor sold her favors at a most extravagant
~anmd eccentricity, lie gained admnission, price. She was assassinated 850. c.
in tile course of his peregrinations, to  LALANDE, JosiEri JEil.ol LE FRANthe archives of several houses, which  CAms DE, a celebrated astrononmer, was s.
have since been found shut aainst mIlore  at Bourg, in France, in 1782. Ee slhowed
pretelding investigators. The inform- an early preference for mathematical
ation tlus acquired he turned to good  studies, but was educated for the law.
account, in the "Donean Tourist,' in htis intimacey, however, with astronoverse,  with copious notes, givingl an  me'lrs and other men of science led him.
account of the battles, castles, families, to pursue the early bias of his disposigentlemen's seats, &c., on the banks of  tion, and it was not lonl  before the
the river o Don; and "TC The Caledonian  Academy of Sciences deputed him to go
Itinerary, or a Tour on the Banks of   to Berlin, to lmalke observations for dethe Dee," a poem, with historical notes, termining the palmrallax of the moon, and
EIe was also the colpiler of the "Ec- its distance from the earth. On his recelntri Magazine,' which contains many  turn home, le was nominated astrmCiocurious iand vWl.imsiical epitaphs gleaned  lner, extended his researches in the
from various churclyardc in Aberdeen-  science of the heavenly bocies, and
shire, 1822, D. 1838.-ALEXANDER GOR- turned his attention to gnomonics. In
DON, a traveller, was b. in Edinburgh, 1760, on the rescignation of Maraldi, Lain 1794. HIe served in tle army many   lande undertook the editorship and
years, botlh in the West Indies and on  publication of the "Connaissance des
the. western coast of Africa; whlile at the  Temps."  Shortly after, lie succeeded
latter place he madce many fiuitless jour- Delisle as professor of astronomy at the
neys iilto the interior to establish  corn- college de France,; whle  successive
mlereial intercourse with the natives, treatises, talented c.ind voluminous, proand to learn the geography of the coun-  ceeded fromn  his pe, much to the
try. HIe wavs coiLmelleld, however, to  advanlcemelnt of astronomical science.
leave Tillbuctoo, andl the arullc!d he hired  Among these mention must be made of
to proteet himn on his route by Sceo to  the very valuable "Traite de l'Astrothe coast, treacherously nurdereld him, nomie.   D. 1807.- MICIAEIL RICIIARD
1982. —-MAkLCOLar, a Scottish historian, DE, a celebrnted French mlusicianl b. at
was b. at Stryorey, in Orkney, in 1762. Paris, in 1;657.:Ie attained to great
I-le finished his education at the Ecdi- perfection on various instrumlents, parburn'll university, and lwas subsequently  ticllarly on tlie violinl, and was appointed
called to the bar. On the death of Dr. master of music in the chapel royal, by
Henry he: complCte1 t the unfinished   Louis XIV. D. 1726.




LAM]                   CYCLOPPDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        563
LALLY, TOMAAs ARTHUR, Count, an       " Essay on the Life of the Earl of Straf
Irish officer, attached to the house of  ford, the Minister of Charles I.;" and a
Stuart, and in the service of France. trapecly on the- fill of that nobieman.
His bravery at the battle of Fontenoy  D.1s3'0.
was rewarded by the appointment of       LALUZERINE, CESAR WILLI.AM DE,
brigadier-general; and in 1756 he was  Cardinal, was b. at Paris, in 1788. Havmade governor of Poncicherry.    This ing obtained orders in 1762, le was
town wvis soon after besieged by the   soon after elected agent-general of the
ritishl; and unable to withstand their French clergy.   In 1770, Louis XV.
assalts, he surrendered, and with the  nominated lhim to the see of Langres;
garrison was madeCe prisoner.  Ile was  and, int 1773, he pronounced his miIaesconveyed to England, but was soon      ty's funeral sermon. On the brealing
liberatel and permitted to return to   out of the revolution hIe advocated many
trance..On arriving in that eountry, patriotic measures for the  elicef of his
public clamor lran so high against him,  country, but was soon comnpelled to quit
that he w1 as beheaded, in 1 66.-TOLLEN- it. Under the governcment of'Napoleon
DAL, mnarquis de, son of the preceding, he returned home; and, in 1814, le
was b. att Paris in 1751, and was edca- was invited by the hing to reesslume
ted at the college of Harcourt. Tlhe ex-  his rank of cuke and peer. Shortly
penses of his education awere defrayed  after lie was made a cardinal, and in
by his cousin the Countess Dillon and  1822 lie d. His works, theological and
by Louis XV., who thus endeavored to   political, are numerous and able.
make some atonement for the inisfor-     LAB3, Lady CAPOLNINE, dalughter of
tune which lie incurred throtuhl the   the earl of Besboroutgh, tlcl wife of the
fate of his fatler. Promptec  b-y filial IHon. Wiilliam Lamb, afterwards Lord
feelin g, he wrote, when only 15, a Ltin  Melbourne, was distinulished for her
poem oil the story of John Calas, -who  literary talents and the decided part she
had been sacrificed to the fury of a mob; took in political affairs, particularly at
and when lie had attained a more natutre  the time hler brother-in-law, the lon.
age, 1e warmly exerted himself to re- Geo. Lamb, was a candidate for Westtlieve from obloquy the memory of his  minster, awhen she personally canvassed
father; and in 1783 he regained posses- the electors, and made herself the subsion of ills paternal estates. Previously  ject of great notocriet. She possessec
to the ievoluition, he was captain in tlhe  a mnasculine mind, and waas on terms of
regiment of cuirassiers; and in 1789 lie friendship withl several literary eharacwas nomitatecl cleputy from the nobility  ters, but mtore especially vwith Lord
of Paris to tile states-general.' He soon  Byron, for whom  she entertained an
became one of the most popular metn- attachment fatal to her domestic felicity.
bers of the constituent alsselnbly, gave  Several of her poetical pieces appearedc
his support to the declaration of the in the newspapers atnd periodical jourRights of Man proposed by Lafayette,   nals; and site wrote the bnovels of " GleanC  subsequently   suggested  as an   narvon,"   "Grahalm   iHamilton,  and
mnendment, thaat ll citizens should be  "Ada Eeis."   D. 1828.-CHiARLES, an
eligible to public emaploylments, vwhiich  essayist, poet, and miscellaneous writer,
was adopted by acclamation.   -Ie pub- was b. in London, in 1775, an[d edulished a iorik, entitlecd "Q.uintus Capi- cated at Christ's hospital. In 1792 he
tolinus," in which he retraced the oper- obtained ai situation in the accountint's
ations of the national assembly, pointed  office of tile East India Company, where
out the fialts of the constitution, aid  lie remained 35 years, till 1li salary had
condemned the suppression of the lhigher gradually risen. to ~700; when lie wAas
orders of tle state. lHaving returnedto  allowed  a retiring pension  of ~450,
France in 1792 he was arrested, and    which he continued to enjoy till his
sent to tlhe Abbaye, but havino fortu- death. He began his literary career in
nately escaped amnidst the massacres 1797 as a poet, in conjunction with his
whichi toolk place in the prisons in Sep- friends Coleridge andc Lloyd, their three
ternber, lhe e f'ectad his retreat to En- namaes appearing to one volume; and
glandi, where lie obtaiined a pension friom  subsequently the attention of the pubthe gaoverinment. Al/en Bontaparte be- lie was for severial years called to his
caine consul,. he retlurned to France,  occasional Essays, signed' Eli," which
wh!ere he resicded till the restoration of  werle published in vrious periodiicals
the Bourbons, in! 1814.   Ie wrote a   and afterwards collected and printed.
work, entitled "The Defence of the. ln 1808 hle published "Speciimens of
Emigrants,'- published in 1796; also an I English Dramatic Poets Tho lived about




564                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LLAI
the time of Shakspeare: with Notes," liament to their seats.  Subsequently,
&c. Besid les these, he'wrote "Rosa- however, acting in opposition to the
mund Gr-ay," a tale "John Woodvill," qparliament, General Monk marched fiornom
ta tragedy;, "Album Verses," "Tales Scotland to meet him. Ils troops defrom -Shakspeare," "The Adventures serting, he was compelled to submit,
of Ulysses," &c., in some of which he and was confined a prisoner in the
was assisted by Mary Lamb, his sister, Tower.   Escaping  thence, he again
with whom   he lived.   Ills writings quickly appeared in arms, but was dewere select rather than numerous; and  feated, and retaken. At the restoration,
his manner of treating' the subjects he was brought to trial; but his subwhich his fancy suggested was at once missive demeanor gained him a reprieve,
piquanlt, terse, and playful. D. 1834.  and he was banished for life to the isle
LANIBALLE, MARIE TI ERESE LOUISE     of Guernsey. He here lived upwards of
DE SAVOIE CARIGNAN, princess de, was thirty years, animusing his leisure with
b. at Turin, in 1749, and was married to  horticiulture and flower-painting, and is
the duke of Bourbon Penthiwvre, whom   said to have d. a Catholic.-JoHN HENRY,
she soon lost by death. She was super- an emninent mathematician and astronointendent of the household of Marie rmer, was. b. at Mulhausen, in 1728.
Antoinette, queen of France, to whom   Compelled to follow his father's employshe was remarkably attached. After ment as tailor, for his support, night
the flight of the royal family to Varennes  was the only time his poverty afforded
she departed for England; but hearing  him for study, till 1748, when he becalie
of the imprisonment of her royal mlis.- tutor to the children of Baron Salis,
tress, she hastily returned, and shared  president of the Swiss convention. In
with the queen her confinement and     1756 he visited Gottingen, where lie pubmisfortunes. She was, however, sum- lished his first workl and' next went to
moned before an iniquitous tribunal IParis. Soon after he published his celeand cruelly murdered in 1792.          brated work " On Perspective," and in
LAMBERT, ANNE TiEiRESE, inarquise    the following year appeared his " Phode, a literary lady of Paris, was b. in  tometry."  Other important and valua1647. Upon the death of her husband, ble scientific works succeeded, and in
Henri Lambert, marquis de St. Bris, in  1764 lie visited Berlin, where he was
1686, she employed her large fortune in  introduced to Frederic the Great, who
patronizing literature, and learned men. admitted him a member of the academy
At her disease, in 1733, her own wri- of that capital. D. 1777.
tings were collected, and published.-    LAMI, BERNARD, an ecclesiastic, was
AYLMrER BOUiRKE, a gentleman distin- b. at Mans, in 1640. I-He d. in 1715, at
guished for his attainments in botanical Rouen, and left numerous writings, of
science, was b. in 1761. On the founda- which his "Apparatus Biblicus" is very
tion of the Linnsean society, in 1788, valuable.-FRiN.c'cIS, a Benedictine, was
Mr. Lambert became one of the origi- b. in 1636, at Montereau, in the diocese
nal members, and for many years -filled  of Chartres. After serving in the army
the office of vice-president; while he  he embraced the religious life, and becontributed many excellent articles to  came a Benedictine monk, and one of
the "Linnsean Transactions."  His own  the ablest theologians of his time. He
Herbarium was considered one of the distinguished himself by his writino-s
finest in Europe. D. 1842. -JOHN, a    against Spinosa, and d. in 1711. Iis
distinguished general in the time of  works are numerous, and written with
Charles I., was a student-at-law on the  much purity and elegance of style.breaking out of the civil wars. He, GIOVANNI BATTISTA, an ecclesiastic, was
however, espoused the cause of the    b. at Santa Croce, near Florence, in
parliament, and distinguished himself  1697.  He studied mit Pisa, of which
as colonel at the battle of Marston- university lie became vice-rector. Ile
moor; and also acted a conspicuous    afterwards went to Florence, where he
part in many other engagements. He    was appointed chaplain to the grandvigorously opposed the advaneement of  duke of Tuscany, professor of ecclesiasCromwell to the title of king, upon   tical history in the university, and
which he lost his commission; yet a public librarian. Hle published a vainpension was granted him of ~2000 a     able edition of the works of Meursius.
year. Upon the death of Oliver Cromn- His own writings are numerous. D. 1770.
well, Lambert compelled his son Rich-    LAMIA, a celebrated Athenian courard to relinquish his authority, and   tesan, noted for the charms of her perrestored the members of the long par- son, the brilliancy of her wit. and her




LAM]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       565
proficiency On the flute.  She visited  LAMOTTE, VALOIS, comtesse de,
Egypt, where she became the mistress who became generally known ir conseof Ptolemy Soter. On the defeat of that quence of her intrigues at the French
prince by Demetrius Poliorcetes, her court, which led to a disgraceful trial
charms gained a complete ascendency   was the offspring ot poor parents, and
over the conqueror, from  whom she    b. in 1757. Her occupation of carrying
procured great concessions in favor of  fagots (her fither being a woodman)
her countrymen, the, Athenians. The   attracted the notice of the lady of the
time of her death is uncertain.       manor, who took the girl to live with
LA MOTHE LE VAYER, FRANCIs her.           Hearing her speak of valuable
DE, a French philosopher and ingenious papers which were in her father's poswriter, was b. at Paris, in 158S; relin- session, the lady, on further inquiry,
qunished the law for literary pursuits, and, found they related to the royal family'
in 163'), was admitted a member of the of Valois; and, on investigationl, it was
French Academy. In 1647 lie was ap- proved that she was a descendant of
pointed.preceptor to the duke of Anjou, that noble family. The girl miarried a
and he also obtained tlie titles of his- private in the guards; and, obtaining
toriographer of France and counsellor an introduction to the cardinal de Roof state. 1). 1672.                   han, great almoner of France, he advised
LA MOTTE, ANTHONY HOUDART DE, her to make herself known, by letter, t4
a French poet, was b. at Paris, in 1672. Marie Antoinette, the reigning queen,
He was bred to the law, but deserted it at the same time expressing his bitter
for dramatic composition. In 1710 he regret that an offence he had been
obtained admission into the Academy, (thongh innocently) guilty of towards
at which time he was nearly blind; and  that illustrious lady, prevented him
many years before his death he lost his requesting an intertiew. The queen
sight entirely.  Ile produced several granted her prayer, and employed her
trgtgedies and comedies, some of which  about her person; but Lamotte rewardwere very successful, particularly that ed her roy al benefactress by the grossest
entitled " Inez de Castro."  In 1714 lie treachery. By means of a person named.
published a translation of the "Iliad,"  Villette, the countess kept up a fraudualthough entirely ignorant of the origi- lent correspondence 1between the queen
nal langtualge.  e also published a vol-,qnd the cardinal. Villette forged the
ume of " Fables," besides some pastoral queen's handwriting, while the cardinal
eclogues, hymns, &c.; but his prose   fancied himself restored to the royal
was much superior to his verse. D. favor, and even honored by the queen's
1731.                                 confidence; for, through Villette's vilLA   MOTTE FOUQUE, FREDttRIC, lany, he was led to suppose lie had
baron de, celebrated as a poet, historian, furnished the queen with 120,000 francs,
and novelist, was b. at Brandenburg, but which were kept by the countess.
1777. Entering the army, he served in  Not being detected in this, she carried
the campaign of the Rliine, and had a  on the fraud to an excess that merited
share in the numerous engagements her subsequent disgrace. Bcehmer and
that were fought for the libetty-of Ger- Bassange, the queen's jewellers, had
many in the beginning of thils century. collected, at an enormous expenise, diaIIis first works appeared under the name moncnds, which, set as a necklace, tey
of " Pellegrin," and the numerous pro- intended to sell for 1,800,000 francs.
ductions of his pen contributed, not a  Lamnotte persuaded the cardinal that
little, to fin the flame of patriotic ardor the queen passionately desired,to poswhich led his countrymen to final victo- sess this necklace, and confided to him
ry. On quitting the army lie retired to  the commission to purchase it; and that
Nehnhausen, the property of his second  she would give a note in her own wriwife, Caroline, (see below;) and on her ting for the sum, which she would repay
death, in 1831, lie removed to IHalle, from her private purse, by instalments,
wh vere he delivered lectures upon poetry  unknown to the king. The cardinal
and history. His beautiful fliry tale, fell into the snare-he bought the de" Undine," has gained him a European  sired necklace, which lie coimmnitted to
reputation. I)D. at Berlin, 1842.-CARO- the care of the countess, who, the betLINE, baroness de, a poplahtlr Germian  ter to prevent suspicion, told the cardinovelist, was the wife of the author of  nal the queen would meet him in the
"Undine," &c.    Amonc this lady's garden, as she wished to thank him.
works are, "Lodoiska," " Frauenliebe,  A courtesan of the Palais Royal, Made"Feodor-," &c. D. 1831.               moiselle Olivia, personated the queen;
48




566                   CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LAN
in a short speech she thanked the car- Friends; the author and succec.sful prodinal, and promised him   her future  mulgator of the system of mutual inprotection.  Ambition silenced every  struction, known under the title of "the
other idea, and he left the garden elated  LancasterianM." He was, for many years,
to excess. Meantime the countess sent actively engaged in delivering lectures
her husband to London with the neck- and forming schools in various parts of
lace; but the period of the first payment England; and rank, wealth, and beauty
being allowed to pass without any notice flocked to hear thse earnest though. simbeing taken of it, Bcehmer made his ple eloquence of the enthusiastic and
complaint to the queen, and the whole benevolent Quaker.   But enthusiastic
plot was discovered. The queen, in- as were the applauses bestowed upon
censed at the affair, requied public lhim. patronae and support were not
satisfaction to be made. The minister, bestowed in like proportion; he became
Breteuil, was a sworn enemy to the car- so much embarrassed in consequence of
dinal, and, by his advice, the king or- his benevoleht exertions, that he was
dered the cardinal to be arrested. lie  obliced to seek an asylum in America.
was taken in his sacerdotal habit to the  realso lihe suffered many embarrassBastille, and proceedings were entered  ments, and a subscription was just'prointo against Mademoiselle Olivia, who posed for his relief, when he was run
proved to be a degrarded female; Cagli- over in this city, and so severely injured,
ostro, a mountebank; the forger Villette  that he died onl the day following the
and the contriver of all, the countess. accident. 1. 1771; d. 1839.
She alone was punished; the cardinal    LANCISI, GIAMARIA, an eminent phywas acquitted, because lie was a duped  sician, was b. at Rome, 1654; d. 1720.
agent in the business; and the others   LANCRE, PETER DE, a native of' Boreffected their escape from prison; but deaux, was a counsellor of parliament,
madame la Comitesse was whipped, and  and presided over the trials of sorcerers
burnt on each shoulder with the letter and witches in the provinces of Labourd
V, and then taken to the hospital, where and Gascony. His services in this cait was intended she should remain for pacity were rewarded by the appointlife; but she made her escape at the end  ment of counsellor of state. He wrote
of ten months, and proceeded to En- two curious works on demonog'raphy.
gland, where she published her justili- D. 1630.
cation, which was read with curiosity,  LANCRINCK, PROsPER HENRY, an
but excited little interest in her favor. able painter, was b. at Antwerp, in 1628.
D. in London, 1791.                   He imitated Titian and Salvator, and
LAMPRIDIUS, BENErDICTUS, a Latin    was much encouraged in England, where
poet and scholar of the 16th century. he met with employment under Sir Peter
was b. at Cremona. He taunht the Lely. D. 1692.
classical languages at Rome with great  LANDEN, JOHN, an eminent mathreputation, and in 1521 removed to    ematician, was b. at Peakirk, NorthampPadua. At the invitation of Frederic tonshire, 1719. In 1755 he published a
Gonzaga, duke of, Mantua, lie settled in  volumne of " Mathematical Lucubrathe latter city, and superintended the tions," in 1764 his "Residual Analysis,"
education of the duke's son. D. 1540.  subsequently a " New Theory of the RoLANA, FRANCIs DE, an Italian math- tatory Motion of Bodies affected by
ematician, was b. at Breseia, 1637. I-e Forces disturbing each Motion," and his
was a Jesuit, and a celebrated teacher of  volume of " Memoirs."  D. 1790.
philosophy and mathematics. He first    LANDER, RICHARD and JoUN, two
gave the hint of the principles of aero- brothers, whose names are indissolubly
static maclines, to be conducted by gas, associated with African discovery, were
inii his work entitled " Mavisterium Na- natives of Cornwall, and b., the'former
turme et Artis," printed at Brescia, 1684. in 1804, the latter in 1806. They were
D. 1700.                              both apprenticed to a printer; but the
LANCASTER, JAMES, an English nav- elder abandoned his occupation to acigator, sailed to the coast of Auerlica in  company Clapperton in his expedition
1591, and afterwards doubled the Cape to the Niger in 1825; and after lhs death,
of Good Hope on a voyage to the East in 1827, he returned to Enugland, cwhere
Indies. He subsequently gave such in — lie submitted to government a plan for
formation relative to a N.W. passage to  exploring the termination of the Niger,
the East Indies as led to the attempt of which was adopted. Accompanied- by
Baffin and others to discover it. D. 1620. his younger brother, lie set out fir Ba-JOSrEPH, a member of the Society of daguay in 1830, where, after encounter



LAN]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                       567
ing many dangers, they reached Kirree, his native place; published an edition
but were taken prisoners at Eboe, and  of Lonaginns, and several works on hisonly, after the promise of a high ran- tory, theology, and criticisms. D. 1658.
som, succeeded in gctting arrangements   LANGDON, JOHN, a distingu'ished
made for conveying them   to the sea. American patriot, was b. at Portsmouth,
This they reached by the channel called  N. H., 1739. le engaged in commerce,
by the Portuguese, NI.un, and by the En- and took an early a'md efficient interest
glish, Brass river; and thus was solved  in the cause of the colonies. lie was
by their agency, one of the grandest successively a delegate to the general
problems in African geography. This    congress, navy agent, speaker of the asimportant discovery, opening a water semtbly of his native state, president of
communication into the very heart of   his native state, a delegate to the conthe African continent, made a great im- vention that framed tlle federal constipression on the mercantile world; and  tution, and a member of the senate of
soon after the brothers' arrival in En- the United States.  In 1805 hle was
gland, an association of wvlhich Mr. Mac- chosen governor of his state, and again
gregor Laird was the head, was entered  in 1810. D. 1819.
into for forming a settlement on the     LANGIAM, SIMON DE, abbot of St.
Upper Niger; but the expedition that Peter's, Westminster, was b. at Langwas fitted out for this purpose at Liver- ham, in Rutlandshire, in' the early part
pool proved a failure; and the Landers, of the 14th century. In 1360 he was
together with nearly all that joined it, made lord high treasurer; in the followfell victims either to the unh'ealthiness ing year he accepted the bishopric of
of the climate, or in contests with the Ely; in 1364 lie became chancellor, aind
natives, in 1833.                      was promoted to the see of Canterbury,
LANFRANC, a learned prelate, was in 1366. I-He there distinguished himb. at Paira, in 1005, but went over to  self by the violence of his opposition to
England with William  the Conqueror. Wickliff, and was made a cardinal; but
Through the interest of that prince, he this so offended Edward III. that lihe
obtained the arclbishopric of Canter- seized the temporalities of his see. He
bury, vacant by the deposition of Sti- accordingly repaired to the papal court,
gand.   He was an able politician, as and was amply compensated for its loss.
well as a munificent prelate, tbunding ID. 1376.
two hospitals near Cianterbury, which    LANG-IORNE, JOHN, an English dihe liberally endowed. D. 1089.-Gio- vine, poet, and historian, was b. at
VANNI, an artist, b. at Parma, in 1581. Kirkby Stephen, in Westmoreland, in
-IHe was originally a domestic in the ser- 1785.  -IHe published several popular
vice of Count iHoratio Schotte, who, pieces, particularly a poem, entitled
finding him to have a taste for design, " Genius and Valor," and having thereplaced him under Caracci. Under tins in defended Scotland from the scurrility
great master lie improved so rapidly that thrown out by Churchill in his " Proplihhis talent was soon in requisition, and  ecy of Famine," he was complimented
the Farnese palace and churches of St. with the degree of D.D. by the univerJames and St. Peter at Rome, bear am- sity of Edinbuirgh. In 1770 in conjuneple testimony of his capability. The tion with his ibrother, he published a
great excellence of this artist consisted  translation of Plutarch, xwhich is still a
in his composition and foreshortening, very popular wvork; in 1777 he was preand in fresco painting. D. 1647.-A     sented to a prebendal stall in the cathepliysieian of Milan, wlere lie practised  dral of Wells, and d. in 1779.-WILLIAM,
wxvith much success, but attempting some  his brother, b. 1721, was presented to
innovations in his profession, lie was tlme rectory of Hakinge, and the percormpelled to take refuge in France. D. petual cureacy of Folkestone, xwhere he
l300, and left a valuable treatise on sir- d. 1772. He wrote one or two poems,
zerN, entitled  "Chirurgia Magna et and had a share in the translation of
Pairva."                              Plutarch.
LANGBAINE, GErARD, an English          LANGLANDE, ROBERT, a secular
divine, b. at Bartonkirke, in Westmore- priest of the 14th century, and fellow
land, about 1608; was keeper of the    of Oriel college, Oxford, known as the
archives, and provost of Queen's col- author of sonic satirical poems against
lege; was welL acquainted whith the laws the vices of the Catholic clergy.
arid antiquities of his country; corre-  LANGLES, Louis MATTH-EW, a celesponded with Selden, Usher, and other brated oriental scholar, b. at Peronne,
learned men; endowed a free school at in France, 1763, published a " Diction



568                  CYCLOPAD)IA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LAP
nnire Mautelon-Franqais," and various places, particularly at Marengo, he was
works translIted fioml the oriental made a marslal of tlhe empire, and attonglues, p;rticularly a work on llindoo  tcrwards duke of Montebello. lie conliteratlure. I). 1824.               tributed Imuch to the victory of AnsterI ANGLEY, BATTY, an English build- litz, and cwas very prominent in the
er, known by his attempt to remodel battles of Jena, Eyxlau, Friedland, Tuthe Gothic style of architecture, by in- dela, and Saragossa. At the battle of
venting cifferent orders of the Gothic, Essling he received a mortall wound, of
froim an intermixture of the various which I'e d. 1809.
Grecian orders. D. 1751.               LANZI, Louis, an Italian antiquary,
LANGTOFT, PETER, an historian      b. at Monte del Celno, in 1782, became
anld Auguistin fsiar, was b. in Yorkshire, a Jesuit, taught rhetoric with great suein the 18th century, and is known as cess, and, on the suppression of lis
the translaltor of " Boscam's Life of St. order, was sub-director of the Florence
Th-omas of Canterbury."              gallery. He wrote several works, parLANGTON, STIPiEN, archbishop of    ticularly one on   The Tuescan LalnCa.nterbury in the time of King John, guage," and " A Iistory of Painting,"
was b. in Lincolnshire, but educated in  &c. D. 1810.
France. le rose througli the various    LAO-TSEE, a celebrated Chinese
honors of the university of Paris till lhe philosopher, was b. about 600 B. c.. in
becamue its chancellor, and then to the the service of Hou-Konang.  lie was
see of Canterbury by the pope. John, cotemporary   with  Pythagoras, and
the king of England, however, refused  taught the doctrine of metemlpsychosis.
to confirmi the Inomination, and the king-  lie followed the sect of Tao-Tsee, and
dom was accordilgly under excoinmmu- imust have lived to a great age, having
nication. The monrc el at le!gth yielded, been visited by Confucius in 517 B..
and Langton entered into quiet posses-  LAPLACE, PErTER DE, a French masion of his diocese in 1213. D. 1228.  gistrate anld writer, b. at Angoulnme,
LANIER, NICOLAS, all Italian artist, in 1526. Ie became a pleader in the
b. about 1568, employed by Charles I. parliament of Paris, till he was appointof England.                          ed, by the prine of Conde, stperinLANJUINAIS, JEAN DENIrs, count tendent of his household. Unfortunately
de, was b. at Rennes, in 1753. Ile was lie returned to Paris, and while disa inember of the third estate at the  charging his duty as president at the
breaking out of the revolution, and, couit of aids, was murdcered in the
when the republic was proclaimed, he massacre of St. Bartholomew inl 1572.
was as zealous in defence of the rights His works are, "Commentaries on the
of his prince as of the rights of tle na- State of Religion and the Commontion. lie opposed the usurpations of  wealth," "A Treatise on the Use of
Bonapartc, and after the second restora- Moral Philosophy," and "A Treatise
tion, lie strenuously resisted the ex- on the Excellence of the Christian Relitravaa'ant pretensions of the French  gion."-P-IIuE  STON-, marquis de, a
clelgy, defended the liberty of the press  celebirated matlhenmatician andl alstronsoand iandividual fiteedom, the law of elec- nler. was b. at Bealuont-enl-Aute, in
tion, and the charter. ). 1827.-JOSEPH  1749, where lie became professor of
DEt, an ecclesiastic, b. in Britany. After mathemlatics in the mlilitary school.
entering the order of St. lBenedict, and  From tlis place lie soon removed to
becoming professor of theolocy, is PriSai, where lie distinguished hiinself'
connection with ID'Alembert and Iidle- by his knowledge of analysis andl tle
rot compelled him to retire to Lausanne, hlglest brancles of geoometry, land was
where le emnbraceed the reformed reli- cliosen a tmember of the Academuy of
gion, and became pr incipal of the collegee  Sciences, one of the forty of tle iFlrench
ofMoeudon, IIe published many works, Academy, anid memuber of the bureau
which excited some attention, aind ci. des longitudes. In 1796 appeared his
in 1808.                             famous work, "Expositionl duC Systtne
LANNES, JoH-N, cduke of Montebello  du Monde."  After the revoltition, oil
and It marshal of France, was b. in 1769, the 18th of Brulnaire, in 1799, lie was
at Lestoure. IIe was apprenticed to a made minister of the interior by the
dyer, but entering the army, his zeal first consul. But fiom thlis he was reand energy gained him promotion, aind  moved, to make room for Lucien Bonain 1795 he was made a chief of brigade. parte, and was then acdlitted into the
After vaurious sucesses in Italy, and  senate, of which, in 1803, he became
Undei Bonaparte, in Egypt snd other president. Having, in 1814, voted for




LAS]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         569
the deposition of Napoleon, on the re- Fronde, but he is chiefly remembered
organization of the peers, he was made  as the writer of "l1eflexions et Maxa marquis. D. 1827.                    imes," a work which has been extolled
LAPO, JAMES, 01 JACOPO, an Italian   and criticised in no ordinary degree.
architect living at Florence, who built lie also wrote "M6moires de la Regne
the church of the Virngin Mary at Assisi, d'Anne d'Autriclle," and, during the
founded by Helias, which obtained him  latter part of his life, his house was the
great reputation. D. 1262.-ARNOLPHO, resort of the first-rate wits and literati
his son, becamre a most celebrated archi- of France. D. 1680.
tcct and sculptor, displaying great genius  LA ROCHEJAQUELEIN, HENRI DE,
and skill in his profession. D. 1300.  one of the most distinguished of the
LARCIEIR, PETEJr IHENRY,.an emi- Vendean royalists, was b. at Chatillon,
nent French scholar, was b. at Dijon, in  in Poiton, in 1772. and was a son of the
1726.  His first translation was the marquis de la Rochejaquelein.      The'"Electra" of Euripides, after which lie peasants of the neighborhood having
translated "Martinus Scriblerus," froml risen in the royal cause in 1792, he
Pope's Miscellanies, and furnished notes placed himself at their head.  After
to tile French version of Hudibras. In wgaining sixteen victories in ten months,
1767, a difference took place between  he fell, at the age of 22 years, March 4
him and Voltaire, on whose'" Philoso- 1794, in a single combat with one of the
phy of History"' he published remarks, republican soldiers, while defending the
under the title of a " Supplement," to  village of Nouaille.
which the latter replied in his well-    LARREY, ISAAC DE, ain historian, was
known   " Deiense  de nloni   Oncle."  b. in 163S, at Moutvilliers. HIe went to
Larcher rejoined in a "I:lponse," witl  I-Iolland, where le was made historiwhich the controversy ceased on his ographer to the states-general.     His
part, but not so the merciless wit of his works are,' The History of Augustns,"
opponent. He afterwards published his  "The History of Eleanor, Wife otf'enry
" MIenoire sur Venus," and translated  II.," "I-Iistory of Engla.nd," "History
Herodotus and Xenophon. D. 1812.      of the Seven Sages of Greece," andLARDNER, NATHANIEL, a learned       "The History of France under Louis
dissenting divine, was b. at Hawkhurst, NXV."  D. 1719.
Kent, in 168-1, and received his educa-  LA SALLE, count de, a brave soldier,
tion at Utrecht andi Leydlen.  Ie was was b. at Metz, in 1775, and entered the
the author of several important tlleolo- army, with the rank of an officer, at 11
gical works, viz., " The Credibility of the  years of age, under Prince Maximilian,
Gospel History," "The Testimonies of   afterwards king of Bavaria. The privithe Ancient Jews and Pagans in favor lege of birth opened to him a line of
of Christianity," " The Iistory of Icr- promotion; but he resolved that merit
etics," sermons, &c. D. 1768.          alone should distinguish him. HIe acLARIVE, M., a celebrated French      cordingly resigned his commission, hetragedian, was b. at Rochelle, in 1749, came a private soldier, and at length
appeared at the Theatre Franqais, Paris  rose, through long and dangerous seril 1771, where, by his fine person, and  vices, which occupied eight years, to
his powers of declamlation, he rose to the post which lie had before resignel.
eminence. He quitted the stage rather By his decisive conduct at the battle of
earlier in life than most actors, and d. Rivoli he possessed himself of the colors,
at Montignon, in 1827, aged 78.   He   upon which the commander-in-chief
wrote a drama, entitled "Pyramus andl addressed him in these words: "' est
Thisbe," " Refiections on the Histrionic  yourself upon these flags, you have deArt," and other works.                served them."   He was eqmially victoriLARIVEY, PETER DE, an old French     ous in Egypt; conquered the Prussians
dramatic writer, and one of the first on the Malls of Konigsberg, and finished
who considered comedy as the repre- his career on the field of'Wagram.
sentation of real lite, was a native of  LASCARIS, CONSTANTINE mand JOHIN,
Troyes, and is supposed to have d. two noble Greeks of the 15th century,
about 1612.                           who, on the taking of Constantinople by
LA IOCTIEFOUCAULD, orROCIHE- the Turks in 1453, took refuge in ltaly.
FOUCAULT, FrA-ANCIS, duke de, prince  Constantine went to Milan, whllere lie
of Marsillac, a distinguished courtier instrueted the daughter of the grandafin  man of letters in the reign of Louis duke in the Greek lalgluage.  lFromn
XIV., was b. 1613. IHe acted a con- thenc e e removed to Iome, and next
spicuons part in the civil war of the to Naples, in which city he opened a
48*




570                   CYULOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LLAT
school for Greek and. rhetoric. Lastly,  LASSALA, MANUEL, a Spanish Jeslie settled at Messina, where he-d. about nit, autllor of an "Account of the Poets
15!)0. His Greek grammar was printed   of Castile," an "Essay on General Hisat Milan in 1476, anld again by Aldus in  tory," t&. B. 1729; d. 1798
1495.-JOHN, surnameCd RHrNDACEENUS,     LASSO, ORLANDO DI, an eminent mutook up his residence at Padua, and was sician, was b. at Mons, in Ilainault, in
patronized by Lorenzo de Medici, who  1580.   De Thou relates that he was
sent him to Greece to purchase certain  forcibly taken from his parents in childvaluable manuscripts, a mission which  hood by Ferdinand Gonzaga, on accoult
lie accomplislhed much to the satisfac- of his fine voice, and carried by him to
tion of his employer. In 1494 lie entered  Milan, Naples, and Sicily.  Ie subsethe service of Louis XII. of France, who  quently taught music at Rome, An-tmade him ma envoy to the Venetian     werp, &c., and finally settled at Munlich,
senate; in 1513 he went to Borne, and  a.s chapel-nmaster to Albert, duke of
persuaded Leo X. to found the Greek   Bavaria. His productions are ntumerous,
college, of whiich Lascaris became the but now rarely to be met with. D. 1593.
principal, and also the superintendent — IlUDOLmH and FERDINAND, his two
of thie Greek press; and in 1518 he re- sons, were also good musicians, and beturned to France, and was employed by  sides producing many compositions of
Francis I. in forming the royal library. their own, published  their father's
D. 1535.                               works, under the title of "Magnus
LAS GASAS, count de, celebrated for Opus Musiicum Orlandi de Lasso."
his fidelity to Bonaparte, was b. in the  LATIIAMI, Jou, M.D., F.B.S., &.,
chateau of Las Ciasai in the department an eminent ornithologist and antiquary,
of the Htaute-Garonne, 1766.  At the was b. at Elthlam, in Kent, in 1740,
outbreak of the French lrevolution, 1789, where his father practised as a surgeon
he was a lieutenant in the navy.  Ie   and apothecary.  Among his produclcthen emigrated, joined the army of     tions are, "A  General Synopsis of
Cond6, and took part in the Quibero    Birds," "Index Ornitholoicus,'" also,
expedition, but returned to France after " Hcald's Pharmacopeia  Improved,"
the 18th Brumaire. Iavingr been long  and others; but his great work, which
devoted to literary pursuits, lie now  he commenced in his 82 year, was "A
published, under the name of Le Sage   General Ilistory of Birds."  So indean " Atlas Historique, Chronologique, fatitar ble was lie, and wxithal so capable
ct Giogoraphique," which went throughl of thlis iundertaking, at such an advanced
several editions. In 1809 le enrolled  period of lite, that, with singnlar fidelity
himself as a volunteer to ward off the to nature, lie clesigned, etched, and
English attack upon Flushing, and fiom  colored the whole of the plates himself.
this time attracted the attention of BB- D. 1837.
naparte, who soon afterwards made him   LATIMER, HUGH, bishop of W\orhis chamnberlain, admitted him to the cester, one of tle first reformers of the
council of state, and intrusted him with  church of Engrland, was b. at Thurcasvarious confidential miissions. In 1814 ton in Leicestershire, in 1470. Ie first
he refused to vote with the council of  became obnoxious to the enemies of instate for the lethronement of the em- novation by a series of discoumses, in
peror, took up arms for him after his which he dwelt upon the uncertainty of
return froom Elba in 1815, and was one tradition, the vanity of works of suof the four attendants that accompanied  pererogation, and the pride and usurpahim to St. Ielena. There he remained  tion of the Roman hierarchy. Latimer
eighteen months with the illustrious hac the courage to write a letter of reprisoner, enjoying his intimacy, and  mnonstrance to Ilenry VIII., on the evil
notimng dlown all that he said in a jour- of prohibiting the use of the Bible it..
nal, which he subsequently published, English. Although    this epistle prounder the title of " Memnorial de Sainte  ducecd no effect, Henry presented the
Hel1ne." [But having become an object writer to the living of West Kenton, in
of suspicion to Sir Hudson Lowe, the   Wiltshire. Thle ascendency  of Anle
governor, he was seized, and conveyed  Boleyn and rise of Thomaus Cromwell
first to the Cape, and thence to England  proved favorable to Latimer, and he was
as a prisoner, and was not allowed to  in 1585 appointed bishop of Worcester.
returnito France till after the emperor's  But the iall of his patrons prepared the
decease. In 1830 ihe was elected to the  way for reverses, and the six articles
chamber of deputies, and took his seat being carried into parliament, Latimer
with the opposition. D. 1842.         resigned his bishopric rather than hold




LAU]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         571
any office in a church which enforced  battle of Neuburg, in 1800. 1~ was well
such terms of communion, and retired   versed in history, and an eminent lininto the country. During' the short g'uist; author of a Franco-Celtic Dicreign of Edward VI. lie again preached  tionarv, and various other philological
and was highly popular at court, hut works of merit.
could not be induced to resume his epis-  LATUDE, HEENRY MAZEES DE, whc
copal functions. Soon after Mary as- was a prisoner in the Bastille for 85
cended the throne, Latimer was cited   years, Ias b. in 1724, at Montagnac, in
to appear before the council, in doing  Languedoc. In order to gain thie favor
which an opportunity was afforded him  of madame de Pompadour, he persuato quit the kingdom. lie, however, ded her that an attempt was to be made
prepared with alacrity to obey the cita- on her life, by a box containing the most
tion, iand as lihe passecd through Smith- subtle. poison; and when the box arfield exclaimed,  This place has long  rived, it wYas discovered that it had been
groomed for me."   In 1555 new and     sent by Latude himself, and contained
more sanguinary laws having     been   nothing but ashes. This offence, aggraemlacted, in sumpp ort of the Catho(lic reli- vated by repeated endeavors to escape,
gion, a commission was issued by Cardi- was the cause of his long and rigorous
nal Pole, the pope's legatc, to try Latimer incarceration; but when his sufferings
and Ridley for heresy, who were in con- became known, by the publication of
sequence'delivered over to the secular his memoirs, which he wrote soon after
arn, and condemned to the flames. his liberation, they became a formidable
This sentence was put in execution at iweapon in the hands of the revolutionOxford, Oct. 16, 1555. At the place of ists, and the national assembly decreed
execution, having. -thrown off the old  him a pension. D. 1804.
gown which was wrapped about him,        LAUD, WILLIAM, archbishop of CanLatimer appeared in a shroud prepared  terbury in the reign of Charles I., was
for the purpose, and with his fellow- b. in 1573, at Reading, in Berkshire,
sufferer was fastened to the stake with  accompanied James I. to Scotland, as
an iron chain. A fagot ready kindled   one of his chaplains, in 1617; was inwas then placed at'iidlev's feet, to  stalled a prebend of Westminster in
whom Latimer exclaimed, "Be of good    1620; and obtained the see of St David's
comfort, master Ridley, and play the   in the following year. On the accession
man. We shall this day light such a of Charles T. his influence became very
candle, by God's (race, in Enoland, as, I great; and he was translated to the see
trust, shall never be put out."  He then  of Bath and Wells, and in 1628 to that
recommended his soul to God, and, with  of London.  In 1630 he was elected
firm  composure, expired   amid the chancellor of the university of Oxford,
flames.-WILLIAM, a celebrated scholar to which lie was a great benefactor, and
of the 16th century, who taught Erasmus which he enriched with an invaluable
Greek, and w^as tutor to Reginald, after- collection of manuscripts, in a great
wards Cardinal Pole. -le wais a prebend- number of languages, ancient, modern,
ary at Salisbury, and held two livings and oriental. TIn 1633 he attended
in Gloucestershire. D. 1545.           Charles, into Scotland, who went there
LATOUR D'AUVERGNE CORRET, to be crowned; on his return he'vas
THEIOPiLUs MALO DE, a distinguished    promoted to the see of Canterbury, and
soldier, citizen, and scholar of the   during the same year he was chosen
French republic, was b. in 1743, at Car- chancellor of the university of Dublin.
haix, in  Lower Britany. lIe first The zeal which lie displayed cfo conformserved inl the army during the American  ity to the cllurch  acndc his endeavors
war; and when the French revolution    to introduce the liturgy into Scotland,
broke out, he was intrusted with the created him numerous enemies. At the
command of 8000 gareiadiers, and dis- commencement of the long parliament,
tinguiihed himself in various successful therefore, he was imipeached by the
enterprises on the Sp;anish frontier. In  commons and sent to the Tower. After
1795 he returned to his studies; but in lyincg there three years, he was brought
1799 hle once more took the field, ener- to his trial before the lords, by whom
ously servin  s in lieu of a friend's only lie was acquitted, which so provoked
son, vwho hadi been drawn as at conscript. the faction'in the lower house, that they
Bonaparte rewarded his bravery by be- passed a b'.l of attainder, declaring him
stowinr on him the honorable title of  guilty of treason, which they compelled
First Grenadier of France; but he did the peers to pass;.and the archbishop
not long retain it, being killed at the was accordingly beheaded on Tower



572                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [AU
hill, Jan. 10, 1644-5. He was in the In 1806, on the dissolution of the Pitt
72d year of his age, and met his fhte administration, lie was created a peer
with great fortitude. Among his works of the United Kingdom, sworn a privy
are, "Annotations on the Life and     councillor, and received the great seal
Death of King James," his " Diary,"   of Scotland. In August of the same
edited by Wharton, and published with  year he was sent. as minister plenipotenhis "Remains," " Officium  Quotidia- tiary to France, with full powers to connum," &c.                             elude a peace. D. 1840.
LAUDER, Sir THOMAS DICe, whose        LAUNLEY, BEZ.NARD RE-NE JOURDAN
versatile pen has acquired for him  a DE, the last governor of the Bastille in
high place in Scottish literature, was b. Paris, which was erected in 1383, and
near Edinburgh, 1784. He was one of destroyed July 14, 1789.
the first contributors to "Blackwood's  LAUNOI, JOHN DE, a French divine,
Mfagazine."  His two novels, "Lochin- b. in 1603, who defended the liberties
dher" and " The Wolf of Badenoch,"    of the Gallican church, and reformed
Published in early life, are remarkable the calendar by purging it of fictitious
for freedom and felicity of style; and  saints and lecendary tales. D. 1678.
these were followed at intervals by va-  LAURENT, PETER JOSEPHI,      11 merious other works, among which are Chanic, was b. in Flanders, in 1715. lHe
"The Floods of Moray in 1829," "High- is said to have constructed some hyland Rambles," "Tour round the Coasts draulic machines, when lie was not
of Scotland," "The Queen's Visit to   more than 10 years of age; and at 21 lie
Scotland in 1842," &c. His last contri- was made superintendent of several
bution to literature was a series of pa- public works; among which was the
pers on the rivers of Scotland, which  direction of the canals in the Netherappeared in  "Tait's Magazine."   D. lands. Ile also projected the junction
1848.-WILLIAxM, a literary impostor, of the Somme and the Scheldt; for
who acquired notoriety by endeavorinr  which lie was honored with the order
to hold up Milton as. a plagiarist, was a of St. Michael. D. 1.773.
native of Scotland. In 1747 he began    LAURENS, IIENxY, an American paan attack upon Milton in.the " Gentle- triot and statesman, was b. at Charleston,
man's Magazine," which he followed up  S. C., in 1724. After receiving a good
by a pamphlet, entitled "An Essay on  school education, he engaged in comMilton's Use and Imitation of the Mod- merce, and soon amassed an ample
erns in his Paradise Lost." His allegedl fortune. At the breaking out of the
quotations from  Grotius, Massenius, revolution he was in London, but he
and others, passed as genuine for a time. immediately returned to his native coununtil they were exposed by Dr. Douglas, try, and in 1776 was elected a delegate
bishop of Salisbury, which drew Isrom  to the general congress. Hie was soon
the fabricator an acknowledgment of'his chosen president of this body, and reguilt. Yet after this he returned to the  mained so till thle close of the year 1778.
charge in a tract, with this title, "The In 1779 he received the appointment of
Grand Impostor detected, or'Milton   minister plenipotentiaryto Holland, but
convicted of Forgery against Charles I."  on his way thither was captured by the
D. 1771.                              British, and committed to the Tower,
LAUDERDALE, JAMES MAITLAND, where lie was in confinement fourteenl
earl of, a very active and energetic states- months. He was one of the commisman, whose opinions were at one time  sioners for negotiating a peace with
deemed to be of great weight, both by  Great Britain, and in 1782 lie sio-ned with
his own party and by his opponents    Jay and Franklin the preliminariess of the
was b. in 1759. In 1780 he was returned  treaty. His health, however, was much
to parliament for Newport, in Cornwall, impaired, and he soon returned hlome
and subsequently for Malniesbury. As aid passed the remainlder of lis life in
a member of the lower house lie joined  anricultural pursuits. D. 17092.-Joux,
the party of his friend Mr. Fox, and hlieutenant-colonel, son of the precedinog,
took an active part in opposing the was liberally educated in England, and
North adcmimnistsration, supported Mr. having returned to his native country
Fox's India bill, and was one of the  joined the American army in 1777. HeIc
managgers of the impeachment of War- displayed prodigies of valor at Bri landvreln lHastings. In 1789 he succeeded to  wine, Germantown, Monmouth, Savanthe title, and was in the following year nah, and Charleston, and was killed at
sent to the house of lords as one of th t the very close of the war by carelessly
sixteen Scottish representative peers. exposing himself in a trifling skirmish.




LAV]                 CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         573
In 1780 he was sent as a special minister fidelity had exposed her. A fixed mento France, to negotiate a loan, and after tal alienation succeeded.
being subjected to a vexatious delay, he  LAVATElR, JOHN GASPAR, the celecletermiinecd to present a memnorial to  brated physiognomist, was b. at Zurich,
the king in person at the levee. This in 1741. IIe became pastor of the prinpurpose lie carried into effect, the me- cipal church of St. Peter at his native
norial was graciously received, and the  place, and was distinguished by his
object of negotiation satisfactorily ar- unwearied zeal in behalf of practical
ranged.                               Christianity. le d. in 1801, in conseLAU1IT, FILIPPO, a painter, was the quence of a wound which lie received
son of a Flemish artist, but b. at Rome, in 1799, when the French troops under
in 1623. Iis altar-pieces and other Massena took Zurich by storm. He was
scriptural paintings are held in much  the author of a " Treatise on Physiogesteem. D. 1694.                      nomny," the " Journal of    Self-Ob
LAVALETTE, MARIE CHAMANS, count server," "Jesus the Messiah," "Spirde, was b. at Paris, in 1769. In 1796 itual IHymns," "Swiss Lays," &c.; but
Bonaparte appointed him   lis aid-de- the work by which hle is universallj
camp, and he was frequently charged   known, and which once was highly
by him with difficult nlissions. After popularl, is that on physiognomy. LaNapoleon became emperor, in 1803, le  vater was pious, but credulous; enthuwas appointec a count of the empire. siastic, but sincere.
In 1814 he was removed fiom the post-   LAVICOMTERIE DE ST. SAMPSON,
office; but on the 20th of March, 1815, Louis, a violent partisan of the French
by virtue of orders froln Napoleon, who  revolution, who wrote " Crimes des
entered Paris in the evening, lie re- Rois de France," "Les Crimes des Emsuled his former duties; and gave no-  ereurs," Iand "Les Crimes des Papes."
tice to stop the departure of the journals, le became a member of the convention
dispatches, and travellino post-horses in 1792; voted for the death of the
without signed orders. At the same king; and, in 1794, was ordered by the
time, lie dispatched a courier to Napo- Jacobin club to draw up the ".Ac' of
eIon, to describe the actual condition of  Accusation against Kings."  D. 1809.
the capital. On the 2d( of June lie was  LAVOISIER, ANTH()ON  LAURENCE, a
nominated a peer. On the second res- celebrated French chemlist, was b. at
toration in July, 1815, lie was deprived  Paris, in 1743; was educated at Mxazarin
of hlis functions, arrested by the sub- college; and, on quitting it, devoted
prefect of police, Decazes, and con- himself wholly to the sciences, but more
(emned to death as an accomplice in   particularly to chemistry. The discovBonap'arte's treason against the royai eries of Black, Cavendish, and Priestley,
authority. An appeal having been re- relative to the nature of elastic fluids or
jected, and Madame Lavalette's appli- gases, havino attracted his notice, he
cation for pardon being declined, his entered on the same field of inquiry,
execution was fixed for the 21st Deceml- with all his characteristic ardor, in the
her. On the evening of the 20th, his cause of science; and, possessing the
wife, her daughter, twelve years old, advantage of a considerable iortune, lie
and her governess, presented them- comnducted his experiments on a large
selves at the prison door and were ad- scale, and obtained highly interesting
meitted by the jailers as usual. A short results. His new theory of chemistry
time after the daughter and governess  was received with applause in Germany
reappeared, supporting Madame Lava- and France, though strenuously opposed
lette, apparently in great affliction. They  by Dr. Priestley, whose phlogistic hywere scarcely gone when the turnkey   pothesis it tended to overthrow.  In
appeared in his cell, and Lavalette was 1789 he published his "Elements of
not to be found —his wife, Madacme La- Chemistry," a work of merit and iml —
valette, hldac taken his place. On the  portance.  lie succeeded Buffon and
escape being known, his wife was ar- Tilet as treasurer of the Academy, and
rested, and tried, with her governess, became also farmer-general; but notSir Robert Wilson, and Messrs. Hutch- withstanding his talents and virtues, he
inson and Bruce, by the Cour Royale. was condetmned to death by the revoluThe latter were condemned to a short tionary tribunal of Paris, on the frivoimprisonment, and she and the gover- lous charge of having adulterated the
ness acquitted; but she never recovered  tobacco with ingredients obnoxious to
the shock caused to her nerves and con- the health of the citizens, and was guilstitution by the risks to which her noble lotined in 1794. Besides his Elements,




574                   CYCLOP.DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [LAW
he wrote "Chemical and Philosophical he fell into the mystic reveries of Jacob
Miscellanics," " Report of the Commhis- Behrnen, whose works he published.
sioners charged to examine Animal D. 1761.
Magnetism,"    Instructions for making   LAWLESS, JOHN, the once celebrated
Nitre," &c.                           Irish agitator, was a native of Dublin,
LAW    EDMUND, a learned prelate, was and originally designed for the legal
b. at Cartniel, in Lancashire, in 1703; profession. For many years he was disand, after obtaining various clhurch pre- tinguislied as a leading' political characfermnents, was raised to the see of Car- ter with the liberals of Ireland; and
lisle in 1769. He was the author of    from  his straightforward and fearless
many able theolog ical works amoeng    conduct, lie acquired fiom all parties
which are, "Considerations on the The- the title of "honest Jack Lawless."
ory of Religion," "Reflections on the  When the English government first
Life andc Character of Christ," an "In- proposed to grant emancipation to the
quiry into the Ideas of Space, Time,"  Irish Catholics, provided their clergy
&c. D. 1787.-JOIN, a celebrated finan- were paid by the state, and the fortvcial projector, was b. in 1681, at Edin- shilling freeholders were disfranchised,
bur gh, where his father, a goldsmith,  "honest Jack" vehemently opposed the
resided. He was bred to no profession, measure in the Catholic association, and
but studied the mathematics, and par- thereby acquired a degree of popularity,
ticularlv excelled as an accountant. For which aroused the jealousy of his great
the purpose of remedying the deficiency  rival co-agitator.  His eloquence was
of a circulating medium, lie projected  energetic, forcible, and convincing; and
the establishment of a bank, with paper it is generally understood, that whatever
issues, to the amount of the value of all might have been the faults of the head,
the lands in the kingodomn; but this his heart was sound at the core. D.
scheme was rejected. Having seduced    1837.
a young lady iin England; he killed her  LAWRENCE, Sir TiIOMAS, the most
brother in a duel, and was obliged to  celebrated portrait painter of the agre,
leave thle country. Ile went first to  was b. in 1769, at Bristol, where his
Holland, and m afterwards to Venice and  father kept an inn. I-He early exhibited
Genoa, froin Iwhich cities he was ban- proofs of his talent for tlhe art, having.
ished as a designing adventurer; ibut  it is said, sketched portraits in his fit:h
at length, he secured the patronage of  year. At the age of6 lie was sent to
the reoeant duke of Orleans, and estab- school, where lie remained two years 
lislied his bank at Paris, 1716, by royal and this, with the exception of a few
authority. To this was joined tlle coin- lessons subsequently in  Latin  and
pany of the Mississippi, a pretended  French, constituted his whole educascheme for paying off the national debt, tlon.- Young Lawrence, however, had
and for enricliin'  subscribers. The access to the galleries of some of the
project became extravagantly popular  neighboring gentry, in which lie cmand every one conYerted his gold andi ploed himself in copyinog historical and
silver into paper. In 1720 Law was other pieces. In 1782 liis fither, wIho
made comptroller of the finances. The had been unsuccessful in business, rebubble, however, burst; and tlhe people, moved to Bath, where his son was much
enraged, besieged the palace of the re- employed in taking, portraits in crayon;
gent, cryinog out, as they held up their and havingi made a copy of the Transhands full of bills, "See the fruits of figuration by Raphael, the society for
your system."  Law' was exiled to Pon- thle encouragoement of arts bestowed on
toise, from whence he escaped to Italy, him their prize of five guineas and a
and d. at Venice in 1729.-WILLIAM, a  silver palette. In 1787 the family repious English divine, was b. at King's  moved to London, and Lawrence was
Cliffe, Northamptonshire, in 1686; vwas adminttedi a student at the loval Acadeducated at Emanuel college, Cam- emv. IHis subsequent careef twas sucbridre; and lived for the most part a  cessful antd brilliant. lie was elected
retuied life at the house of Mrs. Hester royal associate in 1701, and on the death
Gibbon, aunt of the celebrated historian, of Sir J. Reynolds, the next year, was
to whom lie had been tutor. IIe wrote  made painter to the king.  After the
against Bishop Hoadly, and was also    peace of 1814 lie painted the portraits of
the author of sonie valuable practical the allied sovereigns, and tle generals
books, as, "A Serious Call to a Devout Bliiciher, Platoff, and Wellinofton; also
and Holy Life,":" A Treatise oil Chris- Louis XVIII. and Clarles X. of France:
tian Perfection,' &c. In his latter days  besides numerous others, consisting ofi




LED]                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        575
the principal nobility of England, t]he when first consul, a pension of 6000
pope, Cn'ldinal Go1nsalvi, and many   francs. D. 1807.
othel distinrugrished personages on the  LECLERC, DANIEL, an eminent mediContinent. On the death of Mr. West, cal writer, was a native of Geneva. His
in 1820, Sir T. Lawrence was elected   chief writings are, "Bibliotheca Anapresident of the Royal Academy. D. tomica," "lHistoiredelaMedecine," and
18:)0.                                 " Historia latorum Lumbricorum. D.
LEBRUN, CHARLES, a celebrated pain- 1728.-JoIN, an eminent critic, b. at
ter, was b. at Paris, in 1618. He studied  Geneva, in 1657. He w-as the author of
under Vouet and Poussin; and, after numerous works; among which are,
his return from Rome, was made presi- " Ars Critica," "Harmonia Evangelica,"
dent of the new royal academy of paint- and three, voluminous " Bibliotheques."
ing and sculpture. From 1661 he was   He was professor of philosophy, belles
principally enimployed in embellishing  lettres, and Hebrew, at Amsterdam,
the residences of Louis XIV. and his where he d. in 1736. So prone was he
nobles with works of ar't, and in super- to dogmatize, and so impatient of conintending the brilliant spectacles of'thle  tradiction, that lie has been styled the
court. Lebrun possessed a compriehen- self-constituted inquisitor of the repubsive genius, which was cultivated by the  lie of literature.
incessant study of history and national  LECOMTE, FELIX, a celebrated French
customs. He wrote a treatise on the sculptor. Having obtained a prize for a
passions, and another on phxsiogrnomv. bas-relief of the Massacre of the InnoD. 1690.-CHARLEs FRANCIS, duke of      cents, while he was a pupil of Vass6, he
Placentia, was b. in 1739, at Coutances, was sent to Rome as a pensionary of the
in Normandy; came at an early age to   French school of arts.  His statue of
Paris; and being nominated deputy to  Phorbas preserving CEdipus procured
the states-general in 1789, lie occupied  him admission into the Academy; but
himself, (l0uring the session, with affaiirs the statue of Fenelon, which ornaments
of police, finanice, and domestic adminis- the hall of the national institute, is contration. In 1795 lie was elected to the sidered his chef-d'oeuvre. During the
counicil of elders, and beeamne president revolution he lived in retirement; but,
in 1796. He was appointed third consul at the restoration of the Bourbons, lihe
in D)ecember, 1799; nominated arch- was nominated professor in the academy
treasurer of the empire in 1804; and, in  of sculpture. D. 1817.
1805, governor-general of Liguria and    LEDYARD, JOHN, an adventurous
duke of Placentia. HIaving signed the  traveller, was b. at Groton, Conn., 1751.
constitution that recalled the house of  For a short time lie resided among the
Bourbon to the throne, lie was created  Six Nations, with whose language and
a peer of Fraice by the king, and, in  manners lie became acquainted.   He
the beginning of July, was appointed  then went to England, enlisted as a mapresident of the first bureau of the rine, and sailed with Captain Cook on
chamber of peers. After the return of  his second voyaae, of which lie published
Napoleon, he accepted the peerage from  an accoun t.  He next determined to
him, and likewise the place of grand- make the tour of the globe from London
imaster of the university, a proceeding  east, on foot, end proceeded to St. Pcwhich rendeled lhim incapable of sitting  tersburg in the prosecution of this dein the new chamber of peers, formed in. sign, through the most unfrequented
August, 1815. In the early part of his parts of Finland. After waiting there
life he translated the Iliad and Odyssey, nearly three months, lie obtainhed his
and Tasso's "Jerusalem."   D. 1824.- passport for the prosecution of his jourPONcOE DENIS EcouCHAeID, a French poet, ney to Siberia. On his arrival at Yawho for a time obtained the appelliation  kutsk, he was prevented by the Russian
of the French Pindar, was b. in 1729  commandant of tlie place from proceedbecame secretary to the prinee of Conti, ing any further; flid was conducted to
and early distingulishedl hiimself as a the frontiers of Poland, with a threat of
writer of elegant lyrics. At the coin- being consigned to the hands of the exmencement of the' revolution, he cele- ecutioner, should he again be found in
brated the birth of freedom in odes, the Russian territories. He was next
epigrams, and soni'ss; but afterivard  employed by the African Association to
clhanged his opinions. When the,.cd- explore the interior of Africa; but he
emical establishments were reorgamnid, had proceeded no further than Grand
Lebrun became a member of the insti- Cairo, when he was attacked with at fatal
tulte; ai d he received from Bonaparte, disease, and d. in 1788.
42




576                   CYCLOPEEDIA OF     3IOGR3APHY.                 LLEE
LEE, ARTHUn, an eminent patriot, the army of the United States for one
was b. in Virginia, in 1740, and received  year. Ile retired to a hovel in Virginia,
his education in England, talkin( Iis livirng  in entire seclusion, surrounded
degree of M.D. at the university o Ed- by his books and his dofs. In 1782 he
inburgh. He then returned to his native went to reside at lhiladelphia, where
state, and for some years practised physie lie d. in obscurity, in October of the
at Williamsbnrg, but political atailrs samle year. IHe wias a man of iiuch
were then assuming so interesting an  energy and courage, with considerable
aspect, tllat he again went to England, literary attainments, butn morose and
and entered on the study of law in the  axvaricious.  He published essays on
Temple. In 1770 lie visited London, military, literary, and political subjects,
and becamle a member of the famous which with his extensive corresiiondsociety of the supporters of the bill of  ence were collected in a volume in 1792.
riglhts. His political publications at this The authorship of the Letters of Junius
period, under the signature of "Junius  has been ascribed to him. —IlENiry, a
Americanu1s," were numerous, and pr o- distinguisled officer in tile revolutionary
cured for him the acquaintance of the  army, was b. in Virginia, 1756, and was
leaders of the popular party. In 1776 graduated at-the college in Princeton.
he was appointed minister to France, in  In 1776 he was a captain of one of the
conjnnction with Dr. Franklin and Mr. six companies of cavalry, raised by VirDeane, and assisted' in negotiating the ginia, and afterwards incorporated into
treaty with that nation. In 1779, in con- one regirnent, and in 1777 added to the
sequence of the false accusations of Mr. main body of the provincials. At the
Deane, complaints of his political con- battle of Germantown, Lee was selected
duct were freely circulated at home, and  with his company, to attend Washingin the following year le resigned his ton as his body-guard. Inl 1780, being
appointments and returned.   In 1781  raised to tlle rank of lieutenant-colonel,
he was elected to tile assembly of Vir- he was sent with his legiolG to tile rmny
ginia, and by this body returned to con- of the South, under Gen. Greene, and
gress, whelre he continued to represent continued withi it till the end of the war.
the state till 1785. In 1784 lie wras em- He distinguished himself at the battle
ployed to arrange a treaty with the six  of Entaw springs, and in the ensuing
Indian nations. He was next called to  October was ecnt on a special colministhe board of treasury, where he con- sion to the comimander-in-chief, then
tinecl till 1789, when he went into re- employed in the siege of Yorktow'n; in
tirelnent. D. 1792. —ChIARLEs, a major- 1786 lie was appointed a delegate to
general in the armly of thle Amierican  conoress, from the state of Virginia, and
revolution, was b. inl North Wales, and  remained in that body till tlie adoption
became an officer at the age of 11 years. of the present constitution. I-Ie'was a
Ite served at an early age in Anaeric a, Imelber of the state convention lwhich
and afterwards distingllishied himself  ratified that instrument, and in 1792 he
under Gen. Burgoyne in Portugal. Ile  was raised to the chair of governor of
subsequently entered thle Polish service, Virginia. In 1799 lie was again a memnwandered all over EIllope, killed an  ber of congress, an, whlile there, scItalian officer in a duel and, in 1773, lected to pronounce a funeral oration on
sailed for New York. Espousing the the death of Washington. The latter
cause of the colonies, he received a years of his life were embarrassed by
commission from conglress in 1775, with  want, and it was wahile confined for debt
the rank of major-geieral. In 1776 he in the limits of Spottsylvania county,
was invested with the col-mmand at Naew  that he prepared for publication his exYork, and afterwards with the chief con- cellent "' Memoirs of the Southern Cammand in tlie southern department. In  paign." ile   wais severely n ounlided
December, 1776, lie vas made prisonler by  duin  thle riot in Baltimore, in 1814,
the English, as he lay carelessly guarded  and his health rapidly declinedd. le d.
at a considerable distance from tie main  1818. —FRANCIS LIGHITFOOT, a signer of
body of the army in New Jersey. I-e the decllartilon of independence, anas b.
was kept prisoner till the surrlender of  in Virginia, 1734..He inherited a large
Burgoyne, in 1777, and treated in a man- fortune, andc in 1765 becalne a member
ner unworthy of a generous enemy. In  of the house of burgesses of his native
1778 le was arraigned before a court- state, and continuec in that body till
Iartial, in consequence of his miscon- 17f5, when he was chosen a member of
duct at the battle of Moonmouth, and  the continental congress. He remained
was suspended from any commission in in this assembly till 1779, when he en



LEG]                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPTIY.                        577
tered the legislature of his native state. sessed genius, but wavs deficient in judgID. 1797. —RCHARD II -NRY, an eminent   Ilcnt; ind hii style is often bombastic.
American patriot,.lned signer of the   -OPIII, the d.'nrllter of an able actor.
declaration of independence, was b. in  was b. in Londonl. in 17,50. Ier first
Virginia, 1782, and received his ednca- literary attemnpt, wvhicl, however, was
tion in England.  lie returinec to his  not publislied till many years after i;
native country when in his nineteenth Nwas writteni, was " The Life of a Lover."
year, and devoted himself to the general In 1780 her conmedy of the "Chapter of
study of history, politics, law, andl polite  Accidents" iwas so successful tlht the
literature, without engaging in any par- profits of it enabled l-er to establish, at
ticular profession. In his twenty-fitth  Bath, an academy   for youtng ladies,
year he was chosen a delegate to the    which was conducted bv herself andl
house of burgesses, where lie soon dis- her sisters. IHer novel of " The Recess"
tivguislled himself by his powers in    establisled her fiaie. In 1803 she retired
debate. In 17C4 he was appointed to fiom her toils of tuition; and she d.
draught an address to the king, and a  March1e 1  1824. She wrote, besides tle
memirial to the house of lords, whichli Lta)Oe  lorlks, " Aliieyd -a," a 1trarecly:
are anlono the best state papers of the  " The Assassination," a comedy; "A
period. His efforts in resisting the va- Ilernit's Tale," a poem; and two of
rious encroachmienets of the British gov- the stories in her sister's "Canterbury
ermnent were indeffatigable, alnd in 1774  Tales."
he attended the first general congress at  LEGARE, IHUGHII SWNTON, wans b. at
Philadelphia, as a delehate from Vicrinia. Charleston, S. C., in 1797;  was iradIHe was a nmember of most of the irn- uated at the college of Columbia; studportant commlittees of this body, aind  icd law in his niitive place, and afterlabored witli increasing vigilance and  wards at Paris and Edinbmugh;    was
energy. The memorial of congress to    elected to the state legislature in 1820.
the people of British Amnerica,'and the  and mnade.ottolney- eneral of the state
second address of coinress to the pco- in 1830. On the estlablishment of the
pie of Great Britain, were both fiom iis  "Southern Rleview" in 1837, he was
pen. Ill June, 1776, he introduced the  clioseni, jointly with Mr. Elliott, to be
measure. hat declared the colonics free  the editor. I-e enriched its pages with
and independent states, and supported  some of his best writings. In 1832 he
it by a speech of the most brilliiant elo-  was cmade clrradc d'affiires to Belgium.
quence. IHe continued to liold i  seat Mr. Tvler appointed him attorney l-enin congress till June, 1777, when lie  erll of the Ur-ited States in 1841.' D.
solicited leave of absence, on account of  1843. In addition to his articles in the
the delicate state of his health. In Au-  Southern Review, lie iwrote for the
gust of the. next year he was again elect-  " New Yorkc Review" several able and
ed to conrress, and continued in that learned papers, such as "Dlemostlenies,"
body till 1780, when lie declined a re-  "Origin, history, and influence of the
election till 1784. In that year lie was  rxoniln  Law,'1 and  "Democracy  at
chosen president of con1gress, but re- Athens."
tired at the elose of it, and in 1786 w vas  LEGENDRE, ADRErN MARIE, one of
again chosen a member of the Virginiia  the first mathematicians of the age,
assemibly. He was a m1emlber of the con- filled the professor's chair at the miiitary
vention whlich adopted the present con- school at Paris, was a memrber of the
stitution of the United States, and one of  French Academy of Sciences, and a
the first senators under it. In 1792 h-le  knight of the legion of honor. In 1787
again retired from public life. D. 1794. le was employed by the French govern-N ATHIANIEL, a dramatist, was b. at Hat- mtent to assist Cassini and others, in
field, in Hertfordslhire; was educated at obtaining accurate estimates of the relaWestminster school, and at Trinitv col- tive neridional situations of Paris and
lege, Cambridge; tried his fortune as  Greenwich.    e also distinguished himan actor and a writer for the stage; be-  self by very profound researches concame ins1ane, and vwas confined in Bed-  cerning the attraction of elliptic sphelain for two years, and d., in poverty, roids, and was the first who demonin 1692, of injuries received during a  strated that the ellipse is the only figure
drunken fiolic. I-e wrote eleven trage- in which the equilibrium of a lhomloedies, of which "The Rival Queens,"     neous fluid mass can be preserved under
and " Theodosis," are the best; and he  the influence of rotatory motion, and
assisted Dryden in iriting " (Edipus,"  that all its component molecules Wiould
and "The Duke of Guise."     Lee pos- be mutually attracted in the inverse
49




578                   CYCLOPAz DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LEI
ratio of the squares of their distances. b. in 1646, at Lcipsic, in which city his
0 a the formation of the Institute lie father was a professor of jurisprudence
became a member of that body; and      and moral philosophy. After studying
under the imperial government he was   at Jena and Nuremberg, he removed to
nominated a counsellor for life of the  the court of Mentz, alc was appointed
university of Paris. In 1815 he was a counsellor. In 1672 he went to Paris,
made an honorary member of the coun- where lie applied himself to matlecil of public instruction; and in 1816, matics, and enjoyec the acquaintance of
conjointly with M. Poisson, examiner the celebrated Huygens, whose expectaof candidates for the Polytechnic schoc1  tions lie answered by the invention of
Among his works are, "Elemens de      an arithmetical machine. The elector
Geom6trie," " Memoies sur les Trans- of Brandenburg (afterwards Frederic I.
cendantes Elliptiques," "Nouvelle The- king of Prussia) requested his advice in
orie des Parallles," &c. D. 1832.-    the establishment of the royal academy
Louis, a French historian, b. at Rouen, of sciences at Berlin, and, when coinin 1659; he was canon of Notre Dame, pleted, made him president of the instiand abbot of Claire Folntaine, in the tution. In 1711 lie was made *Aulic
diocese of Chartres. His principal work  councillor to the emperor of Germany;
(for lie was the author of several) is a  and the emperor of Russia appointed'H istory of France."  D. 1733.       himi privy councillor of justice, with a
LEGER, FRANcis BARRyx BOYLE, ST., pension. He was, after this, engaged
barrister-at-law; author of "Gilbert in a controversy with Dr. Clarke, on the
Earle," the "Blount Manuscripts,". and  subject of free will, as he had been be
"Tales of Passiol."  He was also editor fore with Newton on the invention of
of the " Album," and a contributor to fluxions.  His philosophical writings
several periocical publications. D. 1829. are very numerous, and he crowned his
LEGGETT, WILLIAa,'was b. in the literary fame by an I' Essai sur lEntencity of New York about 1802, was edu- dement Humain."     According to the
cated at the college of Georgetown, D. Leibnitziani system of optimism, an infiC., but did not take a degree, acco pa- nite number of worlds are possible in
nied his parents to Illinois in 1819. the divine understanding; Iut, of.all
where they were among the earliest set  possible  ones, God has chosen and
tiers, and obtained  a midshipmanl's   brned the best. Each being is intended
warrant in 1826, but retired from the to attain the highest degree of happinavy on account of the arbitrary con- ness of which it is capable,'and is to
duct of one of his superior officers. contribute, as  part, to the perfection
Shortly after he left the service lle pub- of tle whole. D. 1716.
lisled a volume of occasional verses,     EICESTER,. THOAs W;ILLIAM, earl
called "Leisure Hours at Sea," and    of, anld Viscount Coke, was distinwrote the tale of the "Rifle," which  guished throughout a long and active
attracted great attention. In 1822 he life as one of tle most princely and effiestablished in this city a periodical cient of all the improvers of English
named the "Critic," which was con- agriculture. Whenm upwards of 85 years
ducted with marked ability. His "Tales  of age he was raised to the peerage. IIe
of  a Country    Schoolmaster,"  and  was twice married. By his first mar"Sketches of the Sea," were collected  riage he had three daughters; and by
from its pages. In 1829 he became joint the second, contracted when hle was 70
editor with Mr. Bryant in the "New York  years of age and the bride not 19, five
Evening Post," where lie displayed the  sons and one daughter. IHe sat in parnoblest editorial energy and talent. In  liameint for many years previous to his
1836 he publishied tile "Plaindealer,"  elevation to the peerage, and always
a weekly paper of high lharacter. In  spole and voted on the Whig side.
1840 Mr. Van Buren appointed him      D. 1842, aged 90.
chlare to Guatemala, but he d. while    LEIGHATON, ALEXANDERIm, a Scotch
lhe was preparin to set out.          divine and physician, was b. at EclinLEGOUVE, GAmBIEL MARIE JEAN         burgh, in 1568. He became professor
BAPTISTE, a French dramatist and poet, of Inoral philosophy in that university,
was b. in 1764, at Paris; and was ad- but afterwards weint to Leyden, and
muitted as a memrber of t-i'e Institute in  took his doctor's degree.  He then
1798.  He wrote six tragedies and sev-  visited London, where he had a rectoreral poemls. D. 1813.                 ship, til'l he was prosecuted in the star: LEIBNITZ, GoTTFrIEimiD  WILIELMr, chamber for publisling two libels, one
Baron, a man of splendid abilities, was entitled "Zion's Plea," and the othel




LENj                CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       579
"The Looking-glass of the IHoly War."  was b. at Soest, in Westphalia,l in 1617,
I-Hc was sentenced to stand in the pillory, and was a pupil of Grebber, of H1aerlem.
to have his ears cut off, his nose slit, In 1641 le went to 1Enland, and from
branded on the cheek, publicly whipped, that period he gradually rose in reputaand imprisonec in the Fleet, where he tion. te finished portraits both of
remained 11 years, and d. insane, in  Charles I. and Cromwell, but it was not
1644. —ROBFuT, son of the preceding, till the restoration that he reached the
was b. in London, in 16138 he received  height of flame and prosperity. lie fell
his education at Edinburgh; and in in with the voluptuous taste of the new
1 643 settled as minister of Newbottle, court, in his representation of the benunear that city. Ie then quitted the ties who adorned it; and by the delicacy
Presbyterian church for the Episcopal; and grace of his pencil, became the
was successively principal of Edinburgh  favorite painter, and was knighted by
university, bishop of Dumblane, and  Charles II., who highly esteemed him.
archbishop of Glasgow; and d. in 1684. D. 1680.
He vnas a good theologian, an eloquent  LEMONNIER, PETER CIIARLES, an
preacher, and a pious and disinterested  eminent French astronomer, was b. at
man.                                 Paris in 1715, and accompanied MauLELAND, JOHN, an English anti- pertuis in his tour towards the north
quary, was b. in London, about the end  pole for measuring a degree of the meof Henry VII.'s reign'; was educated at ridian. He wrote several works on the
St. Paul's school, Christ's college, Carn- science, and had the honor of numberbridge, and All Soul's, Oxford; and  ing.among his pupils the celebrated
was nmade chaplain and librarian to  Llanide.  D. 1796.-Louis WILLIAM,
Henry VIII., who also appointed him  brother of the preceding, was first phy-.his antiquary, with a commission to  sician to the. king, nm(d professor of
examine all the libraries of the cathe- botany at the Jairdin du Roi. After
drals, abbeys, and colleges in the kincg- narrowly escaping destruction during
dom. He spent six years in travelling  the French revolution, he retired to
to collect materials for the history and  Montreuil, where hle d. in 1779. le was
antiquities of England and Wales'; and  the author of " Observations d'IIistoirc
retired to his house in London, to ar- Naturelle," &c., and a contributor to the
ranre and methodize the stores of intel- Encyclopedie and other scientific works.
ligeule whichli h  hhad collected; but,  LEMPRIEPE, JOIN, ian eminent clasatter about two years, ie d. insane in  sical scholar, was a native of Jersey
1552, withoutt having completed his received his education at REeadina, Winundertaking.  The great bulk of his chester, and Pembroke college, Oxford,
collections, after passing tllrough various graduated at that university; was headhands, was placed in the Bodleian li- master of Abingdon grammar-school,
brary, in an unfinished state. IHearne and afterwards of the school at Exeter;
pulblished his "Itinerary" and "Col- and on resigning the latter, was prelectanea," and Hall edited his "Corn- sented to the livings of Meeth and
mentarii de Scriptoribus Britannicis."-  Newton Petrock, in Devonshire, which
Joix, a dissenting minister; author of  he held till his decease, in 1824. His
"A View of the Principal Deistical principal works are, the "Bibliotheea
Writers in Englandc," " The Advantcage Classica,'o Classica l Dictionary," andl a
and Necessity of the Christian Revela- "Universall Biography."
tion," and "Sermons."  He also wrote   L'ENUCLOS, ANNE, or NINON DF1, a
against Tindal, Dodwell, and Bolin- celebrated female, distinguishedl alike
bioke. B. 1691; d. 1766.-THOMAS, a by beauty, wit, and accomplishments,
divine and miscellaneous writer, was b. was b. at Paris in 1616. She was left at
in 1722, at Dublin, and vwas educated at an early age the mistress of a good forTrinicy college. In 1768 the lord lieu- tune;,end being possessed of the hightenant appointed him his chaplain, an l est personal  s well as intellectual
subsequently gave him the vicarage of  charms, and giving firee scope to tile inB3ray, and a pr~ebeid in St. Patrick's dilgence of her passions, it is ino woncathedral.: He was the author of a' His- der that she drev- around her a circle
tory.of Ireland," "The Life of Philip  of lovers and siitors, distinguishec
of "Macecdon," "A Dissertation on the  either for their rank or gallantry; but
Principles of Human Eloquence," &c. her love of independence, or a more unDI. 178.                              vwor thy ca'use, prevented her firom for mLELY, Sir PETER, a1 celebrated paint- ing a serious connection. Without maer, whose family name was Vander Vaes, king a traffic of her charms, she attached




580                    CYCLOPEDIA OF      BIOGRAPIIY.                   [LEO
herself to those who pleased her; and   eral works translated fr n the French,
having extended her favors, in sueces-  and  the novels of "Henrietta" and
sion, to the most celeblrated men of her  " Euphemia.' She was also the author
tihme, she proved to all she was quite as  of some drtamatic picees. Her character
retgrdless of constancy in her attach- -was unnimpeachable, and she was highly
ments. This modern Lais ws       coun-  respected by Dr. Johnson and Samiuel
tenanced, complilentedc, and consulted  Richardson; but in lher declininc years
by some of the nost eminent writers of  she wase dooined to penury and sickness,
the day. Scarron, we are told, consulted  and had it not been foi the relief afher on hlis romances, St. Evremont on  forded her by the Literary   Fund Sohis poems, M4oliere on his comedies,   ciety, her latter days must have been
Fontenelle on his di'ilogues, and Roche  truly miserable. D. 1804.
foucaullcon his mIalxilms. I-er friendship  LENOTl E, ANDREW, a French arwa5ts sought by somne of the most respect-  chitect and ornamental gardener, was b.
able of hier own sex. "The power of    in 1618, tnd studied p'ainting under
lher inatural beauty,' say-y  one of lier  Voiet. He was a great favorite of
biographers,'' was  inlced tragically  Louis XIV., and his plans for the
illustrated by the often-told adventure  decoration of the parl  of Versailles
of one of tier ownrl sons, who beingi contributed principally to establish his
brought up in ignorance of his birth, reputation. Delille las celebrated the
fell desperately in love with his  other, talents of Lenotre, whose style of ornaand when she discovered to himn the miental planting     was fashionable, not
fatal secret, lie, in a fit of despaireand  only in France but in England, till
desperation, stabbed himself' in lier it was superseded by the more natural
presence i'"  This terrible event has  style introduced by Kent, Brownr, ec.
been introduced by Le Sage into llis Gil D. 1700.
Bias. D. 1705, in the 90th year of her   LENTHALL,, WImLrAM, an English
age.                                   statesmlan of the 17thl century, was b. at
LENFANT, JAuES, a Frenchl Prot-      Henley, in Oxfordshlie, in 1591.   In
estant divine, wTas1 b. 1691, and d. 1728. 1639 lie was elected into parliament for
-Ie published histories of the councils W'oodstock, and in 1640 he was chiosen
of Constance, Basle, and Pisa, very    speacler, but iwas turned out by Ccrocmfaithfully written. Ie lilkewise trans-  well in 1658.  The year follow~ing he
lated the New Testamnent into French, became speaker of the parliament called
with notes, in conjunction with Beau-  by the Protector, as lie did also of the
sobre. HIi other works are, " IHistory  Rup. D. 1682.
of Pope Joan," "Sermons," a "lPre-        LEO I., surnamed the Great, and
servative  against Uniting  with tile  canonized as a saint, was a native of
Church of Rome,"' &c.                  Tuscany, and succeeded Sixtus III. in
LENGLET DIJ FRESNOY, NICHc- the papal chair in 440. IHe took a very.OLA, a French writer, was b. at Beau-  decided part against the Manicect'al
vais, in 1674. Ile was an ecclesiastic, heresy and,other sclismatics, persuaded
but so m1uch given to satire anld political Attila to witlhdraw his forces fromn the
intricgues, that he was fiequently sentl   very gates of Rome, iand afterwards
to the Bastille. His death was occa- saved the city froio   being burned by
sioned by falling into the fire in 1755. Gensecic.  D. 461.-X., GIOVAs NN DE
Amonig his voluminous works, the best iMEDICI, pope, son of the celebrated Loare, his " Method for Studyinc History"  renzo do Medici, was b. at Floreice, in
and " Chronological Tablets of Univer-  175. At the are of 1 lie was made Ian
sal History," which have been translated  archbishop by Louis XI., klcn of Francc;
into English.                          at 14 JuliuS  II. invested him with the
LENNOX, CUAitLOTTE, a female of      dignity of legate, and Iheserved as suchl
considerable literary abilities, \*ais b. in  in the army which was defeated by the
1720. Her ftlher, Colonel Ramsay, wars -'renclh, near Ravenna, in 1512.  IHe
lieutenant-governor of New York, by    was taken prisoner after that battle, but
whom she was sent to England, whlee    the soldiers shlowed the most supershe rmarried early, and was left a widow  stitious veneration for his person, as the
with one child. In 1647 she published  representative of the pope.  IHe was
a volume of poelms, and 1751 ler novel  elected to the papacy in 1513, and his
~ of " Harriet Stuart," which was followed  coronation was celebrated with unusual
the next year, by " The Female Quixote"  pomp.  He terminated the disputes
and "Shakspeare Illustrated."   After  which had subsisted between his prethis appeared, in quick succession, sev-  decessor and Louis XII. of France,




LES]                  CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPIY.                        581
concluded the council of Lateran, and  hero's reply. Thrice didi the Persians
formed a splendid library, which lie en- advance in reat lorce, and thrice were
riched with inestimable manuscripts. they repelled, with    enormous loss.
This pontiff formed two great projects, Meanwhile, a traitorous Greek, named
the one to effect a general association of  Ephialtes, led 10,000 of the enemy, by a
the Christian powers against the Turks, secret path over the mountains, who
and the other to complete the church  thus gained the rear of Leonidas. liHe
of St. Peter. To aid these schemes he now saw that all was lost, but resolved
issued plenary indulgences, which being  to show, by a memorable example, what
carried into Germany, aroc'sed the zeal the Greeks could perform in the cause
of Luther, and ultimately produced the  of their'country. After a long contest,
reformation.  D. 1521. Leo X. was a the hero fell, surrounded by countless
munificent patron of learning and the  assailants.  The gratitude of Greece
arts, and his short pontificate Iforns one  raised a splendid monument to the
of the most interesting periods in papal memory of Leonidas and his brave ashistory.-XII., ANNuIBAL. DELLA GENGA, sociates, and annually celebrated the
was b. at Genoa, in 1760, and succeeded  great event by warlike games and oraPius VII. in the papal chair, in 1823. tions.
By the remission of many taxes, as well  LEPAUTRE, ANTIHONY, first architect
as by his benevolence'and personal at- to the king of France, elected the palace
tention to the hospitals, prisons, and  of St. Cloud. His chief talent lay in the
public institutions for the poor, he ob- decoration of edifices, but his fondness
tained the love of the people; lie also  for excessive ornanfent in a measure
endeavored to free the states of the  destroyed the simple beauty of his dechurch from  robbers and banditti, as signs. D. 1691.-PETER, his son, was
-well as to suppress the remains of Car- an eminent sculptor, and becamue royal
bonarism. Leo d. in Feb., 1829, and   statuary and director of the academy of
was succeeded by Cardinal Castiglione, St. Luke. D. 1744.
who took the name of Pius VIII. Pius    LE SAGE, ALAIN      IENE, a distindied Dec., 1830, and was succeeded by  guislied French novelist and dramatist,
Cardinal Capellari, (Gregory XVI.)-   was b. in 1668, at Sarzeau, in Britanv,
VI., emperor of the East, called the   and studied at the Jesuits' college, at
Philosopher, succeeded his fither, Basil, Vannes.  In 1692 lie went to Paris
the Macedonian, in 886. Ile expelled   where his talents and manners procured
the patriarch Photius, and defeated the him admission into the best society, and
HIungarians; but just before his death, lie soon adopted the profession of an
which hlappened in 911, his fleet sus- author. IHe studied the Spanish lantained a total defeat by the Saracens.  guage,. and produced a multitude of
LEON, FrAY LUIs DE, a Spanish poet translations, or imitations, of Castilian
and ecclesiastic, was b. in 1527, and d. dramas and romances. His comedy of
in 1591. Ilis ode. entitled " La Profecia  " Crispin the Rival of his Master" first
del Tago," has been translated into En- attracted the public notice; but his sucglish by Mr. WTiffen, and published at cess as a novelist has most contributed
the end of his translation of the poems to make him known to foreigners. " Le
of Gareilaso de la Vega.              Diable Boiteux,'" known in England by
LEONIDAS, the Spartan king and      the title of " The Devil upon Two
hero, was the son of KinLr Anaxandrides, Sticks," became extremely popular; the
and succeeded his half brother Cleo- comedy of "Turcaret," added to his
menes, 491 B. c. When Xerxes, king of  fame, and that famie was soon rendered
Persia, invaded Greece, with an immense imperishable by his admirable "Gil
army, Leonidas marched to Thermno- Bias."      Le Sage was endowed withll
pyl e, and, on arriving there, posted his great literary fertility; he composed 294
army, which, including the whole of the  dramatic pieces, aid had a share in the
allies, amounted only to 7000 men, so  composition of 76 others. Amon hllis
skilfully, that the enemy, on coming to  novels are, " The Adventures of Guzthe narrow pass, became aware of the  man d'Alfarache," "The Bachelor of
difficulty of carrying it by force. Xerxes, Salamanca," "The History of Estovatherefore, attempted to bribe Leonidas, iille Gonzales," &c. D. 1747.-G1-Ore
offering him the dominion of all Greece. Louis, a philosophical writer, was b. at
This proposal beina rejected with scorn, Geneva, in 1724, and d. in 1803. He
the despot sent a herald to order the  wrote "Fragments on Final Causes,'s
Greeks to surrender their arms: "Let and a treatise on "Mechanical Physis.
hiim  come and take them," was the      LESLIE, CHARLES, was b. in Ieland,
49*.




582                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [L'ES
studied at Trinity college, Dublin, and';"Elements of Natural Philosophy,"
the Temple; quitted the law for divinity, besides many admirable treatises in
and obtained pretferment in Ireland. He  " Nicholson's Philosophical Journal,
was a zealous Protestant, but refused to the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," &c,
transfer his allegiance to the new gov- D. 1832.
ernment by taking the oaths to King      LESSING, GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM, an
William. He wrote many political tracts, eminent German author, remarkable for
against the doctrine of resistance and in  the versatility of his genius, was b. in
defence of hereditary right, the most 1729, at Kamentz, in Pomerania, and
important of which were in a weekly   was educated at LMeissen and Leipsic.
paper, called "The Rehearsal."   lie In the early part of his career he conalso wrote some treatises against deists nected himself with theatricals, and led
and Socinians, among whih are, "The an erratic life, but he afterwards coinSnake in the Grass," and "A Short and  pensated for it by the closest mental
Easy Method with the Deists." D. 1782. application. At Berlin, where he someSir JOHN, a celebrated mathemlatician  times resided, he became acquainted
and nattural philosopher, was b. at Largo, with Voltaire, the Jewish philosopher
in Fifeshire, in 1766. Itis father, who  Mendelssohn, Nicolai, Ramler, Sulzer,
was a joiner and cabinet-maker, in- and other literary characters. In 1770
tended to bring him up to some useful the hereditary prince of Brunswick aptrade, but his fondness for calculation  pointed him librarian at Wolfenbuttel,
and geometrical exercises brought him  and one of the fruits of this appointat an early period:under the notice of' ment was a periodical publication, enprofessors Robinson, Playftir, and Du- titled "Contributions to Literary Hisgald Stewart, and, when he was thirteen, tory."  Among his dramatic works are,
his parents were induced to let him enter " Nathan the Wise," " Emilia Galotti,"
as a student at the university of St. An-  " Minna von Barnhelm," "The Misodrew's. In 1790 he proceeded to Lon- gynist," and " The Freethinker."   His
don, with an intention of delivering lec- other principal works are, "Laocoon,"
tuires on natural philosophy; but being  "Fables,"  "Fragments  of an  Undisappointed in his views, he found it known,"   "The Hamburgh      Dramaexpedient to commence writing for the  turgy,"  and a "Dissertation onil the
press as the readicst means of obtaiining  Education of the Human Race."  D.
a subsistence. His first undertaking of  1781.
any importance was a translation of Buf-  L'ESTRANGE, Sir ROGER, a political
fon's " Natural History of Birds," which  partisan and controversial writer, was
appeared in- 1793, and the sum he re- b. in 1616.   His father, Sir lamond
ceived for this laid the foundation of  l'Estrange, was a zealous royalist; and
that pecuniary independence, which his the son, following his example, was
prudent habits fortunately enabled hium  concerned in raising forces, andct in some
to attain. In 1800 he invented that ad.- unsuccessful enterprises in favor of
mirable and delicate instrument the Charles I. during the civil wars, for
dilfferential thermometer; and' in 1804  which he was obliged to leave the kingappeared his celebrated "Essay on the  do. Upon the restoration he returned,
Nature and Propagation of Heat."  For and established an English newspaper,
this performance lie was honored by the under the title of "Tie Public Intelcouncil of the Royal Society with the ligencer," in 1663, which he disconRomford medals, and in 1805 he was tinued upon the publication of the first
elected to the mathematical chair ill the  " London Gazette." lie was author of
nliversity of Edinburgh, which, in 1819, many violent political tracts; translated
he exchanged for that of philosophy on  Josephus, Cicero's "Offices," Seneca's
the death of Professor Playfair. By the  "Morals," the "Colloquies" of Erasinvention of his hygrometer he sue- mus," and JEsop's "Fables."    D. 1704.
ceeded in making the discovery of that  LESUEUR, EUSTACIE, a distinguished
singularly beautiful process of artificial French painter, was b. at Paris, 1617,
fieezing, or consolidation  of fluids, and obtained from his countrymen the
which enabled hinm to congeal mercury, name of "The French Raphael.",' His
and convert water into ice by evapora- conceptions are noble and elevated, his
tion. His chief works are, "An Account composition is simple, careful, and well
of' Experiments and Instruments de- arranged, the drawing is correct, in
pending on the Relation of Air to Heat good taste, and proves iis diligent study
and Moisture," the " Philosophy of     of the antique and of the great Italian
Afithmetic," " Elements of Geometry," miasters; but his coloring is deficient in




L:w]                 CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      583
truth and vigor, which often renders his  brated natural philosopher, was b. at
pictures too unifo.nr.  D. 1658.-JE-AN  Delft, in 1682, and was celebrated for
BAPTISTE, a musical composer, b. 1763. his microscopical improvements and disAfter completing his studiestit Amiens, coveries, chiefly anatomical, the partiche obtained various appointments, as ulars of which were published in the
director of music in cathedrals; but "Philosophical Transactions," and the
having an inclination for theatrical com- memoirs of the academy of sciences. A
positions, he resifgned his place at Notre  selection from his works was published
Dame in 1788, and produced several in Enolish. 1). 1723.
operas.'Telemachus" was his first.    LEVAILLANT, FRANCIs, a traveller
ie afterwards composed "La Caverne,"  and naturalist, was b. at Paramaribo, in
which met with the most brilliant ap- Guiana, and from childhood showed a
plause, and in 1793 he produced "Paul strong predilection for the study of
et, Virginie," the " Death of Adam,"  natural history, particularly of ornitholand "The Bards."-THOMAS, a math- ogy. In furtherance of this desire, he
ematician and ecclesiastic, was b. at undertook to penetrate the interior of
Rethel, in Champagne, 1703.  He en- Africa, which he twice accomplished.
tered into the order of Minims, and  though under circumatances of great
became a celebrated professor of math- difficulty. He published two narratives
emnatics, philosophy, and theology, in  of his "Travels into the Interior of
the college of Sapienza, at Rome, where Southern Africa," and a " Natural ishcl d. in 1770. He joined with Father tory of African Birds." of "Parrots,"
Jacquier in a "Commentary" upon      and of tile rare " Birds of the Indies."
Newton's Principia, and also in a pro- Insurmountable obstacles prevented hilr
found work on the " Integral Calculus." from pursuing his researches so far as
He also published "The Principles of le wished, but his travels are very
Natural Philosophy," and "Instituti- amusing, and also afford much informones Philosophiicte."                ation of a philosophical nature.  D.
LETI, GREGorPY, an Italian historian, 1824.
was b. in 1630, at Milan, and, after   LEVTZAC, JOHN PONS VICTOR LACONTI
studying at Rome, went to Geneva, DE, a French grammarian, was b. at
where lie abjured the Catholic religion, Alby, in Languedoc, emigrated to Holand,afterwards resided in England. land at the beginning of the revolution,
Among his works are, Lives of" Sixtus and settled in England as a French
V.," " Clarles V.,' " Queen Elizabeth," teacher.  He commenced his literary
"Oliver Cromwell," the "History of   career as a poet, but he is best known
Geneva," and a   II"istory of the Car- by his grammars, dictionaries, and other
diials."  But the whole are so inter- practical works on the French languiage.
spersecd with error and fiction, that they  D. 1813.
may be regarded rather as romances than  LEWIS, JuIN, a learned divine and
authentic histories. D. 1701.        antiquary, was b. at Bristol, 1675, and
LEUCIPPUS, a philosopher of Elea. d. at Margate in 1746. IHe published
who lived in the 5th century before the  "Tlle Life of Wickliff," " Wickliff's
Christian era. He was the disciple of Translation of the New.Testament,"
Zeno, and the master of Democritus.'"The History and Antiquities of the
The atomic system originated with him, Isle of Thanet," "The History of the
and thus, by ascribing a sensible power Abbey and Church of Feversham,"
to the particles of nmatter, and settina  " The Life of William Caxton," &c.them in motion, Leucippus and his fol- MATTHEW  GREGORY, familiar1l  styled
lowers accounted at once for the origin  "Monk" Lewis, a popular romance
of the universe, without the interposi- writer and dramatist, was b. in Lontion of divine agency. Frolm him  es- don, in 1773, and was the son of the
cartes borrowed his hypothesis of the  under secretary of war. He'was cdu"Vortices," and Kepler was also much' cated at Westminster school, after which
indebted to the theory of Leucippus.  lhe t ravelled on the Continent, and imLEUSDEN, JoHl, a celebrated biblical bibed while in Germany that taste for
critic and theologian, was a native of' the  narvellous and romantic which
Utrecht, where he distinouished himself characterizes most of his writings.  is
~as one of tlie most erudite scholars andl first production was " The Monk," a
able cdiines of the age. His theological romance admired for its talent, but
works are numerous and lvaluable. B.justly censured for its licentiousness;
1624.                                he also wrote " Feudal Tyrants," "1 oLEUWENIIOEK, ANTHONY, a cele- mantic Tales,"'Tales of Terror," "Theo




584                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [LIG
Castle Spectre," a draman, and many  subjects. D. 1709.-HuMarPuREn-, an anotlers. HIe was a Inemrber of parlia- tiquarian, b. at Denbigh, Wales; author
ment, but undistinguished by any ora- of "Commentarioli Brittannicce Descriptorical powers, and lie d. in 118.-   tionis FraImentumll    D "  De Mona ruicdMERRIWTHEER, b. 1774, and elployed by  um Insula," "De Armamentario Mathe government of the United States, no," and "The History of Cambria."
with Clark, to make discoveries in the 1). 1570.
northern parts of the American con-     LIBANIUS, a celebrated Greek rhettinent, with a view to the extension of  orician, b. at Antioch, in 314.  He
commerce to the Pacific ocean. In 1805 studied at Athens, and afterwards bethey undertook a journey for the pur- came famous as a teacher of eloquence
pose of discovering the sources of the at Constantinople, till the jealousy of
Missouri, and they passed the winter in the other professors being excitedl by
an icy region, 500 leagues beyond its  his success, lie was accusetl of marical
confluence. Lewis was soon after made  practices, and banished. He afterwar-ds
governor of Louisiana, and Clark a     became preceptor to Basil and John
general of its militia, and agent of the  Chrysostom, so celebrated in the ChrisUni.ted States for Indian  iffairs.  D. tian clhurch; and on the accession of
1809.                                  Julian, he was honored with his friendLEYDEN, JOIIN, a physician, but ship, and is supposed to have assisted
more distinguished as a poet and orien- the emperor in some of his composital scholar,  as b. 1775, at Denholn,   ons   Mny of his    tions   and deRoxburghshire, and was the son of a    clamaitions are extant, but they are
small farmer. Displaying in early youth  verbose and pe11dantic.
an eager desire for acquiring knowledge,  LICIITENBEl  G, GEooGE CHIrSTOhis parents contrived to send him to a PIrER, an eminent natural philosopher,
college at Edinburgh, where he first was b. near Darmstadt, in 1742 studied
tudcied theology, but relinquished it for at Gottingen, where he was appointed
medicine; and, in addition to the learn- professor extraordinary of the physical
ed languages, he    acquired Flrench, sciences; and succeeded Erleben, in
Spanish, Italian, German, Arabic, lndl 1777, as p'tfessor of experimental phiPersian. In 1801 he assisted Sir Walter losopy. Ilis astronomical observations
Scott in proculring materials and illus-  Yere osriaginal and important. IIe also
trations for his'" Miinstrelsy of the Scot- indulgeci much in satire; and amnoll
tishl Border,'l and republished " Tle  others, possessing much wit and 1humor,
Complaynt of Scotland," with a learned  was an effulsiol, entitled " The Physiogpreliminiiary dissertation, notes, and a nomy of Tails," in lwhicl Lavater and
glossary. Having obtained a doctor's   his system were held up to ridicule. D,
degree, he was appointed assistant sur-  1799.
geon on the Madras establishment; after  LIDDEL, DUNCAN, a mathematician
which he was made professor of the na- and physician, was b. in 1651, at Abertive cialects in the Bengal college, from  deen, where lie received his education.
which situation, however. he was re- Ile afterwards went to Frankfort, and
moved, to be judge of the 24 Pergun- tlen removed to Rostock, and, in 1591,
nahs of Calcutta. His power ofacquiring  was elected professor of lmathematics at
languages was truly wodlclrful, and cdu- aellmstladt, whlere lie took his doctor's
ring his residence in India he devoted  degrlee in physic. In 1607 he returned
hlimself to the study of oriental litera- to Scotland, and founded a matheinatiture; but he did not long survive the cal professorship and six scholarships at
influence of the climate. His "Poetical Aberdeen. IIe wrote several works on
etmains" were published in 1821.       medical sulects, and d. 1613.
LHIUYD, EDWARD, an eminent anti-       LTTITTFOOT, JoHxN    a le'arined Enquarly and naturalist, b. about 1670, was glish cdivine, was b. at St:oke-upona nac tive of Wales; studied at Jesus col- Trent, in Staffordshire, in 1602, and
lege, Oxford, in which university he   educated at Christ's college, Cambridge.
succeede  IDr. Plot as keeper of the   lIe made extraordinary advances in the
Ashmoleean Museum. and was the a-t     Greek and Latin langmulges, and applied
thor of a learned alnd valuable work, himiself to H-ebrew with singular assientitled "Arclseologia Britannica." HIe cduity iand success. In 10(29 lie printted
also published "Lithophylacii Britan- lis first wvork, entitled "Erutbhim  or
nici Iconographia," and left in manu- Mliscellanies, Christian aLnd Judaical."
script an'Irish-Eng lish Dictionary," IHe distinguished himself as a zealous
and other curious papers on antiquarian  promoter of the Polyglot Bible, and, at




LIM]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        585
the restoration, was appointed one of  which he virulently assailed his enethe assistants at the Savoy conference. mies, and even charged Cromwell and
lie became vice-chancellor of Cam- Ireton with high treason.       For this
bridge, and d. in 1675. The works of piece of daring, lie was again tried, but
Lightfoot, who, for biblical learning, has he defended himself with so much
had few equals, were printed in 1614, boldness and ability, that he was acand his "Remains" were published by    quitted. HI-e possessed an unconqueraStrype, in 1700.- JoHN, a botanist, b. at ble spirit, and was of so quarrelsome a
Newent, in Gloucestershire, in 1735, disposition, that it has obeen appositely
was educated at Pembroke college, Ox- said of him, "that if there were nonie
ford, and became successively rector of  living but him, John would be against
Shelden, in Hampshire, and of Gotham  Lilburne, and Lilburne against John."
and Sutton, in Nottinghamshire.   He D. 1657.
was patronized by the duchess of Port-  LILLO, Go,         a tragic writer of
land, and drew up the catalogue of her the last century. was b. in Lonidon 1693.
museum. He was a fellow of the Royal He carried on the business of a.jeweller
and Linnean societies, and published  many years, in a style of great respectthe " Flora Scotica."  D. 1788.       ability, and contrived to devote no small
LIGNE, CHARLES JOSErPi, prince de, portion of his time to dramatic producwas b. at Brussels, in 1738; entered the tions. He well knew how to touch the
Austrian army at the age of 17; distin- heart, and his pieces, which are subguished himself in the seven years' servient to the cause of virtue, are,
war; was invited to the French court " George Barnwell," "Fatal Curiosity,"
by the count d'Artois, and admitted   and "Arden of Fevershani."   D. 17839.
into the privacy of the royal family;    LILLY, JOHN, an English writer, was
was sent on a mxission to Russia, where b. in Kent, about 1553, and d. about
his talents and personal accomplish- 1600. I-e wrote " Euphues," a descripmelnts rendered him a great favorite tion of different characters; also somne
with Catharine, who made him a field- plays, as "Endymion," " Campaspe,"
marshal, and gave himn an estate in the  " Midas," acted before Queen ElizaCrimea.  His knowledge, experience, beth; "The Maid's Metamorphlosis,"
activity, and aqute observation appear  "The Woman in the Moon," &c.by the numerous writings which lie WILLIAM, an English astrologer, was
published at different periods; and the b. in Leicestershire, in 1602. After
information he gives of the leading per- receiving  a common  education, he
sons and events of his time, is detailed  went to London, and became bookin an amusing and instructive manner. keeper to a tradesman, at whose death
ID. 1814.                             he married his widow. In 1632 he beLILBURNE, JOHeN, an enthusiastic came the pupil of Evans the astrologer,
republican in the reign of Charles I., and soon excelled his master. He was
was b. in 1618, in the county of PDu- employed by both parties during the
ham.  HIaving gone to Holland      to  civil wars, and even Charles I. is said
superintend the printing of some libels to have made use of him. Lilly was
on the government, he was sentenced   certainly consulted respecting the king's
by the star chamber council to receive  projected escape from Carisbrook castle.
500 lashes and to stand in the pillory;  le, however, gained more from the parfor which the long parliament voted   liament party; and the predictions conhim reparation. He fouglht at the bat- tained in his almanacs had a wonderful
tie of Edge-hill as a captain of foot; effect upon the soldiers and common
but at Brenttford le was made pris- people. llis principal works are, "Chrisoner. an4d carried to Oxford, vwhere lie tian Astrology," "A Collection of Nawould have been hanged, had not the tivities," and " Observations on the Life
p.arliament threatened retaliation. I-Ie and Death of Charles, late king of Enthen obtained his liberty, and was made gland."  D. 1681.
first a major, and afterwards a colonel  LIMONADE, count de, an emanciof dragoons, in which capacity he served  pated negro slave of Hayti, b. about
at the battle of Marston-moor, where   1770; distinguished in the war of indehe behaved with great gallantry. Being  pendence wagecd by Toussaint; and was
committed to Newgate for contempt, secretary of foreign affairs to Christophe,
when brought before the house of lords when he superseded IDessalines as erxfor a libel on the earl of Manchester, he peror of Ilayti. I-e survived the suicidal
contrived, while thus immured, to pub- death of Christophe, and the destruction
mish pamphlets in rapid succession, in  of the imperial government. His saga



586                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LIN
city and statesman-like talents were ex- for the nmedical profession. While at
hibitcd in frequent diplomatic corrc- the universities of Lund and Upsal, he
spondence with N apoleon's ministers.  labored under great. disadvantages, from
L1NDISAY, Sil D)AVID, an an.cient thle narlownness of his f:ltllhe's acilCrmScottish poet, descended from a noble stances; but the patronage of Celsius,
family, was b. at Garimylton, in Had- the tleological professor, who was also
dingtonshire, in 1490, and became page  a natnralist, improved his condition,
of honor to James V., then an infaitt. and he obtained some pivate pupils.
His first poetical effoit was the "Dreme," It was at tlis period that he formed the
after which he wrote the " Complaynt," idea of that botanical system which has
and presented it to the kingi. In 1580 immortalized his name. In 1732 he
lie was inaulllrated Lyon king-at-arms, lmade a tour through Lapland, and, visknighted, and sent on a mission to iting the mining district round Fahlun,
Charles V.; on his return from which  formed a systein of that science, which
he occupied himself on a drama of a he afterwards published in his "Syssingular kind, entitled a "Satyre of the tema Natlure."  lie next resi ded  or
Three Estatis," which was followed by  three years in HIolland, wher le e took
" Tie Iistory and Testament of Sqnire  his doctor's derrec, and was superinMeldrum,'l and other poems. During   tendent of Cliti-ord's celebrated garden
the regency, he espoused. the cause of at IHailte-camp, near Haerllem. After
the retfrmers, and entered with great visitiln  Englanld, in 1738, he made an
zeal into religious disputes. D. 15;7.  excursion to Pais, and towards the
LINDSEY, THEOPIIILUS, an eminent end of that year, returned to his native
divine of thle Unitarian persuasion, was country, and settled as a physician at
b. in 1723, at Middlewich, in Cheslire, Stocklioln, wlicre the establissiment of a
and was educated at St. John's college, royl academy, of which he wVas olne of
Camnblidcre. Ile entered into orders, the first mneibers, contributed to the
and held the vicarage of Catterick, in  advancemlent of his reputation, by the
Yorkshire, which, from conscientious opportunities which it afforded for the
scruples, he resigned, and erbraced  display of lis abilities. In 1741 he suethe piinciples of Uniitarianism. From  ceeded to the professorship of medicine
1774 till 1793 ihe was minister of a con- at Upsal, to which was added the supergregation in Essex-street, in the Strand, intendence of the botanic garden. His
and d. in 1803. le wrote several works f:ale now spread through the civilized
on the subject of his ilith, amolng which  world, and scientific bodies eagerly enare, his "Apology," and a "Sequel to rolled him among their members'; in
the Apology," "Coinsiderations on the  1747 he was nominated royal archiater;
Divine Government," an " HIistorical in 1753 lie was created a knight of the
View of the Unitarian Doctrine and   polar star-an honor never before beWorship," &c.                        stowed on a literary maln; in 1761 he
LINN, Jo1N BLAte, an American poet, was elevated to the rank of nobility,
b. in 1777, at Plippenburgh, Pennsyl- and acquired a moderate degree of opuvania. In 1799 he became a preachier lence, sufficient to enable him to puramong the Presbyterians of Philadel- chase an estate and mnansion at Hamplia; but continued to cultivate his marby, near Upsal, where he chiefly
poetical- talents. lie replied with zeal resided during the last years of his life.
ancl indignation- to Dr. Priestley, ie- Besides his works onil natural history,
specting the comparison drawvn by the he published a classified " Materia Medlatter between the mlerits of Jesus ica," &c.; but it is ais the founder of a
Christ and Socrates; was the author of system of botanical science that he ranks
"The Powers of Genius," alnd other as an original geniuis, and will'continue
poems; and d. 1804.                 to be remembered. D. 1778.
LINNAEUS, or LINNE. CHARLES VON,     LINSCHOTEN, JOHN HUGHu VAN, a
the most celebrated of nmodern nlatural- Dutch voyager, of the 16th century, who
ists, and the founder of tlhe present wrote narratives of his voyages to the
botlanic system, wats b. in 1707, at East Indies, and a description of the
l'ceshult, in Sweden.  From  his in- coasts of Guinea, Congo, and Angola.
fancy he discovered a propensity and  B. 1553; d. 1633.
talent for the study of plants; and    LINT, PITETR VAN, ail historical and
though destined for the church, his portrait painter of Antwerp, was b. in
predilection for natural history with- 1609. He painted in Italy several years,
drawing his attention from theological and returned to his own country instudies, his destination was changed  creased in wealth and reputation.-A




LITI                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       587
relation of his, HENDRIO VANLINT, was rable species " the fashionable"-hq
an eminent landscape painter, and cxe- published, " Epicharis," a tragedy; and
cuted some fine views about Rome.    the  Lift and Administration of Lord
LIPPI, LORENZO, a painter and poet, Clarendon." D. 1842.
was b. at Florence 1606, and d. 1664.  LISTON, JohN, a very popular actor
He executed many fine pieces for the  of low comedy, whose natural humor
chapels and convents of his native city. and peculiar drolleries afforded many a
As a poet he is known by a burlesque rich treat-to the playgoers of London,
piece entitled " Malmantile Racquista- was b. in St. Anne's parish, Soho, and
roi" printed at Florence in 1688, under in the early period of his life was engathe name of Perloni Zipoli.-There ged in the uninviting employment of a
w6re also two other Florentine ar- teacher in a day-school. He appeared
tists of the name of LIPPI: one, FRAN- in 1805 before a London audience at the
Cisco FILIPPO, who d. in 1488; and his Haymarket. tle also obtained an enson FILIPPO, who died in 1505; the latter gagement at Covent-g arden, where he
was a painter of considerable talent and  remained, increasing in public favor,
reputation.                          till 1823, when he transferred his serLIPSIUS, JUSTUS, an eminent critic vices to Drury-lane, and continued there
and scholar, b. at Overysche, a village till 1831; but the enormous salliry of
of Brabant, in 1547. IHe studied at ~100 a week tempted him to enlist unAetli, Cologne, and Louvain; then went der the banners of Madame Vestris at
to Rome, and became secretary to Car- the Olympic theatre, where he pe rlL,rmdinal Granvella. On his return to the ed six seasons, and may be said to have
Netherlands, after a short time spent at closed his theatrical career. D. 18-16.
Louvain, lie visited the capital of the  LITHGOW, WILLIAM, a native of
German empire, and then accepted a Scotland, who in the reign of Queen
professorship in the university of Jena.r  E lizabeth travelled on foot tlhrouigh nuMany tempting and honorable offers nimrous countries in Europe, Asia, and
were made him by various potentates, America, over a distance of more than
to engage him in their service; but he 36,000 miles; during which he encounrefused them all; and at length d. at tered many hardships, and was'at length
Louvain, in 1606. Lipsius chlanged his thrown into the prisons of the Inqllisireligion several times; and whether as tion in Spain, and so cruelly tortured as.a Catholic, a Lutheran, or a Calvinist, lie to be deprived of the use of.his liimbs.
was equally zealous for the time, and  On regaining his liberty, and coming to
equally bigoted. He wrote many learned  England, lie published an account of
treatises, but his principal work is the his adventures, whichl lie presented to
" Varis Lectiones.                   James I. IHe also wrote a narrative of
LIST,  nEDERIC, a distinguished po- the siege of Breda. D. 1640.
litical economist, was long a member of  LITTLE, WILLIAM, an ancient lntlhe Wirtemberg parliament, whence he glish historian, known also by the name
was expelled tor the boQldness of his of Gulielmnus Naubrigensis, was b. at
opinions. In 1819 he conceived the idea Bidlington, in Yorkshire, ini 1186, and
of the " Zollverein," (the Customs Union  educated at the abbey of Newborough,
of tile German states; an institution  in the same county. In his advanced
which, after encountering many obsta- years lie composed a History of Encles, was finally adoptedh by nearly the gland, fiom the Normman Conquest to
whole of Germany,) establisled a jour- 1197, which for veracity, regoularity of
nal to support his views, and published  disposition, and purity of lahguage is
several valuable works on political econ- one of the most valuable productions of
omy. But a series of disappointments that period.
preyed upon his mind, ani in a fit of  LITTLETON, THOMAs, a celebrated
insanity lie committed suicide, 1846, in  English judge,.and law authority, wias
the 57th year of his age.            b. at Frankley, in Worcesterslire. lIe
LISTEIR, ThoMAs   IENRY, a novel studied at the Temple, was appointed
writer and lhistorian was 1. in 1801, and  one of the judges of the corynmon pleas,
may be said to hiave inherited literary  and continued to enjoy the esteem of his
tastes and capabilities, the poetical l-al- sovereign, Edward IV., and the nation,
cuts both of his father and grandfiather until his deatli, at an advanced age, in
having been favorably mentioned by   1481. The memory of Judge Littleton
Miss Seward. Besides " Granby" and   is preserved by his celebrated treatise
" Herbert Lacy"-two novels which are on "Teinures," which is esteemed the
among the best r-f that not very admi- principal authority for the law of real




5S8                   CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [LIV
property in England. This work has     Livingston in the state of New York,
been com-mented on by Coke, Sir I. and founder of one of the most cistinHale, and Lord Chancellor Nottinghaln. guished fimilies in this country, was the
LIVERPOOL, CIATRLES JIENKINSON, soll of John Livingston, who received
earl of, eldest son of Colonel Jenkinson, the degree of A.M. at Glasgow, in 1621,
was b. in 1727, and was educated at tle  and was the minister of Anerum, but
Charter-honse, and at University col- refusing to take the oath of allegiance in
lege, Oxford. IIe entered parliamient in  1663, was banished, and removed to
1761, and soon took office as under- Rotterdam, where he was a minister of
secretary of state; in 1766 he was made  the Scot's chapel, and d. Aug. 0, 1672,
a lord of the admiralty; in 1772, vice- aged 69. Robert L. was b. at Anernm,
treasurer of Ireland; in 1778, secretary  in 1654, and came to America with his
at war; and, in 1784, president of the  nephew about 1672. He was a member
board of trade. In 1786 he was created  of the council in 1698. His wife was of
Baron IIawkesbury; and in 1796, earl the family of Schuyler, and the widow
of Liverpool. D. 1808.-POBE1TiTBNKs of Mr. Van Rensselaer. He left three
JENKSINSON, ear:l of, son of the precedingc  sons Philip, Robert, and Gilbert. A
was b. in 1770, and received his educa- Mr. Livingston, perhaps Mr. R. L., who
tion at the sanme seminaries of learnling  wras many years speaker of the assembly
as llis father. At the eneral election in  of New Yorlk, d. at Boston, 1728.1790, Mr. Jenkinson    was retuirned  PHILIP, a patriot of the American revomember for Rye. In 1796, his father lution, and a signer of the declaration
being created earl of Liverpool, lie be- of independence, graduated at Yale colcame Lord IHawkesbury, and was made   lege, 1737. lie became a merchant in
a commissioner of Indian affairs. In -New York, and as there were but few
1801 lie was appointed secretary of state well-educated merchants in Wall-street
for foreign a-ltirs; which office, four at that time, lie was soon at their head.
years after, lie excllanged for that of the In 1754 lie was an alderman of the city
home department. This le resigned on   of New York, and after serving in this
the dissolution of the Addingfton ad- capacity four years, was sent to Albany
ministration; and, at the death of Mr. as a representative of the city. In this
Pitt, succeeded him as lord warden of  body   e soon became a leader, and
the Cinque Ports. In 1817 he was again  cirected its attention to the great interminister for the home department; and  ests of commerce; New York being
on the death of his father, in the year then behind Boston and Philadelphia
following, succeeded to the title of earl in her exports and imports. IHe was
of Liverpool. In 1812, he iwas raised  one of the committee of correspondence
to the premiership, and he held that with the agent for the colony in Enelevated station till 1827. D. 1828.   gland, the celebrated Edmundc Burke;
LIVINGSTON, JoN II., president and his letters abo-und in information
of- Queen's college, N. J., gradiated at and critical remarks. Mr. Livingston
Yale college, 1762. In May, 1766, lie was in conigress in 1776, and not only
went to Holland, to prosecute his the- signed, but was a strenuous advocate for
ological studies in the university of the declaration of independence. lie
Utrecht, where he resided four years, was a member of the senate of New
obtaining the degree of doctor in theol- York on the adoption of the state conogv in 1770, in which year he returned  stitution; after which, under the proto America, and became the pastor of visions of that constitution, he wa\s
the Dutch reformed church in this cit. elected a member of congress. I-e was
At this period the Dutch churches in   not long permitted to devote himself to
America were divided in the Conferen- the service of his country, for he d.
tic and the Coetus parties; by the ef- June 12, 1778.-WILLIA.,x,   overnor of
forts of Dr. Livingston, a happy union  New Jersey, a dlescendant of the family,
was effected in 1772, and the Dutch    which eamigrated fiomn Scotland, was b.
church became independet of the clas- about tlle year 1741. le was a lawyer,
sis in Amsterdam. In 1784 lie was ap- and early embraced tle cause of civil
pointed theological professor in the   and religions liberty.  When Great
Dutch chlurch. The cduties of minlister Britain advanced her arbitlrary claims,
and professor he performed- till 1810, lie employed his pen in Opposing them,
when he was appointed president of and in vindicating the rilhts of his
Queen's college, in which he remained  countrymen.   After sustaining some
till his death, in 1825, aged 73 years.- important offices in New Yorlk, he re-'ROBFT, first possessor of the manor of moved to New Jersey, and, as a repre



LIV]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        589
sentative of this state, was one of the  purchase of Louisiana for 15 millions
principal members of the first congress  of dollars. In Paris.he formed an intiin 1774. After the inhabitants of New  macy with Robert Fulton, whom he asJersey had sent their governor, William  sisted by his counsels and money. After
Franklin, under a strong guard to Con- his resignation and the arrival of Gennecticut, and had formed a new consti- eral Armstrong, his successor, he travtution in July, 1776, Mr. Livingston was elled in Italy, Switzerland, and Germany,
elected the first chief magistrate; and  and returned to America in June, 1805.
such was his integrity, and republican  D. 1818. He caused the introduction
virtue, that he was annually re-elected  of steam-navigation into the United
till his death. During the war he bent States. He introduced the merino sheep,
his exertions to support the independ- and the use of gypsum in New York.
ence of his country. By the keenness He was president of an agricultural, soand severity of his political writings, he ciety, and of the academy of the fine
exasperated the British, who distin- arts. He published an oration before
guished him   as an object of their the Cincinnati, 1787; an address to the
peculiar hatred. His pen had no in- society for promoting the arts, 1808;
considerable influence in exciting that essays on agfriculture; a work on the
indignation and zeal, which rendered   merino sheep.-B:ocKiioLST, son of the
the militia of New Jersey so remarka- preceding, was b. at New York, in 1757;
ble for the alacrity with which, on any  entered the army in 1776; and being
alarm, they arrayed themselves against afterwards attached to the suite of Genthe common enemy. He was in 1787 a eral Arnold, with the rank of major, he
delegate to the grand convention which  shared in the honor of the conquest of
formed the constitution of the United  Burgoyne. In 1779 he accompanied Mr.
States.  After having sustained the    Jay to the court of Spain as his private
office of governor for fourteen years, secretary; studied the law on his retjirn;
with great honor to himself and useful- and ultimately became judge of the- suness to the state, he d. July 25, 1790, preme court of the state of New York,
aged 67.-ROBERT R., chancellor of the in 1802. IIe enjoyed the reputation of
state of New York, graduated at King's  being an upright judge, an able pleadei,
college, New   York, 1765. IHaving     and an accomplished scholar.  ). 1823.
studied law with William Smith, he was -EDWAPRD, was b. at Claremont, Coappointed by Governor Tryon recorder lumbia county, N. Y., in 1764, educated
of the city; an office which he resigned  at Princeton college, and admitted to
at the beginning of the revolution. In  the bar in New York city. In 1794. he
April, 1775, he was elected from Duchess was chosen to congress, and afterwards
county to the assembly. In 1776 he was mayor of New York. Shortly after the
a member of congress, and was placed  purchase of Louisiana he removed to
on the committee with Jefferson,Adams, that state, where he was intrusted by
Franklin, and Sherman, for drawino    the legislature with the preparation of a
up the declaration of indepenldence, code of judicial procedure, to revise the
and. on other important committees. system of municipal law, and to reform
In August, 1781, he was appointed      the penal statutes; in short, to digest
secretary of state.  On his'rcsigna- and rearrange the whole legal system
tion, in 1783, he received the thanks of the state.. This he did wiih- consumnof congress. Under the new constit.L- imate ability; and his "Reports" to the
tion of New York, which he assisted in  legislature on the several subjects aie
forming, as chairman of the committee, brilliant, leaned, and judicious essays.
he was appointed chancellor, and con- In 1823 he was again sent to congress;
tinned in that place till 1801. In 1788  in 1831 General Jackson made him seche was chairman of the state convention, retary of state; and in 1803 he was apwhich adooted the federal constitution, pointed minister to France. D. 1836.
uniting his efforts, at that time, with  LIVIUS, or LIVY; TITUS, a celebrated
those of Jay and  amilton.- In 1801 he Roman historian, was b. in the territory
accepted tlhe office of minister plenipo- of Patavium, now TPadua., In the reign
tentiary to France, and proceeded to  of Augustus he wert to Rome, and. was
Paris. By the first consu l he was re- held in great esteem by the emperor and
ceived with respect, and after his mis- many other distinguished characters.
sion had closed, Napoleon presented   His repuLtation is principally built upon
him a splendid snuff-box, with a minia- his "History of Rome,5" fiom the.fomnture of himself by Isabey. Assisted by  dation of the city to the death of. Drusus,
Mr. Munroe he made the very important in 142 books, of which only 85 have.0




590                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LOO
been preserved. This history is highly  he defended the little isla d of Lobau
praised by Seneca, Pliny the Elder, (fom which he took his subsequent
Q4uintilian, &c., and may be regarded  title) against the Austrians, compleLely
as one of the most valuable literary relics  beat them otr, and took his troops, con
of antiquity.                         paratively unhurt, across the Danube.
LLORENTE, Don JUAN ANTONIO, a In 1812 he was made aid-maior of the
modern Spanish historian and ecclesi- imperial guard; in 1818, commiander of
astic, b. in 1756. He. was secretary- the first corps of the grand army; and,
general to the Inquisition, of which  in 1814, a chevalier of St. Louis. Ducourt he published a "Complete His- ring the memorable "hundred days"
tory." Hie was also the author of "  e- he gave his support to Napoleon, and
moirs relative to the History of the was made commandant of the first miliSpanish Revolution," "Political Por- tary division, and a member of the
traits of the Popes," and other works. chamber of peers. In the brief but easy
Having accepted a situation under Jo- campaign of 1815, he commanded the
seph Bonaparte, and written in his favor, sixth corps of the army of the north.
he was compelled to quit Spain on the  He gave the Prussians a severe defeat
return of Ferdinand. D. 1823.         on the 8th of June in that year, but was
LLOYD, DAVID, abiographical writer wounded and sent prisoner to Enllancl
Of the 17th centuryi was b. in Merioneth- from that burial-place of his aspiring
shire, in 1625. His principal works are, master's hopes-Waterloo. From that
" Memoirs of the Statesmen and Favor- time until 1818 he remained in England;
ites of England," "Memoirs of Persons  he was then permitted to return home,
who suffered for their Loyalty," a " Life  and in 1828 was sent as a deputy for the
of General Monk," and a "History of   Meurthe, and took his seat on the oppoPlots and Conspiracies."  D. 1691.-   sition benches.  In the recination of
HuomPHRY, an eminent military officer 1830 he took an active part; and when
and'writer.,on tactics, -was b. in Wales, Lafayette resigned the command of the
in 1729. He served with great reputa- national guard, Count Lobau was aption in the Austrian, Prussian, and   pointed his successor. Shortly afterRussian armies, and rose to the rank of  wards he received his marshal's baton
general. On his return to England he from Louis Philippe. B. 1770; d. 1839.
surveyed the coast, wrote a memoir on   LOBEIRtA, VAseo, author of the celethe "Invasion and Defence of Great brated romance of " Amadis de Gaul,"
Britain," "The History of the Seven   was a native of Porta, in Portugal, in
Years' War," and other military treati- the 14th century.  In 1386 he was
ses. D. 1783.-ROBERT, an English poet, knighted by Joam I. on the field of
was b. in 1733, and was the son of the  battle at Aljubarotta; and he d. at Elvas,
Rev. Dr. Lloyd, second master of West- in 1403. Dr. Southey has translated
minster school. His first production, Lobeira's work, and has satisfactorily
"The Actor," gave rise, it is said, to  proved it to be an original, and not a
the finmous Rosciad of his friend Church- translation from the French, as many
ill.  His other poems possess much    had before imagined.
merit; but his genius could not shield  LOBO. JEROME, a Portuguese Jesuit,
him from the assaults of poverty, and  was b. at Lisbon, in 1593. He went as
he d. a prisoner in the Fleet, in 1764.  a missionary to Abyssinia, and, on his
LOBAU, Count, an eminent soldier, return to Europe, became rector of the
whose name was MONTON, was, at the    college of Coimbra, where he d. in 1678.
breaking out of the revolution, employed  He wrote " An Account of Abyssinia,"
as a journeyman baker in his native of which Dr. Johnson published an
town, Phalsburg, in the Meurthe. But abridged translation.
on entering the army lie speedily signal-  LOCK, MATTHEW, an eminent English
ized himself by acts of bravery, which  musician, was b. at Exeter, where he
were rewarded by various steps of pro- became a chorister, in the cathedral.
motion, until, in. 1804, at the camp of  He published some musical pieces in
Boulogne, Napoleon, amid the applause  1657, and, after the restoration, he was
of the whole army, made him his aid- employed as a composer of operas. He
de-caump, and gave him the command    was also appointed composer to the
of the third regiment of the line. In  chapel royal, and has acquired considerthe campaign of 1805 his efficient gal- able repuitation by the beautiful music
lantry obtained him the rank of general to Shakspeare's Macbeth.
of brigade, and in 1807 that of general  LOCKE, JOHN, one of the most etniof division. In the campaign of 1809 nent philosophere and.writers of mode.r




oM]                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       591
times, was b. at Wrington, in Somerset- judge of the prerogative court in Ireshire, in 1632.  He was educated at land; and d. in 1695. Ainong }Is wriWestminster school, and Christ-church  tings are, " A History of the Eastern and
college, Oxford, where he distinguished  Western Churches," "The History of
himself much by his general proficiency; Our Saviour, taken from the Greek,
and finally applied to the study of physic. Syriac, and other Oriental Authors,"
In the year 1666 he was introduced to  " A Translation of the Ethiopic New
Lord Ashley, afterwards the celebrated  Testament into Latin," &C.
earl of Shaftesbury, to whom he became  LOGAN, JOHN, a Scottish poet and
essentially serviceable in his medical ca- prose writer of some eminence, was b.
pacity, and who formed a high opinion  in 1748. Having studied for the church,
of his general powers, and introduced  his eloquence and ability procured for
him to the duke of Buckingham, the him the living of South'Leith, in 1773.
earl of Halifax, and other distinguished  But his conduct having rendered him
characters. He also confided to him the  unpopular with his parishioners, he was
superintendence of his son's education; induced to resign his charge; and he
and when, in 1672, Lord Shaftesbury   then proceeded to London, where he
was appointed chancellor, he made Mr. became connected with the press: and,
Locke secretary of presentations, and, among other productions, wrote a pare-m
at a later period, secretary to the board  phlet, entitled " A Review of the prinof trade.  On his patron retiring to  cipal Charges against Mr. Warren HasHolland, to avoid a state prosecution, tings," which led to thle prosecution of
Locke accompanied him, and remained   the publisher, Mr. Stockdale, who, howthere several years. So obnoxious was ever, was acquitted. His poems, usually
he to James's government, that the En- printed with those of Michael Bruce,
glish envoy demanded Mr. Locke of the  whose merits he was the first to make
States, on suspicion of his being con- known, are chiefly lyrical; but he.,also
cerned in Monmouth's rebellion, which  wrote'Rinnnymede," a tragedy; and
occasioned him to keep private, and em- published the "Elements of the Phiploy himself in finishing his "Essay on  losophy of History;" besides being the
the Human Understanding."     At the  author of a volume of sermons, pubclose of the revolution he returned to lished posthumously, which have enEngland, and was made a commissioner joyed great popularity. l). 1788.
of appeals, and in 1695 a commissioner  LOLLARD. WALTER, the founder of
of trade and plantations. He d. at Oates, a religious sect in Germany, about 1315.
in Essex, in 1704. His principal works He was burnt, at Cologne, in 1322.
are, an "Essay on Human Understand-     LOLLI, or LOLLY, ANTONIO, a celeing," "Letters on   Toleration," "A   brated performer on the violin, was a
Treatise on Civil Government," and    native of Bergamo, in Italy, and b. in
"Thoughts concerning Education."      1728. In Germany, Russia, England,
LOFFT, CAPEL, a barrister, and the Spain, France, and Naples he excited
author of several works in polite litera- the admiration of the musical world;
ture, was b. in London, 1751. He was but though for many years he possessed
educated at Eton and Cambridge, and   a wonderful command over the instruwas called to the bar in 1775. On sue- ment, yet during the latter part of his
ceeding to the Capel estates, in 1781, life not a trace was left of that extraordihe removed to Troston, in Suffolk, and  nary skill which had established his
became an active mnagistrrte of the county fame. D. 1802.
till 1800; when, for having too zealously  LOMONOZOF, MICHAEL WASILOWITZ,
exerted himself as under-sheriff to delay  a Russian poet and historian of the last
the execution of a'young woman who    century, was b. 1711. He was the son
had received sentence of death, he was of a fishmonger, and having fled from
removed from the commission.     Mr. his falther, hle took refuge in a monasLofft was a very considerable contribu- tery, where he received his education,
tor to most of the magazines of the day; which he afterwards improved at a Ger-'
and it was to his active patronage of man university. In 1741 he returned
Robert Bloomfield that the public was to his native country, and became a
indebted for the " Farmer's Boy," and  member of the academy of Petersburg,
other poems by that author. D. 1824.  and professor of chemistry. In 1764 lie
LOFTUS, DUDLEY, an oriental scholar, was made a counsellor of state, and d.
was b. in 1618, at Rathfarnham, near in the course of the same year. Iis
Dublin; studied at Trinity college and  odes partake mutch of the fire of Pindar,
ait Oxford; became vicar-general and  and hlie has ien justly called the athve




592                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.               [        LLON
of Russian poetry. He also wrote sev- the restoration of his health in 1769, lie
eral works in prose, particularly a "His- -devoted his time to literary pursuits,
tory of the Empire of Russia."'       and swrote an admlirable "History of
LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART         Jamaica," a' collection of essays, entimarquis of who for many years was tied "The Prater?' "TThe Antigallcan,"
known as Lord Castlereagh, was a na- a novel; " Letters,n the Colonies," &c.
tive of Ireland, and b. in 1769, He was D. 1813.-RoGER, aln English divine,
educated'at Armagh and St. John's col- eminent as. an astronomer and a mathelege, Cambridge, and having made the  matician, was b. in 1679, in Norfolk;
tour of Europe, was on his return cho- was educated at Pembroke hall Camsen a member of the Irish parliament. bridge, of which college he became
Ile joined the opposition in the first master in 1733; was chosen Lowdnes'
place, and declared himself an advocate  professor of astronomy, held livings in
for parliamentary reform; but on ob- Huntingdonshire and Essex, was the
taining a seat in the British parliament, author of a valuable " Treatisee on Ashe took his station on the ministerial tronomy," land constructed at Pemnbenches. In 1797, having then become broke hall, a hollow sphere, 18 feet in
Lord Castlereagh, he was made keeper diameter, on the intbrior surface of
of the privy seal for Ireland, and soon  which were represented the stars, conafter appointed one of the lords of   stellations, &c., the whole being moved
the treasury. The next year he was by means of machinery. D. 1770.nominated secretary to the lord-lien- THOMAS, an English nonjuring divine,
tenant, and by his strenuous exertions was b. at Exeter, in 1621, was educated
and abilities, in the art of removing  at Exeter college, Oxford, and after the
-opposition, the union with Ireland was restoration, was made prebendary of
greatly facilitated. In 1805 he was ap- Exeter, but lost that preferment at the
pointed secretary of war and the colo- revolution for refusing the oaths. His
Dies.; but on the death of Mr. Pitt, he principal works are, "Calvinus Rediviretired until the dissolution of the brief vus,"  "History of the Donatists,-'.
administration of 1806 restored him to  "Vindication of the Primitive Christhe same situation in 1807, and he held  tians in point of Obedience," "History
his office until the ill-fated expedition  of Popish and Fanatical Plots," and
to Walcheren, and his duel with his   "A Vindication of King Charles's Claim
colleague, Mr. Canning, produced his to the Eikon Basilike."  I D. 1700.
resignation. In 1812 lie succeeded the  LONGEPIERRE, IIILARY BERNARD
Marquis Wellesley as foreign secretary, DE, a French critic, b. at Dijon, in 1659;
and the following year proceeded to the author of several tragedies in imitation
Continent, to assist the coalesced powers  of the Greek poets -'but only two of
in negotiating a general peace. In 1814  them, the " Medea" and " Electra, "
he was plenipotentiary extraordinary to  were ever performed. D. 1721.
the allied powers, and towards the close  LONGINUS, DIONYSIUs, a celebrated
of the same year, to the congress of  Greek critic and philosopher of the
Vienna. For these services he received  third century; but whether born at
the thanks of parliament, and was hon- Athens,, or in Syria, is uncertain. In
ored with the order of the garter. On  his youth lihe travelled for improvement
the death of his father, in 1821, he suc- to Rome, Athens,. and Alexandria, and
ceeded to the title of marquis of Lon- attended to all the eminent masters in
donderry; but he did not long enjoy it, eloquence and philosophy. At length
for in a fit of insanity, brought on by  lihe settled at Athens, where he taught
excessive mental and bodily exertion in  philosophy, and where le also published
attending to his public duties, lie put his iniiitable "Treatise on the Suban end to his existence by severing the. lime."  His knowledge was so extencarotid artery with a penknife. This  sive, that he was called "the living
event took place on the 12th of August, library;" and his fame having reached
1822.                                 the ears of the celebrated Zenobia,
LONG, EDWARD, was b. in 1724, at queen of Palmyra, she invited him to
St. Blaize, Cornwall. IIe was brolught the court, intrusted to him the educaup to the law, and became judge of the. tion of her two sons, and took his
vice-admiralty court in Jamaica, where  advice on political affairs.. But this
his father possessed estates, and of  distinction proved fatal to him, for after
which island his brother-in-law, Sir the surrender of Palmyra, Aurelian
Henry Moore,- was lieutenant-governor. basely put him to death,'for having adBeing- obliged to -return to England for vised Zenobia to resist the R Dmans, and




LOBR]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       593
for being the real author of the spirited  with honest but abortive zeal. He was
letter which the queen addressed. to the the author of " Gewarts and Gyzeslar,"
Roeian monarch. His death took place a drama; " Lucius Junius Brutus,"
in 273. He met his fate with calmness  "Marcus Junius Brutus," and several
and fortitude, exclaiming with his ex- romances; "Life of a Dutch Family in
piring breath, "The world'is but a   the 17th Century," "Jean de Witt,"
prison; happy therefore is he who     "Conrad and Jacquelin," &c.
gets soonest out of it, and gains his   LOPES, FERNAM, a Portu gese hisliberty."                             torian, whose " Chronicle of Joam,"
LONGLAND, or LANGELANDE, describing the great struggle between
ROBERT, an old English poet, was b. in  Portugal and Castile, towards the close
Shropshire.  He was fellow of Oriel of the 14th century, exhibits,'according
college, Oxford, and a secular priest, to the opinion of iDr. Southley, all the
but espoused the doctrines of Wickliftf. manners, painting, and dramatic reality
Ile is believed to have- been the author of Froissart. Lopes is the oldest of the
of' the "Vision of Pierce Plowmran"   Portufuese chroniclers.
and "Pierce Plowman's Credo," two      LOPEZ DE RUEDA, a Spanish dramcurious poems, containing severe reflec- atist and actor, who in the 16th century
tions on the Catholic clergy, and exib- composed humorous pieces, and with
iting a curious picture of the times.  his itinerant band of performers exhibLONGAIAN, THOMAS NORTON, known      ited them to his countrymen. D. 1564.
for nearly half a century as the hlead of  LORENZ, JOHN MICHAEL, was prothe eminent and long-established pub- fessor of history and rhetoric in the
lishing firm of Messrs. Longman and   university of Strasburg; where he was
Co., of Paternoster-row, was b. 1770; b. in 1723, and d. in 1801. Among his
d. 1842.                              writings are, "Elementa Historice UniLONGOMONTANUS, CiRISTrAN. a vetrse"          E "Elementa Historive Germancelebrated astronomer, was b. in 1562, ie," and " Summa Historive Galloat Langsberg, in Jutland, and was Francice, civilis et sacre."
obliged to earn his bread by hard labor,  LORENZINIr, FRANCESCO MARIA, was
having been left an orphan in his eighth  a native of Rome, and patronized by
year; notwithstanding which he studied  Cardinal Borghese, who gave him aparthalrd, and with the assistalnce of the ments in his palace and a pension. He
minister of the parish, acquired a good  was the author of a number of sacred
knowledge of the mathematics. At last dramas, written in Latin; and at the
he became a servitor in the collesge of time of his death filled the kituation of
Wibourg; the professors of which uni- president of the academy of the Arcadi.
versity recommended him    to Tycho  B. 1680; d. 1748.-LoRENzo, an ingeBrahe, whom he assisted in his astro- nious mathematician, who for some ofnomical researches, and with whom he  fence, while in the service of Ferdinand,
lived 11 years. In 1605 he was made   son of Cosino II1., was confined in the
prtbessor of mathematics at Copen- tower of Volterra, where he solaced the
hagen, Where he d. in 1647. I-le was hours of a wearisome imprisonment,
the author of several works, of which  which lasted nearly twenty years, by
the principal is his   "Astronomia writing a work on conic sections. D.
Danica."                             1721.
LONGUS, a Greek pastoral writer,      LORIOT, A-NTuONY JosEPH, an excelwhose work, entitled "Poimenica," or lent French mechanician, who, in 1753,
" The Loves of Daphnis and Chloe," is presented to the Academy of Sciences a
exceedingly curious, for the picture it machine, by means of which a child
affords of rural manners in ancient iightraise a weight of several thousand
Greece, but is at the same time tainted  pounds. He afterwards constructed mawith licentiousness. It is supposed to  chines for the naval service, and for
be the earliest specimen there is of a working the mines ofPompeau; claimied
prose romance; but no account has the merit of inventing a kind of cement
been transmittedc either of the age in  used in building, called " mortier Lowhich Lonous lived, or the place of his riot,  and an hydraulic machine for
birth.                                raising water. B. 1716;d. 1782.
LOOSJES, ADRIAN, a Dutch novelist,    LORRAINE, Ro.ERT LE, Ian eminent
poet, and librarian, b. at Haerlem, in  French sculptor, was b. at Paris, in
1761. Always an ardent friend of lib- 1665; studied under Girardon, and af
erty, lie opposed Napoleon's design of  terwards in Italy; and on his return, in
converting Holland into a monarchy, 1701, produced the most beautiful of
50*




594                   CYCLOPrDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LOU
his works, the "' Galatea," which at once of the preceding, was only five years old
procured his admission into the society, on the death of his father, the regency
of which he eventually became the pres- being in the hands of the queen-motller,
ident. D. 1743.                       Anne of. Austria, under whom Mazarin
LOUDON, JOHN CLAUDIUS, known        acted as prime minister. In 1651 the
as a distinguished writer on horticul- king assumed the government. D. 1715.
tural subjects, was b. at Cambuslang, in  -XV., king of France, great-grandson
Lanarkshire, in 1783, and brought up  and successor of the preceding, was b.
as a landscape gardener. His works in 1710; and Louis XIV. dying when he
were both important and numerous; was only five years of age, the kingdom
among the principal were the " Arbore- was placed under the regency of Philip,
turn Britannicum," the "Encyclopmdia duke of Orleans. He was crowned in
of Agriculture," the " Encyclopaedia of  1722, and declared of age the following
Gardening," "Hints on the Formation   year. D. 1774.-XVI., the son of Louis
of Gardens," the Encyclopmdia of Cot- the dauphin,- and of Maria Josephine,
tage, Farm, and Villa Architecture," the daughter of Frederic Augustus, kingo of
Suburban Horticulturist," and the Poland, was b. in 1754, and immediately
" Encyclopoedia of Trees and Shrubs,"  created duke of Berri. On the death of
besides which he latterly edited the his father, in 1765, he became the heir
" Gardener's and Agricultural Maga- to the throne; and in 1770 he married
zines," and contributed to other publi- Maria Antoinette, an Austrian princess,
cations. D. 1843.                     of great beauty and accomplishments.
LOUIS IX., king of France, canonized  In 1774 he succeeded to the crown; and
in the Roman calendar as St. Louis, was was executed for his tyranny and weakb. 1214, and succeeded his father, Louis ness in 1793.-XVIII., STANISLAUS XAVIII., in 1226.-XI., king of France, VIER, surnamed " le Desird," second
was the son of Charles VII., and b. at son of the dauphin, (the son of Louis
Bourges, in 1423. Active, bold, and   XV.,) was b. in 1755, and was originally
cunning, he was the reverse of his well- known as the count of Provence. At
disposed but imbecile father, of whose the accession of his brother, Louis XVI.,
minister and mistress, Agnes Sorel, he in 1774, he received the title of Monsieur;
soon showed himself a decided enemy. and after the death of his nephew, in
In 1440 he left the court, and put him- 1795, from which time he reckoned his
self at the head of an insurrection. reign, lie took the name and title of
Charles defeated the rebels, and ex- Louis XVIII., king of France and Naecuted some, but pardoned his son, varre. D. 1824.
whom he even trusted with a command     LOUIS PHILIPPE, ex-king of the
against the English and Swiss. Louis French, the eldest son of the duke of
conducted himself with valor and pr- Orleans, better known in the revoludence, and his father became entirely tionary times as Philippe Egalit6, and
reconciled to him; but having soon en- of Marie, only daughter of the duke of
tered into new conspiracies, he was Penthievre, was b. in Paris, October 6,
obliged to take refuge in Burgundy, and  1773. At the age of 17 his father introlived there five years in a dependent duced him   to the Jacobin Club; in
condition. On tlie death of his father, 1791, having received the command of
in 1461, he dismissed the former minis- a regiment of dragoons, he set out to
ters, and filled their places with men  join it at Valenciennes; and war being
taken from the lower orders, without declared against Austria, he made his
character or talents to recommend them. first campaign in 1792, fighting at Valmy
Insurrections broke out in various parts at the head ofd he troops confided to him
of his dominions; but they were soon  by Kellermann, and afterwards gaining
quelled, and followed by many execu- great distinction at Jemappes, under
tions. In every thing he did, his crooked  Dumourier. Meanwhile the revolution
policy and sinister views were evident. was hastening to its crisis. In 1793
D. 1483.-XII., king of.France, was the  Louis XVI. was carried to the scaffold;
son of Charles, duke of Orleans, and b. and a few months afterwards, when the
in 1462. His reign was a continued    duke of Orleans, notwithstanding his
scene of warfare.-XIII., king of France, connection with the revolutionary cause,
was the son of Henry IV., and b. in 1601. shared the same fate, Louis Philippe fled
Being only nine years old at the death  to the French frontier, escaped into the
of his father, the care of him and of the Austrian territories, and refusing an inkingdom was intrusted to his mother, vitation to enter into that service, trayvMary de Medicis..D. 1642.-XIV., son  elledin Switzerland, Hlungary,Deunmark,




