a^Tir /A "/2,'f,q7" _i:__~~~____ -LI- -T _,i,, ____ 77>~' TAL.&MEIRLCA~ FALLB BY MOOBLIGNT. THE GREAT LAKES, OR INLAND SEAS OF AMERICA; EMBRACING A FULL DESCRIPTION OF LAKES SUPERIOR, HURON, MICHIGAN, ERIE, AND ONTARIO; RIVERS ST. MARY, ST. CLAIR, DETROIT, NIAGARA, AND ST. LAWRENCE; LAKE WINNIPEG, ETC.: TOGETHER WITH TBE COMMERCE OF THE LAKES, AND TRIPS THROUGH THE LAKES: GIVING A DESCRIPTION OF CITIES, TOWNS, ETC. FORMING ALTOGETHER: complete ~uibe FOR THE PLEASURE TRAVELLER AND EMIGRANT. Witb gtap anmf ymbztInizemtt. COMPILED BY J. DISTURNELL, AUTHOR OF THE "PIOTURESQ UT TOURIST," ETC. NEW YORK: PUIBLISIHED BY CHIARJLES SCRIBNERP, NO. 124 GRAND STREET, 1863. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1863, by JOHN DISTURNELL, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York. PREFACE. IN presenting to the Public the present volume, entitled "THE GREAT LAKES, or'INLAND SEAS' of AMERBIA," embracing the Magnitude of the Lakes-Commerce of the Lakes-Trip through the Lakes-Route from Lake Superior to Lake Winnipeg-Tables of Distances, etc., together with a Description of Niagara Falls and the St. Lawrence River, the Compiler wishes to return his sincere thanks for the. liberal patronage and the many kind favors received from those who have doubly assisted him, by contributing reliable and useful information in regard to the many interesting localities in which the Great Valley of the Lakes and of the St. Lawrence abounds, affording altogether many new and interesting facts of great importance to the Tourist, who may wish to visit the Inland Seas of America for health or pleasure; the tour being one of the most healthy, picturesque, and wonderful-when viewed as a whole, from Lake Winnipeg to Lake Superior, and thence to the Gulf of St. Lawrence-on the face of the globe. In the arrangement and compilation of this work every attempt has been made to render the information it contains concise and truthful. The Magnitude and also the Commerce of the Lakes are themes of great interest, they now being whitened by a large fleet of sail-vessels, in addition to the swift steamers and propellers which plough the waters of these Great Lakes, transporting annually large numbers of passengers,'nd an immense amount of agricultural and mineral products, to and om the different ports. iv PREFACE. Lake Superior, the MUtima Thule of many travellers, can now be easily reached by lines of steamers starting from Cleveland and Detroit, running through Lake Huron and the St. Mary's River; or from Chicago and Milwaukee, passing through Lake Michigan and the Straits of Mackinac. All these routes are fully described, in connection with the Collingwood Route, and Route to Green Bay; affording altogether ample and cheap opportunities to visit every portion of the Upper Lakes and their adjacent shores. The most noted places of Resort are Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, Munising, near the Pictured Rocks, Marquette, Houghton, Copper Harbor, Ontonagon, Bayfield, and Superior City. If to these should be added a Trip to the North Shore of Canada, visiting Michipicoten Island, Fort William, and other interesting localities-passing Isle Royale, attached to the State of Michigan-the intelligent Tourist would see new wonders of almost indescribable interest, while inhaling the pure atmosphere of this whole region of Lake Country. Among the Mineral Regions may be found objects of interest sufficient to induce the tourist to spend some weeks or months in exploration, hunting, and fishing; and if, added to this, should be included a journey to the Upper Mississippi Valley, or Lake Winnipeg, an entire season could be profitably employed. For a full description of the Lower St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, Saguenay River, etc., the Traveller is referred to the "PIcrPTURESQu TOURIST," issued a few years since. J. D. NEw YORK, JCuly, 1863. CONTENTS. PART I. Page. Mlagnitude of the Lakes or "Inland Seas." —Lake Superior, 13 Lake Michigan-Green Bay-Lake Huron-Georgian Bay-Lake St. ClairLake Erie,........................................... 14 Lake Ontario-Tributaries of the Lakes, &c.,............................. 15 Lake and River Navigation................................. 16 Altitudes-Topography and Meteorology,............................... 17 tipper Lakes —The White Fish,...................................... 18 Fish of the Upper Lakes,.............................................. 19 Physical Character of the Mississippi Basin-Physical Character of the St. Lawrence,.................................................... 20 Dimensions of the Great Lakes-Progress of Development,................ 21 Lunar Tidal Wave in the Great Lakes,.................................... 22 Remarkable Phenomena-Rising and Falling of the Waters,............... 24 PART II. Commerce of the Lakes.-Early History,....................25-28 First Steamboat on Lake Erie................................. 29 Commerce of Buffalo, 1862-United States and Canadian Tonnage,......... 30 Tonnage of the Lake Districts-Flour and Grain,........................31-32 Imports of Breadstuffs into Great Britain Fisheries, &c.,................... 33 Lumber and Styves-Copper of Lake Superior,........................... 34 Business on Lake Superior-Shipments of Copper,........................ 35 Iron and Iron Ore-Shipments, &c,.................................... 36 Salt-Saginaw Salt Springs-Onondaga Salt Springs,....................37-38 Petroleum, in Canada West, and Pennsylvania,........................... 39 Canal Commerce-Erie Canal,......................................... 40-41 Trade and Commerce of Chicago,...................................... 42-43 Product of Breadstuffs for Exportation,................................ 44 Pork and Beef Packing-Beef Cattle,................................... 45 PART III. Trip Through the Lakes.-Buffalo,............................. 46 BUFFALO TO DETROIT-North Shore Route,................................ 47 Port Colborne-Port Dover-'Port Burwell-Port Stanley, &c.,.............. 48 Point Pelee-Detroit River-Amherstburg-Sandwich-Windsor-&c.,...... 49 ROUTE FROM NIAGARA FALLS TO HAMILTON AND DETROIT.-St. CatharinesDundas, &c.,.................................................... 50 Paris-Woodstock-Ingersoll-Lonrdon-Chatham, &c...................... 51 vi CONTENTS. BUFFALO TO GODERICH, C. W.-Dunville-Brantford, &c.,................... 52 Goderich-Table of Distances from Buffalo to Toledo,..................... 53 BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, &c.-Dunkirk; Barcelona, &c.,............... 54 Erie-Conneaut-Ashtabula-Fairport, Painesville, &c.,................... 55 Cleveland-Perry Monument,.......................................... 56 STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM CLEVELAND TO DETROIT,........................... 57 Black River-Vermilion-Huron-Sandusky-Toledo, &c.,..................58 Railroads Diverging from Toledo-Perrysburgh,.......................... 59 Maumee City-Monroe-Trenton, &c.-Route Around Lake Erie,............ 60 Ohio and Erie Canals-Fort Wayne,.................................... 61 Table of Distances from Cleveland and Detroit to Superior,................ 62 DETROIT-Railroads, &c.,............................................... 63 Detroit River-Ile la Perche,......................................... 64 DETROIT TO MILWAUKEE-Increase of Lake Cities,.......................... 65 Grand Rapids-Grand Haven, &c..................................... 66 TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, CHICAGO, &c.-Trip Across Lake Michigan,.. 67 Ashley, Algonac-Newport —St. Clair, &c.,.............................. 68 Southerland-Port Huron-Fort Gratiot-Sarnia, &c.................... 69 ROUTE FROM SARNIA TO GODERICH, &c.-Kincardine-Saugeen,............... 10 ROUTE FROM PORT HURON TO SAGINAW CITY-East Saginaw, &c............. 71 LAKE HURON — Saginaw Bay-Tawas Bay, &c.,............................. 72 LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN-Alpena-Duncan, &c.,..'.................. 73 Old Mackina —Grand Traverse City-Manistee-Grand Haven, &c.,......... 74 STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM DETROIT TO GREEN BAY, &C.,....................... 75 Green Bay-Fort Howard-Oconto, &c.,................................ 76 Nenomee City-Pensaukee-Peshtigo —Gena, c.,........................ 77 GREEN BAY TO FOND DU LAc.-DePere-Kaukauna-Appleton-NeenahOshkosh, &c.,..................................................77-78 Fond Du Lac-Meeting of the Waters,..........................9........ 19 PORTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN.-Michigan City, &c.,........................... 79 New Buffalo-St. Joseph-Niles-South Haven-Holland, &c.............. 80 CHICAGO. —Railroad Routes, &c.,........................................ 80-81 Distances from Chicago to Mackinac, &c.,............................... 82 NAVAL VESSELS ON THE LAKES.-Mississippi and Michigan Canal............ 83 ROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAO AND SAUT STE. MARIE,.................. 84 Waukegan-Kenosha-Racino-Milwaukee,............................. 85 Granaries of Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin,......................... 86 Sheyboygan-Manitouwoc-Kewaunee-Ahneepee, &c................... 87 Manitou Islands-Fox Islands-Beaver Islands-Strait of Mackinac, &c.,.... 88 MACKINAC.-The Town and Fortress,................................. 89 Lover's Leap-Altitudes of Various Points,.............................. 90 Arched Rock-Sugar Loaf, &,........................................ 91 Island of Mackinac,...............................................9-1-92 Round Island'-St. Martin's Bay-Doint de Town-St. Joseph's IslandLime Island, &c................................................ 93 Nebish Island-Sugar Island-Lake George-Church's Landing, &c.,........ 94 ST MARY'S RIVER-Description of........................................ 95 SAUT STE. MARIE-Fort Brady........................................... 96 St. Mary's Ship Canal-Description of................................... 97 CONTENTS. Vii DISTANCES FROM COLLINGWOOD TO SAUT STE. MARIE-,OpeniDg and Closing of Navigation,...................................................... 98 Collingwood-Fisheries, &c.,......................................... 99 GEORGIAN BAY-COLLINGWOOD TO SAUT STE. MARIE-Penetanguishene, &c.,.... 100 Owen's Sound-Lonely Island-Smith's Bay-She-ba-wa-nah-ning, &c.,...... 101 Man-i-tou-wah-ning-Little Current-Bruce Mines, &c.,................... 102 TRIP FROM COLLINGWOOD TO FORT WILLIAM, C. W.......................103-105 Distances Around Lake Superior,....................................... 106 GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSTON AROUND FAKE SUPERIOR,.................... 106 Keweenaw Point-Light Houses, &c.,.................................. 107 White Fish Point-Point au Sable,..................................... 108 PICTURED ROOKS-The Chapel, &c.,.................................... 109-113 Lake Superior Region-Grand Island-Munising, &c.,..................... 11 REMARKABLE PHENOMENA-Monumental Rock,..........................115-116 Rise and Fall of the Waters of Lake Superior,........................... 117 MARQUETTE-Iron Mountain,............................................ 118 Trout Fishing-Bay de Noquet and Marquette Railroad,................... 119 Granite Island-Huron Isles-L'Ance-Portage Entry-Houghton,........ 120 Portage Lake-Hancock.-Keweenaw Point,............................. 121 Copper Harbor-Agate Harbor-Eagle Harbor-Eagle River-Ontonagon... 122 Population of Ontonagon County-Lake Superior-Copper Mining Companies, 123 La Pointe-Madeline Island,........................................... 124 Bayfield-Ashland-Twelve Apostles' Islands,............................ 125 Healthy Influence of Lake Superior,.................................... 126 Superior City-Table of Distances-Fond du Lac,......................... 121 St. Louis River-Portland-Clifton-Buchanan-Encampment-Beaver BayPigeon Bay and River;............................................ 128 NORTHERN SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR-Isle Royale,......................... 129 Fisheries of Lake Superior-Trout Fishing.............................. 130 Vessels Lost in the Lake Superior Trade................................ 131 The Lakes-Land of the Free, &c.,.................................... 132 TRIP ALONG THE NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR,......................... 133 Taquamenon Bay-Mamainse Point-Montreal Island-Michipicoten Harbor, 133 Michipicoten Island-Caribou Island-Otter Bay-Slate Island,........... 134 Copper Regions of Lake Superior-North Shore......................... 134 Fort William, C. W.-McKay's Mountain-Kaministiquai River,........... 135 Thunder Bay-Pie Island-Black Bay-Neepigon Bay-Island of St. Ignace, 136 PART IV. Route from Lake Superior to Lake Winlipeg. Dog Lake-Savan or Prarie Portiae, &c.,.......................... 137 Savan River-Rainy Lake and River-Lake of the Woods.................138 Winnipeg River-Lake Winnipeg,..................................... 139 Lakes in the Valley of the Saskatchewan-Red River of the North,......... 140 Red River Settlement,............................................... 141 Distances from Fort William to Fort Alexander, Fort Garry............ 142 viii. CONTENTS. PART V. Railroad and Steamboat Route from Buffalo to Niagara Falls, Toronto &c........................................ 143 Waterloo-Grand Island-Navy Island-Chippewa,..................... 143 Falls of Niagara-Drummondsville-Battle of Lundy's Lane,.............. 144 Clifton-Queenston-Brock's Monument,............................... 145 Fort George-Fort Niagara-Niagara River............................. 146 Grand Island-Tonawanda-Schlosser's Landing-The Rapids-Goat Island, 147 Goat Island Bridge-Bath Island, &c.,............................... 148 Niagara-Horse-Shoe Fall, &c.,..................................... 149-150 Whirlpool and Rapids-Village of Niagara Falls-Niagara City,.......... 161 Suspension Bridge and the Cateract and Rapids of Niagara,............ 152-154 Rate of Charges at Niagara Falls-Lewiston-Youngstown,............155-156 Route Around Lake Ontario,......................................... 156 Lake Ontario,........................................................ 157 Fort Niagara-Mouth of Niagara River,......................... 158 Steamboat Route from Lewiston to Oswego, Kingston and Ogdensburgh,..... 159 Steamboat Route from Lewiston to Toronto, Kingston, Montreal, &c....... 159 Alphabetical List of the Principal.Ports on the Great Lakes-Situation, Temperature, &c.,.............................................. 160-162 PART VI. Advertisements.-Cleveland, Detroit and Lake Superior-Steamers Meteor and Illinois,..................................................... 163 Steamers Northern Light, and City of Cleveland,.......................... 164 Steamer Traveler-Pleasure Excursions,................................. 165 Steamer Iron City-Detroit and Cleveland Line of Steamboats,............. 166 Chicago Line for Lake Superior-Steamer Planet-Steamboat Line for Milwaukee, &c.,.................................................. 167 Northern Transportation Company of Ohio,............................. 168 Grand Trunk Line of Steamers, and Grand Trunk Railway,................ 169 Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway and Screw Steamers,.................... 170 American Express Line-Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrence,............ 171 Royal Mail Line from Toronto to Kingston, Ogdensburgh and Montreal,..... 172 Bay Shore Route from Green Bay to Oconto, Sturgeon Bar, &c.,............ 172 Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad and Steamship Line,..................... 173 Milwaukee, Prairie du Chien, and St. Paul Railway Line,.................. 174 Great Northwestern Route from Chicago to St. Paul, Green Bay and Lake Superior,........................................................ 175 Galena and Chicago Union Railroad,..................................... 176 Illinois Central Railroad Routes from Chicago to Cairo, &c.,............... 177 New York Central Railroad-People's Line of Steamers, Now York to Albany, 178 Great Western Railway of Caniada,..................................... 179 HOTELS, in Chicago, Mackinac, Saut Ste. Marie, Detroit, &c.,...........180-187 BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENTS,.................................... 188-192 alst oif 6m0lfistmuts Page. 1. FRONTSPIECE-Niagara Falls by Moonlight,........................... 2. BUFFALO HARBOR,.................................................. 46 3. PERRY MONUMENT-Cleveland, Ohio,................................. 56 4. DETROIT HARBOR,.................................................. 63 5. GREEN BAY-Wisconsin,............................................ 76 6. CHICAGO HARBOR,.......................................... 84 7. MILWAUKEE HARBOR,.............................................. 85 8. ISLAND OF MACKINAC,.............................................. 89 9. ARCHED Ro -Mackinac,.......................................... 91 10. ST. MARY'S RivER-Outlet of Lake Superior,......................... 95 11. SAUT STE. MARIE-From American Side.......................... 96 12. PICTURED Ro CKs-The Chapel,..................................... 113 13. MONUMENT ROCK-Lake Superior,.................................. 115 14. PULLING A CANOE UP THE RAPIDS-Kaministaquoiah River,.............. 138 15. BROCK'S MONUHENT-Queenston Heights,............................. 145 16. HORSE-SHOE FALL — Niagara,...................................... 149 17. FORT NIAGARA-Mouth of Niagara River,........................... 158 18.'CBDA RAPIDs-St. Lawrence River................................. 162 TABLE OF DISTANCES, From Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore, to Niagara Falls, Buffalo, Cleveland. &c. Miles. 1. BOSTON to ALBANY, via Western Railroad of Massachusetts,........... 200 ALBANY to NIAGARA FALLS, via New York Central Railroad,...........306-506 NIAGARA FALLS to DETROIT, Mich., via Great Western Railway of Canada,. 230-736 2. NEW YORK to ALBANY, via Hudson RiverRailroad,................... 145 ALBANY to BUFFALO, via New York Central Railroad,.......:.298-443 3. NBw YORK to BUFFALO, via Erie Railway........................... 432 BUFFALO to CLEVELAND, Ohio, via. Lake Shore Railroad,..............183-615 4. NEw YORK to HARRISBURG, via V. J. Central Railway................ 182 HARRISBURG to PITTSBURGH, via Pennsylvvnia Central Railroad,........249-431 PITTSBURGH to CLEVELAND, via Pittsburgh and Cleveland Railway,......150-581 5. PHILADELIIHIA to PITTSBURGI, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad,...... 356 PITTSBURGH to CLEVELAND, via Pittsburgh and Cleveland Railroad,...... 150-506 6. PHILADELPHIA to ELMIRA, via Philadelphia and Elmira Railway,....... 275 ELMIRA to BUFFALO, via Erie Railway,............................. 159-434 7. BALTIMORE to HARRISBURG, via Northern Central Railway,............. 85 HARRISBURG to ELMIRA, N. Y. " " "........... 171-256 ELMIRA to BUFFALO, via Erie Railway,.............................. 159-415 8. BALTIMORE to PITTSBURGH, via Pennsylvania Central Railroad,........ 334 PITTSBURGH to CLEVELAND, Ohio, via Pittsburgh and Cleveland Railroad,. 150-484 CLEVELAND to DETROIT, Mich., via Steamboat Route,................... 120-604 BOSTON to NEW YORK, Railroad Route,............................ 236 NEW YORK to PHILADELPHIA, Railroad Route,...................... 90-326 PHILADELPHIA to BALTIMORE, " "...................... 98-424 BALTIMORE to WASINGTON,....................... 40 —-464 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE, FROM NEW YORK TO NIAGARA FALLS AND TORONTO, C. W., LEAVING NEW YoRK AT SIX P. M. BY STEAMER. Stations, etc. Miles. Usual Time. H. M. NEW YORK......................... 0 ALBANY, (Steamer)................. 145 12 00 Schenectady, (Railroad)............... 162 13 00 Utica, "................... 240 16 00 Rome, ".................... 254 16 30 Syracuse, "................ 293 18 00 ROCHESTER, (St. to Toronto)............ 374 22 45 Lockport, (Railroad)............. 430 25 00 SUSPENSION BRIDGE, "................ 448 26 00 LEWISTON,................ 452 TORONTO, (Steamer)................. 494 30 00 RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE, FROM NEW YORK TO OSWEGO, TORONTO, ETC., LEAVING NEW YORK AT 7 & 10 A. M., AND 5 P. M., BY HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD. Stations, etc. Miles. Usual Time. H. M. NEW YORK......................... 0 Poughkeepsie, (Railroad)............... 5 2 40 Hudson,............... 116 4 00 ALBANY, "................... 144 5 00 Schenectady, ".................. 162 6 00 Utica, "................... 240 8 30 Rome, "............... 254 9 00 Syracuse, ".................. 293 10 30 OSWEGO,................. 328 13 00 LEWISTON, (Steamer 140 m.)............ 468 TORONTO, (Steamer 150m.)............ 478 27 00 NOTE.-Passengers by continuing on by Railroad from Syracuse, via Rochester and Lockp6rt, will arrive at Suspension Bridge, 448 miles, in sixteen hours after leaving New York, stop at Niagara Falls if desired, and reach Toronto by Railroad, via Hamilton, C. W., 81 miles farther; making the total distance from New York to Toronto by Railroad, via Suspension Bridge, 529 miles. RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTE From New York to Lake Superior. Stopping Places Total Miles. Usual Time. Hours. NEW YORK to ALBANY, by Railroad.. 145 5 ALBANY TO BUFFALO, "..... 298 443 10 ALBANY to NIAGARA FALLS, "... 304 BUFFALO to CLEVELAND, Ohio, "..... 183 626 7 CLEVELAND TO DETROIT, by Steamboat,. 120 746 10 DETROIT TO PORT HURON, "..... 73 819 6 PORT HURON to SAUT STE. MARIE ". 277 1,096 24 SAUT STE. MARIE to MARQUETTE ". 160 1,256 14 MARQUETTE to ONTONAGON, ".. 226 1,482 20 ONTONAGON to BAYFIELD, ".. 8 1,560 7 BAYFIELD to SUPERIOR CITY, ".. 80 1,640 1 Total Running Time, 4 days and 14 hours. USUAL FARE from New York to Buffalo................... $ 9 35 " " New York to Cleveland, 0............... 14 35 " " New York to Detroit, Mich........... 16 35 Detroit to Lake Superior and Return.................. 