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POSSESSIONS
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BY


THOS.;J. VIVIAN:L P. SMITH.


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AITIS SCIENTIA VtLITAI
THE CELLAk CCIKr SHCP
^ DE  1809^ eo0 WYOMING
cig, A,S.i0DETROIT, MICH. 48221
U.S.A.




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I




EVERYTHING
ABOUT
OUR NEW POSSESSIONS.
BEING A HANDY BOOK
ON
CUBA, PORTO RICO, HAWAII,
AND
THE PHILIPPINES.
BY
THOMAS J. VIVIAN AND RUEL P. SMITH.
NEW YORK:
R. F. FENNO & CO.
1899.




i          


COPYRIGHTED i899,
BY
R. F. FENNO & CO




-,/iA'  >zB7


INTRODUCTION.
THERE is not one fact nor statement in this book that
cannot be found in some other authoritative book
or official document.
BUT the books and documents from which these facts
and statements are taken would form a library of scores
of volumes, with thousands of pages, and costing many
dollars; while this is a handy book of but a few pages
and costs but a trifle. Yet it contains all that is of value
to the man who seeks information on our New Possessions.
The search for, extraction and arrangement of that information have taken months of hard, troublesome,
tiring work.
BUT from this handy book a man may get that information in a minute, at a glance.
It is for these reasons, because it means the saving of
time, labor and money, that it is believed this little volume will be valuable.




i-e: o
V l   nt  Orf  
r^^uIv




PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
As to NUMBER and AREA.
It is estimated that there are about 2,000 islands in
the group,
New ones are being continually added to the maps.
A part of the archipelago is unexplored.
The principal islands are: Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan, Paragua, Samar, Panay, Mindoro, Leyte, Negros, Cebu, Masbate, Bohol, Catanduanes, Polillo,
Marinduque, Tablas, Burias and Ticao.
Luzon, the largest, has........ 41,000 square miles
Mindanao has................. 37,500   "    "
Palawan has................... Io,ooo  '. "
The next four have, each........ Io,ooo  "  "
Aggregate land area of the group. 4,356      "
For comparison:
Virginia...................... 42,450 square miles
Pennsylvania..............   45,215   "    "
The total area of the group is equal to the combined
area of Pennsylvania, Virginia, New Hampshire,
Maryland and Connecticut, and is about a thousand
square miles larger than the Territory of Arizona.
The area of the mainland of Spain is I91,365 square




8


Our New Possessions.


miles. The comparative figures give an adequate idea
of what that country has lost in the Philippines.
The Philippine Islands form a great part of the
vast archipelago lying southeast of Asia. They cover
about I,000 miles north and south and 6oo miles east
and west. They extend from 5 degrees 32 minutes to
I9 degrees 38 minutes north latitude, and from I7
degrees to 126 degrees east longitude.
On the north and northwest the islands are separated from China by the China Sea and the IndoChinese Peninsula. Toward the east is the Pacific.
On the north small islands stretch out toward Formosa. On the south a double connection is formed
with Borneo by the line of the Palawan, Balabac and
Sulu islands.
As to POPULATION,
Total estimated population of the islands... 8,ooo,ooo
Spaniards................................  20,000
English, American and other foreign people
(about)................................  5,000
Most of the tribes are of Malay origin. Besides
these are Tagolos, Ygorotes, Aetas, Negritos, pure
blacks, Chinese, Japanese, Indios, Moors and mixed
races.
Some 500 languages and dialects are spoken.
In the as yet inaccessible parts of the islands there
are unsubdued savage tribes, estimated at about 600,ooo in number.
The most primitive are the Negritos, a race of




Philippine Islands.


9


dwarf blacks. They are confined to the higher mountain ranges in Luzon and Negros.
On first arrival the Spaniards found a part of the
natives somewhat civilized; but while they had a
written language, of which some specimens have
been preserved, it proved to be of no value in throwing light upon their early history.
Their traditions are few and their folk lore has
not impressed itself on any Spanish historian. The
Philippine Malays are a superior race to many other
Asiatic peoples; they take life easy and are in the
main easy of control, when not wrought upon by
scheming leaders.
The natives are all born gamblers, and cock fighting is their principal pastime. Every town has its
cockpit. The Spaniards have taken advantage of
this passion as a means of extorting heavy taxes, and
the government has conducted a lottery to take advantage of the islanders' habit of gaming. They are
fond of music, dancing and amusements of all kinds.
As to CLIMATE.
IN THE REGION OF MANILA.
Hottest season...........from March to June
Hottest month.............................May
Maximum temperature in May. from 80 to Ioo degrees
Coolest season...............December and January
Temperature in coolest season,
from 60 to 65 at night; 75 by day
Most delightful season..from November to February




rO             'Our New Possessions.
U. S. WEATHER BUREAU'S COMPILATION, COVERING
FROM 7 TO 32 YEARS:
Temperature, degrees Fahrenheit:
Mean annual.........................     80 degrees
Warmest month..................           82   "
Coolest month........................ 79      "
Highest...............................I00     "
Lowest...                     60o
Humidity:
Relative per cent.........................    78
Absolute grains per cubic foot................. 8.75
Wind movements in miles:
Daily mean.........................        34
Greatest daily................................. 204
Least daily...................................   95
Prevailing wind direction-NE., November to April;
SW., May to October.
Cloudiness, annual per cent.................... 53
Days  with  rain.................3..........     35
Rainfall in Inches:
Mean annual...................... 75.43
Greatest monthly......................... 120.98
Least monthly..........................   55.65




Philippine Islands.


It


The following is the mean temperature for the
three seasons, at points specified:
Cold. Hot. Wet.
Manila....................72   87   84 degrees
Cebu.................... 75   86    75 
Davao.....86   88    87 
Sulu........................8I  82  83  "
Owing to the extreme length of the archipelago
from north to south there is a great variety of climate, but the general characteristics are those of the
tropics. Seasons vary with the prevailing monsoons,
or trade winds, and are classed as "wet" and "dry."
The Spanish describe the seasons as "six months of
mud," "six months of dust," and "six months of
everything."
The northern islands lie in the track of the typhoons, which, developing in the Pacific, sweep over
the China Sea from northeast to southwest during
the southwest monsoon. They may be looked for at
any time between May and November, but it is during the months of July, August and September that
they are most frequent.
Early in the season the northern region feels the
greatest force, but as the season advances the typhoon gradually works southward, and the dangerous time at Manila is about the end of October and
the beginning of November. Typhoons rarely, if
ever, pass south of 9 degrees north latitude.
Thunderstorms of great violence are frequent in
May and June, before the commencement of the rainy
season. During July, August, September and October the rains are very heavy. The rivers and lakes




I2


Our New Possessions.


then overflow, flooding large tracts of the low country.
The typhoon is the most interesting and the most
terrible of storms. It is a great, revolving circle of
tempest, varying from 40 to I30 miles of exterior
circle and with an inner or comparatively calm core
of from 8 to 15 miles. The entire great storm field
moves across the sea at the rate of about I4 miles an
hour.
Seamen note the approach of these hurricanes
by clouds that look like fine hair, or feathers, or
small tufts of white wool, traveling from east or
north; a slight rise in the barometer; clear and dry
weather, and light winds. Then quickly follow the
usual threats of storm; the wind comes in sharp,
violent gusts, and a long, heavy swell, confused and
broken, rolls ahead of its path. If the barometer
falls rapidly then the navigator must decide quickly
whether to try to sail across the face of the storm
and escape it, or to heave to, in accordance with
well defined rules, adapted to whichever semi-circle
of the storm must be encountered.
The sea, encircled by the great wind disc, is tossed
into mountainous heaps with incredible quickness;
the fury of the winds is almost indescribable.
As to DISTANCES.
San Francisco to Manila......... 8, II statute miles.
New York to Manila........... 11,361  "      "
Cadiz, Spain, to Manila.......... 0,888  "   "




Philippine Islands.


13


As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE.
TIME-BY WAY OF THE SUEZ CANAL.
New York to London-American Line,
Southampton Service..................... 7 days.
London to Hong Kong-Peninsular and Oriental Line...............................40 
Hong Kong to Manila-Local Steamer Service.................................... 3  "
Total-New York to Manila............50 
COST-BY WAY OF THE SUEZ CANAL.
New York to Hong Kong-First class,
through rate......................  $434.00
Hong Kong to Manila................... 35.00
Total cost New York to Manila, first class....$469.oo
New York to Hong Kong, second class....... 248.50
The Suez route is by way of Southampton, Gibraltar, Mediterranean and Indian ports to Hong Kong
and Manila.
The through rate is much cheaper than the regular
fares, each line making a reduction.
Berths should be engaged in advance at New York
on the Peninsular and Oriental Line.




i4


Our New Possessions.


TIME-BY WAY OF SAN FRANCISCO.
New York to San Francisco................. 6 days
San Francisco to Hong Kong-Pacific Mail or
Oriental and Occidental lines.............20  "
Hong Kong to Manila..................... 3  "
Total-New York to Manila...........29   "
COST-BY WAY OF SAN FRANCISCO.
New York to Hong Kong, through rate......$303.50
Hong Kong to Manila,       "     ".....   35.00
New York to Manila, through rate.........$338.50
The San Francisco route to Manila is by way of
Honolulu, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe, Shanghai and
Hong Kong.
The through rate is cheaper than the sum of the
regular fares.
Rates from New York, New Orleans and St. Louis
to San Francisco are given in the division "Hawaiian
Islands."
REGULAR RATES-SAN FRANCISCO TO MANILA.
(Pacific Mail Steamship Co.)
First class cabin, one way...................$270.00
Four months, round trip.................... 412.50
Twelve months, round trip.................. 468.75




Philippine Islands.


I5


European servants accompanying families, one
way......................................$I95.00
The same, four months, round trip........... 300.00
The same, twelve months, round trip....... 337.50
Asiatic servants accompanying families, one
way..................................... 50.00
The same, four or twelve months, reduced trip. oo00.00
Missionaries and their families, first class, one
way.................... 213.75
European servants of same, one way......... I57.50
Asiatic servants of same, one way.........  50.00
European steerage, one way............... 45.00
Asiatic steerage, one way................ 78.00
Children 5 and under I2 years, half rate; 2 and
under 5 years, quarter rate; under 2 years, free.
Baggage allowance-350 pounds each adult cabin
passengers; 233 pounds each servant; 175 pounds each
steerage passenger; excess baggage, 3 cents a pound.
Cabin passengers may, if they desire, stop over at
Honolulu and proceed by a succeeding steamer of the
Pacific Mail Co. or the Oriental and Occidental
Steamship Co., without extra charge.
As to MAIL and CABLE SERVICE.
In round numbers, it takes about four weeks for a
letter, mailed at the New York Post-Office, to reach
Manila.
Mail goes by the way of San Francisco.
The regular foreign rate, 5 cents for each half




16


Our New Possessions.


ounce, is charged for letters; merchandise, I cent an
ounce up to four pounds.
For soldiers and sailors only 2 cents an ounce letter
postage is charged.
From New York to Manila cablegrams go by way
of the Suez, there being no Pacific cable.
Messages from New York to Manila over the Western Union cable cost $2.Io a word.
Among the important repeating stations between
New York and Manila are Canso, N. S.; Valentia,
Ireland; London, Brest, France; Port Said, on the
Suez; Aden, Arabia; Madras, India; Singapore and
Hong Kong.
As to TRADE.
IN THE MATTER OF EXPORTS.
The principal staples of export are tobacco-manufactured and raw-Manila hemp, sugar cane, coffee,
cocoanuts and copra.
The principal manufactures are hats, mats, baskets,
ropes, furniture, coarse pottery, carriages and musical instruments.
EXPORTS FOR THE QUARTER ENDING DECEMBER 31, I897.
Bales of hemp-28o pounds per bale-to the
United States...............38,792
Bales of hemp-28o pounds per bale-to Great
Britain.................................. 78,06
Increase in the export of hemp in I897-bales.. I58,485




Philippine Islands.


17


Increase to the United States in I897-bales..I33,896
Decrease to Great Britain in 1897-bales..... 22,348
Of increased shipments of hemp from the Philippines in I897 those to the United States were 544 per
cent. greater than to all other countries combined.
Of the total exports of hemp from the Philippines
for the ten years ended 1897, amounting to 6,528,965
bales, or 914,055 tons, 41 per cent. came to the United
States.
During these same years the islands exported to
the United States and to Europe 1,582,903 tons of
sugar. This was divided up as follows:
To the United States.................875,150 tons.
To Great Britain.................666,39I    "
To Continental Europe................ 41,362  "
Of the total exports more than 55 per cent. came to
the United States.
For the ten years ended 1897 the value of the exports of hemp and raw sugar to the United States
amounted to $89,263,722.80, or an average of nearly
$8,926,372 per year.
Data as to cigars, tobacco, copra, woods, hides,
shells, indigo, coffee, etc., are not obtainable in full,
but a conservative estimate would so raise the above
figures as to show United States imports from these
islands to average about $I,ooo,ooo per month.
IN THE MATTER OF IMPORTS.
The chief imports are rice, flour, machinery, dress
goods, wines, coal, petroleum.




X1r8       COur New Possessions.
According to a British Foreign Office report the
imports in I896 from several of the most important
countries were in value as follows:
Great Britain........................$2,467,
Germany.................................  744,928
France......................1............,794,900
Belgium.................................   272,240
United States............................    62,446
China...................................    03,680
In I897 the Philippines received these imports:
Cotton manufactures......................$1,524,622
Silk......................  42,135
Woolen       "........                 64,704
Apparel................................    I09,588
Machinery..............................    I91,269
Metals and manufactures of...............  337,216
Coal....................................    57,852
Provisions.............................    I 18,538
Great Britain led all the other countries in its exports to the Philippines.
As to RAILROADS and TRAVEL.
Only one railroad has been built, running from
Manila to Pangasinan, 123 miles. It is a single track
road, connecting the capital with the rice growing
districts.




Philippine Islands.


I9


As to BUSINESS CHANCES.
From Consular Report Sept. I6, 1898.
The Chinese, who are in the majority among the
aliens, control the retail trade.
Next to them come the Spanish dealers.
There are about 300 other Europeans in business in
the entire group.
The richest dealers are the Creoles and Mestizos, a
combination of Chinese and Tagalese.
In Manila there are many large cigarette factories,
some of which employ as many as 4,000oo hands. A
few German, Swiss and English firms have entered
that field.
There is a sugar refinery, a steam rice mill, a Spanish electrical plant, a Spanish telephone exchange, a
Spanish tramway, worked partly by steam and partly
by horse power; rope factories, worked mainly by
hand (a few use oxen); a Spanish brewery, which
furnishes a good beer; a German cement factory with
70 hands; a Swiss umbrella factory; and a Swiss hat
factory, which makes felt and straw articles, the latter out of Chinese straw braid.
A cotton mill with 6,ooo spindles and with capital
(English) of ~40,000 ($I94,6oo) is in process of erection.
The European firms in Manila are divided as follows: Forty-five Spanish, 19 German, 17 English, 2
English and 6 Swiss brokers, 2 French storekeepers
with large establishments, I Dutch, and I Belgian.
Small retail stores (40 in number) are kept by Chinese firms.
The German and Swiss firms are general impor



20


Our New Possessions.


ters, while the export of hemp and sugar, the import
of domestic dry goods, and the ship chandlery trade
are in the hands of the English.
Credit from one to three months and 5 per cent.
is given, while spot-cash sales command a discount
of 7 per cent. Caution is advised in dealing with the
Chinese merchants, as Manila has no mercantile
register like Hong Kong.
Cotton yarns are a heavy import article, so far
mainly from Barcelona, by reason of the minimum
Spanish tariff.  The Spanish manufacturers have
done what England, Germany and Switzerland have
always refused to do, and that is to renumber the
yarns. In Manila, No. io is sold numbered 24; No.
I6 numbered 30; No. IS numbered 32; No. 22 numbered 49; No. 32 numbered 50, and No. 36 or 40
numbered 60. The orders given are for four-fifths
unbleached and one-fifth bleached.
Dyed yarn is bought in Nos. 20 and 32, in colors of
orange, green and rose.  Turkey red yarn, in the
correct numbers 20 to 40, especially 32, used to come
from Elberfeld; but of late years Spain has managed
to supply it.
Bleached and unbleached shirtings and drills, from
Manchester, are sold in large quantities, but of late
the pieces have decreased in yards as well as in
widths. The staples now are white shirtings, 26
inches wide and 36 yards long; gray T cloth, 25
inches wide and 2I12 yards long; gray long cloth, 28
inches wide and 32 yards long; and gray drills, 25
inches wide and 27 yards long.
Colored prints, 24 inches wide, with red ground
and fancy crimps, are good sellers. Ginghams and
chellass, for bed coverings, etc., common quality, in




Philippine Islands.           2a
large patterns with red ground-some with yellow
or blue squares, some with indigo ground, and a few
in green-in pieces of 24 yards, find a good market,
while cotton cassinette, in light weight and double
width, for trousers, is in demand.
Handkerchiefs, 17 by I8 inches and 22 by 22 inches,
white, or white with colored borders, are the "correct thing." Black cotton zanellas, I8~2 inches wide,
for the dresses of the country women, and aniline
black satins, in 45-inch goods, are considered stylish.
Woven cotton underwear is a great staple, and
white cotton bed quilts, in fancy patterns, are used as
ponchos, after a hole has been cut in the centre.
It is estimated that 500,000 dozen undershirts are
used annually-two-third with arms half-length,
sizes 34 to 40, 27 inches long, bleached white, striped,
printed and network.  Men's cotton socks, 9 to I,
and ladies' cotton hose, 8 to 9/2, are the right sizes.
Cheap cotton-lace pinta fichus are worn by all the
women.
Other articles which have a good sale are lowpriced sewing machines, carriages and parts, enameled ware for cooking utensils, and, last but not least,
American clocks, which now have a good foothold,
and for which there is an increasing demand.
IN THE MATTER OF BOOTS AND SHOES.
The latest customs statistics show that the imports
of footwear for the year 1894 amounted to about
$94,ooo. The United States did not figure in the
tables showing this trade into the Philippines, yet the
United States are the largest manufacturers of boots
and shoes.




22


Our New Possessions.


This trade was divided as follows:
Value.
Boots and shoes of leather and canvas........$I3,204
Boots and shoes of patent leather and calfskin. 50,796
Slippers and common shoes worn by Chinese.. 7,179
Footwear for children...................  23,114
Henry W. Gilbert, Consul, in his report dated
Liege, July 5, I898, advises our manufacturers to
prepare for this trade with the islands.
As to GOVERNMENT and LAWS.
Until shortly before August 13, 1898, when Manila
surrendered to the American forces, after a short
land fight and bombardment, there was, in Madrid,
a council of state for the Philippines, which had in
charge "the interests of the colony," and which acted
as an advisory board to the Minister of the Colonies.
At Manila the administration of the government
had for its head a Governor General, who was at the
same time Captain General, Director and Inspector
General of all arms and institutes; he was also delegated Superintendent of Finances, President of the
Administrative Council of the Ayuntamiento, Protector of the Spanish Bank, etc., etc. Next to the
Captain Generalship of Cuba this was the most lucrative post at the disposal of the home government.
His jurisdiction also extended over the Mariana, or
the Ladrone, islands, the Carolines, and the Pelew
islands.




Philippine Islands.


23


The islands were divided into four provinces and
four military districts, and were governed by politicomilitary commanders.
As to INSTITUTIONS.
IN THE MATTER OF RELIGIOUS WORSHIP.
The Roman Catholic is the established church in
the Philippines.
There is one Archiepiscopal See and three bishoprics.
Most of the ecclesiastical authority is in the hands
of the various religious orders-Dominicans, Augustines, Franciscans, etc.
As to CITIES,
ON THE ISLAND OF LUZON.
MANILA is the capital of the Philippine Archipelago
and of the Province of Manila. It was founded in
157I. It lies on the left bank of the mouth of Rio
Pasig, about 25 miles from the entrance of the bay,
and has IIO,OOO inhabitants.
It is a fortified city, encircled by a wall with bastions and bulwarks, and a ditch and outer ditch where
it does not front on the bay or river. The waters
can be let in and thus isolate the city.
The streets are straight, well paved and illuminated. Prominent among its buildings are the gov



24


Our New Possessions.


ernor's palace, the royal court of chancery and the
Convent of San Augustin, with its handsome church;
the church and convent of the Recollects of San
Francisco, whose buildings occupy an immense
space; the royal college and pontifical university of
St. Thomas, which is spacious, well constructed and
possesses a notable physical laboratory; the municipal atheneum, in charge of the Jesuits, with a physical laboratory, natural history museum, and a magnificent apparatus for astronomical observations; the
military hospital, with room for I,ooo beds, and the
spacious and well-attended hospital of San Juan de
Dios.
Among the buildings ruined in the earthquake of
1863, some of which are being reconstructed and
others already so, are the cathedral and the customs
building.
The real nucleus of the population of Manila is in
its suburbs. These comprise the pueblos, or towns,
of Binondo, San Jose, Santa Cruz, Quiapo, San
Miguel, Sampaloc and Tondo. The neighborhoods
of these suburbs are delightful and picturesque, with
rivers, lagoons, creeks, islands and little hamlets.
Bridges connect these suburbs with Manila.
The suburb of Binondo is the most mercantile of
the archipelago; here were centered the Spanish control of the revenues and monopolies; here are the general tobacco warehouses, and here were administered
the finances of the province. The streets of Binondo
are narrow, but the houses tastefully and well built.
North of Binondo, separated by a river spanned by
several bridges, is the suburb of Tondo, extending to
the west of the bay, on flat, sandy ground. The
houses are in general constructed of cane and nipa



Philippine Islands.


25


a species of palm with feathery leaves. The streets
are narrow, but there is a handsome church, a small
theatre and a market place.
Northeast of Binondo is the suburb of Santa Cruz,
with good buildings, a flower market, theatre, public
jail, etc.
Northeast of Manila, and at the extremity of the
suburb of Santa Cruz, is the suburb of Quiapo, with
good houses, well aligned streets and a pretty market
place. There is a suspension bridge here over the
Pasig measuring 350 feet long by 23 feet wide.
The suburb of San Miguel is situated to the east
of Manila on the opposite bank of the Pasig River,
and is connected with Quiapo by a wooden bridge.
It has good buildings and a comfortable and well
ventilated barracks. Along the river are a number of
villas, the last one being called Malacamang, until
recently the residence of the supreme Spanish authority of the archipelago. It consists of a palace,
divided into two parts, surrounded by gardens.
On the island of San Andres, in the centre of the
river Pasig, is the convalescent hospital, the San
Jose poorhouse and the insane asylum.
To the northeast of Manila, adjoining it and fronting on the river bank, is the place known as Arroceros-the rice mills-where are located extensive
tobacco factories, one of which employs 7,ooo women;
the botanical gardens, the Spanish theatre and the
Kiosko, for public dances.
A mile and three-quarters south of Manila, on the
bay, is the pueblo of Malate. It is crossed by the
highway from the capital to Cavite and has a fine
church and barracks.
On the shores of the Pasig River is the promenade




26


Our New Possessions.


of Magallanes, on which is erected an obelisk to the
memory of the great navigator, Magellan. There
are cock pits and luxurious cafes, the Spanish Recreation Club, a military library, and, outside the town,
a riding school and race course.
PASIG, in Manila province, is 7 miles from Manila
and has a population of 22,000.
CAVITE, 7 miles down the bay from Manila, is
the great dock and shipyard of the port. It is the
capital of the Province of Cavite. About a mile
from its shore was depth enough of water for the
Spanish fleet to lie. It is a narrow spit of land, pointing toward the city of Manila, and its batteries took
part in the battle of Manila Bay.  There is a dock
for gunboats and a private dock for vessels of 1,500
tons. From Cavite to Manila by road is I5 miles.
All its buildings are of stone, among them being
several churches, a theatre and casino.
BANGUED is the capital of the Province of Abra.
It is 236 miles from Manila and has a population of
13,417. It has a telegraph station and was the residence of the politico-military governor.
ALBAY is the capital of the Province of Albay.
It has a population of 14,000, and is situated on the
bay of the same name, at the foot of the Mayon volcano.
NUEVA CACERES is the capital of the Province
of the Camarines. It is 207 miles from Manila and
has a population of 11,550. It is situated on the
Naga River, which is navigable from the sea to the
capital by vessels of from 150 to 200 tons. It has a
cathedral, a bishop's palace, seminary for the clergy




Philippine Islands.


7


of the country, a normal school, court house and
postoffice.
BATANGAS is the capital of the Province of Batangas. It is 72 miles from Manila and has a population of 39,358. It is situated in a cove on the
Calumpang River and has a good harbor. During
the month of February agricultural and industrial
fairs and expositions are held there.
BULACAN is the capital of the Province of Bulacan.
It is 22 miles from Manila and has a population of
I3,186. It has a church, a town hall and about 2,000
stone houses.
TUGUEGARAO is the capital of the Province of Cagayan. It has a population of 16,826. Among the principal houses are the government house, of elegant
architecture, the court house, church and town hall.
LAOAG is the capital of the Province of Ilocos
Norte. It has a population of 37,094.
VIGAN is the capital of the Province of Ilocos Sur.
It is 238 miles from Manila and has a population of
I9,ooo. It has a cathedral, Episcopal palace, court
house, administration building and council seminary.
SANTA CRUZ is the capital of the Province of Laguna. It is 48 miles from Manila and has a population of 13,141. It is celebrated for its markets.
High roads lead to Batangas, Cavite, Manila and the
Province of Tayabas. There are many fine buildings.
LINGAYEN is the capital of the Province of Pangasinan. It is 146 miles from Manila and has a population of I8,886. It has a postoffice and telegraph




28


Our New Possessions.


station, a good parish church and about 3,500 houses,
some of stone, along one long and broad street.
TAYABAS is the capital of the Province of Tayabas.
It is 91 miles from Manila and has a population of
15,000. There are dock yards in which good vessels
are constructed.
IBA is the capital of the Province of Zambales. It
is 122 miles from Manila and has a population of
3,512. It has a jail, court house, church, meeting
hall and parish house, and was the residence of the
mayor, judge and other functionaries. It has a postoffice and telegraph station.
ON THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO.
ZAMBOANGA is the capital of the District of Zamboanga. It has a population of 21,300. It is a fortified place and a naval station, and has a fine barracks
and the castle of San Felipe, which dominates the
town and harbor.
BAGO, in the District of Davao, has a population of
7,000.
SURIGAO is the capital of the District of Surigao.
It has a population of 6,285. It was the residence
of the governor, judge and other officials.
ON THE ISLAND OF MINDORO.
CALAPAN is the capital, with a population of 5,585.
It is 96 miles from Manila, on the harbor of Calapan,
and has about 500 houses.