LOW]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       595
Norway, Sweden, and America.    The exterminate their race; havino resolved
abdication of Napoleon, in 1814, intro- to omit no opportunity of killing the
ducedi a new change in his fortunes, and  others.  Louvel perpetrated the fatal
lie returneld to Paris after an absence of deed on the 13th of February, 1820.
21 years. The return of Napoleon from  HIe conducted himself with firmness
Elb a scattered the Bourbons once morle, during his lone examination, and apand Louis Philippe returned to England, peared. calm fllroughout, even in his
till the expiry of the hundred days, when  last moments, positively declaring that
he repaired to France, and entered into  he had no'accomplice.
all the honors clue to his rank. A cold-  LOVE, CHRISTOPH-ER, an  enlinent
ness which arose between him and the Presbyterian divine, was b. at Cardiff,
administration, led to his temporary re- in 1618. lIe studied at Oxford, and
tirement to England; but in 1.817 lie entered into orders; but refusing to
took up his permanent abode in France, subscribe to the canons enjoined by
and, while abstaining fiom politics, de- Archbishop Laud, he was expelled the
voted himself to the education of his concrefaation of masters, and repaired
fanialy and the patronage of literature to Loidon,. He was one of the comand the arts, until the revolution of 1800- missioners for the parliament at the
placed him on the throne, from which  treaty of Uxbridce; he was also one of
le was driven in 1848. Hastily quittinuc  the issembly of divines, lad chosenC
Paris with the queen, who had sharled  minister of St. Lawrence, Jewry; yet
with him so many cangelrs, he made his he siCned the declaration against the
way to the sea-shore, whence he es- murder of the king. After this he was
eaped, in disguise, for England, and  concerned in a plot against Cromwell
landed at Newhaven, in Sussex. D. 1850. and the Independents, for which he
LOUISA,    AUGUSTA    WTILIELMINA  was tried and beheaded, Aug. 22, 1651.
AMErLIA, queen of Prussia, daugohter of' Ashe, Calamy, and Manton, three emiCharles, ciduke of Meckleburg Strelitz, nent nonconformist divines, a.ccompawas b. at Hanover, in 1776, and waiS  nied liim to the scaffold, and he was
married to the crown-prince of Prussia, deemed a. martyr by the whole of the
afterwards king, Dec. 24, 1793. In 1797 Presbyterian party.-JAMES, a dramatic
the king of Prussia ascended the throne, writer and performer, whose real name
antd his consort became the model of a was Dance, was, for a time, a partisan
wife., a mother, and a queen, alleviating  to Sir Robert Walpole, and an expectmiscry wherever she could, and reward- ant of political preferment; but being
inlr merit. D. 1810.                 disappointed in his hopes, and involved
LOUTIIERBOURG, PHILIP JAES, an     in difficulties, he went on the stage, and
eminent landscaIpe painter, was b. at excelled in the part of Falstaff. "PaStrasburg, 1740; studied under Tisch- mela," a comedy: " The Village Wedbein and'C'asanova; and displayed great dinar," a pastoral entertainment; and
tialents in Ins delineation of battles, "The Lady's Frolic," a comic opera,
hunting pieces, &c. HIe came to Lon- were the productions of his pen. D.
don in 1771, and while there contrived  1774.
an exhibition, called the Eidophusikon,  LOVELACE, ErCARun, an English
somewhatt on the plan of the    m    pot of the 17th century, was a son of
T-e rwas a memiber of the academy of Sir Richal'd Lovelaee, of Woolwicl,
painting at Paris, and a royal academi- and b. in 1618. Ile was educated at the
cian o1 England. D. 1812.            Clhrter house, and at. Gloucester hall,
LOUVEL, P-TEP. LOIIs, the assassin  Oxford; became a. colonel in the army
of the due de Berri, was b. at Versailles, of Charles L., ancl spent the whole of
in 1783. le was by trade a saddler, and  his fortune in support of the royal
worked in the stables of the Emperor cause; wats imprisoned by tle parliaNTipoleon and the French kinil.  Hli. ment, and d. in indigence in 1658. His
disposition was gloomy, anid his mlinc  poemls, publislihed under the title of
seermed devoid of interest, except on  " Liic'sta," are lighit and eleganit. lle
politic.al subjects. lIe appeared to dwell also wrote two plays, " The Scholar," a
intelntly on wlhat he liad heard respect- comedy, and "The Soldier," a tracedy.
ing the causes of the French revolution, For spirit and gallantry, Colonel Loveuntil he felt a rooted hiatled towards the  lace has sonetimes been compared to
Bo30ubons. Durinc six vearis he rumina- Sir Philip Sidney.
ted in silence on their destruction, and  LOWE, Sir HUDnsN, entered the army
began with the youngest, as lhe after- at a very early age, and served with
wards acknowledged, from a wish to   much credit in various parts of the




596                  ZCYCLOPi.DIA OF BIOGRA-PHY.                      [LOY
world; but he will be principally re- vine, was b. in London, in 1661, and
membered in history as having been     was educated at Oxford. Being' recomgovernor of St. Helena, while that island  mended by his worth and learning, he
was the place of detention of the Em- became chaplain to Dr. Mew, bishop of
peror Napoleon. D. 1844.               Winchester, and. was provided with a
LOWELL, JoiN, first judge of Mas- prebendal stall in his cathedral and the
sachusetts, a gentleman distinguished  living of Buriton. He was an excellent
for his generosity and public soiiit, who  classical scholar and critic, and the auwas anmonog the projectors of ttle Mass- thor of several theological works of
chusetts hospital, the Boston Athena,- merit.-ROBERT, son of the preceding,
urn, savingls' bank, &e., &c. B. 1779; and a distinguished English prelate,
d. 1840.                               was b. at Buriton, in 1710, received his
LOWNDES, WILLIAM, was b. at education at Winchester, and at New
Charleston about 1781, was educated iat college, Oxford, in which university he
the college there, studied law, was was elected professor of poetry in 1741.
chosen a menmber of the legislature, and  He accompanied Mr. Legge on an emwas a distinguished member of'congoress  bassy to Berlin, and was subsequently
for a period of teln years, from  bout travelling tutor to the sons of the duke
1810 to 1822, when from ill healtth he  of Devonshire. In 17-53 lie published
resigned. In 1818 he was the chairman  his " De Sacra Poesi JIebraorumr Prof the committee of ways and nmeans. lectiones AcademleeC:" in 1758, the
He was tall, slender, emaciated, of a  "Life of William of Wykeham;" in
rueful countenance; a man of wealth    1762, a "Short Introduction to English
and probity, modest, retiring, and un- Grammar;n " and, in 1765, lhe replied, in
ambitious; with a mind of the first a masterly and unanswerable style to
order, vigorous, comprehensive, and    some acrimonious remarks of Warburlogical, and a memory of uncommon      ton, who thoug ht Dr. Lowth had aimed
power, adid standing in the first ranks  at his Divine Legation of Moses in the
of American statesmen.   There must'"Prslectiones.' After having enjoyed
have been some most extraordinary ex- some valuable preferments, he was
cellences in his character, for he was raised to the see of St. David's in 1766,
respected and beloved even by his po- was translated to Oxiord in the same
1itical adversaries. Few men have ap- year, and, in 1777, succeeded to the
peared at Washington who gave more     diocese of London. In 1778 he pubpromise of future eminence, but he d. lished his "' Translation of Isaiah." The
at. sea, on his way to Europe, 1822, too  archbishopric of Canterbury was offered
early alike for the wishes of his friends  him. on the death of Dr. Cornwallis,
and the hope of the nation.            but lhe decline-d the primacy. D. 1787.
LOWRY, WILSON, an eminent En-          LOYOLA, IGNATIUS, founder of the
glish engraver, was b. in 1762, at White- society of Jesuits, wvas b. in 1491, of a
haven, where his father, Mr. Striek- noble" family, in the Spanish province
land Lowry, was a portrait painter. lie of Guipuscoa. He was at first in the
was the inventor of a ruling-machine, army, and served with distinguished
possessing the property of ruling sue- bravery, but having   been   severely
cessive lines, either equidistant or in  wounded at the siege of Pampeluna, he
just gradations, from the greatest re- beguiled his time with books, and on
quired width to the nearest possible  reading the "Lives of the Saints," his
approximation; also of one capable of  imeagination became highly excited, and
drawing lines to a point, ancd of forming  he determined to devote himself from
concentric circles: he likewise intro- that time to works of piety. He began
duced the use of diamond points for by making a pilgrimage to Jerusalem,
etching, and many other useful im- not from a mere wish to see those places,
proveneents in the art, and was the first which had been hallowed by the preswho succeeded in what is technically   ence of our Lord, but in the hope of
termed "biting in    well upon steel. converting some of the infidels, who
For thirty years before his death he were masters of the Holy Land, or of
was engaged by eminent publishers onl gaining the palmh of martyrdom in the
their most extensively illustrated works; attempt.  Having accomplished this
and having attained to the highest rank  painful and perilous journey, he rein Ihis peculiar branch of the art, his turned to Spain, more unprovided even
services were thoroughly appreciated. than lie had left it. In 1526 he went to
D. 1820.                              the university of Alcala, where he found
LOWTH, WILLIAM, an eminent' di- some adherents; but the Inquisitin im



LIe]                  CYCLOPAiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        597
prisoned himhn for his conduct, which  distinguished for his ingenuity and wit,
appeared strange, afnd.rendered him  was b. at Samosata, the capital of Cosuspected of witchcraft.  He was not magene, during the reign of Trajan. He
delivered from the prison of the holy  was of humble origin, and was placed,
office until 1528, when he went to Paris while young, with an uncle, to study
to continue his studies, the subjects of  statuary, but being unsuccessful in his
which, indeed, were only works of an first attempts, he went -to Antioch, and
ascetic character. Here he became ac- devoted himselfto literature and forensic
quainted with several Spaniards and   rhetoric. In the reign of Marcus AureJFrenchmen, who wvere afteriwards noted  lius, he was made procurator of the
as his followers.  They conceived the province of Eypt, and d. when 80 or 90
plan of an order for the conversion of years old. The works of Lucian, of
heathens and sinners, and, on Ascension  which many have come down to us, are
day. in 1554, they united for this great mostly in the form  of dialogues, but
work in the subterranean chapel of the  none are so popular as those in which
abbey of Montmartre. They then met he ridicules the pagan mythology and
again in 1536, at Venice, whence they  philosophical sects.  Many of them,
proceeded to Rome, and received the    however, though written in an elegant
confirmation of their fraternity from  style, and abounding with witticisms,
Pope Paul III., as "The Society of     are tainted with profanity and indecency.
Jesus."  In 1541. Ignatius was chosen   LUCILIUS, CAIs, a Roman satirist,
general of the society,: continued his who served under Scipio in his expediabstinence and penances during life, and  tion against the Numantians.  Only a
d. in 1566. Loyola was in person of a  few of his verses remain, which are in
middle stature, of an olive complexion, the "Corpus Poetarum" of Maittaire.
with a bald head, eyes full of fire, and  D. at Naples, 108 B. c.
an aquiline nose.  His fanaticism and   LUCRETIA, a Roman matron, was the
enthusiasm were certainly dignified by  wife of Collatinus, and the cause of the
sincerity, and he doubtless believed as revolution of Rome from a monarchy to
he taught, that the Society of Jesus was a republic.  Sextus Tarquinius, who
the result of an immediate inspiration  contrived to become a guest in the abfrom  heaven.  HIe was canonized in    sence of her husband, whose kinsman
1622, by Gregory XV.                   he was, found means to reach her
LUBIN, AUGUSTIN, an Augustin friar, chamber in the middle of the night, and
was b. at Paris, in 1624. He became   finding himself repulsed, he threatened
provincial-general of his order in France, to stab her, kill a slave; and place him
and afterwards assistant-general of the by her side, and then swear he had slain
French monks at Rome, but lie returned  them both in the act of adultery. The
to Paris, and d. there in 1695. He was dread of infamy succeeded, and he
made geographer royal, and wrote " The  triumphed over her fears; but she
Geographical Mercury," "Notes on the  acquainted her husband, ioather, and
Roman Martyrology," "History of the kindred of the transaction, and, in spite
French Abbeys," and the " Geography   of their soothing remonstrances, drew a
of the Bible," &c.                    dagger, and stabbed herself to the heart.
LUCAN, MARCUS ANN:mus, a cele- The bloody poniard, with her dead
brated Roman poet, was b. at Cordulla, body exposed to the senate, was the
in Spain, A. D. 37. He was a nephew of signal of Roman liberty.. The expulsion
Seneca, and being taken early-to Rome, of the Tarquins, and the abolition of
he studied there under the best masters. the regal dignity, was instantly resolved
Before he was of the legal age he was on, and carried into execution.
made a qunstor, and he was also ad-     LUCRETIUS, TITUS CARUS, an ancient
mitted into the college of augurs. lie  Roman philosopher and poet, much
excited the anger of Nero for having  esteemed for his learning and elocuence.
had the effrontery to recite one of his His celebrated work, "De Rerufm Nacompositions, in a public assembly, in  tura," has been translated into English
competition with the emperor, and was by Mr. Creech. B. 98 B. C.; d. 55 B.C.
ordered never more to recite in public.  LUCULLUS, Lucius LICNeIUS, a ReThis induced Lucan.to join Piso and  man consul and commander, celebraothers in a conspiracy against the tyrant, ted for his military talents and mazfor which he suffered death, 65. His nificence, was b. 115 B. c.   He first
"Pharsalia" contains passages of great distinguished himself in the social war,
beauty.        -                      and afterwards defeated Hamilcar in
LUCIAN, a celebrated Greek author, two naval battles. He also conquered




598                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [LUT
various cities of Pontus, and, although  On this, Ludlow went back to Vevay,
overcome by Mithridates in a battle, in Switzerland, where he d. in 1693.
soon acquired such advantages that he He was one of the purest and most
fillally broke up the hostile army, and  honorable characters on the republican
Mithridates himself sought protection in side, free from fanaticism or hypocrisy.
Armenia, where Tigranes refusing to  His "Memoirs" are interesting, and
surrender him to the Romalis, Lucullus written in a manly and unaffected style.
attacked that monarch, and completely  LULLY, RAYMOND, a distinguished
subdued him.    By i mutiny of his philosopher and scholar of the 13th
soldiers, who accused him of avarice century, b. at Palma, in Majcrca. In
and covetousness, he was deprived of his youth he had been a soldier, but he
the chief command, and recalled. From  became a religious ascetic, and travelled
this time, Lucullus remained a private into Africa and the East, for the purpose
individual, spending in luxurious ease  of converting the Mahometans to Christhe immense riches which he had      tianity. He suffered tortures and imbrought with him from Asia, without prisonment at Tunis, but was released
however, abandoning the more noble by some Genoese merchants, and d. on
and serious occupations of a cultivated  his voyage home, in 1315. He wrote on
mind. D. 49 B. c.                    divinity, Imedicine, chemistry, metaphyLUDLOW, EDMUND, an eminent re- sics, &c.; was styled "Doctor Illulnipublican leader, was b. at Maiden Brad- natus," and his method, which prevailed
ley, Wilts, in 1620, studied at Trinity in Europe during the 14th, 15th, and
college, Oxford, and at the Temple, was 16th centuries, was dignified by the title
an officer in the parliamentary army, of " Ars Lulliana."
and fought at Edgehill, Newbury, and   LUSSAN, MARGARET DE, a French
other places, but when the " self-deny- authoress of considerable talents, b. in
ing ordinance" took place, he remained  1682, was the daughter of one of Cardiout of any ostensible situation, until nal Fleury's coachmen.  Among her
chosen member for Wiltshire in the most esteemed productions are, "La
place of his father. At this time the Comtesse de Gondez," "Anecdotes de
machinations of Cromwell becoming    Philippe Auguste,"   "Anecdotes of
visible, he was opposed by Ludlow with  Francis I.," "La Vie de M. Crillon,"
firmness and openness. To establish a and " Histoire de Charles VI."
republic, he joined the army against   LUTHER, MARTIN, the great reformer
the parliament, and sat also as one of of the church, was b. in 1483, at EisleCharles's judges.  Nominated general ben, in Lower Saxony. At the age of
of horse in Ireland, he joined thle army  14 lie was sent to the school of Magdeunder Ireton, and acted with ggreat vigor burg, from which he removed to Eiseand ability. When Cromwell was de- nach, and thence to the university of
clared protector, Ludlow used all his Erfurt, where, in 1503, he received a
influence with the army against him, master's degree, and delivered lectures
on which account he was recalled, and -n the physics and ethics of Aristotle.
put under arrest; but he avowed his He was destined by his father for the
republican principles, and, refusing all legal profession, but the impression prosecurity or engagement for Jubmission, duced on him by the fitte of his friend
retired into Essex, where he remained  Alexis, who was struck dead by lightuntil the death of the protector. When  ning whilewalking by his side on their
Richard Cromwell succeeded, he joined  road from Mansfield to Erfurt, uniting
the army party at Wallingford House, with the effect of his early religious
and was instrumental in the restoration  education, induced him to devote himof the long parliament, in which he took  self to the monastic life, and he entered
his seat.  The restoration was now   tlhe monastery of Augustins, in 1505,
rapidly approaching, and finding the submitting patiently to all the penances
republicans unable to resist it, he quitted  and humiliations which the superior of
tile country, and proceeded to Geneva, the order imposes upon novices.  In
whence he afterwards, with many more 1507 he was constituted a priest, and in
fugitives of the party, took refuge at 1508 lie was made professor of philosLausanne.   After the revolution he  ophy in the new university of Wittenventured to appear in London, which  berg.   In this sphere of action his
gave such offence, that an address was powerful mind soon showed itself; he
presented to King William, by the house threw off the fetters of the scholastic
of commons, praying his majesty to issue philosophy, asserted the rights of reason,
a proclamation for apprehending him. and soon' collected a large number of




LYC]                 CYCLOPVEDIA OF BIODGRAPHY.                     599
disciples. In 1510 he visited the court the new opinions; and here it was that
of Pope Leo X., at Rome, a journey   the name of Protestants firstV arose, ocwhich revealed to him the irreligion and  casioned by the protest made, on the
corruption of the clergy, and destroyed  part of the electoral princes, who were
his reverence for the sanctity of the for the reformation, against the rigorotis
pope. After his return, he became a impositions brought forward in this aspreacher, and was made doctor of the- sembly.  After this, the protesting
ology. His profound learning, together princes determined to have a common
with the fainme of his eloquence, soon  confession of faith drawn up; which
made Luther known to the principal was accordingly performed by Melanchscholars, and esteemed as a powerful tlion, and being presented at the diet
advocate of the new light. which was of Augsburg, in 1530, was called "'The
breaking upon the world. Great, there- Confession of Augsburg."  In 1534
fore, was the attention excited by his Luther's trarslation of the whole Bible
ninety-five propositions, given to the was published, and the same year lie
world, Oct.' 31, 1517, and intended to printed a book against the service of the
put an end to the sale of induilgences by  mass. At length, worn out, more by
the Dominican Tetzel. They were con- labor than age, this illustrious man d.
demned as heretical, but neither men- at his native place, Feb. 18, 1546, having
aces nor persuasions could induce him  lived to see that his doctrines had taken
to recant, and he still maintained the such deep root, that no earthly power
invalidity of indulgences, and of the could eradicate them.
papal supremacy. In 1520, Luther and   LUTTI, BENEDICT, an eminent Italian
his friends were excommunicated, and  painter, on whom the emperor of Gerhis writings burnt at Rome, Cologne, many conferred the honor of knightand Lonvain. Indianant at this open  hood, was b. at Florence, in 1666. He
act of hostility, Luther burned the bull resided at Rome, where he was presiof excommunication and the decretals dent off the academy of St. Luke. His
of the papal canon. Being called upon  paintings are rare and valuable.  D.
by many of the German lnobility to de- 1724.
fend the new doctrine, lie presented   LUXEMBOURG, FRANCIS HENRY DPE
himself at the diet of Wormins, April, MONTMOPRENCI, duke of, a famous general
1521, before the emperor, and a vast and marshaml of France, b. in 1628, was
assemblage of the princes and prelates the posthumous son of the count de
of Germany. Ile there made an elabo- Bouteville, who was beheaded in the
rate defence, and concluded it with these reignl of Louis XIII. for fighting a duel.
words: "Let me then be refitted and  He served whllen young under the prince
convinced by the testimony of the Scrip- of Cond6, was made am duke and peer of
tures, or by the clearest arguments, France, in 1662, was a lieutenant-genotherwise I cannot and will not recant; eral at the taking of Franche-Compt6,
for it is neither safe nor expedient to in 1668, commanded during the invasion
act against conscience. Here I take my  ol.Hlolland, in 1672, and hai'ving gained
stand; I can do no otherwise, so help the battle of Seref, in 1674, was created
me God! Amen." lie left Worms, in    a marshal.   He subsequently distinfect, a conqueror; but it was so manifest guished himself at the battles of Fleuthat his enemies were determined upon  rus, Leuze, Steinkirk, &c., and d. in
his destruction, that the elector of Sax- 1695.
ony conveyed him to the castle of Wart-  LYCOPHRON, a Greek poet was b.
burg, to save his life. In this Patmos, at Chalcis, in Euboea. He flourished in
as he called it, Luther remained ten  the age of Ptolemy Philadelplus, and
months, and then returned to Witten- was one of the seven poets termed the
berg, where lihe published a sharp reply  Pleiades. lie wrote numerous trageto HIenry VIII., who had written a book  dies, a satirical drama, and other works;
against lhim, on the seven sacraments. but the only exttint production of this
Luther also printed a translation of the writer is a poem relating to the predicNew Testament, which greatly alarmed  tions of Cassandra, the daughter of
the Catholics, and severe edicts were Priam, kinz of Troy.
issued against the reading of it by the  LYCURGUS, the celebrated Spartan
princes of that communiol. In 1524 lie legislator, son of Eunomus, king of
married Catherine de Bora, who had   Sparta, is supposed to have been b.
been:a nun, by whomni lie had three sons. about 898 B. C. His elder brother,
In 1529 the emp'eror assembled another Polydectes, who succeeded to the throne
diet at Spires, to check the progress of on the death of his father, soon after




600                  CCYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [LYO
died, and left the kingdom to him; but in those pursuits Vlwhich have gained
Lycurgus fending that the widow was him a distinguished place among men
pregnant, forbore to assume the sceptre; of scietnce.  lie as the discoverer of
an  the issue proving to be a boy, he  many  British plants previously unfaithfilly fulfilled the office of guardiaen  known; and his' translation of the
to it. lie made the study of legislation  lyrical poems of Dante, with his illushis principal object; and having trav- trative notes, shows a profound knowlelled for the prpose of investigating   edge of lediaval Italial history and
the institutions of other ulnds, he. re- literature. Sir Charles Lvell, the disturned to his own country, and estab- tinguished geologist, is his son.  D.
lished those laws by which Sparta wacS  1849.
so lonu  governed. Having bound the     LYXMAN, PrINEAS, major-general,
king, senate, and people, by a solemn  was b. at Durham, in 1716, and after
oati,. not to alter any of the laws he had  receiving his education at Yale college,
made until his return, ie left Sparta commenced his study of the law, and
with the avowed intention of visiting  became eminent in its practice. In 1755
the oracle of Delphi, but he secretly  le was appointed commander-in- chief
determined never to see it again. Plu- of the Connecticut forces, and held this
tarcli affirms, that he put himsclf vol- post with much clistinction till the conuntarily to death by starvation, while elusion of the Canadianv war. In 1762
Lucian assert that he dicdl naturally, at lie commanded the American forces in
the age of 85. The rigid character of  the expedition to Havana, and afterwards
the laws of Lycurgus was intended to  went to Englandc as aent to obtain from
make'public principles predominate governmeLnt a tract of land on the Misover private interests and. affections. sissippi and Yazoo, where lie proposed
Children were not allowed to be the   to establish a colony. Faililg in this
property of their pareits, but of the  enterprise, he was ashamed to return to
state; which direecd th eir edecation,  his native country, and passed eleven
and even determined on their life or years in England almost in a state of
death. The severest penaities against imbeciity.  He was then induced to
debauchery  and   intemperance were   return, and embarked with his family
affixed; and it was enjoined that t        he fr the  iississippi, and d. 1788. At
people should,all tcke their meals in  one perio of his life he enjoyed a very
public. They were allowed to possess  hiih and extensive reputation.
neither gold nor silver; iron was used  LYNCH, THOMASs, A3 signer of the
for money; the theatres were abolished,  declaration of independence, was b. in
and nothing but the most indispensable  South Carolina in 1749, was educated in
knowledge was allowed to be acquired; England, and commenced the study of
in short, all that tended to soften and  law at the Temple. In 1772 he returned
humanize   mankind was prohibited, to his native state, and when but 27
while every thing that could promote a years of age took his seat in the contihardy life and personal.bravery was en- nental.congress of 1776. The decline
couraged. The Spartans, under the     of his health soon rendered a change of
laws ofLycurgus, consequently became  climate necessary, and he embarked
a' nation of wavrriors, who, for ages, about the close of the year 1779 for St.
proved the bulwark of their friends, Eustatia. The ship in which he sailed
the dread of their foes, and an example was never afterwards heard from.
for future ages-more, however, to be    LYNDWODE,        or  LINDWOOD,
shunned than imitated.                WILLLAM, an eminent ecclesiastical lawLYDGATE, JOHN, one ofthe oldest yer of the 15th centunry, was keeper of
English poets, was a Benedictine monk  the privy seal in the reign of Henry VI.,
of Bury St. Edmund's. lie was edu- and was sent repeatedly on embassies
cated at Oxford, travelled in France and  to Spain and Portugal. D. bishop of
Italy, opened a school on his return for St. David's, in 1446.
the tuition of the young nobility, and  LYON, GEORGE FANCISm, an enterd. about 1460. His "Siege of Troy" is  rising traveller, and a captain in the
very scarce.                          British navy, was b. at Chichester in
LYELL, CHARLES, well known in the   1795, and entered the service on board
scientific and literary world, was b. in  the Milford, of 74 guns, in 1809; fron
Fifeshire, 1767. Educated partly at St. which period up tothe battle of Algiers,
Andrew's, and partly at Cambridge, he  where he was present, he was continureturned to his paternal estate of Kin- ally engaged in the active duties of his
nordy, where he passed his whole time  profession. In 1818 he was employed




LYT]                 CYCLOP2ED-IA OF BIOGRMAPY.                       601
under Mr. Ritchie, on a mission to the an end to the Peloponnesian war. By
interior of Afiica. Of this expedition  defeating the Athenians, too, in the
Mr. Lyon published his journal, nder naval action of'Egospotamos, 405. c.,
the title of " A Narrative of Travels in  he destroyed the Athenian ascendency
Northern Africa, accompanied by Geo- in Greece. His ambition was to obtain
graphical Notices of Soulan, and of the the soverei egon power of Sparta, but le did
Course of the Niger."  A more isas- not succeed. Ie was slain in the war
trous undertaking has been seldom     against Thebes, 875 B. c.
known; the travellers suffered every    LYSIAS a lGreek orator, b. at Athens,
kind of privation, wvere attacked with  as some say, and it Syracuse, as others
the most alarming disorders, and Mr. m'aintain, 459 n.C. lie obtained great
Pvitchie fell a martyr to extreme suffer- fiame as a rhetorical teacher, and is cited
ing antd disappointment while at Mour- by Qaintillian as an example of pure arld
zouk, the capital of ]ezzan, from which  beautiful- eloquence.  lie lived to the
place Mr. Lyon retnrned. A very dif- ace of 81. Of his 300 or 400 orations
ferent scene of operations next awaited  only 3'4 have come down to us.
him. In 1821 he was appointed to the    tYSIPPUS, a celebrated     Grecian
command of the Ilecla, one of the ships sculptor, who worked with such extrabelonging to Captain Parry's expedition  ordinary dilihence, that he is said to
to the polar seas; of which lie also have left behinid him fifteen hundred
published "A Private Journal."    In  pieces, every one of whice   evinced
1823 he was rcaiced to the rank of post- marks of superior genius. Hc received
captain, and appointed to the command  fiom Alexander the Great the singular
of the Griper gun-brig, then fitting  privilege of exclusively maiking his
out for another voyage of discovery in  effiCgy in cast metal; andi he accordingly
the icy regions. Here he and his gal- executed a series of figures of that
lahint crew encountered the most f  -ightful prince, fiom childhood to maturity. He
perils, but providentially returned to greatly improved the art of statuary,
England, though without effecting yl any d gave to the human figure a degree
part of their object. He afterw'ards of sxymmetry and beauty unpractised by
went to Mexico as one of the commrs- his predecessors.
sioners of the Real del Monte Mining    LYTTLETON, GEORGIC, Lord, an eleCompany, and was wrecked on his re- gantpoet and historian, was b. atHiaglcy,
turn, near Ilolyhead, in 1827, losing  in Worcestershire, in 1709. On the resevery thing belonging to him.     ie iccnation of Walpole, lie was made one
again visited Sounth America, but d. on  of the lords of the treasury; was subseill passage home, 1832, aced 37.      quently chancellor of the exchequer, but
LYONNET, PETER, an eminent nat- resigned in 1757, and was raised to the
uralist was b. at Maestriebht in 1707. peerage, after which he withdrew from
Being bred to the law, he became one public affairs. He was the author of a
of the secretaries to the states of Iol- " Dissertationa on the Conversion of St.
land, and their law translator from the Paul," " Dialogues of the Dead," a
Latin and French. In his latter years "IHistory of Henry II.," and "Poems."
he applied to the study of natural his- The,latter are correct in versification,
tory, particularly insects; on which sub- and replete with delicate sentiments
ject'he wrote several esteemed books, nor are his miscellanies in prose devoid
the most important of which is, "Traitd  of good taste. D. 1778.-TTHioAS, Lord,
Anatomique de la Chenille qui rouge le son of the preceding, was a young noBois de Saule."  D. 1789.             bleman of promisings talents, but of disLYONS, ISRAEL, an astronomer, bot- sipated manners; and whose death is
anist, and mathematician, b. in 1789, said to have been preceded by a' very
was the son of a Polish Jew, who was extraordinary circumstance. tHe dreamt
a Hebrew teacher at Cambridge. He that a young female, dressed in white,
was Sir Joseph Banks' instructor in bot- solemnly warned him of his dissolution
any, and accompanied Captain Phipps, in three days from that time. On the
afterwards Lord Mulgrave, as astrono- third day, his lordship had a party to
mer, in his voyage towards the north  spend the evening with him, and about
pole. He was one of the calculators the time predicted he observed to the
of the " Nautical Almanac,   wrote a company present, that " he believed he
"Treatise on   Fluxions," and other should jockey the ghost;" but in a few
works, and lectured on botany. D. 1775. minutes afterwards he was seized with
LYSANDER, a famous Lacedemonian     a sudden faintness, carried to bed, and
general, who was employed in and put rose no more. D. 1779.
51




602                   CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     JMAO
M.
MABILLON, a learned French Bene- and the earl was next sent to Louis
iictine, famous as a writer on ecclesias- XVIII., then Monsieur, at Verona;
tical antiquities and diplomatics, was b. after that, he was appointed governor
in 1632, at Pierre Mont, in'Champagne, of the Cape of Good Hope, which he
and studied at the college of Rheims. was compelled, from ill health, to resign.
He assisted D'Acheri in his Spicilegium, During his retirement in Surrey, he
and published several laborious works, wrote " The State of hiussia in 1767,"
amiong, which are, " De Diplomatica,"  and " The State of Irel.nd in 1773."
the' Muserum Italicurn," and " The     MACAULAY, CATHIARIN, a female
Annals of the Order of St. Benedict."  historian, was b. in 1730. In 1760 she
D. 1707.                              married Mr. George Macaulay. a physiMABLY, GABRIEL BONNET DE, a cian in London; and after his death she
French abbe, eminent as a political and  married, in 1778, Dr. Graliham, a clergyhistorical writer, was the brother of man, and brother to the noted empiiic
Condillac, and b. at Grenoble, in 1709. of that name. In 1785 she came to
He was educated by the Jesuits at America, for the purpose of visiting
Lyons, but soon abandoned theological General Washington, with whom she
studies for Thucyvdides, Plutarch, and tmaintained a correspondence diuring her
Livy. His works include " Parallele des life. Among her works are, "The HisRomains et des Fraiincois," "Le Droit tory of England from James I. to the
public de l'Europe," "Observations stir Accession of the House of Hanover,"
les Grecs," "Observations sur les Ro- " The History of England from the Revmiains," " Observations sur l'HIistoire olution to the present Time," "Remarks
de la France," " Sur les Constitutions on Hobbes's Rudiments of Government
des Etats Unis de I'Arn6rique," &c. D. and Society," "A Treatise on Moral
1785.                                Truth," " Letters on Education," &c.
MACADAM, JofN LOUDON, known         D. 1791.-ZACHARY, a zealous co-opas the introducer of an improved system  erator with Mr. Wilberforce and other
of road-making, which bears hils name  distinguished  philanthropists in the
was descendedl from  an ancient and   abolition of slavery in the British colorespectable family in Kirkeudbright, nies; to which end he had devoted his
Scotland, where le was b. in 1756. He eminent talents and best energies for
was a man of science generally, and in  upwards of forty years. lie was the
the course of his active services as a father of the distinguished historian, T.
magistrate and trustee of roads, his at- Babington Macaulay, esq. D. 1838.
tention was first attracted;to the want  MACAULEY, ELIZABETHI WRIGHT, a
of scientific principles in the conastruc- lady, w1ho, in the varied characters of
tion of roads. At that time he was in  an actress, a lecturer, and a preacher of
his 60th year, and the subject continued  the gospel, was well known, was b. in
to occupy his leisure till' he finally ef- 1785. She left the stage on the plea of
fected what may fairly be ternmed a na- ill health, and became the occupant and
tional good. Government appreciating  preacher of a chapel in London; she
the vast utility of his plans, rewarded  also occasionally entertained audiences
him by two grants, amounting together with dramatic recitations; and, for the
to ~1, 000, and he wa'3 offired'the honor twelvemonth preceding her death., she
of knighthood, which, however, he de- was occupied in delivering lectures on
dined, in consequence of his advanced  "Domestic Philosophy" in various parts
age, and it was conferred on his son, of England. D. 1837.
now Sir James Nicoll M'Adam. D. 1836.  MACCALL, HUGH, major in the army
MACARTNEY, GEOJGE, earl of, was of the U. S., d. at Savannah, Georgia,
b. at Lismore, near Belfast, in 1737. He 1824, ag.ed 57..He published a " History
wlas employed as ambassador from Great of Georgia," 1816.
Britain to the emperor of China in 1792.  MACCALLA, DANIEL, minister at
He conducted himself with great ad- Wappetaw, S. C., was a native of Penndress on that occasion; and an account sylvania, and graduated at Princeton
of the mission was published by Sir college, 1766. In 1774 he was ordained
George Staunton, who acted as his sec- pastor of the churches of New Proviretary. The enmbassy returned in 1794, dence and Charleston, Penn. In the




MAC]                 CYCLOPzEDIA OF BIOGRAPtIY.                       603'
war he went as chaplain to Canada, and  in the nRussian campaign, and distinwas made a prisoner. For some months guished himself in the battles of Bautzen
he was confined in a prison-ship. Ie  and Lntzen; but met with a severe rereturned on parole at the close of 1776. verse at Katzbach, where he had impruD. 1800.                              dently enllaged Marshal Blucher with a
MACCULLOCH, JOHN, was b. in 1773, greatly inferior force. After the fall of
at Guernsey; entered into the artillery  Napoleon, he was called to the chamber
as assistant surgeon, and became chem- of peers, and made chancellor of the
ist to the ordnance in 1803.  lie was legion of honor. D. 1840.
afterwards engaged by government in     MACDONOUGH, THOMAS, commnothe surveys of Scotland; and his miner- dore, was a native of Delaware. He
alogical and geological survey of that por- served as a midshiprman in the American
tion of the kingdom is deemed his most fleet sent to the Mediterranean. In the
important public work. In 1832 his able  war of 1812, at the age of 28, he commap of it was completed, and he received  manded the American forces on lake
from government the sum of~7000. He   Champlain. In the battle of Sept. 11,
also wrote many scientific works. D. 1835. 1814, after an action of two hours and
MACDONALD, ETIENNE JACQUES Jo- twenty minutes, he obtained a complete
SEPH ALEXANDRE, duke of Tarentum, and  victory. The state of New York gave
a distinguished marshal of France, was him 1000 acres of land on the bay, in
b. at Sedan, in France, 1765. Descended  which the battle was fought. D. 1825,
from a Scotch family, which had taken  aged 39.
refuge in France after the suppression  MACDOUGAL, ALEXANDER, majorof the rebellion in Scotland in 1745, lie general, was the son of a Scotchman,
entered the French army in 1784, and  who sold milk in the city of New York,
embracing  the  revolutionary  cause, nor was he ashamed to acknowledge,
served on the staff of Dumourier, at that when a boy lie assisted his father.
Jemappes, and greatly distinguished   He proved himself a zealous whig before
himself in the campaign in the Low    the beginning of the American revoluCountries under General Pichegru. In  tionary war; in 1776 he was appointed
1796, as general of division, he took the brigadier, and major-general in 1777.
commandl of the army of the Rhine; he Hie commanded in the action at White
then joined the army of Italy, where he Plains, and was engaged in the battle
became governor of Rome; and having   of Germantown. In 1781 he was elected
soon afterwards been sent against Na- a delegate to congress; he was afterples, his skilful retreat saved the French  wards in the senate of New York. D.
army from the utter ruin with which it 1786.
was menaced by Suwarrow. During the     MACDUFFIE, GEORGE, an eminent
18th Brumaire, lie commanded at Ver- politician of South Carolina. He studied
sailles. In 1800 he was appointed to law with J. C. Calhoun and commenced
the command of the army in Switzer- the practice in connection with Edward
land, and immortalized his name in    Ford, now the rector of an Episcopal
military annals by his celebrated passage  church at Augusta. Shortly after their
of the Splugen. In 1802 he was ap- separation he was involved in difficulties
pointed'French ambassador at the court with Colonel Cumming of Augusta,.
of Copenhagen; and, on his return to  which resulted in several hostile meetParis, Napoleon marked his displeasure ings, in one of which he received a
at some expressions he had made use of wound in one of his shoulders from
in reference to his treatment of Moreau, which he never recovered. He entered
by withdrawing him from active service. congress in 1821, and represented his
But in 1809 he once more took part in  state fourteen years, during which he
the Italian campaign, shared the glories distinguished himself as an orator, and
of thle victories at Laybach, Raab, and  often contended in debate with the late
Wagram, his gallant conduct in the last John Randolph.  He was afterwards
earninug for him a marshal's baton at the  elected governor of his state, and in
emperor's hands, and was appointed    1843 was chosen to the United States
governor of Grtitz, where his humanity  senate as colleague with Mr. Calhoun.
gained him "golden opinions from all He was once a champion of the United
ranks of people." In 1810 he was cre- States bank, internal improvements, and
ated duke of Tarentum, and appointed  a protective tariff, and soon after became
to command in Catalonia, where, con- an equally enthusiastic opponent of them
trary to his wont, he displayed great all. He was an earnest and eloquent deinhumanity.  He subsequently shared   bater. D. 1851.




604                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LMAa
MACE, THOMAS, an English musician, southern Indians.     D. 1806.-JOHN,
who was an excellent perbrmner on the  General, was an officer of the Georgia
late.  He published a work, entitled  line in 1775, and served during the war
"Music's Monument, or a Reinena- with unblenished honor. In 1814 he
brance of the best Practical Music,":&c. commanded the Georgia division which
D. 1676.                              wentto Pensacola. D. 1826.
MACFARLANE       iNmR, an histori-    MACKAY, ANDREW, an         eminent
cal writer, was b. in Scotland, in 17834; nmathematician; author of a "Treatise
was for some years a reporter of speeches on the Longitude," and a contributor to
in parliament; and afterwarids kept a Rees's "Cyclopwedia."  D. 1809.
respectable seminary at Walthamstow.    MAGKEAN, THOMAs, an        eminent
He was the author of a "'History of jcdge, and a signler of the declaration
George III.," an " Essay on the the Authen- of independence, was b.. in Pennsylticity of Ossian,l  " An Address to the vania, in 1734, and after a course of
People of Britain," &c. D. 1804.      academic and professional studies was
MACHIAVEL, or MACCi[IAVELLI, admitted to the bar at the age of 21
NICHOLSs, a celebrated political writcr years. His political career coimmenced
and historian, was b. at Florence in  in 1-762, when lie was returned a mem1469, of a noble fiunily, whose members  ber of the assembly from the county of
had enjoyed the highest dignities in the  Newcastle. lIe was a member of the
republic..On account. of his distin- congress which assembled in New York,
guished talents, he was very early ap- in 1765, to obtain relief of the British
pointed chancellor of his native state  government for the grievances uInder
and not long afterwards advanced to the  which the colonies were suffering. In
post of secretary. When Florence had  this body he behaved with much decisrecovered her liberty,. by tlhe expulsion  ion and energy. In 1774 lie was ap.of the Medici, he was several' times pointed to tlie general congress, a delecharged  with  important embassies, gate from the lower counties in Delaware,
which were of great use to the comn- and was the only mian who, without
monwealth.   On the return of the intermission, was a member during the
Medici to Florence, he was deprived of  whole period. Of this body he Was
his post; and beino afterwards accused  president in 1781. In 1777 he was apof participating in a conspiracy, he was pointed chief justice of Pennsylvania,
imprisoned, put to the: torture, and  and discharged the duties of this office
banished; all which he endured with a  with impartiality and diZgnity for 22
firmness approaching to indifference. years. In 1799 lie was elected a govH-laving returned to his native country, ernor of the state of Pennsylvania. D.
the favor and confidence shown him by  1817.
the Medici.alienated him from the af-  MACKENZIE, Sir'GEORGE, an ingefections of the Florentines; and he d. nious lawyer and writer, was b. at Dunin indigent circmnstances, in 1o27. His  dee, 1636; became an eminent advocate;
chief works are,."The History of Flor- and gained from the covenanters the
ence," "The Life of Castruccio Castra- severe appellation of "bloodthirsty."
cai," "-A Treatise on the Military Art,  When James II. abrogated the Catholic
and "The Prince."   This last work, if laws he resigned, but was afterwnards
taken literally, contains the most per- restored by that prince. Notapproving
nicious maxims of government, founded  the measures of the prince of Orannge,
on the vilest principles; hence the word  he again retired and went to London,
Machiavellisin is used to denote that where he d.:1691. He wrote several
system of policy which disregards every  works of merit on the laws of Scotland;
law, human or divine, to effect its pur- "A Defence of the Antiquity of the
poses. There are many, however, who   Royal Line of Scotland," "Essays on
regard it rather as a covert satire upon  Moral Subjects," and some poetical
tyranny, than as a manual for a tyrant. pieces.-HENRY, an essayist and elegant
MA:CINTOSH, LAOeLAN, General, an    writer of works of fiction, was the son
officer of the American revolutionary  of an eminent physician at Edinburgh,
war, was one of the early settlers of  and b. in 1745. He received a liberal
Georgia, and the principal military of  education; and, in 1746, became an atthe province. In 1776 he was appointed  torney in the Scottish court of exchebrigadier-5general.' Having served to the  quer. His first: production was "The
end of the war,'he was a member of   Man of Feeling,' which soon acquired
congress in 1784. In 1785 lie was one unbounded popularity: this was folof the commissioners to treat with the lowed by "The Man of the World,"




MAC]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       605
and lie subsequently produced a third,  AMACKINTOSH, Sir JAMES, eminent
Julia de Roubigne."  He next, in con- as a jurist, a statesman, and a writerjunction with other literary characters, equally distinguished for his extensive
publi.shed a series of Essaivs, under the  learning, his larce views, and his libtitle of "The Mirror,'" and afterwards  eral principles in law. politics, and phi"The Lounger."   He also contributed  losophly-was descended of an ancient
many excellent papers to the " Transac- but reduced Scottish family, and b. in
tions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh  the county of Inverness, durinio 1765.
and of the Higlan d Society," of both  of  After studying at King's college, Aberwhich he was a member. His dramatic   deen, he spent three yea'rs at Edinburgh,
works were by no means so successful: chiefly in mnecal stdical studies, ad  eceied
they consit of two tragedies, "The    a degree; but inclination soon led him
Prince of Tunis" and "The Shipwreck,"  to abandon that pursuit. In 1789 we
and of two comedies, "The Force of find him in London, where he publishFashion" and " The White Hypocrite."  ed a pamphlet on the regency question,
He was the author of a political tract which, on account of the sudden recoventitled "An Account of the Proceed- cry of'the king, attracted little notice.
ings of the Parliament of 1784;" and at A visit to the Continent, at that interthe comm'neement of the French revo- esting peiod, contributed to excite his
lution he published severall others, with  sympathies for the French, and lie pubthe view of counteracting the prevalence  lished a reply to the celebrated " Reflecof democratic principles at home, which  tions" of Burke, under the title of
introduced him to the notice of Mr. Pitt, "'Vindicise Gallicee," or Defence of the
and some years after he was appointed  French Revolution, 1792, a work which
comptroller of the taxes for Scotland, an  laid the foundation of his fairre, and acoffice which he held till his death. D. quired for him the fiiendship both of
1831.-:-DONALD, was b. in Scotland, in  Fox and his great antagonist. About
1783, and at the age of 17 he came over this time he entered himself as a  mtuto Canada and joined the Northwest dent of Lincoln's Inn, was soon clled
company and continued eight years to the bar by that society, and comwith them. In 1809 he became one of   menced the practice of the law. Having
the partners with the late John Jacob  obtained permission, thoough not withAstor, of New York, in establishing the  out some difficulty, to deliver a course
fur trade west of the Rocky Mountains, of lectures in the hall of Lincoln's Inn,
and in company with Mr. Hunt, of St. on the law of nations, he published his
Louis, he made the overland route to the  introductory lecture, under the title of a
mouth of the Columbia river, a feat then  " Discourse on the Law of Nature and
rarely attempted and full of perils, and  Nations."  The ability which it disremained at Astoria until it was surren- played, obtained him a large audience,
dered by MacDougall to the British. He  including some of the most distinguishconverted every thing he could into   ed men of the country. On the tiial of
available funds and carried them safely  Peltier for a libel against Bonaparte,
through a mighty wilderness to Mr. (then -first consul of France,) the deAstor. After the restoration of peace, fence was conducted by Mr. Mackinlie exerted himself to secure for the  tosh, as sole counsel, in a most brilli nt
United States the exclusive trade of  speech, which at once established his
Oregon, but after a long negotiation with  reputation as an advocate and an orator
Mr. Astor, and through him n withm Messrs. The recordership of Bombay, with the
Madison, Gallatin, and other leading in- dignity of knighthood, was soon after
dividuals in and out of office, the matter conferred on him, and, besides the diswas abandoned, and Mr. Mackenzie, in  charge of the duties of his office, the
March, 1821, joined the Hudson Bay    nine years which he spent in India were
Company, and was immediately ap- marked by his exertions in the ameliopointed one of the council and chief  ration of the criminal law, the foundafactor. In August, 1825, he was married  tion of the Literary Society in Bombay,
to Adelegonde Humbert, (who survives  and his valuable communications to the
him,) and was shortly afterwards ap-  "Asiatic Register."  Soon after his repointed governor.   At this time he   turn to England, Sir James was returlnresided at Fort Garry, Red River settle-  ed a member of the house of coiimmons
ment, where he continued to reside    for the county of Nairn, in Scotland,
until 1832 in active and prospelrous  1813, anlid sat subsequently for the borbusiness, in which he amassed a large  ough of Knaresborough, in Yorkshire,
fortune. D. 1851.                     under the influence of the late Earl
51*




600                   CYCLOPmEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [MAO
Fitzwilliam. He soon took his stand    ployed nearly 30 years in the execution
amiong the first parliamentary speakers, of his last and greatest work, viz.:
and tlere are few instances in which   "New. Translation from the Greek of
finer reasoning, or deeper learning in  all the Apostolical Epistles," with comnthe history of nations, and the influ- mentaries and notes. D. 1800.
ence of human laws upon the feelings,    MACLAINE, ARCHIBALD, a learned
passions, and interests of the human   divine, b. at Monaghan, in Ireland,
race, have been sustained, developed, where his father was a dissenting minand enforced by a more manly and vig- ister, is advantageously known by his
orous eloquence. His greatest efforts ";Letters to Soame Jenyns, on his View
were directed to the amendment of the of the Ihternal Evidence of Christianicriminal code, which had been under- ty," a translation of Mosheim's " Eccletaken by Sir Samuel Romilly, and was   siastical History," and a volume of
taken up as a solemn bequest by his    miscellaneous sermons. D. 1804.
friend and representative. h1is IHisto-  MACLAURIN, COLIN, an eminent
ry of England" is not a detailed narra- mathematician, who was b. at Kilmodtive of events, but a rapid, yet clear, dan, in Scotland, in 1698. In 1717 he
profound, and philosophic view of the obtained the mathematical,professorstate of the progress of society, law, ship in the Marischal college of Abergovernment, and civilization, in which  deen, and in 1725 was elected professor
the lessons of experience, the character of mathematics at Edinburgdh. In 1734
of men and events, the circnmstances   he entered the lists against Berkeley,
which have promoted, retarded, modi- which producedl his excellent " Treatise
fled the social and political improve- on Fluxions." Ile also wrote several
ment of the English nation, are unfold- papers in the "Philosophical Transaiced ~and ju.ged with the acuteness of a  tions," a treatise entitled "Geometria
philosopher, and the wisdom of a prac- Organica," another on " Algebra," and
tical statesman.  His style is simple,  "An Account of Sir Isaac Newtonl's
clear, graceful, and elegant, and often  Philosophical Discoveries."  In the rerises to eloquence, when the historian  bellion of 1745 he took so active a part
traces out the growth of liberty, and the in fortifying Edinburgh, that when the
influence of generous institutions. This Pretender approacheci with his forces,
admirable man died, to the deep regret Mr. Maclauinm  deemed it prudent to reof his country, May 30th, 1832, having  tire to York, where he was entertained
closed his public labors, the year before, by Archbishop Herring, in whose palby a brilliant speech in favor of reform. ace he d. 1746.-JoEIN, Lord DREGTORN,
MACKLIN, CHARLES, a celebrated       son of the preceding, was b. at Edilveteran actor and dramatist, whose real burgh, in 1734; was admitted a member
name was Mac Laughlin, was b. in the  of tlie faculty of advocates; and in
county of Westmeath, Ireland, in 1690. 1787 was raised to the bench by the title
lHe appeared as a performer at the thea- of Lord Dreghorn. His works are, "An
tre in Lincoln's Inn Fields, in 1725; Essay on Literary Property," "A Colbut it was not till 1741 that he estab- lection of Criminal Cases," and an "Eslished his reputation as an actor, by his say on Patronage."  D. 1796.
admirable and still unrivalled perform-  MACLEAN, LETITIA ELIZABETH, betance of Shylock. He continued on the ter known as Miss LANDON, or L. E. L.,
stage until 1789; but, during the last a celebrated English poetess, was b. in
years of his life, his understanding be- Hans-place, Chelsea, 1802.  At a very
caine impaired, and he d. 1797, at the  early atge, she attracted the notice of the
patriarchal age of 107. His " Man of   reading public by her spirited short
the World," a comedy, exposes mean- poems, published in the " Literary Ganess, sycophancy, and political servility, zette."  Her shorter compositions, in
with considerable skill; and his "Love  the shape of contributions to thle perilha Mode," a very popular farce, also  odicals, are alnost innumerable.  In
attests the talents of its author.    addition to those, she published " The
{MACKNIGHIT, JAMES, i learned       Improvisatrice," "The Troubadour,"
Scottish divine, was b. in 1721, at Ir- "The Golden Violet," "The Goldenvine, in Argyleshire, and was ordained  Bracelet," and the "Vow of the Peaminister of'Maybole, where lie com- cock," all in verse; and three prose
posed his " Ilarmony of the Gospels,"  novels, "Romance and Reality," "'Franand his " New Translation of the Epis- cesca Carrara," and " Ethel Churchill."
ties."  In 1763 he became one of the  In June, 1838, she was married to
ministers of Edinburgh, and was cea- George Maclean, esq., governor of Cape




MAC]                 CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      607
Coast castle, and proceeded thither with  modern Pythagorean," (the name afhim. Being much afflicted with spasnis, fixed, to most of his contributions to
she was in the habit of taking a power- different fhagazines,) was b. in Glasful medicine; aud her death is attributed  gow, 1802.  Though enjoying considlto her lhavin ineauciotslv taken an over- erable practice as a physician,'he found
dose. 1). 183S.-JOHN, was the son of  leisure to engage in literary pursuits,
an eminient surgeon of the same name, and his " Anatomy of Drunkenness,'
in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, where  "Philosophv of Sleep," "Metempsylie was b. 1771. After pursuing his lit- chosis,"'ad "Book of Aphorisms,"
erairy, philosophical, ant medical studies have gained for him a liigh place amniong
successively at Glasgow, Edinburgh, the most thoughttiful writers of his ace.
Londoni, aid Paris, lie commenced the  D. 1837.
practice of surgery at Glasgow, in 1791.  MACOMB, ALEXANDER, a major-enIn 179 5 lie came to America, and in the eral of the United States army, was b.
soine year was appointed professor of  at Detroit in 1782, entered the armry in
chemistry and natural history in the  1799, and became a major in 1808. He
college of New Jersey, at Princeton. was a colonel during the war of 1812,
Two years afterwards he was chosen   and distinguished himself at Niagara
professor of natural philosophy and  and Fort Georrge. In 1814 hle was proimathemmatics in the same institution, moted to the raink of brigadier-general,
the duties of which office he continued  and commanded at the battle of Plattsto discharge with great reputation to  burg, where lie obtained a signal viehimself, and advantage to the college, tory, in connection with Macdonounoh
until the year 1812, when he resigned  onl lake Champlain.  In 1835 he suiehis office at Princeton, in consequence  ceeded to the office of coummander-inof being appointed professor of natural chief of the army. D. 1841.
philosophy and chemistry in the college  MACON, NATHANIEL, long a distinof Willia'm{ a'nd Mary, in Virginia. D. guished member of congress from North
1814.                                Carolina. Ile was elected a member of
MACNALLY, LEoNARD, a lawyer and f the 2d congress in 1791, and continued
dramiatist, was b. in Dublin, in 1752, and  a member of the house till 1815, when
after studying at the Middle Temple, he was transferred to the senate, of
was called to the Irish bar in 1776. Ile which lie continued a member till 1828,
was the author of "The Rules of Evi- when lie resigned and retired to private
dence," and "The Irish Justice of the life; having been 37 years a member of
Peace."  His theatrical productions are, the house or senate, a longer period
"Fashionable Levities," a comedy; than any other man; and for several
""Richard Cceur de Lion," an opera; years what is called the father of the
"Robin Hood, or Sherwood Forest,"    house. He was speaker of the house
a comic opera; and "Retaliation," a  of representatives in the 7th, 8th, and
farce. D. 1820.                      9th congress. "During the long, and
MACNEVIN, WILLIAM JAMES, was b. through all the exciting periods of his
at Ballynahowne, Ireland, in 1763, edu- public life," says the Warrenton Recated in Germany, and practised medi- porter, "though always a conspicuous
cine in Dublin. He early took part in  party man,' no one of any party ever
the Irish agitations of 1791, was a mem- questioned his intearity, or the purity
ber of the secret society of United Irish- of lis motives; and he has descended
men, and in 1798 was arrested for plot- to the grave full of years and with uniting against the British government. versal respect." Ile was the bosom
He was imprisoned for four years, and  friend of Jefferson and Madison, and
on his release travelled in Switzerland, other illustrious patriots.
of which he wrote an account, and final-  MACPIHERSON, JAMES, a writer disly entered the French armny, as a captain  tinguished for his translations or imnitain the Irish brigade. But disappointed  tions of ancient Gaelic poemns, was b. at
in not havinl  been sent to Ireland, he  Kingcusie, in Inverness, in 1738. Havcame to this country in 1805, when lie ing, in 1760, produced " Fragiments of
was appointed professor of midwifery in  Ancient Poetry, translated from  the
the college of physicians and surgeons, Gaelic or Erse Language," they were so
and afterwards resident physician by  well received, that a subscription was
Governor Clinton. He published sev- formed to enable the author to collect
eral professional works, and was greatly  additional specimens of national poetry
esteemed. D. 1841.                   The result of his researches was " Fin
MACNISH, ROBERT, known as <" the gal, an Ancient Epic Poem, in six




608                   CYCLOPARDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [MAD
books,   together with several other I MADDOX, IsAtAC, an Eniglish prelate,
poems (professedly translated from orl- was b. in London, in 1697. Being left
ginais), by Ossian, the son o4' Fingal, a an orphan, lie was taicni under the
G(aelic prince of the 83d century, and his care of a relation, who placed him with
cotemporaries.  Dr. Johnsjon treated  a pastrycook; but ihe soon left that
him as an impostor, and a violent con  situation, and went to Scotland with a
troversv enstued concerning their au- view of obtaining at St. Andrew's a
thenticety. From the evidence of the cheap but solid education, and eventcontending parties, it may be concluded  ually becomling a minister of tlre kirk.
that Macpherson's prose epics were    The tenets and discipline of Presbytefounded onr traditional narratives cur- rianism, however, not being coniental
rent among the Highlanders; but thie with his sentimlents, Ie returned to
darte of tlhe oldest of their lays is ccIi- Ene'land  entered at Queen's college
paratively modern; and it is now in- Calibridge, was episcopally oralinled,
possible to ascertain the precise exte intand rose so rapidly, that in 1733 he was
of his obligations to tihe Gnaelic bards of made clean of Wells. In 1736 lie was
former ages. In 1764 lie accompanied  consecrated  bishop  of  St. Asap; -
Governor Jolinstone to Florida, as secore- whence, in 1748, he was translate  to
tary. After his return lhe translated  Worcester, where lie d. in 1759. Bishop
the Iliad into Ossianic prose: wrote a  Maddox published "A Vindication of
"'History of Great Britain, from the te'Churclh of England," in answer to
Restoration to the Accession of the Neal's History of the Puritans; aild 14
House of Hanover;" and also employed  occasional sermons.
his pen in vindicating the measures of   MADERNO, CARLO, an Italian archigovernment during the American war. tect of the 16th century, appointed by
lie was afterwards appointed agent to  Pope Paul V. to complete St. Peter's,
the nabob of Arcot, became a member at Rome; in the execution of which he
of parliament, and d. 1796.           haes been chargeced witn committinlg some
MAQJQUER, PETER JOSEPH, an emi- important errors. He wats, however, in
nent chetnist, b. at Paris, in 1718. He  high repute, and built the M affei palce,
wrote in the "Jourinal des Savans,"   and many other public edifices at Rome.
from 1768 to 1776, the articles relating  B. 1556; d. 1629.-STEPHEN, was an emito natural pliilosophy, medicine, chem- inent scuilptor; b. in Lombardy, 1576.
istrv, anatomy, &c.; and published    D. 1636.
"Elemens de Chimie," &c. D. 1784.-      MADISON, JAMES, president of the
PHILIP, his brother, was the author of  United States, was b. March 16th, 1751,
an " Ecclesiastical History," and sev- at the seat of his maternal grandmother
eral other historical works. D. 1770.  in Prince George county, Va., was ediuMAACROBIUS, AURELIUS AMBROSIUS cated at Princeton college, under Dr.
TrIEODosIUS, a Latin author, in the reign  Witherspoon, and studied law' in llis
of the emperor Theodosius. He held    native state. In 1776 he was chosen a
the consular dignity; and was the au- member of the convention xwhich formed
thor of a miscellaneous work, entitled  the constitution of Virginia, and of tihe
"Saturnalia," curious for its criticisms, state legislature, by which he was apand valuable for the light it throws pointed to the executive council. liHe
upon the manners and customs of anti- was a delegate to thle continental conquity. He wrote other works, and d. gress of 1780, and afterwards to the
about the year 420.                   convention which formed the constituMADDEN, SAMUEL, an Irish clergy- tion of the United States, where lie took
man, b. 1687, and educated at Trinity  a leading and important part, and was
college, Dublin, where he introduced  regarded as one of the wisest of its
the scheme for promoting learning by  members.    After it was formred, ihe
premiums at the quarterly examinations. united with Jay and Hamilton in urging
tn 1782 he published the first volume of  its adoption, in various essays in the
"Memoirs of the Twentieth Century, newspapers, under the title of the "Fedor Original Letters of State underalist.'       From 1789 to 1797 he occIGeorge VI."  He founded a society at pied a seat in congrress, where he reristDublin for the improvement of the arts, ed the financial measures of Halmilton,
in 1740, similar to that which was after- and the policy generally of Washingwards established in London. In 1744  ton's nadmiunistration. In 1798 ie prehe published " Boulter's Monument,"   pared the faimous resolutions for the
a poem; and a play, entitled "Themis- Virginia legislature, denouncing  the
tocles."' D. 1765.                    alien and sedition laws, and prescribing




MAG]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       609
the nature of the federal relations. Jef- the confidence of' Augustus, which he
ferson in 1801 appointed him secretary  enjoyed undiminished until his death,
of state, in which office he remained till in the year of Rome 745, and 8 B. v.
1809, when he was elected to the presi- So signal were his good offices towards
dency. The declaration of war against literary genius, that the name of MveceGreat Britain in 1812, was the most im- nas has since become synonymous with
portant measure of his able administra- that of a liberal patron.
tion.  After serving two presidential   MESTLINUS, MICHAEL, a celebrated
terms, he retired to his seat at Montpel- German astronomer, was b. in the duchy
lier in 1817, where he continued to en- of Wirtemberg, about 1542. He went
joy the undivided respect and admira- to Italy, where he became intimate with
tion of his fellow-citizens, till the close Galileo;:and on his return to Germany
of his life on the 28th June, 1836.-  lie was chosen professor of mathematics,
JAMES, bishop of Virginia, was educated  at Tubingen, where; he had Kepler for
at William and Mary college, studied  a pupil. lie published many mathelaw, and was admitted to the bar; but matical and astronomical works, and d.
he soon resolved to devote himself to  1590.
theology. In 1773 he was chosen pro-      AFFEI, FRANCIS SIPIO, Marquis,
fessor of mathematics in William and  an eminent Italian writer, was b. 1675,
Mary college, and in 1777 was appointed  at Verona; entered the army, and disthe president, and visited England for tinguished himself as a volunteer at the
his improvement in science. Until 1784 battle of Donawert, in 1704; but, at the
he was not only president, but profes- end of the campaign, quitted the sersor of mathematics, and afterwards pro- vice, and devoted himself to literature.
fessor of natural, moral, and political Among his works are, the tragedy of
philosophy, until his death. He first "Merope," a "Treatise against Duelintroduced lectures on political economy. ling,"  a  " History  of Diplomacy,"
In 1788 he was chosen bishop. D. 1812. M"usseum Veronense," and " Verona
-GEORGE, governor of Kentucky, son    Illustrata."  D. 1755.-VEGIO, a native
of the preceding, at the age of 17 went of Lodi; author of "Epigrams," "Esout as a soldier-in defence of the west- says," and a'"Supplement to Virgil,"
ern frontier, and was enugaed in sev- which he called the 18th book of the
eral battles with the lnclians. In St.  Eneid.  Julius Scaliger and Gerard
Clair's defeat he was wounded. In the Vossius have declared him a great poet.
war of 1812 he was an officer at the bat- B. 1407; d. 1459.-BERNARDIN, a learned
tle of the Raisin. After having been  cardinal, who d. at Rome in 15538, aged
twenty years auditor of the public ac- 40. HIe wrote a "Commentary on Cicecounts lhe was chosen governor for the ro's Epistles," and a "Treatise on Medterm of four years in 1816, but in a few  als and Inscriptions."-JOHN PETER, a
weeks after his election d. at Paris.  Jesuit, was b. at Berxamo. in 1536, and
MADOX, THOMAS, a legal antiquary    d. at Tivoli in 1603. He wrote the
and historiographer, who published, in  ":Life of Ignatius Loyola,". a "History
1702, " A Collection of Charters taken  of the Indies," and other works, in the
from the Originals, " with the title of  purest Latin.
" Formulare Anglicanunm."?  In 1711     MAGALOTTI, LoRENzo, Count, an
appeared "The Htistory and Antiquli- elegant poet and learned naturalist, was
ties of the Exchequer," which was fol- b. at Florence, in 1637. He wrote many
lowed by his "Firma Burgi, or Histori- philosophical. and poetical works, of
cal Essay concerninCl the Cities, Towns, which latter the most.valued: is his
and Boroughs of England."             "Canzonette Anacreontiche," published
M ECENAS, CAIUS CILNIUS, the friend  under his Arcadian name Lindoro Elaand minister of Augustus, and the     teo.. D. 1712..
patron of Virgil and Horace, was a Ro-  MAGEE, WILLIAM, an Irish prelate
man knight, who traced his genealogy  and theological writer, was b. in humfrom the ancient Etrurian kings., lIe ble life, and admitted as sizar at Dublin
has been described as a pattern of every  university. He was soon distinguished
political virtue, and a most generous for his scholastic attainments; and in
patroai of the sciences. Though luxuri- 1806 became a senior fellow of Trinity
ous and effeminate in his hours of re- college, and professor of mathematics.
laxation, he was vigilant and active, in  In 1801 he published his celebrated
business, and well understood how to  "Discourses on the Scriptural Doctrines
employ the favors of fortune. Many    of the Atonement and Sacrifice," a;leasant and useful qualities gained him  work directed against the.tenets of tho




610                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     LMAH
Unitarians, and written with peculiar to a dealer in fruit, or, as others say,
force. In 1818 he was advanced to the with a goldsmith, in which situation he
deanery of Cork; in 1819 he was conse- discovered such a propensity to letters,
crated bishop of Raphoe; and, in 1822, that a bookseller took him inlto his emtranslated to the see of Dublin. D. ployment, where his talents and mean1831, aged. 66.                       ory made him so much talked of, that
MAGELLAN, or MAGALHAENS, the grand-duke, Cosino 111., appointed
FElRDINAND, a celebrated Portuguese him his librarian. His attention was
navigator, who, in 1519, discovered and  wholly absorbed by his books; among
passed the straits which have since them he took his rest and meals, nlor
been called by his name. His services could he be persuaded to leave his old
not being valued by his own country, apartment for one more commodious
he offered them to Charles V. of' Spain, which the duke had provided for him.
who intrusted him with a fleet destined  A threadbare cloak served him for a
to attempt a westward;passage to the garient by day, and a covering by
Moluccas; hence his discovery. He night; he had one straw chair for his
was slain in 1521 in a skirmish with the table, another to sleep on, and the only
natives of one of the Philippine islands. luxury in which he indulged was smoMAGEOGIIEGAN, JAMES, an Irish       king.' Ie left no literary work descrypriest; author of an "Ancient and     ino of particular notice; but he freely
Modern History of Ireland."  B. 1702;afforded information to those authors
d. 1764.                              who sought his advice or assistance. D.
MAGGI, CARLO MARIA, an Italian      1714.
poet, b. at Milan in 1630. was secretary  MAGNENTIUS, a German, who rose,
to the senate of his native city, and d. from being a private soldier, to the first
there in 1690. His sonnets are much   employments in the empire. The emadmired, and some of them have been   peror Constans had a great esteem for
translated into English.              him, and in a mutiny-among the troops
MAGINN, WILLIAM, one of most delivered him from the fury of the
fertile and versatile writers of modern  soldiers by covering him witlh his robe.
times, was b. at Cork in 1793. Ile vis- Magnentius murdered his benefactor in
ited London for the first time in 1823,  50, and assumed the title of emperor;
and settling there, wrote much, and for but Constantius II. avenged the death
a variety of works. Besides the harass- of his brother, and after a bloody battle
ing demands upon him as a periodical took Magnentius prisoner, and put him
contributor, he at this time wrote the to death at Lvons in 853.
singular and striking romance entitled  MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, the
" Whitehall." About the year 1828, he founder of a religion which has spread
became sub-editor of the "Standard."  over a considerable portion of the globe,
He also contributed immensely to the was b. in 570 at Mecca, a city of Arabia,
well known Fraser's Magazine and to   of the noble family of Koreish. Losing
Blackwood. He wrote a caustic and     his father ill his infancy, the guardianpowerful review  of a " fashionable"  ship of him devolved on his uncle Abu
novel, entitled; Berkely Castle."  The Taleb, who employed him to go with
author took offence, and in company   his caravans from Mecca to Damascus.
with a friend, committed a most merci- In this employment he continued till lie
less assault upon Mr. Fraser. Aroused  was 28 years of age, when he married
by this ill-treatment of his friend and  Khadijah, a rich widow. lie continued
publisher, Dr. Maginn instantly offered  to act for some time as a merchant; but
the offended: author satisfaction, and a a disposition to religious contemplation
hostile meeting accordingly took place. seems to have attended him. from his
The duel proved a bloodless one, but it early youth; and having remarked on
was very near having a different result, his travels the infinite variety of sects
the doctor being hit on the heel of his which prevailed, lie formed the desigr
boot, and his opponent on the collar of  of founding a new one. He accordingly
his coat. To vast learning, eloquence, spent much of his time ili a cave near
fancy, and wit, the doctor added a boy- Mecca, seemingly alone and employed
ish good-humor and joviality. D. 1842. in meditation ana prayer. Whilel.here
MAGLIABECHI, ANTONIO, a learned     he framed the celebrated I Koran," or
critic, whose eccentric habits were al- "Book," which he pretended to have
most as extraordinary as his varied  received at different times from heaven
erudition, was b. at llorence in 1633. by the hands of the angel Gabriel. At
He was placed, when a boy, as servant the iape of 40 lie Mlblicly assumed tie




MAl]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      611
prophetical character, calling himself those who might happen to offend him.
the apostle of God. At first lie had  Having glanced in one of them at some
only his wife and eight other followers; traits in the character of Louis XI., that
but in three years the number of his king, wvho had just established the post
disciples was very considerably aug- in France, sent him word that he would
mented. In the tenth year of h1is mis- have him thrown into the Seine. " The
sion he lost both Abu Taleb and his king is master," he replied; "but tell
faithful wife Khadijah, which so exposed  him that I shall get. to heaven by water
him to the emnity of the Koreislhites, sooner than he will by his post horses."
that he found it necessary to make a D. 1502.
temporary retreat to the city of Tayef.  MAILLE, duchess of, lady of the bedThe fundamental doctrine inculcated in  chamber to Marie Antoinette, who twice
the Koran was, "There is but one God, escaped the guillotine by singular conand Mahomet is his propliet."   His tingencies. On the 7th of July, 1794, a
proselytes rapidly increased; and s  lady named Maillet, detained in St. Lathey swore fidelity to him, and proffelred  zare, was executed by Robespierre's
him their assistance, lie adopted the revolutionary tribunal, by mistake, in
resolution of encountering his enemies her place; on the 8th she was sumwith force. Being the more exasperated  moned; but having remarked to the
at this, they formed a conspiracy to  huissier that there was a mistake in the
murder him; warned of the imminent register of her baptismal name, a delay
danger, lihe left Mecca, accompanied  occurred, in order to see her sisto'-inonly by Abubeker, and concealed him- law on the subject; but the latter i eing
self in a neighboring cave. Here he  seized with convulsions, the exarninaspent three days undiscovered, after tion was delayed till the 10th, during
which he arrived at Medina. It is from  which interval Robespierre was himself
this event, called the Hegira, or Flight, guillotined, and the duchess escaped.
that the Mussulmans coin mpute their   MAILLET, BBENEDICT DE, a whimsical
time; it corresponds with the 16th of  but ingenious French writer, b. at LorJune, 622. Mahomet now assumed the   raine, in 1659. He successively became
sacerdotal and regal dignity, mairied  consul at Egypt and Leghorn, and d. in
Ayesha, daughter of Abubeker, anld 17,8. His principal work, "Telliamed,"
declared his resolution to propagate his (his name reversed,) contains a singular
doctrines by the sword. The hopes of  system of cosmogony, in which he mainbooty were thus added to the religious tains that all the land of the globe was
zeal of his partisans; and after many  originally covered with water, and that
minor exploits with various hostile  every species of animal, manl included,
tribes of the Jewish persuasion, lie sent owes its origin to the sea.
a summons to the principal neighboring  MAILLY, JOHN BAPTIST, a French
princes, particularly Chosrou Parviz, historical writer, b. in 1744, at Dijon;
king of Persia, Heraclius, emperor of  of the academy of which place he became
Constantinople, Mokawkas, ruler of   a member, and where he d. in 1794.
Egypt, the king of Ethiopia, and the His principal works are, "L'Esprit de
princes of various districts of Arabia, la Fronde," "L'Esprit des Croisades,"
to embrace his new revelation of the  and "Fastes Juifs, Romaines, et Frandivine law.  The more remote and     9ais."-ANTOINE, b. in 1775, was an enpowerful parties gave no heed to him; thusiastic French revolutionist, though
others, however, submitted; and, hav- a noble; and editor of the famous
ing made himself master of Mecca, the  " Bouche de Fer." He and his brother,
Arabs, who regarded it as a holy city, Minerve, were treacherously seized and
embraced the proffered creed. In the beheaded, and their bodies thrown into
tenth year of the Hegira, Mahomet un- the sea, at the siege of Acre, by Djezzar
dertook his farewell pilgrinage to Mecca. Pacha.
On this occasion he was surrounlled    MAIMONIDES, or BEN MAIMON,
with the utmost splendor, and attended  MOSES, one of the most celebrated of the
by 90,000, or, as some say, 150,000  Jewish rabbis, called by the Jews the
friends. This was the last important "eagle of the doctors," and the "lamp
event of his life. He d. soon after his of Israel," was b. 1131, at Cordova; was
return to Medina, in his 63d year.   profoundly versed in all the learning of
MAILLAR, OmIVER, was ail eccentric the age, became chief physician to the
French ecclesiastic, of the 15th century. sultan of Egypt, and d. 1204.  His
His sermons were distinguished by their works are, the "Mischna Terah," the
gross and ridiculous denuinciation against "More Nevoehim," and the "Peoru




612                  CYCLOPAFDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [MAL
schim."  The first is a code of the Jew- tiqlues;" and ten years later he published
ish law; the second, which was origi- his most celebrated work, "DI Pape,"
nally written in Arabic, is an explana- which may be regarded as the oest detion of obscure places in Scripture; and  fence of papal infallibility that has apthe last consists of commentaries on the peared in modern times. Besides these
Mishna.                              he wrote " Soirdes de Saint Petersburg,"
MAINTENON, FRANCES D'AUBIGNE, and "Examen Critique de la Philosop ie
marchioness of, who rose to share the de Bacon," both posthumous publicathrone of France, was b. in the prison  tions. D. 1821.-XAVIER, his younger
of Niort, where her father, Constans brother, who repaired also to St. Petersd'Aubigne, was confined in 1635. On  burg durin   the revolutionary period,
his release he went with his family to gained great celebrity by his "Voyage
Martinico, and d. there in 1646, leaving  autour de ma Chambre," " Le Lepreux
his widow so poor, that she returned to  de la Cite d'Aoste," "Le Prisonnlier du
Europe without this child, who was sent  aucase," and "Prascovie," the last
after her to France, and there taken  being an interesting narrative of filial
under the protection of her aunt, Ma- devotion on the part of a Siberian girl.
dame Villette, who brought her up in   MAITLAND, Sir RIHARDn, an early
the Protestant persuasion; from which, Scottish poet, distinguished also as a
owing to the interference of her mother, lawyer and statesman, vas b. in 1496.
a strict. Catholic, she was afterwards He held the office of a lord of session,
converted. Subsequently being left in  and in that capacity he took the title of
very reduced circumtstances, she married  Lord Lethington, from his estate. He
the celebrated poet and novelist, Scarron. was appointed keeper of the privy seal,
On his death, in 1660, she obtained the in the reign of Queen Mary; which
continuance of his pension, through the  office, as well as his judicial seat he reinterest of madame de Montespan, who  signed a few years: after, and d. 1586.also appointed her governess of the chil- WILLIAM, of Lthlington, the eldest son
dren which she had by Louis XIV. of Sir Richard, was.secretary of state to
This connection brought her merits    Mary queen of Scots.- JoNI, second son
under the observation of the monarch, of Sir Richard, succeeded his father in
who increased her pension; and, in the office of lord privy seal, and lost it
1679, changed her name to Maintenon, through his attachment to the interests
by giving her an estate with that title. of the queen, lie was afterwarids secreBecoming fond of her society, e grad- tary to James VI., and at length chanually passed fiom  intimacy to love; cellor of Scotland.  In 1590 he was
Montespan was supplanted; and La created Lord Maitland, of Thirlstane.
Chaise, his confessor, having advised  Besides his Scottish poetry in the Maithim to sanction his wishes by a secret land collection, he wrote several Latin
but formal marriage, it was solemnized  epigrams, &c.-WILLIAM, an historian
in 1685. After her elevation she lived  and topographer, was b. about-1693, at
in a sort of retirement from the world. Brechin, in Forftirshire. Ile was, oriciIaving founded the school at St. Cyr, nally, a travelling hair-merchant, but
for the education of poor girls of good  turned his talents to literature, gained a
family, she retired to it, after the death  competent fortune, and became a mentof tlhe kinc, and there passed the re- ber of the Royal and Antiquarian socienminder of her lite. D. 1719.        ties. lie wrote a "History of London,"
MAISTRE, JOSEPH, count de, a dis- a "History of Edinburgh," and "The
tingaished supporter of absolutismn and  History and Antiquities of Scotland."
the papacy, was b. at Chambery, in Sa- D. 1757.
voy, 1755. Driven by the invasion of   MALACKOWSKI, a noble Pole, b.
the French from his nattive country, he in 1768. lie was a friend of Kosciusko,
took up his residence at St. Petersburg,.and one of the victims of the partitionwhere ie remained till the final fill of  ers of Poland. He was president of the
Napoleon permitted him to return to  diet fiomn 178S to 1792, and chief author
France,: and thence to Piedmont, where  of the constitution of 1791.
lie became minister of state, in 1818.  MALAPERT, CHIARLEs, a poet and
His literary career began in 1796, with  mathematician, was b. at Mons, in 1581,
his work entitled "Considerations: sur became a Jesuit; and d. in Spain, 1680.
la France,"' in which he combated the  MALBONE, EDWARD G., a distinrevolntionary doctrines then in vogue. guished American painter, b. at NewIn 1810 appeared his " Essai sur le Prin- port, R. I., who early displayed a lecipe -Generateur des Institutions Poll- markable taste for art, and obtained




MAL]                  CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        613
great reputation at Boston, Philadel- succeeded his father as president of the
phia, Charleston, New York, and Lon- court of aids; besides which he had:the
don. D. 1807.                         superintendence of the press, in which
MALCOLM, JTrsES PELLER, an artist office he acted with great lenity. In
and antiquary, was a native of America, 1771, on the abolition of the legal constudied painting in England, and event- stitution, Malesherbes was banished.to
ually became an engraver. He was the  his country seat; but he was recalled
author of "Londinium    Redivivum,"   three years afterwards, and made min"Anecdotes of the Manners and Cas- ister of state, which post he soon retoms of London,'?'.'First.Impressions,"  signed, and then went to. Switzerland.
&c. D. 1815.-Sir JOHN, a distinguished  In 1786 he was again called to the counmilitary officer and diplomatist, was b. cils of his sovereign, Louis: XVI., when
near Langholm, Scotland, in 1769. At he drew up two memoirs, "On the Cathe age of 14 lie went out as a cadet to lamities ot France, and the Means of
India. The first service of any import- repairing them;" but his:advice: was
ance in which he was engafed, was the rejected, and he retired to his country
siege of Serin apatam, in 1792, where  house, where he employed himself in
he attracted the notice of Lord Corn- agricultural pursuits. He. however haswallis. In 1804: he concluded a treaty  tened, of his own accord, to plead.the
of alliance with Dowlah Rao Scindia; cause of his sovereign in 1792;: and he
and continued to display great judgment was one of the last who took leave of
as the diplomatic- agent of the British  him before his execution. This attachgovernment in India for several subse- ment. to a fallen master excited the jealquent years. In 1827 he accepted the  ousy of the French rulers, and caused
situation of governor of Bombay, which  his destruction. Shortly after his return
post he continued to fill till 1831, when  home, his daughter, madame. de Rohe returned to En gland, and sat in par- sambo, and her husband were arrested,
liament for the borolugh of Launceston. and conducted to Paris; and his own
As an author, Sir John Malcolm also   arrest, with that of his grandchildren,
attained considerable celebrity, as may  soon followed. Almost his whole family
be seen in.his "History of Persia,'  were extirpated by the merciless: pro" Sketches of Persia," " Memoirs of   scription of his persecutors. MalesCentral India," " The Administration  herbes was beheaded, April 22, 1794.
of British India," &c. D. 1833..      MALHERBE, FRANIS -D. French
MALEBRANCHE, NICHOLAS, aFrench       poet; was b. at Caen, abotUi:555; bore
priest and celebrated philosopher, was arms in the troops of th'e'i 6ague, was
b.at Paris, in 1638; and at the aage of  penisioned by Henry lV.,.1-i'l.in 1628.
22, beinc determined to embrace the   His works consist of parapinhrses on the
monastic life, was admitted into the psalms, sonnets, odes, nfdA epigrams.
eongregation of the Oratory. His atten- He also translated some oi" Seneca's lettion was first directed to metaphysics  ters; and may be considered as one of
by perusing Descartes' " Treatise on  the first who gave to French poetry its
Man," and he immediately became a polish and regularity.
devoted partisan of the Cartesian phi-  MALIBRAKN     DE BERIOT, MARIA
losophy. His famous treatise:'.' On the FELICITAS, a celebrated vocal performer,
Search after Truth," was first printed  was the -eldest daughter of Manuel Garin 1673, and is principally distinguished  cia, a well-known tenor singer of the
by the maintenance of a mysterious Italian opera, and was. b. in Paris, in
union between God and the soul of     1808. At the early age of 16, she. made
mian, and the doctrine that the human- her debut as prima d-onna at the opera.
mind immediately perceives God, and   This was in 1825. During the following:
sees all things in himi. Malebranche year. she accompanied her father to. this
also wrote several other works, aamong  country, where her union with M. Maliwhich are, a "Treatise on Nature.and  branl an elderly French merchant, took
Grace," "Christian Conversations," and  place. Shortly after their marriage, her
"Dialogues on Metaphysics and'eli- husband failed, and was thrown into
gion." lHe was highly venerated for his prison; and Madame Malibran, believing
elevated genius, and nothing could be. she had been deceived, sepa-ated from.
more amiable and simple than his con- him   and voluntarily giving into the
versation and manners. D. 1715.   ".hands of his creditors her marriage setMALESHERBES, CHRISTIAN WILLTAM      tlement, returned to Europe. Intense
DE LAMOIGNON DE an eminent French' study, the love of her art, and the mo-'
statesman, was b. at Paris, in 1721. He.. tives she had for exertion, had. already.
52




614                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [MAL
made her a performer of unrivalled ex- wick," and an "Introdunction to the
cellence. In March, 1836, Madame IMar- History of Denmark," whlich Dr. Percy
libran then in Paris, havingo been fieed, tiranslated, under tle title of " Northern
by the French courts, friom the bondage  Antiquities."  D. 1807.
of her union with Monsieur Malibra,    MALMIESBURY, WILLIAM OF, an
was married to Monsieur de Beriot, a English historian, who flourished in the
Belgian, whose extraordinary ability as 12th century, was b. in Somnersetshire,
a violinist had placed him ill the hirghest educated at Oxford, becalne a monk of
rank of his profession. In May follow-A M-lmesbury, and was elected librarian
ing, she resumed her English performi- of the monastery.  His " De Reribus
ances at Drury-lane theatre; and, at the Anglorum" is a general history oLf Enclose of the season, she accompanied  gland, from the arrival of the Saxons, in
her husband to Brussels, and other 449, to thle 26th Hlenryl., in 1126. tie
cities on the Continent. But the end  also wrote a "IHistory of lis Own
of her career was fast approaching. Times," from that x'ear to the escape
Having been engaged for the Manches- or the Empress MatILd from Oxford, in
ter grand musical festival, she arrived  1143; an "Ecclesiastical History of
in that town on the 11th of September, England," "The Antiquities of Glasand, though evidently indisposed, corn- tonbury," and a " Life of St. Aldhelmr.?'
menced her arduous task the next day. D. 11438.-JAMES IHArIrs, earl of' a disHer illness rapidly increased; and, tinguislied diplomatist, the only son of
though she endeavored to conceal it, by  the author of "Ilermes," was b. at
sustaining her part with the apparent Salisbury, 1746.  He commenced his
vigor of health and unusual energy, she diplomatic career as secretary of ermsank under the effort. On Wednesday, bassy at Madrid, in 1767. Hee ie disthe 14th, her last notes in public were played such talent and firmness in
heard, in the duet, " Vanne se albero'hi conducting the management of the
in petto," from  " Andronico,u with   transfer of the Falkland Islands to
Madame Caradori Allan. D. Sept. 23d. Great Britain, that lie was appointed
MALLET, DAVID, whose real name      minister at the court of Berlin; and
was MALLOCH, a poet and mniscellaneous from this period, willth few interrupwriter, was b. about 1700, at Crief, in  tions, down to the close of the century,
Perthshire.  His first publication was he bore a large share in all'the great
the ballad of "' William and Margaret,"  diplomatic transactions of the time. D.
which was followed by "The Exeur- 1820.
sion," a poem, and, in 1731, he pro-    MALONE, EDMUND, a dramatic critic
duced the tragedy of " Eurydice."     and miscellaneous writer, was the son
Soon after this, he formed an acquaint- of an Irish judge, and b. at Dublin, in
ance with Pope, who introduced him to  1741. Ile studied at Trinity college and
Bolinogbroke, and about the same time  the Inner Temple, and. in 1767 was
he was appointed under-secretary to   called to the bar, but being possessed
the prince of Wales. In 1739 his play  of an independent fortune, he retired
of "Mustapha" was performed with      from the profession, and devoted himsuccess, and the next year he wrote, in  self to literature. In 1780 he published
conjunction with Thomson, the masque two supplenmentary volumes to Steeof " Alfred."  HoI also published a   vens's Shakspeare, and a detection of
"Life of Lord Bacon," and the works   Chatterton's forgeries.  In 1790 apof Bolingbroke, who left them to him as peared his edition of Shakspeare, and in
a legacy, and in whose skepticismn he  1795 he exposed the imposture of the
participated. D. 1765. -PAUL HENRY, Irelands.    He also published a "Life
an historian and antiquary, was b. at of Sir Joshua Reynolds," prefixed to his
Geneva, in 1730; was successively pro- writings; a "Life of Dryden," and a
fessor of belles lettres at Copenhaoen "'Biogaphical Sketch of the Right lIon.
and at Geneva. Being deprived of his William Wyndham."     I D. 1812.
fortune during the first revolutionary  MALPIGHI, MAROELLUS, an eminent
war, he for some time received pensions Italian physician and anatomist.  His
from the landgrave of Hesse and the discoveries in anatomy were considerduke of Brunswick, of which he was able, particularly respecting the liver
deprived by the late war. His merit as and kidneys, but his merit is still higher
an: antiquary was very great. Among   as a vea.retable anatomist and ph-ysiolhis works are, Histories of " Denmark,d  ogist. B. 1628; d. 1694.
"Hesse," "the Swiss~" "the Hanseatic    MALTE-BRUN, CONRAD, a poet, geLea.gue," and "the House of Biuns- ographer, and political writer, was b. in




MAN]                 CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      615
1775, at Thye, in the isle of Jutland. incas, reigned, as is supposed, about
Having given offence by his writings in 400 years before the Splanish invasion
favor of the liberty of the press, and the in 1532. According to the tradition of
enfranchisement of the peasants, he was the natives, lie first appeared with Mama
banished to Sweden in 17.96.   After Oella his wife, and sister, in an island
having resided for a time at Stockholm, of the lake Titicana, and declared themlie went to Paris, where he acquired  selves to be children of the sun, sent
great reputation, particularly as a geog- clown to civilize them. He is said to
rapher. IHe edited the foreign political have instructed the natites in 1religion,
department of the "Journal des De- agriculture, and the useful arts; to have
bats," was a contributor to the "Bi- founded Cuzco, and to have ruled long
og0raphie Universelle," and produced  and prosperously over a grateful people.
various works; amonog these are his It is probable he was a stranger from
"Pr1cis de la Gaeographie Universelle," some civilized land, who suddenly ap-'Tableau de la Pologne Ancienne et peared in Peru, and e- ployed reiigion
Mioderne,"' "Poetns,"&c. I-Healsopub- in order to procure an ascenldency,
lished, in conjunction with Mentelle, which enabled him to form a regular
"Gaeographie Mathiematique, Physique, government.
et Politique."  D. 1826.               MANDEVILLE, Sir JOIN, an Enolish
MALTHUS, THOMrAS ROBERT, author traveller, was b. at St. Alban's, about
of a famous, or perhaps some would the beginning of the 14th century; left
have us say, an infamous "Essay on   his native country in 1332, to proceed
Population," full of learning and ability, on his peregrinations; spent 34 years in
was b. in Albury, Surrey, in 1766, and  visiting various countries; and on his.
educated at Cambridge. He was ap- return, published an account of his
pointed professor of history and political travels; but the wonders he describes
economy in the college of the East India have thrown such an air of improbahilCompany at Haileybury, and continued  ity over his narrative, as to stagger the
to hold that situation till his death. His belief of the most credulons. D. 1372.system is founded on the hypothesis, BERNARD, a Dutch physician, was b. at
that population increases in a geomet- Dort, about 1670. He settled in London
rical, while provisions only increase in  at the beginning of the 18th eentury,
an arithmetical, ratio. D. 1846.     anad published, in 1709, a licentious bool,
MALUS, STEPInEN Louis, a French    entitled "The Virgin Unmasked." In
mathematician and experimental philos- 1711 appeared his treatise on 1"Hypoopher, was b. at Paris, in 1775, became a chondria and IIysteric Passions;" but
professor in the Polytechnic school, and  the wvok by which he is most known is
subsequently served as an officer of  his " Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices
engineers, on the Rhine, in 1797, and  made Public Befiefits." lie was also the
under Bonaparte in Egypt, where he author of "An Inquilry into the Origin
much distinguished himself: After this of Ionor," "Free Thoughts on Reli
he entered on a course of experiments gion," &c. D. 1733.
on the phenomena of optics, and ulti-   MANES, or MANICHIEUS, the
mately discovered the polarization of  founder of a Christian sect, called, after
light. This discovery, the greatest since  him, Manichteans, was a native of Perthat of the achromatic telescope, gained  sia, and b. about the year 2 39. Ie obhim admission into the institute, lie also tained the tenets, which made his name
received the gold mledal of. the Royal famons, from the books of Scythianus,
Society, and honors flowed in upon him  an Arabian, who maintained two cofrom all quarters. D. 1812.          eternal principles, one good and the
MALVASIA, CiHARLEas C SA, an       other evil. Upon this stock, Manes set
Italian ecclesiastic, author of "A His- up as an helesialch, blending with the
try of the Painters of Bologna," and  philosophy of Scythlians, or rather of
a work entitled;" Marmora Fulsinea."  Emlpedoeles, some notions, partly ChrisMAMBRUN, PETER, a French Jesuit, tian, and par tly heathen. IHe rejected the
was b. in the diocese of Clermont, 1581, Old Testamenit, and taugoht that Christ
and d. 1661. He is celebrated for his had come to save mankind, and that
Latin "Eclogues," and " Georgics."   lie himself was the Paraclete anlounced
*MAN, CORNELIUS DsE, a Dutch his- in the New Testament. lie also pretorical and portrait painter. B. 1621; tended to the gift of healmh; hut failing
d. 1706.                             to cure the son of the kinc' of Persia, lie
MIANCO CAPAC, the founder of the was fiayed alive, and hisb lody given to
Peruvian empire, and the first of its tihe dogs, A.O. 278.




616                   CYCLOPADIAA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [MAN
MANETH.O, an ancient Egyptian his- station of Massachusetts bay, during a
torian, who was high priest ofl Heliopolis, most tempestuous season, and the.capm the reign of Ptolemy Philadetphus, tures which he made were of imnmense
about 304 B. c. He wrote the history of  value at.the moment..An. ordnance
his country in Greek, and pretended to brig,,'which fell into his hands,. supplied
have taken it from the sacred inscrip- the continental. army. with heavy pieces,
lions on the pillars of' Hermes Trisme- mortars, and workini tools, of which it
gistus.                                was very' destitute, ald' in the event led
MANFREDI, EusTACHIO, an eminent to the evacuation'' of Boston'.'. Being
mathematiciait and astronomer, b. at' Bo- raised to the command of the frigate
logna, in 1674. HIe was appointed pro- Hancock, of 32 guns, his capture of the
fessor of mathematics in 1698, placed  Fox increased his highi reputation for
at the head of the college of Montalto, in  bravery and skill. But he was taken
1704; and afterwards nominated astroi- prisoner by the Rainbow, July 8, 1777,
omer'to the Institute of Bologna. He   and suffered a long and rigorous conwas a member of the French Academy     finement on board that ship at Halifax,
of Sciences, and of the Royal Society of  and in Mill prison, precluded friom furLontlon. D. 1739.                      ther actual ser\vice till near the close of
MANILIUS, MARCus, a Roman poet, the war. In September, 1782, the Hague
who flourished in the Augustan age. frigate was intr'usted to his care. A
He undertook a didactic poeln, of which  few days after leaving Martinique, he
we have but five books, entitled " As- was driven by a British seventy-four on
tronomica."                            a sand bank at the back of Guadaloupe.
MANLEY, DE LA REVIERE, was the       Three ships of the line, having joined
daughter of Sir Roger Manley, governor tllis ship, came to within point blank
of Guernsey, a gentleman who suffered  shot, and with springs on their cables,
much for his adherence to Charles I., opened a most tremendous fire. Havand also distinguished himself as a ilg. supported the heavy cannonade for
writer. She was left to the care of a  three days, on the fourth day the frigate
cousin, who seduced her under the      was got off; and lhoisting the continental
mask of a pretended marriage, and then  standard on the main-top gallant mast,
abandoiled her. Beino thus dependent 13 guns were fired in farewell defiance.
on her own exertions for support, she 01 his return to Boston a few months
became a dramatic and political writer. afterwards, he was arrested to answer a,
IHer first effort was "The Royal Mis   variety of charges exhibited against him
tress," a tragedy, which was successful. by one of his officers. The proceedings
She then composed " The New Atalan- of the court were not -altogether in aptes," in which, under feigned names, proval of his conduct. D. in Boston,
and with much warmth and freedom, 1793, aged 59.
she relates the amours and adventures,   MANNING, OWEN, an Enolish antireal and supposed, of many distinguish- quary and topographer, was a native of
ed persons of the day. For the libels Northamptonshire;.was educated     at
contained in this work she was commit- Queen's college, Cambridge; entered
ted to. the custody of a messenger, but into orders, aind became a prebendary
afterwards admitted to bail; anc a tory  of Lincoln, and vicar of Godalming.
administration succeeding, she lived in  His prinicipal literary labors are, "Diehigh reputation and gayety. She was tionarium Saxonico et Gothico-Latimnln,
also employed in writing for Queen     auctore Edvardo Lye, edidit et auxit
Anne's miniistry; and when Swift re   O0. M.," and the "'History and Antiquilinquished the " Examiner," she contin- ties of Surrey;" published posthumousued it for a considerable time with great ly, by Mr, Bray..D. 1801.
spirit.,: Besides the works before men-  MANSART, FRANCIS, a French archtioned, she wrote "Lucius," a tragedy; itect; b. 1598; d. 1666. He built sev"The Lost Lover," a    onomedy; "M3e- eral churches, and.other publiestructures
inoirs of EDurope towards- the close of. at Paris.- JULES-HURDOUIN, his nephew,
the Eighteenth Century," "Court In- was salso an. excellent a'rchitect, and the
trigues, "Adventures of Rivelle," &c. superintendent of the royal edifices.
D. 1724.'       He built the palaces of Versailles, Marly
MANLY, JOHN, a captair in tlie niavy  and the Great Trianon  the Hospital of
of the United States, received a: naval the Invalides, &c.
commission firom Washington, in 1775.    MANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRmY, earl
Invested with  the command of the      of, the fourth son of David, Lord Storschooner Lee, hlie kept the hazardous mont, was b. it Perth, n Scotlandy in




MAN]                  CYCLOP^DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         617
1705.. He became a student at Lincoln's residence was at Mantua, where he was
Inn, and, after the usual term of. proba- much employed in oil and fresco; but
tion,. was called to the bar, gradually  he worked a great deal at Rome,. and
making his way toeminence. In 1742 he produced some admired paintings there.
was made solicitor-general; two years  IIe had great influence on:the style
afterwards he was: created chief justice  of his age, and distinguished hiinself
of the King's Bench; and, in 1776, he highly in the art of perspective. D.'was advanced to..the dignity of an earl 1505.
)f Great Britain. During the riots in: MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE, one of
London, June, 1780, his. souse was at- the most eloquent and intrepid defend-.tacked by the anti-Catholic mob, and  ers of French liberty, was b. in 1775,
his valuable collection of books and   at Barcelonette, in the department of the
manuscripts fell a sacrifice to' the fury  Lower Alps. - He entered as a volunteer
of the multitude, by whom the mansion  in one of'the battalions of the requisiwas burnt to the ground. He continued  tion, in 1793,. and rose to: the) rank of
for some years longer to exercise his ju- captain.  After the peace: of Campo
dicial functions, but resigned in 1788, Formio, he quitted the army, studied
and passed the remainder of his life in  law, was admitted to the:bar at Aix, and
retirement. At the commencement of     soon acquired a high:reputation for talthe reign of George III., he was assailed  eut. In 1815 he was elected to the
with the utmost virulence by patriots chamber of deputies, which was conof the day, particularly in the.-sflair of  voked by Napoleon, and after the abdiWilkes; while Junius pouredc upon him  cation of: that monarch, strenuously
a torrent of Inalignant slander, which he contended for the- rights of his son. In
bore with dignified silence. As a poli- 1818 he was elected a member of the
tician,' Lord Mansfield inclined to the  chamber of deputies by three departabsurd maxims of toryism, but as. a ments, and became one of the most
jud3ge he was acute, liberal, and disin- formidable opponents of the ministers.
terested. D). in'1783.                 He was fervid and'ardent in the cause
MANSI,. JOHN DOMINIC, a learned     of the party to which he h had attached
Italian prelate, and an indefiatigable an- himself; but having used some violent
tiquary, was b. at Lucca, in 1692. He  expressions in his first speech, in the
was several years professor of divinity  session of 1823, on the subject of the
at Naples, and in 1765 was made arch- Spanish war, his expulsion was'loudly
bishop of' Lucca, where he d. in 1769. demanded; the result of which was that
His principal, works are, a Latin trans- a body of the gendarmnerie was introlation of" Calmet's History of the Bible"  duced to arrest him. Manuel was again
with: additions; "De Veteri et Nova    chosen to the chamber of deputies, in
Ecclesice Disciplina,"  "Commenta'ies 1824, and d. 1827.
on the Bible," an edition of "Baronius's  MANUTIUS, ALDUS, a celebrated
Annals," another of the "Councils," an  Italian printer. and autili r, was b.:at
edition of "A Eneas Sylvius's Orations,"  Bassano, in 1447; became tutor to Aland one of Fabricius's "Bibliotheca La- berto Pio, prince of Carpi;'and in 1488
tina media et infims 2Etatis.'"        established a printing office at Venice.
* MANT, RICHAiiD, bishop of Down, He printed numerous valuable editions
Connor, and Dromore, was b. at South- of Greek and Latin classics; compiled a
ampton, wheri e his fither was rector of  Greek and Latin Dictionary and Gramthe church of All-Saints, 1776. In 815  mar; and was the inventor of the -Italic
he became rector of St. Botolph's, Bish- character, hence called Aldine, for the
opsgate-street, and, three years later, exclusive use of which, for a term  of
vicar of East Horsley, Surrey.: In 1820 years, lie obtained a patent. D. 1515.he was consecrated' bishop of Killaloe, PAOLO, son of the preceding, distinand translated to the see of Down and  gulishied as a classical scholar, no less
Connor inl 1823; the ciare of the diocese  than a printer, was b. at Venice, ini 1512,
of Dronmore devolving upon him in 1842, and d. 1574..-ALDO,: the younger, was a
on the deathl of the last bishop, Dr. son of Paolo, and:equally celebrated as
Laurie. Durin:iiihis long life, DI)r. Marit his fatlier:and grandfither.: He was b.
was:constantly'engaged in auithorship, in 1547, and d. in- 1597;:and with him
chiefly on subjects connected with his  expired the glory of the Aldine press.
professional duties. 1)D. 1848.          MANVEL, FRANCIS, a       celebrated
MANTEGNA, ANDA, An, a       eininent Portuguese lyric poet, b. at Lisbon, in
painter, was b. at Padua, in 1481; and  1734. He was the author of many odes,
studied under Squarcione   His chief   and other poems; was compelled to fly




618.CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [MAR
from his country to avoid the Inquisi- er, was b. in 1625, at Cameino, in thi
tion, and d. at Versailles, in 1821.  papal territory.  Ie became an early
MAPLETOFT, Dr. Jo-N, a very         pupil of Andrea Sacchi; and on account
learned English medical and theoloical of his habit of p ainting female saints,
writer. B. 1631; d. 1721.             was nicknamed, by Salvator Iosa, CarMARA, ELIZABETH, a celebrated pub- luccio della Madonna. He was also a
lic singer, whose maiden name was good architect and an engraver; was
Schmelling, was b. in 1750, at Cassel, in  knighted by Clement XI., who gave
Germany. She commenced her musical him a pension. D. 1713.-MA-IAI, his
education by playing on the violin; but daughter, who married J. B. Zappi, was
as she grew up, she cultivated her vocal also a good artist and poetess.
talents, and attained an almost unri-   MARBECK, JolN, a musician of the
valled degree of excellence.  On her 16th century, supposed to have been the
arrival at Berlin she sang before Fred- first composer of the cathedral service
eric the Great, and though he had pre- of the church of England. Ie was orviously declared that he should as soon  ganist at St. George's ch-Apel, Windsor;
expect pleasure from the neighing of a and author of a "' Concordance. of the
horse as from a German singer, yet he Bible," "The Lives of the Saints,
was soon convinced of the excellence of Prophets, and Patriarchs," &c.
the fair vocalist, whom he put to the   MARCELLUS, CLAUDIUS, the first
test, by selecting the most difficult airs Roman general who successfully enin his collection, which she executed at countered Hannibal in the second Pusight, with the utmost facility.  She nic war. Soon after the fatal battle of
afterwards visited Italy, Switzerland, Canna, he was sent against that distin-England, France, and Russia. Madame  guished commander, and forced the
Malra left England in 1802, and went to  Carthaginians to retreat, witl a loss.
reside in Russia; and when that couit- He afterwards went to Sicily, where the
try was invaded by Napoleon in 1812, siege of Syracuse was his most remsarkshe became a sufferer, in conseqence  able achievement. Marcellus fell in a
of the destruction of her property at the  sanguinary battle with his tormer oppoconflagration of Moscow. About the    nent, 209 B. c., when Hannibal caused
beginning of 1820 she revisited En- the body to be burnt with distinguished
gland, andl gave a concert at the opera honors, and sent the ashes to his son in
house; but age had weakened her:pow- a costly urn.
ers, and this once matchless sin0er ex-  MARCET, ALEXANDER, an eminent
hibited only the relics of her former physician and natural philosopher, was.greatness. D. 1838.                   b. at Geneva, in 1770; studied at EdinMARAT, JOHN PAUL, was b. in 1744, burgh, and settled in London, where he
at Baudry, in the province of Neuf- obtained great reputation as a medical
chatel, in Switzerland.   In his youth he  practitioner and public lecturer. iHe
applied himself to the study of medi- was naturalized in Englndc in 1802, but
cine and anatomy; and settling in Paris, returned to his own country in 1814.
attracted notice as an empiric and ven- -Ie was the author of "An Essay on
der of medicines. But his ambition led  the Chemical Iistory of Calculi,' and
him to desire a more extensive popu- of many valuable papers in the "Philolaritv, alnd he wrote a work, which had  sophical Transactions," &c. D. 1822.
for its title "Man, or Principles and   MARCION, a heretic of the 2d cen
Laws, showing the Influence of the    tury, was a native of Synope, on the
Soul and the Body in their Ielations to, E]uxine. He espoused the notions of
each other."  He also published a daily  Cerlo, to which lhe added the doctrine
paper, called, " L'Ami du Peuple." Ie of Manes, and some peculiarities of his
then became president of the assembly  own.
of deputies in Paris, and in that capaci-  MABETS, SAMUEL DE, was a native
ty indulged his thirst for human blood. of Picardy, and surnamed "' Tle Little
fte denounced the generals of the French  Preacher," from his diminutive stature.
army as traitors to their country, and put He was an eminent controversialist of
the menmbers of the convention under the reformed church in the 17th century,
arrest. It was at this time that Char- and from his erudition and ability made
lotte Corday resolved to rid the world  a distinguished figure among the poof its greatest monster, and he was lemics of the day.   He wrote a variety
stabbed by this   enthusiastic young  of theological works, particularly an
woman, July, 1793.                    excellent "System of Divinity."   ).
MARATTI, CAF.LO, an eminent paint- 1663.




MAR]                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      619
MARGARET OF ANJOU, daughter on the plea of ill-lhealth; and having
of Rene d:Anjou, iing of Naples, and  obtained by treaty with  the allied
wife ot Henry VI., king of England, mwas powers, the duellies of'Parma and'Plaan ambitious, enterprising, cour aeous  centia, &c., she repaired thither with
woman. Intrepid in the field, she sir,- her chanberlain, Count Neipperg, for
nalizecl herself by iieleadingr her troops  ilwhom she had conceived an attachment
in several battles' against the house of  and whoms she subsequently married.
York; and if she had not been the in-D. 184i7.
strument of her husband's misfortunes,  MARIA THERESA, queen of Hunby putting to ceath the cduke of Glou- gary and Bohemia, archliduchess of Auscester, his uncle, her name would have tria, and empress of Germany, daughter
been immortalized for the fortitude, of the emperor Charles VI., was b. at
activity, and policy w ith which she sup- Vienna, 1717, and in 1789, marr ied Duke
ported the rights of lher hIiband and  Francis Steplen of Lorraine, who in
son. The fital defeat a T  -ewkesbury, 1737, became grand-duke of Tuscany.
however, p;.t an end to all her enlter- The day after her father's cdeatl, she
prises; the king being taken prisoner, ascendcled the tinrole of IHunlary, Boand Prince Edward, tlheir only son, base- henia, ancl Austria, and declared her
ly murdered by Richardc, duke ofGlon- husband joint ruler.. I). 1780.
cester. Margaret was ransomned by hler  I   NMAINI Jon BAPTIST, Nan Italian
father for 50,000 croiwns, and d. 1482.-  poet, was b. at Naples in 1569. lHe was
OF FRANCE, queen of Navarre, daucghter bred to the law, wliiclh he abandoned
of' Henry IT., was b. in 1552, and rinlked  for literature. e-is principal poem is an
as one of the greatest beautics of her heroic, entitled "Adone," but he wrote
age, with talents and accomiplishments many othels. D. 1625.
correspondino to the.cliharms of her per-  MARION, FRANCIS; af distinguished
son. Sle married Henlry, then prince  officer in the revolutionary war,l wVas a
of Bdaru, but afterwards kilng of-France. initive of South Carolina.  le was enD. 1615.-OF VAILOIS, queeln of' Naples,  aged in agricultural pursuits until the
and sister to Francis I., king of France, year 1759, when he became a soldier,
was the dauhlter of Charles of Orleans, and served with credit against the Cherduke of Angouleme, and b. in 1492. okee Indians. As soon as the war
In 1509 slie married Chnrles, duke of  between the mother country and the
Alenqon. tIer next husband was Ienry  colonies broke out, he was called to the
d'Albret, king of Navarre, by whon   commandc of a company in his native
she had Joan d'Albret, mother of Henry  state. In 1776 he co-operated bravely
IV. She was the authoreess of some   in the defence of Forit Monltrie, and soon
poetical pieces, and of a. tract, entitled  reached the ilank of lieutenant-colonel'The Mirrori of the Sinful Soul," which  commandant of a regiment, in which
wais condlemned as herletical by the Sor- capacity hle acted during the siece of
bonne. A   volumie of tales, entitled  Charleston. lie became, Ssubsequently,' Heptameron, ou Sept J'ournles de la hrigal ier-general in the militia of Southi
Revnre de Navarre," imwhich  wecre written  Caiiolina, and as such was an indtefitiby helr lduing1 the gayety of youth, are  gable and most useful partisan. The
as fi0ee in thleir tendlency as those of  country from Cnamden to the sca-coast,
Boccaccio; and it certainiv, at the pres- between the Pedee andl Santee rives,
ent lday, appears somewhait extiraordi- was the scene of his operations. Many
nary, talit a pri    ness so pious and con- very strikiln  and characteristic anectcllplative, should be their author. D. dotes of his prowess and habits are re154f..                               lated of him; andt in addition to his
MIARIA LOUISA, ex-empress of the distinction in partisan warfire, he acFrencll, wife of Napoleon, nwas thle eld- quired much rieputation in conducting
est cdtmaulhter of Francis I., emperor of  the sieges of thle captured posts held by
Austlia, and- of his second wite, Mariat the enemy. At, Geo rgetown, For t WatTileiesa of Naples, anld was b. 1791. In  son, Fort Moste, Granby, Parker's ferry,
1810 she was mnarried to the emperor, and Etaw, lie highly distinguished
then in the zenith of lis power; in 1811  himself. D. 1795.
shel presented hIer husband with a son-  MARTIUS, CAus, a celebrated Roman
aftelrwairds called kina of Rome-to the genleral'and delmagogue, who was seven
great joy of tile French nation; and in times consul. I'e first distincnished
1813., on his departure to tile arlmy, she  himself at the sieoge of Numantia afterwas snomlinated regent. In 1814 she wardcls went to Africa as lieutenant to
refused to accompany Napoleon to Elba  the consul Metellus; superseded his




620                   CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [MAR
commander, and obtained the consul- Cleveland, who gave him ~5000, with
ship himself, when he subdued Jugur- which he purchased anll annuity for life.
tha, king of Numidia, whom he con- 1He served afterwards under the great
deacted in triumph to Rome. After this Turenne, and distinguished hiimself so
he served against the Cinmbri and other gallantly at the siege of Macstricht, that
barbarous -nations, who had poured    the king of France publicly:thanked
their myriads into Italy. In his sixth  him at the head of the regiment. On
consulate he had Sylla for his rival, who  his return to England he was made
marched to Rome with his army, and a lieutenant-coloilel, gentleman of the
civil war commenced to decide their bed-chamber, and master of the robes to
superiority.  Defeated by his rival, the duke of York, whom he attended to
Marius wandered about on the coasts of  Holland and Scotland; and about this
Italy, and, after escaping several times, time he married M-iss Jennings, maid
was found by some horsemen in a of honor to the princess, afterwards
marsh. He was conducted naked to      Queen Anne. In 1682 he was shipMinturnse, where the magistrate, after wrecked with the duke of York, in their
some deliberation, resolved to obey the passage to Scotland. The same year he
orders of the senate and of Sylla. But was made a peer, by the title of Baron
the Cimbrian slave, to whom the execu- Eyemouth; and when James came to
tion was intrusted, awed by the look  the crown, he was sent to France to
and words of Marius, dropped     his notify the event. In 1685 he was creasword, and the people of Minturnue, ted Lord Churchill, of Sandridge. The
moved with compassion, conducted him  same year he suppressed Monmouth's
to the coast, whence a vessel conveyed  rebellion, and took him prisoner. lie
him to Africa. Here he remained till continued to serve King James with
his party had once more triumphed in  great fidelity, till the arrival of the
Italy, when he was recalled by Cinna prince of Orange, who created him earl
and Sertorius, who making themselves of Marlborotlghi in 1689, and appointed
masters of Rome, a terrible proscription  him commander-in-chief of the English
took place. Marius enjoyed the dignity  army in the Low Countries. He next
of consul for the seventh time, 86 B. c., served in Ireland, and reduced Cork,
Pnd d. shortly after, aged 80.-THEm   Kinsale, and other strong places. But
YOUNGER, had all the determined char- in 1692 he was suddenly dismissed from
acter of his father. He usurped the his employments, and committed to the
consular dignity, 82.B. c., but was de- Tower, on suspicion, not wholly groundfeated by Sylla,' and slew himself at less, of plotting to restore the exiled
Praneste.                             monarch. After the death of Queen
]MARIVAUX, PETER       CAILET   DE  Mary he was restored to favor; and at
CHAMBLAIN DE, a celebrated dramatist the close of that reign lie had'the comand novelist, was b. at Paris, in 1688. mand of the English forces in Holland,
His father, who was director of the mint and was appointed ambassador extraoratRiom, gave him an excellent educa- dinary to thfi States, who chose him
tion,. and his own talents and social captain-general of their forces. On the
merits gained him many friends. The   commencement of Queen Anne's reign,
drama first attracted his attention, and  he recommended a war with France and
he was the author of about 80 pieces; Spain, which advice was adopted. In
but it is as a novelist that he is chiefly  the campaign of 1702, he took a numknown to the world of letters. Of these, ber of strong towns, particularly Liege,
"Le Paysan Parvenu," "Marianne,"      and returning to England the following
and "Le Philosophe Indigente," are winter, received the thanks of both
accounted the principal. He also wrote houses, and a dukedom. In 1704 he
" Le Spectateur Francois," &c. D. joined Prince Eugene, with whom he
1763.                                 encountered the French and Bavarians
MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, at Hochstedt, and obtained a complete
duke of, was the son of Sir Winston   victory. On the 15th of May, 1706, he
Churchill, of Ashe, in Devonshire, fought the famous battle of Ramillies,
where he was b. 1650. At the age of 12 which accelerated the fall of L.ouvain,
years he was taken from school, to be a Brussels, and other important places;
page. to the duke of York, who, in 1666, and arriving in England in November,
gave hin a pair of colors in the guards. received fresh honors and grants from
His first service was at         an- the queen ofand parliament. In 1709 he
gier.; and at his return to England, lie defeated Marshal Villars, at Malplaquet,
became -the favorite of the duchess of for which victory a general thanksgiving




MAR]                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       621
was solemnized. In the winter of 1711 ciate and professor of the French aca 1he returned to England, and soon after, emy of painting. D. 1719.
through party intrigues, was dismissed  MARRYAT, Captain FiEDERIC, the
from all his employments. D. 1722.    most popular of England's naval novelMARLOE, or MARLOWE, CHRis- ists, was b. 1786. His first work was
TOPHiER, an eminent poet and dramatist the "Naval Officer," published in 1829.
of the Elizabethan age, was educated  This was followed in 1830 by the
at Cambridge, afterwards settled in Lon- "King's Own;" and in 1832 appeared
don, and became an actor as well as a  "Newton Foster," a great improvement
writer for the stage. Besides six trage- on the two former works, and "Petel
dies of his own composition, and one Simple." Then came "Jacob Faithful,"
written jointly with Nashe, he left "Mr. Midshipman Easy," "Mastermar
translations from niOvid, Lucan, and  Ready," "The Pacha of many Tales,'
others. His powers as a tragic writer  "Japhet in seaiah ofa Father," "Pool
were of a high order, and some, passages Jack," "The Pirate and Three Cutters,
in his plays are fraught with exquisite" Snarleyow," "Percival Keene," &c.
beauty. D. 1593.                      besides the " Phantom Ship" and "Jo
MARMONTEL, JOHN FRtNCIS, a dis- seph Rushbrook."       In 1837 he paid a
tinguished French writer, b. in 1723, at visit to the United States, and on his reBort, in the Limousin, was the eldest turn he published his "Diary in Amerson of a large Ifamily in humble life; ica," which reflected severely on our
and was educated at the Jesuits' college national character This was followed
at Mauriaic. He first settled at Toulouse, by three additional volumes, and by his
but being persuaded by Voltaire to try  " Travels of'Monsieur Violet." D. 1848.
his fortune at Paris, hlie went there in  MARS, Mademoiselle, a great French
1745. By his tragedies of " Dionysius"  comedian, was b. 1779. She made her
and " Aristomenes," and other popular debut at the early age of 13, and enjoyed
works, lihe soon gained reputation; and  the rare privilege of retaining the public
being patronized by madame de Pom- flavor till an   advanced iage, having
padour, lie received the appointment kept the boards of the The6tre Franof secretary to the royal buildingcs. eais at Paris, where she had gained inSoon after, be became connected with  numerable triumphs, till 1841, when
D'Alembert and Diderot in the Ency- she retired in her 63d year. D. 1847.
clopddie. He also had a share in the    MARSH, JAMES, president of the
Mercure Franqois, in which his " Tales"  university of Vermont, and professor
first appeared; but having written a  of philosophy there, was b. at'Hartford,
satire on the duke d'Aumont, he was Ct., 1794. HIe was educated to theology
sent to the Bastille; fiom which, how- at Andover, afterwards a professor of
ever, he was liberated in a few days, languages at Hampden Sydcney college,
and in 1763 he obtained a place in the and distinguished himself through life
Academy, of which he afterwards be- for his fine scholarship and profouind
came perpetual secretary. Ini 1797 he thought. His preliminary essay to Colewas chosen a representative to the na- ridge's " Aid to Reflection," is a mastional assembly for the department of  terly piece of philosophical, discussion.
the Eure; but his election being sub- D. 1847.
sequently declared null,, he again retired  MARSHALL, JOHN, chief justice of
to his cottage, where he d. of apoplexy. the United States, was b. in Fauquier
in 1799, aged 76. His "Moral Tales,"  county, Virginia, on the 24th Septem"Belisarius," "The Incas," his ow1n ber, i755.    He had    some classical
"Memoirs," and " Elements of Litera- instruction in his youth, yet his opporture," are his most esteemed works.  tunities for learning were very limited;
MAROT,     CLEMENT,   an  eminent and he never had the benefit of a reguFrench poet, was b. at Cahors in 1495. lar education at any college. At the
Having accompanied the duke of Alen- commencement of the revolutionary
qon to Italy, he was wounded and taken  war, he engaged with ardor in the
prisoner at the baittle of Pavia; was American cause; in 1776, he received
afterwards persecuted for his attach- an: appointment of first lieutenant; and
ment to the Protestant religion, and d. in 1777 he was promoted to the rank of:
in 1544. As a poet he was superior to  captain. -He fought against Lord Dunany of his countrymen who had gone more in the battle of Great-bridge, and
before him, and greatly excelled all his was afterwards in the battles of Brancotemporaries.-FRANCIS,  a   painter, dywine, Germantown, and Monmouth.
was the pupil of La Fosse,. and an asso- He was a member of the convention




622                   CYCLOP I  DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    LMAR
called together in Virginia for the ratifi- tribune. On the death of that emperor
cation of the constitution bf the United  he returned to his native country, where
States, and on this occasion he greatly  he d. A. D. 104.
distinguished himself by his powerful   MARTIN,       AME, a distinguished
reasoning and eloquence; as he did    French writer and critic, was b. at Lyalso, subsequently, as a menber of the ons, 1786. At an early age he repaired
legislature of Virginia, in the discus- to Paris, where he soon gained a livelisions relating to the treaty negotiated  hood by his pen, at one time writing in
by Mr. Jay. He was envoy to France, the columns of the Journal des Debats;
in connection with General Pinckney   at another, editing the works of La
and Mr. Gerry. The envoys, however, Rochefoucauld, lacine, and Fenelon:
were not accredited; and in the summer and he at last became professor of belles
of 1798, Mr. Marshall retlurned to the lettres at the Polytechnic school, and
United States. He becamle a member librarian at Sainte Genevieve. At once
of congress in 179(.; in 1800 lie was  the pupil and fiiend of Bernard St.
appointed to the office of secretary of Pierre, he collected and published his
war; sbolin afterwards he succedced   works, defended his memory fromn hosCol. Pickering as secretary of state; tile attacks, married his vwicow, anld
and on the resignation of Chief Justice  adopted his daughter Virginia. His
Ellsworth, he became, by nomination   "Lettres a Sophie sur la Physique, la
of Mr. Adams, and the confirmation of  Climie, et l'Histoire Naturelle," were
the senate, on the 31st January, 1801, highly popular; and his work on the
chief justice of the United States, and  "Education des Meres de Famille" was
froim that tihe till his death, le con- crowned by the institute. D. 1847.
tinued to fill the office with distinmgish-  MARTINE, GEORGE, a physician, was
ed reputation. D. July 6th, 1836.     b. in Scotland, in 1702 -took his doctor's
MARSTON, JOHN, an English dram- degree at Leyden, after which he cornatist, who lived in the reigns of Eliza- menced practice at St. Andrew's; but,
beth and James I., and was upon terms in 1740, he accompanied Lord Cathcart
of intimacy with Ben Jonson. He was to America, whele lie d. 1748. He was
educated at Oxford, became lecturer at the author of "Tractatus de Similibus
the Middle Temple, and d. subsequently  Animalibus, et Animalium Colore," and
to 1683. He wrote eiglit plays, and three  " Essays, Medical and Philosophical."
books of satires, called the "Scourrge of  MARTINI, JoIx BAPTIST, a skilful
Villany."                            nmusical composer, was b. at Bologna, in
MASRSY, FRANCIS MARIA DE, a French   1706, and d. 1784. He wrote a " History
writel, was expelled the society of Jes- of Music;" also, an "Essay on Counteruits on account of his opinions; and lie  point," &c. He was chapel-master to a
was also sent to tie Bastille for publish- convent of Friars Minim; and fiom the
ing an "Analysis of Bayle," in which  school ofMartini issued some of the finest
he selected the worst part of that an- composers in Italy.-MARTIN, a Jesuit
thor's dictionary. His other works are, and missionary of the 17th century, was
a " History of Mary Stuart," "Diction- a native of Trent. H-e went as a misary of Patingtn and Architecture," "Le  sionary to China, where he remained
Rabelais Moderne, and "The Modern      many years, and returned to Europe in
History," intended as a continuation to  1651. The result of'his observations are
Rollin's " Ancient History."  D. 1763.  contained in his " SiniCta Historia3 Decns
MARTELLI, PETER JAMES, an emi- prima a Gentis Oribine ad Christum nanent Italian poet, was b. at Bologna, in  turn," "China Illustrata," and "De
1665; was at first a professor of belles  Bello inter Tartaros et Sinenses."
lettres in the university there, and after-  MARTOS, IVAN PETROVITCII, an emiwards secretary to Cardinal Aldrovandi. nent Russian sculptor, who was for mlny
His works consist of several discourses years director of the Aca(demrn of Fine
on the art of poetry, "Dialogues on    Arts, St. Petersburg, d. 1835, aged 82.
Ancient and Modern Tragedy," and       Ie had attained tlhe highest excellence
"Tragedies."  D. 1727.                in his art, rivalling Canova in his drclaperMARTIAL or MIARCUS VALERIUS          ies, and in subjects of bas-relief being
MARTIALIS, aLatin poet, and the most superior to any of his cotemporaries.
celebrated of all epigrammatists, was a  Among his best works may be reckoned
native of Spain, but went to Rome in   the colossdl group in bronze of Minin
his 20th year, and obtained the favor of and Pozharsky, at Moscow; the EmperDomitian, who conferred on him many    or Alexander, at Taganrog; the duke
favocs. and raised him to the office of  of Richelieu, at Odessa, &c.




MAR]                 CYCLOP/EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      623
MARTYN, II, HNR  an able missionary, by Archbishop Cranmer. During the
was b. iln Cornwall, in 1781; was educa1ted  rein of Edward she could not be preat St. John's college, Camnbridoe; and il vailec with to join in conmmunion with
1805 went to India as a chaplain to the the Protestant divines. On this account
East India Company. When arrived in that amniable prince declared Lady Jane
the East he distinguished himself by his Grey his heir. At his death in 1553
rapid acquirement of the native Ian- that lady was proclaimed queen; but
guages, being soon able to translate the her reign lasted only a few days. The
Common Prayer into Hindoostanee, and  partisans of Mary became numerous,
performn divine service in that languaoe. and she entered London without opporoin India he proceeded to Persia, and  sition.  in 1554 she marmjed Philip of
there translated the New Testament into  Spain, eldest son of Charles V. but
the Persian tongue, held several confer-  ler union with lhim was equally unproences with the learned Malhometans, pitious to herself and the nation. The
and converted some to Christianity. D. sannauinary laws against heretics were
1812.                                revived, and those shockinl scenes of
MARTYR, PETER, a celebrated re- cruelty followed, which have fixed upon
former, whose family name was Ver- this princess the epithet of "bloodv."
migrli, was b. at Florence, in 1500. He D. 1558.
was originally an Aupnstin monk, and   MARY STUART, queen of Scots:
became an eminent preacher, and prior famnos for her beauty, her wit, her
of St. Fridian's, at Luccat; but having  learninr, and her misfortunes, was
read the writings of Luther, Ziincrlius, dtlaugter of James V., king of Scotland,
and other reformers, he renounced the and succeeded her father in 1542, eight
Catholic fithl, and found it necessary to  days after her birth. In 1558 she m*rquit his native country.  le then, on  ried Francois, dauphin, and afterwards
the invitation of Edward VI., camne to  kino of France, by which means she
England, and was made professor of became queen of France. Thismonarec
divinity at Oxford, and canon of Christ- dying in 1560, sle returned into Scotchurch. But in the succeediins reign h e laind, and Inmaried her cousin, Henry
was obliged to leave the kingdom;  on  Stuart, Lord Darnley, in 1565. Being
whichl he went to Switzerland, and d. at excluded from any share of the governZurlich, in 1562. Peter Martyr was the  ment (as he suspected) by the advice of
authorm of many works on divinity, in- Rizzio, an Italian musician, her favorite
cludinf commentaries on some parts of andc secretaly, the king, by the counsel
the Old aind New Testament;.         and assistance of some of the principal
MARVELL, ANDREF, distinguished     nobility, suddenly surprised them toby his integl'ity as a senator, and by his gether, and Rizzlo was slain, in the
wit as apolitical writer, was b. at Kings- queen's presence, in 1566. Anl apparent
ton-upon-Hull, in 1620. On the death  reconciliation afterwards took place,
of Ilis flther lie spent seveial years in  when Darnley, who had continued to
foreign travel; was appointed secretary  reside separately from the queen, was
to the British legation at Constantinople; assassiated, and the house he had inand on his return, in 1657, lie became habited was blown up with gunpowder,
assistant to Milton, as Latin secretary. in Fehruary, 1567. In the month: of
At the restoration he was elected into  May following, she wedded the earl of
parliament for his native place, with a Bothwel.l, who was openly accused as
salary from  his constituents; and he the murderer of the late king. Scotland
obtained a high character for diligence, soon became a scene of confusion and
ability, and integrity. Ie had the char- civil discord. Bothwell, a fugitive and
acter of being the wittiest man of his an outlaw, took reeug'e in Denmark; and
time, and wrote a number of poetical Mary, made a captive, was treated with
effusions, both humorous and satirical, insult and contelnpt, and committed to
which were lighly effective as party  custody in the castle of Loch Leven.
pieces. D. 1678.                     After somle months' confinement she
MARY, queen of England, daughlter effected her escape, and, assisted by the
)f H-enry VIII. by Catharine of Ara'on, few friends who still remained attached
was l. ii 1517. Durinog the life of her to her, made an effort for the recovery
fatther.she experienced mnany mar1ks of of her power. She was opposed by the
his brltal temper, and hlei inflexible  earl of Murray, the natural son of James
opposition- to his will made hiln somne- V., who had obtained the regency in
times form a resolution of putting her the minority of her son. The battle of
to death, from which he was diverted  Langside insured the triumph of her




624                   CYCLOP.-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [MAS
enemies; and, to avoid falling agiain tained the precentorship of York, with
into their power, she fled to England, a canonry annexed. On the commenceand sought the protection of Queen    ment of the American war, he became
Elizabeth; but that princess treated her so active an advocate for freedom as to
as a personal and political rival, and  give offence at court,: and was consekept her in safe custody for a period of  qlently dismissed from the chaplainship.
18 years. At the end of that time she  Besides the tragedies of "Elfrida" and
was tried for a conspiracy against the  Caractacns," le wrote " The English
life of the queen of England, condemned, Garden," a poem; " Ode to the Naval
and suffered decapitation, Feb. 8, 1587, Officers of Great Britain," "Memoirs
in the castle of Fotheringay, where she of Gray," the poet, &c. D. 1797.
had been confined.                    JOHN, was a native of Scotland, b. 1734,
MASCLEF, FRANCIS a French theo- connected with that branch of the selogian and orientalist, who was a canon  cession from the established church of
of Amiens, and d. 1728. His works are, North Britain, known by the name of
"A Hebrew Grammar," "Ecclesiastical Antiburlghers. By a presbytery in that
Conferences of the Diocese of Aiens,"  connection he was licensed, and not long
and "The Catechism of Amiens."        afterwards ordained, with a view to his
MASCOV, or MASCOU, JOHN JAMES, taking the pastoral ch'age of a congrea German publicist, was a native of   gation in the city of New York, where
Dantzic, studied at Leipsic, became pro- he arrived in 1761, and resided greatly
fessor of jurisprudence at Halle, and  respected and eminently useful until his
wrote the " Principles of the. Public  death in 1792.-GEOnGE, of Virginia, a
Law of the German Empire," and "A     statesman of distinction, was a member
History of the Germans."  B. 1689; d. of the general convention which formed
1762.                                 the constitution of the United States,
iAkSCRIER, JoaN     BAPTIST DE, a and refused his signature to that instruFrench abbe, was b. in 1697, at Caen; ment. The next year, in union: with
and:d. at Paris. in 1760. Among his Henry, he opposed its adoption by the
works are, "A Description of Egypt,"  Virginia convention, on the ground that
"A Translation of Cesar's Commenta- the government of the states would be
ries," " Reflections on the Truths of  consolidated, instead of federal, and be
Faith," and a "History of the Revolu- liable to conversion into a monarchy.
tion in the East Indies."             Ile also opposed with great zeal the secMASON, JOHN, a dissenting minister, tion allowing a continuance of the slave
was b. at Dunmow, Essex, in 1706. He trade. I-e held a high rank among the
was the author of an excellent little vol- great men of that state with whom he
ume of ethics, entitled " Self-knowl- was cotemporary, in intellectual energy,
edge," of which there have been numer- delicacy of wit, extent of political knowlous editions; he also wrote "Practical ede, and eloquence. D. 1792.-JoHN
Discourses for the use of Families,"  MITCIELL, a divine and pulpit orator,
" An Essay on Elocution," two " Essays was b. in the city of New Yorlck, in 1770,
on the Power of Poetical and Prosaic and after graduatting at Columabia colNumbers," -' Christian Morals," &c. lege, his theological studies were comD. 1763.-WIVLLIAM, an.eminent Enalish  pleted in Europe. In 1792 he returned
poet, was the son of a clergyman in to New York, and was established in
Yorkshire, where he was b. in 1725. the ministry at that place till 1811, when
He studied at Cambridge, and obtained  he accepted the appointment of provost
a fellowship in Pembroke hall. His in Columbia college. This situation his
first appearance as a poet was by the  ill health obliged him to resign, and he
publication of'Isis," in which he satir- visited Europe to repair his constitution..
ized the Jacobitism  and high-church  On his return in 1817 he again resumed
principles prevalent at Oxford.  This his labors in preaching, and in 1821 unwas replied to by Thomas Warton in    dertook the charge of Dickinson college
his "Triumph of Isis."  In 1752 Mason  in Pennsylvania. In 1824 lie returned
produced his "'Elfiida," a dramatic to New York, and d. in 1829. He was
poem, with choral odes on the ancient the author of " Letters on Frequent
Greek model, which was well received, Communion," "A Plea for Sacramental
thouigh the attempt to establish it on  Communion on Catholic Principles,"
the stage proved abortive. On entering  and a number of essays, reviews, orainto orders he was presented to the liv- tions, and sermons published at difing of Aston, and appointed one of the ferent tinmes.-EissINE, the youngest
kings chaplains; and in 1762 he ob- son of the above, was b. 1805, pursued




MAT]                   CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       625
his theological studies in the seminary  and Wagram. His subsequent conduct
at Princeton, and in 1827, at the age of  in Spain, when ad aneing' against Wel22, was installed pastor of the Presby- linton, was equal.y skilful.  At the
terian church il   Schenectady, from  landing of Napoleon, in 1815, he swore
which he was called in 1830 to the allegiance to him, was made peer, and
Bleeeker-street' church  in this city  commander of the national guard at
whiere lie labored with distinguished  Paris- an'd contributedl much to the
ability, until his death in 1850. —JHN  preservation of tranquillity in that city
T., a native of Virginia, who removed cdurini the turbulent period which prein early life to Kentucky, where he oc- cedec the return of the king. D. 1817.
cupied from 1811 to 1835 many distin-    MASSILLON, JOHN BAPTIST, a.n'emiP
guished stations, after which he became  nent French preachler, was b. 1663, at
governor of Michigan. D. 1850.          ieres, in Provence. He entered into
MASQUE DE FER, or IERON'MASK, the congregation of the Oratory, and
a person confined in the castle of Pigne- became so celebrated for his eloquence,
rol, and afterwiards in the isles of St. that the general of his order called him
Margaret., and always disguisecd in a to Paris, lwhere he drew crowds of hearmasik with steel springs, which  on- ers. In 1717 he was made bishop of
cealed his featurnes, without incommo- Clermont, and d. 1742. His discourses
ding him in receiving his nourishment. were published, and are distinoguished
ie d. in the Bastille, 1703, and was pri- for an artless flow of eloqc once, a knowlvately buried under the name of March- edge of the human heart and a richness
iali. Though no person ever could dis- of ideas.
cover who lhe was, it is certain that he  MASSINGER, PHILIP, a distinguished
was a man of high birth, as he was English dranmatist, was b. at Salisbury,
treated with singular respect by his in 1585.    He studied' at Oxford, but
keepers, and as infinite pains were    quitted the university without taking a
takeni to prevent his holding communi- deg ee, in consequence, it is supposed,
cation with any other person.          of having' become a Roman Catholic.
MASSENA, ANDRE, a victorious gen- Little is known of his personal history,
oral, created prince of Essling, duke of  yet he appears to have been intimately
Rivoli, and marshal of Franeco was b. at connected with the wits and poets of his
Nice, in 1758. He went through the time, and d. 1639. Some critics rank
regular gradations in an Italian regi- lim next to Slihakspeare. In tragedy,
ment, commencing his military career however, lie is rather eloquent and forlat the age of 17. After 14 years' ser- cible than pathetic; and, in richness
vice he obtained his discharge; but, in  and variety of humor, his comedy can
1792, the revolution presented a field for by no means vie with thalt of his great
the display of military talents; and his master.
natural sentiments in favor of liberty   MATHER, INCREASE one of the early
caused him to enter the service of thme presidents of tiarvard college, was b. at
French republic, where he obtained      orchester, Mass., in 1639. His learnrapid promiotion. Napoleon, who was ing, zeal, and general abilities were of
quick to discover genius, formed an in- great service to the institution over
timate friendship with Massena; and, whiclh he presided, and lie was a skilful.
after the successful battle of Loveredo, and efficient serva. nt of the commonin 1796, against Beaulieu, called him  wealth. In 1688 he was deputed to En"the favored child of victory."'    e gltnd as agent of the province, to pro-T
had the chief command in Switzerland   cure redress of grievances.   Whler
in 1799 when he finished the campaign, James II. published his declaration foi
by completely routing the Austro-Rus- liberty of conscience, Dr. Mather swaas
sian army under the Archduke Charles again sent to England with'an aaddress
and General Korsakoff.   In 1800 he of thanks to the kino; but, before his
commanded in Italy, but with less sue- return, the revolution occurred, and lihe
cess than in his former campaigns. He  obtained from William a new charter for
was, however, again successful in the  the colony of Massachusetts. He I w^s
campaigns of 1805 and 1806, taking pos- the author of "'A IHistory of the War
session of Naples, and si(nalizing him- with the Indians," "An. Essay on reself in the campaign of Poland, which  markable Providences," and some other
terminated by the treaty of Tilsit. He works. D. 1723.-COTTON, son of the
was afterwards employed in Germany, precedinf, was b. at Boston, in 16,53,
and eminently distinguished himself in  and d. in 1728. His principal* works;,he memorable engagements of Essling  are, "An Ecclesiastical History of Neow
53




626                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [MAlI
England,"   "The Christian   Philoso-   MATTOCKS, ISABELLA, an eminent
pher," "Psalterium Americanurn," and  actress, b. 1746, was the daughter of Mr.
"The Wonders of the Invisible World, Hallam, 1naiger of the theatres of New
or the Trials of Witches."            York, Charleston, and Philadelphia. Her
MATHIEWS, CHARLES, a comedian of    forte lay in such characters as abigails,
transcendant ability, and one. who was citizens' wives, &c., and she was an exlong regarded as the master-mind of the cellent comic singer. D. 1826.
mimic art, was b. in 1776. He was the   MATURIN, ROBERT CHARLES, an Irish
son of a bookseller in the Strand, at- clervgyman of the established church,
tached to the Wesleyan connection. was b. at Dublin, and educated in TrinFor many years he was accustomed to ity college, of that city; and, on entering
entertain whole audiences by his single into orders, obtained the curacy of St.
efforts, in a species of entertainment Peter's church. "Bertram," a wild but
entitled  "Mathews at Home "     and  powerful tragedy, was the first producnever were admiring crowds more highly tion which, by its singular success,
delighted than in witnessing the vividl brought him into notice as an author.
portraits which he so accurately drew. Havingr anticipated his resources, witlhThe " At Homes" of Mathewls were out contemplating the possibility of a
not only well received throughout Great failure, lie contracted embarrassments,
Britain and Ireland, but also in this friom which he was seldom entirely free.
country, where some of his most felicit- He was the author of several popular
ous portraitures were sketched. He was novels, the first three of which, "The
twice married, and had one child only, Fatal Revenge," " The Wild Irish Boy,"
the present Charles Mathews. D. 188)5. and  TThe Milesian Chief," were pubMATSYS, QUINTIN, an eminent paint- lished under the assumed name of Dener, was b. at Antwerp, 1460. He was, nis Jasper Murphy. Ile also wrote the
originally, a blacksmith, but quitted that novels of " Melhnoth"' and 1" Woman;"
business, and, by dililent application  "The Universe," a poem; and time trabecame such an excellent artist, that  gedies of "Manuel" and "Fredolpho."
according to the opinion of Sir Joshua  He published, in 1824, six "ControverReynolds, some of his heads are not in- sial Sermons," which exhibit him as a
ferior to those of Raphael. One of his well-read scholar and an acute reasoner.
best pictures is that of the "Two Mi- D. 1825.
sers,7 at Windsor. D. 1529.-JOHN, his    MAUPERTUIS, PETEr. Louis MOREAU
soin, was also a painter of very consid- DES, an eminent mathematician and aserable merit.                         tronomer, was b. at St. Malo, in 16I98.
MATTHESON, JOHN, an eminent mu- He studied at the college of La Marche,
sical composer and performer, was b. at at Paris; and in 1723 was admitted a
HIamburgh, in "ql1; and gave such early  memiber of the Academy of Sciences, the
indications of talent, that at nine years memoirs of which institution abound
of age lie was able to perform composi- with his communications. In 1736 lihe
tions of his own at the organ. Ile corn- was sent on an expedition to the polar
posed music for the church and for the  circle, to ascertain the figure of the
theatre, and was always present at the earth. In 1740 he was invited to Berlin
pertrminance of it. D. 1764.           by the king of Prussia, whom he folMATTHISSON, FREDERIC VON, a cel- lowed to the field, and,was present at
ebrated lyric and elegiac poet, was b. the battle of Molwitz, where lie was
near Magdeburg, in 1761; accompanied  made prisoner, and carried to Vienna.
the princess of Dessau in various tours  On regaining his liberty, lie married
through the.south of Europe; and in  and settled at Berlin, and was appointed
1812 was iappointed librarian at Stutt- president of the Royal Academy of Scigard. Among his poems is to be found  ences. In this situation, howvever, lihe
the celebrated "Adelaide," which, as became involved in a quarrel'With Volset to music by Beethoven, is still 11s- taire, which imbittered his latter days,
tened to with delight. D. 1831.        from the sarcasmi with'which the latter
MATTHIEU, PETER, a French histo- continued to assail him.
rian, was b. at Basle, in 1583, and d. in  MAUREPAS, JOHN FREDERIC P-ILI1621. Ile became an advocate at Lyons, PEAUX, count de, a Frehch statesman, b.
and was made historiographer of France. in 1701. He was made minister of maHe wrote "Histories of Henry IV.," rine at the age of 24, and was afterwards
"Louis XI.," and "St. Louis;" also at the head "of the foreign department.
the " Iistory of France," and "La He was hasty in his decisions, amiable
Guisiade," a tragedy.                 in manners, quick in conception, artful,




MAY]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        627
and penetrating; but being accused of  on the subject of his researches. Among
writing an epigra  on madame de Pom- them are, " Travels in the Interior of
padour, it led to his banishment from  Brazil," a " Treatise on Diamonds and
court. After a lapse of 80 years he was Precious Stones," "F Familiar Lessons
placed at the head of the ministry by  on'Mineralogy and Geology,"'" The
Louis XVI., but he was found incapa- Linnean System of Conchology," and
ble of performing its duties, and quite  "The Mineralogy of Derbyshire." ID.
destitute of the vigor necessary to avert 1829.
the troubles which then threatened the  MAXWELL, WILLIAM H., a distinkingodom. D. 1781.                    guished Irish novelist. Early in lifB he
MAURICE OF NASSAU, prince of was a captain in the British army, and
Orange, youngest son, by a second mar- noted for his social qualities. He subriage, of William  I., prince of Orange, sequently entered the church, and obb. at Dillenburg, 1567, was studying at tained the benefice of prebendary of
Leyden, in 1584, when his father was Balla, a'Wild district in Connaught, with
assassinated. The provinces of Holland  an income, but no congregation or ofand Zealand, and, soon after, Utrecht, ficial duties.  Among his works are
immediately elected the young prince  "Hector O'Halloran," "Story of My
stadtholder; and his talents, as a gen- Life," "Wild Sports of the West," and
eral, surpassed all expectations. D. 1625. many lumorous sketches in th8 periodMAURY, JEAN SIFFREIN, a French      ical literature of the day. D. 1850.
cardinal, was b. in 1746, at Valeras;   MAY, THOMAS, a poet and historian,
studied at Lyons; and, on enterinr was b. in Sussex, in 1594, and educated
into orders, became a celebrated preach- at Cambridge; after which he entered
er at Paris, where he obtained a place  of Gray's Inn, where he wrote some
in the Academy, and obtained an ab- plays and translated several authors,
bey. When the revolution broke out    particularly Lucan. Charles I. employed
he was chosen one of the representatives hin in writing two historical poemsof the clergy in the states-general, where  one on the life of Henry II., and the
he distinguished himself by his elo- other on the reign of Edw rd III. But
quence in behalf of his order, and also  in the civil war May joined the parliain defence of royalty. On the dissolu- ment, and was appointed their secretary
tion of the constituent assembly, he and historiographer. lIe published the
went to Italy, was nominated bishop of  "History of the Parliament, which beNicsea, and made a cardinal; and, in  gan ini i640," and a "Breviary of the
1808, Napoleon gave him the archbish- History of the Parliament of England,"
opric of Paris, but in 1814 he was obliged  a work which was extremely obnoxious
to quit the archiepiscopal palace, and  to the iroyal party. D. 1650.
retire to Rome.  He was a great orator,  MAYER, TOBIAS, a celebrated astronand a man of ready wit. D. 1817.      omcr, was b. at Marbach, in the ducehy
MAYOR, WILLIAM, was a native of     of Wirtemberg, in 1723.   He tauolht
Aberdeenshire, and b. in 1758. IHe himself mathematics, and at the age of
went to England early in life, and after 14 designed machines and instruments
due probationary exercise, as an assist- with the greatest dexterity and accuracy.
ant in a school at Burford, established  His various merits procured him an inhimself as the master of an academy at vitation to Gottingen, as professor of
Woodstock, where he gained the favor mathematics, in 1750, and the royal
and patronage of the duke of Marl- society of sciences in that place chose
borough, entered into holy orders, and  him a member. About this time aswas presented to the vicarage of Hurley  tronomers were employed in endeavors
in Berkshire. Among his literary labors to find the longitude at sea.  Mayer
are a "Universal History," a collection  overcame all difficulties, and his theory
of "Voyages and Travels," "The Brit- of the moon, and astronomical tables
ish Tourist," "The Modern Traveller,"  and precepts, were rewarded by the
histories of Greece, Rome, and England; English board of longitude with ~8000,
spelling and class books; miscellanies in  which stum was paid to his widow; for,
prose and verse; and many others, whose exhausted by his incessant labors, this
merits are in general commensurate with  astronomer d. 1762. Among his works
their repute. D. 1837.                are "A Treatise on Curves," and a
MAW E, JOSErPH, an eminent mineral- "Mathemnatical Atlas."-JOHANN TOBIogist and conchologist, was b. about AS, his son, b. 1752, was also professor
1755, travelled in various parts of South  at Gottingen, and gained distinction by
America, and published numerous works his astronomical writings. D. 1830.