26 00 RAPIDS OF THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. The Rapids of the St Lawrence, in con- Rapid Plat; Long Saut Rapids, (descent nection with the " Thousand Islands," 48 feet.) The Coteau Rapids, Cedar form the most remarkable feature of this Rapids, and Cascade Rapids, have a destruly noble stream. The "Thousand Is- cent of 82 feet; in the distance of 11 lands" are situated near the foot of Lake miles. The La Chine Rapids, the last Ontario, where the St. Lawrence proper formidable rapids which impede navigacommences. Here are found delightful tion, has a descent of 45 feet. resorts fbr those fond of fishing and hurt- The descent of these rapids by steaming, surrounded by scenery of the most ers is perfectly safe, affording the most exenchanting character. citing and grand excursion imaginable, The fall in the St. Lawrence river, In ascending the stream steamers pass between Ogdensburgh and Montreal, a dis- through the St. Lawrence Canal; total tance of 120 miles exceeds 200 feet. The length about 40 miles. See Engraving, rapids encountered are the Gallop Rapids; page 162. MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES, OR "INLAND SEAS." -__=_ OTHIING but a rence. The romantic beauty of the rapids voyage over all of of this noble stream, and its majestic flow the great bodies of through a healthy and rich section of water forming the country, is unsurpassed for grand lake " INLAND SEAS," and river scenery. can furnish the Lake Superior, the largest of the tourist, orscientific Inland Seas, lying between 46" 30' and explorer, a just 490 north latitude, and between 849 30''w 016 idea of the extent, and 92~ 30^ west longitude from Greendepth, and clear- wich, is situated at a height of 600 feet ness of the waters above the Gulf of St. Lawrence, from of the Great Lakes of America, together which it is distant about 1,500 miles by with the healthy influence, fertility, and the course of its outlet and the St. Lawromantic beauty of the numerous islands, rence river. It is 460 miles long from and surrounding shores, forming a circuit east to west, and 170 miles broad in its of about 4,000 miles, with an area of widest part, with an average breadth of 90,000 square miles, or about twice the 85 miles; the entire circuit being about extent of the State of New York-ex- 1,200 miles. It is 800 feet in greatest tending through eight degrees of latitude, depth, extending 200 feet below the level and sixteen degrees of longitude-this of the ocean. Estimated area, 31,500 region embracing the entire north half of square miles, being by far the largest the temperate zone, where the purity of body of fresh water on the face of the the atmosphere vies with the purity of globe-celebrated alike for its sparkling these extensive waters, or " Inland Seas," purity, romantic scenery, and healthy inbeing connected by navigable rivers or fluence of its surrounding climate. About straits. one hundred rivers and creeks are said to The States, washed by the Great Lakes, flow into the lake, the greatest part being are New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Mich- small streams, and but few navigable exigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minne- cept for canoes, owing to numerous falls sota, and Canada West-the boundary and rapids. It discharges its waters eastline between the United States and the ward; by the strait, or river St. Mary, 60 British Possessions running through the miles long, into Lake Huron, which lies centre of Lakes Superior, Huron, St. 26 feet below, there being about 20 feet Clair, Erie, and Ontario, together with descent at the Saut Ste Marie, which is the connecting rivers or straits, and down overcome by means of two locks and a the St. Lawrence River to the 45th paral- ship canaL Its outlet, is a most lovely lel of latitude. From thence the St. and romantic stream, embosoming a numLawrence flows in a northeast direction ber of large and fertile islands, covered through Canada into the Gulf of St. Law- with a rich foliage. 14 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. Lake llchigan, lying 576 ft. above are discharged a great number of streams, the sea, is 320 miles long, 85 miles broad, find an outlet by the River St. Clair, comand 700 feet deep; area, 22,000 square mencing at the foot of Lake Huron, miles. This lake lies wholly within the where it has only a width of 1,000 feet, oonfinea of the United States. It pre- and a depth of from 20 to 60 feet, flowing sents a large expanse of water, with but with a rapid current downward, 38 miles, few islands, except near its entrance into into the Straits of Mackinac, through which it Lake St. Clair, which is25 miles discharges its surplus waters. The strait long and about as many broad, with a is 30 or 40 miles in length, and discharges small depth of water; the most difficult its accumulated waters into Lake Huron, navigation being encountered in passing on nearly a level with Lake Michigan. over " St. Clair Flats," where only about At the north end of the lake, and in the 12 feet of water is afforded.- Detroit River, Straits, are several large and romantic 27 miles in length, is the recipient of all islands, affording delightful resorts. the above waters, flowing southward Green Bay, a most beautiful ex- through a fine section of country into panse of water, containing several small Lake Erie, the fourth great lake islands, lies at about the same elevation of this immense chain. This latter lake as Lake Michigan; it is 100 miles long, again, at an elevation above the sea of 20 miles broad, and 60 feet deep; area, 564 feet, 250 miles long, 60 miles broad, 2,000 square miles. This is a remarkably and 204 feet at its greatest depth, but, on pure body of water, presenting lovely an average, considerably less than 100 shores, surrounded by a fruitful and feet deep, discharges its surplus waters by healthy section of country.,the Niagara River and Falls, into Lake Lake Huron, lying at a height of Ontario, 330 feet below; 51 feet of this 674 feet above the sea, is 250 miles long, descent being in the rapids immediately 100 miles broad, and 750 feet greatest above the Falls, 160 feet at the Falls depth; area, 21,000 square miles. This themselves, and the rest chiefly in the lake is almost entirely free of islands, rapids between the Falls and the mouth presenting a large expanse of pure water. of the river, 35 miles below Lake Erie. Its most remarkable feature is Saginaw This is comparatively a shallow body of Bay, lying on its western border. The water; and the relative depths of the waters of this lake are now whitened by great series of lakes may be illustrated the sails of commerce, it being the great by saying, that the surplus waters poured thoroughfare to and from Lakes Michigan from the vast basins of Superior, MichianA Superior. gan, and Huron, flow across theplate of Erie Georgian Bay, lying northeast of into the deep bowl of Ontario. Lake Erie Lake Huron, and of the same altitude, is reputed to be the only one of the series being separated by islands and headlands, in which any current is perceptible. The lies wholly within the confines of Canada. fact, if it is one, is usually ascribed to It is 140 miles long, 55 miles broad, and its shallowness; but the vast volume of 500 feet in depth; area, 5,000 square its outlet-the Niagara River-with its miles. In the North Channel, which com- strong current, ip a much more favorable municates with St. Mary's River, and in cause than the small depth of its water, Georgian Bay, are innumerable islands which may be far more appropriately adand islets, forming an interesting and ro- duced as the reason why the navigation mantic feature to this pure body of water. is obstructed by icemuch morethan either All the above bodies of water, into which of the other great lakes. LAKE ONTARIO-TRIBUTARIES OF THE LAKES. 15 The ascertained temperature in the mid- not exceed from 600 to 2,500 feet above die of Lake Erie, August, 1845, was tern the level of the ocean, while the altitude peratureof air 761 Fahrenheit, at noon- of the land which forms the water-shed water at surface 13~ —-at bottom 539. of Lake Champlain and the lower tribuLake Oatario, the fifth and last taries of the St. Lawrence River rises of the Great Lakes of America, is eleva- from 4,000 to 5,000 above the level of the ted 234 feet above tide-water at Three sea or tide-water, in the States of VerRivers on the St. Lawrence; it is 180 mont and New York. miles long, 60 miles broad, 600 feet deep. The divide which separates the waters Thus basin succeeds basin, like the locks of the Gulf of Mexico, from those flowof a great canal, the whole length of ing northeast into the St. Lawrence, do waters from Lake Superior to the Gulf of not in some places exceed ten or twenty St. Lawrence being rendered navigable feet above the level of Lakes Michigan for vessels of a large class by means of and Superior; in fact, it is said that Lake Whe Welland and St. Lawrence canals- Michigan, when under the influence of thus enabling a loaded vessel to ascend or high water and a strong northerly wind, descend 600 feet above the level of the discharges some of its surplus waters into ocean, or tide-water. Of these five great the Illinois River, and thence into the lakes, Lake Superior has by far the larg- Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico-so low est area, and Lake Ontario has the least, is the divide at its southern terminus. having a surface only about one-fifth of When we consider the magnitude of that of Lake Superior, and being some- these Great Lakes, the largest body of what less in area than Lake Erie, although fresh water on the globe, being connected not much less, if any, in the circuit of its by navigable Straits, or canals, we may shores. Lake Ontario is the safest body quote with emphasis the words of an of water for navigation, and Lake Erie English writer: "How little are they the most dangerous. The lakes of great- aware, in Europe, of the extent of comest interest to the tourist or scientific merce upon these'Inland Seas,' whose traveler are Ontario, Huron, together with coasts are now lined with flourishing Georgian Bay and North Channel, and towns and cities; whose waters are plowLake Superior. The many picturesque ed with magnificent steamers, and hundislands and headlands, together with the reds of vessels crowded with merchandise l pure dark green waters of the Upper Even the Americans themselves are not Lakes, form a most lovely contrast during fully aware of the rising importance of the summer and autumn months. these great lakes, as connected with the The altitude of the land which forms Far West. the water-shed of the Upper Lakes does TRIBUTARIES OF THE GREAT LAKES AND ST. LAWRENCE RIVER. Unlike the tributaries of the Mississip- The following are the principal Rivers pi, the streams falling into the Great Lakes that are navigable for any considerable or the St. Lawrence River are mostly length: rapid, and navigable only for a short distance from their mouths. 16 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. AMERICAN BSE. Miles. St. Louis River, Min................ Superior to Fond du Lac............ 20 Fox, or Neenah, Wis.................. Green Bay to Lake Winnebago*..... 36 St. Joseph, Mich..................... St. Joseph to Niles................ 26 Grand River, "..................... Grand Haven to Grand Rapids...... 4 Muskegon, "...................... Muskegon to Newaygo............ 40 Saginaw "...................... Saginaw Bay to Upper Saginaw.....26 Maumee, Ohio....................... Maumee Bay to Perrysburgh....... 18 Genesee, N. Y.................... Charlotte to Rochester............. 6 CANADIAN SIDE. Miles. Thames.......................... Lake St. Clair to Chatham........... 24 Ottawa............................. La Chine to Carillon............... 40 ".......................... (By means of locks to Ottawa City)... 70 Richelieu or Sorel.................... Sorel to Lake Champlain (by locks) 15 Saguenay........................... Tadusac to Chicoutimi..............10 (thence to Lake St. John, 60 m.) LAKE AND RIVER NAVIGATION, FROM FOND DU LAC, LAKE SUPERIOR, TO THE GULF OF ST. LAWRENCE. ITAxs, RtrvzEs, ETC. Length in Greatest Av. Depth El. above miles. breadth. breadth. in feet. sea. Superior....................... 460 170 85 800 600 ft. St. Mary's River................ 60 5 2 10 to 100 Michigan....................... 320 85 58 00 676 " Green Bay..................... 100 25 18 100 676" Strait of Mackinac............... 40 20 10 20 to 200 575" Huron......................... 250 100 70 700 574 " North Channel.................. 150 20 10 20 to 200 574 " Georgian Bay................... 140 55 40 500 674" St. Clair River.................. 38 14 1 20 to 60 Lake St. Clair*.................. 25 25 18 10 to 20 668" Detroit River................... 27 3 1 10 to 60 Erie.......................... 250 70 40 200 564 " Niagara River.................. 35 3 1 Ontario...................... 180 58 40 600 234 " St. Lawrence River.............. 760 100 2 Lake St. Francis, foot Long Saut... 4 142 Lake St. Louis, foot Cascade Rapids 6 58 At Montreal.................... 3 13 Lake St. Peter 1............... 12 6" Tide-water at Three Rivers....... 1 0 " At Quebec................... 1 0 " Total miles navigation....... 2,835 * By means of 17 locks, overcoming an elevation of TO0.feet. t The navigation for steamers extends 160 miles above Ottawa City,by means of portages and locks * The St Clair Flat, which have to be passed by all large steamers and sail vessels running from Lake Erie to the Upper Lakes, now affords twelve feet of water, the sMp cannrtd being very narrow and winding, where stands a light and buoys to guide the mariner. ALTITUDES-TOPOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY. 1 7 ALTITUDE OF VARIOUS POINTS ON TEE SHORES OF LAKE SUPERIOR. LooAuTIs. Above Lake Superior. Above the Sea. Lake Superior............................... 000 feet. 600 feet. Point Iroquois, South Shore................... 350 " 950 " Gros Cap, C. W., North Shore................. 700 " 1,300 Grand Sable, South Shore................. 345 " 945 Pictured Rocks, "................. 200 " 800 Iron Mountains, "................. 850 " 1,450 Quincy Copper Mine, Portage Lake............. 550 " 1,150 Mount Houghton, near Keweenaw Point........ 1,000 " 1,600 " Porcupine Mountains, South Shore............. 1,380 " 1,980 Isle Royale, Michigan....................... 300 " 900 Minnesota Mountains (estimated)............... 1,200 " 1,800 " Michipicoten Island, C. W..................... 800 " 1,400 Pie Island, ".................... 760 " 1,360 " St. Ignace (estimated)".................... 1,200 " 1,800 McKay's Mountain, ".................... 1,000 " 1,600 Thunder Cape,................... 1,350 " 1,950 " TOPOGRAPHY AND METEOROLOGY. "The mountains of the region along ing the whole season, corresponds in a the south shore of Lake Superior, consist remarkable degree with that of St. Petersof two granite belts in the northwest, the burg. The temperature of the region is Huron Mountains to the southward, a trap very favorable to the growth of cereals. range starting from the head of Kewee- The annual ratio of fair days at Fort naw Point, and running west and south- Brady is 168; of cloudy days, 77; rainy west into Wisconsin, the Porcupine Moun- days, 71; snowy days, 47. tains, and the detrital rocks. The Huron " The temperature of the water of Lake Mountains in places attain an elevation of Superior during the summer, a fathom or 1,200 feet above the Lake. The highest two-below the Surface, is but a few deelevation attained by the Porcupine Moun- grees above the freezing point. In the tains is 1,380 feet. western portion, the water is much colder " Meteorological observations were in- than in the eastern-the surface flow bestituted by order of the Government at coming warmer as it advances toward the three military posts in the District, viz.: outlet. The mirage which frequently ocForts Wilkins (Copper Harbor), Brady, ours, is occasioned by the difference beand Mackinac. From these observations tween the temperature of the air and the it appears that the mean annual tempera- Lake. Great difficulties are experienced ture of Fort Brady is about one degree from this cause in making astronomical lower than that of Fort Wilkins, although observations. the latter post is nearly a degree further " Auroras, even in midsummer, are of north. This difference arises from the frequent occurrence, and exhibit a brilinsular position of Keweenaw Point, liancy rarely observed in lower latitudes." which is surrounded on three sides by -Foster & Whitney's Report. water. The climate at Fort Brady, dur2 18 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. THE UPPER LAKES, OR "INLAND SEA," OF AMERICA. This appellation applies to Lakes Hu- The dark green waters of the Upper ron, Michigan, and Superior, including Lakes, when agitated by a storm, or the Green Bay, lying within the confines of motion of a passing steamer, presents a the United States, and Georgian Bay, brilliancy peculiar only to these transwhich lies entirely in Canada. parent waters-they then assume the adThese bodies of water embrace an area mixture of white foam, with a lively green of about 75,000 square miles, and, as a tinge, assuming a crystal-like appearance. whole, are deserving of the name of the In this pure water, the white fish, and'INLAND SEA,' being closely connected by other species of the finny tribe, delight straits or water-courses, navigable for the to gambol, affording the sportsman and largest class of steamers or sail vessels, epicurean untold pleasure, which is well The shores, although not elevated, are described in the following poem: bold, and free from marsh or swampy lands, presenting one clean range of coast for about 3,000 miles. THE WHITE FISH. By a late decision of the Supreme Court of the U. States, the Upper Lakes HENRY R. SCHOOLCRAFT, in his poem. including Lake Erie, with their connect "THE WHITE FISHI," says: ing waters, were declared to be seas, commercially and legally. Congress, under "All friendsto good living by tureen and dish, Concur in exulting this prince of a fish; this decision, is empowered to improve So fine in a platter, so'tempting a fry, the harbors of the lakes and the connect- So rich on a gridiron, so sweet in a pie; ing straits, precisely as it has power to That even before it the salmon must fall, And that mighty bonmn-bouche, of the landdo the same on the seaboard. This will beaver's tail. probably lead to a vigorous policy in the * * * * maintenance of Federal authority, both in'Tis a morsel alike for the gourmand or faster, improving the harbors, and making pro- While, white as a tablet of pure alabaster I mprovig the saft iofm, and ingpr-Its beauty or flavor no person can doubt, vision for the safety of commerce, and When seen in the water or tasted without; protection of life, as well as guarding And all the dispute that opinion ere makes against foreign invasion. The only forti- Of this king of lake fishes, this'deer of th fication of importance that is garrisoned choieess to ponder or sup Regard not its choiceness to ponder or sup, is Fort Mackinac, guarding the passage But the best mode of dressing and serving it up. through the Straits of Mackinac. * * * * The islands of these lakes are numer- Here too, might a fancy to descant inclined, ous, particularly in the Straits of Mackinac, ontemilate the ve that prtainciful straind, and in Georgian Bay, retaining the same To prove its.creation from feminine brains."t bold and virgin appearance as the mainland; most of them are fertile and susceptible of high cultivation, although, as dian name for this f yet, but few are inhabited to any consid- t Vide Indian Tales and Legends." erable extent. FISH OF THE UPPER LAKES. 19 FISH OF THE UPPER LAKES. "The numbers, varieties, and excellent points in each of the four straits, the quality of lake fish are worthy of notice. southeast part of Lake Superior, Thunder It is believed that no fresh waters known Bay, Saginaw Bay, and Fort Gratiot near can, in any respect, bear comparison. foot of Lake Huron. The sport of taking They are, with some exceptions, of the the brook trout, which are found in great same kind in all the lakes. Those found abundance in the rapids at the Saut Ste in Laku Superior and the straits of St. Marie, and most all of the streams falling Mary are of the best quality, owing to the into the Upper Lakes, affords healthful cooler temperature of the water. Their amusement to hundreds of amateur fishquantities are surprising, and apparently ermen during the summer and fall months. so inexhaustible, as to warrant the belief The modes of taking the different kinds of that were a population of millions to in- fish are in seines, dip-nets, and gill-nets, habit the lake shore, they would furnish and the trout with hooks. an ample supply of this article of food " Those engaged in catching fish in the without any sensible diminution. There Straits of Mackinac, are composed. of are several kinds found in Lake Superior, Americans, Irish, French, half breeds, and some of the most delicious quality, and Indians. Some are employed by capthat are not found in the lakes below, as italists, others have their own boats and the siskowit and muckwaw, which grow nets. Each one is furnished with a boat, to the weight of eight or ten pounds. and from fifty to one hundred nets, reThe salmon and some others are found in quiring constantly two or three men for Ontario, but not above the Falls of Niag- each boat, to run the different gangs of ara. nets. The fish caught are principally " The following is a very partial list of white fish, with some trout. The demand a few of the prominent varieties: the for exportation increases every year, and white fish, Mackinac and salmon-trout, although immense quantities are caught sturgeon, muscalunje, siskowit, pickerel, every season, still no diminution in their pike, perch, herring, white, black, and number is perceived. rock bass, cat, pout, eel-pout, bull-head, " A fleet of two hundred fish-boats are roach, sun-fish, dace, sucker, carp, mullet, engaged in and about the Straits, embill-fish,sword-fish, bull-fish, stone-carrier, bracing, however, all the Beaver group. sheeps-head, gar, &c. Each boat will average one barrel of fish "The lamprey-eel is found in all, but per day during the fishing season. the common eel is found in neither of the * * * * lakes, nor in any of their tributaries, except "Ye, who are fond of sport and fun, one. The weight to which some of these who wish for wealth and strength; ye, attain is not exceeded by the fish'of any who love angling; ye, who believe that other inland fresh waters, except the Mis- God has given us a time to pray, a time sissippi. * * * * to dance, &c., &c., go to these fishing" The fish seem to be more numerous grounds, gain health and strength, and some years than others, and likewise of pull out Mackinac trout from 20 to 40 lbs. better quality. The kinds best for pick- in weight. One hook and line has, in ling and export are the white fish, Mack- three to four hours, pulled out enough to inac and salmon trout, sturgeon, and fill three to four barrels of fish, without pickerel. The fisheries at which these taking the sport into consideration. are caught are at Mackinac, at several "Yours, W. M. J.' 20 MAGNITUDB OF THE LAKES. PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE MISSISSIPPI BASIN. "The Valley of the Mississippi, bounded "It would thus appear that the internal on the one hand by the Rocky Mountains, navigation of the Upper Mississippi Valand on the other by the Alleghanies, em- ley is about 9,000 miles in extent; but, braces a drainage area of 1,244,000 square during the summer months, even through miles, which is more than one-half of the the main channels, it becomes precarious, entire area of the United States. The and at times is practically suspended. Upper Mississippi Valley is composed of "The Mississippi Valley, viewed as a three subordinate basins, whose respective whole, may be regarded as one great plain dimensions are as follows: between two diverging coast ranges, eleSquare miles. vated from 400 to 800 feet above the sea. The Ohio basin pi..................... 214,000 St. Paul, the head of the navigation of the The UlpDer Mississippi.................. 