Philippine Islands.


ON THE ISLAND OF PANAY.
ILOILO is the capital of the Province of Iloilo. It is
about 250 miles from Manila by steamer and has a
population of 10,380. It is, next to Manila, the most
important port in the Philippines. It stands on a
low, sandy flat on the right bank of the river Iloilo.
Vessels of moderate draft-I5 feet-can ascend the
river a short distance and lie alongside wharves which
communicate with the merchant houses, but large
vessels must anchor outside.
Iloilo has a pretty cathedral, a seminary and court
house. Among its industries are a machine shop,
foundry, a carriage factory and a hat factory.
The better class of houses are built on strong,
wooden posts, two or three feet in diameter, that
reach to the roof; stone walls to the first floor, with
wooden windows above and an iron roof. The poorer
classes of dwellings are flimsy erections of nipa, built
on four posts. The roads and bridges are nearly useless and practically impassible in the rainy season.
The chief imports are Australian coal and general
merchandise from Europe.
The exports are sugar, tobacco, rice, coffee, hides
and hemp.
Provisions of all kinds can be obtained, but the
prices are higher than at Manila. Water is scarce.
The Europeans depend mainly on rain water.
There is regular communication with Manila; the
steamers generally arrive on Monday and leave on
the same or following day.
CAPIZ is the capital of the Province of Capiz.
It is 290 miles from Manila and has a population of




30


Our New Possessions.


13,676. It has a harbor for vessels of ordinary draft
and highroads to Iloilo, Antique and the District of
Concepcion. There is a steamer kept by the State,
stopping at the harbor every 28 days and connecting
with Manila, Iloilo and Cebu.
ON THE ISLAND OF CEBU.
CEBU is the capital, with a population of 35,243.
It is the mercantile centre of the Visaya group. It is
460 miles from Manila. It is an Episcopal See and
has a cathedral, Episcopal palace, court house and
some well built private edifices.  There is a post
office and telegraph station.
The city of Cebu is the most ancient in the Philippines. It has been the seat of government of the
group of Visayan islands, which include Cebu, Bohol,
Panay, Negros and Leyte. It is built on a large
plain at the foot of the chain of hills that traverse the
island throughout its length.
The merchants' quarter is situated along the port
and includes some stone houses. The huts of the
Malays, for the most part fishermen, are on the beach
and form the west part of the city.
Maktan Island, which lies across the narrow channel from Cebu, is where Magellan was killed in I52I,
after making the first passage across the Pacific.
As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION.


No methodical and detailed study of the geography,
nor even of the number of the islands, has been made.




Philippine Islands.


31


Present maps and charts are defective, except for the
seaboard, in the survey of which the leading maritime nations have co-operated. The coast line is very
irregular, the ocean cutting in and forming countless
bays, gulfs, isthmuses and peninsulas. There are
long passages and natural canals between the islands.
The whole surface of the Philippines is essentially
mountainous, the only plains that occur being alluvial districts at the river mouths and the spaces
left by the intersection of the ranges. The principal
ranges have a tendency to run north and south, with
a certain amount of deflection east and west, as the
case may be, so that the orographic diagram of the
archipelago, as a whole, has a similiarity to a fan,
with northern Luzon as its centre of radiation.
From the southern point of Mindanao to the northern extremity of Luzon, the relief of all the islands
is either in a line with the southern isthmuses or
parallel to them.
On the other hand, the islands of Bohol, Cebu,
Negros and Panay are disposed in a line with, or
parallel to, the Sulu Archipelago, while Mindoro and
the main section of Luzon form the northeast extension of Paragua and Borneo.
Most of the surface appears to be formed of old
rocks, especially schists, and, in the north of Luzon,
granite.
In 1627 one of the most elevated mountains of
Cagayan disappeared, and on the island of Mindanao,
in I675, a passage was opened to the sea and a vast
plain emerged. The more recent of the convulsions
occurred in 1863 and in I880. The destruction of
property was great, especially in Manila.
The Philippines were once, it is believed, a part of




32


Our New Possessions.


a gigantic continent, from which they were separated
by some cataclysm. This continent probably extended
from Celebes to the farthest Polynesian islands on
the east, to New Zealand on the south, and to the
Mariana and Sandwich Islands on the north.
The disposition of the mountain ranges in parallel
chains affords opportunity for the development of
streams both in Luzon and in Mindanao. The larger
islands contain inland seas, into which pour numberless small streams from the inland hills. Many of
them open out into broad estuaries, and in numerous
instances coasting vessels of light draft can sail to the
very foot of the mountains. These rivers and inland
lakes swarm with fish and shellfish.  Four of the
rivers, at least, are navigable.
Most of the interior roads are scarcely worthy of
the name, and not much is known of those running
along the coast. In the dry season the roadbeds are
fair, but when the rains come they are little more
than sloughs, not being ballasted with rock or metal.
The soil of the islands is exceedingly fertile, but
agriculture is almost wholly undeveloped. The islanders are skilful weavers of cotton and silk; they tan
leather, are good ship builders and make wagons and
carts.
A species of buffalo is the great beast of burden,
and is used in the rainy season to drag a sort of
sledge over the muddy roads. The Philippine horse
is small and ugly, but is sturdy and useful in the dry
season. The best specimens sell for $150. The bull,
of Spanish origin, is found wild, and deer are plenty
in the thickets.
Spain's efforts to secure a monopoly greatly retarded the early commerce of the Philippines with the




Philippine Islands.


33


world, and it was not until I809 that the first English firm obtained permission to establish a business
house in Manila. In 1814 this permission was made
more general. It is only, however, since 1834 that
foreign capital and methods have materially developed the natural resources.
Internal commerce, as well as foreign trade, suffers from lack of facilities for transportation. This
is marked during the rainy season, when the coasting trade is a dangerous one and the swollen condition of the streams nearly stops land traffic.
The public revenue has been about $I2,000,000 per
annum, of which the larger part was raised from direct taxation, customs, monopolies and lotteries. For
the imposition and collection of taxes Spanish ingenuity has been exercised to the utmost, but the
basis of the financial system in the Philippines was
the poll-tax, which every adult under sixty years of
age, male or female, had to pay. Almost every article of import was heavily taxed. On muslin and petroleum the duty was about Ioo per cent. of cost.
IN THE MATTER OF RIVERS.
The Rio Grande de Cagayan, on the
island of Luzon...................200 miles long.
The Agno Grande, on the island of
Luzon.........................112  ' "
The Abra, on the island of Luzon.... 87  "  "
The Rio Agusan, or Buluan, on the
island of Mindanao..............236  "    "
The Polangui, on the island of Mindanao........................... 87  "




34


Our New Possessions.


For comparison:
The Hudson........................300 miles long.
The Merrimac.................. 2... Io  "
The Kennebec.......................50  "    "
There are hundreds of smaller rivers on the various
islands, besides countless small streams flowing from
the inland seas.
IN THE MATTER OF HARBORS.
Trade is confined chiefly to Manila, Iloilo, Cebu,
Sual and, to a lesser extent, Zamboanga, on the island
of Mindanao.
The Bay of Manila is one of the finest in the world,
I20 miles in circumference. There are two long
piers running out from the mouth of the Pasig River
into Manila Bay.
At Cavite, 8 miles to the southwest by water, is a
marine railway capable of handling vessels of 2,000
tons displacement; also a dock for small vessels.
Iloilo, the second port in importance, is on the
island of Panay, about 250 miles in a direct line from
Manila.
IN THE MATTER OF MOUNTAINS.
While none of the mountain peaks greatly exceeds
8,000 feet in height, Apo, in Mindanao, is over 9,ooo
feet; Halson, in Mindoro, is over 8,9oo feet; and
Mayon, in Luzon is over 8,200 feet. The latter is an




Philippine Islands.


35


active volcano, which has been the scene of several
eruptions during the present century. Extinct or active craters are numerous in the Philippines, and as a
consequence of these subterraneous forces earthquakes are frequent and violent.
BY PROVINCES.
The Province of Manila, on the Island of Luzon,
has a population of 400,000.  Besides Manila and
Pasig, elsewhere referred to, it has the town of Tambobong, three miles from Manila, with a population
of 25,000, and a dozen others with population ranging
from five to ten thousand.
The Province of Abra, in the northern part of
Luzon, has a rich vegetation, and the oak, pine and
strawberry tree flourish. Among the game are buffalo, deer, wild boars and monkeys.
The Province of Albay, in the extreme southeast
of Luzon, is covered with almost impenetrable forests
of rich timber. There are numerous rivers, and on
the coast there are dockyards, where vessels are constructed. It has seven towns with population ranging between 13,000 and 20,000, and as many more of
about Io,ooo.
The Province of North Camarines is crossed by
numerous rivers. Its thick forests are inhabited by
tribes of Negritos, and there are unworked mines of
gold, silver, iron, copper and lead. It has six towns
with population ranging from 9,ooo to I7,000, besides scores of smaller villages.
The Province of Batangas is just south of Luzon




36


Our New Possessions.


and opposite Mindoro.  It is noted for its high
mountains, thick woods and fertile valleys, over
which roam droves of buffalo and wild horses. The
principal industries are the manufacture of silk,
abaca and cotton fabrics and dye stuffs. Lipa, eighteen miles from the capital, Batangas, has a population of 40,733; Bauang has 39,659; Balayang has
24,747; Taal has 33,378; Tanaun has 20,038, and there
are numerous towns of from 5,000 to Io,000.
The Province of Bulacan, to the north of Manila,
is one of the smallest but richest provinces in the
archipelago. It is crossed by the Pampanga River,
which empties into Manila Bay by several mouths,
some of which are navigable. There are sugar mills,
and cacao, rice, indigo, sesame, and fruits are grown.
There are mines of iron and magnetite and quarries
of alabaster. Striped cloths of silk and cotton are
manufactured. Hagonoy has a population of 20,120;
San Miguel de Mayumo has 20,460, and there are
numerous towns of from 8,ooo to 15,000.
The Province of Cagayan, which is bounded on the
north by the China Sea, is the coolest territory in the
archipelago, and in January and February the body
must be given additional protection. In other seasons the air is impure and oppressive, owing to the
humidity caused by more than fifty rivers and creeks
flowing through the dense forests. The tobacco is
especially celebrated. Stock is owned to the extent
of 31,000 buffalos, 30,000 head of cattle, 14,000 swine
and I5,000 horses. Its towns are mostly small.
The Province of Cavite is important because of its
situation between Manila Province and Bay Lake.
The Spanish military arsenal of the group of islands
was located there. It has good timber lands. Imus,




Philippine Islands.


eighteen miles from the capital, Cavite, has a population of 14,676; Indang has 13,334, and Bacoor 13,1I3.
The Province of Ilocos Norte, in the northwest of
Luzon, is one of the most industrious provinces of
the island. Live stock is raised of a fine quality.
There is a fairly good pike connecting with Manila
and running through several provinces. Its climate
is better adapted to foreigners than most others.
Batac has a population of 17,625, and there are quite
a number of towns of about Io,ooo.
The Province of Laguna, lying east of the provinces of Manila and Cavite, is covered with mountains. Into one of the mountain valleys falls the cascade of Batacan, 500 feet high by 90 wide. Binan,
41 miles from the capital, Santa Cruz, has a population of I9,786; Calamba has II,476; Nagcarlang has
12,976; San Pablo, 10 miles from Santa Cruz, has
I9,537 population.
The Province of Nueva Ecija, to the north of Manila, raises many cattle. The coast is dangerous for
vessels. San Isidro is the capital, with a population
of 7,056. Gapan, four miles from San Isidro, has a
population of 20,216; Cabanatuan has 12,000; Aliaga
has I7,000, and Rosales 11,519.
The Province of Pampanga, to the north of Manila,
raises sugar cane, rice, indigo and tobacco. There
are sugar mills, and the manufacture of hats is highly developed. Lubao, four miles from Bacolor, the
capital, has a population of 21,175; Mexico has 17,099; Arayat and Candaba, 14,000 each, and there are
several others from 8,ooo to I0,000.
The Province of Pangasinan is bounded on the west
by the China Sea. A gold mine is worked in the
mountains, and there are mines of iron, magnetite




38


Our New Possessions.


and sulphur in a pure state. San Carlos, IO miles
from Lingayen, the capital, has a population of 23,934;
Manaoag has 17,500; Dagupan has I6,000; Tayug has
19,612, and Urdaneta I6,588.
The Province of Zambales is in the southern part
of the island. The mountains are covered with timber forests which are inhabited by fierce tribes of
savages. Bolinao is 103 miles from Iba, the capital,
and its municipal district is composed of 13 islands.
Its population is 4,075. There is a meteorologic and
semaphoric station, a submarine cable, and a dockyard for coast vessels.
Or THE ISLAND OF PANAY.
The Province of Antique is to the west of Iloilo
province and has the Mindanao Sea on the south.
The country is covered with great forests. The principal interests are stock raising and the manufacture
of fabrics. Besides the capital, San Jose de Buenavista, with its population of 5,621, there are Bugasor,,
with I4,o04; Culasi, with 10,553; Pandan, with I3,737,
and Sibalom, with 11,675, of the larger towns.
The Province of Capiz is separated from Iloilo on
the south by a ridge of mountains. There are gold
and copper mines, and tobacco, sugar and rice are
raised. During the year three fairs are held. Batan,
Calibo, Ibajay, Macato, Mambusao and Panay are
the larger towns, with population ranging from Io,ooo
to 15,ooo.
The Province of Iloilo is generally level and irrigated by numerous rivers. Tobacco, cacao, sugar




Philippine Islands.


39


cane, rice and maize are grown; there is good pasturage for cattle and horses and there are gold and other
mines. The principal industry is the manufacture
of fabrics, requiring over 30,000 looms.  Janinay,
three miles from the capital, Iloilo, has a population
of 28,738; Miagas, 22,100; Cabatuan, 18,177; Leon,
13,950; Pototan, 14,512; San Joaquin, I3,918; Oton,
13,363; Santa Barbara, 13,000, and there are many
other towns from eight to eleven thousand.
ON THE ISLAND OF CEBU.
The Province and Island of Cebu is the most important province of the Visaya islands, on account of
its central position, the nature of its ground and the
industry of its inhabitants. Great mountain chains
cross the island. Argao, 33 miles from the capital,
Cebu, has a population of 34,050; Carcar has 30,300;
Sibonga has 23,455; Dalaguete has 21,323; Talisay
has 19,000; Barili has 20,914; San Nicholas has
17,800, and there are scores of others between ten and
fifteen thousand.
ON THE ISLAND OF MINDANAO.
The island and adjacent islands have been divided,
since I860, into eight districts. Mindanao possesses
high and extended mountain chains which have not
been entirely explored and which are densely wooded. It is inhabited throughout the interior by savages.




40


Our New Possessions.


ON THE CALAMIANES ISLANDS.
The group is to the southeast of Manila and is
composed of the islands of Busungan, Calamianes,
Linapocan, Cuyo, Dumaran, Agutaya and the northern part of Paragua, ceded by the Sultan of Borneo
to Spain at the end of the last century. They have an
area of 340 square miles. The island of Cuyo, IO
miles long by 4 wide, is thickly populated. It is surrounded by many small islets and is defended by an
armed battery. In Agutaya is another fortress. Coron is sterile, but has a curious source of wealth in
its edible birds' nests, for which the Chinese pay
double their weight in silver.
ON THE ISLAND AND PROVINCE OF LEYTE
The coasts are high but with good natural harbors.
Carigara is a place of some trade; steamers from
Manila touch there about once a fortnight. Dagami,
20 miles from the capital, Tacloban, has a population
of 25,000; Tanauan has 18,509; Palo has 17,736;
Borauen has 21,290, and there are other large towns.
As to HISTORY.
The islands were discovered by Magellan in 1521.
In 1564 the group received the name of the Philippines in honor of Philip II.
From 1521 until 1542 various expeditions were sent
out from Spain to conquer the islanders, but were




Philippine Islands.            41
unsuccessful. In 1564 Miguel de Legaspi took out a
party of campaigners and succeeded in getting a
foothold in Cebu. Later the colonists transferred
their equipment to Luzon, and in I58I the city of
Manila was founded.
This Spanish colony was fiercely assailed in following years by parties of Portuguese, Dutch and Chinese, but the Spanish held their ground. The English succeeded, however, in 1762, in taking Manila,
which they held for a ransom of about five million
dollars. This was among those debts which Spain
could not pay, and the islands were finally released
by the English.
The Philippines entered upon a new existence under partial American control, beginning May I, when
the Battle of Manila Bay was fought and the Spanish fleet was destroyed by the American fleet under
Dewey. The actual cession of the Philippines to the
United States occurred on December Io, I898, when
the Treaty of Peace was signed at Paris, at 8:45
o'clock P. M.




HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.
As to NUMBER and AREA.
Hawaii........................ 4,210 square miles
Maui.........................     760   " 
Oahu..................             600    " 
Kauai.........................    590   "
Molokai....................    270   "
Lanai................................  150  " 
Lanai                              I50  ""
Niihau.........................    97   "
Twelve other small islands......    63   " 
Total area of the I9 islands... 6,740 square miles
For comparison:
Connecticut................... 4,750 square miles
Rhode Island................... I,054    "   "i
Greater New York City.........     359   "      "
Total of three................ 6,163 square miles
New Jersey..................... 7,815 square miles
The Hawaiian Islands lie in the Pacific Ocean,
about 2,100 miles southwest of San Francisco and
about 3,440 miles from Yokohama. They are between the i8th and 22d degrees north latitude and
the I54th and I6Ist west longitude. Their distance




Hawaiian Islands.


43


from the equator is about that of Cuba, but the climate is modified and equalized by the northeast
trade winds, which prevail nine months in the year,
after sweeping over thousands of miles of ocean.
As to POPULATION.
BY ISLANDS.


Oahu.......................      40,205 inhabitants
Hawaii...................    33,285      "
Maui...................      I7,726      "
Kauai......................      I5,228      "
M olokai....................... 2,307 
Lanai.........................     105 
Niihau......................       I64      "
Total....................     I09,020 inhabitants


BY NATIONALITIES.
Americans................................    4,000
British.................................... 2,250
Germans and other Europeans..............     2,000
Hawaiians and mixed blood................ 38,020
Japanese..................................25,000
Chinese.....................            21,500
Portuguese......................             5,000
Polynesians and miscellaneous..............  1,250
Total...........................           9,020




44


Our New Possessions.


The American residents, although in so small a
minority, practically control the affairs of the country, and with the British and Germans constitute the
controlling element in business. The Chinese and
Japanese do not possess political power. The relation they bear to the body politic is that of laborers.
The native Hawaiians are a friendly, affectionate
people, readily obedient to law. The Portuguese are
largely immigrants from the islands and colonies of
Portugal in the Atlantic.
As to CLIMATE.
BY RANGE OF TEMPERATURE.
Hottest months.............August and September
Highest temperature in each............ 88 degrees
Lowest temperature in each............. 68  "
General average in August............. 78  "
General average in September.......... 77  "
Coldest month............................January
Highest temperature in January......... 8I degrees
Lowest temperature in January.......... 55  "
General average in January............. 70  "
General average for the year............ 74  "
General average for the last 7 years.....74  "




Hawaiian Islands.


45


BY HUMIDITY.
(Honolulu, I898.)
Inches.
Rainfall for the wettest month (December)... 6.70.(  "   ".. dryest month (September)....64
"   "'  " year........................ 33.75
"     " " last seven years (average)... 38.80
IN THE MATTER OF HEALTH.
The Health Board has charge of a dispensary on
Oahu and one hospital on each of the other principal
islands, and assists a second hospital on the island of
Kauai. It assists also a maternity home in Honolulu.
It has charge of an insane asylum in Honolulu.
It has charge of the inspection and location of
slaughter houses and inspection of animals to be
slaughtered, the special inspection of fish, the inspection of food supplies in general and inspection and removal of garbage. It has been called upon to pay
considerable attention to tuberculosis in neat cattle,
to sewerage and to filtration.
It is obliged to examine into nuisances and causes
of sickness of all kinds and to abate them, also to look
after the sanitary condition of dwelling and lodging
houses and to determine the number of people who
may be lodged in the latter.
It may enforce the improvement of land deleterious
to the public health by reason of being low and wet or
for other reasons. It controls licenses for the practice of medicine.  It alone may import opium.  It
keeps a record of births, deaths and marriages.




46


Our New Possessions.


The board has charge also of the examination and
vaccination of all school children, which is required
by law. It also exercises certain supervision of
cemeteries.
As to DISTANCES.
(All reckonings being by statute miles to Honolulu.)


From New York (via San Francisco)...
"   San Francisco....................
"   Portland, Oregon.................
"   Victoria, B. C....................
"   Auckland, N. Z...................
"   Sydney, N. S. W.................
"   Yokohama.......................
"   Hong Kong......................
"   Panama........................


5,350 miles
2,100 
2,460  "
2,360  "
3,810 "
4,484"
3,440
4,893  "
4,620 


As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE.
Roundly speaking, it will cost from $I75 to $225 to
get from New York to Honolulu by first class, and
from $125 to $I50 by second class, and it will take
from eleven to thirteen days' time.
In detail these are the facts and figures:




Hawaiian Islands.


47


FROM NEW YORK TO SAN FRANCISCO.
By way of the New York Central or Pennsylvania road, first-class ticket............... $81.75
Second class................................ 69.75
To the first-class passage add sleeping-car
berth...................................  20.50
Total,  first  class..........................$102.23
To the second-class passage add sleeping-car
berth, New York to Chicago (no tourist
berths), $5, and tourist berth from Chicago
to San Francisco........................ $II.0
Total, second class........................ $80.75
By way of the Erie, Northwestern and Union
Pacific, first-class  ticket................... $78.75
Second class................................  68.75
To first-class passage add sleeping-car berths,
all  the  way...............................  20.50
Total,  first  class..........................  99.25
To second-class passage add tourist berths, all
the  way..................................  9.00
Total, second  class........................ $77.75
By way of the Lehigh Valley road, the "Black
Diamond Express," first-class ticket......  $79.75
Second class............................... 68.75




48


Our New Possessions.


To these prices add the usual prices for sleepers.
First-class sleeping berths, all the way.........$20.50
Second-class tourist berths, all the way......  9.00
Total, first class............................Ioo.25
Total,  second  class......................... 77.75
FROM NEW YORK TO HONOLULU.
Through tickets, first class, can be bought for.$I43.75
Through tickets, second class, can be bought
for........................118.75
To these prices add a war tax of $7 and prices of
sleeping accommodations from New York to San
Francisco.
The time between here and San Francisco varies
from 4 days and 5 hours to 6 days, according to the
road and the character of the train.
IN THE MATTER OF MEALS EN ROUTE.
Most of the dining cars and dining stations between
New York and San Francisco serve meals on the
American plan.
Price per meal in dining car....................$I.oo
Price per meal in dining station................75
Patronage of dining car or station restaurant is, of
course, optional.
Three meals daily in dining car, six days' trip..$I8.oo
Three meals daily in dining stations, six days'
trip.                                    I3.50




Hawaiian Islands.


49


This expense can be lessened considerably by the
economy of a lunch basket.
Steamship rates on both Pacific and Atlantic lines
include the cost of meals.
FROM ST. LouIS TO SAN FRANCISCO.
By the "Frisco Line."
First-class ticket, by extreme Southern or
Santa Fe route.....................$57.50
Sleeper....................................  4.50
Tourist class, over either routes.............. 47.50
Sleeper....................................  6.00
The tourist, or second-class travel, is well recommended.   The cars are operated by the Pullman
Company and a porter is in attendance.
FROM NEW ORLEANS TO SAN FRANCISCO.
By the Southern Pacific.
First  class...................................$57.50
Sleeper....................................  3.00
Second class................................. 47.50
Sleeper....................................  5.00
First class, with stop-over privileges, good for
thirty days......                         67.50
Sleeper berths for this ticket are bought from point
to point.




50


Our New Possessions.


FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO HONOLULU.
Three lines, the Oceanic Steamship Company, the
Oriental and Occidental Steamship Company and the
Pacific Mail, ply between these ports.
One steamer of the Oceanic Line, the Australia,
makes Honolulu her destination.  The other two
steamers of the same line touch there and go on to
Samoa and Australia.
The steamers of the other two lines touch at Honolulu and go on to Japan and China.
The Oceanic Steamship Company's rates are $75
cabin and $25 steerage. The other two lines charge
$Ioo and $30, respectively.
Time from San Francisco to Honolulu, from six to
seven days.
FROM NORTHWESTERN PORTS.
The Canadian-Australian Royal Mail Steamship
Company's steamers, sailing from Victoria and Vancouver, stop at Honolulu on their way to Australia
and New Zealand.
Fine sailing vessels make regular trips between
Port Townsend and San Francisco and Honolulu,
with passenger accommodations.  The price is $40
for cabin passage.
From Victoria and Vancouver to Honolulu,
first  cabin,  steamer....................... $75.00
Second   cabin...............................  25.00
Cabin passage by sailing vessel from San
Francisco................................ 40.00




Hawaiian Islands.


51


Steerage................................... $25.oo
From Hong Kong or Tokio to Honolulu,
cabin passage, steamer................... 250.00
There are two steamers every four weeks, both to
and from Vancouver, by way of the Canadian-Australian line.
FREIGHT RATES.
The rates of freight from San Francisco to Honolulu are: For steamers, $5 per ton and 5 per cent.
primage; sailing vessels, $3 per ton and 5 per cent.
primage.
The rates from Atlantic ports range from $5 to $7
per ton, with 5 per cent. primage.
The duration of the voyage between New York and
Honolulu has been from 89 to I34 days.
As to MAIL SERVICE.
By postal route, from New York to San
Francisco, letters take...................  5 days
By postal route, from San Francisco to
Honolulu, letters take................... 7 days
Total from New York to Honolulu....... 12 days
There is a regular postal system in Hawaii.
On the arrival of a steamer at Honolulu the mail is
sent to the different islands and into the interior by
mail carriers.
The Hawaiian Islands belong to the Postal Union.




52


Our New    Possessions.