6.28                 CYOLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [MED
MAYNARD, JOHN, a judge of the him resolve to throw off the yoke of
supreme court of New Yok, alnd of the subordination. He joined with Charles
court of appeals. He was elected to   XII., who had just given a king to PocongreSs in 182i, and again il 1841. D. land, and.imed, by his assistance, to
1850.                                throw off the yoke of subordination. For
MAZARIN, JULIUS, a cardinal and     a long time the intrigues of Mazeppa
first mninister of Louis XIV., was b. of a aaainst Peter were disbelieved by the
noble faimily, at Piscini, in Italy, in 1602. latter; but at length he openly joined
He studied at Alcala, in Spain, after the Swedish monarch, who, by his adwhich lie went to Rome, and became vice. fought the fiatal battle of Pultowa.
attached to the service of Cardinal He then sought refuge at Bender, where
Sachetti whom he accompanied on his he d. 1709.
mission into Lombardv. While in that    MAZZA, ANGELO, an eminent Italian
country, Mazarin effected a peace be- poet, b. at Parma, in 1740, in the unitween the Frenchl and Spaniard.c, which  versity of which city he was af'terwards
procured him the esteem of the cardi- professor of Greek literature. He transsials Richelieu and Barbarini, by the hated the odes of Pindar, and Akenside's
latter of whom lie was recommended to  "Pleasures of Imagination;" and haythe pope, who sent him is nuncio-extra- ing attained a high degree of literary
ordinary to the court of France. In   reputation, was adimiittedl into the Area1641 he was made a cardinal, and on   dian academy at Rome. D. 1817.
the death of R'ichelieu succeeded him   MAZZHINGI, JosEPH, Count, a disas prime minister.  At first he was tinguished composer, was the descendrather popular, but in a short time ca- ant of an eminent Tuscan family, but
bals were formed against him with such  was b. in England, and of an English
effect that he was'dismissed from the mother.  "The Blind    Girl," "The
royal presence, and compelled to leave Turnpike Gate," "Paul and Virginia,"
the kingdom. But though a price was amnA a long list of other once popular
set upoin his head, Mazarin contrived to pieces, were from his fertile pen,c and
dispel the storm; and lie even returned  Sir Walter Scott warmly thanked him.to court with increased eclat, and held  for the manner in which he adapted
the reins of power till his decease, in  some of that great author's poetry. D.
1651.                                 1844.
MAZEPPA, JOHN, hiettman of the        MAZZUCHELLI, GIAMMARIA, Count,
Cossacks, whom Lord Byron has made a Venetian nobleman, was b. 1707, and
the hero of a poem, was b. about the d. 1765. IHe was the author of "La
middle of the 17th century, ini Podolia, Vita di Pietro Aretino" and " Gli Scritof a poor but.noble Polish family, and  tori d'Italia;" but the work on which
became.page to John Casimir, king of his fame chiefly rests is, "Notizie HisPoland.  In. this situation, Mazeppa toriche e Critiche."
bad an opportunity of acquiring various  MAZZUOLI, FnANcis, a celebrated
1useful accomplishments; -but an intrigue painter, known by the name Of PARMEwas the foundation of his future eleva - GImANO was b. at Parma, 1503. lHe betion. A Polish nobleman having sur- came acquainted with Corregfio,' but
prised Mazeppa with his wiife, ordered  owed his eminence to his stud;yiUag the
him to be tied naked upon a wild, horse, works of Raphael. His reputation as a
and committed to his fate. The animal painter was very great, but lie wasted
had been bred in the Ukraine, and di- his energies inl the delusive labors of
rected his course thither, where some alchemy. D. 1540.
poor peasants found him half dead, and:MEDE, JOSEPH, a learned divine, b.
took care of him. Their warlike, rovino  in 1586, at Berden, in Essex; author of
life suited his disposition; lie made him- the " Clavis Apocalyptica," which is
self conspicuous and beloved by his considered by biblical critics as the
dexterity, bodily strength, and courage  ablest exposition of the obscure prophehis knowledge and sagacity procured   cies to which it refers. D. 1638.
him the post of secretary and adjutant  MEDICI, Cosmo DE, an illustrious
to the hettman Samoilowitz; and, in   Florentine, b. in 1389, was the son of
1687, ]ie was elected in his place. He John de Medici, a rich and influential
gained the confidence of Peter the    merchant, who d. in 1428. The vast
Great, who loaded him with honors, wealth- which Cosmo thus inherited,
and he was finally made prince of the afforded him the means of lisplaying
Ukraine. But though a prince he was his liberality, and of acquiring great
still a vassal, and his restless spirit made influence in the republic.  But the




MEI]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       629
splendor and magnificence in which he  of his army thus disciplined became
lived, excited the jealousy and enmity  so inanifest, that, in autumn, 1832, he
of many of the nobles. The Strozzi, had carried his victorious arms within a
the Albizzi, and many of the first Tus. few  days' march  of Constantinople.
can families combined, against him; but, For seven years subsequently, Mehemet
by the most consummate art and pru- Ali remained undisturbed by war, dudent management, he extricated him- ring which his active mind was steadily
self from the toils of his enemies, and  directed to the internal improvement of
eventually reigned without a rival. His his kingdom. D. 1849.
superfluous wealth he expended upon     MEiLUL, STEPHIEN fHENRY, an emipublic buildings, and in the encourage- nent musical composer, ewas b. at Givet,
ment of literature. He was a friend   in France, in 1763, and was an excellent
to science, an active merchant, and a organist when only ten years old. He
sagacious statesman; and, when he d. settled at Paris in 1779, where he studied
in 1464, such was the general estima- with great advantage under Gluck, betion in which he was held, that thle Flo- came inspector at the conservatory of
rentines inscribed on his tomb the title  music, professor of compesition at the
of I Father of his country " —LORENZO  royal school, a member of ihe academy
DE, surnamed the Magnificent, was b. and institute, and a knight of the legion
1448, and was the grandson of the pre- of honor. lie producedl the operas of
ceding. He surpassed in wisdom and    "Stratonice," "Irato," "Joseph," and
moderation, in magnanimity and splen- "Cora et Alonzo," besides the ballets
dor, all of his family who had gone be- of "The Judgment of Paris," "Perseus
fore him, while in active zeal for the  and Andromeda," &c. D. 1817.
arts and sciences he also greatly excelled  MEIGS, Rr.TURN JONATHAN, an officer
them. He revived the academy of Pisa, in the revolutionary war.  Living in
established another at Florence, collected  Connecticut in 1775, immediately after
a vast treasure of literature, and founded  the battle of Lexington he marched a
a gallery of art, where Michael Angelo, company of light infintry to the neighunder his patronage, pursued his youth- borhood of Boston. With the rank of
ful studies, and improved his taste and  major he accompanied Arnold in his
skill. Nothing, in fact, could exceed  mnarch thro ugh the wilderness of Maine,
the exertions lie made for the improve- in order to attack Quebec, where he was
ment of literature; and: he d. in the  made a prisoner with captains Morgan
zenith of his renown, in 1492.        and Dearborn.    In 1776 he was exMEHEMET ALI, pacha of Egypt, changed and returned home, cand the
and it may be safely said, one of the next year was appointed colonel. His
most remarkable men of the age, was expedition to Long Island,, in May,
b. at Cavalla in R.oumelia, in 1769. He 1777, was one of the most: brilliant encommenced life in the humble career of terprises of the war, for whtlih lie rea tobacconist; but afterwards volun-   ceived the thanks of.congress and a
tecred into the army, to which his taste  sword. After the war, cabout 1788 or
was more congenial. In'his new career 1789, he was one of the first settlers of
he soon obtained high favor with the the ewilderness of Ohio. For the first
governor of Cavalla.    In 1799, the   emigrants, he drew up a system.of
period of theFrench invasion of Egypt, regulations, which were posted' on a
lie was enabled to seize the pachalic of la:rge oak near-the confluence of the
Egypt, and was then prepared to set the Ohio and Muskingum rivers, the bark
sultanm at defiance, l had the latter at- of the tree being cut away for the-space
tempted to overthrow him. But the     of, the sheet. Often was the venerable
sultan saw that his vassal was too firmly  oak consulted. He was the agent for
seated to be easily displaced, and re- Indian affairs as:early as 1816. D. at
solved to compromise by exacting an   the Cherokee aeency, 1823, at an adannual tribute from  Mehemet Ali as an  vanced age.-RETURN JONATHAN, govacknowledgment of his subjection. In  ernor of Ohio from 1810 to 1814, when
this arrangement, which virtually con- lie was appointed postmaster-general of
stit-uted Mehemet:Ali the independent the: United States.  IHe resigned the
ruler of Egypt, he had the prudence   office in 1823 and d. in 1825.
to acquiesce, and he directed himself   MEINERS, CHRISTOPTIER, a German
steadily to the consolidation of his lnewly  historian and miscellaneous writer, was
acquired power. In 1831, he entered   b. in  1747, at Warstade, lHanover,
into a contest with the sultan for the studied at Gottinogen, where he became
possession of Syria, when the superiority  professor of- philosophy, and d. 18 ",
53*




630                   CYCLOPREDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [MEL
pro-rector of that university. Among' tration in 1880, he was appointed se&his ntimerous works are, "A History   rotary of the home department, and in
of the Origin and Progress of Philosophy  1834, on the retirement of Lord Grey,
among the Greeks," " On the Origin    succeeded to the premiership. D. 1848.
and Decline of the Sciences among the   MELCHITHAL, ARNOLD OF, (so called
Greeks and Romans," and others on     from the place of his residence in the
kindred subjects.                      canton of Underwalden,) was the son of
MEISSNE R, AUGUSTUS THEOPHILUS, a rich farmer, who having been cruelly
a German romance writer andc dram- treated by the governor of the district,
atist, was b. at Bautzen, in Lusatia, in  under Albert of Austria, Arnold con1757, studied at Leipsic and Wittemr- spired with two friends, Furst and
berg, and was sutccessively keeper of  Stauffarcher, to effect the deliverance of
the archives'at Dresden, professor of  their country, and to the plan which
belles lettres at Prague, and director of  they formed, in 1307, Was Switzerland
the superior schools at Fulda. Besides  indebted for the restoration of its anwriting a number of historical romances cient freedom.
and other works, he translated tHume's   MELEADEZ, Don JUAN, an eminent
"History of England" into Germian. Spanish poet, was b. in 1754, at Riberia.
D. 1807.                              lHe wrote three volumes of poems, which
MELA, POMrPONIUS, a Latin geog- are distinguished for their graceful liarrapher, who lived in the 1st century of  inony, elegant diction, and rich imagery.
the Christian era.  His treatise, "Do He filled some public situations during
Situ Orbis," contains a concise state of  the rule of Joseph Bonaparte, and left
the world as far as it was known to the Spain on the retreat of the French. I).
Romans. By some authors he is sup- 1817.
posed to have been related to Seneca    MELEAGER, a Greek poet, in the
and Lucan.                             1st century before the Christian era, was
MELANCHTHON, PHILIP, a cele- the author of epigrams and other short
brated German divine, coadjutor with   pieces, which are amoncf the most beauLuther in the reformation, and one of  tifil relics preserved in the Grecian
the wisest and greatest men of his age, Anthology.
was b. at Bretten, in the palatinate of  MELLON, HIIARRIET, duchess of St.
the Rhine; in 1497. He studied at Hei- Alban's, was b. about the year 1775, and
delberg and Tubingen, and, in 1518, was the posthumous daughter of a Mr.
was appointed Greek professor at Wit- Matthew Mellon, who held a commissions
temrberg, where he became the friend  in the East India Comiany's service, andof Luther, and a convert to his doc- whose widow marriet a Mr. Entwistle,
trines. The Angsburg Confession was a musician. Mrs. Entwistle, who was
his work, and, under the sanction of  an accomplished woman, went on the
the elector of Saxony, he aided in    stage: her husband became leader of
framing a code of ecclesiastical con- the band in various provincial theatres;
stitutions.  Even his theological op- and the services of the child, who was
ponents respected   the virtues, the   destined at a future day to become the
talents, the learning, and  the mild  duchess of St. Alban's, were put in
temper of Melanchlthon, though some   requisition at a very tender age, in order
zealots naturally branded him with op- to augment a scanty and precarious inprobrious terms for his tolerant spirit. come.  She passed her childhood in
IHe wrote numerous theological trea- performing such characters as Prince
tises,' Latin poems, works on history, Arthur in King John, the dulke of York
philosophy, &c., and d. at Wittemberg, in Richardl the Thhird, &c. She made
in 1560.                               her debut at Drury-lane, in January,
MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, Vis- 1795, as Lydia Languish, in the Rivals.
count, was the second son of the first For several years after, Tho-imas Coutts,
Lord Melbourne, and b. 1779. In 1805 a wealthy banker, evinced for her a
he was brought into the house of corn- strong degree of friendship; and made
mons, where lie joined the Whig party, her his wife anlmost immediately after
and graduially rose to great distinction for the death of his former one, whllich haphis liberality, talent, and independence. pened in 1814. In 1822 the venerable
In 1827 he became secretary for Ireland, banker died, appointing his widow unibut in 1828 lie resigned office, and the  versal legatee, and bequeathed to her
same y3ar lie was called ult to the house  his share in the banking house and.
of lords by the death of his father. On  business in the Strand, and all benefit,
the formation of Lord Grey's adminis- and interests to arise therefrom. It




MENJ                  CYCLOPA6DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        631
June, 1827, she was married to William, honest but poor family, at Dessan, in
duke of St. Alban's.  D. 1837.        1729. lie I was bred to mlerchanldise, but
MELMOTIH, WILLIAM, an eminent devoted himself to literature, in which
advocite cand an excellent writer, vwas b. he acquired a distingiished reputation.
in 1666. Ie was a bencher of Lincoln's In 1755 he published his first piece,
Inn, and in conjunction with Peere Wil- entitled " Jerusllem;" in which he preliams, edited Vernon's Reports; but he  tended that the principle of the Jewish
is chiefly remembered nowas the author religion is deisni. His next work was
of " The Great Importance of a Religious  " Phcedon, or a Discom se on thle SpirituLife; a valuable little book, which has  ality and Imlmateriality of the So1!."
gone through numerous editions. D. He also wrote       "Philosophical Dia1743.-WILILIAM, son of the preceding, logues,"'Letter to Lavater," a; Diswas b. in 1710. IHe published excellent sertation on the Sensation of the Beautitranslations of Pliny's and Cicero's Eis- ful,"'"Morning Hours, or Discourses
ties. ole was also the author of the   on the Existence of God," &e. At one
"Letters," wlhich- bear the name of Sir time lie was associated with Lessing,
Thonmas Fitzosborne; some poems in    Ramler, Abbot, and Nicolai, in condlletDodslev's collection, and memoirs of his  ig a periodical work, entitled "The
father. He was brough.t up to the law, Library of Belles Lettres,' which acbecame a commissioner of bankrupts,    quired great distinction in Germln litand d. 179..                          erature.-FELIax BARTIHOLDY, grmandson
MELVILLE, IIENPR       DmTNDAS, Vis- of Moses, was b. at Berlin, February 3,
count, the son of Lord Arnistone, a    1809. His father was a wealthy bankler,
Scotch judge, w as b. in 1740; received  more favored with the gifts of fortune
his education at the university of Edin- than of genius; ancd it is related of limn
burgh; in 1773 became solicitor-general; that lie was in the habit of sayinf,
anrd soon after was appointed to the   " When I was a boy people used to call
offices of lord advocate, and joint keeper me the son, and now they call me the
of the signet for Scotland. In 1782 he  father, of the great Melndelssohn."  In
was made privy councillor and treasurer his 9th year he performed at a public
of the navy; a'nd firom that time he took  concert in Berlin, to the admiration of
a leadingo' part in all the measures of the  his audience; the following year the
Pitt administration. He was appointed  boy-artist accompanied his parents to
president of tle loard of control, at its  Paris; and when he was 12 years old,
formation; in 1791, made secretary for he composed his pianoforte quartette in
-the home department; and, in 1794, C minor, which is still found to be full
secretary of war, which latter post lie  of interest and originality.  His first
held till Mr. Pitt's retirement fiom office. compositions were published in 1824.
He was then created a viscount; anid   These were soon followed by many
when Mr. Pitt algain became premier, others, among which was an opera,
he was made first lord of the admiralty. called "The Marriage of Galaclhio;"
D. 1811.                               his first symphony, and his" MidsumMENANDER, the most celebrated of     mer Night's Dream," which produced
the Greek writers of comedy, was b. at an electrical effect. Having now reAthens, 342 B. c., and is said to have  solved to -devote himself exclusively to
drowned himself' on account of the sue- thle artist life, he was appointed, in 1833,
cess of his rival Philemon, though some  to the directorship of the concerts and
accounts attribute his death to accident, theatre of Diusseldorf, where, in 1835,
299 B. c., in the harbor of the Piruns.  he produced his great oratorio of " PauHe composed 108 comedies; but there lus;    and ten years afterwards hle acare only a few fragments remaining of  cepted of the same office at Leipsic,
the numerous dramnas of Menander; whither young mren of talent flocked
from whom, however, Terence is sup- froim all parts of Europe, as well to seek
posed to have copied the whole of his the acquaintance of the leading professor
pieces, except the   "Phormio"   anud  of the day, as to submit their own proIHecyra."   Quintilian expresses greit ductions to his jndagment.  He afteradmiration for this dramatist, eulogizing  wards accepted the musical directorship
him for copiousness of invention, ele- at Berlin, at the earnest entreaty of the
gance of expression, and a general filne king of Prussia, but resigned it after a
feeling of nature.                     short timie, anld returned to his favorite
TMENDELSSOHN, MosEs, acelebrated     Leipsic, where he resided till his death,
Jewish philosopher, commonly called the acting as conductor of the concerts, and,' Socrates of the Jews," was b. of an  along with his frien.d Moscheles, iirect



632                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [MER
tor of the Conservatory of Music. D. name, in which the meridians and par1847.                                 allels of latitude cut each other at right
MENDEZ-PINTO, FERDINAND, a eel- angles, mad are both represented'by
ebrated traveller, was b. in Portutgal, of  striighlt lines, which has the. effect of
a respectable family. I-e departed for enlargin the degrees of latitude as they
the Indies in 1537, and, on the voyae, recede fioom the equator.  D. 1t04-.the ship was taken by the 1Moors, whoo  NICIOLAs,'an eminent anthenaticiian,
carried her to Mocha, where he twas sold  was b. at Holstein, about 1640. He setfor a slave; but after some aclventures  tied in England, vwhere le became a felhe arrived at Ormus, and afterwaids low of the Royal Society, and d. about
pursued hlis original object. In 1.58 he 1690. His uxorks ae, " Cosmographia,"
returned to his native country, and pub- " Rationes.MathematicC," " I-Ipothesis
lished a very curious, but romnantic re- Astronomica,"  "Logarithmoteeichia,"'
lation of his voyagles, which has been  "Institution in Astronomicarum," &c.
translated into Flench and English.      MIERCER,I HIGl, brigadier-general,
From_ his excessive credulity, Mendez- was a native of Scotland, and educcated
Pinto has been classed with Sir John  for the profession of i-edicine. On his
Mandeville; and for extravagant fictions emigration to Americ, he settled and
his nalme has become a by-word.       married in Viginia. IHe served with
MENDOZA, JOHN GONZALES, a Span- Washington in the war aouainst the
ish divine, who was sent ambassacdor to  French cand Indians, which termlinated
the emperor of China, in 1584; and, on  in 1763, and was by him greatly eshis return, became successively bishop  teemed. He lwai with Bradcdock in the
of Lipari, in Italy; of Chiapi, in New  campaign of 1785. In the action at Fort
Spain'; and of Popayan, in the West In- Du Quesne lie was wounded, and faint
dies. lie wrote "A History of China,"  with the loss of blood he lay under a
in Spanish.                           fallen tree. One of the piLsuing In- MENGS, ANTHONY RAPHAAEL, who has dians jumped upon the verv tree, but
been called. the Raphael of Germany, did not discover him. Mercer foucnd a
was b. at Aussig, in Bohemia, in 1726. brook at which lie refreshed himself.
He studied under his father, who was In his hun-ger lie fed on a rattlesnake,
painter to Augustus III., king of Po- whicll he had killed. After pnrsuitng
land, after wliehd-he went to Rome, his solitary vway through a wilderness
where he was patronized by Charles III.,. of one hundred miles, lie arrived at Fort
king of Spain, for whom he executed a Cumberland.   At the commencement
number of pictures.:The best of his of the revolutionary war lie aband6ned
pieces in England is an altar-piece at his extensive medical practice, and en
All Souls' college, Oxford. Mengs wrote tered the ar1my. Ie was distingaisJied
some works on his art, which have been  at the battle of Treinton. In the action
translated into English, and d. at Rome, near Princeton, Jan. 3, 1777, he coI1in 1779.                              mainded the van of the Americans, comMENNO, SIMONS, ior Simon's son, posed principally of southern militsia
was the founder of the sect of Mennon- While exerting himself to rally them,
ites, or Dutch Anabaptists. He was b. his horse was killed under himn..le
in 1496, and was, originally, a Catholic was surrouncded by spme British solpriest. He maintained the necessity of  diets, who refusec  hilm quarter, and
rebaptislm in adults; and denied that stabbed him with their bayonets, and
Jesus Christ received a human body    bruised his head with the tbutt-end of
from the Virgin. A price was set upon  their muskets, leaving him on the field
his head by Charles V., but lie was for- as dead. He died firom -the woutnds on
tunate enough to escape. D. at Oldeslo, his head, Jan. 19, aied about 56.-JOHN,
near Hamburgh, in 1565.               governor of Maryland, was a soldier of
MENSCHIKOFF, ALEXANDER, a eel- the revolution. In 1782 lie was elected
ebrated Russian statesman and general, a delegate to congress from Virginia; in
was the son of a peasant, and b. near 1787 he was a member fioml Marlviand
Moscow, in 1674..  1729.             of the convention which finamed the conMER.CATOR, GnRARD, a mathemati- stitution of the United States, and also
cian and geographer, b. 1512, at Rupel- a member of congress firo  Maryland.
monde, in the Netherlands. HI-e pub- He iwas governor fiom' 1801-3. D. 1821.
lished a great number of maps and       MERCIER, Louis SBASTIAN, a Frenchl
charts, which lhe engraved atnd colored  writer, was b. at Paris, 1740. IIe corhimself; and is known as the inventor menced his literary career as a poet, but
of a method of projection called by his soon renounced poetry for criticism. He




METJ                 CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       633
attacked the reputation of Corneille, Ra- was the son of a merchant, and b. in
cine,: and Voltaire, in his "Essai sur London, in 1755. He received his edul'Art Dramatique," and published a vio- cation at Harrow, and next at Christ's
lent philippic against the comedians for college, Cambridge, after which he enpaying no attention to his remarks. In  tered at Lincoln's Inn; but instead of
1781 he published, anonymously, the being called to the bar, he bought a
first volume of his "Tableau de Paris "  commission in the guards, which serafter which he removed to Switzerland, vice he also quitted, and went abroad.
and printed at Neufchatel ten more vol- While at Florence he became a member
umes of that work. Returning home at of the Della Cruscan academy, and afthe.beginning of the revolution, he de- fixed -that: signature to a number of
clared Yiimself a friend to liberty, and in  poems, whichl being published in the
concert with Carra, he published "Les  English newspapers, at. length became
Annales Politiques" and:" Chronique  the object:of the canstic satire of Gifford,
du Mois," two journals, displaying both in his well-known- "Baviad and Memoderation and spirit. He was a mem- viad."':In 1791 he married.Miss Brunher of the convention, and voted for the ton, an actress, twith whom he came to
detention, ins'ead of the death of the  America, where he d. in 1798.  His
king. D. 1814.                        dramatic compositions are, "'Lorenzo,"
MERIAN, MARIA SIBYLLA, an ingeni-a tragedy; " The Magician no Conjurer,?;
ous femnale artist, was the daughter of  "Fenelon," and "Ambitiouss VengeMatthew Merian, an eminent engraver, ance."
and b. at Frankfort, 1647. She undertook  MERSCH, VAN DER, leader of the
a voyage to Surinam to draw the insects Brabant patriots in 1789, was b. at Meand reptiles peculiar to that cofntry, of nim, and entered the French service, in
which, on her return, she published a in which hle acquired the title of "The
description with beautiful colored plates. Brave Flemin"g.'? He afterwards served
Her daughter, who accompanied her to in the Austrian army, and rose to the
Surinam, aidded a third volume to this rank of lieutenant-colonel. D. 1792.
work. The mother published another     MESMER, FRETDERx ANTHONY, a Gervaluable performance "On the Gnera- man physician, author of the famous
tion and Transformations of the Insects doctrine of animal magnetism, which is
of Surinam."  D. 1717.               also called Mesmerism, was. b. in 1734,
MERLIN, AMBROSE, a British writer, at Mersburg, in Suabia. He first made
who flourished abolt the latter end of his -coctrines known to the world, in
the 5th century. He was. supposed to  1766, by a. thesis on planetary influence
be.an enchanter and a prophet; but the in which he contended that the heavenly
accounts awe have of hiim are so mixed  bodies diffuse through the universe a
up with fiction, that to disentangle his subtle fluid, which acts on the nervous
real life fr'om the mass would be impos- system of animated beings. He quitted
sible. He.was the greatest sage and  Vienna for Paris, in- 1778; gained a
mathenmatician of his time, the counsel- number of proselytes, and:received a
lor and friend of four English kings, subscription of 340,000 livres. Govern.Vortigern, Amrbrosius, Utlher Pendra- ment at length. ppointecl a committee
gon, and Arthur. The miracles ascribed  of physicians and members of the Acadto. him are numerous; and, instead of' emy of' Sciences, amnong whom  was
dying,, it was supposed that lie fell into  Franklin, to investigate his pretensions;
a magic sleep, from which, after a long  and the result of their inquiries appearperiod, he would awake. In the British  ed in a memoir, drawn up by Bailly,
Museum is "Le Compte de la Vie de which was unfavorable to the pretender
Merlin et de ses Faiz:et Compte de ses of animal magnetism. This theory, howProphecies," on vellum, without date or ever, has of late years again excited conplace.                                siderable attention on the Continent;
MERRICK, JAMES, a divine and poet, it has advocates everywhere. D. 1815.
was b. at Reading, 1720; was.educated  -I METASTASIO, PIETRO ANTONIO Doat Trinity college, Oxford; and d.-1769. MENICO BUONAVENTURA, an eminent ItalHis principal works are, "Poems'on  ian poet, b. at Assisi, 1698, was the son
Sacred Subjects," "Annotations on the  of a common -soldier, named Trapassi.
Psalms," and on the "Gospel.of St. When he was only ten years of age, his
John," "A    Metrical Version of the talent of extemporizin in verse attracted
Psalms," and a translation of "Tryphi- the notice of the celebrated Gravina
odorus."                             -ho took him    under his protection,
MERRY, ROBERT, a dramatic writer, called him (by a translation of his name




634                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHYII.                      [MIC
into Greek,) " Metastasio," paid great patronized by Frederic the Great, whos
attention to his education, and on his opinions were so congenial to the andeath, in 1717, lefi him his whole estate. thor's, that lie composed his funeral
The voung poet, being thus placed in   eulogy with his own pen. D. 1751.
an e' sy condtition, devoted himself to  ME'ZU, GABRIEL, a celebrated painthis favorite study, and, under the guid- er, b. at Leyden, in 1615, who took Ge
ance of the celebrated singer, Maria Ro- rard Douw, Terbury, and Mieris for his
manina, (atcerwards Bulgarelli,) created  models, but adopted a more finishedl
the modern Italian opera. Charles VI. style.  A lady tuningl her lute, and
invited him to Vienna in 1729, and ap- another washing her hands in a silver
pointed him poet laureate, with a pen- basin held by her woman, are among
sion of 4000 guilders. Thenceforward   his best pieces. He usiually resided at
no gala took place at court which was Amsterdam, and d. there in 1658.
not graced by his verses. The empress    MEULEN, ANTONY FRANCIS VAN DlER,
Maria Theresa bestowed upon him mag- was b. at Brussels, 1633. By llis talents
nificent presents, as also did Ferdinand  as a painter of battle-pieces he was recVI., kiing of Spain.'He composed no   ommended to Louis XIV., who always
less than twenty-six operas and eight took him on his expeditions, and often
sacred  dramas, besides innumerable pointed out the subjects which lie deminor pieces. The poetical characteris- sired him to represent. Thie painter
tics of Metastasio are sweetness, correct- had thus an opportunity of perfecting
ness, purity, gentle pathos, and elevated  himself in this department of his art,
sentiment. D. 1782.                    but lie had frequently to represent scenes
METELLI, AUGUSTrN, an      eminent which afforded but little scope for the
painter, was b. at Bologna, in 1609. He display of genils. D. 1690.
excelled in painting perspective and    MEXIA, PEDRO, a chronicler to Charles
architecture; and, in conjunction with  V., was b. at Seville. He was the author
Michael Angelo, produced several great of a " History of the Cesars, including
works. D. 1660.                       the German Emperors," "Silvia de VaMETIUS, JARES, a native of Alka- ria Leccion," &c. D. 1552.
maar, in 1Holland, who invented tele-    MEYRICK, Sir SAMUEL RusHi, an emiscopes about 1609.-ADRIANa, his brother, nent antiquary, was b. at London, 1788.
was professor of mathematics and med- After taking his degree at Oxford, he
icine at Franeker, where he d. in 16;36. became an advocate in the ecclesiastical
He wrote "Doctrina Sphsericme," "As- and admiralty courts, and soon began
trononlime Universoe Institutio," " Arith- to vary his professional avocations with
metice et Geometric.e Practice," " Ge- those archleological studies which formomietrices pur Usum Cercini nova Prax- ed the chief boast and occupation of his
is,"' &c.                              life. He contributed innumerable paMETO, or METON, an Athenian         pers to the "Gentleman's Magazine;"
mathematician, who flourished 432 years  on all questions relating to arms and
B. c. In the first year of the 87th Olym- armor his authority was unassailed; and
piad lie observed the solstice at Athens, his " Critical Inquiry into Ancient Arand invented the cycle of 19 years, to  mor," &c., has procured him a high
make the solar and lunar years begin at place among tile most eminent antiquathe same time. This is now called the ries of his time. In 1832 lie was created
Golden Number, from its great use in   a knight of the Guelphic order, and
the calendar.                          soon afterwards dubbed a knight bach.
METTRIE, JULIEN OFFRIr DE LA, a      elor. D. 1848.
French writer, was b. at St. Maloes, ill  MICHAELIS, JOHN DAVID, a learned
1709. He was a surgeon in the French   orientalist and biblical critic, was b. at
guards, and in that situation wrote an  Halle, in Saxony, in 1717, and there
intamous book, called "The Natural educated. He visited England, and for
H1istory of the Soul," for which he nar- a time was preacher at the German
rowly escaped prosecution.  His next chapel, St. James's palace; and on his
work was a satire against the faculty, return to Germany was made professor
under the title of "Penelope; or, the  of theology at Gottingen; was honored
Machiavel in Medicine," for which he   with the order of the polar star, colnwas obliged to remove to Holland, ferred on him by the kingu of' Sweden
wvhere he created new enemies by a still and was made an auli' councillor of
more atrocious book, enltitled "L'Hom- Hanover.  Among the most valiable
me Machine," which being ordered to    and best known of his works are hbis
be burnt, he retired to Berlin, and was  "Introduction to the New Testamennt,"




MIG]                 CYCLOPoDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        635
translated into English by BishopMarsh, his native state to the American conand his " Commentaries on the Law of gress. At the close of the year 1777 he
Moses."   D. 1791.-JOHN HEiNRY, a resigned his seat, leaving behind a charGerman divine. was b. at Kettenburg, acter for the purest patriotism and unin Hohenstein, in 1668. He was edu- wavering resolution. In the year 1779.a~ted at Leipsic, and next at Halle, many of the southern plantations were
svhere lie taught Greek and Hebrew. ravaged, and that of Mr. Middleton did
in 1699 he succeeded Francke in the not escape. On the surrender of CharlesGreek professorship; and, in 1707, was ton he was taken prisoner and kept in
made librarian of the university. He confinement foi nearly a year. In 1781
afterwards became professor of divinity  he was appointed a representative to
and the oriental languages. D. 1738.  congress, and again in 1782. In the
MICtIAUX, ANDRE, a French trav- latter year he went into retirement, and
eller and botanist; author of a "1His- d. in 1787.
tory of North American Oaks" and an    MIERIS, FRANCIS, a celebrated painter,
" American Flora." He was b. in 1746, b. at Leyden, in 1635, and d. in 1681.
at Satory, near Versailles;.spent many  He was a pupil of Gerard Douw, whose
years in journeying through the United  delicate finish he rivalled, and whose
States; and d. in 1802, at Madagascar.  coloring he was thought to excel. He
MICKLE, WILLIAM JULIUS, a poet, had two sons, tonIN and WILLIAM, bothl
was b. in 1734, at Laugholm, in Dum- of whom possessed considerable talent,
friesshire. In 1765 he was employed as and adopted their father's style.
corrector of the press in the fClarendon  MIFFLIN, TiOMAAS, a major-general
printing-office at Oxford, where he pub- in the American army, and governor of
lished a poem, called "The Concubine,"  Pennsylvania, was b. about the year
in imitation of Spenser, which he after- 1744. He was a member of the first
wards republished under the title of  congress in 1774. He took arms, and
"Sir Martvn."   His principal produc- was among the first officers commistion, a translation of " The Lusiad of sioned on the organization of the contiCamoens, appeared in 1775, prefixed to  nental army, being appointed quarterwhich is an historical and critical Intro- master-general in August, 1775. For
duction, with a life of Camoens; and  this offence he was read out of the sotfhe work is executed in a highly credit- ciety of Quakers. In 1777 he was very
able manner. He was also the author useful in animating the militia; but he
of many of the finest pieces in Evan's was also suspected in this year of being
" Old Ballads."  D. 1788.             unfriendly to the commander-in-chief,
MIDDLETON, CoNYiRs, a celebrated   and of wishing to have some other perdivine and critic, was b. at York, in  son in his place. In 1787 lie w'as a
1683, and educated at Trinity college, member of the convention which framed
Cambridee, of which lie became a fellow. the constitution of the United States,
In 1724 ie visited Italy, and having a and his name is affixed to that instrunear observation of the ecclesiastical nient. In October, 1788, lie succeeded
pomp and ceremonies, he wrote'his fit- Franklin as president of the supreme
mous "Letter from   Rome," to show    executive council of Pennsylvania, in
that the religious rites of popery were which station lie continued till October,
very similar to those of paganism. HIe 1790. In September a constitution for
was subsequently Woodwxvardian pro- this state was formed, by a convention,
fossor of mineralogy, and librarian, at in which he was president, and he was
Cambridge. His greatest literary under- chosen the first governor. In 1794, dutaking wais " The-History of the Life of  ring the insurrection in Pennsylvania,
I. T. Cicero;" but his " Free Inquiry  he employed, to the advantage of his
into the Miraculous Powers of the country, the extraordinttry powers of
Church," brought on the author the elocution with which he was endowed.
imputation of infidelity, and gave rise  D. 1800.
to much vehement censure from a host    MIGNARD, PETER, surnamed the
of opponents. D. 1750.-ARTHUR, a Roman, an historical and portrait paintsigner of the declaration of American  er, was b. at Troyes, in Champagne, in
independence, was b. in South Carolina, 1610. He studied at Rome; and, during
in 1743, and received his education in  his residence there of 22 years, enjoyed
Europe. Soon after his return home, freat favor from the popes. At length
he began to take an active part in the Louis XIV. sent for him to Paris; aprevolutionary movements, and in 1776 pointed him his principal painter, and
was chosen ono of the delegates from  director of the mannufactones of Seve




636                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LMIL
and the Gobelins; and ennobled him. excitement died out. D. 1849, in his
Mignlard was on habits of intimacy with  68th year.-JAXMES WILLIAM, an.Aierithe principal French wits, andwas be- can poet and  miscellaneous writer,
loved by them for his social disposition. passed his early life in a.variety of difD. 1695.                             ferent pursuits, without being able to
MIGNON, ABRIAHAM, a painter of fix himself permanently in any occupaFrankfort, was b. in 1639, and d. in tion. He pursued for a while the study
1679. He excelled in the representation  of law, and subsequently engaged in
of flowers, insects, and still life, which  literary pursuits in Boston, where ho
he painted with exquisite delicacy.  met with disappointment, and was worn
MILL, JAMES, an able writer and     by disquietude. He left his native
political economist, was a native of  country for the West Indies, in 1828,
Kincardineshire, and b. in 1774. In  where he obtained a grant of land from
1818 he published his a'dmirable "His- th' Spanish gove rment,  end d. in the
tory of British Indmia," a work of great following year, at the age of 27. A volresearch and powerful reasoning. He ume of his poems anld sketches was
also produced other woi ks connected  published in Boston, in 183.-EDWARD,
with legislation and morals, viz., his an eminent physician, was b. in Dela"Elements.of Political Economy," an  ware, in 1760, and in 1796' removed to
" Analysis of the Human Mind," and   New York, for the practice of his proanother, entitled,"Prison and Prison  fession. He became known by an able
Discipline, Colonies, Laws of Nations, treatise on the "Origin of the.Yellow
and. Education."'He was' also the con- Fever,' and, in conjunction with Dr.
tributor of lmany excellent articles in the Mitchell and Dr. Smith, established the' Encycloptedia Britannica," and in the " Medical Repository." In 1807 he was
Edinburgh, Westminster, and London   elected professor of' the practice of
reviews. In morals and legislation he physic in the university of New York,
was the powerful auxiliary of Jerenmy  and in 1809 clinical lecturer in the New
Bentham   -in political. economny, the  York hospital..D. 1812. His medical
ally of Adam Smith and Ricardo; and  treatises have been collected and pubin metaphysics he labored to extend  lished in one volume.
the.-hilosophy of Bacon, Locke, &c.,  MILLES, JEREMIAIH, an eminent Enand t'ne promoters of inductive science  glish divine and antiquary; b. 1713; d.
He held the office of chief examiner to  1784. He was ardently engaged in the
the East India Company. D. 1836.     Chattertoiian controversy, and pubMILLER, JOSEPH, a witty actor, was lished the whole of the supposed Rowb. 1684, and was a favorite low comedi- ley's poems, with a glossary.
an a-bout the. time that Congreve's plays  MILLS, CHARLES, an historian, was
were fashionable, to the success of  b. at Greenwich, in 1788. He served
which, it is said, his humor greatly con- his time as clerk to a solicitor, but retributed... D. 1738.  The compilation  linquished his leIal pursuits for others
called' "Joe Miller's.Jests" was the more colnenial to his tastes. In 1817
work of John Motley. The name has, he published his "History of Mohamhowever, not only been used to pass off.medanism," which was succeeded -by
the original stock, but' thousands of  the -' History of the Crusades,' the
other jokes and witticisms, manufactur-." Travels of Theodore Lucas," and the
ed long since the bones of Joe were  "History of Chivalhy."- SA   UEL J.,
deposited'in the churchyard of, St. agent of the American Colonization SoClements, in the Strand,' where a stone ciety, graduated at William's college,
still exists, with an epitaph writtenl by  1809. At the theologicl seminary in
his friend, Stephen. Duck.-WILLIAM%, a Andover he united with Newell, Judperson vho.aoq.uired great notoriety in  son, Nott, and Hall, in a resolution to
the United States by predictingc the end  undertake a foreign mission. He, with
of the world. He was a native of Pitts- the three first, offered themselves as
field, and during the war of 1812 served  missionaries to the general association
as a volunteer captain: on the northern  of ministers of Massachusetts, 1810. He
frontier. He began to speak on the ad- was ordained with other missionaries at
vent of the millennium'in 18'3, aindi for Newburypolrt, 1815. He attended the
10 years labored assiduously to prove first meetiin of the Colonization Sociefrom the Bible, that.the judgment would ty, Jan. i, 1817, which was established
take place in 1843. He gathered follow- by the exertion of Dr. Finley.  Apers to the number of forty or fifty thou- pointed with E. Burgess, to visit Ensand; but, as his prophecies failed, the gland, and explore the coast of Africa




MIL]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         637
for the society, he sailed in November,  designed for the church; but not having
1S17. IHe sailed from England for Afii- an inclination t( that calling, he eturned
ca, Feb. 2, 1818, anid aiirived on the  to his fatlelr, who had retired from
coast, IMarch 12. After a laborious in-  business with a good fortune, and setspection of more than two months, he   tied at Horton, in Buckinghamshire.
embarked on his return, in the brig    Here he wrote his " Comus," " L'AlleSuccess, May 22, 1818. A severe cold   gro," "II Penseroso," and "L Lycidas,"
which lie took early in June, was sue- poems of such merit as would have
ceeded by a fever, of which he d., June  alone immortalized his name. In 1638
16, 1818.                              he travelled into France and Italy, and
MILNE, JOSHUA, author of tihe cele-  on his return to England settled in Lonbrated " Treatise on Annuities and As-  don. Tile troubles breaking out between
snlllarnces," was formerly a clerk in the  the kinr and parliament, Milton engaged
banking-house of the Messrs. Currie, as a political writer on the popular side;
previous to his becomirng connected    and having a great animosity to the
wvith the Sun Assurance company, to    hierarchy, he published some virulent
whicl hle performed the duties of actu- pamphlets againstthe bisliops. In 1648
ayv tor upwards of 30 years. D. 1851.  he married the daughter of Richard
M;ILNER, JOHN, a celebrated Catholic Powell, esq., a magistrate in Oxforddivine and writer on ecclesiastical anti- shire. The father of tile lady being a
quities and theology, was b. in London  jovial country gentleman and a royalist,
in 1752. In 1777 he was ordained a     the residence of her husband so dispriest, and commenced his pastoral du-  gusted the bride, that in less than a
ties in 1779, at the Cathlolic chapel, month, under the pretence of a visit,
Winchester, whither he had gone to ad- she left him, and remained for the rest
minister spiritual aid to tlie French  of the summler with her parents. Milbrisoners confined there. In 1798 he   ton becamne incensed, and regardingher
published his " History, Civil and Ec-  conduct as a desertion of the marriage
clesiastic;al, and Survey of the Antiqui-  contract, lie sought to punish it by reties of Winchester,' and subsequently, pludiation, andto this is to be attributed
a " Treatise on the Ecclesiastical Archi-  his treatises on the subject of "Ditecture of England, during the Middle  vorce."' Iis wife's friends, however,
Ages." In 1803 lie was alppointed vicar-  brought about a reconciliation. He conapostolic in the midland   district, ith  tinued an ardent champion  for the
the title of bishop of Castiabala. In 1818  liberty party, even after the execution of
he published a treatise, entitled  The  Charles I., which deed hle vindicated in
End of Religious Controversy," contain- his " Tenure of Kinogs and Magistrates;"
ing a defence of those articles of Catho- for which the parliament rewarded him
lie faith usually regarded as most objec- with ~1000, and soon afterwards nomitionable by Protestants. D. 1826.      nated him Latin secretary to the new
MILO, one of the Imost celebrated    council of state. He also wrote against
Grecian athletes, was a native of Cro- the king's book, entitled "Icon Basitoni, in Italy, and -a schol:r of Pythag- like."  The treatise of Milton was called
oras. Many instances of his prodigious  " Iconoclastes, or the Image Breaker."
strengthl are cited, of whlich one will be  I-Ie was next employed to answer the
sufficient to notice here, viz., thatl he  treatise of Salmasius, entitled "Defenonce carried a bull to the sacrifice on  sio egia, ora Defence of the late Kin,,"
his shoulders, and killed it with a blow  The reply of Milton lad for its title "Deof his fist.                           felsio pro Populo Anglicano; and it was
MILTIADES, an Athenian general,                    observe  by  obes, in re d to the
rwho lived about 500 B. c., and has been  two disputants, that he did not know
immnortalized by defeating the Persians  whose style was best, or whose trgnat Mrarathon. This hero, who hlad saved  ments were worst. About this time he
his country, failed in an attack on Paros, was wholly deprived of his sight, owing
w.xs compelled to refund tlhe expenses  to anatural weakness, and intense appliof tihe expedition, and d. of his wounds  cation to his studies. In 1652 he lost
in prisoni. rhis wife, and afterwards took another.
MILTON, JOHN, tlie most illustrious  He was the friend of Cromwell, to whom
of English poets, was the son of a scrive-  he becamse Latin'secretary. When the
ner in London, anld b. in Brcad-street,  ancient constitution was re-established,
in 1608.  From   St. Paul's school he  he was excepted out of the act of inwent to Christ's college, Cambrid e, demnity, on which he kept himself conwhere lie took lis degree in mats. beiag  cealed fr sometime. By thekindness,
ak4''




638                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOG-RAPHY.                     [IIR
however, of Sir William Davenantt andl  most celebrated charaicters of the French
others he obtained his pardon; soon   revolution, was the son of the preceafter which lie lost his second wiie. In  cing, and b. at Bignon. in Provence. in
the time of the plague he removed witl 174!'. On leavinf school, lie entered
his falily to Chalfnltt, in BLuclkingham- - the mi itary service; and his intcreourse
shire,  liere lhe completed his " Para- with young  and  cissipated  officers
dise Lost," which was printed first in  familiarizecd him to all their vices.  lis
1667. For tnis immortal work lie had  active mind, however, coull not remain
only ~15, and that by instalments. idle, andlhe read all the books whlich lhe
After this he engaged in another, called  could on the military art. le also fell
"Paradise   i egained."  Besides the in love, and his passion was mnarl;edl by
poemns mentionled above, Milton wrote  all the imipetuositv of a strong and wild
a drama on the Greek lmodel, entitled  character. Iis faItller, w-ho systemati"Samson Agsonistes," which possessed  cally thwalrted his inclinations, now
uncommon beanties though not adapted  procuredI his confiincnent in a fortriss
to theatrical representation.  Hie alsoon the islanid of 1ihe. After lis liberawrote a "'iHistory of England to the   ion, lie went as a, v olunteer, to Cormsica,
Conquest,' and several racts. In his distinoguished hinmself, anrl obtaindcc
youth, Milton was distinguished    for commlission'as captain of dralgons; biut
personal beauty, his habits of life were  his faither refmlsing to purchase hima1j  a
those of a student and philosopher, regiment, lie aband.oned, tlhough unwvillbeing strictly sober and temperate; and  ingly, the military profession.  In 1772
his chief relaxation consisted of imuisic  le espoused a richl heiress of Aix, but lie
and coniversation. Thouglh warm andl soon squandered away the fortune lie
acrimonious in controversy, and possess-  received with her, and plunrted himself
ing lordly notions of his rigits as the  in debt. le wasc confined in dimfereen
head of a family, he is said to have been  prisons, and on obtalining his libeirty
of a serene and chieerful temper, and  eloped to Hollanld with tlhe wife of th'e
particularly urbane in his intercourse President Mounnier. For this lie was
with society. But whatever may be     afterwards imprlisoned in tle castle of
thonuht of his domestic virtues, there  Vincennes, and remained tlere three
can be put one opinion with regard to  vears and a half. le then institted all
the sublimity of his genius and tile ineffectual llawsuit against his wifle, who
extent of his erudition. D. 174.      obtained a separation fronm him. In
MIMNERMUS, a Greek         amatory  1784 lie visited London, and afterwards
poet of the 6th century B.C., who is Berlin; and he lwas variously employed
said to have invented the pentameter in literary quarrels and occupations till
measure: but only a few fragmients of  the colmmencement of the French revohis poems are in existence.           lution. This offered Mirabeau a an ample
MIRABAUD, JEAN BAPTISTE DE, per- element for his activity. Ie was elected
petual secretary to the Freneh Academy, deputy to the thlird estate of Aix, tand
was at first a member of the congrega- by tlle courtiers lie was termed the pletion of the Oratorv, andc afterwards  bei'n cCunt. In this new capacity, his
servedl in thle army. H-is works are  extraordinary eloquence, his talent, and
translations from " Tasso's Jerusalenm,"  his boldcess, soon gave him irresistible
and " Ariosto's Orlando," into French; weight in the asseimbly, and rlendered
"Alphabet de la Fee Gracieuse," "Le   him the idol of tle people. Before,
Monde s      Oiginso, son Antiquit6,'  however, he could carriy his plans into
" Sentilmeens les'lilosophes sur la. Ns — effect, a sudden illness terlminutedl his
ture de l'Ame." In 1770 was published  existence in 1791. His principal workls
under his name, but falsely,'ait atheisti- are,' A Comnparisoln between the Great
cal book, entitled the': System of Na- Colnd andc Scipo Africanus,"'  " History
tmre," the real author beimng D'IIolbaclhl. of Pnrussia under Frederic tlhe Greati,:'
MIRABEAU, VICTOR'IQUETTI, mlar- " Ori'inal Letters containing an Acquis de, descended fromii an ancient   ounlt ofhis Life and Amour:s, " Secret
firmily in Provence, but originally of  Iistory of the Court of Berlin," which
Naples. H-e was olne of the principal book was burnt by the common execupropagators of the doctrines of the tiolner; " On Let'tes do Clnachlet," and
French political economnists, and wrote al " Essay on Despotisil.
several books in support of them. His   MIRANDA, Don FRIANCeOCA, General,
chief work   is entitled  "Ami des was b. of a Splamish family, at ('ranccims,
Homines."   B. 1715; d, 1789. —HoNOE  of which province his grlandfather vias
GABRIEL RIQUETTI, coun!t de, one of the governor. In 1783 he viaited tie IInitedc




MOL]                  CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         639
States, and travelled on foot over a part 1795 he was appointed judge  of the
of Europe. In the French revolution    superior court of Conlecticlt, and in
lie was a major-general in the service of  1807, chief justice of t t  court wict, 
France. F'rom the prison into which he  offlice he lehld till 1814, when he becarme
w.as cast, he escaped to Enugland in   disqualified by age. In 1783, and ag'ain.
1797. Having been again banished front in 1785, he was elected a delegate ifrom
France for opposing the first consul in  Connecticut to the conlgress of the Ulitedl
1803, he resolved to emancipate South  States; and in 1793 le was appointc l a
America, from the dominion of Spain. senator in congress, which station he
Having obtained secret assistance and  held till he became judge of the su-,
encouragemenet, he sailed froml  New   perior court of Connecticut in 1795
York in 1808, withi a number of Ameri- D. 1837.
can volunteers. At St. Domingo, le       MITFORD, WILLIAM, an eminent hischartered two schooners; they were     torical and philological writer, was b. at
captured on the coast, while he escaped  London, in 1734, studied at Queen's
in Iis sllip. In 1810 he renewed his   college, Oxford, and the at the Miiddle
attempt, but was obliged to capitulate to  Temple, but lie early quitted the proGeneral MIonteverde, who in cdisregard  fession of tie law, and obtained a comnof his agreement, treated hlim as a pris- mission in the Halimpshire militia, of
oner. He was e sent to Spain, and d. which he rose to be colonel. He was,
after four years' confileinelnt in the  sccessively, M. P. for Newlport, in
dungoeons of the inquisition at Cadiz.  Cornwall. Beeralston, and New Roimnevi.
MILIRANI)OLA, GIOVANNI PICO DELLA, He was professor of ancient history at
count and prince of Concordia, one of  the Royal Academy, and, besides his
tihe brilhtest ornaments of literature inl principal work,  "'The  History  of
the 15th century, r as b. in 1463. In  Greece," he published "'An Ess8a   on
his youth lie glave astonishiniri proofs  thle -Ilarmony of Lang'uage,  "A trreaof his genius; and when little more    tise on the H;ilitary Force, uand particuthan 20 he set up in all thle universities  larly the Militiar of this Kingdom,'
of Italy a number of difficult problems  " Observations on the History of Chrisin the sciences, which he ena(aged pub- tianity," &c. D. 1827.
Iiely to  defend. This  ext'nordinary    MOESER, JUSTUS, an eminent Gcryoung man    d. in 1494 at Florence, man advocate and author, was b. at
where he had resided some time, on     Osnaburo'h, in 1720, was educated at
terms of intimacy with the most learned  Jena alnd Gottinrgen, acquired great
and distinguished men of tlhe age, par- popularity onl his return to his native
ticultarly Lorenzo de Medici and Politian. place as an advocate and counsellor of
MITCHILL, SXAMUcL L., a celebrated   justice. D. 1794.
physician, was b. 1763, and was for a    MOLA, PETER FRaNCIS, an eminent
great number of years professor of v:- painter, b. in 1609, at Coldra, in the
rious branches in the college of physi-  Milanlese.  1e was a pupil of Albani,
cians and clurgeons of New York. I-e   and is distinguiished both as a landscape
was elected to the assembly of Newv    and historictal painter. D. 165.
York soon after the revolution, and was  MOLAI, JAMES DE, the last grandafterwards'a senator in congress, and  rnarshal of tie kniglhts Templars, was a
colleaxnue of De Witt Clinton. He was a  native of Burrgundyc. He was admnitted
man of ilminense acquisitions, and  is into the order about 1265, and hlavingr
laborls nare clispersed tilroulo'h many vol- signalized himself by his valor in PalesniCes. IHe wxas a emember of lnost of  tine, was unanimouisly elected grarndthe philosophical societies of any note  marshal on the death of William  de
in Europe and his native country. D. Bea.jen. The great wealth and power
1831.-STEPIiFN  MIX, a distingloished  of the Templars, their pride and their
citizen of Coonnecticut, who held various  clissolute manners, created them a mulljudicial ofices- in thatt state. lie was b. titude of enemies, and led to their dei1; Wetlhersfield, 174.; was graduated at struction. At lengtl, Philippe Ie Bel,
Yale colleg'e in 1763; was chlosen tutor  kinir of France, and Pope Clement V.
inl the college in 1766, in which statioi  formed a plan1 for their extermination.
lie continued three years; entered upon  They were' accused of herlesy, impiety,
the pracetice of law in Wethersfieldl in  a.nd various crimes revolting to human
1772;: was appointed in 1779 to tihe   nature.   In 1307, all tlhe Templars
offioe of ain associate judge of the Hart- throughout FraLnce were arrested at the
ford  county court, and in 1790 vwas   same houfr. and they were tried and
placed at the head of tha.t court; in  convicted, some on their own confes



640                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        |.MOL
sions, and others on such evidence as also, and interrupted by various avrtcould be ]procured.  lifty-seven were tions, his fertilitv was most extraordicolnmmitted to the flamles in 1311, and  nary. His last piece was the celebrated'
afelr anm imprisonment of seven years,'" Ie Malade Imainalire,' to tile fourth
DIe IMolai shalled their fate at Paris, in  representation of whichl he fell a sacri1314, declaring his innocence to the last. flee. IIe himself acted the imacrinary
MOLE, FP,-ANCIS RENE, an eminent sick man in the piece; but laboringl at
French comedian, b. at Paris in 1734. the time under a pulmonaryl complaint,
Dluring the progress of the revolutioni and exerting himself with unusual spirit,
he becamie anl associate of the Jacobins, his efforts brought on the ruptlmre of
and impiously officiated in the churchl  a blood-vessel, by which he was suffoof St. Roch, as the priest of the goddess eated. Moliere may be regarded as tile
of Reason.    D. 1802. — MATTHEW, a true fither of French comedy; andl VolFrenchl magistrate remarkable for his taire styles him  " the best comic writer
probity and courage in the most troub- of any nation."  He chastised. the co.slesolme times, was b. at Paris, in 1584, corbry, false wit, and pedantry of the
became president of the parliament, and  day, and his works may be considered
keeper of the seals. D. 1656.          as a history of the manners, flshions,
IMOLESWORTH, RoBERT, Viscount, and tastes of the times. In private life
an Irish statesman, b. at Dublin in 1656, he was humanme and benevolent in a
and educated in Trinity college. When  high degree, and no one ladcl more
James II. landed in Ireland, lie caused  friends of rank and talent, or t'was more
his estate to be confiscated; but, on tlie lamlented by them, but his matrimlonial
settlenent of affairis under William III., connection with a young actress, whose
he was made a privy councillor, and    conduct subjected him to great annoysent ambatssador to Copenhagen, where  ances, imbittered his domestic enjoyhe had a dispute with the king, which imeits. 1). 1 673.
induced 1him to return home abruptly.    MIOLIERES, JOSEPH PRIVAT DE, a
IIe then published "An Account of     philosophical writer, was b. at Tarascon,
Denmark," which was considered as a in 1677, becaime a member of the conlibel on the country, and complained of  gregation of the Oratory, and was a pupil
as such by the Danish ambassador in    of Malebrlanche, on whose death he
London. In 1714 hle was made a com- quitted the society, and devoted himself
missioner of trade and plantations, and  wholly to physics and mathematics. He
two years afterwards raised to the Irish  was afterwardt s professor of philosophy
peeriae. D. 1725.                      at the royal college, and d. in 1742. Iis
MOLIERE, JouIN BAPTIST POQUELIN      works are, "Philosophical Lectures,"
DE, the most celebrated among the      " Mathematical Lectures," and   " La
French writers of comedy, was b. at Premier Partie des Elemens de GeomeParis, in 1622.  His father was valet- trio."
de-chambre and upholsterer to the king,  MOLIN, JAES, usuallly called Duand when lhe became infirm, Moliere    moulin, a celebrated French physician,
was obliged to officiate for him in the  was b. in 1666, becaie chief physician
royal hotsehold, in which capacity he to the army in Catalonia, at the lgee of
attended Louis XIII. to Narbonne, in   26, and on lhis return to Paiiis, in 1706,
1641. On hlis return to Paris his passion  added to his reputation by his cure of
for the stage was unconquerable; lie the princet of C(ondc. In his medical
became a provincial actor, and began  practice he was so partial to veleseetion,
also to display his dramatic powers is that it is supposed Le Sage intended to
an author, In 1662 he produced his satirize him under the chtaraoter of Dr.
"Etourdi;" and lhavin  the patronagfe Santradlo. D. 1755.
of the prince de Conti, he finally estab-  MOLINOS, MICiAEL, a Spanish theol1shed himself at Paris. His reputation  lohian, and founder of the sect called
was carried to its highest sunimit when  Quietists, was b. 1627, at Saragossa, but
the "Tartuffe" lappearecd; alnd   the passed the greater part of hlis life at
piece was played anid applauded after it  omne, where, in 1675, he publishecd his
hlcad been kept back for years by the  celebrated " Spiritual Guide," whlich
clamlor of filse devotees.  In this, was condemned by the Inquisition ten
hypoclisy is fully unveiled, the charac- years after its first appearanlce, w-ldt the
ters are equally various and true, and  author sentenced to perpetual imprisonthe dialogue is eleant andc natural. ment. He d. a captive, il 1696. The
For twenty years Moliere wrote for the followers of Molinos, of whom Madame
stage, atl!d being all the time an actor (Gumyon was tle. principal, wnre ciallred




MON]                  CYCLOPID)IX   OF BIOGRAPHiY.                     641
Quietists, because they maintained that his military talents, made him lieutenreligion consists in an abstraction of the annt-general, and gave him the command
mind from external and finite objects.  in Scotland. But the sagacious protector
MOLYNEUX, WILLIAM, an ingenious had stron        suspicions of Monk's sinmathematician,  was b. at Dublin, in   cerity; alnd not long before his death
1656. The philosophical society, estab- wrote hihl a lettel, to which he added
lished at Dublin in 1683, owed its origin  this postscript: "There be that tell me
to his endeavors, and he becam      e  ththat there iKs a certain cunning fellow in
first secretary. Soon after, lie was ap- Scotland, called George Monk, who is
pointed surveyor-genelral of the work,  salid to lie in wait there to introduce
iandc chief engineer.  In 1685 he rwas Clharles Stuart: I pray you use your
chosen a member of the Royal Society,  diligence to apprelend him and send
and in 1689 he settled with his family  hini up to me."  On the decease of the
at Chester, where lhe employed himself  protector, the resignation of power by
in finishing his " Treatise on Dioptrics.  his son, and the contest of parties which
In this year he returned to Dublin, and  subsequently took place, he availed himwas chosen one of the representatives  self of the commanding situation which
for that. city.  Besides the above, he le occupied, to crush the republicans,
wrote " Sciothericum   Telescopium;"  aind promnote the recall and restoration
also, "The Case of Ireland stated, in  of the Stuart family to the throne, in
relation to its being bound by Acts of  the person of Charles II. As the reParliament in Eno'land;" and some     war of his loyalty, he was created duke
papers in the "Philosopliical Transac- of Albemarle, with a pension of ~7000
tions." —SAMUEL, his son, was b. at a year, maide a privy councillor. and
Chester, in 1689, becamle secretary to  invested with the ocrder of the arlter.
George II., when prince of Wales, and  In 1664 he was appointed admiral of the
was distinguished by his skill in as- fleet in conjunction with Prince Rupert,
tronomly.                              and in 1666 obtained a great victory
MONCRIF, FRANCIS AcGUSTIN PAlRA- over the Dutch, in a tremenldous battle,
DIS DE, a member of the French Acade- which lasted three days. D. 1670.
my, was b. at Paris, in 1687, became the  MONMOUTI, JAMES, dluke of, a
favorite of fashionable society by his natural son of Charles II., was b. at
musical, theatrical, Iand poetical talents, IRotterdam, in 1619. Ile was distinand d. in 1770. Ilis principal vorks are guished by his personal attractionsl his
"An Essay on the Art of Plesing,"      affable address, and thonughtless generand a romance, entitled "Lcs Alles     osity; hence lie became very popular.
Rivales."                              But he was weak-minded and pliant.
MONK, GEORGnE, duke of Albemarle, I-e was concerned in various plots,
a distinguished military commanlder, vwhich had for their object the exclusion
and a great promoter of the restoration  of the duke of York from the clow n;
of Charles II., was the son of Sir and lie was, in consequence, ordered by
Thomas Monk, of Potheride, near Tor- Charles to quit the kingfdom. On the
rington in Devonshire, and b. in 1608. accession of James II., beinc ulred to
On the brealing out of the war between  the act by some of his partisans, hel
Charles I. and the Scotch in 1639, he  landed at Lyme, with scarcely a hunobtained  a colonel's commission, and  dred followers, (June, 16S5;) but his
attended his majesty in both his expe- Inumberss were soon increasecd, and lie
ditions to the north. When the Irish   assumed the title of king, and asserted
rebellion began in 1641, his services the legitimacy of his birth. IIis forces
there were so important, that the lords  were defeated, and the'due   himself
jmustices thougrht proper to appoint him  was made prisoner, having been found
governor of Dublin. On his return to'in the disguise of a peasant, lyin at timc
En1cland lie was sent to relieve Nant-  bottom of a ditch, overcome with lhunwich, where lhewas taken prisoner by   ger, fatigue, and anxiety. Tle refusecd
thie army belonginar to the parliament, to betray his accomplices, and conduclted
and sent to tlhe Tower, where he re- himself with much firmness on the
mained till 16-6. The royal cause being  scaffold, where his head was severed
now ruined, he obtained his liberty on  from his body, after four unsuccessful
condition of taking a command in Ire- blowss. The people, of whom lie was
land, where he concluded a peace which  still tile favorite, believed tlhat the perdispleased the parliament, who passed a- son execnted was not Monmouth; and
vote of censurle upon hmimt for it. Comn- it was probably this belief which has
w-ell, lhowever, who thought highly of led some to conjecture that the famlous
54`




642                  CYCLOPADIIA OF BIOGRlAPHY.                     LMO' Iron MIask"' was the duke of iMon- b. about 1390, and d. in 1453. Ie was
mouth.                                provost of Cnambray, and bailiff of WaMONRO, ALEXANDER, an eminent lincourt; and wrrote a chronicle of events,
physician and anatonist, of Scottish  from tihe year 1400 to 1453, the year in
desceut, was b. in London, in 1697. Ie which lie died.
wrote " Osteology, or a Treatise on the  MONTAGU, GEORGE, an      eminent
Anatomy of the Bones;" and an "Ac- naturalist, was a native of Wiltshire.
count of the Success of Inqculation in  He devoted his particular attention to
Scotland."  D. 1767.-ALEXANuDR, his tie study of ornithology and conehlolog;
eldest son, published nulmerous works, and was tle author of  An Ornllitioamong whlich arc. "Olbservations on tle loio Dic tionary"'rld "Testace  ei BiNecrvous Systemn,'" The Structure and  ttanlie.t, or Natural History of IBritmishl
Phylsiology of Fishes,"'  A Descrip- Shells."  D. 1815.-IMiAR  WOIRTL1EY, I
tion of the rBursal  Mucose,"  l' Three lady distinguished for her literary atTreatises on tim Blrain, Eye, and EarL "  tainlmenits, was the eldest dau:hlter of
"  bse rvations onl the Crural IHernia,;"  Evely. dulke of Kingston, and b. aboutn
" Outllines of tlie Anatomy of the HIL- 1630, at Thoresby, in Nottinglhamlshire.
man Body."-D)ONALD, his second son, She nmade a great proficiency in tle
became [I physician in tlle arly; and  Latin aLnd Greek lanoluaSes, under the
wrote' Observations on tile Means of superintendence of Bishop Bulr net. In
preseriving the IIealth of Socliers," and  1712 slie imrried Mr. Edward Wortley
a "Tre-atise on Medical and Pharmaceu- MIontagu, whom  she accompanied in
tieal LChemistry.t"  D. 1802.         his embassy to Constantinople, from
MIONRJiE, JAlrEs, president of the  whlich plasce she wrote "Letters," to
United    Staes, was b. in Vircinia, in  Mr. Pope, Mr. Addison, and other eini1759, and was educated in William and  nent literati of the timew, which are very
Mary collee. Ile entered the revolu- interesting, and contain many curious
tionary war in 1776 as a cadet, wt.s at facts respecting the maniners of the
the battles of liarlem  Heights and   Turks. She is also memorable for havWihite Plains, and in the attack on   ings first introduced the practice of inTrenton, and rose througl the rank of  oculation into that country, for wihice
lieitenant to that of captain. IIe was millions have hatd cause to bless her
present at the bat.tes of Brandywine, memory. Sle closed a life mariked by
Germantown, and Moinmouth, as aid to  a great variety of adventures, in 1762.
Lord Sterlin(r. Resumtin tie study of IHe collected works ikhave been pul-blished
tle law, lhe entered the office of Mr. in six volumes; and her "Letters" cerJelferson, and after being a member of  tainly place her at the head of febale
the asseimbly of Virginia and the coun- epistolarly writers in Great Britain.
cil, lie was elected in 1783, a nemlber of  MONTAGUE, ELIZABETH, an eminent
the old congrecss.  In 1790 le was femnale writer, was tie daughter of Matelected a member of tie senate of the thew lobinson, esq., of Yorkshire, b.
United States, in 1794 went as minister 1720. She had an opportunity of proseplenipotentiary to France, and in 1799 cutiin  her studies ulnder the direction
was appointed governor of Virginia. of Conyers Middleton, to whom she was
In 1803 ie was iappointed miniister ex- probably indebted for the tincture of
traordinary to France, in the samlle year learning whic! so remarkalbly influenced
minister to London, aind in the next her clharacter and mrailners.  About
minister to Spain.  In 1806 he was 1742 she marriecd Edward Miontague, a
again appointed, in conjunction with  descendant of the first earl of SancdMr. William Pinkney, milnister to Lon- wich. Mrs. M  ontague publishled "An
don. He was subsequently governor of Essay oni the Writings and Genius 6f
Virginia; in 1811 was appointed secre- Shakspeare," which obtained a great
tary of state, and continued to exercise  and deserved reputation. She formed
the duties of this department, and for a literary society known by the name of
some time those of the department of  the "Blue Stockinr Club," from the
war, till 1817. In that year he was circumstane that Mr. Benjaminl Stilchosen presideint of tie Uifon, and in lingfleet, a fent!emian belonoing to it,
1821 was re-elected by a unanimous wore stockings of that color.     Mrs.
vote, with the single exception of one Molntague wasa noticed for another pecuvote in New IHanipshlire.   HIe d. in liarity, that of givingx an annual dcinner
Now York, on tile 4th of Jluly, O181.  on Maty-ldy to tile chimneiiy-,sweepers of
MONSTRELET, EN-GUEiRR)AND o, a thle metropolis. D. 1800.
French chronicler of thle 15th century,  MONTAIGNE, MICHAEL DE, a cole



MON]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRtLPlHY.                      643
bratcd French essayist: was b. in 1533, article of faith, that the falness of the
atthe castle belonoiug to his flamilyi, in  Spirit was imparited to these three choPerigord. His father,'ierre Eyquem, seon vessels to complete the Imytely of
seigneur ce Montaigne, bestowed the eternal redemption. Amono others who
greatest care on the cultivati on of his fell into this delusion were Tertullian
son's promising' talents; and after a and   Theodotus.-BENEDICT ARITAS, a
course of suitable instruction Montaigne  Spanish Benedictine, was b. at Frexebecame a pailiamentary counsellor, but nel, in Estrelladlurai nl 1527, and eduhis aversion to the duties of the station  cated at Alcala. HIle was at the council
led himn to retire fiom it. The stdy of ofo Trent, and, on his return to Spain,
mnan was his flavor  oc  cait i n and he  woupati,   d   enlmployed in editinoy a polyglot
therlefore devoted himself entirely to  Bible. He vwais one of the most learined
philosophical subljects. His quiet, how- divines of the 16th century, and d. at
ever7, was disturbed by the troubles  Seville, in  1598.-JOnN BAPTIST, an
which distracted France in consequence  Italian pllysician, was b. at Verona, in
of the cruel persecutions of the Iltuue- 1488. He was sent to study tlhe law at
nots; his castle was plundered by the Padua, inste:ad of whicih he applied to
leaguers, and lie himself was ill-treated  physic, and became professor of mediby their adversaries. To these causes  cine. D. 1551. tie translated into Latin
or distress was added tlhe plargue, which  the works of 2Etius; the poem of Mubroke out in (luienne, in 1t58, and coin- stuns, the " Argonautics" of Orpheus,
pelled him to leave his estate, with hlis and the "TrngicopodaI'ra of Lucian."
fainily, and wander througll the coun-  MONTECUCUIULI, RAroN DE, a celetlry, which was then tle theatre of all brated general, was b. in 1608, of a diskinds of atrocities. Ie then resided  tingruished ihmily in the Modenese, and
some time in Paris, but finally retiurned  entelred into tlhe seivice of the emperor
home, and d. in 1'592. Iis celebrated  of Germaniy. Iin 1634, at the lhead of
" Essays" contain a treasure of wisdom, 2000 horse, lie surprised 10,000 Swedes,
and may still be deiemed one of the and took their bagm-afe iand artillery
most popular books in the French lan- butl lie was soon after defeated, and
guage. Their style, without beinri pure  taken prisoner.  In 1637 he defeated
or correct, is simple, bold, lively, and  Razolzi, pince of Transylvania: in 1664
energetic. Cardinal du Perron enmphati- he gainecd a splendid victory over the
cally called tlem the breviary of ihonest Turks at St. Gothard;l and, in 1675 and
men1; andc La Iiarpe observes, "It is 1676, he commainded on the Rhine, and
not a book we are reading, but a con- foiled all the effortts of Turenne and the
versation to which we ae listening; prince of Conde by his mansterly maand lie persuades, because he does not nieuvres. D. 16SO. He wrote some exteach."                               cellent " M6moires" on the military art,
MONTA&LVAN, Don Luis PETr.EZ D E, and a treatise on the " Art of Reioningl'.
an eminent Spanish   dranmatist in the  MONTESQUIEUU, CIIAiRLES DE SECONreign of Philip IV., whose writings are DAT, baron de, was b. at the castle of
distingLishied by good taste andi sound  Brede, near Bordeaunx, in 1681; and in
juldgmienit. D. 1639.                 1716 became president of the parliament
MON'TAI EMiBERT, MAIxrPENEs mar- of Bordeaux.       His first appearance as
quis de, a Frenchi general, was b. 1714, an author was in tlhe publica.tion of the
at Angoullme:  entered the army early  "Persian Letters,"' a work which gave
in life; and in the seven vears' war was proofs of a fine genius ndcl a solid judgattached to the staff of the armies of  ment. In 1728 he wals admittedl  a melnRussia and Sweden, to give anm acconnt ber of the Academy, on whie-h occasion hl
of miilitary operations to the French  celivered lan eloquent discourse. Havministry. fIIe published a worik on for- inf g given up his civil employments, he
tifications, besides three volumes of  went on his travels-., and remained in,orrespociencen on military subjects; England three years. After his return
mdlc papers in thle memoirs of the Acad- le r  etired to his estate, and there contmv of Sciences.                      pletdc his.work': On tlhe Causes of the
MAIONTANUS, the foiunder of a new   Grandeur mand Declension of the Rosect, in the 2d century', was a native of  mans,"' which wlas published in 17o4.
Plhrygia.  -Ie affected to be a prophtet; lIis greatest performance, however, is
and, lhayincr deceived two rich ladies, the "Spirit of Laws,? which came out
named Prisciilla, ab ximil    y   is iin 1748, anc, though attacked by some
pretended sanctity, and exalteR then   writers, secured its groundl in tle estiinti) prophetres, he assorted it as an  mation of the literary world. His other




644                   CYCLOP'EDIA    OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [lMO
works are, "The Temple of Cnids,"' a the state. This was conceded, and for
plucu called' Lvsiimahus," and   Ln  a timle submnitted to; till at length hos"Essay on Taste."  Bourke chrll acterizes tilities collmmenced between the barons
him  as "'a genius not born in every   and the royal party, which lie n ded in the
country, or every timnc,-witl tLn lIercu-t triump of tl i er a.t tle balttle of
lean robustness of mlind, and nerves not Lewes. IFromii il what )precise cau.sei does
to be broken witli labor."  D. 15.    not appetl', but probably it was ovwi ng
MlNONTEZUMA, emlpelro    of Mexicoto his arrogance and rlp.acity, that a
at the tilIe of the Spanish invasion. powrilful patrly was raised lu  against
fHaviin,  by his despotic government, him amilong the barons; and,;lncco'lding
made liimself many elnemies, they will- to solre, this was tile motive whllich iningly joined Cortez, iand assistled    him duced  in to summonl kniihtts, of shires
in hiis pro'gress. Seized in tle heart of  and burgesses to the parlialiment in 12G5.
Ilis capial, and kept as l hostage at the  Whlatever ltlma  have been'lis motive,
Spanish quarters, he was at first treated  however, lie this became th te founlder
w-ith respect, which was soon chatnged  of the Englishil IIouse of' coiimmons. In
into illnult, and fetters were put on his the sale y-ear was fouhlt tile battle of
legs. Ile was at length obliged to ac- Iceshlran, in whrlich tle iroyal torces -were
knowledge his vassalage to tile king of  led by Pr1ince Edwardil;  and there, in
Spain, but lie could not be brought to  attemplting to rally his troops, by rushciliange his religion. IHe d. in 1520, ifomi ing into ti e midst of the enemiy, lie was
being struck ol the temple with a stone, surrouindcd and slain.
while persuading his tumultuouS Sll- sb  MONTGOLFIE1, JCQUES ETIINNE,
jects to receive tie Spanislh yoke.    the inventor of air-balloons, was b. in
MONTFAUCON, BRNARD         E, I ccale- 17454, at  idalon-les-Annonlai. In conbrated French critic and antiqulary, was junctlin witll an elder brother lie deb. at tle castle of Sontagc, in Lanlguedoc, voted himself to scientific pursuits, and
in 1655; became a Benedictilne monk, was the first ilwho manu lactureld the
after lhaving engaged in the nilitary  vellumi paper, still so miuch admired for;ervice; and d. in 1741. He was a vo- its beaut. One clay wlhile boiling water
lumilnous writer; but the most import- in a coil'e-pot, tile top of which was
anlt of his works is that treasure of elas- coveredl ith paper folded in a spherical
sical ar1cheology, entitledl' L'Antiquite form, he saw the paper swell and riseexplique et representde en Figures."   a circumstance that furnished him with
IMO1NTFORT, SIMON DE. earl of Lei- tlhe idea of a light machine, made buoycester, son of the Simon de Montfort ant;by inflatioi i and tllraversing the air.
who distinguished lillself by ihis zeal After various preliminary trials, it being
and severity in tle crusIade againist the  ascertained that a balloon, withl a car
Albigcnses, was b. in France, and re- attached to it, could be kept suspended
tired to England in 1231, on account of by a    slupply of heated air, the experisome dispute with    lueen   Blanche.  nient was repeated on a large scale at
Henry 11l. receivedl lhim very kindly, Versailles, when the mlarcquis c' Orlandces
bestowed upon him the earldoim of Lei- ascended in the presence of tlhe roya'
cester, which had formerly belonged to ifmily, andcl  vast concourse of spec~
his ancestors, and gave him his sister, tators. D. 1799.
the countess dowager of Pembroke. in     MONTI, VINCENZO, one of the most
marriage. After this, Henry appointed  celebrated poets of modern Italy, was b.
him sleneschal of Gascony  but lie ruled  at Fulsignano, near F erlrara in 17o53; and
so despotically there, thlat he was recalled, became as notorious for tle versatility
and a violent altercation took place be- of his political principles as for his poetic
tween them, in which the kinag applied  talents. Ile commenced his career as
the opprobrious epithet of "traitor" to  secretary to Luigi Braschi, nephew of
his subject, and the latter gave his sov- Pope Pius VI., anl was then a violent
ereign the lie. A reconciliation was, enemy of tle Fre;-ch; hle afterwards
however, effected, and De Montfort was became a republican, next a planegyrist
employed on several occasions, in a di- of Naipoleon; and ended by eulogizing
plomatic and military capacity. In 1 25S  the emperor of Austria.' His - IBsvillile appeared in parliament at the head of  ana, written on the murdcer of Iliugo
thle discontented barons, who were all Basseville, tile French almbassador at
armed, and demandec thait the adminis- Rone, is a close imlitation of Dante, and
tration should be put in the hanllds of gained  im iia  ighl1 reputation.  lis
twenty four barons, who were emlpoxw- other clhief works. -weree, "Bardo della
rede to redress grievances, and to reforl  Selva nera, i and a translation of iHomier 




MOo]                  CYCLOP.aDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        645
Iliad; and his dramatic writings are the 1645 his fortune changed; and after
tragedies of" Galeotti Mantfredi, "Aris- suffering a defeat from Lesley, he was
todemo," and " Caius Gracchus." IHe    obli(red to leave the kin(edom, when he
was successively appointed protessor of  landed in Orkney with a ifew followers,
the belles lettres and of rhetoric in the  but was soon overpowered, conveyed to
universityof tPadua. and historiographer Edinburgh, and there hung' and quarof the kingdom of' Italy; and. after the  tered.
destruction of that state, le was fortu- i MONTUCCI, ANTONIO, a learned phinate einou'gh to preserve his place and j lologist, particularly excelling as a Chipension under the new government. nese scholar, was b. at Sienna, in 1762,
Hle was also a knight of tlhe legion of  andi studied at the universityf there, dehonor, and a member of many learned    voting himself to the living languages
societies. D. 1828.                    with'almost incredible application. In
MONTMORENCY, ANNE FD, p)eer, 1785 he was appointed professor of Enmarshal, and constable of France, 8. in  glish in the Tolomei college; and, in
14t03, was one of the greatest generals 1789, accompanied Mr. Wedgwood to
of the 16th century. ile distinguished  England as Italian teacher in 1lhis family.
himself under Francis I., in the wars Being in London in 1792, when prepragalinst Charles V., and was made pris- arations were making for Lord Macartoner at the battle of Pavia, which was ney's embassy to China, Montucci took
foutght against his advice. I. 1567.-  tile opportunity of obtaining assistance
IHENrRY II., duke de, was b. in 1595, and  from some Chinese youths attached to
in his 18th year was created admiral of  the embassy, in acquiring their language,
France. lie defeated tile Protestants in  with which he was before only imperLanguedoc;'md, in 1628, he gained de- fectly acquainted. The result was he
cided advantages over the -duke de Ro- projected a Chinese dictionary, the proshan, leader of the Iluguenots. In 1630 pectus of which lie forwarded to several
he hleld the chief command in Piedmont, princes and m academies in Europe. In
and defeadted the SpaniCrds uunder Doria. 1806 he went to Berlin, on the invitation
His services were at length rewarded   of the king of Prussia; but the invasion
wvith a marshal's baton; and beinm jeal- of the country by Bonaparte for some
os of the influence of Cmardinal ]tiche- time interrupted his plans; and, returnlieu, hlie, with Gaston. duke of Orleans, ing to Italy, he d. at Sienna., in 1829.
raised the standard of' rebellion in Lan- IHe is tle author of a " Chinese DictionPuedoc, where, being opposed by Le ari." an "Italian Pocket Dictionary,"'orce and Schombergr, he was woiunded  anlcd several elementarv works in that
and made prisoner. lie was condemned   language; and he edited the "Poesie
to death by the parliament of Toulouse, ineclite de Lorenzo de' Medici," puband executed, in 1682.                 lishied at the expense of Mr. Roscoe.
MONTPENS1ER, AN'NE, MARIA LOUISA,      MONTUCLA, JOHN STEPHEN, an emiof Orleans, b. at Paris, in 1627, was the nent French mathematician, was b. at
daughter of Gaston, duke of Orleans, Lyons, in 1725; studied at the Jesuits'
and the niece of Louis XIII. In the    college, and acquired legal knowledge
civil contests which distinguished the at Toulouse, but relinquished the law
minority of Louis XIV., she was a zeal- for the cultivation of mathematical sciOtis partisan of Conde; and, in fact, her ence'; was sent to Cayenne, in 1764, as
whole life was a scene of restless am- astronomer; and d. in 1799. His chief
bition and intrigue. D. 1693.         work is his "Histoire des MathematiMONTROSE, JAMEs GRAHAM, marquis ques."
of, a distinguished royalist under Charles  MOORE, EDWARD, an English poet
I., was the son of the earl of Montrose, and dramatic writer, b. 1712. In. 1744
who gave him an excellent education, he published his "Fables for the Fewhich was improved by at residence in  male Sex," and after that the comedies
France, where e lie held a commission in  of the "Foundling," and "Gil Bias,"
the Scotch guards. On his return home  and the tragedy of " The Gamester."
he experienced such neglect through    Hc next becamie the editor of a periodithe jealousy of the marquis of Hamilton, cal paper, called "The World," in which
as induced'himi to join t-he Covenanters; he was assisted by lords Lyttleton,
but he afterwards took a very active part Chesterfield, and many other men of
on the side of the king; and in a few  rank and talent.  D. 1757.-JOHN, a
months gained.the battles of Perth, physician, and miscellaneous writer, b.
Aberdeen, and Inverlochy; for which   in 1730, at Stirling. In 1799 he pubservice he was created a marquis. In  lished the fruits of his travels in "A




646                  CYCLOPA:EDIA OF BIOGIRAPIHY.                  [MOR
View of Society and Manners in France, painter, b. at Utrecht, in 1519. He was
Switzerland, and Germany," and in    very successful in his portraits, of which
1781 two volumes more, entitled "A   lie painted several in England, in the
View of Society and Manners in Italy." reignr of Queen Mary, on lwhose death
After this, he published his " Mediical he accompanlied Philip II. to Spain,
Sketches;" a novel entitled "Zeluco,"' wher e  he lived in terms of'reat intiwhich abounds with incident, an1d af- macy with that monarclh..    1575.fords a striking illustration of Italian  11 ANiA-XHi an elmient Inorail writer, was
character and manners. In 1795 he    b. at Stapleton, in Gloucestershire, in
published " A View of the Causes and  1744. She was one of. the five dauihters
Progress of the French eRevolution."  of a villare schoolmaster. The literary
HIe subsequently published a novel, en- abilities of HIannah early attracted notitled "Edcward. or various Views of tice. Her first literary prodluction, "The
Humana Naturce, and " Mordaunt, or Search after Happiness," a pasitoral
Sketches of Lite, Character, and Man- drama, was written when she was only
ners in variols Countries."  1). 18092.-  18 years of feo, though not published
Sir JoxN, a cistinguished military corn- till 1773. By the encouragemenlt of
manider, was the eldest son of Dr. John  Garrick, she tried her strength in tragic
Moore, and b. at Glas-fow, in 1761. In  composition, and wrote "The Inflexible
1796 he went out as a brigaclier-general Captive," a tragedy, which was printed
to the West Indies, under Sir Ralph  in 1764. Her tragedy of "Percy," tle
Abereromybv who appointed him to the  most popular of her dlramatic comnposigovernment of St. Lccie, in the capture tions, was broughlt out in 1778, and rlin
o' which lie had a principal shre. On  fourteen nights successively; and her
his return home, in 1797, lie was eml- list tragedy, "The Fatal Falsehood,"
ployed in I'eland durino the rebellion, was produced in 1779. Shortly after,
and was raised to the ralnk of mtjo- her opinions of public theatres undergeneral. In 1808 lie was appointed to  went a change, and she has stated that
eommtniad 2an a rmy in Spain, where, she did not consider tile stage, in its
after a skilful and arduous retreat be- present state,'as " becoming the apperfore ai very superior foice, he fell by a ance or countenance of a Clristi t n." Ier
c'aninon-ball, under the walls of Corunna, first prose publication was "Tiouglhts
January 16th, 1809.-JAMEs, governor on the Mainners of the Great;" this
of South Carolinal, succeeded Blake in  wan followed by her "Estinate of the
1700, and continued in office until Sir Religion of the Fashionable World."
Nathaniel Joinson assumed it in 1703. In 1795 she commenced at Bath, in
The provocattions of the Spaniards in- monthly numbers, "The Cheap Reposduccd Governor Moore, in 1702, to pro- itory," a series of tales for the commnon
pose to the assembly an expedition   ptople, one of which is the well-known
against St. Augustine. Themeasure was "'Shepherd of Salisbury Plainr."  She
adopted, but proved unsuccessful, and  subsequently produced lher  Stricturees
entailed a heavy biurden on the colony. on the Moodern System of Female EduTo answer the public exigence on this cation," "Hints towards Forilinug the
occasion, the first paper monoey was Character of a Young Princess, " Ceissued in South Carolina, under the  lebs in Search of a Wife," "Practical
name of bills of ceclit. In 1719, iwhen  Piety," "Christian Morals," an  Essiay
the revolution took place, and Governor on the Character and Writings of St.
Robert Johnsoun was deposed, Colonel Paul," and'" Moral Sketches of the
Moore, who hadl early and zealously es- Prevailing Opinions and Mannlers, Forpoused the cause of the people, was eign and Domestic, with Reflections oil
chosen governor. He was well qualified  Prayer." D. 1833. —IlN-R-N, an eminient
by his prudence and enterprise for the  divine of the chlurich of Enrgland, c vwas b.
crisis, land when the transfer of-the gov- at Grantham, in' Lincolnsiere, in 1614;
ernment to the kinog was effected, and  was educatedl at Eton, and Christ's colGeneral Nicholson was placed at tle lege, Cllambridge; andl, rwhile't the latter,
head of the goverlinment, (Colonel Moore  profoundlv studied the most celebrated
was elected speaker of the assembly, systems of philosophy, Iand finally setand contianed to be rechosen until 1725. tled into a decided preielrence for that
-Sir HENRY, governor f N       Y     of Ne  Yo of Plto. In 1610 he published "Psywas appointed in 1765, and arrived in  cho-Zoia, or the Life of the Soul;" a
the colony in November following. He  philosophical poemi, wvhich hIe repuibconti mled covernor until his death, 1769. lished, with other pieces, in 1647. IIe
MOREj ANTONIO, a celebrated portrait refused the highest ecclesiastical prefer



MOn,]                  CYCOLOP-EDIA  OF BIOGRAPIY.                      647
ments, and d., universally beloved, in  and he mcade his first campaign under
1687. —Sir TIoMAS, clihancellor of En- Duinourier, in 1792.   IIe gained the
gland, was the son of Sir John More, rank of brigadicr-general in 1793, and
judge of tie King's Bench, and b. in   that of genleral of division in 1794. In
London, in 1.S80. Ile was educcated at the latter yeair he comminandled the rigcht
(Clhist-chlurlch, then Canterbury college, ling' of Pichegru's arnmy, aned obtained
Oxiord; and, in 1499, became a student great successes in tile Netlc2ilands. In
of Lincoln's Inn. At the age of 21 lie  1796 he was placed at the head of tlhe
obtained a seat in parliament, where lie ar'n   of the  hinie. In that year lie disopposed a subsidy demanded by Henry    tinguished himself by penetrating into
VII. with such force, that it was refused  Bavaria, and by his masterly retreat beby the house. At the accession of Ienry  fore a superior force; in 1797, by his
VIII. he was called to the bar, and in  passage of the Rhine; and in 1800, by
1508 he was made jjudge of the sheriff's  his campaign in Germany, crowned by
court, and a justice of peace. In 1518  tle decisive victory of -olhenlinden.
lie publishec his "Utopia," a political Having engcaed with Pichei'ru, Georronance; acnd about this time the fiendcl- ges, anld othel royalists, in a plot against
ship began between him and Erasmus, the consular government, he was broLglht
which lastedl through life. By the in- to trial in 1804, and sentenced to two
terest of Woolsey he obtained the honor years' imlprisoinment, but.was allowed. to
of knightlood, and a pltace in the privy  retire to North America.  There he recouncil. In 1520 lie was made treasurer imained till 1813, when lie was prevailed
of tile exchequer; and in 1523 chosen  upon to join thie allied sovereigns, and
speaker of the lhouse of commons, where  appeared in armls against his country.
lie resisted a motion for an oppressive  lie was, however, mortally wouncded at
subsidy, awhich gave great offenc to his the battle of Dresden, and d. 1813.
former friend, the carduinal. In 1530 hle  iORETO Y CABANA, DON Auaussucceeded Wolsey as lord chancellor; TIN, an eminent Spanish dramamtic poet
and bv his indefattigable application-in  of tlie 17th century, who, after writing
that oUfice, there was in a short time  200 plays, became an eclesiastic. I-e
not a cause left niudetermrined. Ile re-  was coteinporary with Calderon, and
siogned the seals, because lie could not was patronized by'Philip IV. He may
conscientiously lend his support to the  fairly be called the Spanish Moliere,
measures of Henry respecting his divorce lmany of hi;s comedies still keeping posof' Queen Catharine; and lhe was event- session of the stage, from  their racy
ually committed to the Tower forl reftn-  humor, stiking'! incidents, and cliaracsing the oath of supremiacy. After an  teristic larngu.age of the draClatispersosnac.
imprisonmeint of twelve months, lie was  MOIGi\NGA   I, JOEIN BAPTIST, an emlibrounht to his trial in tlhe court of King's nent physician and anatomist, was b. at
Bench, where, notwithstanding his elo- Forli, in 1omanaisa, in 1682; studied unquent defence, he was iound guilty of  der Valsalva, at Bologna; and, in 1711,
treason, and sentenced to be beheaded. became professor of medicine at Pacdua.
Iis behavior, in tile interval, corre- In 1715 hie was appointed to the first
sponded with the uniform tenor of his  anatomical professorship in which sitnlife; and, on July 6, 1535, he ascended  ation he continued till his death, in
the scaffold, with hiis characteristic pleas- 1771.
antrv, saying to the lieutenant of the   MORGAN, Sir IHENiY, a celebrated
Tower, "I pray you, see me safe up; commander of buccaneers in the 17th
landc as for my coming down, let me    century, was the son of a Welsh farmer.
shift for mysself:"                    He took Porto Bello and Paamama from
MOREA'U, JEAN MICIIEL, an eminent the Spaniards, andI for several years
designer land engraver, was b. at Paris, continued to enricl himself and lmis fol1741. Ile was a man of extensive in- lowers by the success of his mar:ruding'
formatltion on works of art, and his in- expeditions again.t that nation. IHavdustry was truly surpriising. D. 1814.-  ing amassed a larie fortune, he settled
JON' VICTOR, one of the most celebrated  at Jamaica, of whlich island he was apof modcern lFrenclh en erals, wavs b. in  pointed governor by Charles II., and
1768, at Morlaix, anld was brought up to  knigahted.-WILLIAM, an emninent Welsh
the bar. The army, however, was the preiate, who had a principal concern in
profession of his choice, and lie entered  the translation of the Bible into Welsh,
a rergient before he was 18, but was printed first in 1588.   D. 1604.-WILtaken'fromi it by his father. The revo- LTAr, a distinguishedl mathematician,
luhtin enabled him to gratify his wishes, was a native of (Glamorganshire, He




648                  CYCLOPE.J.1A OF BiOGC.APHY-I. Li0OR
was actuary to the Equitable Assurance the grand-duke to employ him in encompany, London, and remained con- graviig    Leonardo da Vinci's noble
nected with that institution 5; years. composition of the Last Supper, which
He was the author of "The Doctrine of is painted oi the wall of the refectory
Annuities and Assurances of Lives," in the Dominicans' convent, at Milan.
"A Review of Dr. Crawford's Theory In 1803 he vwas chosen aun associate of
of Heat," together with various trea- the FreIch Institute; and, in 1512, he
tises connected with the financial pros- was invited to Paris by Napoleon, who
peritv of Great Britainl.  D. 1833.-  treated him \with the most flattering
DANIEL, a distinguished officer in the  kindness.  His works are numeroes,
mamy of the American revolution, was Iand include some of the most remarkb. in New Jersey, and removed to Vir- able productions of the great nasters.
ginia in 1755. lie enlisted in Brad-   MORIHOFF, DANIEL GEOPGE, a learndock's expedition as a private soldier. edl German author, b. at Wismar, ill
and on the defeat of that general re- Mecklenburl, in 1(39; was educated at'turned to his occupation as a fillrmer. Stettin and iRostock; came to England,
At the commencement of the revolution  and resided for a tine at Oxford. Itis
he was appointed to the command of a principal work is entitled "Poly histor,
troop of Borse, and joined the arnly un- sive de Notitia Auctorum et Rerur
der Washlinaton, tlhen in the neighbor- Commentarii."  D. 1691.
hood of Boston.    He distinguished    MORIER, JAaTs,s whose novels, dehimself-very much in the expedition  scriptive of Eastern life and manner1s,
against Quebec, l where lie fell into the  enjoyed at the  tie gre  popullrity,
hands of the enemy. On the exchange  was b. in 1780. Whien still very yonllg,
of prisoners he rejoined the American  he imade an extensive tour through the
army, was appointed to the commasnd  East, the main incidents of which he
of a select rifle corps, and detached to  described in his "Travels thronlhi Perassist General Gates on the northern  si, Armenia, Asia Minor, to Constanfrontier, where he contributed materi- tinople." In 1810 he was appointed
ally to the capt'ue of General Burgoyne. British envoy to the court of Persia,
After a short retirement from service, where he remained till 1816, and soon
on account of ill health, he was appoint- after his return he published " A Second
ed brigadier-general by brevet, and com- Journey through Persia," &c. During
mandced the force by which Colonel his stay in the East, he inade great use
Tarleton -was routed at the battle of  of his opportunity of studying the clharCowpens. He soon after resignred his. acter of the people; and the knowledge
colmmission. Ili 1794 lie colmnandiced  thus acquired was turned to excellent
the militia of Virginia, called out to  account in his "Adventures of Hljji
suppress the insurrection in Pennsylva- Baba of Ispahan," (a species of "G'il
nia, and continued in the service till Blas,"  like  Hope's "Anastasius,")
1795. He afterwards vwa. elected to a whose ".Adventures in England" li
seat in congress. D. 1799.-JoHN, an  described in a second series; "Zohrab,
eminent American physician, was b. in  or the Ios-tae"  Ayesha, or the Maid
Philadelphia, in 1735, land was educated  of Kars," "Abel Alnutt," "The Banat the colleoe in that city. Hle comple- ished,' &c.; in all of whicl, but ested his medical studies in Europe, and  pecially in tle first three, the manners,
on his return, in 1765, was elected pro- customis, and imodes of thought prevafessor of the theory and practice of  lent in the East are portrayed with a
medicine in the medical college in Phil- liveliness, skill, and truthfulness to naadelphia.  In October, 1775, lie was ture, attained by few. 1. 1848.
appointed chief physician to the gen-  MORITZ, CIIARLES PHILIP, a German
eral hospitals of tile American army; writer, was b. at Hameln, in 1757. Ie
but, in 1775, was removed on account travelled in England, Switzerland, aind
of certain accusations, which he after- Italy; wrote many works, the chief of
wards proved to be entirely groundless. xwhich are his:'Travels," "The AnHe was tie anthor of several medical tiquities of Rome," the novels of'Antreatises. D. 1789.                  thony Reiser and Andrew Ilartctkoptf"
MORGIIEN, RAPHrAEL, a celebrated    and various grammnatical treatises. D.
engraver, b. at Naples, in 1758. He  1793.
was invited to Florence in 1782, to en-  MORLAND, GEORGE, an eminient
grave the- masterpieces in the Floren- painter of rustic scenery and low life,
tine gallery; aid the reputation he  was b. in London, in 1764. Ile wasinacquired by his labors there, induced  strueted by his father, who employed




MOiR]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF' BIOGttAPHY.                    649
him constantly in mnaking drawings for the French government in 1794. In
sale. By this means lie acquireld aI won- 1  800 lie was elected a senator in conderful facility of invention, and rapidity  gress, from tile state of New York, and
of execution. He had also great skill as  in this body was very conspic.uous for
a faithful copier of' nature, and in the  his political information and his brilearly part of his career confined himself liant eloquence. D. 1816. —Lwis, a
to the delineation of picturesque land- si.gner of the declaration of independ-.capes; but having contratted irreiglarr ence, was ib. at tile manorl of Morrisania
hiabits lie forsook the woods and fields near the city of New York, in 1726. lie
for the ale-house; ainl stage coachlmen, was educated at Yale college, and took
postilions, and drovers drinking, be- an carly part in the cause of the colocame the favorite subjects of his pencil. nies. in 1775 he was elected a delefate
Some of his best pieces exhibit farin- to the continental congress, and vwhiile
yarcds and stables, with dos, horses, in this body served on several of the
pigs, and cattle, or scenes at the door mlost important cotrimittees. I-is rich
of the village ale-house, designed with  estates were laid waste by the British
all the truth and feeling which corianu- army in 1776. H-e lett congress in 1777,
nicate a cllarn to the meanest objects, d. in 179'8.-ROIBI.RT, a celebrated finanand proclaim the genius of the artist. cier, was a native of England, removed
MIany were painted in spuneing-houses with his fathler to America, at an early
to clear him fiom arrest, or in public- age, and subsequently established himlousess to discllarge his reckoning. D. self as a merclhant in Philadelphia. In
1804.-Sir SAMUEL, a statesman and an1 1775 lie was appointed a delegate to conable mechanist, was a native of Berk- gress, and signed the declaration of
shire, and b. 1625. Ile was employed  independence in tie following year. In
in some diplomatic missions by Croin- 1781'le was appointed superintendent
well; and afterwardscs rendered consid- of finance, and rendered incalculable
erable service to Charles II., for iwhich, service by lis wealth and credit during
at the restoration, he was made a baron- the exihausted state of our public fiunds.
et. Among his inventions ar e reckoned  It hlas been said, and with mIuch truth,
the speaking-trumpet, the fire-engine, tllat " the Americans owed, and still
the capstan, and the steamn-encine; but owe as niuchl aclknowledgment to the
some of these, it is preslIued, he was financinl operqitions of'Robert Morris, RS
rather the improver than the original to the negotiations of Benjamini FIrankdiscoveer. I). 1696.                  lin, or even to the armais of George
MORRIS, CHARcLes, a celebrated En-  Washington."  He wivas a mlember of
glish bard, whose convivial songs were  the convention which fianmed tlie cononce in high repute. Thtougth many of  stitution of the Unitec States in 1787,
them  might well be spared, some are  and afterwards a senator in congress.
chaste in sentiment and felicitous in ex- In his old age he lost his ample folttune,
pression, while others possess, in an  by unfortunate land speculaitions, alnd
emtnent degree, those qualities which  passed the last years of his life confined
give a zest to bacchanalian orgies. D. in prison for debt. D. 1806.
1832.-GoUVERNEURo, an eminent states-   MORRISON, ROBERT, was b. in 1782.
man atlnd orator, was b. at Morrisania, in  He was bred to last-making by his fa1752, was graduated in King's college in  thler, who was also an elder of' the Scotch
1768, and licensed to practise law in  church. But Robert had a propensity
1771. In 1775 he was a mnember of the  for hio- classical attainments. lie obprovincial congress of New York, anda tained the rudiments of the Latin,
was one of the committee which drafted  Greek, and Hebrew languages fioom the
a constitution for the state of New York. local preacher he attended; and was, at
In 1777 he was chosen a delegate to the  lengthl, sent by the London Missionary
continental congress, and in the follow- Society to China, where he arrived in
ing year wrote the celebrated l Obser- 1807. In the course of a year or two lie
vations on the Amnerlican Revolution."  had prepared a grammar and dictionary
In 1781 he accepted thei post of assistant of the Chinese language for the press,
superintendent of finance, as colleague besides a Chinese version of the New
of Robert Morris; and in 1787 xwas a Testament.. IIe afterwards projected an
member of the convention which franecd  Anglo-Chinese college at Malacca, of
the constitution of tle United States. which he was a liberal patron until his
In 1792 he was appointed minister plen- death, which took place at Macao, in
ipotentiary to Friance, and held this  1834.
station till hlis recall by the request of  MORSE, JEDIDIAH, a geographer,
15




650                   CYCLOPZEDIA OF BIOCGRAPHY.                      [lOT
minister of Charlcstown, Massachusetts, His museum of crania emrbr.ice  over
graduated at Yale college in 1783 and'nine hundred humain skulls, and six
installed 1789. His first geographical  hundred of the inferior animals. D.
publication was in 1784, and dnrilng his  1851.
lifetime the work was kept in perpetual  MOSCIIUS, a Greek pastoral poet, a
progress, and passed tlhouolh  many   native of Svracuse, who fiourished, with
editions. I-Ie also published the " Aimer- his friend Bion, about 200 B. c.
ican Gazetteer," and the " History of   MOiSHEIM, JOHN LAURENCE, a learned
New England."   D. 1826.              German theologian, was b. at Lubeck,
MORTIER, Marshal, duke of Treviso, in 1694; becalne a inemuber of the faculty
b. in 1768, was the son of a merchant, of philosopiy at Kiel; and was appointed
who represented the tiers tcibt of Can- chancellor of the university of Gottinbresis at the states-general in 1789.  en, where he crmained till his death in
Quitting the mercantile profession, for 1755, lecturing daily on ecclesiaistical
which lhe had been designed, he enter- history tncd mnost otlier deplrtniments of
ed the army in 1791 wtith the ranl of  tlleologry. His principal workl on this
captain; and lhaing distinguished himn- subjeet is the "Institutiones IiEtorke
self on various occasions, lie was rapid- Ecclesiastice,"' whiche was afterwards
ly promoted, a'nd intrfustd withl the I ublishled under various otlier forms,
highest comnmands. Being amion- the   annd translated into German, witli acddistaff that accompanied Louis Philipp  tions; also into English by Dr. Maclaine.
and princes to the review at Paris, on  Amnong his otilel nlrumnerous writings
the 28th of July, 1835, it was the fate  arce,''De Rebus Clristianorumt anite
of this brave officer to be one of the  Conlatantinumn Mlanumln Colmmentarii
victimms of the assassin, Fiesecli.   a "Life of Servetus," " The EeclesiatsMORTON, TruoTMA, an e miient and    tical I-istory of tlle'Trtlars," "Observasuccessful ldramatist, was b. at Durhan, tiones Saerce," anid " Serm'onls," which
in 1764. IHe entered as a student at Lin- were much admired for their pure and
coln's Inn, but his taste for t!heatricals elegant style.
caused him to abandon his profession,   MOSSOMI, ROBERT, a learned     r'ish
and he soon giave prooft of his talents prelite, ewho.suifeired muchL in the civil
as a dramatic.writer. It is ronarkablex arvs, buht on tile restoraltion lie wIas
indeed, that nearlv all his pieces still mlute cdean of' C1hrist-elhurceh, Du3lblin;
keep possession of the stare. Tihev    aitli whlicl he held the bishiopric of
conlist of "Tle Way to get i'Married,"  Londonderry, where hie. 1679. Ilis
" (olurnbus," " Town i1andt Co  ltry"  wors ae,   Te i  reacher s Tripartite,
" Zoinski," "'A Cure    e foir tie Heart-  Vari e coiloquendi Fortnmule,"' Naracle," " Speed the Plough," " Secrets rttive of George Wild, bishop ofl Dery,"
Worthl Knowing," "The Blind Girl,"    andl  " Zion's Prospect in its first View."
"The Children in the Woodl," "The       MOSSOP, HENRY, Ian eminent tragic
School of Reformn," " The School for actor, b. in Ireland, in 1729, wals the son
Grown Gentleimen," " A Rowland for oi' a cler'lyman, and was educated at
an Oliver," and " Tie Invincibles." D). Trility colleie, Dublin. IIe imadle his
1838.-NATTHArVIEL, one of the first set- first lappelarance on tile Dublin stage. as
tiers of Plyinmoth, New England, and a  "Zangtlan," ill thle R'evenge; blt sooil remaegistrate of the colony, was tlhe authlor imoved to London, rwhere, next to Garof't "t istorv of tlhe Chlurel at Ply- rick and Hlenderson, lie Nas eiteemed
mouth," and of a volumlle cilled " New  the first tragedian of hlis time. In 1761
Engmancd's Memorial."  This work was lie became mianlg er of one of tihe Dublin
origlinally published in 1669, and ai new  theatres; but the speculation proved
edition of it has been recently issued.-  his ruin, and he d. in absolute penury
Jomx, a signer of the declaration of at Chelsea, in 177.3.
American independence, was h. in the    MOTILI'EWELL, WLLIsar, a poet,
county of Cliester, Pennlsylvania, was a  b. at Glasgow, in 1798; andi wlmlen a
memnber of tlhe provincial assembly of  youth he obttained a situation in the
hi, native state, mand in 1774 appointed  sheriff clerk's ofice at Paisley, whvere he
a delegate to the continmetal collgress. continued till withini a few years of his
I). 1777.-SAMUEL G., one of tie most deathl. In 1827 lie published a very indistinguished  sciltifi  mnen of tie teresting and valuable collection of balUnited States, was b. in Piiladelphia, ltdi, entitled " Miinstrelsy, Ancient and
whlere lie passed tlhe greater part of his  lodlern;"m and lie was afterwvards suclife. Ilis chief works were the " Crania cessively editor of tile "' Paisley MagaAmericana, and the "Crania Egyptica.  zinc," "Paisley Advertiser,"' an  the




Mou]                  CYCLOPADIA 1O' BIOGRAPHY.                       651
"Glasgow Courier."   In 1833 was pub- Fidei," a fierce invective against the
lisheld a collected edition of his own  church'of Enliand. D. 1683.
poems, som0e of which possess a pathos   MOULTRIE, WILLIAM, a major-genand an intensity of feeling not often  eral in the army of the Anerican revosurpassed. D. 1835.                    lution, wlas b. in Enlanld, but emigrated
MOTTEUX, PIERRE ANTOINE, a mis- to South Carolina att an early age. He
cellaneous writer, was b. at Rouen, in  served rwith distinction in the Cherokee
Normandy, in 1660; settled in England  war in 1760, and ii its last campaign
after the revocation of the edict of   commanded i company. At the comNantes; and emlbarking his property in  mencemelnt of the re- olution he wasa 
trade, opened an East India warehouse  member of the provincial colnress, and
in Leadenhall-street, London, and also  a colonel of the second regfimnent of
obtained a situation in the post-office. South Carolina. For his brave defence
He wrote nearly twenty dramatic pieces, of Sullivan's island in 1776, he received
and translated " Don Quixote" and      the thanks of congress, and the fort was
"Rabelais."  D. 1718.                  afterwards called by his name. In 1779
MBOTTLEY, JouIT, a dramatic writer, he gained a victory over the British at
was b. in 1692, and wrote five dramatic  BeauLfrto. He eafterwards received the
pieces; algo the "Life of the Czar Peter commission of major-geeneral, and was
the Great,' and the " History of Cath- second in coimmand to General Lincoln
arine of Russia;" but the work of his  at the siege of Charleston. After the
which obtained by fir the greatest pop- close of the war le was repeatedly elected
ularity, is tile well-known collection of  governor of South Carolina. lIe pubfacetime, called "Joe Miller's Jests." lishid " Memoirs of tlhe Revolution in
D. 1750.                              the Carolinas and Georgia," consistingc
MOULIN, PETER DU, a Protestant cliefl o of oficial letters. D. in Charlesdivine, was b. at Bechny, in the Vexin, ton in 1805.
in 1568. He stzudied first at Sedan, and  MOUNTFORIT, VVILTrTAM, an English
next at Cambridge, fiom which univer- actor' and dramaitic iwriter, was b. in
sity he removed to a professorship of  Staffordshire, in 1659. IIe was an cxphilosophy at Leyden, wher e he also   cellent comic perforlomer and. being in
taulght Greek; but in 1599 le returned  the flower of his ag, and one of the
to tratnce, andl became minister at Clia- handsornest men on the boards, tle
renton. On the assassination of Henry  parts of the lovers were usually allotted
IV., lie charged tile guilt of that deed  to him. In one of these he lhad captiupon the Jesuits, which produced a vio- vatec the affections of Mrs. Bracegirdle,
lent controversy betweeni himt and sone  an actress much admiired for her perof that society, ancid, in 1615, he visited  sonal charms. This lady had rejected
Englland on the invitation of James I., the addresses of a Captain Hill, who, in
who gave him a prebend in Canterbury   company with Lord Mohun, waylalid
catledral. HIe did not continue longr in  Mountfort one night, in the winter of
England; tut after refusing the diviuiitv  1692, as he was returning  fiom  the
professorship at Leyden, lie finally set- theatre to his locdgins, in Norfolktied iat Sedan, of whichl pl.ce he becamle  street, Strand; and,'before lie could
the pastor, fillingl at the same tie  t the draw his sword, ran himn through tlie
tleological chair there.  Among his    body, and killed iliml on the spot.  -ill
writings are, " A  History of Mona- made his escape to the Coutinent, and
elism," a treatise " On the recent Ori- Lord MohunlI was tried by his peers fbr
gin of Popery," &c.  ). 1658.-P'TER, the murder, but, for thle vant of suffihis son, wavs b. in 1600, at Paris, and  cient evidence, was acquitted.  Tills
graduated at Leyden; but going after- nobleman was himself eventually killed
wards to England, obtained, like his by the duke of Hamilton, in at diuel
father, a prebend at Canterbury,   and  fought in Iyde Prk. Mountfort was
was one of the chaplains to Kinlg Charles the author of five plays, and was in the
II. lie was the author of "The Peace  zenith of his reputation at the time of
of the Soul," "Clamor Regii Sanguinis,'  his death.
which, being anonymous, was attributed,  MOURAD BEY, a famous Mameluke
by Milton, to Alexander More, and "A  chief, was t native of Circassia. After
)Defence of the Protestant Church.i'-  the dlestruction of Ali Bey, in 1773, he
Louis, his brother, became a violent obtained the government of Cairo in
Independent, and wrote "'Parsenesis ad  conjunction with Ibrahim Bey, which,
hcdihicatores Imperii," dedicated to Oli- notwithstanding some severe contests
ver Cromwe' l; and' Patronus Bonw    with Ismael Bey and the Turkish gov



652                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGITUAPIIY.                   [MUN
ernment, wha tried to disjpossess thlemi, a professor of arelleology in the univerthey contrived to keep. Wilhen Bona- sity of Gottirnen, and distinguished
partto invaded Egypt, IMourad opposed  himiiiself by his research!es into mrythothe Frrench with'great vi-goi; but lie loric lore, analyzing it and disentanwas at lelngth obli'ed to retreat to  glius  the allegorical parts from  the
Upper Egypt. IHe subsequentlv entered  historicl. But his knowledge was by
into a treaty with General Kleber, and  no means confined to that deplartment
accepted the title of prince of Assouan  of litici.ture. e Iis work on the Eumnenand Jirgehl, under the protection of   ides of AEsch ylus, and many others,
France. lie d. of the plague in 1801.  flly prove his clissic emrudition; and
MOZART, JorIl C'IR sosToM WOCLF- his histories of the Dlorians and tlhe
GANG AMADIUIES,    one of the most eni- Etruscans have become naturatlizecl in
nent n-musical cormposers that ever lived, Enagland as standard works. While
was the son of Leopold Moz.at, sub- travelling in Greece witl a view to the
chapel-master of Salzburg, and limslelf  commnencement of an elaborate work on
a respectable nmusician. H1e was b. in the history of that country hle was taken
1756; and the precocity of his musical ill, and d. 1840.-G IRA1D) FREDERIC, a
talent was most extraordinary. In his  German traveller, was b. in 1700, at
sixtl year ie had mnlade such prozress,  lerfobrden, in Westphalia; was educated
that his fatler was inlduced to take him  at Leipsic, and e wmcnt to rcide at St.
and his sister Maria Annl, who was Petersbtrg, where he taught Latin,
also a musical.eeniun, to Munich mand  geographmy, and history. Hiis prilncipal
Vienna, wlere the little artists were in- vwor is, A Collectioni of Russian Hlistroduced to the emperor: s court, and  tories."  D. 1783.-JoHsN voN, art elithe uineualled execution of tile boy   ienit Swiss hisntoriall was b. in 17'52, at
excited universal surprise. In 1770 lie Sclhalft'hausen, and studied at Gottingen.
composed, in his 14th yo:lr, his serious In 1780 lie published the first part' of
opera of " Mit!lrldate,"' avlliclll had a rn  hlis'i History of the Swxiss Confecderaof upwards of twenty ni ghts in sucoes- tionl" land] shortly after lie wvent to
sion. In 1775 lie went to Vienna. m, cand,  Ber lin, where lie printed "IHistoiceal
engaging in the service o(' the emlperor, IEsays.' Hisi othler principal work wvas
he satisfed the areat expectations whliicl  a " ourSe of Universal Ilistory," but
were raised l)y hise early genius, and  1Ie was also tlle athlr of several others,
became the Rapihael o      musician..  which were published collectively at
Amlnong the works of his whicih have Tubingei. AMuller was successively
remained on the German stage, and vill plrof;ssor of Greek a t Scllaffiausen,
always be the delight of every tasteful land of history at Cassel, counsellor of
nation are, "Ildoleneo," the "Nozze    the imperial chlancery, secretary of state
di Fialro," the   "Zailberflu5te," the  for the eplhemeral 1kilgdom of WestClemenza cdi Tito," and above all, tile  phalia, land director-general of public
splendid'" Don Giovanni."  D. 1792.  instruction.  I). 1809.
MUI)IE, ROBERT, autlhor of nulmerous  MUNCER, TUoa, iin tlhe early part
works in natural history, and otlhers of of thle 16tlh celntiurl, iendered himself'
an entertaining and instructive liarae for awhile extremnely formlidable in Gerter, was b. in Fotrfrshire in 1777. In  Inny, wlere lie preachled( eqrCuality arnd
1802 he was appoinlted Gaelic professor thle colnmmunity of pyropertyv, and collectand teacher of' drawing in the Inverness  ed 40,000 followers.  -eo wais at len'th
academy. He subsequently filled other defeated by the laindgrave of liesse,
situations of a like nature: but-at alength  with the loss of 7000 of his followers,
turned his attention exclusively to au- and being. chased to Franchaulsen, was
thorship, and commenced his career t.lken prisoner, and executed at Ml1with a novel, entitled " Glenfurgus.' hansen, in 1526.
He then for a while sought emaployment  MUNCIiIIAUSEN, JEROMEr     CHIARLES
as areporter for the London newspa- FREDiRcI vox, was a Germaln officer in
pers, and his literary effoirts were hence- the Russian service, who served in sevforth unceasing. Independently of his eral campaigns against the Turks. lIe
contributions to periodicals, upwards   as ias  passionate lover of horses and
of 80 volumes from his fertile pen were  hounds; of which, and of his advenin rapid succession brought before the  tures among the Turks, he told the
public. D. 1842.                       most extravagant stories, till his fancy
MULLER, CARL OTTFRIED, an emi- so completely got the better of his
nent modern scholar and histor an, was memory, that he really believed his
b. in 1797, at Brieg, in Silesia,'-e was most extravagant fictions, and felt very




MUR]                  CYCLOPAEDIA, OF BIOGRAPHY.                     653
much offendldc if any doubt was ex- the directory, and was rewardled i ith
pressed on the subject. Having become  the hand of Caroline, the sistcr of ihe
acquainted with Burier at Pyriont, first consul. At Marlengo anl Austerlitz
and related these wlking drceans to  he was one of the most distinguislied
him, the poet published themi ill 1787, of the French leaders. In 1806 Nap0with his own imnprovements, under the  leon created him grandl-duke of Berg;
title of'" Wnnderbare Abeutheuer und  and in 1808 he raised him to the throne
Reisen des Herrn von Muncihhansen."  of NaplesM. Murat took a conspicuous
The wit andl humor of the work gave it part in the camrpaigns of 1801, 1807,
great success, and it was translated into  1808, 1812, and 1813; but in 1814, findseveral foreign languages. D. 1796.  in that the throne of his patron beglan
MUNDAY, ANTIIONY, a dralmatic to totter, lie joined the allies. In tie
poet of the 16th century. He w-as the following year, however, le was expelled
author of the "' City Pageants," enlarged  from Iis kingdom; and havinga made a
Stowe's Survey of London, and d. 1638. desperate attempt to recover it, lie was
MUNDEN, JosEpIhr SIIEPHERID,- cele- taken prisoner, and shot at Pizzo, 1815.
brated comic actor, vho, fiomn 1790 to  MURATORI, Louis ANTIONY, In
1813, delighted the audniences of Covent- eminent Italian historian and antiqulary
garden with his inimitable representa- was b. in 1672 at Vionola, in the Motions; but from 1813 to 1824, when lie denese territories; was mlade keeper of
retiecld fiom the stag;e, his services were the lAmbrosian library at AMlilan, ncld,
transterredt to Drnury-lane. HIis humor subsequently, librarian and archivist to
was exuberant and racy; and thouhh tthe duke of Modena. Ilis great listorioften verging on caricature, lie could  cal collection, entitled " Iierlum Italicamelt the liear by touches of true pathos, rum Scriptores, ab anno'e rs Chrisas readily as he could stir it into mirth tianae,"  " Antiquitates ItalicS, Medii
by the exquisite drollery of his ever- AFvi,"'i Anecdota Latina," "Anecdota
varyin coun;enanee. B. 1758; d. 1882. Grmca," "Annali d'Italia," with many
MUNOZ, JOHN BAPTIST, a Spanish     others, attest the magnitude of his literhistorian; was b. in 1745, at Museros, ary labors. D. 1750.
near Valentia. I-e was appointed cos- - MURILLO, BARTOLOMEO      ESTEVEN,
mographer of the Indies, and under- one of the greatest of the Spanish painttook by order of the kino, a history of ers, was b. in 1618, near Seville.  le
America, of which lie lived to publish  acquired the rudiments of tile arit from
only one volume. Iis otlher works are, his uncle, Juan del Castillo, and beiun
"De recto   Pliilosophit recentis in  encouraged to visit Madrid, lie acquired
Theologia Ususe, Dissertatio," "D    the countenance and patronage of the
Scriptorum Gentiliuum Lectione," "In- celebrated painter Velasquez, then in
stitutioues Philosophic'e," &c.      the height of his reputation. Ile afterMUNSTER, SEMASTirAN     a German   wards returned to Seville, and earned
divine, was b. at Ingelheim, in 1489, by his labors an imperishable f'ame.
entered into the order of Cordeliers, but AWlile painting the aclired picture of
left them to join Luther. Ie then set- St. Catharine, in the church of the
tled at Basle, where he succeeded Peli- Capuchins at Cladiz, he fell ifoml the
canus in the Hebrew professorship. He scaffold, ndc d. in conseqluence of the
published a Latin version of the Bible, injuries lie received, in 1685.
from the Hebrew, with notes; "Uni-     MURPHY, ARTHUR, a dramatic and
versal Cosmograplhy," a treatise on dial- miscellaneous writer, was b. at Cork, in
ling, a Latin translation of Josephus, 1727, and educated at St. Oler's. At
anid several mIathematical works. D. the age of 18 lie went to London, and
1552.                                tried'his dramatic powers in the ftlrce
MURAT, Jo.,cIaM, ex-king of Naples, of " The Apprentice," which was soon
one of the most intrepid of the French  followed by that of "The Upholstcreor;"
marshals, was b. in 1771; was the son  and, having a great inclination to the
of an innkeeper at Bastide, near Cahors; stage, he made an effort in the char acter
and was intended for the church. The of Othello, but without success.  le
army, however, was his choice, and in then produced tile "Orphan of China,"
1796, Bonapart  ae m e    him his aid-de- a tragedy, which was well received. lIe
camp. In Italy, in 1796 and 1797, and  also wrote a wxeekly paper, cnllecl the
in Egypt and Syria, in 1798 and 1799, "Gray's Inn Journal; " atnd two others,
Murat displayed great valor and military  in defence of government, entitled the
talent. He returned with Bonalparte to  "Test" acnd the "AAuditor." In these,
France, assisted him in overthrowingg however, ho failed. His plays of the
55*




654                   CYCLOPrmDIA' M3IOGILAPHIY.                 LMUS
"Grecian   Danugter,"   "All in   the and while his singular acuteness and
Wrongr," "The Way to Keep lhimn," judlfgent insured his success as a man
and the "Citizen," had glreater success, of business, his fluency, his store of
and produced the autlior weilhlt   and  anecdote, ancl a certain dry quiet humor,
fame.   IIe also acquired considerable closely allied to wit, rendered him  an
reputation by his' Essay on the Life agreeable companion for such men as
and Genius of Dr. Johnson," as well as Scott, Byron, Mooe, Southey, Lockhart,
by his trans.lation of Tacitus and Sallust, and. number of other celebrated wriand the "Life of Garrick."    1). 18)5.  tes, who were at various times his
MURRAY, HUlI, a most voluminous guests, an.d at all times, from their first
and successfil writer on geograpihy and  acquaintance withl i in, hi  ast friends.
kindred subjects, was b. at lthe mlanse D). 18tiL.-LINDLEY, a gra'lmm'i'ian, alnd
of North Berwick, 1779. In the early nmoral writer, was b. in 1745, of Quaker
part of his career he edited the " Scots' pr'ents, at Swatara, near Lancaster, in
Magazine," then in the hands of'Mir. Pennsylvania. IIe was oritinally desConstatble, and contributed to thle "Ed- fined for the mercantile profession; but
inburghl  Gazetteer;"  and  published  having been severely chastised for a
successively, discoveries acnd travels in  breach of domestic discipline, he priAfrica, Asia, and America, all of Lwvichl vately left his father, wwho was then reacquirel for their autlhor a liberal share  siding at New York, and, taking up his
of' popularity. At a later period of his  abode in a seminary at Burlinlton, N. J.,
life he contributed no fewer than fifteen  he there contracted,ilove of books and
volulres to the " Edinburgh Cabinet Li- studyc.  te afterwards studied the law,
brar'," on subjects connected witli his iand practised as a barrister; but, in
favor ite study; but the work on whllich  course of time, lie quitted the bar for the
his fairie lwill chiefly rest, i his  Enucy- counting- lo use, and by mercantile purcloptadia of Geography."   D. 1846.-   suits having realized a competency, he
JAIMES, a Rhode Isllnder, w hose real eventually settled at Holdgfate, near
name was Lillibridge, was a ppartisan  York. His works consist of an "Enofficer in the service of the East India glish Grammar," "Enalisll Exereises"
Company. IIe entered the service of    and "Key;" the "Egllislh Reader,"
liolkar,' the finaous   llMa'rattal chief, with alln Introduction" and ",6Sequel"
about the year 1790, and soon became   to the same; two Frencl     selections,
noted for his bravery, iiilitary  skill, and  " Le Lecteur Franc(ois," ancd "Introductlhe good offices he perfolrmed to celrtlin  tion an  Lecteur Francois," "The EnBritish officers, who had been taken     is  Spelli pllngl' Book," "Tlhe Power of
prisoners, and who, but fol lis hitlanel  leli(rion on the Mind c, and "T The Duty
interference, would have been put to tile  andc Benefit of Reading the Scriptutres.
sword. When the war broke out be- These publications wxcre all lucrative,
tween the British g'overnnient and Scin- and deservedly so; and it is no small
dcia, in which Iolkar assisted the latter, satisfaction to know, that his pr1ivate
Murray joined the British general, Lord  life was as amianble as his labors in the
Lake, wxith a body of 7000 cava'lry. The  cause of education and Imor1als were sucmarquis of Wellesley at that period d li  cessful. ID. 1820.-WILLIAM VAJUS, a
issued a pir oclamatio;n r ecallinl all Britishi  distingunishedl diplomnatist, was b. in lMa.subjects firom tlic service of the nativee ryxlhd, about 17613. I-e studied the law
princes, but tlis order could not extend  in Englandl, practised it in his native
to Murray, as being an American. Ile   country, and became a senator of the
was treated by the Britishi commander U.S. As minister at the IHague he suewith great consideration, and was em- cecded in pireserving   l harlmolny between
ploy':d inl ti n ntvci' erons and import tie Anmereican andl Ictax vian ieplublics;
ant services, still retaiininc the command  andc the reconciliation between the U. S.
of the cavalrvy whlichl lie hald brougollt'iandc Fl]rance was effected chieflv through
witi hi.iii  At tle siege of Bhurtpolc, his agency as envoy extraordinary -to
where the British army lost nearly     the Freniel republic. 1). 1803.
10,000 men, in four attempts to tak tle the  MUSEUS, a philosopher andl poet of
fort by storm, lie was in continulial ac- antiquity, who is said to have been the
tion, and attained the character of being  son of' (irplheus, and presidccnt of the
tlie best partisan officer in thle narmyt. Eleusinian imysteries iat Atlhens.  Ie
). 1807. —JoixN, n  neminent publisher,  versified the oracles, andi wrtote a poem
know-n wherever the English laniccuage  on the sphere. A hill near Athens was
is klnown, was b. 1778. IHe was a mnaln  called bcy his name. IHe is to be distinof considerable literary acquireients  guishced fiom Musasus the egraimmarilaun,




FAPJ                  CYCLOPAoEDP    OF BI OGRAPIHY.                     J55
who wrote a poem, called "The Loves reliefs of the column of Trajan. At the
of Ilero and Leandle."-Joins CHAvLEs   instance of this artist, Pope Gregory
AUrUSTUS), an emlinent German writer, founded the acadermy of St.,Lke, which
h. at Jena., in i735, was professor at the  Sixtus con-firmed by a brief; and Mutigyrmnasium  of Weimar, and author of    ano gave two houses to the institution.
Plhvsiocrnoinicl Travels,"  "Popular  D. 150.
Tales of thle Gelrmans," &c.  ). 1787.    MUTIUS, CmLIUS, first naned Codrus,
MUSGRAVE, Sir RICIARD, an Irish      and afterwardcs Scovola, an illustrious
historian, was b. about 1758. HIe was a  Romlan, whvo distinguished himself il
member of parliament, and collector of  the war against Porselna.  lhenl that
the excise for l)ublin. In 1801 lie pub- prince besieged Rome, Muntius entered
lislied "Memoirs of the Rebellions in   his camp to assassinate him, and, by
Ireland, ll,  work which gxave great of- mistake, stabbed one of his attendantts.
fence to the Roman Catholics, on account Being seized and brought befolre P'olrof the picture exllibited in it of the atro- senna, lie said that he wrass one of three
cities c(ommitted by the insurgents in  hundredl who had engu'aed by oatl to
17s8. 1). 1818.-WILLIAMr, fa physician  slay him, and added, "This hand,
tand antiquary, was b. at Chariton, in  which lias missed its purpose, onulht to
Somlersetshire, in 1657, 1ad educated at suffer'.  Oin saying tlis lie thllst it
Winchester school, and New colleoe     into the coals whicl were burning uponl
Oxford.   H-ie becane a fellown of the  the altar, and suffei re it to be consumed.
royal college of physicians, and also of  Porsenna, struck with  lis intrepidity,
thle lioyal Society; to vwhichi last learned  made peace with the Romans.  The
body he acted as secretary. In 1691 lie  name of Sexvola, or left-handed Twas
settled at Exeter, and d. there in 1721. given hiim as a mark of distinction to
Besides some Latin tracts on the gout, lie  Mntils andc his Ifmnily.
published four volumes of dissertations   MYRON, a celebrated Greek sculptor,
on Roman and British Antiquities.-Dir.   whose works are higrhly praised by the
SAMUEL, his grandson, wxas also a physi- Greek and Latin poets, was a native of
cian at Exeter, wherl lie d. in 1782. Ile  Eleutheris, and is supposed to have
rendered himself notorious in 1763, by  flourished about 450 1. c.
charg'ing the minlisters with Ihaving been  MYSON, one of the seven wise men
bribed to settle a peace advantageous to  of Greece.  Anaelharsis, the Seythiamn,
France. As a scholar lie is known by  IhavinlJ inquired of Apollo, who was the
an ed!iti)n of Euiripides, and two disser-  wisest man in Greece, was answered,
tadtiols.-i the (Grecian mythology andl I"He who is now ploull ingr his fields."
the Olnypi-s.                           This was Mvson.
MUTIANA, GIROLAMO, an        Italian   MYTENS, AnNOLD, a painter, was b.
painter, b. tt Brescia. -le was a great at Brussels, in 1541. Hie painted sevfalorite witlith Pope Gregory XIII., who  era capital pictures forl clhurches in
empl!oyed himn to paint a picture of St. Italy; and d. in 1602. —MARTITr, a SwePaul the herrlit, and, aother of St. An- dish painter was b. at Stockholn, 1695.
thony, for the cinurch of St. Peter. Six-  lie fixed his residence at Vienna, and
tus V. also held himl in esteem, and   was greatly esteemed by the Emperor
intrusted to him the desirns for the bas- Charles VI  D. 1755.
N.
NATIL, JOHAcN AUieST, an eminent Turkey. He was afterwards employed
Prussian sculptor, b. at Berlin, in 1710. in other missions of importance, f)r
He executed    th e admirable colossal which lie was miide proctor of St. Matrk,
statue of the landgrave Frederic, whiclh and captain-.elneral of the marmine.. Ie
stands in Frederic's square. In 1755 he  was the author of " Istoria della Repubwas cre'ated professor in the acalermy  lica Veneta," lind wils historiograumpher
of arts at Cassel, and d. tlhre in 1731.  and keeper of the archives of the repubNANI, GIOVANNI BATTisT, Ta Venetianlie. I). 1 67)8.
]histori'an, wis b. 1161. —He distinmguislied  NAPIER, JonsN, lord of Mereliston,
hlmself;as amilbass;(or to the Frencll in Scotland, a. celebrated maithematician,
court, whlere lie obtained succors fi'i or  as b. in 1550, and educated at the unithl republic to carry on tile war against versity of St. Andrew's. After having




656                   CYCLOPrEnDIA   OF   IOGRAPIHY.                  | NAY
Cravelled in France, Italy, and Germany, Swansea, in Glamorganshire. lIe was
he returned to his lntive country, where  originally intended for the law, but enhe wholly devoted himself to the study  tcred the army, which, however, lie
of mathematics and theology.   Being   soon quitted, and took chambers in the
much attached to astronomy aCnd spher- Temple. Here he devoted himself enical geometry, he wished to find out a tirely to pleasure and  fiashion; and
short method of calculatingf triangles, when King William visited the Inn, he
sines, tangents, &c.; and to the exer- was chosen master of the pageant with
tions arising out of this desire is to be which it was customary to welcome the
attributed his admirable invention of  nonl:rchl.  In 1704 hle was appoilted
logarithllms, first miade public in 1614, master of the ceremonies at Bath, and
and which alone has immortalized his immediately instituted a set of regilaname. The Napier "bones, or ods,"      tions as remarkable for their strictness
for multiplying and dividing, were in- as for their judicious adaptation to the
vented by himl. IIe also made several wants and society of the place; and as
improvements in spherical trigonome- he drew the whole beau-monde to Batil,
try, and was regarded by the celebrated  he was justly regarded as a public beneKepler as one of the greatest men of the  factor there.  While in the plenitude
age. D. 1617.-MACVEY, whose nll1ame of his power and popularity, Natsh lived
will long be memorable in connection   in the most splendid style, supporting
with the "'Edinbnrogh Review" and the  his expelnses by a long irun of success
"Encyclopcedia Britiannica," was profes- at the gcaming table.  Iis dress was
sor of conveyancing in the university  covered with expensive lace, and lhe
of Edinbmuill, and one of the pincipal1 wore a larle wlite cocked hat. The
clerks of the coiut of session. lie passed  chariot in which lie rode was drawn by
as a writer to the signet in 1799; but lhe  six gray horses, and attended by a long
soon discovered a decided bias for lit- retinue of servants, some on hlorse, otherary pursuits; and his various a cquire- ers on foot, while Ilis progress tlirough
ments, literary and legal, his profound  the streets was made known by a batld
erudition, and his sound judmncnt, found  of French ho rns and other inst'ruments.
ample scope for tliheir development in  Ilis common title was the king of Bath,
tlhe last edition of the "Encyclop.dci:and ihis reign continued, with undlmiinBritannica," of whichl he became editor. isledl splendor for m t mo  han 50 years.
In 1829 lie succeeded Mr. (afterwards IHis hellthl then began to decline, and his
Lord) Jeffrey, in the editorship of the  resources grew less plentiful. As the
" Edinburgh Review."      D. 1847.     clhange in his spirits and circumstances
NARES, JAMES, was b. at Stanwell, becatme more evident, his former ac1715. In 1755 he became organist and   qnaintances gradnually forsook him, and
composer to the king, and was created lhe died in comparative indigence and
doctor of music at Cambridce. In 17,57  solitude. il 1761.
lie was appointed master of the choris-  NASMITHI, JAMES, a divine, was 1)
ters of Ills mnjcsty's chapel. IIe pub- at Norwich, in 1740. Ile published "A
lished, besides his compositions of    Catalogue of Beinnet College Library,"
sacred music, which are marked by      an edition of the "lItinoraries of Simon
great genius, and a thorough knowl- and William of Worcester," a new ediedge of the science, several books of  tion of Tanner's "N Notitia lMonastica,"
instructions. D. 1783.-ROBEuRT, a learn- &c. D. 1802.-PETiER, an eminent lanuded critic and theologian, was the son of  scape painter, was b. at Edinburgh, in
the preceding. He was a prebendary     1786. At the age of 20) he removed to
of Lincoln, archdeacon of Stafford, can- London, where his talents soon atttacton of Liclhfield, and rector of Allhallows,,ed notice, and procured him the appelLondon. Ie established and conducted   lation of the English Tlobbilma.  His
the "British Critic," a hilgh church lit- works are deservedly iln igh repute,
crarv review; and iamrong his separate  and there,le few collections of imiportworks are, "Elements of Orthoepy,"      nce in EnLgland but what contain some
"A Gloss-ary of Words, Phrases, &., of them.     ). 1831.
in the Works of English Authoris of the  NA.YLOR, JAMES, a Quaker, b. at
age of Queen Elizabetli," -' A CtLrono- Ardsley, near WVikcefield, Yorkshire,
logical View of tlhe Prophecies relatinr  1616. lie was, in 16-41, a private inl the
to the Christian Chu:ch," &c. 1). 1829. p    arliamentary arlmy, anrd r'OeC to the
NASI, RICIAuD, conmmnonly called     office of (qunllter-minster under LLamnbert,
Beau Nash, the once celebrated arbiter but quitted tlme mlilitary life in 1649.
of fashion at Bath, was b. 1674, at The preaching and       (onversation of




EXL]                  CYCLOP eDIA OF BIOGRAPHY,                      657
George Fox converted him to Quaker- was a person of simple but eccentric
ism, 1651, anclthinking himself divinely  manners, and greatly bel( ed. D. 1850.
inspired, lie became an itinerant minis-  NECKER, JAMES, an eminent finanter. In 1656 hi( was imprisoned for his cier and statesman, was b. in 1732, at
extravarant conduct at Et eter, where  Geneva, and for many years carried on
his followers addressed him  as the the business of a banker at Paris. His
prince of peace; and afterwards, when  "Eulogy on Colbert," his "Treatise on
liberated fromt confinement, he went to the Corn Laws andcl Tradc," and some
Bristol. lie was accompanied by an   " Essays on the Resoluces of France,
enthusiastic cavalcade, who sang before inspired such an idea of his talents for
hlim "Holy, oly, holy, is tile Lord God finance, that, in 1776, lie was appointed
of losts, IHosanna in the highest." This director of the treasury, and, shortly
fanatic zeal was noticed by the parlia- after, comptroller-general.  Before his
ment. Naylor wasv accused and con- resignation, in 1781, he published a
demned as guilty of blasphemy, and as statement of his operations, addlessed
an impostor: he was exposed in the to the king; and, while in retirement,
pillory, whipped, and branded on the  he produced a work on the "Adminisforehecad; his tongue was bored through  trlation of the Finances," and another
with a red-hot iron at the Old Exchlange, on the " Importance of Religious Opinand he was then imprisoned in Bride- ions."  He was reinstated in the compwell fbr life. After two years imprison- trollership in 1788, and advised the
ment lie was set at liberty, and, in 1660, convocation of the states-general; was
he left London to return to Wakefield, abruptly dismissed, and ordered to quit
to his wife and family, but d. by the the kingcdom, in Jnly, 1789; but was
watv.                                alnost instantly recalled, in consequence
NEAL, DANIEL, a dissentingr minis- of the ferment which his departure exter, was b. in 1678, in London; was ed- cited in tle public mind..Necker, howucated at Merchant Tailors' school, and  evel, soon became as much an object of
at Utrecht; became minister to a con- antipathy to the people as he had been
gregation in Jewin-street; and d. in  of their idolatry, and in 1790 he left
1743. He wrote a "History of the France for ever. D. at Copet, in SwitzPuritans," and a " HIistory of I ew En- elland, 1804.-SUSANNA, hiS wife, whose
gland."                               maiden name was Curchod, was a wornNEANDER, JOHANN AUGUST WiIL- an of talent, and wrote "Reflections on
HELM, one of the most distinguished  Divorce," and " Miscellanies." She was
ecclesiastical historians of modern times, the object of Gibbon's early attachment.
was b. at Gottinocn, 1789. His parents  NEEDHAM, JOTIN TURBERVILLE, a
were Jews.   They removed to Ham- natural philospher, was b. in 1713, at
burgh when their son was very young; London; was educated at Donay; and
and to tlle excellent institutions of that d. in 1781, director of the imperial
city lie was indebted for great part of his academy  at Brussels.  Among his
education. In his 16th year le was con- works are, "Inquiries on Microscopical
verted to Christianity, and proceeded to' Discoveries," " New Microscopical Disstudy ffirst at IHalle and then at Gottin- coveries," "Inquiries concerning Nature
gen, where he gained the reputation of and Religion," and an "Essay on the
great learning'ind piety, tllouglh strug- Ori.in of the Chinese Empire."
gling with an extremity of poverty that  NEELE, H-ENRY, a poet and miscelwould have clrshed a less' adlent and  laneous writer, was b. 1798; followed
heroie soul. After a short- sojourn at the profession of an'attorney; anda put
Hamburgh he removed to I-eielberg, in  an end to his existence in a fit of insani1811, and occupied himself in writitn  ty, Feb. 7, 1828.  e is tle author of
his first work, "The EInperot Julian'"Poemss," "'Dramatic and Miseellaneand his Age," which led to his appoint- ous Poetry," "The Romnance of English
ment to a chair of theology in that uni- History," and " Literary Remains."
versity, in.1812. A few months after-  NELSON, HORATIO, Viscount, was b.
wards he was nominated to the same Sept. 29, 1758, at Burnham   Thorpe, in
chair in the then infant university of Norfolk, of which parish his father was
Berlin, where he had Marheinecke and  the rector. At the age of 12 he went to
Schleiermacher for his colleagues; and  sea as a midshipnman, with lis uncle,
here he labored   assiduously for 38 Captain Suckling. He rea ched the rank
vears, producing his "History of the  of post-captain in 1779, ancd was apCihristian Church," manc other ecclesias- pointed to the command of the Hintical works of the highest value. IHe chinbroke frigate. Dnring the Anmeri




658                   CYCLrOPADIA OF 1BOGRAPHIY.                    LNEW
can war, and the succeedingI peace, he i succeeded Claudius, by whom he had
alined the character of a godt officer; been alopted. At the colmmencement
the war of the revolution gave himiil that I of his ireign his colnduct excited great
of a great one. In 1793 lie was appoint- hopes in the RomaInns; but lie soon dee,- to the Agamemlnon, forming a part generated into one of the bascst of
of Lord Hood's squadron in the Medi- tyrants. Some crimes, however, amlong
terranean. Tlhere ic distingunished himl- wlihicli is the burning of Rome, appear
self at the sieges of Bastia and Calvi, at to lhave been falsely attributed to him.
the last of which he lost an eye; liar- I e put an end to his existence in 68, in
isseo thie eliney with incessant aetivi- consequence of the successful rebellion
ty; and contributed so largely to the of Galba.
victory of Caipe St. Vincent, that lie was  NEUIHOFF, T!EODORE STEPHEN, Ba
nmae a rear-admirall, and r eceived the ron, tlhe son of a.Wstphalian noble,
order of thle Batl. In an attlack uponl was b. at Metz, about 1690. While a
Santa Cruz lie failed, and lost his riglit student at Colog'ne, lie unfortunately
aIil. In l 1'98 tie destroyed the Freichl killed a young man of rank in a dmnl,
fleet, onl lie lst of August, in the by  antl fled to the ilagoe. But tlrotui'lh the
of Abokiir; and he subsequently took  nlediation of the Spanisi  minister ihe
an active part in tlie expuision of the  received a lieutenancy il tlhe Spanisli
IFrecuh froml tlhe Neapolittan nd RoIm!an  regiment of cavalry dlestined to i mach
territories.  For tiis lie was created a aiailst tlhe Moors il Africa, and, on
baron. in 1801 he defeated tle Danes account of his good behavior, was proat tie battle of Copenhagena, anid was lmoted  to at captaincv.  When  the
tmade a viscoint; atnd in 1805, on the  Corsicans, after severalll inseess'fil at21st of October, lie crowned his achieve- ternmpts to free tllenllselves fromi the
lments by the gloirious victory of T1rafil- oppressions of Genloa, resolved, in 1735,
gar, over the united French and Spanisht to form  a goverlineient of their.own,
squadrons. This triuminph, however, was Neuhoftf was crowned kinm, liad silver
delarly earlnetd to lis conlltry by the loss and copper coins stlruck, and est ablished
of the hero who gained it. lie was mor- an orlier of klnightllood, under the
tally wounded by a rifle shot, a'nd lived  nalme of the olrder of deliverance. Theoonly just long enough to learn tliat the  dore, howexver, could not maintain himsuccess was complete. —TInoMA, was b. self against tie Genoese and a Corsican
at New York, in 1738. lie received his opposition. -e fled to England. Here
education in England, and about the   his Dutch creditors pursued him, and
close of the year 1761 he returned to his being arrested, lie bebcame a prisoner in
native country, and took up his resi- tlhe King's Bench foir somue years. His
dence at Yolrkl.  In 1774 he was chosen  liberationi was effected throuihl the ina member of the house of burgesses, strunentality of -Horace Walpole; but
and in the following year he was ap- he d. soon after, in 1755.
pointed a delegate to the continental   NEWCOMBE, WILLIAM, a learned
congress. He held a seat in this assen- prelate, was b. in 1729, at Barton le
bly ibr two successive years, and again  Clay, in Bedfordshire; was educated at
in 1779. In 1781 he succeeded Mr. Abin gdon school, and' at Pembroke colJefferson as governor of Virginia. D. lege,'Oxford; was successively bishop
1789.. —SAnMUEL b. in 1759, was one of of Dromore, Ossory, and l Waterford;
the most ardent of the Irish patriots in  was raised to the archbishopric of Ar171O, and edited the "Northern Star, "  magh bv, Earl Fitzwillinm.  Of his
which produced great effects. On the works the principal are, "A Ii1armony
rebellion being put down, in 16, 76, he of the Gospels;" " An Historical View
was tllrown into prison, where he re- of the Enlslish Biblical Translatiocns;'
imained till set lt liberty by French inter- and "Attempts towards an improved
r:rence, at tthe treatty of' Amiens, in 1802  Version of Ezekicl and  the Minor
Ile tlhen retired to America.         Prophiets.'. 1800.
NEPOS, CORNEaLIus, a Latin historian,  NEWCOMEN, TIHOMAS, a blacksmith
is said to have been b. at Verona, or in  of Dartmouth, in Devonslire, lived at
its vicinity. I-e flourished under Julius  the latter end of the 17th century,
and Augtustus Cuesar, and was a falvorite and the beh'inning of the 18th.  To
of the latter. lie wrote theL "Lives of  him belonus tle merit of the first great
celebrated Greek and Romian Charac- improvement in steamn-enfines, byi omters."                               inZ a vaciuumn under the piston, and thus
NERO, Lucius DOMITIUS CLAUDIUS, a   biiringing into action the atmospheric
Roman emperor, was b. A. D. 37, and Ipressure.




sIc]                  CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         659
NEWTON, Sir ISAAC, the greatest of   Sarre Louis. IHe entered the army in
philosophers, was b. December 25, 16,42, 1787; exerted hlimself so much in the
at Colsterworth, in incolnshire, and  early campaigns of the revolution that
early displayed a talent for mechanics I he was clled tile Indefati!table;,and
and drawing.    He was   educateld  t   ose to tile rank of brlig'aiirener-lle
Grantham   school, and at Trinity col- in 179.    I-Ie bore a part in all the
lege, Cambridge, and studied mathe- achievements of.the army of the Rhine,
matics with the utmost assiduity. In   particularly of the battle ofI ohlenlinden.
1667 he obtained a fellowship;, in 1669' In all the campaigns from 1805 to 1814,
the malthematical profesfsorshlip; and in  Ney held hligh commands, and con1671 he became a member of the Royal stantly signalized himself by his miliSociety. It wnas during his abode at tary skill and his dalil(n valor. Ile
Canmblidge that he made his three great was made a peer by Louis XVIII., and
discoveries, of fluxions, the nature of  was placed at the head of an army to
ligiht and colors, and the laws of gravi- stop the progress of Napoleon in 1815.
ta.tion. To the latter of these his at- Ney, however, went over, witih hiis amy,
tention was first turned by Iis seeing  to his' former sovereign, andll fo   for
an apple till fiom a tree. The'L Prinl-  him at Quatre Bras anid Waterloo. On
cipia," which unfolded to the world the the second restoration of the Bourbons,
theory of the universe, wais not pub- lie was condemnced to death, and was
lished till 1687. In that year also New- shot oni tle 7th of December, 1815.
ton was chosen one of the delegates, to  NICHOLS, JOHN, an antiquary and
defend the privileges of the university  miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1744, at
against James II.L and in 1688 and 1701  Islington;  was apprenticed to Bowyer
he was elected one of the members of   tle printer, mand becamie his partner;
the university. Iet was appointed war- conducted "The Gentlemian'ls Magaden of the Mint in 1606; was Imadle zine" fbr nealy half a century; alnd d.
master of it in 1699; was chosen presi- November 26, 1820. Amon. his wolrks
dent of the Royal Society in 1703; and  are, "Tle Ilistory and Antiquities of
was knighted in 1705.     Among    his Leicestershire,"  Anecdotes of Bowworks sate, "Arithmetica Universaliss" vei" " Literarly Anecdotes of the Eigh"A New Method of Infinite Series and   teenth Century," and:' Illustrations of
Fluxions,"" Optics," " The Chronology  the Literattre of the Eichteenth Cenof Ancient Kincgdoms amendclec," and   tury."
"Observations on the Prophecies of       NICH.OLSON, JAMrts, an officerin the
Daniel and the Apocalvpse." D. 1727.- American navy, was b. in Chestertor n,
THOMAS, a learned prelate, was b. in   Md., in 1737.  -le followed the life of a
1704, at Lichfield;  was educated there, sailor till the year 1773, when lie marat Westminster, and at Trinity college,  iecl and settled in the city of New
Cambridge; and, after having filled    York. Here lie reinmineed until 1771,
various minor prefermnents, was madee vihen lie returned to his native province.
bishop of Bristol, in 1761. He d. in   At the commencement of the revolution,
1782. His principal wor   is, " Disse- the government of Maryland built aind
tations on the Prophecies. "  IIe also  equipped a ship of war, called the Depublished editions, with notes, of "Pa- fence, and the command of her was inradise Lost," and  Paradise Regained."  trusted to Nichol0son. Ile performed
-GILBERT STUART, a painter of consid- xvrious exploits during thie war, andc beerable merit, was b. at IIhlilha, Nov  fo  the   ose of it was taken prisoner
Scotia, in 1794; visitec  Italy, abortt and carried into New York. I-le d. in
1820; and, on his return to Englanud,  1806.-WILLIAM, a   able writer on natuentered himself a student of tihe Rooval ral philosophy and chemistry, was b. in
Academy. IIe confined himself chiefly  1753, in London; was, successively, in
to small' pictures, and illustrated many  the maritime service, agent on the Consubjects in the " Alfixuals" alnd other tinent for Mr1. Wedgwoold, a inatllematieleaant publications, in a highly credit- cal teacher, and enlineer to the Portsea
able lnisnaeri. Ilis fmmalle'figires are  water-works; and d. in indigence, in
strikin.'ly explressive of innocence is 1815. Ilis chief works are, " An Introwell as'beoattv. D. 18835.             duction to Natual t Philosophy;   "A
NEY, MICr-EL, a'renclh mnirshial, Dictionary of Chemistry," and "The
prince of the MIoskwa, duke of Elchin  Navigator's Assistant."  In 1797 he esren, enodeiminatedl " the bravest of the  tabblished the scientific journal which
b6avbe" by his countrymen, was tile son  bears his name, anid whic i he conducted
of an artisan, and was b. in 1769, at till his decease.