169,000 The Missouri........................... 518,000 Mississippi, is 800 feet above the ocean; Pittsburgh, at the junction of the MononMaking a total of........... 901,000 gahela and Alleghany, forming the Ohio, Its navigable rivers are as follows: 699 feet; Lake Superior on the north, 600 Miles. feet; but the water-shed on the west, at Missouri, to near the Great Falls.......... 3,150 South Pass, rises to nearly 7,500 feet. Missouri, above Great Falls to Three Forks 150 Osage, to Osceola......................... 200 "It is traversed by no mountain ranges, Kansas................................... 100 but the surface swells into hills and ridges, Bi Sioux.............................. 5 and is diversified by forest and prairie. Yellow-stone............................. 800 Upper Mississippi, to St. Paul......... 658 Leaving out the sterile portions west of St. Anthony, to Sauk Rapids.............. 80 the Missouri, the soil is almost uniformly Above Little Falls, to Pokegima Falls..... 250 fertile, easily cultivated and yields an Minnesota, to Patterson's Rapids.......... 295 abundant return. The climate is healthy St.;: rotoS.abundant return. The climate is healthy St. Croix, to St. Croix Falls.......... 60 Illinois, to La Salle...................... 220 and invigorating, and altogether the region Ohio, to Pittsburgh.........9.......... 975 is the most attractive for immigration of Monongahela,to Oeneva(slack-water,4 locks) 91 y p ion of the earth." Muskingum, to Dresden " 8 " 100 ay GreenRiver to BowlingGreen" 5 186 By means of a Ship Canal, connecting Kentucky, to Brooklyn " 5" 117 with the Illinois River, the waters of the Kanawha, to Gauley Bridge.............. 100 Mississippi will be united with the waters Wabash, to Lafayette................... 835 Salt, to Shepherdsville.................... 30 of Lake Michigan-thus forming an unSandy, to Louisa................. 2b interrupted navigation for armed vessels Tennessee, to Muscle Shoals............... 600 of a large class from the Gulf of Mexico Cumberland, to Burkesville....8......... 870 S r to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, forming an Total navigation............. 8.967 inland navigation of about 3,000 miles — NOTS —Steamboats have ascended the Des running through the sub-tropical and Moines to Des Moinea City, Iowa River to Iowa temperate zones, where nature is most City, Cedar River to Cedar Rapids, and the Maquo- lavi. o e keta to Maquoketa City, but only during tempo- lavish Of her gifts. rary floods. PHYSICAL CHARACTER OF THE ST. LAWRENCE. The sources of the Mississippi on the and rivers, presents a system of watereast interlock with those of the St. Law- communication of dearly equal extent and rence, which, with its associated lakes grandeur. PHYSICAL CHARACTvER OF THE ST. LAWRENOBC DEVELOPMENT. 21 TABLE. SBOWSG THE DIMENSIONS OF THE enriching the regions through which they FIVE GREAT AkERICAN LAKES. flow, and supplying the inhabitants with Greatest Greatest Height Area in the varied products of distant climes."A enh I. breadth. abovesee. q. milel Foster and Whitney's Report on Lake SupeMee. Miles. Feet. Superior........ 460 170 600 81,500 rior. Michigan....... 82 85 576 22,000 The commerce of these lakes, whose lron.......... 260 160 54 20,400 annual value reaches $450,00i000-more Erie.............. 241 70 565 9,600 Ontario..... 180 60 232 6,500 than twice the external commerce of the...^.. i^ ~ whole country-is carried on by a fleet of TotaL. 40................ 90,000 1,643 vessels, of the following classes:"The entire area drained by these lakes N. Tonnage, Vale. is estimated at 335,500 square miles, and Steamers.......... 143 53,522 $2,190,800 their shore lines are nearly 5,000 miles in Propellers......... 254 70,253 3,578,300 ^~extent. ~Barks............. 74 88,20 982,900 extent. Brigs............... 85 24,831 526,200 * "These rivers are as diverse in charac- Schooners.......... 1,068 22,831 5,955,550 ter as in direction. The Mississippi is the Sloops.....16 66 12,770 longer, but the St. Lawrence discharges Barges..... 8,719 1,000 the greater volume of water; the one Totals.........1,64 418,026 $13,257,020 abounds in difficult rapids, the other in stupendous cataracts; the one is subject The following are the distances of some to great fluctuati*s, the other preserves of the commercial routes, taking Chicago an almost unvarying level; the waters of as the initial point: the one are turbid, those of the other pos- Chicago to Mackinac (direct)........ 860 miles. sess an almost crystal purity; the one " il Fond du Lac Superior.... 900 " affords few lake-like expansions, the other " GeorgiaB N y............ g65 swells into vast inland seas. Both have.debec................ 1,50 become the great highways of commerce, " " Gulf of St. Lawrence..... 1,950 " PROGRESS OF DEVELOPMENT. The first colony of English extraction, have been carved not less than nine States, planted in the territory of the Upper Mis- whieh are indissolubly linked together by sissippi, was in 1188-just seventy-five a similarity of conditions in soil and cliyears ago-at Marietta, within the present mate, and by the geographical features of limits of Ohio. This was the origin of the country. They have already received that spirit of colonization, which, within the appellation of the "FOOD-PRODUCING" the lifetime of many living men, has peo- States-an appellation which they are pled this region with nine millions of hu- destined to retain for all time. man beings; has subdued and brought The rivers and the lakes, which water under cultivation, an area greater than this region, offer the most magnificent systhat of all the cultivated lands of the Brit- tem of internal communication to be found ish Empire; has connected the principal on the surface of the earth. No mountain commercial points with a net-work of rail- barriers interpose to divide the people inways more than eleven thousand miles in to hostile clans, or divert the great curextent; and has built up a domestic in- rents of trade in their flow to the markets dustry, the value of whose annual product of the world. With a soil sufficiently rich is in excess of three hundred and fifty in organic matter for fifty successive crops; millions of dollars. Out of this territory with almost boundless fields of coal, stred 22 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. away for future use; with vast deposits tents of these States with the portions culof the useful ores, and the precious metals, tivated, it will be seen that only about 16 on the rim of the great basin; and with per cent. of the surface has been suba climate most favorable to the develop- dued; and, if population and cultivation ment of human energy, it is impossible increase in the same ratio in the future as for the mind, even in its most daring spec- they have in the past, before the lapse of ulations, to assign limits to the growth of another decade there'will be collected anthe North-west. When all of these ele- nually, on the borders of the Great Lakes, ments of wealth, now in a crude state, more than 200,000,000 bushels of cereals shal have been fully developed, there will for exportation, giving employment to a be an exhibition of human power and fleet of more than 3,000 vessels, and regreatness such as no other people ever at- quiring avenues of more than twice the tained. capacity of existing ones. Comparing the whole superficial conA LUNAR TIDAL WAVE In the North American Lakes. Extract from a Paper read by LT.-COL. GRAHAM, before the America% Association for the Advancement of Science, August, 1860. "Much has been written, at various In the speculations indulged in by some periods, on the fluctuations in the eleva- of these writers a slight lunar tide is tion of the surface waters of the great sometimes suspected, then again such an freshwater lakes of North America. Val- influence on the swelling and receding uable and interesting memoirs have ap- waters is doubted, and their disturbance peared from time to time in the American is attributed to the varying courses and Journal of Science and Arts, published forces of the winds. monthly at New Haven, Connecticut, "But we have nowhere seen that any within the last thirty years, on this*sub- systematic course of observation was ever ject, written by the late Brevet Brigadier- instituted and carried on by these early General Henry Whiting, of the U. S. Ar- explorers, or by any of their successors my, when a captain, by Major Lachlan, who have mentioned the subject, giving Charles Whittlesey, Esq., and others. the tidal readings at small enough interThe observations contained in their me- vals of time apart, and of long enough moirs have, however, been directed chiefly duration to develop the problem of a diurto investigations of the extent of the sec- nal lunar tidal wave on these lakes. The ular and annual variations in elevation of general idea has undoubtedly been that the surfaces of these lakes. no such lunar influence was here percep"The learned Jesuit fathers of the time tible. of Marquette, a period near two centuries "In April, 1854, I was stationed at ago, and at later periods the Baron de la Chicago by the orders of the GovernHontan, Charlevois, Carver, and others, ment, and charged with the direction of noticed in their writings the changes of the harbor improvements on Lake Michelevation, and some peculiar fluctuations igan. In the latter part of August of which take place on these inland seas. that year, I caused to be erected at the A LUNAR TIDAL WAVE. 23 east or lakeward extremity of the North change of the moon is shown to be thirty harbor pier, a permanent tide-gauge for (30) minutes after the time of the moon's the purpose of making daily observations meridian transit. of the relative heights and fluctuations "We, therefore, in accordance with cusof the surface of this lake. The position tom in like cases, indicate as the establishthus chosen for the observations projects ment for the port of Chicago, into the lake, entirely beyond the mouth h. m. of the Chicago River, and altogether out J Foot, 0 30. of the reach of any influence from the "Although this knowledge may be of river current, upon the fluctuations of the but small practical advantage to navigatide-gauge. It was the fluctuations of tors, yet it may serve as a memorandum the lake surface alone, that could affect of a physical phenomenon whose existthe readings of the tide-gauge. ence has generally heretofore been either "On the first day of September, 1854, denied or-doubted. a course of observations was commenced "We think it probable that, if the efon this tide-gauge, and continued at least feet of unfavorable winds and all other once a day, until the 31st day of Decem- extraneous forces which produce irregular her, inclusive, 1858. During each of the oscillations in the elevation of the lake first three winters a portion of the daily surface could be fully eliminated, a semiobservations was lost, owing to the tide- diurnal lunar spring tide would be shown gauge being frozen fast in its box, but of as much as one-third of a foot for the they constituted only a small number in periods of highest tides. proportion to that embraced in the series. The time of low-water and the relative During the subsequent winters artificial times of duration of the flood and ebb means were resorted to, to prevent this tides are given only approximately. The freezing. extreme rise of the tide being so little, "These observations were instituted the precise time of the change from ebb chiefly for the purpose of ascertaining to flood, and hence the duration of the with accuracy the amount of the annual flow of each, can only be accurately deand also of the secular variation in the termined by numerous observations at elevation of the lake surface, with a view short intervals, say three to five minutes to regulating the heights of break-waters of time apart, from about an hour before and piers to be erected for the protection to an hour after the actual time of lowof vessels, and for improving the lake water. harbors." "In conclusion, we offer the above obAfter a series of close observations from servations as solving the problem in ques1854 to 1858, Lieut.-Colonel Graham ob- tion, and as proving the existence of a serves:- semi-diurnal lunar tidal wave on Lake "The difference of elevation of the lake Michigan, and consequently on the other surface, between the periods of lunar low great freshwater lakes of North America, and lunar high-water at the mean spring whose co-ordinate of altitude is, at its tides is here shown to be two hundred summit, as much as.15 to.25 (-',o - to -12 and fifty-four thousandths (.254) of a foot, of a foot, United States' measure." and the ti/ne of high-water at the full and 24 MAGNITUDE OF THE LAKES. REARBIKBLE PHENOMENA. Prof. Mfather, who observed the bar- In the: summer of 1854, according to ometer at Fort Wilkins, Copper Harbor, the Report of Foster and Whitney, made 47~ 30' north lat., during the prevalence to Congress in 1850, "an extraordinary of one of these remarkable disturbances retrocession of the waters took place at which are peculiar to all the Upper Lakes, the Saut Ste Marie. The river here is remarks:-" As a general thing, fluctua- nearly a mile in width, and the depth of tions in the barometer accompanied the water over the sandstone rapids is about fluctuations in the level of the water, but three feet. The phenomena occurred at sometimes the water-level varied rapidly noon; the day was calm but cloudy; the in the harbor, while no such-yariation water retired suddenly, leaving the bed occurred in the barometer at thi place of of the river bare, except for the distance observation. The variation in the level 6f about twenty rods where the channel of the water may be caused by varied is deepest, and remained sofor the space,barometric pressure of the air on the of an hour. Persons went out and caught water, either at the place of observation, fish in the pools formed in the rocky cavior at some distant point. A local in- ties. The return of the waters was sudcreased pressure of the atmosphere at den, and presented a sublime spectale. the place of observation, would lower the They came down like an immense surge, water-level where there is a wide expanse roaring and foaming, and those who had of water; or a diminished pressure, under incautiously wandered into the river bed, the same circumstances, would cause the had barely time to escape being overwater to rise above its usual level." whelmed." Rising and cFlling of the Waters of Lake Michigan. [from the Chicago 2ibwen, May 28,1861] One of those singular oscillations in the the current between the outer and inner Lakes, or "Inland Seas," which have breakwater, near the Illinois Central Railbeet observed occasionally from the time road House, was so great at times that a of the exploration of the Jesuit Fathers, row-boat made little or no headway against was-witnessed yesterday in Lake MIichi- it. The extreme variation between high gan. A variety of signs, such as the and low water was nearly three feet. mirage of the distant shore, unusual de- The wind all day was off shore (from the pression of the barometer, and a sudden southwest), the effect of which was tQ rise of the temperature from a cool, bracing keep down the waters instead of accumuair, to a sultry heat, indicated an unusual lating them at this point. About eight commotion in the atnospheric elements. o'clock in the evening it veered suddenly About eleven o'clock A. M., when our at- to the northwest, and blew a violent gale, tention was first called to the phenomena, accompanied by vivid electrical displays. the waters of the lake had risen about This morning (Monday) we hear of telethirty-one inches above the ordinary level, graphic lines prostrated, of persons killed and in the course of half an hour they by lightning, &c., while the lake, although again receded. Throughout the whole agitated, exhibits none of the pulsations day they continued to ebb and flow at in- of yesterday. tervals of fifteen or twenty minutes, and COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. Extract from the Annual Report ff the Trade and Commerce of Buffalo, eOR THa Y.aR 1862. upon this great inland sea, were confined to the bark canoe and the rude paddle with which it was propelled. Never before had the canvas here opened itself to the wind. The voyage of La Salle was an era in the history of this portion of the world. The immense fur trade with the natives at the extremities of these lakes, which was carried on first by the French _ -~ -i_~'~and afterward by the English, was then almost entirely unknown. It was but the "IN presenting to the public our Annual year before the sites of the first tradingReview of the Trade and Commerce of hpuses had been selected. La Salle set Buffalo, for the year 1862, it will not be sail from the foot of Lake Erie, on the Ith nappropriate to revert to the past to show day of August, 1679, with a crew of thirty the rise and progress, the extent and men, and arrived at Mackinac on the 28th growth of the commerce of these vast day of that month. The first cargo of'Inland Seas.' furs was put on board the Griffin, and she "When in the year 1679, the Chevalier was ordered by La Salle to return with a de, La Salle obtained permission of the crew of six men to Niagara. But a storm Seneca Indians to build a vessel at Cayuga was encountered, and the vesseland cargo, Creek, six miles above Niagara Falls, which valued at fifty to sixty thousand francs, was launched in 1679, and was the first with all on board, was lost. Thus was vessel moved with sails upon the waters made the first great sacrifice of life and of Lake Erie, every portion of the great property to the commerce, of. Lake Erie. West was covered with its ancient forests. "Since that period the changes that have The echoing axe had never rung through been wrought in the country bordering uptheir solitudes, and the battle for mastery on and lying beyond these lakes, surpass was yet undecided between the wild beast the dreams of enchantment. Enterprise and his wild foe the savage hunter. The and energy have penetrated those vast three guns which were fired when the solitudes; the beasts of prey have slunk'GRIFFIN' was launched, were, probably, back into the deep fastnesses of the woods, the first sounds of gunpowder that ever the native tribes have vanished away like broke upon the stillness of this vast re- their own majestic forests, and the white gion. The wondering -Senecas heard in man following fast upon their rustling them the thunders, and saw the lightnings footsteps, has subdued the wilderness to of heaven. The white man was equally the forms of civilization. an object of admiration and fear. " The country from which the furs were "The arts of navigation, at this period, gathered at the trading posts at Niagara, 26 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. Detroit, and Mackinac, including a large gration to the West, if any had before exportion of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michi- isted, must have ceased, there cannot be gan, and Wisconsin, now contains a pop- said to have been any commerce on the ulation of 6,926,874. Since the day when lakes. La Salle first opened, as it were, to futu " In March, 1791, Col. Thomas Proctor generations the great highway upon tEe visited the Senecas of Buffalo Creek, and waters of Lakes Erie and Huron, the pro- from him the first authentic notice of BufgQnitors of this mighty multitude have falo is given. He mentions a storehouse been borne upon its waves by favoring kept by an Indian trader named Winne, winds; and innumerable little bands gain- at Lake Erie. ing the mouth of some fair river, have "In June, 1795, a French nobleman, thence radiated over the wide-spread do- named La Rochefoucauld Liancourt, visitmain from which their descendants are now ed Buffalo and the neighboring Indian vilpouring down upon the trusting bosom lages. At this place there were then but of the lake, the abundant products of an few houses. He mentions an Inn where almost inexhaustible fertility. he was obliged to sleep on the floor in his "Great as has been the change since clothes. the country was first explored, it has al- "In August, 1795, Judge Porter, acmost wholly taken place since the year companied by Judah Colt, went to Presque 1800. The population of Ohio in that year Isle, now Erie, through Buffalo. Judge -was only 45,365; and that was the only Porter makes mention'that one Johnson, State, with the exception of New York the British Indian interpreter, Winne, the and Pennsylvania, of all those bordering trader, and Middaugh, a Dutchman, with upon the great lakes, which contained any his family, lived at Buffalo.' The only considerable settlements, or in which any road between Buffalo and Avon, in the enumeration of the people was taken. year 1797, was an Indian trail, and the Even Ohio was not then admitted into only house on this trail was one, about the Union; and the commercial advantage one and one-half miles east of the present ot Lake Erie were scarcely begun to be village of Le Roy, occupied by a Mr. developed till twenty-five years afterward. Wilder. As late as 1812 the roads were The first vessel beraring the American flag next to impassable, and to obtain supplies upon Lake Erie was the sloop Detroit, of from Albany, trade was carried on by a seventy tons, which was purchased of the circuitous route,'through the Niagara Northwest Fur Company, by the General river to Schlosser, thence by portage to Government, in 1796. She was, however, Lewiston, thence by water to Oswego and soon condemned as unseaworthy, and up the Oswego River, through the Oneida abandoned. Up to the time of the decla- Lake and Wood Creek, and across a short ration of war in 1812, the whole number portage to the Mohawk River, thence by of vessels of all descriptions on these that river and around the portage of Little lakes, did not exceed twelve, and these Falls to Schenectady-and thence over the were employed either in the fur trade, or arid pine plains to Albany.' The late in transporting to the West such goods Judge Townsend and George Colt, Esq., and merchandise as were required for the came to Buffalo aS traders, in 1811 by this scattered population that had found their route, bringing about twenty tons of merway there. A few vessels were built dur- chandise from Albany at a cost of fifty ing the war, but, probably, as many or dollars a ton. At this time there were more were destroyed. And during the less than one hundred dwellings here, and three years of its continuance, as all-emi- the population did not exceed five hun EARLY HISTORY. 