Money orders can be obtained on the United States,
Canada, Great Britain, Germany, Norway and Sweden, Denmark, the Netherlands, Portugal, Hong
Kong and Australia.
RATES OF POSTAGE.
Letters to any part of the islands, 2 cents each half
ounce.
Letters to United States, Canada, Mexico and colonies, 5 cents each half ounce.
Postal cards to same, 2 cents.
Parcels post-United States, per pound, 12 cents.
As to TRADE.
EXPORTS.
Articles sent to the Pacific ports of the United
States for the six months ended June 30, I897:
Value.
Sugar, 230,350,296 pounds............. $6,698,595.37
Rice, 2,I68,600 pounds..................  87,378.30
Coffee, 218,489 pounds..................  31,756.52
Bananas, 43,457 bunches................  43,334.50
Wool, 10,024 pounds...................     851.44
Hides, 10,863 pieces...................  40,119.39
Pineapples, 64,874 pieces.................  7,429.70
Other exports, including goat skins,
sheep skins, molasses, betel leaves, taro
flour,  watermelons,  canned  fruits,
honey, etc...................         28,442.28
Total.............................$6,937,907.50




Hawaiian Islands.                  53
Articles sent to the Atlantic ports of the United
States for the six months ended June 30,.1897:
Value.
Sugar, 145,612,711 pounds.               $4,322,757.37
Sugar, foreign.                                 41.00
Total.................$4,322,798.3/7
IN THE MATTER OF IMPORTS.
For the six months ended June 30, i897.
Whence Imported,                      Value.
United States.                           $3,058,380.92
Great Bian35I,381.52
Germany.                                     52,878.70
China..................                    102,273.91
Japan.                                      159,555.45
Australia and New Zealand........            75,975.73
Canada.................                     6,179.93
Pacific Islands.                              3,003.1i6
France.1i8,385.70
Other countries..........70,474.23
Total.................$3,908,489.25
IN THE MATTER OF SPIRITUOUS LIQUORS.
All kinds of liquors withdrawn from bond during
first half of 1897...-......362,243 gallons
This would average for each man, woman and child
on the islands.                         3Y12 gallons




54


Our New Possessions.


Of the whole, Japanese sake amounted to
151,732 gallons
This, if consumed wholly by the Japanese, would
average for each man, woman and child. 6/2 gallons
Of the whole, Chinese sam shoo amounted to
9,230 gallons
This would be, per capita..................3I2 pints
Considering the Chinese as confining their drinking
to their native liquor, the figures would indicate them
to be the most temperate people of the islands.
California, in the time specified, contributed wine to
the  extent of.......................84,549  gallons
MERCHANT MARINE.
Fifty-eight vessels fly the Hawaiian flag, consisting
of 27 steamers, 3 ships, 8 barks, I8 schooners and 2
sloops.
Their aggregate tonnage is 30,382.
Thirty-one of the vessels were built in the United
States.
One hundred and eighty-one vessels entered the
port of Honolulu during the first six months of
1897.
The tonnage of these aggregated 251,992 tons.
The United States, as usual, led all other countries,
both in number of vessels-iII-and amount of tonnage-I27,o08.
One hundred and two vessels, with an aggregate
tonnage of 126,419, were from American ports.
The commerce of the islands is decidedly with the
United States.




Hawaiian Islands.


55


As to RAILROADS and TRAVEL.
There are three railroads on the islands.
The principal road is the Oahu Railway and Land
Company Line, which runs from Honolulu to Waianae, the total length, including sidings, being 38.5
miles. It was opened July I, I890. In I897 the road
carried 85,596 passengers, earning $30,993.50; and
66,430.49 tons of freight, earning $69,752.76; total
earnings, $I00,746.26.
The equipment consists of 5 locomotives, 14 passenger coaches, and I32 freight cars. The road is
bonded for $2,000,000, at 6 per cent., with $700,000
worth of stock, which is to be increased to $I,5oo,ooo.
The Kahului Railroad, on the island of Maui, is I3
miles long.
The Hawaiian Railroad, on the island of Hawaii,
is about 20 miles long.
They are used principally for carrying plantation
products for shipment.
As to BUSINESS CHANCES.
The reader is especially referred to the Honolulu
Chamber of Commerce. The following is from a report by Sanford B. Dole, dated Honolulu, August 30,
1898:
"Coffee raising is comparatively a new enterprise
and there are opportunities for its culture on a much
larger scale than at present. Four or five years from
transplanting are required for a coffee tree to reach
its full bearing capacity.




56


Our New Possessions.


"On account of the increasing demand for coffee
lands and the fact that this enterprise can be profitably carried on in small holdings, the Government has
devoted its energies, under the settlement provisions
of its land legislation, mainly to the opening of coffee
lands to settlement in small farms within oo00 acres in
extent, except in the Olaa coffee region, where pioneer holders of original crown leases were allowed to
acquire, upon the basis of such leases, a larger area.
"These lands have been eagerly taken up by actual
settlers, and are generally prosperous. In the last
biennial period 422 holdings, not including the Olaa
lots, were taken up, including an aggregate area of
20,234 acres and worth, at the moderate Government
appraisement, $118,853, unimproved value.
"The area of good coffee land as yet unoccupied is
comparatively large. A large part, however, of the
public lands of this class is held under leases to private parties. The expiration of the terms of these
leases will, from time to time, augment materially the
area under the control of the Government suitable
for settlement purposes.
"The banana is a hardy plant without insect enemies and is cultivated largely with irrigation. It requires a fertile soil and thorough cultivation and can
be raised from the seashore nearly up to the frost
line. The yield is large and the crop, as raised for
export, a profitable one.
"Under free trade with the main land the cultivation of pineapples, avocado pears and tobacco and the
manufacture of taro flour and jams and jellies and
the canning of fruit will undoubtedly become profitable. Other fruits and some vegetables will be profitably raised for the Pacific coast markets.




Hawaiian Islands.


57


"Indian corn, Irish and sweet potatoes and garden
vegetables are successfully and profitably raised for
the home demand.
"The raising of live stock has, as a rule, been carried on in a haphazard way, relying upon the natural
growth of native grasses for pasturage, without other
feeding. While considerable attention has been paid
to the improvement of all kinds of stock by the introduction of good blood, the condition and quality of
live stock at the islands on the whole is not very
creditable to the country; yet the business is generally
profitable."
As will be seen by reference to the list of exports,
the production of sugar in Hawaii is enormous, but
the interest is so controlled by trusts that it can
scarcely be called a "business chance."
As to COST of LIVING and WAGES PAID.
PRICE OF PROVISIONS.
Fresh Hawaiian butter, from 25 to 50 cents per
pound.
Hams, from I6/2 to 30 cents per pound.
Bacon, from I6'2 to 20 cents per pound.
Cheese, from 20 to 35 cents per pound.
Family pork, from 15 to I8 cents per pound.
Corned beef, 7 cents per pound.
Fresh meat, from 6 to I5 cents per pound.
Loin of porterhouse steaks, from 6 to 15 cents per
pound.




58


'Our New Possessions.


Tinned fruits, per dozen, from $I.75 to $2.25.
Golden Gate flour, per Ioo pounds, $2.50.
Lower grades, $2.20.
Hawaiian rice, $3.25 to $5 per Ioo pounds.
Hawaiian bananas, per bunch, 25 to 55 cents.
Potatoes, from I to 2 cents per pound.
Eggs, per dozen, 25 to 50 cents.
Rolled oats, per case, $5.50.
Ice, in small quantities, IY2 cents; 50 pounds and
over, I cent per pound.
HOTEL RATES.
The principal hotels in Honolulu are the Hawaiian
and the Arlington.
Board, with room, at either is from $3 to $5 a day.
Besides these, there are private boarding houses,
where the rates are from $Io a week up.
In Hilo the rates are somewhat less and the accommodations more limited.
CARRIAGE FARES.
From the steamer to the hotels, for either i or
2  persons................................ $0.25
From the steamer to the hotels, for each additional person..................o...............1
Carriage fare, per hour, I passenger............ 1.50
2...         2.00..3 2..........50
4...........  3.00




Hawaiian Islands.


59


To the Pali, I passenger, each way............$3.00
"  "   "  2     "      "   ".............   4.00
" "~   " i 3               "............. 5.00
Saddle horses cost a dollar an hour.
Bicycles can be hired at prices a little higher than
in the East.
WAGES PAID.
Cooks, Chinese and Japanese, $3 to $6 per week,
with board and room.
Nurses and house servants, $8 to $12 per month,
with board and room.
Gardeners or yard men, $8 to $12 per month, with
board and room.
Sewing women, $I per day and one meal.
Engineers on plantations, from $125 to $175 per
month, house and firewood furnished.
Sugar boilers, $125 to $175 per month, house and
firewood furnished.
Blacksmiths, plantation, $50 to $Ioo per month,
house and firewood furnished.
Carpenters, plantation, $50 to $Ioo per month,
house and firewood furnished.
Locomotive drivers, $40 to $75 per month, room
and board furnished.
Head overseers, or head lunas, $1oo to $150.
Under overseers, or lunas, $30 to $50, with room
and board.
Bookkeepers, plantation, $Ioo to $175, house and
firewood furnished.
Teamsters, white, $30 to $40, with room and board.




60o


Our New Possessions.


Hawaiians, $25 to $30, with room; no board.
Field labor, Portuguese and Hawaiian, $16 to $I8
per month; no board.
Field labor, Chinese and Japanese, $12.50 to $I5 per
month; no board.
Bricklayers and masons, $5 to $6 per day.
Carpenters, $2.50 to $5.
Machinists, $3 to $5.
Painters, $2 to $5 per day.
As to GOVERNMENT and LAWS.
The following scheme of government for the Territory of Hawaii was provided for in a bill before Congress prepared by the Hawaiian Commission and submitted by the President on December 6, I898:
The islands to be known as the Territory of Hawaii, the capital of the Territorial Government being
at Honolulu.
All white persons, including Portuguese, and persons of African descent, and all persons descended
from the Hawaiian race who were citizens of the
Republic of Hawaii immediately prior to the transfer
of the sovereignty thereof to the United States, are
declared to be citizens of the United States.
The President of the United States is to appoint a
Governor, a Secretary of the Territory, United States
District Judge, United States District Attorney and
a United States Marshal.
An Attorney General, a Treasurer, Superintendent
of Public Works, Superintendent of Public Instruc



Hawaiian Islands.


tion, Auditor, Deputy Auditor, Surveyor, and a Chief
Sheriff, in place of the Marshal of the Republic, are,
by the bill, to be appointed by the Governor.
The laws of Hawaii, not inconsistent with the Constitution or laws of the United States or the provisions of this act, are to continue in force, subject
to repeal or amendment by the Legislature of Hawaii
or the United States.
The offices of President, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Minister of the Interior, Minister of Finance,
Minister of Public Instruction, Auditor-General,
Deputy Auditor-General, Surveyor-General, Marshal
and Deputy Marshal of the Republic of Hawaii are
abolished.
The Legislature of the Territory shall consist of
two houses, called the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate to be composed of fifteen
members, and the House of thirty memblers.
The Supreme Court is to be the sole judge of the
legality of an election to a seat in either house. A
general election is to be held on the Tuesday next
after the first Monday in November, I899, and biennially thereafter.
No member of the Legislature shall be eligible to
any Government office during his term. No officer,
employe, notary public or agent of the Territory is
eligible to election to the Legislature.
The salary of each member is $400 and io cents a
mile traveling expenses, and $200 for each extra
session.
A Senator must be a male citizen of the United
States; be 30 years old or over; have lived in the
Hawaiian Islands not less than three years; have in
his own right property in the Territory of the value




62


Our New Possessions.


of not less than $2,000, or else have been in receipt
of a money income of not less than $I,ooo during the
year immediately preceding the date of election.
A Representative must have attained the age of 25
years; be a male citizen; have lived in the islands not
less than three years; must own not less than $500
worth of property, or have received a money income
of not less than $250.
Sessions of the Legislature are to be not longer
than sixty days.
A voter for Representatives must be a male citizen
of the United States; have resided in the Territory
not less than one year; have attained the age of
2I years; have registered; have paid all taxes due by
him to the Government; and be able understandingly
to speak, read, and write the English or Hawaiian
language.
In order to be qualified to vote for Senators a person must possess all the qualifications and be subject
to all the conditions required by this act of voters for
Representatives, and, in addition thereto, he shall own
and be possessed in his own right of real property in
the Territory of the value of not less than one thousand dollars, and upon which legal taxes shall have
been paid on that valuation for the year next preceding the one in which such person offers to register;
or shall have actually received a money income of not
less than six hundred dollars during the year next
preceding the first day of April next preceding the
date of each registration.
The Governor of the Territory is authorized to appoint registration boards.
The judicial power of the Territory to be vested
in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as




Hawaiian Islands.


63


the Legislature may from time to time establish. The
Supreme Court to consist of a chief justice and not
less than two associate justices.
Voters qualified to vote for members of the House
of Representatives may elect a delegate to the House
of Representatives of the United States to serve during each Congress.
IN THE MATTER OF COURTS.
(Subject to revision under proposed Territorial
Law.)
There are three sets of courts-a supreme court,
superior courts of record, and local courts.
There is the Supreme Court.
There are five Circuit Courts.
There are twenty-nine District Courts.
The chief justice and associate justices are all of
American descent and are graduates of American
colleges and law schools. The circuit judges comprise two Americans, one Englishman, one Portuguese and one Hawaiian. The district judges are
mostly Hawaiians.
The Supreme Court law library contains over 5,000
volumes.
IN THE MATTER OF ITS PRESENT POLICE SYSTEM.
The police officers of the islands consist of a marshal, a deputy marshal, three sheriffs, twenty-three
deputies, I96 officers, besides prison officers and
guards.




64


Our New Possessions.


The marshal is the chief of police, and is appointed
by the Attorney-General, with the approval of the
President.  (The bill before Congress will abolish
the offices of marshal and deputy marshal, substituting for the marshal a chief sheriff, to be appointed
by the Governor of the Territory, who, himself, succeeds to the duties of the President of the Republic.)
On three-the main islands-there is a chief of
police of the island, called sheriff, appointed by the
marshal.
In each district of the seven islands there is a
deputy sheriff.
As to INSTITUTIONS.
IN THE MATTER OF SCHOOLS.
The English language is the medium of instruction.
Total number of pupils (I898)................14,522
Attending public schools..................... Io,568
Attending private schools................... 3,954
Number of public schools...................  132
Number of private schools....................  60
Number of teachers in the public schools......  298
Number of teachers in private schools.........  209
[Of all the teachers 49.9 per cent. are Americans.]
THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOLS.
Oahu College, in the suburbs of Honolulu, has
large, modern buildings; high school course, classical




Hawaiian Islands.


65


course, sciences, modern languages, music, drawing,
etc.; with an endowment of $285,000.
Honolulu High School occupies private residence,
formerly the palace of the Princess Ruth; course of
instruction, high.
Lahainaluna Seminary, on Maui, now a Government school; instruction in agriculture, carpentry,
printing and mechanical drawing.
Normal School at Honolulu, with a practice school
attached; has an enrollment of fifty pupils, with three
teachers.
St. Louis College, boarding and day school; has
over 500 pupils.
Iolani College, at Honolulu, an academy for boys.
Average Monthly Salary of Male Teachers.
In the United States........................$47.37
In  Hawaii................................... 74.55
Of Female Teachers.
In the United States........................ $40.24
In Hawaii................................... 55.I8
Of all Teachers.
In  the United  States........................ $42.26
In Hawaii................................ 63.18
Cost of Education Per Pupil.
In the United States........................ 8.92
In Hawaii...................2................ 2.17
Average Number of School Days Per Year.
In the United States............................40
In Hawaii..................................20




66              Our New Possessions.
IN THE MATTER OF PAPERS.
In Honolulu.
Dailies:
Pacific Commercial Advertiser...........English
Daily Bulletin...........................English
Hawaiian Star........................English
Independent...........................English
Aloha Aina............................Native
Ka Loea Kalaiaina......................Native
Hawaiian Shimpo......................Japanese
Semi-weeklies:
Hawaiian Gazette.......................English
Shim  Nipon........................... Japanese
Yamato Shimbun......................Japanese
Weeklies:
Weekly Hawaiian Star..................English
The  Kuokoa............................ Native
O Luro............................... Portuguese
O Directo..........................:....Portuguese
Hawaiian Chinese News.................Chinese
Chinese Times..........................Chinese
Chinese Chronicle.......................Chinese
Ka Makaainana.........................Native
In Hilo.
Weeklies:
The Hilo Tribune......................English
Hawaii Herald........................English




Hawaiian Islands.


67


IN THE MATTER OF CHURCHES.
In Honolulu.
Central Union Church; Congregational.
Methodist Episcopal Church.
The Christian Church.
The Christian Chinese Church.
The Salvation Army.
St. Andrew's Cathedral; Episcopal.
Roman Catholic Church.
Protestant Mission; Portuguese.
Japanese Union Church; connected with the Hawaiian Board of Missions.
Japanese Church.
Kawaihao Church, Congregational; native.
Kaumahapili Church, Congregational; native.
As to CITIES.
City life it the Hawaiian Islands is practically confined to Honolulu, the capital. It is situated on the
island of Oahu, and has a population of about 20,000
people. The city straggles along the water front, on
each side of its business centre, from Kalihi to Diamond Head, for about seven miles. For a mile back
from the sea front the land is but slightly raised above
the sea level. Then, however, comes a rapid rise
from hills to mountains, the whole city lying at the
foot and in the valleys of a mountain range which
rises to a height of 3,000 feet. A fringe of cocoanut
trees along the sea front adds a tropical appearance




68


Our New Possessions.


to the city, while the houses are mostly hidden from
view by dense foliage.
Honol lu is a modernized city, with electric lights,
telephones, markets, newspapers and many new
buildings of stone. The Executive Building, which
cost $500,000, is built of stone, situated in a ten-acre
park, beautified with trees and shrubbery.
There is a well equipped opera house, completed in
I896, which has a seating capacity of between twelve
and fifteen hundred. Public parks are numerous, the
public buildings are attractive, and the private residences, with wide verandas, look out upon bright
gardens and lawns adorned with vines and palms.
The hills back of the city are especially adapted
for fine residences, having an altitude of from Ioo to
I,Ioo feet above the sea.
The hotels are built of stone and are well managed.
The principal streets are Nuuana Avenue (for residences) and King Street (for business).
There is a public library and a Y. M. C. A. building.
As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
A group of islands exporting annually over sixteen
million dollars' worth of products; having a mild,
equable climate; possessing excellent schools and a
good judiciary; destined to play an important part in
the growth of commerce on the Pacific, bearing important relations to the great trans-Siberian Railway
and the inevitable Nicaragua canal-this group, the




Hawaiian Islands.


69


islands of Hawaii, as a new possession of the United
States, must interest every American citizen.
A maximum temperature of 88 degrees, a minimum
of 55, an average temperature of 74 degrees for the
last seven years-such is the consistently delightful
climate of Hawaii. There is never any frost nor
snow, except upon the highest mountains.
Kauai, the most northwesterly of the group, has
an area of about 590 square miles, and is the most
fertile of the islands in proportion to its size. It
has rich, broad valleys, lying between mountain
ranges, largely productive of sugar, but producing
also coffee and rice.
Oahu is the most thickly populated of the islands,
having over 40,000 inhabitants.  There is situated
Honolulu, the capital and largest city in the archipelago. This island is principally devoted to pasturage and agriculture, but the sugar industry is a growing one, owing to the development of the artesian
water supply.
The most profitable sugar lands known are on the
island of Maui. For the purpose of sugar irrigation
6,000,000 gallons of artesian water are pumped daily
to a height of 400 feet.
Hawaii, from which the group takes its name, is
the largest of the islands. It contains nearly 2,500,000
acres of land and has a population of nearly 34,000.
Its principal town is Hilo.
The Hawaiian islands are destined to become a
great cable centre. They will ultimately be a meeting place for cables from all ports of the great circuit of our coasts, from the Asiatic coasts as far
south as Hong Kong, from the South Pacific and
from the South American coast.




70


Our New Possessions.


The five larger islands of the group are separated
by three channels that aggregate about II8 miles in
width. The new development of the islands will demand cable communication between them all.
Hawaii takes just pride in her schools. The law
requires that every child between the ages of six and
fifteen years, inclusive, shall attend either a public or
a private school, in which the English language is
the medium of instruction. Attendance is enforced
by means of truant officers or school police.
The Republic in its Constitution forbade any aid
from the public treasury to any sectarian, denominational or private school, and by the new school law
of I896 no priest or minister of religion is eligible to
the office of Minister of Public Instruction or to become a member of the Board of Education. Clergymen may be teachers or instructors in Government
schools, but no distinctively religious teaching is permitted.
The school system and its methods are peculiarly
American.
It is an interesting fact that over one-eighth of the
expenditures of the Hawaiian Government have been
for the support of the public schools.
The Government has devoted earnest efforts to-ward the protection of the public health. A strict
quarantine is maintained at points where ships from
infected ports might call. Ordinarily malarial fevers
are rare, though there has been some typhoid among
the United States troops recently stationed at Honolulu.
The Hawaiian Islands maintain a prison system,
corresponding mainly to the State prisons of the
United States.




Hawaiian Islands.


71


IN THE MATTER OF HARBORS.
In the island of Oahu lies the key to the commerce of China, Japan and Australia. This is the
magnificent Pearl Harbor, a few miles from Honolulu. It contains eight square miles of water and is
accessible from the sea by a passage a third of a mile
in width. The depth of water in this harbor is from
five to ten fathoms. The harbor is many times larger
than that of Honolulu, and possesses unequaled facilities for the development of an Eastern commerce.
It is expected that by a small appropriation a coral
reef, which bars the entrance from the ocean for
large vessels, will be removed by the Government of
the United States, whereupon this will furnish the
best harbor on the Pacific.
IN THE MATTER OF MOUNTAINS.
The great volcano of Haleakalau, the largest extinct volcano in the world, is on Maui, the old lava
from which has become decomposed and fit for cultivation. The monster crater is twenty miles in circumference and half a mile deep.
There are three great mountains on Hawaii, Mauna
Kea, Mauna Loa and Hualalai. The first two are
nearly 14,000 feet high, the other 8,ooo. Upon Mauno
Loa are two great volcanoes-Kilauea, upon the side
of the mountain, at an elevation of 4,000 feet, and
Momuaweoweo, at the top, or at about I3,500 feet
elevation. These two volcanoes are still alive.
The slopes of these mountains comprise most of
the agricultural land upon this island. It is covered




72


Our New Possessions.


with a tangle of vegetation, but is susceptible of cultivation after this is cleared. There are great fields
of sugar cane on this island, the best of which yield
from five to eight tons of sugar an acre.
As to SCENIC INTEREST.
The Pali Road, at the head of Nuuana Valley, six
miles from the postoffice in Honolulu, is one of the
wonders of the islands. The road leads out from the
city, up a gradual ascent to the height of about 1,200
feet. After passing through a beautiful residence
section, with finely kept grounds, the scenery on
either hand becomes that of the mountain and wilderness.
The road terminates at a precipice, famed in the
war annals of Hawaii as that over which the great
chief, Kamehameha, drove his foes. The table-land,
1,200 feet beneath, stretches away to the Pacific, far
in the distance, while at the sides there rise up lofty
peaks high above the Pali Road.
The excursion can be made by carriage or saddlehorse.
The Punch Bowl, the crater of an extinct volcano,
lies just back of the city, about 500 feet above the
sea, and is a favorite place of resort.
Mount Tantalus, a peak at the rear of the Punch
Bowl, can be climbed by a picturesque road through
groves of trees, while from the summit, at an altitude of about 2,000 feet, one of the most magnificent views on the islands can be obtained.
The favorite bathing resort is at Waikiki, where




Hawaiian Islands.


73


there are excellent bath-houses. The water is warm
and the beach of a fine sand. The place is popular
with moonlight bathing parties.
Bicycling is growing more and more popular and
the enthusiast recognizes almost every make of
American and English wheels.
Pearl Harbor is reached by trains of the Oahu
Railway and Land Company, which leave the station
at Leleo three times daily.
The volcano of Kilauea, on the island of Hawaii,
generally reached by way of Hilo, is undoubtedly
Hawaii's greatest natural wonder.  The steamer
Kinau leaves Honolulu and arrives at Hilo on the
evening of the second day out. After a night's rest
at the hotel the start is made in the morning. The
road to the volcano was constructed by the Hawaiian
Government at a cost of $Ioo,ooo. The ascent is
4,100 feet, and may be made either on horseback or
in carriages. At about the middle of the afternoon
the Volcano Hotel, a comfortable inn, is reached.
The crater of Kilauea is about three miles in diameter. In the daytime it has the appearance of a
great pit of black pitch, vague with the rising of
clouds of smoke or steam. The active lake of Ha-lemau-mau is in the southern part of the crater, and
at night lights up the whole with shooting flames of
greater or less brilliancy, according to the volcano's
activity.
As to HISTORY.
The Hawaiian, or Sandwich Islands, so far as authenticated history goes, were discovered by Captain




74


Our New Possessions.


Cook in I778. The Spaniards assert a previous discovery, but have succeeded very poorly in convincing anybody of the validity of their claim. The natives treated Captain Cook with great kindness until
the following year, when he met his death at their
hands.
At the time of Captain Cook's discovery each of
the principal islands had its chief. One of them was
named Kamehameha. He conceived the idea of conquering all the other chiefs, and when Vancouver
visited the islands, in I792, Chief Kamehameha persuaded him to lay down the keel of a vessel for him.
Following this model, the chief increased his fleet to
some twenty vessels, introduced firearms among his
people, and then made war on the other islands, becoming monarch of the entire group.
His son, Kamehameha II., succeeded him. He did
away with idolatry.  Then came Kamehameha III.,
in whose reign (I844) the integrity of the kingdom
was recognized by the United States, France and
Great Britain. The succeeding monarchs were Kamehameha IV., Kamehameha V., Lunalilo, Kalakua,
and, in I89I, Queen Liliuokalani.
Queen Liliuokalani was opposed to the progressive
element in the islands and, in January, I893, a quarrel arose between her and her cabinet regarding the
new constitution. A Committee of Safety was speedily formed, which summarily deposed the queen, imprisoned her, overthrew the government and substituted a provisional one.
The movement could hardly have been accomplished without bloodshed had it not received the
bristling moral support of the American forces there,
United States Minister Stevens landing the marines




Hawaiian Islands.


75


from the United States war vessels then in Honolulu
harbor for the protection of American interests.
A republic was proclaimed on July 4, I894, with
Sanford B. Dole as President, and a formal declaration of desire to become annexed to the United States
was made.
On June ii, I898, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives reported a
joint resolution for the annexation of Hawaii.
On June 15 the House of Representatives passed
the joint resolution by a vote of 209 to 9I-not voting,
49-the opposition being made up almost entirely of
Democrats.
On July 6 the Senate passed the joint resolution,
by a vote of 42 to 21.  Six Democrats voted in
affirmative, and 17 Democrats, I Populist, I Republican, I Silver Republican and I Silverite in the negative. There were twelve pairs.
The President at once approved. He appointed the
following commissioners to consider the reciprocal
relations of the two countries: President Sanford
Dole, of Hawaii; Justice Frear, of the Hawaiian Supreme Court; Senator Morgan, of Alabama; Senator
Cullom, of Illinois, and Representative Hitt, of Illinois, Chairman of the House Committee on Foreign
Affairs.
As to LEPERS.
The subject of leprosy as one of the unfortunate
institutions of Hawaii has been generally treated with
such picturesque license that the following official
facts will be found valuable:




76


Our New Possessions.