660                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRtAPIY.                   [NOL
NICOLAI, CHRIST'OPHEn FREDERIC, a els in Arabia and the neighboring CounGerman author, who was also a book- tries." —G. B., a son of the foregoing,
seller, was b. at Berli, in 1733, and d. was, successively, professor at tle unithere in 1811. Amnong  his numerous. versity of' Berlin, counsellor of state,
works are, "The Lite and Opinions of  and Prussiain ambassado to the pope.
Sebaldus Nothanker," "A Tour in Ger- While he was at lorme, he discovered
many and Switzerland," and " Charac- some valuable framrnents of two of CiceteristicAneedotes of lFrederic IT."  He ros orations.  He d. in 1830.  His
also edited "The Library of Belles great work is " The History of Rome,"
Lettres," "Letters on Modern Litera- which is far superior to most of its
ture," "The German Generl Lihbary," rivals.
and "The New German General Li-        NIEWLAND, PETER, a Dutch mathobrary," the whole forming nearly two  matician, was b. in 1764, at Dimmerhundred volumes.                     mieer, near Amsterdam, and d. in 1794;
NICOLAS, Sir NICHOLAS HARRns, an   professor of natural philosophy, matheeminent antiquary, was b. in Cornwall, matics, and  astronomy, at Leyclen.
1799. At an early age lie entered the  Niewland was an instance of precocious
navy, and received his commission as talent. At seven years of arg he wrote
lieutenant in 1815, after all active and  a poem to the "Deity," and at eight le
adventurous service on the coast of Ca- solved difficult geomletrical problems
labria. But he appears to have been  with uncommon ficility. He is the ancalled to the bar in 1825. Shortly after- thor of various scientific works, and of
wards he was elected a fellow of the a volume of poetry.
Society of Antiquaries; and lie thence-  NIVEINOIS, Louis JULIUS BARBON
forward devoted himself almost entirely  MANCINI IMAZARINI, duke de, was b. in
to antiquarian literature, particularly in  1716, at Paris; served as colonel in
the departments of genealogy and his- the armly, but was obliged by ill health
tory. Almost all his works h1ave a sub- to resign his colmmission; was, successtantial historical value; such for in- sively, ambassador at Rome, Berlin, and
stance as his " Hiistory of the Battle of  London, in whichl latter city he negotiAgincourt," the memoirs in    "The ated the peace of 1762; was imprisoned
Siege of Carlaverock," and the "Scrope  by the republicans in 1793; 2 and d. in
and Grovesnor Roll," the "Proceedings 1798. Among his works are, "Fables
of the Privy Council,' his "Life of in Verse," ")ialogues of the Dead,"
Hatton," and his "Dispatches of Lord  "Dramas;" and tralnslations fiom the
Nelson;" but the most useful in aid of  Latin, Enalish, and Italian.
other literary men were his'"Chro-    NOBLE, PATRIC, a governor of South
nology of History," his "Synopsis of Carolia, distinguished as a lawyer and
the Peerage," and his "Testamenta politician. B. 1787; d. 1840.
Vetusta." D. 1848.                     NOLLEKENS, JsOEPH, an eminent
NICOLSON, WILLIAM, a learned pre- scnlptor, the son of a painter, was b. in
late, was b. in 1655, at Orton, in Cu- 1737, in London; studied under Scheeberland; was educated at Queen's col- maker, and subsequently at Rome unlege, Oxford; was successively, in 1702, der Cavaceppi; remained nine years in
1718, and 1727, bishop of Carlisle, ancl Italy, dulring. which period lhe gained
of Derry, and archbishop of Cashel; greaot reputation as an artist, andc also
and d. a few days after he was raised to improved his fortune by dealing in anthe archiepiscopal dignity.'"The En- tiquities; returned to England in 1770;
glish, Scotch, and Irish Historical Li- became a royal academician in 1772;
brary,' and the "Leges Marchialrumim, and was so extensively employed, paror Border Laws," are his principal pro- ticllarly on busts, tliat he accumullated
ductions.                            ~200,000.  ie d. April 23, 1823. In his
NIEBUIR, CARSTEN, a celebrated     claracter Nollekens had more than the
traveller, was b. in 1738 at Ludings- usual share of that singularity which
worth, in the duchy of Lauenberg; was is supposed to be attendant upon gesent, in company with four other learn- nius.
ed men, by the Danish governlment, in  NOLLET, JOTIN ANTHONY, Z French
1761, to explore Arabia; was employed  natural philosopher, was b. in 1700, at
for six years on that mission, and was Pinpre, acquired considerable scientific
the only one who returned; wtas liber- reputation, and became a member of the
amiv rewarded hy the Danish monarch; Roal Society, and of several learned
and d. in 1815. Among his works are, societies, and d. in 1770. Besides vari" A Description of Arabia," and "Tray- o011 works on electricity, and other sub



NOR]                  CYCLOPAEDIA    OF BIOGRAPHY.                     661
jects, he wrote "Lectures on Experi- were eminent men; "Examen, or Inmental Philosophy."                    quiry into the Credit and Veracity of
N ORDEN, F1EDanEio Lueis, an emi-     Kennet's History," "A History of Esnent traveller, i captain in the Daniish  culent Fish," and other works.-.FnREDnavy, was b. in 1708, at Gluckstadt, in  RIc, earl ot Guildford, better known as
liolstein. Iec was sent by his sovereign  Lord North, was b. in 1732, and eduto France and H-Iolland, to collect naval cated at Eton, and Trinity college, Oxinformation, and afterwards to E to  ypto  ford.  After having held several less
describe and design the ancient monu- important ojicees, he was, in 1707, apments of that country. He d. in 1742. pointed chancellor of the exchequer,
He is the author of "Travels in Egypt and, in 1770, first lord of the treasury.
andc Nusbiat," and of a "M emoir on the  Ihis adininistration continned through
Rtins and Colossal Statues of Theles."  the whole of the American war, during
— Joixl, an old Enolish writer, who is  which he was incessantly assailed by
conljectcnred by Wood to have been a  the opposition, and was often threatened
nAitive of W ilts. He received his cdu- with impeachment. In 1782 he resigneation at Oxford, and wrote some strange  ed, but in 1783 he was for a few mnonths
books in divinity, with very whimsical a member of the coalition ministry. Ite
titles, as "The Sinful Man's Solace,"  was blind for slome years previous to
" lAntithesis, or Contrariety between the  his decease, which took place in 192.
W'icked and Godly set forth in a Pair of  NORTIICOTE, JAMEs, an eminent
Gloves fit for every Man to wear," &c. portrait and historical painter, was b. in
ile was also the a'uthor of the "Sur- 1746, at Plymouth, where his fathier was
vevlor's Dialooue," "Labyrinth of Man's  a watchmaker. Having a taste for the
Life," a poem,'Englald, or a Guide   fine arts, and being flattered by praises
for Travellers," and " Topographical bestowed on his early pro6dueiions, he
Descriptions of Middlesex, Iertford- pursued the practice of drawing and
shie, iand Cornwall." I-e was surveyor painting withl so much assiduity, that
of the king's lands, and d. about 1625.  Dr. Mudga,  a physician of Plymouth,
NORRIS, Sir JonI, a. brave navaf recornmenldecd him as a scholar to Sir
officer, who served his country nearly  Joshua Reynolds, with whomn lie resixty years, commenncing in 1589, and  mained five years; and on leaving that
telrminating, with his life, in 1749. The great artist he commenced business on
frequent accidents and    misfortunes  his own account, withl great success, as
which befell the ships andx squadrons a portrait painter. Aspiring, however,
under his command, and which could    to the loftier, though less licrative do
not be vwarded off by any human pru- partment of historical painting, lie vis
deuce or sacacity, procured him the   ited Italy in 1777, antd remainingl there
appellation of "F'oul-weather Jack;" three years, he returned to London
yet in the duties of his profession no  with a vastly increased reputation. In
manl could be more assiduoLus.-Joonx, 1787 lie became a royal academician, and
an eminent divine and Platonist, was b. for a period of thirty years his producin 1G57, at Collingbourne Kinrston, in  tions formed a conspicuous part of tile
Wiltshire, alnd became rector of Bemer- cxhibitions at Somerset house.  He
ton, near Salisbury, wher  e he d. 1711. studied deeply, was an acute observer
lie ranks as one of the most eminent of  of human nature, and possessed a sound
the English Platonists, and lwas a good  judgment, a quick perception, and great
man, though a visionary. Amoyng Inis  conversational powers. IHle wrote "The
works are, "The Thleov and R eoeula- Life of Sir Joshua Reiynolds," also,
tion of Love," "Reflections upon the   " Fables,"  Conversationis," inld " Tie
Conduct of IIumlan Lilb," 4'Practical Life of Titian," in all of whlich he was
]Discourses," "An Essay towards the   assisted by Mr. Ilazlitt. He anassed a
Theory of the Ideal or Intelligible   large fortune by his profession, and lis
World," and "Phllilosophical Discourse  habits were too penurious to dissipate
concerning the Natural Immlortality of  it. D. 1831.
the Soul."                              NORTON, JoIN, a clergyman of
NOPRTII ROcERx, a lawyer iand mis- Boston, was b. in IHertfordshire, Encellaneous writer, the youngest son of  gland, in 1606. After receiving a theDudley Lord North, was attorney-gen- ological education, he adopted the creed
eral under James II., and d. in 1733. andl practice of the Puritans, and in 1635
H-le wrote the "Lives" of his three bro- emigrated to New England. -lIe wvas
thers, Lord Keeper North, Sir Dudley   first settled in the ministry at Ipswich,
North, and Dr. John Nort h, all of whom  but was afterwards prevailed on to re.
5t




662                  CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPPHY.                     [NUMr
move to Boston. In 1662 lhe was ap- in the church. This produced a schism,
pointed one of the two agents of the in which Novatian hald iany partisans,
colony to address Kiing Cllrles on his wlho called themselves Catharites, (pnlrestoration, but they did not fully sue- tans,) or Novatians, firon their founner.
ceed in the objects of their mission. He  This sect, after the council of Nice, fell
d. in 1663. His thcological works were into disrepute in the Wtestern empire,
inumricous, and lie published several though they continued to prevail for a
political tracts.                     much longer period in the EaIst.
NORWOOD, RICHARD, an English         NOVES, LAURA DE, the female whom
geometrician, of the 17th centurly, was Petrarch has immnortalized in his poems,
the first who imeasured a degree of the was b. near Avionon, in l130  or 1308,
meridian in England.   The operation  married Hugh cde Sade in 1325, and d.
was performed in 1635, and was carried  in 1348.
on between London and York.      No     NOY, WILLTAMT a celebrated lawyer,
particulars of his life are recorded.  Ie who may be consideled as one of the
wrote treatises on " Triionometry," on  main authors of the civil war between
"Navigation," and on " Fortification."  Charles I. and his people, wxas b. in
NOSTREDAME, or NOST1RAAA- 1577, at St. Burlian, in Cornwall, and
MUS, MICHAEL, a famous astrologer studied at Exeter college, Oxfilo, land
and empiric, was b. in 1503, at St. Reini  Lincoln's Inn. In the r eign of James
in Provence.   After having practised  I. Noy sat in puarliament for Ilelston,
physic for. some years, he asslumed the  and subsequently for St. Ives, and was
character of a propllet, and, in 155i5, a stern opponent of the court. But in
published seven centuries of "Prcdic- 1631 Charles converted him by appointtions," each of whiichl was complrised in  inr him to the office of attorneyv-general,
a stanza of four lines. They became   and Noy was thenceforth an inveterate
popular, alnd hle received valu'able prs- enemy of liberty.  Among other perents from  Charles IX., Cat.harine of  ilicioun measures le is said to liave oriMedicis, the duke of Savoy, and otler ginited-the claim of ship money.  ).
eminent persons. D. 1566.             1634. Among his worhks are,  ATreaNOTT, JOINs, a ph1siciani poet, atnd  tise on the Groiiunds and Maxims of the
translator, was b. in 1751, at Vorcester,i Law of Engfland," "The Perfect Consettled at the -lHot Wells, Bristol, in 1798, veyancer," and "The Complete Lawas a physician, and d there in 1826. yer."
Among his works are various poems;      NUGENT, TIOMAS, was a native of
translations from IHafiz, Propertins, Ca- Ireland, but settled in London, where
tullus, Horace, Lucretius, Johannes Se- he produced numerous works. Among
cundus, Bonefonius, and Petrarch; a   them  re, " A French and English Dic:
" Nosological Companion,' aid select tiousry," which has been often repoems from Herrick's "Iesperides."    printed, "Travels thlrough Germanz-,"
NOUE, FRANCIS DE LAa, a lrench Cal- "Observations on Italy and its Inliabvinist warrior, surnamied Iron-arm, fiiom  itants," "The Tour of Europe," " Conthe loss of his left arm being supplied  clillac's Essay on the Origin of Ilulan
by an artificial limb of iron, was o. in  Knowledge,' " IIenault"s IHistory of
1531, in Britany, and distinguoished him- France," &c. D. 1772.
self in the wars in Italv, the Nether-  NUTMAPOM[PILIUS, the second king
lands, and France.  -te was killed in  of Rome, was b. at Cures, a Sabine vil1591, at the siege of Lamballe. La Noune  lage, and marriec Tatia, the dalughter
was no less admired for his virtues than  of the king of the Sabines. -He wvas
for his military talent. Ile is the author chosen by the Romans as their sovereign
of "Political and Military Discourses,"  after the death of Romulus; introdx.ced
and "Remarks on Guiceiardini's His- many reformations among them dli ring
tory."                                a reign of 43 vears. D. 672 B. C.
NOVATIAN, or NOVATIANUS, a            NUMERIAN, MARCUS AURELIs, n
Greek   philosopher, lwho  embraced   Roman emperor, the son of Caris, sucChristianity, and was- aldmitted a me1n- ceeded to the throne A. D. 282, and, after
ber of the priesthood. He started the  a reign of eight months, was mn. jaered
doctrine, that it was sinful to admit by Arrins Aper, his father-in-lawv. Nupersons who had once lapsed to idolatry  merian was a good writer, and s.n elo
to communion, a practice then universal quent speaker.




OCC]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAI HT.                      663
0.
OATES, TITUS, one of the most in- trymen.     In i815, having applied the
fanions characters that ever disgraced  epithet "beggarly" to the Dublin corhumanity, was b. about 1619, was edu- poration, lie was challenged by Aldercilted at'Merchant Tailors' school, and  man d'Esterre, who resented it as a
at Cambridge; became a Roman Catho- personal insult. The challenge was aclie and a Jesuit in 1677, but, shortly  cepted, but the alderman fell.  The
after, declard hinmself a Protestant. wai same year Mr. O'Connell received a
gave informantion of a petended popish  hostile message from  Mr. Peel, then
plot, by which means he excited a pop- secretary for Ireland, but their meeting
1ar fr' lment, and brought many inno- was prevented by the police, who had
cent ill-ividuals to the scaffold. In the obtained knowledge of the affair, and
reign of Janies II. Oates was tried for Mr. O'Colnell soon afterwards resolved
perl;jry, and a dreadftlly severe sen- that hle would thenceforwi ard neither
tence was passed upon him.  After the  send nor accept a challenge for any inrevolution lie was pensioned. D. 1705. jury that lie migiht inflict or receive-a
OBERLIN, JEREIMIAII JAMES, a Ger- resolution to wthich lie steadfastly admIan anltiquary and plhilolo(ist, was b. hered.  In 1823, in conjunction with
at Stralsburg, in 1735.  lie beo'an his Mr. Shell, he founded a new Catholic
career as teacher in the gymnasium of association, whiceh soon extended over
his native place, and aftel he hlad ex- the whole of Ireland, and firom  that
tended his lknowledge and replutation  period down to his decease, his personal
by hli travels, le was transfelrred to the  history is identified with that of Ireland.
university; in 1782 he obtained the   In 1828 he resolved, notwithstanding
chair of o10ic and netap hsics, to which, the existing disabilities, to become a
in 1787, was iadded the office of director candidate for a seat in parliament, and
of the gymnasilum.  The French rcv- was chosen a member for Clare.     IIe
olution initelrr pted his learned labors, refused to take the prescribed oaths.
and in 1793 he was imprisoned at Metz, But early in the next session the Ponman
and treated with gareatt cruelty, but at Catholic relief bill was introduced and
the termination of Robespierre's tyranny  carried. He was therefore, in the month
hle was liberated, and'restmed his lit- of April, 1829, enabled to sit for Clare
crary occupations. He published valu- without taking the objectionable oaths.
able editions of Tacitus, C sar, Ovid, He continued a member for eighteen
and Iorace, and produced a numrber of y(f-.rs.  In 1841 lie was elected lord
works on archaology, statistics, &c. I- irlorl of Dublin, and in 1843 " monster
D. 1806.                             Ir ligtlns" was held on the royal hill of
O'CONNELL, DANIEL, of Darrynane       i., on the Curragh of Kildare, the
abbey, the great Irish "agitator," or rath of Mullaghlmast, and other renown"'liberator," was the son of a smnall ed localities, for the repeal of the Irish
landed proprietor in the county of Ker- union.  A meeting for Clontarf was
ry, wher e lie was b. An. 6, 1775. Edu- fixed for the 8th of Oct., when tie govcated at the Catholic college of St. Omer, eminent interfered.  Mr. O'Connell was
and at tile Irish semlinar of Doula, he sentenced to pay a fine of ~2000, and to
at first intended to enter the churchl, be imprisoned for a year. This judgbut after the repeal of the act whichl lmen1 t was afterwards reverseft by the
prohibitedl Roman Catholics from prac- house of lords. IHe retired soon after
tisina att thle bar, he became a student fiom the arena of strife, and commenced
of Lincoln's Inn in 1794, was admitted  a pilgrimage in 1847, more for devotion
a barrister in 1798, and soon acquired a than fbr health, towards Rome; but he
Itarge practice, which yielded him  a had proceeded no faitther than Genoa,
handsome income. In 1809 lie became when with comparatively little suffering,
colnnected with the associations which  he expired, in his 72d year.
had the emancipation of tile Catholics  OCCAM,.or OCKIIAM, WILLIAM, a
for their object, and tle poners of elo- divine and philosopher, called the Inquence, together with the boundless   vincible Doctor, was b. at Ockham, in
zeal which'he displayted in this cause, Surrey, in the 14th century, was edusoon made him the idol of his Catholic, cated at Meruon college, Oxford, under
and the dr Ad of his Protestant, coun- Duns Scotns, became a Franciscan friar,




664                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPIHY.                       OIIA
and archdeacon of Stow,x but resigned   OELRICHIS, JOIN CIHALES CON.A.D,
his preferment, wrote boldly a-gainst tile  a German historian and bibliographer,
pope, for which he was excomnimunicated, was b. at Berlin, in 1722, became pioand d. at Munich in 1347. Ile is the  fessor of history and civil law at the
founder of the scholastic sect of the academy of Stettin, publishetl many
nominal'sts. t                         aluable works in Latin and Gelrma;,
OCKLEY SIMON, a celebrated oriei- obtained the post of counsellor of ie'ntilist, was b. in 1678, at Exeter, was  tion, and resident of the duke of DIux
educated at Queen's college, Cambridge, Ponts, at tle court of Berlin, in 1784
obtained the vicarage of Swanesey, in  and d. in 1798.
Camibridcgeshire, and d. in indigence inl  OGILBY, JOHN, a mnultifirions writer,
1720. He is the author of a valuable  was b. in 1600, at Edinburgh, and was
" listory of the Saracens," "The Life originally a dancing master.   Being
of Hai Ebn Yokdan," from the Arabic, compelled by an accident to relinquish
an "Introduction to the Oriental Lan- that occupation, le became an alutthor.
guages," and other works.             He was also appointed kinng's cosmogOLCOLAkNMPADIUS, JOIIN, ian emi- raplher,.ald master of the revels in Irenent German reforiner, was b. in 1482, land, wht.e le built a theatre. He d.
at Weinsberg, in Franconia. Hle was in 1676. Among his works'are, transitconverted to the Protestant flith by  tions of the Ilia'l, Odyssey, and Eneid,
reading the works of Luther, becamre  mand many ( eoorPaphical pioductions.
professor of theology at Basle, embraced  OGILVIE, JOe1N', a Scotch divine and
the opinions of Zuinglius respecting tlhe poet, was b. in 1733, and educated at
sacrament, contributed much to the pro- the university of Aberdeen, from which
gress of ecclesiastical reform, and d. in  he obtained a doctor's degree, was ior
1531.                                 more than half a century minister of
OEIILENSCHLOEGER, ADAM, thle        Iidmlar, in Aberdeenshire, and d. in
most celeb rated dramatic poet of Scan- 1814, respected for his piety andl talents.
dinavia, was b. at Copenhagen, 1777. Iis poetical powers were by no means
When still a child lie evinced great skill inconsiderable.  His chief works are,
in writing verses; and even in his 9thl "'Sermons," "Poems," " Britannia,"
year lie wrote short comedies for private an epic poem,  Philosophical and Crittheatricails, inwhich the chiefperformers ical Observations on  Compositions,"
were himself, his sister, and a friend. and "Examination of the Evidence of
These and other similar attempts created  Prophecy."
the wish to go upon the stage, and when  OGLETI-ORP?, JAMES EDWARD, al
he was in his 17th year he put his de- English officer, was b. in London,ii n
sign into execution. But lie soon found  1698, and was educated at Oxford. lie
that the stage was not in unison with  was an aid-de-camp to Prince Eugene.
his inclinations, and he abandonedi it In 1732 lie settled tile colony in Georgia,
first for the study of the law, and aft, - and laid the foundation of the town of
wards for general literature. In 1805 3 Savannah. In 1745 lie was made nmaiorleft Copenhiagen with a stipend from the general, and was employed to foliow
Danish gove rnlment. on a lengthened  the rebels under the Pretender. He 1.
tour through Germmany and Italy; and  in 1785.
on his retlrn, in 1810, he was appointed  0ITHALLOREAN, SYLVESTEL, an Irish
to the chair of literature inl the univer- antiquary, w as b. 1728, broulght up and
sity of Copenhagen, where lie labored  rractised as a sfrgeon, and wrote sevassiduously till his death. His earliest eril imedical tre'atises. But it i s  as an
works were composed in Danish, but antiquary land historian that he is now
he rewrite mlost of them in German, principally known.     In 1772 lie puband Gerlmany has givene them a promi- lished an "Introduction to the Stldy
nent place in her own literature. lis of the History and Antiquities of Iremost important works are, "Hakon      land,'" lwhiclh was followed by a "G nJarl," "(Colreg io," " Palnatoke," "Al- eial History of Ireland."  D. 1807.
addin, "Der Iirten-lniabe," &c. His   O'IIARA, KANtE, an Irish dranatist,
"Antobiogra.phly" is a beautiful per-  vh]o hadC much musical taste, land a
formance, fully displ.aying the qualities happy talent of adapting verses to old
for which lie ias cistinguished through  airs. Iis chiefproclcetions are " Ticlas,
life-strong feelinlgs and earnestness of  which was extremely well received, anmd
purpose-and whcich gained him   uni- is still a favorite, "The Golden Pippin,
versal respect while he lived, and more  "The Two Misers," "April Day," and
than rogma honors at his death. D. 1850. " Tom Thumb."  D. 1782.




OLI]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF' BIOM   -APHIY.                   665
O'KEEFE, JOHN, a celebrated dram- patronized by the earl of Kingston, and
atist, was b. at Dublin, in 174S, and was  d. in 1683. His satires are ruoged, but
originally intended for the profession of  full of energy. Dryden, in a beautiful
a painter, but his taste obr theatrical tribute to his memory, calls him
amusements interfered with his studies,                       "the young,
and he soon forsook the easel for te      Bt, ah! too short,   Marcellus of our tongue!"
sock and buskin. Having been intro-      OLDYS, WILLIAM, an antiquary and
duced to Mr. Mossop, he obtained al miscellaneous writer, the natural son of
ellngagement at the )Dublin theatre; and  a civilian, was b. in 1696, becamne libralie continued to performn in that city, rian to Lord Oxford in 1726, was apand in the towns to which the company  pointed Norroy king-at-arms, and dc in
mlade summer excursions, for twelve    1761.  Among other works he wrote
years, as a comedian, with considerable'"The British Librarian,l'" The Unisuccess. His ambition to figure as an  versal Spectator," a "Life of Sir Watlter
autihor was coeval with his theatrical Raleigh, and several lives in the " Bitaste; for, at the age of 15, lie attempted  ogoaphia Britalnica."  Ie also assisted
a comedy in five acts. Among his early in selecting "The -Iarleian Miscellany."
productions which attracted notice, waxs  OLEARIUS, or OELSCHLEGER,
a kind of histrionic monologue, called  ADA-r, a learned German traveller, was
"Tony Lunimpin's RIambles through     b. 1599, at Ascherleben, in Anhalt; was
Dublin,"   He at length left Ireland, educated at Leipsic; entered into the
about 1780, with the view of obtaining  service of the duke of Holstein Gottorp,
an engagemlent in London, but, as lie  and was appointed scretary to the cmndid not succeed in his endeavor, he ap- bassy which that prince sent to Russia
plied himself with great assiduity to  and Persia; was, on his return, made
dramatic composition, and between 1781  counsellor, librarian, and mathlematician,
and 1798 he produced nearly fifty corn- to the duke; and d. 1671. He wrote an
edies, comic operas, and icrces. Many  account of his "Travels," a "Chronicle
of these acquired a flattering popularity, of Holstein," and other works.
and some still keep possession of the    OLIVET, JosEPII THIOULIEt D1, a
stage, among which are, "Wild Oats,"   Frenclh grammarian and critic, was b.
thie" Castle of Andalusia," the "Agree- in 1682, at Salins.  Ie was originally a
able Surprise," the "Poor Solcier,"    Jesuit, but quitted the order, to give
"'Peepinag Tom,," the L" Young Quiakler,"  himself up to literature. In 1723 he
&c. In 1S800, O'Keefe, who ws as then  became a member of the French Acadblind, and had been reduced by miis- emy, the dictionary of which body lie
fortune to a state of great embarrass- assisted inrevisin. Ills rincipalwolks
ment, had a benefit at Covent-garden   are, a valuable ecition of Cicero, transtheatre.  He subsequently published    lations fromi Dernosthenes and Cicero,
his " Recollections, or Biographical Mie- a "History of the French Academy,"
moirs," and d. at Southampton, 1833.  and a "Treatise on Prosody."  D. 1762
OLAFSEN, EGGErT, a learned Ice-       OLIVER, ANDRcEW, was graduated at
lander, lwho studied at Copenhagen, IHarvard college, in 1724, iand was early
after which he returned to his native  engaged in public employments, sueisland, which lie travelled over repeat- ceeded Hutclhinison as lieutenant-govedly in company with his fellow-student ernor of Massachusetts, in 1771, and
Bilaen Paulsen. The result of their ob- retained that office till his death, in 1774.
servations was printed at Copenhagen, He rendered himself very unpopular by
1772.  Olaf;len was then appointed a  acceptincg from the British government
a magistrate in Iceland, where he de- the office of stamnp distributor of the
voted much of his time to natural his- province.-W ILLIA  ANTIONY, an emitory and poetry, but, about four years nent French natiuralist and traveller, was
ibefore his death, lie applied almost b. 1756, at Frejus; was sent on a scienwlholly to the study of the Scriptures. tific mission to Persia by the IFrench
I-Ie was drowned with his wife in cross-  overnmient, in 1792, and returned with
inl the Brcicafiord in 1776. 6a valuable collection, after an absence of
OLDIAM, JoiN, a poet, was b. in      six years. His chief works are, " Travels
1653, at Shipton, in Gloucestershire, in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Perwas educated at Tetbury free school, sia," I"A Natural HIistory of Coleopterous
and lEdmunnd hall, Oxford, became usher Insects" and a portion of the " Dictionof Croydon free school, and afterwards amy of' the Natural History of Insets,"
tutor in the, families of Sir Edward  in lt he "Mhethodical iEncyclopcdia."  D.
Thurlanl d and Sit William Hickes, was 181.
56*




666                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [ORL
O'MEAR,4, BARRY EDWARD, the con- poems; the one in five books, called
fidential medical attendant of the E:nper- "Haleutics," on fishing; the other in
or Napoleon in his last days, and author four, with the title of "Cynoreticon,"
of "A Voice from St. IIelna," was a on hunting. Some critics haie doubted
inative of Ircelnd, and b. about 1778. whether lie is really the author of the
He was originally a surgeon in the Brit- latter.
ish navy, eahd was on board the Bellero-  ORANtE, WXTILLIAM of N.ASSAU, prince
plhon in that capacity, on the 7th of of, the fomnder of the Dutch republic,
Aulgust, 1815, wlhe  Napoleon went on  was b. 1583, at.the castle of 1)illeinbori-d. Napoleon having observed Dr.. burgh.  IIe was brought iup in the cotirt
O'MNeara's skill in atten(ldii to some of of Charles V., who, in 10i54, gav e him
the crew, and hlis knowledge of itllilan, tile commandl of the army in the NeLhermad e overtures to him, on being trans- lands. Plilip 1I., lhowever, treated hiln
ferrec to the Nortllhrmblerldlll   to aC- with coldness; and the conduct of the
company him to St. Helena as his sur- prince, in joinirng with the Flemish
geon, his own inot beingr able to go with  nobles to protect the liberties of the
himn. Havxing obtiined Adnirall Keith's  Netiherlands, converted thatt coldness
permission, )Di. O'Meara asselnted, and  into ihatred. HIe was forced to fly, Iad,
remained with the ex-cinpcror till July, in lis absence, was condemned to death.
1818, when lie was recalled and deprived  He then took lip'arml, and after several
of his Irnk. THe was latterly an active  reverses, succeeded in wresting a prart
partisan of O'Connell's, at one of whose  of the Netherlands fiom the domnilnioni
lagitation meeting's lie is said to have  of the Spanish tyrant.' But he lid not
caught the illness which terminated   witness.the consummation of his labors;
fatallv, June 3, 1836.                heing assassinated, in 1584, at I)elft, by
OPIE, JOHN, a celebrated painter, rwas Baltliasar Gerard.-FnREDERICti HENnRY of
b. 1761 at St. Agnes, near Truro, in  NAssAu, prince of, stadcltholder of HolCornw'all, amd was the son of a carpen- land, was b. 1584, at Delft, and was
ter, who destined him to follow that brought up by his brother Maurice,
bulsiness. At 10) xears of age he could  whoml lie succeeded in 1625. He govsolvce ianly difficult problems in Euclid, erned with w isdom  and equity, and
and at 12 he tauglt xwriting and arith- secured tlie independence of his country
metic at an evening school in his native  by numerous xvictories and conquests.
village. But drawinc soon becamel his D. i 1647.
principal object, andc le made several  ORELLANA, FnxRA:CIS, one of the
sketches and copies, which were nmuch  Spanlislh a(lventurers to the new world,
talked of in the neigrbborhood.  After was b. it. Truxillo, early in the 16th cenhaving practised for a few years in the  ttry, and accompanied  the Pizarros to
provincial towns hle settled in London, Peru. Passing the Andes, he embarked
in 1780, weher  e acquiedl both fame  on the Aimazons, and followed its course
and fortune. iIe became a royal acad- to the ocean. He vwas the first European
einician,' and professor of painting to -that navigated that imighity stream, and
the acadenmy.  I-e wrote Lectures, a it still bealrs his name.  ). 149.
"Life of Sir Joshua Reylnolds," anid a  ORIGEN, one of the fathers of the
"Letter on the Forumation of a Natiolal chuerch, was b. 185, at Alexandria, and
Gallery. D. 1807.-AMrLIA, b. in 1771  studied philosophy under Animononius,
at -Iariwich,  was highly distinguished  and theology Iuicler Clemens Alexanfor her literary abilities, and was the drinus. Being persecuted by his dioautlhor of " A Life of Opie," " Adeline  cesan, Demetrius, he went to C-esarea,
Mowblray," "Simple Tales," "The Eve   and afterwarcds to Athens. During the
of St. Valentine," &c.                persecution of Decius, lie was imxprisOPITZ, MARTIN, whom the Germans oned and tortured. His great works
call the father and restorer of their po- are, "The HIexapla," " Commentaries
etry, was b. 1597, at Buntzlau, in Silesia;on the Scriptures, and a  Treatise
was educated at Breslan and Frankfort- against Celsus."  D. 253.
on-the-Oder; spent several years in     OILEANS, CHARLES, duke of, was
travelling in various parts of Europe; maide prisoner at the battle of Aginwas ennobled, and sent on a mission to  court, in 1415. ILe remainedin England
Paris; andc d. in 1639.               25 years; and on lfis return to France
OPPIAN, a Greek poet, a native of he undertook the conquest of tie duchy
Coryetus, in Cilicia, flourished in the 2d  of Milan, to xwhich lie conceived himself
century, and was liberally'rewarded for entitlec in right of his mother. lIe was
his works by Caracalla.'Ho wrote two  not, however, successful in this enter



Oli.]                 CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      667
prise: and d. 1495.-Louis, dukle of, with Marat, Danton, and Robespierre,
was the son of'Philip the regent of  in September, 1792, at which time the
France, andc b. at Versailles, in 1703. comnimune of Paris authorized him to
In study, devotion, and acts of charity  adopt for himself and his descendants
he spent his life. In 1733 he saved   the appellation of Egalite, instead of the
numbers from perishing by famine in   name and titles of his family; and lie
the Orleannois; as ho again (lid through- not only voted for the deathi of the king,
out France, in the dearth of 1740. Ile but was present at his execution. But
also extended his benevolence to distant lie was not qualified to profit by the
countries;'while in his own he founded  commotions he had promoted  he wNras
schools, protessorships, hospitals, and  as weak as he was wicked, as indecisive
colleges. But his charitable occupationis as le was ambitious. The Jacobinis had
did not draw him aside ferom lis studies, no loneoer any occasion for him; lie was
which lie pursued. with such diligence  struck fioin their rolls, and included in
as to become master of the oriental an- the general.proscription of the Bourguages, and most of the sciences. D. boens; and was committed to prison at
1752, leaving miany works in manu- Marseilles, with other members of the
script, the chief of which were "Corn- family. Being brought before the erimmenta.ries on the Scriptures." —Lo;uis inal tribunal of the department, he was
JOSEPH PMILIP, duke of (better known  declared innocent of the charges of conby his republican appellation of Egalite,) spiracy that were preferred against him 
was the cousin of Louis XVI., and fia- but thle committee of public safety forther of Louis Philippe, the late king of  bade his liberation; and, after six
the French. lie wias b. at St. Cloud, in  monlths' detention, he was transferred
1747; married the daughter of the duke to Paris, tried, and condemined to suffer
of Penthievre, grand admiral of France, by the guillotine; to which he sub.mitin 1769;'was from his youth g'uilty of  ted with firmness and courage, on the
the most unbridled licentionsness; and  same day, Nov. 6, 1793.-FERDINAND
acqiuirecd a base notoriety by his con- PIILTPPE Lou,s duke of, prince-royal
duct during the French revolution. of France, was b. at Palermo in 1810,
After the dea:thl of his f.ther, in 1787, lie and was the eldest child of Louis Phibecame possessed of the hereditary title lippe, then duke of Orleans, and afterand estates; and, having indulged to  wards kino of the French, by Maria
satiety in all sensual pleasures, lie found  Amelia, dauiglter of Ferdinand, king of
a newv kind of excitement for his palled  the Two Sicilies. The prince served
appetites in the storins oftherevolution, with great distinction with the French
11d a new source of pleasure in the army at the siege of Antwerp, and in
tgratifications of revenge. He had enter- the African wvar; and llis horse was
ced the navy, and was entitled by his'vwounded at the time of the murderous
birthl to the'place of grand-admir al; but attempt unpon the life of his roysal father
having been' accused of cowardice while in 1835.  Youn1, popular, a patron of
in cominand of a cdivision of the fleet the arts and literaturei, and devotedly
against Keppel, in the action of Ushant, attached to his profession, every thing
in 1778, instead of receiving promotion  seemed to promise to this piince a
in the navy, the post of cololnel-general career gloriouis to himself and useful to
of the hussars was created iand bhestow- his country, wlien lie was unfortunately
dcl on him. From this time may be thrown from his carriage, and he d. on
dated his hatred of Louis XVI.; and he the spot, July 13, 1842. —MAnIE. princess
subsequently adopted every method to  of, daulghter of Lonis Phlilippe, ex-king
obtain popularity, with a vimew to polit- of the French, wails b. at Palermo, 1813.
ical power.'In the dispute between the Fromin her earliest vears she evinced a
court and the parliament, he constantly Iremarkable love of the fine arts, and
opposed the royal acuthority. His ob- more especially of sculpture, which she
ject evidently was to reduce the king to  cultivated with a zeal and assiduity that
a state of tutelage, and procure for him- soon gave hier a promi-nent place among
self the formidable office of lieutenant- the most distinguished artists of her
general of the kingdomi.   ie. caused  time. Her marvellous statue of Joan of
qeandalous libels agcainst the queen, Arec, in the museum of Versailles, was
whom lie pursued wvith the most bitter finished before she had reached lher 20th
hatred, to be distributed; and his bust year; and besides this she produced
was carried in triumph through the numierous bas reliefs, busts, and statstreets by the populace. ie was'chosenl nettes, of rare beauty and excellence.
a member of the national convention, In 1837 she married Alexander, dluke of




668                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         [OTI
Wirtemberg; a union rich in promises ed in compliment to him by Grahan, its
of earthly happiness; bnt she was pre- inventor. D. 1731.
aturely cut off by consumption in 1839,  ORTELL, ABRAIAM, a learned geogto the inexpressible grief of her fanily  rapher, who was called the Ptolemy of
and the friends of art.               his nge, was b. 1527, at Antwerp. He
ORME, ROBERT, an historian, the son'travellec on the Continent, and in Great
of a physician in the East India Compa- Britain, and formec a valuable collection
ny's service, was b. in 1728, at Anjengo, of antiquities. On his return he pubin Hindclostan; was educated atI Htarrow; lished an atlas, which gained for him
became a member of the council at Fort the appointment of geograpler to Philip
St. Geo rge, commissary and accountant- II. of Spain. His principal works are,
general, and historiographer to the con- " Thesaurus Geographicus," and " Thepany. Ie is the author of a "History   atri Orbis Terrarum.."  D. 1598.
of the Military Transactions of the Brit-  OSSIAN, an ancient Gaelic bard, is
ish Nation in H-indostan," and "Ilis- supposed to have lived in the. 3d centutorical Fragments of the Mogul Empire."  rv, and to have been the son of Fingal,
As an historian Ormne is entitled to a  a Caledonian hero, whom he accompaplace among the most eminent writers. nied in valious military expeditions.
). 1801.                              His name has derived its celebrity firom
OROSIUS, PAUL, a Spanish ccclesias- the publications of Macphlerson, vwhich
tic of the 5th century, was b. at Tarra- comprise a remarkable series of ballads,
gona, and was a disciple of St. Auglustin. on the deliverance of Erin from the
His chief work is a "History of Human  haughty Swaran, king of Lochlin, by
Calamities," which was written atf th1e Fingal. They have been translated into
request of St. Augustin, and has had   all the European ilanguages, and please
the honor of being translated by Alfred  by their successful'delineation of the
the Great. The time and place of his passions, picturesque expressions, bold
cecease are unknown.                   but lovdly imagces and comparisons, deep
ORIPEUS, a Greek poet, musician, pathos, and tendeir melancholy to.ne.
and founder of some religious ceremo-    OSTADE, ADRIAN VAN, a painter of
nies, is supposed by sonme to be a1n the Flemish school, was b. at LubecCk,
imnainary person, but is probably a real in 1610, and studied under Francis Ials.
one, thougih his history is involved in  His pictures are characterized by an exfable-. He seems to have been a native  act imitation of nature, and usually conof Thrace, son of one of the princes of  sist of alehouse interiors, with Dutch
that country, and to have'been b. about peasants smoking, quarrelling, or drinka century before the Trojan war. He is ing. His coloring is rich and clear, his
said to have been one of the AmrOnauts, tolch spirited'and fire, and all his
to have subsequently travelled in Egypt, wvorks are highly finished. I) 1685.
and to have introduced E(gptian science  OTHIO, MARCUS SALVUS, a Roman n cm
and customs into Greece. The works    pcror, was b..    In his early youth li
attributed to him are of a much later was pro(liogal and licentious, anid a fiivor
Loriod.                               ite of Nero; but during his ten y'earl''ORRERY, CHARLES BOYLE, earl of, qlestolship ofLusitlia, he distillishlwas b. 1676, at Chelsea, and was dcli- ed himself by his uprig-ht and dig-nified.cated at Christ-church, Oxford, under conduct. IIe espoused the cmuise of
the tuition of Dr. Atterbury. IIe pub- Galba; but, disappointed in his hopes
hshed, while at college, an edition of  of being adoptec by him, he formed a
"Phalaris."  Bentley questioned the   conspira`cy against himn, and was raised
authenticity of the epistles; Boyle re- to the throne. Otho, lhowever, retained
Ilied; and this led to a warm contro- the imperial authority little more than
versy, in which Bentley was fruitlessly  three months. Ilaving been defeatec
opposed by a confederacy of wits. by the forces of Vitellius, he put an end
Boyle succeeded to the earldom on the to his own existence, 69.
death of his brother; was promoted in    OTIS, JAnES, a distintluishled Ameerthe army, employed as an ambassador, ican statesman, was b. at West Barnand mnade anl English peer, by Queen  staple, Massachusetts, in 1725, and was
Anne; but was in dcisfiavor during the  graduated at IIarvarl college in 1743.
reign of George I., and was even im- He pursued the profession of the law,
prisoned for six months.   He wrote   and establishing himself in Boston socn
"As You Like It," a comedy; and       rose to eminence. His public career
some verses. 4,The astronomical instru- mnay be said to have opened with hlis
menit which bears his naame was so call- celebrated speech against writs of as



OW'E,]                CYCLOPCEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        669
sistancc. At the next election he was  of pleasure. Virgil, Horace, Tibullus,
chosen a representative to the legisla- and Propertius were his friends, and
ture, and soon became the leader of the  Augustus was a liberal patron to him.
popular party. In 1765 lie was a mom-  At length, however, for some cause
ber of the congress which assembled at which has never jbeen discovered, the
New York. In 1769 he was severely     emperor banislhed him to Tomos, in
wounded in an assault committed upon  Scythia; nor could all the prayers and
him by sole British officers; from one lamienmtations of the despairing Ovid
of whom he recovered large damages,   procure a remission cf his sentence.
which he remitted on receiving a writ- D. 17
ten apoloc. In 1772 hlie retired fiomn   OVIEDO, JOHN GONZALEs, a Spaniard,
public life, and in May of the following  who soon after the discovery of America
year was killed by a stroke of lightninr. visited the WTest Indiesi to examine the
He was a good scholar, a learnced and  natural productions of tlht part of the
able lawyer, a bold and conmmandin    worldc. WIe pnblished the result of his
orator, and possessed infinite powers of  researcl:es; and, according to Fallopius,
humor and wit.                        was tle first who discovered the virtues
OTTLEY, WILLTAM YOUNG, keeper of    of guaiacum in the cure of syphilis. D.
the prints in the British museum. He 1540. —GONZALvoHIExNANDEZ )D', a Spanwas lnown as an artist, a collector, and  ish military officer, who was intendant
an author. When scarcely 20 years of   or inspector-general of commerce in
age lie proceeded to Italy, iwhere he re- America, in the reign of the Elmperor
mained about ten years, employed in    Charles V. lie wrote a complete "II istaking copies of the most esteemed and  tory of the Iildies;" fiom which sucvaluable paintings; and on his re- ceeding writers have drawn much of
turn to England lhe proldced a series  their information relative to the interof fac-similes of the original drawinges course of the Spaniards with America.
of the best masters, under the title of  OAWEN, JonsN, a divine, was b. about
the "Italian School of Design," a nma-  1765, in London, and was educated at
nificent work, consistinr of 81 plates. St. Paul's school and Cambridnce. HavHis other principal works are, " The  ing taken ordels, he became a popular
Florentine School," the't Origin and  preacher, and obtained from   Bishop
Ea'rly History of Engrawlvina,7 " The  Porteus the living of Pac-lesham, in
Stafiordl Gallcery," anld " The Critical Essex, and the curacy of Fullham. On
Catalogue of the National Gallery."  B. the institution of tle British and Foreign
1772; d. 1836.                        Bible Society, le became one of the secOTWAY, TIIoMA, a celebrated dra- retaries, and for eighlteen years was the
matic writer, was b. 1 51, at Trottin; was most active of its melbelrs. Among
educated at Wt inchester school, andc  his works are, " Travels in different
Christ-church, Oxford; and, after having- Parts of Europe," " The Christian Monmade a vain attempt to be an actor, be- itor," " The Fashionable World discame a writer for the stace. The earl played," and a " Vindication of the
of Plymouth obtained for him a cornet's Bible Society."  D. 1822.-HIENRY, a
commlission, but at the end of one can- learned divine of the church of England,
paign in Flanders, Otway quitted the   was b. in Monmouthshire,-and educated
military service. The tracedv of " Alci- first at Ruthin school, and next at Jesus
blades," his first piece, appeared in 1765. college, Oxford, where hIe took his degree
His finest tragedies, " The Orphan,"   of M.D., but afterwards entered into
and "Venice Preserved," were acted in  orders, and obtained the vicarage of
1680 and 1682. Otway lived and died   Edmonton, in Middlesex, and St. Olave,
poor. It has been said that he was    Hart-street. He d.. in 1795, aged 80.
c!oked by a piece of roll, which he ate  His chief works are, " Observations on
too eagerly after havin  liong fasted; the Scripture Miracles," " Remarks on
but tlhere is reason to beliexve that his the Four Gospels," " An Inquiry into
death proceeded from fever, brought on  the Septuagint Version,"  " Sermons
by his violent exertions in pursuit' of  preached at Boyle's Lecture," and "An
the murderer of one of his friends. D.Itrodcltion to Hebrew Criticism."1685.                                 JOHN, an epigrammatist, was b. in CaerOVID, PUBLIIrs NASO, a celebrated    narvonshire; was educated at WinchesRoman poet, was b. 43 B.., at Sllmo, ter, and New college, Oxford; after
and was of the eq nestrian order. He which he became master of Warwick
studied the law under Messala, but soon  school, and d. in 1622. His Latin epiabandoned the bar for poetry and a life  grams possess great point, and several




670                  CYCLOPMEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [PAa
of them are inferior only to those of historical subjects, s:mole Df which wore
Martial.-JoIN, a learned Independent of a first-rate character. B. 1769; d
divine, was 1). at Stadhlam, in Oxtord- 1824.
shire, in 1616, and educated at Queen's  OWTRAM, WILLIAM, a learned Encollege. In the civil wars he was a glish civine. HIe was prebendary of
zealous advocate fom the parlilamnent Westminster in the reign of Charles II.,
against the king'; and the very day after and wrote an excellent treatise  De
tle execution of Charles I. he preached  Sacrificiis."  D. 1679.
a sermon before the house of commons,   OXENSTIEBRNA, Count AXEL, a celmaking himself so acceptable to tllose  ebrated Swedish statesman, was b. in
in power, that Cromwell madie him his 1583, in the province of Upland, and
chaplain, and gave him the deanery of  studied at various German universities.
Christ-chlurch, Oxtord, where he served  Charles IX. employed him in imhportant
the office of vice-chancellor in 1652. At negotiations; and Gustavus Alolplhus
the restoration lie was deprived of his na'cle him prime minister, and reposed
deanery; on whicll he retired to his in him an unlimited confidence. After
estate in Essex. IIe ieed in 1683. Dr. the death of GUistavus, lie for several
Owen was a very voluminous writer. years conducted the afiairs of the kingIlis principal works are, " An Exposi- dom with vigor and success. D. 1654.
tion of the IIebrews," a " Discourse    OZANAM, JAMES, an able French
concerning' the Holy Spirit," a  lrea- mathematician, was b. in 1640, at Boutise on Oricinal Sin," " Vindiiem Evan- ligrneux. He was brouhlt up for the
gelicn,"" Tracts and Sermons," &c.-  church, but relinquished the clericai
THOMAs, a learned judge. was b. at Con- profession on the death of lis ifather.
dover, in Shropshlire, and educated at For many years he was in high repute
Oxford; from whence he removed to     as a mathematical teacher. Among his
Lincoln's Inn, were lie became Lent works are, " A Course of Mathematics"
reader to the society, in 1583. In 1590 "' A Treatise on Gnomonics," "New
he was made serogeant-at-law, and after- Elements of Algebra," and "   tMthewards a judge of the common pleas. D. maitical and Philosophical Recreations.'
1598. —WILLIAM, an eminent English    D. 1717.
artist, was a native of'Shopslhire. After  OZEIOFF, VLADISLAS ALEXAND1Ostuldying under Charles C(atton, and re- VITSO, a  celebrated Russian tragic anceiving considerable attention from Sir tlor, was b. in 1770, near Twer, cand
Joshua Eeynolds, he made great pro- entered into the civil service after havgress in the urt, and in 1813 was ap- ing attained the rank of major-general
pointed principal portrait-painter to the  in the army. IIe produced, between
prince regent, who offered to knight 1798 and 1809, the tragedies of " The
him, but lie modestly declined the honor. Death of Ole," " (Edi p us at Athens,"
He executed some admirable portraits  " Fingal,"  "Dmitri Donskoi,'    and
of distinaguished statesmen, &c., and  "Polixena." lie also wrote some lyric
also employed himself occasionally on  poems. D. 1816.
P.
PACA, WILLIAM, a signer of the dec- courts, lie received from Pope-Pius VII.
laration of American independence, was the cardinal's hat in 1801, drew up the
educated at the college in Philadelphia, falus bull awhich excomimunicated Naand pursued the profession of medicine. poleon in 1809, and was in consequence
He was a delegate to coingress from   imprisoned at Fenestrella. In 1813 he
Maryland, and afterwards governor of  rejoined Pius VII. at: Fontainbleau,
that state. in 1788 he was a member where le induced him to withdraw the
of the Marylland convention which rati- concessions a lshort time previously esfled the federal constitution, and in 1789 tablished with Napoleon by a concordat,
was appointed district judge for Mary- returned to Rome with the pope in 1814,
land. D. 1799.                        and finally retired fiom office in 1816.
PACCA, Cardinal, was b. at Bene- after having re-established the order of
cento, 1756. After rising throughth   thethe Jesuits  D. 1844.
usual ecclesiastical degrees, and dis-  PACUVIUS, MARCus, a Latin dramcharging the office of nuncio at various atist, a nephew of Ennius,:as b. 218




PAG]                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      671
B.C., at lirlisium, and d. at Tarentum, thus made under parental care was still
at the age of t0. He possessed the talent further increased by subsequent instrueof' pnilntin as nell as of poetry.    tions fiom Costa, olla, and Paer. Hi-d
PADILLA, Don JOHN DE, a Spanish     first public eng.gement was at Lucca.
patriot, of a noble fainily, was the son  IIere he found a zealous patroness in
oC the conimander of Castile; espoused  the Princess Bacchioehi. sister of Napothe cause of the people and supported  leon; but in 1813 he left Lucca for Miit bravely duringt the struggle of the lan, and three years later lis reputation
Spaniards for liberty, fiom 1420 to 1422. had so spread abroad, that the " Leipsic
Being defeated andl taken prisoner, at Musical Gazette," no mean authority at
the battle of Villllar, he was put to that time, pronounced him the first viodeath on the following day, and met his linist in the world. From this epoch
fate with heroic firmness.-MARIA PA- dates his wondrous performance on a
CIIECO, his wife, was worthy of such a single string, which at a later period
husband. During his life she partici- called forth such bursts of applause
pated in all his labors, and after his from innumerable audiences in Gerdeath she defended Toledo for several many, France, and England. In 1828
months, gained several advantages at he visited Vienna, where he met with
the head of her troops, and did not quit an enthusiastic reception. Thence he
the place till she was deserted by the visited the chief cities of Germany; and
citizens.                             in 1831 he nmade a musical tour through
PAGAN, BLAISE Fr.A-NCOIS, count de, France and England, where he realized
an eminent French military engineer, enormous sums, which, however, the
was b. at Avignon, in 1604.'He entered  gambling table swallowed up, frequently
into the army at an early age, and lost even with greater rapidity than le gained
an eye, in 1621. at the siege of Montan- them. IIis last years were spent at his
ban. After this le distingfuished him- villa Gajidna near Parma; and he d. at
self on several occasions,-particularly at Nice, 1S40. The most absurd stories
tlhe passage of the Alps:and the barri- were circulated regarding Paganini ducade of Suza, where lie was the first to  ring his lifetime; nor did they cease
lead the way over a dangerous height. even with his death. Crimes of the
Irn 1642 he lost -his sight entirely; not- deepest dye were imputed to him withwtithstandine which hle prlsued his mil- out a vestie of foundation; though it
itryv studies, and in 1645 published an  must be admcitted that the singular cast
excellent wvok, entitled " Trait6 de For- of his countenance, his reserved chartification."   D. 1655.               acter, his sudlden bursts of passion, and
PAGANACC[,'JEAN, b. at Lyons, in   the mysterious veil which he was fond
1729; d. in 1797. H-is great work, the  of throwing around all his proceedings,
"< Manuel des Negocians,'" a commercial were well fitted to awaken public curiencyclopoedia, is justly esteemed in  osity, with its usual adjunct, excessive
France.                               credulity.
PAGANEL, PETER, a member of the       PAGES, FR'NCIIs XAvIER, an indefttFrench legislative assembly and conven- igable French romance writer, &e., was
tion, was b. in 1745. IIe was chosen a b. at Aurillac, in 1:745, and d. at Paris,
deputy in 1791; and when, on the 10th iln 1802. Among his numerous works
of August, 1792, the unfortunate Louis are, "Hlistoire Secrete de la Revolution
XVI. sought an asylum in the hall of  Francaise," and " Nouveau Voyage antlhe representatives, lie was one of the  tour du Monde, en Asie, en Am6rique,
first to join in a deputation to the people, et en Afrique, preede6 d'un Voyage en
in order to restrain their violence; yet Italie."-PiEPnRE MARIE FRANAoIS, vishe afterwards voted for tle king's death. count de, a celebrated French navigator,
Ie was consequently obliged to quit was b. at Toulouse, in 1748. He sailed
France in 1816, and hl d. at Brussels in  from Cape Franois, in St. Domingo, in
1826. Paganel was the author of " Essai 1797, with a view to explore the Indian
FIistorique et Critique sur la Rievolution  seas, and travel through China and
Frangaise," and some other works of   Tartary to the Northern Ocean; but on
minor importance.                     arriving at the Philippine islands in
PAGANINI, NIcoLo, the inimitable    October, 1798, and finding it impossible
violinist, was b. at Genoa, 174-. IHis to penetrate China, he went by sea to
father, who was a conmmission-broker Bassora, and travelling through the
by trade, but a great nmusical amateulr, desert to Syria, he reached France in
initiated him in the principles of music December, 1771. He afterwards sailed
from his earliest years; and the progress in Kerguelen's expedition to the south




672                   C'YCLOP;E DIA. OF BI0tGRAPHY.                   [PAL
pole, and on his return proceeded as far  supreme court. IIe remained on the
as 81 degrees and a halfofnorth latitude. bench till 1804. 1). in 1814.-RoBERI
HIe served in the American war, after  TEzrA, a poct, son of the precedinl, was
which he retired to his estate in St. )o-  b. at Taunton, 1773, acnd graduartced at
mingo, where lie was murdered during  -Harvard college in 1791. On leaving
a revolt of the negroes in 1793.       college lie w:as placed in a countingPAGI, ANTHONY, a famous Cordelier, house, but soon turned his attention to
who was four times provincial of his literature and theatricals, and publishled
order. B. 1624; d. 1699. He was the    several oratiofi s and poems. His poems
author of a " Critique on Baronius's   were very popular and profitable, and
Annals,"' and a "Dissertation on the   by the sale of the song of" Adamc s and
Consulates."-FRANCIS, his nephew, also  Liberty," he received the sum of $750.
a Cordelier, assisted his uncle in his  In 1800 he began the practice of law,
great work on Baronius, and was the    but failed of success from the want of
author of "Breviarium Historico-chro- industry, and passed the close of lis
nologico-criticun."  D. 1721.          life in poverty. D. 1811.
PAINE, TOMxAS, a political writer,    PAISIELIO, JouN, a celebrated cornwas b. 1736, at Thetford, in Norfolk. poser, a pupil of Durante, was b. 1741,
He was brounght up as a staymaker, but at Tarento. Hebeguln his public career
became an exciseman. Being,    wevr, owev in 1763, by two operas, which raised
dismissed for misconduct, he came over him at once into popullarity throughout
to America, and espoused the cause of  Italy. His subsequent works extended
the colonies, who were then in arms    his reputation over the whole of the
against the mother country. His first Continent. Several sovereigns invited
literary production, a pamphlet, with the  him into their service. iHe accepted the
title of " Common Sense," had a power-  offer of the Empress Catharine, and reful effect, and he was rewarded by agrant sided in Russia for nine years. He next
of land, and another of ~500. He was   settled at Naples. In 1801 he went to
also employed by the conress. In 1790  Paris at the request of Bonaparte; but,
he visited England, and, in the following  after having lived nearly three years in
year, he produmced his celebrated " Rights  France, he returned to Naples, and d.
of Man," in atswer to Burke's " Peflec- there in 1816.
tions;" for the second part of, which a  PAJOU, AuGusTIN, an eminent French
prosecution was instituted agrainst him. sculptor, was b. 1730, at Paris; gained
He was, however, beyond tlle reach of  the prize at the Academy at the age of
the English law; hel havina taken his  eighteen, and was sent to study at iEo0e,
seat as a member of the national conven-  where lie remained for twelve years; betion. As a French legislator lie dis- came professor of the academy of paintplayed a degree of moderation, which   ing and sculpture, and a member of the
brotught upon himn the hatred of the   institute, and of the leoion of honor.
Jacobins. He was imprisoned, ancd was  His countrymen have called him the renear becoming a victim to the guillotine. storer of the art. Amlong his numerous
He at length returned to America, and  works, some of the principal are, "Pluto
d. in 1809. Besides the works already  holding Cerebus chained,"   "Psyche
mentioned, he wrote "The Age of Rea- abandoned by Love," and statues of
son,I and some political tracts.-ROBERPT  Demosthenes, Descartes, Bossuet, PasTREAT, an eminent lawyer, and a signer cal. and Turenne. D. 1809.
of the declaration of independence, was  PALAFOX, Don JOSEPH, immorb. at Boston, 1731, and was graduated  talized by his heroic defence of Saraat Harvard colleg(e, in 1749. Alter a  gossa, in 1808-9, was sprung fiom -ian
visit to Europe of some years, he com- old Aragonese family, and lhaving enmenced the studc of the law, and about tered the mtilitary service of Spain at an
1759 settled in its practice in Taunton. early age, accompanied Ferdinand to
He took an early and active interest in  Bayonne; but on the resignation of that
public affairs, and in 1774 was appointed  mlncarch, lie returned to Aragon, and
a delegate from  Massachusetts to the  lived in retirement at a sliort distance
general congress. Ile was a member of  from Saragossa. Proclaimed governor
thle committee of the convention that of Saragossa. by the people wvho saw
drafted the constitution of his native  themselves menaced on all sides by the
state. Under the governnment that was  armies of France, he took instant ieeasorganized he was appointed attorney-   ures to sustain a sicge; and such was
general, and held this office till 1790, the effect of his combined intelligence
when he was appointed a judge of the   and determination, that with a conpar



PAL]                 CYCLOPADIA.- OF BIOGRAPHY.                        673
ntive handful of men, tle city ianfully  Ie was successively made vicar of Stanresisted an overwhelmi ng force, and at wix, a prebenda;y of St. Panclras, sublength compelled the French general to  dean of Lincoln, a doctor of divinity,
rztreat after a siege of 61 cays, and the  and rector of Bishop's Wearmouth. D.
loss of thousands of his men. But the  1805.
reduction of Saragossa was of too great  PALISSET      DE     MONTENOY,
importance to the French for t!hen not CHAXLES, a Flrenelh satirist and miscelto strain every nerve to accomplish it  laneous writer, was b. 1730, at Nanci, acnd
and Marshals   Mortier and   Moncey   wxas throuirIhont his life in a state of viomarched in November of the same year, lent hostility awith the French literary
at the head of a large army, to recomn- character's of the philosophical sect.
imcnce the siege. After suffering two tIlis works form  six octavo volumes.
defeats before Saragossa, Palafox once  Amoe" them're:The IDunciad'; some
more retired within its walls, and con- co-medies, " Little Letters against great
meneced the same vigorous course of   Plilosophies," "Menoirs for a History
action which had been alleady crowned  of French Literature," and a' Iistory
with success; but on this occasion all of the e:rlv Ages of Rome."  D. 1814.
his efforts were in vain; the besiegers  PALISSOT    DE   BEAUVOIS, Arwere backed by a force more terrible EBOISE MARmIE FRANCOIS JosEPIi, an CInithan themselves, an epidemic fever was  nent naturalist, was b. at Arras, in the
raging in the garrison; and Palafox who  French Netherlands, in 17'52.  After
was atttacecld by it, was obliged to resin  studclyin at the college of Harcourt, at
the comnmand on the 2ntll Februarl to Paris, lie was in 1772 admitted a connGeneral St. Marc, who signed the capit- sel of the parliament of thiat city; and
ulation on the following day. Palfox  subsequently became receiver-general
was now sent into France, and remained  of territorial imnposts, till the suppresa close prisoner at Vincennes, till the  sion of that office in 1777. le then
restoration of Ferdinand, by whom he  devoted himself to the study of natural
was sent on a secret mission to MaIdrid. history, and he undertook a voyaSne to
In June, 1814, he was appointed cap- the coast of Guinea, with an intention
tain-general of Aragon; but for nearly  to travel across the African conitinent to
thirty years before his death lie took no  E-vpt; but being unable to execute that
part in public afirfirs. B. 1780; d. 1847. desirg, le sailed for St. Doiningo, in
PALESTRINA, GiOVANNI PIETR          178, Iand tliere occupied some official
ALOISIO, the most celebrated imaster of  situations. aIIving opposed the revothe old Roman school of miusic, was lutionary attempts of the negroes, lie
b. at Palestrina, the ancient Prlmneste% Nwith difficulty effected his escape to
about the beginninlg of the 16th centuiry. America, plurposing to returnl to France,
I-e c. in 1594. Soine of his pieces are  whenh lie learnt that he had been prostill performed in the Sistine chapel at scribed as an emnigrant. Ie occupidcl
Romne.                                 himnself vwhile in Amlerica as a teacher
PALEY, WILLAM, an1 eminent divinle, of lngeuages, and as a musician, but he
the son of a clergymana, was b. 1745, at did not niejlect his favorite pursuits;
Peterborough, aiid was educated, as a  and on hearing that his name had been
sizar, at Christ's college, Cambridge. of  erased from the proscribed list, he rewhich he became a fellow in 1766. For turned to his native country, taking
ten subsequent years le resided at the  with him the rich collection of natlural
university; but in 1776 lie obtained the curiosities iwhich lie had formed. D.
vicarages of Dalston, in Cumberland, 1820.
and Appleby, in Westmorelard. d  With-  tPALLADIO, ANDREW, a celebrated
in the next nine years lie became a pre- Italian architect, was b. 1518, at Vicenza,
bendary, archdeacon, and chancellor of  acquired in his own country a reputaCarlisle. In 1785, lie at once attained  tion which lhas received the sanction of
high reputation by his "Elements of   other nations and of posterity; and d.
Moral and Political Philosophy."  At in 1580. His "Treatise o "Architecvarious intervals in the course of a few  ture" is one of the classics of the art.
years, this work was succeeded by       PALLAS, PETER SIMON, an eminent
"'Itore  Panline,"' A  View  of the  traveller and naturalist, was b. 1741 at
Evidences of Christianity," and " Nat- Berlin; studied at Halle, Gottinren,
ural Theology," besides some smaller and Leyden; and acquired so tmuchl
pieces. His sermons were a posthu- reputation by his "Elenehus Zoophymous publication. Preferment awaited  toreum" and l Miscellanea Zoologica,"
him as well as competence aand fame. that Catharine of Russia invited hilnm to
57




674                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [PAN
St. Petersburg, made him a meinber of  idea occurred to him that': better mode
the academy, and for six years employed  of conveying the mails wias most desirahim as a naturalist, in exploring various  ble, Land he accordingly matured the
parts of liei vast empire. During his lplan of transmitting letters by coaches
tour hlie suffered such lardships thltt his with guards, now superseded by the
hair turned white, and his constitution  railway. He succeeded in his object,
was severely injured. In 1794, the cm- though not withont great opposition;
press gave him an estate in the Crimea. but the utility of the p1lan soon became
There ihe resided for fifteen years; but manifest, and he was made comptrollerat length he quitted Russia, and settled  general of the post-office, with a salary
at Berlin. Among his nuinerous works of ~1500 a year. Some dispites, howare his " Travels," which Saussure   ever, occurring, he lost his situation in
denominated "an inexhaustible mine 1792, and though he afterwards, through
for the naturalist and statesman;" "His- petitions, was reimbursed by parliatorical Documents on the Mollgols;"  ment, the compensation was very Inadand a "Physical and Topographical equate to the per centase he was to
Description of the Taurida."'D. 1811. have received, in catse his plan sucTPALLAVICINO, SFOrzA, was b. in      ceeded. D. 1818.
1647, at Rome; was employed by Pope    PALOMINO     DE CASTRO Y VEInnocent X. in various important affairs, LASCO, ACISCLES ANTHONY, an emiobtained a cardinal's hat in 1657; and  nent Spanish painter, was b. 1658, at
d. 1667. Itis chief work is "A History  Bujalance, in Valen,-t; was a pnpil of
of the Couicil of Trent."            Valdes; became king's painter, and
PALMELLA, duke of, a distinguish- entered into the clerical profession in
ed Portuguese statesman, was b. in 1781. his latter dlays. Amion  his most reHe took an active part in all tlie political markable works are, a "Confession of
troubles of his country durina the last St. Peter," at Valencia, and five pictures
thirty or forty years; and it was owinr in the choir of the cathedral at Cordova.
to his aid and counsels that the queeni Palominio wrote the' The Pictorial Muof Portugal was indebted, in a great seum," of which the third volume conmeasure, for her establishmnent on the  tains the lives of Spanish artists. D.
throne of herancestors. Averyconsid- i726.
crable part of his life was dedicated to  PANARD, CHARI-I ES FRANCIS, aFrench
the diplomatic service of his country, dramatist, whom Marmontel surnuamed
which he represented at the congress of the Lafontaine of tlhe Vaudeville, was
Vienna and in Loildon. In 1820 le b. 1694, near Chartres. Ie wrote eighty
made a fruitless voyuage to Brazil,' to pieces, among  which are five comedies,
pacify the revolution which had burst and thirteen comic operas. The songs
forth. He was also selected to attend  of I'anard are remarkable for their easy
at the coronation of Queen Victoria; style and their piquancy. D. 1765.
and his great wealth enabled him to vie  PANCIROLI, GUY, a civilian, was b.
on that occasion with the representatives  1623, at Reggio, and was professor of
of the other courts of Europe. lle was law at Padtua, and afterwards. at Turin.
several times called on to offer advice to lie is the author of various works; but
his sovereign, but only held office for a the one by which lie is remembered is a
limited period. D. 1850.             curious treatise on the ancient invenPALMER, JoHN,'an eminent English   tions which are lost, and on those i1actor, was b. in London, about 1742, ventions which belong to the moderns.
and made his first appearance in the  D. 1599.
metropolis at the  Iaymarket tllheatre.  PANCOUCKE, CHARLES JosEPH, one
HIe was afterwards engaged by Garrick  of the most eminent bookselleirs in
at Drury-lane, and  randually rose to  France, and also a man of literary' talent,
eminence in his profession, both in  was b. at Lisle, 1736. Ie settled at
comedSyand tragedy. 1). 1798. —JOHN, Paris, became connected with lmost of
the first projector of mail-coaches, was the distinguished authors of his time,
a native of B3ath, where he was bronught and published many magnificent works.
lp as a brewer, but subsequently soli- The Moniteur was established by him'
cited and obtained a patent for a thetrle and he also projected the Methodical
in his native city, whiichi concern proved  Encvclopcedia. Anmon  his own proeminently successful under his manace- dicltions are, a free translation of Lument. Being much in the habit of trav- cretins, "On Man, and the Reprodueelling from place to place, for the pur- tion  of different Individuals," and
pose of securig rising performers, the  " Philosophical Discourses on the Beau.




PAR]                  CYCLOPEoDIA   OF BIOGRAPHY.                      675
tifil."  D. 1698.-ANDRrEW JOSEPH, his  menced his peregrinations. te introfather, was a bookseller and authol.   duced mercury and other medicines
PAOLI, PASCAL, a patriot and gen- into practice. D. at Salzburgh, 1541.
eral, (the son of Hycinth Pli who       PARE, A'EMROSE, who is called the
was also an intrepid assertor of his father of French sulrgery, was b. at
country's liberty.) was b. 1726, at Stret- Laval, about the beginning of the 16th
ta, in Corsica; followed his father into  century; was successively sureon to
exile,; and was educated at the Jesuits' Henry'II., Francis II., Charles IX., and
collee, at Naples. In 1755, his coun- Henry III., and d. 1590.
tryiien having elected him their gener-  PARINI, JosEPH, an Italian poet, was
alissimo, he returned to Corsica, and  b. 1729, at Basizio; was patronized by
acted with suchvior against the Ge- Count Firmian, governor of Lombardy,
noese, that he confined their dominion  and afterwards by Princess Marria Beiwithin the narrow limits of the fortified  trix, of Este; and was professor of belles
seaports. To enact wise laws, introduce  lettres, eloqience, and the fine arts, at
reforms, and encourage agriculture, was Milan. Parini was one of the most
Ihis next care. But all his noble labors  eminent lyric poets of Italy, and exwere rendered abortive. The Genoese    celled also in satire. D. 1799.
sold the island to France, and, after a  PARIS, MATTHEW, all English histosevere stlruggle against the invadinng  ria, was a Benedictine monk at St.
army, Paoli was once more compelled    Albans. into which order he entered in
to become an exile. For 20 years he    1217. Paris was ain universal scholar,
resided in England, subsisting on a    and a man of great probity. IHis histopension fiom the government. In 1789   ry is a valuable work. D. 1259.-FRANhe was recalled by the constituent as- cs, commonly called the Abb6 Paris,
sembly; but, in 1793, he'was proscribed  was b. in the French capital, where his
by the Jacobins, and ihe subsequently  father was counsellor to the parliament;
placed Corsica under the protection of  but the son embnraced the ecclesiastical
Great Britain. D. in Londcon, 1807.    life, and devoted himnself to devotion
PAPIN, DENYS, an eminent natural and charity. IIe d. in 1727, ind was
philosopher and pllhsician, was b. at buried in the cemetery of' St. Medard,
Blois, in France. After takinig  the de- where the Jansenists pretended that
gree of M.D., he visited Englancd; and,,  miracles were wrouhlllt at hiis tomb; in
in 1680, became a fellow of the Royal consequence of which such crowds reSociety. While tlhere lie me m   ade  y  sorted to the place that the government
attempts to bring the steam-engine to  caused the churchyard to be walled up
perfection, and published an account of  in 1732.
an invention, which still bears his name.  PARK, McUNGO, a celebrated traveller,
Iis work is entitled'rThe New Digest-. the son of a farmer, was b. 1771, at
er, or Engine for the Softening of     Fowlshifts, Scotland, and was brought
Bones."  Papin assisted Mr. Boyle in   up to tie medical profession.  After
his pneumatic experiments; and, on    having made a voyage to Bencoolen, ha
leaving England, lie went to Marpurg, was engaged, in 1795, by the African
where he wasv made mathematical pro- Society, to penetrate ihto the interior of
fessor, in 1687, and d. 1710.          Africa, and explore the colrse of the
PAPINIAN, LEILIUrs, the greatest Nier.       He arrived in the Gambia in
civil lawyer of antiquity, was b. about June, and, ontlhe 2d of December, pro145; was prm-torian prefect under the  ceeded from Pisanla, on his:adventurous
Emlperor Severus; and was put to death  joluney. On the 20th of July he calle
bv Caracalla, in 212. for refusing to jus- in sight of the long-sought ri-ver.: After
tifv the murder of Geta. Most of his having traced it to a considerable diswiorks are lost.                      tance, lie was under the necessity of
PARACELSUS, AURaEoLUS       PHIInP  desistin fiom hIis enterprise. On his
THEOPHRASTUS BOMBAST DE Ilo0IENIErMI, return to Scotland, Park married, san d
a celebrated Swiss empiric and aleliem-  entered upon the practice of his profcsist, was b. 1493, at Einsiedlcn, ifn the  sion. In 1804, howevrei, he undertook
canton or Schwitz. IIe lived a wander- a second expedition, for the same purin'life for. several years; but, having  poses'as the firlst. HIe again reached
perfoimed some extraordinary cures, he  the Niger, and embarked upon it at
was invited,:in 1a56, to fill the medical Bammakou, but was attacked by the
and siurgical chair.at the university of natives, and drowned, in his voyage to
Basle.. This post, however:he held for IHoussa.
little more than a year, when he recom-  PARKE, JoHN, a celebrated musician,




676                   CYCLOP-EDIA   OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [PAR
b. 1745, was the best haritbov player of and "The Divinity anidPre-existence of
his time, and succeeded    i Fsciher, at Christ demonltrated."
Vauxhall, in 1770. About the same time  PARKINSON, JoNu, a botanist, was
Garrick engaged him, on very liberl b. 1567; was appointed apothecary to
terns, to play at   ury-1lane;  and, in  Charles I.; was nominated Botanicus
1783, he was attached to the Carlton- Reogis Primarius by Charles I. lie is
house band, at a yearly salary of ~100. tlhe author of' Paralidisus Terrestris, or
Ilie was now in the lhiullest reputation; a Garden of all Sorts of Pleasant Flowhe performed at the concert of ancient ers," and of' "'Theatrumn Botaicum, or
imusic, at the best private concerts, and  Theatre of Plants."  D. 1640.
was also regularly engaged at the great  PARMA, ALEXANDER FARNESE, duke
provincial music meetings.  D. 182..  of, one of the most celebrated genierals
PARKER- MIATTI-iW, a learned pre- of the age in which he lived, first dislate, was b. 1504, at Niorwicll; was edu- tinguishecl himself at the battle of Lecated at Cambridge; and was succes-  panto. Being appointed to the governsively chaplain to Anne Boleyn, dean of  ment of the Netherlands by Philip II.
Stoke Clare, master of Bennet colleoe, lhe gained several victories, and restored
and dean of Lincoln. In the reign of  the greatest part of the provinces to the
Mary he was in great dlanger of' being  authlority of his sovereign. In 1590 he
brought to the stalle. Elizaibetlh raisecd  compelled Henry IV. to raise the siege
him to the see of Ctanterbury, rwhlich lie of Paris; andl, in 1592, tlie sice of
filled with lionor to himnself. Ie took a Rouen. In thelaRst of these expeditions
share in the "Reform-ed Liturcy," a-nd  lie received a wound in the arm, which
the''Bishop's Bible," published eli- lie neglected, and whIich caused his
tions of some of the old En.clisl hisitori- (decth, at Arras, on the 2d December,
ans, and wrlote " De Antiqnitata Britan- in the forty-scvelthl year of his agce.
lictre Ecclesie," and soime w-orks of less  PARMEINTIER, ANTHIONY AUGIUSTIN
importance. D. 1575.-ISAAC, an eIni- an emiinent French acgricultural improvnentC lawyer, was b. in Boston, and   er, was b. 1787, at Montdidier, and was
graduatecd at Harvard college, i 1786. successively apothecclry to the army in
le studied law in the office of Judle IIallover, and to the Hotel des Invalides
Tudclor, and commenced practice at. Cs- at Paris. To Parnentier, F1rance is intine, in Maine, then an interral part of  dohtcd for renderinf tile cultivation of
Massachusetts. Removingc to Portland,  the potato gcenlral, and for improving
lhe was sent for one term to congress, as and introduciiicng viarions other alimiientary
arepresentative fromi Cumberlaiid coun-  articles. llis whiole attention was paid
ty. He also held, for a short time, the  to these subjects, and all his worlks reoffice of United States marshal for that late to thel'. 1). 1813.
district. In 1806 lie wals appointed by  PARNELL, THioMAs, a divine and
Governor Strong_ associate judCe of the  poet, was. 1 679, at Dublin; was edusupreme court of Massachlusetts, and  eated at Trinity collce, in that city; obsoon after took up his residence at Bos- tained, in 1705, 1713, and 1716, the
ton. In 1814 he awas appointed chief  aclchdeaconry of Clogher, a prebend in
justice of the supreme court, and lleld  Dublin cathedral, andc the vicarage of
lhat office till his sudden death, in July,  Finglass. le was the friend of Swift
1830, at the age of 63.               and Pope, the latter of awhom gave the
PARKES, SAMUEL, a chemist, was b. works of Parnell to the press. D. 1717.
1759, at Stourbridge, was educated at   PARNY, EVARIxSTE DESIRE DI)SFORMarket Ilarborough. lie was a great GES, viscount de, whiomi hlis coiunltrymen
manufacturing chemist, and a meimber denominate the. French Tibullus, was b.
of the geological and other societies. 1753, at the Isle of Bourbon; was sent
lie is the author of a "' Chemical Cate- to France, at the age of nine years; was
chism," which has passed tlhroutgh ln- educated at the college of Rcnnes; and
mierous editions; "Rudiments of Chem- entered into the military service.  lis
istry," "Ain Essay on the Utility of  "Elegies," inspired by an unfortunate
Chemistry," and "Chemical Essays."    passion, appeared in 1775, and at once
D. 1825.                              gave him a conspicuous place aniong
PARKTIURST, JOIN, a divine, was poets. Subsequent works sustained Ili
b. 1723, at Catesby; was educated at reputation. It is, however, to be reRugby school, ancl Clare hall, Can- gretted that, in his latter years, lie sulbridge; and d. 1797. Hle is the author lied his fame by several impious and
of "A Hebrew Lexicon," "A Greek       licentious productions. D. 1814.
Lexicon," "An Address to Wesley,"       PARR, SAMU L, one of the most pro



PATI                  CYCLOPIrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       677
found of Greek sclhollars, was b. 1746, for in all direotions and atfter thirty-five
at Harrow-on-the-Hill, and was educated  years of extensive practice he was apat the grammar school of that place, pointed chief justice of the supreme
and at Emanuel collegre   Cambridge. court of Massachusetts.    In 1780 lie
Having, in consequence of his youth, was a member of the convention which
been clisappointed of becoming head   formed the constitution of the state,
master atH-arrow, he established a sem- and of the convention which accepted
inary at Stanmore; which, however, the federal constitution.     He vas a
he ultimately gave up, and was succes- powerful speaker, without a rival in
sively master of Colchester and Norwich  knowledge of law, and' supassed by
grammnarschools. Hisfirst church pre- few in his acquaintance with science
ferment was the rectory of Asterby, and classical literature. He continued
which he obtained in 1780. He subse- in the seat of chief justice till his death
quently received the perpetual curacy  in 1813.
of HIatton, the living of Grafflham, in  PASCAL, BLAIZE, equally eminent as
-Iuntingdonshire, and1. a prebend of St. a geometrician and a wrtiter, was h.
Paul's catledral. Amiong his works     1623, antClermont, inAuveirne. Thotluo h
are, vYrious "Sermons," the "Preface   himself a mathematician, his father
to Bellendenus, " and a "Letter from   would not allow him to be taught mathcIrenopolis."  D. 1825.-TIIoMaAS, an ex- matics; but such was his propensity to
traordinary instance of lolnevity, was that science, that, unassisted and by
b. in Shropshire in 1483. l He was bred  stealth, he mastered a part of Euclid beto husbandry, in which he labored after fore he was twelve years of age. le
he was 130 years old. Ten years before  was then suffered to iidulge his enlius.
this lie married a widow; and he ex- At sixteen he published a "Treatise on
hibited every sign of health, when, in  Conic Sections," and at nineteen he in1635, the earl of Arundel took him to  vented an arithmetical machine. Unthe court of Charles I., where he d. like many early prodigies, he more than
through the change of air and mode of  sustained in manhood the fame acqi ired
living, at the age of 152 years nd 9 in youth. Butbhis incessant mental exmonths. His body was opened by Dr. ertions injured his health, and in some
Harvey, who discovered no internal degree affected his intellect, without,
marks of decay.-CATrHARINE, the sixtl however, deprivine him of the use of
and last wife of Henry VIII. In 1547   his talents.  In 1655 and 1656 lie pubshe married Sir Thonmas Seymour, lord  lished, under the name of Louis de
admiral of England, lwho is said to have  Montalte, his admiriable " Provincial
treated her so ill that she d. of it the Letters."  His latter days were spent in
year obllowing. She wrote "Prayers,"   the practice of austcre devotion. D.' Meditations,"  and  other religious  1662.
pieces.                                  PASQUJIER, STEPHN, an eminent
PARRIIASIUS, an ancient painter, French civilian and vnriter, was b. 1529,
the cotemporary and rival of Zeuxis, at Puais; was a. pupil of Cujas,"'amd first
was b. about 420 B. c., at Ephesus. Iis rose into reputation as an acdvocate by
vanity was equal to his talents, great as )pleading acgainst the Jesuits before tlhe
they awere. Amiong his most celebrated  parliament. In his writings lie wass also
works were, an allegorical picture of the a formidable adversary of thalt ambitious
Athenian people, Meleagcr, Herenles, and poweiful order. One of his prinand Perseus, and 1 high priest of Cyb- cipal works is, "Inquiries respecting
ele.                                  France." 1). 1615.
PARSONS, T-EOPtILus, a      distin-   PATERCULUS, CAIUS VELLrErS, a
guished lawyer, was b. at Byefield, Mas- Romanhistorian, of an equestrian fihmilv,
sachusetts, in 1750, and graduated at flourishedin the reigns of Ai'.,stus nid
Htarvard college in 1789. He studied, Tiberius. He filled the offices of triand pursued the practice of the law, for bune of the soldiers, qunestor, tribiune of
some years, in Fatmouth, now Portland, the people, and pritor, and commaande d
but wvlen that town was destroyed by  the cavalry nnder Tiberius. Ile is snpthe British, he retired to the house of posed by some to have been involved in
his father in Newbvnr. About a year the ruin of Scjanus.    Only a part of
afterwards he opened an office in Tew- his valuable "Epitome of Greek and
buryport. He soon rose to tlhe higIhest Roman history" is extant.
railn in his profession, and mnade im-  PATRICK, SaImoN, a learned prelate,
mense acquisitions in legal knowledge. was b. 1626, nt Gainsboro ugh; w as eduHis professional services were solught cated at Queen's college, Cambrlidge;
57




678                   CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [PEA
and, after having filled with honor sev- lawyer, of the 3d century, who, being
eral secondary preferments, was raised, made an imperial counsellor under Sevein 1689, to the see of Chichester, for his rus and Caracalla, distinguished himself
exertions against Catholicity. In 1691 by thc boldness with which he delivered
he was translated to Ely; and he d. 1707. his opinions. Under Helioaabalus liho
Hlls chief work is, "Paraphrases and  was banished; but the Emperor AlexCommentaries on the Old Testament."-  anddr Severus recalled him, ra.sed him
St., the apostle or patron sa;int of Ireland, to the consular dignity, and appointed
is supposed by some to have been a na- him pratorian prefect, [after the death
tive of Cornwall, whose zeal prompted  of Ulpian-.-PETER, grand pensionary of
him to cross the Channel for the con- Holland, was b. in 1754. As a minister
version of the pagan Irish. By others, of the marine department he displayed
however, he is said to have been a na- great activity and intelligence; buthavtive of Kirkpatrick, on the Clyde; and  i ng offended the stadtholder's governthat his name was Saccuthus, until menat, he was removed from his situatiol.
changed by Pope Celestine.    Others in 1787, and retired into France. He
ag ain assert, that he was b. in Britany, afterwards returned, and held very imand carried by some freebooters to Ire- portant offices in the state. D) 1796.
land, where lie was at first employed in  Paulus was the author of a "Commenkeepinc sheep. Be this as it may, it is tary on the Treaty of Utrecht," a " Meallowed bv all that his endeavors were moir on the Equality of Mankind," and
crowned with great success, and that he  other works.
established there a  tilumber of schools  PAUSANIUS, a Greek orator and
and monasteries. Nennius states that historian, settled at Rome, 170, and d.
his miss-ions continued forty years, and  there at a very advanced age. He is
arious iniracles are attributed to him, the author of a valuable "Historical
particularly the often-repeated assertion  Description of Greece," in ten books.
of the absence of all venomous creatures  PAUVW CORNELIUS DE, a learned wrifrom Ireland, ascribed by the supersti- ter, was b. 17389, at Amsterdam; was
tious to his holy benediction. We can  educated at Liege by a relation; refiused
no more reconcile the conflicting testi- the most temptino offers fiom Frederic
monies relative to the place of his birth, the Great, to settle at Berlinl and became
than we could dete rmine the validity of  canon of Xanten.  I-e is the author of
his miraculous powers; and perhaps,     Philosophical Inquiries respectingc the
for the sake of truth, the least that is Americans, the ELyptians and Chinese,
said of either the better. It would seem  and the Greeks."  All his works are
that the latter years of his life were de- ingenious, but abound with paradoxes
voted to acts of piety and religious mead- aild bold theories. D. 1799.
itation; and that he d. at an advanced  PEACHIAM, HENrY, an ingenious
age, about the year 493. His works, or writer of the 17th century, was b. at
et least those ascribed to him, were pub- North Mims, in Hertfordshire, and edulished, with remarks, by Sir James cated at Trinity college, Cambridge. He
Ware, in 1658.                        afterwards went to Italy, and while in
PAUL, St. VINCENT DE, an ecclesiastic that country studied painting, music,
of the chutrch of Rome, was b. in 1576. and the fine arts generally. His princiIn a voyage which lie made from Mar- pal work, entitled    "The Complete
seilles, his ship was taken by the Turks, Gentleman," was once extremely popuand lie remained in slavery some ye ar. Besides this, he published " Mibut having made a convert of his master, nerva Britannica.," " Thalia's Banquet,"
lihe obtained his liberty, and returned to  " The Valley of Variety," " The Worth
France. Lmis XIII. made him abbot of  of a Penny," and the "Gentleman's
St.. Leonardcde Chalme, and he also had  Exercise."  D. about 1640.
the living of Clichy, where lie built a  PEALE, CALIARLES WILSON, was b. in
chulijih at his own expense.  He was Maryland, in 1741, and was successively
next placed at the head of the council' a saddler, harness-maker, silversmith,
of conscience, and chief of the house of watchmaker, carver, portrait painter,
St. Lazare, in which situations his zeal naturalist, machinist, and dentist. He
andi charity knew no bounds. IHe pro- founded the extensive museum at Philajected missions into all parts of the delphia, which bears his name. D. 1827.
world, and instituted a number of' be- -REEABRANDT. a brother of the'above,
nevolent establishments. Ile d. in 1660, was also a distinguished artist, who was
and was afterwards canonized.         well known in Philadelphia and New
PAULUS, JuLius, a celebrated Roman  York.




PEE]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       679
PEARCI, ZACHARY, a learned prelate, tary of state for the colonies, under the
was b. 1690, in London; was educated  Perceval administration.  In 112 lie
at Westminster school, and at Trinity  was made chief secretary for Ireland,
college, (ambridge; was successively  and sholrtly after carried his measure
rector of Staplefold Abbots and of St. for the reform of the currency. He in
Bartholomew, near the Bank, vicar of 1822 became secretary of state for the
St. Martin in the Fields, dean of Win- home department. Among many other
Clhester; and bishop of Bangor and    useful measnres identified  witli his
Rochester.  He wrote sermons, some name, dluing this period of his career,
papers in the "Spectator" and "Guar- may be mentioned his plan for the redian," "A Commentary on the Evange- formn of the ciiminal code, which he
lists and Acts," and other works; and:brought forward and carried in 1826.
published editions of Longinus, and   Onl the accession of Canning to the preCicero's " De Offlciis."  D. 1774.    miership in 1827, he refused to take office
PEARSON, JOHN, an eminent En- under that distinguished        statesman;
alish prelate, was b. at Snoring, in Nor- but he returned in 1828 to the office of
folk, in 1612, and d. bishop of Chester, home secretary under the duke of' Welin 1686. I-e is principally known by  linaton, and held that post during the
his valuable " Exposition of the Creed."  cifficult times which preceded the dissoHIe also wrote "Vindicima Ignatii, or a lution of the tory government in 1830.
Defence of the Epistles of St. Ignatius,"  Hitherto, his political career had borne
and other learned wo rks.-MARGARET the aspect of devoted adherence to toryEGLINGTON, a lady distinguished for her ism; tbt, on acceeptin  office under the
skill in the art of enamelling, or painting  duke of Wellington, le entered uln a
on glass, was the cldauhter of Samuel course in which the influence'ofa differPaterson, the bibliographer, and married  cnt set of principles came to be apparent;
an artist named Pearson, with whom she for he had but feebly opposed the bill
established a mantlfiactory of stained  of Lord John Russell for the repeal of
glass at Hampstead. Some of her pro- the test and corporation acts and himductions have scarcely ever been equal- self introduced, and carried throluh, in
led, particularly her copies of Raphael's 1829, the bill for the removal of the
cartoons  D. 1823                     Catholic disabilities, to whicll he had
PEEL, Sir ROBERT, third son of Mr. previously been opposed.   The delth
Peel, of Peel Cross, Lancashire, was b. of Earl Spencer, in 1834, havina afforded
17-0. T hiseenttleman evinced, at avery  the king a.pretext for dismissing his
early age, a quickness of perception and  whii  ministers, Sir Robert Peel was
a spirit of enterprise which led to dis- summoned fiom Rome, and requested
tingulisihed acts in the course of his to form  an administration.  But his
useful lile. In 1770 lie devoted a great position in the house was not yet suf
portion of his time'to the improvement ficiently strong to enable him to retain'
of machinery. In 1773 he embarked ill his place, and the government being
the cotton tlade, accumulated an im- beaten on more than one question, on
mense fortune, was created a baronet in the 8th of April, 1835, they resigned,
18(1, and entered pairliament the follow- and the wxhigs once more returned to
ing year. D. 1830.-Sir ROBERT, son of  office.  In 1839 lie was again prime
the preceding, and the greatest states- minister for a still slorter period, tle
man of his ale, was b. Feb. 5, 1788. IIe  fmlnous "Bed-clhamber plot," as it w as
was educated first at Harlrow, and after- called, having compelled him to relinwards at Oxford, at both of which places quish the reins almost as soon as lie had
he cistinguished himself by his patient grasped them. In the mean time, howediligence, his correct taste, ancd Iis schol- evel, circunlstances  lee c  radullly
arly achievements. At Oxford he took  ripening to render his accession to
a first-class decree both in classics and  power inevitable. Justly or unniustl,
mathemnatics. No sooner was tils ac- a general impression had gone abroad
complished, than his father, in 1809, had  unfavorable to the whig administration;
lhin brouglht into parliament.as member it was accused of ad4inistrative incafor Cashel, whilsthle rwas little more than  pacity; and, in the summer of 1841, Sir
21 years of ace; and the house of com- Robert Peel led on an attack rwhich
moons hbecame thencefolrward tlhe arena  ended in the resignation. n Lord Melof his life. Ile had not sat long, in it bourne, and placed him once more at
until he provehd himself an able speaker, the head of affairs. In 1842 he propose.d
andic a laborious and sa acious wor ker. one of thle most extensive alterations in
In 1811 lie was appointed under-secre- the tariff of the country tlhat had evei




680                   CYCLOPzEDIA OF DIOGRAPHY.                       I PEI.
been effected. Hundreds of imposts-    and powerful memoirs in behalf of Ifi
many of them insignificant., bat all of  fallen ptron. Louis XIV. at lengthl
them vexatious-were swept away. The    released Pelisson, and loaded him with
corn laws were abolished in June, 184-3, favors. Allong his works are, "Histoand fiee trade proclaimed as the com- ries of the French Academy," of "L Louis
merial policy of the country. Simul- XIV.," and of the " Conquest of Franch
taneously wtith tile passinc of this meas- Comt."  D. 1693.
nre, Sir Robert Peel resigned office, a  PELLOUTIER, SIMON, a German hiscoalition of whigs and protectionists  torianl, of a French family, was b. 1694,
having defeated 1iim on the Irish coer- at Leipsio; became minister of the
cion bill. From that period he gave a  French church at Berlin, and librarian
general support to the whigs, declaring  of the Academy; and d. 1757, a victim
that he had no wish to resume office. to intense study. His principal work is
D. by a fall fiomr his horse, in 1850.  a valuable history of tlhe Celts, particuPELAGIUS, a British ecclesiastic of  larly of the Gtals and Germans.
tlie 5th century, whose real namee was   PELOPIDAS, an ilinstrious Theban,
MORGAN, which he chrangred for the the son of Ilippoclus, was the frieni(
corresponding Greek teri, signifyinr of Epaminondas; in conjunction with
"born of the sea."  He is said to have  wholm le rescued Thebes frolm the combeen abbot of Bangor; and, about the   bined t-yr-anny of tie nobles and tlhe
year 400, he went to REome, where le   Lacedeluonia'ls. Atter havin- been reopposed the doctrines of St. Au-rustin  peatedly re-elected to the g'overnment
respecting original sin, irles;istible grace  of Bceotia, and distinrguishecl himself at
and ietern ell election, aissertoing tihe possi- Tegyra a nd Leuctra, he was slainr, 3(64
bility of man's being saved by lis oxwn  B.., il a battle against Alexanduer of
iherits. Accompanied by his country- Pheriea.
man, Celestius, lie went to Palestine,   PELTIER, JOHN GABRIEL, a French
and met with a kind reception fiomr tlhe  political writer, a nlative of Nantes, b.
bisllop of Jerusalelm. In tie mean time, about 1770, began his career in 1789, by
Aunustin and Jerome attacked his tenets tihe publication of a royalist journal
with great severity, and the council of  called "The Acts of the Apostles."
Carthlage condeminled his opinions as After the 10tih of August he took refuge
heretical. At thoe accession of Pope   at London, and for many yearspublishZosimls he took Pelafgris and Celestius  ed a mrontlily  work, wLith the title of
ninder his protection, but lie afterwards  "Paris penanllt l'Annte."  Hel afterturned against them, iandil ilstigated the wards established the " Anbigu," for a
emperor to persecute their followers.  libel in which, upon the first consul, he
PELLICO, SILVIO, an eminent Italian  was prosecuted by the attorncy-goenerral.
poet and martyr, b. 1791, at Florence, Te also  rote several pamphlets. D. at
Italy. He wrote a fine tra:gedy on the  Paris, 1825.
story of Francesca. di Rimlnili, natirrated  PENN, WILLIAM, the founder and
so pathetically by Dnite, and other sue- legislator of Pennsylvania, whom Moncessfil plays, btut in 1820 ws seized by  tesqnieu denominates tlhe modern Lythe inhuman government of Austria and  culrtus, was the son of Admiral Penn;
confined for nearly rtel years in the dun- was b. 16it, in lLondon; and was edugeons of Spielberg. His "ILife," written  cated at Ciirist-cihure, Oxford.  At
by himnself, gives a most placid and   college lie imbibed the principles of
touchliln( aicconut of the sufferings of  Quakerism, which, a few yea1s aefterhinmself, Maroncelli, and other oft his.wards, he publiely professed. Iie was,
colmptiniios, whose only crime was a in consequence, twice turned out of
desire to emancipate their country fromn  doors by his fatlter. In 1.6 lie began
ignominiousn and cruel thraldom. Il ti. to p1rlc'ii in public, and to write ii dea short ti:re after leavini hiis prison  fence of tlie doctrlinCes  liCe hie litad
PELISSON-FONTANIER, PAUL, a          embraced. For this he was thrice inFrench author, was b. 1624, at Beziers. prisoned, and once brought to trial. It
Ie.was bred to thle law, but was forced  was durinng his first imnplisollnrent that
to retire fi om tie bar by il llealth]. Hie  le wrote "No sCross, No Crowvn."  In
held an o-fice mutder lFo iquet, and i wher  1(677 lie visitce  IHolland andl Germlany,
that minister was overtlliro'v-ii, I'Plisson  to prop;frL;i  t. Qlnism.  n Marl:ch,
was involved iln his ruin, mr1  ws cor CO.- 16,  le,   obt-inned fliom Cih11arle II. a
mitted to thle BLstille, wirhe  re h remained  g'rant of that territory wh!iich noew bears
during fivee year-., Ie li]ad(, neverthe- the nia!nm of Penusylvtlni'1 il 1(682 he
less, tir. courage to write three eloquent embarked for hiis now colony; andi in




PER]                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        681
the following year he founded Philadel- in 168S. At the accession of Gec rge I.
phia. H1-e returned to England in 1684. he was created Baron Perceval, and in
So much was lie in favor wvith James II. 1733 was made earl of Egmont. He was
that, after the revolution, lie was more a principal promoter of the settlement
than once arrested on sluspicion of plot- of Georgia. in America, and d. in 1748.
ting to restore the exiled monarch; but -JOuN, his son, second earl of Egmont,
he at length succeeded in establishing  was b. at Westminster, in 1711; filled a
his innocence. The rest of his life was situation in the household of the prince
passed in tranquillity. D. July 30, 1718. of Wales, and that of joint postmaster-.-JOHN, a signer of the declaration of general; was in 1762 created an English
American independence, was b. in Vir- peer by the title of Lord Level and Holginia, in 1719, received a common school land; was made first lord of the admieducaition, and after studying the pro- ralty in 1763; and d. in 1770.-SrENae nR,
fession, was licensed as a practitioner of  second son of the preceding, was b. in
law. lIe removed to North Carolina, 1762, was educated at Ilarrow and Camand was a delegate to congress from that bridge, practised as a chancery barrisstate. D. 1788.                       ter, and attached himself at h;is onset
PENNANT, THOMAs, an antiquary        in political life to the system of Mr. Pitt,
and naturalist, was b. 1726, at the faion- who brought him into parliament for
ily seat of Downing, in Flintshire; was  Northampton. Mr. Pereeval's knowleducated at Queen's and Oriel colleges, edge of finance opened to him a field
Oxford; became a fellow of the Royal for proniotion; lie was appointed one of
Society, and of various other learned  the counsellors for the crown, and soon
bodies; travelled in Great Britain aind  became solicitor-general, and, in 1802,
on  various parts of the Continent. attorney-general. HIe advocated tho
Among his numerous workls may be       union orflngland with Ireland, but was
mentioned his " Literary Life," "Brit- against concession to the Catholics; in
ish Zoology," "A Tour in Scotland,' short, he was a firm supporter of the
"Arctic Zoology," "A View of Hin- measures of ministers during the life of
dostan," " Outlines of the Globe,"    Pitt, and sat on the opposition side
" An Account of London," and various  during the administration of Fox; at
tours. D. 1798.                        whose decease, in 1807, he obtained a
PEPPERELL, Sir WILLIAM, lieuten- place in the cabinet as chancellor of the
ant-general in the British service, was b. exchequer, and also that of chancellor
in Maine, and engaged in commercial of the duchy of Lancaster. He was
pursuits. He was early appointed an    supposed to have the lead in the cabofficer in the militia, anmc for his services inet, although he did not then hold the
in comumandinog the successful expedi- office of first lord of the treasury, but to
tion against Louisburg, was rewardedl this he succeeded at the death of the
by the king with the dignity of a bar- duke of Portland in 1809. Mr. Perceaolet. HIls couraoge and activity were  val kept his exalted station only a short
much a'dmired by the colonies. D. 1759. period, for on the 11th of May, 1812, he
PEPYS, SAMUEL, was b. at Brampton, was shot on entering the lobby of the
nm Iuntinodonshire; was educated at house of commons, by a person named
St. Paul's school, and at Magdalen col- Bellingham, who avowed that he had
leoce Cambridge; was patronized by his been waiting with the view of destroyrelative, Montuxue, afterwards earl of  ing Lord Leveson Gower, late ambasSandwlvich; and accompanied him, as saclor to the court of St. Petersburg.
secretary, in the fleet that was sent to  PERCIVAL, TuHOMAS, a physician and
brinog back Charles II.  Durini( the   miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1740, at
whole of the reigns of Chiarles II. and  Wairrington, in Lancashire; studied at
James II., with- but one short interval, Edinburgh and Leyden; and settled at
lie was secretary of the admiralty, in  Manchester, where lie founded a scienwhich capacity he introduced many im- tific society.- Among his works are
portrant improvements into the navy. " Medical Ethics," " Moral a-id Literary
lie resigned after thle revolution. For Dissertations," and "A Faither's Inten years lie was president of the RoyaIl structions to his Children."  D. 1804.
Society. He wrote " Memoirs of the      PERCY, TiOMr^AS, an eminent prelate,
Navy;" but his most interesting work  related to the Northumberland family,
is his own " Diary," which has recently  was b. 1728, at Bridgenorth; was edubeen published. D. 1793.              cated at Christ-church, Oxford; became
PERCEVAL, JOrN-, first earl of Eg- chaplain to the king in 1769, clean of
montc, was b. at Ba-rton, -i Yorkshire, Carlisle in 1778, and bishop of Dromnor




682                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [PEt
in 1782. Of his wiorks theprinlcipal are, and embellished the capital with many
" The HIermit of \Warkworth," a poem; magnificent edifices. D. 429 B. o.
a "New     Translation of Solomon's   IERIER, JiMES C(ONSTANTINE, aable
Song;" and the "lteliques of English  French mechanist, was b. 1742, atParis,
Poetry."  D. 1811. —PETEIR FRANCIS, a, and became a iemlber of the Academy
celebrated French Imilitary surgeon, was of Sciences. He and his brother, who
b. 1754, at Montagney; was head sur- waas a partner with him, were the greatgeol to several. of the French arm'ies;  est malnufalcturers in France of.maintroduced many improvements into chinery, particularly of steam-engines,
Iulsgicial practice, anc  received from I and at one period had no less than
Napoleon tlhe title of baron and corn- nincty-three establishments..e wrote
mnader of thelegoion of honor. Among  an "IEssay on Steam-Engines;" and
hlis works ae, Tile Army Surgeon's some essays in the " Transactions of the
ianual, " ainld "Practical Surgical Pro- Academy."  D. 181S.-CASMIR, a celteclhn." D. 1825.                    ebrated French banker, and subsequcnit-'PEREFIXE, IHARIDOUIN DE BEA- ly a statesman, was b. at Grenoble, in
MONT DE, a French historian and civine, 1777. He at first entered thie arnmy, and
was b. 1605, at Paris; studied at Po   ved withs rep tation in the ca npaigns
an   hllii native city; and, after linring  of Italy, (1799 and 1800,) but on thle
acquired great popularity as a preaclhe,  deathl of his father a respectable merwas appointed preceptor to Louis XIV. cllant, abandoned the profession of arms
in 1644. In 148 ihe was raised to the for commercial business. In 1802 lhe
see of Rlodez, and, in 1662, was made establlished a banlking house in company
archbishop of Paris.   Iis principal with his brother, Scipio Perier, in the
work is;' The Life of Henry IV.," lmanagement of which he acquired ail
which is the best history of'that non- intimate acquaintance witli the most
arch, and has been translated into every  difficult and important questions of
foreign la. nuizae. D. 1670.         public credit and finaznce. At the revoPJ-REIitE, JACOB RODIIGuUEZ, a na- lution of 1830 lie took a decided part in
tive of Estrcmadura, in Spain, was the  favor of the national liberties, was subfirst who practisedl il France the art of sequently closen president of the chamnteahling tlie: deaf' and dumb.  lis  bers, and finally ormledl onle of the first
metlhod of instruction was. quite differ- cabinet of the new kine, without holdent to that of the' Abbe I'Epee; but it ing the portfolio of aly department.
was considered so good that Louis XV. Ii March, 183c1, he succeeded Lafittfo as
bestowed on him a pension of 500 francs. president of the council; and d. of cholIHe wrote several treatises on the sub- era, ini-Mvy, 1832.
ject, andd. in. 1780.                  PERON, FRANCIS, aI French naturalist
PERGOLESE, JOIN BAPTIST, an em- and voyager, was b. 1775, at Cerilly
inent musical composer, was b. in 1704, entered the army in 1792, and served
att Casoria.. IIe was a pupil of Gaetano  till 179., during which period lhe was
Greco- and was afterwards improved by  made.prisoner and lost an eye; studied
the lessons of Vinci and HIasse. For a medicine and natural history after his
considerable part of his short life his cischarge; and was appointed, in 1800,
compositions were not popular; but he zoologist to the expedition which was
at lengtl acqulired, and still retains, a sent to the Australian ocean. He is the
high reputation. Among his principal author of a Narrative of his Voyage,
woirks are, the justly celebrated "Stalbat and of " Observations on AnthropolMater;" a Mass and Vespers, written  ogy." D. 1810.
for the duke of hMatelon;  Olimapiade,  PEROUSE, JomN FRANCIs GALeAP DE
an opera; and the " Salva Regina,"   LA, a Frenchi navicator, was b. 1741, at
which was his lastproc'uction. D. 1737. Albi, and entered into thle naval service
PERICLES, an illustrious Athenian  at an early ae. In 1782 he conmmanrded
orator, warrior, and stlatesman, was b. an expedition against tlle British settlebetween 490 and 500-B. c., and received  ments in Hudson's bay. He was dcisthe lessons of Zeno, Daimon, and Anax.  patched, in 1785, with two vessels, on a
agootms.  1In opposition to Cimon, he voyage of discovery; and in March,
espousedo the popular cause, and he ac- 1788, he sent home an account of his
quired a wonderful ascendency over the progress. Fromn that period, however,
minds of his couantrymen. For forty  nothing more was leard of himn, thogh
years hle was at thel headc of affairs in  vain attempts were made to ascertain
Xthens, durilng whieCl period he in- hlis fate. Chance has, at length, recentcreased the military glory of the state, ly brought to light that botl his vessels




PES]                  CYCLOPMEDIA OF BouGRAPHY.                       683
were lost on d.fferent islands of the New  ed himself in the late war with lreat
Hebrides.                             Britain, by obtaining a splendid victory
PERRAULT, CLAUDE, a celebrated      over a superior force on Lake Erie. For
French architect, was b. in 1613, at this exploit lie was raised to the rank of'
Paris, and was originally broughlt up to  captain. lie commanded the Java in
the medical profession, whieh,'however, the expedition to the Mediterranean
lie abandoned for architecture, and be- under Co-mmodore ])ecatur. D. 1820.
came a member of the Academy of        PERSIUSFLACCUS, AULUS, aRoman
Sciences. Thle attacks which Boileau  satirist, was b. 34, at Volterra; studied
made upon him disgraced only the sat- at Rome, (and imbibed the Stoic philosirist.  Perrault was a man of great opby from Cornutus; was intimate with
genius, aend his front of the Louvre is Lucan, Seneca, and other eminent men;
one of the noblest architectural produc- and d. in his 28th year. His six satires,
tions of modern times. He translated  animatedel and often beautiful, but also
" Vitruvius;" and wrote various works. often obscure, have been translated into
D. 1688.-CHARLES, brother of thle fore- English by Dryden, Brewster, Drumgoing, was b. 1628, at Paris. lie prac- mond, Howes, and Giffod.
tised for some time at the bar, but     PERTINAX, PUBLIUS HELVIUS. a Roquitted it for an office under his brother man emperor, was b. 126, at Villa Martis.
Peter, who was receiver-general of the After having signalized himself inh armns,
finances of Paris.  Subsequently lie particularly against the Germans, and
rose to be comptroller-general of the  filled various important offices, among
royal buildings. He, contributed to the  which were those of consul and proconfounding of the academies of Inscrip-  sul in Africa, he was raised to the throne
tions, of thle Sciences, and of Painting, on the death of Commodus. He began
Sculpture, and Architecture. Hisprin- his reign by restoring discipline and
cipal works are, " Eulogies of Illustrious  reforming iabuses; but he was murdered
Men;" and a'"Parallel between the    in 193, by the pinetorian guairds, after
Ancients and. the Moderns," the last of  having held the imperial dignity only
which drew upon hitn the satire of    eiglhty-seven days.
Boileau. The well-known " Fairy Tales"  T'EEUGINO, PETEi, an eminent paintwere also written by Perraiult.   D. er, whose real natne was VANUCCI, was
1708.                                 b. 1446, at Citta della Pieve. HIe weas
PERRONET, JOuHN RODOLPH,' a cele- the master of Raphael, who has introbrated French civil engineer, was b. in  duced him in his picture of the "School
1708, at Surene, and became a member of Athens."   Perugino was suspicious
of many learned societies. Among his and avarieious, and Vasari charlges  im
works are, the canal of Burgundy, and  with an utter want of religion. As a
thirteen bridoes. Of his bridges the  painter lie has high merit. D. 1524.
finest are those of Neuilli, Nemours,   PESCENNIUS NIGER, CAIUS, a RoPont Saint Maxence, and Louis XVI. man emperor, a native of Aquino, of a
at Paris. That of Neuilli was the first considerable family, was appointed govexample of an horizontal bridge. D. 1794. ernor of Syria, and commander of the
PERRY, JAMEs, anl able wiigi political legions in Asia, by Corinmodus. On the
writer, b. in 1756, at Aberdeen; was death of Pertinax, the troops of Peseneducated at the high school and univer- nius proclaimed him emperor, in 193,
sity of his native place; settled in Lon- but he was opposed by Severus. After
don in 1777, and was engagecd as a writer having been defeated at Isses,in 195,
in " The General Advertiser andc Lon- he was killed by some soldiers, while le
don Evening Post."  In 1782 lie estab- was on his flight to the Parthian dolishedcl "The Eauropean Magazine," the minions.  His virtues rendered him
managemient of which lie quitted at the  worthy of a happier faite.
end of'a year, to become editor of " The  PESTALOZZI, HENRY, celebrated for
Gazetteer."    He afterwards purchased  having introduced a new method of ed" The Mornincg Chronicle," of which he ucation, was b. 1745, at Zurich. After
continued to be the sole proprietor till having studied theology and jurispruhis decease; and he raised it to emi- dence, he relinquished his views with
nence amolnog the public journals. D.respect to the church and the bar, to cul1821. - OLIVER HAZARD, ean AmeriQan   tivate his own small property. Witnessnaval officer, was b. in Rhode Island, ing the wretchedness of the peasantry,
1785. Entering the navy in 1798, he he became anxioi to ameliorate their
served in the Mediterranean in the ex- I situation by cultivating their mental facpeditiov against Tripoli, and distinguish- aulties. In the pursuit of his benevolent




684                   CYCLOPE DIA OF BIOGI.APIIY.                       [PET
pur pose he published several works, and  fathful to him; and his son, Alexis,
considerably injured his fortune.   It was disobedient. The formerhe spared;
was not till 1798, however, that his pluns the latter le brought to trial, and is bewere patronized by tile Helvetic govern- believed to have put to death in prison.
mient. Under that patronage, lie, for. 1725.
several years conducted an institution,   PETERBOROUGH, CHARLES MoRwhich acquired extensive celebrity. D. DAUNT, earl of, the son of Lord Mor1827.                                  daunt, was b. in 1658; distinguished
PETER THE IHERMIT, memorable         himself against the Moors at Tangier, in
as having been the author of the Cru- 1680; contributed to the revolution, and
sades, was b. at Amiens, about the mind- was created earl of Monmouth; sucdle of the 11th century. lie quitted the ceeded to the title of Peterborougll in
profession of arms to become a hermit,  1697;.was appointed comnlander-inin which capacity he made, about 1093, chief of the English forces in Spain, in
a pilgrimage to the Ioly Land. Indig- 1705, at the head of which he reduced
nanlt at tlie insults to which the Chris- Barcelona, and obtained other splendid
tians were subjected, lie origyinated the  successes, for whieli he was appointed
plan of expelling the Infidels fiom Pal.- generalissimo of the imperial forces;
estine. History has recorded the sue- was made (reneral of the marines, and a
cess with whichl lie pretached it after his  kiiight of tihe garter by George I.; and
return to Europe. -Ie led the first irreg- d. 173.
ular band of crusaders, but he displayed  PETERS, HuGn, a celebrated fanatic,
little talent, and most of his followers was tlle son of a Cornish merchant;
were destroyed.. 1115, abbot of New   was educated at Trinity college, CamnMoutier, in the territory of Liege.    bridge; and, after having been on tle
PETER I. ALEXIEVIT3Cr, surnamed   stage, in tle churclh, and a resident in
TuIE GREAT, czar of Lussia, was b. 1672. America, took a very active part against
In 1682 lie succeeded to a sihare in thee Charles I., br which lie was executed il
crown, and, in 1696, obtained the sole  1660.  ie wrote "Discourses;" and a
authority on the death of his brother    Last Legacy to his Daughter."'-RirrIvan. At an early period lie began to  AItD, an eminent judge, was b. in 1744,
form  projects for the civilization and  and received his education in the city
aggrandizemelt of his empire. Military  of Philadelphia. Iie adopted the proand nalval improvements were the first fession of the law, and soon obtained an
objects of his efforts, and he was ably  extensive practice. At the commenceseconded by his confidant and counsel- nment of hostilities with the mother
lor, Lefort, a native of Geneva.   I-e  country, he joined the side of tlhe colotwice travelled, in 1697 and 1716, to ac- iies, and, inl 1776, was appointed by
quire knowledge, and, in the course of congress secretary of the board of war.
his first journey, he worked as a ship-  is exertions in this department were
wright in the dockyard at Seardam. highly meritorious and useful, and, on
Froim all quarters he likewise invited  resigniiin  tlhe post, in 1781, he was
men of talent and mechanical skill to  elected a. iember of congress, and assettle in Russia. Ill 1700 he entered  sisted in closing the business of the war.
upon a war with Sweden, which lasted   On the organization of the new governtill 1721. At the commiencement of it ment, he was appointed judge of the
he was repeatedly defeated, at Narva   district court of Pennsylvanlia, and perand other places, but he at lenogtl ac- formed the duties of this office for thirquired the ascendency, gained a decisive ty-six years'. Durinm this timn lie vwas
victory at Pultowa, in 1709; and wrested  engaged in several objects of public imnscveral provinces from the Swedes. On   )rovement, anld issued several valuable
part of the territory thus conquerec he  publications in relation to acriicultcre.
founded St. Petersburg. In 1711, how- As a judge lie possessed pow-ers of a highl
ever, he was less fortunate against thie  order, and his decisions on adclirllty
Turks, by whlom he was surrounded on   law form the groundwork of this lbranch
the banks of the Pruth, and compelled  of our jurislrudelice. Their principles
to sign an ignominious peace. Against were not only sanctioned by our own
Persia- le nwas successful, in 172, and  courts, but were simultaneously adopted
obliged that power to make extensive   by Lord Stowell, the distinguished maricessions to him.   But amidst all his tiome judoe of Great Britain. D. 1828.
glory his latter yearswere clouded by     PETION, ALEXANDER, a mulatto,
domestic infelicity; Bwos wife, Cathmrine, lwose real name wa' SABES, wAas the
was more than suspected of being un- son of a St. Domingo plmtnter; was b at
waB inore than                                                        as b. at" V- V'"




PHA]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        685
Port au Prince, in 1770, and received a which have rendered his Lame immortal,
liberal education. From the commence- but which failed to gain the object of his
ment of the struggle between the blacks affections. After having vainly travand the whites in his native island, he elled to forget or moderate his love, he
bore arms, and distinguished himself   settled at Vaucluse, a romantic spot,
on various occasions. In 1807 he was where he wrote some of his finest
elected president of the republic of   works. His liter ary r eputation attracted
Hayti, comprehending the southern and  the regard of princes; he was invited to
western part of St: Domingo, and this Naples, to Paris, and to Rome; and reoffice he filled so worthily, that lie was ceived the laureate crown in the capitol
called The Father of his Country. D. of the latter city. Among his warmest
1818.                                 friends and patrons was the Colonna
PETIS DE LA CROIX, FRANCIS, a family. In 1348 his feelings were deeply
celebrated orientalist, was b. in 1653, at wounded by the death of Laura. He
Paris; was employed in negotiations survived her, however, nearly thirty
with the Barbary powers, and was Ara- years, during all which period he was
bic professor at the royal college; and  admired and honored by his own cound. 1713. Aiong his works are, "A       trymen, and by foreign princes. Of all
History ofTamerane," "Persian Tales,"  his numerous works, in prose and
and "Turkish Tales."                   verse, his Italian poems alone preserve
PETIT, JOHN LEWIS, an eminent sur- their reputation undiminished; but they
geon, was b. 1674, at Paris, studied   are identified with literature itself, and
anatomy under Littre, and surgery un- till that is annihilated their fame is seder Castel; was for some years an army  cure. D. 1374.
and hospital surgeon, settled at Paris,  PFEFFEL, CHRISTIAN FPEDERIC, a
gave lectures, acquired a well-merited jurisconsult and diplomatist, was b. at
reputation; and became director-general Colmar, in 1726. -Becoming the friend
of the surgical school. -Ie invented a of the count de Bruhl, he was emtourniquet, and a method of extracting  ployed on various diplomatic missions,
foreigln bodies from  the cesophagus; andi was made jurisconsult to the king;
and wrote a treatise on;"Diseases of  but during the revolution his property
the Bones," and a treatise oni surgical was confiscated, and lie was placed on
diseases. D. 1750.                    the list of emigrants. He was the auPETITOT, JOHN, an admirable painter thor of several excellent \works, among
in enamel, who so much improved that which his "Abreg6 Chronologique de
branch of the art, that lie may almost hl'Histoire, et du Droit publique c'Allebe said to be the inventor of it, was b. magne."  D. 1807.
1607, at Geneva, and d. at Vevay, 1691.  PHAIEDUS, JULIUs, an elegant Latin
He was patronized by Charles I. of En- fabulist, was b. on the frontier of Thrace
gland, and afterwards, by Louis XIV. and Macedonia, was a slave of Augustus,
Petitot worked in conjunction with his by whom he was manumitted, and was
brother-in-law Bourdier, and it is hon- persecuted by Sejanus, during the reign
orable to the character of both, that of Tiberius. The time of his death is
they lived together for half a century  not recorded.  After having lain in
without the slightest disagreement.   oblivion for many centuries, his Fables
PETRARCH, FRANCIS, one of the four were discovered bv Francis Pithou, and
greatest of the Italian poets, was b. in  given to the press by Peter his brother.
1304, at Arezzo. The dissensions which  PHALARIS, a native of Crete, whose
distracted his country induced his father cruelty, and the horrid instrument with
to remove to Avignon; and the first which he wreaked his vengeance on
rudiments of education were received  those who fell under his displeasure,
by Petrarch, at Carpentras, from Con- have become proverbial. In 571 B..,
vennole. Beinc intended for the law, he made himself mnaster of Agrigentum,
he studied it at Montpellier and Bologna. in Sicily, where he was guilty of horriHlis whole soul, however, was devoted  ble cruelties. Among other instruments
17o literature; but it wais not till he was of destruction, he caused a hollow brain his twentieth year that the death of  zen bull to be made, so contrived, that
his father allowed him to indulge his when a fire was kindled under the body,
inclination. Having settled at Avignon, the cries of the unhatppy victim within
he saw the beautiful Laura de iNoves. resembled the roarinos of the animal it
Her charms inspired him with a lasting  represented. Phalaris, after commendpassion, the effusions of whic.h he ing the work, ordered Perillus. the
poured forth in those sonnets and odes artist, to be the first to make trial of it.
53




686                  CYCLOPAImDA OF BIOGRAPHY,.                      [Pin
After a saguinary reign of eight years, of " Cyder," a poem, in imitation of Vir
the citizens at length seized the tyrant, gil.-AmuBnosE; a pot and drclal'tist,
and with a severe but just retaliation  b. in Leicestersiire, in the latter part of
consumed him by a slow fire in his own  the seventeenth century; received his
bull, 563. c.                        educatiou, and obtained a fellowship at
PHIIDIAS, one of the greatest of    St. John's college, Cambridge, and besculptors, an Athenian, is supposed to  came reoistrar of the Irish )>rerogative
have been b. about 497 or 498 B. c., an  cort. He wrote poems, te tragedies
to have d. 431 B.c. Little, howeve, is of "The Briton," " lumphry, Duke of
known respecting his life. Hippias is Gloucester,"  anid'The  Distressed
stated by some to have been his nmaster, Mother," and a "Life of Archbishop
and Eladas by others.   He executed   Williams," and contributed to the periseveral statues of Minerva, particularly  ocical paper callec the "Freethinker."
that in the Parthenon, (the works of  His pastorals involved him in a quarrel
which temple he superintendced,) a    with Pope, by whom they were illsidistatue of Jupiter Olympus, and various  ously attacked in the " The Guardian."
other admirable productions.          D. 1749.
PHILIDOR, FRANCIS ANDIrEW, a com-     PHILLIPS, THOMAS, a portrait painter
poser, was b. 1726, at Dreux; composed  of considerable merit, was b. at Dudley,
a great number of operas, and set Alex- in Warwickslire, in 1770. Having had.
ander's Feast, and the Carmen Seculare, some initiatory practice in the country,
to music, and d. in 1795, in London. he went to London when lie was about
Philidor had respectable musical talents, 20, and foulnd employment at Windsor,
but he owes his fame to his consummate  under Benjamin West, who was att that
skill as a chess player, iin which lie has time engaged in decorating St. George's
seldom been equalled. lie wrote "The chapel. He was devotedly attached to
Analysis of Chess," which has passed  his profession, but for many years he
through many edition., and may be hald to contend with the superior talents
called one of the classical works upon  of West, Lawrence, Hoppner, &c., who
the game.                             were in their zenith; but by unceasing
PHILIP II. king of Macedon, son of  application, and a laudable emulation
Amyntas II. and father of Alexander which never forsook him, he gained so
the Great, was b. 383 B. C. The art of much celebrity, as to number among
warhelearned underEpaminoncdas. On    his sitters some of most eminent men
the death of his brother Perdiccas, he in the kingdom. He also wrote many
usurped the throne, at first under the  occasional essays on the fine arts; and,
guise of guardian to his infant nephew. in co-operation with Turner, Chantrey,
After having repeatedly defeated the  Robertson, and others, he planned and
bordering powers, and enlarged his do- successively matured the Artists' Genminions by successive encroachments, eral Benevolent Institution. D. 1845.
he extinguished. the liberties of Greece  PHILO, JUD^US, a learned Jewish
by the victory of Cheronsea. IIe was writer of Alexandria, who was one of
next appointed general of the Greeks the deputation sent by the Jews to lay
against the Persians, and was preparing  their comnplaints against the Greeks of
to invade Asia, when lie was assassi- Alexandria before the emperor Caligula,
nated by Pausanias, 336 B.. —MARCus  A.D. 40. He wrote several works in
JULIUS, a Roman emperor, surnamed     Greek, the principal of which is entitled,
the Arab, from his being b. at Bosra, in' Of the Contemplative Life."-Of ByArabia, rose from being a common sol- zantium, an architect, who flourished
dier to the highest rank in the army. 300 B.c. lIe wrote a treatise on the
He gained the throne, in 244, by the machines used in war; and there is also
assassination of Gordian, and for a attributed to him a piece, entitled " De
while his liberality rendered him popu- Septem Orbis Spectaculis."
lar. He was at length defeated by       PILOLAUS, of Crotona, a celeDeeius, and was slain by his own troops brated Pythagorean philosopher, wlr
in 249.                               flourished 376 e.c. Ite belonged to the
PHILIPS, JOHN, a poet, was b. 1676, Pythagorean school, and by some is
at Bampton, was educated at Winches- supposed to have written the " Golden
ter school and -Christ-church, Oxford, Verses of Pythagoras."  Ile is also said
and d. 1708. While at college, he wrote to have first taught the true system of
"The Splendid   Shilling," the most the universe, revived by Copernicus,
popular of his works, and thle poem of but this supposition is erroneous.
"'Blenheim.? He is the author, likewise,  PHILOPCEMEN, a celebrated gen



PIC]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPTYI.                        687
eral, who has been called tbhelast of the  celebrated French dramatist and roGreeks, was b. 223 B. c., at Megalopolis, mance writer, was b. 1769, at Paris, and
in Acadia; became generalissimo of     d. there 1824. For many years he was
the Archsean league; reduced the Spar- also a popular actor. He wrote nearly
tans to a tributary state, dismantled  a hundred dramatic pieces, most of
Sparta, and abolished the laws of Ly- which were crowned with success. His
curgus; but was at length taken pris- romances, among which may. be menoner in a battle with the Messeniuns, tioned " The Hiistory of Gabriel Desoand was put to death by poison, 183 B.. dry," " The Gil Blas of the Revolution,"
PHOCION, an Athenian, illustrious and "The Confessions of Laurence
for his virtues no less than for his tal- Giffard," are inferior to his comedies.
ents, was b. about 400 B.C., of an obscure  PICART, BERNARD, an engraver, the
family. Plato and Xenocrates were his son of Stephen, who was of the same
masters inphilosophy. Forty-five times profession, was b. 1663, at Paris; ache- was placed at the head of the Athe- quired an early reputation for designing
nian armies, and on all occasions dis- as well as engraving, and settled in
played bravery and skill. Ile was, Holland with his father. Among his
however, a lover of peace, and he dis- best works are, " The Massacre of the
couraged hostile proceedings against the  Innocents," "Time discovering Truth,"
Macedonians, because he was convinced  and "The Arcadian Shepherds."    HIe
that circumstances were such as to ren- also executed the plates for the "Relider success hopeless. In probity and   giolens Ceremonies of all Nations."  D.
disinterestedness lie was never sur- 1733.
passed.  lie was, nevertheless, con-     PICCINI, NICHOLAS, an eminent comdemned to die by poison, 318 B.C., and  poser, was b. 1721, at Bari, and studied
was even denied a grave in his own     -under Leo and DPirante, of the latter of
country. When the madness of popular   which masters he was the favorite pupil.
passion had subsided, the Athenians   He began his career in 1754, and soon
raised a statue to his memory, and put acquired an extensive reputation by his
his accuser to death.                  compositions, particularly by his "'La
PIAZZI, JOSEPIm, a celebrated astron- Buona," " Figluola," and "Olympia."
omer, was b. 1746. at Ponte, in the Val- After a residence of nearly twenty years
teline; entered into the order of the at Rome, he was invited to Paris. His
Theatins, and, after having been a pro- subsequent life was checkered with
fessor at Genoa, Malta, and Ravenna, much vexation and ill fortune. D. 1800.
was invited to Palermo, in 1780, to fill  PICCOLOMINI, OCTAVIUS, a leader
the professorship of the higher branches  of the imperial armies, one of the most
of mathematics. At Palermo he obtained  distinguished generals of the thirty
the establishment of an observatory, years' war, was b. in Italy, in 1599, and
and entered into a correspondence with  made his first military essays in that
the most eminent European astrono- country, in the Spanish army. He
mers. He made a new catalogue of      passed into the service of the emperor,
&stars, containing seven thousand six   and rendered himself conspicuous for
hundred and forty-six, and, on the 1st bravery and talent, at Lutzen, Nordlinof January, 1801, discovered an eighth  gen, and many other battles. Returning
planet, to which he gave the name of  to the Spanish colors, he was appointe
Ceres Ferdinandea. He is the author commander-in-chief in the Netherlamds,
of " Astronomical Lessons" and of va- but was soon recalled by the emperor,
rious other scientific works. D. 1826.  and was made field-marshal. Ills subPICARI)D, JOHN, an able French as- sequent exploits gained for him the title
tronomer and mathematician, was b. in  of prince. D. 1656.
1620, at La Flaihe, in Anjou, became    PICHEGRU, CHARLES, one of the
astronomer to the Academy of Sciences most celebrated generals produced by
at Paris, and made a voyage to Urani- the wars of the French revolution, was
burg to ascertain the exact longitude  b. of poor parents, in 1761, at Arbois,
and latitude of that observatory. He  in Franche Cointe; was educated by the
was the first who observed the phos- monks of that town; and was a tutor
phoric light in the barometric vacuum, to the mathematical and philosophical
and applied the telescope to quadrants. classes at the college of Brienne, when
I-e  edited  the  "Connoissance des Bonaparte was a stuident there. Hte enTemps, from 1679 to 1683   and wrote tered into the artillery as a private sola narrative of his voyage and other dier, and rose to be adjutant before
works. D. 1684.-Louis BENEDICT, a 1789. Subsequent to the revolution he




688                   CYCLOPe DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [PIo
rapidly attained the rank of general of and sole jldge of the maritime court for
division. After having commanded the the mid~dle district. During the war he
army of the Rhine, ~e was placed, il nWas appointed adjutant-general, and
February, 1794, at the head of the army  subseq entlv a member of the board of
of the North. He defeated the allies in  war. From 1790 to 1798, at different
several actions, and soon achieved the intervals, he was employed on various
conquest of the Netherlands and of    negotiations with the lndlians. lie was
Holland.'But, in 1795, while general successively postmaster-general, secreof the army of the Rhine, he sullied his tary of war, and. secretary of state.
fame by entering into negotiations with  From the last office he was removed by
the exiled Bourbons. In 1797 he was President Adams in 1800. From 1803
elected a member of the council of five to 1811 he was a senator in congress
hundred, and was chosen president of  from his native state, and from 1814 to
that body. He was one of those who    1817 a representative in that body. In
were transported to Cayenne by the di- public life he was distinguished for
rectory, after its triumph in September; firmness, energy, activity, and disinterbut he contrived to make his escape to  estedness. D. 1829.
Englland. In 1804, in conjunction with  PICTET DE RICHEMONT, CHARLEs,
Georges and others, he visited Paris, was b. in 1755, at Geneva; spent several
for the purpose of attempting the over- years in the military service; retired to
throw of the consular government. He his estate, where he devoted himself to
was arrested  and committed to the farming and literature; and was emTemple; ancd was found dead in his ployed in 1815 as negotiator for Switbed, by strangulation.                zerland at Paris, Vienna, and Berlin.
PICHLER, CAROLINE, one of the most He conducted (in conjunction with his
prolific writers that Germany has pro- brother and M. Maurice) "The Britanduced, was b. at Vienna, 1769. Her nic Library;" translated various works
maiden name was Greiner. Her father from the English; and published     A
held a high position at the court of  Course of Agriculture," and other proVienna; and his house was long cele- ductions on the same subject. D. 1824.
brated for its reunions of all that was  PIERCE, EDWARD, an English painter
most distinguished in that nmetropolis in the reign of Charles I. and 11I. He
for rank, fashion, and genius. She re- was eminent in history and landscapes;
ceived a first-rate education, and showed  but as his works chiefly consisted of
an early predilection for literary pur- altar-pieces and ceilings of churches,
suits; but it was not till after she had  there are few of his pictures in existence,
attained her 80th year that she appeared  most of them having been destroyed in
as an authoress, her first work, called  the fire of London. One of his sons
the " Gleichnisse," being published in  was an excellent sculptor, and executed
1799. This was followed from time to the statues of Sir Thomas Gresham and
time by various other works of consid- Edward III., which ornamented the
erable merit: but these were all thrown  roval exchange before it was destroyed
into the shade by her " Aathocles,"   by fire, Jan. 10, 1838.
which appeared in 1808, and was written  PIGAFETTA, ANTHONY, a voyager
with the view of counteracting Gibbon's of the 16th century, was one of the
attacks upon the Christian faith. Her eighteen companions of Magellan, who
works amount to more than 60 volumes, survived the voyage, and returned to
consisting chiefly of dramas and histor- Seville, in 1522. In 1524 he was made
ical romances; of which may be'men- a knight of Rhodes. He wrote a nartioned the " Grafen von Hohenberg,"   rative of the voyage, the MS. of which
" Die Belagerung Wien's von 1683,"   was supposed to be lost, but was dis"Die Schweden in Prag," "Die Wie- covered, some years ago, in the Ambrodereroberung von Ofen," " Henriette   sian library at Milan.
von England," "Die Frauenwilrde,"      PIGALLE, JOHN BAPTIST, an eminent
and the " Nebenbuliler," &c.- D. 1843. sculptor, was b. inl 714, at Paris; studPICKERING, TiMOTHY, an American lied at Rome; became a sculptor to the
statesman, was b. at Salei, in 1746, and  French monarch, and a knight of the
was graduated at Harvard college in   order of St. Michael. Among his best
1763. He took an active part in the works are, the monument of Marshal
popular cause, and, in organizing the Saxe, Love and Friendship, and statues
provisional government of Massactu- of Silence, Mercury, and Venus. D. 1785.
setts in 1775, was appointed a judge of  PIGNOTTI, LAURENCE, an Italian
the court of commoln pleas for Esscex, poet and historian, was b. at Figliena,




PIN]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      689
in Tuscany, in 1789; was educated at opportunity of gaining fresh reputation
Arezzo and Pisa; practisdd as a physi- in the field had passed.  He was a
cian at Florence; was created histori- member of the convention which formed
ographer of the court, and became rector the federal constitution, and in 1796 was
of the uni.- sity ofPisa. His " Fables"  appointed minister to France. When
have acquired an extensive popularity, preparations were making for war on
but his great fame was acquired by his account of the expected French invasion,
" History of Tuscany."  D. 1812.     Mr. Pinckney was nominated a major
PIKLIER, or PICHLER, Jonu, the general, but le sooln had an opportunity
most able gem engraver of the age, was of retiring to the quiet of private life.
b. in 1734, at Naples, and was the son  He was afterwards president of the
of JOHN ANTHON$Y, who was also cele- Cincinnati society of the United States.
brated fobr his skill in the same art. Hle D. 1825.
was knighted by Joseph II. His works   PINDAR, the greatest of lyric poets,
are numerous,.and highly valued. D. was b. about 522 a. c., near Thebes. in
1791.                                 Lceotia, and is believed to have d. about
PILKINGTON, JAM.ES, an English      442 E. c. Ile was patronized by Theron
bishop, was b. at Rivington, in Lan- of Agrigentum, and Hiero of Syracuse,
cashile, in 1520, and educated at St. at the court of which latter prince he is
John's collcge, Cambridge, of which he said to have resided during the closing
became master. During the persecution  years of his existence. Little, however
under Mary, he was 6oTliged to leave the is known of his real history. Of his
kingdom, but on the accession of Eliza- works which were numerous, and in
beth he was made bishop of Durham, various kinds of composition, time has
and d. in 1575. He wrote some valuable spared only four books of Odes; but
"Commentaries on the Scriptures."-    what it has spared is amply sufficient to
LETITIA, the daughter of Dr. Van Lewen, vindicate his claim to be ranked among
a physician of Dublin, was b. in 1712. the most illustrious of ancient bards.
She became the wife of the Rev. Mat-    PINEL, PHILIP, ain eminent French
thew Pilkington, from whom she was physician, was b. in 1742, at St. Paul,
separated on account of the irregularity in the department of the Taru; pracof her conduct. After this she settled  tised with distinguished success atParis,
in London, where she subsisted partly  particularly in cases of insanity; introby writing, and partly by the bounty of  duced the miost important improvements
her frimeds. She wrote "The Roman     into the imode of treating insane paFather," a tra-aedv; and " The Turkish  tients; acquired great popularity by his
Colunt, or London Apprentice," a con- lectures. Among his works are, " A
edy; "Memoirs of her Life;" and va- Medico-philosophical Treatise on Menrious poems, &c. D. 1750.             tal Alienation," "Philosophical Nosoa'PILPAYf an oriental fabulist, was a raphy," and "Clinical Medicine."  D.
Brahmin of Hindostan, and counsellor 1826.
to one of the ajlahs. He is said to have  PINGRE  ALEXANDER Guy, an able
flourished 2000 years before the Chris- astronomer, was b. in 1711, at Paris;
tian era.  His fables were translated  was originally an ecclesiastic, and began
from the Persian into French, by Gal- the study of astronomy at a late period;
land, in 1714.                        and made a voyage, in 1760, to Isle RoPINCKNEY, CiHARLES COTESWORTH, driguez, to observe the transit of Venus,
a distinguished officer of the revolu- and three subsequent voyages, to try
tionary'aumy,'was b. in South Carolina, the chronometers of Berthoud and Le
received his education in England, and  Roy. The most important of his works
studied law in the Temple. On return- is his " Cometography, or 1Historical and
ing to his native province in 1769, he Theoretical Treatise on Comets."  D.
devoted himself to the successful prac- 1796.
tice of his profession. On the com-    PINKERTON, JOHN, a fertile hbu
meneement of hostilities he renounced  eccentric author, was b. in 1758, in
law for the study of military tactics, Edinburgh. He was educated at Lanark
and was soon promoted to the command  griammar school, and served five years
of the first regiment of Carolina infantry. as clerk to an attorney; after which he
He was subsequently aid-de-camp to    settled in London, and gave himself up
Washington, and in this capacity at the to literature. I-e began his career by
battles ot'Brandswine and Germantown. poetical productions, among which were,
On the surreInder of Charleston lie was Rhyimes, Odes, and Tales, but he did
taken prisoner, and remnainec so till all not rise above mediocrity. In emulation
58u



690                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [PIR
of Chatterton he also produced two vol- navigator, accompanied Columbus on
ninmes of pretended ancient Scottish  his memorable voyage; was the first
poems. One of his earliest works was European who crossed the line; dis" Letters on Literature," under the as- covered Brazil and the river Amazon;
sumed name of " Robert Heron," in     was appointed one of the royal pilots;
which lie displayed a degree of vanity  and d. in the early part of the 16thl cenand impudence which has seldom been   tury.
equalled. In his latter years he took up  PIOMBO, SEBASTIANO DEL, an emihis abode in France. Among the works nent painter, b. at Venice, in 1485. I-He
of this indefatigable writer are, an ex- renounced music, of which he was very
cellent'" Essay  on  Medals," " The fond, for painting, and studied under
Treasury of Wit," "A Dissertation on  Bellini, but afterwards took the fine
the Origin of the Scythians and Goths,"  coloring of Giorgione as a model. The
"AH-istoryof Scotland," "Icofiographia delicacy of his pencil was much adScotica," " Modern Geography," "A     mired, and Michael Angelo encouraged
Collection of Voyages andl Travels,"  him  to enter into competition'vith
"Recollections of Paris," and "Potral- Raphael, and even supplied him with
ogy, or a Treatise on Rocks."         dlesigns, which Piombo often executed
PINKNEY, WILLIAM, an eloquent very happily, although by no means calawyer and statesman, was b. in Mary- pable of lofty conceptions or sublime
land, in 1765, and prepared himself for inventions. His greatest work is his
the bar under the instruction of Judge  " esurrection of Lazarus," now in the
Chase. He was admitted to practice in  British national gallery. D. 1547.
1786, and soon gave indications of pos-  PIOZZI, IHESTER LYNCH, a, miscellanesessing superior powers.  le was a    oius writer, whose maiden name was
member of the convention of Maryland  Salisbury, was b. 1739, at Bodvel, and
which ratified the federal constitution. was united, in 1763, to Mr. Thrale, nn
In 1776 he was appointed one of the   opulent brewer. For many years Dr.
commissioners under the British treaty. Johnson was the intimate friend of her
The state of Maryland also employed   and her husband. After the death of
hin to procure a settlement of its claims Mr. Thrale she accepted the addresses
on the bank of England, and he recov- of Signor Piozzi; an act which occaered for it the sum of 809,000 dollars. sionecl a dissolution of her friendship
This detained him in England till the with Johnson. For a considerable periyear 1804, when he returned and re- od she resided at Florence with her
sumed his professional labors. In 1806 second husband, and while there she
he was sent as envoy extraordinary to  contributed to the " Florence MiscellaLondon, and in 1808 received the au- ny." Among her works are, "Anecdotes
thority of minister plenipotentiary. Ie of Dr. Johnson," "Observations in a
returned to the United States in 1811, Journey through France,' Italy, and
and soon after was appointed attorney- Germany," "British Synonymy," and
general. This office he held till 1814. " Retrospection."  D. 1821.
During the incursion of the British into  PIRANESI, JOHN BAPTIST, an emiMaryland, he commanded a battalion, nent engraver and antiquary, was b.
and wav-wounded in the battle of Bla- 1707, at ornme, in which city he d. 1778.
densburg, in August, 1814.   -IHe was Piranesi was one of the most indeafterwards representative in congress, fatigable of artists, and his talents
minister plenipotentiary to Russia, en- were equal to his industry.-FRANCIs, a
voy to Naples, and in 1819 senator in  son of the foregoing, and the inheritor
congress. In the last office lie continued  of his genius, was b. 1748, at Rome.
till his'death in 1822.-EDWARD COATE, The magnificent works begun by his
son of the foregoing, was b. in London, father he continued with such a kinin 1802, passec his infancy in England, dred spirit that the labors of the parent
andcwas placed as a student in Baltimore  and soni cannot be distinguished from
college at the age of 10 or 11. He en- each other; and he exected many othtered the navy as a midshipman, and   ers of equal magnitude. D. 1810.
continued in the service for several    PIRON, ALEXIS, a French poet, dramyears. On the death of his father he atist, and wit, was b. 1689, at Dijon, and
quitted the navy and devoted himself  was about to become a barrister, when
to the practice of the law. Iie published, family misfortunes compelled him, not
in 1825, a volume of poems, which pos- very reluctantly, to relinquish the bar.
5s much beauty. D. 1828.             He went to Paris, and for a while earned
PINZON, VINOENT YANEZ, a Spanish    a scanty subsistence as a copyist. To




PIU]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       691
write for the stage was his next resource. an overwhelming majority. Frorl 1786
He began by conlposing pieces obr the till'1801, lie continued to hold the reins
theatre of the Comic Opera, and "Har- of' governmnent, during one of the most
lequin Deucalion" was Itis first effort. stormy periiocds of otlr hlistoryv anrd his
In 1728 lie tried the regular dramta, and  adinire rs hav e conferred on him the title
produced the comedy of' "The Ungrate- of " the pilot thlt weatheedci the stormn."'l Son."   It Awas not, howcever, till He resigned in 1801; but resumecd his
1738, that he gained a place among the post in 1804, and held it till his decease,
highest class of dramnatists by his ad- which took place on the 23d of January,
mirable comedyof "~Metromania," "which  1806.  Hiis dissolution is believed to
is justly considered as a masterpiece. have been listened by the disastrous
I). 1773.                             result of the continental coalition in
PISISTRATUS, an Athenian, who       1805. WXith respect to pecuiniary conflourished in the 5th century before the  siderations no Ian vas ever more disChristian era, and was distiliguishedt for interested andcl incorrupt, and he d. poor.
eloquence and valor. le tlhrice obtained  In eloquence hle rivalled some of the
the sovereign authority at Athens. Twice  most illustrious of the ancient orators.
he was expelled, and in the last instlance  As a finance minister he possessed great
he remained eleven years in exile, before  abilities, though the policy of sOme of
lie could again seize the reins of power. his measures is more than doubtful;
Thoiugi bearing the name of a tyrant, but in tlle conduct of a war he did not
Pisistrlatus was just and liberal. He  shine, for his plans were neither grandly
established a pulflic library at Athens, conceived nor vigorously executed.
and collected tle poems of IHomer in    PITTACUS, one of the seven saces
their present form. D..527.        of Greece, iwo was a warrior as well as
PITT, CIRISTOPrEuR, an elegant poet, a philosopher, was 1. about 650 B. c., at
was b. in 169!9, at Blandcford; was edu- Mitylene, in the island of Lesbos; excated it Winchester and at New collee. pellec the tyvant Melanchris fiom LesOxf.ird; and obtained, in 1722, the living  bos; goveerned cisely for ten years;
of Pimperne, which lie held till his de- and dc. 570 B..
cease, in 1748. HIis Poems have consid-  PIUS VI., whose secular name was
erable merit; and his translations of  JOHiN ANrGELTO BRASeCI, w as b. at Cesena,
tlhe' JlEeid" and of' "Vida's Art of  in 1717. His first. act was to make a
Poetry," are of a superior kind. —WIL- reform in the public treastur;  lie then
LIA, a celebratecl statesmani, the second  completed the nlmuseum in the Vatican;
son of the great earl of Chlatlhaim, was b. but the greatest cwork of his pontificate
May 28, 1759, at Haxes, in Kent. Tlhe  was the draining of the Pontine marshes,
earlier part of lis edulcation hie received  -a plroject that batffled several of the
at honle, undler the rwatchful superinten- emperors, and malny of the popes.
delce of lis fitherl, who spa red no palins  W]len Bonaparlte entered Italy, he marde
to cltivate liis talents, and especially to the pope prisoner in tle capital, which
rive ihim habits of self-possession and  wxas plundered. The veneralble pontiff
of public speaking. At the age of 14  was carried away by the victors, and
lie went to Pelmbroke 11hll, Cambridge.   hurried over the Alps to Valence, lwhere
n11 1780, after hav-ina studied at Lincoln's lie d. of excessive iftigue and ill-usa'ge
Inn, hle was a called to the bar, but hle 1799. —VII., o GR-G   BARNABAS C-TuAonly once or twice, wen t to tlhe western ninRMONTI, the successor of the precedinug
circuit. Ile was Cdesltined to move in a pontifi; was b. at Cesena, in 1740. IHe
hicuIer splherel. Eairly in 1781 he vaws  vraised to the cardinalate in 1785;
returned to parlliiment for the boroucgh  and when Bonaplrte entered cImola, in
of Appleby, land immediately became   1796, the cardcinall, who ws also bishop
one of the'most disting'uisihed members of thiat see, found means to concili';e
of the opposition. lIe beran political the fiaor of the F2rench general, and
life as tlhe friend of parlirmelltary reforml,  tlereby paved the way for his elevation
While tle earl of Shelburnew is in office,  to the papacy in 1800. In July, 1801,
Pitt was chlancellor of the exchequer. le sigfned tlhe concordat; and in 1804
The triumphl of the coalition clisplaccl lhe crowned Napoleon at Paris, but rehim for a lwhile; but, on.the cdownfall fused to perform the same office for
of their administration, lie returned to  Louis XVIII.  Notwithstandinun  the
povei'r ias prime minimster. In vain the courtesy wihich he showed to Bonaparte,
house of commllon  elndevored to effectI tle iatter seized tlh pope in 1809, and
his expulsion; thle p'larliament was dis- iprisoned him aot ontainbleau, where
solved; and a general election gave him  le remainlled till the downfall of his op



692                   CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [PLO
pressor in 1814, when lhereturned to  ematician and natural philosopher, was
Bome to resume his authlorityi D. 1828. b. in 1749, at Dundee, was educated at
-VIII., by name FRANCIS XAVIETO CAS- St. Andrew's, resigned a living, and
TIGLIONe, was b. at Cingolia, in 1761, was becanme mathlnatical professor at Edinmade bishop of Montalto in 1800, created  burgh, and d. 1819. Playfair was celecardinal in 1816, was elected pope on  bratd as a geologist, and a strenuous
the death of Leo XII., in 1829, and d. defender of the Huttonian system.
in the followingl year.               Among his works are, "Elements of
PIZAPEO, FRANcIs, the conqueror Geometry," " Outlines of Philosophy,"
of Peru, was b. in 1475, at Truxillo, in  "Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory,"
Estremadnra, and was the natural son  and a "System of Geography."-WILof a gentleman.   Iis father did not -IAi, an ingenions projector and author
even teach him to read, but employed  a brother of tlhe foegoin, was b. 1759,
him to keep the hogs at his country   at Dundee, was originally apprenticed
house. -Having lost one of them, Pizarro  to a nillwright, was for some time a
took flight, and embarked for Spanish  draughtsman at the Soho manufactory,
America. There he first distinguished  obtained patents for various inventions,
himself, in 1518, under Nunezde Balboa. engaged in many speculations, and beIn 154, in conjunction with Almagro, came a fertile wiiter upon politics and
he discovered Peru. Charles V. gave other subjects. Among his works are,
him the government of the new-found   "Statistical Tables,"'The Statisticld
country. By force and fiaud he achieved  Breviary," "The Commercial andi Pothe conquest of Peru, in 1582. In 1537 litical Atlas," " History of Jacobinism,"
a contest arose between Pizarro and   " British Family Antiquity," " Political
Almnaro which terminated in the de- Portraits," and "France as it is."  D.
feat alnd execution of the latter. The 1823.
son of Almagro, however, avenged his    PLINY THE ELDER, or CAIUS PLINIUS
father, for, in 1541, he and some of his SEcUNDUS, a celebrated iomnan wvriter,
fiiends assassinated Pizarro, in his pal- was b. 23, at Verona, or, as some say,
ace at Lima.                          at Como, served in the army in GerPLATO, an illustrious Grecian phi- many, and afterwards became an advolosopher, the founder of the academic  cate, was a member of the college of
sect, was styled the Divine by the an- augurs and procurator in Spain and
cients; was b. 430 B. o., in the island of Africa, and was suffocated 79, while in
AEgina; was educated with the utmost command of the fleet at Misenum, in
care; and, at the age of 20, became the  consequence of his having approached
disciple of Socrates. After the death of too near to Vesuvius, in order to observe
Socrates, Plato visited Magna Grecia the phenomena of the eruption.    Of
and Egypt, in search of knowledge. On  his numerous works his "Natural Hishis return to Athens, he opened a phil- tory" is the only one which is extant.
osophical school, and soon numbered — TiE YOUNGER, or CAIMS CGCILIUS
among his pupils many distinguished   PLINIUS SECUNDUS, the nephew    and
characters.  Plato thrice visited the  adopted son of the foregoing, was b. in
court of Sicily; once invited by the  61 or 62, at Como, was a pupil of Quinelder Dionysius, and twice by the     tilian, and pleaded successfully as an
younger.  The former he so much of- advocate in his 19th year. He was, sucfended, that the tyrant caused him to  cessively, tribune of the people, prefect,
be seized on his passage home and sold  of the treasury, consul, proconsul in
for a slave; and the philosopher was Pontus and Bithynia, and augur, and
indebted for his liberation to Aniceris d, universally esteemed, in 115.  His
of Cyrene. D. 347 B.C.                " Letters" and his " Paneoyric on TraPLAUTUS, so called, it is supposed, jan" are the only parts of his writings
from his feet being deformed, but whose  that remain.
real name was MARCUs ACCius, was one    PLOTINUS, a Platonic philosopher,
of the most celebrated of the Roman   was b. 203, at Lycopolis, in Egypt, was
comic writers; was b. 227 B. c., at Sar- a disciple of Ammonius Saccas, ensina,.in Umbria; and is believed to have  countered great danger in accompanying
been the son of a slave. The fortuie  the Emperor. Gordian on his expedition
which he gained by his dramatic talents, against the Parthians, which le did
he is said to have lost in commerce, and  with a view to obtaining a knowledge
to have been reduced to work at a mill. of Persian and Indian philosophy, and
). 184 B. c.                          d. 270. His works were translated into
iLAYFAIR, JOHN, an eminent nath- Latin, in 1492, by Ficino.