2T dred. The mouth of Buffalo Creek was the present time, when compared with then obstructed by a sand-bar, frequently what they were fifty years ago,'are marpreventing the entrance of small vessels, vellous in our eyes,' and if some far-seeing and even frail Indian bark canoes were mind, a half century since, had prophesied frequently shut out, an'd footmen walked results of such vast magnitude, he would across its mouth on dry land. Vessels have been denominated an idle dreamer, then received and discharged their cargoes and a fit subject for a lunatic asylum. at Bird Island wharf near Black Rock. "The States and Territories bordering To remedy the obstructions in the creek on, and tributary to the great lake basin by the sand-bar at its outlet into the lake, that had fifty years ago but a few thousand it was proposed, in the year 1811, to run population, have now nearly seven millions, a pier into the lake, but nothing of moment which will soon be augmented by the was done till the spring of 1820, when a natural increase and by immigration to subscription was raised, by the then vil- thirty millions, and Buffalo with its 500 lagers of Buffalo, amounting to $1,361. inhabitants in 1811, 81,000 in 1860, will The late Hon. Samuel Wilkson was the have a population of three or four hunoriginator and projector of this movement, dred thousand before the present century and temporary improvements were made shall have passed away. Within the limwhich carried away the obstructing sand- its of these lake States, where, less than bar. In 1822 the village in its corporate forty years ago, there were neither canals capacity paid John T. Lacy for building a nor railways, there are now 14,484 miles mud-scow for working in the harbor $534. of railway, and 3,345 miles of navigable The first corporate notice of the harbor canals, of which latter' about 760 miles was made in the latter year. Buffalo was are slack-water navigation. incorporated as a village in April, 1813, "The whole West and Northwest is and as a city on 20th of April, 1832. now traversed by a net-work of railways, "Melish says,'the population by the with important canal connections between last census was 365, and it was computed the different States, where there was a in 1811 at 500, and is rapidly increasing.' sparsely populated, almost interminable In 1825 the population was 2,412; in forest or uninhabited prairie. In this 1830, 8,6681 in 1835, 15,661; in 1840, march of improvement, making more in18,213; in 1845, 29,973; in 1850, 42,261; timate the social and commercial relations in 1860, 81,129; and at the end of the of these widely separated sections of the year 1862 the population is estimated at country, the Empire State has nobly led over 100,000. In 1817 the taxable prop- the way. The far-seeing mind of her erty of the village was $134,400, and on honored son, Governor Clinton, projected this valuation an assessment of $400 was the Erie Canal, which was completed in made during that year. The valuation of 1825, uniting the waters of the Hudson the real and personal property of the city with the lakes. A brighter day then in 1862 is $30,911,014. dawned upon the West, the population " The population and valuation of prop- was rapidly augmented, which was soon erty, the harbor and harbor improve- succeeded by largely increased agricultuments, the manufactures and commerce, ral productions that gave new life to comthe canal, railway, and water connections merce. The era of railways was comby lake with other portions of the country, menced in about the year 1830. the population and productions of the "With these largely increased rail fa. West and Northwest, the large lake, canal, cilities, and the capacity of the New York and railway facilities for transportation at canals nearly quadrupled, the augmenting 21^8 ~ COMMERCB OF THE LAKES. facilities do not keep pace with the rapid- tion of a canal through the State of New ly augmenting population and largely in- York, that now has a prism forty-five feet creased production. Improved channels at the bottom and seventy feet at the top, of communication, both by rail and water, with seven feet of water, with locks 18 must be made, to enable the producer at feet 6 inches wide by 100 feet long. the West to get his products more cheap- There is also a canal one hundred miles ly to market. A country vast in extent, long connecting the Illinois river with bordering upon the upper Mississippi, the lake Michigan at Chicago, and slack water Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, Arkansas, navigation connecting Green Bay, WisconRed, and Missouri rivers and their tribu- sin, with the Mississippi river. By the taries, and the Red river of the North, construction of a ship canal about three* traversed by more than twenty thousand fourths of a mile in length, from Big rhiles of navigable waters, will soon be Stone Lake to Lake Traver in Minnesota, densely peopled; new States to the west steamboats from St. Paul could navigate of those already admitted will soon knock both the Minnesota river and the Red for admission into the Union; the supera- river of the North to Lake Winnepeg, a bundant products of an almost inexhaust- distance of seven hundred miles. The ible fertility will be pouring over the lakes country traversed by these rivers is surand railways, and through the rivers and passingly fertile and capable of sustaining canals, imparting activity to trade, giving a dense population. Lake Winnepeg is life, strength and vital energy to the large- larger than Lake Ontario, and receives the ly augmenting commerce of the West. Sas-katch-e-wan river from the West. As the star of empire westward wends its The Sas-katch-e-wan river is navigable to way, widening the distance from the great a point (Edmonton House) near the Rocky sea-board marts of trade, the prospective Mountains, seven hundred miles west of wants and increased productions of scores Lake Winnepeg, and only 150 miles east of millions of people will from necessity of the celebrated gold diggings on Frazer create cheaper and more expeditious facil- river in British Columbia. The digging iti6s for the transportation of their surplus of that one mile of canal, would, thereproducts to market. There is no country fore, enable a steamboat at New Orleans on the face of the globe that has so many to pass into Lake WinnepIg and from natural advantages for a large and extend- thence to Edmonton House, some 5,000 ed internal trade as the great West and miles. A move has already been made Northwest. for constructing this short canal. By en. "The great basin east of the Rocky larging the Illinois and Michigan canal Mountains is drained by the Mississippi and improving the navigation of the Illiand Missouri Rivers and their tributaries, nois river, and improving and completing and their waters find an outlet in the the slack water navigation of the Fox Gulf of Mexico. The great lakes, having river in Wisconsin, connecting Green Bay an area equal to one twenty-fifth part of with the Mississippi river, and still furthe Atlantic Ocean, are drained by the ther enlarging the main trunk of the New river St. Lawrence, and find an outlet in York canals, steamers could be passed the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The construe- from New York or the Gulf of St. Lawtion of a few miles of canal makes a nav- rence, either through the canals of New igable connection from the ocean to the York or Canada into the great lakes, and great chain of lakes. These natural ad- from thence to the head waters of the vantages have been improved to some ex- Sas-katch-e-waa, the Missouri the Yellow tent in the United States by the construe- Stone river, being some 5,000 to 6,000 FIRST STEAMBOAT ON tLAKE ERIE. 29 miles. The cereal product of the States The First Steamboat -on bordering on and tributary to the lakes Lake Erie. was 267,295,877 bushels in 1840; 434,802,661 bushels in 1850, against 679,031,- The Detroit Tribune furnishes some in559 bushels in 1860, and the population teresting extracts on this subject, taken of these States has kept pace with their from the files of the Detroit Gazette, of eroal products, being 6,259,345 in 1840; 1818. We select the following descrip9,17-8,003 in 1850, against 13,355,093 in tion of the reception of this monster of 1860, an increase of nearly fifty per cent. the great deep by the "Wolverines" of that in population and cereal products in each day. decade. If the same rate per cent. of in- "AUGUST 26, 1818 -Yesterday, becrease in population and cereal products tween the hours of 10 and 11 A. M., the shall be continued, these States in 1870 elegant steamboat Walk-in-the- Water, Capt. will have a population of 20032,639, with J. Fish, arrived.-As she passed the puba cereal product of 1,008,557,338 bushels; lie wharf, and that owned by Mr. J. S. in 1880, a population of 30,048,958, with Roby, she was cheered. by hundreds of a-cereal product of 1,512,821,000 bushels; the inhabitants, who had collected to wit-. in 1890, a population of 55,073,437, with ness this (in these waters) truly novel and a cereal product of 2,269,231,510 bushels, grand spectacle. She came to at Wing's and in 1900 Fapulation of 67,610,155, wharf. She left Buffalo at half-past 1 with a cereal product of 3,403,847,265. o'clock on the 23d,'and arrived off Dun"The grain trade of Buffalo for a series kirk at 35 minutes past 6 on the same of years, given in this report, has already day. On the next morning she arrived reached upwards of 72,0.00,000 bushels for at Erie, Capt. Fish having reduced her the year 1862. If a crop of 680,000,000 steam during the night, in order not to of bushels of cereal products, gives Buf- pass that place, where she took in a supfalo 72,000,000 of bushels of that crop; ply of wood. At half-past 7 P. M. she left in the year 1900, with a crop of 3,403,- Erie, andcame to at Cleveland at 11 o'clock. 847,265 bushels of cereal products, the On Friday, at 20 minutes past 6 o'clock, gram trade of Buffalo will be upward of P. M., sailed'and arrived off Sandusky 360,000,000 of bushels. The calculations Bay at I o'clock on Wednesday; lay at of the forty years of the future are based anchor during the night, and then proon the actual results of the last thirty ceeded to Venice to wood; left Venice at years. The year 1870 will give to Buffalo 3 P. M., and arrived at the mouth of the a grain trade of upwards of 107,000,000 Detroit River, where she anchored during of bushels, and if there shall be a propor- the night —the whole time employed in tionate increase in the grain trade of sailing, in this first voyage from Buffalo Oswego, the present capacity of the New to this, being about 44 hours and 10 minYork canals will be entirely inadequate utes; the wind ahead during nearly the to pass through them this large amount whole passage. Not the slightest accident of grain in addition to the large increase happened during the voyage, and all our in the tonnage of other commodities, say- machinery worked admirably. ing nothing of the capacity that will be "Nothing could exceed the surprise of required for the augmented business in the sons of the forest on seeing the Walk1880, 1890, and 1900." in-the- Water moving majestically and rapidly against a strong current, without the assistance of sails or oars. They lined the banks near Maiden, and- expressed 30 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. their astonishment by repeated shouts of' elegant style; and the manner in which'Tai-yoh nichee.' A report had been cir- she is found, does honor to the proprieculated among them, that a'big canoe' tors and to her commander. A passage would soon come from the noisy waters, between this place and Buffalo is now not which, by order of the great father of the merely tolerable, but truly pleasant. ToCho-mo-ko-mons, would be drawn through day she will make a trip to Lake St. Clair, the lakes and rivers by sturgeon! Of the with a large party of ladies and gentletruth of the report they are now per- men. She will leave for Buffalo to-morfectly satisfied. The cabins of this boat row, and may be expected to visit us are fitted up in a neat, convenient, and again next week." LAKE COMMERCE. Commerce of Buffalo.-1S62. The Collector of Customs for Buffalo SUMMARY FOR THE YEAR. has furnished the following statement, showing the arrivals and clearances of No. Tonage. Crew. American and Foreign vessels to and American vessels entered. 1,331 1,19,975 13,38 Foreign vessels entered... 685 63,178 3,828 from Canadian ports; also, the arrivals Coasting vessels entered.. 6185 2,099,006 66,432 and clearances of American vessels to and from American ports; the tonnage of Total entered for the year. 8,201 3,356,154 83,146 same; and the number of men employed: American vessels cleared. 1,381 1,186,831 13,511 Foreign vessels cleared... 652 61,195 8,210 American vessels: No. Tonnage. Crew. Coasting vessels cleared.. 6,156 2,085,011 66,233 Entered, 1st quarter...... 20 884,000 4,160 2d "...... 866 294,241 3,344 Total cleared for the year. 8,189 3,333,037 82,954 3" d "...... 303 212,805 2,587 " 4th "...... 842 302,929 8,295 Grand Total, 1862.......16,390 6,689,191 166,138 Foreign vessels: " 1861........13,866 5,963,896 141,173 Entered, 1st quarter..... " 1860........11,527 4,710,175 120,497 2d...... 219 20,836 1,049 " 1859........10,521 5,592,626 118,109 3d "...... 21 28,632 1,560 " 1858........ 8,318 3.329,246 86,851 " 4th "...... 145 13,705 719 " 1857...... 7,581 3,221.806 132,188 " 1856........ 8,128 3,018,589 112,051 American vessels: " 1855........ 9,211 3,360,233 111,515 Cleared, 1st quarter...... 323 384185 4,168 " 1854........ 8,912 3,990,284 120,838 " 2d "...... 399 294,755 3,461 " 1853........ 8,298 3,252,978 128,112 " 3d "...... 325 213,365 2,685 " 1852........ 9,441 3,092,247 121,491 " 4th "...... 834 294,526 8,197 Foreign vessels: Cleared, 1st quarter.................. " 2d...... 205 19,572 987 4t...... 1809 213,8 1,5 United States and Canadian Ton138 13,278 687 -nage. Coasting vessels: Entered, 1st quarter......T.... Entered, 601,st6qua.... The following statements from the re8d "...... 2,772 920,979 29,276 port of the Secretary of the Board of Lake " 4th "...... 1,611 576,854 17,792 Underwriters for 1862, will show the tonCleared, st..... 4 2,128 76 nage, value, and class of vessels navigat2d " 1.939 657,183 21,082 d......, 90.7,8 22,93 825 ing the Northwestern Lakes in 1861 and 4th "...... 1,480 518,313 16,250 1862, viz.: FLOUR AND GRAIN. 31 Comparative statement of the tonnage of the 1863. Northwestern Lakes, and the river St. Lawrence, on the 1st day of January, 1862 and 1863: Class of vessels. No. Tonnage. Value. Steamers............ 143 53,522 $2,190,300 1862. Propellers........... 254 70253 3,573,300 Class of vessels. No. Tonnage. Value. Barks............... 74 83,203 982,900 Steamers............ 147 64,669 $2,668,900 Sc rs.68 27,83. 5,9 5,500 Propellers........... 203 60,951 2,814c900 Sloops 16 667 12, 70.Barks............. 62 25,118 621,800.............. Brigs................ 86 25,871 501,100 Schoonps...... 99 204'900 5248900 Totals........ 1,643 413,026 $13,257,020'Sloops.............. 15 2,800 11,850 Barges.................. Increase in number of vessels....... 141 Increase in tons.................... 29,717 Totals......... 1,502 383,309 $11,862,450 Increase in value................... 1,394,570 TABLE, EXHIBIMsNG THE TONNAGE of th several Lake Districts in the United States, on the 30th June, 1861. DISTRICTS. State. Lakes, &c. Total Tonnage. Burlington......... Vermont........... Champlain......... $7,774 19 Champlain......... New York................... 1,791 71 Oswegatchie........ ".......... St. Lawrence River. 7,332 53 Cape Vincent....... ".......... ".. 5,228 70 Sickett's Harbor.... ".......... Ontario............ 888 55 Oswego.................................. 55,552 41 Genesee........... "...................... 2,981 84 Niagara...................... "..... 774 48 Buffalo.................... Erie............... 18,224 00 Dunkirk ".......... "............... 4274 26 Presque Isle (Erie). Pennsylvania................... 7369 09 Cuyahoga (Cleveland) Ohio.............................. 82,518 87 Sadusky....................................... 15850 24 Toledo............... "............. 5,468 70 Detroitichiganetroit River....... 66,887 89 Michilimackinac.... "........... Huron............ 4,747 59 Chicago............ Illinois............ Michigan........... 85,743 66 Milwaukee......... A isconsin................... 27,048 19 Minnesota.......... Superior........ Total Tonnage................................ $500,456 90 FLOUR AND GRAIN. FLOUR AND GRAIN TRADE OF DIFFERENT CITIES COMPARED. The importance of Buffalo as a grain grain trade of Lake cities with several of receiving port, will be shown by the fol- the grain ports of Europe: lowing comparative statements of the 32 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. BUFFALO. DUTNKIRK. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, bbls..... 1,122,835 2,159,591 2,846,022 Flour, bbls...... 542,765 736,529 1,095.364 Wheat bush.... 18,502,649 27,105,219 80,435,831 Wheat, bush.... 500,888 604,561 112,061 Corn, bush...... 11,386,217 21,024,657 24,288,627 Corn, bush..... 644,081 230,400'149,654 Oats, bush...... 1,209,594 1,797,905 2,624,932 Oats, bush.... 3,950 Barley, bush.... 262,158 313,757 423,124 Barley, bush.. 8,843.... 10,173 Rye, bush...... 80,822 387,764 791,564 Rye, bush.... 3,225 Total grain..... 41,441,440 50,597,302 58,564,078 Total grain...'.. 1,153,812 842,136 271,888 CHICAGO. OGDENSBURGH. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, bbls...... 713,348 1,479,284 1,755,258 Flour, bbls...... 248,200 411,888 576,94 Wheat, bush.... 14,427,08 17,385,002 13,137,533 Wheat, bush.. 565,022 677,386 689,930 Corn, bush..... 15,262.894 26.369,989 81,145,721 Corn, bush.. 86,014 1,119,594 1,120,16 Oats, bush...... 2,198,889 2,067,018 3,782,422 Oats, bush...... 28,242 2,365,336 Barley, bush.... 617,619 457,589 800,476 Barley, bush.... 7,105 15,151 15,529 Rye, bush...... 318,976 490,989 976,752 Rye, bush......,00,88.... Total grain..... 32,824,961 46,770,587 49,842,904 Totalgrain..... 1,470,433 1,818,384 1,828,974 MILWAUKEE. TOLEDO. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, bbls..... 805,208 492,259 508,957 Flour, bbls..... 805,208 492,259 503,951 Flour, bbls...... 807,768 1,406,676 1,585,325 Wheat, bush.... 9,108,458 15,930,706 14258,853 - Corn, bush 16,404 114,9316 26128 Wheat, bush.... 5,341,190 6,277,40 9,827,629 Oatsrn, bush..... 118,963 131,256 28 Corn, bush 5,386,951 5,312,038. 3,813,709 Barley, bush.... 109,195 66,991 141359,0 Oats, bush...... 129,689 41,428 234,759 BaRye, bush.... 109,95 66,91 141,359 Barley, bush.... 115,992 12,064 68,038 ye, )ush...... 52,882 3,448 159,512 Rye, bush...... 87,787 1,193 44,868 Total grain..... 10,576,002 16,317,332 15,109,232 Total grain.. 11,011,609 13 11,011,609 11,674,130 13,983,593 aOSWEGO. CAPE VINCENT. 1860. 1861. 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, bbls..... 121,399 119,056 235,882 Flour, bbls...... 28,940 65,407 48,576 Wheat, bush.... 9,651,564 10,121,446 10,982,132 Wheat, bush.... 208,$8 276,610 316,408 Corn, bush..... 5,019,400 4,642.262 4,528,962 Corn, bush..... 73,300 124,411 249,869 Oats, bush...... 888,416 116,884 187,284 Oats, bush...... 27,299 2,994 1080 Barley, bush.... 1,326,915 1,173,551 1,050,364 Barley, bush.... 90,614 53,877 81,265 Rye, bush...... 244,311 881,687 130,175 Rye, bush...... 20,616 23,865 762 Total grain..... 16,630,606 16,435,330 16,878,917 Total grain... 415,707 481,257 598,829 DETROIT. Summary of Receipts, 1862. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, bbls. Grain~,sh. Flour, bbl..... 862,175 1,321,140 1,548,876 Buffalo.................. 2,846,022 58,51,078 Chicago................ 1,755,258 49,842,904 Wheat, bush.... 1,809,523 2,505,111 8,058,242 Milwaukee............. 503,957 15.109,232 Corn, bush 638,698 1,036,506 588,861 Oswego.................. 285,882 16,878,917 Oats, bush...... 19,598 888,986 407,247 Detroit.................. 1,548,876 4,283,357 Barley, bush.... 124,882 69,784 165,200 Dunkirk................. 1,095,364 21,888 Eye, bush..... 30,843 16,981 18,807 Ogdensburgh............ 576,394 1,828,974 ~ _'_ -~ ~ ~ Toledo.................. 1,586,325 13,988,593 Total grain...... 2,923,544 4,007,818 4,233,857 Cape Vincent........... 48,56 598,829 BREADSTUFFS-FISHERIES-FISH. 83 The grain trade of the great West and I.der cultivation the broad prairies upon Northwest is yet in its infancy. Every wnich the industrious and enterprising year the population is augmented by emi- settlers scatter broad-cast the seed, to be gration from the Eastern and Middle returned to them again in fields of waving States as well as from Europe. The grain, from which will be reaped a bounstrong arms of freemen are bringing un- tiful harvest. Imports of Breadstuffs into Great Britain. The following from the London Times will, show the imports of breadstuffs into Great Britain for the years 1860, 1861, and 1862, ending December 31st in each year, viz.: 1860. 1861. 1862. Wheat, Flour, Meal, cwt..... 5,139,188 6,331,375 1,314,317 Wheat, qrs. of 8 bush......... 5,903,175 6,966,844 9,542,362 Corn, "......... 1,885,594 3,106,595 2,751,265 Oats, "......... 2,308,380 1,875,574 1,622,919 Barley, "......... 