WHERE THEY LIVE.
Isolated in a settlement on the north side of the
island of Molokai.
It is a peninsula containing about 5,000 acres of
land.
It is separated from the world by a stormy ocean
on the north and a range of almost impassable mountains on the south.
Their number in I897 was:


Hawaiians.................................         984
H alf-castes.........................              62
Chinese....................................         32
Americans...................................         5
British.....................................        4
Germans.................................              4
Portuguese.................................          6
Russians...................................  I
South Sea Islanders...........................        2
Total......................................, I o


How THEY LIVE.
In two villages, Kalaupapa and Kalawao, on opposite sides of the peninsula.
These contain 716 buildings in all.
They include court house, jail, school houses, offices, warehouses, work shops, hospitals, dormitories,
etc.
At Kalawao there is a Roman Catholic home for
boys.




Hawaiian Islands.


77


At Kalaupapa there is a similar home for girls.
There are a Young Men's Christian Association,
Protestant churches, Roman Catholic and Mormon
churches.
There is a general store.
There are bands in each town, the members of
which are lepers.
The lepers may build houses and cultivate land for
their own use.
They constitute a little world by itself, conducted
systematically.
How THE SPREAD OF LEPROSY IS PREVENTED.
Visitors are not allowed, except by special permission.
None can leave the settlement except by special
arrangement.
Transportation of lepers is under the care of a
board of inspection.
Money only leaves the settlement after it is purified, and then on rare occasions. Outside business
is transacted mostly by postal orders.
Great cleanliness is enforced at the settlement.
The disease is not as contagious as has been popularly supposed.




CUBA
AND ADJACENT ISLES.
As to AREA.
Length (of Cuba)...............  730 miles.
Average breadth...............  80  "
Area....................43,319 square miles.
Coast line, over all............. 2,200 miles.
Coast line, including all indentations..................     7,000  "
For comparison:
Area of Pennsylvania...........45,215 square miles.
Cuba is nearly seven times as long as Long Island,
and would stretch from New York city to Cincinnati.
The Isle of Pines, which is the only one of Cuba's
island satellites of any importance, is 45 miles from
east to west and 33 miles from north to south. A description of the island will be found at the end of this
division of the volume.
Though the area of Cuba is 43,319 square miles, its
habitable area can only be estimated at 32,500 square
miles; the balance of 10,819 square miles being made
up of desert sand keys that skirt the island impassable swamps that line its south coast, and the rugged
and unexplored uplands of its eastern extremity.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


As to POPULATION.
Of the island (estimated, I894)............. 1,631,687
Of the aboriginal inhabitants none survived to see
the seventeenth century.  The present population
may be divided into five classes:
I. Natives of Spain-"Peninsulares."
2. Cubans of Spanish descent-"Insulares."
3. Other white persons.
4. Persons wholly or in part of the African race.
5. Eastern Asiatics.
The number of white persons of other blood than
Spanish is trifling, as is also the number of coolies
or Asiatic laborers, imported from the Philippines.
Thus reckoning the first three classes together and
excluding the fifth entirely, there will be this division
of whites of all classes and negroes of all shades-70
per cent. whites and 30 per cent. negroes.
For comparison:
The ratio of the races in the city of Washington
according to the census of 1890 was 67 per cent.
whites and 33 per cent. negroes.
BY PROVINCES.
Pinar del Rio............................  225,89I
Havana.................................. 451,928
Matanzas................................. 259,578
Santa Clara.............................. 354,122
Puerto Principe..........................  67,789
Santiago de Cuba......................... 272,379




80


8o          ~~Our New Possessions.


Urban population..889,689
Rustic population.                          74I,998
By CITIES.
Cuba has thirteen cities whose population exceeds
10,000. They are these:
Havana (city proper)..200,448
With suburbs (Vedado, Chorrera, Marianao,
Puentes Gordes, -,La Ci~naga, El Principe
Tulipan, El Cerro, Regla and Cojunar)..   300,000
Matanzas.                                    50,000
Santiago.                                    42,000
Cienfuegos.                                  4I,000
Puerto Principe.                            40,679
Santa Clara (Villa Clara)...........34,655
Guanabacoa.                                  28,043
Cardenas.                                    20,505
Sancti Spiritus.                             17,540
Sagua la Grande.                             14,000
Trinidad.                                    13,500
Caibarien...................12,000
Manzanillo.                                  10,736
Note.-For descriptions of these 13 chief cities see
under head of "As to Cities."
Of towns containing 5,ooo population and over,
but less than i0,000 population, there are these ig:
Guanta'namo...,o000
Pinar del Rio.                               8,ooo




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.              8i
Macagua................................... 8,000
San Antonio de los Banos.................... 7,500
San Juan de los Remedios.................... 7,230
Lagunillas.................................. 7,030
Colon............................. 7,000
Nuevitas (San Fernando de)................. 6,991
Giuines...................................... 6,828
Santa Ana....................... 6,350
B ejucal......................................  6,239
Santiago de las Vegas...................... 6,200
Jovellanos (Bemba)......................... 6,ooo
Guanajay.................................. 5,792
H olguin.....................................  5,400
Placetas..................................    5,280
Guarra..................................... 5,250
Baracoa...........................            5,072
La Isabela (La Boca; Concha)................ 5,ooo
The 64 towns having a population of I,ooo and over,
but less than 5,000 are arranged alphabetically as follows:
Alfonso XII...................... 3,000
Alquizar................................... 2,700
Arroyo Naranjo..................... 3,000
Artemisa................................... 2,049
Bahia  Honda...............................  1,889
Banta.....................................    2,000
Batabano....................................  I,860
Bainoa......................................  I,000
Bayamo................................... 3,634
Bolondron. 3...,7586
Bolondron.                                     I,758




8,2           'Our New Possessions.
Cabanas.1,f454
Camajuani.                                 4,i80
Canmarones.1I,200
Catalina.                                  3,I42
Caimito.                                   1,788
Candelaria.                                1,200
Cayaj abos.1.................,353
Cartagena.1i,497
Ceiba del Agua................2,950
Cervantes.1i,560
Cifuentes.1i,887
Cimarrones.                                3,000
Corralillo.                                2,000
Corral Nuevo.                              2,092
Consolacion del Sur.                       2,ooo
Cuevitas.                                  x,629
Gibara.                                    4,608
Guira de Melena.                           3,500
Jaruco.                                    2,165
Jiguani.1I,393
Limonar.                                   2,000
Los Abreus.                                4,503
Mayari.1,854
Macurigeo.                                 3,650
Managua..............,o00
Mantua.1,380
Madruga...................i.1,000
Mariel.                                    i,637
Melena del Su.,082
Moron.                                     3,017




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.          83
Nueva Paz.                                 2,737
Palmillas.                                 1,014
Palmira.                                   2,987
Pipian.1I,079
Quemados de Guines..............2,000
Quivican.                                  2,108
Recreo....................2,879
Rodas.                                     2,230
San Antonio de Cabezas........... 1,500
San Antonio de las Vegas...........1,136
San Cristobal.                             3,522
San Juan y Martinez.                       2,100
San Jos6 de las Lajas...2,170
San Nicolas.                               1,500
San Luis.                                  3,556
San Juan de las Veras.............2,267
Santa Cruz de los Pinos............1,244
Santa Cruz del Sur..............1i,000
Santo Domingo.                             1,500
Santa Isabel de las Ljs3,102
Sierra Morena................,6oo
Tapaste....1,136
Union de Reyes.                            4,100
Victoria de las Tunas............. 1,791
Note.-It has been decided by the United States
Government to take a complete census of Cuba, not




84              Our New Possessions.
only to fix its population but to determine who are
citizens and qualified electors in the election which
shall be held to establish a representative government.
This census will be taken under direction of the
military government.
As to CLIMATE.
IN THE MATTER OF TEMPERATURE.
Average annual temperature:
Havana................................... 76.08
Cienfuegos.................................. 76.50
M atanzas....................................  78.04
Santiago................................. 80.oo
For comparison:
W ashington.................................  54.07
New Orleans............................    68.08
Hottest month's temperature (average):
Havana, July............................... 82.04
Cienfuegos, July............................ 85.50
M atanzas, June.............................. 82.02
Santiago, July........................... 83.00
For comparison:
W ashington, July............................ 76.09
New Orleans, July.................... 82.04




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.             85
Coldest month's temperature (average):
Havana, January......................... 7003
Cienfuegos, January...................... 67.50
Matanzas, February........................ 72.00
Santiago, January................... 77.00
For comparison:
Washington, January................... 32.02
New Orleans, January................        53.08
Hottest actual weather:
Havana, July, '9I........................... 00.o6
Cienfuegos, July, 'go......................... 93.00
Matanzas, July, '33.................... 93.00
Santiago, August, '63.........................2.00oo
Washington, September..................     104.00
New Orleans, July......................... 99.o00
Coldest actual weather:
Havana, February, '96........................ 49.06
Cienfuegos, January, '95...................... 48.oo00
Matanzas, January, '35...................... 51.00
Santiago, January, 'go........................ 50.00
Washington, January........................ -.4
New Orleans, January.......1.............00




86


Our New Possessions.


For the interior of the island only two temperature
records have been found, namely, for Ubajay and the
mines of San Fernando. Ubajay is a village about 15
miles southwest of Havana and about 242 feet above
sea level. Its average temperature from four years'
observations was 73.6~ F. The record is quoted by
Baron Humboldt and was made during I796-I799.
The San Fernando mines are about I50 miles eastward of Havana and 554 feet above sea level. The
temperature record is for the year 1839 and shows an
average of 75~. From these records the average annual temperature of the interior of the island would
appear to be considerably lower than on the coast.
It is known, too, that in the interior, at elevations of
over 300 feet, the thermometer occasionally falls to
the freezing point in winter. Hoar frost is not uncommon, and during north winds thin ice may form.
It hails frequently, but snow is unknown in any part
of the island.
IN THE MATTER OF HUMIDITY.
The relative humidity of Cuba's atmosphere averages 75 per cent. of saturation, and, while there is
actually a wet and a dry season, judged by the amount
of rainfall, it is a significant climatic fact that the
mean relative humidity of the twelve months differs
hardly enough to warrant characterizing one month
as being drier or damper than another. That is, the
air is always heavily charged with moisture. The
following figures, showing the percentage of humidity in the twelve months of the year at Havana, bear
out this statement in a remarkable fashion:




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


87


Month.                At 
January................
February...............
March..................
April....................
May....................
June....................
July.....................
August................
September..............
October...............
November..............
December.............


6 a. m. At noon. At 6 p. m.
85        63        93
85        62        70
85        58        70
84        68        67
85        62        69
89        67        74
88        63        70
88        62        72
90        70        78
89        69        78
87        68        77
82        64        72


IN THE MATTER OF RAINFALL.
Tlie rainfall shows to a greater degree than the
temperature the influence of locality and season of the
year. As in other lands on the border of the tropics,
the year is divided between a hot, wet season, corresponding to the northern declination of the sun, and
a cool, dry period.  From May to October is called
the wet season, though rain falls in every month of
the year. With May spring begins, rain and thunder
are of almost daily occurrence, and the temperature
rises high, with little variation.  The period from
November to April is called the dry season.  For
seven years the mean annual rainfall at Havana in
the wet season has been observed to be 27.8 inches,
and of the dry months 12.7.
The eastern part of the island receives more rain
than the western. There are seldom over twenty rainy




88             Our New Possessions.
days in any one month, the average being from eight
to ten. The rainfall is generally in the afternoon, and
on an average there are only seventeen days in the
year on which it rains in both forenoon and afternoon.
So far as present meteorological records go, a description of the rainfall of Cuba is practically that of
the rainfall at Havana, the short and fragmentary
records that have been kept at Matanzas and Santiago
hardly being representative. Taking, then, the rainfall at Havana for the years 1885-1897 inclusive, these
are the figures:


Rainy season (June
to October,
Year.     inclusive, 5 months).


I885...
1886...
I887...
i888...
1889...
1890...
1891...
1892...
1893..
1894-..
I895...
1896...
1897...


26.79 inches
47.49
32.38 
23.97
35.7I
28.15  "
38.02 "
49.49
38.95  "
38.08  "
38.78  "
3I.09
27.70


Dry season (November to May,
inclusive, 7 months).
21.38 inches
17.04
I6.95  "
29.54 
24.02
28.41  "
20.51
8.8    "
21.64 
12.63  "
17.07 
19.97
18.51


Last year Havana's monthly record of rainy days
was as follows:




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.           89
Rainy days.
January.......................................  8
February......................................  7
March...................................... 6
April.........................................  4
May.......................................     8
June........................................ 
July.......................................   12
August........................................ 
September...................................   4
October.......................................  9
November...................................    8
December...............................         6
Total....................................... 1 4
IN THIE MATTER OF HEALTH.
While great things may be expected of the American system of sanitation as applied to Cuba, it must
not be overlooked that the island is a tropical country
and that its climate is very different from that of even
our warmest sections. Acclimatization is a necessary
process, and during that process the following simple
rules will be found of value:
If possible, the first visit to Cuba should be made in
the cool season. Even then linen or cotton garments
will be needed. During the period of acclimatization
one should guard against any excess of work or pleasure, late evenings, bodily or mental fatigue, exposure
to the sun, or rapid cooling off, or any cause that
might produce illness.




go


Our New Possessions.


Exercise on foot, horseback or in a carriage is necessary for one who is visiting this land for the first
time, but only in the morning and evening; washing
and bathing are also very good, first in tempered and
after a few days in cold water; baths should not be
taken after hard work, and the best time is the morning or at noon and after the body has been at rest.
While ready perspiration is one of the essentials to
the preservation of health, danger also lurks in it, for
when in such a condition a few moments in the shade,
exposure to a breeze will bring on a cold more quickly
in Cuba than in any other place outside the tropics.
If it is noticed that the perspiration is stopping on a
warm day, a physician should be consulted immediately, and also in the case of giddiness, headache, etc.
As to food, the visitor should use wholesome and
nutritious meats, and the salt and fresh water fish
that abound in these regions. It is also well to use
certain condiments, such as pepper, cloves, allspice,
cinnamon and others that heighten and flavor food
and aid digestion; though used, they should not be
abused. The moderate use of certain tropical fruits
to which northerners are accustomed, such as oranges,
lemons, limes and pineapples, is advantageous without question, but there are hosts of others, mostly of
a soft, squashy nature and a sweet sickish taste, such
as the mango, sapote, alligator pear, etc., that it is
wise to avoid. The combination of alcohol with them
is almost deadly, and it is well to let the banana alone.
The continuous use of alcohol causes a marked deterioration in the constitution, being one of the great.
est obstacles to acclimatization.  However, a little
rum mixed with water is a stimulating and wholesome drink, especially on hot days. Soft drinks and




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


lemonade are not good, as they cause a kind of plethora which turns into diarrhcea.
In a word, live soberly and moderately, keep clean
and use common sense, and Cuba's climate will not
down you.
While much that has been written concerning Cuba
would seem to indicate that it is a veritable pest hole,
such descriptions actually cover only the worst conditions and comparatively a small portion of the island,
for probably at least two-thirds of it are as healthy,
even in the summer, as any country in the world.
Cases of longevity are not wanting.  There are
numerous instances where natives have attained Ioo
years, some 130 years, and there is even one known to
have lived to the age of 150. Longevity is most frequent among the colored population.
As to DISTANCES.
All reckoned in statute miles to Havana.
From cities of the United States.
Miles.
Key   W est...................................  ioo
New Orleans................................ 69o
Mobile....................................  640
Tampa.....................................   350
Savannah...................................  613
Charleston.................................  662
Philadelphia..................................,I37
New York................................. 1,215
Boston...................................... 1,348




92                 Our New    Possessions.
From foreign cities.
Quebec........... 2,421
Vera Cruz...................................  809
Rio de Janeiro............................... 3,536
Buenos   Ayres...............................       4,653
M ontevideo..................................     4,553
Port of Spain................................ 1,52I
Bermuda..................................... 1,I50
Gibraltar................................... 4,030
Plymouth (Eng.).......................... 3,702
From Cuban cities and towns.
A rtem isa......................................      45
Baracoa...................................... 765
Batabano.....................................  33
Bayamo.................................... 609
Bemba (Jovellanos)..........................  90
Candelaria....................................       29
Cobre........................................ 669
Coloma......................................        28
Consolacion del Sur........................... I00
Guantanamo.................................. 730
Guanajay.                                               35
Guines.......................................  46
Holguin...................................... 613
Jaruco........................................  23
La Union.....................................  80
Las Vegas.....................................          6
Marianao...................................  7
Manzanillo.................................... 636
Madruga.....................................  52




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.            93
Matanzas....................................   56
Moron...................................... 276
Nuevitas..................................... 407
Pinar  del Rio..................................  113
Punta Brava...............................     14
Puerto Principe.......................... 345
Rincon.......................................   4
Sagua la Grande............................    212
Sancti Spiritus................................ 270
San Antonio de los Banos...................... 21
San Felipe................................... 26
San Juan de los Remedios..................... 235
Santa  Clara...................................  209
Santiago de Cuba............................. 682
Santiago  de las Vegas..........................  I3
Trinidad........................ 247
As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE.
There are now many ways of reaching and sending
to Cuba, by rail and sea, and by the all-sea route, as
witness the forlowing list:
By the PLANT SYSTEM there is the choice of two
routes:
(I) The Florida and West Indian Limited, via
Charleston, Savannah and the West Coast Railroad.
Trains by this route leave New York daily 9.20 A. M.,
arrive Port Tampa next day 8.30 P. M.
(2) The New York and Florida Special, via Jacksonville and St. A.ugust.ine. Trains by this route leave




Our New Possessions.


New York daily 12.20 P. M., arrive Port Tampa next
day 8.50 P. M.
Both these trains connect daily, except Sundays and
Wednesdays, with the U. S. mail steamers of the
Plant Line, for Key West and Havana, according to
the following schedule:
Steamship New Olivette leaves Port Tampa Mondays and Thursdays, 9:30 P. M.; arrives Havana
Wednesdays and Saturdays, 6 A. M.
Steamship Whitney leaves Port Tampa Saturdays,
9.30 P. M.; arrives Havana Mondays, 6 A. M.
Steamship Yarmouth leaves Port Tampa Tuesdays
and Fridays, 2 P. M.; arrives Havana Wednesdays
and Saturdays, 2 P. M.
Note.-The New Olivette and Whitney touch at
Key West; the Yarmouth does not.
Children under five years of age carried free; five
years of age and under twelve, pay half fare; twelve
years and over, full fare.
One hundred and fifty pounds of baggage carried
free on each full fare ticket, and 75 pounds on each
half fare ticket. Baggage in excess of 150 pounds on
full fare ticket will be charged for. Any piece of baggage weighing more than 250 pounds must be forwarded by express or freight.
Through one way tickets from New York to Havana, first class, are $54.75; round trip, $99.
Pullmans run on these trains, the rates to Tampa
being as follows:
From  New York, double berth, $8.50; drawing
room, $32. From St. Louis, double berth, $8; drawing room, $30. From Chicago, double berth, $8.50;
drawing room, $32.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


95


By the MIAMI ROUTE there is also a choice of two
ways:
(I) By the Florida East Coast Railway.
(2) By the Atlantic Coast Line.
Over the first route trains leave New York daily at
I2.05 A. M.; arrive at Miami next day at Io.30 P. M.
Over the second route trains leave New York daily
at 8.50 P. M.; arrive at Miami next day at IO.30 P. M.
From Miami the steamship Miami plies direct to
Havana, according to the following schedule:
Leaves Miami Sundays and Wednesdays at Io.30
P. M.
Arrives Havana Mondays and Thursdays at 3 P. M.
Through Pullman sleepers and dining cars between
New York and Jacksonville and chair cars between
Jacksonville and Miami.
Over both the Plant and Miami roads the trains run
direct to the steamer's side.
The cover-all time on the Miami route is as follows:
New York to Havana................... 63  hours
Boston to Havana................      68 "
Philadelphia to Havana................  552 
Baltimore to Havana..................... 53  "
Washington to Havana.................. 5I2  "
The rates by this route are the same as those over
the Plant System.
All first-class tickets to Havana include meals and
berth on steamer.
Those who wish to still more break the journey can
take steamer from New York, Boston or Baltimore to




96


Our New Possessions.


Savannah by the OCEAN STEAMSHIP COMPANY OF SAVANNAH, connecting at Savannah with the Florida
and West Indian Limited for Tampa or via Jacksonville to Miami.
Steamers of the Ocean Steamship Company of Savannah leave New York from Pier 34 North river,
foot of Spring street, every day at 5 P. M., except
Sunday and Monday.
Steamers of the same company leave Boston every
Wednesday at noon and every Saturday at 3 P. M.,
from Lewis' Wharf,
Note.-Steamers sailing from Boston on Wednesdays touch at New York. Steamers sailing on Saturdays go direct to Savannah. From Savannah to Boston all sailings are direct.
Steamers of Wie Merchants' and Miners' Transportation Company (working with the Savannah line)
leave Baltimore from the foot of West Falls avenue
at 4 P. M. every Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
If the passenger elect to travel via Port Tampa he
must take such train as will enable him to connect
with the steamship Mascotte, of the Plant Steamship
Line, which leaves Port Tampa every Monday,
Thursday and Saturday at 9 p. M., reaching Havana
every Wednesday, Saturday and Monday at 6 A. M.
If he elect to travel via Miami he must take such
train as will enable him to connect with the steamship
Lincoln, of the Florida East Coast Steamship Company, which leaves Miami Sundays and Wednesdays
at II P. M. and reaches Havana on Mondays and
Thursdays at 3 P. M.


The passenger rates on the Savannah Line of
steamers are as follows:




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


From New York to Savannah.
First class, one way.......................$20.00
First class, excursion.......................... 32.00
Intermediate, one way........................  5.00
Intermediate, excursion....................... 24.00
Steerage, one way........................... o.oo
Philadelphia passengers are booked via New York at
same rates.
From Boston to Savannah.
(Via direct ship or Sound Lines and New York.)
First class, one way.........................$22.00
First class, excursion......................... 36.00
Intermediate, one way....................... 17.00
Intermediate, excursion....................... 28.00
Steerage, one way........................... II.75
First-class and excursion tickets include meals and
berths in staterooms on steamer.
Intermediate tickets include meals and berths in
staterooms in intermediate cabin.
Steerage passengers are furnished with mattresses
and meals on steamer.
Children under five years, free; between five and
twelve years, half fare; over twelve years, same as
adult.
Trunks (except one small steamer trunk) are not
allowed in staterooms.   Baggage can be checked
through to destination the same as by rail.
Through tickets can be purchased by these steamers




98


Our New Possessions.


to Havana, either via Tampa or Miami, at the following rates:
From New York.
Cabin.....................................$52.25
Excursion  (cabin)........................... 9I.00
Intermediate.                               42.25
Excursion (intermediate).................. 75.50
Steerage................................... 3.75
From  Boston, Worcester, Springfield, Providence,
Newport or Fall River.
Cabin...............................      $54.25
Excursion  (cabin).......................... 95.00
Intermediate............................. 44.25
Excursion (intermediate)..................... 79.50
Steerage................................   33.50
First-class tickets include meals and berth on
steamer from Port Tampa or Miami to Havana.
All tickets include meals and berth on Savannah
Line between New York or Boston and Savannah.
Those who wish to take an all-sea voyage have the
following routes to select from:
LA COMPANIA TRASATLANTICA, J. M. Ceballos &
Co. Steamers on this line leave New York the Ioth,
20th and 30th of each month, arriving on the I4th,
24th and 4th, respectively.
The steamer sailing from New York on the 20th




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


99


and arriving at Havana the 24th connects at Havana
with the steamer leaving there about the end of each
month for the principal ports of Cuba and Porto Rico.
The steamer leaving New York on the 30th connects at Havana with the steamer that leaves on the
ioth of the following month for San Juan de Porto
Rico. The rates over this line are as follows, all
being from New York:
To        To         To       To
Class.   Havana.   Santiago.  Nuevitas. Gibara.
First cabin.... $37     $65       $60       $65
Second cabin.. 26        45        40        43
Steerage...... 17       30        25        26
Excursion Tickets, 25 per cent. discount.
Families comprising parents, their children and
servants will be allowed a reduction of I5 per cent. on
established rates.
Children from seven to twelve years, half fare;
from three to seven years, quarter fare; less than
three years, free.
Each first cabin passenger is not allowed over 600
pounds of baggage. Each second cabin passenger is
not allowed over 400 pounds.
THE NEW YORK AND CUBA MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY (WARD LINE).-Steamers of this line leave
Piers 16 and 17, East river, every two or three days
for Havana and every week for Guantanamo, Santiago, Cienfuegos and other ports on the south side of
Cuba.
It is both a freight and passenger company.


THE MUNSON STEAMSHIP LINE.-Steamers of this




100


'Our New Possessions.


line sail as follows: From New York to Matanzas,
Cardenas, Sagua, Caibarien, Nuevitas, Gibara and
Baracoa, every two weeks.
Fnom Halifax to Havana, monthly.
From Galveston to Havana, every two weeks.
PENSACOLA   CUBAN   STEAMSHIP   LINE.-Regular
semi-monthly service from Pensacola to Havana and
other Cuban ports.
THE EARN LINE.-'Philadelphia to Havana and Santiago and Baltimore to Havana.   Steamers every
twenty days.
Other lines, mostly freighters, are these: The Mobile Steamship Company, from   Mobile to Cuban
ports; the Mutual Steamship Line, from New York to
Cienfuegos, Manzanillo, Santiago, Gibara and Nuevitas.
As to MAIL and CABLE SERVICE.
Mails are sent to Cuba by every available steamer,
the rate being five cents on every half ounce.
There are four cable lines connected with Cuba. The
International Ocean Telegraph Company has a cable
from Florida to Havana; the Cuban Submarine Company has a cable connecting Havana with Santiago
de Cuba and Cienfuegos; the West India and
Panama Company has a cable connecting Havana
with Santiago de Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico, the
Lesser Antilles and the Isthmus of Panama; the
Compagnie Francaise de Cables Sous-Marins has a




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


10!


line connecting Havana with Santiago de Cuba,
Haiti, Santo Domingo, Venezuela and Brazil.
The only three towns in Cuba having cable connections are Havana, Cienfuegos and Santiago.
Cable rates from New York are as follows:
By the Interna-  By the U. S. &  By the W.
tional Ocean  Hayti Tel. &  India
To         Telegraph       Cable      Cable
Co.            Co.        Co.
Per word.     Per word.   Per word.
Havana......... $40          $0.40        $0.90
Caibarien, L o s
Abreus,  Placetas, Remedios, Sagua la
Grande, Santa
Clara & Cienfuegos.........60.60.60
Ca i m a n e r a,
Guantanamo &
Santiago.......73.73.73
Press rates to Havana, Io cents per word.
The telegraph and telephone systems in Cuba belonged to the Spanish Government, but the latter
farmed them out for a limited number of years to a
company called the Red Telefonica de la Havana.
Since the American occupation they have passed under the control of the United States Military Governor. Nearly all the public and private buildings in
Havana and its suburbs are connected by telephone
and telephones are in great favor as labor saving devices in nearly all the big towns and cities.  The
Statesman's Year Book, I898, says that there are 2,300
miles of telegraph line, with I53 offices, in Cuba; messages in I894, 357,914.