POI1                  OYOLOPA:DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       693
PLOWDEN, FRANCIS, an. historian     dalen hall and Corpus Christi eollege%
and miscellaneous writer, a native of  Oxford, twice visited the Levant, on
Ireland and a Roman Catholic was a one of which occasions he was chaplain
barrister and conveyancer. A verdict to the British factory at Aleppo, was
of ~5000 obtained against him in an   Hebrew professor at Oxford, rector of
Irish court, in 1818, for an alleged libel Childrey, and canon of Christ-church,
in his "History of Ireland," compelled  and d. 1691.  Among his works are,
him to retire to France, where hlre-; Specimen Historise Arabum," "Abulmained till his decease, at an advanced  faragius Historia Dynastiarium," and
age, in 1829. Aniong his works are, "Commentaries on      the Minor Pro"The History of Ireland," "Jura An- phets."
glornm," " Church and State," "The      POE, EDGA-R A., an eccentric but
Case Stated," and a "Treatise upon    brilliant American writer, whose varithe Law of Usury and Annuities." -    ous contributions to the mragazines and
CHARLES, a Jesuit, b.       in England  newspapers acquired him considerable
1743, but educated at Rome, where he  reputation as a poet and tale-wright.
entered into the society in 1759. On  His tales are marked by a peculian inhis return to his own country after the genuity and even power, and his poems,
suppression of his order in 1773, he was tlhough not always finished, show a
one of the"most zealous advocates for wonderful command of rhythmical extheir reuniting in England. lie after- pression. He was irregular, however,
wards became president of the Catholic in the exercise of his faculties, and
college of Stonyhurst, in Lancashire, never attained the position that lie
and d. in 1821.-EDMUND, an eminent might have done by more labor and
lawyer, was b. in Shropshire, in 1517, care. B. 1812; d. 1849.
and d. 1584. His " Commentaries and     POGGIO BRACC1OLINI, an Italian
Reports" are greatly esteemed.        writer of the 15th century,-who conPLUTARCH, a celebrated Greek bi- tributed powerfully to the revival of
ographer and philosopher, was b. about classical studies, was b. 1880, at Terra50, at Cherounca, in Boeotia, and studied  nova, was educated at Florence, was
at Athens under Ammonius, after which  appointed apostolical secretary by Bonihe travelled in Greece and Egypt, sedu- face IX., and held that office under
lously acquiring knowledge. For some seven other popes, discovered many
years subsequently he resided at Rome, ancient manuscripts in monasteries. and
where his lectures on philosophy at- was appointed chancellor of the Florentracted many illustrious auditors. Tra- tine republic. Poggio was a man of
jan was one of his hearers, and, after eminent talent, but of licentious morals,
e became etnperor, is said to have con- and a satirical and quarrelsome disferred on hirn the consular dignity, but position.  His principal works are, a
this story is apocryphal. Plutarch at "History of Florence," "Dialogues on
length retired to Cheronana, where he  Nobility,"  and "Funeral Orations."
filled the office of archon. He was also D. 1459.
a priest of the Delphic Apollo. He is   POISSON, RAIMOND, a French actor
believed to have d. about A. D. 120. His and dramatist of the 17th century, who
extant works are his " Morals,", and his obtained great celebrity in low comedy.
"4 Lives of Illustrious Men," the last of He wrote a number of theatrical pieces,
which, though often erroneous in point and d. in 1690.-PAUL, his son, was
of fact, must ever be read with delight. eminent as a comic actor. D. 1785.POCAHIONTAS, daughter of an In — PHILIP and ARNOULT Dr. ROINVILLE, the
dian chief, and much celebrated in the two sons of Paul. were also distinguished
early history of Virginia, was b. about for their theatrical talents: the former
1595. She became warmly attached to   was the author of ten comedies, and
the English, and rendered them   im- was a good tragic performer; while the
portant services on various occasions. latter fully supported the reputation of
She married an Englishman, and in     his family as a comic actor. D. 1753.1616 accompanied her husband to his DENIS SIM1EoN, one of the most eminent
naitive country, where she was present- mathematicians of the age, b. at Pithed at court. She soon after d. at Graves- iviers, 1781. He was educated by his
end, when about to return to Virginia. uncle as a surgeon, but revolted, on acShe left one son.                     count of the delicacy of his nerves, from
POCOCK, EDWARD, an eminent ori- the preparatory anatomical studies; he
entalist,'was b. 1604, at Oxford, was distinguished himself early by the solueducated at Thame school, and at Mag- tion of difficult mathematical problems.




694                   CYCLOP?  DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [POL
He was soon thereafter made assistant he has since been kunown.    In 1823
to M. Biot, in the college of France, and  Prince Polignac was sent as ambassador
subsequently a counsellor of the univer- to Lolndon, where he remained six
sity. In 1837 he was made a peer of years, and the intrigues of the priestly
France, and president of the Academy  party being finally crowned with suc
of Sciences. He wrote the "Traite de cess, he returned to Paris in 1829, to
Mechanique," the "Recherches sur la assume the premiership of the new
Probabilite des jugemnens en matiere  mihistry; but the nation was loud in it;Civilee et n matiire Criminelle, &c.,"  expression of distrust, till at length the'Annales de Chilmie et Physique," &c. unconstitutional course that he adopted
D. 1840.                              towards the chambers was suddenly
POLE, Cardlinal REGINALD, a states- arrested by the "three glorious days,"
man and ecclesiastic, descended from  which led to his own overthrow, and
the royal famlily of England, was b. in  the dethronement of his sovereign.
1500, at Stourton castle, was educated  Pursued and taken at Granville, he was
at Sheen monastery, and Maigdalen col- tried before the chamber of peers, and
leoe, Oxford, opposed the divorce of  condemned, but his life was spared, and,
H-enry VIII. firom Catlharine of Aragon, ater undergoing a short imprisonment
was papal legate to Enoland, archbishop  at Ha-m, he was allowed to,go into exile.
of Canterbury, and ciiancellor of both  Iis remiaining years were spent chiefly
universities, during the reign of Mary, at Munich. Alt length lie was allowed
and d. 1558.                          to retulrn to France, though not to Paris,;'POLIUGN', JLZES, prince de, prime but the death of Charles X. and the
minister of Charles X. of France, whose  duke d'Angouldme gave the last blow
adlministration produced the revolution  to a constitution already broken down
of 1830, was sprunt from an ancient by many reverses, and le sank into a
family, whose vicissitudes of fortuntte stte of melancholy, from vwhich he
were remarkable even in revolutionary  never recovered. B. 1783; d. 1847.
France, and which numbered among its    POLZIAN         POLTIAN, AAN      Emembers the flmnous abbe de Polignac, LUs, an eminent Italian scholar, whose
who d. 1741. Driven fromi Paris by the family name was CINIS, was b. 1454, at
clamor of the mob, his parents repaired  Monte Pulciano, was professor of Greek
to Vienna; but scarcely ilad they reached  and Latin at Florence, and tutor to the
that capital, before the fate of her mis- children of Lorenzo the Ma~ignificent,
tress and friend, iMarie Antoinette, was who gave hinm a canonry in the cathedral
communicated to his mother, and within  of the Florentine capital. Among his
a few days she fell a victim to her grief  worls are, "The History of the Conand affection. Deprived of a motlher's spiracy of' the Pazzi," "Poems,' the
care, land, before reaching manhood, drama of " Orpheus, p   andl a translation
Jules de Polignac proceedel to Russia, of Herodian. D. 1494.
then a refule for the royalists, and    POLK, JAMEs KNOX, a president of
shortly iaterwards repaired to Edin- the United States, was b. in North
bulrgh' where the count d'Artois, after- Carolina, 1795. He became a iemnber
wards Chariles X., resided. Under the of the bar in Tennessee in 1820, and
minglec influences of religion and loy- soon took a first rank among his colalty, hle emlbarked with his brother leagues. He was elected a member of
Armandl in Georges' conspiracy in 1804  congress in 1825, where he was distinagainst Napoleon. The conspiracy was guished for his firmness and industry,
detected, -the brothers were arrested, anrd where he was chosen speaker for
tried, and condelmned to deasth, but, at three several terms. His opinions cothe intercession of Josephine and Mia- incideld with those of the democratic
dame Murat, the emperor's sister, the party, by which in 1844 lie was chosen
sentence of death was commuted to im- president of the republic. It was duprisonment, and the two yonng mnen    rlinlg his administration that the annexwere sent to Vincennes, where they r- ation of Texas   s fws  eectd, the war
mained six years. On the restoration  against Mexico successfully termiinated,
of Louis XVIII., Jules de Polignac de- and the general democratic policy mainvoted himself heart and soul to the so- tained. D. 1849.
called party of the Congregation, in the  POLLOK, RoaBEr, a Scotch clergyinterest of the pope, the church, and the man and vwriter of sacred poetry, was b.
count d'Artois; and his services were 1799, at Eaglesham, in Renfrewshire.
rewarded by the pope conferring on him  Being intended for the church, he was
the title of a Roman prince, by which  sent to the university of Glasgow to




POM]                  CYCLOPREDIA OS BIOGRAPHY.                      695
study theology; but his health became of the. Christians under Marcus Aureso much impaired by study, that he had  lius, lie suffered martyrdom with the
sc.arcely ctelc e. on his miniistry before  most heroic fortitude, 169. His "Epishe foInd it necessary to quit tile north tie to the Philippians" is the only one
with a view to a residence in Italy, in  of his pieces that has been preserved.
order to try the effect of change of   POLYCLETUS, a fimous sculptor
climate.  lie left Scotland in August, was b. at Sicyon, and flourished about
1827, but he had only proceeded to   480 B.C.  lIe is considered to have
Southampton, when his malady in- attained perfection iin single figures;
creased to such a dearee as precluded  and a statue of a boy, executed by fiim
all hope of recovery, and lie d. there in  was sold for 190 talents, equivalent to
the following montl.   His principal ~20,000.
prodaction is entitled " The Course of  POLYGNOTUS, a painter of Thasos,
Time," a poeml. le also wrote'"The about 422 B.c. He gained celebrity by
Persecuted Family,"  a narr ntive of the  a series of pictures on the war of Troy,
sufferings of the Presbvterians in the  for which le refused the presents ofreign of Charles II., and c"Ralph Gem- fered him by the states of Greece; he
meel," a tale for youth.             also painted the temple of Delphi, and
POLO, MARcO, a celebrated Venetian  part of the P1ocile at Athens gratuitoustraveller, was b. about 1450, and accom- ly, for which it was decreed that he
panied his father and uncle, in 1471, should be supported at the public exinto Tartary, where they resided for pense.
twenty-bfur years and acquired great   POMBAL, SEBASTIAN JOSEPIH CARriches. Marco was in hinlh favor with  VALIIO MEILI-IO, mlarquis of, a Portuguese
the grand khan, was employed by him  statesman, as b. at Soura, 1699.'Aftcr
in missions to the most distiant parts of having been ambassador to London and
the empire, and was for three years gov- Vienna hle was, in 1750, appoilted seeernor of Yang-cheu-feu. After lhis re- ietary of state for foreign affairs, tand, n
turn to Venice he was appointed to thle  1756, primne minister. Ile introduced
command of a galley, but had the mis- many-reformls and clanges in the govfortune to be captured by the Genoese, eriment, but as his measures were
who kept him obur years a captive. To  frequently severe and  arbitrary, he
beguile the tedium of captivity, as well raised up many enemies, and on the
as to satisfv tlhe curiosity of nmnerouis deatlh of the king, in 1777, lie was disinquirers, le wrote the narrative of his graced, and exiled to his estates, where
travels. An- excellent translation, with  he c. 1782.
notes, was published in 1818, by Mr.   POMFIET, JOHN, an English poet,
Marsden. D. 1523.                    was b. at Luton, 1667, was educated at
POLYBIUS, a celebrated Greek his- Queen's collece, Cambridge, and obtorian, son (of Lycortas, general of the tained the living of MaLden. He was
Achtens, was b. about 205 B. C., at Me- the a:tthor of "The Choice,".a poem
galopolis.  Ie was formnec for public which has ever been popular; but owing
business by the precepts and example to an equivocal expression tllerein, Dr.
of Philopeilien, the fiicnd of his fither, Compton, bishlop of London, thought
and at the fi.uneral of that general he  lim unfit for the clerical office, and rebore the urn which contained htis ashes. fused to induct him to another and more
He was oie of the thousand persons considerable benefice. The prelatewas,
whom the Romanss ldemlanded from the however, soon after convinced of his
Achieans as hostaces, and lie lived at mistake; but in the mean time Pomfiet,
Rome many years. There he became     who had been detained in London,.
the friend of the Scipios, one of whom  caught the simall-pox, and d. of it, 1708.1
he accompanied to the siege of Carthaere.  POMPADOIUR JEANNE ANTOINETTE
He d. in his own country, at the age of PoiSsoN, marchicloess de, the mistress
82. Of his works only a part of his ex- of Louis XV., in) whose affections she
cellent "Universal History" has been  succeeded madalne de Chateauroux, was
preserved.                           the daughter of a financier, and b. 1720.
POLYCARP, St., a Christian father At the age of 21 she was married to M.
acnd martyr, who, accordinf to tradition,  d'Etioles; first attracted the king's nowas a disciple of the apostle Jolhn, and  tice while he was hunting in the forest
by him appointed bishop of Sin- rna. of Senart; appeared at court in 1745,
He made nilny converts, and violcutly  under the title of marchioness of Pomopposed the heresies of Maricion aind  padour, and d. in 1764, aged 44 years.
Valentinus; but during the persecution  She used her influence with the king in




696                   CYCLOPmEmDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [;or
promoting the progress of the fine arts, eminent characters.  They were suebut her cupidity and extravagance were ceeded by "The Essay on Criticism,"
unbounded; and many of the evils       " The Messiah," "The Rape of the
which oppressed France in the succeed- Lock,"' The  Temple   of Fame,"
ing reign have been attributed to the  "Windsor Forest," and "Abelard and
power she possessed of filling the most Eloisa;" and his reputation as a poet
important offices of the state with her was thus firmly established. Tlie transfavorites.                            lation of the' "Iliad," by which he
POMPEY, CNEurs, surnamed       the gained about ~5000, was completed in
Great, a Roman statesman and warrior, 1720.   With the aid of Broome and
was b. 106 B. C., and learned the art of IFenton he afterwards added a version
war from his fhther. In his 23d year of "The Odyssey."     In 1721 he underhe joined with three legions the party  took an edition (f Shakspeare, a task in
of Sylla, recovered Sicily and Africa, which he failed. With the exception
and obtained the honors of a triumph. of the " Essayv on Man," which was
He obtained a second triumnph for put- first published in 1738, and completed
ting an end to the war in Spain, and a in the following year, his pen was chiefly
third for his splendid successes in Asia, devoted to satire during the remainder
where he considerably extended the     of his literary career. The first three
dominion of his countrymen.    About books of "The Dunciad" appeared in
60 B. c. he formed the first triumvirate  1723; the fourth, suggested by Warwith Crassus and Ctesar, and married  burton, was not written till 1742, and he
the daughter of the latter. In the course injured the poem by substituting Cibber
of a few years, however, dissensions   as the hero in the place of Theobald.
broke out between Cesar and Pompey, D. May 30. 1744.
a civil war ensued, and Pompey sus-     POPHAM, Sir JOIN, an eminent
tained a decisive defeat at Pharsalia. judge, was b. in Somersetshire, 1531.
He fled to Egypt, and was assassinated  After serving the offices of attorney and
there 48 B..                          solicitor general, he was appointed, in
PONIATOWSKI, JOSEPH, an. illus- 1581, chief justice of the Kinfi's Bench.
trious Polish general, who was called  He d. in 1607.    His "Reports and
the Polish Bayard, was b. 1763, at War- Cases," show his abilities to great adsaw, distinguished himself in the cause  vantage.
of his country   during the fruitless   PORDENONE, (so called froim his
struggles of 1792 and 1794, entered the birthplace, his true name being GioFreiich service, and displayed conspicu- vanni Antonio Licinio,) a painter of the
ous bravery and talent in the campaigns Venetian school, and rival of Titian,
of 1806, 1809, 1812, 1813, and 1814, was was b. 1484. IHe executed many great
appointed a marshal on the field of bat- works for Mantua, Genoa, and Venice;
tle at Leipsie, and was drowned in at-  and d. at Ferrara, 1540.
tempting to cross the Elster, on the 19th  PORLIER, JUAN DIAz, surnamed El
of October.                           Marqueto, a Spanish patriot and general,
POPE, ALEXANDER, a celebrated poet, was b. about 1775, at Carthagena, in
was b. May 22, 1688, in Lombard-street, South America, where his father held a
London. His fahther, a linen-draper, in  high public situation. IHe first entered
which trade he amassed a considerable the navy. and served as a.midshipman
fortune, retired from  business, and   at the battle of Trafalgar; but when the
settled at Binfield, in Berkshire, soon  cry of independence spread through
after the birth of his son. Both parents the Peninsula in 1808, he raised a guuewere Roman Catholics, and, as Pope     rilla corps, of which he became the
tells us, were of gentle blood. He him- leader, and distinguished himself in a
self was born deformed, small in size, series of brilliant actions, and effected
and delicate in   constitution.  The  the celebrated retreat from Santander,
groundwork of learning he acquired at closely pursued by a corps four times
two private schools, and from    two  more numerous than his own. The
priests, who were enmployed as his regency then appointed him       captain
tutors; for the rest he was indebted to  general of Asturias, in which station he
his own persevering studies.  Before  remained till the restoration of Ferdihe was 12 years old he formed a play  nand VII. Havinz unsuccessfully atfriom Ogilby's Homer, which was acted  tempted to restore the constitution of the
by his school-fellows. His "Pastorals"  cortes in 1815, lie was delivered over to
were written when he was 16, and they  the military authorities at Corunna,
obtained him the friendship of many   condemned, and executed.




PORI                  CYCLOP. EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       697
PORPIHYY, or PORPHYRIUS, a perils of which unfortunate expeditioa
philosopher, whose original name wisas he shared till its final embarkation at
Malchus) was b. 238, at Tyro; stludied  Corunna. From  1817 to 1820 le was
under Origen and Longinus; became a engaged in travelling throughout the
disciple of Plotinuns; and d. 304, at East. In 182;2 he iwas appointed consul
Rome. I-is works against the Chris- at Venezuela, in South Amnerica, where
tians, to the number of fifteen, are lost. he continued to reside till 1.841, when
Among his extant productions are, " A  he left his mission on leave of absence,
Life of Pythagoras;" "A Treatise on   and visited his old friends ill Russia,
Abstinence from  Animal Food "    iand  with an intention of proceedilg thence
" Questions on Homer."                to Enoland; but as lie was on the eve of
PORSON, BIcHaRnD, an eminent hel- prepaing for the voyage, lie was seized
lenist and critic, was b. 1759, at East with aln apoplectic attack, and expired
Ruston, in Norfolk; was educated at May 3, 1842.:-Iis works consist of
Eton, and at Trinity collec'e, Calnbridge;  Travelling Sketches in Russia and
was elected Greek professor in 1793, Sweden," "Letters from Portugal and
became librarian of the Loondon Insti- Spain,' " A Narrat ive of the late Camtution; and d. 1808.   In profound   paign in REussia' " Travels in Georgia,
knowleedge of Greek, critical powers, Persia, Armeniia."-ANNA MARIA, was
and acuteness, Polson had few equals. a sister of the above, and early distinAmong his works, are, " Letters to    guished herself as a writer of fiction.
Areliceacon Travis;" editions of "'Es-  Among her novels may be mentioned'clhylus," and some of the plays of    "The Ilun1garian   Brothers,"  "Don
Euripides; and Tracts and Miscellane- Sebastian," "Tales round a Winter's
ous Criticismss.                      Hearthl," "The Recluse of Norway,"
PORTA, BAccIO DELLA, a painter of    "The Knight of St. John," "The B.rFlorence, who belonged to the order of  ony," &c. D. 1832.-JANE, sister of
Dominicans, and is sometimes called   the preceding, was b. at Durham, 1776.
Fra Barltolomeo, or 11 Frate. He was Like her sister, she soon gave indicaintimalte with Raphael, llnd it is said, tions of superior abilities, and though
the two artists benefited by reciprocal she did not appear before the world as
instruction. D. 1.517.-GCoVANNI BAT- an author till she was in her 27th year,
TISTA DELLA, a natural philosopher and  her first work, " Thaddeus of Warsaw,"
mathematician, was b. at Naples, in   published in 1803, at once placed her in
1540. HIe devoted a great part of his the foremost rank as a wrliter of fiction.
life to the sciences, -established two  In 1809 appeared hele" Scottish Chiefs,"
academies for its p'ronotionl, and was which was no less successful than its
the inventor of the camera obscura. predecessor; and this wars fbllowed, at
HIe wrote treatises on natural history, intervals more or less distant, by the
optics, hydraulics, physiognomy, and   "Pastor's Fireside," "Duke Christian
agricultue, and also produced nearly  of Luneburg," "Tales round a Winter's
twenty dramatic pieces.               Hearth," (in which she was joined by
PORTER, Sir RoaBERT Kem, b. at her sister,) "The Field of Forty FootDurham, 1780, beca-ne a student of    steps," &c. She also contributed largely
the Royal Academy, and soon showed    to the periodicals of the day, and her
his skill by the production of several last separate publication was "Sir Seaaltar-pieces of considerable merit, be- ward's Dairy," the forerunner of a class
sides his large pictures of the " Storm- of works lately become numerous, and
ing of Seringapataml, the "Siege of   of which perhaps the best specimen is
Acre," and tfhe " Battle of Agincourt,"  the well-known "Diary of Lady Wilwhich latter was presented to the city loughby."  In 1842 she accompanied
of London. In 1804 he was appointed   her brother, Sir R. K. Porter, to Petershistorical painter to the emperor of  burg; and after his death she resided
Russia, and during his stay at St. Pe- chiefly at Bristol, where it is said she
tersburg, he gained the affections of  was ehiefly engaged in writing her brothe Princess Mary, daughter of Prince  ther's memoirs. D. 1850,
Theodore von Seherbatoff, to whom he    PORTEUS, BEILBY, an eminent prewas afterwards imarried. Though he    late, was b. 1731, at York, and entered
had cultivated his talents as an artist, as a sizar at Christ's college, Cambridge,
he had always shown a decided prefer- where he obtained a fellowship. After
ence for the military profession; *and on  having been chaplain to Archbishop
leaving Russiahe accompanied Sir John  Seekei, he was, successively, rector of
MIoore to Spain, in the hardships and  Hunton, prebendary of Peterborough,
59




698                  CYCLOPiDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                      [POT
rector of Lambeth, kiln's chaplain, and  His great work is }.is "Dirgest of the
master of St. Cross hospital, near Win- Pandects of Justinian."  His treatises
chester. In 1776; through the queen's on various legral questions form seveninfluence, he obtained tlie bishopric of  teen voliumes octavo.
Chester, whence, in 1787, he was trans-  POTOC'I, Count STANISLAus, a Polish
lated to that of London. Amona  his  writer and statesman, of a fimily which
works are, "Sermons;" "A Life of     has produced several eminent characSecker;" and a Seatonian prize poem  ters, was b. 1757, at Warsaw; was one
on Death. D. 1808.                   of those who contributed most actively
POSTEL, WILLIAM, one of the most to establish the constitution of 1791;
learned men of his ace, and one of the was appointed a palatine senator and
wildest visionaries, was b. in Normtandy  one of the ministers of the grand duchy
in 1510. In'his youth he supported  of Warsaw; was president of the senate
himself at the colleoge of St. Barbc, by  in 1818; and d. 1821. Among his works
waiting upon the other students. His are, " A Treatise on Eloquence and
reputa'ion for general learning ancd an- Style; and "The Journey to Ciemnotiqlu.riant resea:rchl in'hled F1r-ancis T. to  giod," a satirical romance.-CLAuDrA,
send him to the East to collect manu- the wife of Count Bernard Potocki, was
scri pts, which commission he dischar(ed  b. in the grand duchy of Posen, in 1802.
so well as to be appointed professo of She was the lineal descendant of the
m itithematics and lanouaces, but he af- Polish ambassador, Dzialynski, who was
terwards fell into disgrace, and lost his sent to England in Elizabeth's reign, to
appointments. Having wandered about remonstrate against the infraction of a
from place to place, he was recalled  treaty between that country and Poland,
but lost his s:ituation aunain, and d. in a and whose bold and successful eloquence
monastery in 1581. Among the wild is recorded in history.     During the
and extravagant notions that he enter- patriotic strucgle for Polish freedom,
tained, one was., that he had died, and  from 1890 to 1833, the Countess Potocki
risen again with the soul of Adam,   not only became the.iunificent benewhence lie called himself "Postellus Iactress of lier countrymen, but devoted
restitutus," he also maintained that her personal energies to the sacred
women shall have the dominion over cause, and alleviated, by her kind attenn;An, nnd that his writings were revealed  tions to the sick and wounded, much of
to him by Jesus Christ.              the misery that the unequal contest enPOSTHUMIUS, MARCTUSC CSSIANrUS tailed on the gallant spirits who strove
LATISIUS, a Romaiaoemperor, one of the to shake off the oppressor's yoke. Surthirty tyrants, was of obscure birth, but rounded by wounded warriors, and the
rose rapidly in the arny, till he obtained  victimns of cholera in the hospitals of
the command in Gaul. He assumed thie  Warsaw, neither the sight of hideous
imperial title in 257; ruled Gaul and a gashes, nor the fear of contagion depart of Spain, and obtained various suc- terred her fromn her course of charity:
cesses a(rainst the Germans; and was there, for seven successive months, she
murdered by his soldiers in 267.     was constantly occupied; and when the
POTEMKIN. GIoEGORY ALEXANDRO- day of adversity came, the remains of
VITsci, a Russian prince and field-mar- her fortune, her influence, her personal
shal, the minion of Catharine II., was exertions, were entirely at the disposal
b. 1736, in the neighborhood of Smo- of the unfortunate refugees. At one
lensk, of a noble though poor family, time, while residing at Dresden, where
and was intended for the church, bit she had formed a ladies' committee for
obtained a cornetcy in the horse guards. the relief ofthese brave men, she pledged
Over the empress, after the death of  her jewels, and most expensive dresses,
her husband, he acquired an unbound- for 40,000 florins, and the whole amount
ed influence, and he retained it till was instantly sent to its pious cestinanearly the end of his life. He distin- tion. For this, the Poles assembled at
guished himself against the Turks, par- Desden, presented to her a bracelet,
ticularly in the war of 1787, when he with an inscription commemorative of
commanded in chief. D. 1791.         the noble act, and pointing it out for naPOTHTER, ROBERT JOSEPII. one of the tional gratitude. She at length fixed her
most eminenlt of the French juriscon- residence at Geneva; and there, in the
sults, was b. 1669, at Orleans; was pro- exercise of those Christian virtues, which
fessor of law in his native city; an l d. will immortalize her name, but worn
in 1772, as much beloved for his virtues out by silent grief, she d. in 1836.
as admired for his extensive learning.  POTTER, PAUL, a celebrated Dutch




PRA]                 CYCLOP.ADIA OF BIOGRAPIY.                        699
painter, the son of an artist, was b. shire.'He was a judge in the court of
1625, at Enkhnysen; acquired a perfect Kingr's Bench, in 1688, and distinknowledge of his profession by the time  lished hilmself so much by his integthat he was fifteen; and d. 1654. His ritv and ability on the trial of the seven
pictures are held in high estimation for bishops, that James II., deprived him
their fidelity to nature, and the beauty  of his office, but he was restored to it
of their execution. In representing ani- at the revolution, and sat there until his
mnals he was unequalled.-JOHN, a learn- death in 1696.
ed prelate, was b. about 1672, at Wake-  POWNALL, THrOMAS, a learned antifield; was educated at the free school quary and politician, was b. at Lincoln,
there, and at University college, Oxford; in 1722. He held several situations unwas made bishop of Oxford in 1715, anId  der government, and having gReatly
archbishop of Canterbury in 1737; and d. exerted himself in America to suppress
1747. ICe wrote " Architologia Gruca," the rising spirit of discontent amlong
and various theological works; and ed- the colonists, he was in 1757, appointe
ited Clemens Alexandrinus, and Lv- governor of Massachusett's Bay, and
cophron's  "Alexandra." — ROBERT, a subsequently of Carolina. On returning
divine and poet, was b. 1721; was ed- to England in 1761, he was made direcucated at Emanuel college, Cambridge; tor-general of the control office, with
and was for some years vicar of Scarn- the military rank of colonel; but the
ing, after which he obtained the livings latter part of his life was spent at Bath,
of ILowestoff and Kessingland, and a  in literary retirement.  His principal
prebend in the cathedral of Norwich. works are, " On the Administration of
His original poetry consists of a volume  the Colonies," "Description of part of
of Poems, and two Odes from Isaiah, North    America," "Treatise on the
and is much above mediocrity. But he  Study of Antiquities." "' On the Antiis best known by his spirited versions quities of the Provincia Romana of.
of Eschlylns, Sophocles, and Euripides. Gaul," " Descriptions of Roman AnD. 1804.                              tiquities dug ip at Bath," " Intellectual
POUSSIN, NICIiOLAS, one of the great- Physics," besides many political tracts.
est of the French painters, was b. in  D. 1805.
1594, at Andelys, in Normandy, and re-  PRADT, Abbe DOMINIQusTE i), a
ceived instructions from  Varin, Elle, French ecclesiastic and a political writer,
and Lallement, l-ht was more indebt- b. at Auvergne in 1759. He was grand
ed to nature and his own assiduity than  vicar at the revolution to the Cardinal
to their lessons. In 1624 he went to  Rochefoucauld, and was elected deputy
Rome, where he improved himself by    for the Norman clergy to the statesstudying the works of Titian, Domeni- general, 1789. He opposed the union of
chino, and Raphael, and of the ancient his order to the tiers etat, protested
sculptors. Louis XIII. invited him to  against the new order of things, and
France in 1639, and gave him a pension, was consequently obliged to emigrate,
and apartments in the Louvre; but establishiug himself for a considerable
Poussin was soon disgusted with the   time at Itamburgh.   In that city he
intrigues of Vouet, Le Mercier, and   published in 1788, the first of his voluFouquieres, who envied and dreaded    minous series of political pamphlets,
him folr his superior genius. He there- called " Antidote to the Congress of
fore returned to Rome in 1642, and re- Radstadt." In another, termed "Prosmauined there till his decease in 1665. sia, and her Neutrality," he nrged a
His pictures are numerous and highly  coalition of Europe against the French
esteemed; in landscape he particularly  republic.  But after the revolution,
excelled.-GAsPAR, an eminent painter, which made Bonaparte first consul,.lhe
was b. 1613, at Rome. lIis name was made interest witll his patron, Duroc,
DUGirET, but he took the surname of his to enter Bonaparte's service, and by dint
pictorial preceptor, Nicholas, who was of well-timned flattery, became his grand
his brother-in-lmaw. In landscape he ac- almoner. Onl the coronation  of the
quired a high reputation. Such wasthe  emperor, in 1804, at which he assisted,
rapidity with which lie worked that lie he was invested with the title of baron,
often completed a picture in the course  received a gratuity of 40,000 francs, was
of a dav. D. 1765.                    made bishop of Poitiers, and was orPOWELL, Sir JOHN, an eminent and    dained by Pins VII. in person, in 1805.
honest lawyer, was b. of a very ancient On the war against Russia occurring in
and wealthy fiamily at Pentrymeyrick, in  1812, he was sent ambassador to the
the parish of Llanwrda, Caermarthen- duchy of Warsaw, as he states, in his




700                   CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [PRE
"History  of the Polish  Embassy,"   Pownell was appointed chief justice of
painfully and violently against his wish. New York. I-le had made collections
IDuring' the retreat from Moscow, Napo- for a history of New England, and posleon had an interview with him at a sessed considerable talent for poetry.
lone cottage, reproached him   with  D. 1763.
treachery, and divested him of his em-  PEAXITELES, a famous Grecian
bassy. On his return to Paris, he found  sculptor, is believed to have been a naall his employments taken from him. tive of Athens, to have flourished early
Hle was ordered to quit Paris for his in the 4th century B. c., and to have d.
diocese, and did not return till the fall at the age of 80. He was long attached
of' Napoleon, and the entry of the Bour- to the celebrated Phryne, of whom he
bons into France in 1814. He wrote   executed two statues, one of which was
his "Vindicatory History" then, but placed in the temple of Delphi, the other
did not publish it till after the battle of  in the temple of Love at Thespia. His
Waterloo, and Napoleon's departure for " Venus" at Cnidus was considered as
St. Helena. I-e was made by the Bour- one of the most finished productions of
bons chancellor of the legion of honor, Greece.
but a new disgrace overtook him, he    PEEBLE, EDWARD,    a distinguished
retired from the scene, and did not re- naval officer in the American service,
appear till after the'lhundied ldays."  was b. at Faldmouth, in Maine, 1761, and
He subsequently ceded all the rigohts of  entered the navy as a midshipman in
his archbishop's see to tlie king of the  1779. He soon rose to the rank of lieuNetherlands, for a yearly pension of  tenant, and during the revolutionary war
10,000 fiancs, and, retiring into private  distinouishedl himself by capturliln  a
life, occupied himself with the contin- Britisl vessel at Penobscot. In 1798 he
ned publication of political pamphlets. was appointed to the command of the
In all these latter publications, however, brig Pickeling, and soon after to the
he espoused the cause of wise and temn- Essex. He commanded, in 1803, a fleet
perate constitutional reform. D. 1837.  sent against the Barbary powers, and
PRATT, CHARLES, Earl CAMDEN, a repeatedly attacked Tripoli with considcelebrated lawyer, the son of Chief Jus- erable success. In 1804 he returned to
tice Pratt. was b. 1713; studied at Eton, the Unlited States, and d. 1807.
King's college, Cambridge, and Lincoln's  P RENTISS, SAGOEAINT S., a young
Inn; was ciosen memlber for Downton  lawyer, b. in   in, went to Natclhes
in 1754; was, successively, recorder of  and New Orleans t3 practise law. In
Bath. attorney-general, cliief justice of  1837 he was elected to congress, but the
the common pleas, lord chancellor, ald  right to his seat was disputed, and he
president of the council. The title of  was rejected. But the speeches he made
baron he obtained in 1765, and that of in his own behalf, as well as his arguearl in 1786. D. 1794.-SAMuEL JAcK- ments before various courts, gave him a
SON, a once popular novelist and miscel- reputation as one of the most eloquent
laneous writer, was b. in 1749, at St. speakers in the Union. B.1810; d. 1850.
Ives, in Huntingdonshire, and, after   PRESCOTT, WILLIAM, adistinguished
having been an actor, an itinerant lec-  revolutionary officer, was b. in 1726, at
turer, and a bookseller, he became an  Groton, Mass. At the capture of Cape
author by profession. Of his numerous Breton, in 1758, he was a lieutenant of
works the principal are, the poems of  the provincial troops, and attracted, by
"Sympathy and Landscapes in Verse;"  his conduct in that campaign, the notice
the tragedy of "The Fair Circassian;"  of the British general, who offered him
the novels of" Liberal Opinions," " Em- a commission in the regular army, which,
ma Corbet," "The Pupil of Pleasure,"  however, he declined; in 1774, w;hen the
"Shenstone Green," anld "Family Se- struggle between the colonies and the
crets;" " Gleanings through Wales, mother country was at hand, he was
Holland, and Westphalia;" "Gleanings  appointed to command a rcoiment of
in England," and " Harvest Home."    minute-men, organized by the provincial
D. 1814. —BENiJAMIN, hief justice of  congress, ald, on receiving notice of the
New York, was b. in Massachusetts, in  intended operations of General Gage
1710, and -was graduated at Harvard  against Concord, marched with it to
college. lHe studied law, and entering  Lexington. Before he arrived, however,
on its practice in Boston soon became  the British had retreated, and he then
eminent. Turning his attention to pub- proceeded to Cambridge, where he enlie affairs, he soon rose to political dis- tered the army that was ordered to be
tinction, andbythe influence ofGovernor raised, the greater part of his officers




PRI]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         701
and men volunteering to serve with him  nor, in 1728, and became pastor of a
for the first campaign. On the 16th of  nonconformist cong regation, of Arian
June, 1775, he was -ordered to Charles- or semi-Arian pritcipies, at Hackney,
town, with three regiments, and directed  where he continued as lonog as he lived.
to throw up works on Bunker hill. O.n  He was the friend of man, and the most
reaching the ground, it was perceived  intrepid assertor of his rights. During
that the neighboring elevation, called  the American war, he printed    two
Breeds' hill, was a nore suitable station; pamphlets against that measure, one
and on it the defences were erected. entitled "Observations on Civil LiberThe next day, as is well known, General ty," and the other, "Observations on
HIowe with a force more than quadruple'ivil Government," for which the corpothat under tile orders of Colonel Pres- ration of London voted him thanks and
cott, attempted to dislodge him, and, a gold box, and the university of Glasafter a contest among the most nimemo- gow conferred on him the degree of D.D.
rable in the Americanl annals, succeeded  In 1778 he had a friendly controversy
in effecting that object with immense with Dr. Priestley, on materialism and
loss. Colonel Prescott was one of the necessity. On the termination of the
last to leave the intrenchments when he war, Mr. Pitt consulted Dr. Price refound it necessary to order a retreat, specting the best mode of liquidating
and he offered to the commuander-in- the national debt, the result of wlich, it
chief to retake the position the same is said, was the adoption of the sinking
nighlt, if lie would give him two regi- fund.  When the French revolution
ments. In 1777 he resigned his com- broke out, he distinguished himself by
mand, and returned homre; but in the a sermon, "On the Love of Country," si
autumn of the same year, he went as a which lhe hailed that event as the comrvolunteer to the northern army under mencement of a glorious dra. This drew
General Gates, and was present at the  upon the preacher some strong aniinadcapture of Burgoyne. This was his last versions from Mr. Burke, illn his celemilitary service. lie subsequently sat brated "Reflections."  D. 1791.
in the'legislature of his native state for  PRIDEAUX, HulPinmiEY, a learned
several years. D. 1795.                divine, was b. in 1648, at Padstow, in
PRKEVOST    D'EXILES, ANTHbONY      Cornwall; was educated at Westminster
FRANsISb one of the most fertile of    school, and at Christ-church college, OxFrench writers, was b. 1697, at Hesdin. ford, and d. in 1724, dean oi Norwich.
His early life was restless and changeful. His great work is "The Connection of
He hesitated between a monastic and a the History of the Old and New Testamilitary life, twice made a trial of both, ment."  Among his other productions
became at last a Benedictine, and ended  are, "A Life of Malionmet," and "The
by flying from the convent, taking shel- Original Right of Tithes."
ter in Holland, and adopting the profes-  PRIESTLEY, JosEPi, an eminent dission of an austhor. His end was equally  senting divine and experimental philossingular. In 1763 he was struck by an  opher, was b. in 1733, at Fieldhead; was
apoplectic fit in the forest of Clhantilly, eucated at Daventry, and, after having
and was found apparently lifeless. As been tutor at Warrington, and pastor to
soon as the surgeon proceeded to use   various congregations, and haviing actlie knife osl his body, he screamed and  quired considerable reputation as an
opened his eyes, but the incision was experimentalist and author, lie became
mortal, and he almost immediately cx- companion to the earl of Slelburne. At
pired. Ilis works amnotnat to one huna- the end of a sevenl years' residence with
dred and seventy volumes.     Of Ihis that nobleman, he received a pension,
novels, the best are, "Memoirs of a and settled, in 1780, at Birmingham.
Man of Quality," the "Dean of Cole- There lie proceeded actively with his
reine," "Cleveland," and "Masnon L'Es- philosophical asnd theolooical researches,
caut."'  Among his other productions and was also appointed pastor to a disare, "A History of Voyages and Tray- senting congregation. In 1791, however,
els," and "The Pro anid Con,' a peri- the scene changed. His religious prinodical paper.                          ciples,- and his avowed partiality to the
PRICE, RICHAnD, an eminent dis- French revolution, excited the hatred
senting minister, universally known and  of' the higha church and tory party,
celebrated for his great abilities in arith- and in the riots which tooik place in
ametical calculations, and for very numer- July, his house, library, manuscripts,
ous and valuable writings, theological, and apparatus, were coinmitted to the
moral, and scientific, was b. at Llanfgun- flanmes by the infiuriated mob, and lihe




702                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [IPRO
was exposed to great personal danger. placed him at St. John's college, CamQuitting Birminglhaml, le succeeded Dr. bridge. While he was at the university
Price, at Ilackney; but, in 1794, con- he wrote, in conjunction with Montague,
ceivincg himself to be insecure fiom pop- " The City Mouse and Country Mouse,"
ular rage, lie embarkecd fr America. in ridicule of Dryden's "Hind and PanHe took up his abode at Northlmmber- ther."  The worlk was advantageous to
land, Penn., at which place lie d. May  both. In 1691, he was appointed secre6, 1804.  As a philosopher his famle tary of the embassy which was sent to
principally rests upon his pneumantic in- the congress at the Hague. After havquiries. His works extend to between  ing been gentleman of the bed-chamlber,
seventy and eighty volumes.  Among   and again, in 1697, secretary of embassy,
them  are lectures on "General His- he was, in 1700, made undeer-secretary
tory,'i on the "Theory anld History of ofstate, and, shortly after, commissioner
Language," and on the "Principles of of trade. During the greatest part of
Orattory and Criticism';" "Charts of Bi- the reign of Anne, he was chiefly enography and History," "Disquisitions gaged in literary pursuits; but, when
relatin2g to Matter and Spirit," "Hart- the whigs were displaced, he was emleian Theory of the Human Mind,"     ployed to negotiate the treaty of Utrecht,
"History of the Corruptions of Christi- and was subsequently nominated amnnity,"'"Letters to a Philosoplical Un- bassador at the French court. For his
believer," "Institutes of Natural and  share in the treaty, lie was conlmmitted
Revealed Religion," " listory of Elec- to prison after the accession of George
tricity," "History of Vision, Light, and  I., and was threatened with impeachColors," and "Experimlents and Obser- ment, but was at length discharged. His
vations on different Kinds of Air."   poems, which have long been received
PRINGLE, THOMAS, a highly esteem- into the collected works of the British
ed poet and miscellaneous writer, was poets, are often spirited, and are very
b. at Blaiklaw, in Teviotdale, in 1789. seldom deficient in melody or in eleSoon after his studies at the university  gance. D. 1721.
of Edinburghi were completed, he ob-   PRISCIAN, or PRISCIANUS, a eeltained a clerkship in the register of- ebrated grammarian, was b. at Cesarca,
fice; but his poetic aspirations found  and'was the master of a famous schlool
vent even in the dull routine of such an  at Constantinople, about 525. His pinoccupatioim and, in 1816, his "Scenes cipal work is a treatise on grfamnmar.
of Teviotdale," which he contributed to  Ils rigid attention to correctness gave
the "Poetic Mirror," having attracted  rise to the saying of "breaking Pristhe notice of Sir W. (then Mr.) Scott, cian's head," whllich is applied to the
he was led to embrace literature as a violators of gramnmatical rules.
profession. He was, for a short period,  PROCACCINI, CAMILLO, an eminent
editor of "Blackwood's Magazine" in  painter, b. at Bologna, 1546. IIe studied
1817, but a difference of politics between  the works of Parmeaiano and Michael
him and the publisher, soon led to his Angelo, and obtainer  a high reputation
resignation.  He became secretary of for the beauty of his colorlin' and the
the anti-slavery society, a situation  lightness of his touch. D.1626.-GIULIO
which le held till the object of that CESARE, his brother, b. in 1548,.adopted
body was accomplished. Besides being  the style of Correggio, and surpassed all
the editor of the well-known annua l,  isi other inmitators.  D. 1626.-CARLO
"Friendship's Offering," lie published, ANTONIo, another brother, excelled as a
in 1828, his ":Ephenieriides," a collection  fruit and flower painter.
of songs, sonnets, and other juvenile  PROCIDA, JoHN OF, a native of Papieces; and, in 1834, appeared his " Af- lermo, was b. of a noble family, about
rican Sketches," which, together with  1225. IHe was the chief of the conspirhis interesting account of a "NarrAative  acy against Charles of Anjou; and his
)f a Residence in South Africa," seem  efforts to accomplish the expulsion of'ikelv to perpetuate his fame. D. 1834. the Flrench displayed talents of a high
PRIOR, MATTHEW, a celebrated poet order, and were finally crowned with,nd statesman, was b. 1664, but whether success. D. 1303.
an Middlesex or Dorsetshire is uncer-  PROCLUS, a Platonic philosopher,
tain. Being left fat.herless, he was sent was b. in 410, at Constantinople. He
by his uncle, a vintner, to Westminster studied at Alexandria, and at Athens,
school; and, after lie quitted that sern- where he succeeded Syriacus in the Plain.ary, was foitunate enough to attract tonic school, and d. 485. Several of his
the notice of the earl of Doeset, who works are extant.




PUI]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       703
PRONY, GASPAPD-CLAI-FRANCOIS- 1G79, ill the south of France, and reMArII'-RrICH, I)E, baron dol Prony, a dis- ceived can excellent ecdcation. Among
tinguilhcdl Freinch inatheniaticirn. lie  the many disguises woich hle assiined
was the pupil, anid, sbslequelltly the  was that of a native of Fo rmosa, and to
assistant of Per'ronet, and was much em- keep up the delusion he invented an
ploved by Napoleon, thoough the latter alphabet, grammar, and history of the
was deeply offelnded by Prony's refusal island, which were considerecl as auto accompany him to Egypt. Indepeend- thentic by many eminent men. The
ent of his various missions as an engi- cheat was not discovered till after he
neer. and of his labors as a professor at had been sent to Oxford, I-e subsethe Polytechnic school, M. Prony was quently gained a subsistence by writing
anthor of between thirty and forty vol- for the booksellers. A laruge portion of
nunes, chiefly of most laborious and ex- the ancient part of the " Univeirsal Histensive cacielations. B. 1775; d. 1839.  tory" was written by him; and he left
PROTAGORAS, a Grecian sophist, behind him his own memoirs. D. 1763.
was b. at Abdera, about 488 B. c.; exer-  PTOLEMiY, CLAUDIUS, an ancient ascisec in his aouth the calling of a porter; tronorner and geographer, wvas b. about
opened at Athens a school of pliloso- 70, in Egypt,:  bt whetler at Pelusinm,
phy, aid acquired glreat reputation and  as some sa.y, is doubtful. Alexandria
riches; was banished on a charge of   was the place where lhe resided. He
atheism, andc perished by shipwreck at wrote various astrononical and geothe age of seventy. Prodicis was one graphical works.   The system  whiich
of his disciples.                     makes the earth the centre of the solar
PROTOGENES, an eminent Grecian      and planetary motions takes its name
painter, a native of Calnus, in Caria, from him.
flourished about 336 B. c. A consider-  PUFFENDORF, SAMUEL, an eminent
able part of his life was spent in ob- German publicist and historian, was b.
scurity, but le was at lencth brought in 1632, near Chemnitz, in Saxony; was
into notice by Apelles givinCg a lllge educated at Lcipsic and Jena; was,
price for one of his pictures. His mais- successively, in the service of the elector
terpiece was a picture of Ialysus, the  palatine, Charles XI. of Sweden, and
founder of Rhodes, on which hle was the elector of Brandenburg; and d. in
emiplioed for seven years.            1694. O lhis works the chief are, "The
PRYNE      WIL, WrLIA   a lawecr andc  Law of Natuire and Nations," " The
political'writer, was b. in 1 600, at Swans- Elements of Juris prudence,'' " The
wick; was educated at Batlh lammlar State of the German Empire," and an
school, and Oriel college, Oxford; stud- " Introductio  to the History of Euled the law at Lincoln's Inn; and was lrope; "Commentaries on Swedish Afsuccessively made barrister, belicher, fislrs,"  and  " Lives of Scanderbeg,
and reader.   His " Histrio-Nastix," a Chiarles Gustavus of Sweden, and Frecviolent attack on the stage, and his eric III. of Brandlenlburg."
"News from Ipswich," twice broufght     PUGATSCH(EFF, JErELJAN, orYEMon him, in 1633 and 1637, the vengeance ELKA, the leader of a predatory band in
of the infamous star-cllamber. He was Russia, and a daring inipostor, was a
branded, deprived of his ears, pilloried, Don Cossack, and b. in 1726. After
fined ten thousand pounds, and doomed  serving in the Prussian and Austrian
to perpetual imprisonment.   IIe ob- armies, he returned to his own country;
tained his liberty in 1640, was elected  and being possessed of a striling.permember for-Newport, and bore a pronm- sonal reseinblance to the lately deceased
inent part in the trial of Laud, his per- emperor, Peter III., he was in 1773 ensecutor. After the overthrow of Charles, conraged to pass himself for that monhowever, Prynne endeavored to effect arch. At first lie had but few followers,
an accommodation between him and his but they increased to the number of
subjects; and he opposed Cromwell 16,000 men.     Ie several times defeated
with such boldness that the protector the troops of the empress; captured
imprisoned him. He joified in the res- Kasan, the old capital of the empire;
toration of Charles II.; was appointed  and continued his ravages for nearly
keeper of the records in the Tower; and  two years. At lenlth, just as Moscow
d. 1669.                              was threatened, le -was betrayed' by
PSALMANAZAR, GEonGE, the as- some of his party, and executed, tosumed name of a singular character, gether with the other rebel leaders, at
who began his career in life by acting  Moscow, in 1775.
the part of an impostor. He was b. in   PUISAYE, (ount JosEPh, one of the




704                    CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [l'Yb
most able of the French roylist chiefs, much displeased with the conduct of
was b. about 1754, at Montagne, and   the former, that he struck his name out
was descended from an ancient and no- of the list of privy councillors, and also
ble family. He was intended for the from the commission of the peace. On
church, but preferred the military pro- the resignation of Wallole, in 1741,
fession. In 1789 the nobility of Pershe Pulteney was created earl of Bath: but
deputed llin as their representative to  from that time his popularity and inthe states-general. He sat in the con- fluence ceased. D. 1764.
stituent assembly, and was an enlight-  PURCELL, HENRY, a celebrated Enened fiiend of reform. In 17903 he held  glish composer, was b. 1658; was ora command in the departmental army, ganist of Westminster abbey at the age
under Wimpfen, and was consequently    of 18, and was afterwards appointed
proscribed by the convention. He took  organist of the chapel rbyal; tand d.
refuge in Britany, where, by dint of  1695.   Amlon   his works are,' Aneloquence, talent, and activity, he or- tiems," "Soniatas," "Orpheus Britanganized a formidable force, under the  nicus," and the opera of "Diodename of Chouanls. I-e'visited England  tian."
in 1794, obtained a powerftil succor, and  PURCIIHAS, SAMUEL, a divine, was b.
returned with it to France in 1795; but in 1577, at Thaxted, in Essex; was eduhis hopes were blasted by envious in- cated at St. John's college, Oxford; and
trigues of his own party, who occasioned  d. in 1628, rector of St. Martin's, Ludthe disaster at Quiberon. After having  gate. His principal work is the wellcontinued his efforts for two years longer,  knoln collection of vovyaes, whlich
he resigned his commission, disgusted  bears the title of'"P erchas, hiis Pilgrimby the conduct of the Bourbons, and    ages, or Relations of the World."
fixed his abode in Canada, whence he    PUTNAM, ISRAEL, an officer in the
afterwards removed to England.    D. army of the American revolution, was
1S27.                                  b. in Salem, Mass., 1718. He received
PULASKI, Count. a celebrated sol- but a mleacre education, and'removing
dier, was a native of Poland, and made  to Connecticut, enocaced in acgriculture.
brave though unsuccessful efforts to re- In the French w;ar he commandced a
store his country to independence. He  company, and was entiaecd in several
came to the United States during tle  contests witih the enelmy. In 1753 he
revolutionary war, was appointed a    fellinto an ambuscade of savages, land
brigadier-general in the American army. was exposed to tle most clruel tortures.
and was mortally -lwounded in the attack  He obtained cl is release in 1759, and reon Savannah in 1779. Congress voted   turned to his faLrm. Soon after the batto erect a monument to his mlemory.   tle at Lexington le joined the army at
PULCI, Louis, an Italian poet, was b. Cambridre, was appointed major-gen1432, at Florence; was the friend of eral, and distinguished himlself at BunkLorenzo di Medici, Politian, and other er hill. In 1776 he was sent to. comeminent men; was the inventor of that plete the fortifications at New Yorlk, and
species of heroi-comaic poetry which  afterwards to fortify Philadelphia. In
bears the name of Berni; and d. about the winter of 1777 he was statiolned with
1487. His great work is the "Mor- a small body at Princeton, and in the
gante Maggiore," a truly poetical produc- spring appointed to a command in the
tion, an idea of which may be formed HIiThlands, where he remaiined most of
from  specimens translated  by Lord   the time till tile close of 1779, when he
Byron.                                 vas disabled by an attack of paralysis.
PULTENEY, WILLTAM, earl of Bath, He was brave, energetic and one of the
the political antagonist of Sir Robert most efficient officers of the revolution.
Walpole, was b. 1682, and educated at D. 1790.
Westminster school, and Christ-church,  PYE, IIHNRY JAMES, a poet of an
Oxford. On the accession of George I. ancient Berkshiire family, was b. in 1745,
he was appointed a privy conncillor and  in London; was educated at Magdalen
secretary at war; but a dispute with Sir college, Oxford; ruined his fortune by
Robert Walpole caused his removal to  becoming a candidate for Berks; was
the ranks of the opposition. He joined  appointed poet laureate anda police maBolingbroke in conducting a paper,, istrate, ini 1790 and 1792; and d. in
called the "Craftsman," the object of  1813. His principal works are L Alfred,"'
which was to annoy the'minister. This an epic; "Tr anslttions of tlhe poetics
produced a duel between Pulteney, and  of Aristotle." "Six )dces of Pindar,"
Lord Hervey; and the king was so      and "Homer's Hymns'" "' The Demo



QUI]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        705
crat," " The Aristocrat," and "Corn- high priest, and the Athenians gave him
ments on the Commentators upon Shak- the rights of citizenship. He lived to
speare."                               the afge of 90. Pyrrho founded the
PYM, JOHN, a lawyer, was b. 1584, in  sect of the Skeptics or Pyrrhonists.
Somersetshire. After having finished     PYTHAGORAS, a celebrated philosohis education at Broadgate hall, Oxford, pher. the founder of that school which
he studied law at one of the inns of   is called the Italic, was b. about 586 a. c.
court, and was called to the bar.  Du-  at Samos, or, according to some, at
ring the reigns of James I. and Charles  Sidon, and began to travel at the age of
I. lie had a seat in parliament, and was  18. He visited Phenicia and Asia Minor,
a strict Puritan, and a strenuous oppo-  and even, it is said, Persia and India,
nent of the arbitrary'measures of the  and resided for 25 years in Egypt. On
crown. Ile was one of the five memn-   his return he taught geometry at Samos;
bers whom the infatuated Charles de- after which he settled at Crotona, in
manded to be given up to him by the    Magna Groecia, and established a school
house of commor.s. Pym d. in 1643, of philosophy, which became famous.
not long after having been appointed   Persecution at length drove him thence,
lieutenant of the ordnance.            and he took refuge in the temple of the
PYRRHO, a Greek philosopher, who     Muses at Metapontum, where lie is said,
flourished about 840 B. c., was b. at Elea, but the truth of the story is doubtful,
in the Peloponnesus, and was originally  to have been starved to death, about
a painter, but became a disciple ofAnax- 497 B.c. Besides being an illustrious
archus, whom he accompanied in the     metaphysical philosoplher, Pyt:,goras
expedition of Alexander. On his re- was a great geometrician and astronoturn his fellow-citizens made him their  mer.
Q.
QUARLES, FRANCTS, a poet, was b.- having killed a brutal noble in a duel,
1592, near Romford, in Essex; studied  held important offices under the duke
at Christ's college, Cambridge, and at of Ossuna, viceroy of Sicily; was exiled
Lincoln's Inn; was successively cup- to his estate on the disgrace of the duke,
bearer to Elizabeth, daughter of James but was again received into favor at
I., and secretary to Archbishop Usher court; lived for several years in retirein Ireland; suffered greatly for his at- ment, devoted to literary pursuits; was
tachmrent to the cause of Charles I., and  thrown into a dungeon, in 1641, where
d. 1644. His principal works are " Em- he remained twenty-two months, on an
blems,"  " Argalus and    Parthenia,"  unfounded charge of having libelled
"Divine Fancies," and "Enchiridion."  Count d'Olivares; and d. 1645.    He
Quarles has been made an object of stands high among Spanish authors,.atire; but, with all its faults, his poetry  particularly as a satirist. His " Visions
is above contempt.                    of Hell," and "Comic Tales," have
QUESNAY, FRANCIS, a physician, been translated into English.
and the founder in France of the sect of  QUIN, JAMES, almost equally celethe Economists, was b. 1694, at.Merci. brated as an actor and an epicure, was
He.was exceedingly fond of farming in  b. 1693, in Covent-garden. His father,
his youth, but was brought up to the who was a barrister, d. 1710, at Dublin,
profession of medicine, and became where Quin was educated. Being left
physician to Louis XV., who loved to  resourceless, lihe went upon the stage,
converse with him, called him the Think- and for a considerable period was coner, and ennobled him. Besides his fined to inferior parts.    At length he
medical productions, which are numer- rose into high reputation, and was
ols, lie wrote "Physiocracy," and va- without a rival till the appearance of
rious articles in the "Encyclopaedia,"  Garrick..He retired from the stage in
and in periodicals, to promulgate his 1751, and d. in 1766. George III. was
doctrines on political economy. D. 1774. instructed by him in recitation. ThomQUEVEDO DE VILLEGXS, FRAz- son, with whom Quin was in habits of
e8s, a Spanish poet and miscellaneous close friendship, has paid, in "The
writer, was b. 1580, at Madrid, studied  Castle of Indolence," an elegant tribute
at Alcala, was obliged to quit Spain for to his talents.




706                   CYCLOPEDMIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LRAB
QITINAULT, PHILIP, a celebrated     the 25th of April, 1775, the day that
French lyrical dr:anatist, was b. 1635, at the vessel reached the harbor of Cape
Paris, began to write for the theatre at Ann.
the age of 18, became highly popular,   QUINTILIAN, MARCUS FABIUS, a
was attacked by Boileau, with much    celebrated rhetorician, was b. in 42, at
more inveteracy than wit or justice, and  Rome, followed Galba into Spain, and
d. 1663. In the species of drama to taught rhetoric there; returned to his
which he devoted his talents he stands native city, in 68. and was long a prowithout a rival. It has been said of his fessor of rhetoric; and d. in his 80th
verses that they were already music year. His "Institutes of the Orator"
when they were placed in the hands of  have been  translated  into English.
the composer.                         "Declamnations," and "A Dialogue on
QUINCY, JoiNx, an American citizen, Oratory," are also attributed to him;
o. 1689. Having graduated at Harvard  but the latter is sometimes ascribed to
college, in 1708, was early employed in  Tacitus.
public life.  For forty years without   QUINTINIE, JOHN DE LA, a celebrated
interruption he was a representative French horticulturist, b. at Poictiers, in
and at member of the council; and was 1626.
long the speaker of the house. He in-   QUINTUS CALABER, or QUINTUS
helrited an ample fortune, and discharged  SMYRN EUS, a Greek poet, who wrote
with fidelity the various offices with  a supplement to Homer's Iliad.  -le is
which he was honored. D. 1767, aged   supposed to have lived in the 5th cen78 years.-EDMUND, agent for Massachu- tury, and to have been a native of
setts at the court of Great Britain, was Smlyrna.
b. at Braintree, 1681, and graduated at  QUIRINI, ANGELO MARIA, a cardinal,
Harvard college in 1699.  In 1718 he b. at Venice, in 1684. Benedict XIII.
was appointed a judge of the supreme  made him    archbishop and cardinal,
court, and held a seat for a long time in  which dignities hle filled with great
the house of representatives, and in his reputation. D. 1755.
majesty's council. In 1737 he was se-   QUIROGA, JosEPH, a Spanish Jesuit,
lected as an agent to the British court was b. at Lugo, in Gallicia, and distinto procure a decision of the contro- guished himself as a nissionary in
versy respecting the boundary line be- America. D. 1784.
tween Massachusetts and New Hamp-       QUIROS, PEDRO FERNANDEZ DE, a
shire, and d. while in London, on the  celebrated Spanish navigator, of the
23d of February, 1738, in his fifty- 16th century, who explored many of the
seventh year.-JosIAH, a distinguished  islands afterwards visited by Captain
lawyer and patriot, was b. in Boston in  Cook. D. 1614.
1743, and was graduated at Harvard.     QUITA, DOMINGOS DOS REIS, a Portucolleoge. He soon became eminent in   guese poet, who early in life was a barthe practice of law, and distinguished hber. but being fond of learning, and
by his active exertions in the popular mnaking himself master of Italian, Spancause. His powers of eloquence were ish, and French, he wrote verses,.land
of a very high order. In 1774 he took  became the author of " Inez de Castro,"
a voyage to Europe for the benefit of  and four other tragedies; besides many
his he.,lth, and to advance the interests sonnets, elegies, and pastorals. B. 1728;
of the colonies. He d. on his return, on  d. 1770.
R.
RABANUS-MAURUS, MAGNENTIUS, 1789. HlIe attached himself to the party
a learned German prelate, who became of the Girondists, and was proscribed
abbot of the monastery at Fulda, and  for opposing the Mountain party in 1793.
was afterwards archbishop oef Mentz. He was subsequently guillotined. His
B. 785; d. 856.                       wife killed herself; and all those who
RABAUT DE ST. ETIENNE, JOHN         assisted him were guillotined.
PAUL, one of the most worthy of tle     RABELAIS, FR]&Ncois, a humorous
French revolutionists, was b. at Nismes, and satirical writer, whose works are
in 1741, for which city he was chosen a not so much read as they are talked
deputy for the constituent assembly in  about. His flame has extended to all




RAC]                  CYCLOPAiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        707
lands, and lbe ranks with Lucan, Cer- At the age of 70, in the year 1553, he d.
vantes, Mohlre, Swift, &c., among the  at Paris.
greatest wits of the world. I-Ie was b.  RABENER, GOTTLIEB WILLIAM, a
at Chin ar, in Touraine, about the year German satirist, who was controller of
1483, and was the son of an apothecary, the taxes for the circle of Leipsic. His
or as some say, an innkeeper. In early  works have been translated into the
life he became a monk of the Franciscan  French and Dutch languages, and reorder, and entered the convent at Fon- published several times in his own
tenay le Compte, where partly repelled  country. B. 1714; d. 1771.
by the ignorance and indecorum of his    RABUTIN, ROGER, a French wit and
companions, and partly because his rude satirist; he was dismissed the army for
sarcastic humor made them his enemies, writing a lampoon, and afterwards sent
he was soon disgusted, and separating  to the Bastille, on account of a libel
from  them  joined the Benedictines. called "The Amorous History of the
But the monkish life not suiting his   Gauls."  D. 1693.
taste, he studied medicine, and for a    RACAN, HONORAT DE BENITE, a wellwhile practised the art. Remorse, fear, known French poet, and one of the
or sonic other motive, next induced him  earliest members of the Academy. B.
to procure an absolution from Paul II11. 1589; d. 1670.
for his departure from  his monastic     RACINE, JEAN, one of the greatest
vows, and he spent some time as a canon  tragic poets of France, whose reputation
in the abbey of St. Maur des Fosses, and writings have spread over the whole
where he wrote a greater part of his literary world.   He was b. at Fert6
famous "Pantagruel."    He was after- Milon, December 21st, 1693, but lost his
wards transferred to Meudon as a parish  par'ents when a child, and was educated
priest. lie was a conscientious teacher in the abbey of Port Royal des Champs.
of his people, and delighted to instruct lie early discovered a love for the old
the children of his cure in sacred munsie. Greek dramatists, especially Euripides,
His house was a favoite resort of learned  and was a diligent student of their
men, and he was noted for his generosity  works. His first pr oduction, a poem on
to the needy. It is not known when he the marriage of' Louis XIV., procured
completed his great work. Tlie date of  him, throtugh Colbert's mediation, a
the earliest existing edition of the first pension of 2000 livres, and a present of
and second books is 1535, but there 100 louis d'ors. The "Thebaide," his
were previous editions which have dis- first tragedy, appeared in 1664, and was
appeTared. Whenever published, it was warmly received by the public. It was
attacked on all sides, and on opposite  an imitation of Corneille, and greatly
grofnds. The champions of Airistotle inferior to the works by which it was
and his enemies, the friends of the    followed, the "Alexandre, the " AnCatholic and of the Reformed doctrines, dromache," " Les Plaideurs,  " BereRamus and Calvin, the monks and the nice," "Phedre," &c., most of which
Sorbonne, felt aggrieved alike by its keen  still keep possession of the French
ridicule and cutting satire, and fell upon  staoe.  After a mistaken piety had
it without mercy. But as his subjects withdrawn the poet from the theatre,
were the vices of the popes, the luxury  he wrote "Esther," at the request of
and avarice of prelates, the libertinism  madamre de Maintenon, which was reand knavery of the monastic orders, the ceivedl with great satisfiaction by the
barbarous theological philosophy of the  court, and was represented by the puSorbonne, and the noless barbarous juris- pils of St. Cyr, in 1689. But after enprudence of the courts, the wonder is,  joying court favor for nearly all his life,
not that he was opposed, but that he   lie fell into disgrace with the king, and
escaped with his life. Francis the First, was so mortified, that he d. April 22d,
who pronounced his book delectable, 1699. A     certain formal stiffness and
extended to him his protection, and the coldness marked all the productions of
hearts of the general readers echoed his  Racine; yet his tenderness in the delinsentiments  and   sarcasm.   Rabelais eation of love gives him a place in the
wrote other works, most of them on     highest rank of French poets. In harmedical topics, but none of them are mony of versification and grace of excomparable to the "Gargantua and Pan- pression, he is without a rival in his
tagruel."  It alone has rendered his native language.-BONAVENTURE, an ecname imnortal. He was the master of    clesiastic, canon of the cathedral of
fourteen languages, and of all the sci- Auxerre, who wrote an ecclesiastical
eonces tnd most of the arts of his time. history. 4i. 1708; d. 175,5.




708                   CYC~LOPEDIIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [RAL
RADCLIFFE, ANN, a female novelist wrote a " History of Java," in two vo.of London, whose maiden name.was unies. B. 1781; d. 1826.
Ward. Her first performance was a       RAGHIB    PACHA, MOHAMMED, a
romance called the "Castles of Athlin  grand vizier of the Ottoman empire,
and Dumblaine," and the next the "Si- noted for his literary taste and talent.
cilian Romance." But her greatest pop- B. 1702 d. 1768.
ularity was achieved by the "Romance    RAGOTSKI, FRANCIS, a patriotic
of the Forest," and the "Mysteries of prince of Transylvania, who entered
IJdolpho," the latter particularly, which  into secret negotiations with  Louis
is still read with breathless eagerness XIV. to bring about the emancipation
and attention by young masters and    of his country from Austrian rule; but
mistresses, who initiate. themselves by  his schemes having been detected, lie was
stealth into the horrors and excitements arrested and condemned to death for
of mysterious adventures.  She also   high treason. He fortunately managed
published a book of travels in Hollahnd  to make his escape, and then roused the
and along the Rhine. Her descriptive  people of IHungary against the imperial
powers were of a high order, and have  despotism. For a time he was prosperbeen finely appreciated by Scott, in his ous in his career, and was proclaimed
"Lives of tlihe Novelists."  B. 1764; d. protector, but, in the end, certain of
1823.-JOHN, a celebrated medical prac- the IHulngarian states entering into an
titioner of Wakefield, in Yorkshire, who  alliance with Austria, his plans were
afterwards removed to London, and     defeated, he renounced his estates, and
became physician to Princess Anne of took refuge in Turkey. lie wrote the
Denmark. He was also consulted by     memoirs of his own life and adventures.
William III., whose favor he lost by-his B. 1676; d. 1735.
free and honest speech. In 1699 the     RAGUENET, FRANCIS, a French biking, returning from Holland with his ographer and historian, who wrote lives
ankles swollen, and his body emaciated, of Cromwell, Turenne, &c. D. 1722.
sent for Radcliffe, and asked, "What    RAGUET, CONDY, a vigorous writer
do you think of these?" He replied, on subjects of political economy, who
"Why, truly, I would not have your flourished during the present century
majesty's two legs for your three king- at Philadelphia. His various essays on
doms!"  He was never again sent for. banking, on tariffs, and the principles
He was b. in 1650, and when he d. in  of taxation, are remarkable for close
1714, he left ~40,000 for the erection of logic and force, and created no little ina library at Oxford, which still bears his finence on the political discussions of
name.                                 the day. B. 1784; d. 1842.
RAE, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent Scot-    RAIKES, ROBERT, a benevolent and
tish judge. D. 1842.                  pious printer of Gloucester, in England,
RAEBURN, Sir HENRY, an eminent whose name will long continue to live
portrait painter, knighted by George as that of the first projector of Sunday
IV.  He ranked second only to Sir schools. B. 1735; d. 1811.
Joshua Lawrence. B. at Stockbridge,     RAIMONDI, MARc ANTONIO, a famous
near Edinburgh, 1786. D. 1823.        engraver of Bologna, employed by RaRAFFENEL, CLAUDE DENIS, a French    phael, and whose school surpassed all
author, who was killed at the siege of others of the same era. Pope Clement
Athens, in 1827. B. 1797.             VII. imprisoned him for some over free
RAFFLES, Sir THOMAS STAMFORD, a illustrations of the Aretine verses, but
distinguished functionary of the English  was released on account of his " MartyiEast India Company, who, in 1811, be- dom  of St. Lawrence."  B. 1748; d.
camne lieutenant-governor of Java. Du- 1540.-JOHN BAPTISTE, ah orientalist of
ring his administration he introduced  Cremona, whom Ferdinand de Medici
many judicious reforms. He was after- made director of the oriental press,
wards at the head of the factory at Ben- which originated the Propaganda. B.
coolen, in Sumatra, where he continued  1540.
his reforms, and at last established the  RAINOLDS, JOHN, a learned Puritan
free port of Singapore. In the year 1823 divine, head of Corpus Christi college, at
he laid the foundation of an Anglo-Chi- Oxford; who was one of the translators
nese college, with the necessary libraries  of the Bible into English. B. 1549 d.
museums, &c. When he embarked to 1607.
return to England, all his valuable col-  RALEIGH, Sir WALTER, an illustrious
lections and manuscripts were burnt in  English navigator and historian, b. ai
a. fire which consumed the vessel. He Budley, Devonshire, 1552. He did emi



RAM]                  CYCLOPiEDIA. OF BIOGRAPHY.                      709
nent services for Queen Elizabeth, par- an improvement in the printing-press,
ticularly in the discovery ofVirginia, and  which was among he first to enlarge
in the defeat of the Spanish armada, the utility of that powerful engine. It
and lived in happiness and honor during  was generally adopted in this country,
her reign; but his sun set at her death; and the press went ever afterwards by
for, on the accession of King James, he the name of the Ranamage-press. B. 1770;
lost his interest at court, iwas stripped  d. 1850.
of his preferments, and unaccountably   RAMBERG, JOHN HIENRY, a distinaccused of high treason, trie, and con- gished engraver and etcher, who studdemned to die. Being reprieved, how-  ed under Sir Joshua Reynolds, and
ever, he was committed prisoner to the became court painter at Hanover. His
Tower of London, where   e lay many   works were numerous, and particularly
years; and during his confinement de- good in the line of humorous caricature.
voted the greatest part of his time to  The drawings to the nmagnificent edition
study. His writings have been divided  of Wieland's works were from his pencil.
into poetical, epistolary, nilitary, marit- B. 1767.
imal, geographical, political, philosophi-  RAMEAU, JE&N PnHIIPPE an able
cal, and historical. But his grand work  French theorist in the science of music.
was "The History of the Wolld," to the IHe was early attached to a strolling
end of the Macedonian empire, 823. c, company of performers, for whom he
a work of vast compass and endless va- produced a nmusical entertainment, to
rietv. He received a commission from  be represented at Aviognon, wehen e was
the'king to go and explore the golden  18. Afterwards lie wasappointed org nmines at Guiana. In the mean tine his ist in the Clermont cathedral; and in
design, being betrayed to the Spaniards, 1722 printed his " Traite de 1Harmonie."
vas defeated; adcl his eldest son Walter This was speedily followed by the " Noubeing killed by the Spaniards at St. veau Svsteme de Musique Theorique,"
Thone, the town was burnt by Captain  and his "Genesration Musique." IHe
Keymis. Uponi this tie Spanish am- also vrote a great many other works on
bassador Gondemar, maksing comaplaints music. He was 50 years of age when
to the king, a proclamation was pub- lie produced his first opera, " Iyppolyte
lished immediately against Raleigh and  et Arise," which led to "Castos et Polhis proceedings, alnd threatening pun- lux," "Dardanus,"l "Sam1son,i "Pyg.
ishment in an exemplary manner. Ra- malion" and "Zoroastie," besides a
leigh landed at Plymoutlh in July, 1618, large inumlber of ballets and minor
and nwas arrested. It was found, how- pieces. Louis XV. granted him   patever, that his life could not be totched  ent of nobility in lhonor of his merits.
for any thingi which had been done at; B. 1683:; d. 1764.
Guiana: therefore a privy seal.was sent;  RAMEL, JEAN PIEtRE, a chief of batto the judges, forthwith to order execu- talion during the French revolution,
tion in consequence of his former attain- afterwards amppointed commanldant of
der; and he was beheaded in Old Palace- Toulouse, where he was assassinated in
yard, October 29, suffering his fate with  1815. B. 1770.
great magnanimity.                      RAMELLI, AuJ'GSTIN, an ingenious
RALPH, JAEs, a mliscellaneous wri-'engineer of Milan, who was distinter, b. at Philadelphia, who accompanied  guished in the army of Charles V. He
Benjamin Franklin to England, where also wrote a curious book, called "Le
his political connections secured him  Diverse et Artificiose Machine."  B.
a pension.  He wrote a "History of    1581; d. 1590.
England," the "Case of Authors by       RAM KOMUL SEU, a learned HinProfession," the "Use and Abuse o     doo. who did much to promote the
Parliaments," and an "Answer to the diffusion of knowledge at Calcutta. D.
Memoirs of Sarah, )Duchess of Marlbo- 1844.
rough.."  One of his works wias a poem  RAMLER, CHARLES WILLIAM, a Gercalled " Night," which Pope alludes to  man lyric poet, translator, and critic,
in the " Dunciad," thus,              professor in the royal military school at
" Silence, ye wolves, while Ralph to Cynthia Iowls,  Berlin. He attached himself to Frederie
Making night hideous, —answer him, ye owls!"  the Great, and was called the German
His dramatic attempts were failures. D. Horace, though vastly inferior to the
1762.                                 Roman poet of that name. His poetical
RAMAGE, ADXA, a native of Scotland, works appeared in two volumes in 1800.
who removed to the United States early  B. 1725; d. 1798.
in life.  His name is identified with   RAMMOHUIN-ROY, Rajah, and }sy
6O0




710                   CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [RAN
birth a Bramin, was b. 1776, in the prov- pher, was b. in a village of the Verince of Bengal. He was educated in    mandois, in 1515. When a boy, he ob
the faith of his sect, but soon discover- tained the place of servant in the college
ing the diversities of belief both among  of Navarre, where he devoted his leithe Indian and Christican doctors, lie sure hours to study, and became a most
resolved to investigate for himself and  consummate schlolar. IaI1ving ventured
form his own opinions. In this view, to attack the doctrine of Aristotle, he
he first went to Thibet and then to   was interdicted fiom teaching philosoHindostan, where lie studied the San- phy; but this judgment was reversed
serit and other lanuaoes. In 180:3 he  by Henry II., and in 1551 lhe was made
published a book agaiinst " The Idolatry  royal professor of rhetoric and philosoof all Religions," which made him many  phy. His spirit of. fee inquiry ultienemies and forced him to retire to Cal- mately led him to become a l'rotest.ant;
cutta, where he studied Enoglish, and  as this could not be long concealed, he
translated from the Sanscrit into the was obliged to leave Paris, to which
Hindoo tongue. He cafterwards pub- city he returned  in 1571, and lost his
lished the "Precepts of Jesus," which  life in the inassacre on St. Bartliologave his views of Christ's teaching. In  mew's day, in the followingo year. Ifis
1831 he visited England. where lie was wolrks on imathematics, philosophy, loreceived with the highest marks of at- gic, &c., are inumerous.
tention. D.-1833.                       RANCE, ARMAND JOHN LE BOVTHI:.RAMSAY, ALLAN, a Scotch poet, was LIER DE, the reformer of La Trappe,
b. in 1685, at Leadhills; was originally  was b. in 1626, tt Paris, and adoiptcl
a wig-maker, but became a bookseller; the ecclesiastical protession. I-He obacqu'red fame by his talents, and for- tained several benefices before lhe was
tune by his trade; and d. in 1758. His in orders, acquired great celebrity as.a
poems contain much that is worthy of preacher, and might have risen to the
p raise; but his fame rests on his de- most elevated stalions in the church,
lightful pastoral comedy of "The Gentle  had he not taken the resolution of retiShepherd," which is one of the classics ring from the world. Various reasons
of Scottish literature.-His son ALLAN, are assigned for this; the most probable
who was b. in 1709, and d. in 1784, was of which appears to be, that although
an eminent portrait painter; and wrote  he was a man of large fortune, and in"The Investigator," and " The Present dulged in all the pleasures of the world,
State of the Arts'."-ANDREW MICHAEL, the death of the duchess of Mlontauusually called Chevalier Ramsay, was b. ban, to whom lhe was attached, proin 1686, at Ayr, in Scotland; ywas edu- duced such a revulsion in his feelihgs,
cated at Edinburgh and Leyden; was that he abandoned society, anid retired
tutor in several families of rank, among  to his abbey of La Tirappe, where he
which were [hose of the pretender, and  introduced a reform of the most riid
the duke of Argyle; and d. in 1743. kind in the monastic discipline..ie
His principal works are, "The Travels was the author of several theological
of Cyrus," "Lives of Turenne and      works, and d. 1700.
Fenelon." and a "Discourse on Epic      RANDOLPH, Sir THOMAS, an emiPoetry."-DAvID, an American histo-' nent statesman, was b. in Keet, 1523,
rian, was b. in Pennsylvania, in 1749, and d. 1590. On the accession of Elizawas educated at Princeton college, and  beth he was sent on embassies to Scotcommenced the study of medicine. land, France, and Russia. His letters are
After practising a short time in Mary- in different collections, and his account
land, he removed to Charleston, South  of Russia in " Hackluyt's Voyages."
Carolina, in 1773, and soon rose to an  -THOeMAS, an English dramatic poet, b.
extensive practice. He took an active  1605; d. 1634. His "Muse's Lookingand early part in the cause of the colo- Glass," a comedy, is well known  and
nies, and was for some time a surgeon  much admired.-THOMAS, a learned diin the revolutionary army. In 1782 he vine, was the son of the recorder of
was chosen to a seat in congress. He Canterbury, where he was b. in 1701,
wrote a "History of the Revolution in  and educated at the kina's school. AfSouth Carolina," a "HIlistory of the  ter studying at Oxford, and obtaining
American   Revolution," a "Life of    his degree of D.D., lie received church
Washington," a I' History of South    preferment in his native county, and
Carolina," and a "History of the United  became, in 1763, arclideacon of Oxford,
States."  He d. in 1815.              and Margaret professor of divinity.
RAMUS, PETER, a French philoso- Among his works are, "iThe Christiana




RAP]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       711
Faith," "A Vindication of the Doc-      RAPHAEL, or'RAFFAELLO SANtrine of the Trinity," and " A View of  ZIO, DA URBINO, the most celebrated
Our Blessed Saviour's Ministry."  D. of modern painters, was b.. at Urbino,
1783.-JoHN, a learned prelate, a son of  1483, being the son of a. painter named
the preceding, was b. 1749; studied at Sanzio. At the age of 13 his father
Christ-church, Oxford, where he gradu- placed him under Perugino, where he
ated, and in 1783 was elected to the soon slirpassed his numneros compeers.
regius professorship of divinity. HIe Three years afterwards le went with
became, successively, bishop of Oxford, Pinturicchio to Siena, to assist him in
Bangor, and London; but hle did not painting the history of Pius II., for the
enjoy the latter diocese inore than two  cathedral there; but Raphael soon left
years, having d. 1813.-JOHN, an ec- that work to visit Florence, where he
cntric and arrogant, but influential improved his style by studying the destatesman, b. June, 1773, in Chester- signs of Da Vinci, and Michael Angelo.
field county, Va. and received his His favorite artist, however, w as Fra
education at Princeton college. In 1799  Bartolomeo, who gave him a more corlhe was elected to congress, wher  e  iect knowledge of coloring   In 1508
figured for nearly thirty years, as one of he was invited to Rome by Julius IT.,
the most sarastiand loquet speakers who eployd him to paint the "School
of the house. He was also, for two    of Athens?' in the Vatican. In peryears in the senate. In 1830, President forming this commission, he gave such
Jackson appointed him minister to Rus- satisfaction, that the pope ordered all
sia; but he had scarcely been presented  the pictures, already painted in the vato the emperor when he returned to rious rooms, to be obliterted. and the
England. The latter part of his life  walls prepared for the productions of
was passed in ill health.. ). 1833.- Raphael alone, who, with difficulty, suePEYTON, first president of the Almerican  ceeded in saving from  destruction a
congress, vwas a native of Virginia, and  ceiling, painted by his old master Peruone of the most distinguished lawyers gino. On the accession of Leo X. he
and patriots of tlhat state. He vwas as prosecuted his labors with increased
early as 1756 appointed king's attorney  spirit, and executed his " Attila " and
for that colony, and held the office for the "Deliverance of St. Peter."  The
many years. In 1766 he was elected    "Cartoons" and the "'Transfiauration"
speaker of the house of burgesses, and  were among the last of his labors. To
in 1773 a member of the committee of his other talents he added that of being
correspondence. The following year he an able architect; the principles of
was appointed a delegate to the congress which science lhe studied under Brawhich assembled- at Philadelplia, andl  mante, who recommendecd him for his
was elected its president, andalso presi- successor in conducting the great work
ded in the congress of 1775, till obliged  of St. Peter's, the general plan of which,
to return to Virginia, whenI Hancock  as it now   stancds, was designed by
was ehosen his successor. He soon re- Raphael. He likewise constructed a
sumed his seat in congress, but d. sud- number of magnificeent buildings, pardenly on the.22d of October, 1775, aged  ticularly the Catffarelli palace at Rome.
52.-EDMUND, governor of Virginia, was As a sculptor also lie evinced great
the son of John Randolph, attorney- skill, though in that department of art
general of that colony before therev olu- he was able to pay but little attention.
tion. He -nwas an eminent lawyer, and a D. 1520.
warm friend of the revolution.  After   RAPIN   DE THOYRAS, PAUL, ar
havinig held several honorable stations historian, was b. in 1661, at Castres, in
in the state, he was in 1779 elected, to  Langnedoc. HIe studied law under his
a seat in congress, and held it till 1782. father, who was an advocate, until the
In 1787 he was a member of the con- revocation of the edict of Nantes drove
vention which formed the federal. con- him to England, and subsequently to
stitution, but voted against its adop- IHolland, where le entered a company
tion.  The next year hel was chosen   of French cadets. In 1689 he followed
governor of Virginia, and in 1789 was the prince of Orange into England, and
appointed attorney-general of the Uni- distinguished himself at the battle of
ted States, and in 1794' secretary of  the Boyne, and the siege of Limerick.
state, but engaged in an intrigue with  In 1707 he settled at Wesel, il the
the French minister, by whici he lost duchy of Cleves, and devoted himself
the confidence of the cabinet, and re- to the composition of his "History of
signed il August, 179$. D. 118.    England," which was published at the




712                   CYCLOP. EDIA o0   BIOGRAPHY.                   [REA
Hague, and was for a long time in great and digest the Pennsylvania statutes.
repute, being the only complete nirra- D. 1836.
tive of English events. D. 17215.-RENA-  RAY, JotN, a celebrated naturalist,
TUS) a lFrencll Jesuit and critic, famous b. at Black Notley, in Essex, in 1628.
for his skill in classical learning. B. He received his education at Catharino
1621; d. 1687.                        hall and Trinity college, Cambridge, but
RASTALL, JOHN, a learned printer lost his.fellowsllip by refusing to comply
in London, who wrote a "Draminatfc De- withi the act of uniformity. After this
scription of Asia, Africa, and Europe." lie devoted hiimself to the study of na" Calnones  Astrologici,"  " Dialogues ture, and in 1663, accompanied xlr. Wilconcerning Purgatory," "Angloru  Re   louglhby on a tour through Europe, of
gum Chronicuml," &c. Ile imarried a  xlhichljourney lie published anl account
sister of Sir Thomas More, and d. in  in 1678. Mr. Ray was elected a fellow
15o6.                                 of the Royal Society in 1667, and the
RAULIN, JOHN, a celebrated French   transactions of that body afford ample
preacher, of the 15th century, whose  proofs of his attention to science. The
sermons and letters were greatly ad- principal of his works iare, "A. Collecmired, and to whom both REabelais and  tion of English Proverbs," " The WisLa Fontaine have been partially in- doin of God    manifested in the Works
debted for their pathos. B. 1443; d. of the Creation," "Three Discourses
1514.-JosEPH, an ingenious French     concerninGo the Chaos, Deluge, and Disphysician, was b. 1708, and d. at Paris solution of the World, " "Syonopsis
1784. HIe wrote several medical trea- Methodica Animaliumn Quadrupedurn,"
tises.                                and' Syllooce Stirpiinm EuropearumRAVAILLAC, FRANcIS, the murderer extra Britanniam."    D. 1705.
of IHenry IV. of France, was b. at Ans-  RAYNAL, WIILLIAM THOMAS FIANCIS,
goulenme, in 1578. Having been ruined  an eminent French historian and phiby a lawsuit, and for a long time con- losopher, was b. at St. Genies, 1718, and
fined in prison for debt, his naturally  after quitting the Jesuits, by whom he
gloomy disposition degenerated into a was educated, lie became an historical
morbid fanaticism, and he became aceus- and political writer. IHe joined the
tomned to consider the good and humane  French philosophical party, as it wmas
Ienry IV. as the arch-enemy of. the   called, adopted their principles to the
church, to destroy whom would be do- fullest extent, and became one of the
in (God service. Filled with this notion, writers in the "Encyclopaedia." He also
he followed the royal carriage from the published several works at Paris, the
Louvre to the Rue de la Ferrolinierre, principal of whinch was his "Political
and while it stopped in the street, in  and Philosophical IHistory of the Euroconsequence of some obstruction, lie pean Settlements in the East and West
mounted the coach wheel, and thrusting- indies."  This was followed by an essay
his hand in at the window, armed wit  on thle " Revolution of America," writa knife, stabbed the king to the heart. ten in a style of declamation, and full
lie was instantly seized, interrogated, of enmity to the English. In 1791 the
and underwent the torture; but he de- Abbe Rlynal addressed a letter to the
cared he had no accomplice, and' on   constituent assembly, in defence of the.
May 27,1610, his limbs were torn asun- rights of' property, which greatly irrider by horses.                        tated the revolutionists, and though he
R AWLE, WILLIArM, a lawyer and      escaped the tyranny of Robespierre,
jurist of nute, b. at Philadelphia 1759, he was stripped of his property, and d.
read law inl New York, London, and    in great indigelce iat Passy, in 1796.
Paris, and practised in his native city. Among his other works are, a "History
In 1789 lie was chosen a miiember of the  of the Stadtholdership," " History of
Pensylvania legislature, and afterwards the Parliament of England," "HistoriWashingiton appointed him district at- cal Anecdotes,  "History of the Ditorney for that state; but thoughll fre- vorce of Henry VIII. of England,"
quently solicited, he never would take  " The Military School," and "Hilstorical
oflice. He was a imember of nearly all the  Memoirs of Europe."
literary and scientific societies of the day,  READ, GEORGE, a distinguished
and first'president of the Penn. Ilstori- American citizen, of Irish descent, b.
cal Societv. His writings were a " View  in Maryland, 1784. He studied law, and
of the Constitution of the United States"  settled in the state of Delaware, where
and the new Civil Code, prepared by a. lie was attorney-general of the three
commission appointed to revise, collate, lower counties from 1768 to 1775. In




REE]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      713
1774 he was chosen a member of con-    REDESDALE,, Joins FREEMAN Mrrgress, and was continued during the FORD, Baron, n eminent English lawyer
revolutionary war. He was president and statesman, was b. 1748, educatea at
of the convention which formed the first New college, Oxford, and having studied
constitution of Delaware, a member of at Lincoln's Inn, was called to the bai';
the convention which formed the con- in 1782 he published "A Treatise on
stitution of the United States, and was Pleadings in Suits in the Court of Chans senator of the United States. From  cervy."  I-Te was afterwards made a
1793 to the autumn of 1798, the time of Welsh udie. In 1789 he was chosen
his death, he was chief justice of the M.P. for Beeralston; in 1793 he was
state of Delaware. In his several sta- appointed solicitor-general, and in that
tions of honor and responsibility, lhe capacity he assisted in conducting the
had the reputation for talents and wis- state trials of Hardy, Horne Tooke, and
dom.-Jone-, a lawyer of Boston, Mas- Thelwall. He succeeded Lord Eldon as
sachlusetts, distinguished for genius, attorney-general in 1799. In 1802 lie
learning, wit, patriotism, eloquence, and  was raised to the peerage, and made
integrity, was graduated at Harvard col- lord chancellor, and a member of the
lege, in 1697. He studied divinity, and  privy council in Ireland; but he resicnpreached for some time with popularity, ed the seals in March, 1806, in colsebut at length left that profession for the  quence of the death of Mr..Pitt. D.
law, and soon became eminent in the  1830.
practice. He first reduced the redun-  IEDING, Ai.ors, baron von, landedant and obscure phraseology of the  mann and general of the Swiss, was b.
English deeds of conveyance, to the 1755. On the invasion of Switzerland
simple form now in use. He held a by the French in 1798, he commanded
conspicuous place for some time also in the troops raised to repel them; but
the house of representatives and coun- thoughl he obtained some advantag'es
cil. D. at an advanced age, in 1749.  over the enemy, his forces were inaadeREAL, GASPARD DE, Seigneur de quate to the task assigned them, and
CURBAN,, was b. at Sisteron, in 1682, and  the Swiss were colnpelled to submission.
d. at Paris, in 1752. le wrote an able  Having afterwards endeavored to secure
work on the "Science of Government."  some depgree of independence for his
REIAUMUR, RENE ANTOINE FEnR- countryv. Bonaparte liad hilm arrested
CTIAULT DE, a philosophilc nait'ralist, b. in ~and confined in the folrtess of Arbourg,
1683, at Riochlelle;'studied under the hbut e was set at liberty in a few months:
Jesuits at Poitiers, and afterwardls went He was subsequently at no pains to conthrough a course'of law at Boarges. ceal his antipathy to Bonaparte, and he
But lis tastes led him to the observation  is believed to have fvored the passage
of nature; and havinoc made himnself of the allied troops through the Swiss
acquainted with the mnathematical sci- territories over the Rhine, after the
encee, he wvas chosen a member of the campai.uin of 1813. D. 1818.
Academy of Sciences at Paris, to whichl  REED, IsAAc, a critic and miscellalhe had presented some memoirs on    neous writer, was b. in London in 1742,
geometry. IH discovered the art of   and brought up to the. conveyancinr
manutficturin porcelain, of converting  business, which he relinquished for
iron into steel, of tinning iron platest, literary pursuits. I-e publisled the.and of making artificial pearls.  Ile  poems of Lady Mavl Wortley Montagu,
ascertained, also, the existence of mines edited the Seatonima prize poemns, and
of turquoises in France equal to tlhoe  revise  d and cnlariecd Dodsley's " Old
of Pe.ria; and he invented a miethod  Plays." He afterwvards also published
of hlatchin ecgs by artificial heat. But the "'Biocrlphia Dramatica," land four
lhe is principally celebrated fbr being the voluimes of humorous pieces, nnder the
first who reduced thermometers to a title of the " liepository;" but the work
common standard; and the instruments by which he is most advantaoeously
constracted upon his pincip!es still go  known is an edition of Shakspeare,
by his name. lHis chief workks are, embodyiing in its pages all the most val-'iMemoirs of lies Discoveries," "The  uable notes and elucidations of former.
Hlistory of Insects,' and a " History of commentaators, with nuch original inthee Auriferouis Rivers of France."  formation. D. 1807.-JosEPIT, a draEMBOLLEDO, BTreNARDIN, coc1unt Id, matic writer, vwas b. at Stockton-upona Spanishl soldier, writer, and diploma- Toes, in 1748, and carried on bu siness
tist, was b. nt Leon 1596, and d. at as a rope-maklcer at Stepney, till his
Madcrid in 1677.                     death in 1787. -Ie was theo author of
60*




.714                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [REG
~'Dido," a tragedy, "Tom Jones," a and some time chief justice. His legal
comic opera, several farces, &c.-JOSEPH, attainments were of a high order, and
a patriot of the American revolution, as a man he possessed the esteem and
was graduated at the college in New   respect of the community.
Jersey, in 1757. While a member of      REGIUS, URBAAN, or LE ROT, alearned
congress-in 1778, the British commis- poet and controversialist, distinguished
sioner endeavored to procure his infiu- also as one of the early reformers, i was
ence to bring about a reconciliation  b. at Langenargen, in Germany. He
between the colonies and the mother completed his studies at Ingoldstadt,
country, he rejected their offers with  under Eckius, and when the emperor
the reply-"That he was not worth      Maximilian visited that university, lie
purchasing; but such as he was, the made Regius his poet laureate and oraking of Great Britain was not rich    tor. He afterwards obtained a proresenough to buy him." In 1778 he was sorship, but when      the controversy
chosen president of Pennsylvania, and  arose between Luther and Eckius, the
retained that office till his death, 1781.  reformed doctrines operated so strongly
REES, ABRAHIAM, a dissenting minis- upon his conviction, that lie sided w;ith
ter, whose labors as an encyclopadist the former against his old tutor in pohave gained for him great and deserved  lemics. In 1530 he accepted an invitacelebrity, was b. in Montgomeryshire, tion from the duke of Brunswick to
1743, vas educated at Hoxton, became  settle as pastor of the church of Lunentheoloeical and philosophical tutor in  berg, and d. in 1541.
the neew college, founded at Hackney,   REGNARD, JOHN FRANCIS, a comic
which place he held till 1795, when that writer, was b. at Paris, in 1655. Iie
establishment also terminated. In 1776 went to Italv about 1676, and was rehe was employed as editor of " Chain- turning homlre with considerable propbers's Cyclopadia," which he completed  erty, when he was captured by an
in 1786. After a lapse of 14 years, the Algerine corsair, and sold for a slave.
proprietors embarked in a more com- Durinnr his captivity, he obtained the
prehensive undertaking, which also Dr.f tvor of his master by his skill in cookBees brought to a conclusion.: Besides ery; but being caught in an intrigue
these literary performances, he publish- with one of the wonmenf, he was required
ed two volumes of " Practical Sermons," to turn Mahometan, or suffer de.ath.
and several other works. D. 1825.     The French consul, however, saved him
REEVE, CLARA, a novelist, was b. at by paying his ransom, and Regnard reIpswich, and was the daughter of a    turned to France about 1681. After this
clergyman who gave her an excellent he wrote a number' of successful comeducation. She possessed great learn- edies, besides poems and other works;
lug and research, which she displayed  was made a treasurer of nrance, and
in her first literary essay, a translation  lieutenant of the waters and forests;
of Barclay's " Argenis."  Among her an'd d. 1709.
subsequent productions are, "The Pro-  REGNAULT, TMICHAEL LOUIS STEgress of Romance," "Memoirs of Sir PHEN, a French-ladvocate and statesman,
toger de Clarendon,"  The School for was b. at St. Jean d'Angeli, in 1760; d.
Widows," and the well-known tale of   1819.-NOEL, a learned mathematician
" The Old English Baron."  D. 1808.-  and philosopher, was b. at Arras, 1683 
JOHN, a celebrated comic actor, b. in  belonged to the society of Jesuits, and
London, 1799, nmade his first appearance d. at Paris, 1762. He published several
on the boards of Drury-lane, as "Syl- scientific and metaphysical works, the
vester Daggerwood," in 1819; was sub- principal of which are his "Philosophisequently engaged at the Haymarket, cal Conversations" and his " Ancient
English'Opera-house, and Adelphi, and  Origin of the New Philosophy."
d. 1838. John Reeve was the absolute' lEGNIER, CLAUDE AiBRoSE, duke
personification of hilarious jollity and  of Massa, minister of justice under the
genuine   good-humor.-TAPPING,   an   government of Napoleon, was b. at Blaeminent lawyer, was b. at Brook-lIaven, mont, in'La Meurthe, in 1736; pracin 1744, and was graduated at Princeton  tised as an advocate at Nancy, was a
college. IHe established himself as a member of the constituent assembly,
lawyer in Litchfield, Connecticut, where retired from  public affairs during the
he founded the law school, of which, reign of terror; but after the fill of
for nearly thirty years he was the prin- Robespierre, became a member of the
cipal instructor. He was for many years council of ancients, and took an active
judge of the supreme court of that state, part in the senate. Ile assisted in the




REN]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       715
el6t'ation or Bonaparte as iist consul, professor of nmthematics att V ittemnberg,
and, in 1802, he was appointed granId  ia  (d. there in 1583. Ilis w orks are,
judge, minister of justice, &c. In 1813  "T'hleoria nova 1Planietarunm,' " Ptolhle becamne president of the legislative emy's Almagest, w ith a Latin veision,'
body, trnd d. in the followin'g year.-n  "PruteniceC TabulnL Ccelestium MotlMATIHURINa  a French poet, andc the first um, and " Prinus Liber Tabularum
who succeeded in Fr:nce as a satirist, Directionium."
b. at Chartres, 1572. Ile was brought IREMBIANDT VAN RItHN, PAUL,
up to the church, which he disgracec  one of the most celebrated painters and
by his debaucheries; yet he obtained a engravers of the Dutch school, was b.
canonry in the cathedral of his native  1606, near Leyden. His passionate love
place, with other benefices, and a pen- f'or art disappointed his fatlher's desire
sion.  ). 1613. His "Satires" still re- of educating him as a schol:a.; but le
tain a place in the standard literature of received some instruction in the arlt of
his coluntry.                         paintin fiomn Peter Lastmann, of AmREGULUS, MARCUS ATTILTUS, a RO- sterdlain, but soon returned homle, and
man general, celebrated for his patriot- pursued his labors there, takingo nature
ism and devotion in the service of his as his sole uide. I-e came into notice
country, was made consul a second time  by taking a picture to the laune, where
about 256 B c., and, with his colleague,a dealer gave him 100 florins for it;
Manlius Vulsoo, commanded in thle first which circumstance procured him emwar agaiinst Carthalge.               ploymnent and pupils. Rembrandtwas
REICIIARDT, JOHN FREDERIC, a mn- miaster of all that relates to coloring,
sieal composer and author, was b. at distribution of light and shade, and the
Konimsb1er, in 1751; studied under management of the pencil and though
Kant. was foi a lona time director of the he was deficient in some of the other
Italian operal at Berlin, and subsequently  requisites of a true artist, it cannot be
had the direction of the French anld  denied that his pencil is masterly and
German theatres at Cassel. Among his unique, possessing an energy land effect
compositions, which are very numerous, belongl ig to no other painter. His
are the ".Tamerlane" of M orel, and the  etchings possess a wonderful freedom,'' Panthea"' of Berlquin. Iis literary  facility, and boldness.  iemlbrandt narproducltions are', "Familiar Letters writ- ried the handsome cldaughte of a peasten cldurin a Journey in France in 1790, ant, who used to sit to him as a model.
and ag'.1in in 1808. aind 1804," " Famiilinr  He iesidec dliurinf tle grleater part of his
Letters on Vienna," &c.; and "l Napo- life a' Amsterdami, and he soon acquired
leon Bonapparte and tile French People  a large fortune. His hatiits, however,
mUnder lis C'onsuiate," &c. D. 1814.  were low, and lis iavarlice insatiable; so
REICH'-ENBACI, GEORGEa o     aI dis- that he lived like a begrarr, and dcscendtingruisehed mechanical artist, was b. at ed to the meanest tricks to increase his
Manhleim, in 1772, and d. at Munich, in  hoard. D. 1674, or, according to somen
1826. I-Iean lliis coadjutor,Frlulnhofel, accounts, in 1688.
were unsurpassed in the ianufacture     REMLUSAT, JEAN. PIERRE ABEL, an
of optical instrumlentsi generally, and  eminent lianist, was b. at P s-788.
quite  nrimvalled in tihe execution of tel- He was professor of the Chinese anl Tar-.
eseopes, ieliometers, theodolites, &c.  tar lannguag'es at the college de France;
EIE)D, TnoMrAS, a celebrated Scotch  was sadminitted into the academy of in
divine and metaphysicia-n, was b. 1709, scriptions in 1816;d ad, ater Visconti's
at Stir chlan, in Kilncardinelshiere,  i anddelath, in 1818, he was appointed editor
c(ducated at thel Marischal college, Aber- of the " Journal des Savans."  His prindeen.: Iin 1764 he succeeded Adcam    cipal works are, " Essai sunr la.iLangone
Smith as professor of moral philosophyl A et Litterature Ch1inoises,"' Plan di'nn
at GlIas(row, 1nd d. in 1796. His p,1in- Dictionnaire Chimnois," "Mel'ares Asiipil work. s are, "An Inqulir into thle  atiqnes," and "Comtes Chinois."  D.
lim11an Mind," and i Essay s'on the In- 1832.
tellectuaml and Active Powers of Man."   RENAU     D'ETISAGARYAY, BERDr. Rei! was the first write in Scotland  NARD, ain table French naval arlchitect,
xwho {ittaceked the skepticism of lHumie, was b. in Biem'n, in 1652. lie was ema.nd ende'ivolred to refute tlie ideal tie- plo yed at Brest in the conlstruction of
orv whllicli wias tlhen prelvalelt.i  Ihire ships nnil, ini 1680, hle conceived
RE!NIIN OL1), ERASMUS a Gerlnman ma- thle ideac of bomb-vessels, whiicI were
themaltician anld Iastronomer, was b. at used at tile bombardcment of Algiers,
Salfeldt, in Thuringia, in lo11; becamie and the success of which led to his being




716                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [REU
appointed to conduct several sieges un- on miiscellaneous subjects, but his prinder Vauban. For these services he was cipal productions are on the theory and
made a captain in the navy, honored  practice of his art. D. 1818.
with the cross of St. Louis, and reward-  RESTOUT. JOHN, a French painter,
ed with a pension of 12,000 livres.  ie  was b. at Rouen, in 1692, became direcwrote, "Theorie de la Manseuvre des tor of the academy of paintings, and d.
Vaisseaux," and d. in 1719.          in 1768.-I-is son, who was also a good
RENNEL, Major JoiiN, was b. at painter, and a mem.ber of the Academy,
Chudleigh, 1742; first entered the naval d. at Paris in 1797.
service as a midshipman, and served in  RETZ JOIN FRANCIS PAUL DlE GxONDI
India, but quitted it for the East India a French cardinal, and a celebrated pocompany's military service, and became litical character, was b. at Montmnirail,
surveyor-general of Bengal. Returning  in 1618; became coadjutor to his uncle,
to England in 1782, he was elected a the archbishop of Paris; and. after
member of the Royal Society; and from  many intrigues, and fighting several
this period he held an extensive corre- duels, he.vas made archbishop of Cospondence with men of learning both at rinth and a cardinal. He conspired
home and abroad. IHe now published   against the life of Cardinal Richclieu,
his celebrated "M:emoir and Map of   and took a prominent part in opposing
IHindostan," and he assisted in the for- Mazarin during the minority of Louis
mation of the Asiatic Society. Ile was XIV. In short, he was the Catiline of
falso the author of " Observations on the  the day. At f!, \sth Mazarin, who both
Topography of the Plain of Troy," three  hated and fear d him, imprisoned him
memoirs on the " GeogCraphy of Africa,'  in the castle oG Vincennes, whence lhe
the "Geographical System of Herodotus was removed to Nantes, from which lhe
explained," and the'"Marches of the escaped, and   subsequently travelled
British Army in the Peninsula of In- through Iolloand, Flanders, and Endin."' D. 1880.                      gland. In 1675 he wrished to nive up
RENNIE, JorN, a celebrated civil his cardiinal's hat, and retire from the
engineer and mechanist, was b. at Phan- world, but thie pope would not receive it.;
tassie, in East Lothian, settled in Lon- and as the latter years of his life made
don in 1788, and first became known by  some amends for his former crimes, he
the talent he displayed in the construe- d. at Paris, in 1679.
tion of the Albion Mills. His next con  REUCIILIN, JoiN, a celebrated Gercern was in snperintending the new   man philologist, b. at Pfortzheim, in
machinery of Whitbread's brewery, the 1455. IHaviln studied the law, and obexecution of which increased his fame. tained the dirloma of lieentiate in that
He soon, however, became eminent in faculty at Poitiers, le was employed
labors of a superior kind, and stood at in several diplomatic missions; and
the head of the civil ensineers of Great while at Rome with Everard, count of
Britain. Among his piilic works nmay  WVirtemrberg, he wias received with the
be mentioned, Rams gate harbor W-ater- distinction -due to his talents, a-nd was
ioo, Southwark, and   New   London   particularsly noticed by Lorenzo de Mebridges; the Breakwater at Plymouth, dici, at Florence. After the renewal of
the Crinan, Lancaster, Kennet, and   the league of Suabia, in 1500, Reuchlin
Avon, and other canals; and several was appointed juldge of a tribunal at
docks and harbors, amono which are Tabingen, which office he held eleven
those of London, Huli, and Sheerness. years. In his old age he was reduced
But the Bell Rock lighthouse, construct- to poverty, and was persecuted by the
ed on the same principle as that of the  ecclesiastics for opposing Pfeffercorn's
Eddystone, will, perhaps, be deemed  design of burning1 all the Jewish books
the greatest effort of his enius. D. 1821. except the Bible. Beuchlin was the
REPTON, HI-IMPHRRY, a private gein- preceptor of Melanchthon, and d. 1522.
tleman, distin guished b  his skill in  He composed the first Hebrew grammar
ornamental gardenimng and architecture, and lexicon for the use of Christians,
was b. at Bury St. Edmunds, in 1752. and he was the author of several other
In 1788 he accompanied Mr. Windham   works.
to Ireland, and for a short time held a  REUVENS, JOHN EVERARD, 01one of
situation at Dublin, undelr gooernment. the most profound lawyers Iolland ever
On his return to Enoland, he adopted  plrodceed, was b. at Haerlem, in 1753;
the profession of lan'lscape gardeninf, studied at Leyiden; acquired great repuin w.hich lie soon obtained extensive tation at the Ilague as an advocate; at' l
celebrity. He putlislhe several works was appointed, in 1795, counseilor t



KI]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       717
the court of justice of the province of  no prescribed part of his duty to read
Holland. In 1801 he became president lectures, vet his zeal for the advanceof the high court of justice; and under ment of the fine arts induced him to
the regal government, in 1806, he was  deliver annual or biennial discourses
nominated counsellor of state extraor- before the academy on the principles
dinary, and subsequently vice-president and practice of painting. Of these he
of the council. On the union of Hol- pronounced fifteen, from 1769 to 1790,
land to France, in 1810, he became presi- which were published in two sets, and
dent of the court of appeal at the Hague; form a standard work. He was a membut was soon after invited to Paris, and  ber of the celebrated club which conmade counsellor of the court of cassa- tined the names of Johnson, Garrick,
tion; which office  ie relinquished, Burke, and others of the first rank of
when, ilin1814, the independence of his literary eminence, and seems to have
native country was secured, and return- been universally beloved and respected
ed to the presidency lie had quitted at byhis associates. In 1778 the university
the Hague. He went to Brussels in    of Oxford conferred on Sir Joshua the
1816, on a legal mission, and there  honorary degree of doctor of laws, and
perished, the victim of a conspiracy, the in 1783 he was appointed principal
authors of which have never been dis- painter to the king. D. 1792.
covered.                               REYNAC, FRANCIS PHILIP LA.URENS
REYNEAU, CHARLES RENE, an emi- DE, a French ecclesiastic, was b. at
nent French nmathematician, was b. at Longville, in the Limousin, in 1734.
Brissac, in 1656, and entered into the  He became canon regular of Chancelade,
congregation of the Oratory. Having  prior of St. Maclou, at Orleans, and an
become well'cquainted with geometry, associate of the academy of inscripand studied the Cartesian plilosophy, tions. He is prideipally klnown by hi
he taught mathematics and physics at "H1ymns to the Sun," in the forid
Toulon and Angers. lie was the author prose style of Fenelon. He also wrote
of "' Analyse 1emontrle," and " Science  "Idylls in prose," "Sacred Poems,"
du Calcul des Grandeurs." D. 1728.   &c. D. 1782.
REYNER, EDWARD, a nonconformist      RHEIFEK, CHRISTOPnER, a German
divine, was b. in Yorkshire, and cdu- musical composer, b. at Memningen,
cated at Cambridge, lwhere he took his in 1748. He produced tle operas of
degree in arts, and, about 1627. settled  "Le Nouveau Pygmalion," "Le Fils
at Lincoln; but in 1662 was ejected  Reconnaissant," and " Rinaldo;" befi'om his living, and d. soon afterl. He  sides the oratorio, "Der Todgesang
wrote "Precepts for Christian Prac- Jesn," andl a collection of songs. D.
tice," "Vindication of Iuman Learning  1796.
and Universities, " &C.                HHIGAS, or RIGAS, a modern Greek
REYNOLDS, Sir JosIUA, an eminent patriot, b. at Velestini, in Thessaly,
English painter, was the son of a cler- about 1753. He was soon distinguished
gyman at Plimpton, in Devonshire     for his ready apprehension and extenwhere lie was b. 1723. He early dis- sive acquirements, being intimately accovered a predilection for the art of  quainted with the ancient literature of
drawing, which induced his father to  Greece, as well as with the Latin, French,
place him, at the age of 17, with Hud- Geirman, and Italian languages. Lookson, the most famous portrait painter in ing forward for an opportunity when his
London, with whom he remained three   country might throw off the Turkish
years, and then, npon some disagree- yoke, hle conceived the project of a
ment, returned home. He then, pro- grand secret society, and among the
ceeded to Rome, in which capital, and  discontented chiefs who became assoother parts of Italy, he spent three  ciated with him, was the pacha Passyears. On his return to London, his  wan Oglou.    He then proceeded to
talent placed him  at the head of the  Vienna, which place lie made the focus
Englislh portrait painters; and being a  of an extensive correspondence with
man of literary abilities and an amiable  persons of intelligence possessing simicompanion, as well as a first-rate artist,  ar principles with himself in various
lie soon nnmbered among his intimate  parts of Europe. He also commenced
friends, several of the most distinguish- a Greek journal for the instruction of
ed characters of the day. When the   his countriynen, composed a treatise on
Royal Academy was instituted, in 1768. military tactics, drew up a grand chart
he was unanimously chosen president, of all Greece, in 12 divisions, and transand was knighted; and although it was lated the travels of "Anacharsis the




718                  CYCLOcPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LRIO
Younger" and other French works. and in 1661 went to Constantinople, as
But being treacherously denounced to secretary to the embassy, and there
the Austrian government by one of his wrote his "State of the Ottoman Emassociates, as a conspirator anainst the  pire."  He was next appointed consul
state, he was arrested at Trieste, and  at Smyrna, where, by the command of
ordered to be delivered up to the Otto- Charles II., he wrote "The present
man Porte. IHis conductors, however, State of the Greek    and  Armenian
fearin- to be intercepted by Passwan  Churches;" and on his return home lie
Ogloi, drowned him in the Danube, to- was made secretary to the lord lieutengether with- eight of his companions, ant of Ireland, a privy councillor, and a
who had been arrested at the same     judge, of the high court of admiralty.
time, Mtay, 1798.                    William III. employed him as the EnIIBERA, ANASTASItUS PANTALEON DE, glish resident in the Hanse Towns,
a Spanish poet, called the Scarron of where he continued 10 years. Besides
Spain, was b. at Madrid, and on account the works before mentioned, he wrote
of his wit was entertained at the court a continuation of Knolles's " History of
of Philip IV.-JoSEaH, called LO SPAG- the Turks," a translation of Platina's
NOLETTO, an eminent painter, was b. at "Lives of the Popes," and Garcilasso
Xativa, in Valencia, about 1589. He de la Vega's "History of Peru."   D.
was at firsts  a pupil of Caravaggio, and  1700.
on going to Rome, he studied the       RICCI, LOENzo, the last general of
works of Raphael, the Caracci,   c, the Jesuits previous to their suppreswithl great advaintage. He then visited  sion by Pope Clement XIII., was b. at
Parmia and Modena, and thence went to  Florence, in 1703; entesed into the
Naples, where the viceroy named him  order of St. Ignatius at the age of 15;
his own painter. In 1648, when Don   became. successively, spiritual director
John of Austria visited Naples, Ribera at the Roman college, and secretary of
imprudently boasted to him   of tle his order; and succeeded, on.ne death
beauty of his daugirlters, which-led to  of Centu'ioni, in 1758, to the office of
an intrigue with one of them, and the general.  O  the suppression of the Jeprince carried her off. This so affected  suits he was confined as a prisoner in
the    er tht coding to-some      c- thecstle of St. Anelo, and there d.
counts, he left his house suddenly one 1775.-ScIPO, an Italian prelate, was a
day, in 1649, and was ne er again 1head  nephew of the precedi1n, and h. at Floof. Others state that lie d.'t Naples, rence, in 1741. He was raised to the
in 1656.                             bishopric of Pistoga and Prato, in 1786;
RICARDO, DAVID, celebrated for his and distinguished himself by strenuwritings on finance and statistics, was onsly seconding the Grand-duke Leob. in London, of a Jewish failily, in  pold i'n the attempt to introduce a re1772. His character for probity, indus- borm into-the ecclesiastical discipline of
try, and talent, early procured for him  the duchy. By doing this, he incurred
the means of support;, alnd, becoming a the displeasure of the pope, was obliged
member of the stocK exchange, he accu- to resign iis bisshopric, and subsequenxtmulated immense property. In 1810 he ly uncderwent much persecution; though
appeared as' wvriter in the "Mor ning lhe became reconciled to the holy see, in
Chronicle," on the subject of the depre- 1805, by signing a forimula of adhesion
ciation of the national currency; he to the bills which he had objected to.
advocated the piinciples of Malthus D. 1810.-MATTHEW, a Jesuit and misconcerning population; and published a sionary in China, who was in such high
treatise on "Political Economy and fiavor wtith the emperor, that he'gave
Taxation," which affords a luminous him permission to build a church there.
exposition of the origin and fluctuation  D. 1610.
of national wealth and expenditure. In  RICCOBONI, LODOVICO, an eminent
1819, Mr. Ricardo was elected into par- comedian and author, was b. at Modena,
liament for the Irish borough of Portar- in 1674, acquired an early reputation on
lington; but he never spoke, except on  the stage, anld was popular both in his
sulbjects of finance and commerce, on  own country and at Paris. In 1729 the
which -occasions he was always attended  duke of Parma appointed him inspector
to with. great deference. D. 1823.   of the theatres in his dominions; but in
RICAUT, Sir PAUL, an English travel- 1731 he returned to Paris, where he deler and historical writer, was tile son of voted his last years to literature, and d.
a merchant in London; received his 1752. He wrol;e several comedies and
education at Trinity college, Cambridge; poems, besides a "Hilstory of the Italian




aIO]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        719
Theatre,"  and other works on dra- works on public characters, which were
matic subjects.-ANNTHION FRANCIS, son  very popular at the time, and "The
of the preceding, vwas b. at Mantua, in  Fugitive," a successful comedy.  D.
17:07, and was also an actor and a dra- 1803.-SAMUEL, a celebrated novelist,
matic writer.  Ilis comedies were very  was b. 1689, in Derbyshire, and resuccessful, but what he gained by the ceived his education at a common daystagre lie spent in ioolish attempts to  school. At the usual age he was bound
dicocver the philosopher's stone.  D. apprentice to a London printer, and
1772.-  is wiet was a celebrated French  after the expiration of his time he worknovelist; but from the neglect of her edi as a compositor and corrector of the
husband she suffered much, and d. in  press some years. At length he took
1792.                                up his fieedom, and set up business for
RICE, JOHN HOLT, an eninent Pres- himself, first in a court in Fleet-street,
byterian clergyman of Virginia, who and afterwnards in Salisbury square. IHe
wns professor in the Union theological became one of the princip'al in his proschool of that state, established in 1824. fession, and, by the interest of Mr.
He was also for some years editor of the Onllow, speaker of the house of comVirglnia " Evangelical and  Literary  mons, obtained the printing of the
Magazine."  Andlie published "' Mem- journals. In 1754 he was chosen masoirs of Samuel Davis," an "Illnstra- ter of the stationers' conmpa, and, in
tion of tlle Piesbyterian Church in  1760, he prichased a moiety of the
Virginian," and a "Discourse before  patent of law-printer to the king. In
the Foleigin Boardcl of Missions."  B. 1740 he published "Pamela," the pop1779; d. 1831.                       ularitv of which was, so great, that it
RICIARD I., ki Ln of Enoland, sur- raln through five editions in one year,
named COeur de Lion, was b. in 1157, being recommended even fiom the puland Cascendced the throne on the death  pit. In 1748 " Clarissia" fully estabof iis father, Henry II., in 1189. D. lishecl his literaiy reputation, and its
1199. —I., king of England, the son of pathos, its variety of character, and
Edward, prince of Wales, commonly    minute development of the human
called the Black Prince, was b. in 1366, heart, will cause it ever to be regarded
and succeeded Edward III., his rrand- as a work of real genius. The "tlisfather, in 1877. D. 1392.-III., kin of tory of Sir Charles Grandison" appeared
Einglandcl, b. in 1450, was the brother of  in 1753, and was received with great
Edward IV., and created duke of Glou- applause. Besides these works, all of
cester.  He is represented as having  which have a moral tendency, Mr.
been of diminutive stature, deformed  Richardson  published  a volume of
from his birth, and of a forbidding as- "Familiar Letters for the Use of Young
pect; but ftr more depraved in his mind  People," and an edition of " Esop's
than forbiddling in his person. Slain at Fables, with Reflections.'  His "CorBosworth, 1485.                      respondence" with persons of eninence
RICHARDSON, JONATHAN, a painter was published in 1804, with his " Life"
land author, was b. about 1665.  He by Mrs, Barbanild. D. 1761.-WILLAM,
quitted the profession of a scrivener to a poet and miscellaneous writer, was a
become a pupil of Riley, the portrait son of the minister of Aberfoyle, and
painter, whose niece he imarried. After wa^ educated at the university of Glasthe death of Kneller and Dahl, he was gow. He accompanied Lord Catheart,
considered at the hlead of his profession  who had been his pupil, to Russia; and
in England.  lte was the author of was for more than forty years professor
an " Essay on the Art of Criticism in  of humaniity at Glasgow.  Among his
Painting," "  An A raument in behalf of works, all of which are marked by elothe Science of a Connoisseur," "Ac- quence and erudition, are "Anecdotes
count of Statues, Bas-reliefs, Drawings, of the Russian Emnpire," "Essays on.
and Pictures, in Italy," "Notes and  Shakspeare's  Dramatic  Characters,"
Rem:lrks on Paradise Lost," &c. D. "Observations on the Study of Shak1745. —JosrEPi, a lawyer and poet, was speare," poems, and tales. D. 1814.b. ait -lexham, in Northumbelrland, was JorHN J., an eminent judge of South
enteredlof St. John's college, Camlnridge, Carolina, and a member of congress
in 1774, becime a student of the Middle elect, from that state, in 1820, but he
Temple in 1779, and was called to the refused to quit the bench. D. 1850.
b.r in 1784. I-He wrote " Criticisms on  RICIIEELIEU, AP.MAND JOiN n)U PLEsthe RIolliad"t ancd "Probationary Odes sis, a cardinal, and minister of state in
for the Laureateship," two. satirical France, was b. at Paris, 1585. lie was




720                    crYCLOP1EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [RIB
at first intended for the army, but the lie raised from  insignificance to the
bishopric of Lugon being open to him   height of prosperity. Ol the restoraby the resignation of his brothel, he tion of the Bourbons, he took his seat
studied theology, and obtained the mitre  in the chamber of peers, accompanied
before he was 22.  I-I  was also ap- Louis XVIII. to Ghent, and, returning
pointed grand almoner, and in 1G16 with him to Paris after tile battle of
made secretary of state. When iaIary   Waterloo, was appointed president of
de Medici fell into disgrace, Eichelieu  the council of ministers, and placed,at
was banished to Avignon, where he      the head of the foreign department.
wrote his "3Method of Controversy." IHe soon resigned his post, but agail
Being soon after recalled to court, he held the office of prime minister in 1820,
brought about a reconciliation between  and d. 1822.
the king and queen, for which he was     RICHMOND, LECH,    a clergyman, was
rewarded with a cardinal's hat, and ap- b. at Liverpool, in 1772, becamle chaptlain
pointed prime minister. Being a man    to the Lock hospital, London, ac.n  afof prodigious capacity and of a restless terwards rector of Turvey, in Bedfordand insatiable anbition, he formed to  shire. lie is principally lknown as the
himself vast designs, vwhich made his author of "Annals of the Poor," conwhole life a series of agitations and in- taming the "Dairmialn's Dauglter,'?
quietudes: still he showed himself a and other devotional tales, written with
patron of men of letters, and caused   great force, originality, and pathos. He
the arts and sciences to flourish in the also wrote a work, entitled " The Fla
kingdom.    Iee abounded, however, thers of the English Church " &c. D.
rather with great qualities than goodl 1827.
ones, and therefore was mulch more ad-  RICHTER, JOHN PAUL FRiEDERIC, a
mired than beloved. D. 1642, amidst celebrated German novelist, was b. in
political storms.-Louis AFANcS AR- Franconia, in 1763, studied at Leipsic,
MAND DU PLESSIS,      e, duke a F'renBch.  as intimately associated with Goethe,
marshal, descended from the same fami- Herder, and the galaxy of genius that
ily as the cardinal, was b. 1696. After gave its celebrity to Weimar, finally
the death of Louis XIV., he was admi- settled at Baireuth, andc d. 1825. His
ted into the court of the regent, duke  works are very numerous.   They are
of Orleans, and he largely participated  generally in the form of romances; but
in its profligacy. IEe was sent to the  many of them treat of abstruse questions
Bastille in 1716, for fighting a duel with  in philosophy, anud with all their singuthe count de Gace, and again in 1719, as larity of stle, evince the profoundest
an accomplice with the Spanish ambas- erudition, infinite humor, and a richness
sador, in a conspiracy against the recent. of imagery which lhave earned for their
He distinguished himself under Villars, author the title of "The only One."
and afterwards at Kehl, Philipsburgh, Among his most celebra ted works are,
Dettingen, and Fontenoy; conquered     "Titan," "HIesperuls,"   Deas Campa-;Minorca, forced the duke of Cumber- ner Thal" "3Seina," and "Levana1,"
land to submit to the capitulation of  and an camirable treatise on education.
Glosterseven, aind devastated the eiec-  1IDEPR, WILLIAM, an English divine,
torate of Hanover. In 1781 he obtained  several years under-master of St. Paul's
the rank of dean of the French mar- school, an lecturer of St. Vedast, Fostershals; and le concluded his long career, lhne. HIe published a' "History of Envariec as it was with acts of heroism  glalld," a -Commentary on the Bible,"
and villany, in 1788.-ARMAiND EAAN UEL  and other compilttions. D. 1785.
Du PLESSLS, duke of, grandson of the    RIDGELY, CHARLLES G., Wvas b. in
preceding, was b. at Paris, in 1776, and  Baltimore, Md., on the 2d July, 1784,
eventually became prime minister to'and entered the navy on the 17th of
Louis XVTIII.    Ie emigrated  it the  October, 1799. Ie was the first midconmmencement of the revolution, en- shipman appointed from     the cit- of
teecl the Russian service, and dlistin-iBaltimore.  Ie nas with Comnodore
guishled lhimiself at tile siege of Ismail, Preble at the battle of Tripoli, aud when
for which he was rewarded wit'h the   the expedition was fitting out to elnrank of major-general. In 1801 he re- denvor to cut out the American frigate
visited France, whlen Bonap:iirto en- Philadelphia  then  lying under the
deavored to attach him to his service; enemy's guns, and volunteers were
but-he returned to Riussia, andc il 1803 celledc for, he was one of the first to
he ivas appointed governor of Odessa, offer, but was refused.   Still, being
which city, by his prudlent ueasures, most anxious to participate in that la



RIEE                  CYCLOPFEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      721
mentable expedition, he concealed him- the cause of independence rendered
self in the boat, but, being discovered, him a zealous patriot, and a long imlreturned to his ship. For his gallant prisonmuet in France affordcled hlin
conduct in the Tripolitan war he re- leisure to contemplate the miseries of
ceived a gold medal from congress. D. his countrymen. Befol e e retlurned
1848.                                to Spain, he visited Germany and EnRIDLEY, GLOSTER, an English divine, gland. Till 1820 every effort for liberty
and a dramratic and theological writer. had been followed by exile, and the
B. 1702; d. 1774.-JAMES, his eldest sod, horrors of the inquisition; nearly all
was author of' Thoe Tales of the Genii" the chiefs who favored liberty were in
and some other literary perforlances.-  confinement: but the valor of Riego
NICHOLAs, an eminent English prelate was at once triumphant; he delivcered
and Protestant martyr, was b. in 1500, Quiroga fiom the hands of his jailers,
at Tynedale, and educated at Cambridge. and, on the 1st of January, his troops
Hle travelled on the Continent  d, ln,  du-proclaimed the constitution.  General
ring a three years' absence fiom his O'Donnell made his victory difficult,
native country, became acquainted with  but lie was victorious; and in the first
several of the early reformers, whose sittiing of the cortes, in 1822, they apdoctrines he afterwards warmly es- pointed himl their president. At the
poused.'Returning to Cambridge, he  height of his glorious career his moderafilled the office of proctor to the univer- tion was most conspicnos; lie avoided
sity, and as such protested against the parade, and displayed real magnanimity,
claims of the papal see to the supreme  prudence, and- disinterestedness. Forecclesiastical jurisdiction in the realm. tune, however, clanged; Ferdinand
I-e was also chosen public orator, be- V11. was reinstated.  Ile was taken
came one of the king's chaplains, and  prisoner after the surrender of Cadliz,
was finally elevated to the see of Lon- conveyed to Madrid, condemned to an
don, wheie he discharged the duties of ignominious death, and suffered, Nov.
his office with unwearied diligence. I-e 7, 1823.
was likewise employed in all the most   RIENZI, NIC1HOLAS GABRINI DE, a
important ecclesiastical measures of that native of Romne, who in the 14th century
reign, particularly in the compiling of obtained great celebrity by his attempts
the liturgyv and the framing of the arti- to restore the republic. ele was of low
cles of religion. But one of the most origin, but had received a liberal edudistinguished acts of his life was that cation, and possessedgreat eloquence
of inciting- King Edward to endow the  and lofty views, whlich induced his eilthree great foundations of Christ's, Bar- low-citizens to scud him as one of their
tholemew's, and St. Thomas's hospitals. deputies to Pope Clement VI., tlen at
Having unadvisedly concurred in the Avignon.     Eienzi, on this occasion,
proclamartion of Lady Jane Grey, lie drew so affecting a picture of the diswas, on the death of Edwad    ard, naredtresed state of the city, that the pope
oat as one of the most prominent vie- appointed him apostolic notary, which
tirns of papal authority; and being con- office he discharged with great credit.
demlned, as a heretic, to the stake, he. Bt while.he appeared actuated by the
suffered, with the venerable Latimer, at purest principles, he was secretly foraOxford, Oct. 15, 1555.               ing a conspiracv for the alteration of
RITEDESEL, FREnDERIa    CHAL. oTE the government, and he let no opporLouISA, Baroness, wife of Col. 1iedescl, tunity pass of exciting the cdiscontent
who commandued the troops at Bruns- of the people, by harang'uino' agailst the
wick, employed in the English service  nobility and tlie defects of the public
in America, in 1777, accompanied her administration.  By these means he
husband, and wrote an interesting ac- became the idol of the people, who concount of her adventures, entitled "Voy- ferred upon him the title of tribune.
age de Mission en Amlrique," &. with the power of life and death, and
She returned to Europe in 1783; and, all the other attributes of sovereignty.
having lost, her husband, fixed her res- What ras more extraordinary, the pope
idence at Berlin, where she d. in 1808.  confirmed the title, and lieczi for some
RIEDINGER, JOIIN ELIAS, a cele- time governed the city with judgment
bratel painter of animals, b. at Ulm, in  and moderation. But the intoxication
Suabia, in 1695; d. 1767.            of supreme power betrayed him into
RIEGO, RAFAEL IEL, a Spanish pa- extrava'gances, and lie was expelled, and
triot, was b. in the Asturias, 1 85. The imprisoned for three years by Clement
enthusiasnm with -wvhich he emlbraced VI. He was released by Innocent II.,
61




722                   CYCLOP.EmDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [RI
who sent him again to the Roman cap- In 1731 he went to Morocco, where lihe
ital as governor. But Rienzi's cruelties was favorably received by Mnley Abraised him new enemies, and lie was dalla, and declaring hlimself a convert
massacred in 1354, about seven years to the Mahometan religion, and taking
after the commencement of his extra- the name of Osman, he obtained the
ordinary career.                      chief command of the Moorish army at
R1GAUD, HYACINTHE, an eminent the siege of Centa. But the Moors being
portrait painter, was b. at Perpignan, in  defeated, he fell from his second eleva1663, and d. at Paris, 1743. He met tion: and, retiring to Tetuan lie there
with distinguished patronage, and has cd. in 1737.
been called the Vandyke of France.-     RIQU    ET, PER PAULL pi, a celeb rated
STEPHEN PETER, Savilian professor of French civil engineer, b. at Beziers, in
astronomy in the universits of Oxford, 1604. He projected the noble canal of
was b. at Richmond, in Surrey, and    Langnedoc which opens a eoimuinnicamay almost be said to have been the   tion between the Mediterranean and the
inheritor of scientific pursuits, both his  bay of Biscay. It was commenced in
father and grandfather having filled the 1666, and carried on during the ieoffice of observer in the royal observa- mainer of his life. After his death,
tory at Kew. His contributions to the which occurred in 1680, his two sons
scientific works of the day were both  conipleted it.
numerous and valuable.   B. 1775; d.    RISDON, TRISTRAM, an English to1839.                                 pographer; author of a " Desecription or
RILEY, JoiN, an eminent painter, b. Survey of thle County of Devon."  B.
in London, in 1646. After the death   15o80 d. 1640.
of Sir Peter Lely lie was appointed     RITSON, ISAAC, a poet and miscellapainter to the king, and rose'greatly in  neous writer, was b. near Penrithl, in
public estimation; but, according to the Cumberland, in 1761; received a medopinlioln of Lord Orford, lie was so dis- ical education at Ediniburih; went to
trustful of his own merit, that his mod- London, where he became an author by
esty lancd humility were great imipedi- profession; and d. in 1789.-JoEPiH,
mensts to lis- advanceiment. D. 1691.  an Enhlish lawyer and antiqnary, was
RINGGLI, GOTHARD, a celebrated     b. at Stockton, in Durham, in 1752;
Swiss artist, was b. at Zurich, in 1575, settled in London as a conveyancer, and
an.l d. in 1635.                      purchased the office of highi-bailiff of
RINUCCINI, TA, a        Florentine  the Savoy; and d. in 1803. As an anpoet, who went to France with Mary    tiquary, particularly in early English
de Medici, and is said to have been the poetry, lie exhibited much inidustry
first who invented the opera, or musical and intellioence; but his iorbid- sindrania, in the.year 1600'.  He wrote gularities of teimper, and his avowed
three pieces,' Daphne,"''Eurydice,"  contempt for religion, more tlhan counand "Ariadne."   D. 1621.             terbalanced whatever merit lihe might
RIOJA, FRANCIScO ODE, an eminent have otherwise: possessed. It would,
Spanish poet, was b. in 1600, and be- however, be uncharitable not to attribcame librarian and historiographer to  ute his imperfections to a species of
Philip IV. D. 1659.                   long protracted mental derangement,
RIPLEY7, GP-EORGE, an English alche- of which distressing malady lie d. in
mist and poet, who d. in 1490.  e180   is principal publications are,
wrote a work, entitled " A Compound   " A Collection of Enclish Songrs," "The
of Alchymnie,"' &c., and "Auamn Pota- English Anthlology,)"  " Metrical Rbbile, or tlie Universal Medicine."    innees," "Biooraphia Poetica," &c.
RIPPERDA, JotiN WILLIAM, baron        RITTENHOUSE, DAVID, acelebrated
de, a celebrated adventurer, was b. of a  American mathematician, was b. in
noble fiamily in Groningen, in 1680; Pennsylvania, in 1732. In 1769 the
served some time as colonel of infantry  American Philosophical Society ermin the Dutch army; and, in 1715, was ployed him to observe the transit of
sent on a mission to Spain, where he  Venius; and he afterwards constructed
acquired sjchi an ascendency over Philip  an observatory, where lie mtade some
V., that the monarch took him into imiportant discoveries. After the revohis service, made him primine minister, lutionaryv war, he was appointed director
and created him a duke. At:length he of the mint and treasurer of his native
fell into disgrace, and was imprisoned  province. He also succeeded Franklin
in the castle of Segovia, whence hIees- as president of the Philosophical socaped in 1728, and went to England. ciety. D. 1796.




ROB]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       723
RITTER, JOHN WILLIAM, a celebrated  He emigrated with the French: princes
German philosopher, was b. at Samitz, in 1789, served in the army of Cond6,
in Silesia, in 1776. The study of elec- and became aid-de-camp to the ex-king
tricity occupied his chief attention; and  of France, Charles X. Seven times he
in 1798 he started the idea that the entered France in disguise, to correphenomena of animal life are connected  spond with the fiiends of his royal
with galvanic action; but, though high- master; but in 1804 he was arrested,
ly scientific, he advocated the reveries tried, and sentenced to death, from
of animal magnetism, &c. lie wrote   which he escaped through the interces"Physico-Medical Memoirs," and other sion of Josephine, his punishment being
works. D. 1810.                      mitigated into an imprisonment for four
RITTERSHUYS, CONRAD, an:eminent years.
civilian and philologist, b. at Brunswick,  RIVINUS, AUGUSTUS QUIPmmIS, an
in 1560. IIe became professor of law at eminent botanist and physician, whose
Altorf; wrote some works on civil law, real name was Bachmann, was b. at
and notes upon Greek and Latin au- Leipsic, in 1652. D. 1723.
thors.  D. 1618.-NICHOLAS, his son,    RIZZIO, DAVID, the son of a music
became professor of feudal law at.Al- and dancing-master at Turin, was b.
torf; where he d. in 1670. He published  there in the earlier part of the 16th cena collection, entitled "Genealoia Im- tury. His musical abilities procured
peratorum, Regm, Ducumn, Comitum,"   him notice at the court of Savoy, while
&c.                                  his talents as a linguist caused him to
RIVAROI, ANTHONY, count de, an     be selected by the ambassador from the
able French writer, was b. at Bagnois, grand duke to Mary, queen of Scots, as
in Languedoc, in 1757, and d. atBerlin, a part of his suite. In 1564 he filst
in 1801. His chief works are, "Dis- made his appearance at Holyrood house,
cours sur l'Universalit6 de la Langue  where he soon became so great a fivorFr.anloise,"' L'Enifer," translated from  ite with the queen, that hle was apDante; "Lettres sur la Religion et la pointed her secretary for foreign lanMorale," "Petit Almanach des grands guages. The distinction with which lie
Hommes," and "Lettres a la Noblesse  was treated by his royal mistress excited
Franioise."                          the envy of the nobles, and the jealousy
RIVAULT, DAVID, a French mathe- of Darnley. A conspiracy, with the
matician, b. at Laval, about 1571, who  king at its'head, was accordingly formed
became tutor in mathematics and millii- for his destruction; and before  e e had
tary tactics to Louis XIII., and was enjoyed two years of court favor, the
made a counsellor of state. D. 1616.  Lord Ruthven andt others of his party
RIVAZ, PETER JOSEPH DE, a skilful were introduced by Darnley himself
French mechanist and chronologer, b. into the queen's apartment, where they
in 1711. He made a watch which had   assassinated the unfortunate object of
the singular property of winding up  their revenge, who fell at the feet of his
spontaneously, invented an improved  royal mistress, having received no less
pendulum, &c. lie also drained the   than 56 stabs in her presence, 1566.
mines of Pontpeau, in Britany, and     ROBERT, HUBERT, an erninent French
made many mechanical discoveries. D. painter, was b. at Paris, 1782, and may
1772.                                be considered the first artist of the
RIVIERE, MERCIER DE LA, a celebrated  French school who studied with effect
French political economist, who obtained  the decline and ruin of the monuments
the post of counsellor of the parliament of ancient architecture. D. 1808.-PETER
of Paris in 1747; was afterwards made  FRANCIS JOSEPIJ, a French revolutionary
intendant of Martinique: and, on his statesman, b. near Givet, in 1743. Bereturn, published his noted work, enti- coming secretary to Danton, he was
tled "L'Ordre naturel et essentiel des elected a deputy to the convention, in
Societes Politiques."  The singularity  which he voted for the death of the
of his schemes and his high pretensions king.  Havinz married: Mademoiselle
were ridiculed by Voltaire, Grimm, and  Keralio, he adopted the literary profesothlers; but had some of his precan- sion, and wrote several political works.
tionary. advice been attended to, it is -LoUIE:FELICITE DE KERALIO, his wife,
ossible that the revolution, which he  was b. at Paris, 1758, and d. at Brussels,
lived to witness, would not have taken  1821-; Arrlong her works were, "Hisplace. D. 1794.-The Duke de, gov- toire d'Elizabeth. Reine d'Angleterre,"
ernor of the young dtike of Bordeaux, i Amelie et Caroline,"' besides several
was a devoted servant of the Bourbons. translations from English authors.