2,122,016 1,407,501 1,863,683 Rye, "......... 96898 54,142 1,694 Peas, "......... 317,548 402,933 230,132 Buckwheat," "............ 714 5,143 Beans, "......... 440,860 564,477 479,758 Total Grain, qrs. 8 bush...... 13,044,471 14,377,780 16,496,956 The Times says: "Tie accounts have FISHERIES-FISH. now been made up of the quantities of grain and flour imported into Great Bri- In the Sandusky bay, in the Maumee tain on the last year and preceding years bay and Maumee river, in the Monroe since the introduction of free trade, and bay, in the Detroit river, in the St. Clair the result is remarkable, showing an ex- river and rapids, in Lake Huron, from traordinary increase during the past year. Huron to Point aux Barques, in the Au Taking wheat and flour alone, we find Sable river, in Thunder bay above Au, that the lowest.year was 1835, when the Sable river, including Sugar Island, in quantity of wheat imported into Great Saginaw bay and river, in Tawas bay, Britain was only 46,530 quarters, and of between Thunder bay and Mackinac, inflour 84,684 cwt., while in 1862, no less cluding Hammond's bay, in and about than 9,541,362 quarters of wheat, and Mackinac at Beaver Island and its sur7,314,317 cwt. of flour were imported into roundings, between the De Tour and the the various ports of the country." Sault, along the Eastern shore of Lake The increase in 1862 over 1861 is 982,- Michigan, in Green bay, in Wisconsin 942 cwt. of flour, and 2,575,518 quarters and Michigan, at Presque Isle, Pa., in of wheat. There is a decrease on Indian Lake Superior's numerous bays and in corn of 355,330 quarters. lets, are found the principal fishing 3 34 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. grounds of the lakes; and the annual LAKE IMPORTS. catch ranges from 60 to 100 thousand Years Staves, No. Lumber, feet barrels, valued at four to six hundred 1846............. 10,762,500 34.56,000 thousand dollars. The lake fisheries are 1847............. S,800.000 18,313,000 1S48............ 8.091,000 21,425.000 only second to the cod fisheries off the 1849............ 14,1.602 98,68 Atlantic coast, from Cape Cod Bay to 1850............. 18,652,890 53,076.000 Cape Breton, and are a source of very 1851............. 10,696,006 68,0t6,000 considerable wealth. 1852............. 12,998,614 72,337,225 considerable wealth. 9,215,240 89,294,000 The stock here will, probably, not ex- 1854............. 15,46,554 67,407,003 seed twenty-five hundred packages:'1855............. 16,421,568 72026,651 1856............ 18,556,039 60,584,812 1857............. 23,024,213 68.283,319 1858............. 15,119.019 67,059,173 LAKE IMPORTS OF FIH. 1859............. 2,277,028 111072,446 1860............. 22,307889 111,094,496 1861............. 25,22,8978 58.082,713 Year. Bbls. Years. Bbls. 1862............. 30,410,252 125,289,971 1854............11,752 1859............ 13,391 1855............ 7,241 1860............ 26,655 1856............ 6,250 1861............ 8,313 187........... 5,290 1862............ 8,647 COPPER-LAKE SUPERIOR. 1858............ 4203 The Copper Mines of Lake Superior were first brought into public notice in LUMBER AND STAVES. 184a5, when speculation was rife in all LUMBER AND STAVE. that spur of the Porcupine Mountains on the south shore of Superior, extending The Lum'ber and Stave trade constitutes far into the lake, having for its base a line a very large portion of the freight carried drawn across L'Anse Bay to Ontonagon. on the lakes and canals, and is only second This was then the Northern El Dorado. In to grain. The larger portion of the East- this year operations were commenced at wardmovementusuallytakes place in mid- the Minnesota mine, which is about fifteen summer, when low rates of transporta- miles back of Ontonagon. The first large tion rule. The principal sources of sup- mass of native copper, weighing about ply are the States of Ohio, Indiana, Mich- seven tons, was found in a pit dug by the igan, Canada West, and Pennsylvania, of original lords of the soil. which more than fifty per cent. is from It is now only fo,urteen years since this Michigan alone. In the northern penin- mine was opened. At that time the rapids sula of that State, in and around Saginaw, in thb Sault St. Marie prevented the pasat Port Huron, on St. Clair river, are the sage of vessels from the lower lakes, and largest and finest lumber districts in the the adventurers that sought out this new West and Northwest. El Dorado, had many obstacles to overThe supply of staves is derived from come. The country was then covered by Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wisconsin, and a vast wilderness, without inhabitants, exCanada West, of which more than eighty cepting a few Indians. per cent. of the receipts at Buffalo come All supplies were brought from the from the States first mentioned. lower lakes, and then had to be passed The following will show the imports at over the Portage at St. Mary, and thence Buffalo of staves and lumber from 1846 carried in frail vessels coasting to the to 1862, inclusive, and the canal exports westward, hundreds of miles to the copfaom 1849 to 1862, inclusive: per regions, and then carried on the back COPPER-LAKE SUPERIOR. 35 of man and beast to the supposed places vessels, sail and steam, that passed through of the copper deposit. Every stroke of the canal was 838, and the aggregate tonthe pick was made at a cost ten-fold more nage was 349,612 tons. In 1861 the than in populated districts, every disaster number of vessels was 527, and the tondelayed operations for weeks and even nage 276,637 tons. The tolls collected on months. the canal are six cents per ton, making an The opening of the St. Mary canal, in income of $21,676 72. The trade last 1856, has produced a wondrous change in year may be divided as follows: Iron, pig all this wilderness region. The only set- and ore, 150,000 tons; copper, 9,300 tons; tlements on the south shore of the lake, general merchandise, 8,000 tons. at the present time, are Marquette, Port- The following, showing the shipments age Lake, Ontonagon, Copper Harbor, and value of Copper shipped from Lake Eagle Harbor, Eagle River, and the ad- Superior from 1845 to 1862, inclusive, will jacent mines-all else is a vast wilderness, indicate the growth and importance of the without sign of human habitation. Copper mining interest of Lake Superior: The Copper region is divided into the three districts of Ontonagon, Keweenaw AGGREGATE SHIPMENTS OF COPPER FRO Point, and Portage Lake. Since 1845, 120 LAKE SUPEIOR FROM 1845 TO 1862. Copper Mining Companies have been organ- Shipments in 1845......1300 va$l ized under the General Law of Michigan; " 1846..... 29. 2,619 more than six millions of dollars have 1 1847..... 239. 107,550 "4 1848..... 516. 206,400 been expended in explorations and mining 884.... " 801,200 improvements. The Minnesota and Cliff 1850..... 640. 266000 mines have declared and paid over two " 1S5... 87. 348,800 millions of dollars in dividends since the 185.... 1, 0,20 dd 1853..... 1,452. 508,200 organization and working of these corn- 1854..... 2,300. 805,000 panies. " 1855..... 3,196. 1,437,000 44 1856..... 5,726. 2,400,100 Until 1860 all the Copper of the Lake * \ 1856..... 5,726. 2,010,650 Superior mines was smelted at Detroit, 4 1858..... 5,896. 1,610,000 Oieveland, and Boston. Since which time 189... 6,041. 1,932,000 a Boston company have erected smelting " 186l.. 1.,120,000 1861..... 10,337. 3,180.000 works at Portage, Lake Superior, while 1862..... *10,000. 4,000,000 some Copper Ore has been shipped to Liverpool to be smelted there: SHIPMENTS OF THE COPPER DISTRICTSThere is an annual product of Copper FOU YEARS. of about 2,500 to 5,000 tons at the Wel- S9 60. 861. 162. of about 2,500 to 5,000 tons at the Wel- Keweenaw Dist.1,910.3 1,910.8 2,151.9 2,726.8* lington mines, Lake Huron, which are Portage Lake...1,533.1 3,064.6 4,708.6 4,288.9* worked by a Canadian company. Ontonagon.....2,597.6 8,610.7 3,476.7 2,706.1 Carp Lake...... 20.5 7.1 Sundry Mines.. 7.6 BUSINESS ON LAKE SUPERIOR IN 1862. The Copper product of Lake Superior, The annual report of the Superintend- although small when compared with the ent of the Sault St. Mary Canal, to the product in Great Britain, has, since 1845, Governor of Michigan, says that during when the mines were first worked, grown the last year there passed through the into a trade of large proportions, the agship canal $12,000,000 worth of copper gregate value of product from 1845 to and iron, and general merchandise to the 1862, inclusive, being about $21,941,300. value of $10,000,000. The number of *Estimated. 36 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. IRON ORE AND IRON-LAKE SUPERIOR. The connecting of the waters of Lake RECAPITULATION. Superior with the waters of Lake Huron, Tons Ore, TonsPig Total by the construction of a ship canal three- Date. gros. gross. Value. fourths of a mile in length, around the 1855......... 1,447....... $14,470 rapids in the Sault St. Mary river, with 1 8567...2,.... 292.776 rapids 1857..... 26,184. 209,472 prism and locks of sufficient capacity for 1858............ 31,035 1,627 249,269 passing the largest class of vessels navi- 1859............65,679 7,258 575.521 gating the lakes, completed very soon af- 186....... 6, 5,660 736,490 1861........... 45,430 7.970 4q0,460 ter the discovery and working of the iron 1862............115,721 8,590 984,976 mines, has opened an already extensive commerce in iron ore, and pig-iron manu- It will be seen from this statement that factured near the mines, which are sixteen the shipments of iron ore in 1862 were to eighteen miles from Marquette. These 115,721 tons against 1,447 tons in 1855; mines are about seven hundred feet above and 8,590 tons of pig-iron in 1862, against the level of the lake, and are connected 1,627 tons in 1858. with Marquette by a railroad. Marquette is the only point on Lake To show the rise and progression of Superior where iron mines have been this trade, we give below an interesting opened, although there are iron deposits statement from the Marquette Journal of in the mountains back of L'Anse. About January 16; 1863: eighteen miles from Marquette are the Iron mountains named the Lake Superior, the Jackson, the Burt, the Collins, the BarTHE IRON PRODUCT OF THE LAKE SUPERIOR low, and the Cleveland, while eight miles -SHIPMENTS OF IRON ORE. further back are the St. Clair and Ely mountains. Only three of these are at Jackson Cleveland Lake Sup'r Total Year. Iron Co. Iron Co. Iron Co. ross Tons. present worked, the Jackson, the Cleve1855........ 1,447... 1,447 land, and the Lake Superior, but these 1856.... 4,497 7,100.... 11,597 alone contain enough iron to supply the 1858...11,104 19,931..2,103 world for many generations. Still further 1859....10,662 30,344 24,668 65,679 back from the lake rise mountains to 1860...41,286 42,696 83,016 116,998 eight hundred feet high, covering many 18612....12,919 5.311 25.200 45,430 hundreds of acres, which, it is believed 1862....42,767 85,244 37,710 115,721 _ from explorations already made, are solid Total amount shipped to date.......414,091 iron ore. There are now in operation at Marquette three iron mining companies, and two blast furnaces, the Pioneer and PRODUCTS OF PIG-IRON. Collins, for making charcoal pig-iron. The ~~~Pioneer ~Collins Forest Norern ale C inhas one stack, and can turn out Pioneer Collins Forest Northern Value, Iron Co. Iron Co. Iron Co. Iron Co.* b. ton. about eleven tons of pig-iron daily; the 1858....1,627........ $25 00 Pioneer has two stacks, with a capacity 1859....4,683 2,57.. 25 00 for the manufacture of about twenty tons S60....3,560 1,95f. 150 25 00 1861... 2,50 2,060 2,430 90 23 00 daily. About three miles to the south of 1862... 1,438 2,207 2,802 2,143 85 00 Marquette, at the mouth of the Chocolate * Estimated. River, the Northern Iron Company have IRON ORE AND IRON-SALT. 37 quite recently built a large bituminous New York canals. The ores of Clinton, coal furnace. Oneida, are required to mix with the ore The quality of the Lake Superior iron of Lake Superior. The East will soon is conceded, by all who have given it a obtain its supply of pig, bar, and railroad trial, to be superior to any iron in the iron from the West. world, as is shown by the following With better and cheaper facilities for analysis by Prof. Johnson, giving the the transportation on the Erie canal, the strength per square inch in pounds: tonnage will assume a magnitude and imSalisbury, Conn., iron..................... 58,000 portance commensurate with the demand Swedish (best)........................... 5,134 for this all-important mineral product. English Cable.......................... 59,105 Centre County, Pa...................... 59,400 LAKE IMPORTS. Essex County, New York................ 59,962 IRON ORE. PIG IRON. Lancaster C unty, Penn.................. 76,069 Tons. Tons. Common English and American.......... 80,000 1............ 55 1859............. 1,698 Lake Superior...89,582 1;............... 3,8,728 1860............. 3,795 1.SG............ 3,568 1861............. 1,568 Large quantities of iron ore are taken 1862............ 10,034 1862............. 3,468 from Marquette, Mich., to Detroit, Cleveland, Erie, and Huron, while several A thousand tons have annually been brought to Buffalo for smelting, or to pass through In the year 1860, there were manufacthe Erie, Seneca, and Chemung Canals to tured in the eight following named States amalgamate with the iron ores of Penn- 12,190,953 bushels of salt, of which there sylvania, for the manufacture of pig-iron. were produced 30,900 in Massachusetts, Two extensive establishments have been 7,521,335 bushels in New York; 604,300 already erected in Buffalo, which can bushels in Pennsylvania, 1,744,240 bushsmelt'annually from fifteen to twenty els in Ohio, 2,056,513 bushels in Virginia, thousand tons of ore into pig iron. There 69,665 bushels in Kentucky, 120,000 will soon be another smelting furnace bushels in Texas, and 44,000 bushels in erected here which will, probably, be in California, valued at $2,265,302. operation before the end of the present The discovery of salines in Michigan, year. In addition to these, a large rolling at Saginaw and vicinity, in 1859, will soon mill for rolling railroad and bar iron has add largely to the salt product. The just been completed, and is now in full East Saginaw Salt Company, with a capioperation. tal of fifty thousand dollars, was organiThere is in the Lake Superior iron dis- zed in April, 1859, and operations were trict enough iron ore to supply the world commenced about the first of May in that with iron. A new era in ship and boat year, when they commenced sinking a building is near at hand. Iron vessels well, which well was completed to the will take the place of wood, when a large depth of 670 feet about the first of Febamount of iron plates and beams will be ruary, 1860. Immediately after the comrequired to construct iron ships and pletion of this well, small quantities of steamers. There is a network of rail- salt were produced in a temporary arways centring here, which will require rangement, with three or four ordinary a very large amount of railroad iron to kettles, but the manufacture of salt as a replace that now in use. business, was not in full operation till The opening of the iron trade of Lake July, 1860, when a block of fifty kettles Superior will,'in the future, have an im- was completed. This company has six portant bearing upon the trade of the blocks of kettles in operation, besides 500 38 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. solar vats. There are now in operation Oswego, which latter place has always re53 blocks of kettles, in addition to which ceived, since the completion of the Oswego forty-seven firms and companies have canal, much the larger share for the anbeen organized, and many of them have nual supply 6f the West. wells completed, or nearly completed, The following will show the imports of and will soon have many additional salt by canal at Buffalo and Oswego for works. the years indicated: The works already in operation are capable of producing 870,525 bbls. an- MPORTS OF DOMESTIC SALT. nually; and before the first of September years. Bo Ose next, the works being constructed will 1849............... 39,952,000 113,184,000 augment the capacity to one and a quarter 18O.... 32.61,000 693,090,42000 1851.................. 80,084,000 113,742,000 millions of barrels annually. 1852................... 44,316,000 102,164,000 The manufacture of salt from the 1853................... 59,327,474 salines of the Onondaga Salt Springs was 1854.......... 1,1,012 18,410,000 5................... 109,325,311 148,110.000 commenced as early as the year 1797, 1856................... 60,913,373 193,684,000 which is the date of the first leases of 1857.................. 52,228,989 142,967,755 lots, and during that year 25,474 bushels...................7001.5 243,09,S16 1859................... 112,621,028 190,262,431 of salt were manufactured. Passing over 1860................... 92,949.269 159,527,670 a period of ten years, to 1807, in which 1861................... 159,191.278 173,193,476 year there were manufactured 165,448 1862.................. 177,620,435 228,698,389 bushels; in 1817, 448,665 bushels; in 1827, 983,410 bushels in 1837, What effect upon the salt manufacture 2,161,287 bushels; in 1847, 3,951,351 and the canal commerce of this State, the bushels; in 1851, 4,614,117 bushels; in discovery and working of the salines of 1861, 7,300,000 bushels; in 1862, 9,016,- the Saginaw Valley in Michigan will have, 013 bushels. These salines have supplied remains to be seen. The favorable acthe Eastern, Middle, Western and North- counts of the strength of these newly western States for many years, and in a discovered salines, and the progress little more than half a century the pro- already made in the manufacture of salt, duct has been augmented from 25,474 induce the belief that Michigan will soon bushels in 1797, to 9,016,013 bushels in be a strong competitor with New York in 1862, making the total product since 1797 the markets of the West for this almost upwards of 145,000,000 of bushels. The universally used commodity. United States government duties on foreign salt, and the adoption of a higher PETROLEUM rate of toll than on domestic salt, have protected the manufacture to such an ex- During the last two years Petroleum tent, thatforeign salt (until 1862, when the has assumed an importance in the economy rate of toll on it was reduced) was almost and material interests of the country that entirely excluded from finding a consump- is as yet but partially developed. The latetive demand. The salt manufacture in ly discovered use of this crude commodity, New York has given employment to a that is found deposited in large reservoirs large number of our people, and has largely from five to seven hundred feet beneath augmented both the tonnage and revenue the surface of the earth, which, when of the New York canals. The outlets for tapped, flows upward to the surface in our domestic salt, going to Western States almost inexhaustible supply, is producingand Canada, is by the way of Buffalo and a revolution in the economies of the peo PETROLEUM. 39 pie's light. In Canada West, in the Pittsburg, destined for Philadelphia and vicinity of Sarnia, and on Oil Creek in Baltimore, 73,658 tons, being equal to Pennsylvania, these supply reservoirs about 442,000 bbls. of oil. have already been largely developed, and In every considerable town in the Midnew discoveries will, probably, show a die and Western States, there are oil relarge extent of territory where this crude fineries for manufacturing the crude Pecommodity can be obtained. troleum. In the Pennsylvania oil regions there This discovery has left Coal Oil, Camare seventy-five flowing wells, sixty-two phene, Lard and Whale Oils at a discount. wells that formerly flowed and were A cheap light of great brilliancy has been pumped, besides three hundred and fifty- obtained for the million, and its discovery eight wells sunk and commenced, costing, and introduction into general use will, in on an average, one thousand dollars each, a very considerable measure, affect prices equal to $495,000. In the vicinity of these of other commodities previously used for wells are twenty-five refineries for refining illuminating purposes, and will give a the crude Petroleum, which, with the respite to the Whale, and bids fair to machinery and buildings, have been erected rival even coal gas in cheapness and illuat a cost of about $500,000. The daily minating power. product of the Pennsylvania wells is The refining of crude Petroleum has about 4,400 barrels. already obtained a very considerable magSome of the flowing wells of this oil nitude in Buffalo. Some eleven refineries district have produced as high as from have been erected in this city within the two to seven hundred barrels 6f crude oil last two years, in which $125,000 to daily. $130,000 in capital has been invested, There are in Canada West thirty-seven giving employment to upwards of a hunfirms engaged in refining the crude Petro- dred persons, having'a capacity to refine leum produced near Sarnia, with a week- 75,000 to 80,000 barrels of the crude oil ly product of about 2,200 bbls. of refined annually. oil from seventy-three stills, which will In all the biuy marts of trade, in every give an annual product of refined oil, if considerable town in the Eastern, and run to their full capacity, of 32,120,000 Middle, and Western States, the odorous gallons. The annual product of the Petroleum meets the olfactories of the Pennsylvania oil regions, at about 4,400 passers-by. barrels daily, will be about 58,400,000 What the results of this important disgallons. cbvery will be during the next ten years remains to be seen. If the supply is inFOREIGN EXPORT OF PETROLEUM IN 1862. exhaustible, and the developments of the From Ga lons. Vale33 past two years are any criterion for the New York............ 6,183.563 $2,037,413 Philadelphia.......... 2,6T0,303 527.575 future, the half has not been told of its Boston................ 891,615 457,859 importance to the world. It has already Canada............... 1,279,000 259,80 become an important article in foreign Totals.............,5613 3280, 647 and domestic commerce. The foreign export is already' counted by millions, and The exports from the port of New York in its distribution supplies nearly all the in 1861, were only 1,112,250 gallons. important countries of Europe, Australia, There were carried Eastward from the and other places in the East Indies, CaliPennsylvania oil regions'in 1862, over fornia, some of the South American the Pennsylvania Central railroad, from States, and the Islands of the Pacific. 