I02


Our New Possessions.


As to TRADE.
Because of revolution and foreign war, Cuba's commerce has not only been intermittent, but the records
of trade have been illy kept or not at all. The following facts and figures are, however, reliaWe:
The imports consist mainly of jerked beef from
South America, codfish from the British North
American provinces, flour from Spain, rice from
Carolina, Spain and the East Indies, wine and olive
oil from Spain, boards for boxes and barrels from
North America, coal from Europe and North America and petroleum from the United States, besides
large quantities of British, German and Belgian
manufactures and hardware.    Cattle are imported
from Florida and the coasts of the Gulf of Mexico.
The exports consist of sugar, tobacco, coffee,
brandy, copper, wax, honey, cotton, leather, horn,
cocoanut oil, timber and fruit.
The latest year for which the statistics of the commerce of the island with all countries can be compiled
in a comparative form is I896, for which year the following figures of values are reasonably accurate:
Imports           Exports
Country.         From Cuba.        To Cuba.
United Kingdom........ $I74,I87        $5,843,892
Belgium...............  208,304       I,089,239
France................. 3,338,900        424,600
United States...........40,017,730     7,530,880
Spain.................. 9,681,120     33,474,680
The varying trade of the United States with Cuba
for the years inclusive 1891-1897 is shown in the fol



Cuba and Adjacent Isles.10


103


lowing statement. The trade of 7898 amounted prac.tically to nothing:
IMPORTS FROM CUBA TO THE UNITED STATES.


Free.
1891...$26,044,502
1892... 66,140,835
I893... 66,049,369
1894... 6,7,4i8,289
1895.. 7 I7,684,765
71896... 2,074,763
1897...  1,2-70,059


Dutiable.
$35,669,893
11I,790,836
I2,657,I37
8,259,972
3 5,7I86,494
37,942,967
17,I36,756


Total.
$6I,7I4,395
77,937i,671
78,706,506
75,678,267
52,877,259
40,077,730
18,406,815


EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO CUBA.


Domestic.
1891...$I I,929,6o5
1892... I17,622,41I
189.3... 23,604,094
1894... 19,855,237
1895... 12,533,260
1896...  7,3I2,348
I897...  7,599,757


Foreign.
$295,283
331,159
553,604
270,084
274,40I
2i8,532
660,0i9


Total.
$I2,224,888
17,953,570
24,7I57,698
20,125,321
12,807,66i
7,530,880
8,259,776


It will be seen here that the years of great contrast
are those of 1893 and 1897. In 7893 our trade with
Cuba reached its maximum since i874.      In 1897 it
reached its minimum, except, of course, in 1898. The
imports and exports for these two contrasting years
are as follows:I




104


104         ~~Our New Possessions.


PRINCIPAL IMPORTS FROM CUB3A INTO THE UNITED
STATES.
Articles.            1893.         1897.
Free of duty:
Fruits, including nuts.     $2,347,800    $154,422
Molasses.                     1,081,034       5,448
Sugar.                      6o,637,631          -
Wood, unmanufactured.. I,071,123             63,670
Other articles........         911,781    1,046,51I9
Dutiable:
TobaccoUnmanufactured.            8,1940,058   2,306,067
Manufactured.              2,727,030    1,971,2I4
Iron oe64I,943 -Sugar.- 11,982,473
Other articles........         348,106      877,003
Total imports.           $78,706,506  $18,406,815
PRINCIPAL EXPORTS FROM THE UNITED STATES TO
CUBA.
Articles.               1893.        1897. El
Wheat for$2,82I,557                          $564,638
Corn.                            582,050      247,905
Carriages and street cars and
parts of3i6,045                               3,755
Cars, passenger and freight,
for steam railroads.....       27I,571        9,202
Coal.                            93I,371      638,91:2
Locks, hinges and other
builders' hardware......       395,964       49,386




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.          O


105


Railroad bars, or rails, of
steel.
Saws and tools.
Locomotives.
Stationary engines.
Boilers and parts of engines..
Wire.
Manufactures of leather.
Mineral oil.
Hog products.
Beans and peas.
Potatoes.
Boards, deals, planks, joists,
etc.
Household furniture.
Other articles.


$326,654
243,544
4I8,776
130,652
322,284
321,120
19I,394
51I4,808
5,40I,022
392,962
554,I53
1,095,928
217,126
8, 708,7 I7


$I4,650
34,686
20,638
1,189
35,578
35,905
39,753
306,916
2,224,485
276,635
331,553
286,387
34,288
3,103,3I5


Total exports........$24,157,698       $8,259,776
Spain's commerce with her lost dependency for the
years i891-i896 inclusive was as follows:


Imports from
Cuba to Spain.
1891.     $7,193,I73
I892.......  9,570,399
1893.    ~~~~5,697,29I
1894..........7,265,1I20
1895.    ~~~~7,176,105
1896... 4,257,360


Exports from
Spain to Cuba.
$22, i68,o5o
28,046,636
24,689,373
22,592,943
26,298,497
26,145,800


Lastly, the following table is decidedly interesting
as showing in what articles Europe and the United
States have respectively controlled the import trade




io6


io6        ~~Our New Possessions.


into Cuba. It is compiled from the British Foreign
Office papers of i897 and gives the trade of i896.
From
Europe to UJ.S. to
Articles.             Cuba.     Cuba. Total Value
Butter, cases.       6,338       54     $319,700
Cheese, cases.......i,88I          44,358      323,673
Rice, hundredweights...853,538    23,800    2,807,48I
Beer, barrels.......4,629           2,860       82,379
Beer, cases....""6,574              2,044       43,090
Salt fish, drums.          5,036   79,521      686,ooo
Flour, bags.      404,019  100,32I    4,285,522
Coal, tos29,050                   i80,487    2,085,370
Potatoes, barrels.        53,083  231,774      996,702
Maize, bags.......            -    97,303      467,049
Lard, hundredweights..        -   194,308     2,078,811I
Total values...$14,175,777


A- to RAILROADS and TRAVEL.
The following, it is believed, is the first tabulation
made of the railroads of Cuba:
SYSTEMS.
Ferrocarril Occidente (Western Railway).
Miles.
Havana to Pinar del Ri.13
Branch:
Vinales to Muelle................I
Total of sytm.2




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.  107
Ferrocarriles Unidos (United Railways).
Havana to Guanajay..            36
Havana to Matanzas...............56
Havana to Beb.34
Havana to Bataban6...............36
Havana to La Union...............   8o
Branches:
Matanzas to Giiines................39
Regla, to Guanabacoa..          2
Robles to Marg.
Total of system................288
Ferrocarriles Unidos de Caibarien.
Caibarien to Cifuentes...............47
Caibarien to Placetas (via Camaj uani)..3 5
Palmira to Cartagena...         29
Branches:
La Luz to Leut.3
Bartolome' toTbr.               4
Zulueta to Yera.....
Zulueta to Atmr.5
Total of system................144
Ferrocarril Cienfuegos-Santa Clara.
Cienfuegos to Santa Clara.............43
Branches:
Palmira to San Frances..6
Nuevas to Cruces................  8
Ranchuelo, to San Juan de Los Yeros. 6
Ranchuelo to Concepcion............ 
Cruces to Alegre.               10
Total of sytm78




Io8           Our New Possessions.
Ferrocarril de Sagua la Grande.
Isabella to Cruces......54
Ferrocarril de Matanzas.
Matanzas to Murga.                       62
Branches:
La Union to Alfonso XII.                  3
Navajas to Venero San Jun50
Total of sysem
Ferrocarril de Puerto Principe-Nuevitas.
Puerto Principe to Nuviass
Jucaro to Moron.................38
Total of system................88
Ferrocarril de Sancti Spiritus.
Sancti Spiritus to Tunas de Zaza.        22
Branches:
Casilda to Byaba................-i
Sagua la Grande to Cayuagua..10...... —i
Total of system................ 5'
Ferrocarril de Sabanilla y Moroto.
Santiago to San Luis.                    20
Branch:
Cristo to Minas de Ponupo............12
Total of system................3:2




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.lo
Ferrocarriles Cardenas-Jukac'ro.
Cardenas to Santa Clara.............. 0
Cardenas to Yaguaramas.............67
Branches:
Recr~o to Itabo..                      15
Bemba to Navajas...............      II
Colon to Guareiras-.                   6
Altamisal to Macagua......21
Manacas to Mamey...............      12
Manacas to Hacienda..............    13
Total of system.                    252
Ferrocarril dle Holguin.
Holguin to Jibara.................26
Ferrocarril de Guantanamo.
Jamaica to La Caimanera..              i9
Juragua Iron Co. Railroad.
Santiago to Amria
Spanish-American Iron Co. Railroad.
Daiquiri to Vinent................    3
Sigua Iron Co. Railroad.
Sigua to Arroyo la Plata..... 
Suburban Roads.
Havana to Marianao..............      8
Havana to Guanabacoa..............3
Havana to Chorrera and Vedado..        4
Havana to Amilo..                      3




110


Our New Possessions.


Note.-It is so impossible to give anything like an
accurate statement of the business and earnings of the
Cuban railroads that it has been thought better to give
none than to present misleading figures. Then, too,
many of the roads are private concerns, which refuse
to furnish returns. Generally speaking, the traffic on
the main public railroads in normal times has been
both extensive and remunerative.
The first railroad.was built in Cuba in I834, running
from Havana to Giiines, a distance of forty-four
miles. In 1837 a line was constructed from Nuevitas
to Puerto Principe; also one from Cardenas to Bemba
(Jovellanos).  From time to time other lines were
commenced, some of which were finished and are today a part of the railway system of the island; others
were abandoned or consolidated. Though the various lines constituting the railway system of Cuba are
owned by different companies, there is practically but
one trunk road, that centering in Havana, to or from
which the major portion of traffic naturally comes or
goes.
While the lines of roads, both in number and mileage, have been continually growing, railroad construction has received many setbacks through insurrection,
financial and industrial stagnation and the lack of
energy and enterprise of the natives.
By far the largest portion of the trackage is of light
weight, iron rails being still in use on many roads.
All the roadbeds are rough. The roads are generally
single track and 4 feet 82 inches gauge. The rolling
stock is principally of the American type, but not all
of American manufacture. The locomotives are wood
burners, the passenger and freight cars smaller than




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


IIl


ours and the whole outfit about thirty years behind
the age.
Railroad building in Cuba is accompanied by many
obstacles. On the table lands are found streams and
chasms which must be trestled, numerous hills and
ridges to be cut through, while the forests with their
luxuriant growth of vegetation are almost impenetrable. In the lowlands are to be found large swamps
and marshes which must be crossed, dense forests
and numerous low-banked streams which often overflow their banks and flood the whole country.
IN THE MATTER OF OTHER TRAVEL.
Outside of the railroads, personal and business
communication on the island is very uncertain. A socalled system of public roads or "calzadas" prevails
in the neighborhood of the principal cities, but the
good character and passability of these roads is short
lived, and travel over the island, whether on foot, on
horse or in carriage, is tedious and uncertain.
The national carriage is the volante. It consists of
a two-seated carriage, slung low down by leather
straps from the axle of two large wheels, and has
shafts fifteen feet long. The horse in the shaft is led
by a postilion, whose horse is also harnessed to the
carriage with traces. In case of a long and rough
journey a third horse is harnessed on the other side
of the shafts in the same manner.
Ox carts and pack mules are used for conveying
goods in the interior of the island, outside of the railway lines.
A liberal number of these roads is shown on maps,




II2


Our New Possessions.


but too great reliance on their actual and entire existence should not be had because of this fact.
Internal means of communication, on an extensive
scale, seems never to have been considered as essential to Cuba. The island is long and narrow and possesses many fine harbors.  Transportation of commodities is accordingly carried on by water; the land
transport being confined to the short trips from the
inland towns to the seaports. The natural tendency
of travel by land has therefore been to the nearest seaport. It has been poetically but truthfully said of
many Cuban roads that they are fit only for the birds.
As to BUSINESS CHANCES,
It is the fairest thing to say at the outset that Cuba
is not the place for a poor man. Native and imported labor is altogether too cheap. For commercial
enterprise and investment, however, it offers unusual
advantages.
December 23 Secretary of War Alger issued an order that no franchise or concession should be granted
except upon the approval of the Major-General commanding the United States military forces and the
authorization of the Secretary. Later the supervision of these concessions was placed in the hands of a
Colonial Commission, but in the gradual transference
of the civil power to the Cubans the right to grant
these concessions is being claimed by them.
As examples of the class of investment that is being
energetically carried on may be mentioned these:




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


113


The Regla Ferries and Railroad (Havana Suburban) have been bought by the Harvey syndicate for
$293,000, and an electric light plant at Cienfuegos is
to be established, with a capital of $90,000o, and the
same syndicate has secured a franchise for twenty
miles of electric railroad in and around Santiago, the
control of the electric plant and a contract for lighting the city.
A syndicate of American capitalists is preparing to
build a series of railroads across the island and a
backbone railroad the length of the island, the capital already at command being quoted at $Io,ooo,ooo.
Much of the freight carrying is done by coasters
and considerable capital is being invested in this direction.
English capitalists already have a strong hold on
the railroads and are doing their best to extend their
interests. French capitalists are also active.
The business men of all the Atlantic board cities
are busily studying the outlook and extending their
trade, and from what has been written under the
heads of General Description, Cities and Commerce
will be found valuable hints as to what Cuba gets,
what she most needs and the countries from which
she draws her supplies.
Money will have the first chance in Cuba, brains the
next and labor the third. Not that American labor
following in the wake of American investments will
not be well paid in time, but at present neither labor
nor brains can accomplish much more than they do
here. The application of all three, however, even if
the monetary capital is small, should produce marked
results.
Real estate, for example, offers some excellent op



II4


Our New Possessions.


portunities for small investors.  There is a great
future for fruit raisers, and small stores, bustlingly
conducted, would soon mean large fortunes, especially
if the storekeepers delivered the goods. So would
moderate sized department stores.
As to PRODUCTS.
AGRICULTURAL.
Cuba's tobacco has been celebrated all over the
world as the best in the world. It is indigenous to
the island. While the "Vuelta Abajo" (lower valley)
tobacco stands as a synonym for the finest grade of
the leaf, it is by no means the only excellent tobacco
of Cuba. The Vuelta is situated in the centre of
Pinar del Rio Province and is the garden spot of the
island, as well as the most prosperous and thickly settled. The tobacco plantations in the fertile country
surrounding Puerto Principe, of Santa Clara province, of the country back of Matanzas, and of the
alluvial plains and valleys around Havana, all furnish
a splendid leaf.
The tobacco crop on an average is estimated at 560,ooo bales of Iio pounds each, or 61,6oo,ooo pounds.
Tobacco leaf exported in I895 amounted to 30,466,000
pounds; in 1896 to I6,823,000 pounds, the decrease
being due to the decree of May, I896, forbidding
tobacco leaf exports except to Spain. In 1896 the
cigars exported numbered I85,914,000.  The Royal




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


1I5


Imperial Factory of La Honradez, in Havana, produced 2,532,000 cigarettes.
About 80,ooo persons are ordinarily engaged in the
cultivation of tobacco.
The latest attempt at an estimate placed the number
of tobacco plantations or fields at 9,500.
In normal times Cuba is one of the most favored
countries of the world for the economical production
of sugar. The total sugar crop of any other West Indian island is equal only to the output of three or
four of the largest Cuban manufactories.  Of the
other cane-sugar countries of the world Java is the
only one which comes within 50 per cent. of the
amount of sugar produced annually in Cuba in normal
times. The reasons for the extent of the crops and
profitable character of the production are these:
(I) The favorable climate and the fertility of the
soil. The rainfall, about 50 inches, is so distributed
that irrigation is not a necessity.
(2) The centralization of the estates, with consequent large sugar houses, these indeed having a larger
daily capacity than those of any other country.
(3) The proximity of the United States, affording a
cash market for the product.
(4) Low cost of labor.
What this industry will be developed into under the
fostering care of American enterprise may easily be
imagined. If all the land suitable to the growth of
sugar were devoted to this industry it is estimated
that Cuba might supply the entire Western Hemisphere with sugar. The island has already produced




iI6


Our New Possessions.


in a single year for exportation I,ooo,ooo tons, and its
capabilities are still in the experimental stage. The
yield in I895 was I,040,000 tons and 400,000 tons of
molasses.
The "ingenios," or sugar plantations, vary in extent from 500 to Io,ooo acres and number 1,500.
The first coffee plantation in Cuba was established
in 1748. There are now about I,ooo plantations or
"cafetales," varying in extent from I50 to I,ooo acres
and employing a general average of from 50 to 60
negroes to each r,ooo acres.
Other agricultural products of Cuba are cocoa, cotton, sarsaparilla, vanilla, copal, China root, cassia,
Palma Christi, mustard, pepper, ginger, licorice, balsam, rubber; and of fruits, the pineapple, custard
apple, cocoanut, plum, guava, banana, orange, citron,
lemon and mango.
Agriculture, however, is in an altogether unsatisfactory condition, and the crops are due rather to the
fertility of the soil and pushing power of the climate
than to the energy of the workers.
MINERAL.
The mineral wealth of Cuba is simply enormous,
yet it may be said to be practically untouched.
Gold and silver have not been found in paying
quantities, although the early settlers mined a considerable quantity of each.
Copper was mined at Cobre (12 miles from Santiago) before Columbus discovered the island.  In
the early part of the present century English capital



Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


II7


ists purchased the Cobre mines, shipping annually to
the United States from I828 to I840 about $3,000,000
worth of ore. The mines were closed, but not exhausted, in I867.
The iron ore found in Santiago province is among
the richest in the world, yielding from 62 to 67 per
cent. of pure iron. The Juragua and Daiquiri iron
companies (American) have a combined capital of
$5,000,000, the shipments from their mines running
from 30,000 to 50,000 tons of ore per month. Undeveloped mines of equal value are scattered over this
province and in Pinar del Rio.
Manganese ore in rich deposits is found in the
Sierra Maestra range, stretching west from Santiago
to Manzanillo.  American capital opened a manganese mine at Ponupo and built a railroad to it, but the
enterprise was stopped in war times. Nearly all the
manganese used in the United States comes from the
Black Sea regions.
Asphaltum deposits are of frequent occurrence and
have been mined to a small extent; antimony, with
lead, exists near Holguin; crude petroleum is found
in Havana and other proti'nces; salt is deposited in
great quantities in many parts of the island; quicksilver has been found near Remedios (Santa Clara
province), while among the other mineral products
with which the island is rich are clays, limestone,
ochre, chrome, chalk, marble, jasper, loadstone, molding sand and talc.
The mountains are of coral formation, while the
lowlands seem to be composed largely of fossils of
sea matter from prehistoric times and are extremely
rich in limes and phosphates.




II8


Our New Possessions.


ANIMAL.
A large proportion of the wealth of CXba is found
in its domestic animals, including chiefly the ox,
horse, hog, sheep, goats and mules, numbering many
million head. Cuba contains 3,300 breeding farms.
Domestic fowls include geese, turkeys, peacocks and
pigeons, and there are over 200 species of indigenous
birds.
In the rivers, bays and inlets are to be found more
than 700 kinds of fish.  Oysters and other shellfish
are numerous but not good.
The only animal peculiar to Cuba is the jutia,
shaped like a rat.  There are a few deer in the
swamps and the woods abound in wild dogs and cats.
The manati or sea-cow frequents the shores. Before
the war horses and mules were so numerous that no
one thought of traveling afoot. Sheep do not thrive
in Cuba, the wool having been replaced by hair.
FOREST AND TIMBER.
Of the 20,000,000 acres of wild and uncultivated
land in Cuba 2,000,00ooo are of virgin forests. These
forests are full of the most valuable timber trees.
The palm is the most common of all the Cuban
trees, and perhaps the most valuable.  There are a
great many varieties. Of these the palma real (royal
palm) is the most common, and, like the maguey of
Mexico, is the mainstay of the natives. The other
woods of importance are the mahogany, ebony, cedar,
acana, a tree with a hard reddish wood; gine-bra



Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


II9


hacha, a kind of fir; guayacan, jigui, maranon, a tree
which yields a gum resembling gum arabic; oak, pino
de tea, a torch pine; evergreen oak, sabicu, ocuje, a
wood much used for construction purposes; sabina,
nogal, walnut, majagua, a tree from which very durable cordage is made; Brazilian wood, capeche wood,
fustic, cocoa, banana and the magnificent cieba.
So plentiful and extravagantly used are mahogany
and ebony that railroad ties and wharves are to be
found made of these woods.
As to COST of LIVING and WAGES PAID.
HOTEL RATES.
The following is a representative list of the leading
hotels in the principal cities-Cuban rates:
Havana.-Ingleterra, $4; Roma Grand Continental,
$3; Hotel Pasaje, $3; Gran Hotel Mascotte, $2.50
to $3.
Santiago.-Trenard's, $3; Telegrafo, $2; Cafe
Venus, $3; Hispano-Americano, $2.
Matanzas.-Louvre, $4.
Cienfuegos.-Union, $4; La Mascota.
Cardenas.-Universal, $2; El Leon de Oro, La
Marina.
Sagua la Grande.-Telegrafo, $3.
Puerto Principc.-El Telegrafo, $2.
Besides these hotels there are boarding houses
(Casas de huespedes) in nearly all the towns of importance, where the rates run from $6 to $Io per week.




I20


120         ~~Our New Possessions.


WAGES PAID.
DOMESTICS.
Cooks, men.              $I7.oO to $40.00 per month
Cooks, women.8.oo to i5.00 per month
Porters.10.........I.00 to 20.00 per month
Chambermaids.              6.oo to 12.00 per month
Child nurses.8.oo to i2.00 per month
House boys or girls.    6.oo to  8.oo per month
VARIOUS.


Office clerks.......$20.00oto$ioo.oo per month
Store clerks.....8....ioo to 40.00 permonth
Bakers.                    17.00 to 25.00 per month
Tailor cutters...    3.00 to  8.oo per day
Sewers....... i.00 to  2.00 per day
Stevedores.........3.00 to          3.50 per day
Stevedore-helpers...      2.00 to  2.25 per day
Cigarmakers.....1.00 to 25.00 per i,ooo


ON RAILROADS.
Conductors........$75.00 to$125.00 permonth
Engineers.                  75.00 to130.00 per month
Brakemen.1I.25 to                    1.50 per day
Firemen.                     1.35 to  1.50 per day
Track walkers. ---------— i.oo per day
Station agents.            40.00 to 100.00 per month
Telegraph operators....    o.oo to l Ood per mon th




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.          121
MECHANICS.
Carpenters............... $.25 to $2.50 per day
Apprentices................6 to  I.oo per day
Plumbers................. 2.00 to  2.50 per day
Tinners...............  2.00 to  2.50 per day
Painters..........        2.00 to  2.50 per day
Plasterers..............  2.00 to  2.50 per day
Masons.                    2.00 to  2.50 per day
Machinists..............  2.00 to  3.50 per day
Engineers in general...... 2.50 to  3.00 per day
Blacksmiths...............  1.50 to  2.00 per day
Molders................   3.00 to  3.25 per day
Note.-It must be understood that these wages are
on the basis of the Cuban-Spanish money, a table of
which is given herewith. The value of the gold coins
given is their exchange value; the value of the
silver coins is their local, current value, or was before
the increasing introduction of American silver. At
present Cuban silver is not worth more than 60 cents
on the dollar and there is a heavy premium on Ameri.
can gold:
CUBAN GOLD COINS.
Ounce or doubloon (onza)................ $7.oo
Half doubloon (media onza)................  8.50
M oneda...................................  5.30
Quarter doubloon (doubloon)...............  4.25
Eighth doubloon (escudo).................. 2.I2




122


Our New Possessions.