724                   CYCLOPAiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ROB
ROBERTS, EMMA, a lady of distin- Dantonists, was, in a manner, the ruler
guished literary talent, and an early  of France.  lie would, perhaps, have
friend of the ill-fated Miss Landon. established his authority had not some
She was the author of "'MIemoirs of tle  of his accomplicxs discovered that he
Rival Houses of York and Lancaster, had devoted them to the scaffold. A
Historical and Biographical," "Oriental struggle ensued, in which he was deScenes, Sketches, and Tales," &c. D. feated, and, with many of his partisans,
at Poonall, in India, 1840; the object of  he was guillotined, July 9, 1794.
her mission thither havingi been the fur-  ROBIN, JEAN, a celebrated French
thler illustration of life and manners in  botanist, to Whose care the Jardin des
the East.                              Plantes, at Paris, was first confided. B.
EOBERTSON, WILLIAM, a celebrated     1550; d. 1597.
historian, was b. in 1721, at Borthwick,  ROBINS, BBENJAMIN, an English mathwhere his father Lwas minister. Having  ematician of great genius and eminence,
completed his theological studies at Ed- was b. at Bath, 1707, was a teacher of
inburgh, he obtained a license to preach, mathematics, became engineer-general
and in 1758 was presented to the living  to  the East India Company, wrote
of Gladsmuir, in East Lothian. He soon  " New Principles of Gunnery, and was
became distinguished by his eloquence  the real narrator of Lord Anson's
and good taste as a preacher; but it wa:s  "Voyage round the World," though it
not till 1759 that, by his "I-istory of was published under the name of Wal1Scotland," he acquired a place among   ter. D. 1751.
British classical writers.  llhe distinc-  lOBIN SON, ANASTASIA, a public singtion and patronage a'cquired by this   er of some eminenlce in the ealrly part of
work, which reached a tourteenthl edi- the last century, who quitted the stage
tion before his deathl, appeared in his in consequence'of her marriage with the
successive preferments.  He became earl of Peterborough. D. 1750.-iMARY, a
chaplain of Stirling castle in 1759, kin,'s poetess and miscellaneous writer, whose
chaplain in 1761, principal of the uni- maiden namne was Darby, was b. 1758,
versity of Edinburgh il 1762, and his- at Bristol. At the age of 15 she was
toriographer-roval of Scotland in 1764. marriec to an attorney of the nallie of
Notwithstanding his inuilerons pursuits  Robinson, which precipitate step appears
and official avocations, he found time to to have ilbittered the rest of her life.
employ himself in his celebrated "  is- Being reduced in circumstances, she had
tory of ChLlales V.," which, in 1777, was recourse to the stace, andnl made her first
followed by the "History of America,"  appearance at Drury-lane, in the char.acantd his last publication was " An His- ter of Juliet, in which she was instructed
torical Disquisition  concerning  the  by Mr. Garrick.  er reception was very
Knowledge wviich the Ancients had of   flattterinig, cand she continued to perform
India."  D. 1793.                      in various clharacters till her represenPOBESPIERRE, FRANCI s I AXIMILnaNi tation of Perdita, in the "Winter's
JOSEPHI ISIDORE, one of the most cele- Tale," when her beauty attracted the
brated and most violent leaders of the  admiration of the prince of Wales, (afFrench revolution, was b. in 1759, at terwards George IV.,) in consequence
Arras, where his father rwas a lawyer. of which slie quitted the stage, andi bele was left an orphan at the age of nine  cane his nmistress.  This connection,
years, but was protected by the bishop  however, was but of short duration. In
of Arras, vwho placed him at the college  1784 she had the mlisfortune to be atof Louis XVI., at Paris. Returning to  tacked by a violent rheumatism, which
his native-place, he became an advocate  prog-ressively deprived her of the use of
in respectable practice.  His political her limibs, and she was partly dependcareer began in 1789, when le was sent ent on her pen for the means of living.
a deputy from the bailiiwick of Arras to  She wrote a number of poetical pieces
the states-general. He held a seat in all under the name of Laura Maria; bethe subsequent legislative bodies, and  sides which she was the author of " Vangradually acquired influence in them,  cenlza," a romance;  "Poems," "1Waland unbounded popularity among the     singham," a novel; her "Memoirs,"
people, from wvhom he obtained the title  &c. D. 1800.-EIOAIsn D, archbishop of
of''the incorruptible." It was in the  Armagh and Baron Rokeby, was b. in
convention, however, that lie rose to  Yorkshire, in 1709, and d. in 1794. The
his greatest eminence. I-Ie was the —ac- archbishop, besides building a palace at
knowledged heead of the Jacobins, and, Armalh, with an observatory, founded
after the defeat of the Girondists and  a school and a public library there,




ROC]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       725
which last he furnished with a large col- an narmy of 6000 men to the assistance of
lection of books, and left a liberal en- the United States of America. IIaving
dowmlent for its support.   He also  disembarked in Rhode Island, he acted
erected four new churches in his dio- in concert with Washington, first against
cese.-JOHN, minister of the church in  Clinton, in New York, and then against
Eolland, to which the first settlers of Cornwallis, Rochambeau was raised to
New England belonged, was b. in Great the rank of miarshal by Louis XVI.,
Britain in 1575, and educated at Cam- and, after' the revolution lie was apbridge. In 1602 he became pastor of a pointed to the command of the army of
dissenting congregation in the north of  the north; but he was superseded by
England, and removed with them    to more active officers, and, being calunmHolland in 1608.. It was his intention to niated bX the popular journalists, he
follow his congregation to the new world, addressed to the legislative assembly a
but his sudden death in 1625 nrevented. vindication of his conduct. A decree
ROB ROY, which signifies ]obert the of approbation was consequently passed
Red, was a celebrated Highland free- in May, 1792, and hle retirec to his
hooter, whose true name was Robert estate, near Vendome, with a determiMacgregor, but who assumed that of   nation to interfere no more with public
Campbell, on account of the outlawry of  affairs. lie was subsequently arrested,
the clan Macgreoor by the Scotch par- and narrowly escaped sufferinig ceath
liament, in 1662. HIe was b. about 1660, under the tyranny of Robes ielrre. In
and was the younger son of Donald    1803 he was presented to Bonaparte,
BMacgregor of Glengyle, said to have  who granted him a pension, land the
been a lieutenant-colonel in the service  cross of grand officer of the legion of
of James II., by his wife, a daughter of honor. D. 1807.
Campbell of Gleni'lloch.  Like other   ROCHE, REGINA MARmIA, a novelist,
Highland gentlemen, Rob Roy was a whose productions were very popular
trader in cattle previous to the rebellion  in their day, was b. 1765. Among her
of 1715, in which he joined the adhe- fictions were "The Children of the Abrents of the Pretender. On the sup- bey," a great favorite also; "The Nocpression of the rebellion, the duke of turnal Visit," "The Monastery of St.
hIontrose, with whom  Rob Roy had    Columnb," and many others. But they
previously had a quarrel, took the op- have almost faded from the memory, or
portunity to deprive him of his estates;been overwhelmed by the myriad voland the latter began to indemnify him- umes which have succeeded them. D.
self by a war of reprisals upon the prop- 1845.
erty of the duke. An English garrison  ROCHESTER, JOIN WmILrOT, earl of,
was stationed at Inversnaird, near Aber- a witty and profiigate nobleman of the
foyle, the residence of Rob Roy; but his court of Charles II., was b. 1648, and,
activity and courage saved him from the  on the death of his father, succeeded to
hands of his enemies, from whom lie his titles and estates, thelatter of which,
continued for some time to levy black  by extravagance, he soon dissipated.
mail. The time of his death is uncer- He became the personal friend and fatain, but he is known to have survived  vorite of his sovereign, who is said to
the year 1738, and d. at a very advanced  have encouraged and shared mainny of
age.                                 his exploits. The levity of his disposiROBSON, GEonRGE FENN-EL, an emi- tion frequently brought him into disnent draughtsman and landscape paint- grace, and lie was more than once
er in water-colors, was b. at Durhani, forbidden the royal presence: his conmand d. 183.                          panionable qualities, however, which
ROCHAMBEAU, J.EAN BAPTISTE Do- made him necesslary to the anmusement
NATIEN 1)E ViM-EUn, count de, marshal of his master, prevented his occasional
of France, wasm b. at Vendome, in 1725, exile from bein   ever of of lig cont-inuand entered tlhe army at the age of 16. ance. Ilis constitution at length gave
In 1746 he became aid-de-camp to Louis  way under such excesses; andti at the
Philippe, duke of Orleans; and after- age of 80, le was visited with all the dewards obtaining the command of the bilitv ofold age.  Ie linoered forl some
regiment of La Marche, distinguished  time in this condition, and d., professing
himself at the battle of nLfeldt; where  great penitence for his misspent life in
lie was wounded; obtained fries laurels 1680. Iis satirical poems are keen, but
at Creveldt, Minden, Corbach, and C1los- their obscenity anud impinpety render them
tercamp; and, having been made ie-lie-   e cidngerous and dis'usting.
tenant-general, was, in 1780, sent with  ROCKINGHAM, CcHARLES W ATSON
61*




726                  CYCLOP.ADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [ROI'WENTWORTH, marquis of, a British    a decisive victory over the French fleet
statesman, b. 1730, succeeded his father under De Grasse, capturing five and
in his titles and estates in 1750, and in  sinking one of his largest vessels.:A
1765 became first lord of the treasury. barony and a pension of ~2000 were
Anerican affairs formed at that time a bestowed upon him for his services;
leading subject of discussion; and Rock- and on his decease, in 1792, a mona.inghamn took the middle way, by repeal- ment was voted to his memory, at the
ing the stamp act, tned declaring the national expense, in St. Paul's cathedral.
right of Great Britain to tax the colonies. -CiEsAR, a signer of the declaration of
He was, therefore, deserted by some of  Anmericanindependente, wasb. at Dover,
his supporters, and retired from the  Maryland, in 1730. lie was sent as a
ministry in 1766. He aftterwlrds acted  delegate to the congress of 1774, and rein concert with Chatham, in opposition  maincd in that body till the autumn of
to the ministry of Lord North;' on the 1776. He was afterwards president of
fall of which, in 1782, he was again  his native state for about four years. D.
placd at the head of the administration, 1783.
but d. in tir same sam ear, and was sue-  RODOLPH I., emperor of Germany,
ceeded by Lord Shelburne.            and founder of the imperial house of
RODG-ERS, JOHIN, a commodore of Anstria, was b. in 1218, being tie eldest
the United States navy, was b. in Mary- son of Albert IV., count of IfIpsburg
land, 1771; served in the mlerchant and landtirave of Alsace. D. 1291.
service for several years, and entered  ROEMER, OL.US, a Danish astronothe navy in 1797. He first distinguish- mer, was b. at Arhusen, in Jutland, in
ed himselfin bringing the French frigate 1644. He studied at the university of
L'lnsuroente, captured by the Constel- Copenhaen, where he applied so dliilation, safely into port in her dismantled  gently to the inathematics, that he was
condition. At St. Domingoo he was of appointed tutor to the dauphin of
great service in saving the white popn- France.  In 1681 he returned to his
lation fiom:- the vindictive furty of the native place, and held several considerblacks. In 1802 he was successful in an  able offices previous to liis cecease,
engagement with the largest fiigate of  which took place in 1710.; Ie. made
Tripoli.: Dtlrin the late wr with En- many scientific discoveries, tlie most
gludcllis exploits were of the most bril- important of which wav that of tle.
-liant kind,l:and useful to his country. velocity of light, firoo  the observation
D. 1888,.                            of the. eclipses of Jupiter's satellites.
RODNEY, GEORGE BRYDGEs, Lord, a 1). 1710.
gallant Englishl ndmiral, was the son of  ROGERS, JOHN, an eminent Englisl
Captain Henry Rodney, a naval officer. divine of the 16th century, was educated
HIe entered the navy early in life, and  at Cambricdle, and'became chaplain to
obtained the command of a ship in 1742. the. factory at Antwerp, lwhere le asIn 1749 - e was appointed governor of sisted Tindal andl Coverdale in translaNewfoundland; and on his return, in  ting the Bible into English.  In the
1753, married the sisterof the earl of rei.gn of Edward VI. he retumned to EnNorthamlpton. In 1759 lie was made gland, and obtained a prebendc in St.
admliral of the blue; and in the same Paul's cathedral. He was the first peryear he destroyed the stores prepared at son executed in the succeeding reign on
Ilavre de Grace for an invasion of En- the score of his religion, being burnt at
gland. In 1761 lie served on the West Smitlfield, in 1555.
India station with such activity that, at  ROHAN, IHENRY, duke of, a very disthe conclusion of the war, he was macle tinguished peer of France, b. in 1579.
a baronet. In 1768 he was elected into  After the death of Henry IV., in 1610,
parliamnent for Northampton; but the  lie became the chief of the lHuguenots;
contest rmuined his estate, and he found  and havinr ably maintained three wars
it neeessary to retire to the Continent. aoainst Louis XIII., procured a pecee
The French government made sonie     upon advantageous terns, 1629.   He
overtures to him, which would have re- distinouished himself also as a political
cruited his fortune. These he rejectdc;.writer, but at length d. of wounlds reand, the tfct having transpired'he was ceived at the battle of Rhinfield, in 1638.
placed in command of a squadron, des- Anioni  his works are, " Memoirs on
tined for tie Mecliterranean. In 1780 Frenich Affairs,"'" The Perfect C'ptain,"
he fell in withl Langnra's fleet, off Cape and'  " aemnoir. relattive to the War of the
St. Vincent, and completely defeated it: Valteline."-His widox, MARGARET nE
and on the 12th of April, 1782, obtained  BETMIUNE, daul1ter of the great Sully,




ROM]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       727
was a courao eous woman, and delfended filled the office of sheriff for the county.
Castres ar'ainst the mar echal de Themi- He devoted much of lhis time to the imn1es. I16610.-ANNA ROHAN, sister of provemeint of the condition of the lower
the duke, was distinfruished by hler classes. D. 1797.-H iENiRY, an eminent
spirit, learnina, and piety. At the ta- lawyer and judge, was b. at HIeanton, in
king of Rochelle, she a;nd her mother Dev;onshire, inl 1589, and educated at
refused to be included in the capitula- Exeter college, Oxfoird; after wlich lie
tion, and wer  e ade pisoners of war. became a stuti ent of the Inner Temple,
D. 1646.                             and was calle(d to the bar. In 1640 lie
RlOLnND DE LA PLATIERE, JEAN       was made a sergeant-at-law. and in 1648
MARIE, a French statesman, was b. at he accepted the office of chief jiustice of
Lyons, in 1732, and'held the office of the court of King's Bench. Ile wrote
inspector-general of manufactures after "Reports," and "An Abrida'ment of
the commlencement of the revolution. Cases and Resolutions of tile Law,"
HIe espoused thle popular cause, and  which was published by Sir Matthew
becoming closelv connected with the  Hale.
Girondist party, he was made minister  ROLLIN, CHARLES, an eminent hisof the interior in 1792. The downfall torian, b. at Paris, in 1661. He was inof his pal:rty, in 1793, exposed him to tended for business, but his talents
proscr iptioin, but he found a secret asy- obtained the notice of a learned Benelum at Rouen. On hearing, however, dictine, by whichl lie was enabled to
of the condemnation and death of his gratify his inclination for le arnin.
wife, he deliberately stabbed himself,; After going through a course of tleology
Nov. 15, 1793.- MANON JEAN PFILIPON, at tlie Sorbonne, lie received the tonsure,
wife of the preceding, b. at Paris, in iand was twice chosen rector of the uni1754, was remarkable for her beauty, versitv of Paris. When elected a third
and received an excellent education. time, lie was deprived of his situation
After her marriage, in 1779, Madame by the intriruees of thle Jesuits; but lie
Roland took part in the studies and  emiployed his leisure in composing his
tasks of her husband, and the revolution  excellent work, "On the Manner of
found in her a ready convert to its prin- Studyinge and Teaehinig the Belles Letciples.. On the appointment of lier hbus- tres." This was followed by his "Anband to the ministry, she participated  cient History," and nine volumes of the
in his official duties, writing and pre- "Roman Htistory."  D. 1741.
paring many papers, and taking a share  ROMILLY, Sir SAMTEL, a celebrated
in the political councils of the Girondist- English advocate, and M.P. for Westleaders. She was arrested on the fall minister, (descended fiom ia Protestant
of the party, and, when condemned to faimily, who left France after the edict
death, conducted herself with great of Nantes,) was b. in London, in 1757,
firmness, exclaiming at the titme of her and placed inl the office of a solicitor,
executioni, "0 Liberty, what crimes are whlich he quitted to study for the bar.
committed in thy name!"  Her death  Called ill 1783, for some years his piractook place Nov. 8, 1793. She wrote tice was chiefly confined to draughts in
"An Appeal to Impartial Posterity,"  equity; but hlie graduallv rose to disand "Miscellaneous Works."           tinction in the courtt of chancery, and
ROLANDINO, an oldc Italian histo- ultimately took the lead, being equally
rian, was b. at Padua, ill 1200, and d. in  distineuished by profound information
1276.                                and forcible eloquence. His general
ROLLE, DENNIS, a nlative of Devon- politics agreeing with those of the
shire, who traced his descent fiom Rollo, Whis, lie wavs, during the short adfirst duke of Normandy. In:176t5, he ministration of Mr. Fox in 1806,? appurchased a whole district in Florida, pointed to the office of solicitor-general,
whither he proceeded with a thousandcd udl knighted. lIe was particularly disersons to people his new possessions; tinguieshed by the eloquenne ewith which
ut through the unhealthiness. of the  e pleaded the necessity of a revision
climate, and the desertion of those who of thoe criminal code; ov which subject
escaped disease, hle soon found himself lie also composed a very able pamphlet,
without colonists and without money; entitled "Obhservations on the Crimineial
so that, in older to revisit En-land, he Law of Eneland."  Hii*knowledfe of
was compelled to work his passa ce back  the law, his great talents, and liis known
in an American vessel. He was then   integrity, rendeied himi the lhighfest ausatisfied to live onl his paternal estate  thor ity of his time. This good and usehad a seat in the house of commons, and  ful ian was, by the death of his be



728             CYCLOPAEDIA OF B1IOGRAPHY.                      ROS
loved wife, afflicted with a brain fever,  OSAMOND,     usually  called Fair
and, daring a par'oxysm, he put an end  Rostamond, was tie daulghter of Walter
to his vanltable lite, November, 1813.   de Clifford, baro-on of Heureford, and the
ROMNEY, GEORGE, anexcellentpaint- favorite nistress of HIenrv IT. She had
er, was b. at Dalton, in Lancashiie, in  two sons b  enry e     hy: William, called
1734. Itaving served his time to an    Long-sword, and Jeffery, who became
artist nlaed Steele, whom he soon sr- archbishop of York.
passed, lie came to London with a pie-   ROSCIUS, QUINTUS, a Roman actor,
ture of the " Death of General Wole,"  b. at Lanuvinm, was so celebrated for
which obtained the second prize in the his powers of representation, tlht his
exhibition, and sold for a considerable  name has ever since been the clhaactecrsam. After visiting Italy he returned  istic distinction of performers of preto London, ewhere he obtained great eminent merit.     ). 61. c.
reputation. D. 1802.                    ROSCOE, WIiAIaMr, an eminent biogRO~{IULUS, the founder of Rome, rapher and miscellaneous writer, whose
and brotler of Remus, was the son of life affords a nemorable instance of
ithea Sylvia, daughter of Numitor, king  what may be effected by persevering
of Alba. D. 715 B. o.                 efforts. Placed very early in a lawyer's
RONSARD, PETEc DE, a IFrench ele- office, lie found leisure, witlhout neolectgiac and epigramnmatic poet, of a noble ing any of the duties of a clerk, to min-lke
finmily. B. 124; d. 1586.           himself master of the Latin l.anruage,
ROOKE, Sir GEORGE, a gallant British  so as to translate the classics, and also
admiral, was a native of Kent, and b. in to study other ancient laonguaes; alnd
1650. HIe destroyed the Frenchl and lhe thenl went throrugh the same course
Spanish fleets in Vigo bay, in 1702, andc  with the modern lang uages, reacdin the
capturec several men of war, and oal- best autlors in each.'At thle age of
leon;s he also bore a part in the relduc- 16 he published.c  Mount Pleasait," a
tion of Gibraltalr, in 1704.  Admliral poem  that was well received. When
Rooke was not less distinguished for the projected abolition of the slave
disinterestedness than for skill and in- trade became a subject of public discustrepidity. HIe d. in 1709, declarin, in  sion he warmlly interested himself in its
allusiolm to the contracted lortnie he esuccess; and his "Scriptiural etitatio;l
left belhind him, that, " though small, of a Pamphlet on the'Licitness of the
it was honestly acquired, acndc had nlever Slave Trade," and his "' Wronro.s of
cost a sailor a tear, or the nation a  Africa,"  appeared in 1788. In 1795 lie
farthin."'-LAURENrCE, an eCineit ge- brouiht out that great work on which
ometrician andc astronomer, b. at Dept- his f-me chiefly rests, entitled " The
ford, in Kent, in 1763; became astro- Life of Lorenzo de Medici."   In 1798
inoical professor of Greshaemn college, he published " The Mu~ise," a poem,
andc was one of the original members of  from the Italian; and in 1805 appeared
the Royal Society. D. 1662.           his second grleat wolrk, " The Life and
l()SA, SALVA TOR, a celebrated paint- Pontiiicate of Leo X., the Son of Loer, poet, and musician, was b. at Naples, renzo de Medici."  HIe also subsein 1615. After studclying  nder Fran- quently wrote several political pamcanzani, he became a disciple of Ribera, phlets, and scientific treatises.  Mr.
with wlhoml he went to iome. But his 1oscoe beino' attached to the VWiig
taste was formed more from the study  party, they supportced b!ii as a ca.diof nature amnong the wilds of the Apen- date to represent Liverpool, and after a
niles, t:han fioum the lessons of other severe contest with General Tarleton, in
artists; ndl hle delighted in delineating  1806,Ohe was returnled. Somee tile prescenes of gloomly grandeur and magnifi- vions to this, he had I become a blanker
cence. He also Wrote plays, andl peri- ad Liver'olol bhut tI!i hoilso to whichi
formed parts in them; besides which  he belolnged'ultimantely ari-led, and his
hle composed' many cantatas. HIe was private property was,wrecke,,wd. D. 1831.
liberally patronized by the grand-duke -I-IENRY, youngest son of1 the preceof Florence while residing in that city; ding', was b. in 1800, studied tile law,
the Maffei family also proved great and was called to the bar in 1826. Infriends to him, and it wa-s at their seat dependent of many " Digests" of (ifthat he wrote As celehbrated satires. On  ferent bralnches of the law, he vwas thle
his return to Rome, hle executed many  author of " Lives of eminen1t British
pictures for ehurches. His principal mnerit Lawyers," in L;armner's Cvcloptediia;  a
y in the representation of the wild   " Life of his Father," andcl te ediitor of
acenery of nature, storms, &o. D. 1678. "North's Lives.'.  D. 1886.




ROT]                 CYCLOPREDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         729
ROSELLINT, IPPOLTTO, one of the cated at Westminstcr school; and havmost celebrated archseologists of modern  ing the advantages of a good figure and
times, was b. at Pisa, 1800; completed  a classical education he acquired repuhis stndies at the university of his natie tation both as a tragic and a comic actor.
town, in 1821; three years late obtained  D. 1790.
uhe chair of oriental lanZutsges, which  ROSSLYN, ALEXANDER       WEDDERhe had prosecuted at Bologna mean- BiRNE, earl of, an eminent lawyer and
wlhile with great zeal under the cele- statesian, was b1. in Scotlalild, in 1733.
brated Cardinal Mezzofaante. Having   He received his education at Edinburgh,
made Egryptian antiquities his peculiar and was called to the bar in 1757. In
study, hie followed eagerly in the steps 1771 he was appointed solicitor-general;
of the illustrious Champollion, whom  in 1778, attorney-general; and, in 1780,
he accompanied first to Paris and then  chief justice of the common pleas, with
to Egypt in the prosecution of his re- the title of Lord Loughborough. He
searches; and on whose death he.un- adhered to the party of Mr. Fox when
dertook the publication of tte splendid  Mr. Pitt first came into power; but
wvork, the result of their united efforts, joined the administration, with many
entitled thle " Mionuments of Egypt and  others, under the alarm produced by
Nubia." &c. D. 1843.                  the French revolution in 1793, when he
ROSENMULLER, Jo, GrEORGE, a succeeded Lord Thurlow as chancellor,
celebrated German theolozian, was pro- which office he held till 1801, when he
fessor of theology at Erlanegen %and  retired with the title of'the earl of BossLeipsic, and distinguished himself as a lyn, and d. in 1805.
preacher, and by his activitv in the    ROTHSCHILD, NATHAIN MAYEr, the
cause of education. B. 1736  d. 1815. richest man of the age, was one of five
-EPRNEST FREDERIC CHARLES, hIis son, brothers, who by their wealth, conneca distinguished orientalist, was b. at tions, and financial skill have for years
Leipsic, in 1768; in which university  exercised a great control over the monlhe became professor of Arabic, &c., and  cyed, commercial, and political interests
rendere.d important services to oriental of Europe. Mayer Anselm, their father,
literature by various learned works.-  and the founder of the house of RothAnotherson, JorN CimISTIAN, celebrated  schild, was born at Frankfort. Though
as an anatomist, was b. at Hessberg, in  educated for the priesthood, he turned
1771; became professor of anatomy and  his attention to commerce, became emisurgery at Leilsic, and d. il 1820.. He nent as a banker, and being trusted with
was the author of " Anatomico-Surgical the most important affairs by the landDelineations," a "Manual of Anatomy,"  grave of Hesse during the dominion of
&c.                                   Napoleon in Germany, lie executed his
ROSS, ALEXANDER, a native of Aber- trusts so faithfully and successfully, that
deen, was master of the grallnmar school his house ranked anmong the most celeat Southampton, and chaplain to Charles brated on the Continent. Mayer Anselm
I. His woriks are very numerous; the  died in 18192, leaving for inheritance to
most known of which is, a "View of    his sons the example of his life and Nvise
all Reliogions."  He was also the author counsels, an immense fortune, and unof a clurious performance, called "Vir- bounded credit; and they, by combining
gilius Evanoelizans," which is a cento their'operations, and always acting in
on the life of Christ, taken wholly from  concert, formed among themselves an
Virgil. D. 1654.-ALEXA:NoDER, a Scotch  invincible phalanx, whose power at
poet, b. in Aberdeenshire, in 1699. Ile  one time was sufficient to influence the
was educated at the Marisehlal college, counsels of a miaghty empire, and to
Aberdeen, and spent his life in dis- regulate its financial operations. Their
charging the duties of a parish school- names and residences were as follow:
rmaster at Lochlee, in Angusshire. It ANSELM, at Frankfort; SOLOMON, at
was not till he was nearly 70 years of  Berlin and Vienna; NATHAN MAYER,
age that he first appeared as an author, at London; CHARLES, at Naples; and
when he published " Helenore, or the  JAMES, at Paris. N. M. Rothschild went
Fortunate Shepherdess," a poem which  to England in 1800, where he acted as
in the north of Scotland is nearly as aa'ent for his father in the purchase of
popular as the writings of Ramsay and  Manchester goods for the Continent.
Burns. He was also thle author of some Shortly afterwards through the agency
favorite songs, and d. 1784.-DAVID, a of his faither, for the elector of Hesse
theatrical performer at Drury-lane, co- Cassel and other German princes, he
tecmporary with Garrick. He was edu- had large sums placed at his disposal




730                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      L[tOU
which he employed with such extraor- long stood at the head of his profession,
dinary judngment, that his means went and had also a talent for poetry. D. 1762.
on at a rapid rate of accumulation. Be-  ROUELLE, WILLIA.h FRIANCIS, one of
sides the essential co-operation of his the earliest of the modern chemists in
brothers, he had agencies in almost France, was born at Caen, in 1703.
every city in the world, with fiosts of  1aving devoted great attention to chemminor dependent capitalists who parti- ical science, botany, and pharmacy, he
cipa ted in his loins, who placed implicit settled at Paris as an apothecary, and
confi(lence in the family, and were ready  afterwards became professor of chemistat atll times to embark with them in any rv, at the royal botanic garden.  He
operation that was proposed. D. 1836. also held the office of inspector-general
ROT)TECK, CHAiRES VON, a celebrated  of pharmacy at the lHotel Dieu, and was
modiern historian, was born at Freiburg, a popular lecturer. D. 1770.-HILARY
in Baden, in 1775. Carefully educated  MARINiUS, his brother, who was a clever
under the care of his father, who had  experimental philosopher, assisted him
been ennobled for his medical skill, he in his lectres, and succeeded him as
joined the univeirsity of his native town  professor at the royal garden.'B. 1718;
il 1790 as a law student; and eight d. 1779.
years later lie obtained the chair of his-  ROUSSEAU, JACQUES, a Firench painttory, where his lectures laid the found- er, b. at Paris, in 1630. He studcied in
ation of the great historical work which  Italy, where he acquired great skill in
has secured him so hig'h a place among  his art; and, returningm to France, was
the historians of Europe. In 818 le employed by Louis XIV. He afterwards
exclianged tlhe chair of history for that  vent to England, and painted many exof politics and:the law of nations; in  cellent pictures. D. 1694.- JEAN BAP1819 he was chosen member for the uni- TiSTE, a. distinguished lyric poet, was b.
versity in the first chamber of the states at Paris, in 1669. His'father, though a
of Baden.; and the liberal tenor of his shoemaker, gave him a liberal education,
lectures and speeches wasv well seconded  and at an early period he displayed a
by numerous able works which flowed   decided taste for poetry. In 1688 he
from:his pen omn various comnstitutional becalme page to the French minister at
questions. The outbreak of the French  the court of Denmark; after which he
revolution in 1830 ha'ving given fresh  was secretary to Marshal Tallard, in his
vigor oto his liberal views, he founled  embassy to England. In 1701 lie was
severail journals to enunciate and propa- admitted into the academy of inscripgate his opinions; but his zeai was tions.; but, in 1712, lie was banished
viewed with a jealous eye by the govern- from France, on the charge of writing
ment, whichl not onily deprived him of  some grossly libellous verses, whichi,
his chair in 1832, but interdicted him  during the remainder of his life, and
fromi editing any political journal for even in his last moments, lie solemnly
five years, and sought in various other declared were forgeries, devised for his
wa.y~ to thwart his designs. Henceforth  rnin. —JEAN JACQUES, one of the most
he was regarded as a martyr to the liber- eloquent writers and singular characal cause; his name. became a watchword  ters of the age, was the son of a watchto the opposition:; and thouigh in 1848 maker at Geneva, where he was b. in
he was restored triumphantly to the 1712. Leaving school he was first placed
enjoyment of: his previous rights, the with an attorney, who soon dismissed
redress came too late, for he d. tlie same him for negligence; he was then apyear. His fiame chiefly rests upon his prenticed to an engraver, from whom
A"Allgemeine Welt-Geschichte,' which  he ran away before heT was 16, and wanhas been translated into nearly every  dered about for some time in Savoy,
European language.                   where he was saved from starving by a
ROUBILLIAC, Louis FRANCIS, an       priest, and placed in a monastery. It
eminent sculptor, was a native of Ly- was not long, however, before he found
ons, but came to England in the reigu of means to escape from this restraint, and
George I., and was employed on severl a new scene awaited him. The noted
greeat works, amonlg whichi are, the madame de Warens, a recent convert to
monument of the duke of Argyle, in the Catholic church, who had left her
Westminster abbey; the statue of      husband at Lausanne for the pious work
Hasndel, at Vauxhiall; that of Sir Isaac of proselytism, took him under her esNewton, at Trinity college, Cambridge;peeial: protection, caused him  to be
and many other statues and monuments instructed in science and music, and
in various parts of the kingdom. He continued to live with him, at intervals,




ROY]                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       731
on terms of more intimacy than deli- lie immediately attained the highest
cacy, for about eight years. At length  rank at the Western bar. In 1799 he
he. left his once agreeable benefictress; was a member of the convention which
but was so fortunate as to obtain the framed the constitution of the state,
place of secretary to the French ambas- in 1804 was made secretary of state,
sador in Venice, in W42. But it was in 1806 was elected to congress, and
not till 1750 that he manifestecl his in 1819 judge of the court of appeals,
splendid liteurary talents. in that year and in 1824 senator of the United States.
he gained the: prize offered by the acad- In all these positions he took a leading
emy of Dijon, on the question, Whether part. D. 1843.
the revival:of learning:has contributed  ROWE, ELIZABETH, a. lady distinto the improv ement of morals," —takin  guished for her piety and learning, was
the negative side of the question, it is the daughter of a dlissenting minister
said, at the suggestion of Diderot. From  named Singer, and was b. at Ilchiester,
this period his. pen became fertile and  1674. Her principal works are, "Friendpopular. -He soon after brought out ship in Death," " Letters,. Moral and
his'" Devin du Villaige, a comic opera, Entertai1ning, i Prose and Verse," the
of'which lie had himself composed the  " History of Joseph," a: poem, ansd
music. This piece was received with    "Devout Exercises of the IIeart."  D.
general favor, and the author was almost 1737.-NInHOLAs, a poet and dramatist,
worshipped by the French; but the ap- whose father was a sergeant-at-law, was
pearance ofh Is celebrated "Letter on  b. in 1673, at Little Berkford, in BedFrench   Music," 1753, in which    lie fordshire, was educated at Westminpointed out its defects, excited a general ster school, and was intended for. the
storm. Sinogei and connoisseurs, who   bar; but on the death of his father lie
could not wield the, pen, contributed to  gave up all thoughts of the profession,
spread  calumnies, pasquinades, and    and devoted himself to the cultivation
caricatures against the author, who re- of literature. His first tragedy, which
tired to Geneva. By his change of' re- he published when he was- 24, was
ligion he had lost the rights of a citizen. " The Ambitious: Stepmother," anid its
Hie flow  gain embraced Protestantism, success gave him encouragement to proand was forimally reinstated in the privi- ceed. It was followed by "Tamerhlne,"
leges of a free citizen of Geneva. From  "The Fair Penitent," "Ulysses," "The
Geneva, Rousseau went to Chamberry, Royal Convert," "Jane Shore," "Lady
where he wrote his essay, "Sur'Inega- Jane Grey," and a comedy called "The
lit6 parnmi les IHommes, " which excited  Biter." IHe also wrote miscellaneous
still more sensation than lhis prize essay. poems, and the "Life of Shakspeare-;"
In 1760 he published "Julie ou la Nou- but his principal performance is a transvelle Helloise," a romance, of the most lation of.Lucan's "Pharsalia."  On the
seductive description. His next work, accession of George 1. he was made
entitled "Du Contr-at Social," was pro- poet laureate, and he also obtained
hibited, both in France and Switzerland. somie government situations. D. 1718.
This treatise was followed, in 1762, by  ROWLANDSON, THOMAS, an artist
"Emile, ou de l'Education;" which was celebrated for his skill in caricature, was
anathematized by the archbishop of     b. in London, 1756. He studied drawParis, and ordered to be burnt by the  ing at Paris, and, on his return, availed
parliament of Paris and the authorities himself of the advantages w'hich an
of Geneva. Obliged to flee from France  attendance at. the Royal Academy afand Switzerland, the author took shelter forded him; rose to some degree of
in the principality of Neufchatel, where  eminence in his profession, and d. 1827.
he published his "Letter to the Arch- Among his works are the plates to " Dr.
bishop of Paris," and "Lettres de la Syntax,"' " The Dance of Life," and
Montague," a remonstrance:against the  "The Dance of Death."
proceedings of the Genevese republic,    ROWLEY, WILLuAM, a dramatic writhe citizenship of which he renounced. ter in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.Tlhenceforth his existence: was passed  There was also, a SAMUEL ROWLEaY of the
in frequent changes of place, to escape  same period, who wrote two historical
real or famcied persecution, and in suls- plays.-WILLIAM, an eminent physician,
pecting all his friends of insulting and  b. in London,. in 1743. He- wrote
conspiring against him. D. 1778.       "Schola Medicinse universalis nova,"
ROWAN, JOHN, an eminent jurist and several tracts on medical subjects.
and statesman, b. in Virginia, 1773, D. 1806.
but early went to Kentucky, whereo       RY, JULIAN.LE, a celebrated clock




732                  CYCLOPZEDIA OF BIOGRAPIIY.                     [RUD
and watch maker, was b. at Tours, in  historical subjects, landscapes, and por1686. Alhen very young, he showed a traits..  1682.
decided partiality for mechanical pur-  IIUBENS, PETERP PAnL, the most
suits, and acquired the reputation of  distinguished painter of the Flemish
being a first-rate horologist.  ). 1759. school, was b. at Antwerp, in 1577. He
-PETEI. LE ROY, his son, was watch- received an exctlent education; and,
maker to the king, and d. in 1785. He after studying in his own country, he
published "Mdmoires pour les Iorolo- went to Italy, where lie greatly improvgers de Paris," " Etrennes Chronome- ed himself after the works of the best
triques," &c.-JULIAN ID)VID, another masters, but chiefly Titian. While in
son, became a  lelmber of the National Italy, lie waas employed by the duke of
Institute, and attached himself to archi- Mantun, not only as an artist, but on an
tecture. He wrote "Onl the Euins of emba'ssy to MWdrid. In 1620 lie was
the finest Monuments of Greece," "On  employed by the Princess Mary de
the Construction of Christian Temples,"  Medici to adorn the gallery of -the Lux&c.-PETER CHARLES, a French satirist emboLrg with a series of paintingso, illlsand dramatic poet, was b. at Paris, in  trative of the principal scenes of' her
1683. Iis principal pieces adapted for life. WTmlile thus engaged, he became
theatrical representation are, the operas known to the duke of Buckingham,
of "Ca.lirhloe" and "Semirami," the who purchased his museum for ~10,000.
ballets of " The Elements," and "The  He was afterwards employed by the
Senses,' and the comedy o     "The   Infanta Isabella and the, king of Spain,
Captives," imitated from P1lautus. D. in some importnlt. negotiations, which
1764.                                he executed with such credit as to be
POYER-COLLARD, PIERRE PAUL, a appointed secretary of thl privy council.
distinguished French statesman and   On going to Enoland with a commission
philosopher, was b. at Sommepuis, from the king of Spain, he obtained the
1763. Not long after his admission to  favor of Clarles I. While there he
the bar at Paris, he embraced the prin- painted the Apotheosis of James 1. and
ciples of the revolution in 1789; but le  the picture of Charles I. as St. George;
soon became disgusted with the scenes  for which lie was knihlted, and received
of violence that prevailed, and after an  a chain of gold. D. at Antwerp, 1640.
abortive attempt to aid the cause of the Rubens, beyond all comparison, was
royalists, he bade adieu for a time to the most rapid of the great masters;
politics, and gave himself up wholly to and, according to Sir Joshua Reynolds,
literary pursuits. In 18iO lie was ap- le was the greatest master of the mepointed to a clhair of literature and pli-. chanical part of his art that ever existed.
losophy. After the restoration he once -ALBERT son of the precedinga, was b.
more entered upon    political caeer, at Antwerp, in 1614. He succeeded his
and gradually rose in public favor by his father as secretary to the council, and
sagacity, moderation, and honesty, till was greatly esteemed by the Archduke
in 1828 he was nominated president of  Leopold, governor of the Low Counthe chamber of deputies, of which he tries.  D. 1657.  Ie wrote    e "e  e
had long been a member, but retired  Vestiaria Veteirm," " Regum et Impefrom this oilece in 1830. He was one of ratorum Romnanorum Numiismata," "De
the founders of the school of politicians Vita Flavii Ianlii Theodori," &c.
in France known by the name of Doc-   lIUDDIMAN, TiiHoAS, a distinguishtrinaires; and as a philosopher lie has ed gralnmnrian and critic, was b. 1674
welI-founded claims to esteem for hav- at Boyndie, in Banffashire; was educated
ing introduced in France that system  at King's college, Aberdeen; became asof philosophy so clearly illustrated by  sistant-keeper of the advocates' library
Cousin, Jonfroy, and Damiron, and    at Edinburgh; set up a printinz-office
which bears so close an analogy to that in conjunction with his brother; was
of Reid and the otler Scotch philoso- one of the founders of the earliest library
phie s. D. 1845.                     society in Scotland, in 1718, iand d. 1757.
ROZEE, Mademoiselle, an ingenions His "Rudiments of the Latin Tongue,"
artist, was b. at Leyden, in 1632. She long used as an elementary book in
neither used oil nor water colors in her schools, is the most popular of his propictures, but silk floss on the ground, ductions; but he wrote other gramlnatdisposed according to the different de- ical works, and was the editor of the
grees of the bright and dark tints, works of George Buchanan, in Latin.
which she applied with great jnrdgent He also established the "Caledonian
and taste. In this manner she executed  Mercury."




RISS]                 CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPIY.                         733
RUFFHEAD, OWEN, a miscellaneous in the Episcopal chapel at Edinburgh'
writer, was b. in London, about 1723; his "Kin    Lear" "Andromeda," and
entered at the Middle Temple, and was  "Agrippina."  D. 1785.
called to the bar; published an edition  RUPERT, or ROBERT OF BAVARIA,
of the statutes, and conducted a period- Prince, the third son of Frederic, king
ical paper, called the "Contest."  -IHe of Bohemia, by Elizabeth, daughter of
also wrote the "Life of Pope," &c. D. James I., was'b. in 1619, and received
1769.                                  a military education. He commanded
RUFINUS, by some called TORANTUS, the cavalry of Charles I. during the civil
a priest of Aquileia, in the 4th century. war, and on various occasions manifestHe became so attached to St. Jerome. ed the most daring valor; but his imthat ihe accompanied him to the East; petuosity and imprudence more than
but being persecuted by the Arians counterbalanced the effeets of his braveunder Valens, he was banished into     ry; and, at length, having surrendered
Palestine, where he founded a    monas- Bristol to General Fairfatx, by whom it
tery on Mount Olivet, and employed     was besieged. the king disumissed him
himself in translating Greek authlors from his service  The ptince, however,
into Latin. His version of Origen gave  was more successful as a na-val comnsuch offence to his old acquaintance, Je- mnander, particularly after the restorarome, that he wrote bitterl against him, tion, in the great Dutch war on the
and Rufinus was cited to Rome by Pope  conclusion of which he led a retired life,
Anastasius, who condemned his trans- occupied wholly in scientific pursuits.
lation, upon which he retired to Sicily, He was the inventor of a composition,
where lie d. about 410.                called the "prince's metal," imlproved
RUMFOED, B.aENJAMIN     TiOmPSON    the strength of gunpowder, found out a
Count, was b. 1753, at Rumford, N. I, method of fusing black-lead- and:disand was educated at Harvard college. covered the art of engraving in mezzoDuring the Aomerican war he espoused   tinto. He was an active member of the
the royal cause, obtained the rank of  board of trade; and to his influence is
colonel, and was knighted. At the close  ascribed the establishment of the Huldof the contest he entered the Bavarian  son's Bay Company, of which h:e was
service as lieutenant-general, and was governor. D. 1682.
created a count, and received the order  RUSI, BENJAAMIN, a celebrated phyof the white cagle, for the reforms which  sician, was b. in 1741, at Bristol, Penn.;
he introduced into the army and the po- was educated at Princeton college, took
lice. in 1798 he visited England, where  his degrec at Edinbu.rgh, in 1768; was
he remained for four years, and took a  chosen a member of. congress for Penmnprominent part in foibunding the royal sylvania, in 1776; was appointed a proinstitution. On his return to the Con- fessor of.medicine and clinical practice
tinent he miarried the widow of Lavoi- at the university, and d.. 1818.. During
sier. He settled inear Paris, and d. there  the devastation caused -by the yellow,
August 21, 1814. His experiments and   fever in 1793, Dr. Rush highly distindiscoveries are recorded in his Essays.  guished-himself, and his history of that
RUMPH, GEORGEc EvEn.mD, a botan- epidemic is a work of great vmalue. He
ist, was b. at Hanau, 1687. IIe took iis also wrote " Medical Inquiries and Obdoctor's degree in physic, after which  servations," and "Essays, Litemary, Mo
lie went as consul and senior merchant ral, alnd Philosophical.
to Amnboyn a, where he made valuable     RUSH.IVWORTI, JOHN, an historian
botanical collections, the results of which  was b. in mNorthumberland, 1607, studied
were published by Burman, in 1751, at Oxford, and beeame: a barrister. In
under the title of "Herbarium Amboi    1640 he was appointed assistant clerk of
nense."                               the house of commons, was much emRUNCIMAN', ALLExANDERn, a Scotch     ployed in negotiations during the civil
painter, was the son of an architect, and  wars, and after the restoration he became
b. at Edinburgh, in 173t3. After serving  secretary to the lord-keeper; Bridgman:
his time to a portrait painterl he wenit His "'Historical Collections" is a labori:to Rome with his brother John, a most ous and hiehly useful compilation.
promising artist, who died in Italv.     RUSSELL, WILtLIAM, fifth earl- and:
Alexander continued his studies with first duke of Bedford, was b. in 1614;
diligence, and, on his return home, was received his education at Magdalen colemployed by Sir James Clerk, to deco- lege, Oxford; was a member of the long
rate his house with scenes from Ossian. parliament in 1640, and commanded the
His best pictures are, an " Ascension,"  reserve of horse aV the battle of Edge62




734                   CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [RUT
hill; but, in 1643, he joined the royal sell, and the affctioronate zeal witli which
standard, and fought with great bravery  she assistedl him when in trouble, anc.
at the battle of Newbury. tie was not, the magnanimity of her behavior after
however, in favor with the royal party, his death, have excited for her a ogeneral
and lie retired to private life till the res- feeling of respect and sympathy. Being
toration, when he assisted at the coro- refused counsel upon his triail, and alnation, and was elected a knight of the lowed only an amanuensis, she stood
garter. He also attended the coronation  forth in that capacity, and took down
of William and Mary, who, in 1694, ex- the notes. She survived his lolrdship 40
alted him to the rank of marquis of Tav- years, which period she occunied in the
istock and duke of Bedford.  D. 1700. exercise of pious and social dties. I-ler
-WILLIAM, Lord, third son of the pre- " Letters," which do equal credit to her
cedingo, was a distinguished supporter understandling and heart, have been
of constitutional liberty, and was b. often reprilnted. D. 1723.-WILLIAM, an
about 1641. In 1679, when Charles 11. historical writer, was b. in the county of
found it necessary to ingratiate himself Mid-Lothian, 1746. He was brought up
with the whigs, Lorld Russell was ap- as a printer, which business he for a
pointed one of the members of the privy  time followed, and then became an aucouncil. He soon, however, found that thor by profession. His works are, " A
his party was not in the king's con- History of Ainerica," "A History of
fidenece, and the recall of the duke of Modern Europe," and "A History of
York, without their concurrence, in- Ancient Europe," which was completed
duced him to resign.   Althoughn his by Dr. Coote. D. 1793.
temper was mild and moderate, his fear  RUST, GEORGe,, a learned prL.are, was
of a Catholic succession induced him to  b. at Cambridge. He became fellow of
take decisive steps in the promotion of  Christ's college, but at the restoration
the exclusion of the duke of York. In  he went over to Ireland, and was preJune, 1680, he went publicly to West- ferred to the deanery of Connor and the
minster hall, and, at the court of King's rectory of Magee. He was afterwards
Bench, presented the duke as a recn- made bishop of Droinore, where he d.
sant, and, on the November following, in 1670.
carried up the exclusion bill to the house  RUTHERFORD, DANIEL, a natural
of lords, at the head of 200 members of  philosopher and physician, was b. at
parliament.  The king dissolved the Edinburlgh, in 1749; studied in that
parliament, evidently resolved to govern  university; succeeded Dr. John Hope
thenceforward without one; and arbi- as professor of botany and keeper of the
trary principles were openly avowed by  botanic garden, in 1786, and d. 1819.
the partisans of the court. Alarmed at He was the discoverer of nitrogen, and
the state of things, many of the Whig  was the first who represented oxygren
leaders favored strong expedients in the gas (then called vital air) as the necesway of counteraction, and a plan of in- sary constituent of all acids.-TTHOMAs,
surrection was formed for a simultane- an English divine, was b. at Papworth
ous rising in England and Scotland. Everard, in Cambridgeshire, 1712; was
Among these leaders, including the    educated at St. Jolhnl's college, Camdukes of Monmouth and Argyle, the     bridge; where, in 1745, he was appointlords Russell, Essex, and Howard, Al- ed professor of divinity; and d. rector
gernon Sidney, and Hampden, different of Barley in Hertfordshire, with the
views prevailed; but Lord Russell look- archdeatconry of Essex, in 1771. His
ed only to the exclusion of the duke of most important works are, " A System
York.   He was, however, accused of of Natural Philosophy," "An Essay on
having engaged in "the Rye-house the Nature and Obligations of Virtue,"
Plot," which had for its object the as- " A Discourse on Miracles," "Institutes
sassination of the king on' his return  of Natural Law," and "Sermons."-'
from Newmarket; and on this pretext JOHN, a senator of the United States
he-__was committed   to the Tower, from New Jersey, during Washington's
tried, condemned, and executed in     administration. D. 1840.
July, 1683, being then in the 42d year  RUTLEDGE, EDWARD, an eminent
of his age. After the revolution, the lawyer, and a signer of the declaration
proceedings against him were annulled. of American independence, was b. in
— Lady RACHEL, wife of the preceding, Charleston, S. C., in 1749. His legal
was daughter of the earl of Southampton, education was completed in England,
and widow of Lord Vaughan. In 1667 and in 1773 he returned to his native
she was married tQ LQrd William Rus- cqntry, and entered upon the duties of




RYS]                  CYCLOPREDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        73 
his profession. In 1774 he was appoint- Monk; but, two months afterwards,
ed a delegate to the congress at Phil- another battle was fought, in which tilhe
adelphia and took an active part in the Dutch were defeated. The following
discussions of the day. After a sue- year, however, he avenged himself, by
cessftul practice of his profession for riding triumphantly in the Thames, and
seventeen years, in 1798 he relinquished  destroying several English men-of-war
his station atthe bar, and was elected  at Sheerness. He d. in the port of
chief magistrate of South Carolina. D. Syracuse, in consequence of a wound
1800.-JoIN, an eminent patriot of South  received a few days before, when enCarolina, who early distinguished him- gaging with the French fleet off Mesself in the cause of the American revo- sina.
lution. He was a member of the first    RYDER, Sir DUDLEY, an eminent
congress in 1774. When the temporary  English lawyev, was descended from an
constitution of South Carolina was estab- ancient Yorkshire family, and b. in 1691.
lished in March, 1776, he was appointed  He held the office of attorney-general
the president, and commander-in-chief from 1736 to 1754, was made lord chief
of the colony. lie continued in this justice, and d. 1756.
station till the adoption of the new con-  RYLAND, JOHN, a dissentingo minisstitution in 1778. In 1779 he was chosen  ter, who kept an academy, and officiated
governor. In 1784 he was a judge of many years to a Baptist congregation at
the court of chancery; in 1789 a judge  Northampton.  He published    "The
of the supreme court of the United    Christian Student and Pastor," "'EleStates; in 1791 chief justice of South  ments of Mechanics," " The Preceptor,"
Carolina; and in 1796 chief justice of the and several tracts and sermons.  D.
United States. He was a man of emi- 1792.-WILLIAM WYNNE, anl engraver,
nent talents, patriotism, energy, and  was b. in London, in 1732. He attained
firmness. Judge Rutledge was a native great excellence in his art; but his end
of Ireland, but came to America about was truly melancholy, for, in order to
the year 1735. D. 1800.                extricate himself from some embarrass1UYSCH, FREDERIC, an       eminent ments, he, in 1782, committed a -orgery
anatomist, was b. in 1638, at the Hague, on the East India Company, and was
and d. in 1781.-HENRY, his son, pub- tried and executed the year following.
lished "Theatrum   Animalium."-RA-      RYMER, TIHOMAS, a critic and antiCHEL, one of the most celebrated painters  quaery, was a native of Yorkshire;
of fruit and flower pieces, was b. at Am- studied at Cambridge and at Gray's Inn;
sterdam, in 1664, and d. in 1750. Her and, succeeding Shadwell, in 1692, as
pictures are distinguished for truth and  royal historiographer, employed the opsplendor of coloring, united with great piortunities afforded him by his office to
finish.                               make a valuable collection of public
RUYSDAAL, JACOB, a celebrated       treatises, which lie began to publish in
Dutch painter, was b. at Haerlem, in   1704, under the title of "FOedJera, Con1636; He stood unrivalled in the repre- ventiones, et cujuscunque Generis Acta
sentation of woods, groves, and pieces publica, inter Reges Anglise, et alios
of water, particularly cataracts; and d. Principes," 15 vols. folio, five more bein 1681.                              ing added by Robert Sanderson. He
RUYTER, MICHAnTE ADRIAN, a gallant also wrote some poetical pieces, and left
Dutch admiral, was b. in 1607, at Flush- an unpublished collection relating to
ingr. He entered the naval service wheii English history, in 58 vols., now in the
he was only 11 years old, and, by dint British Museum. D. 1718.
of braverv and skill, rose to the summit  RYSBRACII, JOHN MICHAEL, an emof his profession. On many occasions inent statuary, was b. at Antwerp, in
he nobly distinguished himself when    1694. He went to Engrland early in life,
enaaged a ainst the English, especially  and derived considerable reputation and
in;the terrible battle fought in February, profit from  the exercise of his art.
1653, near the mouth of the channel, Westmixster abbey, and other cathedral
when Blake commanded the English, churches, contain specimens of his abilaand Van Tromp and Ruyter the Dutch. ities, among which shoild be noticed
In the reign of Charles II., Ruyter gain- the monuments of Sir Isaac Newton and
ed an advantage over Prince Rtlpertand  the duke of Marlborough. D. 1770,




736                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [SAD
S.
SAAVEDRA FAXARDO,            DIEGO DE, SACKVILLE, GEORGE, Viscount, a
a Spanish writer and diplomatist, was b. soldier' and statesmanli, was the theird son
at Algezares, in Marcia, in 1584. He of the first duke of Dorset, mand was b.
beclame secretary to the embassy: at 1716. He distinguished hinself at the
Rome, ancl afierwards was appointed   battles.ofDettingen and Fontenoy; and
sole agent for Spain at the papal court. in 1758. was made a lieutenant-general;
He also assisted at some diets:in Swit- but the year following he fell illto diszerland, and enjoyecd foriis reward tie  grace for his conduct at the battle of
collar of St. Jaigo  a -canonry of the Mindeen. He was tried by a court-mar.church, and a seat in the council-board  tial, and sentenced to be dismissed from
for the Indies. He d. in 1648.        the service. Under the administration
SABATIER, ANTOINE, or SABATIER      of Lord Bate, however, lie was restored
DE CASTRES, was b. at Castres, in. 1742. to favor, and in 1775 he was appointed
HIe was a celebrated French writer, and  colonial secretarv of state, which he held
was early connected with 1Helvetius and  during the Americanl war. On quitting
the plilosophical party of the literati; office, in 1782, he was created viscount.
but lie soon left these, and showed his D. 1785.
opposition to them in his work, "    Les  SACY, Baron SILVESTRE DE, a proTrois Siec.les de la Litteratlre Fran- found andc various scholar, but especicaise," which procurecd hm many ene- ally eminent as an orientalist, was b.
rlies, but brought him.into notice. 1758. Duriln the stormy times of the
Among his numerons wrorks are, " Les revolution, and the sway of Napoleon,
Siecles Paiens, ou Dictionnaire Mytho- as well as under Louis XVIII., Charles
logique, H-eroique, Politique, Litteraire, X., and Louis Philippe, his splendid
et Geogrlaphiqle ude l'Antiquit6 Paie- talents obtained for him the highlest and
nere," and "Les Caprices de la For- most: valuable literary appointments.
tune, "  c. D. 1817.                  His'Arabic Grammnar,"' "Antholigie
SABELLIUS, a heretic, b. at Ptole-Graimmaticale Arabe," and other Arabic
mais, in Libya, in the 3d century, was works, are especially, valuable to stua disciple of Noetus of Smyrna. I-e dents. D. 1839.
advanced the doctrine of unity in the   SADI, SHEIK [OSLEHEDIN, one of the
Deity, declaring the Son and the Holy  most celebrated poets of Persia, was b.
Ghost to be mere qualities. These ten- at Shiraz, in 1175, and cd. in the 120th
ets obtained many proselytes, and' met year of his age. Hie studied at Bagdad,
with great success till the opposition of  and pursued a religious course of life
St. Denys caused them to be formally  under the direction of the famons Sophi
condemned.                            Abd al Kadir Ghilani, whoml he accomSACCHINI, ANTONIO MARIAGx GSP AD, panied on a pilgrimage to Mecca. He
a celebrated Italian composer, was b. at fought against.the infidels, and carried
Naples, in 178. D. 1786.              his arms into India and Asia Minor.
SACHEVERELL, HENRY, ian English     Being, however, taken prisonler by the
1diville, rwas educated at Oxford.  In  Turksi!, he was put to work on the'forti1705 he was appointed preacher of St. fications of Tripoli; but was redeemed
Saviour's, Soutthwark, during which pe- by a merchant of Aleppo, who gave him
riod he preached two famous.selmons,  lis daughter in marria'ge with a dowry.
the objects of which were to create alarm  Towars the close of Ilis life lie built a
for the safety of the chiichh, andc to ex- hermitage near the walls of Shiraz,
cite hostility a.gainst the dissenters. where lie passed his time in exercises
Being impeachedi in the house of con- of piety; andcl his tomb, on the spot
mons, lh was sentenced to be suspended  where he had lived, was long visited by
fromn preaching for three years. This the admirers of his genius and devotion.
persecution, however, established the IHe wrote " Gulistun, or the Garden of
fortune of Sacheverell, who was collated  Roses," and other works.
to a living near Shrewsbury; and the    SADLER, MICHAEL THOMAS, was 1).
same month that his suspension termi- at Snelston, in Derbyshire, in 1780. In
nated, was appointec to the valnable  1825 he was chosen a member of parliarectory of St. Andrew, Holborn.   D. ment.   Mr. Sadler wrote two works,
1724,                                 1'  Irelacid, jts Evils, sadl their Remedies,"




SAL]                  CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        737
and his " Law of Population," in -which  DE, a French author, b. at Paris, in 1698.
the Malthusian doctrines were impugned  His most important work is, " A Chroand refuted. D. 1835.                  nological Abridgment of the History of
SAEMUND, SIOFUSSON,    a celebratedl Italy, from the Downfall of the Western
Icelandic priest, poet, legislator and  Empire."-JEAN PAUL ANDRE DES RAIhistorian in the 1lth century. He had  sINS, marquis de, a French lyric poet,
a sharein forming the ecclesiastical code, author of "Adele  o Ponthieu," &c.
wrote a " History of Norway," and was  B. 1728; d. 118..
the compiler of that Scandinavian col-   ST.: PIERRE, JAcQUES BERNARDIN
lection of poetry, termed "Edda.": D. HENRI DE, a most ingelnious and philo1135.                                 sophical French althlor, was b. at Havre,
ST. BEUVE, JACQUES DE, a celebrated  in 1737, was'educated in the engineer
theologian, b. at Paris, in 1613. Ile was school at Paris, for a time followed the
famous for his controversies relative to  military profession in the service of
the doctrines of race and predestinati on, Russia, ntafterwa rds obtained a commlswhich agitated the French church in the sion in the engineer corps of' France;
middle of the 17thl centuiry. D. 167.  and, retiring from  a mlilitary life, he
ST. CLAIR ArTIHUR, a general in the  devoted the remnainder of hlis days to
Amierican. alrmy, was b.iat Edinburgh, literature. In 1784 appeied his "Etudes
was a lieutenant under General Wolfe, de la Nature," and, in 1788, his "Paul et
and afterwards settled in Pennsylvani ia iginie," which, after passing through
and became a naturalized citizen. On   fifty impressions in one year, has been
the commencenlent of the revolution, he  translated into almost all the langnag'es
embraced the cause of the A'merican    of Europe. Ie was also the author of
army, and in February, 1777, was ap-   "La Ch1anlmiere Indienne," and several
pointed major-geneial. He served with  other works. D. 1814.
distinction, and_: in 1783 was elected. ST. REAL, CESAR VICHARD DE, an able
presicent of the Cincinnati society of  French author, was b. at Chamberri, in
his adopted state.   In 1785 le was Soy heavo     e  e d. i 1692. He wrote
elected a delegate to congress, uand in  " De P'Usage de 1'Histoire,' "'Conjura1787 was chosen president of that body. tion des Esp;anols contre la Rlepublique
He was afterwards governor of the North- de Venise en 1618," and several other
west Territory, and in 1790 colmmanded  treatises on morals, politics, nnd philosan army aoainst the Miami Indians. He ophy.
resigned his commnission of major-gen-   ST. SIMON, CLAUDIUS IINRxY, count
eral in 1792.  His latter yeas  wvere   de, wab. at Paris, 1760. IHe was the
passed in poverty. D. 1818.            foudaer of a politico-philosophical sect,
ST. JUST, ANTIONY, a political agent whose leadingl dogma' is, that industry
and associate of Robespierre, was b. in is the definitive pupose of life, and that
1768, and was educated for the legal those engaged in it constitute the suprofession. IIe voted, for the de:lth of  perior class of society. lie published a
Lonis XVI., matelially assisted in the  iariet.y of works to give currency to lnis
destruction of the Girondists, icted as doctrines amnong which: are, n "Ina commissioner of the national conven- troduction to the Scientific Labors of the
tion to the army in Alsace, where lie  Nineteenth Cenitury," and "Political,
was distinguislhedl for his severity;an,   l a nd, l  Plilosophical Discussions.'
on hisi return to Parlis becoming in- D. 1825.-Louis DEr ROUVxOI, duke of,
volvel iii the ruin'of Robespierre, was was b. 1675. In 1721 lie was appointecd
guillotined, in July, 1794.            ambassador extraordinary to the court
ST. LAIMBPERT, CumriaLES FRANCES DE, of Spain, to negotiate a imarriage bea mnIember of the natltionlal institute of  tween the Infimta and Louis XNV; and
France, was b. at NTan cy, in 1717. HIe  d. in 1757. Ilis " Memoirs of the Reign
entered the ar my, whiclh lhe left at the  of Louis XIV. and the Regency," conpeace of Aix-la-Chapelle, and obtained  t.aining a vast mass of anecdtottal informan office in the courlt of Stanislaus of ation, formin 13 v1ls.
Poland; becalme a devoted adherent of    SALIADIN, a famous sultan of Egypt,
Voltaire's, and a fa tvored admirer of  equallylrnowned as a. warrior and le(gismadaime de Chatelet; again entered the  lator.: IIe was b. in 1137, raised himself
armn, and d. in 1805.. Amnong his works friom the station of an ofltcer to that of
a.e, "TheSeasons," a poem    ", Orielntal  [ sovereign, and supported himnself by
Tales," and a philosophical work, en- his valor and the influence of his amniatitled "Catlechislme Ulmversel."       ble character, against the united efforts'ST. MARC, CHxARLES IHUGH LEFEBYrE  of the chief Christian potentates of Eiu62*




738                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [SAN
rope, who carried on the most unjust acters; and was the author of letters,
wars against him) under the false appel- poems, &c. D. 1780.
lation of crusades. He obtaimed various  SANCROFT, WILLIAM, archbishop
successes over the Christians, but was of Canterbury, was b. at Fresinfield, in
defeated by Richard Coeur de Lion, and  1616. He was one of the seven bishops
d. in 1193.                           sent to the Tower by James II.; but
SALE, GEoRGE, an English writer, at the revolution he refused to take the
wno was well versed in the oriental oaths, for which he was deprived of his
languages. His greatest work is an ex- see. D. 1693. He wrote "The Predescellent translation of the Koran, to which  tinated Thief," " Modern Politics, taken
he prefixed a curious dissertation. HlIe from Machiavel," &c.
was also one of the principal authors of  SANDEMIAN, ROBEERT, a Scotch minthe "Ancient Universal History."  B. ister, was b. at Perth, in 1723, and edu1680; d. 1736.                        cated at St. Andrew's. He formed a
SALLUST, CAIUS CRISPuS, a Roman     sect which still goes by his name. In
historian, distinguished equally for his 1765 he came to New England, made
talents and profligacy, was b. at Ami- many proselytes, and d. in 1772.
ternum, 85 B.C. He was expunged from    SANDERSON, JOIN, distinguished
the list of senators, in consequence of  as a scholar anil a writer, was b. at Carhis extravagance and shameless de- lisle, Pa., in 1785. He was a teacher
baucheries; but being    restored by  at Clermont seminary for some time,
Julius Cesar, and made governor of    and a contributor to "Dennie's Port
Numidia, he there amassed an enor- Folio," and other periotlicals. In 1820
nmous.fortune by acts of rapine. He d. he published two volumes of " Lives
35 B.c. His "History of the, Jugur- of the Signers of the Declaration."  In
thine War" and "The Conspiracy of     1833 he went to Europe, and on his
Catiline," bear ample testimony to his return wrote the " American in Paris,"
genius; but the rigid morality displayed  a vivacious sketch oC his impressions
in his writinus forms a  curi ontrast while abroad. He was then elected 1ro
to the vices of the author.           fessor of Greek and Latin in the Hiigli
SALMASIUS, or SAUMAISE, CLAUDE, school of Philadelphia. D. 1844:
an eminent French scholar, was b. at    SANDS, ReOBET C., was b. in the
Saumur, in 1588, and succeeded Scaliger city of New York, 1799, and was eduas professor of history at Leyden. In  cated at Columbia college. In 1820 he
1649 he wrote a defence of Charles I., commenced. the practice of the law, but
king of England, which was torcibly   his first attempt as an advocate was unand conclusively replied to by Milton. successful, so he turned his attention to
The year following he went to Sweden, literature. His attainments in the modon an invitation from Queen Christina, ern as well as ancient lanhguages, were
and d. in 1653. His principal works   solid and extensive, and his mastery of
are, "Historia   Augustte Scriptores his own languageocomplete. He became
Sex," "De Modo Usurarum," "De Re      an editor of the "Commercial AdverMilitari Romanorum," " Hellenistica,"  tiser " but his labors in this sphere did
and several editions of ancient authors. not interfere with his cultivation of genSALVIATI, FRANCESCO Rossi, an eini- eral literature. lie wrote an " Historical
nent Italian painter, whose. style of de- Notice of Cortes," which was translated
signing approached that of Raphael, into Spanish, besides essays on "Dotlhough greatly ilferior in sublimity and  mestic Literature," the "Caio-Grseco
grandeur of composition. B. in Flor- of Monti," "Isaac, a type of the Re.ence, 1510; d. 1563.                 deemer," the "Garden of Venlus,' &c.,
SANCIIO, IGeN.NTUS, a negro, whose the "Simple Story," "Salem     Witchliterary abilities attracted much notice, craft," " Monsieur de Viellecour," and,
was b. 1729, on board a slave-ship, and  in conjunction with Mr, Eastburn, the
carried to Carthagefla. While a boy he  poem of " Yamoyden." IIe was also
was taken to England by his master, engaged with Mr. William     C. Bryant
and given to three maiden ladies, sisters, and Mr. Guliam C. Verplanck, in the
living at -Greenwich, who named him   editorship of the "Talismanu."   Mr.
Sancho. The duke of Moitague after- Sands was a gentleman of the finest wit,
wards took him into his service, and  and noble character. His last poem was
encoulaged his love of learning; and  "The Dead of'32," which appeared
the dachess left him an annuity at her about a week before his own death.
death. He numbered among his friends    SANDYS. EDWIN, an eminent Eno'lish
Sterne, Garrick, anid cther literary char- prelate, was b. 1519, at Hawkshead, in




SAU]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         739
Lancashire. At the accession of Marv   for the wartmth of her lyrical effusions,
he was vice-chancellor, and on refusing  and is saidl to have tllown herself into
to proclaim her, he was deprived of hIis the sea, ifrom  ie promontory of Leuoffice, and sent first to the Tower, and  cate, in conlsequence of the neglect she
afterwards to the Marshalsea. When     experienced friom Phaon, her lover.
Elizabeth came to the throne he was      SARGENT        NT, INTROP, governor of
appointed one of the commissioners for Mississippi, was a native o0' Massachurevisilg the litcurgy. lie was also made  setts, and gradluated at Hatrvard college
bishop of Worcester, and had a slhare  in 1771. He entered the revolutionary
in tlie translation of the Scriptures,'ariy in 1775, and served in various
conmmonly called the " Bishop's Bible."  capacities with reputation to the close
In 1570 he was translaited to London, of the war. In 1786 lihe was appointed
and in 1576 to York, vwhere a conspiracy  by conl'ress surveyor of the northwestwas laid by Sir Robert Stapleton, to   ern territory, and in 1787 secretary of
ruin hlim by the imputation of adulter; the gove rnmient established there. He
but it wasc discovered, and the parties  attended General St. Clair as adjutantconcernedl il it were punisled.  D. 188. genieral in his unfortunate expedition
SANSEVERO, RAMOND )I SAN'GRO, against the Indians, and wvas also adjueinient for his lmeclhanical inventions tuit-generial and inspector under Genaid scientifie discoveries, wavs b. t Na-  eral Wayne. I) 1820.
pies, in 1710, and d. 1771. Among the    SARPI, PETEiR, better known under
mnultifitrious and extraordinary machincles  the namle of Fathier Paul, or Fra'Paolo,
invented by llinmself was a four-whleeledl  wtn   b. in 1552, at Vellice.  So precovehicle, to pass over tlle surflce of the  cious were his talents, tlat, at the.:ge
water, which lie exhibited on the bay of  of 17, le publicly maintained tlieologiNa ples.                               cal atd plilosophiic.l tleses, consistinge
SANSON, NICiOLAS, a celebrated ge- of 809 artcles.     His eloquence was
oin'iipler land cengineer, was b. at Abbe- equal to his learning. lie did not conville, in 1600; land coinstruceted, even  file his studlies to tleolory;   toranatomy
wliile. a youth, a miap of' ancient Gaul, and astronloy also euoaged much of
reluiarkal-i)le for its excellence and acci- his attention. lie was of the order of
rocy. lie subsequently produced up-    the Servites, and became provincital of
wards of three 1liundred maps, all on a  the ordcer. The Velnetian govelrnment
la1rg'c scle, with several volumnes to illls- appointed him its consultino tlheologian.
trate tlhemi   reachled the head of his and reposed unbounded confidence in
profession, and wals ppoinlted geogra- him; which lie justified and repaid, by
pher and enrincer to the kin'.     D. detendcinu tlhe ecclesiastical liberties of
166 7.-NICeiOLAS, WILLIAM, iand ADRIAN, his coluntry against the elncroachmients
his three sons: who also were excellent of the R1oman pontiff. His patriotism
geographers, collected andt piublished  roused tile velneanlce of Rome against
the works of their ftthler, as well as'sev- hiim, and in 1607t, five ruffians made an
eral of their owrun.                   attempt to ass'assinate him. They thiled,
SANSOVINO, GIAcoMo        FATTI, an  however, in their purpose, though they
eminent sculptor and archiitect, was b. gave him fifteen wounds.  He d. in
at Florence, in 14'9. D. 1570.         1628. His greatest worl is, "A HisSANTElTRREM, J EAN BAPTISTE, a French  tory of the Council of Trent."
painter, was b. at ML lagny near Pontoise,  SAUMAREZ, JAMES, Lord de, a disin 1651. HeI painted hlistorical subjects, ting'uisled officer..in tile British navy,
on0 a small size, and withr great delicacy. was b. in t.le island of Guernsey, in
D. 1717.                               1757, and was descended fiom a French
SAPPI-O, a celebratec Greek poetess, family, whose   ancestor accompanied
b. at. itylene, in the island of Lesbos, William the Conquerorto England. ID.
tabout 600 B c..  Her writings were   18 6.
aighully esteened by tile ancients, and  SAURIN, JAMES, an eminent French
shle iis regardled as the inventoess of tihe  Protestant preacher, was b. at Nismes,
metre whlich bears her niamne; but of  in 1677; was the author of 12 vols. of
heci works there at present exist only a  " Sermonis,s" "The State of Clihistiani'ty
"I limn  to Venusc,' ian ode, iand a fiew  in France,"''Discourses, Historical,
triflinm fl lragmenlcs ts.-Anothler- SAPPio, of  Critic'l, a.i   Moral,   on the rmlost relmarka later date, wio is usually confoandel  able EventLs oft the-Old amnd New Testtawith the foreoinuf, fronrl beiltr also a  merits," &e. D. 1730.-JosEFPH, brother
native of Lesbos, was no less dlistin- of the preceding, was b. 1659, and disguishecl for amorous propensities thans tinguished himself as a mathematician.




740                   CYCLOPrEDIA OF BIOGRAPHYI.                     [SAY
EIe was originally a Protestant miister; the intercession of Lady Hertford. Soon
but, in 1690, he ekmbraced the Catholic after, Lord  Tyryonnel became  his
faith, and was pensione bvyLouis XIV. patron, received him into his house,
He- contributed for'some y-ears to the  and allowed him z~200 a year; but the
"Journal des Savans," and d. 1730.-   bard and thle peer quarrelled, and he
BiRNAPD JOSEPH,7 son of the last men- was again turnec adriit upon the world.
tioned, was b. 1706, at Paris; and    A "Birth-day ()de," addressed to the
quitted the bar to become a dramatic  queen, procured him a pension of ~50.,
writer. He was the author of "Sparta- but on her majesty's death this was discus," a tragedy; " Moeurs des Temps,"  continued, and le subsequently endured
a'spirited comedy; and a variety of  much misery and privation; till at
other drlmas. D.1781.                length, in 1743, he d. in the debtors'
SAUSSUJRE, IHORAcE BENEDICT DE, a prison, at Bristol.
celebrated naturalist, was b. at Geneva,  SAVILLE, Sir H     I-IER, one of the
in 1740, attained anl early proficiency in  most profound and elegant scholars of
the mathematical and physical sciences  his age, was b. in 1549, and after gradand: was for several years professor of  uating- at Brazennose college, Oxftrd,
philosophy at Geneva. He travelled in  removed on a fellowship to Merton
FIrance, England, Italy, &c.; and by  college, in the same university. In his
the valuable observations which hle 29th year he made a tour on the Contimade, particularly among the glacicrs of  nent for the purpose of perfecting himtle Alps, he contributec much to the  self in elegant literature, and on his readvancement of geology and mleteorllo- turn was appointed tutor in Greek and
gy.:He also showed great ingenuity in  mathematics to Queen Elizabeth. D.
the construction of improved instru- 1622.
ments adapted to scientific uses, viz.,  SAVONAROLA, JEOMDE, a Dominia thermometer, an hygrometer, a eudi- can, was b. at Ferrara, in 1452. He
ometer, and electrometer, &c.  1799. was regarded by some as an enthusiast,:; SAVAGE, RIcARD:n, an English poet, and by others as an impostor; but lie
celebrated for his genius, irregularities, preached with great zeal against the
and misfortunes, was b. in London, corruptions of the Roman church, for
about 1698.. Ile was the natural son of  which he was condemned to the flames
the countess of Macelesfield by Erl in 1498. I-e wrote "'Sermons," a treaRivers. No sooner did he see the liht, tise entitled  "The Triumph of the
tlan a most unnatural hatred took com- Cross," and other works.
plete possession of his mother, who     SAXE, MlAURcE, count de, marshalplaced him with an old woman in the general of the French armies, was b. at
lowest state of indigence, wtith direc- Dresden, in 1696. IHe was the natlual
tions that he should be brought up in  son of Frederic Augustus II., king of
uitter ignorance of'his birth, acnd in the Poland, by the Countess of KInigsmark,
meanest condition. He was an appren- and d. in1750.
tice to a shoemaker, when this womanX SAXO, GRAMMATIcUS, a Danish hisdying suddenly, some of Lady Mason's torian, who flourished in the 12th:(the mother of the countess) letters, century.
which he fonud among her papers, dis-   SAY, JEAN   BAPTISTE, an eminent
covered to him the secret of his birth. French writer on political economy, b.
From this moment his attempts to ob- in 1767. Ile concerted with C-hanfort
tain the notice of his mother were (who was guillotined) the "Decade
incessant, but all his assiduities and  Philosophiqe,'" dluring the revolution.
applications were unavailing; and in  Bonaparte, on goineg to Egypt, made himn
justice to the countess of Macclesfield it his librarian extr ordinasvy, andl afterYuist be observed, that she always    wards appointed him a member of the
asserted that her child d. while quite tribunate, fiom which post lie was disyoung, and that Savage was an impos- missed by his patron, for having the
tor. lie enow becanie anl author, and, in  consistent honesty to vote aegainst the
1723, produced the tragedy of "Sir creation ofan emperor and empire. His
Thomnas Overbury," tlle lprofits of which  "Traitcl d'Economie Publique" is a
produced him ~200; and lie was' risin(  most valuable work, and has been comin rreptation, when, in 1721, he acci- pared to Adam Smith's "Wealth of
dentally killed a Mr. Sinclair, at a house Nations."  Among hiis other works are,
of ill-fame, in a drunken quarrel. For "Observations stur l'Anoleterre et les
this he was tried;' and found guilty; Anglais," " Cours complet d'Economlie
~ut obtainod the royal pardon, through  Politique."  D. 1832.




SCHi]                 CYCLOP.ADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       741.CALIGER, JULIUS C MSAR, generally  an extensive reputation throughout Euknown as the elder Soaliger, a celebrated  rope, by his admirable description of theo
scholar, was b. 1484, at the castle of  nerves in his "Tabula Necrologice."
Riva, on lake Garda, and became a page  SCARRON, PAUL, a comic poet and
of the Emperor Maximilian, whom, he   satirist, was b. at Paris, 1610, and was
served in war and peace for 17 years. intended. for the church, to which he
When le was about 40, he quitted the  was averse, and for which his haibits
army, and applied himself to the study  were decidedly unfit. At the age of 24
of natural law, medicine, and the learned  he travelled into Italy, where lie gave
languages. In 1525 he accompanied the himself up with.out restraint to indulbishop of Agen to his diocese in France, gences of every kind, and continued his
where 1le d. 1558.-JOSEPH JUSTUS, son  excesses after his return to Paris. At
of the preceding, was b. at Agen, in  the age of 27, liaving appeared during
1540; was made professor of polite liter- the carnilpl at Mans as a savage, he was
attire at Leyden, and is said to have pursued oy the populace, and being
been master of no'less than 1languaces. obliged to hide himself in a miarsh, he
D. 1609.                              lost the use of his limbs. NotwithstlandSCANDERBEG, (which means the ins his sufferings, lie never lost his
BEY ALEXANDER,) whose proper name     gayety; and, settling at Paris, his wit
was George Castriot, was the son of   and social powers gained him a wide
John, prince of Alba nia, and was b. 1404. circle of acquaintance, among whom
Being given by his father as a hostage was the beautiful mademoiselle d'Auto Sultan Anmurath II., he was educated  bigne, who after his death was known
in the Mahometan religion, and at the as the widow Scarron, and who was
age of-18S was placed at the head of a  eventually rendered still more famous as
body of troops, with the title of sangoiac. madamie de Maintcnon. His principle
After the death of his tather in 1432, he writings are, his " Comic Romaince"
formed the design of possessinghimself  and his " Virilie Travestie."  D. 1660.
of lis principality; and having accom-  SCHADOW,'JOHANN GEOFFROY, a
panied the Turkish army to Hungary, distinguished modern sculptor, was b.
he entered into a agreeinent with Iliun- at Berlin, 1764. Having evinced an
niades to desert to the Christians. This  early predilection for the fine arts, he
design he put into execution; and, hav- repaired to Rome in 1785 for tlhe cultiingl ascended the throne of his fathers, vation of his taste, and after initiating
he renounced the Ma-hometan religion. himself in the school of the best Italian
A long warfuare followed; but althouglh  masters, he returned to Berlin in 1788,
fiequently obliged to retire to the fast- where lie was appointed professor of
ilesses of mountains, he always renewed  sculpture in the university of that city,
his assaults lupon the first favorable oc- and subsequently director-in-chief of
casion, until the sultan proposed terms the academy of the fine arts. Here he
of peace to him, which were accepted. lived and labored for the long period of
He, however, renounced his treaty with  62 years. D. 1850.-ZoNo RIDOLFO, alt
the sultan, obtained repeated victories  Italian sculptor, was b. at Rome, 1786;
over the Turkish armies, completely   and. was instructed by Canova and
established his power, and d. 1467.   Thorwaldsen. He executed many adSCARLATTI, ALESSANDRmO, b. at Na- mired sculptures and bass-reliefs, and d.
pies, in 1658, was educated at Rome 1822.
under Carissimi, and d. 1728. The Ital-  SCHIEELE, CHARLES WILLIAM, an
ians called him the "glory of the art,"  eminent chemist, was b. in 1742, at
and the first of comlposers. -Ie coin- Stralsund, in Swedish Pomerania; was
posed about 100 operas, a great num- brought up its an apothecary at Strasber of motets, and nearly 200 masses.-   b   ecame proprietor of a pharmaDormENIco, his son, b. 1683, resided for ceutical establishment at Kcepin, and
a time at Rome and Naples, but finally  d. in 1786. He wrote -"Chemical Essettled at Madrid, where he obtained  says," and was the discoverer of the
the appointment of chapel-master to the  oxalic, fluoric, malic, and lactic acids.
queen of Spain. He produced several    SCHILLER, JOHN CHRISTOPHER FREDoperas and some good church music, ERIa VON, oile of- the most illustrious
and wa      s on   f friendship with  names in German literature, was b. at
Handel.                               Marbach, in Wirtemberg, in 1759. AfSCARPA, ANTONmo, a celebrated Ital- ter,having studied, medicine, and beian anatomist, was b. 1746, at Friuhli;  ame surgeon in a regiment, he, in his
and d. at Pavia, in 1826. He enjoyed  22d year, wrote his tragedy of "The




742                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [scn
Robbers," which at once raised him to  ered lectures in Vienna, in 1808, on
the foremost rank among the dramatists dramatic art; became secretary to Berof his country. It was performed- at nadotte, the crown prince of Sweden,
Manheim, in 1782. But some passages in 1818; and, after studying Sanscrit in
of a revolutionary tendency having in- Paris, obtained in 1818 the professorship
curred the displeasure of the duke of of history at Bonn, which he held till
Wirtemberg, he    left Stuttgard  by  his death, 1845.-FRIEDERIH VON, a celstealth, and nmale his way to Manheim, ebratec German critic and philologist,
where, after various wanderings and  and a youngcer brother of the preceding,
many hardships, he got his tragedy of was b. in 1772, and studied at Gottingren
" Fiesco" brought out on the stage. and Leipsic. His first productionl of
The tragedies of' "Cabal and Love" and  any importance was the-" History of the
"Don C0arlos" were his next produc- Poetry of the Greeks and Romtans."
tions. In 1785 he repaired   Leipsic IHe then joined his brother in conductand Dresden, where he founcimaly ad- ing aperiodical called the "Athenaeum,"
inirers. Here hle wrote his silinglar and after publishing the philosophical
romanlce called the " Geisterseher," and  romance of " Lucincla," he visited Paris,
his " Philosophical Letters," and col- where lie delivered lectures on philoslectecl naterials for a " History of the ophly, and occupied himself with the
Revolt of the Netherlands, under Philip fine arts. In 1804 he published a "ColII." In 1787 he repairied to Weimar, lection of the Romantic Poetry of the
where he was welcomed with great Middle Ag(es."     After this lie repaired
warmth by Wieland and Herder, under- to Vienna, and, in 1809, received an aptook the ian'lanement of a periodical pointment at the head-quarters of th3i
called the " German Mercury,T" and not Archduke Charles, where he drew up
long afterwalrds made the acquaintance  several powerful proclamations. When
of Goethe, which soon ripened into a peace was concluded, he delivered in
friendship only dissolved by delat;. In  Vienna the lectures known as " The
1789 he was appointed to the chair of History of Ancient and Modern Literahistory in the university of Jena, and  ture." In 1812 lie edited the "German
besides lecturing to crowded audiences, Museum," and ciained the. confidence
lie published his celebrated "History  of Prince Metternicl by the composition
of the Thirty Years' Warl," and engased  of various diplomatic papers; in consein various literary enterprises, which  quence of which lie was appointed Aushave more or less had great influence  trian counsellor of legation at the Geron the literature of Geriany. " Die manic diet, which he"held fiom 1814 to
Horen" and " Der Musein-Alinanaclh,"  1818. IIe then returned to Vienna, and
to which the most eminent men in Ger- resumec his literary occupations with
many contributed, belong to this cat- great zest, contributinc to various jouregory. He soon after settled at Weimar, nals, and producing his " Philosophy
in order to direct the theatre in con- of Life," and his "Philosophy of Hisj unction with Goethe, in accordance torv," which rank aTmori his best literwith their mutual tastes and opinions: ary efforts. Like his brother, Friederich
and here he at intervals published the  Schlegel became a Roman Catholic; and
works which, together with those above his strong devotional tendencies may
mentioned, have immortalized his name. be seen in his interesting "Letters on
Among these are, " Joan of Arc,"     Christian Art."  D. 1829.' Mary Stuart," " Wallenstein,"  Wil-  SCHLEIERMACHER, FREDEtRTa ERliamc Tell," "History of the Remarkable NEST DANIEL, equally distingished as a
Conspiracies and Revolutions in the theologian, a philologist, a critic, an
Middle and Later Ages." &c. D. 1805. orator, and a translator, was b. at BresSCILEGEL, AUGUST WILHEIM VON, lau in 1768; studied at HIalle in 1781;
a celebrated critic, poet, and philologist, and, after holding various ecclesiastical
was b. at Hanover, 1767. After filish- appointments in different parts of Gering his studies at Gotthigen, lie became many, was called to Berlin in 1809 as
prlofessor at Jena, where he lectured on  preacher, and about the same time rethe theory of art, and joined his brother ceived the chair of theology in the uniFriederich in the editorship of the versity of that city. The influence of' Atheneum." In 1802 he repaireclto  his writings on the German mind was
Berlin, as a wider field for his literary  and still is very great; but it was far
predilections; accompanied madame de surpassed by that wihich his oral inStael, in 1805, on a tour through Italt, structions, and the purity and piety
France, Germany, and Sweden; deliv- which his personal character exercisea




SCIel                 CYCLOPEEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       743
over those who lived within his sphere. great celebrity throughont Germany,
D. 1534.                              France, and England; among the best
SCHIOEFFER, PETER, one of the in- known are the "Erl Konig," "Ave
Tentors of printingo, was b. at Gernsheim, Maria," "Der Wanderer," and "Die
in the territory of Darmstadt, was a Erwartuno-,"   &c. D. 1830.
partner witli Guttemberg and Faust,     SCI-IHU ACHER, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN,
and having marnried tle daughter of the  a distinguished astronomer, was b. in
latter, became sole possessor of the IHolstein, 1780, was successively proprinting establishnent. D. about 1502. fessor of astronomy at the university of
SCIOMBERG, HENRY DE, marshal Copenhageen, director at the observatory
of France, was descended fiom a Ger- of Mannheilm, in the grand duchy of
man fiamily.  He served in 1617 in    Baden, and for many years astronomer
Piedmont, uinder marshal d'Estrees, and  in the observatory at Altona, and editor
afterwards against the I-uguenots in  of the " Astronomische Nachrichten."
the civil wars. In 1625 lhe was made tIHe was t diligent and accurate observer,
field-marslal, and two years afterwards one of his latest labors being connected
defeated the English at the isle of with Encke's planet Astrea. D.-1850.
Rhe. In 1629 lie forced the passage of  SCHURMANN, ANNA MARIA DE, b.
Susa, on which occasion lie was severely  at Cologne, in 1607, whose acquirements
wounded. The next year he took Pig- in the learned languages, the fine arts,
nerol, anld relieved Casal. In 1632 he  and polite literature were so great, that
defeated the rebels in Lanueedoc at the she -obtained the appellation of the
famous hattle of Castelnaudari, for which  modern Sappho. This erudite and ache was made governor of tliat province. complished lady, who understood the
He wrote a "Narrative of the War of   Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Chaldee, and
Italy," and d. 16133.-FREDERIC ARMAND, several modern languages, and who was
dulke of, was b. of an illustrious family, mistress of painting, engraving, sculpbut different from the preceding. He ture, and nusic, at lenoth became the
began his military career under Frederic  victim of fanatical delusion.  In 1650
Henrv, prince of Orange, and his son  she appeared as a zealous disciple of the
William; but in 1650 he passed into the  enthusiast Labadie, to whom, it is said,
French service, became acquainted with  she was secretly married; and, after his
Condd and Turenne, aind obtained the  death, she retired to Weivart, in Friesgoernmnent of Gravelines and Fumrnes. lad, where she d. in 1678. -Her
He accompanied the prince of Orange   "Opuseula, or Pieces in Latin, Greek,
to En-llland at the revolution, was cre- and Hebrew," were printed in 1652.
ated a peer, made knight of the garter, She also wrote "ILatin Poems" and a
and obtained a  rant of ~100,000. In  " Defence of Femiale Study."
1689 lie went with William to Ireland,  SCHUYLER, PH, an officer in the
and was aceidentally shot as lie was American army, was appointed majornrossing the Boyne, by the French ref- general in 1775, and was dispatched to
uaees of Ils own regiment.            the fortifications in the north of New
SCHOPENHAUER, JOHrNNA, a Ger- York, to prepare for the invasion of
man authoress of great celebrity, was b. Canada. He afterwards fell under some
at Dantzic, 1770. Her chief works are, suspicion, and was superseded in the
" Ferl now  Leben," " Ausfiuchb an den  chief command by General Gates. lHe
Rheeinl," "Jugendleben und Wacnder- was a member of congress before the
biller," an English translation of wlich  adoption of the present constitution,
was published   in 1847, "Sidonia,"   and afterwards twice a senator.   D.
" Iie Tante," and above all " Gabriele,"  1804.
which presents a charming picture of    SCHWANTTIALER, LUDWIG VON,
female character. 1). 1838.           an eminent sculptor, descended fiom a
SCHREVELIUS, CORNELIUS, alearned    family that for generations had been
critic, was b. at Haerlem, about 1614. distinguished in the art, was b. at MuIIis father was rector of the school at nich, 1802. At tlhe ace of 16 he entered
L(yden, in which office he succeeded  the academy of Munich, where lie soon
himl.  Iis name is now principally    attracted the attention of Cornelius,. by
known by his " Greek and Latin L'ex- whose advice he repaired to Rome; and
icon." 1). 1667.                      after enjoying there the friendship and
SCIUBERT, FRANCIS, an eCmilelnt ins-tructions of Thorwaldsen,- he returnmusical composer, was b. at Vienna, ed to his native city in l1827, vwere he
1796.  Ilis melodies, known by their found ample scope for the development
German name, " Lieder," have attained  of his genius in the numerous commis



744                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     LSOO
sions intrusted to him by the royal century, whose knowledge of the occult
family of Bavaria. It would be difficult sciences caused him to pass allong the
with our limits to point out even a tithe  unlettered for a magician, was b. at
of his productions; suffice it to say, that Balwirie, in Fifshire. He travelled in
rich as Munich has become in works of France, Germany, and England, and
art, it owes no small portion of its ce- was received with great distinction by
lebrity to this artist, whose marvellon3 the respective sovereigns; received the
power of composition and versatility of honor of lnigohthood from the Scottish
genius showed themselves no less in his monarch, Alexandcer III., and d. 1293
admirable statues and reliefs, than in  -MICHAEL, the author of "Tom Crin
his-frescoes and cartoons. D. 1848.  gle's Log," was b. in Glasgow, 1789;
SCIHWARTZ, BIBTHOLD, a monk of     received his education at the high school
the order of Cordeliers, at the end of  and university of that city, repaired to
the 13th century, was a native of Fri- Jamaica in 1806, wrhere he remained till,bourg in Germany, and an able chemist. 1822, and finally settled in Scotland,
Itis:said, that as he was nmaking' some where lie embarked in commercial specex'plriiments with.itre, it led to Iis in- ulations. D. 1 05.-l EEGINAiD, or EYvention of gunpowder, which was first NOLD, was a native of Kent, and received
applied to wa.:rlike purposes by the his education at Hart hall, Cambridge.
Venetians-in 1300. There is, however, He had both the good sense and courage
much disciepancy in; the accounts of to oppose the absurd opinion, at that
this discovery.; and it is certain that time prevalent, of the existence of
Ro:rer: Baconl who. died in 1292, was witches, by publishing his "Discoveries
acqultainted with anl inflanmmable con- of Witchcraft." D. 1599.-SAMUi;L, an
position similar. to  gupowcler, tile eminent painter of scenery, who took
knowledge of wihich Europeans appear TVandervelde for his model, and often
to have dcerived fiom.the Orientals.-  excelled Iimn. D. 1772.-Sir WALTER,
CHRISTIsAN. Fr.EDEniI,  a -German mis- who is generally placed at the head of
sionary to the East Indies. In 1767, he English novelists in the 19th century,
was employed by the English society was b. at Edinburgh, in 1771. He passed
for the promotion of Christian knowl- the years of his youth between the
edge, and he continued throughout his pleasures of hunting, the study of the
life to labor in the sacred cause with law, and ani indulgence of his taste in
unceasing zeal. He was held in high  reading old plays, romances,'travels, and
esteem for his character by the Hlindoos, marvellous adventures. The antiquities
and the rajah of Tanjore made him tutor and ancient poetry of Scotland seem to
to his son. D. 1798.                 have early inflamed his imagination; le
SCHWARTZENBERG, CHARLES PHI- read the old chronicles, and made himiIP, Prince, an Austrian field-marshal, self acquainted with the customs, obsowas b. of an ancient and illustrious lete laws, and even the traditions of
family at Vienna, in 1771. He entered  individual families, and was versed in
into the army early, and rapidly pro- the localities anctthe superstitions belief
ceeded through all the grades of mili- of the inhabitants of the Scottish mountary rank until he became a general tains. He made his debut as an original
officer. D. 1820.                   nathor in " Specimens of Ancient ScotSCOTT, JOHN, a Quaker poet, b. at tish PQetry," which had great success.
Bermoidsey, in 1789. He resided, du- His next work, the " Lay of the Last
ringl the greater part of his life at Am- Minstrel," was received with still greater
well, and d. in 1782. He was the author favor.  "Marmion" and "R okeby"
of "Armwell," and other poemls, a followed, and gave a climax to his poet"Digest of.tthe Highway Laws," "Crit- ical reputation; but it was soon afterical Essayi'."-JOHIN, the original editor, wards eclipsed by the rise of Lord.of the. London Magazine," and the   Byron's poetical star, his vigorous and
author.of "A Visit to Paris in 1814," impassioned verses diverting the public
&e. His remarks on some articles in  poetical taste into an entirelyi new chan"Blackwood's Edinburghl   Magazine"  nel.' Subsequently appealed "Paul's
having given offence to the editor of  Letters to his Kinsfolk" and the " Batthat work, a&.quarrel ensued, which  tle of Waterloo, the first successful,
ended in a dulel between a friend of the the latter a failure. His novels, howeditor and Mr. Scott, who, a few dayse ever, are his great passport to fa lme.
after, d. of tie wound he had received  Those masterly productions, on hllicl
from 4his adversa;ry.-MICHAEL, a cele- criticism- would be out of place, need
brated Scottish philosopher of the 13th  hardly be enumerated: "Waverley,"




SEL]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         745
"Tales of my Landlord," "Ivanhoe,"     ceding, was b. at Sheffield,  s., 1780;
"'The   Monastery,"  "The    Abbot,"  was educated at Yale college, and prac".Quentin Durward," "Peveril of the tised law in Albanv. He was twice a
Peak," " Woodstock,"    " Rob Roy,"   member of the legislature of Massachu"The Heart of Mid Lothian," "Chron- setta, and twice the democratic candiiles of the Canongate," &c. Sir Walter date for congress.  But his life was
Scott was macd  a baronet by George    mainly devoted to literary land agriculIV., in S121.  Though from the time    tural pursuits. He wrote " Hints to nmy
of the publication of " Waverley," Sir Countrymen,"  nd "Public and Private
Walter had been generally considered  Economy."    D. 18 9.
the author of the "Scotch Novels," yet  SEDLE, Sir CnARLES, a celebrated
he had managed to preserve his inco'- wit, courtier, and poet, of the age of
nito by various modes of evasion aind  Charles II., was b. at Aylesford, in Kent,
halt-denials whenever the subject was in 1639; d. 1701
publicly mooted; and the author, who-    SEGUR, JOSEPII ALEXXANDER, viscount
ever he might prove to be, was anci- de, second son of the marshal de Selur,
fully styled the " Great UnJknowni." At enoagied when young in the military
lenogth, the mystery was solved. At tle service, but hav in attained the post of
annual dinner of' the Theatrical Fund  marschal deo camp in 1790, le gave up
Association in 1827, Sir Walter, in re-  lis time entirely to the cultivation of
turning thanks for the honor which the  literature, and published several rocompany had done him by drinkina hlis mances. I). 1805.-Louis, count de, a
health, unreservedly decllared that they lFrench diplonatist and historical wriwere wholly and solely his own compo- ter, was the eldest son of the marshal
sitions.  His emoluments were very     de Sogur, and b. in.1753. He served
lardge, but pecuniary difficulties with his during two campaigns in tile American
publishers involved him in the common  war, and was afterwards ambassador to
failure. His debts he nobly determinel St. Petersburg anld  Berlin.  On the
to reduce by new efforts, many of iwhich, overthrow of the French monarchy lie
thongh tlhey answered the encd which   relinquishec his connection witi affairs
the author had in view, acled little to  of state; he was, notwithstaandinc,   arhis fasne, ancl tterly destroyed a robust restec by order of the committee of pubconstitution in writing them. D. 182. lic safety; but bceing liberated shortly
-JoIN, a distinguishied lawyer andl after, lie quitted France, and did not rejudge of Virginia. B. 1782; d. 1850.  turn till after the fallof Robespierre,
SECKEIR, Ti-roMS,,archbishop   of  when hle was made a peer.  ). 1830.
Canterbury, an eminent aand pious pre-  SELDEN, JotN, an English antiquary,
late, was b. at Sibtlorpe, in INott.in- law writer, and hisstorian, of most extenhamshrire, in 1693, andl wuas educated  sive acquirements, was a native of' Suswith a view of becoming a dissenting   sex, and b. 1584. So early as 1607 he
minister. I-Te, however, declrced that drew up a workl, entitled " Analectum
he could not conscientiously assent to  Anglo-Britannicaum," which was quickthe tenets held by his family, and che ly succeeded by several othes; aand in
therefore conformed to the church of 1614 a)earled'his "Titles of HIonor."
Enlgland, tool orders, and obtained pre- Next followed his "De Diis Syriis" aLnd
ferment. 1. 17). 18" Mlare Clauisuma." tIe now entered the
SEDGWICKI, THEODORE, a judge of field of politics, and in 1640 was elected
the supreme courit of Massachusetts, miember of parliament for Oxford. At
was b. at Hart.ford, Ct., in 1746. IIe was the comamencement of the disputes begraduated at Yale collee, andcl in 1766 tween Charles and the parliament, he
began the practice of the law in Berk- acted with great moderation, and unishire county, Mass. In 1776 lie served  formly endeavored to prevent an ultias aid to Gelneral Thomas in the expedi- mate appeal to the sword. In 164, the
tion agaainst Canada. In 1785 lie was a  house of commons appointed him keepmember of congress under the old con- er of the records of the Tower, and, the
federation. His exertions during 1787  following year, one of the commissionto suppress the insurrectionary spirit of ers of the'admiralty, votinll  him ~5000
the state, in what is known as Shay's as a reward foi his services. Ite emrebellion, were efficient and honorable. ployed all his influence for the protection
In 1789 he was again in congress and  of learninr, and was universallv esteemin 1796 a member of the U. S. senate. ed for his urbanity of manners and goodIn 1802 he was appointed judge. D. ness of heart. D. 1654.
1813.-THEODO6E,, a son of the pre-      SELKIRK      LLExANDER, a sailor, was
68




746                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [SEW
b. at Largo, in Scotland, about 1680. He 1553. Servetus is supposed by many to
was a good navicgator, andi made several have anticipateld larvey in tle discovvoyages to the South Sea, in one of  c   of the circulation of the blood.
which, having a quarrel with his corn-  SERVIUS TULLIUS, king of Rome,
mander, he was put ashore on the island  was the son of a female slave. He malrof Juan Fernandez, with a few neces- ried the daughter of Tarquin the elder,
saries, a fowling-piecc, gunpowder, and  whom he succeeded, 577 B. c., and was
shot. Here he remnained in solitude  murdered by his son-in-law, Tarqui1
nearly three years, till lie was taken  Superbus, 584 B.c.
away by Captain Woods Rogers, in 1709.  SETTLE, ELKANAH, ian English poet,
Oni his return to England, le is said to  was b. at Dunsltable, 1618; cdlcated at
have employed Daniel Defoe in drawing  Trinity college, Oxford; was much enup a narrative of his adventures for the gaged in the political squabbles of tile
press, firon which source originatec the  age, and wrote some smart pieces both
popular tand interestillg "Adventures in prose and verse. IIe was also an inof Robinsoln Crusoe.                 defitigable writer for the stage, but none
SENECA, Lucius ANNSeUS, a cele- of his dramas are now acted. D. 1724.
brated Roman philosopher, moralist,    SEVICGNE, MARY DcE RIABUTIN, mlarand statesmllan, the son of Marcus An- chioness de, cdaughter of the baron de
nceus, an eminent orator, was b. at Col- Chantal, was b. in 1626. At the age of
duba, in Spain, duringl the first year of  18 she malrried the marquis de Sevxigne,
the Cllristian era. t Iiis reputatioll soon  who was killed in a dutel seven yetar
extended to the imperial court; and his afterwards. BIei(n thus left a widow,
various learning and practical wisdon  with two children, she paid great attencaused him to be appointed tutor to tion to their education; band when lier
Nero, and procured lhmn several import- daughlter married the count de Grignan,
ma.n places. Afcer his accession to the  she kept up a correspondence witli her;
throne, his imperial pupil for a while to which circumlstance the wxorld is inloaded him with fiavors; but at leng1th  debted for those letters whiicih are
resolving to rid hiinself of his old pre- regartded as mnodels of epistolary comceptor, the tyrant charged him wxith  position  D. 1696.
being ail accomplice in the conspiracy  SEWARD, ANNA1 daulhter of the
of Piso, a'id he was condemned to death. Rev. Tiomnas Seward, himself a poet
The mietliod of his execution was, how- and the author of an edition of Beauever, left to his own choice. le conse- mont and Fletcher, was b. at 1Ey.a: in
quelntly, with the claracteristic osten- Derbyshire, in 1747.  She evinced a
tation of a stoic, fiished his life in the poetical taste in early life. In 1782 she
midst of his friends, conversing on  published her poetical romance of
philosophical topics rwhile the blood was " Louisa;", and she subsequently printflowing fromt his veins, which hle had  ed a collection of sonnets, and a " Life
caused to be opened for that purpose. of Dr. Darwin," in which slie asserted
D. 65.                              iher clailn to the first fifty lines of tllat
SERVETUS, MICHAEL, alearnecd Span- author's "Botanic Garden."  D. 1809.
iard, meiorable as the victiml of reli(i- -WILLIAM, a biocraphical writer, was b.
ous intolerance, was b. at Villanueva, n  ini London, 1747. He was educated at
1509; was educated at Toulouse, studied  the Charter' house and at Oxford; was
me lcine at Paris, and was in constant intirmate with Dr. Johnson, and other
correspcondence with Calvin, whom he eminent literary characters; and was
consulted in respect to his Arian notions. the author of " Anecdotes of DistinlHe published several anti-trinitarian  guished Persons," " Biographiana," &c.
works, which excited against him theD. in 1799.
violent hatred of both Catholics and   SEWELL, GEOaGE, a poet and misProtestants; and though he was so for- cellaneous writer, was b. at Windsor,
tunate as to escape from the persecu- and after completing his education at
tions of the former, lie could not elude  Peter-house, Cambridlge, studied medthe vengeance of the latter, headed and  icine in Holland under the celebrated
incited as they were by hisimplacable  Boerhaave, and settled at Hamlpstead as
enemy, the stern and unforgiving re- a physician. Ils clief literary producforner of Geneva. He was seizedas he tions are, "Sir Walter Raleigh," a trawas passing through that city, tried for  edly; " A Vindication of the English
"blasphemy and heresy," and con- Stage;" translations of' parlts of Lucan,
demnled to the flames, which sentence  Ovid, and Tibullus; and " Epistles to
was carried into execnti'i, October 27, Mr. Addison." D. 1726.




SmiA]                CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        747
SFORZA, JAMES, called the Great, regular, and that he was more than once
was b. of humble parentage, at Cotig- concerned with others in stealing deer
nola, in 1639. A company of soldiers from the park of Sir Thomas Lucy, of
happening to pass through his village, Charlecote, near Stratford. For this he
young Sforza joined them, and, after was prosecuted by that gentleman; but
passing through the inferior military  he retaliated by a severe lampoon on
ranks, became a general. He obliged  him, and then fled to London, in order
Alphonsus, king of Aragon, to raise  to escape another prosecution. Here he
the siege of Naples, and he retook sev- formed an acquaintance with the players,
eral important places which had revolt- and was enrolled among them, though
ed; but-being too eager in pursuing the what sort of characters he performled
Ilying enemy, he was drowned in the  does not appear. Mr. Rowe observes,
river near Pescara, in 1424.-FRANcIS, that he could never meet with any furnatural son of the preceding, command- ther account of him as an actor, than
ed with distinction in the service of that his highest part was the Ghost in
Naples; after which lie married the his own "'Hamlet."    Queen Elizabeth
daughter of the duke of Milan, on whose had several of his plays acted before her,
death lie was chosen general of the and, without doubt, gave him    many
duchy; but he abused that trust, and  marks of her fitvor. She was so pleased
usurped the sovereignty. D. 1466.    with the character of Falstaff in the two
SITADWELL, Sir LANCELOT, vice- parts of Henry IV., that she commanded
chancellor of England, was b. 1799; him to exhibit him in love, on which
educated at Eton and Cambridge, where  occasion Shakspeare wrote his rich and
he took his degree oFB.A. in 1600. He admirable comedy of the " Merry Wives
was called to the bar by the honorable  of Windsor."  The earl of Southampton
society of Lincoln's Inn in 1808, was is said on one occasion to have presented
appointed a king's counsel in 1821, sat him with ~1000; and he enjoyed the
for Ripon as AL. P. in 1826, and was friendship of his most eminent literary
elevated to the vice-chancellorship of  cotemporaries. HIaving become propriEngland in 1827. D. 1850.-THoMAs, a  etor and manager of the Globe theatre,
dramatic poet, was b. 1640, at Stanton  he realized a handsome fortune, which
all, Norfotblk; and was educated at enabled him to spend the close of his
Cambridge. When Dryden wuas re- lile at his native town, where hle purmoved from the offices of laureate and  chased a house and estate, to which
historiographer royal, Shadwell was ap- he gave the name of' New Place. The
pointed his successor, which exposed  house and lands continued in the poshim to the severity of that poet's satire, session of the poet's descendants till the
who ridiculed him under the appellation  restoration, when they were repurchased
of Macflecknoe. D. 1692. His princi- by the Clopton family. Here Shakspeare
pal plays are, " Epsom Wells," "T Tinon  planted the famous inulberry tree, which
the Misanthrope," the " Virtuoso," the  remained anr object of profit to the people
" Gentleman of Alsace," and the " Lan- of Stratford, and of veneration to visitors,
cashire WitChes."-CHiAR.LES, supposed  till about 1759, when the possessor, out
to have been the son or nephew of the of hatred to the inhabitants, cut it down.
preceding, wrote some plays, the best Shakspeare died on his 52d birthday, in
of which is entitled the "Fair Quaker 1616, and was buried in the church of
of Deal."  D. 1726.                  Stratford, where his monument still reSHAKSPEARE, WILLIAM, the most mains.        In 1741, a monument was
illustrious dramatic poet of England, erected to him in Westminster abbey,
was b. at Strattford-upon-Avon, April and paid for by the proceeds of benefits
23, 1564, and was the son of a dealer in  at the two great theatres. In 1769, by
wool, who appears also to have carried  the efforts of Garrick, a festival was celon the business of a butcher. His edn- ebrated in honor of the poet in his hiacation. was conI ned to whlat lhe could  tive town. The only notice recorded of
attain at the free-school of his native  the person of Shakspeare is to be found
place; and being taken from it early, he  in Aubrey, who says that "he was a
made no further progress than the iiudi- handsome, well-shaped man," and adds,
ments of Latin. In his 18th year lie that lie was "verie good company, and
married Ann Hathaway, a farmer's     of a verie ready, pleasant, and smooth
daughter, who was considerably older witt."   Besitdes his immortal plays,
than himself. Of his occupation at-this Shakspeare was the author of two poemns
period, nothing determinate is recorded; " Venus and Adonis," and " Luerece,"
but it appears that h. was wild and ir- which, although lost in the blaze of his




7-48                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        [SHE
dramatic genius, exhibit much of poetry  and senior member of the Royal Acadthat is weorthy of admiraition.        emy, was b. in Dublin, 1769. On his
SHIARP, JAMFS, archbishop of S.t. An- first arrival fiom Ireland in the British
cdrew's, a distinguished prelate of the metropolis, he was introduced to the
17th century, was b. in Bianffhire, 1618S, notice of Sir Joshua Reynolds, and to
and obtained a professorship in the uni- some other distinguished persons, by
versityofSt. Andrew's. The presbytery  his illustrious friend and countryman,
being ovelturned by parliament, under Edmund Burlke, He became an exhibCharlles II., Sharp, who lhad treaeherous- itor at the Roval Academy for the first
ly promoted that measure, was rewarded  time in the year 1789. In 1791 he sent
-with the primacy, and appointed arch- four portraits to the exhibition.; in 1792
bishop of St. Anldew's. The wanton     he exhibited seven works; and, in 1796,
crulelties which followed, confirmed the  lie reached what is now the full acadenmhorror entertained  against him, and   ical number of eight portraits. He conraised the fury of some of his more big- tinned equally incdustrious for mIany sucoted opponents to take his life. D.169. cessive years; and was in such fiavor
-GRANVILLE, distilnguisled for his phi- with his fellow-artists, that he was electlanthropy and learnilng, was b. at D)r- ed an associate of the Royal Academy
ham, 1784. lie obtained a place in the  in 1798. In 1800 lie was elected a full
ordnance office which he resigned at royal academician; and of his thir'tythe commencement of the Amerlican war, nine brethren by whonl he was Ceosen,
because he disapproved of its principles; he was the last survivor. D. 1850.
after which he devoted his life to private  SHELDON, GTILBET, an eminent prestudy, and the active exercise of a be- late, was b. at; Stanton, in Staffordshire,
nevolent mind.   He established the 1598.     On the death of Archbishop
right of negroes to their fieedom whlile  Juxon, he was raised to the primacy,
inl England, instituted the society for and expended albove ~66,000 in cliaritathe abolition of the slave trade, advo- ble uses. But the oreatest of his works
cated the principles of parliamentary  wils building thhe theatre at Oxford. D.
refobrm, lnd distinguished himself with  1677.
equal zeal in ther patriotic and benev-  SHELLEY, PEPoR B13SSHE, an cm11olent objects; the last of which was the neat mnodern poet, eldest son of Sir
promotion of the distribution of the Timothy Shelley, Sussex, was b. at Field
Scriptures. He was critically skillcd in  Place, in that county, 1792. He was
the IHebrew and Greek languasges, and  sent to Eton, whence, owing to his eewas the author of various vworks, the  centlricitv of character, he was removed
principal of which are, "ReimaLrs on   to Oxford, much before the usual period.
the Uses,of the Definite Article in the  lere a repetition of youthfull ilrreClariGreek Testament," a "Short Treatise    ties occasionecd his expulsion; and his
on the English Tongue," "R eemalks onf inmily were estranged by an ill-assorted
the Prophecies,   " Treatises on the marriage. After the birth of a boy-and
Slave Trade," on'"Duelling," " The    a.rril, he separated foino his wife, who
People's Right to a share in the Legis- died shortly after.  Mr. Shelley then
lature," the " Lawe of Nature, and Prin- married Aliss Godwin, daughter of the
ciples of Actioni in Man,1" &c. D. 1813. author of "Political Justice" and the
-SH-ARPE, GREGORY, an emninent ori- flmed " Mary Wolstoncroft," and soon
ental scholar and able divine, was b. in  after retired to Marlowr, in Buckin(rlhamYorkshire, 1713, was educated atWest- shire, where lie lWrote his "Revolt of
minster and Aberdeen, and eventually   Islam."  About this time the guardiinbecame master of the Temple. Among     ship of his children was taken from
his writings are, "A Review of the Con- him, by an infamous order of the cIsihntroversy on the Demoniacs," "Defence   cellor, on the ground of alleged atlhcistiof Dr. Clarke against the Attacks of   cal and skeptical notions, and of certain
Leibnitz," "-Dissertations on the Origin  avowed opinions regarlding the interof Languages, and the Powers of Letters, course of the sexes, which were dleemed
with a Hebrew Lexicon," "Disserta- immoral and dangerous.       He now retions oni the Latin and Greek Tongues,  paired to Italy, with his second wife aend
" Three Discourses in Defence of Chris- a new family, and renewed an acquainttianity," a "Introduction to Universal ance with Lord Byron, to whom he had
History,  and "The Rise and Fall of   been known during a former visit to the
the City and Temple of Jerusalem."     Continent. There, in conjunction with
D. 1771.                              his lordship and Mr. Leiih HrTnt, he
SHEE, Sir iMARTIN ARCHER, president contributed to " The Liberal," a -eriod



SHE]                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        749
ical miscellany, which contained the teacher, but, being singularly thoioght"Vision of Judgmnent,: by Lord Byron, less and extravao'ant, he closed his life
and other original pi'oductions; but in reat povertey.S Ie eas the author of
which, partly owing to Shelley's un- some scinmons, and a translation of the
timely death. was very soon discontin- satires of Persius.- ToarMA, son of the
led. He was drowned by the wreck of    precedling, was bin 1701, at QOilca, in
his own small sailing-boat in a violent Ireland, acnd was educated at W'estmins.torm, on his return from Leghorn to  ster school, nd at Trinity college, Dubhis house, on the gulf of Lerici. July 8, lin. In 174-2 he went upon the stage,
1822. Fifteen days afterwards his body  and gained much celebrity as a tracewas discovered, and, agreeably to his   lialn,both in his native country and tin
own desire, often expressed to his friend  England. He next became mIanager of
Byron, it was burnt on the sea-shore, the Dublin company, but being ruined
and the ashes conveyed to Rome, where  by the opposition of a rival theatre and
they are interredl in the burial-groundl by riots in his own, he relinquished the
near the pyramid of Cains Cestus. The  profession, and commenced as a lecturer
poetical works of this writer are; "Pro- on elocution, whlich for a time was very
metheus Chained," " Alastor, or the    successful.  Duri n  the ministry of
Spirit of Solitude,"    "O, Qeenl  Mab,"  Lord Bute, lhe obtained a pension] of
and "'Cenci;" the whole of which dis- ~200 a y earl.  ie subsequently became
play a poetical genius of the higohest manager of Drury-lane tlheati e; but
orderl and a acharacter of the utmost pu- some disputes takinii place, he retired
rit- and benevolence.-His wife, above  from the situation, and reslumed his atalluded to, b. 1797, gained great dis- tention to oratory. IHis principal works
tinction by her "Frankensteiln," pub- ae, an "Orthlcepical Dictionary of the
lished in 1817. She was also the autlhor- Enlish Lang uag'e," and a "Life of
ess of the "Lives of Eminent Literary  Swift."  D. 1788. —FRANCES, wife of the
Frenchmen," published in "LLardiner's preceding. was the writer of "S4llney
Cabinet Cyclopediea;" and, among other Bidduclph.' a novel; ~" Nourjahad,' an
literary performances of -merit, she ed- Eastern tile; alnd the comedies of "The
ited with notes her husband's poems. Discovery" and " The Dupe."     B. 1724;
D. 1851.                               d. 1767.-RIcRD ARD BPINSLE', third son
SHENSTONE, W'NILLIAmnH, an Enllish   of the preceding, distinguished as a
poet, b. 1714, at Hales Owen, in Shiop- statesman, wit, ancd dramatist, was b. at
shire, was the son of a gentleman fiarmer, Dublin, 1751. I-e was educated at Harresiding on his own estate, called the  row school, and became a student of the
Leasowes. He was educated at Oxford, Middle Temple, but was not called to
and, on coming into possession of his the bar. His first dramatic attempt was
paternal property, he relinquished all " The Rivals," which was acted at Covviews of an active life, and occupied  ent-garden in 177, with moderate suehimself with rural embellishments, and  cess; but the " Duenna," a musical
the cultivation of poetry. His great de- entertainment, which followed, lwas resire to render the Leasowes famious for ceived with general admciratioi: and his
picturesque beauty land elegance, led to  "School for Scandal" gailnecd'limi the
expenses which lie could but ill support,  highest reputation a.s La com-ic writer.
and he was by no means a happy inhab- On the retirement of Garrick friom lDruitant of the Eden which he lad created. ry-Iane theatre, lie purchased a share iia
His workis consist of songs, elegies, pas- that proprity-, lwhich qualified him for a
torals, and miscellaneous essays.  D. seat in parliament; ancl, in 1780, lie was
1763.                                  chosen iem oer for tlhe boronuh of StafSHERBURNE, Sir EDWAD, an in- ford. Ie attaincd dcistiniguished celebgenious writer, was b. in London, 1618. rity as an orator, and male t.he olandest
He held the office of clerk of the ord- display of eloquence dulrin  tlie lprosmess
nance under Clharles I., and suffered  of the impeachment of W.arren c Istlilrs.
greatly lduring, the civil wvr; but was  The politicall clhanies consequent on tlih
restored to his office, and knighted by  death of Pitt; in 1806, occasionead the
Charles 1I.  D. 1702.   He trianslatec  exaltation of tihe party itxt wit hichl Slher"Seneca's Tragcedies," the "Sphere of  idan was connected, anld he obtained
Marcus Manilius," and other works, the lucrative post of treasurer of' the.ato En!glish, and wrote poems.        navy, and thle ranlk of a privy councillor.
SHERIDAN, TUowAs, (the well-known     This admlinistration being' weakened by
friend of Dean Swift,) was b. in 1684, the loss of Mr. Fox, vwho survived his
and. d. in 1738. Ite was eminent as a  celebrated rival only a few months, new
63*




750                  CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [Sll
alterations took place, and he was de- court. Hie was a delegate to the celeprived of office, to which he never re- brated congress of 1774, and was a
turned. At the general election in 1806, member of that body for the space of
he obtained a seat fur Westminster, the nineteen years. He was a member of
great object of his ambition; but he was the convention that formed the constilaferwards nominated for the borough  tution of the United States. D. 1793.
of Ilchester, which he continued to rep-  SHIEL, RICHARD LALOR, was b. in
resent during the remainder of his par- Dublin, 1794, was educated at Trinity
liamentary career. The latter part of college, and studied law at Lincoln'sthe lite of this highly talented individual Inn. To defray the expenses of his
was imbittered by misfortunes, princi- education, he betook himself to writing
pally arising fiom his own imp roidence. tlraedies.'" Adelaide" to which the
Hlis profuse habits involved hiri deeply  passionate acting of Miss O'Neil lent
in debt; his failure of a seat in parlia- a charm, was followed by the "Aposment deprivec him of protection fiom  tate,"  "Bellamira," anda "Evadne."
arrest; intemperancee had underinLed  In 1831 he entered parliament, where
his constitution; mental anxiety com- his success as a speaker was very great.
pleted the destruction of his health; He took a deep interest in Caltholic
and his death took place amidst a cor- emancipation, and was the rilht hand
plication of difficulties, fears, and sor- of O'.Connell. lHe was ultinlately prerows, July 7, 1816. Besides the pieces ferred to the  commnissionership  of
already noticed, he was the author of  Greenwich hospital, and shortly afterpart of "A Translation of Aristenetus,"  wards made vice-president of the board
the farces of "The Critic," a "Trip to  of trade, with a seat in the privy council.
Scarborough," and "St. Patrick's Day,"  Mr. Shiel was the first Catllolic cona "Letter to HIenry Dundas," "Pizarro,"  moner upon whom this dignity was bea dramla altered fiom  Kotzebue, and  stowed. From the aeneral election in
poemrs. Mr. Sheridan was twice mar- 1841, to the time of his departure for
r.e 1, first to Miss Linley, a celebrated  Florence, in 1850, lie represented Dunsinger; and the second time to Miss garvon. On the return of the Whiis to
Ogle, daughter of the dean of Winches- office, in 1846, after the repeal of the
ter.                                 corn-laws, Mr. Shiel. succeeded to the
SHERLOCK, WILLIAM, an eminent mastership of the mint, wMehiich place
English divine, b. 1641. He became   being abolished last session, lie prodean of St. Paul's, and wrote numerous ceeded to Florence as British minister
books andc pamphlets, the greater part at the Tuscan court. D. 1851.
of which were of the controversial kind.  SHIIIPPEN, WILLIAM, an eminent
lis -" Practical Treatise on Death,"  physician, was b. in Pennsylvania, and
however, has been highly valued and  was graduated at Princeton college in
very much read. D. 1770.-T1tOAAS, an  1754. His medical studies were coImemlinent prelate, son of the preceding, pleted at Edinburgh, and on his return
b. in 1678, was distinguished as a warm  in 1764, lie began- at Philadelphia the
and spiite.d controversial writer.. His first course of lectures oni anatonm ever
works are very umnerous, and his ser- delivered in the country.  -Ie assisted
mons particularly to be admired for in establishing the medical school of
their ingenuity and elegance. He was, that city, and was appointed one of its
Vuccessively, dean of Chichester, and  professors. D. 1808.
bishop of Bangor, Salisbury; and Lon-  SHIRLEY, JAMES, an eminent Endon. D    7. 17g. lish dramatic writer and poet of tlhe
S ERMAN, ROGER, a signer of the    Elizabethan age, was b. in London,
declaration of American independence, about 1594. He became a fertile writer
was b. t Newton, Mass., in 1721, and  for the stage; and having obtained conwith only a common-school education  siderable celeblity, was takel into the
rose to distinction as a lawyer anlc service of Queen Henrietta Maria.. lie
statesman. His early life was passed in  afterwards accompanied the earl of Kiltllc occupation of a shoemaker. Re- dare to Ireland, but returned on the
moving to Connecticut in 1743, he was breakinl out of tle rebellion, and readmitted to the bar in 1754, and soon  sined his scholastic employment in the
became distinguisled as a counsellor. Whitefiiars. At, the restoration many
Int 1761 he removed tC New Haven, of his plays were again acted, and he
four years after was appointed a judge appears to have been comparatively
of the county court, and in 1776 ad- prosperous; but having lost all his
vanced to the bench of the superior property by the fire of London. in




SID]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       751
1C66, both he and his wife were so af- two works,  On the Creation and Fall
feoted by the calamitous event, that of Man," and " The History of the
tley died of grief and terror within 24 World, Sancred and Profane."  D. 1754,
hoiurs of each other.                  SHUTER, EDWARD, acelebrated coniie
SHORE, JANE, the beautiful and un- actor, whose talents in the delineation
fortulnate mistress of Edward IV., was of humorous characters rendered him a
the idaughter of a London citizen, and  public favorite. D. 1776.
the wife of a rich jeweller in Lombard-  SIIUTTLEWOOD, the Right Rev.
street. Her personal charms are rep- PHILIP NICHOLAS, bishop of Chichester,
resented as being transcendent; her was b. in 1782, at. irlkham, Lancashire.
connnbial state, infelicitous; andl the He received his education at Winchlesmonarch's admiration of her, unbound- ter, and New college, Oxford, and was
ed.  Her virtue was not sufficiently  distinguished  at both these learned
strono to resist her royal lover, and she  seminaries by his superior attainiments.
unreluctantly  yielded to his desires. For some considerable time lie resided
After the kinl gs death she became at- in Oxford, Incld filled the situation of
tacl-cd to Lolrd Hastings, and their tutor to his college; and when, in 1822,
known partiality to the younn   princes the wardenship of New college became
rendered them obnoxions to the duke  vacant, he was unanimously elected to
of Gloucester, wlio accused them of  that hIonorable station. In 1840, Dr.
witchcraft.  On this chlarle Hastings Shuttleworth was promoted to the see
was beheaded, and his pretended ac- of Chichester; but his episcopal dignity
complice committed, by the tyrant's was of hrief duration, this able prelate
order, to the Tower. Atter undergoing  dying in January, 1842. His principal
the form of a rock trial, she was or- works are, a "Discourse on the Condered to do penance in St. Paul's, in a sistency of the whole Scheme of Revewhite sheet, and was paraded throungh  lition'with itself and with Iinman
the public streets, the bishop of Lon- Reason," "Scripture not Tradition," in
don heading the procession.  er house  wlich his objections to Pusevism are
and fortune was seized by the protector, stated wvith great force and learning; a
and the unfobrtunate woman was reduced  volume of excellent sermons, &c.
to the greatest distress but her perish-  SICARD, RCCoe-AMBROSE CUCITR1RN,
ing in a ditch, which is said to have  an eminent teacher of the deaf and
given rise to Shoreditch, does not ap- -dumb, was b. in 1742, at Fonsseret,
pear to be founded upon fact. Where near Toulouse. On the death of lEpde,
or when she died is not known; but it in 1789, the Abbe Sicardc was called to
is certain she was living in the reign of  Paris, to succeed him in the direction
Henry VlIi.                          of the establishment there. In 1792 he
SHORT, WILLTAM, a native of Vir- was arrested amidst the scholars, sent
ginia, who was secretary of legation to to prison, and was in imminent danger
France when Jefferson'was miinister, of becoming a victim in tle ensuing
and afterwards chlarlg to France, and  massacres. Ie, however, obtained his
minister to Spain, ly the appointment liberty, and in 1796 took part in comof Washington.- His state papers were piling the " Religious, Political, and
marked by great cleverness and ability. Literary Annals of France," for which
B. 1759; d. 1850.                    he was sentenced to transportation, but
SHRAPNEL, Lieut.-general -HElNRY, escaped. When this storrn had passed
the inventor of the case-shat known as avwav, he resumed his situation as a
Shrapnel-shells, received his commis- teacher of the deaf and dumb, which
sion as second lieutenant in the royal office he held for many years with great
artillery in 1779, and attained the rank  credit to hiniself and advantage to his
of lientenant-general in 1887. Shortly  pupils. He wrote several valuable works
after the siege of Gibraltar, he invented  relating to tuition, &c.; and d. 1822..
the spherical case-shot. On the adop-  SIDDONS, SARAH, the most celetion of these shells by the artillery, le brated of English tragic actresses, was
was granted a pension of ~1200 per a daughter of Roger Kemble, manager
annum in addition to his regular pay. of an itinerant company, and b. at'D. 1842.                            Brecknoeck, in 1775. She commnenced
SIIUCKFORD, SAMUEL, a learned      her theatrical career as a singer, but
divine, who was educated at Cains col- soon relinquished. that line, and atlege, Cambridge, and became prebend- tempted tragedy. In her 18th year she
ary of Canterbury, and rector of All- was married to Mr. Siddons; when she
hallows, in Lombard-street. He wrote and her husband played'at Liverpool




752                   CYCLOPAmDIA     OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [SIN
and other places, gaining both reputa- So high dlid his charascter stand that, in
tion and profit. In 1775 she trie hier  1585, he was namned as a canididate for
powers on the London boards butt was   the crown of Poland. He wrote " The
unsuccessful.  She then obtained all Arcadia," " The Defence of Poetry,"
engagrement at Bath, where she im- and various poems.-ALGERNON, the
pro ccd srapidly, and became a c'eneral second son of the earl of Leicester, was
favorite. Time, with study and practice, b. about 1620, land received an excellent
matured her powers; and when she re-   education under the eye of his falther.
appeared at Drury-lane, in October, In 164 he retllnec fisos Ireilnd, where
1782, as Isabella, her success was cor- lie had served cduring the rebellion. He
plete; and, from tlhat time forward, her  joined the standardc of the parliament,
the.ltrdical career was one continued tri- and iwas appointed a colonel, and subumph. She possessed every requisite, sequently lieutenant —general of horse.
perso:inl andl acquired, for the high  Ie was lnoinated a mCember of the
cir.ilmatic walk she had aspired to; and  court instituted to try Clarles I.. but lie
those who witnessed her in the meridican  took no part in the proceedings, thoughs
of her splendid career, never forgot her he did not disapprove of themi   To the
surpassilin intellectual powers, or her  usurpation of Cromwe!i   lie was decidedly
unparlllelec dignity of deportment. D. hostile. At the restoration le became
1831.                                  a voluntary exile, and lie continued
SIDMiOUTIt, HIENR-Y, V iscounst, &c., abroad for seventeen years, till his fawas the eldest son of Dr. Addington, ther obtainec for him a special pardon.
an eminent physician;  was educated at Sidney, however, was too firm a fiiend
Winheiester, and lBrazennose collee,    of liberty to be tolerated by the minions
Oxford; and was intended for the pro-  of despotisom. Ite was involved in the
fession of the law, which, however, he  Rye-house plot, and rwas brought to
abandoned almost as soon as lie was trial aflter Lord William Russell. The
called to the bar, in order to follow the  most infalmous perversion of justice was
political fortunes of his boyhood's friend, resoted to, in order to convict him;
the second William Pitt. Entering par-.and lie met deatl with liheroic fortitude,
liiaent for Devizes, in 1784, he in 1789  Dec. 7, 1683. Sidney is tlhe authol of
succeeded Lord Grenville as speaker of  "Discourses on Government."-MARY,
the house of commons. In 1805 he ac- (countess of Pemhbroke, was the sister of
cepted the office of president of the  Philip, and possessed kindrsed talensts,
council, unlder Mr. Pitt's government, lwhich she assicluously cultivated.c  She
and wias elected to the peerage. This  wrote an'Elegy" on her lamented brooffice lie inore than once resigned, and  ther, a " Pastoral  Dialogue inl praise of
reaccepted the office of president of  Queen Elizabeth," a "Discourse of Life
the council; but, on the formation of  and Deati," &c. D..1601.
the Liverpool administration     he ac-  SIEYES, Count EMANTUEL, usually
cepted office as home secretary. B. called the ABBE SIEYEs, was b. 1748, at
175 7; d. 1844.                        Frejus.     I-e was, in 1787, namied a
SIDNEY, Sir PuIIIP, one of the most member of the      provincial assembly
accomplishled meni of the reign of Eliza- which Necker hacd establishedh at Orbeth, was the son of Sir Henry Sidney; leans.  Ie Iadvoctated the necessity aid
was b. in 1554, at Penshlurst, in Kent; expediency of calling the states in 1787,
was educated at Shrewsbury school, and in 1789 published his pamphlet,
Christ-church, Oxford, and Trinity col- "Qu'est ce-;que le Tiers Etat?" which
lege, Cambridce; and subsequently trav- gained immenlse sreputation, and uln —
ellec in France, Germany, and Italy. coubtedly hastened the crisis of the
On his retutrn he became a favorite of  revolution. Soon after lie became one
the queen, and was sent by her, in     of the lmemberss for P1aris ini thle states1576, on an enmbassy to the Emperor general;;and it wals at liis insstigation
Rodolph. He was lKnihllted in 1583. that they assusmed the rnlme of national
Wheln his maternal uncle, the earl of  assembly. In 1790 lie broughlt forward
Leicester, was appointed to the corn- a project for repressing the licenltiousmasid of the auxiliary forces in the   ness of the press, a'ndl voted for the.
Netherlands, Sidney waas nominated     establishment of civil anl    criminal
general of cavalry. Ile was, however, juries. Wlien the Mlountain rutled, in
ortally woundced, in September, in a   1795, he declined sitting in the convenvictorious action near Zutplhen, and d. trio, but went to Berlin e is aimbassador.
on the 17th of October, 15S6. Sidney   After the 18th lle wiRs iratIled one of the
was universally beloved and admired. three consuls; and from that time he




SKE]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        753
remained steady to the constitutional  SINCLAITR or SINCLAIRE, GEoRGE,
principles he first asserted, opposing  professor of philosophy at Glasgow dnthe Jacobins, declining union with Bo- ring the pe iod of the commonwvealth. He
naparte, though he remained a tacit was clistinguished for his researches in
member of the senate. In 1816 he was philosophical science; was an able engiobliged to retire fiom France, in conse- neel, and published treatises on hydroquence of the decree against the mer- statics and other branches of the mathebers of the convention who voted for matics.  lie was also the author of a
the death of the king in 1793, and he book, entitled " Satan's Invisible World
took up his abode in Brussels. After Discovered," which was for a long time
the revolution of 1830, he, like the other popular among the Scottish pealantry.
French exiles, returned to his nativeD. in 1696.-'Sir JOHN,      active and
country; but he never reappeared on   enlightened philanthropist, was b. at
the political scene. D. 1836.         Thurso castle, in the county of CaithS1LSBEE, NATHANIEL, a distinguish- ness, in 1754. D. 1835.
ed merchant of Massachusetts, who      SISSMONDI, CHlARLES SImONDE DE,
served in the senate of the United    one of the most eminent of modern
States from 1826 to 1835. D. 1850.    historians and political economists, was
SIMEON, CHAPLES, an eminent En- b. at Geneva, in 1773. In 1794 the
glish divine and theological writer, was house of his father, who had been an
b. at Reading, in 1759. D. 1836:-The  eminent member of the government
STYLITES, a ridiculous fanatic, b. about of Geneva, was pillaged, two fifths.of
392, at Sison, on the borders of Syria. his property confiscated, and both faIli the plentitude of ascetic extrava- ther and son condemned to 12 months'
gance, he adopted the strange fancy of imprisonment.  The future historian,
fixing his lhabitation on the tops of pil- as soon as he obtained his release,
lars, (whence his Greek appellation,) sought safety and peace in Tuscany;
and with.the notion of climbing higher but here he was even more unfortunate
and higher towards heaven, removed    than in his native country, for the
by degrees fiom a pillar of six cubits French imprisoned him as being an
high to one of 40 cubits; and, what is aristocrat, and the Italian insurgents
truly wonderfill, he was enabled to pass imprisoned him as heinm  a Frenchman.
47 years of his wretched existence upon  In 1800 he returned to Geneva, where
his pill'as. Such was the extraordinary in the followingf year' he commenced his
folly of the age, that this madness was career as anauthor, by the publication
regarded as a proof of holiness; and  of " A View of the Agricultue of Tuswhen he died, at the ace of 69, his bocy  caly."  Iiis subsequent works have
wam, taken1 down fiomn his last pillar by  been numerous and varied, including
t}.e hands of bishops, and conveyed to history, political economy, criticism, and
Antioch by an escort of 6000 soldiers, bioiraplhv. But the works by which he
and buried with allnost imperial honors. is the mnost widely known, and which
SIMONIDES, a Grecian philosopher in faict have gained him a. European
and poet, -was b. 558 B.c., in the island of celebrity, arlis' I-ist orv of thle Italian
Ceos,'ntd d., aged 88, at the coart of  Republics ldurilg the Micdle. Ages."
Hicro, ki(ng of Syracuse. He excelled  "History of the Fall of the Roman Emin lyric poetry and elegy.           pire," and lfis elaborate."listory of
SIMPSON, Toe-rAs, an eminent math- the French." In 1838 lhe wvas elected
ematician, wias b. 1710, at Miarket Bos- one of the five foreign meml ers of the
worth, in Leicestershire, andc wvas the institute of France, in the department
son of a weaver, who brouaht himi up to  of moral and political sciences. D. 1S42.
his own trade, and, perceiviinr  is il-  SIX, JonN, a Dutch dramnatic poet,
clination for reading, took away his   as b. in 1618, and d. 1700. The works
books. He in    consequence left his of Six are remarkable for purity of style.
father, and after many vicissitudes, one He was the friend and patron of Remof which w'as his becoming a fortune- bradt, and his portrait was engraved
teller, he acquired a perfect knowledge  by that srtist.
of mathematics; and rose to be a mathe-  SKELTON, JOHN, an old Eniglish
matical professor at the Royal Academy, poet, was b. towards the close of the
Woolwich, and a member of the Royal 15th century, in Cumberlandi; was eduSociety. He wrote "Treatises on Flux- cated at Oxford, wa s made poet laureate,
ions, Annuities, and Algebra, " Ele- and obtainedl the living of Diss, in Norments of Geometry," and other scien- folk. He was a coarse and caustic satirtific eworks. D. 1761.               ist.'nd w.s obliged to take refuge in




754                   CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [SMJ
the sanctuary of Westminster. in conse- and Mr. Smeaton being recommended
quence of his satitres on Wolsey and the to the proprietors of that building as an
menclicant friars. D. 1529.           engineelr every way calculated to rebuild
SKINNER, STEPHEN, a philologist, it, lie undertook the work, and executed
W.as b. in London, about 1622; was edu- it in such a manner, as almost to bid
cated at Christ-church, Oxford; settled  defiance to the power of time or accias a physician at Lincoln, and d. 1667. dent. His last public employment was
He was anthor of;" Etymologicon Lin- that of engineer for the improvement of
gum Anglicanse."                      Ramsgate harbor. D. 1792.
SLOANE, Sir HANS, a distinguished     SMELLIE, WILLIAM, a printer at
physician and naturalist, was b. at Kill- Edinburgh, distinguished also as a man
leaogh, Ireland, in 1660. He was the of science and learnin, was b. 1740.
first in England who introduced into  He was the trannslator of Buffon's " Natgeneral practice the use of bark, not ural History," and author of the "Phionly in fevers, but in a variety of other losophy of Natural History," and of
disorders. He also formed a valuable  many other ingenious works. He was
museum   of the rarest productions of  a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinnature and art, which together with his burgh, and was much esteemed among
library, consisting of upwards of 50,000 the literati of his native city, wheie he
volumes and 3,566 manuscripts, were d. in 1795.
purchased of his executors for ~20,000  SMITH, ADAM, a celebrated writer on
by act of parliament, and made part of morals and political economy, was b. at
the collection of the British Museum. Kirkaldy, in Scotland, in 1723. He reD. 1652.                              ceived his education first at Kirkaldy
SMNART, CHRISTOPHER, an English     school, and afterwards at the university
poet, b. 1722, at Shipbourne, in Kent, of Glasgow, where lie became professor
was educated at Pembroke college, of logic and moral philosophy, and took
Camabridge, where he obtained a fellow- his degree of doctor of laws. In 1759,
ship, but vacated it by marriage, and  by the publication of his "Theory of
lhaving settled in London commlenced  Moral Sentiments," he acquired a repuauthor'. The gayety of his disposition  tation which was greatly heightened and
and the buoyancy of his spirits render- extended by his "Inquiry into the Naed him an acceptable companion to the ture and Causes of the Wealth of Nawits and public wrikters of the day, tions," which soon became a standard
with many of whom, particularly Pope, work in Europe, and may be considered
Johnson, Garriek, and Hawkesworth, the precursor of the modern science of
ne became intimate.    He translated  political economy.e Dr. Smith was the
Pope's " Ode on St. Cecilia's Day," and  intimate friend of Hume, and published
the "Essay on Criticism," into elegant an a" Apology for his Life," which was
Latin verse; wrote a poetical version of  severely anlimadverted oni by Dr. Horne
the "Psalms;" a volume of original for advocating sentiments and opinions
poems, "Hannah," an oratorio,.with   tlat, in a religious point of view, were
several odes, fables, &c. He also gave wholly indefensible. D. 1790.-CHARto the world translations'of the works LOTTE, a novelist and poet, whliose maiden
of Horace, both in prose and verse. naime was Turner, was b. in Sussex, in
Poverty, however, overtook him, and   1749. At the agre of 16 she married a
his distresses, aided by intemperance, West India merchant, who was subseso unsettled his intellects, that he was quently ruined; and ler pen, which she
placed for awhile under personal re- had used before merely for her amusestraint. D. 1771.                    nmeat, now became the support of her
SMEATON, Joins, ani eminent civil husband andi family. Hier first producengineer, was b. in 1724, at Austhorpe, tion was entitled "'Elegiac Sonnets and
near Leeds. His father, who was an    other Essays."  After this, she pubattorney, was desirous of bringing up  lished "The Romance of real Life," the
his son to the same profession; but he novels of "Eimmeline," "Marchemont,"
became a mathematical instrument ma- " Desmond," "Ethelinda," "Celestine,"
ker. In 1759 lie received the gold medal and "The Old Manor House;" besides
of the Royal Society, of which he was a several poems, and tales for youth; all
nmember, for a paper on the power of  of which were well received. D. 1306.
wind and water to turn mills, and as an  -ELIZABETH, a young lady of extraordiengineer lie gradually rose to the sum- nary accomplishimeluts, the dauglhter of
mit of his profession. fn 1755 the a gentleman residine at Burnhall, near
Eddystone lighthouse was burnt down, Durham, was b. in i1776. According to




sMO]                  CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       755
Miss Bowdler's memoir of her, she pos-  in the practice of law at York, in Pennsessed a knowledge of the mathematics, sylvania. He was a delegate from York
and an exquisite taste for drawincx and  county to the continental congress. D.
poetry; understood the French, Italian, 1806.-JOHN, an advent-rer, was b.
Spanish, and German langnuages; made  at Willoughby, in Lincolnshire. In the
herself acquainted with the Latin, Greek, wars of Hungary, about 1602, he served
Hebrew, Syriac, Arabic, and Persian; against the Turks with such valor, that
and was thoroughly versed in biblical Sigismund, duke of Transylvania, geave
literature. She'd. of consumption, in  him his picture set in gold, and a pension.
1806. HIer translations of the book of  After this he came to America, and conJob, and the "Life of Klopstock," have  tributed to the settlement of New Enbeen published.-Sir JAMES EDWARD, an  gland and Vir-inia. D. 1631. He wrote
eminent English physician and natural- "A History of Virginia, New Enogland,
ist, was b. at Norwich, in 1759; studied  and the Summer Isles," "l Travels in
medicine at Edinburgh, and took his   Europe," &c.-JOHN PYE, an eminent
degree at Leyden, in 1786; visited   nonconformist divine, was b. at ShefFrance and Italy; and, on his return to field, 1775. D. 1851.-MILES, a learned
England, published "A Sketch of a     bishop, was b. at Hereford, in 1568.
Tour on the Continent." He established  lIe was well acquainted with the oriental
the Linnicean society, and was its first languages, and was one of the principal
president; received the honor of knight- persons engaged in the translation of
hood from George IV., and d. 1828.-   the Bible, to which he wrote the preface.
JAIMES and HoRACE, were the sons of   D. 1624.-ROBERT, a divine and matheRobert Smith, solicitor to the board of  matician, b. in 1689, was educated at
ordnance, and b. respectively in London, Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he
Feb. 10, 1775, and Dec. 31, 1779. James  became master on the death of Dr. Bentwas articled to his father, was subse-  ley; and was mathematical preceptor of
quently taken into partnership, and   the duke of Cmnberland. He wrote " A
eventually succeeded to his business as System of Optics," anld "Harmonics, or
welleas to his official appointment. Hor- the Philosophy of Musical Sounds."
ace became a member of the stock      D. 1768.-Sir WILLTAM SIDNEY, a chivalexchange.  Their first effusions were  ric and far-famed British admiral, was
contributed to the " PicNic" newspaper, the son of a captain in the*army, John
established by Colonel Greville, in 1802. Spencer Smith, esq., of Midghalm, SusThey also wrote largely for the "Monthly  sex, where he was b. 1764. D. 1840.
Mirror" and the "London Review," and  -SYDNEY, canon residentiary of St.
some of their best vers de societe ap- Paul's, rector of Combe Florey, Somerpeared in the "New Monthly Maga-      setshire; who, for half a century, renzinc," while under Thomas Campbell's  dered himself conspicuous as a political
editorship. But the work by which the  writer and critic, was b. at Woodford,
brothers are best known, and by which  in Essex; received his education at
they will be longest remembered, is the  Winchester college, and was thence
"Re]ected Addresses," which appeared  elected to New college, Oxford, in 1780.
on the opening of Drury-lane theatre in  He commenced his iministry as curate
1812, and of which twenty-tNwo editions of Netheravon, Wilts; but soon removed
have been sold. The popularity of this to Edinburglh, where he was one of the
work appears to have satisfied the am- founders of the "'Edinburgh Review."
bition of the elder brother. But soon  His contributions'to that periodical,
afterwards Horace became an indefati- and various other productions of his
gable novel writer. He commenced his fertile and witty pen, have been colnovels with "Gayeties and Gravities," lected, and have gone through nuin 1825, and ended them with "Love    merous editions; and, more recently,
and Mesmerism," in 1845; and within   his "Sketches of Moral Philosophy,"
these twenty years he also gave to the  or lectures upon that subject, delivered
public  "Brambletye   House,"  "Tor'at the royal institution, have been pubHill.,"  "Reuben'Apslcy,"  "illah,"  lished,  D. 1845.-THOMAs, a learned
"The New Forest," "Acdam Brown,"      English divine, historian, biographer,
&c., all of'which were well received. and critic; b. in London, in 1638, d,
James d. in 1839; Horace, 1849.-JAMEs, 1710.  Hle wrote numerous works,
a signer of the declaration of American  among which is one "On the Crediindependence, was a native of Ireland, bility of the Mysteries of the Christian
removed with his father to this country  Religion."
at an early age, and established himself  SMOLLETT, TorIAs, was b. at Dal