40 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. CANAL COMMERCE. The construction of the Erie Canal was size to pass boats drawing 31 feet of commenced in the year 1817, and the water, 14 feet beam by 80 feet long. waters of Lake Erie were united with the The original cost of the first structure Waters of the Hudson river on the 26th was $9,027,456. of October, 1826. The first revenue from In 1835 the Legislature passed an act the Oswego canal was received in 1828. providing for its enlargement. Under This work was at first suggested as early this and other acts, the prism of the canal as 1816, by a memorial from the city of has been increased so as to be 70 feet on New York to the Legislature. As early the surface; 42 feet on the bottom, and 7as 1724, Cadwallader Colden, then Sur- feet in depth, with locks 110 feet long by veyor-General of the province of New 18 feet wide, passing boats 96J feet- long York, described the route as practical to by 17~ feet beam, drawing 5 feet 10 inchLakes Champlain and Ontario. es to 6 feet of water. The Erie Canal is one of the largest There are now 71 locks on the Erie and most important canals in the world. canal between Buffalo and Albany, and 18 Notwithstanding the contracted scale of locks on the Oswego canal between Syrathe first structure, the predictions of its cuse and Oswego. projector, DeWitt Clinton, have been more The enlargement is now completed after than verified. the plan adopted in 1835, with some modiThis work was urged by Gov. DeWitt fications, at an additional cost of about Clinton in 1791, and in 1792 by General fifty millions of dollars. Schuyler; by Surveyor-General DeWitt Connecting with the main trunk of the in 1808, and at every meeting of the Erie canal are the Champlain, 64 miles Legislature till 1817, when the work was long; the Chenango, 98 miles; the Black commenced. In 1810 Goveneur Morris, River, 103 miles; the Chemung canal; Stephen Van Rensselaer, De Witt Clinton, the Genesee Valley canal, besides severPeter B. Porter, and others, were, by al other connecting links, making, with joint resolution of the Legislature, ap- the Erie and Oswego canals, a total of pointed as Commissioners for exploring 1,028 miles of canal, including 100 miles the route from the Hudson river to Lakes of slack water navigation connected by Ontario and Erie. canals, within and belonging to the State In 1812 these Commissioners, in their of New York. report to the Legislature, estimated that, in 1832, there would be 250,000 tons brought down the canals, which estimate COST AND REVENUES OF THE NEW YORK fell very considerably short of the amount CANALS. carried on the canals during that year. This work is 352 miles in length, from The State Auditor, in his report to the Buffalo to Albany, and 345 miles from Legislature in 1863, makes a balance sheet, Buffalo to Troy. The rise and fall from from which the following summary of the Lake Erie to the Hudson is 692 feet. revenue from all sources, from 1817 to The prism was originally 40 feet wide at and including September 30th, 1862, and the surface, and 28 feet at the bottom, the disbursements for all purposes for the and four feet deep, with locks of sufficient same period, has been made, viz.: CANAL COMMERCE. 41 RECEIPTS. Toll, all Toll rec'd Tonnage. N. Y. C'ls. at Buffalo. Gross canal tolls.....$81,088,958 45 1825......... $566,279.... Direct taxes on the 1826....65,104.... people............ 8,306,88194 1827........ 859,260.... Indirect taxes, viz: 1828........ 833,444.... Auc. dut's$3,592,089 05 1829.... 813,183.... Bait duties 2,05,458 06 130..... 1,056,922 Tax on 1831............. 1,223,808.... St'mboat 1832......... 1,229,483.... passeng. 73,509 99 1833.......... 1,462,820.... 5,721,007 10 1834........... 1,341,329.... *General Fund for De- 1835.......... 1,548,986 ficiencies'......:. 1,386,498 88 1836........ 1,310,807 1,614,336 $106,213 Bales canal lauds..... 320,518 15 1837.......... 1,171,296 1,292,623.... nterest on invest- 1888.......... 1,13,011 1,590,911.... mentsanddcposits. 3,723,417 12 1839.......... 1,45,13 1,616.82.... Premiums on loans.. 2,294,594 23 1840.......... 1,416,046 1,5,4.... Rents, surplus w't's.. 89,421 14 1841......... 1,521,661 2,034,882.... Elmira and Chemung 1842......... 1,26,91 1,749,196.... Canal Feeder...... 290,097 66 1843.......... 1,513,439 2,081,590 Miscellaneoassources 1,569,709 38 1844.......1,81586 2,446,4.... - -— $104,791,104 65 1845.......... 1,985,011 2,646,181.... 1846.......... 2,268,662 2,756,106 1847.......... 2,869,810 8,635,381 DISBURSEMENTS. 1848........ 2,796,230 8,252,212 1,216,701 1849.......... 2,894,732 3,268.226 672,618 Prems. on purchase of 1850.......... 3,076,617 8,278,899 757,491 stocks, commis.,&c. $366,799 79 1851....... 3,582,733 3,329,717 703,498 Interest on loans..... 31,821,403 12 1852.......... 3,863,441 3,118,244 777,102,ontractors,Collectors, 1853.......... 2,247,852 3,204,718 802,657 Weighmasters, &c.. 22,561,813 92 1854.......... 4,165,862 2,773,566 695,897 Commissioners for 1855.......... 4,022,617 2,805,077 685,310 construction....... 61,218,596 85 1856.......... 4,116,082 2,948,203 755,905 Contrib'n 1857......... 4,344,061 2,045,644 598,470 to Gen. 1858...... 3,665,192 2,110,754 719,683 Fund..$4,137,602 73 1859.......... 3,781,684 1,723,945 552,432 Do. Gen'l 1860.......... 4,650,214 3,009,597 1,137,315 fund debt 4,234,416 66 1861......... 4,507,635 3,908,785 2,101,635 8,372,019 39 1862.......... 5,598,785 5,188,943 3,084,082 _ -- $124,340,633 07 -. __ — -- A comparison of the tonnage and revBalancedue...................... $19.549,52842 enue of the New York canals in 1861 *Received from General Fund..... 1,386,498 88 and 1862, will show an augmentation Canal debt unpaid and unprovided revenue of $1,280,158 from tolls, while for............................. $20,936,027 30 the tonnage was increased 1,091,150 tons. The aggregate tons carried on the New The magnitude of the trade and ton- York canals since they first went into nage of the New York Canals will be operation, will vary but little from eightyshown by the following exhibit, giving two millions of tons, valued at upwards the tonnage and revenue in each year of four thousand millions of dollars, from from 1820 to 1862, inclusive: which the State has received a gross revenue of upwards of eighty-one millions. Tonnage. N'ls. at Buffalo. There is, probably, not another system 820........ $5,244.... of public works in any country on the 1821........... 23,388.... face of the globe that has produced in so I822.4012....... 62.... short a period of time such stupendous i824.......... 190,635.... 1824.............. 340,642.... results. 42 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. There are other commercial interests of Mississippi River, terminating at Chicago, great magnitude not mentioned in the Illinois, and other internal improvements. above extracts from the Report of the A railroad route from the Upper MissisTrade and Commerce of Buffalo, of which sippi, commencing near St. Paul, Minnewe might enumerate different kinds of sota, has been surveyed, and will, no grain, beef, pork, butter, cheese, whiskey, doubt, terminate at Superior City, or Bayalcohol, hides and leather, coal, wool, field, favorably situated on the South potatoes, fruit, &c. Shore of Lake Superior. The trade with Canada, and with for- The incalculable advantages of this lateign ports, passing through the Welland ter communication, to Lake Commerce, Canal, and down the St. Lawrence River can only be realized when fully completed to the Atlantic, is of great and growing -thus draining Northern Iowa, Minnesoimportance-destined, no doubt, to in-. ta, and Dacotah of their rich agricultural crease immensely on the opening of the products-all of which will flow eastward proposed Ship Canal, to connect with the to the Atlanti.c, and European markets. TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CHICAGO. Extractfrom the REPORT of the Committee on Statistics, 1863. As an evidence of the increase of agri- of cultivation, your Committee would dicultural products since 1859, consequent rect attention to the provision trade of on improved crops and an enlarged area Chicago for the last four years. TABLE, SHOWING THE RECEIPTS AT CHICAGO OF THE ARTICLES NAMED FOR THE YEARS 1859-'62. ARTICLES. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. Flour, barrels...... 726,321. 713,348 1,479,284 1,666,391 Wheat, bushels... 8,060,766 14,427,083 17,385,002 13,978,116 Corn, ".... 5,401,870 15,262,394 26,369,989 29,574,328 Oats, ".... 1,757,696 2,198,889 2,067,018 4,688,722 Rye, ".... 231,514 318,976 490,989 1,038,825 Barley ".... 652,696 617,619 457,589 872,053 Hogs............. 271,204 392,864 675,902 1,348,890 Cattle........... 111,694 177,101 204,579 209,655 Thus the increase in cereals has been ing of the New York and Canadian canals, 196 per cent.; in hogs, 400 per cent.; and and of not less than five trunk railways in cattle, 87 per cent. between the East and West, has rendered Results equally marked are shown by the free navigation of the Mississippi a the returns of the other lake-ports. matter of secondary importance. The committee of the Chicago Board of "The heated waters of a tropical sea, Trade, in a recent Report, say: destructive to most of our articles of ex"In the early settlement of the West, port, a malarious climate, shunned by the Mississippi was the only outlet for the every Northerner for at least one-half of products of the country; but the open- the year, and a detour in the voyage of TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CHICAGO. 43 over 3,000 miles in a direct line to the countries from New Orleans and New markets of the world,-these consider- York respectively, as follows: ations have been sufficiently powerful to From From divert the great flow of animal and veg- New Orleans. New York. etable food from the South to the East. Wheat, bushels........... 2,189 1,850,908 Up to 1860, the West found a local mar- Wheat Flour, barrels...... 8041 1,187,200 ket for an inconsiderable portion of her Indian Meal, barrels..... 8 158 86.07 Indian Meal, barrels. ilS. 158 86.078 breadstuffs and provisions in the South; Pork, barrels............ 4,250 109,879 but after supplying this local demand, the Hams and bacon, pounds 890,230 16,161,749 amount which was exported from New The total receipts of grain of all kinds, Orleans was insignificant, hardly exceed- at that port, in no single year exceeded ing two millions of dollars per annum." 14,500,000 bushels, either for exportation The annual report of the Secretary of or consumption in the interior, which the Treasury for the year ending August are about the receipts at Milwaukee, or 31, 1860, shows the amount of bread- Toledo. In 1859-'60, the receipts were as stuffs and provisions exported to foreign follows: FLOUR. WHEAT. CORN. OATS. bbls. sacks and bbls. sacks and bbls. sacks and bbls. 965,860 339,348 1,722,637 659,550 These facts show conclusively that, exports would flow through other chanwith the navigation of the Mississippi un- nels. obstructed, the great mass of Western PRODUCT OF BREADSTUFFS FOR EXPORTATION. The amount of cereals, which, in 1862, Buffalo Trade Report, 136,329,542 bushflowed out of the Upper Mississippi Val- els, which were respectively forwarded ley and the region of the Lakes, en route from the following points: for the sea-board, was, according to the STATEMENT SHOWING THE SHIPMENT OF CEREALS FOR 1862. Places. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Other Grain blls. bush. bush. bush. W. Terminus B. & O. R. R.*.... 690,000..................... 550,000 " Pennsylvania Central 890,696.................. 1,622,893 Dunkirk.................... 1,095,365' 112,061 149,654 10,173 Suspension Bridge*........... 875,000.................. 2,750,000 Buffalo...................... 2,846,022 30,435,831 24,288,627 3,849,620 Oswego..................... 235,382 10,982,132 4,528,962 1,467,823 Cape Vincent................ 48,576 316,403 249,369 49,047 Ogdensburgh................ 576,394 689,930 1,120,176 18,865 Montreal...................1,101,475 8,012,773 2,649,136 519,896 Rochester*.................. 1,000 150,000......... 6,622 TOTALS................. 8,359,910 50,699,130 32,985,923 10,844,939 GRAND TOTAL-(Flour reduced to bushels)............... 136,329,542 * Estimated. 44 COMMERCE OF THE LAKES. SHIPMENTS OF CEREALS FROM FOUR LAKE PORTS, IN 1862. Places. Flour. Wheat. Corn. Other Grain. bbls. bush. bush. bush. Chicago..................... 1,739,849 13,808,898 29,452,610 4,516,357 Milwaukee.................. 711,405 14,915,680 9,489 250,292 Toledo*..................... 1,261,291 9,314,491 3,781,634......... Detroit.................... 998,535 3,278,033 310,618 122,109 TOTALS................. 4,711,080 41,317,102 33,554,351 4,888,758 GRAND TOTAL —(Flour reduced to bushels).................... 103,315,611 The mining population of Lake Superior per cent. of all the flour, more than eighty absorb not less than 150,000 bushels of per cent. of all the wheat, and more than cereals, which do not appear in the above seventy-five per cent. of the cereals of all tables, and which will account for the dis- kinds; while Chfcago and Toledo together crepancies between the amounts shipped furnish more corn than finds its from the initial points, and the amounts way eastward through all these ave. forwarded from the secondary points. nues, and Chicago alone contributes more These tables are illustrative, as showing than forty per cent. of the. whole gross that, in this great grain-movement, the product. four lake ports furnish more than fifty STATEMENT, Showing the Capacity of our Warehouses for Handling and Storing Grain in Chicago. ELEVATING WAREIIOUSES. Capacity for Ca pac ELEVATING WAREOUSE torage. ceive and ship hip per day. u.ship per dabush. bush. bush. bush. Sturges, Buckingham & Co., A.......... 700,000 65,000 225,000 B............ 700,000 65,000 225,000 Flint & Thompson...?................... 160,000 25,000 50,000 " R. R. R........... 700,000 55,000 200,000 Charles Wheeler & Co., G. & C. U. R. R.... 500,000 50,000 125,000 Munger & Armour.................... 600,000 50,000 100,000 Hiram Wheeler........................ 450,000 60,000 150,000 Munn & Scott......................... 200,000 30,000 75,000 O. Lunt & Brother...................... 80,000 30,000 40,000 Ford & Norton......................... 100,000 40,000 45,000 George Sturges & Co., Fulton Elevator..... 100,000 25,000 50,000 Walker, Washburn & Co.................. 75,000 30,000 60,000 Albert, Sturges & Company............... 00,000 65,000 225,000 Armour, Dole & Co...................... 850,000 85,000 225,000 Munn & Scott (new house).............. 600,000 55,000 200,000 L. Newberry & Co....................... 300,000 40,000 100,000 Flint & Thompson (new house)........... 1,000,000 90,000 230,000 Armour, Dole & Co........... 800,000 90,000 230,000 Total Capacity of Warehouses...... 8,615,000 950,000 2,555,000 *Amount received from Chicago deducted. t Amount received from Chicago and Milwaukee deducted. TRADE AND COMMERCE OF CHICAGO. 45 PORK AND BEEF PACKING. The progress which has been made in FORWARDED. Pork Packing in Chicago during the past YEA. Live. Dressed. TOTAL. two years, is probably without a parallel s158............. 159,181 32,832 192,013 in the history of any other city in the 1859.............. 87,254 22,992 110,246 United States. 1860............. 191,931 85,233 22,164 1861.............. 216.982 72,112 289,094 During the past year there have been 1862..............446506 44,629 491,135 erected along the River seven large Pork and Beef houses, all of which have been constructed on the most approved plans. Besides these, there have been built a large number of smaller structures, of BEEF CATTLE. more or less permanence; all of which, with the temporary occupation of stores, The past year has shown but a small outhouses, &c., give great additional fa- increase in the Cattle Trade of Chicago. cilities in the extension of this business. By the tables which follow, it will be As the season is not yet closed, we can seen that the receipts of Cattle at this only judge of the packing for 1862-'3, by point amount to 209,655 against 204,579 the number cut from the commencement in 1861, an increase of 5,076 head; and of the season, till January 1, which foots the shipments to 112,745 against 124,146, up 539,216, against 229,850, packed dur- in the same period of time. Showing a ing the same period in 1861-an increase, decrease of 11,401. thus far, of 309,366. During the past two seasons, a large TABLE proportion of the Hogs cut have been Showing the number of CATrLE Received and made into English Middles, for the Liver- Forwarded for five years. pool and London markets. In the early Received in 1858........................140,534 part of this season, nearly every packing 4 1859........................ 111,694 1860....................... 177,101 house in the city was engaged in this 1861....................... 204,519 branch of the business. The favor with 1862..................209,655 which Chicago brands have been received Forwarded in 1858....................... 4238 in the leading markets of England, war- 860.................. 7,44 rants us in the belief that the trade will 1......................24.146 be one of permanence. " 1862.......................112,745 The cereals and agricultural products TAB L E shipped from Chicago consist of corn, Showing the number of Hoes Received and wheat, rye, oats, barley, butter, cheese, Forwarded forfive years. potatoes, wool, hides, &c. The products of the forest are lumber, and wood of difRECEIVED. ferent kinds. The minerals are coal, &c.; TEAR. Live. Dressed. TOTAL. while fisheries furnish large quantities of 1858............. 416,225 124,261 540,486 cured fish of different kinds for exporta1859........... 188,671 82,533 271,204 tion; altogether giving employment to a 1860............. 285,149 107,715 392,864l 1861............. 549,039 126,86 675,902 large amount of tonnage navigating the 1862............. 1,110,971 237,919 1,348,890 I great lakes. TRIP THRQUGH THE LAKES, Giving a Description of Cities, Towns, &c. ing West. The harbor of Buffalo is the most capacious, and really the easiest and safest of access possn c ai on our inland waters. Improvements are annually made by about 3504 mils i dredging, by the construction of new piers, wharves, warehouses, fro Grewh It itand elevators, which extend its;r c e at tfacilities, and render the discharge n _ and trans-shipment of cargoes th more rapid and convenient; and of then greh in this latter respect it is without an equal. Bffal o, "QUEEN CITY of the LAKES," Buffalo was first settled by the whites possessing commanding advantages, being in 1801. In 1832 it was chartered as a 22 miles above Niagara Falls, is distant city, being now governed by a mayor, refrom Albany 298 miles by railroad, and corder, and board of twenty-six aldermen. about 350 miles by the.line of the Erie Its population in 1830, according to the Canal; in N. lat. 429 53', W. long. 78~ 55' United States Census, was 8,668; in 1840, from Greenwich. It is favorably situated 18,213; and in 1850, 42,261. Since the for commerce at the head of Niagara River, latter period the limits of the city have the outlet of Lake Erie, and at the foot been enlarged by taking in the town of of the great chain of Upper Lakes, and is Black Rock; it is now divided into thirthe point where the vast trade of these teen wards, and, according to the Census inland seas is concentrated. The harbor, of 1860, contained 81,130 inhabitants, beformed of Buffalo Creek, lies nearly east ing now the third city in point of size in and west across the southern part of the the State of New York. The public buildcity, and is separated from the waters of ings are numerous. and many of them fine Lake. Erie by a peninsula between the specimens of architecture; while the pricreek and lake. This harbor is a very vate buildings, particularly those for busisecure one, aqd is of such capacity, that ness purposes, are of the most durable although steamboats, ships, and other construction and modern style. The manlake craft, and canal-boats, to the number, ufacturing establishments, including sevin all, of from three to four hundred, have eral extensive ship-yards for the building sometimes been assembled there for tie and repairing of lake craft, are also numertransaction of the business of the lakes, ous, and conducted on a large scale, proyet not one-half part of the water accom- ducing manufactured articles for the modations has ever yet been occupied by American and Canadian markets.. the vast business of the great and grow- The principal public buildings are an BUFFALO TO DETROIT-NORTH SHORE ROUTE. 47 U. States Custom-House and Post-Office; different ports on Lake Erie and the UpCity Hall; Court-House and Jail; 2 Thea- per Lakes seven different Lines of Protres, and 50 Churches of different denom- pellers, annually transporting an immense inations. Here are also 8 banking houses, amount of merchandise and produce, 4 Savings Banks, and several Fire and which finds its exit eastward by means of Marine Insurance Companies. the Erie Canal, and the several Railroad The Lines of Steamers and Railroads Lines. diverging from Buffalo tend to make it one "The climate of Buffalo is, without of the greatest thoroughfares in the Un- doubt, of a more even temperature than ion. Steamers and propellers run to Cleve- any other city in the same parallel of latiland, Sandusky, Toledo, Detroit, Mackinac, tude from the Mississippi to the Atlantic Saut Ste. Marie, Green Bay, Milwaukee, coast. Observations have shown that the Chicago, &c. thermometer never ranges as low in winRAILROADS RUNNING FRO3M BUFFALO. ter, nor as high in summer, as at points in Massachusetts, the eastern and central 1. New York Central, to Albany and portions of this State, the northern and Troy, 298 miles. southern shores of Lake Erie in Michigan, 2. Buffalo, Niagara Falls, and Lewiston, Northern Illinois, and Wisconsin. The 28 miles. winters are not as keen, nor the summers, 3. Bffialo, New York, and Erie, to the cooled by the breezes from the lake, as city of New York, 434 milgs. sultry; and in a sanitary point of view,'4. Lake Shore Railroad, to Cleveland, it is probably one of the healthiest cities Ohio, 183 miles. in the world. 