CUBAN SILVER COINS.
Peso (dollar).....................oo
Medio peso (half dollar).......................50
Dos pesatas....................................40
Pesata (franc)..............................20
Real (dime)................................
As to GOVERNMENT and LAWS.
Under the Spanish rule Cuba had representation in
the Cortes, sending three Senators from the Province
of Havana, two from each of the other five provinces,
one from the Archbishopric of Santiago, one from
the University of Havana and one from the Society
of the Friends of the Country. Thirty deputies were
sent to the House of Deputies, but as all the Senators
were Pro-Spanish and twenty-six of the deputies
elected in I896 were natives of Spain, the Cubans
really had no representation.
The supreme power in the island was the CaptainGeneral, appointed by the Crown for three or five
years, who was allowed a standing army of I3,000,
who was Governor-General and the real head of the
civil, ecclesiastical, military and naval organizations
of the island. He had a council of administration of
thirty members, fifteen appointed by the Crown and
fifteen elected by the provinces, but the elections were
so controlled as to give the Spanish Government a
majority of 25 to 5. To make matters still safer, the
Captain-General might suspend frotn one to fourteen




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


123


councillors at will or all, with the consent of a
peculiar body called the Council of Authorities, composed of the Archbishop of Santiago, Bishop of
Havana, the commanding officers of the army and
navy, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Havana, the Attorney-General, the head of the Department of Finance and the director of the local administration.  This Council of Authorities held no
regular sessions, but was called together as occasion
might require, and its resolutions were put into effect
by the Captain-General or not as he saw fit.
Each province had a governor, appointed by the
Crown, but directly responsible to the Captain-General, and an elective assembly whose speaker was appointed by the Captain-General.  The Provincial
Governor might, however, preside and vote or prorogue the Assembly and report to the Captain-General, while the latter might suspend any of the provincial assemblies at will. Each Provincial Governor had a cabinet of five members, but as a matter of
fact and despite their high sounding titles, the Provincial Government, Governor and all, were little
more than our county boards.
So, too, the city governments, formed on the same
general plan as the provincial, while they included an
elected Board of Aldermen, with a mayor elected
from their number, the Captain-General might put in
his own mayor and override the ordinances at will.
In the judicial system of Cuba, too, the CaptainGeneral was supreme.   It included two superior
courts (audiencias), one sitting at Puerto Principe
for the two eastern provinces, and the other at Havana for the four western provinces.  Inferior to
these was a network of judicial districts and local




124


Our New Possessions.


magistracies.  How unimportant and unauthoritative the whole judicial system was may be gathered
from the fact that under the decree of June 9, 1878,
the Captain-General had authority to overrule any decision of any court, and, further than that, to suspend
any law or order issued by the Madrid Government.
In a word, the Captain-General was for the time
being the Czar of Cuba.
The present government of Cuba is that of a military occupation by the United States, with MajorGeneral Brooke as the Governor General. As a first
experiment in Cuban autonomy the City of Havana
has been placed in charge of the following civil and
municipal officers: Frederico Mora, Civil Governor;
Perfecto Lacoste, Mayor; Major-General Menocal,
Chief of Police, and General De Cardenas, First Assistant. General Ludlow, however, remains Military
Governor of Havana and General Chaffee has charge
of the general policing of the island. The civil government of Havana includes also five assistant mayors and twenty-four city councillors.  The city has
been divided into twelve police precincts and six inspection precincts, with a force of I,ooo police. There
is also an active street cleaning department.
Colonel Edgar Dudley, as Judge Advocate, has
been charged with reorganizing the courts. He will
administer, under the existing laws, as much as possible, doing his best to correct gross abuses. Neither
habeas corpus or trial by jury was in force under
the Spanish laws and the people are not ready for
either. All the old Spanish laws have been translated into English. The Supreme Court of the island
is the Audiencia, though it is really an Appellate
Court.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


125


One of the peculiar legal institutions of Cuba is the
notaries, who really exercise the functions of referees
and Masters in Chancery.
All of the affairs of the island, which formerly
were under the direction of the secretary to the Governor-General, are now directed by five secretaries,
who constitute General Brooke's cabinet.
The Civil Governors of provinces still exercise
much the same powers as under Spain, but the power
of the municipalities will be extended, the care of
charities and public instruction being entrusted to
them.
Colonel Tasker H. Bliss has been made chief of the
Cuban customs.
As to INSTITUTIONS.
IN THE MATTER OF EDUCATION.
While the system of education in Cuba under the
Spanish rule was lax and ill administered, it was not
in such actual chaos as has been popularly supposed.
The system being under the direction of the Governor
General and director of the University of Havana,
and both being natives of Spain and appointed by the
Crown, it follows that little real interest was shown
in the educational welfare of the native Cubans.
As in the case of other departments, the Spanish
school statistics are incomplete and unreliable. The
following table, compiled with much trouble from the
records of I897, the latest available year, gives a




i26


Our New Possessions.


fair idea of the educational status of Cuba at that
time:..
Provinces.          *     ao>;       *a,      -W   a
d ~e
P-!            PPinar del R io.......     1   145    46   120   144     3G 56)  195    4830
Haavana.............      5  3504   364   965   216    14724    585   19193
Matanzas............   3   536    1   101-0  150     5327    269    6903
Santa Clara.........         345   104  2090   217     6917           9352
Puerto Principe....1 I              37   34     40     1542     78    231
Santiago............          25...         85     6031     86    6286
Totals..............    12499      667  5560   852    38106   1531   4859


Education in Santiago has been under the worst
conditions of the island. The girls have been taught
little more than embroidery and etiquette, and some
time ago an edict was issued forbidding the education
of children of Cuban parents in the United States, lest
they should imbibe liberal ideas.
Note.-The ratio of children attending the public
school was one to forty-five, while the approximate
ratio in the United States was one to 5.
The amount estimated for educational purposes,
according to the last budget, was $137,760, but no
part of this was in aid of the public school.
Education was made compulsory by law in I880,
but that again is an instance of the difference between law and fact, the law being nugatory when
there is not the disposition or ability to provide
school houses and teachers. Another drawback to
the progress of education has been that the course of
instruction in all schools was closely allied to religion. Grammar and the credo went hand in hand.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


127


The fact is, too, that Cubans are little given to study.
Havana has not only its public schools, but the
higher forms of education and "accomplishments"
are attended to by its university, institute, seminary,
several theological and normal schools and an Academy of painting and sculpture.
The Royal University of Havana has five departments, viz., philosophy and letters, medicine, pharmacy, law and science. There is a collegiate institute in each of the six provinces empowered to confer the degree of bachelor or licentiate.
Outside of Havana there are many really excellent
educational establishments. At Manzanillo, for example, there are four good colleges; at Sagua la
Grande there are two private schools, eight municipal
schools, two for colored children; at Nuevitas there
are four public city schools, two for each sex; in the
Province of Pinar del Rio there are forty-six private
schools, 144 public school and one institute of art,
while even at old Puerto Principe, where there is no
hotel, there are good public schools. The City of
Matanzas boasts of first and second class colleges,
institutes of science, art and literature.
IN THE MATTER OF CHURCHES.
Up to the successful close of Cuba's last war of independence the Roman Catholic was the only religion
tolerated. Up to January, 1899, there was no Jewish
or Protestant place of worship on the island, but in
that month the M. E. Church (colored) established
the first Protestant place of worship in Cuba, and,
now that the restrictions on religion have been re



1I28


Our New    Possessions.


moved, other denominations are at work on the establishment of branches of their respective churches.
Catholicism was supported by the general revenues
of the island, all items of expense having been determined at Madrid. The amount estimated in the last
Cuban budget was $385,588.
The principal churches are referred to in-the descriptions of the cities in which they are to be found.
IN THE MATTER OF THEATRES.
The Cubans are essentially a pleasure and amusement loving people, and it must be a very small and
poor town indeed that does not possess a theatre.
Havana has several, the principal being El Tacon,
which rivals La Scala Aronson. Matanzas has its
Esteban Theatre. There is a good one at Pinar del
Rio, two at Sagua la Grande, two at Cardenas, a
number at Santiago, one at Guantanamo and one at
Puerto Principe.
IN THE MATTER OF NEWSPAPERS.
The common language of the country being Spanish, all the newspapers have been printed in that language.  Half English editions are now printed by
many journals and one or two American papers have
been started.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


129


As to CITIES.
HAVANA was founded in 1519; destroyed by French
buccaneers in 1538, but soon restored by Hernando
de Soto.   It was repeatedly plundered by pirates
from  1551 to I555.  It was captured by the English under Admiral Pococke and the Duke of Albemarle, August 14, 1762, after a two months' siege, but
was restored to the Spaniards February Io, 1763, by
the Treaty of Paris. From April 22 to August 12,
1898, it was blockaded by the American fleet and was
formally delivered over to the United States January
i, I899. Its civil control was given into the hands of
the Cubans, under American military protection, in
February, 1899.
Havana is the great centre of the island's social,
commercial and military importance, and is actually
more of a Spanish than a Cuban city.
While in reality not so divided, the city is commonly recognized as being in two parts: the intramural,
or old town, lying between the bay and site of the ancient walls, and the extramural, or new town, lying
beyond the walls.
In the old town the streets are very narrow, generally about 22 feet wide, with sidewalks barely wide
enough for two pedestrians to pass. In the new town
the streets are generally about 32 feet wide.
The principal business streets are O'Reilly, Obispo
and Obrabia.
The prevailing style of architecture is that of the
south of Spain, thick walls of gaily painted rubble
being the prevailing material of construction. Most
of the houses in the old town are of one story, with
crude means of ventilation and little or no provision




t3o


Our New Possessions.


of a sanitary nature. In the extramural town the
houses are of a much more modern style.
The principal public edifices are the Cathedral,
erected in 1724; the churches of Santa Catalina and
San Juan, dating from the sixteenth century; the
Governor's Palace, a yellow two-story edifice, with a
handsome colonade; the University, and El Tacon, a
theatre built in 1838, during the incumbency of Captain-General Tacon, seating about 3,000.
Few cities in the world have a larger number of
parks than Havana, the principal one of the ten which
adorn it being the Plaza de Armas, comprising four
gardens, with palm bordered walks; La Alameda de
Paula, bordering the bay; the Campa de Marte, remarkable for its four handsome gates; El Pasco de
Taco, with its magnificent drive, and El Prado, the
general promenade.
Havana has three lines of water supply, the Zanga,
little more than an unprotected drain; the Aqueduct
of Ferdinand VII., with a main of only I8 inches
diameter, and that of Isabel II., or of the Vento,
which, when completed, will furnish an ample supply
of pure water.
At this date Havana has nothing approaching a
good system of sewerage.  The greater part of the
drainage empties into the sea or harbor, and as there
is little ebb and flow of tide, the harbor water is filthy
and ill smelling.
The defences of Havana are numerous and extensive, the most important and picturesque being El
Morro, built in I589-I597. Most of the present fortifications were originated by the Count of Santa Clara,
in whose honor the great Battery has been named.
There are now fifteen fortifications in and about the




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


131


city, besides the uncompleted work, Las Animas, and
the old sea wall bastions.
Between the Morro and Cabafia are many secret
passages.
At the time of the war Havana had forty-three new
guns, with an unknown number of old ones.
The city is surrounded by a hilly region covered
with grass, crops and garden produce, well watered
by streams and free from marsh, except about the bay
itself. There is but little timber, and isolated trees,
chiefly the royal palm and ceiba, are common. The
face of the country is broken naturally by hills and
wooded ravines and artificially by stone walls, hedges
of cactus, wire fences, single houses and hamlets or
towns. There are few streams of large size.
Many of the suburbs are quite pretty and contain a
number of comfortable and well ordered villas, set in
lovely gardens.
Besides the railroads and ferries, treated of elsewhere, four main roads (calzadas) lead to and from
Havana, turnpikes of a few miles long, which soon
dwindle off into dirt roads or more or less impassable
trails.
MATANZAS is the second commercial city on the island and vies with Havana in wealth and culture. It
has scientific, art and literary organizations, three
churches, the Esteban Theatre, the Spanish Casino.
custom house, hospital, jail, arena, post-office, colleges, promenades (paseos), a telegraph station, governor's palace and hospitals.
The wonderful Bellamar Caves lie three and a half
miles east of Matanzas.
Matanzas was settled in I693. It is separated by




132


Our New Possessions.


two small rivers, the San Juan and the Yumuri, into
three districts, the central, or Matanzas proper, lying
between the streams; the Pueblo Nuevo, south of the
San Juan, and Versalles, north of the Yumuri. Versalles is the healthiest of the three, because it is built
on a bluff and from being nearest the open sea. Connecting Matanzas with Versalles is a fine bridge over
the Yumuri, which cost $250,000. Pueblo Nuevo is
generally low and poorly drained.  Matanzas and
Versalles have good natural drainage.
The streets are generally about thirty feet wide,
few of them paved, but generally in good condition
owing to their being close to the natural limestone
rock. Most of the houses are built of this stone, and
as a rule are better ventilated than those of Havana.
The city has the reputation of having long annually
suffered from yellow fever, but it is peculiarly open to
improvement from good sanitary measures.
SANTIAGO is the most southern place of note on the
island, being 682 miles from Havana. It is the residence of an Archbishop, has many notable buildings,
including the Cathedral, erected in 1522, the city having been founded by Velazquez eight years previous.
Santiago is built upon a steep slope, the public
square, or Campo de Marte, being I6o feet above the
sea. As it is located on the inland pocket of a small
harbor, however, the climate is always hot, while in
July and August the heat is suffocating. It has many
small local railroads and is the headquarters for three
large mining plants, owned by United States citizens
-the Juragua, the Spanish-American and the Sigua
concerns, together representing an investment of
about $8,ooo,ooo. Santiago has a number of tobacco




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


133


factories and exports large amounts of sugar, iron
ore, manganese, mahogany, cedar, hides and wax.
CIENFUEGOS (hundred fires) was founded in I819,
destroyed by a hurricane and rebuilt in 1825. Commercially it is the most important port of entry on the
southern coast. More than one-third of the town was
formerly a mangrove swamp, but the town site slopes
from the water front, which is three feet above the
sea, to an elevation of about seventy-five feet.  The
drainage is consequently good. The streets are 40
feet wide, macadamized, but the houses are small,
mostly of wood and low. The town boasts of the
Terry Theatre, quite an imposing edifice. There is a
water works, but it does not yet supply water, onethird of the population having cisterns and selling
water to the other two-thirds.
Cienfuegos is subject to fierce northers, during
which the temperature falls quite low, frost appearing
on the high peaks of the San Juan mountains, which
surround the bay. From December I until May the
weather is quite pleasant, being dry and with a temperature that ranges from 6o to 78 degrees during the
day and that falls several degrees during the night.
For the rest of the year the temperature ranges from
75 to 93 degrees, with frequent and heavy rains and
wind storms. Then yellow fever becomes epidemic.
PUERTO PRINCIPE.-Though called the principal
port, Puerto Principe is really the most inland city on
the island, being thirty-four miles from the northern
and forty-five miles from the southern coast.  Its
southern port of entry is Santa Cruz and its northern
port Nuevitas.  With the latter place it is connected




I34


Our New Possessions.


by railroad, but between it and Santa Cruz there is
only a bad wagon road.
The original Puerto Principe was at Nuevitas, having been founded there by Velazquez in 1515, but was
moved in the following year to its present site, a
broad, sandy savannah at a considerable elevation.
It is the quaintest and most antiquated town in Cuba,
a relic of the Middle Ages, with narrow, rambling
streets and medieval houses of stone and hoary
churches. Through it runs a river and around it
stretches out the best grazing country of the island.
No such thing as a hotel is known.
SANTA CLARA, also known as Villa Clara, was
founded in I664. It is situated at a considerable elevation and it is blessed with such a dry air and soil
that it ought to be one of the healthiest places in
Cuba.   But malarial fevers and dysentery are endemic. It has broad streets, is well built, has an electric light plant, a theatre, telegraph station and railroad communication with Havana, being the eastern
terminus of the main trunk railroad.  There is a
coal oil well a mile and a quarter from the city, which
should yield abundantly; while in its vicinity are an
asphalt mine, from which Io,ooo tons are taken annually, and mines of graphite, gold, plumbago and
copper. The tobacco of the neighborhood is among
the best of the island.
GUANABACOA was founded in I555. It is practically
a suburb of Havana, and, being built on a hill, I30 to
I6o feet high, is wind swept and has good drainage.
But its streets are ill kept and the houses dirty. It
has an abundance of good drinking water, a theatre,




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


I35


telegraph station and communication with Havana by
rail and ferry.
CARDENAS was settled in 1828, and, owing to the
large number of Americans engaged in business there,
is one of the most flourishing cities on the island. It
has many fine buildings, two theatres, banks, factories, etc., and is lighted with electricity and gas.
The sanitary conditions are still bad, owing to the
site of the town having been a mangrove swamp.
SANCTI SPIRITUS, like Trinidad, was founded by
Diego Velazquez in 1514. It has two ports-Zaza,
situated on the River Zaza, and Las Tunas, a seaport
on the coast-a railroad running between the three
points, about twenty-five miles in length. The town
itself is situated on the River Yayabo, which empties
into the Zaza. Its streets are narrow and its climate
is not healthful on account of the dampness of the
soil.
SAGUA LA GRANDE was founded in 1817. It is in
daily communication by rail with Santa Clara, Cienfuegos and Havana and with its port of Isabela de
Sagua (La Boca), ten miles distant.  It has wide
streets, machine shops, lumber yards, a town hall,
private schools, ten municipal schools, clubs, two
theatres, a hospital, a magnificent church, a large
sugar export trade and is generally an unusually clean
and healthy town.
TRINIDAD is an ancient city, having been founded by
Velazquez in I514. It lies on the slope of a remarkable saddle-shaped mountain, three miles from the




136


Our New Possessions.


seashore, has a mean altitude of 220 feet, is open to
the breezes of the sea and mountain and is reported to
be the most healthful town upon the island. The
Mountain Vijia, upon which it is situated, rises to a
height of goo feet. One peculiarity of its position is,
that while its streets are narrow and tortuous, they
are at such a pitch that the heavier it rains the cleaner
they become.
It has an important commerce and two ports-the
harbor of Casilda, three miles distant, and the River
Guaurabo, which is navigable to within a mile of the
city. There is a railroad to Casilda, which a steamer
line touches.
CAIBARIEN is a modern town, having been founded
in 1822.  It is a port, with considerable coasting
trade, is situated at the mouth of the Caibarien river,
and, like so many other Cuban ports, has been built
on the site of a mangrove swamp. Notwithstanding
its low level, it is a healthy place, yellow fever appearing but rarely. It is connected by railroad with San
Andres and with Cardenas by a steamship line. It
has a large sugar export business, notwithstanding
the shallowness of its roadstead; has many large
sugar warehouses, churches, brick houses, with tile
roofs, and a general air of business bustle.
MANzANILLO.-Founded in 1784, Manzanillo is the
seaport of Bayamo and Jigunae.  It has hospitals,
colleges, weekly papers, eight sugar mills, telephone
and telegraph service, and is the centre of the lumber
trade of the island. It lies on flat ground, is laid out
in wide rectangular streets and needs a good water
system.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


137


As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
The island is traversed by mountain chains whose
highest elevations are in the extreme eastern and
western provinces. Most of the surface consists of
undulating and well-watered plains, covered with
luxuriant forests and plantations. The coast is alternately of low, marshy stretches and abrupt cliffs. It
has 250 rivers, most of them, however, unnavigable
except in the rainy season. No other island of its
size in the world has so many desirable harbors.
There are 220 of them, of which 37 on the north and
13 on the south are accessible to ocean-going vessels.
A description by provinces follows:
PROVINCE OF PINAR DEL RIO.
The northern portions of the Province of Pinar del
Rio are mountainous, the southern generally low and
marshy. The principal mountain ridge is that of the
Cordillera de los Organos, which rises to the Pan de
Guajaibon, 2,000 feet high.
The interior is what may be called a topographical
contradiction, for while it contains moor wastes, salty
marshes and boggy pools, it also contains "the Vuelta
Abajo," the garden spot and the most fertile and
prosperous section of the island.
The rivers of Pinar del Rio are not long, but in the
wet season are of considerable volume. Only a few
of them are navigable.
The outline of the coast is generally high and bold.
Portions of it, however, are sheltered by archipelagoes, or screened by shoals, reefs or islands, making




138


'Our Nezw Possessions.


navigation difficult. Where the coast is high there are
fine harbors. Where it is low a landing is practically
impossible.
THE PROVINCE OF HAVANA.
Havana is the smallest but the most thickly populated province of the island. It yields all the various
products of the island, of forestry, mineral and agricultural. This province is the principal manufacturing centre of the island, containing as it does numerous large factories for the manufacture of tobacco,
cement, ropes, confectioneries and jellies. Distributed through the province are foundries, tanneries, saw
mills and distilleries. The staple manufacture is tobacco.
There are three lakes in the southwestern part of
the province-Caimito, Guanamen and Herrera-of
considerable size and differing from the general characteristics of the swamp lakes of the southern coast,
which are but torrid quagmires.
Off and along the coast of this province lie many
archipelagoes, made up of sand cays and islets, traversed by networks of channels. The principal archipelago is that of Los Canarreos, to the south, in the
Gulf of Mataman6, which separates the province
from the Isle of Pines.
There are few  mountains of importance in this
province, the northern part being hilly and the southern sloping gradually to the low coast line.
Havana is well watered by a number of small rivers
and streams, none of them, however, being of commercial importance.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


139


The most important part of the coast line is that
which lies around and about the Bay of Havana. This
bay makes one of the finest harbors in the world, easy
of access, spacious enough to contain I,ooo vessels,
deep enough to allow them to come up to the wharves,
and, except in the case of hurricanes, well protected
on all sides. Within, the bay breaks up into three distinct arms, named respectively Regla, Guanabacoa
and Atares.
PROVINCE OF MATANZAS.
The Province of Matanzas is shaped like a wedge,
the height of land being along the northern shore and
the rivers flowing southward to valleys and marshes,
the coast line of the province extending only along its
northern boundary.
The highlands on the northern coast rise to the Pan
de Matanzas, 1,300 feet high. In the extreme northwest is the rocky range of the Sierra de Camarones.
In the central portion lies the great plain extending
from Cardenas to Holguin, broken by low mountains,
small lakes and river courses.
On the southern coast, on the north bank of the
River H-atiguanico, is the greater half of an immense
swamp,- called Gran Cienaga Occidental de Zapata.
This swamp played a conspicuous part in the late
Cuban war. The insurrectionists, knowing its intricacies, carried their wounded there. The moment they
touched the borders of this swamp they were in
safety.
The northern part of Matanzas is in the most fertile and productive zone of the island and is noted for


I




I40


Our New Possessions.


its picturesque landscapes. It is also the richest and
most advanced province of the island. Its industries
are the raising of sugar and tobacco and distilling
liquor, the mining of copper, some gold and silver,
rock salt and pit coal. It has cattle farms and lime
kilns, but its most important industry is the raising of
sugar.
Its commerce is extensive and favored by the harbors, rivers and railways. The City of Matanzas, the
capital of the province, is the second commercial city
in the island.
PROVINCE OF SANTA CLARA.
The Province of Santa Clara stands next to that of
Matanzas as one of the richest as well as one of the
best settled parts of the island. Its rich soil yields in
abundance all the special products of the Antilles, and
the fruits of the temperate zone thrive on the elevated
slopes of its mountain ranges. It is rich, too, in minerals.
Its chief industries in common with the other provinces are the raising of sugar and tobacco and the cultivation of fruits. Gold is extracted from the sandy
shores of the Rio Arimao. Silver, copper and asphalt
are mined. Cattle are raised.
Its commerce consists in the importation and exportation of the above mentioned products. This commerce is carried on by means of its fine ports on both
the northern and southern coasts.
The general aspect of the interior of this province
is gently undulating, like that of England. Through
it runs the Santa Clara range of mountains, the domi



Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


14t


nating peak of which is El Pico del Potrillo, which
has an altitude of 3,000 feet. Outside of the immediate neighborhood of this mountainous region, however, its general topographical features are made up
of a few ranges, interspersed with an infinite number
of lomas (hills), nestling down between which are
innumerable small lakes and chains of lakes.
The province is well watered, its rivers including
the Sagua la Grande, which flows through the north
central part of the province and which is the largest
river of the entire north coast of the island, being
ninety miles in length and navigable for twenty miles;
the Jatibonico del Sur, navigable for six or eight
miles, and the Zaza, some ninety miles in length.
The whole northern coast of Santa Clara is one immense archipelago, filled with cays and shoals, while
off the southern coast are many other groups of sand
and coral islands.
PROVINCE OF PUERTO PRINCIPE.
Puerto Principe is the most extensive and least
populated of all the provinces.  Its area is 11,428
square miles and its population but 67,789.
Plantations of sugar and tobacco of some magnitude occupy the fertile country surrounding the quaint
old capital of Puerto Principe; fine pasturage is afforded the numerous flocks and herds for which this
province was formerly noted, but which have been
greatly decimated as results of the late war. A limited amount of vegetables is cultivated and considerable fruit is grown.
The most extensive forests of the island are here




142


Our New Possessions.


located. The preserving of fruit, the mining of copper and other metals and of marble, etc., the cutting
of wood for building purposes, and cattle raising are
the chief industries. The commerce of the province
consists mainly in the exportation of these articles
and of meat and the importation of foreign comestibles and manufactured goods, carried on from the
ports of Nuevitas, Mor6n, Guanajay and Santa Cruz
del Sur. Fishing is good on the coasts.
There are few mountain ranges in Puerto Principe,
only detached groups appearing here and there, the
ranges gradually dipping into the plains.
The soil of the interior is rich, the coasts low and
marshy and broken by lagoons, reefs and shoals.
There are but two lakes of importance in the province,
but it is peculiarly rich in rivers, both with a northward and southward course.
PROVINCE OF SANTIAGO DE CUBA.
The Province of Santiago de Cuba occupies the extreme eastern end of the island, and, because ot its
remoteness from the capital and of its extremely
broken and precipitous character, is less known than
any of the other political divisions. Numerous cascades and cataracts are found in the interior and
along the high coasts.  The mountains are interspersed with tracts of great fertility. Shoals, sand
banks, reefs, cays and peninsulas, creeks and marshes
are all constituents of the topography and geography
of Santiago de Cuba.
In Santiago are situated the highest mountains and
largest rivers of the island.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


143


The principal rivers of the province are the Cauto,
which flows twelve miles north of Manzanillo and is
navigable for sixty miles, the Moa and the Gibara.
From Cape Maisi to Cape Cruz a mountain chain
passes close to the seacoast, then turning abruptly
west it passes along the middle of the island, breaking
away now and then to the north or to the south, creating an intricate system of verdure-clad elevations
cut into sharp ridges. The Sierra Maestra, the best
defined mountain chain on the island, rises in a succession of terraces, soon attaining an altitude of 5,140
feet; an increase of elevation follows till the Blue
Peak (Turquino) of 8,320 feet is reached.  From
Turquino the mountain continues under the name of
Sierra de Cobre. Here are the noted copper mines of
the province. In the Cobre range, resting on a pyramidal peak 3,300 feet high, is the "Gran Piedra," a
huge boulder 150 feet in length and 45 feet wide.
The province is rich in vegetation, and in it are
found all the productions of the island. The exploiting of mines, the manufacture of sugar, tobacco, coc9anut oil, chocolate, soap, ice, petroleum and liquors,
cattle raising and the exploitation of forests are
among its multifarious industries.
Trade is carried on chiefly from the port of Santiago, which is one of the best in the world.
As to SCENIC INTEREST.
To the lover of natural beauties, the explorer and
the archaeologist Cuba offers a wonderful field of interest. Many of the island's varied attractions have




144


Our New Possessions.


been referred to in the chapters given to Cities and
General Description and the balance of the more remarkable is catalogued as follows:
Near Candelaria are to be found some remarkable
mineral springs and a cataract 98 feet high on the
Manantiales.
Three and a half miles east of Matanzas are the
celebrated Bellamar Caves, whose crystals are the admiration of all strangers.
At Vinales, sixteen miles from Pinar del Rio, are
curative mineral baths.
Twenty miles southwest of Cardenas are the excellent hot sulphur springs of San Miguel de los Bafios.
At Jiguani, a little town twenty-one miles from
Bayamo, is to be seen a remarkable example of an
ancient castle, said to have the strongest interior work
of any fort in Cuba.
The Cubitas range is noted for its great caves, these
caverns having been the seat of the Insurgent Government in I896.
Important cascades are found on the Hanabanilla,
some of them being 430 feet high.
Twenty miles southwest of Havana is Lake Ariguanabo, with a surface of about six miles, and abounding in fish.
Madruga is a little watering place, with a season
from March to October, during which time several
hotels are open. It has good baths, sulphur springs
and is a pleasant, healthy place, fifty-two miles from
Havana.
All along the coasts where there are beaches, shells
and seaweed are to be found, beautiful and entirely
peculiar to these coasts, while the waters display hues
lovely beyond the most fanciful imagination.




Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


I45


Cuba is also remarkable for its many streams which
apparently sink into the earth, reappearing under a
succession of natural bridges.  Among these disappearing streams is the San Antonio. It disappears
beneath a large, spreading ceiba in San Antonio de
los Baios.
Near Baracoa is Maisi Cave, noted for its relics of
a primitive age.
All over the island are scattered individual lakes
and chains of lakes. There are square leagues of unexplored forests and chains of untrodden mountains.
As to Its HISTORY.
Cuba was discovered October 28, 1492, by Christopher Columbus and was called in succession Juana,
Fernandina and Ave Maria; its present name being
that given it by the natives. The first settlement was
made at Santiago, 1514.
Insurrections have been almost perpetual since the
latter part of the eighteenth century. The most important have been these: That of 1827-29, planned by
Cuban refugees in Mexico and the United States and
known as the "Black Eagles;" that of 1844, really a
revolt of the slaves; that of 1854, ended by the betrayal of the leader; that of I868-78, known as the
Ten Years' War, and that of 1894-98, which resulted
in independence.
Our active interest in the affairs of Cuba dates back
to 1848, when President Polk made a proposition to
buy the island for $Ioo,ooo,ooo. In 1873, that is dur



146


Our New Possessions.


ing the Ten Years' War, the American ship Virginius was captured by the Spaniards, her cargo confiscated and many of her passengers executed as revolutionists. This act nearly brought on war between
Spain and the United States. On February 15, 1898,
the United States battleship Maine was blown up in
Havana harbor. By act of Congress, April 25, 1898,
it was declared that war had existed between the
United States and Spain since April 21. On August
12 Spain asked for terms of peace. Santiago was occupied by the United States forces on July I7, I898;
Havana and the balance of the island January I, 1899,
the Treaty of Peace having been signed in Paris December o1, I898.
THE ISLE    OF PINES.
Cuba, as has been said, is surrounded by clusters of
islets, a catalogue of which would fill pages.  The
principal of these is the Isle of Pines, lying in the
Antilles Sea, sixty miles from Batabano, from which
place a steamer now runs once or twice a week.
Communication with the main island will, however,
soon be increased as its extreme salubrity and many
other natural advantages have already attracted the
attention of American investors.
The Chicago Isle of Pines Colony, a co-operative
agricultural community, has been formed, with the
object of raising fruits and early vegetables for northern markets. General Fitzhugh Lee has found it a
comfortable retiring spot and certain Washington in



Cuba and Adjacent Isles.


147


vestors contemplate converting the isle into a pleasure
resort.
The island is forty-five miles from east to west and
thirty-three miles from north to south. Generally
speaking, the island is high and rolling, with low
coasts, except a portion of the north coast, where a
range of hills comes down to the sea.  There are
mountains which are over 1,500 feet above the sea
level. To the west and south is a long sweep of low
coast line, indented here and there by the mouth of a
river; of these La Nueva is the best river entrance of
the island. The other important rivers are Las Nuevas, Casas and Santa Fe, all navigable.
The Cienaga or swamp divides the island into two
unequal parts. It is said to be impassable for horses,
but the natives pass through it, at times wading to
their armpits in water. At one place there is a causeway, by means of which it is possible to cross on dry
land. The Cienaga is infested with alligators; large
quantities of fish and. turtle are caught in the different bays. There are no venomous insects or reptiles
on the island.
Nueva Gerona is the largest town on the island and
the capital of the place. It was the residence of the
Governor and garrison. It is a small town of 400 to
500 people, built on the Casas river. The houses are
chiefly of stone or rubble, common in Cuba, the
streets wide and straight.
In general the soil of the island is poor, sandy and
in places gritty, but rich spots are found in the stream
bottoms, and upon these corn, cane and vegetables are
raised. Probably potatoes would thrive here. Som'e
fruits are grown, which are smaller though of richer
flavor than those of Cuba, the oranges being said to




I48


Our New Possessions.


be the best in the world. Bananas are cultivated and
many fruits are found growing wild, such as guava,
caimito, papaya and such mangoes as it would be
hard to find elsewhere in the world, whole groves of
them, making a mountain of color impossible to describe.
The island has many varieties of wood, such as mahogany, cedar and hard woods, but the chief growth
is the pine. Pines everywhere, but of a heavy kind,
full of resin, and even less valuable than the yellow
pine of the south. In addition to its woods, the resources of the island are its marble quarries and
mineral springs. The medical value of the mineral
springs near Santa Fd is acknowledged, and some say
that they are the best in the world for all troubles of
the stomach.
As to health, the island has a high reputation. The
inhabitants say that yellow fever is unknown, and the
records of the military hospital show no exemption
comparable to this at any other place in Cuba.
Strangers who come here do not have to pass through
the term of acclimatization usual in Cuba. The atmosphere seems dryer and more bracing than that of
Cuba, and it also seems cooler. People here have a
good appetite, and altogether it is said there is not a
more healthful spot in this quarter of the globe than
the Isle of Pines.


t




PORTO RICO
AND ADJACENT ISLES.
As to AREA,
The Island of Porto (Puerto) Rico is from 35 to
43 miles broad and from 95 to o08 miles long. Its
area is 3,668 square miles.
For comparison:
Connecticut..................... 4,990 square miles
Delaware and Rhode Island...... 3,370   "     "
Jamaica....................... 4,424   "     is
Compared with Cuba, Porto Rico is geographically
clean cut, its shores not being fringed with such
chains of keys and islets. It has, however, a number
of tributary islands, all of which were acquired by
the United States at the time it took possession of
Porto Rico. Of these islands the principal are Vieque, Culebra, Mona, Ratones, Roncador and Moneta.
A fuller reference to Vieque will be found at the end
of this chapter.




I50


Our New Possessions,


As to POPULATION.
(Census of I887.)
Total population......................... 813,937
Whites................................ 485,860
M ulattoes.................................  263,567
Negroes................................. 64,510
Porto Rico has not, however, been subjected to the
decimating wars which Cuba has had to endure. Its
population has had a natural increase and is estimated to-day at nearly,000,000o. Of these fully 400,ooo have a greater or less admixture of negro or Indian blood.
For comparisons
(Census i890.)
Population.
Connecticut............................. 746,258
Delaware and Rhode Island................ 513,999
It will be seen from these figures that Porto Rico
is quite thickly peopled.
The estimated present population of Porto Rico's
principal cities and towns is as follows:
San Juan................................ 30,000
Mayaguez................................ 20,000
Ponce..................................... 15,000
(Including Playa)..................... 20,000
Fajardo................................    8,779
Arecibo..............................  7,000




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


x5I


Aguadilla..................................  5,000
Humaco................................... 4,000
Naguabo..................................  2,000
Ucareo...............................  1,500
Arroyo................................  1,200
As to CLIMATE.
On account of its being out of the direct sweep of
the Gulf Stream, of not being hedged about by neighboring lands as is Cuba, and of being clearly exposed
to the swift currents of fresh air blowing from the
Atlantic into the hot Caribbean Sea, Porto Rico enjoys the best climate of the West Indies.  While
tropical, the weather is not so humid and depressing
as is that of Cuba. The towns of the elevated interior enjoy a delightful climate and even the seaports are not uncomfortable.
The climate of San Juan is warm but agreeable
for three months of the year, when trade winds blow
strong and fresh.
At Ponce, because of the sea breezes during the
day and the land breezes at night, the weather is
never oppressive.
The climate of Mayaguez is excellent, the temperature never rising above 90 degrees.
Aguadilla's weather is hot but healthy and that of
Fajardo is quite temperate.
Strangers visiting Porto Rico are, of course, subject to the discomforts of acclimatization, but the
process is not nearly so debilitating and dangerous




152


'Our New Possessions.


as it is in Cuba. Yellow fever is endemic to Porto
Rico, as it is to all of the islands of the West Indian
archipelago, but it is not the ever present foe that
has to be grappled with by every visitor.  Porto
Rico is, however, a danger spot to those afflicted by
or subject to pulmonary complaints, while, on account of the sudden changes of temperature, even
the native is given to colds and catarrhs.
February and March are the dryest months.
Heavy rains begin in May, a month earlier than in
Cuba, and continue, with a slight weakening in June
and October, until the end of the year.
No official meteorological records have been kept
in Porto Rico, but Captain Arthur C. Hansard, manager of the Hacienda Perla, Province of Numacao,
furnishes the following observations for I898 which
may be considered typical of the island:
IN THE MATTER OF TEMPERATURE.


Ja
F'(
F1
A
M
Jt
Jt
A
Si
0
N
D


donth.              Average,
nuary...........     74
ebruary............ 72.arch............    74
pril................ 75
ay................ 78
me.............      79
ly............... 77
ugust............     79
eptember.......... 79
ctober............. 79
ovember............ 76
ecember.........     74
Annual.......        76


Highest.
86
85
85
87
95
92
89
92
93
93
86
85
95


Lowest.
61
61
64
65
69
70
66
67
70
70
65
65
6i




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


153


Note -Concerning   the  maximum   temperature,
Captain Hansard remarks: "The highest, 95 degrees,
during May, 1898, was phenomenal and occurred
only on two days. In fact, I have only noted 92 degrees on two other days and 93 degrees on one other
day.
IN THE MATTER OF RAINFALL.


Total
Month.            rainfall,
inches.
January..........17
February......    2.90
March......  4.38
April.........    7.35
May............     6.98
June...... 6.87
July...... 14.06
August...... 12.49
September.         Io.85
October.             9.04
November.           19.62
December......     Io.68


No. of
rainy days,
inches.
26
I4
I7
i6
21
I8
27
20
22


Record of
wettest day
inches.
6.20
0.83
1.37
2.80
4.13
3.49
3.65
8.70
2.71


22         2
28         5.45
26         I.24


Annual........ 23.39


257


Note.-It will be observed that Captain Hansard's
term, "dryest month," really means least wet month.
The Hacienda Perla is at an elevation of some 200
feet and the range of temperature in the coast towns
can safely be counted upon as being somewhat
higher. A temperature of 117 degrees has, for in



154


Our New Possessions.


stance, been observed in San Juan. A fall of Io or
12 degrees at night is usual.
As to DISTANCES.
(Reckoned in statute miles to San Juan.)
From New York........................ 1,420 miles
From Charleston, S. C................ 1,200  "
From Key West, Fla..................,050   "
From Havana.........................,000  "
As to COST and TIME in GETTING THERE.
At present there is only one direct steamship line
trading to and from Porto Rico, and, of course, all
travel to Porto Rico must be conducted wholly by
sea, unless one takes the very roundabout way of
going to Cuba by rail and steamer and thence taking
steamer.
The New York and Porto Rico Steamship Company has a fleet of three passenger and freight steamers and one exclusively freight steamer, which leave
the Empire Stores, Brooklyn, near Fulton Ferry,
three times a month, stopping alternately at San
Juan and Ponce.
The trip to San Juan takes five or six days; that to
Ponce seven or eight days.




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


155


In connection with these steamers is the small
steamer Salacia, which makes trips around the island
for the delivery of both freight and passengers.
All these steamers carry United States mail.
The passenger rate varies from $45 to $50 on the
Arkadia and Winifred to from $50 to $60 on the
St. Marcos.
The St. Marcos also makes round trips of twentyeight days, during which she discharges and loads
cargo at San Juan, Arecibo, Aguadilla, Mayaguez,
Ponce, Arroyo, Humacao, Vieque and Fajardo.
Tickets for the round voyage, including board and
berth, are from $I30 to $I6o, while passengers remaining ashore for any number of days are entitled
to a rebate of $3 a day.
The Red "D" Line steamers also call at Porto
Rico now, en route for Venezuela, landing passengers
and mail. These steamers leave New York every
two weeks, the fare to Porto Rico being $60 to $70.
The Quebec Steamship Company, plying between
New York and the West Indies, also calls at Porto
Rico.
The Herrera Line of coasting steamers, which
makes the tour of the Cuban ports, also calls at those
of Porto Rico.
As to MAIL and CABLE SERVICE.


Mails are dispatched to Porto Rico by every steamer that either sails to or touches at the island, clear



I56


Our New Possessions.


ances being effected now every two or three days.
The rate for letters is five cents per half ounce.
Cable communication from New York can be had
over three companies' lines, the United States and
Hayti Telegraph and Cable Company, the International Ocean Telegraph Company and the West Indian Telegraph Company, the rate per word being
the same over all three cables-$I.I7 per word for
commercial messages, 40 cents per word for press
messages.
Cables also run from San Juan to St. Thomas and
Jamaica.
On the island there are 470 miles of telegraph lines,
connecting the capital with the principal ports west
and south, and a system of postal delivery is well
under way.
San Juan, Ponce and Mayaguez have quite good
telephone systems, there being already over 200 stations at Ponce.
As to TRADE
According to a general Treasury statement, the
values of the foreign trade of Porto Rico in 1896
were as follows:
Imports.........................~......  $18,945,793
Exports..............................  17,295,535
Total............................... $36,241,328




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


157


Of this trade, that with Spain was valued at $II,259,702; that with the United States at $1,988,888.
The latest available detailed returns of Porto
Rico's commerce are those of the Estadistica General
del Commercio for I897, and they only give the trade
of the island for 1895. According to this work, these
are the figures of the
IMPORTS INTO PORTO Rico.
Value in
Articles.                        U. S. Currency.
Coal......                                $119,403
Iron...............                        224,206
Soap..................................     238,525
Meat and lard........................,223,I04
Jerked beef............................     33,616
Fish................................  1,591,418
Rice....................................  2,80,004
Flour...........          982,222
Vegetables.............................   192,918
Olive oil...................      327,801
Wine...........                            305,656
Cheese.............                  324,137
Other provisions..............        171,322
Tobacco (manufactured)................  663,464
Other  articles...........................  7,477,260
Total imports....................$I6,55,056


The countries from which Porto Rico took these
imports, with values, are as follows:




I58


Our New Possessions.


Countries.                            Values.
Spain.                                      $8,572,549
Cuba.................................         526,730
United States..........................      I,833,544
England................................   I,765,574
France..............................     251,984
Germany................................    1,368,595
Italy.......................9,619
Holland..........325,301
Denm  ark...............................     26,565
British West Indies.................,709,117
Danish West Indies.....................           600
French West Indies.                                 55
Total imports.......................$I6,I55,056


EXPORTS FROM PORTO RICO.
Articles.                               Value.
Coffee.................................  $8,789,788
Tobacco.                                  646,556
Sugar..................................  3,747,89I
Honey...                                  517,746
Other articles (largely molasses, cattle,
timber and hides).                      927,513
Total exports.......................  4,629,494


The countries to which Porto Rico sent these exports, with values, are as follows:




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


159


Countries.                           Values.
Spain.                                  $4,64,964
Cuba.............................. 3,802,261
United States.                           I,506,512
England.                                 1,144,555
France.                                   1,376,087
Germany.                                  I,18I,396
Italy.                                     589,045
Holland.                                     3,240
Denmark.                                   236,418
British West Indies.                       521,649
Danish West Indies.                         40,434
French West Indies.....................    62,927
Total exports.$14,629,494
Turning now to what Spain has lost and what the
United States may gain, these figures show the trade
of the United States with Porto Rico from 1891 to
1897 inclusive:
IMPORTS.
Free.          Dutiable.          Total.
i8gi..$I,856,955      $1,307,155       $3,164,110
1892.. 3,236,337           11,670        3,248,007
1893.. 3,994,673           13,950        4,oo8,623
1894.. 3,126,895           8,739         3,I35,634
i895..  375,864         I,131,148        1,506,512
1896.,.  48,608         2,248,045        2,296,653
1897..  101,71I         2,079,313        2,I81,02,4




i6o


Our New    Possessions.


EXPORTS.
Domestic.           Foreign.          Total.
I89I..$2,I 2,334         $42,900        $2,155,234
1892.. 2,808,63            47,372          2,856,003
I893.. 2,502,788            7,8I9          2,510,607
1894.. 2,705,646           I4,862          2,720,508
1895..  1,820,203          I3,341          1,833,544
1896.. 2,080,400  *        21,694          2,102,094
1897.. 1,964,850           24,038          1,988,888
The commerce of Spain with Porto Rico from
I89I-I896 inclusive was:
IMPORTS FROM PORTO RICO.
89..................................$3,260,650
1892.................................... 4,428,891
1893................................... 4,108,654
1894.................................... 4, 64,964
1895.................................     5,824,694
1896..................................  5,423,760
EXPORTS TO PORTO RICO.
89.................................... $3,305,243
1892................                      3,929,I86
I893....................................  4,653,023
1894...............................   5,535,027
1895................................     8,572,549
1896.................................     7,328,880




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


I6I


The value of the total imports for 1895, it has been
shown, was $16,155,056, as against $I8,316,971 for
I896. The exports were valued at $I4,629,494, against
$I7,295,535 in I896. The principal increases in imports, as compared with the preceding year, were in
meat, fish, olive oil and tobacco.  Decreases were
noted in flour, vegetables and wine. The exportation
of coffee diminished and that of sugar and honey increased.
In imports of coal, petroleum and wood the United
States leads. Porcelain and earthenware, drugs and
chemicals, paper and leather come mostly from
Spain, although some paper is also imported from
the United States. Galvanized iron roofing comes
from England. Cotton and hemp, woolen goods and
silks come from Spain, Germany and England.
Great Britain and Germany furnish the machinery
used in the island, with the exception of the items of
boilers and scales. The principal articles exported
to the United States are sugar and molasses.
As to BUSINESS CHANCES and PRODUCTS.
Following the American occupation, there has already been effected a large change in the social and
commercial conditions of Porto Rico, but much more
remains to be done. The smallness of Porto Rico,
as compared with Cuba, will naturally form a bar to
the development of industries on so extended a scale
as is possible on the larger island; but it must not be




I62


Our New Possessions.


overlooked that between the populations of the two
islands there is not much difference, and that while a
large proportion of Cuba is unexplored and unavailable, nearly the whole of Porto Rico is known and
can be turned to some agricultural or other industrial
advantage.
The island is rapidly taking on new life, and those
business men who have looked the island over pronounce it rich and possessing golden prospects for
the future.
The three great industries of the island are the
raising of tobacco, coffee and sugar, the values of the
exports of these three articles being given under the
head of "As to Trade." Owing to the troubled state
of affairs in Cuba, prices of tobacco have increased
enormously in Porto Rico. A large amount has been
planted and the crop promises well. From the tables
under the "Trade" heading also can be gathered the
countries from  which the island has derived its
supplies.
There is very little manufacturing done in Porto
Rico. Across the bay from San Juan the Standard
Oil Company has a small refinery and in the city
there are small broom, soap, match and trunk factories. At Mayaguez there are three manufactories
of chocolate and several coffee drying houses, as
there are also at Aguadilla.
Practically all of the machinery used in Porto Rico
has come from Europe, but the total amount has
been small, the Porto Ricans clinging to the old-fashioned hand work wherever possible. On February
26 a model sugar plant was sent from New York to
Porto Rico as an object lesson, and it is only a matter of time and push for this country to supplant all




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


163


of the antiquated affairs with Yankee, up-to-date labor-saving devices.
As our information concerning Porto Rico grows,
so apparently do the island's possibilities. It is unusually fertile, and its dominant industries are agriculture and lumbering. In elevated regions the vegetation of the temperate zone is not unknown. There
are more than 500 varieties of trees found in the forests, and the plains are full of palm, orange and other
trees; while the principal crops are sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton and maize, bananas, rice, pineapples
and many other fruits are important products.
The principal minerals found in Porto Rico are
gold, carbonates and sulphides of copper and magnetic oxide of iron in large quantities. Lignite is
found at Utuado and Moca, and also yellow amber.
A large variety of marbles, limestones and other
building stones are deposited on the island, but these
resources are very undeveloped.   There are salt
works at Guanica and Salinac, on the south coast,
and at Cape Rojo, on the west, and these constitute
the principal mineral industry in Porto Rico.
In a recent report Mr. Robert P. Porter states that
while the actual sugar production of Porto Rico is
now 50,000 tons under American impulse, it could be
raised to I5o,ooo tons.
As to COST of LIVING and WAGES PAID.


Both these matters are in an unsettled condition at
present, due to the change of rates and values at



I64


Our New Possessions.


tending the process of reconstruction. As a general
thing, though, the cost of living is a trifle less in Porto
Rico than it is in Cuba, while the wages paid is somewhat higher.
Hotel rates range from $I.50 to $2 a day, Spanish
money, and there are many excellent boarding houses
in most of the large towns.  Restaurants furnish
good meals for from 25 cents to 50 cents and the indigenous fruits and vegetables of the country are
wonderfully cheap. Imported articles of food, merchandise and manufacture are naturally high, but the
prices of these have been much lessened since the
American occupation. A list of the best hotels on
the island is as follows:
San Juan.-Grand Hotel and Restaurant Inglaterra, Grand Hotel de Francia. Grand Cafe Central,
Hotel Marina, Mt. Vernon Hotel, the Mayflower
Hotel.
Ponce.-The Chamberlin Hotel, Hotel Arcadia,
Hotel Washington.
Arecibo -Cristobal Colon.
Guaco.-American   Victory  Hotel, Twenty-fifth
Day of July Hotel.
Guayama.-Hotel Francis.
The peso is the monetary unit of the island and its
value, together with that of the other coins current
there until the involved subject of currency has been
settled, has been fixed as follows:
GOLD COINS.
Alphonsinos (25-peseta piece).................$4.82
Louis (20-franc piece)......................... 3.86




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


SILVER COINS.
The peso..............................$0.60
Medio peso..................................30
Peseta............................
Real............................
Medio real.....03
Bronze and copper coins are received at their face
value in payments not exceeding one peseta.
As to GOVERNMENT, LAWS and INSTITUTIONS.
The island of Porto Rico was ceded outright to the
United States and is at present "under the military
control of this country, pending such legislation by
Congress as shall determine its future government."
Gen. Guy V. Henry is the Military Governor of
the island, assisted by an advisory board, under the
name of Insular Cabinet.
The work of building up a new and better order of
things on the ruins of the old Spanish rule, and
using such of that material as is possible in the process of reconstruction, is slowly going on.
Railroads are in their infancy, and outside of the
celebrated military road across the island, said to be
one of the most beautiful in the world, the means and
paths of travel are very deficient.  These singletrack railroads are in some sort of operation:
From Aguadilla to San German............ 32 miles
From Ponce to Coamo................... 26    "
From San Juan to Arroyo,...............  48  "




i66


Our New Possessions.


A company has been formed at Providence, R. I.,
in which New York and Boston capitalists are interested, for the purpose of buying, building and operating steam or electric railroads in Porto Rico, as well
as to establish a steamship line, with fortnightly service, between Providence and Ponce. One of its
first enterprises is announced to be the construction of an electric.road from Ponce to San Juan.
Because of years of oppression and repression, the
people are ignorant and poor in a land of plenty.
The monetary system needs entire revision.  The
Spanish merchants have drained the agricultural
classes dry; the courts have been maladministered;
the school system has been a farce; sanitation was
unknown, and it is to the gradual amelioration, and,
when necessary, eradication of these things that the
new government is giving its patient attention.
The so-called system of public schools was divided
into the elementary, supported by the municipalities,
and two higher grades, supported by the Insular
Government. There were mighty few text books, one
"flourishing" school of seventy pupils having a total
of six books. The school census has been a farce,
and so deficient has a common education been that
when the people were numbered in 1887 it was found
that out of a population of 806,708 only II,380 could
read or write.
General John Eaton was appointed school superintendent of Porto Rico by the President January 25.
He found that the municipalities took little or no interest in scholastic matters; that most of the country
schools were closed for want of funds, and that the
most prominent school on the island had thirty
pupils.




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


To remedy all this, General Eaton has diligently
set himself to work, but he is hampered by lack of
funds. English-Spanish speaking teachers are wanted, and, pending our Government's direct aid to education, General Henry has offered to pay teachers
$50 a month American money, twelve months in the
year.
School libraries are being founded, the post-office
is getting into good trim, the filth is being removed
and daylight is being let into the dark roads.
Religious intolerance has not prevailed to such an
extent in Porto Rico as it has in Cuba, and Ponce
has boasted for some time of its Protestant church,
then said to be the only one in the Spanish West Indies. Active steps are being taken in this country to
add others to that solitary church.  The Chicago
Episcopal Diocese has appointed the Rev. Geo. B.
Pratt as special missionary to the island and most of
the religious agencies are sending workers to Porto
Rico.
There are newspapers in San Juan and Ponce, published in English and displaying quite an amount of
enterprise.
As to Its CITIES.
San Juan, the capital, is situated on a long and nar
row island, separated from the main island at one
end by a shallow arm of the sea, over which is a
bridge connecting it with the mainland, which runs
out at this point in a long sand spit, some nine miles
in length, apparently to meet the smaller island; at




I68


Our New Possessions.


the other end the island ends in a rugged bluff or
promontory, some hundred feet high. This promontory is crowned by Morro Castle, the principal fortification of the town. At this end of the island is the
entrance to the harbor, with a narrow channel and
rocky bottom, so close under the headland that one
can almost leap ashore from a passing vessel. The
water here is some thirty feet deep. To a mariner
unacquainted with the locality, or when a norther is
blowing, this entrance is one of difficulty and danger.
After rounding the bluff one finds a broad and
beautiful bay, landlocked and with a good depth of
water, which is being increased by dredging. It is
by far the best harbor in Porto Rico, and probably
as good a one as can be found in the West Indies.
The island upon which the city stands is shaped
much like an arm and hand.   The greatest width
is a little over half a mile in the portion representing the hand, which also contains the major part of
the city.
San Juan is a perfect specimen of a walled town,
with portcullis, moat, gates and battlements. Built
over two hundred and fifty years ago, it is still in
good condition and repair. The walls are picturesque and represent a stupendous work and cost in
themselves. Inside the walls the city is laid off in
regular squares, six parallel streets running in the
direction of the length of the island and seven at
right angles. The houses are closely and compactly
built of brick, usually of two stories, stuccoed on the
outside and painted in a variety of colors. The upper floors are occupied by the better-to-do people, while the ground floors, almost without exception, are given up to negroes and the poorer class.




Po'to Rico and Adjacent Isles.