756                   CYCLOPAEDIA o' BIOGaAPIHY.                     [SOB
quhurn, in DIumbartonshiire in 1721; refraction of the rays of lig: t; and unwas apprenticed to a surgeon at Glas- dertook the measurement of the earth,
gow, and became surgeon's mate in a or a degree of the mieridian, which Musman-of-wiar, but quitted the service in  schenbroek afterwards corrected.  He
1746, and, settling in London, com- published some'of the works of the
miencecd his career as an author. The  ncient mathematicians, and   a few
tragedy of" The Regicide," the " Tears learned treatises of his own on math
of Scotland," a spirited poem, and "Ad- ematical subjects.
vice" and " Reproof," two satires, were  SNORRO-STURLEON, an historian
his first productions. In 1748 lis novel and antiquary, was b. in 1178, at Daleof" Roderick Random" appeared, which  Syssel, in the west of Iceland, was govat once rendered him popular; acnd it ernor of his native island, and was
wvas followed, at intervals, bvy'Pere- assassinated in 1241. He compiled the
griie Pickle,"  "Count Fathom,' a     "'Edda'" which bears his name, and
translation of "Don Quixote,    "Sir collected the "Sagas," or traditions,
Launcelot Greaves," the "Adventures   relative to the Norweoian monarchs.
of an Atom," "HIumphrey Clinker," a     SNYDERS, F.RANCIS, a celebrated
"Continuation of Itume's History of   painter of the Flemish school, b. at
Englland," and " Travels throiugh France  Antwerp, in 1579. He studied under
andt Italy."  In 1756 lie established  Henry Van Balen, and, after visiting
"The Critical Review," for a libel in  Italy for improvement, settled at Bruiiwhich, upon Admiral Knowles, he suf- sels, under the patronage of the Archfered fine and imprisonment.  When    duke Ferdinand.    His battles and
Lord Bate caine into power, Smollett huntingo pieces are admirable, and in
was engaged to support him in a weekly the representation of animals none havs
paper, called  "The Britoin," which   ever surpassed him. D. 1657.
soon had a formidable opponent in the   SOANE, Sir JoI-iN, an eminent archi"North Briton " of Wilkes, and was tect, was b. at Readinsr, in Berkshire, in
unable long to maintain its ground. As 1752, went to London at an early age
a novelist, Dr. Smollett exhibits con- with his fther, who was a builder, was
siderable originality,'with much knowl- placed with Mr. Dance, the celebrated
edge of life and manners, and an ex- architect, when about 15, and afterwards
uberance of humor, but he is open to  acqueired more practical experience in
the charge of indelicacy. As a poet, le the art under Mr. IHoiland. In 1772,
appears to considerable advantage in  being a student of the Royal Academy,
his "Tears of Scotland" and the "Ode he was awarded the silver miedal for the
to Independence;," but as a satirist he best drawing of the Banqueting-house,
is coarse and virulent. D. while on his Whitehall. Four years afterwards he
travels, near Leghorn, in 1771.       obtained the gold medal for the best
SIMYTH, WILLIAM, professor of imod- design for a triumphlal bridge.  Soon
ern history in the university of Cam- after this he was introduced to George
bridge, was b. 1764. In 1807 he was III., by Sir W. Chambers, and was sent
appointed to the chair of modern history, to pursute his studies at Rome. Onl his
which lhe held for forty-two years. In  return to England lhe was employed on
1806 he published "English Lyrics," a  many public works, as well as private,
volume of poety, which was svery fa- buildings; and on the death of Sir
vorably received'; but his chief title to  Robert Taylor, in 1788, le was appointfame are his "Lectures on Modern      ed architect and surveyor to the Bank
History," and " On the French Revolu- of En.gland. Most of the public buildtion," and his "Evidences of Christian- ings of London were his. D. 1837.
ity."  D. 1849.                         SOBIESKI, JonHN III., king of Poland,
SNELL, RODOLPrr an eminent math- surnamed the Great for his military
ematician andt philolooical writer, was genius and warlike exploits, was b.
b. at Oudewarde, in Holland, in 1547. 1629, of an illustrious fimsily, at the
He became professor of matheniltics, castle of Olesko, in Poland. In spite
and afterwards of Hebrew, in the uni- of the -enormous disparity of nulmbers
versity of Leyden, where he d. in 1618. with which he had to contend in the
He published "Apollonius Batavius,"   Polish wars, fiom 1648 to 1.674, he was
and several treatises on the'works of  often eminently successful. After comRamus.- WILLEBROD     his son, b. at inff to the throne, hi 1674, lie led his
Leyden, in 1591, succeeded his flther troops to fresh victories; overrunning
in the mathematical chair, and d. in  Moldavia anld Wallachia, and crownling
1626. He discovered the law of the all his former brilliant exploits by rais



soP]                  CTYLOPAEDIA OP BIOGRAPHY.                        757
ing the siege of Vienna, in 1683; war.       Amid the general immorality,
whereby Europe was saved from the hatred, envy, and malice of such an
dreadful calamities to be apprehended  epoch, Socrates was charged, by the
from an irruption of the Ottoman forces. infamous Melitus and Anytus, with inID. 1696.                             troducing new gods, of denying the
SOCINUS, LALIUs, an Italian sectary, ancient divinities of the state, and of
was b, at Sienna, in. 1525, studied at corrupting youth, &c.   He defended
Bologna, and in 1546 became member himnself with the calm     confidence of
of a secret society formed in the terri- innocence; but was condemned by a
tory of Venice, on the principle of free majority of three voices, and sentenced
inquiry.  This institution being' soon  to drink poison.  When the cup of
broken up, Socinus quitted Italy to join  hemlock was presented to him, he rethe reformers in Switzerland, and d. at ceived it with a steady hand; and after
Zurich, in 1562.-FAUSTUS, nephew of    a prayer to the gods for a favorable pasthe preceding, was b. at Sienna, in 1539. sage to the, invisible world, he serenely
HI-aving imbibed the opinions of his swallowec the fatal draught.
uncle, he propagated them with such      SOLON, one of the seven sages of
zeal, as to become the founder of a sect Greece, and the celebrated legislator of
called by his name. He resided some    Athens, was b. at Salamis, in the 6th
years at the court of Florence, where he  century B.c.  Inheriting but a small
held a civil employment; but in 1574 he patrimony, he had recourse to cornwent to Germany, and next to Poland, merce; b]ut at the same time he applied
where ha strenuously labored to recoil- himself to the study of moral and politcile the differences existing between the ical wisdom, and soon became distinUnitarian churches. The tenets of So- guished by his superior knowledge in
cinus differed but little from Arianism, state affairs.  After having enhanced
by rejecting the divine nature of Christ the glory of his country by recovering
altogether, and regarding his mission as Salamis, he refused the sovereignty of
merely designed to introduce a new     Athens; but being chosen archon by
moral law. D. 1604.                    acclamation, 594 B. a., he set himself
SOCRATES, the most eminent of the    down to the task of improving the conGrecian philosophers, and the only one dition of his countrymen. lie abolished
who is handed down to us as a model most of the cruel laws of Draco, and
of wisdom and virtue, was b. in Attica, formed a new constitution, founded on
470 B. o. His father was a statuary, in  the principle that the supreme power
which employment Socrates was brought resided in the people. When Solon had
up, but the cultivation of his mind was completed his.laws, he caused them to
the object nearest his heart, and to that be engraved on wooden cylinders, and
his attention was unremittingly de- bound the Athenians by.an oath not to
voted. He attended the lectures of the  make any changes in his code for ten
most celebrated philosophers of his years. lHe then left the country, to
time; and studied the principles of elo- avoid being obliged to make any alteraquence, poetry, music, and the mathe- tions in them; and visited Egypt, Cymatical sciences. But the moral im- prus, and Lydia. On his return, after
provement of his fellow-men was the an absence of ten years, he found the
end and aim of all his studies and all state torn by party violence, and his
his exertions. His method of teaching  kinsman Pisistratus aiming at the sovWas'by proposing to his hearers a series ereignty. He then withdrew from Athof questions in such a manner as to pro- ens, and is supposed to have d. at
duce in their minds a conviction of the Cyprus, aged 80.
truth of the' proposition originally ad-  SOMERVILLE, WILLIsA, the author
vanced; a mode of argument ever since  of " The Chase" and other poems. was
termed Socratic. As a citizen he dis- b. at Edston, in Warwickshire, in 1692,
charged, with exemplary faithfulness, where he inherited a considerable paall his public duties. Three times he ternal estate, on which lie chiefly lived,
served in the army of his country, ex- mingling an ardent attachment to the
celling his fellow-soldiers in the ease  sports of. the field wfth the studies of a
witll which he endured the hardships man of letters. D. 1742.
of their campaigns. The last part of his  SOPHOCLES, a celebrated tragic poet,
life occurred duLring that unhappy period  who carried the Greek drama to perfecwhen Athens had sunk into anarchy and  tion, was b. at Athens, about 49;6 B. o
despotism, in consequence of the un- In his 95th year he is said to have exfortunate result of the Peloponnesian  pired from excessive joy, in consequenpa
04




58                  ~CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    L[OU
of the unexpected success of one of his  SOUTHEY, ROBERT, was the son of
dranlas at the Olympic games. Of his a respectable linendraper, and was b. at
numerous plays, only seven have reach- Bristol, in 1774.  After receiving the
ed modern times, but they are suffi- rudiments of education at the hands o:
ciently meritorious to establish his fame. country schoollmasters, he was sent to
SORBONNE, ROBERT DE, founder of    Westminster school, and thence to Ba —
the college of that name at Paris, was b. liol college, Oxfoid, his early display
in 1201. He was confessor and chaplain  of more than ordinary talents and a
to St. Louis, who gave him the canonry  corresponding steadiness of character
of Cambray. D. 1274.                 having led his friends to choose the
SOUTH, ROBERT, an eminent divine, church as his destination. At Oxford,
was b. at I-ackney, in 1633, and edu- however, he remained but two years,
cated at Westminster school, and Christ- the then unsettled state of his opinions
church, Oxford. In 1660 he was chosen  as to both church and state causing him
public orator of the university, and sue- to quit the university, and wholly recessively became chaplain to the earl of nounce the idea of taking orders, in the
Clarendon, prebendary of Westminster, year1794. After travelling in Spain aincl
canon of Christ-church, and rector of Portugal, and residing in Ireland as secIslip, in Oxfordshire. In 1693 he carried  retary to Mr. Corry, he having for some
on a controversy with Sherlock, on the time been married, lie at length settled
doctrine of the Trinity, when both dis- at Keswick, in Cumberland; in 1803.
putants were charged with heresy, for He was already pretty extensively known
attempting to explain an indefinable  as the author of "Joan of Arc," " Wat
mystery. He was a man of great wit, Tyler," "Lines on Bradslhaw the Regiand did not spare to display it even on  cide," and other pieces, which indiserious occasions. IHis "Sermons" pos- cated more political and poetical fire
sess the merit of earnestness and ori- than political judgment or personal
ginalitv. D. 1716.                   prudence, and in settling at Keswick
SOUITHCOTE, JOANNA, was b; in the lie commenced an almost unexampled
west of England, of parents in humble career of industry on literary conmposilife, in 1750. When about 40 years of  tion of every description: his overfowage, she assumed the airs of a pro- ing mind and ready pen being equal to
phetess; and her numerous converts, whatever could be demanded of them,
who are said at one time to havea mere list of his separate publications
amounted to at least 100,000, put im- would form a long article, not to speak
plicit faith in her rhapsodies.  After of his numerous and elaborate contribuhaving passed her grand climacteric, tions to the "Quarterly Review."  But
she was attacked with a disease which  though he wrote so imuch, lie wrote
had the outward appearance of preg- every thing both carefully and well. His
nancy, and she boldly announced to the biographies especially are admirable;
world that she was destined to be the that of the great Nelson is, perhaps, the
mother of the promised Shiloh.   So most perfect biography in our language;
filly persuaded, indeed, were her fol- while that of Wesley is highly apprelowers of its truth, that they made the cdated for its candor and impartiality.
most splendid preparations for the re- The intense labors of a long life at
ception of the miraculous babe when, length overpowered even his fiine mind,
about the close of 1814, her death put and he remained in a state of mental
an end to their expectations.        darkness to the day of his death.
SOUTHERN, THOMAs, an eminent He had received the appointment of
dramatic poet of the age of CharlesII., poet laureate in 1813, anc in 1835: he
was b. in Dublin, in 1660, became a received a pension of 300 per annum.
servitor in Pembroke college, Oxford,  SOUTHWELL, ROBERT, an English
and then settled in London. He wrote Jesuit and poet, was b. 1560, studied at
the "Persian Prince," "Isabella, or Rome, and afterwards returned to Enthe Fatal Marriage," and " Oroonoko,"  gland as a missionary. In 1592 he was
tragedies; the "Disappointment," the sent to prison, where he remained tllree
"Rlambling Lady,' and the "Wife's years before he was brought to trial,
Excuse," comedies.   His tragedy of when, owning that he came to England
"Isabella" is one of the most pathetic in order to propagate the Catholic reliand efective dramas in the language. gion, he was condemned and executed,
He held a commission in the army, in1595. - le was the author of several
which with his writings prlduced him  poems possessing considerable merit.
a handsome competency. D. 1746.       SOUTHWICK SOLOMON, a somewhat




SPE1                 CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         759
noted New York politician, who was business, and he received the honor of
originally a baker in his native state of knighthood for his services. lie d. in
Rhode Island, but afterwards a printer 1641, leaving many valuable works,
at Albany, N. Y., where he published  among which his " Glossarium Archethe "Albany Register," the leading    ologicimn" and "Villare Anglicanum"
democratic paper f the state. He took  are still highly esteemed.-Sir JOHN, his
an active part in the anti-mason excite- son, inherited his father's taste for arment, and was once a candidate for choeological inquiries, and was the augovernor. His writings have not sur- thor of a "Life of Alfred the Great."
vived him. D. 1839.                   He was knighted by Chailes I., and d.
SOUZA, JOHN DE, a Portuguese his- at Oxford, in 1643.
toriasl, b. at Damascus, in Syria, about  SPENCE, JOSE1PH, a divine and critic,
1780, and d. at Lisbon, in 1812.      was b. 1698, and received his education
SPALLANZANI, LAzARus, an eni- at Oxford, where he obtained a fellownent naturalist, was b. at Scandiano, in  ship, and was elected professor of poeItaly, in 1729. He studied at Modena, try. He afterwards held the living of
and next sat Bologna, where his cousin, Great Horwood, and a prebend in DurLaura Bassi, was at that time one of  ham  cathedral. He wrote an "Essay
the most distinguished professors in  on Pope's Odyssey," but his principal
Italy. After having held professorships work is entitled " Polymetis; or, an
at Reggio and Modena, he. became pro- Inquiry into the Agreement between
fessor of natural history, and director the Works of the Roian Poets and the
of the museum at Pavia, where he de- Remains of Ancient Artists."     The
voted himself to experimental researches  "Anecdotes collected by him, concerninto nature, and published many valua- ing eminent Literary Cliaracters," have
ble works on physiology. He travelled  been published. His death, which hapover a great part of Europe and Asia. pened in 1768, was occasioned bv his
and was enrolled among the associates having accidentally fallen into a pond.
of numerous societies.  D. 1798. His    SPENCER, JOHN, an ingenious and
principal works are, "Experiments on  learned English divine and critic, was
the Reproduction of Animals," an "Es- b. in 1630, at Boughton, in Kent; besay upon Animalcula in Fluids," " Mi- came master of Corpus Christi college,
croscopical Experiments," "Travels in  archdeacon of Sudbury, aind dean of
the Two Sicilies and the Appenines,"  Ely; and d. in 1695. His principal and
and an   elaborate "Correspondence"   most erudite work is, "   e Legibus
witla the most celebrated naturalists of  Hebroeorum  Ritualibus et earum  Rathe age.                              tionibus."-JOHN CHARLES, Earl (better
SPARROW, ANTHONY, bishop of known as Viscount ALTqORP), was b. in
Norwich, in the time of Charles II., 1782, and was educated at Iarrow, and
was a prelate distinguished for his Trinity college, Cambridge. He first
learning, piety, and benevolence; and  entered the house of commons as memis known as a'writer by his "Rationale  ber for Northampton; but from the
of the Book of Common Prayer."    D. year 1806 to 1884, when he succeeded
3685.                                 to the peerage, he represented the
SPARTACUS, a Thracian general, county of Northampton, generally supwho had been taken by the Romans, porting all the important measures adandmniade a gladiator; but escaping with  vocated by the Whig party. Shortly
a few of his companions from lhis ty- after the accession of William IV., hlie
rants, he rallied round his standard a was made chancellor of the exchequer.
formidable army, and repeatedly de- D. 1845.-WILLIAM ROBERT, the best
feated the Romaan forces. lHe was at writer of vers de societ in his time, was
length slain, 71 B.C.                 the younger son of Lord Charles SpenSPEED, JOHN, a well-known English   cer, and was b. in 1770. I-he was educhronologist, historian, and antiquary, cated at Harrow and Oxford; and in
b. 1555. He is the author of "The     1796 published a translation of Burger's
Theatre of the Empire of Great Britain,"  " Lenore," beautifully illustrated by
"A Cloud of Witnesses," and "The      Lady Diana Beauclerc. In proof of his
History of Great Britain, from Julius' astonishing power of memory, it is
Csesar to James I."  D. 1629.         gravely asserted that he undertook, for
SPELMAN, Sir HlENRY, an eminent a wager, to get the whole contents of a
English historian and antiquary,, was b. newspaper by rote, which lie won, by
at Congham, in Norfolk, in 1561i. James repeating it without the omission, of a
I. frequently employed him on public I single word. He held the situatiqn of




760                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       LsrI
a commissioner of stamps. D. 1834.- the original plan, was never completed.
AMBnosE, late chief justice of the state About this time Spenser presented to
of New York, was b. 1765, in Salisbury, the queen his "View of the State of
Conn. HIe devoted himself to the law~. Ireland," being the clerk of the council
In 1786 he was appointed clerk of Hud- of the province of Munster."  In 1597
son, and in 1793 he was elected a he returned to IrelaId; but when the
member of the assembly of the state rebellion of Tyrone broke out, he was
from Columbia county. In 1795 he was  obliged to fly with such precipitancy,
elected to the senate for three years, as to leave behind his infant child,
and in 1798 was re-elected for four years. whom the merciless cruelty of the inIn 1796 he was appointed assistant at- surgents burnt with the house. The
torney-general for the counties of Co- unfortunate poet came to EnglancLwith
lumbia and Rensselaer. In February, a heart broken by these misfortunes,
1802, he was appointed attorney-general and d. at Westminster, Jan. 16, 1598-9.
of the state; and in 1804 he received  His remains were interred at the exthe appointment of a justice of the pense of the earl of Essex, in Westminsupreme court, of which he was made   ster abbey, Where the countess of Dorchief justice in 1819. For many years set raised a monument to hi~ memory.
Judge Spencer exercised a very power-   SPINOLA, AMBRosE, Marquis, a celful influence in the affairs of the state  ebrated Spanish general, was b. in 1569.
of New   York.   In 1812 he united IHe commanded an army in Flanders,
heartily with Daniel D. Tompkins, then  and in 1604 he took Ostend, for which
governor, in the memorable struggle he was made general of all the Spanish
that preceded the declaration of war troops in the Low Countries, where he
agiainst Britain, to prevent the charter was opposed by Maurice of Nassau. In
of the six-million bank. In 1823 Judge  the war occasioned by the disputed
Spencer retired from  the bench, and  succession to the duchy of Cleves and
resumed for a while the practice of his -Jnliers, Spinola took Aix-la-Chapelle,
profession, and was subsequently em- Wesel, and Breda. IHe was subseployed in various public duties, particu- quently employed, in Italy, where he
larly that of mayor of the city of Albany, made himself master of the city of Casal;
and for one term, that of representa- but not being able to subdue the citadel,
tive in congaress. D. 1848.           owing to the imprudent orders sent to
SPENSER, EDMUND, one of the most him from Madrid, he exclaimed, " They
illustrious among our early poets, was have robbed me of my honor," and fell
b. in London, about 1553; was educated  a prey to chagrin, in 1630.
at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, and, on    SPINOZA, BENEDICT, one of the miost
leaving the university, took up his resi- profound thinkers of the 17th century,
dence with some relations in the north  and the founder of modern pantheism,
of England, probably as a tutor. In   was b. at Amsterdam, in 1633. His pa1580 he accompanied Lord Grey de rents were Portuguese Jews, who gave
Wilton, viceroy of Ireland, as his sec- him the name ofeBaruch, which, on reretary, and procured a grant of 3028 nouncing his religion, he altered to Benacres in the county of Cork, out of the  edict. He residedi chiefly at the Hague;
forfeited lands of the earl of Desmond; and strenuously hefused to accept of
on which, however, by the terms of the  any of the numerous proposals he regift, he was obliged to become resident. ceived to enter upon a career that might
-Ie accordingly fixed his residence at have led to his worldly advancement.
Kilcolman, in the county of Cork, where He was for some time a Calvinist, and
he was visited by Sir Walter Raleigh, afterwards a Mennonist, but at last
Niho became his patron in lieu of Sir adopted the views, religious and politPhilip Sidney, then deceased, and whom  ical, with which his name is now conhe celebrates under the title of the nected, and in support of which he
" Shepherd of the Ocean."  Sir Walter published numerous works. His "Tracpersuaded him to write the "Faerie tatus-theologico-politicus" was reprinted
Queen," the first edition of which was in London in 1765, by Ilumne, though
printed in 1590, and presented to Eliza- without his name or that of the author.
beth, who granted the poet a pension ID. 1677.
of ~50 per annum. In 1595 lie pub-      SPIZELIUS, TaEOPHILUS, a learned
lished his pastoral of "Colin Clout's German ecclesiastic, author of an elabocome home again;" and, the year fol- rate " Commentary oil the State of Litlowing, the second part of his "Faerie erature amongo the Chinese," and other
Queen i" but the poem, according to   works. D. 1691.




STA]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        761
SPONTINI, GASPAro, a distinguished  quitted Vienna in 1805, to travel; visited
musical composer, was b. at Miajolatti, Paris; and lectured in England, Scot-,iear Jesi, inl the Roman states, 1778. land, and Ireland, and then Spurzheim
Ite was educated at the Conservatorio  came to the United States, where he d.
de la Pietk of Naples, and began his 1832. He was a man of rare benevolence
carper when 17 years of age, as the corn- and integrity.
poser of an opera, " I Puntigli delle   STACKHOUSE, THOMAS, a divine,
Donne."   In 1807 he was appointed    was b. in 1680, but the place of his birth
music-director to the empress Joseph- is not known; became, in 1733, aftel
ine; and in 1808 he produced his most many vicissitudes, vicar of Benham, in
famous work, " La Vestale," with bril- Berkshire; and d. there in 1752. Heo
liant and decisive success. His "Fer- wrote several works, of which the most
nando Cortez" -appeared in 1809; and  importan.t is, "A History of the Bible."
the next year witnessed his appoint-    STAEL-HOLSTEIN, ANNE Louis4
ment to the directorship of the Italian  GERMAINE, baroness de, a celebrated feopera in Paris, which he held for ten  male writer, the daughter of M. Necker,
years. In 1820 the magnificent appoint- the French financier, was b. in 1766, at
ments offered by the court of Prussia  Paris. Her talents were so early distempted him to leave Paris for Berlin, played that she was said never to have
in which capital his last three grand  been a child, and the utmost care was
operas, " Nourmalalh"   (founded on   taken to cultivate them. In her 20th
" Lalla Rookh,") " Alcidor," and  Ac- year she married the Baron de-State, the
nes Von Hohenstauffen," were produced  Swedish ambassador. From that period
with great splendor, but withi little corn- she took an active part in literature, and
parative success. D. 1851.            an almost equally active one in politics.
SPOTSWOOD, or SPOTTSWOOD, It was thlrough her influence with Barras
JOHNe, archbishop of St. Andrew's, in that Talleyrand was appointed minister
Scotland, was b. in 1565, educated at of the foreign department. At the cornGlasgow, and in 1601 went-as chaplain  mencement of Bonaparte's career she
to the duke of Lennox in his embassy  was one of his admirers, but she afterto France. On the accession of James  wards became hostile to him; an l, in
VI. to the throne of England, he accom- 1801, in consequence of her attempting
panied him; and the same year was to thwart his government, she was orraised to the archbishopric of 4Glasgfow, dered to quit Paris. After having visitand made one of the privy council in  ed Germany, Prussia, and Italy, she reScotland. In 1615 he was translated to  turned to France, whence, however, she
St. Andrew's. He crowned Charles I. was again expelled. Her peregrinations
at Holyrood house, in 1633; and, two  were next extended to Moscow, Stockyears afterwards, was made chancellor holm, and London; nor did she again
of Scotland; but, on the breaking out behold her favorite abode of Paris till
of the rebellion, he retired to London, after the restoration of the Bourbons.
where he d. in 1639, and was buried in  In 1811 she married M. de Rocca, but
Westminster abbey.    He wrote the their union was kept secret. D. 1817.
" History of the Church of Scotland."  Of her works, which formni seventeen
SPRANGHER, BARTHOLOImEw, an        volumes, the principal are, the roeminent painter of Antwerp, was b. in  mances of "Delphine" and "Corinne,"
1546, and d. in 16W3.                 "-Considerations on the French RevoSPRAT, THOMAs, bishop of Roches- lution," "D Dramatic Essays," " Considter, an historian and poet, was b. in  erations on Literature," " Germany,"
1656, and d. in 1713. He wrote the and "Ten Years of Exile."
"1 History of the Royal Society," the   STAHL, GrEORGEE ERNEST, an eminent
"History of the Pye-house Plot," "1 The  German physician and chemist, was b.
Life of Cowley," a volume of sermons, in 1660, at'Anspach; studied at Jena;
and a few poems.                      became physician to the kinl of PrisSPURZHIEIM, GASPARD, a celebrated   sia4 andt d. 1734, at Berlin.a Stahl inphysiolorist, was'b. near Treves, in  vented the theory of phlogiston, which
1776, and received his medical education  was long prevalelnt.  is chemical and
at Vienna, where lie became acquainted  medical works are numerous.
with Dr. Gall, the founder of the science  STANDISH, MLES, the first captain
of phrenology. To this science Spurz- at Plymouth, New England, vwas b. in
heim became exceedingly partial; and  Lancishire, in 1584, and accompanied
he soon joined Gall in making inquiries Mr. Robinson's congregation to Plyinto the anatomy of the brain. They   mouth in 1620. His services in the
64*




762                   CYCLOP   DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                    [LTE
wars with the Indians were highly use-  STEELE, Sir RICHARD, was b. in 1671,
ffil, and many of his exploits were: da- or, according to some accounts, in 1675,
ring and extraordinary. D. 1656.      at Dublin; was educated at the Charter
STANHOPE, CHARLES, Earl, a politi- house and at Merton college, Oxford;
cian and man of science, was b. in 1753; and entered the military - service, in
was educated at Eton and Geneva; was which he rose to the rank of captain.
member for Wycombe till he took his The' Christian Hero," which was printseat in the house of peers, in 1786, on  ed in 1701, was his first production. It
the death of his father; was a strenuous was followed by the comedies. of " The
republican, and enemy to Mr. Pitt's ad- Funeral," " The Tender Husband," and
ministration; and d. 1816. Among his  "The Lying Lover."   In the beginning
many inventions are, an    improved   of Queen Anne's reign he obtai'ned the
printing-press, a monochord, an arith- office of gazetteer, and, in 1710, he was
metical machine, a mode of securing   made a commissioner of stamps. The
tuildings from fire, and a double in- " Tatler" lie began in 1709, and lihe subclined plane. He wrote several political sequently was, in part or in whole, the
and scientific pamphlets and papers.-  author of " The Spectator," "GGuarLady HESTER, a very highly accom- dian,"      " Englishman,"   " Spinster,"
plished, but no less eccentric, English  "Lover," "Reader," and "Theatre."
lady, niece of the celebrated William  In 1713 he was elected M. P. for StockPitt. Soon after'the death of that great bridge, but was expelled for what the
statesman, with whom she was domes- house was pleased to consider as libels.
ticated, and with whose pursuits she so  He afterwards sat for Boroughlibridge.
much sympathized, as to act upon some  During the reign of George I. lie was
occasions as his private secretary. she knighted, made surveyor of the royal
went to Syria, assumed the dress of a stables, manager of the king's company
male native of that country, and devoted  of comedians, and one of the commlisherself to astrology, in which vain sci- sioners of foribited estates, and gained a
ence she was a most implicit believer. large sum by " The Conscious Lovers;"
She had a large pension from the En- but his benevolence and his lavish habits
glisli government, and for many years kept him in a state of constant, embarwas possessed of considerable influence rassment. A paralytic attack at length
over the Turkish pachas, which, how- rendered him incapable of literary exever, when habitual carelessness in   ertion, and he retired to Llangunnor,
money matters had deprived her of the in Caermarthenshire, where he d. 1729.
means of bribing them, she lost. B.     STEEN, JAN, an emincent painter, was
1766; d. 1839.                        b. at Leyden, in 1636. One of his masSTANSBCRY, ToBIAS E:, a distin- ters was Van Goyen, whose daughter he
guished citizen of Maryland, who from  married; but Steen proved a dissipated
the beginning of the revolutionary war character, and totally neglected his famtill the time of his death, participated  ily. D. 1689.
actively in national and state affairs,  STEENWICK, HENRY, a Flemish
and was repeatedly speaker of the house  painter, was b. 1550, and d. 1603.
of delegates. D. 1850.                  STEEVENS, GEORGE, a commentator,
STARK, JOHN, a general in the army  was b. in 1736, at Stepney; was eduof the American revolution, was b. in  cated at King's college, Cambridge; and
Londonderry, New Hampshire, in 1728. d. in 1800. He was ainan of talent and
During the French war, he was captain  extensive reading, but his disposition
of a company o(f rangers in the provin- was not amiable. His first work, pubcial service, in 1755, and was with Lord  lished in 1766, was an edition of twenty
Howe when that general was killed, in  of Shakspeare's plays; the notes to
storming the' French lines at Ticonde- which, and additions, were afterwards
roga, in 1758. On receiving the report incorporated with those of Johnson.
of the battle of Lexington, he was en-  STEPHENS, ALEXANDER, a tniscelgaged at work in his saw-mill; a.d, laneous writer, was b. in 1757, at Elgin:;
fired with indignation, seized his musket studied at Aberdeeli; was designed for
and immediately proceeded to Cam- the law, but gave himself up to literabridge. He was at the battles of Bun- ture; and d. in 1821. Ite wrote a "Hisker's hill and of Trenton, and achieved  tory of the War of the French Revolua glorious victory at Bennington. He tion," and "Memoirs of John Home
rose to the rank of briggadier-general, Tooke;" and contributed to the "Monthand was distinguished throughout the ly Magazine," "Public Characters," and
war for enterprise and courage. D. 1822. 1 The Annual Obituary."




STE]                  CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         763
STERNE, LAurENOE, a miscellaneous     other distinguished persons, for the
writer, was b. in 1713, at Clolnel, in  peculiar career he had marked out for
Ireland; iand was educated at a school his exertions. Soon after his marriage
near Halifax, and at Jesus colle.ie, Cam- in 18)30, he was forced by tllreateniln
bridge. He successively obtained the pnlmlonary svlmptoms to seel a tenmpoliving of Sutton, a prebend cat York, the  rarL homle inl St. Vincent, where his
rectory of Stillinton, and the curicy of  fanlilv held some propert. He returnCoxwold.   In 1760 he published the   ed to Europe in 1882. D. 1844.
first two volnmes of" Tristranm Shandy;"  STERNfIOLD, THOMAs, a poet, was
thie remainder appeared in 1761, 1762, b. in  Ialnmpshiie, and educated at Ox1765, and 1767. Some of his latter ears folrd  after which he became egroom of
were spent in travelling on the (onti- the robes to Henry VIII. and Edward
ifenlt, and his travels gave birth to " The V I. IIe d. in 1549. Sternhold versified
Sentimental Jornev."   D. 1768.       51 of the psalms; the remainder were
STEPItENSON, GEorGc, whose name       the productions of Hopkins, Norton,
will be for ever identified with the cireata and others.
eat mechanical revolution cffected since  STEUBEN, FREDEnIEoI WILLTAM    Authe davs of VWatt-the application of   GUSTUS, barhon de, was a Prussian officer,
steam to railroads-was b. near New- aid-de-camp to Frederic the Great, and
castle, in 1781. His father was an en- lieutenant-general in the ariny of that
gine-tender at a coleliery and he hinself  distinleuished commander. He arrived
began life as a pit-encine boy at 2d. a  in America in 1777, and immiediately
cday's wa.es. A lucky'acident having  offered his services to the continental
given hliin an opportunity of showing  conlgress. In 1778 he was appointed
some skill, he was advanced to the offie  inspector-general, with the rank  of
of en.cineman.  le was afterwards em-  im;or-general, adl rendered the most
ployed in foring railway planes and    efficient services in the establishment
enrines unde lrground, and all his leisnre  of a re gular system  of discipline. Dutime was spent in working out the great ring the war he wvas exceedingly active
problem, which lie   t last so happily  and usefula, and after the peace lie resolved., His first attenmpt to carry out tirec to a faLrm in the vicinity of New
his,lesirn was at Hetten; lie sibse-  York, where, with the assistance of
quentlv planned the line between Stock-  books and fi iendst he passed his time as
ton anll Darlington:  but his crownlin  agreeablv as a fieqlunt want of funds
achievenlent wais the re'eat Mancelester would permit. The state of New York
and Liverpool line. eliatit nce took the  afterwards oave himn a tract of 16,000
lend iin railway enrineering, becamie an  acres in the countv of Oneida, and the
extenlsive locomlotive ianufacturle er at generail r oernrnent made him a grant
Newcastle, a railway contractor, and a  of $2.50u per.; annum. D. 1795.
grert colliery llcld ion-work owner; but  STEWART, DUGLD, an        eminent
hle.alwas retainedl the Imanily sinplicity  philosopher and writer, was b. in 1753,
ot' c(haracter whic!l l had mar'keld his earlly  at Edinburgll, and was the son of the
clareer.                               professor of maintliemantics, was eednSTGERLING, JohN, an accomnplilshed   cated at the hilgh school and university
critic and ess'tvist, whose promnisin  of lis native city: and attended the
ae.eer was broken by long-continued    lectures of Dr. Reid at Glasgow. From
iliness, and at last prematurely closed, Glasgow lie was recalled, in. his 1'9th
wast b. at Kames castle, in t<, isle of  year, to assist his fatlher; on whose deBlte, 180. Hi-s fittlher, who was a clis-  cease, in 1785, lie succeeded to the protiu.nriisqhlcd politicil writer, had hlirn cd- fessorship. Ie, however, exchiangled it
uce;lae ehietfl itt lhomle. In 1824 le went for the chair of moral philosophy, which
to Tinity college, Cambridgel, where he  he had filled in 1778, during the absence
hadl  A rchdeacon l ir e for his classical of Dr. Ferruson in Aimerica. In 1780
tutor; and a iyear iter lie entered Trin- he began to receive pupils into his house,
ityl.dill wxith tihe inteition of gralduainnx  and natn yotivoun noblemen and eentlein law; but lie left Calnbridce in 1827  men. vwho afterwards became celebrate-l,
withlout taking a degree, and during tie  imbibc' their knowled.e under lfis roof.
next few yeairs lhe resided chiefly in  It was not till 1792 that he eame forwavrd
Loindoen, employing  hinmself actively in  as an a utltor lie then published the first
titer;tnture, conlribiutil  to t the " At!he- voluinc of the " Philosophy of the 11unmlnm" u and other' literarlv journals, aind  maln Mind."  Among his vwolrks are,
prepa. in( lhimiseltf in faililiar intercourse "O Outlines of Mioral Philosophy' "Philwith Coleridge, Wordsworth, and many   osophical Essays," "Memoirs of Adam




764                   CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPtY.                       LSTO
Smith, and Drs. Robertson and Reid;"  E eliion;" " Travels in Germany, Switand "Prefatory Dissertations in the   zerland, and Italy;" poems, and dramas.
Supplement to the- Encyclopaedia Bri- D. 1819.
tannica."  D. 1828.                     STONE, EDMUND, an eminent mathSTILLING, HEISRIon, a pseudonyme ematician, tie son of the dcluke of Aradopted by Hienrich Jung in one of the gyle's gardener, was b. in Scotland,
most remarkable autobiographies ever towarcds the close of the 17th century.
written, was b. at Florenburg, in Nas- Before he was nineteen he taught himsan, 1740. His father was a tailor, and  self arithmetic, geometry, Latin, and
his son at first followed the same trade; French, without any assistance.  He
but his great natural abilities soon burst wrote' A Treatise on Fluxions," and a
through the trammels of his lowly posi- "  athematical Dictionary;" translated
tion, and after acquiring by his own ex-  Biop on iMathematical Instruments;"
ertions considerable knowledge ofGreek  and published an edition of Euclid,
and of medicine, he found means to pro- with a Life. D. 1767.-THOMAaS, a signceed to the university of Strasburg,   r of the declaration of American indewhere he prosecuted his studies with  pendence, was b. in Charles county,
such ardor and success that he was soon  Maryland, in 17-13, and was educated to
appointed to a professor's chair, and  the profession of the law. He was a
raised himself to eminence both by his delegate to the continental conoress of
ability as a lecturer and as an operator. 1776, and was again a member of that
He wrote several novels, the best of body wlien Wsaishington resigned the
which are, "Theobald,"   " Hrr von    office of commander-in-chief. D. 1787.
Morgenthau," " Das Heimweh," &e.,       STORCH, HEINRICH FREDEnRIC vo, an
besides several medical and mineralogi- eminent political economist, was b. at
cal treatises; but his name is chiefly  Riga, 1766, studied at Jena and Heido.connected with his autobiography, en- berg, and on the advice of Count Routitled "Jugend-Jungling-jahre, Wan- mantzof repaired to St. Petersburg,.
derschaft und Alter von Heinrich Stil- where he entered on a brilliant career
ling," which, it may safely be said, has as a statist and political economist,
never been surpassed in interest and  which procured for him   at kcce the
fidelity. D. 181.                     confidence of the czar, and the highest
STILLINGFLEET, EDWARvD, a pre- literary honors inl his gift. His chief
late, was b. in 1635, at Cranbourne, in  works are, his "Cours d'Economie PoDorsetshire; was educated at St. John's litique," and his "Tableau Historique
college, Cambrid(re; obtained various  ct Statistiquc de 1'Empire de Russie a
preferments, among which were, in 1677  la fin du 18ne Siecle."  D. 1S35.
and 1678, the archdeaconry of London    STORY, JOSEPH, a      distinguished
and the deanery of St. Paul's; and was  judge and juridical writer, was b. at
promoted to the see of Worcester at the Marblehead, Mass., 1779; studied at
revolution.  Among his works are, Harvard university, where he took his
"Orilrines Sacrse," and "O Origines Bri- degree in 1798; was called to the bar in
tannicre."  Among his latest literary ef- 1801, and soon acquired a distinguished
forts was a controversy with Locke, on  reputation as a pleader. After represome points in the "' Essay on Human  senting Salem in the state legislature
Understanding."  D. 1699.             for four years, he was sent to congress
STOCKTON, RIcHARD, a signer of the  in 1809, where his talents as a forensic
declaration of American independence, debater were so well appreciated, that in
was graduated at Princeton college in  1811 he was appointed associate justice
1748, and entering on the practice of the  in the supreme court of the United
law soon rose to eminence. He settled  States. In this capacity he displayed a
in New Jersey, was appointed to the thorouglh knowledge of the most intrioffice of judge, and was a delegate to  cate questions relating to international
the congress of. 1776. D. 1781.       law, and earned such distinction as a
STOLBERG-STOLBERG, FREDERIC         jurist, that his name has been carried
LEOPOLD, Count, a German writer, was far beyond the limits of his native land.
b. in 1750, at Bramstedt, in Holstein; His "Commentaries on the Conflict of
was educated at Halle and Gottineae; Laws" is looked upon as an authority
and was employed in negotiations by the in every state in Europe. D. 1845.
duke of Oldeinbrfrg and the prince re-  STOTH-ARD, THOMors, an eminent
gent of Denmarik.   IIe translated the English artist, was b. in London in
Iliad, and the tragedies of Esclhlus; 1755; received hi, education at a school
and wrote "A History-of the Christian  in Yorkshire; and was apprenticed to a




STRI                 CYCLOPAIDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      765
calico-pri iter, in Spitalfields. During  few years he was one of the most active
his apprenticeship he showed a decideA  fiieids of the popular cause; stood promtaste for the painter's art; and, having  inently forward as an advocate for the
been once introduced, soon found an- petition of right; and was even imprisple employment in making designs for oned for refusing to contribute to a
the booksellers.  The desiglns made  forced loan. But his seeming patriotism
by Mr. Stothard exceed 5000 in number; sprang rather from hatred of Buckingit is difficult, therefore, to select from  ham than from principle, and was not
anong so vast a stock; but perhaps   proof against corruption. In 1628 he
those which particularly claim our at- was gained over to the court. His apostention are, "The Pilgrimage to Canter- tasy was paid for by the titles of baron
bury," "The Wellington Shield," etch- and viscount, and the offices of privy
ed by the artist himself; "The Four councillor and president of the North
Periods of a Sailor's Life," and "The  In the latter capacity he acted with the
Flitch of Bacon."  D. 1834.-CHARLES most arbitrary rigor. In 1632 he was
ALFRED, a painter and antiquary, son of sent to Ireland as lord deputy.  Hithe eminent artist of the same name, conduct there, during a govelrnment of
was b. ill 1787, and early displayed a  seven years, was that of a despot. It
talent for drawilig. He became a mem- would, however, be unjust to deny that
ber and historical dranghtsman of the Ireland derived some benefits from his
Society of Antiquaries, and was deputed  administration. In 1639, on visiting
by that body to take drawings from the England, he obtained the garter, the
famous tapestry'at Baycux, in Nor- title of earl of Strafford. and the dignity
mandy.   He was killed by a fall in  of lord-lieutenant.  He demonstrated
1821. He published " Monumental Effi- his gratitude by violent counsels to the
gies of Great Britain."              infatuated Charles. But his downfall
STOW, JOHNa an antiquary, was b. was at hand. In 1640 he was impeached
about 1525, in Cornhill. By trade he by the commons, and was brought to
was a tailor, but applied himself to the trial, March 22, 1641. He defended himstudy of British antiquities under the  self with an eloquence. and dignity worpatronage of Archbishop Parker and   thy of a better cause. No moral doubt
the earl of Leicester. In his old age he could exist of his crimes, but the legal
was reduced to such indigence as to  proof was defective. In order to secure
solicit charity by means of a brief. He their victim, the commons themselves
wrote " A Survey of London," and     lost sight of justice, and resorted to a
"Annals of this Kindffrr.' D. 1605.  bill of attainder. It was passed, and
STOWELL, WILLIAM SCOTTr, Lord, Strafford, deserted by his sovereign, was
son of W. Scott, a merchant of Newcas- brought to the block, on the 12th of
tie, and elder brother of Lord Eldon, May, 1641.
was b. at Ielworth, Durham, in 1745;   STRONG, CALEB, governor of Massawas educated at Oxford, and began to  chusetts, was b. at Northampton in
practise law in 1779. He was knighted  1744, and graduated at Harvard college.
in t788, and in 1798 became judge of  He pursued the profession of the law,
the high court of admiralty and a privy  and established himself in his native
councillor. In 1790 he entered parlia- town. Taking an early and active part
ment as the representative of Downton. in the revolutionary movements, he was
and in the following year had the honor appointed in 1775 one of the committee
of being unanimously elected as menr- of safety, and in the following year a
ber for the university of Oxford; which  member of the state legislature. He
he retained till the coronation of George was a member of the convention which
IV., when he was created a peer. He formed the constitution of the state, and
was the profoundest jurist of his day. of that which formed the constitution of
D. 1836.                             the United States.  Subsequently he
STRAFFORD, THOMAS WENTWORTH. was senator to congress, and for 11
earl of, an eminent statesman and minis- years at different periods, chief magister, the eldest son of Sir William Went- trate of Massachusetts. D. 1820.
worth, was b. in 1593, in London, was  STRUTT, JOSEPH, an engraver, antieducated at St. John's college, Cam- quary, and miscellaneous writer, was b.
bridge, and after having travelled, was in 1749, at Springfield, in Sussex; was
knighted, and made custos rotulorum  a pupil of Ryland, and a man of conof the west riding of Yorkshire. In  siderable talent, produced "A Diction1621 he was chosen one of the represent- ary of Engravers," "Sports and Pasatives of the county of York. For a times of the Peciple of England,"




766                   CYCLOPaEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [sUL
" Dresses and HIabits of the People. of  He commanded a division 6f the army
England," "Regal and Ecclesiastical at the battles of Trenton, Brandywine,
Antiquities of Elngland," "Chronicle of  and Germantown; and was the solo
England," "5Manners, Customs, &c., of  commander of an expedition to the
the Inhabitants of England," "Queen    island of Newport, which failed through
Hoo Hall," "Ancient Time," and "The    want of co-operation from the Fren'ch
Test of Guilt."  D. 1802.             fleet. In 1779 he commanded an expeSTUART, GILBERT, an historian and    dition against the Indians. Iet was
miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1742, at afterwards a member of congress, and
Edinburgh, where also lie was educated. for three years president of New Hamplie studied jurisprudence, but became  shire. In 1789 lie was appointed a
an author by profession; sometimes judge of the district court, and conresiding in London, and sometimes' in  tinned in that office till his death, in
his native city. Start was a man of   1795.-JAMES, was b. at Berwick, Me.,
genius) but of a most unamiable dispo- in 1744, and after passing the early part
sition. lie wrote " The History of Scot- of his life in  agricultuiral puisuits,
land,?' "tHistoly of the Reformation in  adopted the profession of the law. He
Scotland," and other works; contributed  took an early part in the revolutionary
to the "Monlthly Review;" and was struggle, and in 1775 was chosen a
editor of the "Edinbmrgh Magazine and  member of the provincial congress. In
Review."   D. 1786.-GILBERT, a cele- 1776 he was appointed a judge of the
brated painter, was b. in Newport, superior court. He was subsequently a
Rhode Island, in 1755. Soon after be- member of congress, a member of the
coming of age, lie went to England, executive council, judge of probate, and
where e became the pupil of Mr. West. In 1790 was appointed attorney-general.
He soon rose to eminence as a portrait In 1807 he was elected governor of
painter, and obtained a high reputation  Massachusetts. anc again in the followboth in Englanand and Ireland. In 1794  ing year, in the December of which he
he returned to his native country, chiefly  died. IHe was the author of a " History
residing in Philadcelphia and Washing- of Land Titles," a "History of the Diston, in the practice of his profession, trict of Maine," and an "Essay on
till about the year 1801, when lie re- Banks." IHis rank at the bar was in
moved to Boston. Mr. Stuart was not the very first class, and in his private
only one of the first painters of his character he was distinguished for piety,
time, but was also a very extraordinary  patriotism, and integrity.
man out of his profession. D. 1828.     SULLY, MAXIMILIAN DE BETHTNE,
SUCKLING, Sir JOHN, a poet and       duke of, a French warrior and statescourtier, was b. in 1609, at Whitton, in  man, equally brave in the field and wise
Middlesex; served in Germany, under in the council, was b. in 1560, at the
Gustavus Adolphus; acquired reputa- castle of Rosny. At an early age he
tion as a wit and dramatist after his was placed about the person of the king
return to England:; raised a regiment of Navarre, afterwards Henry IV., to
to serve aaiinst the Scotch, in:1639; whom he ever continued to be strongly
was obliged to retire to France, in con- attached.  HIe nariowly escaped being
sequence of having participated in a   one of the victims of the massacre of
project to liberate the earl of Strafford; St. Bartholomew.  In the miajority of
and d. there, in 1641. His poems have  the battles and sieges vwhich occurred
obtailne ea place in tile standard collec- during the strugnle between lien ry and
tions.                                 his enemies, Stilly bore:a conspiciouS
SULLIVAN, JOHN, an officer in: the part. He commanded the artillery at
army of the Americacn revolution, was the battle of Contras, and had two lorb. in Maine, and established himself in  ses killed, under hiln, and was dans'erthe profession of law in New Ilamp- ously wounded at the battle of Ivry.
shire. Turninr his attention to military  Though himself a zeclous Calvinist, it
affairs, he received, in 1772, the corn- was he who advised the kingr to secuire
mission of major, and in 1775 that of  the crown by conformiini to the Cathobrigadier-general. The next year he    lie religion. In 1597 lie was placed at
was sent to Canada, and on the death of the head of the finances, wkich were
General Thomas, the command of the then in the most dilapidated state; and
army devolved on him. In this year he by his prudent administration he at
was promoted to the rank of major- once increased the revenue and liahtgeneral, and was soon after captured by  ened the burdens of the people. After
the British hi the battle on Long Island. the death of Henry IV. Sully retired




SYD]                 CYCLOAJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       767
from public affairs, and d. "1641. His &c. Swedelnborg was no impostor, but
IMeNnoirs," written by himself, area learned andc pious man, and his books
highlyl interesting.                 richly repay the most careful studly.
SURIREY, FHENRY HOWARD, earl of,     SWIFT, JONATIIAN, a celebrated wrieldest son of the dulke of Norfolk, was ter, was b. in 1667, at Dublin, and was
b. ibout 1515; studied at Christ-church, educated at Kilkenny school, Trinity
Oxford; travelled in France, Germany, college, Dublin, and Hertford college,
and Italy, in the last of which countries Oxford. For some years lie lived with
lie fe(ll in love with the Geraldine whom  Sir William Temple as a companion, and
he celebrates in his verses; was captain- when thait statesnman died lie left him a
gener ld of tlhe rmy at, Boulogne in 1546; legacy and  his posthumous works.
and fell a victim, on the scaffold, to the  From King William he entertained extyranny of Itenlr VIII., in 1547. "Hie  pectations of preferment, which were
was,"' stays Raleigh, " no less valiant disappointed. -HaIvinl  accompanied
than learned, and of excellent hopes;"  Lord Berkeley, one of the lord justices
iand Warton considers him as "the first of Ireland, as chaplain, he obtained
Enrlish classical poet."             from  limn the livings of Laracor and
SUVAROFF,      or  SUWARROW, Latlhbenean, on which he went to rePrince ALEXANDER, a celebrated Rus- side, and to whiich he invited the lady
sian field-marshlal, wvas b. in 1730, at Whom'lie had celebrated under the
Snsloi, in the Ukraine, and was educa- name.of Stella.'Ie eventually married
ted at the cadet school of St. Petersburg.  her, but would never acknowledge her
He distinguished- himlself during the  as his wife. His conduct to two other
seven years' war; in Poland, in'1768, ladies, Miss Waring' and Miss Vana.ainst the Confederates; in   1778, homnrigh, with whom he coquetted, was
against the Turks; and in 1782, against equally devoid of proper feeling. In
the No   a.ay Tartars. For these services  1701 he took lis doctor's degcre, and
he was rewarded with the rank of gen- on the accession of Queen Anne he
eral-in-chief, the government of the  visited England. In the course of the
Crimea, the portrait of the empress set nine ensuing years he published several
in diamonds, and several Russian or- works, but it was not till 1710 that he
der.s. lIn tle war agalinst the Turks, became active as a political-writer. Havtiomn 1787 to 1790, he g.ained the battle ing gone over to the tories, and become
of Rmlniik, took Ismail by storm, and  intimate with Harley and Bolingbroke,
obtailned other important advantages. he exerted himself strenuously in beIn 1794 lie defbated the Poles who were half of his new allies.  Amonz his
strullwinct for freedom, and  carried  labors in this cause were, "The ExamPraga by assault. Whien Russia joined  iner," and " The Conduct of the Allies."
the continental coalition, in 1799, lie was It was not, however, till 1713 that he
placed ac t tle head of the combined army  obtained preferment- and even then lie
in Italy, and, after several sangluinary  was frustrated in his hope of an Enbattles, le succeeded in wresting that glish mitre, and received only the deancountry froml the French. He was less ery of St. Patrick.' When lie returned
successful in Switzerland, whence he  to Ireland he was exceedingly un(popuwas obliared to retreat. D. 1800.    lar but lie lived to he tie idol of the
SWEDENBORG, G    FIANUELu, was the Irish. Of the writings by lwich' this
soni of the bishop of Skara, and was b. change was produced, " Tlhe Drapier's
1689, it Stockholm. He was not twenty  Letters," publishej in 1724, stand forewhen lie published a volume of Latin  most. In 1726 he gave " Gulliver's
poems. On retnurning firom his travels Travels" to tlie world. As he advaniced
he wasv appointed assessor extraordinary  in years he suffered from deafness and
to tie college of Mines, and, in 1719, fits of giddiness; in 1739 his intellect
w.as ennobled. Of his many works on  gave way, and he expired in October,
mriing, the principal is liis " Opera  1745.-ZEPIIANIA,l,  a learned lawver, was
Plhilsophaica et Minerraloeica." In 1743 graduated at Yale college, and establishhe imnbibe d a belief that he was admit- ecl imself in the legal profession, in
ted to an intercourse with the invisible  Windham, Conni He was for 18 vears
world, and. this belief le retained till his a judge of the superior court of that
deceeise, 1772. On this subject he pub- state. He published a "Digest of the
lished several works, amongl which lae Laws of Connecticut," on the model of
"Arcelita C(elestis," "' Heaxven and HIell"' Blackstone. D. 1823.
D" ivine Providence," "True Christian  SYI)ENI-AMI, THOMAS, an eminent
Religion," "Divine Love aid Wisdom,"  physician, was. b. in 1624, at Winford




768                  CYCLOP:EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [TAL
Eagle, in Dorsetshire; was educated at-' became president of the board of trade
Wadham college, Oxford, studied medi- in 1834: and, in 1839, succeeded Lord
cine at Montpeliier; and settled in  Durham as governor-general inCanarda.
Westminster, where he deservedly at- Whilst riding near Kingston, Lord
tained a high reputation. D. 1689.-  Sdenhlam met with an accident by the
FLOYER, an eminent Greek scholar, was fallin t of his horse, and d. September
b. in 1701, and was educated at Wad- 19, 1841.
ham college, Oxford. In 1759 he began  SYLLA, Lucus CORNELIUS, a cele
a translation of the works of Plato, a brated Roman, was b. 137 a.c. After
part of which he published; but the Ihaving spent a part of his youth in
want of patronage involved him in em- licentious pleasures, he  istinguished
barrassments; he was thrown into pris- himself in Africa, under Mnarius; in
on for a small debt which he had con- Pontus, as commander-in-chief, and-on
tracted for his frugal meals; and there  various other occasions. He rose to the
he perished in 1788. His fate gave rise  consulship in the forty-ninth year of
to the establishment of the literary fund. his age.  He subsequently reduced
-CHARLES WILLIAM    POULETT, Lord, Greece, and vanquished Mithridates;
governor-general of Canada, was the  and, returning to Italy, overcame the
son of Mr. J. Poulett Thompson, a    Marian party, and assumed the dictaLondon merchant, and b. 1793. When   torship. By his merciless edicts of
about 20, he became' resident in St. proscription he deluged Rome with
Petersburg as the correspondent of   blood; blt, at the very moment when
his father's firm; and, until his acces- no one dared to dispute his power, he
sion to public office in 1830, he con- retired into private life. D. 78 B.c.
tinned to be connected with the mer-   SZALKAI, ANTHONY, an Hungarian
cantile. business.  His political life  poet, who is considered as the founder
commeinced in 1826, as member for of the dramatic literature of his counDover; but in 1830 being returned for try. He held an office in the house of
both Dover and Manchester, he gave   the archduke palatine, Alexander Leopreference to the latter. On the forma- pold, and d. 1804, at Buda. His "Pikko
tion of the reform  cabinet, he was Hertzog" was the first regular drama
appointed vice-president of the board  composed in the Hungarian language.
of trade and treasurer of the navy; he  He also wrote a travesty on the IEneid.
T.
TACITUS, CAIUS CORNELIUS, a Latin  French revolution, was the son of a nohistorian, was b. about 56, and was of  bleman's porter; was b. 1769, at Paris,
an equestrian family. The place of his received a good education, and early in
birth is not known. I-e early culti- life was successively clerk to an attorvated poetry; he became an advocate, ney, and in a public office, and foreman
and he is supposed also to have borne  to a printing establishment. On the
arms. He was'successively qunestor, breaking out of the revolution, he took
sedile, and praetor, and in 97 attained the  a violent part against the court, and he
rank of consul. Pliny the Younger was gradually acquired considerable influhis bosom friend, and Agricola was his  ence. As a member of the convention,
father-in-law. He is believed to have  he voted for the death of the king, and
d. about 185.                        for a while he participated in all the
TALBOT, JoiN, Lord, a famous war- enormities of the Jacobins. At length,
rior, was b. in 1373, at Blechmore, in  however, he became more moderate,
Shropshire; obtained various successes  and it was mainly to his courage and
against the Irish, distinguished him-  eloquence that France was indebted for
self in France by lis skill and valor  the downfill of Robespierre. IHe conduring the reigns of Henry V. and VI., tinned to be an active member of the
for which he was rewarded by the earl- legislature till 1798, when -he accomdoms of Shrewsbury, Wexford, and     panied Bonaparte to Egypt. He enjoyed
Waterford; and was killed at the battle  a place under the consular and inmpeof Castillon, in 1453.               rial governments; remained unmolested
TALLIEN, JOIIN LAMBERT, one of     after the accession of Louis XVIII., and
the most prominent characters in the  d. 1820.




TAY]                  CYCLOPEtDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       769
TALMA, FRANCIS JOSEPH, the great- there, and in his eighteenth year, that
est of French actors, was b. 1763, at he published the poem of "Rinaldo."
Paris, and spent his childhood in Flan- In 1565 Duke'Alpihonso of Ferrara inders and England, where his father was vited him to his court, and with the
a dentist. At the age of nine years he exception of the time occupied by a
was sent to France to be educated, journey to France, Tasso resided there
whence he returned to England. The till 1577. During this period   besides.
stage was early his delight, and he was many minor pieces, he produced his
at one time on the point of appearinv at" Aifinta," and completed the "JeruDrury-lane. On his settling in France, salem Delivered."  In 1577 lie secretly
he for eighteen months followed the quitted Ferrara; having, it has been
profession of his father; but in 17873hc  supposed, incurred tla aunger of the
came out upon the French theatre, in  duke by his passion for the Princess
the character of Seide. For some time, Leonora of Este, his patron's sister.
however, he was kept in the back- liHe returned, however, but his intellects
ground; but at lenigth he attained the  being now in some degree affected, lie
highlest rank as atragedian. Talma also  was uneoenerously shIut up in a madacconmplished in France a complete ref- house by Alphonso, where for seven
ormnation of theatrical costume. D. 1826. years he experienced the most unworTAMERLANE, TIMUR LENC, or thy treatment. The remionstrances of
TIMUR BEG, was b. 1886 A. D., in the several Italian princes at length proprovince of Kersch, the ancient So- cured his release. In 1592 lie settled
diana, where his father was the chief of  at Naples, and began to write a new
a tribe. lie attained the sovereign an- poem on the subject of his "Jerusalem."
thority at Samarcand, 1370. He sub- This poem lie finished to his own satissequently  conquered  Persia, India, faction, but posterity has not ratified his
Syria, and many other countries; made partiality for it. D. 1595.
prisoner Bajazet, the Turkish sultan;   TASS ON-I; ALEXANDER, an Italian
and was on the point of invading China, poet, was b. 1565, at Modena; was suewhen he d. in 1405.                   cessively in the service of several prinTANNAHILL, ROBERT, a Scottish       ces; and d. in 1635, counsellor to the
poet, was b. at Paisley, in 1774, and  duke of Modena. Iie wt a man of exbred a weaver. He read the works of   tensive literary and scientific knowledge,
Burns with enthusiasm, and, like many  and wrote various works; but it is to
more of his countrymen, he burned to  "The Rape of the Bucket," a heroiemulate him, and though he fell irnmea- comic poem, that he owes.his reputation.
surably short ofrhis model, he pro-     TATE, NAnTUM, a poet, was b. in Dubduced some very delightful songs, and  lin, 1652, and was educated in the college
other lyric effusions. D. 1810.       of his native city. On going to London
TASSIE, JAMES, a modeller, was b. he assisted Dryden in some of his works;
in the first half of the ei ehteenthl cen- and succeeded Shadwell as poet'laureate.
tury, near Glasgow, and was originally  He, altered Shakspeare's play of Lear,
a stone mason, but acquired, from Dr. and wrote several poems; but lie is best
Quin, the art of imitating gems in col- known by the "Version of the Psalins,"
lored pastes, and was so successful that which he executed in conjunction with
he gained both reputation and fortune. Brady.
He likewise modelled in wax. D. 1799.   TAYLOR, JEREMY, a prelate and eloTASSO, BERNARDO, an Italian poet, quent writer, the son of a barber; was
was b. in 1493, at Bergarmo; was sue- b. 1618, at Cambridge; and was educessively in the service of the prince of cated at the grammar school of his naSalerno and the dukes of Urbino and   tive -place, and at Caius college. He
Mantua; and d. 1569. Of his poems became chaplain to Archbishop Land,
the principal is  Amadis de Gaul," in  and subsequently to Cliarles I., and
a hundred cantos. —TORQUATO, one of   obtained thle rectory of Uppingham.
the greatest of the Italian poets, was During the civil war he gained a subthe son of Bernardo, and was b. 1544, sistence by keeping a school, till he was
at Sorrento. He may almost be said to`nterdicted from teaching.  Lord Carhave "lisped in numbers;" and at bery then appointed him his chaplain,
twelve years of age lie had acquired ex- and it was while lie resided with that
tensive knowledge. After having been  nobleman that lie wrote most of his
educated at Rome, he went to Padua, to  pieces. He was twice imprisoned by
study law, in compliance with the wishes the republican government.  At the
Df his father. It was while he was restoyation he was made bishop of Down
65




770                   CYCLOPJEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [TAY
and Connor; along with which see he officer at the port of hleerness. There
held that of Dromnoe, and the vice- a celebrated. dissenter instructed him in
chancellorship of Triiity college, Dub- the rudinients of Latin and Greek, and
lin. D. 1667.-L-RJOK, an   eminent he applied himself with indefatigable
mathematician, was b. 1685, at Edmon- ardor to the study of Greek, especially
ton, in Middlesex; was educated at St. the works of the Platonic sophist. Hav -
John's college, Cambridge; became a ing contracted an early love marriage,
fellow and secretary of the Royal So- he was compelled to become undlerciety, to the "Transactions" of which  usher in a school, and, subsequently,
bo:ly he largely contributed; and d. clerk to a banker, tor subsistence; but
1781. Amongr hr is works are " Methodus he still found time to pursue his early
itliremlentorunlL' "New Principles of studies. He afterwards gave publie lecLinear Perspective," and " Contnemplatio  tures in Greek and on the Plaitonic wriPhilosophica."  Taylor inveited the ters, which introduced him to the favoi
analytical formula which bears his nme,  of the lduke of Norfolk, who furnlished(
and whichi Lagrange has made tlie basis the funds for his great work, the excel
of iis theory of anal tCeal functions.-  lent translation of Plato. fis tlrnslaGEORGE, a signer of tihe dectlration of tions are very voluminous; the most
Allerican independence, was b. in Ire- important are the works of Aristotle,
land, 1716. Emigrating to America, he Plato, and Pausanias. D. 18:35.-WrLbecalre the proprietor of extensive iron  LIAM, a distinguished critic, translator,
works at DIurllam, on the river Dela- and littrfteral, was the only son of an
ware. He wais fur some years a rep- eminent merchant of Norwich, where
resclntative for Northampton county to  he was b. 1765. He was originally desthe provincial assembly, and in 1776 tined for his father's business: but lis
was elected to the continental congress. early bias for literary pursuits proved
D. 1781.-JANE, the daughter of an     so strong, that his. tfther gave-way to
artist illn ondon, was b. in 1783, and  his inclinations, and after one or two
very early in life gave evident indica- somewhat lengthened sojourns in France
tiols of poetic talent. Her first publica- and Germany, he gave himself up almost
tion, "'lhe Beggrar Boy," appeared in  entirely to the "cultivation otfthe Muses"
180(4; an. frotllattilme forward she con- and of politics. He first became known
tilnned to puobish, occasionally, mniscel- by a translation of Burger's " Lenore;"
laneous pieces in verse. Thle principal and stimulated by the success which
ol these are, "Original Poems for Infant followed his first attempt, lie.made
Minds," and "Essays in Rhyme on       various other translations from tlhe sane
Morals and Manners."  She also wrote author, and fronm timlr to time contribua prose tale, entitled " Display," which  ted specimens of other German poets to
met with much success.    D. 1828.- different magazines and periodicals. In
JOIN, usually called the Water Poet, 1798 he formed an acqtnaintance with
from  his being a waterman, was b. in  Southey, which soon ripened into the
Gloucestershire, about 1580. In 1596 he warmest friendship; and in 1802 he beserved in the fleet under the earl of'Es- ceame the editor of the " Norwich llis,"
sex, and was present at the attack upon  which he made the organ of his peculiar
(Cadiz. After his return he plied on the political and religious opinions; but he
Thamnes, and was for many years col- soon abandoned1 this speculation, and
leetor for the lieutenant of:the Tower, henceforth engaged in tlhe business of
of his tees on tile wines imported into  "reviewing," tor which lie found a main
London.   He also styled hlimself the vent in the "Monthly Review," then
king's water poet, and the queen's under the editorship of Dr. Griffitlhs.
waterman. When the civil wars began   Amon his works should be mentioned
lhe retired to Oxford, where he kept a  his "English Synonymes; " and in 1830
public lhouse,'as lhe afterwards did near he published a " Survey of German PoLong Are. A t this place he manifested  etry," consisting chiefly of his collected
his lovalty by assumnlng fir a sign, tle  translations, with explanatory notes.
"Croown in Mourinng," which proving   D. 1836.-WILLIAM COOKi, an eminent
offensive,: le substitlted his own por-! writer on miscellaneous sabjects, was b.
trait. D. 1 64.-THOMAs, a learned Gre- at YIoulhal, 1800.  After prosecutiung
cilan, commonly termed the Platonist, his studies at the university of Dublin
was b. in 1758, and placed, at 9 years with great..distinction, he repaired to
of ag'e, at St. Paul's schoor, with a v;,w  tile metropolis, and entered upon a litto orders; but he changed his mind    erary career, which, for constancy of apwlhen 15, and went to a relation, an  plication, and variety of subject, has




TEN]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.'771
had few equals in modern times. He of Swiss liberty, was b. in the latter part
was employed in 1846, by the British  of the 13th century, at Burglen, in the
government, to inquire into the system  canton of Uri. Some doubt exists as to
of education on thp Continent; and he the truth of the story, that lie was comnwas just on the eve of being placed in a pelled to shoot at an apple on the head
position on the establishment of the of his child, and that he shot the Auslorct-lieutenant of Ireland, to carry out trian governor Gessler; but there is no
his views, when he was cut off by the doubt that he contributed to emancipate
pestilence that ravaged Great Britain  his country, and that he fought at the
and Ireland in 1849. Among his chief battle of Morgarten. D. 1354.
works are, his "Manuals of Ancient     TEMPLE, Sir VILLIAM, an eminent
and Modern History," "Life and Times statesman and writer, was b. 1628, in
of Sir Robert Peel," "History of Ma- London, and was educated at Bishop
hommedanism," "Revolutions and Re- Stortford grammar school, and at Emanmarkable Conspiracies of Etrope;" and  nel college, Cambridge; Cudworth was
his last, and perhaps his most important his college tutor. In his 19th year he
work. "The History of the House of began his travels, in the course of which
Orleans," published only a few weeks he resided for two years in France,, and
before his death. D. 1849.-ZACHARY, visited Flanders, Holland, and Germpany.
president of the United States, was b. On his return he obtained a seat in the
in Virginia, 1786. His father, who had  Irish parliament. Charles II. employed
fouaht at the side of Washington during  him as a diplomatist, in which capacity
all the war of independence, at its con- Temple displayed abilities of no common
clusion settled in Kentucky, and cvn- kind. H-e was twice dispatched on a
ducted his family to their forest-home, secret mission to the bishop of Munster;
where his son, amid the perils of savage as envoy extraordinary to the Hague he
life, litd ample opportunities of develop- concluded within the short space of five
ing those military qualities of which he days the treaty of triple alliance; he was
afterwards gave so signal a proof. At one of the negotiators at the congress of
the outbreak of the war with England, Aix la Chapelle; he signed the peace of
in 1807, he hastened to join the army, 1673; was appointed ambassador to the
and was appointed to guard the banks Hague in 1674, and contributed to bring
of the Wabash. In 1812, while in con- about the marriage of the prince of
mand of the garrison of Fort Henderson, Orange with the Princess Mary; and
consisting only of fifty-two men, he was lastly, was one of the negotiators at
suddenly attacked at midnight by ahos- Nimeguen. In 1679 he was appointed
tile party,'wlio succeeded in setting fire one of the kingfs new council, but was
to the fort. But Taylorpwith his hand- soon displaced for his fieedom of speech.
ful of men, extinguished the flames, After this he retired into private life,
and forced the enemy to retreat. For and never again took part in public
this exploit he was raised to the rank of  affairs. D. 1698.
major. In the war against the Indians,  TENCIN, CLAUDINE     ALEXANDRINA
both in Florida and Arkansas, he passed  GUERIN DE, a French writer, was b. in
successivelylthrough all the grades of 1681, at Grenoble, and d. in 1749. She
his profession, till he reached the rank  was early bound by monastic vows, from
of general. Nominated in 1846 to the which. she succeeded in obtaininig her
command of a corps of observation on  release, and she subsequently spent
the frontiers of Mexico, an attack of the many years in political, and especially
Mexicans gave him an opportunity of in loveintrigues; in the course of which
crossing tle Rio Grande, and of gaining  she was imprisoned, unjustly, however,
his first battle at Palo-Alto. The victo- on a charge of having murdered one of
ries of Resaca de la Palna, Monterey, and  her lovers, D'Alembert was her son,
Buena-Vista: proved him at once a val- Atlength she adopted a more regulai
iant soldier and an able general, and  mode of living,.and her house became
marked him out to t e sluffrages of his the resort of wits and men of letters.
countrlymen for the pre.;idency. Chosen  Of her novels, "The Count de Comliliuin Nov. 1848, lie entered on his high  ges" is that which is most esteemed;
office in March, 1849: but he had only  but they all have areat merit.
filled the chair of Washington and Jef-  TENIERS, DAVID, the elder, an emiferson for sixteen months, when he was nent painter, was b. in 1582, at Antsuddenly attacked by cholera, and d. werp; studied under Rubens, and at
July, 1850.                          Rome under Elsheimer; and d. 1649.
TELL, WILLIAM, one of the champions His pictures of rural festivities, conver



772                   CYC'LOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [TrHE
satiofns, fairs, fortune-tellers, and similar  THALES, one of the seven sages of
subjects, are usually of a sml]l size, and  Greece, was b. 639 B. C., at Miletus, in
are much valued.-'DAvii), the vounoer, Ionia, or, as some affirm, was a native
a son of the foregoinc, was b. in 1610, at of Phenicia. He tra'elled in Egypt and
Brussels, and was instructed in painting  other countries, and d. in the 96th year
by his father, and by Adam Brouwer of his age. TLhales was the founder of
and iLubens. In his youth stch was his the Ionian school of philosophy, and
faciLity of imitating the styles of various was'an admirable astronomer and gemasters that he was called the Proteus ometrician. He was the first who aeonuand the Ape of Painting.    He soon, rately calculated a solar eclipse.
however, had the good sense to choose   THEMISTOCLES, an illustrious Athenature as his model, and lie-rose into  nian, was b. 535 B. c., at Phreas. Lieenhinh reputation.   Hle wvas patronized by  tious in his youth, he was reclaimed
the Arcilduke Leopold William, the king  from his follies by the love of glory. l He
of Spain, Christina of Sweden, and other bore a conspicuous part in the battle of
distinlruished personio es. D. 1694.   Marathon, and the trophies gained there
TERENCE, or TERENTIUS, PuB- by Miltiades were a stimulus to the amLius, a Latin comic writer, is believed  bition of Themistocles.. When, after
to have been a native of Carthage, and  the banishmrent of his rival Aristides,
to have been b. about 192 B.c. Being  he acquired the management of the
taken a captive to Rome, hie was sold to  Athenian affairs, he displayed splendid
Terentius Lueanus, who gave him agood  talents. It was by his persuasion that
education, and enfranichised him.  I:[e his countrymen were induced to confide
was in-his 25th year wlen he brought their safety to their navy, and to him
out his first play. His talents acquired  were the Greeks indebted for the glorifor him illustrious friends, among whom  ous victory of Salamis. He rebuilt the
were Scipio and Lielius.  lie quitted  walls of Athens, fortified the Piraeus,
Rome when lie was 35, and is supposed  and prevented the Spartans from gainto have perished at sea in a storm. Of  ing an ascendency in the Amphictyonic
his admirable comedies only six are ex- council. The popular favor, however,tant.                                  was at length withdrawn from him, and
TERTULLIAN, QUINTUs SEPTInMUS he was banished for five years. Further
FLORENS, one of the most learned men  proceedings being meditated    against
of the primitive church, was b. about 160, himf, he sought an asylum at the court
at Carthage. Originally a bitter enemy  of Artaxerxes, and was hospitably reof the Christian faith, he was converted  ceived. He d. 470 B. c. Some attribute
by witnessing the firmness of the mar- his death to poison taken by himself,
tyrs, became a priest, and was thence- rather than asist the Persian monarch
forth one of the most eloquent defenders  against Athens, while others affirm that
of the doctrines which he had despised. he died a natural death.
Late in life he adopted the opinions of  THEOBALD, LEWIS, a dramatist and
the Montanists, and afterwards formed  commentator, was b. at Sittingbourne,
a sect of his own.' le d. about 245. in Kent, and was brought up to his
Among his works are, " An Apology for father's profession, that oa lawyer, but
the Christians," a " Treatise against the  quitted it for literature. Having offendJews," and the five books against Mar- ed Pope, by editing a rival edition of
cion.                                 Shakspeare, that poet made him the
TETZEL, JoHN, a Dominican monk of    hero of the "'Dunciad."  Yet, in spite
the 16th century, was b. at Piern. Being  of the wit of the satirist, Theobald is
appointed, in 1517, to vend the indul- not despicable as a commentator oni the
gences issued by Pope Leo X., for the  bard of Avon. D. 1744.
completion of St. Peter's church at      THEOCRITUS, a celebrated Greek
Rome, he represented them as possess- pastoral poet, was b. at Syracuse, and
ing the virtue of pardoning all sins, flourished in the 8d century B. C. Ptolpast, present, and future. This first emy Philadelphus invited him to his
roused the indignation of Luther, and  court, and treated him munificently. It
may truly be said to have been the pri- is said that he was strangled by Hiero,
mary cause of the reformation. The     tyrant of Syracuse, for having written
papal government, seeing the mischief  satires upon him, but there is little om
likely to accrue from the indiscreet zeal rather no evidence in support of the
and bigotry of Tetzel, so severely re- assertion.
buked him, that he is said to have died  THEODOSIUS, FLAVIUS, surnamed
of a broken heart, in 1519.           the Groat, a Rodman emperor,, was b. in




THOJ                  CYCLOPA.DIA. OF DIOGRAPHY.                      779
346; in Spain. In his 18th year he de- a tragedy, and published an edition of
feated thle barbarians, and drove them  Bishol) Halls Satires.
across the Danube. Gratian rewarded     TFHOMSON, JAMES, one-of the most
him with the purple, and the sway over popular of Enaolish poets, was the son
tme eastern provinces. In the course of  of a Scotch clergyman; was b. 1700,
his reign Theodosius triumphed over at Ednam, in Roxbunrlhshire; and was
the Goths, and various other enemies educated at Jedburgh and at Edinof the empire. He vanquished Arbo- burgh.      Relinquishing his views in
gaste, in 894, and added the western  the churinch, he removed to London,
provinces to his dominions. D. 395.-  where, in 1726, he published his "WinHI., surnamed the YQunger, emperor of ter." The three other seasons appeared
the East, grandson of the great Theo- in 1728, 1729, and 1730. Duringr the
dosins, was b. 400, and succeeded to the same period he also produced the trathrone at the age of eight years. The gedy of "Sophonisba," the poem    of
early part of his reign was marked by  "Britannia," and a poem on Sir Isaac
some success against the Persians; the Newton. Among the friends whomn lie
remainder of it was not fortunate. The gained by these splendid proofs of his
code which bears his name was formed  genius, was Lord Chancellor Talbot,
by his order, and was the work of seven  who chose him as a proper companlawyvers. D. 450.                     ion to accompany his son on the grrand
TEIEOPHRASTUS, a celebrated Greek   tour. Thomson was thus occupied for
philosopher, was b. 371 B. c., at Eresus, three years, in the course of which he
in Lesbos. He was a disciple of Plato  visited most of the European courts.
and of Aristotle, the latter of whom he After his return he was made secretary
succeeded, and with splendid success, of briefs by the chancellor, but the
in the Lyceum. Twice he was persecu- death of his patron soon deprived him
ted by his enemnies, but in both in- of that place. For this loss, however,
stances he eventually triumphed. Of   he was indemnified by the office of surall his numerous works time has spared  veyor-general of the Leeward Islands,
only a "Treatise on Stones," parts of and a pension from the prince of Wales.
his "Characters," and of a "History of  His pen, meanwhile, was not idle.  Ie
Animals," and some fragments quoted   wrote the tragedies of " Agamemnon,"
by other authors.                     "Edward and Eleonora," " Tancred and
THESPIS, a Greelk poet, b. at Icaria, Sigismunda," and "Coriolanus;" the
in Attica, flourished 576 B. c.. He is masque of "Alfred," in conjunction
considered as the inventor of tragedy, with Mallet; and the poems of "Libfrom his having introduced actors in  erty," and "The Castle of Indolence."
addition to the chorus. His stage is D. 1748.
said to have been: a cart, and the faces  THORNHILL, Sir JAMES, a painter,
of the performers were smeared with   was b. 1676, in Dorsetshire, and after
wine lees, or, according to Suidas, with  his return from his travels in Holland,
white lead and vermilion.             Flanders, and France, rose into considTHIEVENOT, JoIHN, a French travel- erable reputation as an artist. He was
ler, was b. in 16388, at Paris. His for- employed to paint the dome of St.
tune enabling him to gratify his love Paul's, the refectory and  saloon at
of travelling, he visited several parts of  Greenwich hospital, and some of the
Europe, and afterwards explored many  apartments at Hampton-court. D. 1734.
countries of the East. He d. in Persia,  THORNTON, BoNrNEL, a witty misin 1657, as he was returning from Hin- cellaneous writer and poet, ais b. 1724,
d ostan. His "Voyages and Travels"    in London; was educated at Westmninhiave been often reprinted.           ster school, and at Christ-church, OxTHOMPSON, WILLIAM, a poet and       ford; took the cdegree of bachelor of
divine, was b. at Brough, in Westmore- medicine, but never practised; was in
land; was educated at Queen's college, habits of friendship with many of the
Oxford, and d. about 1766, dean of    wits of that period.; and d. 1768. The
Raphoe, in Ireland. His poems have    "Connoisseur" was the joint produebeen deservedly admitted armoneg the tion of him and Colhnan. He translated
collected works of the British poets. a part of Plauitus, and wrote a "BurHis poem on "Sickness" contains nimany  lesque Ode oni St. Cecilia's Day," "The
fine passages, and his "Hymn to May"  Battle of the Wigs,' and a vtariety of
breathes more of the spirit of Spenser humorous pieces.-MATTTEW, was b. in
than most modern imitations of him. Ireland, in 1714, and when about two or
He also wrote "Gondibertfand Bertha," three years old his father emigrated to
65*




774                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [TIC
America, and fin-ally settled in Worces- His state papers have been published,
ter, Mass'. He pursued the study of and form a very valuable collection.
medicine, al;d commenced the praictice  THIURLOW, EDWARD, lord high hlanof' his profession in Londonderry, N. cellor of Great Britain, was b. in 1732,
H. In 1776 he was chosen a delegate to  and was called to the bar in 1758. He
the continental congress, and affixed his filled the offices of solicitor-general and
name to the declaration of independ- attorney-general, was chosen M.P. for
ence. -He was afterwards chief justice Tamworth, and became a warm    and
of the court of common pleas, and judge powerful supporter of the ministry in
of the superior court of his adopted  the house of commons. lie retired from
state. D. 1803.                      office in.1783, but resumed it again on
TIHORWALDSEN, ALBERT, the great the dissolution of the coalition ministry,
Danish sculptor, was the son of a carver and continued to hold the seals under
on wood, but though the circumstances the premiership of Mr. Pitt, till 1792.
of the parent were narrow, the boy, D. 1808.
having early shown great talent for    TIBERIUS, CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO,
drawing, was gratuitously and well ed- a Roman emperor, was b. 84 -.. at.
ucated at the Copenhagen academy of Rome. During the reign of Augustns,
arts. Here lie studied so effectually that he was successful at the head of the arhe obtained two gold medals and a trav- mies inl Spain, Armenia, Germiany, and
elling studentship, which entitles the other provinces, but, falling into dis
fortunate competitor to a salary for three grace, he resided for some Years, as an
years. Thus far fortunate, Thorwaldsen  exile, at Rhodes. He was, however,
proceeded to Rome, where he worked   restored to favor, and lie'as ag'ain viewith zeal and energy, but wher6 he is torious as the leader of the legions in
said to have been for'some time so over- Germany. - On his accession to the
whelled by the magnificence of ancient throne, his acts gave promise of a beart, by which lie saw himself surrounded, neficent sovereign; b.ut lie.soon became
as to have broken up not a few of his licentious and sanguinaiy, and, after a
earlier works as soon, as they were corn- reign of nearly twenty-three years, he
pleted. His Jason once finished, his d. universallv hated, at Misneum, 37.
fortune was virtually made; orders at  TIBULLUS, AULUS ALBIUS, a Latin
vast prices poured in upon him from all poet of an equestrian fimily, was b. at
parts, and time splendid works completed  Rome. He was the friend of Horace,
by him from the commencement of 1800  and of many other eminent cotemporato the close of 1837, place him in the first ries, and is believed to have d. shortly
rank of modern sculptors. His conn- after Vigil. Ilis fou  books of " Eletrymen were justly proud of him, and  gies" have placted him at the head of
honored him with a public funeral. D. the elegiac poets.
1844, aged 73.                         TICKELL, THOMAs, a poet, was b. in
THUCYDIDES, a Greek historian, 1636, at Bridekirk, in Cumberland; was
descended from the kings of Thrace, educated at Queen's'college, Oxford;
was b. 469 B.c., at Athens. Iaving   was the friend of Addison, who made
failed to relieve Amphipolis, which was him under secretary of state; was apbesieged by the Lacedemonians, he was pointed, in 1724, secretary to the lords
banislihed by his countrymen, and he  justices in Ireland, and held that office
retired into Thrace, wherle he had large till his death, in 1740.  His poems,
possessions. Nothing certain is know{m w hich have much sweetness and eleof the reil inder of his life, but he is gance, form a part of the collected works
supposed To have d. about 400 B. c. As of the British poets. His translation of
an historian he ranks high among the the first book of the Iliad occasioned the
writers of tancient times.           rupture between Pope and Addison.THURLOE, JoaN, a statesman and     RICHARD, a grandson of the foregoing,
political writer, was a native of Essex, was b. at Bath; obtained a pension and
and b. in 1616. He was secretary of  a place in the stamp office, and was
state during  the  protectorate; and  killed, in 1793, by throwing himself, in
thouloh immediately after" the restora- a fit of frenzy, from the window of his
tion he was arrested on a charge of high  apartments in Hampton-court palac,.
treason, yet such was Charles II.s opill- He wrote two poems, "Tile Project,"
ion of his talent and integrity, that he and "The Wreath of Fashion;" " Anafterwards often invited'him to take ticipation," and other political pampart in his administration, which he phlets; and the "Carnival of Vonice,"
thought proper to decline.  D. 1668. a comic opera:




TIN]                 CYCLOPADDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       775
TIEDEMANN, DIETRTCH, an eminent signalized himself in Hungary against
writer,'was b. 174a, at Bremervorde, in the Turks.  Subsequently he rose to
the duchy of Bremen. and d. 1803. Eis hih command in the Bavarian service,
principal works are, "An Ess ay on the  and next in the Imperial, and gained
OriL'in of Langnuages," "Svsteli of the several victories between 1620 and 1.63,
Stoic Phiolosophy," an " Investigation  in which last year he eternally disgraced
of Man," "The first Philosophers of himself by his cruelty at the storming
Greece," and "The Spirit of Speculative  of Matdeburlgh.  Gnistavus Adolplhis
Phlilosophyla."                      defeated him  at Lutzen~ in 1631, and
TTEDGE,- CEIRSTOPTiER AUGUSTUS, a again at the passing of the Lech, in
German elegiac poet, b. 1752; his chief 1632, in which action Tilli was mortally
works are," tUranlia," "The Echo, or wounded.
Alexis and Ida," " Denkmale der Zeit,"  TILLOCH, ALEXANDER, was b. 1757,
&c. I-is latter years were passed at at Glasgow, where he received a liberal
Dresden. D. 1841.                    education. While resident at his native
TIERNEY, GEORGE, a distinguished   place he invented stereotype printing;
statesman.and political writer, was b. in  but, after having joined with Mr. Fonlis
London, 1756, and, in 1796, he was to carry it on, and taken out a patent,
elected M.P. for Sonthlwark. He soon  he had the mortification to find that the
proved himself an able debater, and was process had been previously discovered
one of the most formidable opponents hy Ged. Settling in Londonhliebecame
of Mr. Pitt. Durini a debate in the editor and one of the proprietors of the
year 1798, some words spoken in the  "Star" newspaper, and, in 1797, he esliouse were the cause of a duel between  tablished the "Philosoplical Magazine."
itm and'Mr. Pitt. When Mr. Adding- D. Jan. 26, 1825. Tilloch made some
ton became minister, in 1802, he made improvements on the steam-engine.
Mr. Tierney treasurer of.the navy. In  TILLOTSON, JOHN, an eminent pre1806, under the Grenville administra- late, was b. 1630, at Sowerby, in Yorktion, he became president of the board  shire, and was educated at Clare1 hall,
of control, but went out of office early in  Cambridge. Ile was of a Pritan family,
the following year, on the resignation  and was bronght up in their religious
of the ministry. On the formation of principles, but he conformed to the
the Canning ministry, he was appointed  church in 1662. Between that period
to the mastership of the. mint; from  and 1669, he was, successively, curate
which lhe retired, with Lord Goderich, of Cheshunt, rector of Keddineton,
in 1828, and d. 1830.                preacher in Lincoln's Inn, lecturer at
TILGHAM, WILLIAM, an eminent St. Lawrence Jewry, and gained repujurist, was b. 1756, in Talbot county, on  tation both as a preacher and a conthe easter.n shore of Maryland. In 1772 troversialist. In 1670 he was made a
1  began the study of law in Philadel- prebendary, and, two years.afterwards,
phia, but was not admitted to the prac- dean of Canterbury. In 1683 he attendtice of the profession till 1788. In 1788, ed Lord Russell on the scaffold, and laand for some successive years, he was bored, but, of course, in vain. to draw
elected a representative to the legislature from him a declaration in favor of pasof Maryland. In 1793 le returned to  sive obedience. This blot in his characPhiladelphia, land pursued the practice ter is to be regretted. At the revolution,
of the law in, that city till 1801, when he he awas appointed clerk of the closet to
was appointed clief judfe of tlhe cirlcuit his majesty, and, in the following vear,
court of the United States for the thirdl he excllanged his deaneryv for t.hat of St.
circuit. After the abolition ofthis court, Paul's. In 1691, after fiuitles s attempts
he resmeed his profession, and contin- to avoid the ieonor, le accepted, with
Led it till 1805, when he was appointed  unfeifgned reluctance, the see of Cante'rpresident of the courts of common pleas bury, which was become vacant by the
in the first district of Pennsylvania. In  deprivation of Saneroft. This promothe following year he was commissioned  tion however, lie did not lone survive,
as chief justice of the supreme court of as his decease took place in 1694. Ile
that state. D. 1827.                 died poor, the cop'yigoht of his C'PostTILLI. JOHN TZEROLAES, coIunt de, a humnous Sermons," which sold for 2500
celebrated German general, was b. at guineas, being all that his family inheritBrussels, of an illustrious family, to- ed. His works form three folio volumes.
wards the close of the 16th century.   TINDAL, MATTHEW, a deistical writer,
Originally he was a Jesuit, but he quit- was b. about 1657, at Beer Ferrers, in
ted that order to take arms. He first Devonshire; was educated at Lincoln




77 G                  CYCLOPEDIA'OF B3IOGMRAPHY.                    [TOM
college, Oxford, and obtained a fellow- the throne A. D. 79. His early licenship in All Souls, anld d. 1733. Among  tiousness inspired feais as to his future
his works are, "The Rights of the Chris- conduct. but lie discarded his vices, and
tian Church Asserted," and "Christian. acted in such a manner as to be denomi~ as old as the Creation.?'-"NIcOLAS, iated the delight of the human ra ce.
nephew of the foregooin, was b. 1687, in  Ile was the father of his people. On
Devonshire; was educated at xxford; one occasion, having within the twentyobtained various livings, and the chap- four hours pertforned no act of kindlainship of Grebenwich hospital; and l. ness, he exclaimcd, "My friends, I have
1774. He wrote a continuation of Rapin, lost a da ll"  lie reigned little more
translated Calmnet and Cantemir, and  than two years.
abridoed Spence's "Polymetis."          TOBIN, Jou-N, a dramatic writer, was
TINTORETTO, a celebrated painter, b. 1770, at Salisbury; was educated at
whose real name was JAMES ROBUSTI, pivate schools at Southampton and
was the son of a dyer, from which cir- Bistol; and was brouoght up as a solicicumstance he derived his pictorial ap- tor. He had an irresistible propensity
pellation. He was b. 1512, at Venice, to dramatic composition, and at the age
and was a pupil of Titian, who became of twenty-four had written several plays;
jealous of his talents, and dismissed  and lie continued his labors till the close
him fiom lhis school. Ile rose to high  of his existence. In his applications to
reputation, and was employed by the theatrical managers, howevel,' e was
Venetian government to paint a picture uniformly unsuccessful, little to the
of the victory gained over the Turks in  credit of their judgment. It was not
1571. Most of his finest compositions till he was sinking into the grave from
are at Venice, where lie d. 1594.     consumption that his " Honey Moon"
TIRABOSCHI, JEROMEm, an Italian    was accepted, and he did not live to witwriter, was b. 1731, at Bergarmo, and d. n.ess its success. D. 1804.
1794, counsellor and librarian to the   TOLAND, JOHN, a deistical writer,
duke of Modena. Among his works was b. in 1699, near Londonderry; was
are, "Memoirs of Modenese Writers,"   originally a Catholic, but became a disand "Notices of Painters, Sculptors,"  senter, and, lastly, a skeptic; was ed&e., but his great production is "The ucated at Glasgow, Edinburgh, and
History of Italian Literature."       Leyden; was employed in secret misTISSOT, SIMoN ANDREW, an eminent sions to the German courts; and d.
Swiss physician, was b. 1728, at Grancy, 1722. Amonr his works are, " Christiin the Pays de Vaud; studied medicine anity not Mysterious," " Nazarenus,"
at Montpellier; and settled at Lausanne," Pantheisticon," " Aimyntor," " Tetrawhere lie became celebrated, particularly  dymus," and " A Life of Milton."
for his new method of treating the      TOMLINE, GEORGE, whose famnil
small-pox; was for three years medical name was PRrTTYMAN, a prelate am.
professor at Pavia; and d.'1797, at Lau- writer, was b. about 1750, at Bry St.
saniie.                               Edmund's, where his father was a
TITIAN, whose name was TIZIANO      tradesman. He was educated at Bury
VEOELLI, the greatest painter of the Ve- school, and at Pembroke hall, Camnetian school, was b. 1477 or 1480, at bridge, and was senior wrangoler in 1772.
Pieve de Cadore, in Friuli; was a pupil Mr. Pitt, to whom he had been academof Zucecati and Bellini; and improved  ical tutor, made him his private secrehis original style by observing the works tary, gave him the living of Sudbury,
of Giorgione. He was patronized and   and a prebend of Westminster, and, in
hiighly honored by Charles V., Philip II., 1787, raised him to the see of Lincoln,
and other princes. His powers contin- whence, in 1820, Dr. Tomline was transued undiminished till almost the latest lated to that of Winchester. D. 1827.
period of his existence, and, as lie was  TOMPKINS, DANIEL D., was tle on
indefatigable ift his art, and lived to the of Jonathan G. Tompkilns, a rv'olutionage of nearly a hundred, his works are ary patriot, and was b. June 21st, 1774.
numerous. They still retain their rank  He received his education at Columbia
among the highest efforts of pictorial college, in the city of New York, and
skill. D. of the plague, 1576.        graduated in 1795. He commenced the
TITUS SAB1NUS VESPASIANUS,. practice of law in New York, and took
FLAVIUS, a Roman emperor, the son of  a prominent part in the great party
Vespasian, was b. 40. After having dis- struggle which resulted in tIme elevation
tinguished himself in arms, particularly  of Mr. Jefferson to the presidency'of the
at the siege of Jerusalem, he ascended  United States. In 1803 Mr. Tompkins




TOR]                  CYCLOPeEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      777
Was appointed chief justice of the su- commission, and sentenced to behanged.
erior court of New York, whichl office The execution of his sentence, however,
he filled with reputation tolhimself, and  le avoided, by cutting his own throat in
to the approbation of the public. I-e prison, November 19, 1798.
was elected governor of the state il   TOOKE, JOHN HIOPNE, a politician
1807, and during a period of great polit- and philologist, who for many years was'
ical excitement, was an aetive and up- known by Ihis family name of Horme
right chief magistrate. In 1817 he was was b. 1730, in Westminster; was eduelected to the vice-presidency of the cated at Westminster and Eton schools,
United States, James Monroe'at the and at St. John's college, Cambridge;
same time havinl been raised to the and in 1760 was inducted to the chapelry
presidency. In this honorable station  of New Brentford. The clerical profeshe served his country for two terms; sion, however, was little suited to his
and finally retired from public life, in  habits and feelins, and lie took an aeMarch, 1825. He d. suddenly, at his tive part in politics. The cause of
residence, in Richmond county, Staten  Wilkes he warmly espoused for a conIsland, June 11th, 1825.             siderable time, but at length t2hey beTONE, THEOBALD WOLFE, an Irish     came enemies. In 1771 lie was attacked
revolutionary politician, and founder of by Junins, but'he defended himself
the " Society of United Irishmen," was with spirit and success against that forb. in Dublin, in 1763, and was bred to  midable writer. Resi ginighislivino.t
the bar. In 1790 he published a pam- Brentford, lie studied law at the Temple,
phlet, the object of which was to expose but his ecclesiastical character proved
the mismanagement of the English gov- an obstacle to his being admitted to the
ernment regarding Ireland; and, in   bar. In 1775 he was sentenced to im1798, he established the society above prisonment on a charge ofhavinglibelled
mentioned. He afterwards became, in- the king's troops in America. Out of
volved in a treasonable correspondence  this circumstance arose his Letter to
with France, but made a sort of com- Dunning, which formed the basis of his
promise with the British government, subsequent philological work, "The
and was allowed to withdraw himself. Diversions of Purley," published in
lie accordingly came to America in   1786. In 1790, and 1796, lie stood, in1795, from  whence he proceeded to   effectually, as candidate for WestmiinFrance in the following year. By his ster; and in 1794 he was one of the
persuasions, the French directory fitted -persons who were tried at the Old Bailey,
out an expedition, consisting of 17 sail and acquitted, on a charge of treason.
of the line, 13 frigates, &c., with 14,000 In 1801 he was returned to parliament
troops on board, and upwards of 40,000 for Old Sarum; but he sat only during
stand of arms, besides artillery and war- that session, a bill being passed to prelike stores. Tone was appointed cllef vent individuals in orders from sitting
de brigade, under General Hoche, the in future. D. 1812.
commander-in-chief. They set sail Dec.  TOPLADY, AvGUSTUS MONTAGUE, an
15, 1796; but, before they had all reach- eminent Calvinistic divine, was b. in
ed their destination, (Bantry bay,) a 1740, at Farnham, in Surrey; was eduhurricane arose, in consequence of which  cated at Westminster school, and at
three ships of the line and a frigate only  Trinity college, Dublin; an<l d. 1778,
remained together. This bold attempt vicar of Broad Hembury, in Devonshire.
being thus frustrated by the elements, Toplady was a strenuous opponent of
the scattered slhip  made the best of  Wesley.
their way back to France, anld Tone was  TORQUEMADA, TiHOrmAS DE, the
foiled in all his future endeavors to per- first inquisitor-general of Spain, a man
suade the French government to under- infamous for his barbarity, was b. in
take another expedition on a large scale. 1420; was a monk of the order of St.
But he still persevered in those plans Dominic; became inquisitor-general in
which he conceived would lead to a sep- 14883; and d. in 1498.' In the course of
rea'tion of Ireland from Great Britain; sixteen years he gave to the flames no
and he at length embarked in one of  less than 8,800 victims, besides executhose petty armaments, the inefficiency  ting nearly as many in effigy, condemnof which, he thought, perhaps, miglit ing 90,000 to perpetual imprisonment
be remedied by his own courage and ex- and other severe punishments, and exprlience. He was taken prisoner in the pelling from Spain above 800,000 Jews.
Hoche, after fighting bravely in a- des-  TORRICELLI, EVANGELISTA, a eelperate action, was tried by a military  ebrated Italian geometrician, was b.-in




778                   CYCLOPADIA     OF BIOGRAPHY.                   [TRB
1608, at lAodigliana, or, as some assert, his civil capacity he ruled for the welat Piancaldoli; began his education un- fare of his eopl]e; in his military chlarder the Jesuits at Faenza, and completed  acter lhe sustained the glory of Rome
it at Rome; was invited to Florence by  by defeating  the Dacians, Parthians,
Galileo; and succeeded that eminent Arabians, Armenians, and Persians.
man as professor of mathematics. The  The column iwhich bears his name was
grand-duke also appointed him    his raised in the Roman capital to cornmathematician. D. 1647.              memorate his victories. D. 117.
TORRINGTON, GEORGE BYNG, Vis-         TRENCKI, FREDERIC, baron de, a
count, a British admiral, was b. 1668, in  Prussian officer, celebrated for his adKent; became a rear-admiral in 1703; ventures, was b. 1726, at Kcenigsberg,
atrd, during the reign of Queen Anne, and made such rapid progress in his
distinguished himself at the taking of studies, that, at the age of 17, he was
Gibraltar, the battle of Malaga, and the  presented to the king, as the most rerelieving of Barceloni. In 1718 he de- nmarkable student in the university.
feated the Spanish fleet of Sicily; in  Frederic rapidly advanced him in the
1721 he was created a viscount; and   army, and manifested much regard for
was afterwards appointed first lord of the  himn;- but the persoonal and mental acadmiralty. D. 1733.                   complislmeits of Trenck having awon
TOUSSAINT      L'OUVERTURE, a the heart of the Princess Amelia, the
negro of great talents, was b. in 1743, in  monarch, her brother, resolved to punish
St. Domingo.   His early years were   him. Trelick was confined at Glatz, but
spent in slavery on the estate of Count contrived to escape. He then visited
Noe. When the blacks threw off the the north of Europe, Austria, and Italy.
yoke, the abilities and courage of Tous- In 1758 lie was seized at Dantzic, and
saint soon raised himr-to the hi.ghest was conveyed to Magdebargh, where,
rank among them. By his wise meas- loaded with irons, he was incarcerated
ure hle succeeded in expelling the El- for nearly teni years in a horrible dunglisli, reducing the Spanish part of the  geon. After his liberation he withdrew
island, and restoring peace and order in to Vienna. He was subsequently a wine
the colony; for which the central as- merchant at Aix-la-Chapelle, and a calsembly of St. Domingo raised him the  tivator of his estate in HIungary.  In
dignity of governor and president for 1791 he settled in France, and in 1794'life. Anxious to recover so valuable a he closed his eventful career under the
possession,.Bonaparte, in 1801, dis- axe of the guillotine. He wrote his own
patched General Leclere with a laroe  "Memoirs," and some other works of
army. A desperate contest ensued, in  considerable merit.
which Toussaint was overcome.    He     TRESHAM, T[ENLY, a painter and
was sent a prisoner to France, and d. in  poet, was b. in Ireland, and imbibed the
the fobrtof Joux, 1803.               principles of art from West, of Dublin.
TRADESCANT, JOHN, a Dutch nat- He accompanied Lord Cawdor to Italy,
uralist, who, after visiting various parts and resided for fourteen years in that
of Europe, settled in England, estab- country. On his return to England he
lished at Lambeth a garden of exotics, became a royal academician. He wrote
and was appointed gardener to Charles three poems, " The Seasick Minstrel,"
I. Hle d. about 1652.-JOHN, his son, "Rome at the close of the Eighteenth
who d. in 1662, published, with the   Century," and "Britannicus to Bonatitle of " Museum Tradescantium," a parte."   D. 1814.
description of his father's collection of  TREVETT, SAMUEL R., a surgeon in
curiosities. The flower called Trades- the army of the United States, was b. at
cantia was brought from Viirginia by  Marblehead, Massachusetts, in 1783, and
the latter.                         -was graduated at Harvard college. After
TRAJAN, MARCUS ULPIUS CRINITU, studying the profession of medicine, he
a Roman emperor, surnamed OPTIMUS, commnenced practice in Boston, but being
was b. A. D. 52, at Italica, in Spain. naturally of a chivalrous cast of char
After having distinguished himself at acter, he sought and obtained an apthe head of the legions in Lower Ger- pointment in the medical department
many, lie was, at the age of 42, adopted  of the navy. I-Ie was in the Constitution
by Nerva. On the death of that monarch, during her cruise before the last war,
A. D. 98, Trajan was invested with the  on board the United States when she
imperial purple. The adoption of Nerva captured the Macedonian, and was in
and the choice of the senate were justi- the President when she was captured
fied by the cohduct of the emperor. Tn  by the British fleet. He distinguished




TRUJ]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        779
himself very much by his intrepid con- In 177-2 he published the first part of
duct when a passenger in the steamboat his poem, " The Progress of Dulness."
Phoenix, which was burned on Lake In the followingl year he was admitted
Champlain, in September, 1819. After to the bar in Connecticut, and, removing
the Wiar he had been appointed surgeon  to Boston, continued his legal studies in
of the Navy Yard at Charlestown, and  tle office of John Adams. He returned
in 1822 he was stationed as surgeon on  to his native state in 1774, and comboard the sloop of war Peacock, bound  menced practice at New Haven. The
on a summer cruise to the West Indies. first part of " McFingal' was published
He was seized with the yellow fever, at Philadelphia, in 1775: the poem was
and d. at Norfolk in November of that completed and published in 1782, at
year.                                 Hartford, where the author at that time
TRIBONIAN, a celebrated juriscon- lived. More than thirty editions of this
sult, was b. about the beginning of the work have been printed. In 1789 he
sixth century, at Sida, in. Pamphylia; was appointed state-attorney for the
obtained reputation at the bar, and rose, county of Hartford, and in 1801 was apthrough a succession of state offices, to  pointed a judge of the superior court of
those of prsetorian prefect and consul. errors, and held this appointment till
Justinian intrusted to him the superin- 1819. In 1825 he removed to Detroit,
tendence of the compiling of his new'where he -d. 1831.-JoNATHAN, governor
code of laws. This task wvas begun in  of Connecticut, was b. at Lebanon, in
530 and completed in 534. Tribonian, 1710, and graduated at Harvard college
whose rapacity and venality were at at the early age of 17. He early engaged
least equal to hlis talents, d. about 547.  in public affairs, and served his native
TRIMMER, SARArI, an active and in- colony in many important offices. In
telligent female, the daughter of Kirby, 1769 lie was elected governor, which
who wrote on Perspective, was b. in   office he discharged with great skill and
1741, at Ipswich, and d. 1810.        prudence for fourteen years, embracing
TRISSINO, Jolx GEORGE, an Italian   the whole period of the revolution. In
poet, was b. in 1478, at Vicenza; was his official station he enjoyed the confieducated at Rome and Milan, and had   dence of Washington, aind the other
Chalcondyles for one of his tutolrs; was sages and patriots of that eventful peemployed by Leo X. and his successor riod. - D. 1785.-JONATHAN, a son of the
Clementon various diplomatic missions;   preceding, was b. at Lebanon, 1740, and
and d. in 15.50. Amonl his  or'ks are, was educated at Harvard college, where
"The Deliverance of Italy fiom   the lie graduated in 1759. For several sucGoths," ain epic poem; and the tragedy  ceeding years he resided in his native
of " Sophonisba."                     town; but when the revolution comTROMP, MARTIN IeERBEiTSON, a cel    menced, lie was found among the foreebrated Dutch admiral, was b. 1597, at most in defence of his country's rights.
Brill; began his naval career at an early  In 1775 lie was appointed paymaster to
age; defeated the Spaniards in 1637 and  the northern department of the army,
anid 1639  fought with gmreat gallantryv and continued in that office until the
against the Enolish, during the war close of the campaign of 1783. He was
which beoan in 1652; and was killed in  soon afterwards attached to the famnily
an engagement inl 1658.-N iCHOLAs his of Washington, in the capacity of secreson, aV1ho was b. 1629, and d. 1697, emt- tary and first aid. ~He enjoyed, in an
lated the fame of his father, particularly  eminent, degree,: the confidence and
in the four days' action in the Downs, friendship of the commander-in-chief,
in 1666...- with whoml he continued, until the close
TROWBRIDGE, EDMUNDN       a learned  of the war. In 1789 he was a member
jurist, was b. at Newton, in 1709, and  of congress, and for ten years reprewas araduated at Harvaii college. He sented his native state in that body, in
pursued the profession of the law, rose the house of representatives, of: which
to distinction, in 1749 was appointed  lie was some years speaker, and in the
attorney-general, and a judge of the su- senate. In 1798 he was elected governor
preme court of Massachusetts in 1767. of Connecticut, and filled that office
In 1772 he resigned his seat on the   until his death, 1809.-JOHN, a son of
bench, and d. in retirement, in 1793.  the preceding, was b. a't Lebanon, 1756,
TRUMBULL, JoiN, the author of and early in life served as an aid to Gen.
" McFingal," was b. in Connecticut, in  Washington. He was rapidly promoted,
1750, and was educated at Yale college, but quitted the army in 1777 when he
where he entered at a very early age. applied himself to painting visited ]gt



780                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [TUR
rope to get the instructions of West, and  TULL, JETHIRO, an agricultural writer,
rose to the hioghest rank in his proIfes- was b. about 1680;- studied at one of
sion. His great national pictures, some the universities and the -Temple, and
of which adorn the Caliitol at Wrashing- was admitted a barrister; but, on reton,' and others are at Yale college, are turning from his travels, he settled on
valuable historiecal monuments.  D. in  his estate, and devoted himself to agri1848.                                 culture. D. 1740.
TRUXTON, TuHOMAs, an officer in the   TURESNE, HENRY        DE LA TOUR
American navy, was b. on Long Island, D'AUVERGNE, viscount de, a consumin 1755. In 1775 lie commanded a ves- mate general, second son of the duke
sel, and distinguished himself by his of Bouillon, was b. in 1611, at Sedan;
depredations on British commerce du- had fromuliis childhood an irresistible
ring the revolution. He-I subsequently  propensity to a military life; and was
enlgaged in commerce, till the year 1794, initiated in the art of war by five years'
when lie was appointed to the frigate hard service under his uncles, Maurice
Constitution. In 1799 he captured the of Nassau and Prince Frederic Henry.
French frigate L'Insurgente; and in   On his returning to France a regiment
the followiing year he obtained a victory  was given to him. He displayed such
over the La Vengeance. On the close talent in Lorraine, Germany, Italy, and
of the French war he retired from the Roussillon, that, anxious to fix him in
navy, and d. at Philadelphia, in 1822.  his interests, Mazarin gave him the
TUCKER, ABRAHAM, a metaphysical marshal's staff in 1644. In 1645 he was
writer, b. in 1705, in London, was the defeated at Mariendahl, but was soon
son of a merchant, and was educated at amply avenged by the victory of NordBishop Stortford school, and Merton   lingen. During the war of the Fronde,
college, Oxford. He studied for a while  he at first espoused the cause of the
at the Inner Temple, but was not called  princes, and was beaten at Rhetel;
to the bar. D. 1774. His great work   but, having rejoined the royal party, he
is, "The Light of Nature pursued," in  was more sucecessful in the battles of
seven volumes octavo, of which the first Gien and the suburb of St. Antoine.
half was published by himself, under In the war against the Spaniards, from
the fictitious name of Edward Search. — 1654 to 1659, he gained the battle of the
ST. GEORmGE, an American lawyer and   Downs, and a variety of other advanstatesman, distinguished by the title of  tages. He n1ow enjoyed some years of
" The American Blackstone," was a repose, duringo which he abandoined the
zealous promoter of the independence faith of his fathers, and became a Cathof the United States, and bore a part in  olic. In the campaign of 1672 all the
its accomplishment, not only with his other marshals employed were placed
pen, but his sword. D. 1828.          under his orders. Between that period
TUCKERMAN, JOSEPH, an eminent and 1675 lie compelled the elector of
philanthropist of Boston, who devoted  Brandenburg to sign a peace, gained the
his life to the ministry of the poor, in  battle of Sintzheim, and, by a movement
which he displayed equal benevolence  of the most masterly kind, expelled the
and judgment. D. 1840.                Imperialists from  Alsace, and drove
TUDOR, WILLIAM, a man of letters, them over the Rhine. He sullied his
was b. in the state of Massachusetts, glory, however, by his barbarous conand was graduated at Harvard college  duct in the Palatinate, which country
in 1796. He soon after visited Europe he utterly devastated by fire and sword.
and passed several years there. After In 1675 he was opposed to Monteculculi,
having beensomne time a member of the and the game of war was never played
legislature of his native state, he was with greater skill than by the two genappointed, in 1823, consul at Lima, and  erals. Turpnne believed that lie had at
for the ports of Peru. In 1827 he was length found a favorable opportunity of
appointed charge-d'affaires of the United  attacking his enemy, when he was
States at the court of Brazil. D. at Rio  killed, July 27, 1675, by a cannon-ball,
de Janeiro, 1830. Mr. Tudor was the and the consequence of lis death was
founder, and for two years the sole the immediate retreat of the French.
editorof the "NorthAmerican Review."    TURGOT, ANNE ROBERT JAMES, a
He was the author of'Letters on the French statesman, was b. 1727, at Paris.
Eastern States," and a "Life of James He studied at the Sorbonne, and was
Otis," and left a number of volumes in intended for the church, but relinquishmanuscript, nearly prepared for the   ed the clerical profession, and was made
press.                                master of requests. In 1761 he was ap



TYT]                  CYCLOP-EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       781
pointeJ intendant of Limoges, which   poet Preston.-HORACE, a distinguished
office he held for twelve vears, greatly  member of the British parliament, and
to the advantage of the inihabitaints of  a prolific writer, who held several politthe Limotsin. In 1774 he was made     ical appointments, and wrote the life of
comptroller-general of the finances; but Lord Eldon. He was vice-chancellor in
his benevolent views were thwarted by  1844. D. 1849.
intrigues, and he was removed in 1776.  TYLER, ROYALL, a lawyer and mis-.
He d. in 1781. His works form nine cellaneous writer, was b. in Boston, and
volumnes octavo.                      graduated at Harvard college in 1776.
TURNER, WILLIAM, an English nat- In 1790 he removed his residence to
Uralist of the 16th century, was b. at Vermont, and soon distinguished himMorphet, in Northumberland; was edu- self in his profession of law. For six
cated at Pembroke hall, Cambridge; and  years he was an associate judge of the
d. in 1568, dean of Wells. He- wrote, supreme court of that state, and for six
among other things, " A History of    years more chief justice. He was the
Plants," which is the earliest English  author of several dramatic piecese of
herbal.-SHARON, the well-known his- considerable merit; a novel called "The
torian of the Ana'lo-Saxons, was b. in  Algerine Captive," and numerous pieces
London, 1768. He was principally edu- in prose and verse published in the
c-ated at Pentonville, and having chosen  " Farmer's- Museum,' when edited by
the law for his profession, he was arti- Dennie. In addition to these he pubcled to an attorney in the Temple at the lished two volumes, entitled " Vermont
age of 15. The death of his master be- Reports."  D. 1825.
fore his articles of clerkship were ex-  TYRTEUS, a Greek poet, who flonrpired left him free to decide on his ished about 684 B.C., is said to have
future career; but at the suggestion of  been a native of Miletus, and to have
an old client, who promised him sup- settled at Athens. IHe was lame, and
port, he took up the business, and not- blind of one eye. Defeated by the Meswithstanding the great amount of time senians. the Spartans applied for a Venoccupied by his literary pursuits, he  eral to the Athenians, who, in derision,
continued to conduct a large profes- sent Tyrtoeus, to them. The bard, howsional business, which he transmitted  ever, so inspired the Spartans by his
to his family. His chief works, or rather warlike songs that they were victorious.
series of works, (for.they were published  Some fragments of his battle strains are
separately,) are, the " History of En- extant.
gland from the earliest Period to the   TYTLER, WILLIAM, an historical and
Death of Elizabeth," and the "Sacred  miscellaneous writer, was b. in 1711, at
History of the World;" they have been  Edinburgh, was educated at the gramrepeatedly reprinted, and may be now  mar school and university of his native
said to form part of the standard litera- city, followed the profession of a soliture of the country. Shortly before his citor, and d. 1792. His principal work
death he published a poem, entitled   is "An Historical and Critical Inquiry
"Richard III."   D. 1847.-DANIEL, a into the Evidence produced against
commodore in the IU. S. navy, who gave Mary, Queen of Scots." - ALEXANDER
gallant aid to Perry in tle battle of Lake  FRASER, son of the foregoing, was b. in
Erie. The state of New York presented  1747, at Edinburgh, in which city he
him a sword in testimony of honor for was educated. After having been prohis services. D. 1850.                fessor of universal history, at the uniTWISS, RICHARD, an English trav- versity, and deputy judge advocate for
eller, was b. in 1747, at Rotterdam. He  Scotland, he was appointed a senator of
was a man of fortune, and spent several the college of justice in 1802, on which
years in visiting various parts of the occasion he took the title of Lord WoodContinent. He d. in 1821, at an advanced  houselee. In 1811 he was appointed a
ace. Among his works are, "Travels commissioner of judiciary. Among his
thlrollgh Spain and Portuf.al," "A Tour works are, *" Decisions of the Court of
in Ireland," "A Trip to Paris in 1792,"  Sessions," "A  Treatise on Military
"Anecdotes of Chess," and " Miscel- Law," " Elements of General History,"
lanies.'"  His illiberal attack on the na- " An Essay on Translation,'1 " An Estives of Ireland drew on him a severe  say on the Life of Petrarch," and.
literary chastisement from  the Iris h  "Memoirs of Lord Kames."  D. 1818.
66




782                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [VAI
U.
ULLOA, Don ANTHONY DE, an able      by Sir Henry Vane to command the
Spanish naval officer and mathematician, troops at Saybrook in 1637. Hle wa.
was b. 1716, at Seville, entered the navy  engafged in the expedition against the
in 1733, and at tile age of only 19 was Pequots, and displayed great valor and
chosen as one of the scientific characters  enterprise. In 1641 he was elected govwho were appointed to measure a de- ernor of Exeter Dover. Removing to
gree of the meridian of Peru. He was  New York, he d. at Medford.
ten years a resident in South America.  URFE, HONORIUS D', a French writer,
After his return he rose to high rank in  was b. 1557, at Marseilles, distinguished
the navy, and was employed in various  himself as a soldier during the wars of
important offices by the government. the league, and as a negotiator at Turin
Spain is indebted to, him for many irn- and Venice, and d. in 1625. Hle is the
portant improvements.  D. 1795. He    author of the romance of " Astrea,"
published his " Travels," and a physico-  which was once exceedingly popular in
historical work onl South America.    France, but is now completely forgotten.
ULPHILAS, or WUULFILAS, a          -His brother, the count de Lyon, wrote
Gothic bishop, who flourished about a volume of sonnets, withl the title of
the middle of the 4th century.   He   "Diana."
was deputed by the Goths, in 377, to    USHER, JAMES, a divine and histoobtain leave from the Emperor Valens  rian, was b. 1580, at Dublin, antd was
to settle in one of the Roman provinces. educated at Trinity college, in that city.
His decease is supposed to have taken  In 1601, he took orders, in 1620 he was
place in the following year. He trans- made bishop of Meath, and, in 1624, was
Iated the "Gospels," and some other   raised to the archbishopric of Armagh.
parts of the Scriptures, into the Gothic  The rebellion in Ireland drove him from
language.                             his see, and deprived him of every thing
ULPIAN, DOMITIUS, an eminent Ro- but his library. To the cause of Charles
man civilian, was tutor to the Emperor  I. he was warmly attached. He d. in
Alexander Severus, who made him his   1656, at Ryegate, in Surrey. Usher is
secretary, and afterwards practorian pre- the author of many learned works,
feet. Having disobliged the soldiery by  among which may be mentioned, "De
his reforms, Ulpian was murdered by   Ecclesiarum Christianarum Successione
them in 228. Some fragments of his    et Statu," " Britannicarum Ecclesiarum
works are extant.                     Antiquitates," " Annals of the Old and
UNDERHILL, JoHN, one of the ear- New Testament," and "Chronologia
hest settlers of Massachusetts, was sent Sacra.
V.
VADE, JOHN JosEPH, a French writer Colbert to collect medals for the king's
of broad farces and songs, was b. 1720, cabinet, Vaillant made numerous visits
at RHam, in Picardy. His career was cut to Italy, Sicily, and Greece. In one of
short in 1757, by the consequences of his voyages, being pursued by an Althe dissipation in which he had spent gerine pirate, he swallowed   twenty
his early youth. He was the first who  scarce gold medals, to save them from
introduced on the stage the coarse but the pursuers. D. 1706.-SEBASTIAN, an
emphatic slang language of the Parisian  eminent botanist, b. 1669, at Vigny, near
mob.                                  Pontoise. Under his father, who was
VAILLANT, JOHN Foi, a celebrated    an organist, he when a child acquired a
French numismatist, was b. 1632, at proficiency in music; but lie quitted
Beauvais, and was brought up as a phy- music for the study of surgery. The
sician. To the study of medals lie was lectures of Tournefort, at Paris, revived
first led by a farmer bringing him some Vaillant's early predilection for botany,
which he had found; and lie pursued it and to that science he devoted himself.
eagerly and successfully. Employed by  D. 1722.




VAL]                  CYCLOPADIA -OF BIOGRAPHY.                       78S.
VALCKENAER, Louis GASPAR, one found dead in his palace in 392, sup
of the most able of modern philologists  posed to have been strangled by some
and critics, was b. 1715, at Leenwarden, of his domestics.-III., FLAVIUS PLACIin Friesland, and studied at Franeker DUS, emperor of the West, was b. in
and Leyden, at which latter university  419, at Ravenna, and was assassinated
he d. in 1785, professor of natural his- in 455, in revenge for his having distory, and of the Greek language and   honored the patrician Maximus, by inantiquities. Among his works are edi- triguing with his wife.
tions of various classical productions.  VALERIAN, PUBLIus LINIUS, a ROHis "Opuscula" were published in      man emperor, was raised to the imperial
1809.                                 dignity in 254. After having reigned
VALDO, PETER, the founder of the seven years, he was defeated and taken
sect called the Vaudois, or Waldenses, prisoner, near Edessa, by Sapor, king
was b. in the 12th century, at Vaux, in  of Persia. The imperial captive is said
Dauphiny, and acquired a considerable to have been treated with the utmost
fortune as a merchant at Lyons. The indignity by the victor, and to have
sudden death of a friend produced such  been at length flayed alive.
an effect upon his mind, that lie dis-  VALERIUS MAXIMUS, a Roman
tributed all his property to the poor, and  historian., was b. in the reign of Angusbegan to translate the Bible, and explain  tus. After having served in Asia, unit to them. He also taught that the laity  der Sextus Pompey, he settled at Rome,
had the same right as the clergy to   and withdrew from public affairs that
preach and administer the sacranments. he might devote himself to literature.
rhie general council of Lateran, in 1179, He is the author of a valuable work,
condemned his doctrines, and lie and  "De Dictis Factisque Memorabilibus,"
his followers were obliged to take refuge  which lie dedicated to Tiberius; and
in the mountains of Dauphiny and Pied- which was one of the first books that
mont, where, for a lonu  period, they  was published after the invention of
were brutally persecuted. A remnant printing.
of them still exists in Piedmont.       VALLA, LAURENCE, one of the most
VALENS, FLAVIUS, a Roman em- eminent philoloo'ists of the 15th century,
peror, the son of Gratian, count of Af- who contributed greatly to the diffusion
rica, was b. about 828, in Pannonia. In  of classical literature, was b. in 1406, at
364 he was admitted by his brother Va- Rome; was a celebrated professor at
lentinian to a share in the imperial several Italian universities; was liberauthority, and he took the government ally patronized by Alphonso, king of
of the East. After having defeated the Aragon and Naples; and d. in 1457.
Persians and Goths, he suffered the   Vallb was of"a contentious disposition,
latter to settle in Lower Mcesia. They, and had several violent literary disputes
however, revolted, and Valens was de- with Poggio and others. His attack on
feated by them, in 378, near Adrianople. the pretensions of the holy see exposed
A house, to which the wounded emperor him to danger from the Inquisition.
was conveyed, was set on fire by the  One of his principal works is "A Treavictors, and lie perished in the flames.  tise on the Elegancies of the Latin LanVALENTINE, BASIL, an alchemist guage."
and chemist, of whose life little is re-  VALLISNIERI, ANTHONY, an Italian
corded, is said to have been b. 1394, at naturalist, was b. 1661, at Tresilico, in
Erfnrth, and to have been a Benedictine  the duchy of Modena; was appointed
monk. The properties of antimony were professor of practical medicine at Padua,
discovered by him. His " Currus Tri- in 1700; and d. in that city in 1730.
umphalis Antimonii" has been trans-     VALMIKI, the oldest and most celelated into English.                   brated of the epic poets of India, is the
VALENTINIAN I., FLAVIus, a Ro- author of" Raymayana," which narrates
man eumperor, the eldest son of Count the exploits of Rama against the giant
Gratian, was b. in 321, in Pannonia; Ravanna. He is said to have existed at
was chosen successor to Jovian, in 364; a very remote period, and the stories
was victorious over the Alemani and the  which are told of him are manifestly
Quadi, and d. 875.-II. FLAvius, the fabulous. Two books of the Sanscrit
son of the foregoing, was b. in 371, text of the Ramayana, with a literal versucceeded to the empire in 375, with  sion, have been published by Carey and
his brother Gratian, and had Italy for Marshman.
his portion; was dispossessed by Maxi-  VALPERGA DI CALUSO, TifoMA
mus, but was restored in 888, and was DESCOMTES MASINO, an Italian mathsgmag




784                   Ol CLOPi-DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [VAN
tician and author, was b. in 173T7, at theatre, on which occasion he brought
Turin; was for a while in the Maltese  out "The Confederacy."  In 1704 he
naval service. and afterwards entered  was appointed clarencieuxking-at-arms,
the church.'Settling- at Turin, he be- in 1714 ho was knighted; and soon afcame professor of Greek and the orien- ter, was made comptroller of the board
tal languages in the university, and  of works and surveyor of Greenwich
presildent andm director of one of the hospital. Though his licentiousness as
classes of the academy of sciences and  a dramatist mrust be condemned, his
literature. D. 1815.                  talent is undeniable. As an architect
VALPY, RIOHARD, an eminent clas- much ridicule has been cast on him by
sical scholar, was a native of Jersey, ignorant or tasteless critics, but againstand b. 1745, and completed his studies such puny attacks the splendid piles of
at Oxford, having been appointed to   Blenheim and Castle Howard are alone
onec of the scholarships founded in   sufficient to defend his fame. D. 1726.
Pembroke college for the natives of     VANCOUVER, GEORGE, a British
Jersey andrl Guernsey. From   Oxford  navigator, was b. about 1750; entered
he removed first to Bury St. Edmund's, early into the naval service; and served
aidl afterwards to Reading, where lie as midshipman under Captain Cook, in
had been unanimously elected head- his second and third voyages. In 1790,
master of the school founded by Henry  he was appointed to command an expeVII. D. 1836.-EnWARD, an eminent dition to explore the western coast of
scholar, brother of the preceding, was North America, to ascertain whether
educated at Trinity college, Cambridge, any communication by water exists beand after having been assistant several tween the Atlantic and the Pacific. (n
years in tjhe school at Reading, obtained  this service, which he performed skilthe mastership of thle grammar school fully, he was five years employed. Ho
at Norwich.   He was rector of All d. in 1798, when he had nearly comSaints, Thwaite, and vicar of St. Mary, pleted for the press the account of
Walsham, Norfolk.     He   published  his voyage.
"Elegantise Latinse" and other classical  VANDERVELDE, WILLIAM, called
works. D. 1832.                       the Old, a celebrated painter, was b. in
VALSALVA, ANTHONY        MARIA, a 1610, at Leyden, and was bred to the
celebrated Italian anatomist, was b. in  sea, but quitted it for painting. He
1666, at Imnola, was professor of anat- was invited to England, with his son,
omy in the university of Bologna, and  by Charles II.; lived there many years,
surgeon of the hospital of Incurables; and d. in London in 1693. He excelled
and d. in 1723. Among the services in marine subjects and battles; and
which he rendered to surgery are the was so anxious to be correct in his repsimplifying of many instruments, and  resentations that he would sail, in a
the abolition ofthe practice of cauteri- light vessel, close to the fleets while
zing the arteries of an amputated limb. they were hotly enogaged.-WILLTAM,
lie had several eminent pupils, amorg  called the Young, the son of the forewhom   was Morgagni.   His princi pl going, was b. in 1633, at Amsterdam;
work is the " Anatomy of the Ear,"    accompanied his father to England,
which was the result of sixteen years' where his works became exceedingly
labor.                                popular, and d. in 1707. He surpassed
VALVASONE, ERASMUS DI, an Ital- even the elder Vandervelde in marine
ian poet, was b. 1523, in Friuli; resided  painting.  Walpole denominates him
upon the lordship which belonged to the Raphael of this branch of art. —
him and bore his name; spent his time  ADRIAN, an admirable landscape paintin literature and in hunting, and d. er, was b. in 1639, at Amsterdam; was
1593.                                 a pupil of Wynants; and d. 1672.
VANBRUGH, Sir JOHN, a dramatist Though landscape was the peculiar
and architect, of whom it was said that, department of Adrian, yet lie was no
though he wanted grace     he never mean historical painter, and lie drew
wanted wit, was b. about 1672, in Lon- figures with such excellence that his
don. He was early in the army, but assistance was often sought for by his
does not appear to have remainea in it own master, anid by Ruysdael, Hoblong. His first comedy " The Relapse,"  bema and others.
was produced in 1697. It was followed   VANDERWERF, ADRIAN, an emiby time "Provoked Wife" and "2Esop."  nent painter, was b. 1659, at Ambacht,
In 1707 he joined Betterton and Con- near Rotterdam; was a pupil of Picolet
greve in est.blishing the Haymarket and Vandermeer; was patronized by the




VAR]                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      785
Elector Palatine, for whom he executed  realized a good fortune, which he lost in
many of his best works; and d. in 1718. the Mississippi scheme. He then went
His small history pieces are much es- to England, ald was the fashionable
teemed.-His brother, PETER, who was portrait painter of the day. D. 1746.b. at Rotterdam, in 1665, and d. in 1718, CHARLES ANDREW, his brother, whose
acquired.fame as a painter of portraits  performances are to be found in the
and conversation pieces.              churches of Paris, was also a celebrated
VANDYKE, Sir ANTHONY, one of the    painter.,D. 1765.
greatest of portrait painters, was b.   VAN SWIETEN, GERARD, an emiMarch 22, 1598-9, at Antwerp, and was nent physician, was b. 1700, at Leyden;
the son of a merchant. His mother dis- studied at the university of that city,
tinguished herself as a flower painter. and of Louvain, and was a pupil of BoerHenry Van Balens and Rubens were his haave; became medical professor at Leytutors in the pictorial art; the latter, den, but lost his office in consequence
with whom he was a favorite, cultivated  of being a Catholic; and was invited to
his talents with great care, and advised  Vienna, in 1745, by the empress, who
him to visit Italy. After having resided  made him her principal physician, difor some time at Rome, and other Italian  rector-general of medicine in Austria,
cities, Vandyke returned to Antwerp, imperial librarian, a professor, and a
whence he passed over to England. baron. D. 1772.
Charles I. was a liberal patron to him.  VAN   VITELLI, or VAN      VITE,
He knighted and pensioned him, and    Louis, a celebrated architect, the son of
obtainecd for him in marriage the dau gh- a painter, was b. 1700, at Naples, and d.
ter of Lord Gowrie. D. 1641. Iis works  at Caserta, in 1773. Among his great
are nutnerous, and are deservedly held  and numerous works are, the palace of
in the highest estimation.            Caserta, the public buildings at the port
VANE, Sir HENRY, the younger, the   of Ancona, and the churches of St.
son of Sir Henry Vane, was b. 1612, and  Francis and St. Dominic, at Urbino.
was educated at. Westminster school and  VAREN, or VARENIUS, BERNARD,
Magdalen hall, Oxford. Having imbibed  a geographer, was b. about the beginthe principles of the Puritans, he emi- ningof the 17th century, at Amsterdam;
grated to America, and was elected gov- followed the profession of a physician;
ernor of Massachusetts. Returning to  and d. about 1680. He is the author of
England, he was chosen member for a well-executed "System of Geography,"
Hull, and, during the struggle between  on which Newton did not disdain to
the king and thle parliament, lie took an  comment; and " A Description of Japan
active part on the side of the latter. He  and Siam."
blad, however, no part in the trial or  VARGAS Y PONCE, Don JOSEPH, a
death of Charles. To the authority of  Spanish geographer and navigator, was
Cromwell he was steadily hostile, and  b. about 1755, at Cadiz or Seville; asafter the death of the protector, he la- sisted Tofino in forming the "Atlas of
bored strenuously to establish a repub- the Spanish Coast;" and d. in 1821, at
lican government. He was executed for Madrid, a member of the cortes. He
high treason, in June, 1662, in violation  wrote, among other works, "A Descripof justice,- and of the king's plighted  tion of the Pityusm and Balearic Isles,"
word. Vane was a man of talent, and, and "A Relation of the last Voyage in
though he was an enthusiast in religion  the Straits of Magellan.'
and politics, there seems to be no xvalid  VARRO, MARcus TERENTIUS, who is
reason to doubt his sincerity.        regarded as the most learned of the anVANINI, LucILIUs, a philosopher, cient Romans, was b. 116 B. c.; studied
was b. 15a5, at Tanrosano, in the king'- philosophy under Stilo and Antiochus
dom of Naples; studied philosophy and  of Ascalon; filled the offices of trirumvir
theolo(y at Rome: entered into the eccle- and tribune of the people; espoused the
siastical state; travelled in various parts  cause of Pompey, but afterwvards became
of Europe; and was at last burnt, in 1619, tle friend of Cuesar, who confided to him
at Toulouse, on a charge of atheism, the formation of a public library: nurwhich appears to have been unfounded. rowly escaped proscription by the ti
He is the author of "Amphitheatrumn   umvirate; anid d. 27 aB.. He is said to
jEterna Providentire," "Dec Admiranllis  have written between four and five hunNaturme," " Dialogues," and other works. dred volumes, of which only a " Treatise
VANLOO, JOHN, a great painter, was  on Agriculture," part of a "Treatise on
b. at Aix, in Provence, in 1684. IIe be- the Latin Language," and some fragcame painter to the kiing of Sardinia, and meents, are extant.
66 




786                  CYCLOPEMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [vAU
VA.SARI, GEORGE, a Florentine artist at Newton, in Brecknockshire.  He
and author, was b. 1512, at Arezzo; stud- adopted the appellation of the Silurist,
ied under Michael Angelo. and other wrote a variety of poems, chiefly devogreat masters; acquired a profound   tional, and d. 1695.-THOMAS, his brother,
knowledge of architecture as well as of  was an alchemist, on which occult subpainting; was employed by Cosmo I. to  jects he wrote some extravagqant books,
superintend the public buildings which  under the ame of Eugenius Philalethes.
he erected; and d. 1574. As- painter D. 1666.-Sir JOHN, a celebrated lawyer,
he has merit, but he is best known by  was b. in Cardiganshire, 1608. From
his valuable work, "The Lives of the Christ-church college, Oxford, he remost excellent Painters, Sculptors, and  moved to the Inner Temple, where lhe
Architects."                         contracted an intimacy with Selden, who
VATER, JOiN SEVERINUS, an eminent made him one of his executors. )During
philologist, was b. 1771, at Altenburg, the civil war he lived il retirement, but,
in Saxony; and d. 1826, professor of the  in 1668, he was made chief justice of
oriental languages at Halle, after having  the common pleas. D. 1674.-Sir JoriN,
filled the theological chair at Kcenllis-  o le of      the court of common
berg. He is the author of various works pleas. He was called to the bar in his
on the Eastern tongues; the "Continu- twenty-fourth year, and in seven years
ation of Adelung's Mithridates," "Svn- more had so greatly distinguished himchronistic Tables of Ecclesiastical H-is- self that he was made a sergeant. He
tory," and a "Universal and Chrono- gained this rank at this unusually early
logical History of the Christian Church."  age, it must be remembered, while Shep
VATTEL, EMMERIcK, a celebrated     perd, Best, and Lens were in tli zenith
Swiss publicist, was b. 1714, at Couret, of their powers and reputation; and he
in the principality of Neufchatel; be- maintained his position subsequently
came envoy from Saxony to Berne, and  with such opponents as Copley, (afterafterwards privy councillor to Augustus wards Lord Lyndhurst,) Wilde, and
III. of Saxony; and d. 1767. The work  Denrnan. He was made a baron of the
on which his fame rests is, "The Law  exchequer in 1827, and, in 1834, he beof Nations, or Principles of NaturaL.Law  came judge of the common pleas and a
applied to the Conduct and Afflirs of  privy councillor. In private hle was as
Nations and Sovereigns."             amiable as in public he was able. B.
VAUBAN, SEBASTIAN LE PRESTRE DE, 1772; d. 1839.L-WILLIAM, an inoenliois
a French marshal, the greatest of military  Welsh poet, was b. in Caermnarthenslhire,
engineers, was b. 1633, at Saint Leger 1577; land was the author of a variety
de Foucheret, in Burgundy. He first of miscellaneous poems, the principal of
served in the Spanish army, under which are, "De Sphi i rar      Ordine,"
Cond6, but, being taken prisoner by the  "The Golden Grove Moralized,'" "The
French troops, Matzarin gave him a lieu- Golden Fleece," &c. D. 1640.-GEor E,
tenancy. The sieges of Ypres; Grave- a graduate of Harvard college in 1696,
lines, and Oudenarde, in 1658, were his was the son of Major Williamt Vaughan,
first essays in the science of attack. a wealthy merchant of Portsmouth, N.
From that period till the peace of Rys- H., who was noted for his public spirit,
wick he was incessantly employed, either and for the firmness with whiich he rein erecting fortresses for the detence of sisted the claims of the propPietors of
France, or in reducing those which be- that territory. After leavingo college lie
longed to her enemies; and in both    becamue the agent of the colony in Encases his matchless skill was equally  gland, and, in 1715, he succeeded Usler,
displayed. In 17Q0 he reluctantly ac- as lieutenant-governor of it. But giviun
cepted the marshal's staff.  The siege  offence to the g: vernor, the council, and
of Brisach was his last operation. D. the assembly, 1 e was removed from of1707.                                fice in 1717. D. 1724.
VAUCANSON, JAMES DE, an eminent       VAUVENARGUES, LUKE DE CLAmechanist, was b. 1709, at Grenoble, and  PIERS, marquis of, an eminent French
d. 1782. Among his automatical per- writer on moral philosophy, was b. 1715,
formances were a flute player, and a at Aix, in Provence, and entered the
pipe and tabor player. But even these  army at the age of seventeen. The falwere surpassed by two duclks, which  tigue which he endured in the retreat
dabbled with their beaks, ate grain,  d  f   Prague, undermined his constituvoided it after it had undergone a sort tion, and the small-pox completed the
of digestive process.                ruin of his health. To soothe his conVAI;GHAN, HENRY, a poet, b. 1621, tinual sufferings he resorted to medita



VEI]                  CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       787
tion and composition. Voltaire was one a great general, and a profligate man,
of his warmest fiiecnds. The works of  the grandson of lenlr IV.,'was b. 1654,
Vauvenargues form three volumes, and  and made his first ca mpaign in 1672, at
consist of Tloulghts, Reflections, and  tlhe invasion of hlollId. AfI'telr aving
Maxims, Dialogues, Characters, &c. D. distinguishecd himself in Fluamders anI
1747.                                 Italy, he was, in 1695, appointed to conVAUVILLIERS, JOHN FRANCIS, Can      mand the armyn in Catalonia, where lle
eminent hellenist, was b. 1737, at Paris;  reduced Barcelona with extraordinary
succeeded his father as Greek professor celerity. From Italy, where, in tlhe war
at the nniversity of that city, and d. in  of the succession, lhe was opposed to
1801, in Russia, in which country he 1Prince Eugene, he was recalled, in 1708,
had taken refugte, after being condemned  to remedy the disasters which the incato transportation, as a royalist, in 1797.  pacity of Villeroi had occasioned in the
VEGA, LOPEZ DE LA, a celebrated     Netherlands.  He failed however, to
Spanish poet, was b. at Madrid, in 1562. accomplishl this, and was defeated at
After studyingC at Alcala, lie entered  Oudenarde. In 1709 he was sent to
into the service of the duke of Alva, at Spain, where le gained the decisive vicwhose instance he wrote the heroic pas- tory of Villa Viciosa, and established
toral of "' Arcadia."  Soon after this lie Philip oln the throne. IIe d. suddenly
marlried; butj on the loss of his wife, in 1712. Vendome possessed abilities,
lie embarkec in the Armlada, prepared hbut lie was dirty in his habits, and defor the invasion of Eno'land. In this  praved in his morals.
voyage he wrote a poem, called "Her-    VENTURI, JOHN BAPTIST, an Italian
mosura de Angelica," to which, when   natural philosopher, was b. 1746, at Bipublished, he added the "Drag ontea,"  biano, in the cdchy of Regio; was sucan invective against Drake and Queen  cessively professor of mnetaphysics and
Elizabeth. In 1590 lie imarried a second  geometry at leggio, engineer and protime, and again )becrame a widower, on  fessor of philosophy at Modena, member
whiclh lie entered the ordcer of St. Fran- of the legislative body of the Cisalpine
cis. He still, however, cultivated poetry, republic, professor of physics at Pavia,
and scarcely a week passed without see- and envoy fiom the kingloin of Italy to
ing a drama from   his prolific muse. Berne. Napoleon gave himi the cross
Honors adc wealth flowed in upon him, of the leaoion of' honor aCnd of the iron
andll he was absolutely idolized by the  crown. Amnong his works are, "Comwhole nation..  At his death, h',hich  mentaries on tle HIistorv and Theory of
happened in 1635, the higlcest honors Optics," "' On t'hc Origin and Progress
were paid to his remnains, and all the of Artillery," an'd "An Essay on tie
poets of the age vied in encomiastic Physico-M'atheinitical Works of Leontribtutes to llis memory.             ard1o da Vinci."  D. 1822.
VELASQUEZ, JAMES RODERICK DEE         VERNET, CLAUDIUS J)SEPI, an emSILtVA, [i celebrate(l Spanish painter, inent French pa.inter, was b. in 1714, at
wins b. 1599, at Seville; was a pupil of  Avignon, and at the age of eighteen he
lHerrer  the Elder and Pacheco; was visited Rome, where lie studied under
patronized and  lighly esteemed by   Felrioni. His voyage to Italy turined
Philip III. and IV'.; and d. in 1660. his genius to mlarinle painting, in which
Amrnol   liis greatest works are, "The he acquired alm1ost iunrivalled repiutaExpulsion of the Moors," "Thie Cruci- tion. After an absence of twenty-two
fixion,"'Joseph's Coat," and several years lie returned to France. On his
portlalits.                           iomteward passage a stor mmarose, dlurilg
VELD)E, ClhARLE FPRANCIS, VAN DER, which he ordered himself to be tied to
a ronmance writer, who has been called  the mast, that lhe mighlt nmake a fiithful
the Germanl Sir Walter Scott, was b. at sketch of' the scene. On his return he
Breslau, 1799. IIe began his career in  was employed by Louis XV. to delin1809, by writing short pieces for the eate the principal ports, a taskh which
jou'rnals; waIs afterwards a dramatist, occupied him tor ten years. His dein which lie was not successfill, and, scendants have inherited his talents as
l.stly, becamne a popullar novelist. I-is an artist. D. 1789.
wolrks tbrm eighiteen voliumes. Among   VERNON, EDWARD, a British admitheml arl, "Arwedl Gvllenstierna," "Tihe  ral, descended fi-om a Staffordshire famPlatrieians," "Tle Anabaptists," "The ily, was b. in 1r84, at Westminster, ancl
Huisiites,  "Christina and her Court,  chose the naval profession, in opposition
and Tales and Legends. D. 1824.       to the wishes of his faither, who was secVENDOM.E, Lours JOSEPH, duke of    retary of state to William  III. After




788                   CYCLOPA DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      LVIEL
having served nund(r Hopson, Rooke, In 1490 he was sent by his father to
and other commanders, he rose, in 1739, conduct his commercial affairs in Spain.
to the rank of vice-admiral of the blue. Stimulated, however, by the honor
In that year he took the town of Porto  which Columnbus had acquired, Vespucci
Bello, and destroyed the fortifications. quitted traffic, about 1499, to enter on
He was less fortunate in 1741, when, in  the career of discovery. lHe subseconjunction with Wentworth, he failed  quently made several voyages in the
at (arthagena. D. 1759.               Spanish and Portuguese services, and
VERROCHIO, ANDREW, a sculptor, explored a cosiderable extent of the
was b. 1422, at Florence, and d. in 1488. South American coast. Hie d. in 1516.
In bronze works he surpassed all his By an act of flagrant injustice to Columcotemporaries. Among his chief pro- bus, the name of one who was only his
ductions are, a "Christ and St. Thomas," imitator was given to the new world.
and an equestrian statue of Bartholo-   VICCARS, JOHN, a fanatical writer
mew Colleoni.   He was also an able   during the commonwealth, was b. in
painter, and one of the best musicians London, in 1582, and educated at Oxof his period. Hle invented the method  ford. His tirades against church and
of taking the features in a plaster mould. king have the following quaint titles:
VERTUE, GEORGE, an able engraver, "God's Ark overtopping the World's
was b. 1684, in Westminster; was ap- Waves," "The Burning Bush not conprenticed to a plate engraver, and after- sumed," and "God in the Mount,"
wards workeUl for seven years under which were afterwards published toVandergrcht. In 1709 he began busi- gether, under the general title of the
ness for himself. He was patronized by  "Parliamentary Ch{ronicle."  His rhaliSir Godfrey Kneller, the earls of Ox- sodies were satirically alluded to by the
ford and Burlington, and the prince of  author of "I Hudibras."
Wales. Among his engravings, which      VICENTE, GIL, the earliest and most
amount to five hundred, are the heads eminent of the Portuguese comic poets,
for Rapin's "England," twelve heads was b. about 1480, at Guimaraens, or at
of distinguished poets, and portraits of  Barcellos; studied jurisprudence at the
Archbishop Tillotson and George I. It university of' Lisbon; became a popular
was principally from the materials col- dramatist, and brought the drama of his
leeted by Vertue, that Horace Walpole country to a muc  more perfect state,
drew his "Anecdotes of Painting."  D. and d. in 1577. His works were pub1756.                                lished by his son; but complete copies
VESALIUS, ANDREW, an eminent of them are now unattainable.
Eanatomist, was b. in 1514, at Brussels;  VICQ D'AZYR, FELIX, an able French
was educated at Louvain and Paris, was anatomist and physician, was b. 1748,
professor of anatomy at various Italian  at Valogne, and lectured at Paris with
universities; and afterwards chief phy- great success upon anatomy; became
sician to Charles V. and Philip II.; and  principal physician to the queen. Among
d. of hunger and fatigue, in 1563, in  his works are "A Treatise on Anatomy
Zante, on which islaind he had been   and  Physiology,"  "An   Anatomical
shipwrecked as he was returning from  System of Quadrupeds," and "A Treaa pilgrimage to Jerusalem.  Vesalius tise on the Curing of Horned Cattle."
displayed an extraordinary predilection  The whole of his productions have been
for tlIe science of anatomy at a very  collected in six volumes. D. 1794.
early period, and his treatise on "The  VIDA, MARK JEROME, one of the
Formation of the Human Body" was most eminent of.modern Latin poets.
composed when he was only eighteen.   was b. 1490, at Cremona; studied at
VESPASIAN, TITus FLAVIUS, a Ro- Padua, Bologna, and        Mantua; was
man emperor, was b. at Rieti, towards raised to the bishopric of Alba by Clemthe close of the reign of Augmstus; ent VII. as a reward for having written
and, after having been -edile, proetor, "The Christiad," and d. 1566.  His
conmmander of a. legion, consul, and pro- works form two quarto volumes. Among
consill of Africa, and having distin- them   are  "The Art of Poetry,"
guislhed himself in Germany, Britain, "Chess," "The Christiad," "The Silkand Palestine, was raised to the empire, worm," "tymns," and other poems.
69. He reiolned 10 years, and d. 79.    VIEN, JOSEPH MARY, an eminent
VESPUCCI, or VESPUCIUS, AmE- French painter, was b. 1716, at Montm~oo, an eminent navigator, was b. in  pellier; studied at Paris. under Natoire,
1451, at Florence; was liberally edu- and at Rome; was received a member
catd, and was brought up to commerce. of the Academy, in 1745, and became




VIN]                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        789
successively professor, rector, and di- duke of, one of the most emi.aent of the
rector; and d. in 1809. Among his best French generals, was b. in 1653, at
works are, "St. Denis preaching," a Moulins. He served his apprenticeship
"Sleeping Hermit," "The Parting of to the art of war under Turenne, Conde,
Hector and Andromache," and " Hector Luxembourg, and Crequi. Soon after
exhorting Paris to arm himself." David  the peace of Nimeguen, he was sent
and Vincent were pupils of'Vien.-MA- ambassador to Vienna.     In.the war
RIA, his wife, who d. 1805, aged seventy- which was terminated by the treatv of
seven, was an excellent painter of birds, Ryswick, he distinguished himself,'and
shells, and flowers.                  particularily at the coinbat of Leuze. In
VIGEE, Louis WILLIAM      BERNARD   169' he was again appointed ambassaSTEPHEN, a French poet and dramatist, dor at Vienna, and in this situation he
was b. 1755, at Paris, and d. in 1820, displayed infinite diplomatic skill. Dureader to Louis XVIII. He is the au- ring the war of the succession he was
thor of many poems, a "Course of      commander-in-chief in various quarters,
Literature," delivered at the Athenaeum, and by numerous splendid achievethree comedies, and the "Pro and Con,"  ments acquired a right to be considered
a religious, moral, political, and literary  as one of the greatest generals of the
dialogueageage. Ile closed, in 1732, his military
VIGNOLA, JA MES, whose real name    career, by the conquest of the Milanese
was BAROZZIO, a celebrated architect, and the Mantuan. D. 17384.-MONTFAwas b. 1507, at Vignola, in the Modenese CON DE, a French abbe, was b. 1635, in
territory, and relinquished painting for the neighborhood of Toulouse; and
architecture.  He constructed various acquired great reputation at Paris as a
magnificent edifices at Bologna, Parma, preacher, but was prohibited  from
Perugia, and Rome; but his master- preaching in consequence of his pubpiece is the Caprarola palace, and he lishing "The Count de Gabalis," which,
was intrusted with the management of  his enemies pretended to be an irrelithe works at St. Peter's after the death  gious work. He was assassinated in
of Michael Angelo. For the king of    1675. The idea of the sylphid machinSptiin he drew the designs of the Escu- cry of the " Rape of the Lock" is borrial; and in this instance his plans were rowed from the " Count de Gabalis."
preferred to those of twenty-two other  VILLEHARDOUIN, GEOFFEY DE,
artists. D. 1573.                     a French chronicler, was b. in 1167, near
VILLANI, JOHN, a celebrated Italihn  Arcis sur Aube; held the office of marhistorian, was b. before the close of the shal of Chlampagne; took a part in the
13th century, at Florence, travelled on  crusade of 1198, and was present at the
various parts of the Continent; filled  capture of Constantinople; was appointseveral important offices in his native  ed marshal of Romania, and d. about
country, and d. of the plague in 1348. 1213.  He wrote a "History of the
His "History of Florence" was con- Events from 1198 to 1207."
tinned by his brother MATTHxW and his   VILLERS, CHARLES FRANCIS Donephew PHILIP, the latter of whom is MNic, a French writer, was b. in 1767,
also the author of "Lives of Illustrious  at Boulay, in Lorraine; served as a capFlorentines."                         tain of artillery, but emigrated in 1792,
VILLARET, CLAUDIUS, a French his- and joined the army of Cond6; subsetorian, was b. about 1715, at Paris, and  quently abandoned military for literary
was brought up to the bar, but quitted  pursuits, settled in Germany, and belt for literature, and then went upon the  came professor of French literature at
stage, on which he remained till 1756. Gottingen; and d. 1815. His principal
He subsequently obtained a place in the work is "An Essay on the Spirit and
chamber of accounts, and was intrusted  Influence of the Reformation brought
with the arrangement of the archives of  about by Luther."
that office-a task which led him to     VINCENT, WILLIAM, an able critic
examine into the sources of French his- and divine, was b. 1739, in London,
tory. In consequence of this, he was was educated at Westminster school,
employed to continue the work of      and at Trinity college, Cambridge, was
Velly, and he is allowed to have sur- successively usher, second master, and
passed his predecessor. His portion of head master, of the former seminary,
the " History" extends from  1329 to and prebend and dean of Westminster,
1469, His other productions are for- and d. in 1815. His principal works
gotten. D. 1766.                      are, "The Commerce and Navigation of
VILLARS, Louis HECTOR, marshal, the Ancients in the Indian Ocean,"




790                  CYCLOPAUDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [voi
"'Sermons, " "The Conjugation of the  finishing touches. On nls return from
Greek Verb," and " A Defence of Pub- meeting Augustus, at Athens, he d. at
lie Education."                      Brtndusium, 19 B. C.
VINCI, LEONARDO DA, a celebrated     VISCONTI, JOHN BAPTIST ANTHONY,
Italian painter, the..natural son of a alearned Italian antiquary, was b. 1722,
notary, was b. in 1452, at a castle near at Vernazza, in the Genoese territory,
Florence, whence he derived his name. was educated  at Rome, succeeded
To the personal gifts which he received  Winckelman as commissary of antiquifrom nature were joined the advantages  ties there, had a large share in the forof an excellent education, and he early  mation of the Pio-Clementine museum,
acquired an extensive knowledge of and d. in 1784.-ENNIUS QUIRINUS, the
mathematics and other branches of eldest son of the foregoing, and more
science. Verocchio was his preceptor than his equal in archleological knowlin painting, and Da Vinci soon surpass- edge, was b. 1751, at Rome, displayed
ed him.   In 1489 he was invited to uncommon precocity of talent, was apMilan, by Duke Louis Sforza, and ie pointed conservator of the museum of
resided there for many years, acting at the capitol by Pius VI., was minister of
once as engineer, mechanist, sculptor, the home department, and subsequently
architect, and painter.  During the one of the consuls, of the short-lived
period of' his abode there he executed  Romian republic, was in consequence
his great work, the " Last Supper,"  compelled to seek an asylum in France,
and formed tile canal of Martesana. IHe and became there a member of the inwas subsequently employed at Florence  stitute, professor of archusology, and
and at Rome. In 1515 lie accepted an  administrator of the museum. Among
invitation from F rancis I. to visit France, his nume rons works are, " The Deand he d. in that coluntry in 1519. The  scription of the Pio-Clementine Mustory that he expired in the arms of  seum," " Grecian Iconography," and
Francis appears to be a fiction.  Da "Roman Iconography."   D. 1818.
Vinci is the author of a " Treatise on  VITELLIUS, AULvs, one of the most
Painting," and of some unpublished   contemptible of the Roman emperors,
works.                               was b. lo, at Rome, rose to greatness by
VINER, CHARLEs, an English law     being subservient to the vices of his
writer, was b. about 1680, at Aldershot, imperial masters, was at the head of the
in fltampshire, spent a considerable part legions in Lower Germany when Galba
of his life in compiling the well-known  died, was raised to the throne by his
"General Abridgment of Law      and  soldiers, and obtained full possession
Equity," endowed several fellowships of it on the fall of Otho; and was put
and scholarships, and founded the law  to death, A. D. 69, after a disgraceful
professorship, at Oxford. D. 175i.   reign of only eight months. Iis inorVIRGIL, or PI V         LUS LMARO, dinate lutittony was his least vice.
the greatest of the Roman poets, was b.  VITRUVIUS POLLIO, MARCUS. a cel70 B. C. at Andes, near Matntua, and  ebrated Romnan writer on architecture,
studied at Cremona, Milan, and Naples. is supposed to have been b. at Formal,
It appears to have been in his 30th year in Campania, to haLve flourished under
that he first visitedl Rome.  is object Julius C esar and Augustus, and to
was, to obtain restitution of his lands, have lived to a very advanced ace. He
of which the soldiers of Octavius had  wrote an able work, on " Architecture."
taken possession after the battle of Phi-  VOITURE, VINCENT, a French wit
lippi.  Through the interest of Varus and poet, was the son of a wine merand Pollio he obtained from Augustus chant, and was b. in 1598, at Amiens.
the desired order; but, when he re- His manners and talents conciliated to
turned with it, the military usurper him the kindness of the great, and he
compelled him to save his life by swimn- became a favorite at the hotel de Ram
ming over the Mincio. A second man- bouillet'and at court. Gaston, duke of
date, however, had the wished-tor effect. Orleans, was much attached to him, and
The rest of his life was devoted to liter- made him his master of the ceremonies.
ature, and was cheeecd by the friendship  Under the administration of Cardinal
of Aungustus, MItecenas, and all the other Mazarin, Voitufre was in the zenith of
eminent men of the age.   The fame his reputation, and enjoyed large penwhich he acquired by his'"Eclogues,"  sions, but women and gambling kept
and "The Georgics," he crowned by    him poor. In private lite his chlaracter
"The   Eneid," to which last work, was amiable.    His best poem  is an
however, he did not live to put the  "Epistle to the Prince ofConde."  His




VON]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       791
"Letters," whiclh were once considered  tragedy was represented in 1718 with
as ininlitable, are now almost wholly  distinluished success. Two others, by
neglected.                          I whic' it wats succeeded, were less forVOLNEY,     CONSTANTINE   FIRANCt   tublate. A second unjust confinement
CIIASSEBEUF, count de, an emnient in the Bastille inducedc him to take up
French writer, was b. in 1757, at Craon, his residence in  England for three
in Britany.  lie was educated at An- years, where he was favorably received
gers, and tor three years studied medi- by many illustrious characters, and obcine at Paris, btlt coming into possession  tained a lrge subscription for " The
of a small estate he wais enabled to in- Henriade."  In 1728 lhe returned to:
dulge lis airdent desire of travellinm.  France, and between that year and 1749
Hle spent three years in Syria and Egypt, he produced his tragedies of " Zara,"
lind on his return published, in 1787,  Alzira,"; Mahomet," " Merope," and
his " Travels," which established his many other works; was admitted into
reputation. lIe was elected a member Ithe French Academy; and was appointof the states-general, was confined for Ied zentleman of the kingls chamber in
ten months durinog the reigln of terror, ordinary, and historiographer of France.
was appointed professor of history at In 1750 he accepted the invitation of the
the Normal school in 1794, and in 1795 king of Prussia to Berlin. For a while
made a voyagLe to the United States, the sovereign and the poet were on the
whence he did not return till 1798. Na- most amicable terms; but in 1753 their
poleon created him a senator and'a friendship was broken, and Voltaire
count. In all eircnumstalnces, howevel, quitted the Prussian dominions. Paris,
Volney was a friend of fieedom. Aiong in consequence of the intrigues. of his
his principal works are, "The Ruins,' enemies, being no longer an eligible
" Lectures on History," and " New    abode for hism, lie lived ifor short periResearches on Ancient History."  D. ods at Geneva and other places, and at
18210.                               length purchased an estate at Fe'fney, in
VOLTA. ALEXANDER, a celebrated ex- the'Pays de Gex, on which he finally
periimental philosopher, who contributed  settled. There, in possession of a large
largely to the progiress of science, was of  fortune, and surrounded by friends, he
as noble family, and was b. 1745 at Como; gave free scope to his indefatigable pen.
was for 30 years professor of natural p]hi- In April, 1778, he went once more to
losophy at Pavia; was made an Italian  Paris, after an absence of nearly 30
count and senator by Napoleon; and   years. He was received with enthusiwas a mnember of manv learned bodies. asm, his bust was crowned on the stage,
Electricity was the filst object to which  and was placedo by the Academicians
Volta turined his attention; and he in- next to that of Corneille; but he did not
vented the perpetual electrophorus and  long enjoy these honors, for he expired
the condenser. But the great invention  on the 3i0tl of May, and his death is
which imnmortalizes his name is the Vol- supposed to have been hastened by an
taic pile, to which we are indebted for overdose of laudanumin, which he took to
so many important' philosophical and  calm the pain oceaisioned by strangury,
chemnical discoveries. D. 1826.      and to procure sleep, of which he hiad
VOLTAIRE, MARIE FRANCIS AROUET long been deprived. His collected works,
DE, the most nniversal of French wri- in the edition of Beannmarchais, form
ters, was b. Feb. 20, 1694, at Chatenav, 70 volumines.' He was," says a French
near Sceaux, and wa.s educated with  author "one of our greatest poets; the
great care at the Jesuits' college, Paris. most brilliant, the most elegant, the
One of his tutors predicted that he most fertile, of our prose writers. There
would be the Coryphaeus of deism in is not, in the literature of any country,
France; and the society which the     either in verse or in prose, an author
youthful poet frequentedl-eleant, but who has written on so many opposite
ihrelioious-did not tend to falsif'y the  kinds of subjects, and has so constantly
prediction. His father destined hiii for displaved ma suptriority in all of them."
the maristracy, but the literary propen-  VONDEL, JUSTUS VANDEN, a Dutch
sitv of the son was unconquerable. Iil poet, was b. 1587, at Cologne, but his
his 22d year he was sent to the Bastille, parents settled in Holland while he was
by thle recent, on the unfounded sus- a child.' He was by trade a hosier, but
picion of his being the author of a libel, lie left business almost wholly to his
and while he was in prison he formed  wife, that he might cultivate poetry,
the plan of " The Hlenriade," and comn- and at length he obtained an office un-.
pleted the tragedy cf dCEipus."  The  der government. D. 1697.




,792                  CYCLOPFEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     [VWAT;
VOSS, JOHN HENRIY, a German poet in Canterbury cathedral, through the
amnd critic, was b. in 1751, at Somnmers-  influence of Land, with a dispensation
dorf, and was educated at Gottingen. from residence in England; and d. 1683,
In' 1775 he began to edit the "Almanac  professor of history at Amsterdam.of the Muses," and he conducted it till ISAAC, son of the foregoing, was b. 1618,
1800. He was appointed rector of the  ait Leydnc, and acquired reputation by
college of Ottendorf, in 1778, whence he  publishing, at the age of 21, an edition
was removed to fill the same office at  of the "Periplus of Scylax," with a:Eutin. At the latter place he remained  Latin version and notes. After having
for 23 years. The grand-duke of Baden  remained some time at Stockholm, to
invited him, in 1705, to Heidelberg. which capital he was invited by ChrisVoss wrote "Louisa, a poem, "' Idylls,"  tina, and subsequently in his own coun"Miscellaneous Poems," "Letters on    try, he settled in England, in 1670, and
Mythology," and other works; and      was made canon of Windsor. D. in
translated Homer, Hesiod, Theocritus,  1688.
Virgil, Horace, and several other Greek  VOUET, SIMO, a French painter, was
and Roman poets. D. 1826.             b. 1582, at Paris; learned the rudiments
VOSSIUS, GEERARD JOHN-, an eminent  of art from his father, who was also a
critic and philologist, was b. in 1577, painter; resided for several years in
near Heidelberg; studied at Dort and  Italy; was recalled by Louis XIII., who
Leyden; was removed from the profes-  employed him in the Louvre and Luxso1;ship of rhetoric and chronology at  embourg. palaces; and d. 1649. Lebrun,
Leyden, in consequence of his favoring  Le Sueur, Mignard, and other eminent
the remonstrants obtained a prebend   artists, were his pupils.
W.
WADHAM, NICOOLAS, the founder principal works are, the Spinola palace
of the college which bears his name at at Genoa, the mansion of Ormes in
Oxford, was b. about 1536, in Somerset- Touraine, and the hotel of Argenson,
shire, and was educated at Christ-church  and the Odeon, at Paris. The Odeon
college. D. 1610.                     was the joint production of Wailly and
WAGHORN, TiHOMAS, whose name        Peyre. D. 1798.
will be for ever associated with the    WAKE, WILLIAMM, a learned and pious
achievement of steam  communication   prelate, was b. 1627, at Blanford, in Dorbetween England and India, was b. at setshire, and was educated at ChristChatham, 1800. At 12 years of age he  church, Oxford. After leaving college,
was appointed a midshipman, and be- he was successively chaplain to the
fore he had completed his 17th year he  British embassy. at Paris. preacher at
passed in navigation for lieutenant. Gray's Inn, king's chaplaiin to William
After a short cruise lie volunteered for III., and deputy clerk of the closet,
the Arracan war, and having received  rector of St. James's, Westminster,-and
the command of the East India Compa- dean of Exeter. He also distinguished
ny's cutter, Matchless, and seen much  himself as a controversalist against the
service by land and sea, he returned to  Catholics, particularly in reply to BosCalcutta in 1827. From this period he  suet, and had the rare merit of controturned his attention to the great project verting without acrimony. In 17.05 he
he had had long secretly at heart-a was raised to the see of Lincoln, whence
steam communication between England   in 1716 he was translated to Canterbury.
and India; and the ardor, perseverance, ID. 1737.
and firmness with which lie worked it   WAKEFIELD, GILBERT, a scholar
to completion, have gaiped him a name  and critic, was b. 1756, at Nottingham,
among the benefactors of his race. I). and was educated at Jesus college, Ox1850.                                 ford. After having been a curate at
WAILLY, CHARLES DE, an eminent Stockport, and also near Liverpool, he
architect, was b. 1729, at Paris; studied  quitted the church, and became classihis art under Blondel, Lejay, and Ser- cal tutor at the Warrington dissenting
vandoni, and at Rome; was a member academy. In 1790 he was appointed to
of the Institute, and the founder of the the same office in Hacknev college', but
society of tule Friends of the Arts. His held it only a year. Being a warnm friend




WAL]                  CYCLOPTADIA OF BIOGRAPHY                        793
to the Flench revolution, and as warmly  of engraver, smith, one of the crew of a
hostile to the war against the republic, privateer, schoolmaster, and medical
he took a decided part in the angry   practitioner. In the latter capacity he
politics of that disturbed period. In  contributed greatly to diffuse vaecina1798 he was prosecuted for a " Reply to  tion, and at the time of his decease he
the Bishop of Llandaff's Address to the was at the head of the Vaccine instituPeople of Great Britain," and was sen- tion. He published a " Gazetteer" and
tenced to an imprisonment of two years  "Atlas."
in Dorchester jail. During his captivity  WALLACE, Sir WILLIAM, a Scottish
a subscription amounting to ~5000 was patriot and hero, the younger son of Sir
raised for him. D. 1801, soon after his Malcolm Wallace of Ellerslie, in Renliberation. Among his works are, his frewshire, was b. 1276. Indignant at
own "Memoirs," a translation of the seeing his country enslaved by Edward
"New Testament," "Silva Critica," a I. he resolved to' undertake its libera" Reply to Paine's Age of Reason," and  tion. His success at the head of a small
editions of various classics, and of Pope's band of followers induced many of the
Homer.-PRISCILLA, well known by the barons to join him, and lie gained a
many infenioutworks which she wrote   splendid victory over Earl W -arenne. at
to promote juvenile improvement. She  Cambuskenneth.    He was appointed
was the original promoter of banks for recent, but his elevation having excited
the savings of the poor, which are now  jealousy among the nobles, he resigned
become so general.   She resided for the office. The defeat of the Scots, at
many years at Tottenham, in Middlesex. Falkirk, compelled Wallace to resort to
1). at Ipswich, 1832.                 his original system of predatory warfare,
WALKER, CLEMENT, a political wri- and for seven years he continued to
ter of the 17th century, was b. at Cliffe, f harass the invaders; but, in 1805, he
in Dorsetshire; was educated at Christ- was betrayed into the hands of Edward
church, Oxford; and became M. P. for by Sir John Monteith, and the monarch
Wells. Being a zealous Presbyterian, stained his character by executing his
he was violently hostile to the Indepen- captive as a traitor.
dents, against whom he published, in    WVALLENSTEIN, ALBERT VENCxES1648, "A History of Independency." He LAUs EUSE.BITS, duke of Friedland,'a
also attacked thle protector in a treatise  celebrated German general, was b. 15838,
called "Cromwell's Slaughter House." in Bohemia, and began life as page to
ile was committed to the Tower, and d. the margrave of Burgau, son of the
there in 1651.-ADAM, an astronomical Archduke Ferdinand.     After having
lecturer and miscellaneous writer, was travelled over nearly the whole of Eub. 1731, in Westmoreland, and very    rope, he married a widow possessed of
early displayed a turn for mechanics, immense riches, who left him a widowelr
While following his father's business at the end of four years. At the head
of a woollen manufacturer, he used to  of a formidable army raised by him for
amnuse himself with making models of  the service of the emperor, and paid
mills. He was, in succession, an usher, from his own resources and from una mathematical teacher, a tradesman, limited plunder, he, for several years,
and the master of an academy; and at distinguished himself by his successes
last became, and continued through life, in Moravia, Bohemia, and Northern
a highly popular lecturer on astronomy. Germany, and was rewarded with the
Among his works are, "A System of     dukedoms of Mecklenburgh and FriedFamiliar Philosophy," " Lectures on   land. His enemies at length succeeded
Experimental Philosophy," "A Trea- in procuring his dismission, and lie retise on Geography," and two "Tours." tired to Prague, where he lived with all
D. 1821.-JOHN, a lexicographer, was b. the state of a sovereign. The progress
in 1732, at Friern Barnet, in Hertford- of Gustavus Adolphus compelled the
shire; was, at first, master of an acad- emperor, in 1632, to place Wallenstein
emy, and, subsequently, a lecturer on  again in command of his forces, with
elocution; and d. 1807. His principal almost regal authority. He foiled Gisworks are, "A Pronoiuncing Dictionary,"  tavus at Nuremberg, but was defeated
a "Rh-vming Dictionary," "Elements at Leipsic. At length he was accused
of Elocution," and a "Rhetorical Gram- of treason, and his commission was rernar."-JoHN, a   yhvsicianand geograph- voked; and, while he was meditating
ical writer, was b. 1759, at Cockermouth, projects of revenge, he was assassinated,
and d. 1830. This singular character in 1634, by some of his own officers.
passed through the various occupations  WALLER, Sir WILLIAM, an eminent
67




79t                   CYCLOPAEDIA O0   BIOGRAPHY.                  [WtAL
parliamentary general, was b. in 1597 170)3.  vallis han consummate skill in
inl Kett, and was educated at Magdalen  the art of deciphering, and his talents
college and Hart hall, Oxford. bn his were much called into use by the repubreturning fronm serving as a volunteer in lican and succeeding regal goverments.
Germany. against the emperor, he was He was also one of the first who gave
elected bor Andover as a member of the  the power of speech to the deaf and
long parlianent. le opposed the court, ducmb. As a mathematician his ifme
andl, on the breaking out of the war, stands high both in England and on
was made second in command under the Continent. His mathematical works
the earl of Essex. He fought chiefly in form ttree volumes, and his theological
the west of England, and with varied  a fourth.
fortune.  The self-denying ordinance   WALN, ROBERT, a miscellaneous wriexcluded him from service, aind he be- ter, was b. in Philadelphia, and was
came so much an object of suspicion to liberally educated, but adopted no prothe republicans, that he was twice in- fession. He was the author of " The
prisoned. D. 1688.-EDUND, an ele- Hermit in Philadelphia," a satire; "The
gant poet, was b. in 1603, at Coleshill, American Bards," a sftire; " Sisyphi
in Wtarwickshire, and was educated at Opus, or Tonches at the Times," a
Eton, and at King's college, (ambridge.  1 istorv of China," some of the lives
In his 16th orl 17th year lie sat in parlia- in the " Biography of the Signers of the
ment, and in his 8lth lie began to dis- Declaration of Independence," a " Life
play his poetical talents. His alrleady  of Lafayette," and an accolnt of the
large fortune lie incenased by a marriage  " Quaker Iospital, at Frankfort, lear
with a rich heiress, lwho soon left lim a Plhiladelplhia."  D. 1824.
widower, tlnd he then unsuccessfully   WALPOLE, ROBERT, earl of Orford,
paid court to Lady Dorotlea Sidney, a statesman, was b. 1676, at Holughton,
the Sacharissa of his verses. In the his fatther's seat, in Norfolk, and was
long parlianent he was a moderate op- educated at Eton, and tt Killg's college,
ponent of the conrt, and he was one of Cambridge. HIe first sat in pialiamenlt,
tihe commissioners appointed to treat in 1701, as member for Castle Rising;
with thle king at Oxford. He was either but in the following year he wxas elected
already a secret royalist, or was con- for Lynn, which hel thenceforth continverted by his intercourse with the   tied to rereesent. As a senator lie soon
monarch   for, soon after his visit to  distinguished himself anong the Wigs.
Oxford, le entered into a conspiracy  In 1708 lie was appointed secretary at
agtainst the house of commonl. It was war; in 1709 treasurer of the navy; and
discovered; but Waller saved his lite, in 1710 one of the irmanagers of Sachthough at the expense of such cowardice, cverell's trial; but, on the triumph of
treatcherv, and culllnning, as thorou1't ly the Tories, he lost his offices, and was
disgraced him. tIe  s ws fined ten thou- expelled the house, and committed to
sand pounds, and banished. Cromwell, the Tower, on an unproved charge of
lhowever, permittecl im to retlrn, and  breach of trust and corruption. The
treated him with favor; antd tlhe grati- accession of George I. restored the astucle of the poet was displayed by a cendency of Walpole's party, and he
splendid panegyric, and, subsequently, was made paymaster of the forces, and,
by the less questionable tribute of ani subsequently, prime minister. Disputes
elegy on the death of the protector. with his colleagues, however, induced
During the reimgs of Chirles 1I. and  him to resiln, in 1717, and he remained
James II. he was highly distinguished  in opposition till i720, when he once
at court, and was generally adiniied for more became paymaster of the forces.
his abilities and his wit. D. 1687.  On the retirement of Lord Sunderland,
WALLIS, JonIi, an eminent mathe- Walpole was again raised to the high
matioian ancd divine, was b. in 1616, at situation of premier, and that situaltion
Ashiord, in Kent; was educated at he retained for two and twenty year.s, in
Emanuel college, Cambridge; obtained, spite of incessant attacks fiom political
in 16-t., the living of St. Gabriel, Fen- enemies of splendicd talents. To mainchurch-street; was chosen, in 1649, Sa- tain peace was one of the main objects
vilian professor of geometry at Oxford; of his administration. In 1742 lie rewas niade keeper of the archives there, signed, and was created earl of Orford.
in 1658; retained his offices at the res- D. 174.5.-HoEATIO, Lo'd, brother of the
toration, andI was appointed one of the foregoing, was b. in 1678; held variios
royal chaplains: was one of the earliest offices under the government; was emmembers of the Royal Society; and d. ployed as ambassador to France and




WAR]                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      795
Holland; was created a peer in 1756; through numerous editions. His Lives
and d. in 1757. He wrote an answer to  of Hooker, Sanderson, Wotton, Donne,
" Bolingbroke's Letters on History;"  and Herbert exhibit him in a highly faand some political pamphlets.-HOrACE, vorable light as a biographer. Wordsearl of Orford, the youngest son of Sir worth says of them,
Robert, a man of varied and brilliant        "The feather whence the pen
talents, Was b. 1718, and was educated  Was shaped that traced the lives of these good men
at Eton, and at King's college, Cain-  Dropped from an angel's wing."
bridge. Il 1741 he entered parliament At a very advanced age Walton publishas member for Callington, and he after- ed, under the nanme of Chalkhill, " Thewards represented Castle Rising and  alma and Clearchs, a Pastoral history."
Lynn. He was a steady Whig and an    -GEORGE, a signer of the declaration of
intdependent senator, but took no active independence, was b. in Frederic counpart in the business of the legislature; ty, Virginia, about thle year 1740. He
and in 1768 retired wholly from it. Lit- was early apprenticed to a carpenter, but
erature and virte were the great occu- at the expiration of his apprenticeshlip
pations of his life; and much of his ex- he removed to Georgia, and entered the
istenece was dedicated to embellishinr office of an attorney at law. In 1776 he
his villa at Strawberry hill, near Twick- was elected to the continental congress.
enham, and forming a collection there. At the siege of Savannah he was woundAt that place he also established a pri- ed and taken prisoner, but was exvate press, and printed several works. changed in September, 1779. In the
In 1791 he succeeded to the earldom; following month he was appointed govan accession of dignity which he would  ernor of the state, and in the succeeding
have been clad to have avoided. D. 1797. January lie was elected a member of
WALSINGHAM, Sir FRANCIS, an em- congress for two years.
ineint statesman, was b. 1586, at Chisel-  WARBECK, PETER, or PEnasIN, an
hurst, in Kent.  After having been   individual whose real history has been
ambassador to France, he was, in 1573, the subject of much speculation, made
appointed one of the secretaries of state, his appearance in England, in the reign
and was knighted. In 1581 he was a of Henry VII., and assumed the charsecond time sent to France, and in 1583 acter and title of Richtrd duke of York,
to Scotland. In the final proceedings the younger son of Edward IV., supagainst Mary queen of Scots he acted a posed to have been murdered in the
conspicuous part. D. 1590.           Tower, together with his brother, by
WALTER, JOHN, whose name is in- order of Richard III. Having been acseparably connected with the gigantic Inowledeed by- Margaret, duchess of
achievements of the press in modern  Burgundy, as her nephew, he proceeded
times, was the son of Mr. John Walter, to claim the crown of England, and,
printer to the customs, and for many  landing in Cornwall, was joined by some
years chief proprietor of the (" Times"  thousands of insurgents. He laid siege
newspaper.  Ile was b. in 1778, and  to Exeter; but, on the approach of the
having, on the completion of his educa- royal army, he fled to Beaulieu abbey,
tion, made himself acquainted with all in Hampshire, which sanctuary lie was
the technicalities and routine of a large induced to quit, under the promise of a
printing establishment, he, in 1803, be- pardon, and he was sent in custody to
caine a joint proprietor and exclusive the Tower of London. Ile was there
manager of the " Times;" and from this treated as an impostor, and eventually,
period, during the long course of 44 in 1499, was hanged, drawn, and quiaryeals, he devoted himself to the moral tered. Henry VII. published an alleged
and material improvement of what has confession of the captive, purporting
been so justly termed " the fourth   that he was the son of one Warbeck or
estate" of the realm. D. 1847.       Osbeck, a converted Jew of Tournay;
WALTON, IZAAK, was b. 1,593, in    but many have asserted that lie was an
Stafford, iand lkept a linen-draper's shop  illegitimate son of Edward IV.
in London, first in the Royal Exchange,  WARBURTON, WILLIAMA, an eminent
and lastly in Fleet-street, at the corner prelate and writer, was b. 1698, atNewof Chancerv-lane. About 1643 he quit- ark. After having been educated at
ted the metropolis, and he d. at Win- Oakham and Newark schools, he served
chester in 16883. His "Complete Angler"  his clerkship to an attorney, and was
has long afforded delight not oniily to admitted to practice. Tiring, however,
those who tare fond of angsling, but to of the law, lie turned to the church, and
general readers of taste, and has passed  took deacon's orders in 1723. In 1726




796                   CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [WAR
he obtained the viearage of Greasley, soon after commencing ths practice,
and in 1729 the rectory otBrant Brougholi- distinguished himself by his successful
ton. Between 1723 and 1729 he pub- treatment of the small pox. Early enlished " Miscellaneous Translations,"  gaging in politics, he obtained great in"An Inquiry into the Causes of Prod- fluence, and rendered efficient service
igies and Miracles," and "A Treatise  by his writings and addresses. HIe was
on the Legal Judicature of Chancery.s' twice elected to deliver the oration in
Tlese were preludes to his great works, commemoration  of the massacre on
"The Alliance between Church and      the fifth of March. In June, 1775, the
State," which appeared in 1738, and the provincial congress of Massachusetts,
first volume of his "Divine Legation,"  of which lie was at this time president,
which was given to the world in 1738. made him   a major-general of their
His "Vindication of Pope's Essay on   forces. At the battle of Bunker hill he
Man" acquired for him the friendship  fought as a volunteer, and was slain
of that poet. He rose successively to be within a few yards of the breastwork
king's chaplain, prebend of Durham, as he was among the last slowly retiring
dean of Bristol, and bishop of Glousces- from it. lIe was a man of the most
ter; to the last of these dignities he at- generous and intrepid spirit, much eletaired in 1759. D. 1779.              gance of manners, and of commanding
WARD, ROBERr PLUMER, the well- eloquence.       His loss was deeply felt
known author of'Tremaine," was b. and regretted.     In 1776 his remains
in London, 1765. Ile was called to the were removed from the battle-ground,
bar by the society of the Inner Temple, and interred in Boston.-JAMES, was b.
in 1790. For some years he wenit the  at Plymouth in 1726, and was graduated
western circuit, spending his long vaca- at HIarvard college, in 1745. He took
tions at the house of his elder and only  an early and active part in the cause of
surviving brother in the Isle of Wight; the colonies ae'ainst the aggressions of
and there he wrote his "'Inquiry into the  the mother country, was a member of
Foundation and History of the Law of the general court, proposed the estabNations in Europe," &c., which was lishment of committees of correspondpublished in 1795, and proved success- ence, and after the death of General
ful both as', work of literature and as a  Warren, was appointed president of the
professional speculation. He was now  provincialcongress. le was afterwards
frequently employed in cases before the appointed a major- general of the militia.
privy council; and afterwards entered  On the adoption of the constitution of
parliament, and held office under Pitt. Malsssachusetts, he was for many years
On the death of Mr. Pitt, 1806, he re- speaker of the house of representatives.
tired into the country, and occupied  D. 1808.-MERaY. the wife of General
himself in rural pursuits; but on the James, was the author of a valuable
formation of the Portland ministry, in  " History of the American Revolution,"
1807, he was made one of the lords of  "The Adulator," and "The Group,"
the admiralty, exchanging this office in  two political pieces before the revolu1811 for the clerkship of the ordnance, tion, and a volume of poems. D. 1814.
which he held till 1823. He then      -JoHN, a celebrated physician, was b.
retired from  parliament, and wrote in 1763, at Roxbury, Mass., and was
"Tremaine," which, though published   graduated at Harvard college. Hte deanonymously, produced a great sensa- livered the first course of lectures on
tion in literary circles, and became ex- anatomy, ever given in New Eingland,
ceedingly popular. This was followed, and was appointed professor on the
in 1827, by "De Vere," which was foundation of Dr. Hersey.        Through
hardly less successful; and after some life, he enjoyed a very high reputationi
years spent in retirement and on the  as a physician and anatomist. He d. iL
Continent, he returned to his literary  1815.
labors, and published successively his  WARTON, JOSEPH, a poet and critic,
"Illustrations of Human Life," "Pic- was b. in 1722, at Dunsfold, in Surrey
tures of the World," " Historical Essay  was educated at Winchester school, and
on the Revolution of 1688," and " De at Oriel college, Oxford; held at variClifford."  D. 1846.                  ous periods, the livings of Winslade,
WARREN, JOSEPH, a patriot of the    Tamworth, Tlhorley, Easton, and Wickrevolution, was b.;n Roxbury, near ham, and prebends of St. Paul's and
Boston, 1741, and was graduated at Winchester, and was head-master of
Harvard  college in 1759. He pur- Winchester school from 1766 to 1793
sued the profession of medicine, and  D. 1800. He wrote poe:ns, and "An




WAS]                 CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                         797
Essay on Pope," contributed to the     andcfinallytrilumphed oveei all opposition
"Adventurer," translated the "Eclogunes The record of his services is the history
and.Georgics;" and edited the worlks of  of the whole war. He joined the army
Dryden and Pope.-THOMAS, a poet, at Cambridoe in July, 1755. On'the
critic, and miscellaneous writer, brother  evacuation Of Boston in M1-arch, 1776, lihe
of the foregoing, was b. in 1728, at Bas- proceeded to New York. The battle of
singlstoke; and was educated at Win-   Long Island was fouoght on the 27th of
chester school, and at Trinity college, Augist, and the battle of White-plains
Oxford. His first poetical work was    on the 28th of October. On the 25th
"The Triumph of lsis," the next, "The  of December he crossed the Delaware,
Proogress of Discontent."  As a poet he  and soon cained the victories at T enwas much superior to his brother. In   ton and Princeton. The battle of Bran1757 he was chosen poetry professor at dywinc was fought on September 11th,
Oxford, in 1771 obtained the livif1g of  1777  of Gernmintown, October 4th; of
Kiddington, in 1781 that of Hill Far- Monmouth, February 28th, 1778. In
rance; and in 1785 was appointed       1779 and 1780 he continued in the
Camden professor of history and poet vicinity of Newv York, and closed the
laureate.  His principal works are, important military operations of the
poems, "Observations on the Faerie     war by the capture of Cornwallis, at
Queen," and " The History of English   Yorktown, in 1781. When the indePoetry."  Of the last work an elegant pendence of his country was establishand enlarged edition was published a   ed by the treaty of peace, Washington
few years since by Mr. Price. D. 1790. resigned his high office to the congress,
WASHINGTON, GEORGE, the illus-       and followed by the applause and the
trions founder of American independ-   grateful admiration of his fellow-citience, was b. 1782, in the county of zens, retired into private life. His high
Fairfax, in Virginia, where his father  character and services nu4rally entitled
was possessed of great landed property. him to the highest gifts his country
He was educated under the care of      could bestow, and on the organization
a private tutor, and paid much atten- of the government he was called upon
tion to the study of mathematics and   to be the first president of the states
engineering.  He was first employedl which he had preserved and establishofficially bv General Dinwiddie, in 1735, ed. It was a period of great difficulty
in remonstrating to the French com- and dangser. The unsubdued spirit of
mnander on the Ohiofor the infraction  liberty hrad been roused and kindled by
of the treaty between the two nations. the revolution of France, and many
IHe subsequently negotiated a treaty of  Americans were eagar that the freedom
amity with the Indians on the back set- and equality which they themselves
tlements, and for his honorable services  enjoyed should be extended to the subreceived the thanks of the British gov- jects of the French monarch. Washernment. in the unfortunate expedition  ington anticipated the plans of the
of General Braddock he served as aid-  factious, and by prudence and firmness
de-camp, and on the fall of that brave  subdued insurrection, and silenced disbut rash commander, he conducted the   content, till the parties, which the inretreat to the corps under Colonel Dun- trigues of Genet, the French envoy, hmad
bar in a manner that displayed great roused to rebellion, were convinced of
military talent. lie retired fromn the  the wildness of their measures and of
service with the rank of colonel; but the wisdoin of their governor. The
while enaged in agriculture at his fa- president completed, in 1795, the busivorite seat of Mount Vernon, he was    ness of his office by signing' a commerelected senator in the national council cial treaty with Great Britain, and then
for Frede! county, and afterwards for  voluntarily resigned his power at a moFairfax. At the commencement of the mnient wheni ll hands and all hearts vwere
revolutionary war, he was selected as  united a^ean to confer upon him the
the most proper person to take the     soveeiignty of the country. Restored
chief comimand of the provincial trmlps. to the peaceeful retirement of' Mount
From the moment of takino upon   in- Vernon, lie devoted himself to the purself this important office, in June, 1775, suits of agriculture; and thounh lie
he employed. the great powers of his   accepted the command of the'anvy in
mind to his favorite object, and by h is 1798, it was merely to unite the affecprudence, his valor, and presence of   tions of his fellow-citizens to the genmind he deserved and obtained the      eral good, and was one more sacrifice to
confidence and gratitude of his country, I his high sense of duty. D. after a




798                  CYCLOPA DIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [WAT
short illness on the 14th of December, eral school, and he made a fill avowal of
1799.-BUSIHIOD, an eminent judge, was his opinions in a sermon, called "The
b. in Westmoreland county, Virginia, Principles of the Revolution vindicated,"
and was educated at William and Mary's which he preached before the university
college. He pursued the study of the in 1776, and which excited much comlaw in the office of Mr. Wilson, of Phil- ment. In the same year he published
adelphia, and commenced its practice  his " Apology for Christianity," in anwith great success in his native county. swer to Gibbon. In 1782 le was made
In 1781 he was a member of the-house bishop of Llandaff; but George III.
of delegates of Virginia.  He after- having imbibed a prejudice against him,
wards removed to Alexandria, and     he obtained no' further promotion.
thence to Richmond, where he pub- Among his other works are, "Chemnical
lislhed two volumes of the cecisions of Essays," "Apology for the Bible," and
the supreme court of Virginia. In 1798 his own "Memoirs."  D. 1816.
he was appointed an associate justice of  WATT, JAMEs, a celebrated natural
the supreme court of the United states, philosopher and engineer, the son of a
and continued to hold this situationl till tradesman, was b. 1736, at Greenock, in
his death in November, 1829. He was Scotland, and began life as a mathematithe favorite nephew of iPresident Wash- cal instrument makler. In that capacity
ington, andI was the devisee of Mount le was employed by the university of
Vernon.                              Iis native place from 1757 to 1763. It
WATERLAND, DANIEL, a learned       was, in 1764, while he was engaged in
divine and controversialist was b. 1683, repairing the model of a steam-engine,
at Wasely, in Lincolushire, and was that the idea of improving the construceducated aIt Lincoln free school, and at tion arose in his mind. His first disMagdalen college, Cambridge, of the  covery was that of the mode of avoiding
last of whicl seminaries hie  ecame the enormous loss of power occasioned
mlaster.  He was also chancellor of  by cooling the cylinder; his next w as
York, archdeacon of Middlesex, canon  the substitution of the expansive power
of Windsor, and vicar of Twickenham. of stealn instead of the atmosphericc presAmong his works are, "A History of sure. To these he subsequently added
the  Athanasian  Creed," "Scripture  many others, which broiuhllt the steamn
Vinclicated," " A Defence of Christ's engine to its present state of perfection.
Divinity," " A Review of the Doctrine In 1774 he entered into partnerslhip wiith
of the Eucharist," ande "Remarks on  Mr. Bolton, of Birminhalm. I-is subDr. Clarke's Exposition of the Church  sequent life was cheered by extensive
Catechism."  D. 1t40.                fame and ample fortune. Among his
WATSON, HENRY, a celebrated en- other inventions are a miicrometer, a
gineer, the son of a grazier, was b. about copying matchine, and a machine for
1737, at Holbeach, in Lincolnshire; was inmaing drawings in perspective. Watt
one of the most remarkable mathematical possessed an extraordinary nmemory, a
contributors'to the "Lady's Diary" at more than superficial acquaintance with
the age of 16; completed his ecllnation  many sciences and arts, and a knowlat the royal academy at Woolwich; and  edge of several modern latnguaes. Some
obtained a commission in the corps of of his cliemical papers are printed in the
engineers. He so much distinguished   "Pliilosophicil Transactions." D. 1819.
himself at the sieges of Belleisle and the  WATTEAU, ANTHONY, a French artI-avanna, tliat Lord Clive took him to ist, was b. 1684, at Valenciennes. I-c
Bengal, as chief engineer. Among the received little instruction, and began by
works which Watson executed are the being a scene-painter at Paris, but his
fortifications of Fort William, and those  admirable genius soon raisejllim above
at Budge Budge and Melancholy Point. that humble occupation. Ih!rained the
D. 1786.-RICHARD, an eminent prelate  prize of the Academy for a picture, aind
and writer, was b. 1737, at Haversham, thenceforth continued to increase in
in Westmoreland. He commenced his fame. The engoravings fiom his compoeducation under his father, who was sitios, to the 1iumber of 563, form three
master of the free grammar school at his volumes. Comic conversations, movenative place, and he completed it at ments of armies, landscapes, and groTrinit college, Cambridge, where he tesques, are his principal subjects. D
studied witl unremitting application. 1721.
In 1764 he was chosen professor of chem-  WATTS, ISAAc, a nonconformist diistry, and, in 1771, reiuns professor of vine, b. 1674, at Southampton, and was
divinity. In politics he was of the lib- educated at the free school there, and




WEB]                  CYCLOPiEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       T99
also at a dissenting academy in London. in 1801, a system of mathematics, inIn his 22d year he became tutor to the tended as a text-book for the university.
son of Sir John H artopp, and in 1702 he  WEBER IIENRY WILLIAMU, an ai-CiMsucceeded Dr. Chauncey as ministcr of  olozist and editor, was b. 1783, at St.
a congregation in the metropolis. Nearly  Petersburr of German parents; studthe last tforty years of his blameless life led imedicine at Edinburgh and at Jelna;
were spent in the family of his friend, settled in Scotland, and devoted himself
Sir Thomas Abney, at Stoke Newing- to literary pursuits; and d. in 1818, after
ton. His theological and miscellaneous havilng for some time been disor'dered
works form  six quarto volumes, and   in ihis intellect.  Amonar his pnblicamany of them are still popular.-JANE, tions are, "Metrical Romances of the
an accomplished female, whose maiden  Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth
name was Waldie, was b. 1792, at HIen- Centuries," "The Battle of Flodden
dersyde Park, in Roxburghshire; dis- Field," a poem of the 16th century;
played precocious talents; acquired mu- and editions of Ford and Beaumont andi
sic, French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin, Fletcher, of which the last two subwithout assistance, and painting with  jected him to severe criticism. —CAm
very little; gave proof of suiperior lit- MARIA VON, one of the most eminent of
erary powers in her "Sketches of Italy,"  modern composers, was b. in 1786, at
" Journal of a Tour i Flanclders," and  Eutin, in Holstein, and was liberally
many smaller pieces; and d. 1826.     educated. To music he displayed the
WAYNE, ANTHON'Y, major-general in   warmest attachment at an early age.
the,army of the United States, was b. His instructors in the science were Heu1745, in Chester county, Peiinsylvania. schel, Michael Haydn, Valesi, Kalcher,
Ile entered the arumy as colonel, in 1775, and the Abbe Voaler,  For a while,
served under Gates, at Ticonderog a, and  however, he abandoned his favorite art
was promoted to the rank of brigadier- to practise that of lithoeraphy, but he
general. Ile was engaged in the battles soon returned to it. 1his first operas
of Brandywine, Gerimanitown, and Mon- were " Das Waldmunchen," uand "Peter
mouth, in 1779 captured the fortress at Schmoll," the first of which was proStony Point, antd rendered other im- duced in 1800. Ile made professional
portant services during the war.  In  tours through variols parts of Germany,
1787 lie was a member of the Pennsyl- and was, successively, chapel-master at
vania convention whlich  ratified the Breslau and at Carlsrulhe, and conducconstitution of the United States. In. tor of the opera of' Prague. In 1816 he
1792 he succeeded St. Clair in the com- was invited to Dresden by the elector
mand of the western army, and gained  of Saxony, to form a national opera, and
a complete victory at the battle of the was appointed director of music to the
Miamis, in 1794. D. 1796.             court. His "Freischiltz" was brought
WEBBE, SAMUEL, an eminent musi- out in 1821, at Berlin, and rapidly becian, particularly celebrated for his glees, came popular throughont Europe. In
was b. 1740. Iis mother being left des- 1826 lie visited London, and brought
titute, he was bound apprentice to a  out the opera of "Oberon;" but his
cabinet-maker, but, when his term of health was now completely broken, acd
servitude expired, he abandoned his he d. suddenly, on the 8d of June.
trade, and gained a subsistence by copy- Weber left a prose work in manuscript,
ing music. By dint of incessant study  called "Lives of Artists," which poslhe became an excellent composer, and  sesses considerable umerit.
also acquired several langsnaes and ele-  WEBSTER, NOAH, was b. in West
gant accomplishments.   He d. 1816. Hartford, 1758.    His ancestor, John
His glees and part songs form  three Webster, was one of the earliest Envolumes.                              glish settlers in Hartford, and was
WEBBER, SAMUEL, president of Har- subsequently governor of Connecticut.
yard college, was b. in Byfield, Massa- Noah, his fither, aiend two more Webchusetts, and  was educated at the sters, were in the ar my on the occasion
colleoge of which he afterwards became  of Biurgoyne's expedition to Canada.
the head. Ite displayed an early fond- Restored to more peacefil pursuits, lie
ness for mathematics, and in 1789 be- continued his studies, and in 1781 was
came professor of mathematics and     called to the bar. Thoug'h le had connatural history. In 1803 lie was raised  siderable professional employment, his
to the presidency of Harvard colleae, active mind could not. be satisfied withand discharged the duties of this office out diffusing some portion of its enertill his death, in 1810. He published, gies through the medium of the press,




800                   CYCLOP EDIA OF BIOGRAPI-IH.                    [WES
and he puo isaled the "First Part of a Amono his works ork   " A New Theory
Grammatical Institute," "Sketches of  of Veins,' with its application to the
American Policy,"- and several other art of working mines; " Classification
works, and also established alnd con- and Distribution of Mountains," and a
ducted a daily paper in New York. But translation of " Cronstadt's Mineraloall these labors are comparatively insic- gy. "  His system is now very generally
nificant when contrasted with his elab- received.  D. 1817.-FREDERIC LOULI
orate "English   Dictionary," which, ZACHARIAH, a German poet and dramanotwithstanding it contains some very tist, was b. 1868, at Koenigsbecr, in
serious miistakes on the subjects of ety- Prussia; held for some years an emmology and the analogy of languages, is ployment nnder the Prussian governa stupendous monument of industry. ment; abjurec Protestantism, ald went
D. 1843.                              to Vienna, where he became a popular
WEDGEWOOD, JosIAI, an eminent preacher, and d. 1823. Among his
mantufacturer of pottery, was b. 1730. works are, Confessions, Poems, and
He succeeded to the business of his Tragedies.
faither, and, in 1760, began his improve-  WESLEY, SAMUEL, a divine and p'oet,
ments in porcelain and earthenware, was b. 1662, at Whitchurch, in Dorset
which have changeld the current of trade shire: was educated at Exeter college,
in those articles, and rendered England  Oxforl; obtainec  the living of South
an extensive exporting instead of an inm- Ormesby, and subsequently the rectories
porting country. He invented the ware  of Epworth and Wroot. HIe wrote a
which bears the name of the queen, and  volume of poems, with the title of
various other kinds. WXedgewood was   "Maggots;" "The Life of Christ," in
also the inventor of the pyrometer, and  verse; "The Histories of the Old and
the projector of the Granid Trunk canal. New Testament," in verse; "Elegies
D. 1795.                              on Queen Mary and Archbishop TillotWEISSE, CHRISTIAN FELIX, a German   sOnL;" anld "Dissertations on the Book
poet and dramatist, was b. 1726, at An- of Job."  D. 1735.-JOHN, second son
naberg, in Saxony; was educated at of the foregoing, the founder of the sect
Altenberg and Leipsic; established and  of the Methodists, was b. June 17,1703,
conducted two periodicals named the at Epworth. He was educated at the
Library of Elegant Literature,, and  Charter house, and Christ-church, Ox" The Children's Friend," from which  ford, and was orclaine in 1725. Natulatter work Berquin borrowed his plan.rally of a serious disposition, he was
and part of his materials; succeeded in  rendered still more so by the reading of
1790 to a good estate; and d. 1804.   devotional treatises; and, in conjunction
WELLS, WILLIAM CHARLES, a physi- with his brother Charles and some
cian, was b. 1753, at Charleston, in South  friends, he formed a religious society;
Carolina. His parents were Scotch, and  to the members of which, with reference
he was educated at Dumfries and Edin- to a sect of Eornan physicians, his gay
burgh, after which he returned to his fellow-collegians gave the name of
native province. Being a loyalist, he  Methodists. In 1735, with Charles Wesquitted America at          the close of the war, ley and other missionaries, he went to
and settled in London, where he d. in  Georgia to convert the Indians; but,
1817. He is the author of " An Essay  after a residence of less than two years
on Single Vision with Two Eyes," and  in the colony, during which he was exof sonme valuable papers on the forma- tremely unpopular, he retcurned to Ention ofdew, for which he received the gland. In 1738 he begcan those public
gold and silver medals of the Royal labors which ultimately produced such
Society.                              a mighty effect, and in 1739 the first
WENERNE, ABRAHAM GOTTLEIB, one rmeeting-house was built t Bristol. For
of the most eminent of modern miner- some time he acted in couljulntio n with
alogists was b. in 1750, at Welllau, in  Whitefield, but the radical difference in
Upper Lusatia. He studied at the min- their tenets at lenlgth produced a sepaeralogical schoolofFreyberg, inSaxony, ration.  Over the sect whicuh he had
and at Leipsic; and, in his 24th year, founded, Wesley obtained an unboundlhe published an excellent treatise on  ed influence; and it must be owned that
the " Chiracters of Minerals."  In 1775  he earned it by his zeal and his unwelhe was appointecllecturer onm mineraloy  ried and astonishinlf exertions.  Two
at Frevberg, and inspector of tle cabi- ser monls he usnally preache(l every day,
net of ines. His lectures soon extend- and often four or five. In the corise of
ed his reputation throughout Europe. his peregrinations he is said to have




WETJ                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        801
preached more than forty thousand ser- Horse," and " Christ healing the Sick."
mons, and to have travelled three hun- He d. March 18, 1820.
dred thousand miles, or nearly fifteen  WESTALL, RICHARD, a draughtsman
times the circumference of the globe! and designer, b. 1765, was apprenticed
On the 17th of February, 1791, he took  to an engraver in heraldry on silver,
cold, after preaching att Lambeth. For &c.; but his genius soared higher than
some days he struggled against an in- this humble department of the arts, and
creasing fever, and continued to preach  having studied at the Royal Acadeny, in
until the Wednesday following, when   1786 he commenced his splendid career,
he'delivered his last sermon. From   imparting to his water-color paintings a
that time lie became daily weaker and  brilliance and vigor before unknown.
more lethargic. lHe d. on the 2d of About this time lie formed a friendly
March, 1791, being in the 88th year of  intercourse with Sir Thomas Lawrence,
his age, and the 65th of his ministry. which continued through life.   Mr.
He published the " Christian Library; Westall produced many excellent hisor, Extracts and Abridgments, &c., from  torical paintings; but he is best known
various Writers;"  " The  Arminian   as the cesigrner of Boydell's superb ediMagazine;" a monthly publication, now  tions of Milton and Shakspeare, and as
continued under the title of " The Meth- the illustrator of numerous other works.
odist Magazine," &c., &c.-CEIARLES, his D. 1836. —WILLIAM, a younger brother
brother and fellow-laborer, was b. in  of the preceding, and like him an emni1708, at Epworth; was educated at West- nent artist; was b. 1782. In early life he
minster school and at Christ-church; accompanied Captain Flinders in his
and d. 1788. He wrote hymns, poems, voyage round the world, on his return
and sermons.-SAMUEL, a son of the lat- from which he illustrated Captain Flinter, was a distinguished musician. D. ders' work. and opened an exhibition
1837.  -in Brook-street, consisting of representWEST, GILBERT, a poet and miscel- ations of the chief objects he had witlaneous writer, was b. in 1706; was ed- nessed when abroad. In 1813 he was
ucated at Eton and at Christ-church, elected an associate of the Royal AcadOxford; obtained, through the influence  emy. Among many works which he
of his friend Mr. Pitt, the offices of clerk  published may be mentioned, " A Series
to the privy council, anlt treasurer of  of Views of Picturesque and Romantic
Chelsea college; and d. 1756. He wrote  Scenery in Madeira, the Cape of Good
poems; and " Observations on the Hope," &c., "Views of the Caves near
Resurrection;" and translated Pindar. Ingleton, &c., in Yorkshire," "Britan-BiNJAMIN, an eminent painter, was b. nia delineata," " Views in London and
in 1738, at Springfield, near Philadel- its Environs;" "Picturesque Tour of
phia, of Quaker parents. At the age of the Thames," &c. D. 1850.
seven years he began to manifest his    WETSTEIN, JOHN JAMES, a learned
pictorial talents by sketching with pen  Swiss, was b. in 1693, at Basle; was a
and ink an infant sleeping in a cradle. pupil of the younger Bernouilli; enterFrom some Indians he obtained red and  ed the church, but was compelled by
yellow, and his mother gave him apiece  persecution to quit his country; settled
of indigo; and as camel's-hair pencils in Holland, where he became professor
were wanting, he supplied the want by  of theology and ecclesiastical history at
clipping the fur of the cat. Improving, Amsterdam; and d. there in 1754.
as he advanced in years, he became.a  Among his works is an edition of the
portrait painter of considerable repute, New Testament, with the various readand produced some meritorious histori- ings which he collected from numerous
cal pictures. In his 22d year he visited  manuscripts.
Italy, where he remained for some time.  WETHERELL, Sir CHA(LES, a disIn 1763 he settled in England, where he tinguished chancery lawyer, was the son
soon acquired reputation. Among his   of the learned dean of Hereford, who
patrons was Archbishop Drummond of    for more than half a century was master
York, by whose means he was intro- of University college, Oxford. lHe was
duced to George III., who immediately  b. 1770, received his education at Mag-gave him a commission to paint "The  dalen college, and in 1794 was called to
Death of Regulus," and continued ever the bar. In 1818 he obtained a seat in
afterwards to employ him. In 1791 he parliament as member for Shaftesbury;
was chosen president of the Royal Acad- and though he displayed much talent
emy. Among his last, and perhaps his and energy in debate, "his slovenly
bost works, are, "Death on the Pale attire, uncouth   gestures, patchwork




802                  CYCLOPAEDIA'O? BIOGRAPHY.                      WHII
phraseology, fanciful illustrations, odd long and eminent. On his return home,
theories, recondite allusions, and old- he accepted the chair of profOessor of
fashioned jckes, tempted men to call international law in IHarvarcd niversity,
him a buffocn when they ought to have  and was about to cormmence the duties
admired his ingenuity, reverenced his of the appointment when he was atlearning, and honored his c6nsistency." tacked with the illness which resulted
From 1820 to 1826 he represented the  in his death. Mr. Wheaton's principal
city of Oxford; subsequently he sat for works are a " Treatise upon the Law of
Plyrnpton; and in 1830 he was elected  Captures," "Elements of International
for Boroughbridge, which was disfran- Law," "Sketch of the Law of Nations
chised by the reform act. In 1S24 his from  the Peace of Westphalia," an
just ambition was rartified in being p- " Essay on the Right of Search," twelve
pointed solicitor-general, and receiving  volumes of "Eeports," and a " Diest
the honori of knilithood.  Three years of the Reports," the "Life of William
afterwnads he succeeded Sir Joln Cop- Pinckney," and a "HIistory of the
ley as attorney-general, but on Mr. Can- Northmen." ID. 1848.
ning assuming the reins of government  WHEELOCK, JOHN, was b. at Lebahe resigned. He again, however, came non, Connecticut, in 1754. During the
into office in 1828, under the duke of revolution hle held the commiission of
Wellington. In 1881 lhe was mobbed   lieutenant-colonel, and obtained some
for his aiti-catholic bi-otry. D. 1846.  military reputation. In 1779 lie became
WHARTON, PHILIP, duke of, whom     president of Dartmouth college, New
Pope has so admirably characterized in  H-ampshire, and in 1782 visited Europe
his "Epistle on the' Knowledge and   to obtain contributions for that semiCharacters of Men," was b. 1669, and lnary. He remained in that office for 36
very early gave signs of those talents years. D. 1817.
which he afterwards displayed and dis-  WHIIPPLE, WILLIAM, a signer of the
graced. After having, cdtrinig his trav- declaration of American independence,
els, accepted the title of duke from the was b. in Maine, 1730;and engaged in
pretender, he returned to England, and  commercial pursuits. IIe took an early
becamle a warm chanmpion of-the exist- part in the controversy with Great
inm- government. Having dissipated his Britain, and in 1776 was sent as a delefolrtane, he changed his politics again, gate firom New Hampshire to the conretired to the Continent, intrimgued with  tinental conglress. Ile was afterwards
the Stuarts, entered into the Spanish  brigadier-general of the troops of that
service, and d. in indigence, in Span, in  state, andi held several civil offices of
1731.                                importance. D. 1785.
WHEATON, HENRY, was b. in Prov-      WHIISTON, WILLIAMr, an eminent
idence, 1785. lie entered Brown uni- divine and mathematician, was b. in
versity in 1798, and graduated in 1802. 1667, at Norton, in Leicestershire, and
lie studied law in the office of Nathaniel was educated at Tamworth school, and
Searle, and in 1804, while yet a student at Clare hall, Cambridge. In 1698 he
of law, he went to France, where he re- obtained the living of Lowestoff, in Sufsided a year and a half, engaged in the  folk, which he resigned, in 1703, when
stndy of the French languoage and lit- he succeeded Sir Isaac Newton in the
erature; and on his return to Rhode mlathelimatical professorship  at CamIsland he was admitted to the bar. In  bridge. At length he adopted Arian
1812 he removed to New York, and be- prinaiples, in consequence of which he
ca.me the editor of the "National was expelled firon the university in 1710,
Advocate." In New York he was ap- lost his offices of professor and catepointed judge of the marine court, chetical lecturer, and was even pros-'iontuinuing in the practice of his pro- ecuted as a heretic. Late in life he
fession as a chamber counsellor. He  became a Baptist. Among his works
was also elected a member of the legis- are, " A Theory of the. Earth,"  Serlature, and was a prominent member of  mons," "Primitive  Christianity Rethe constitutional convention of 1820. vived," and a translation of Josephus.
In 1815 he was appointed reporter of D. 1752.
the supreme court of the United States.  WHITAKER, JOHN, a divine, critic,
In 1827 lie was appointed charge-d'af- antiquary, and historian, was b. 1735, at
fiires to Copenhagen. In 1836 he was Manchester; was educated at tlhe free
transferred to Berlin, and the year after school of that place, and at Corpus
was raised to the rank of minister pleni- Christi college, Oxford, and d. in 1808,
potentiary. In Prussia his services were rector of Ruan Lanyhorne, in Cornwall.




WHI]                  CYCLOPAJDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       803
His principal works3 are, " The History of prebend of Gloucester, and the rectory
Manchester," "A Vindication of Mary, of Melton, in Suffolk; and d. in 1814.
Queen of Scots," "Tihe Course of I-Ian- Among his works are, " Egyptiaca."
nibal over the Alps," "Criticisms on  " Diatessaron," and editions of tlhe
Gibbon's History," "The Ancient Ca- Philoxenic Syrian versions of the four
thedral of Cornwall," and "The Origin  Gospels, and of Griesbach's Greek Tesof Government."   He also contributed  tament.-HEINRY KIRKE, a poet, was b.
largely to "The British Critic," and the 1785, at Nottingham, and was the son
English and Antijacobin reviews.      of a butcher. His delicate health proWHITBY, DANIEL, a learned divine, tected him from being brought up to
was b. 1638, at Rushden, in Northamp- his iather's trade, and he was placed
tonshire, and was educated at Trinity  with a stocking weaver, but was subsecollege, Oxford. His controversial zeal quently removed to an attorney's office.
against the Catholics gained for hini the He produced several prose and verse
patronage of Bishop Ward, who gave    compositions at an early age, and dehim  a prebend of Salisbury, and the voted his-leisure hours to reading, and
rectory of St. Edmund in that city, with  to the study of Greek and Latin. To
the precentorship. In his latter days obtain a university education, for the
he became an Arian. His greatest work  purpose of entering into the church,
is a "Paraphrase and Commentary on    was the main object of his wishes. By
the New Testament."  D. 1726.         the generosity of Mr. Wilberforce and
WHITE, Sir THOMAS, a native of      some other friends, he was at length
Reading, was b. 1492; acquired a for- enabled to become a student at St.
tune by trade in London, and served   John's college, Camnbridge. His prothe office of lord mayor; was knighted  Press was rapid, but his intense applifor his conduct in Wyatt's rebellion, cation destroyed the vital powers, and
and d. in 1566. He was the founder of  he d. in 1806. He published " Clifton
St. John's college, Oxford, the patent Grove," with other poems; and his
for which lie obtained in 1557.-THOMAS,  Remains"  were edited by Southey.a divine, was b. in the 16th century, at BLANCO, a miscellaneous writer, b. in
Bristol, and was educated at Magdalen  Spain, but the greater part of whose life
hall, Oxford. He obtained considerable  was passed in England. He was a sinchurch preferment, aiong whic wl were gularly sincere and earnest religious
a prebend of St. Paul's, and canonries inquier, the friend of Charning, Coleof Christ-church and Windsor; and d. ridge, Arnold, &c., and whose meimoirs,
in 1623. IHe founded Sion college, in  in whiclh the struggles of his mind are
the metropolis, and an hospital at Bris- unfolded, are of the deepest interest.
tol, and was a benefactor to Magidalen  -WTLLIAM, b. at Philadelphia, in 1747,
college, Oxford.-GILBERT, a naturalist was the first bishop of the Protestand antiquary, was b. 1720, at Selborne, ant Episcopal church, who lived to a
in Hampshire; and was educated at venerable age. lie was chaplain to the
Basingstoke school, and at Oriel col- congress of 1777, iwas mainly instrulege, Oxford.  After having take         ntal in  t framing the constitution of
master's degree, and been senior mroctor the American church, compiled the
of the university, he retired to reside on  liturgy and the canons, and wrote sevhis property iii his native village; nor eral able works, chiefly on religious topcould lie be tempted to quit it by the ics. D. 1836.
offer of valuable church preferment.    WHITEFIELD, GEORiGE, a celebrated
He wrote the " Natural IHistory xand  divine, the founder of the Calvinistic
Antiquities of Selborne," one of the  Methodists, was b. 1714, at Gloucester,
most amusin( of books; "The Natural- where his father-kept the Bell inn. He
ist's Calendar;" and " Miscellaneoiis was educated at the Crypt school of his
Observations."  D. 1793.-JosrPr, an   native city, and at Peinbroke college,
eminent divine and oriental scholar, the  Oxford. At the university lie was one
son of a weaver, was b. 1746, at Stroud, of the members of the society formed
in Gloucestershire, and received his by Wesley, and inflicted on himself
education at Gloucester school, and   many ascetic privations. I- He was orWadhani college, Oxford. In 1755 he   dained a deacon in 1736, and his pulpit
was appointed L.tudian professor of   eloquence soon becamne highly popular.
Arabic, and in 1783 he dcelivered the In 1737 he sailed to Georgia, and he reBampton lecture. In the composition   mained in the colony for nearly two
of the lectures he was assisted by Dr. years. He returned to America in 1739,
Parr and- Mr. Bad iock. He obtained a made a tour through several of the




804                  CYCLOPAeDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [wiO
provinces, and residedl in Georgia till State and Formation of the Earth," "A
1741; and he subsequently made five I Treatise on Chimneys," "An Attempt
visits to that quarter of the globe. The towards obtaining invariable Measures
foundation of the orphan house was one of Length, Capacity, and Weight, from
of the benefits which Whitefield con- the Mensuration of Time," and some
ferred on Georgia. In England he first papers in the " Philosophical Transacintroduced, in 17839, the practice of  tions."
preaching in the open air, and the effect  WHITELOCKE, BULSTRODE, was b.
of his oratory was astonishing. The   1605, in London, and studied at Mertabernacles in Moorfields and Totten- chant Tailors' school, St. John's colham-court road were erected by his fol- lege, Oxford, and the Middle Temple.
lowers, and among his converts was the He was a member of the long parliacountess of Iluntingdon. In 1741 the ment, and espoused the popular cause,
breach took place between him and     but was moderate in his conduct. In
Wesley. D. Sept. 30, 1770, at Newbury- 1648. he was appointed one of the counport, in New England.                 cil of state, and in 1653 was sent on an
WHITEHEAD, GEORGE, one of the embassy to Sweden. I-Ie wrote "Meearly preachers among the Quakers, was morials of English Affairs," " Notes on
b. 1636, at Orton, in Westmoreland, and  the King's Writ," "An Account of his
was educated at Blenclow free school, Swedish Embassy," and "Labors rein Cumberland. At the age of 18 he membered in the Annals of Life."    D.
began to propagate those religious doc- 1676.
trines which he had embraced, and he    WHITGIFT, JOHN, a prelate, was b.
continued his labors in various parts of  1530, at Great Grimsby, in Lincolnshire;
Englaimd, in spite of the severest perse- was educated at Queen's college, and
cution. After the revolution, his exer- Pembroke hall, Catmbridge; was, suetions procured from the legislature the  cessively, made Margaret professor of
admission of a Quaker's affirmation in- divinity, queen's chaplain, master of
stead of an oath. Ite d. generally re- Pembroke hall and of Trinity college,
spected, in 1722-3. He wrote his own  and dean of Lincoln. In 1577 he beMemoirs, and   some other works.-     came bishop of Worcester, and vicePAUL, a poet, was b. 1710, in Holborn; president of the Welsh marches, and,
was apprenticed to a mercer, but quitted  in 1583, was translated into the archtrade to study law in the Temple; ac- bishopric of Canterbury. As primate,
quired considerable popularity as a sat- he distinguished himself by persecuting
irist; was appointed deputy-treasurer the Catholics and Puritans. D. 1603.
of the exchequer; and d. in 1774. He    WHITTINGTON, Sir REIHARD, a
wrote the "State Dunces," "Manners,"  citizen and mercer, and "thrice lord
"Honor," "The Gymnasiad," and other mayor of London," was an extensive
poems.-WILLIA.M, a poet and dramatist, benefeator to the metropolis, though the
was b. 1715, at Cambridge, and was the marvellous stories connected with his
son of a baker. He was educated at name are groundless fictions. His almsWinchester school, -and at Clare hall, houses for thirteen poor men form an
Cambridge; became travelling tutor to interesting object on Highgate hill, and
Lord Nuneham and the earl of Jersey's near them stands the famous stone which
son; obtained the registrarship to the  commemorates his return to London at
order of the Bath; and, on the death of  the time the church bells so invitingly
Cibber, was appointed poet laureate. He recalled him, in tones which he was fain
d. in 1785. Among his works are the to believe assured him of future civic
tragedies of the " Roman Father" and  honors. His last mayoralty was in 1419.
Creusa;" "The School of Lovers," a      WICKLIFF, WYCLIFFE, or WICcomedy; "Poems," and some miscel- LEF, JOHN, a divine and ecclesiastical
laneous pieces.                       reformer, who has been called "the
WHITEHURST, JOHN, an eminent morning star of the reformation," was
engineer, was b. 1713, at Congleton; b. in 1824, at a village of the same name
was brought up to his father's business in Yorkshire. He studied at Queen's
of a watchmaker; followed that business and Merton colleges, Oxford, and early
at Derby, and also became celebrated  distinguished hiimself by opposing the
for constructing philosophical instru- mendicant friars, and by his proficiency
ments and hydraulic machines; was ap- in school divinity and the works of
pointed, in 1775, stamper of the money  Aristotle.  His exertions against the
weights in the mint; and d. 1788. He friars were rewarded by the mastership
wrote an "Inquiry into the Original of Baliol college, and the wardenship of




WIL]                  CYCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        805
Trinity. Of the latter he was deprived  guished philanthropist, was b. 1759, at
by Archbishop Langham, and the sen- Hull. He completed his education at
tence was ratified by the pope. Having  Cambridge, and there  obtained  the
gained the favor of John of Gaunt, friendship of Mir. Pitt. He was elected
Wickliff was made king's chaplain, and  M. P. for Iull, and the next year, 1787,
rector of Lutterworth. He now began   distinguished himself by his exertions
vigorously to attack papal usurpation  for the abolition of the slave trade,
and the abuses of the church; nor did  which, after a long warfare and many
he slacken his efforts till he ceased to  struggles, was finally decreed by the
exist. The pope insisted on his being  British legislature, in 1807. He apbrought to trial as a heretic, but he was proved the principles of the French
effectually protected by his patron, the  revolution, as they exhibited themselves
duke of Lancaster. His works are very  at its commencement; and, on the monumerous. Among them      are, "T Tri- tion of M. Brissot, in August, 1792, was
alogus," "Wickliff's Wicket," and a   voted the right of French citizenship.
version of the Old and New Testament. But, in 1801, he denounced the designs
D. 1884.                              of Bonaparte, and supported all the
WIELAND, CHRISTOPHER MARTIN, a ministerial measures of vigorous oppoGerman writer, who rivals Voltaire in  sition to France. In his exertions to
universality of talent and literary fer- emancipate the hapless African from
tility, was b. in 1733, at Holtzheim, near the chains of slavery, Mr. Wilberforce
Biberach, in Suabia. He was educated  never relaxed, and he lived to see the
by his father, a clergyman, and comple- second reading of the "Emancipation
ted his studies at Klosterbergen and  Act" carried by the house of commons.
Tubingen. In his 13th year he began   He published a "Practical View of the
to compose Latin and German verses. prevailing Religious Systems of ProHis first published work was "The Na- fessed Christians," and an "Apology
ture of Things," in six cantos, which  for the Christian Sabbath."  D. 1833.
appeared in 1751. In the following year  WILDE, RICHARD HENRY, was b. in
he went to reside in Switzerland, whence  Baltimore, but removed at an early age
in 1760 he returned to Biberach, where  to Augusta, Ga., in which state he was
he was appointed to a municipal office. admitted to the bar. The latter part of
His productions in prose and verse, his life was spent in New Orleans. IHe
which rapidly succeeded each other, was once attorney-general of Georgia,
raised him to the summit of literary  and at the time of his death was proreputation. The elector of Mentz nomi- fessor of law in the university of Louisnated him professor of philosophy and  iana.  He was also distinguished in
belles lettres at Erfurt; and, in 1772, public life. In 1815, when barely above
the duchess dowager of Saxe Weimar the constitutional age, he was elected to
gave him the tuition of her two sons. congress. At the end of two years he
his original works form  42 volumes returned to his profession, but he was
quarto; and he translated Lucian, Shak- again a member of congress in 1825,
speare, Cicero's "Epistles," and Hor- and from 1827 to 1835. Mr. Wilde was
ace's "Satires."  D. 1813.            more generally known as an accomWIFFEN, JEREMIAH HOLME, a cele- plished scholar. He published several
brated Quaker poet, was b. 1792, and  poetical effusions, which'gained him
brought up to the profession of a school- credit; and his researches in Italian
master, in which he was for some years literature, especially the work on the
engaged. The work on which his po- "Love, Madness, and Imprisonment of
etical fame mainly rests is a transla- Tasso," have gained him a high place
tion of Tasso, in which he adopted the  among men of letters. D. 1847.
Spenserian stanza. Among his other      WILFORD, FRANCIS, an eminent ori —
productions we must name'Aonian      entalist, was b. about 1760, at Hanover;
-Hors, and other Poems," also a trans- was for many years in the service of the
lation of poems from the Spanish of De East India Companyin Hindostan; and
la Vega, a series of stanzas illustrative  d. 1822. Many of his papers are printof the portraits at Woburn abbey, enti- ed in the "Asiatic Researches."
tied " The Russells," and his able prose  WILKES, JOHN, a celebrated political
work, " The History of the Ruissell Pam- character, was b. 1717, in Clerkeuwell,
ily," which he traces up to the heathen  and was the son of. a rich distiller. He
chiefs three centuries before the time of began his public career as member for
the conquering eollo. D. 1886.        Aylesbury, and lieutenant-colonel of the
WILBERFORCE, WILLIAM, a distin- Buckinghamshire militia, By some pam68




806                   CYCLOPrDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [iwn
phlets which he wrote against the Bute inn the Gazette of the Battle of Wateradministration, in 1762, he gained repu- loo."  D. 1841.
tation; but it was to his periodical pa-  WILKINS, Joni, a prelate arnd mathper, "The' North Britonl," and especially  ematician, was b. in 1614, at Fawsley, in
to No. 45 of it, that hlie was indebted for Northamptonshire, and was educated at
his popularity. That number the gov- New Inn hall, and Macdalen hall, Oxernment determined to prosecute, and, ford.  Having espoused tlhe popular
accordingly, a general warrant was is- cause, and being married: to Ciomivel's
sued against the author, printer, and  sister, he was made warden of Wadhamn
publisher. Wilkes contended that the college, and, by:ichard Cromwell, was
warrant was illegal; obtained a decision  appointed naster of Trinity college.
to that effect from the court of common  The. restoration deprived him'of these
pleas, and large damages from the sec- preferments, but he soon obtained othretary of state and his subordinate myr- ers, and, in 1668, was raised to the bishmidons.'Still bent on his ruin, the  opric of Chester.' He'd. in 1672. He
ministry renewed the prosecution in a was the founder of that association
regular manner, and commenced anoth- which afterwards became the Royal Soer for an obscene poem. He was also   ciety. Besides his mathematical'works,
dangerously wounded in a duel with    reprinted in two volumes, lie wrote an
Mr. Martin, one of their partisans. Giv- "Essay towards a real Character and
ing way to the storm, he retirefd to Philosophical Lanuagel," and various
France, upon which he was outlawed, theological pieces.
and expelled'from his seat. In 1768,   WILKINSON, JEMIMA, a bold and
being elected for Middlesex,', e return- artful religious impostor, was b. in Cumed, and was condemned to a fine of    berland,. I., about the year 1753. Re~1000, and 22 months imprisonment, covering suddenly from      an apparent
eand was subsequently expelled a second  suspension of life, in 1773, she gave out
time for a libel. Again he was chosen, that she had been raised from the dead,
but, in utter contempt of all right, the  and laid claim to supernatural power and
house'declared him ineligible' to sit in  authority. Making a few proselytes, she
that parliament, -and  seated Colonel removed with them to the neighborhood
Luttrell, who had but a small number of Crooked Lake, N. Y., where she d. in
of votes. This infamous vote was after-'1819.
wards expunged from the journals.' In   WILLARD, SAMUEL an eminent di1770 he was chosen an alderman of Lon- vine, was b. in Massachusetts, and redon, in which capacity he set at defiance ceived his education at Harvard college,
the mandates of'the house. In 1772 he where he. was graduated in 1650. He
was sheriff; in 1774, lord mayor; and  was settled over the old south church
in 1779 he became chamberlain'of the in Boston, and became the inost celecity. In 1775 he was once more sent to  brated amolng his cotemporaries in the
parliament by Middlesex, and he was a ministry.. In 1701 he was made vicesteady opponent to the American war. president of Harvard college, and conD. 1797. Two collections of his corre- tinned: in this office till his death, in
spondence have'been published.       1707. He published'a large nfumber of
WILKIESir DAVID, a painter of dis- serfnons, and a folio volume of divinity.
tinguished merit, was b.- near Cupar, in  WILLIAMS, JOHN,i a divine and
Fifeshire, in 1785, his fathier being a  statesman, was b. in 1582, at Aberconminister of the Scotch church. In 1805 way, in Wales, and was: educated at St.
he went to London, and soon attracted  John's college, Cambridge. After haynotice by the excellence of his earliest ing held several minor but valuable
efforts, his career of fame commencing  preferments, he was made bishop of
with his " Village Politicians," " Blind  Lincoln, and keeper of the great seal, in
Fiddler," "'Rent Day," &a. His.repu- 1621.: Of the office of lord keeper he
tation was now established, and in 1811  was deprived by Charles I., on his ache was'made a royal academician, from  cession. He was subsequently prosecuwhich period he regularly produced, and  ted in the star-chamber, and sentenced
as regularly sold at increasin prices, his to a fine of ~10,000, and imprisonment
most celebrated pictures, of which -wein ithe Tower. The proceedings were,
shall merely mention a few, as "Dis- however, rescinded in 1640, and in the
training for Rent," "The Penny Wed- following.year he was translated to the
ding," " Blind Man's Buff,"'"The Vil- see of York. During the civil'war he
ae Festival"," "The Reading of: the   made an ineffectual attempt to hold out
Will," alnd  Chelsea Pe     Resi ad- Con way castle against the parliament.




WIL]                  CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        807
D. 1650. Williams was a strenuous op- banding of the army he was made
ponent to Laud.-Sir CHARLES HAN- brigadier-general. For several yea-rs he
BURY, a poet and diplomatist, was b. in  was collector at Baltimore. D. 1794.1709; was educated at Eton; was for a WILLIAM, a signer of the declaration of
considerable period one of the members American independence, was b. at' Lebfor the county of Monmouth; held the  anon, Conn., in 1731, and was educated
paymastership of the marines; was em- at Harvard college. From the univerployed as ambassador to Dresden and   sity he returned home, and for some
St. Petersburg;'and d. insane, in 1759. time devoted himself to the study of
His poems are spirited and witty, but theology. At: an:early period of the
licentious.-DAVID, a miscellaneous wri- revolution he embarked -in the cause
ter, was b. in 1738, in Cardiganshire;  of his country, and was a delegate from
was educated at a dissenting academy; his native state to the continental conand  became   a dissenting  minister, gress. D. 1811.
Changing to a deist, he opened a chapel  WILLIAMSON, HIUGH, an American
to diffuse hisnewly adopted opinions, physician,- was b. in Pennsylvania, in
and for some time his hearers were nl- 17335 and received his education at the
merous. The subsequent part of his college of Philadelphia; butrelinquishlife was dedicated to' literary pursuits e'd the clericall profession, for which he
and to private teaching. The Literary  had been intended, and turned:his atFund was founded by him. Amono his tention first to mathematics, and subsechief works are, " Lectures onl the Prin- quently to medicine.  After visiting
ciples and Duties of Religion and Moral- Edinburgh and Leyden, at which latter
ity," "Lectures on Education,"'Lee- university he oobtained the degree of
tures on Political. Principles," and'a  M. D., lie returned and practised in
"History of Monmouthshire." Di 1816. Philadelphia. -:He ewas one of the com-HLENr MARIA, a. poet and'miscellane- mittee appointed by the American Philous writer, was b. -in 1762, in the north  osophical Society, 1769, to observe the
of England, and was ushered into pub- transit of Venus over the solar disc;
lie notice when she -was 18, by Dr. and he attractedl considerable attention
Kippis.. Between 1782 and 1788 she by his observations on the remarkable
published "L Edwin and Eltruda," a po- comet whieh then made its appearance,
ern, "Peru," a poem, and other pieces, as he came to the conclusion that comets,
which were-afterwards collected in two  instead of being ignited masses, are involumes. In 1790 she settled in Paris.  iablited planets.. He wan appointed to
There she:became intimate with the   the medical staff of the revolutionary
most eminent of the Girondists, and, in  army, and, at the restoration of peace,
1794, was imprisoned, and nearly shared  he became a inember of congress.
their fate. She escaped, and took ref- Among his chief works are, "The Hisulge in Switzerland, but returned; to the  tory of North Carolina," and " ObserFrench.capital in 1796, where she eon- vattions on the Climate. of'America."
tinned to-reside till her decease, 1827. —.D. 1819.
ROGER, one of the fou0nders of Rhode    WILLIS,-BROWNE, an eminent antiIsland,: was b. in -Wales, in 1599, and  quary:wasb. in'1682, at Blandford, in
received his education at Oxford. He  Dorsetshire, studied at Westminster
was for sometime a minister of the es-  echool, and at Christ-clhrch, Oxford;
tablished'church, but dissenting, he re- was elected M. P. for. Buckinghamshire
moved, in: 1631,- to New England, and  in 1705; became a member of the society
preached till 1636 at Salem: and Ply- of antiqu[aries in 1717, and d. in 1760.
mouth. Being banished from the colo- Willis was a man of an eccentric charny on account of his religious opinions, acter. Miss Talbot, who gives a ludiche removed with several others to Rhode'rous description of him, declares, that
Island, and laid the foundation of Provi-  "with one of the honestest hearts in
dence. They there established the first theo world' he has one of the oddest
society in which was enjoyed: perfect heads that ever dropt out of the moon."
liberty of conscience. Fori several years Ils prinicipal: works are, " Notitia ParWilliams was president of the' colony. liamentaria,"' "`A Survey of the CatheD. 1683.-OTHiO HOLLAND, an officer in  drals of England," "History -of the
the American army, was b. in Maryland, Mitred Parliamentary Abbeys," ald "a
in 1748, served in various capacities du- History of Buckingham."-FRANCIS, a
ring the revolutionary war, and fought physician,:celebrated for his skill in
at:the battles of Guilford, Hobkirk's cases of insanity, was b. about 1718, in
hill, and the Eutaws. Before the dis- Lincolnshire, and was educated at




808                  CYCLOP2EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [WIN
Brazennose college, Oxford. He was three hundred pounds, he refused to
brought up to the church, and obtained  accept an English bishopric. Scanty as
a college living in the metropolis; but were his means, he was benevolent to
subsequently took the degree of M. D., the poor, built a new chapel at Castleand practised as a physician. He re- ton, founded parochial libraries, and
stored George III. to sanity, and was introduced important improvements in
amply rewarded by a parliamentary    the agriculture of the island. D. 1755.
grant. D. 1807.                      -RICHARD, a celebrated painter, was b.
WILLUGHBY, FRANCIS, an eminent 1714, at Penegos, in Montgomeryshire.
naturalist, was b. 1635, in Lincolnshire, He received a liberal education, and,
and was educated at Trinity college, having manifested a genius for painting
Cambridge. Ray was his tutor, and he was placed under an obscure porwas subsequently his fellow-traveller trait painter named Wright. He himon the Continent, his frequent guest, self began his career in the same branch
and his executor. In 1662 he became a of art. On his visiting Italy, however,
member of the Royal Society. He d. in  he was advised by Zuccarelli to devote
1674. He wrote a Latin treatise on or- himself to andscape, and fortunately, he
nithology, another on ichthyology, and  followed that advice. His picture of
some papers in the " Philosophical "Niobe" was exhibited in 1760. He
Transactions." The treatises were edit- attained great reputation, but nevertheed, after Willughby's death, by Ray.  less, the latter part of his life was cloudWILSON, ALEXANDER, the celebrated  ed by poverty. He d. in 1782. Fuseli
ornithologist, was b. at Paisley, Scot- declares that "Wilson's taste was so
land, and came to Delaware in 1794. exquisite, and his eye so chaste, that
Removing to Philadelphia he became whatever came from his easel bore the
acquainted with Mr. Bartram, the nat- stamp of elegance and truth."
uralist, and devoted himself to the cul-  WINCHESTER, ELHUANAN, an Amertivation of natural history. His great ican divine, who visited England about
work is the "American Ornithology,"  1788, attempted to found a Philadelsplendidly executed, and very accurate phian society, and  disseminated his
and comprehensive. He possessed con- peculiar tenets by means of preaching,
siderable taste for literature, and pub- and of a Philadelphian magazine. He
lished several small poems of much   succeeded in establishing a sect called
beauty. D. 1813.-JAMES, a signer of  Winchestarians, or Universalists, which
the declaration of independence, was b. is still in existence. His distinguished
in Scotland, about 1742. He was well tenet was the ultimate redemption of all
educated, and after completing his stud- mankind, and even of the devils. He
ies emigrated to America. Settling at returned in 1792 to his native country.
Philadelphia, he received an offer to  Among his works are, "Lectures on
enter the office of Mr. John Dickinson  the Prophecies," " The Universal Resand pursue the study of the law. He storation," and an heroic poem    on
soon distinguished himself, and was Christ.
appointed a delegate to the continental  WINCKELMAN, JOHN JOACHIM, a
congress, where he continued from 1775 celebrated German antiquary, was b. in
to 1777. He was a member of the con- 1717, at Steindall, in Bradenburgh.
ventions which framed the constitution  After having been professor of the
of Pennsylvania and that of the United belles lettres at Seehausen, and libraStates, and in 1789 was appointed one rian to Count Bunau, he became a Cathof the judges of the supreme court of  olic, and went to Rome, where the pope
the United States. In 1797 he was made appointed him president of antiquities,
professor of law in the university of  and librarian of the Vatican. He was
Pennsylvania, and in this capacity de-. murdered in 1768, at Trieste, while on
livered a course of lectures, afterwards his return from Germany to Italy. His
published. D. 1798.-THOMAs, a prelate principal works are, "A History of Art
eminent for piety, was b. 1668, at Bar- among the  cen     Ancients," "d-nci  -
ton, in Cheshire. He was educated at ited Monuments," "Reflections on the
Trinity college, Dublin. The earl of  Imitation of the Productions of the
Derby, to whom he was chaplain, and  Greeks in Painting and Sculpture."
whose son he accompanied to the Con- On "Allegory," and " Letters on Hertinent as tutor, nominated him in 1697, culaneum."
bishop of the Isle of Man. He held     WINDER, WILLIAM H., an officer in
the see during fifty-eight years, and the American army, was b. in Marythough his annual income was only land in 1775, was educated for the bar




WIN]                 CYCLOPeiDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        809
and pursued his profession in Baltimore  &e.; made his first public experiments
with great success. In 1812 he received  at the Lyceum, in the Strand, in 1803.
a colonel's commission, was promoted  He afterwards lighted with gas the
1o the rank of brigadier-general, and  walls of Carlton palace gardens, on the
nervedc with reputation during the war king's birthday in 1807; and during
with Great Britain. He commanded the  1809 and 1810, he lighted one side of
troops at the battle of Bladensburg. On  Pall Mall, from the house which he then
the declaration of peace lie resumed the occupied in that street. He followed
practice of his profession. D. 1824.  up his object with great perseverance,
WINDIIAM, WILLIAM, a statesman, and at length obtained a charter of inwas b. in 1750, at Felbrig, in Norfolk, corporation for a gas-light and coke
and was educated at Eton, Glasgow, company. In consequence, however
and University college, Oxford.   In  of some misunderstanding with the
1782 he was electecl M.P. for Norwich, parties with whom he was associated lie
and for a short time secretary to the did not obtain his expected remuneraviceroy of Ireland. He continued to tion. In 1815 he went to Paris; where
act with the Whiigs till 1793, when he he also erected gas-works, and estabadopted the sentiments of Burke; and  lished a company. D. 1830.
in the following year, he was appointed  WINSTANLEY, WILLTAI, a literary
secretary at war, with a seat in the barber who wrote the "Lives of the
cabinet. In 1801 he resigned. To the Poets," "Select Lives of England's
peace of Amniens he was strenuously   Worthies," "1IHistorical Rarities," &c.
hostile. During the brief possession  D. about 1690.
of power by the Whigs in 1806, he held  WINTER, JOHN       WILLIAM DE, a
his former office. D. 1810.           Dutch admiral, was b. in 1750. Having
WINGATE, EDWARD, a lawyer and       been an active partisan in the revolution
mathematician, was b. in 1593, in York- which broke out in 1787, he was obliged
shire, studied at Queen's college, Ox- to take refuge in France, when the party
ford, and at Gray's Inn; was sent to  of the stadtholder prevailed. In France
France to instruct Henrietta Maria in  he entered the army, served under Duthe English language; took the popular mouriez and Pichegru, andc in a short
side in the civil war, and d. in 1656. time rose to the rank of general of
Among his works are, "Natural and     brigade. In 1795, when Pichegru inArtificial Arithmetic,"  "The Exact vacled Holland, De Winter returned to
Surveyor,"  " Ludus Mathematicus,"   his country, where the states-general
" Maxims of Reason," and  an Abridg- made him vice-admiral and commander
Mnent of the Statutes."               of the naval forces at Texel. Here,
WINSLOW, EDWARD, was b. in          with 29 vessels, of which 16 were ships
Worcestershire, in 1594. He was among  of the line, he was completely defeated
the first settlers of New England, in.by Duncan, Oct. 7, 1797. D. 1812.1620, and was repeatedly elected govern- PETER VON, an eminent German miusior of the colony they founded at Ply- cian, b. at Manheim, in 1754, and at the
mouth. He went several times as an    age of 10 years was appointed a memagent to England, and in 1655 was ap- ber of the orchestra of the elector. He
pointed a commissioner to superintend  composed a variety of operas, oratorios,
the expedition against the Spaniards in  and other pieces of vocal and instruthe West Indies. D. near Jamaica in   mental music, many of which possess.
the May of that year.-JAMES BENIGNUs, very considerable merit. D. 1825.
a celebrated Danish anatomist, was b.   WINTHROP, JOHN, first governor
in 1669, at Odensee; settled in France, of Massachusetts, was b. at Groton,
and in 1699 became a Catholic. In 1743  England, in 1587. He arrived witlh the
lie succeeded Mr. Hunald as professor colonists in Salem in 1630, having a
of anatomy and physiology at the Royal commission as their governor, and held
Botanic Garden. He d. in 1760. Win- this office, with the exception of six or
slow was a member of several learned  seven years, till his death in 1649. He
bodies. His principal work, which still kept a minute journal of the affairs of
preserves its reputation undiminished, the colony, which has been published,
is "Aln Anatomical Exposition of the and possesses much value.-JosiN, son
Structure of the Human Body."         of the foregoing, was b. in England,
WINSOR, FREDERic ALBERT, an en- 1605, and received his education at
terprising projector, to whom the pub- Camibridge. He came to Massachusetts
lic is indlebtecd for the beautiful gas- in.163i, and subsequently visiting Enlight which now illuminates the streets, gland, returned and established a colo63*




810                   CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [WOL
ny at Saybwok, Conn. In 1657 he was was educated at Magdalen college, Oxchosen governor of that colony, and   ford. Hlie studied law at Lincoln's Inn,
remained so till his death in 1676. He but did not practise. In 1613 he was
was distinguished for his love of natural committed to prison for his satires,
philosophy, and was' one of the found- called "Abuses Stript and Whipt."  In
ers of the Royal Society of London. — the civil war he espoused the popular
JAMES, a-man of letters, was b. at Cam- cause, and rose to the rank of majorbridge, Mass.,, in 1752, and: was, grad- general. After the restoration he was
uated. a.t Harvard college. He was for again incarcerated for his writings,'and
twenty years librarian of that institu- remained for more thani three years in
tion. -His acquirements in the exact cldurance. He d. in 1667. Of his numersciences, the ancient and modern lan- ous works many are hasty end incorrect,
guages, and in biblical and polite litera- but in his "Shepherds Hunting," and
ture were extensive. D. 1821.         some of his other pieces, there is much
WIRT, WImLIAM, an eminent advocate of genuine poetry.
and essayist, b. at Bladensburg, Md.,   WITHERSPOON, JOIIN, a signer of
1772, and studied law in Leesburg, Va., the declaration of independence, was b.
where he was admitted to the bar, in in Scotland, 1722, and was educated at
1792. ie was appointed chancellor of  the university of Edinburgh. I-Ie studthe eastern district of Virginia in 1802, icd divinity, and became one of the most
and district attorney in 1816. The part influential and distinguished of the Scothe took in the famous trial of Aaron  tish clergy. Being induced to accept the
Burr gave him his greatest distinction  presidency of the college at Princeton,
as an eloquent pleader. His "Letters  he removed to New Jersey with his
of the British Spy," first published in a family in 1768. In 1776 he was apRichmond paper; the "Old Bachelor,"   pointed a delegate to the continental
and a."Life of Patrick Henry;" the congress, and retained a seat there dulatter, written in a highly florid style, ring the war.- On the return of peace
enjoyed great popularity in their day. he resumed his duties at the college.
D. 1835.                              D. 1794.
WISHART, GEORGE, a Scotch martyr,     WODHULL, MICHAEL, a poet, was b.
was b. at the commencement of the 16th  1740, at Thenford, in Northamptonshire;
century. Little is known of his early  was educated at Winchester school, and
life-; but he is said to have embraced  at Brazonnose college, Oxford; lived on
the Protestant faith while travellingo in  his paternal estate, and amused his leiGermany; to have resided for soine s   ure hours with literature; and d. in
years at Cambridge; and to have taught 1816.  e wrote poems, which have a
at Benet college.  In 1544 he returned  considerable portion of merit; and transto his native land, and exerted himself lated the trag'edies of Euripides.
zealously in preaching the doctrines of  WOLCOTT, JOm-IN, a jpoet, better
the Reformation. In1546 he was seized  known by the namne of Peter Pindar,
by Cardinal Beaten, was brought to trial, was b. 1738, at Dodbrook, in Devonand was mercilessly condemned to the shire; was educated at private semiflames.                               naries; and was apprenticed to: his
WISTAR, CASPAR, a celebrated physi- uncle, an apothecary at Truro, who ultician, was b. in Philadelphia, 1761. He mately left him the bulk of his property.
studied medicine under Dr. John Red- Having taken a degree, he accompanied
main, and completed his professional Sir William Trelawney to the governcourse at the schools in London and   ment of Jamaica, as physician. While
Edinburgh. Returning in 1787 to his residing in that island he took orders,
native city, he soon distinguished him- and was presented to a living.  On
self in his profession, and in 1789 was his return to England he settled at
elected professor of chemistry in the col- Truro, whence he removed to Hielstone.
lege of Philadelphia. In 1782 he became It was while he was living in Cornwall
adjunct professor of anatomy, midwifery, that he drew from obscurity the painter
and surgery, with Dr. Shippen; and on  Opi; and in 1780 he went with  im to
the decease of that gentleman, in 1808, settle in London. Wolcott's first publisole profcssor.  His acquirements in  cation, "An Epistle to the ReIviewers,"
professional knowledge were very ex- appeared in 1778. After hlis arrival in
tensine, and he obtained much pop- the metropolis, his productions rapidly
ularity as a lecturer.. D. 1818.      succeeded cach other, and were highly
ITHEER,'GGEOReGE, a poet, was b. popular.    Among his most finished
1588, at Bentworth in Hlamoshire, and  works are, "Lyric Odes to the Royal




WOL]                  CYCLOP`.A, OF BIOGRAPHY.                       811
Academicians," and "The Losiad.'      created a baron of the empire.   His
In the decline of life lie became biind, principal works are, " Elementa Matheand he d. January 14, 1819.- OLVE.R, seos Universas," "A System of Philosgovernor of Connecticut, was b. 1727, ophy," and a'Treatise on the Law of
and received: his ecucation at Yale col- Satlle and Nattions."-JoHN CHRnITOlege. He served as captain in the French  rHE, a divine and philologist, b. in
war,' and studied medioine though lhe 1683. He was author of many works
never practised. He wa's a delegate to  on IIebrew and Greek literature, and
the congress of 1776, rigned the declara- bequeathed a vast collection of rabbinition of independence and the articles of cal and oriental books to the public
confederation, and remained a member library at Hamblghl, where he d. in
till i785. In 1785 le was elected deputy  1739.-JiEROaE, an eminent critic and
governor, and was re-elected till 1796, classical scholar, who d. at Angsburg,
when le was made governor. D. 1797. in 1580.-JOHN, an historical and misWOLF, FFrEDFRI AUGUSTUS, an eli- cellaneons writer, who was employed as
nent German philologist, was b. 1759, a diplomatist, and at his death, in 1600,
at Haynrode, in Iolstcin; was educated  was governlor of Mindelsh.eim.
at Gottinrgen; was appointed professor,  WOLLASTON, WILLIA,      an ethical
in 1783, at the university of Halle, where  and theological writer, was b. 1659, at
lie remained for twenty-three years; had  Cotton Clanford, in Staffordshire; wwas
a considerable sharle in foundini  and  educated at Sidney college, Cambridge;
organizing the new university at Berlin, took orders; but obtained an indepenin 1808, and became piofessor of it; nd  dence which turned his views from
d. in 1824. lie edited, and added notes cllrch preferment; and d. 1724. His
and dissertations to, many Greek and  principal work is, "The Religion of NaRoman classics; and wrote " A History  ture Delineated."-WILLIAMI HYDE, a
of Roman Literature, aend other works.,physician and experimental philosopher,
WOLFE, JAMEs, a clebrated gen- the aeat-grandson of the foregoing, was
eral, the son of a lieutenant-general, was. 1766, and was educated at C(ais eolb. 1726, at Westerham, in Kent, anld  lege, Cambridge. Fortunately for the
distinguished himself before he was 20, interests of science, his want of patronat the battle of Laffeldt. lie increased  age as a physician, at Bury St. Edmunds
his reputation so mulch by his conduct  ni London, induced him to give up the
at Minden and Lonisburgh, that Pitt medical profession in disgust, and deselected him to commannd the expedition  vote himself to scientific pursuits. The
against Quebec.   Wolfe overcame all result was that he became one of.the
obstacles, scaled the heights of Abra- most eminent chemists and experimenham, and compelled the enemy to risk  talists of modern times.  Among his
the province on the issue of a battle. In  discoveries are the two metals, palladium
the moment. of victory he fell, mortally  and rhodium, and the method of renderwounded. Cries of "They run " struck  ing platina malleable, by the last of
his ear. Rousing himself from thefaint- which he is said to have gained thirty
ness of death, he inquired, " Who run'?"  thousand pounds. Among his invenand being told -that it was the French, tions are, a sliding scale of chemical
he exclaimned, "Thank God, then I die  equivalents, a goniometer, and the camcontented!" and:immediately expired. era lucida. His papers in the "PhliloD. 1759.-CHARLESE, an Irish dlivine and  sophical Transactions" are numerous.
poet, was b.' 1791, at Dublin; was edu- D. 1828.
cated at Trinity college, Dublin; ob-   WOLSEY, TrHOMAs, Cardinal, an.emitained the euracy of Ballyclog, which: he nent prelate and statesman, tle son of a
exchanged for that of Castle Caulfield; butchler, was b. 1471, at Ipswich. He
and d. of consumption, in February, was edulcated at MIaadalen collefe, Ox1823. He wrote the well-knowni "Ode ford.    His first preferment of importon the Death of Sir John Moore," be- ance was that of chaplain to Henry VII.,
ginning with, "Not a drum was heard;"  who gave him the deanery of Lincoln, as
and the praise which, after his decease, a reward for his expeditious execution
was bestowed upon that piece, induced  of some diplomatic business. Being
his friends to publish a volume of his introduced to Henry VIII. by Fox
"Remains."                            bishop of Winchester, he made a rapid
WOLFIUS, CHRISTIAN, an eminent progress in the royal favor. till at length
German mathematician an'd philosopher, he reached the hihliest pitch of power to
who filled the professor's chair in the  which a subject can aspire. He lived in
wliivcrsly of lalle, and was eventually  princely state; and his train consisted




812                   CYCLOPIEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                     LWOO
of eight hundred persons, of whom     ing that office for several years, he was
many were knights and gentlemen. nominated to the post of secretary of
Charles V. and Francis I. were suitors the treasury, by General Jackson, aftet
for his influence with his master, and  the rejection of Mr. Taney, by the senbought it by pensions and professions  ate. lie left the cabinet at the end of
of respect. His great ambition was, to  Mr. Van Buren's administration  in
fill the papal chair, but in this he was 1841, after having belonged to it about
disappointed. At length his capricious  10 years. He was immediately elected
sovereign became his enemy. The con- to the United States senate, by the'educt of Wolsey relative to the divorce  gislature of New Hampshire, and refrom Catharine of Aragoon was the first mained there until he was appointed
cause of offence. In 1529 he was de- one of the justices of the supreme
prived of the seals, a part of his property  court, by President Polk, who had prewas seized, and he was impeached. A   viously offered him the office of minisfull pardon, however was granted to   ter to Engoland. D. 1851.
him, and in 1530 he retired to Cawwood  WOODDESON, RIcHARD, an eminent
castle.  There, in the autumn of that civilian, was b. in 1745, at Kingston, in
year, he was again arrested, on a charge Surrey; was educated at Kingston gramof high treason, and he d. at Leicester, mar school, and at Pembroke and Magon his way to London, on the 28th of  dalen colleges, Oxford; was chosen
November.    He founded a collegiate Vinerian professor, on the resignation
school at Ipswich, and the college of  of Sir Robert Chambers; and d. 1822.
Christ-church, and several lectureships, Iie wrote " Elements of Jurisprudence,"
at Oxford.                            " A Systematic View of the Laws of EnWOOD, ANTHONY, a biographer and     gland," and a " Brief Vindication of the
antiquary, was b. 1632 at Oxtord, a-d  Pigohts of the British Legislature," in
was educated at Merton college. The reply to Mr. Reeves.
perusal of some works on heraldry, and  WOODFALL, a printer and parliaof Dugdale's  Warwickshire," inspired  mentary reporter, was b. about 1745,
in him a taste for antiquariain lore. His and was the son of a printer who was
"History and Antiquities of Oxford,"  proprietor of "The Daiily Advertiser."
which was translated into Latin by Dr. -le was brought up to his father's occuFell, appeared in 1774, and his "Athe- pation, but was sO fond of the stage
nse Oxonienses" was published in 1691. that for a short time lie was an actor,
An attack upon- Lord Clarendon, in the and, to the close of his life, never missed
last of these works, subjected him to a being present at the coming out of a
sentence of expulsion, and his Jacobiti- new piece. Ile was successively editor
cal prejudices rendered him an object of "The London Packet," ana "The
of hatred to the Whig party. I). 1695. Morning Chronicle," and editor and
-ROBERT, a scholar and a man of taste, owner of the "Diary."  Woodfall had
was b. in 1716, at Riverstown, in the an astonishingly retentive memory, and
Irish county of Meath; made the tour was the, first who gave a full and immeof Greece, Egypt, and Palestine, in   diate detail of the proceedings of the
1751; was appointed under-secretary of  legislature. D. 1803.
state in 1759; and d. 1771. He wrote a  WOODHOUSE, ROBERT, an eminent
"Description of the Ruins of Balbec,"  mathematician; was educated at Caim"The Ruins of Palnyra" and an " Es- bridge; was Plumian professor in 1822,
say on the Life and Writings of Io- and keeper of the observatory in 1824.
mer."                                 lie wrote " The Principles of Analytical
WOODBURY, LEVI, was b. at Fran- Calculation," a " Treatise on Trigonomcestown, N. I-., about the year 1790, etry " a "Treatise on Isoperimetrical
was graduated at Dartmouth college in  Problems," an "Elementary Treatise
1809, and was admitted to the bar in  on Plane Astronomy," and several pa1812. In 1816 he was appointed secre- pers in the "Philosophical Transactary of state, and at the commencement tions."  D. 1757.
of the next year a judge of the superior  WOOLSTON, THOMAS, a deistical
court. In 1819 lie removed to Ports- writer, was b. 1669, at Northampton,
mouth; he was elected governor in     and was educated at Sidney college,
1832. He was elected to the United    Cambridge. The perusal of the wriStates senate, in which body lie eerved  tings of Origen gave him a fondness for
from 1824 to 18$1. In tlhe spring of  allegorizing, and -his first work, "The
1881 he was appointed secretary of the Oldi Apology for the Truth of the Chrisnavy by General Jackson. After hold- tian Religion revived," was meant to




WOT]                 CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      813
prove that the actions of Moses were p pearance in 1793. In 1797 he had contypical of Christ and the church. He ceived a plan for the regeneration of
gradually became a deist, and at length  English poetry. In 1798 lle published,
his "Six Discourses on Miracles," andd il conjunction with Coleridge, a collechis "Defence of the     Discourses,  tion of' Lyrical Ballads." The mjoribrought upon him   a prosecution for ty of these productions were fiom his
blasphemy, and lie was fined and im- own pen. This book, so far from maprisoned.  D. within thle rules of the king converts to Wordsworth's peculiar
ing's Bench, in 1732.               way of thinking, met everywhere with
WORCESTER, EuDWARD       SOMERSET, the bitterest contempt and ridicule.
marquis of, a man of highly inventive  Still many of his readers sympathized
talents, was b. about 1697; was employ- with his views, and through their encd, when earl of Glamorgan, by Cllrles couragement lie was induced to publish
I. to negotiate with the Irish Catholics; two other volumes of poetry in 1807.
and d. in 1667. In 1668 lie published  In 1814 appeared his great work, "The
his curious pamphlet called " The Scant- Excursioln."  Several works followed
lings of One IHundred Inventions."' this. ar.ong -which may be mentioned
Amoing those inventions is the steamn-  " The White Doe of Rylstone;" and in
engine, though described, like all the 1842 appeared a volume containing sevrest of the articles, in a somewhat enig- eral poems written in tlhe poet's early
matical mannerl.  Ie afterwards put youth, accompanied by others written
forth a tract, which he called'"An Ex- in his old age. In 1843 he succeeded
act and True Definition of the most his friend Southey as poet-laureate.
stupendous Water-commiandilng   En- For many years Wordsworth enjoyed
gine."  Walpole, who was ignorant the privilege of receiving that guerdon
upon the subject, calls him " a fantastic of love andc admiration, while living,
mechanic,":and some later writers have which are too frequently only scattered
endeavored to depreciate his merit; like garlands upon the tomb of genius.
but the feasibility of many of his pro- Thousands of his admirers madce a piljects has been alnply proved. —N'OAx,, grlimage to the poet's sanctuary, Rydal
an eminelt divine of Massaclusetts, Mount; and not a few crossed. over fom
whose devotion to the cause of peace other lands to catch a glimpse of that
acquired for him the name of the Apos- great man who has filled the world with
tic of Peace. lie was the secretary of  his fame. D. 1850. HIis noble autobiothe first peace society, and by his graphical poem, "The Prelud.e, or the
" Calm Review of the Custom of War,"  Growth of a Poet's Mind," was a postand other works, hle succeeded in at- humous publication.
tracting a large share of public atten-  WORMIUS, OLAUS, an able Danish
tion to the subject. Dr. Channing, in  physician and antiquary, was b. in 1588,
his " Sermon on the Philanthropist,"  at Aarlllsen, in Jutland; studied at
makes a beautiful allusion to his life. Marpurg, Strasburgh, and Basle; was
D. 1837.                             successively professor of belles lettres,
WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM, was b. Greek literature, and physic, at Copenat Cockermouth, in Cumberland, April hagen, and was made a canon of the
7th, 1770. He received the rudiments cathedral of Lunden by Christiern IV.,
of his mental culture at Hawkshcad   as a reward for his medical services.
school, and in the year 1787 was entered  D. 1654.
at St. John's college, Cambridge. Hav-  WOTTON, Sir HENRY., a diplomatist
ing completed his studies and taken his and miscellaneous writer, was b. in
academical degree, he made the tour of 1568, at Broughton hall, in Kent, and
France and Switzerland, at a period  was educated at Winchester school, and
when the revolutio in France had at- at New college and Queen's college, Oxtained its grand crisis; and its influence  foEd.  After having visited France,
upon the fiery imagination and sensitive  Germany, and Italy, le was appointed
mind of Wordsworth was no less forci- secretary to the earl of Essex, whomn he
ble than that produced upon those of  accompanied on his expedition against
his friends and firequent companions, the Spaniards, and into Ireland, On the
Coleridge, Southey, and Lloyd. The fall of that nobleman, Wotton went to
earnest thought ththat had been genera- reside at Florence. JaImes I. employed
ted by his continued meditations upon him as ambassador at Venice, and on
this theme found an utterance in' his various missions to Italian and German
"'Descriptive Sketches" and "Evening  princes. IIe was made provost of Eton
Walk," both of which made their ap- college in 1624. He wrote "Elements




814                   CYCLOPeDIA OF BIOGRAIIPY.                      [WRI
of Architecture," "'The State of Chris- tory of France," &c. In 1813 he was
tendom," anld " Reliquiae Wottonianne."  created t' baronet; and, in 1815, he,
Some of liis poems are spirited and ele  publish is last work, "IIistorical
gant. D. 1639.                        Memoirs of his Own Time." In these
WOULFE, PETER, an eminent chem- memoirs, which contain a fund of anecist, Vwho d. 1805.  His charatetr was dote, was a libel on Count Woronzow,
marled by great eccentricity. lie was the Russian ambassador, for which Sir
a firm believer in alchemy. His apart- Nathaniel was sentenced to a fine and
ments were so filled with furnaces, anl six months' imprisonment. D. at Dover,
the articles of a laboratory that his fire- while on his way to Naples, in 1831.
side was not easily reachecl. IIe break-  WREN, Sir CIRISTOPHER, a celebrated
fasted at four in the morning; and his architect and mathematician, son of the
m1ode of curing' any serious, indispos- dlean of Windsor, was b. 1632, at East
tion was to take a place in the mlail to  Knoyle, in Wiltshire, and was educated
Edinburgh, and   immnediately  return  at Wadham college Oxfrcl. IIis matlfrom that city. IIe invented an appa- ematical talents were precocionsly maniratus for experiments on gases; and   fested; in his 13th year lie inventec an
contributed several papers to the " Phil- astronomical instrument and a pnenosophical Transactions."               natic machine; and at 15 he wrote "A
WOUVERMANS, PHILIP, an eminent New System         of Spherical Trigonomartist, the son of an indifferent histori- etry." HIe was one of the earliest mermcal painter, was b. in 1620, at Ilaerlemu, bers of the philosophical society at Oxand was a pupil of Wynucnts; but much  ford, which aftervards ripened into the
improved himself by an indefati.gable Royal Society. In 1657 he was chosen
study of nature.   Great as was his   Gresham professor of astronomy, and
inerit, he was so poorly patronized as to in 1661 Savilian professor at Oxford.
be always in narrow circumstances; During this period lie made many curiandc before his death, he ordered a box  ons discoveries in astronomy, natural
filled with his designs to be burned, philosophy, and other sciences. It was
that his son might not be allured to in 1.663 that his architectural talents
embrace "so uncertain andc miserble a wer e first called into action, when he
profession."  D. 1668.                wnas co1mminssioned to prepare designs
WRAGG, WILLIAM, was b. in South     for the restoration of St. Pianl's catheCarolina, in 1714. and was educated in  dral.  The fire of London, howevcr,
Englan.d, where lie studied law and en- soon opened to him  a wider sphere.
tered upon its practice. Not long after- Between 1668 and 1718, he built St.
wards he returned to his native coun- Paul's, (which was beLun in 1675,) the
try, in 1573 was made one of the king's Monument, the hospitals of Chelseaand
council for the province, and in 1769  Greenwich, various edifices at Oxford
w.is offered the seat of chief justice, and Cambridge, Winchester castle, the
which he declined. When the revolu- new part of Hampton corurt, and nearly
tion commenced lie maintained a con- sixty churches. In 1680 he wvas chosen
scientious opposition to the measures of president of the Royal Society. In 1718
the colonies, and cetermined to retuirn  political intrigue uinworthilv deprived
to England.   He emhbarked for that him of the surveyor-gelnerid'sip of his
country and was wrecked in a violent majesty's works, whlich hle had held
storm on the coast of Holland, in Sep- clduring half a century. D. 1723.
tember, 1777. A monument is erected     WRIGHT, EDWARD,    a mathematician,
to his memory in Westminster abbey.   was b. at Garveston, in Norfolk, in the
WR AXALL, Sir NATHANIELWILLIAM, latter end of the 16th century; was ednbaronet, an eminent traveller and his- cated at Caius college, Cambridcge; actorical writer, was b. at Bristol, in 1751. companied the earl of Cumberland in
He enteured into the civil service of the  his voyages; and was appointed mnathieEast India Company, and in 1771 acted  matical lecturer to the East India Comas judge-advocate and paymaster of the  pany. The true method of dividing the
forces for'the presidency of Bombay. meridian line'was first discovered by
Next ye'ar he returned to Englandandind  him. I-le wrote " The Correction of
thenl travelled oin the Continent, vimsitingc certain Errors in  Navigation," and
almnost every country from  Naples to  " The Haven finding Art."  D. 1615.Laplancd. lie published several " Tours,"  JOSEPEI, ani eminet  paintpiter, commionly
the'" History of the House of Valois,"  known as Wright of Derby, was b. in
" Memoirs of the Courts of Bertin, Dres- that tovwn, in 1734, and wxas a pupil of
don, Warsaw, and Vienna," " The I-is- Hudson, after which he studied in Italy.




WYN]                   CYCLOPEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                        815
On returning to England he resided for chapel at St. John's Wood. When
two years at Bath, and then settled at Canova visited Enland, lie became so
Derby, where lie d. 1797. -ie displayed  far interested in Wyatt, as at once to
no common talents in portrait, land- promise    hin his protection and the perseape, and historical painting. Among  mnission to work in his studio at Rome.
his pr incipal works are "The Eruption. Thither lie proceeded in the early part
of VesuviUls," "The Head' of Ulleswater of the year 1821, after having spent
Lake," "The Dead Soldier, " The De- some time in Paris under the celebrated
strnection of the Floating Batteries at Italian sculptor Bozio; and so devotedly
Gibraltar," "Belshazzar's Feast," "Hero  did he prosecute the labors of his proand Leander," and "The Lady in Co- fession, that only once in this lengthened
ms."- SILAS, was b. at Amherst, Mass., term of nearly 30 years did he revisit
oli the 24th of Mai, 1795, was graduated  his nat ie country, and that occasion
at Middlebury college, 1815, and a few  was in the year 1841, when he was
years afterwards was admitted to the  honored by the queen with a commisbar in the state of New York. In 1825 sion for his statue of Penelope, which
le was elected to the,senate of the state, in Rome was considered the best of his
where he soon distinguished himself   works. His group of " Ino and the Infer sagacity and talent. The next year fant Baechus" a statue of " Glycera,"
lie wais chosen a member of congress. "Musidora," a statue; two statues of
In 1829 hie was made comptroller of the  Nymphs. and " Penelope," a chiarming
state; and, in 18833, a senator of the  statue, the property of her majesty, are
United States. His position there was all works of hith merit. D. 1850.
early assumed, and long maintained      WYCIIERLEY WILLIAM, a wit and
with the utmost integrity and power. dramatist, was b. about 1640, at Cleve
D. 1847.                              in Shropshire. He studied at Queen's
WYAT, Sir TuiOeAwrS, a statesman and  college, Oxford, and thle Middle Temple,
poet, was b. in 1503, at Allington, in  but paid little attention to law. IHis
Kelt; was educated at St. Johfn's col-  "Love in a Wood," lhich was acted
lege, Cambridge, and at Oxford; was a in 1672, gave him popularity, and he
favorite of Heoury VIII.; was employed  became a favorite of Charles II. and the
on various diplomatic missions; and d. duke of Buckingliham.  His marriage
in 1541. Hiis poems have very eonsid- with the countess of Drogheda, howerable merit, and were printed with   ever, deprived him of the smiles of the
those of his friend, the aecomplished  sovereign, and her jealousy imbittered
earl of Surrey.                       his existence. After her death, the sucWYATT, JAMES, an eminent architect, cession to her property involved him in
was b. about 1743, at Burton, in Stafford- lawsuits, and lie spent several years in
shire; studied architecture and painting  prison, till he was released by James II.
et Rome; succeeded Sir Willian Chamni- He d. in 1715. He wrote, besides the
bers as surveyor of the board of works,; comedy lready mentioned, "The Genwas for a while president of the Royal tleman Dancing Master," "The Country
Academy; andi was killed, September Wife," "The Plain Dealer," "Poems,"
5, 1813, by the overturning of a carriage. and some pieces whichi were published
Anmongo his works are, the Pantheon, after his decease.
Kew palace, Fonthill abbey, vhrious     WYNDHAM, Sir WILLIAM, a celeimprovements at Windsor, Westmin- brated statesman, cwas a native of Somierster, and Salisbury, and the wings setshire, and b. in 1687. Having been
to the duke of Devonshire's villa elected M. P. for the county, he soon
at Chiswick. —R. J., an accomplished  became conspicuous as one of the ablest
sculptor, was b. in 1795, in Oxford- senators in the house. He was appointed
street, London, where his fiather, Ed- secretary of war, and afterwards ehanw-ard Wyatt, was then settled. At an   cellor of the exchequer; but being disearly age lihe was articled to Charles placed on the deatch of Queen Anne, ihe
ossi, for the term of seven years; aund  took a leadingc p:irt in opposition, and
during that term  his services at the  signalized himlsel]f by his defence of the
Royal Academy were so successfully    duke of Ormond and the earls of Oxprosecuted, as to entitle him to the  ford and Strafford, when impeached by
award of two medals nupon different oc- the commons. lie was committed to
casions. At the time Wyatt was under the Tower in 1715, on the charce of
the tuition of Rossi, lie executed a mon- beino concerned in tihe rebellion of the
-Cnent in the church of Esher, in meml- earl of Mar, but was never brought to
ory of Mirs. Hughes, and another in the  trial. D. 1740.-CIARLES, his eldest




816                   CYCLOPEMDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [xYL
son, became earl of Egremont, and d. in  of the high court of chancery, and sub1763.                                 sequently sole counsellor. He was a
WYTHE, GEORGE, a signer of the member of the convention of Virginia
declaration of American independence, to consider the constitution of the United
was b. in Virginia, in 1726. His early  States. His death, which was attributed
course was dissipated, but at the age of to poison, took place in 1806.
30 he reformed, turned his attention to'WYTTENBACH, DANIEL, a learned
literature, studied law and commenced  philologist, was b. 1746, at Berne; studits practice. At the breaking out of the lied at Marburg, and at Gottingen, under
revolution he was a distinguished leader Heyne; and became professor of phiof the popular party. He was for some losophy and literature at the Remontime speaker of the house of burgesses, strants' college at Amsterdam. He was
and in 1775 was elected a member of   subsequently appointed philosophical
congress. He was one of the committee professor at the institution called the
to revise the laws of Virginia in 1776, Illustrious Athenweum, in the same city;
and had a principal share in preparing  and, in 1799, he succeedecd Ruhnken at
the code adcopted in 1779. Soon after Leyden. D. 1820. He published an
he was appointed one of the three judges edition of the moral works of Plutarch.
X.
XAVIER, St. FRANCIS, denominated    Cyrus against Artaxerxes. When the
the Apostle of the Indies, was b. 1506, Grecian leaders were treacherously slain,
at the castle of Xavier, in Navarre; after the battle of Cunaxa, the arduous
studied at Paris; became one of the task of conducting the retreat was infirst and most zealous disciples of Igna- trustedclto Xcnophon, and he performed
tius Loyola; was sent to the East by  it with consummate skill. Subsequently
John IHI. of Portugal, to propagate the he served under the banners of Thrace
gospel; performed his mission in Hin- and of Lacedicemon. D. at Corinth, 860
clostan, the M1oluccas, and Japan; and  B. e.
was on the point of landing' in China,  XIMENES DE CISNEROS, Cardinal
when he d. 1552.                      FRANCIS, an eminent Spanish statesman,
XENOCRATES, a Greek philosopher, wvas b. in 1437, at Torrelaguna, in Old
was b. 406 B. e., at Chalcedon; was a Castile, and was educated at Alcala and
disciple of Plato; succeeded Speusippus Salamanca. After having filled various
in the Platonic school; and d. about 314 benefices, he became a monk of the
B. c. Such was his command over his Franciscan order, and obtained great
passions, that the beautiful Phyrne in'reputation as a preacher. In his 56th
vain endeavored to rouse them, though year, Queen Isabella made him her conshe had confidently wagered upon her fessor, and, two years afterwards, he
success. Is works are lost, with the was raised to the arehbishopric of Toledo.
exception of a " Treatise on Death."  It wa* not, however, till he received the
XENOPHANES, a Greek philosopher, express injunction of the pope that he
was b. in the 7th century B. e., at Cole- would accept the archiepiscopal dignity,
phon, in Asia Minor; settled at Elea in  and he continued to preserve the austere
Iris 18th year; and d. there at the age habits of a Franciscan. Ile subsequently
of more than 100.   He founded the became prinie minister, and a cardinal;
Eleatic sect, and his doctrines were de- and Ferdinand, on his death-bed, aplivered in verse.                    pointed him regent till the arrival of
XENOPHON, a celebrated philos- Charles V. D. 1517.
opher, historian, and general, a native  XYLANDER, WILLIAM, a learned
of Athens, was b. about 445 n. c., and critic, whose real name was ItOLTZEwas a disciple of Socrates. After having MAXN, was b. 1532, at Augsburgl; disborne arms at the battle of Delium, and played a profound knowledge of the
in the Peloponnesian war, he became classics at an early age; was chosen
one of the body of Greek auxiliaries, Greek professor at Heidelberg, in 1558;
who fobught on the-side of the younger and d. 1576.




YOU]                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      817
Y.
YALDEN, THOMAS, a divine and from that country by the F ench. Nor
poet was b. 1671, at Exeter; was edu- was he more fortunate in 1799, when he
cated at Magdalen college, Oxford; was employed in Holland, he being unobtained, successively, the livings of  der the necessity of signing. a disadWilloughby, Chalton, and Clanfield, vant.ageous convention. Iis office of'
and the preachership of Bridewell hos- commander-in chief, to which he was
pital; was implicated with Bishop At- appointed in 1795, lie resigned in 1809,
terbury, but was soon released, andt.d. in consequence of tle charges which
in 1736. His poems have been admitted  were brought against him by Colonel
into the collected works of the British  Wardle. le was, however, reinstated
poets.                                by the prince-regent, and held it till his
YATES, FREDiERIC HIENRY, a popu- decease, on the 5thl of January, 1827.
lar and versatile actor, first made his It is but justice to say that he adminisappearance on the stage in a piece called  tered it in a manner which was iighly
"'The Actor of All Work," in 1817. In  beneficial to'the armyv.
the following year lie was engaged at   YOUNG, EDWARP   a poet and miscelCovent-aarden, subsequently may be laneous writer, was b. 1681, or, accordsaid to hlave performed in every line of ing to some, in 1679, at Upham, in
character from Shakspeare's tragedy to Hants, and was educated at Winchester
the broadest farce, and it was not easy  school, and at New college, Oxford. He
to decide whether his pathos or his was desioined for the law, and took his
humor were most' admirable.      As degree of doctor, but he at length chose
manager of the Adelphi theatre his the clerical profession, and, in 1728,
taste iand skill were also universally al- was ordained, and appointed chaplain
lowed. D. 1842. —RIbARD, a comic ac- to the kin. H-is poetical reputation he
tor, who for many years was a public had already established by the poems
favorite in Fondlewife, in the "Old   of " The Last Day,"' "The Force of ReBachelor," andc similar characters. 1). ligion," and "The Love of Fame," and
1796.-ANNA MARIA, his wife, was a the tragedies of " The Revenge," and
tracic actress of great ability; and on  "Busiris."  In 1730 he obtained the
thle death of Mrs. Cibber, in 1765, she living of Welwyn, and though fou sevfora time became the unrivalled heroine eral years he (to use his own words)
of the stage. D. 1787.                "besieged court favor," lie received no
YEARSLEY, ANNE, a writer of furtherclhurch promotion. Ilis "Night
poems, novels, and dramas, was b. Thoughts" are supposed to have been
about 1756, at Bristol, and was origin- prompted by the death of his wife
ally a milkwoman. Some of her verses whom he lost in 1741. He d. in 1755.
obtained for her the patronage of Miss His poetical and prose works form four
Hannah More, under whose auspices a vols.-ARTHUR, an eminent agricultural
volume of her productions was pub- writer, was b. 1741, at Bradfield, in
lished by subscription in 1785. The Suffolk. H-e was apprenticed to a wine
profits enabled her to opel a circulating  merchant, at Lynn, in Norfolk; but
library at the Hot Wells. Among her quitted that business to engage in tarmworks are, "Poems," "Earl Godwyn," ing.    In frtherance of his wisl to
a tragedy, and " The Royal Captives," improve the husbandry of his country,
a romance. D. 1806.                   he not only made innumerable experiYORK, FiREDERIC, duke of, second    ments on his own land, but also travson of Geore III., was b. in 1763, at elled over the greatest part of the
Buckinghamn-house, Westminster. In    British islands, and in France, Spain,
1784 lie received the title which lie bore  and Italy. In 1770 he published  his
till the end of his life, and in 1787 lie  "Farmer's Calendar," which became a
took his seat in the upper house. HIe  popular work; and in 1774 he estabnarrowly escaped death in 1789, in a lished "The Annals of Agricultnre."
duel with Colonel Lenox. In 1791 he   On the establishment of the board of
married the eldest daulghter of the king  agriculture he was appointed secretary,
of Prussia. He was placed at the head  an office which he held till his decease
of the British army in Flanders in 1793, in 1820. Among his principal works,
and, after alternate success, was expelled  besides those already mentioned, are
69




818                   CYCLOPDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                       [ZEN
his "Tours in England, Ireland, and   tion to Medical Literature," a' Practical
France." —MATTHEWw, a mathetmatician  and Ilistorical Treatise on Consullptive
and divine, was b. 1750, in the county  Disease," and "Elementary llustration
of Roscommon; was educated at Trin- of the Celestial Mechanics of La Place."
ity college, Dublin, at which, in 1786, To Dr. Young belongs the meritswhich
he became professor of philosophy; has been clailled for M. Champollion,
was raised to the see of Clonfert by  of having discovered the means of deMarquis Cornwallis, and d. in 1800. lie  ciphl'ring the Egyptian hieroglyphics.
wrote "An Essay on Sounds," "An       D. 127. 
~Analysis of the Principles of Natural  YPSILANTI, Prince ALEXANDER, son
Philosophy," and "The Method of       of Demetrius, hospodar of Wallachia, in
prime and ultimate Ratios."-Sir WIL- 1802, accompaniec his father when lie
LrAM, a miscellaneous writer, was b. in  took refuge in Russia. lie entered into
1750, at Charlton-lhouse, near Canter- ttie Russin army, attained tle rank of
bury, was educated at Eton, Clare-hall, r     imjor-general, and was made aid-deCamlbridge, and University college, Ox- calp to the emperor. When the Greek
ford; was M. P. for St. Mawes, in 1783, revolution broke out lie was chosen to
and d. 1815, governor of Tobago. Ilis  hoist the standard of freedom in Wallaprincipal works are, "TheIllistory of  chia and Moldavia. He was, however,
Athlens," and e The West- India Corn- I routed by the Tlluks, and was forced to
monl Place Book."-TtOMxAS, an eminent fly into Austria, where he was long held
philosopher and physician, a nephew of  captive in the fortress of Mongltz. D.
Dr. Brocklesby, was b. 1774, was edu- at Vmienna, 1821.
cated at Gotltigen arid Edinburgh, and  YRIARTE, Don THOMAS DE, an emiwas physician to St. George's hospital,  nent Spanish poet, was b. about 1760, at
and foreign secretary to the Royal So- Tenerife; studied at Madrid; held office
ciety.  Besides contributing a great under governmenlt, and was made edinumber of valuable papers to the sup- tor of the i" Madrid Mercury."  Of his
pletment to the " Encyclopedia Britan-  works, which form eight volumes, the
nica," and to nmnvyscientific.perioclicls,  principal are' Comedies," "Mulsic,"
he wrote several works, of which the  a poen, "Literary Fables," "Moral
chief are, "A Course of Lectures on   Epistles," and "Miscellanis."  1). in
Natural Philosophy," "An Introduc- 1791.
z.
ZABAGLIA, NICHOLS, an architect,     ZACIIARIA, JUSTUS FREDERIC WILwas b. 1674, at Rome, and d. there in LIAM, a German poet, was b. 1726, at
1750. His first occupation was that of a Franikenhlausen, in Thuringia; was educarpenter at the Vatican; but the vari- cated at Leipsic; was appointed profesous masterly mechanical engines which sor of poetry in the Caroline college, at
he invented, and the abilities which he Brunswick; and d. 1777. His poemsdisplayed, caused him to be appointed among the best of which are, "Phmarchitect of St. Peter's. Zabaglia is the ton," " The Four Parts of the Day,"
inventor of the method by which fresco and " Woman in the Four Stages of her
paintings are transferred from the plas- Life"-form nine volumes octavo.
ter on which they were originally execu-  ZARCO, JOHN GONZALES, a Portnted.                                 gnese navigator of the 15th century. He
ZACCARIA, FRANCIS ANTHONY, a discovered, in 1417 and 1419, the islands
Jesuit, was b. 1714, at Venice; succeed- of Porto Santo and Madeira. In 1421
ed Muratori as librarian at Modena; re- he was made governor of a part of the
tired to Rome after the dissolution of latter island, and  founded Funchal.
his order; and d. there, in 1795, pro- Zarco is said to have introduced the use
fessor of ecelesiastical history at the of artillery in ships.
Sapienza college. Of his 106 printed   ZENDRINI, BERNARD, an eminenu
works, the most important are, "Lit- Italian mathenatician, but especially
erary History of Italy," "Literary An- celebrated for his skill in hydraulics,
nals of Italy," "Anecdotes of the was b. in 1679, at Saviore; studied at
Middle Ages," and " Numismatic Insti- Padua;'and settled at Venice as a phytutions."                            sician. His profound knowledge of the




tIN]                 C-YCLOPADIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      819
subject caused him to be appointed chief tions, and rendered Palmyra one of the
hydraulic engineer at Ferrara, and the most splendid of oriental cities. Auresame office,'with tle superintendence of lian made war against her, and, after
all the waters, rivers, and ports, was having gained two battles, laid siege to
afterwards conferred on him by the Ve- Palmyra. She. was taken while attemptnetian republic. He was also employed  ing to escape; was carried t6 Rome to
by tie Austrian government and the grace his triumph; and d. there, in prirepublic of Lucca.  Many works of vate life. about 800.
great importance were executed by him.  ZEUXIS, a celebrated painter of anD. 1747.                             tiquity, is believed to have been b. about
ZENO, OF ELEA, a philosopher, was 497 B.., and to have d. about 400 B. c.
b. about 463 n.c., at Elea, in Magna He was a native of Ileraclea, but of
Graecia, and was a disciple of Parfme- which of the cities bearing that name is
nides. The invention of dialectics is not known, though it is supposed to be
ascribed to him. His native city having the Heraclea of Magna Grsecia.  He
fallen under the dominion of a despot, brought to perfection the management
he endeavored to deliver it, but filed; oflight anzd shade. Of his own merit he
and, being put to the torture, lhe is said  had a sufficiently lofty idea; for, having
to have bitten off his tongue, and spitit tbecome rich, he gave awaLy his pictures,
into the face of the tyrant.-The founder on the ground that no price was equal
of the sect of the Stoics, was b. about to their wvoth.
862 n. c., at Citium, in the isle ofCyprus,  ZIMMERMAN, JOHN GEORGE, a phyand quitted mercantile pursuits'to be- sician and, miscellaneous writer, was b.
come a philosopher. After having re- 1728, at Brugg, in the canton of Berne;
ceived the lessons of Crates, Stilpo, studied medicine under Haller in GotXenocrates, and Polemon, he himself tinsen; practised for some years at his
opened a school of philosophy in.the native place; was appointed, in 1768,
Stoa, or painted portico, whence his chief physician to the king of England
followers were called Stoics. Hie taughr t at'Hanover; attended Frederic of Prusfor nearly fifty years; was highly re- sia on his death-bed; was a violent litspected by the Athenians; and d. 264 crary opponent of the Illuminati and the
B. C.- NICIoLAs   and  ANTHONY, two  French revolutionists; and d,. in 1795,
Drothcrs, natives of Venice, who, about a  ictim  to hypochondriac disease.
1388, are believed to have discovered the Among his works are,  A Treatise on
Fclro  islas, and  Gr and, and New- Solitude," (once highly popular;) "Al
foundland.  Their voyages were first Essay on National Pride;" and "A
mlnblished, in  1588, by Mercolini.-  Treatise on the Experience of Medicine."
APOSTOLO. an eminent Italian writer, -EBERIHBRD AUGUSTUS WILLIAM VON, a
wvas b. in'1668, at Venice. In 1691 he  German naturalist, was b. at Weltzen1
bunded the academy'" degli Animosi,"  1748; studied at Gottingen and Leycen;
snd in 1710 he began "The Literary   and obtained the professorship of natuJournal," of which the first 20 volumes ral philosophy at the Caroline college at
are from his pen; the remainder being Brunswick. His first work was a trea-,he composition of his brother. Hlaving  tise oi the " Analysis of Curves;" and
)btained reputation by hlis draimatic in 1777 he published "Specimen Zoooompositions, Charles VI., in 1718, in- locie," the outline of his "Geographitited-him to Vienna, and appointed him  cal History of Man and. Quadrupeds."
r.is historiographer and laureate. Zeno  le visited England three times, and
esided for eleven years at the imperial printed there, in 1787, his "Political SuIr-,ourt, and produced nearly forty pieces. vev of the Present State of Europe;''
Ice returued to his own countrl in 1731, and he subsequently employec lhis nen
tnd d. in.1750. IHis theatrical compo- in opposing the revolutionary statesmen
4.itions form ten voliumes; and his Let- of France; for which hle was ennobled.ers, and other prosc compositions, near- by the Emperor Leopold II.  After
y twenty.                           this he publishel several geoegraplhlcal
ZENI03lA, SEPTIMA, queen of Palmy- works, one of the best of which was
a, was descenlded fiom'the Ptolemies, a "General Survey of France and of
Ind lher m inld was culti vated by tie les- the United States of America."  D. iln
ions of Lounin-si.  Ai'ter the deatih of  1815;
Odelnatus, inl lwose laborr of war and  ZINCKE, CIHRISTIAN FREDERIC, a Geroov erilmet she had p lrtieipated, she man p inter, was b. about 1684, at DresAssIune-d tihe title of Q(ueen of the East,  en; studied under Boit; settled, in
pulshedl her conquesta in various direc- Engand in hiis 22d year; became justly




820                  CYCLOPAEDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      [ZUC
celebrated for the beauty of his enamel vesta, which contains the doctrines that
portraits; and d. in 1767.           he taught.   Irreconcilable differences
ZINZENDORF,      NICHOLAS  Louis, exist among the learned as to the time
Count, the restorer of the Moravian  in which he flourished. Volney fixes
sect, was b. in 1700, at Dresden; was a his birth 1250 B. c.
son of the elector of Saxony's chamber-  ZOUCH, RICHARD, a distinguished
lain; and studied at Halle and Witten- civilian, was b. about 1590, at Anste-, in
berg. He early manifested an enthusi- Wiltshire; was educated at Winchester
astic turn of mind with respect to   school, andat New college, Oxiord; bereligious concerns.  In 1721, having  caome regius professor ot law at Oxiord,
given an asylum on his estate to some  principal ot St. Alban's hall, warden of
of the persecuted Moravian brethren, lhe the cinque ports, and judge of the admliespoused their doctrines, and became  ralty; and d. in 1660. His numerous
the head of their church. To spreadcl works in civil, military, and maritime
those doctrines, and procure toleration  jurisprudence, all of them in Latin, are
for the professors of them, lie travelled  still esteemed.-THOMAs, a divine and
over a large part of Europe, visited En- biographer, was b. 177, at Sandal, in
gland, and even made two voyages to  Yorkshire; was educated at Trinity
America. He d. in 1760. The loravi- college, Cambridge; and d. in 180G,
ans, and their head, were lon( the sub- rector of Scrayingham, and prebendary
ject of many gross calumnles, from   of Durham. Lte in life the bishopric
vhich, however, their meritorious con- of Carlisle was offered to him, but lhe
duct has amply vindicated th(n.      refused it. - Among is works are, melmZISCA, JOIN, a celebrated Bohemian  oirs of Sir P. Sidney, of Dean Sudbury,
warrior, was b. about 1380, of a noble  and of Sir George Whelcr; "An Inquiry
family. His real name was Trsoc1Hzow, into the Propletic Character of the Robut hle received the appellation of Zisca, maans," and "The Crucifixion," a Seaor one-eyed, after having lost an eye in  tonlian prize poem.
battle. When the Ilussites rose in arms  ZSCHOKKE, HEINRTCII, whose name
to oppose the succession of Sigismund  occupies an important place in the annals
to thJe crown of Bohemia, they placed  of German literature and Swiss history,
Zisca at their head, and hejustified their was b. at Magdeburg, 1771. HIe corn
hioice by numerous vietories over thle  menced life as a strolling player, but
enemy. Though he lost his other eye afterwards found means to study phiiduring the contest, he compelled Sigis- losophy and divinity at Frankfort-onnundl to submit to humiliating terms of  the-Oder; and, after many years of
peace. D. 1424.                      travels and varied adventures, he deZOEGA, GEORGE, an eminent Danish   voted himself to the cducation of youth,
archaeologist, was b. 1755, at Dahler, and fixed his residence in Switzerland,
in Jutland; was educated at Altona and  in 1792. Here he rendered great pol tiGottingen; resided for many years at cal services to his adopted country; and
Rome, as consul for Denmark, and was for more than forty years sent torth, at
much esteemed by Pius VI., and d. in  intervals, from his peaceful retreat at
1809. Anmong his works are, "A Trea- Aarau, various wor es of philosophy,
tise de Origine et Usu Obeliscorum;"  history, criticism, and fiction;.cdispl ay"Numi Egyptii;" and the "Ancient ing at once the versatility of his acquireBasso Relievoes of Rome."            ments, his fertile imangination, and a
ZOLLIKOFFER, GEORGE JOAcrIi, a power and felicity of expression attained
Swiss divine, was b. 1730,, at St. Gall; by few. His checkered life had given
was educated at Bremen and Utrecht; him a deep insight into the springs of
was, successively, a minister in the Pays human action; and few writers have
de Vaud, the Grisons, and at Leipsic; more largely contributed to entertain
and d. in 1798. Of his "Sermons,"    and improve their fellow-men.    His
which form fifteen volumes, a part have  chief productions are, "Miscellen fhr
been translated into English.        die neueste Weltkunde," "History of
ZOROASTER, an ancient philosopher, Switzerland," "Bilderaus der Schweitz,"
of whose history little or nothing that is  "Das Goldmacherdorf," " Stunden der
authentic is known. There are supposed  Andacht," &c. His works have been
to have been several of the name. The  collected in forty volumes, including his
most celebrated, however, the Zerdusht autobiography, and tales, which have
of the Persians, is believed to have been  been translated into English.  D. in
the reformer of the Magian system of 1848.
religion, and the author of the Zenda-  ZUCCARELLI, FRANoIS, a celebrated




ZWI]                 CYCLOP.EDIA OF BIOGRAPHY.                      821
ftalian painter, b. at Florence, 1710. He having been employed in various offices
went to England about 1752, and met at home, and on a mission to Germany,
with such encouragement, that he saved  was appointed historiographer of Araa handsome independence, and returned  gon. He d. in 15S1. IIis greatest work
to his own country, where he d. 1788.  is "Annals of the Crown of Aragon,"
ZUCCHERO, TADDEO, an eminent in seven folio volumes.
Italian painter, b. at Urbino, in 1529,  ZWINGLI, or ZUINGLIUS, ULRIC,
who attained to great proficiency in the  one of the most enlightened and tolerant
art, and d. in his 27th year.-FREDERICO, of the Protestant reformers, was b.
his younger brother, b. 1543, resided  in 1484, at Wildhaus, in Switzerland,
several years in England, where he and was educated at Basle, Berne, and
grew into high repute, and painted the Vienna. On his return to Basle, he was
portrait of Queen Elizabeth. Previous  appointed a classical teacher when he
to his going to that country he had was only 1S. In 1506 he took the degiven great offence to Pope Gregory  gree of M.A., and was chosen minister
XIII. by caricaturing several distin- of Glarl. In 1512 and 1515 he accomguished persons connected with the panied the auxiliary Sw.iss troops to
papal court; but his friends in England  Italy, and was present at the disastrous
succeeded in restoring him to favor at battle of Marignan; a circumstance
Rome; and, on his return, he estab- which inspired or increased his abhorlished an academy of painting in that rence of all war except that which is
city, which he continued to superintend  undertaken for the defence of our native
till his death, in 1609.             land. In 1516 he was made preacher at
ZUIMBO, GAETANO JULIUS, a celebra- Einseidlen, and it was at that period
ted modeller.in wax, was b. 1656, at Sy- that he entered upon the career of ecracuse, in Sicily; and d. at Paris, in  clesiastical reformation.  In 1518 lie
1701. For the grand duke of Tuscany  became rector of Zurich. Steadily but
he executed, in colored wax, several prudently he pursued his course of
admirable works. The most celebrated  reform, and, in 1524, had the gratificaof these bears.the name of the "Putre- tion of seeing his doctrines adopted by
faction." It exhibits five figures-a dy- the great council of Zurich. His ining person, a dead body, a corpse in a fluence among the Swiss Protestants
state of incipient corruption, one half.continued to be powerful during the
corrupted, and another in the last stage  remainder of his life.  In 1531, war
ot corruption and a prey to worms. His having broken out between the Catholic
masterpieces, a Nativity and a Descent and Protestant cantons, Zuinglius was
from the Cross, are at Genoa.        ordered by the senate to accompany tlhe
ZURITA, JERomr, a Spanish historian, troops, and was unfortunately slain in
was b. 1512, at Saragossa, and, after the skirmish at Cappel.
69*
THE    EN1D.