I69


There is no running water in the town. The entire
population depends upon rain water, caught upon the
flat roofs of the buildings and conducted to the cis —
tern, which occupies the greater part of the inner
courtyard that is an essential part of Spanish houses
the world over. There is no sewerage, except for
surface water and sinks. The streets are wider than
in the older part of Havana and will admit two
carriages abreast. The sidewalks are narrow and in
places will accommodate but one person. The pavements are of a composition manufactured in England from slag, pleasant and even and durable when
no heavy strain is brought to bear upon them, but
easily broken and unfit for heavy traffic. From its
topographical situation the town should be healthy.
The soil under the city is clay, mixed with lime, so
hard as to be almost like rock. It is consequently impervious to water and furnishes a good natural drainage. The trade wind blows strong and fresh and
through the harbor runs a stream of sea water at a
speed of not less than three miles an hour. With
these conditions no contagious diseases, if properly
taken care of, could exist.
Besides the town within the walls, there are small
portions just outside, called the Marina and Puerta
de Tierra, containing two or three thousand inhabitants each. There are also two suburbs, one, San
Turce, approached by the only road leading out of
the city, and the other, Catafio, across the bay,
reached by ferry. The Marina and the two suburbs
are situated on sandy points or spits, and the latter
are surrounded by mangrove swamps.
The full name of the city is San Juan de Bautista
and it was founded by Ponce de Leon.




170


Our New Possessions.


Ponce is situated on a plain, about two miles from
the seaboard. It is regularly built-the central part
almost exclusively of brick houses and the suburbs of
wood. It was the residence of the military commander and the seat of an official chamber of commerce.
There is an appellate criminal court, besides other
courts; two churches, two hospitals, a home of refuge
for the old and poor, a well-equipped fire department, a bank, a theatre, three first-class hotels and
gas works. The city has an ice machine and there
are 115 vehicles for public conveyance.
The inhabitants are principally occupied in mercantile pursuits, but carpenters, bricklayers, joiners,
tailors, shoemakers and barbers find good employment. Commercially Ponce is the second city of importance on the island. A fine road leads to the port
(Playa), where all the import and export trade is
transacted and where are situated the custom house,
the office of the captain of the port and all the consular offices. The port is spacious and will hold vessels of twenty-five feet draft. Water for all purposes, including the fire department, is amply supplied by an aqueduct.
Mayaguez, the third city in importance of the island, is situated in the west part, facing the Mona
Channel. Mayaguez is the second port for coffee,
the average annual export being I70,000 hundredweights. The quality is of the best, ranging in price
with Java and other first-rate brands. About 50,000
bags of flour are imported into this port every year
from the United States out of the I8o.ooo bags that
are consumed in the whole island. The city is con



Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


I7I


nected by trains with the neighboring town of Aguadilla, with a partially constructed extension to San
German, one of the large interior towns.
Aguadilla is the principal town and the port of
Aguadilla District, in the northwest portion of the
island. The industries in the vicinity consist of the
cultivation of sugar cane, coffee, tobacco and cocoanuts and the distillation of rum.
Arecibo is situated on the north coast, facing the
Atlantic Ocean and some fifty miles from San Juan.
It is similar to all Spanish towns, with a plaza surrounded by the church and other public buildings in
the centre, and streets running from it in right angles, forming regular squares. The buildings are
constructed of wood and brick. The harbor is poor,
being nothing more than an open roadstead, exposed
to the full force of the ocean, in which vessels during northerly winds can hardly lie in safety.  Into
this harbor empties a narrow and shallow stream
called the Rio Grande de Arecibo. Goods are conveyed on this river to and from the town in flat-bottomed boats, with the aid of long poles and by dint
of much pushing and patience. At the bar of the
river everything is again transferred into lighters
and thence to vessels. It is a tedious and expensive
process. However, Arecibo is quite an important
port and has tributary to it a large district of some
30,000 inhabitants.
Fajardo lies on the east coast. The port is handsome, the town being about one and a quarter miles
from the bay. The only important industry of the




Our New Possessions.


district is the manufacture of muscovado sugar, to
which most of the planters devote themselves.
Arroyo, in the district of Guayama (southeast portion), is a small seaport whose annual exports to the
United States average 7,000 to o0,000 hogsheads of
sugar, 2,000 to 5,000 casks of molasses and 50 to 150
casks and barrels of bay rum.
Altogether there are about seventy towns and villages of considerable size on the island.
As to GENERAL DESCRIPTION*
The parallelogram-shaped island of Porto Rico is
the most eastern of the Greater Antilles. It is separated from the Danish island of St. Thomas by a
reef-studded passage fifty miles across and from
Hayti on the west by the Mona Passage, seventy
miles across.
The island is traversed from east to west by a
mountain range, dividing it into two unequal portions, by far the longest slope being on the north, so
that the rivers on that coast are much the longer.
From this chain several branches diverge toward the
north coast, giving it a rugged appearance. Most of
the population is situated on the lowlands at the sea
front of the hills. For lack of roads, the interior is
accessible only by mule trails or saddle paths, and it
is covered with vast forests.
Rivers and brooks are numerous, forty-seven very
considerable rivers having been enumerated.  They




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


I73


are short and rapid, especially on the Caribbean
slopes, which are steep and abrupt. The mountains
intercept the northeast trade winds blowing from the
Atlantic and wring their moisture from them, so that
the rainfall of the north section is very copious.
South of the mountains several droughts occur and
agriculture demands irrigation, but such work is unsystematically carried on.
The northeast coast is broken and forbidding; that
of the south safer. The chief port on the north coast
is the capital, San Juan. On the west is the important harbor of Mayaguez. On the south side are
Guanica, Ponce and Guayama.
As to SCENIC INTEREST.
Until there are better means of communication
within the island, the interior of Porto Rico will be
a fairer field for the explorer than for the excursionist. The conditions of the railroads and highways
has already been referred to, and in the section devoted to the cities there will be found references to
many points of interest.
The luxuriance of the vegetation, the equability of
the climate, the great plantations, the indolent character of the native life, the antiquity of its cities and
churches, the wildness of its mountain scenery and
the peaceful aspect of its sylvan lowlands, the tropical beauties along the river banks and the varied
cliff and beach of its coast, will all combine to make




174


Our New Possessions.


Porto Rico one of the most charming resorts in the
Antilles.
As to HISTORY.
Porto Rico was discovered by Columbus in 1493
and invaded by the Spaniards, under Ponce de Leon,
who in a few years exterminated the natives, then
600,000 or 800oo,ooo in number.
Slavery was abolished by the Spanish Cortes in
March, I873.
The United States Army, under General Miles,
landed at Guanicaon and the town surrendered immediately, Ponce following July 28, I898. When the
armistice was proclaimed, August 12, the American
troops were prepared for a definitive campaign. The
evacuation of Porto Rico began September 20th, our
army and navy taking formal possession of the island at San Juan, October I8, I898.
THE ISLAND OF VIEQUE.
The island of Vieque, situated thirteen miles east
of Porto Rico, is twenty-one miles long and six
miles wide. Its land is very fertile and adapted to
the cultivation of almost all the fruits and vegetables
that grow in the West Indies. Cattle are raised and
sugar cultivated. It has a population of some 6,00o.




Porto Rico and Adjacent Isles.


175


The town, Isabel Segunda, is on the north, and the
port is unsafe in times of northerly wind, like all the
anchorages on that side; the few ports on the south
are better, the best being Punta Arenas.
Not long ago there were two importing and exporting houses on the island of Vieque; but, on account of the long period of drought and the high
duties on foreign imported goods, trade has decreased to local consumption only. All supplies are
brought from San Juan, the majority being of American origin.  The climate is fine and there have
never been any contagious diseases.


t




I+




PAGE INDEX,
Ph. - Philippines. H. I. = Hawaiian Islands.
C. = Cuba. P. R. = Porto Rico.
A.
Area-Ph., 7; H. I., 42; C., 78; P. R., I49.
Americans in-Ph., 8; H. I., 43.
Agriculture-Ph., 32, 36, 37, 38; H. I., 55, 69; C., II4,
I 6; P. R., 162.
Animals-Ph., 32, 35; C., 118.
B.
British in-Ph., 8, I9; H. I., 43.
Business Chances-Ph., I9; H. I., 55; C., II2; P. R., I6I.
Boots and Shoes-Ph., 21.
Bananas-H. I., 52, 56; C., II6; P. R., I63.
Boundaries-Ph., 8; H. I., 42; P. R., 172.
Buildings-Ph., 24, 27, 28, 29; H. I., 68; C., 128; P. R.,
I68, 17I.
Boston to-C., 96.
C.
Climate-Ph., 9; H. I., 44; C., 84; P. R., 15I.
Cuba-C., 78.
Cubans-C., 128.
Cost of Getting to-Ph., 13; H. I., 46; C., 93; P. R., I54.
Cost of Living in-H. I., 57; C., II9; P. R., 163.
Carriage Fares-H. I., 58.
Commerce-Ph., 32, 33; H. I., 52; C., 102; P. R., I56.
Coffee-H. I., 52, 56; C., 116; P. R., I58, 162.
Courts-H. I., 63; C., 123; P. R., I65.
Cities-Ph., 23; H. I., 67; C., 8; P. R., I50, I67, 172.
Churches-Ph., 23, 24, 26; H. I., 67; C., 127, 130; P. R.,
167.
Coast-Ph., 31; C., 137; P. R., I49, I73.
Cattle-Ph., 36; H. I., 57; C., 118, I42.




178


Page Index.


Cardenas-C., 8o, 135.
Cienfuegos-C., 8o, I33.
Crops-Ph., 36, 37, 38; H. I., 55; C., I14, ii6; P. R., i63.
Cigars-C., 114.
Cane Lands-Ph., 37; H. I., 69; C., I15; P. R., 163.
Cable Service-Ph., 15, i6; H. I., 69; C., i00; P. R., I56.
Chinese in-Ph., 8, ig; H. I., 43, 59.
Cigarettes-Ph., ig; C., II5.
Cavite-Ph., 26.
D.
Distances-Ph., i2 H. I., 46; C., gi; P. R., 154.
Description-Ph., 30; H. I., 68; C., I37; P. R., 172.
E.
Exports-Ph., i6; H. I., 52; C., 1o2; P. R., i56.
Education-H. I., 64, 70; C., 125; P. R., i66.
Extent-Ph., 8; H. I., 42; C., 78; P. R., 149.
English in-Ph., 8, 19; H. I., 43.
Employment-Ph., ig; H. I., 55, 56, 57, 59, 64; C., 120;
P. R., i66.
F.
Freight Rates-H. I., 5 I; C., 99.
Forests-Ph., 35, 36, 38; C., 118; P. R., 163.
Factories-Ph., I9, 25, 36, 39) C., I43; P. R., i62.
Fruits-H. I., 56; C., I04, I14, ii6; P. R., 163.
Farming-Ph., 32, 36, 37, 38; H. I., 55, 69; C., 114, i 6;
P. R., 162.
Filipinos-Ph., 8, 9.
G.
Germans in-Ph., ig; H. I., 43.
Government-Ph., 22; H. I., 6o; C., I22; P. R., i65.
General Description-Ph., 30; H. I., 68; C., I37; P. R.,
172.
Gold-Ph., 35, 37, 38; C., ii6; P. R., 163.
Game-Ph., 35; C., ii8.
H.
Hawaii-H. I., 42.




Pa~ge Inzdex.


179


Hawaiians-H. I., 43, 44, 62.
Humidity-Ph., io; H. I., 45; C., 86; P. R., I52.
Honolulu-H. I., 67.
Health-H. I., 45; C., 89; P. R., 151, 175.
How to Get to-Ph., 13, 14, 15; H. I., 46; C., 93; P. R.,
154.
Hotel Rates-H. I., 58; C., iig; P. R., i64.
Harbors-Ph., 34; H. I., 7'; C., 137; P. R., i67.
History-Ph., 40; H. I., 73; C., 145; P. R., 174.
Havana-C., 8o, 129.
Hemp-Ph., i6, I7.
Houses-Ph., 24, 29; H. I., 68; C., 129; P. R., 169.
I.
Islands, Names of-Ph., 7; HI. I., 42; C., 78, 146; P. R.,
149.
Islands, Number of-Ph., 7; H. I., 42; C., 146; P. R.,
I49.
Imports-Ph., 17, i8; H. I., 53; C., 102; P. R., i56.
Institutions-Ph., 23, 24; H. I., 64; C., I25; P. R., i65.
Industries-Ph., 19, 20, 21, 25, 29, 35, 36, 39; H. I., 55, 57,
59, 65, 69; C., 112; P. R., i6i, 162.
Isle of Pines-C., 146.
Inhabitants-Ph., 8, 9; H. I., 43; C., 79, 83; P. R., 15o.
Investments-Ph., 19, 20, 21; H-1. I., 55; C., 112; P. R.,
i6i.
Iloilo-Ph. 29.
Island of Vieque-P. R., 174.
J.
Japanese in-Ph., 8; H. I., 42.
judiciary-H. I., 63; C., 123; P. R., i65.
L.
Latitude-Ph., 8; H. I., 42.
Longitude-Ph., 8; H. I., 42.
Liquors-H. I., 53; C., go.
Land-H. I., 56; C., II3; P. R., i62.
Labor-H. I.. 59; C., 115; P.R., 63, i66.
Laws-Ph., 22; H. I., 6o; C., 122; P. R., i65.
Languages-Ph., 8, 9; H. I., 64; C., 128,




I80                 Page Index.
Leprosy-H. I., 75.
Length of-Ph., 8; C., 78; P. R., 149.
Living, Cost of-H. I., 57; C., II9; P. R., 164.
Luzon-Ph., 7, 23 to 28.
Live Stock-Ph., 36, 37; H. I., 57; C., II8, I42.
M.
Meals en Route to-H. I., 48; C., 98.
Mail Service-Ph., 15 H. I., 5I; C., o00; P. R., I55.
Merchant Marine-H. I., 54.
Mountains-Ph., 34; H. I., 71; C., 117, 137; P. R., I72.
Manila-Ph., 23.
Mines-Ph., 35, 36, 37, 38, 39; C., ii6, 132, 143; P. R.,
I63.
Matanzas-C., 80, 131.
Malays in-Ph., 8.
Manufactures-Ph., 19; H. I., 57; C., 143; P. R., 162.
N.
Nationalities-Ph., 8, 9; H. I., 43; C., 79, 83; P. R., 50o.
New York to-Ph., 12, 13; H. I., 47; C., 93; P. R., 154.
Northwestern Ports to-H. I., 50.
Newspapers-H. I., 66; C., 128; P. R., 167.
Number of Islands-Ph., 7; H. I., 42; C., 146; P. R., I49.
New Orleans to-Ph., 14; H. I., 49.
P.
Porto Rico-P. R., I49.
Population-Ph., 8; H. I., 43; C., 79, 83; P. R., 150.
Portuguese-H. I., 43, 44.
Polynesians-Ph., 8, 9; H. I., 43.
Philippines-Ph., 7.
Postage, Rates of-Ph., 15; H. I., 52; C., oo00; P. R., 156.
Provisions, Price of-H. I., 57; C., 119, 121; P. R., 164.
Police-H. I., 63; C., I24.
Provinces-Ph., 35 to 40; C., 79, I37; P. R., 164.
Products-Ph., I9, 20, 32, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40; H. I., 52,
55, 68; C., 114; P. R., i6i.
Papers-H. I., 66; C., 128; P. R., I67.
Puerto Principe-C., 80, I33.
Philadelphia to-C., oo00.
Ponce-P. R., 167, 170.




Page Index.


18I


R.
Routes to-Ph., '3, '4; H. I., 47; C., 93; P. R., 154.
Railway Lines to-Ph., 13, 14; H. I., 47; C., 93; P. R.,
'54.
Railway Fares to-Ph., 13, 14; H. I., 47; C., 94; P. R.,
I54.
Railroads in-Ph., i8; H. I., 55; C., io6; P. R., i65.
Religion-Ph., 23; H. I., 67; C., I27; P. R., 167.
Rivers-Ph., 33; C., I37; P. R., 172.
Resources-Ph., i6, 19, 20, 25, 32, 33, 35 to 39; H. I., 52,
55, 68; C., 114; P. R., i6i.
Rainfall-Ph., io; H. I., 45; C., 87; P. R., 153.
Roads-Ph., 32; H. I., 72; C., III, I3I; P. R., i65, I72.
Revenues-Ph., 33; C., I25.
Rice-H. I., 52; C., io6; P. R., I57, 163.
S.
Steamship Lines to-Ph., 13, 14; H. I., 47; C., 94; P. R.,
I54.
San Francisco to-Ph., 12, 14; H. I., 50.
Stock, Live-Ph., 36, 38; H. I., 57; C., ii8, I42.
Schools-H. I., 64; C., 126; P. R., i66.
Sugar-Ph., 17; H. I., 52, 57, 69; C., I04, 1I5; P. R.,
18, 162.
Scenic Interest-H. I., 72; C., 143; P. R., I73.
Santiago-C., 8o, 132.
Storms-Ph., II; C., 87; P. R., i68.
Soil-Ph., 32; C., 115; P. R., 162.
Spanish in-Ph., 8, 19; C., 79; P. R., i50.
St. Louis to-Ph., 14; H. I., 49.
Savannah to-C., 96.
San Juan-P. R., 167.
T.
Time in Getting to-Ph., 13, I4; H. I., 46; C., 93; P. R.,
I54.
Transportation to-Ph., 13, 14, 15; H. I., 46; C., 93;
P. R., 154.
Temperature-Ph., io; H. I., 44; C., 84; P. R., 152.
Trade-Ph., i6; H. I.. 52; C., 102; P. R., 156.
Teachers-H. I., 64; C., I25, 126; P. R., i66.




182                   Page Index.
Tobacco-Ph., i6, 36; C., 104, 114; P. R., 157, 162.
Timber Lands-Ph., 35, 36, 38; C., ii8; P. R., 163.
Tribes-Ph., 8, 9.
Telegraph and Telephone in-C., ioI; P. R., I56.
Typhoons-Ph., ii, 12.
Travel in-H. I., 55, 72; C., III, 13I; P. R., i65, 172.
Tourists, Points for-H. I., 72; C., I43; P. R., 173.
V.
Vessels-H. I., 54.
Volcanoes-Ph., 31, 34, 35; H. I., 73.
Vieque, Island of-P. R., I74.
W.
Wages-H. I., 57, 59; C., 119, 120; P. R., i63, i66.
Y.
Yarns-Ph., 20.




i2mo, cloth, $i.25


KLONDIKE
A Manual for Gold Seekers
By CHARLES A. BRAMBLE
"About all that can be told will be found in the
present volume of 313 pages, a map included."
Philadelphia Inquirer.
" Mr. Bramble is a member of the editorial staff
of the Engineering and Mining Journal and was
late crown lands surveyor of the Dominion of
Canada. His experience in the Northwest Territories has enabled him to select only what is
valuable and reliable.-Toledo Blade.
"This is the best book on the subject that we
have yet seen. It strikes us the moment we open
the book that we are in possession of reliable information. The volume has a number of illustrations, which enable the reader to understand the
conditions of life in the gold regions.-New York
Commeraial Advertiser.
" It contains an answer for almost any question
that one can ask about the Klondike or kindred
subjects. The last chapters are on the mounted
police of the Dominion Government and the
Canadian mining laws.-ProvidenceJournal.
" The reading matter is in large type and printed
on good white paper. The book is more of a
library book than a pocket edition."-Seattle PostIntelligence.
" The publishers deserve credit for the manner in
which they have gotten out this valuable book."
New Orleans Sunday States.
NEW YORK
R. F. FENNO & COMPANY




z1mo, cloth, $I.Z5


Betrayal of John Fordham
By B. L. FARJEON
"The plot is -Well constructed, the story is well
told, and there is enough of mystery to satisfy the
most exacting reader.''-Saturday Evening Gazelltte
"' The Betrayal of John Fordham' is a new story
by B. L. Farjeon. It is of the detective order, full
of murder and innumerable wrongs that become,
at length, righted, and the much abused hero comes
to happiness as the curtain falls. The working out
of the plot, combined with peculiar incidents makes
the story worth reading, especially if one likes
a detective story. Almost everyone does, for a
change."-Boston Times.
"Running through the story are the threads of
one or two affairs of the heart, which are woven
into pleasant conclusions. Some of the scenes are
stirringly dramatic."-San Francisco Chronicle.
"A new book, which, like the preceding ones
from the pen of the same author, is a strong story
and which promises to be extensively read, is B. L.
Farjeon's new novel, 'The Betrayal of John Fordham.' "-New Haven Journal.
" The plot is intricate and deeply involved and
dramatically and skillfully worked out. "-Brooklyn
Eagle.
NEW YORK
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i2mo, cloth, $1.25


"'WHAT CHEER?"
By W. CLARK RUSSELL
"Clark Russell is easily the Fenimore Cooper
and Captain Marryatt of his time rolled into one.
His work is, however, upon different lines from
that of the two great writers mentioned. Russell
deals with modern conditions-with the sea of
to-day. The ocean has not altered, but its environments have within the century. To say that ' What
Cheer? ' is one of Russell's best stories is its highest
praise. '-Army and Navy Register.
"' What Cheer?' will be found to be eminently
readable." -Philadelphia Inquirer.
" W. Clark Russell's sea stories are read by thousands and thousands of people who will be glad to
know that another has been published by R. F.
Fenno & Co. of New York. This latest novel is
entitled ' What Cheer?' In this particular kind of
writing there is no other author like Mr. Russell,
and 'What Cheer'? will be found worth reading."
-Bostonr Globe.
" There is something new about the plot of this
story and it is good reading from beginning to
end.' '-Milwaukee Journal.
" The author of this book proved his capacity for
writing good marine stories in the " Wreck of the
Grosvenor,' and all who enjoyed that tale will be
glad that there is a new one by the same pen. The
writer is specially strong in his descriptive powers
of sea scenes and sailors. He knows and loves well
the ocean, and his pages are full of beautiful word
paintings about it."-San Francisco Call.
NEW YORK


R. F. FENNO & COMPANY




,2mo, cloth, illustrated, $I.25


Crime of the Boulevard
By JULES CLARETIE
"'The Crime of the Boulevard,' is worked up in
a masterly manner, and it is the constructive power,
the scenic arrangements, which are managed so
nicely." —New York Times.
"A thrillingly interesting Paris detective story,
that will reveal to the unimitated a tale of the inside
workings of the police methods of the French
Capital, that must be given the credit of much
ingenuity and originally."-Boston Courier.
"This story is well told with the indefiable fascination of the French novel."-Detroit Free Press.
" The book quivers with movement from end to
end. "-Detroit Tribune.
"Jules Claretie is a famous man of letters. He
is a member of the French Academy. He is a lucid
and brilliant writer. His novels are packed with
incident and vibrant with life."-N. Y. World.
"This is a strong story and one that will well
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"Jules Claretie's new story will keep your attention rivited from its first page to the last."-New
Orleans States.
NEW YORK
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12mo, cloth, $z.25


SOME WOMEN'S WAYS
By MARY ANGELO DICKENS
"We can especially recommend this volume to
all those who have a story which embraces all the
elements of a full-fledged novel compressed in a
few pages."-Lebanon Courier.
"These nine stories are terse and dramatic,
seizing some salient point in social life and making
the plot of the story hinge upon it. "- Toledo Blade.
"This excellent book is printed in large-faced
type, upon good paper, and is bound in an ornamental cloth cover." —Rutherford American.
" These are the kind of stories a reader welcomes
when dull and tired."- The Butlook.
"These sketches are delightful reading."Boston Times.
"The stories are worth reading, and indicative
of the inherited talent of a great daughter of Charles
Dickens. "-Buffalo Commercial.
" They are emotionally intense and morally irreproachable-a combination which is uuusual enough
in current fiction to call for commendation." —St.
Paul Daily Globe.
"The smooth, scholarly style is a pleasure to
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t2mo, cloth, $1.25
The Professor's Experiment
By MRS. HUNGERFORD
(Tiu DUCHrESS)
"It has become necessary, in these days, to
indicate the exceptional and welcome fact that this
is a pure story; painting cheery pictures of normal
domestic life, and opening no side doors to encourage the stealthy adventures of a prurient fancy. It
is a novel, strictly speaking, involving neither
sermon nor stump speech. It offers entertainment
only, but it gives what it offers; resting the tired
brain and leaving no poison in the blood."-The
Watchman.
"' The Professor's Experiment' is the title of a
new book by Mrs. Hungerford [The Dutchess].
It is of a somewhat more elaborate and ambitious
character than this writer's recent stories, and
shows a return to her earlier manner. The heroine
is the impulsive, warm-hearted young Irish girl
with whom all Mrs. Hungerford's readers are wel
acquainted, but of whom, in her various phases and
'eappearances they do not tire."-Indianapolis
journal.
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BEYOND THE PALE
By B. M. CROKER.
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with uncommon vigor and spirit."-Syracuse Standard.
"A delightful story of modern life in Ireland."
-Army and Navy Register.
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Opinion.
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always popular author."-Albany Times-Union.
"The tale is told very straightforwardly and
agreeably, with many genuinely dramatic episodes
and with much simple, honest humor and sympathy."-Boston Transcript.
" This is a well-told story with strong local color,
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Small jrmo, 75 cents.
THE
STORY OF A GENIUS
From the German of Ossip Schubin.
The International in a recent issue had this
to say concerning this talented authoress:
" ' Ossip Schubin' is the pseudonym of Aloysia
Kirschmer, an Austrian authoress of growing
popularity. She was born in Prague, in June,
1854, and her early youth was spent on a country
estate of her parents. Since her eighteenth
year she has travelled extensively, spending
her winters in some one of the large cities,
Rome, Paris or Brussels, and her work shows
the keen observation and cool judgment of a
cosmopolitan writer. She is well liked in England." The story under consideration is infinitely sad, beautiful, exalting. At one moment you
are rejoicing at the idyllic happiness of the
lover, the bright promise of a glorious future.
Then the scene changes, and your heart is
bleeding with unutterable anguish at the mute
grief that follows the irreparable loss of his
love, which carries in its train lost ambition,
talent, manhood. Just let us quote one passage:
"' There is a suffering so painful that no hand is
tender enough to touch it, and so deep that no
heart is brave enough to fathom it. Dumbly
we sink the head, as before something sacred.
Never could he reproach her lying there before
him, clad in the blue dress, of which every fold,
so dear to him, cried ' forgive ' Not to our desecrated love do I appeal, but to our sweet caressing friendship,-forgive the sister what the
bride has done i' How could he reproach her,
with her parting kiss still on his lips?"
R. F. FENNO & COMPANY
d I EAST I6TH STREET            s     NEW YORK








THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN


DATE DUE,APR 3 0 1999




UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
3 9015 02445 9656




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