5. Buffalo and Lake Huron Railwa, " London, usually considered the health161 miles. iest of cities, has a ratio of one death in 6. Great Western (Canada) Railway forty inhabitants. The ratio of Buffalo is (Sus. Bridge to Detroit, Mich.), 230 miles. one in fifty-six. The favorable situation There are also four lines of City Rail- of the city for drainage, and for a supply roads running to different points within of pure water; its broad, well-paved the limits of Buffalo. streets, lined with shrubbery and shadeThe principal Hotels are the American, trees; its comparatively mild winters; its and St. James Hotel, and Mansion House, cool summers; its pleasant drives and on Main street; Bonney's Hotel, on Wash- picturesque suburbs, and its proximity to ington street, and the United States, facing the'Falls,' combine to render it one of the Terrace. the most desirable residences on the conThere are now running from Buffalo to tinent." BUFFALO TO DETROIT-NORTH SHORE ROUTE. On leaving the wharf at Buffalo, the is a long strip of land, nearly 20 miles Steamers usually run direct for Long long, and from one to three miles in width, Point on the Canada, or North Shore of covered for the most part with a stunted Lake Erie, proceeding for most of the growth of forest trees. It was formerly distance in British waters, to the mouth a peninsula, running out from the land of Detroit River. in an easterly direction, nearly half way LONG POINT, 65 miles from Buffalo, across the lake; but the waters having 48 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. made a wide breach across its western shore is more or less tinged with muddy extremity, has converted it into an island. water, proceeding from the streams emptyThere is an important light-house on the ing into the lake. east end to guide the mariner on his pas- PORT BURWELL. C. W., about 35 miles sage through Lake Erie, here about 40 west of Long Point, is handsomely situmiles wide, and where is found the great- ated at the mouth of Otter Creek. Here est depth of water. To this Point both is a light-house and good harbor. A shores of the lake can be seen in a clear large amount of lumber and other promorning from the deck of the steamer, ducts are annually exported from this affording a most grand sight when the place to Eastern markets. sun rises on a cloudless day. Then may PORT STANLEY, about 25 miles farusually be seen a fleet of vessels wending ther west, is handsomely situated at the their way toward Buffalo or the mouth of mouth of Kettle Creek, being in part surthe Welland Canal, through which chan- rounded by high and picturesque hills in nel annually passes a great number of the immediate vicinity. The harbor is steam propellers and sail vessels on their well protected, and much frequented by way to Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence British and American vessels running on River. Lake Erie. It is nine miles south of St. PORT COLBORNE, C. W., situated about Thomas, and twenty-four from London, 20 miles west of Buffalo, lies at the mouth the chief town of the county of Middleof the Welland Canal, while sex, for which place it may be considered PORT MAITLAND, some 20 miles far- the out-port. A plank-road runs between ther, is situated at the mouth of Grand the two places; also, the London ana River, where is a navigable feeder com- Port Stanley Railroad, connecting with municating with the canal, thus affording the Great Western Railway of Canada. two entrances to the above canal. Steamers run from Port Stanley to BufPORT DOVER, about 70 miles west of falo, Cleveland, and other ports on Lake Buffalo, and 40 miles distant from Ham- Erie. ilton by proposed railroad route, is situated POINT AUX PINS, or RoND' EAU (usually on the north shore of Lake Erie, at the called by the American navigators Round mouth of the river Lynn. Here is a good 0), about 100 miles west of Long Point, harbor, and the village is a place of grow- is a cape which projects from the Canada ing importance, containing about 1,000 shore, enclosing a natural basin of about inhabitants. 6,000 acres in extent, with a depth of PORT RYERSE and PORT ROWAN are from ten to twelve feet, thus forming an small villages on the Canada shore, situ- excellent and secure harbor, the entrance ated on the bay formed by Long Point. to which has been improved by the CanaInland there is to be found a rich and dian government by running out piers, fine farming district, consisting of some etc. It is proposed to construct a ship of the best lands in Canada West. canal from this port to the St. Clair River, The Sand Hills, immediately west of a distance of about 35 miles, thus' avoidLong Point, are seen for some distance ing the St. Clair Flats. ^ Another Canadian as the steamer pursues her onward course project is to construct a canal from Godetoward Point aux Pins, passing through rich to Hamilton, C. W., about 120 miles the widest part of the lake, where both in length. shores are lost sight of for a number of POINT PELEE, lying about 40 miles miles. The water usually presents a clear east of the mouth of Detroit River, progreen color in the middle, but near the jects a number of miles into Lake Erie, DETROIT RIVER-BUFFALO TO DETROT —NORTH SHORE ROUTE. 49 and forms, in connection with the island may here be seen, surrounded by highly of Point Pelee and other islands in the cultivated grounds. About a mile below vicinity, the most picturesque portion of the town is a chalybeate spring, which is lake scenery to be met with on this in- said to resemble the waters of Cheltenland sea. ham, in England. British and American POINT PELFE ISLAND, belonging to vessels frequently land.at Amherstburg, Canada, is about seven miles long, and on their trips to and from the Upper two or three miles in width. It is in- Lakes. habited by a few settlers. The island is FORT MALDEN, capable of accommosaid to abound with red cedar, and pos- dating a regiment of troops, is situated sesses a fine lime-stone quarry. A light- about half a mile above Amherstburg, house is situated on the east side. on the east bank of the river, the channel The steamers bound for Detroit River of which it here commands. usually pass to the north side of Point At BROWNSrowN, situated on the Pelee Island, and run across Pigeon Bay opposite side of the river, in Michigan, is toward Bar Point, situated at the mouth the battle-ground where the Americans, of Detroit River. Several small islands under disadvantageous circumstances, and are passed on the south, called East Sister, with a slight loss, routed the British Middle Sister, and TVest Sister; also, in forces, wlich lay in ambush, as the former the distance, may be seen the BASS were on their way to relieve the fort at ISLANDS, known as the "North Bass," Frenchtown, which event occurredAugust " Middle Bass," and "South Bass." On 5, 1812. the west side of the latter lies the secure SANDWICH, C. W., is beautifull- sitharbor of PUT-IN-BAY, celebrated as the uated on the river, two miles below rendezvous of Com. Perry's fleet, before Detroit, and nine miles below Lake St. and after the glorious naval victory which Clair. It stands on a gently sloping bank he achieved over the British fleet, Sep- a short distance from the river, which is tember 10th, 1813. here about a mile wide. This is one, of DETROIT RIVER, forming one of the the oldest settlements in Canada West. links between the Upper and Lower Lakes, The town contains 3,133 inhabitants. is next approached, near the mouth of WINDSOR, C. W., situated in the which may be seen a light on the Michi- township of Sandwich, is a village directgan shore called Gibraltar Light, and an- ly opposite Detroit, with which it is conother light on an island attached to Can- nected by three steam ferries. It was ada, the steamers usually entering the laid out in 1834, and is now a place of river through the east or British Channel considerable business, having a population of the river, although vessels often pass of about 2,500 inhabitants. Here terthrough the west or American Channel. minates the Great Western Railway of AMHERSTBURGH, C. W., 18 miles Canada, which extends from Niagara Falls below Detroit, is an old and important or Suspension Bridge, via Hamilton and town. The situation is good; the banks London, to opposite Detroit-thus forming of the river, both above and below the an important link in the great line of village, but particularly the latter, where railroads, now finished, running from the the river emerges into Lake Erie, are very seaboard at different points to the Missisbeautiful; several handsome residences sippi and Missouri Rivers. 4 RAILROAD ROUTE from Niagara Falls to Hamilton and Detroit, via Great Western Railway of Canada. This great International Line, extend- Suspension Bridge, is a thriving village ing from Niagara River to Detroit River, about one mile from the station. opposite the city of Detroit, a distance of GRIMSBY, 5 miles farther, is situated 229 miles, passes through a fine and in- on Forty-mile Creek, the scene of some teresting section of country, equal in hard fighting during the war of 1812. It many respects to Western New York. is a small village of 350 inhabitants; there It connects with the New York Central are two churches, a hotel, and several and Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad, stores; also, a grist and saw mills proforming a great through route of travel. pelled by water-power. Starting from the Suspension Bridge at Hamilton, 43 miles from SuspenClifton, two miles below the Falls of Ni- sion Bridge, is the principal station on the agara, the passenger train soon reaches line of the Great Western Railway, where the verge of the mountain ridge over- are located the principal offices and worklooking the plain below, while in the dis- shops connected with the company. Here tance may be seen the broad waters of is a commodious depot and steamboat landLake Ontario, usually studded with sail ing. Carriages and omnibuses are always vessels and propellers on their way to or in readiness to convey passengers to the from the mouth of the Welland Canal. hotels in the city, and steamboat landings. "Traced like a map, the landscape lies The Toronto Branch of the Great WestIn cultured beauty stretching wide." ern Railway commences at Hamilton, and T.OROLD, nine miles, is situated on extends a distance of thirty-eight miles to the line of the Welland Canal, where is the city of Toronto, running near the shore abundant water-power propelling five of Lake Ontario. or six flouring mills. A railroad ex- On leaving Hamilton for Windsor or tends to Port Dalhousie, some five or six Detroit, the road passes near the mansion miles distant, connecting with a steamer of the late Sir Allan M'Nab, and over the running to Toronto. This road will be Des Jardines Canal, entering the head of extended to Port Colbourne, on Lake Burlington Bay. Here is also a SuspenErie, about twenty miles distant. sion Bridge in sight, thrown over the ST. CITHERINES, 12 miles from the stream as it cuts its way through the high Suspension Bridge, is a flourishing town, bank which encircles the bay or lake. also situated on the line of the Welland This point presents a beautiful view, both Canal, which connects Erie and Ontario. on leaving or arriving at the head-waters This has become of late a fashionable of Lake Ontario. place of resort during the summer months, DUNDAS, five miles from Hamilton, caused by the mineral waters of the "Ar- is situated on rising ground on the side tesian Wells" obtaining great celebrity, of the mountain, and is a thriving manuowing to their curative properties. Here facturing place, having the advantage of are several well-kept hotels for the accom- a stream which flows, or rather rushes, modation of visitors. St. Catherines is with great impetuosity through its centre, justly termed "the Saratoga of Canada," working on its way numerous mills. The being annually visited by thousands of lDes Jardines Canal runs from hence to invalids and pleasure-seekers. Burlington Bay, enabling the manufacBEAMSVILLE, 22 miles from the turersto shiptheirgoodsattheirowndoors. BUFFALO AND NIAGARA FALLS TO DETROIT. 51 HARRISBURGH, 19 miles from- Ham- Bridge, and 110 miles from Windsor, if ilton, is the station of the Gait Branch of not, like her English namesake, the Great Western Railway. PARIS, with the Upper and Lower The great resort Town contains about 3500 i Of all the earth-checkered with all Town, contains about 3,500 inhabitants; Complexions of mankindso called' from its contiguity to beds of gypsum or plaster of Paris. It possesses is nevertheless a very stirring business a considerable amount of water-power, place, and presents another instance of the which works numerous mills. There are energy and enterprise of the Canadians. two foundries, a tannery, machine-shop, Ten years ago, this then very small vildistillery, saw-mill, etc. The Buffalo and lage of wooden houses was entirely Lake Huron Railway intersects the Great burned down, and now on its ashes is Western at this point, running to Gode- raised a most flourishing city, containing rich, on Lake Huron. four banks, several wholesale houses, fifWOODSTOCK, 48 miles from Ham- teen churches, many of them handsome ilton, and 138 miles from Windsor, is a structures, and the English Church lavcounty town, well situated on rolling ing a fine peal of bells; life and fire inground, and contains about 4,500 inhab- surances offices, breweries and distilleries. itants. It may be called a town of mag- It has three newspapers and several good nificent distances; East and West Wood- hotels. Population nearly 18,000. It is stock forming a street upward of a mile well watered by the river Thames, which, in length. The vacant spaces, however, however, is only navigable up to Chatham, are fast being filled up with stately edi- sixty miles distant. fices, and it will thus in a short time be- The London and Port Stanley R. R. here come one of the handsomest thorough- joins the Great Western Railway; length fares in Canada. In this locality, noted 24 miles, running south to Lake Erie. for its handsome country seats-and CHATHAM, 46 miles from Windsor, indeed all the way from Hamilton-the situated on the river Thames, possesses land, as seen from the road (the railroad the great advantage of a navigation, and for the most part passes through a new is therefore a place of considerable busicountry), is rolling and well cleared of ness. It contains eight churches; and trees and stumps, presenting more the being the county town of Kent, it has a appearance of "merrie' England" than court-house, a very handsome building, any other section of the Province. several grist and sawmills, woollen factory, INGERSOLL, nine miles farther, for- two foundries, machine-shop, etc. Steammerly an Indian village, now contains ers ply between Chatham, Detroit, and about 2,000 inhabitants. A small arm Amherstburg. Population about 5,000. of the Thames runs through it, and fur- WINDSOR, 229 miles from Suspension nishes some water-power, by which sev- Bridge, opposite Detroit, prettily situated eral mills are worked. Since the opening on the, banks of the river, is a place of of the railway it has risen in a surprising considerable business, and is rapidly inmanner; and the town, which before creasing in wealth and population, owing then had a very dingy appearance, the to the advantage it has of being the houses being of wood and wanting paint, western terminus of the Great Western is now gay with white brick, and the Railway. streets resound with' the hum of an en- Three steam-ferries ply between Windterprising population. sor and Detroit, making close connections LONDON, 119 miles from Suspension for the benefit of railroad passengers. BUFFALO TO GODERICH, C. W., via BUFFALO AND LAKE EURON RAILWAY. This important line of travel extends situated on Grand River, and named after from Buffalo, N. Y., crossing Niagara Brant, the renowned chief of the Six NaRiver by means of a steam ferry at Black tions Indians, who, with his tribe, steadily Rock to Fort Erie, on the Canada side. supported the British Crown during the It is proposed to construct a permanent American War. "In'Gertrude of Wyorailroad bridge of about one mile in ming' he is alluded to in disparaging length, a short distance above the present terms: ferry. From Fort Erie the line of the'The mammoth comes-the fiend, the monster railway extends westward within a short Brant.' distance of Lake Erie for forty miles, to But some years afterward Campbell was Dunville, situated at the mouth of Grand obliged to apologize to Brant's son, who River, crossing the Welland Canal. happened to visit London; as it appeared, From Dunville the road runs along the on satisfactory evidence, his father was valley of the river on the north side to not even present at the horrible desolation Brantford, 38 miles farther, and from of Wyoming. This much is due to the thence extends westward to Paris, where memory of Brant, who was a brave warit connects with the Great Western Rail- rior and a steadfast ally of the British, way of Canada. The line thence runs to and always exerted himself to mitigate Stratford, C. W., where it connects with the horrors of war." the Grand Trunk Railway, a total distance Brantford, until the opening of the from Buffalo of 116 miles. From this Great Western Railway, was a great wheat point the road is now completed and in market, the streets being crowded with running order to Goderich, situated on hundreds of wagons daily; but that road Lake Huron, a total distance of 163 miles. created other markets, and to this extent DUNVILLE is advantageously situated the town has suffered. It has, however, on the Grand River, at a point where it other sources of prosperity. There is no is intersected by the feeder of the Wel- place in the Province which commands land Canal. It is a place of considerable such extensive water-power, and which business, and contains several grist, saw, is made available for the working of nuand plaster mills, and a tannery. Popu- merous mills. The iron foundries, malation about 1,500. chine shops, and potteries are on a large The Welland Canal is one of the many scale, and have caused the place to be reworks of the same kind of which Cana- garded as the Birmingham of Canada. It dians may be proud. This Canal affords has a goodly number of churches of varia passage for propellers, sloops, and ous denominations, and one of the largest schooners of 125 tons burden, around the and handsomest hotels in the ProvinceFalls of Niagara, and connects Lake Erie "The Kirby House." Population about with Lake Ontario. It is 42 miles long, 6,000. including feeder, 56 feet wide, and from STRATFORD is a new and thriving 83 to 16 feet deep. The whole descent town, favorably situated on the line of the from one lake to the other is 334 feet, Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. This which is accomplished by 37 locks. section of Canada enjoys a good climate BRANTFORD, 78 miles from Buffalo, and fertile soil, producing cereal grains in and 82 miles from Goderich, is beautifully great abundance. TABLE OF DISTANCES-SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. 53 Goderich, C. V., 163 miles dis- rapidlyincreasing in numbers and wealth. tant from Buffalo, by railroad route, is ad- Steamers run daily from this port to Sarvantageously situated on the east shore nia, Detroit, Saginaw, and other ports on of Lake Huron, enjoying a healthy and Lake Huron. A line of propellers, cardelightful climate. Here is a good and rying passengers and freight, also run secure harbor, being easiy accessible to from Goderich to Mackinac, Milwaukee, the largest steamers and sail vessels nav- Chicago, etc.-connecting with the Bufigating the Upper Lakes. Here is erected falo and Lake Huron Railway-thus an extensive railroad depot, warehouses, forming a throughl line of travel from grain elevator, and wharves, owned by Buffalo to the above ports. the Buffalo and Lake Huron Railway - There are several other ports of imcompany. The town is beautifully situ- portance lying north of Goderich, on the ated on elevated ground, rising about 150 Canada side of the lake, from whence feet above the waters of Lake Huron, steamers run to and fro almost daily, here celebrated for their purity. The pop- during the season of navigation. ulation amounts to about 5,000, and is TABLE OF DISTANCES. FROM BUFFALO TO TOLEDO-SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. Ports, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles. Buffalo, N. Y.................... 0 Toledo, Ohio.................... 0 Silver Creek, N. Y............... 34 Maumee Bay..................... 1 Dunkirk, "................ 42 Turtle Island..................... 10 Portland, "................ 52 West Sister Island............ 22 Erie, Pa.......................... 90 South Bass Island................. 40 Conneaut, Ohio................... 11 Sandusky, Ohio.................. 40 Ashtabula, "....... 131 Kelley's Island.................. 45 Painesville, ".............. 156 Cleveland, Ohio.................. 100 Cleveland, "............. 185 Painesville, ".................. 129 Kelley's Island................... 240 Ashtabula, "................. 154 Sandusky, Ohio.............. 245 Conneaut,................... 168 South Bass Island.............. 245 Erie, Pa......................... 195 West Sister Island.............. 263 Portland, N. Y................... 233 Turtle Island..................... 275 Dunlkirk, ".......... 243 Maumee Bay.................... 278 Silver Creek, N. Y................ 251 Toledo, Ohio..................... 285 Buffalo,. Y................... 285 NoTE.-The direct through route as run by the steamers from Buffalo to Toledo is about 250 miles; the circuit of Lake Erie being about 560 miles. BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, ETC.-SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. Steamers and propellers of a large anchorage and port of refuge this harbor class leave Buffalo daily, during the is extremely valuable, and is much resortseason of navigation, for the different ed to for that purpose by steamers and ports on the American or South Shore of sail vessels during the prevalence of Lake Erie, connecting with railroad cars storms. at Cleveland, Sandusky, Toledo, and De- The village was incorporated in 1837, troit. and now contains about 4,000 inhabitants, On leaving Buffalo harbor, which is 500 dwelling-houses, five churches, a formed by the mouth of Buffalo Creek, bank, three hotels, and 20 stores of differwhere is erected a breakwater by the ent kinds, besides several extensive storeUnited States government, a fine view is houses and manufacturing establishments. afforded of the city of Buffalo, the Canada The Buffalo and State Line Railroad, exshore, and Lake Erie stretching off in the tending to Erie, Pa., runs through Dundistance, with here and there a steamer kirk, forming in part the Lake Shore line or sail vessel in sight. As the steamer of railroad, which, in connection with the proceeds westward through the middle of railroad leading direct to the city of New the lake, the landscape fades in the dis- York, affords great advantages to this tance, until nothing is visible but a broad locality, which is no doubt destined to inexpanse of green waters. crease with the growing trade of the lake STURGEON POINT, 20 miles from country. Buffalo, is passed on the south shore, FREDONIA, three miles from Dunwhen the lake immediately widens by kirk, witr which it is connected by a the land receding on both shores. During plank-road, is handsomely situated, being the prevalence of storms, when the full elevated about 100 feet above Lake Erie. blast of the wind sweeps through this It contains about 2,300 inhabitants, 300 lake, its force is now felt in its full power, dwelling-houses, five churches, one bank, driving the angry waves forward with the an incorporated academy, four taverns, velocity of the race-horse, often causing twenty stores, besides some mills and the waters to rise at the lower end of the manufacturing establishments situated on lake to a great height, so as to overflow its Canadoway Creek, which here affords banks, and forcing its surplus waters into good water-power. In the village, near the Niagara River, which causes the only the bed of the creek, is an inflammable perceptible rise and increase of the rush spring, from which escapes a sufficient of waters at the Falls. quantity of gas to light the village. A DUNKIRK, N. Y., 42 miles from gasometer is constructed which forces the Buffalo, is advantageously situated on the gas through tubes to different parts of the shore of Lake Erie where terminates the village, the consumer paying $4 per year New York and Erie Railroad, 460 miles for each burner used. It is also used for in length. Here is a good and secure lighting the streets of the village. The harbor, affording about twelve feet of flame is large, but not so strong or brilwater over the bar. A light-house, a liant as that obtained from gas in our beacon-light, and breakwater, the latter in cities; it is, however, in high favor with a dilapidated state, have here been erected the inhabitants. by the United States government. As an BARCELONA, N. Y., 58 miles from BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, ETC-SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. 55 Buffalo, is the westernmost village in the lake, and visible for a, distance of 15 State. It is a port of entry, and is much miles. The beacon shows a fixed light, resorted to by steamers and large vessels elevated 28 feet, and is visible for nine navigating the lake, affording a tolerably miles. good harbor, where is situated a light- CONNEAUT, Ohio, 117 miles from Bufhouse which is lighted by inflammable falo and 68 from Cleveland, situated in gas; it escapes from the bed of a creek the northeast corner of the State, stands about half a mile distant, and is carried in on a creek of the same name, near its enpipes to the light-house. trance into Lake Erie. It exports large Erie, "THE LAKE CITY OF PENNSYLVA- quantities of lumber, grain, pork, beef, NIA," distant 90 miles from Buffalo and 95 butter, cheese, etc., being surrounded by miles from Cleveland, is beautifully situated a rich agricultural section of country. on a bluff, affording a prospect of Presque The village contains about 2,000 inhabiIsle Bay and the Lake beyond. It has one tants. The harbor of Conneaut lies two of the largest and best harbors on Lake miles from the village, where is a lightErie, from whence sailed Perry's fleet house, a pier, and several warehouses. during the war of 1812. The most of the ASHTABULA, Ohio, 14 miles farther vessels were here built, being finished in west, stands on a stream of the same seventy days from the time the trees were name, near its entrance into the lake. This felled; and here the gallant victor re- is a thriving place, inhabited by an intelturned with his prizes after the battle of ligent population estimated at 3,500. The Lake Erie, which took place September harbor of Ashtabula is two and a half 10th, 1813. The remains of his flag-ship, miles from the village, at the mouth of the Lawrence, lie in the harbor, from the river, where is a light-house. which visitors are allowed to cut pieces as FAIRPORT stands on the east side of relics. On the high bank, a little distance Grand River, 155 miles from Buffalo. It from the town, are the ruins of the old has a good harbor for lake vessels, and is French fort, Presque Isle. The city con- a port of considerable trade. This harbor tains a court-house, nine churches, a bank, is so well defended from winds, and easy three hotels, a ship-yard, several exten- of access, that vessels run in when they sive manufacturing establishments, and cannot easily make other ports. Here is about 10,000 inhabitants. In addition to a light-house and a beacon to guide the te Lake Shore Railroad, the Philadelphia mariner. and Erie Railroad* terminates at this place, PAINESVILLE, Ohio, three miles from affording a direct communication with Fairport and 30 miles from Cleveland, is a New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore. beautiful and flourishing town, being surPresque Isle Bay is a lovely sheet of rounded by a fine section of country. water, protected by an island projecting It is the county seat for Lake County, into Lake Erie. There is a light-house on and contains a court-house, five churches, the west side of the entrance to the bay, a bank, 20 stores,' a number of beautiful in lat, 42 ~ 8' N.; it shows a fixed light, residences, and about 3,000 inhabitants. elevated 93 feet above the surface of the * This great line traverses the Northern and Northwest counties of Pennsylvania to the city of Erie on Lake Erie. It has been leased by the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and under their auspices is being rapidly opened throughout its entire length. It is now in use for passenger and freight business from Harrisburg to Driftwood (177 miles), on the Eastern Division, vnd from Sheffield to Erie, on the-Western Division (78 miles). 56 TRIP TIROUGH THE LAKES. is built rises abruptly from the lake level, where stands a light-house, near the en<^j^^ ~ trance into the harbor, from which an extensive and magnificent view is obtained, a l-il ~ g overlook ing the city, the meandering of the Cuyahoga, the line of railroads, the ship1^^^^ ~ ping in the harbor, and the vessels passing on the Lake. The city is regularly and beautifully laid out, ornamented with numerous shade-. P W 4 trees, from which it takes the name of "Forest City." Near its centre is a large public square, in which stands a beautiful marble statue of Commodore OLIVER H. PERRY, which was inaugurated Sept. 10, 1860, in the presence of more than 100,000 people. It commemorates the glorious -_y_-i-. i"J ~ achievement of the capture of the British Ilimni ~ i nitfleet on Lake Erie, September 10th, 1813. j.w ~.~~f~flq..[ f nCleveland is the mart of one of the greatdMl" i^.'" est grain-growing States in the Union, and _, "~',"~"'has a ready communication by railroad I-t, ====~>^ _with New York, Boston, and Philadelphia on the east, while continuous lines of railroads run south, and west to the confines of settlement in Kansas and Nebraska. It is distant 185 miles from Buffalo, 135 miles from Columbus, 107 miles from BATTLE OF LAE ERIEI > IToledo, and 144 miles from.Pittsburgh by SEP 101 1S, railroad route; 120 miles from Detroit by steamboat route. l It contains a County Court-House arl Jail, City Hall, U.S. Custom-House and Post Office building; 1 Theatre; a Library Association with a public reading-room; 2 Medical Colleges, 2 Orphan Asylums, ie tt' ". I n o 35 Churches of different denominations; li1.I....'.....i..l....,!ii'i.4 Banks, a Savings Bank, and 2 Insurance i OB ITS.S. I.I' Companies; also, numerous large manuPerry Monment, Erected Sept 10, 1860. facturing companies, embracing iron and copper works, ship-building, &c.; GasCleveland, "THE FOREST CITY," Cuy- works, Water-works, and two City Railahoga County, Ohio, is situated on a plain, road Companies. The stores and wareelevated 80 feet above the waters cf Lake houses are numerous, and many of them Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahogi river, well built. It now boasts of 50,000 inwhich forms a secure harbor for vessels habitants, and is rapidly increasing in of a large class; being in N. lat. 41~ 30', numbers and wealth. The Lake Superior W. long. 81~ 42'. The bluff on which it trade is a source of great advantage and CLEVELAND, " THE FOREST CITY." 57 profit, while the other lake traffic, togeth- the Saut Ste. Marie, and the different ports er with the facilities afforded by railroads on Lake Superior, altogether transporting and canals, makes Cleveland one of the an immense amount of merchandise, grain, favored cities bordering on the Inland lumber, iron, and copper ore. The regisSeas of America. tered Tonnage* of this port, in 1861, was The principal Hotels are the American 82,518 tons. Hotel, Angier House, Forest City House, The Northern. Transportation Company Johnson House, and Weddell House; all be- of Ohio has its principal office in Cleveing large and well-kept public houses. land. The Company owns 15 propellers of about 350 tons burden, running from Ogdensburgh and Oswego to Cleveland, RAILROADS DIVERGING FROM CLEVELAND. Ogdensburgh and Oswego to Cleveland Toledo, Detroit, Milwaukee, and Chicago. 1. Cleveland and Erie, 95 miles in length. This line affords a cheap and speedy route 2. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati, for travellers and emigrants, as well as for 135 miles. the transportation of merchandise and 3. Cleveland and Toledo, Northern Divi- produce. sion, 107 miles. The Cleveland Iron Mining Companiy, 4. Cleveland and Mahoning, 67 miles with a capital stock of $500,000, has its finished. principal office in this city. The mine is 5. Cleveland and Pittsburgh, connecting situated near Marquette, Lake Superior, with Wheeling, Va., 200 miles. being' distant about 14 miles from the 6. Cleveland, Zanesville, and Cincinnati, steamboat landing. A railroad extends to 87 miles; diverging from Cleveland and the Iron Mountain, affording facilities for Pittsburgh R. R. at Hudson. These roads the transportation of 2,000 tons of iron all run into one general Depot, situated ore per day. This ore yields on an avernear the lake, affording great facilities for age 661 per cent. of iron. The greater the trans-shipment of freight and produce proportion of this ore finds a ready market of different kinds. in Cleveland, from whence the most of it STEAMERS and PROPELLERS of a large is transported to the Mahoning Valley, class leave daily, during the season of where it meets the coal of that region navigation, for Buffalo, Toledo, Detroit, and is smelted and manufactured into Mackinac, Green Bay, Milwaukee, Chicago, merchantable iron. Steamboat Route from Cleveland to Detroit. Ports, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles. DETROIT, Mich......................... 0 CLEvELaND, Ohio........................... 0 Windsor, C. W............................. 1 Point Pelee Is., and Light................... 60 Fighting Island....................... 8 Bar Point, C. W......................... 97 Fish Island............................... 9 Bois Blanc Is. Light, 100 Wyandotte, Mich............................ 11 Detroit River, t..................... Mama Juba Is. and Light................... 12 Malden, C. W..............................101 Grosse Isle........................... 18 Gibraltar, Michh....................... Gibraltar, Mich........................ Grosse Isle, "...................... 102 Malden, C........................ 19 Mania Juba Is. and Light.................. 108 Bois Blanc Is. Light, Wyandotte, Mich................. 109 Lake Erie,.....................20 Fish Island Light........................... 111 Bar Point C. W.................... 23 Fighting Island................... 112 Point PelEe Island......................... 60 Windsor, C. W.........................119 CLEVLAND.............. 120 DETROIT................... 1...............120 FAn.E, $3 00. USUAL TIME, I hours. 58 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. BLACK RIVER, 28 miles from Cleve- "Dear General: We have met the land, is a small village with a good har- enemy, and they are ours: Two ships bor, where is a ship-yard and other two brigs, one schooner, and one sloop. manufacturing establishments. With esteem, etc., 0. H. PERRY VERMILION, 10 miles further on the "Gen. William H. Harrison." line of the Cleveland and Toledo Railroad, is a place of considerable trade, situated at Sandc isliy, "THE BAY CITY" capital the mouth of the river of the same name. of Erie Co., Ohio, is a port of entry and HURON, Ohio, 50 miles from Cleve- a place of considerable trade. It is ad land and 10 miles from Sandusky, is vantageously situated on Sandusky Bay, situated at the mouth of Huron River, three miles from Lake Erie, in N. lat. 41c which affords a good harbor. It contains 27', W. long. 820 45'. The bay is about several churches, 15 or 20 stores, several 20 miles long, and five or six miles in warehouses, and about 2,000 inhabitants. width, forming a capacious and excellent The islands lying near the head of Lake harbor, into which steamers and vessels Erie, off Sandusky, are KELLEY'S ISLAND, of all sizes can enter with safety. The NORTH BASS, MIDDLE BASS, and SOUTH average depth of water is from ten to BASS islands, besides several smaller twelve feet. The city is built on a bed of islands, forming altogether a handsome limestone, producing a good building group. Kelley's Island, the largest and material. It contains about 10,000 inmost important, is famous for its grape habitants, a court-house and jail, eight culture, and has become a place of sum- churches, two banks, several well-kept mer resort by the citizens of Ohio and hotels, and a number of large stores and other States. On the north side of manufacturing establishments of differSouth Bass Island, lies the secure harbor ent kinds. This is the terminus of the of PUT-IN-BAY, made celebrated by being Sandusky, Dayton, and Cincinnati Railroad, the rendezvous of Corn. Perry's flotilla 153 miles to Dayton, and the Sandzuky, before and after the decisive battle of Mlansfield, and Newark Railroad, 116 miles Lake Erie, which resulted in the capture in length. The Cleveland and Ybledo lRailof the entire British fleet. road, northern division, also terminates NAVAL BATTLE ON LAKE ERIE at Sandusky. Toledo, one of the most favored September 10th, 1813, the hostile fleets Cities of the Lakes, is situated on the of England and the United States on Lake Maumee river, four miles from its mouth, Erie met near the head of the Lake, and and ten miles from the Turtle Island Light, a sanguinary battle ensued. The fleet at the outlet of the Maumee Bay into bearing the "red cross" of England con- Lake Erie. The harbor is good, and the sisted of six vessels, carrying 64 guns, navigable channel from Toledo of sufficient under command of the veteran Comn. depth for all steamers or sail vessels naviBarclay; and the fleet bearing the gating the lakes. Toledo is the eastern "broad stripes and bright stars" of the terminus of the Wabash and Erie Canal, United States, consisted of nine vessels running through the Maumee and Wabash carrying 54 guns, under command of the valleys, and communicating with the young and inexperienced, but brave, Com. Ohio River at Evansville, a distance of Oliver H. Perry. The result of this im- 474 miles; also of the Miami and portant conflict was made known to the Erie Canal, which branches from the world in the following laconic dispatch, above canal 68 miles west of Toledo, and written at 4 P. M. of that day: runs southwardly through the Miemi BUFFALO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, ETC.-SOUTH SHORE ROUTE. 59 Valley in Western Ohio, and communi- but many portions of the States of Ken~ates with the Ohio River at Cincinnati, tucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, find ToForming together the longest line of canal ledo the cheapest and most expeditious navigation in the United States. lake-port for the interchange and transfer The railroads diverging from Toledo are of their products and merchandise. the Michigan Southern and Northern In- This city is the capital of Lucas County, diana Railroad, running through the Ohio, where is situated a court-house and southern counties of Michigan and the jail, several fine churches, a magnificent northern counties of Indiana, anjd making High School edifice, and five large brick its western terminus at Chicago, Illinois, ward school houses; a young men's at a distance of 243 miles;4he Air Line association that sustains a course of lecRailroad, running due west from Toledo, tures during the winter; two banks, two through Northwestern Ohio and the insurance companies, six-hotels, and a northern counties of Indiana to Goshen, great number of stores and storehouses; a distance of 110'miles, where it connects also several extensive manufacturing eswith the Northern Indiana Railroad, run- tablishments. The principal hotels are ning to Chicago; and the Detroit, Monroe, the Island House and Oliver House. and Toledo Railroad. It is also the east- The population of Toledo in 1850 was ern terminus of the Toledo, Wabash, and about 4,000, and now it is supposed to Western Railroad, running in a south- contain 17,000 inhabitants, and is rapidly westerly direction through the Maumee increasing in wealth and numbers. The and Wabash valleys, crossing the east- shipping interest is increasing, here being ern line of the State of Illinois, about 125 trans-shipped annually an amount of grain miles south of Chicago, and continuing exceeded only by Chicago, and other in a southwesterly course through Dan- kinds of agricultural products of the great ville, Springfield, Jacksonville, Naples, West. This city is destined, like Chicago, etc., in Central Illinois, to the Mississippi to export direct to European ports. River, and connecting with the Hannibal At this time there are in process of and St. Joseph Road, which stretches erection in Toledo many handsome dwelnearly due west through the State of lings, numerous handsome blocks of Missouri to St. Joseph, on the Missouri stores, a post-office and custom-house by River. The Dayton and Michigan Rail- the general government, and a first-class road, which connects Toledo with Cincin- hotel; these two latter buildings, from nati, is much the shortest railroad line the plans we have seen, would do credit connecting Lake Erie with the Ohio River. to any city, and when completed can be Besides the above important roads, the classed among the most elegant strucCleveland and Toledo Railroad terminates tures. No city in the State can boast of here. finer private residences than Toledo; and Toledo is the nearest point for the im- the general character of the buildings mense country traversed by these canals erected in the past four years is substanand railroads, where a transfer can be tial and elegant. made of freight to the more cheap trans- PEBRYSBURGH, the capital of Wood Co., portation by the lakes, and thence through Ohio, is situated on the right. bank the Erie Canal, Welland Canal, or Oswego of the Maumee River, 18 miles above its Canal, to the seaboard. It is not merely entrance into Maumee Bay, the southern the country traversed by these canals and termination of Lake Erie. It contains a railroads that send their products, and re- court-house and jail, four churches, 20 ceive their merchandise, through Toledo, stores of different kinds, three steam saw 60 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. mills, a tannery, and several other manu- entrance into Lake Erie, and about 40 facturing establishments. Population miles from Detroit. It is connected with about 1,500. Here is the head of steam- the lake by a ship canal, and is a termiboat navigation on the Maumee River, nus of the Michigan Southern Railroad, affording thus far a sufficient depth of which extends west, in connection with water for steamers of a large class. the Northern Indiana Railroad, to ChicaOld Fort Meigs, famous for having go, Ill. The town contains about 4,00C withstood a siege by the British and In- inhabitants, a court-house and jail, a dians in 1813, is one mile above this place. United States land-office, eight churches, MAUMBE CITY, Lucas Co., Ohio, is several public houses, and a number ol a port of entry, situated on the Maumee large stores of different kinds. Here are River, opposite Perrysburgh, at the foot two extensive piers, forming an outport of the rapids and at the head of naviga- at the mouth of the river; the railroad tion, nine miles above Toledo. A side track running to the landing. A plankcut here connects the Wabash and Erie road also runs from the outport to the Canal with the river. The Toledo and city, which is an old and interesting loIllinois Railroad also passes through this cality, being formerly called Frenchtown, place. It contains five churches, ten which was known as the scene of the stores, four flouring-mills, three saw-mills, battle and massacre of River Raisin in one oil-mill, and other manufacturing es- the war of 1812. The Detroit, Monroe, and tablishments propelled by water-power, Toledo Railroad, just completed, passes the supply being here almost inexhausti- through this city. Steamers run from ble. Three miles above the city is the Detroit to Toledo, stopping at Monroe. site of the famous battle fought against TRENTON, situated on the west bank of the Indians by Gen. Wayne, in 1794, Detroit river, is a steamboat landing and known as the Battle of Miami Rapids. a place of considerable trade. Population, One mile below the town is Old Fort 1,000. Miami, one of the early British posts. WYANDOTTE, ten miles below Detroit, is MAUMEE RIVER rises in the north- a new and flourishing manufacturing east part of Indiana, and flowing northeast village, where are located the most exenters Lake Erie, through Maumee Bay. tensive Iron Works in Michigan. The It is about 100 miles long, navigable 18 iron used at this establishment comes miles, and furnishing an extensive water- mostly from Lake Superior, and is conpower throughout its course. sidered equal in quality to any in the The City of MONROE, capital of Monroe world. The village contains about 1,600 Co., Mich., is situated on both sides of inhabitants. the River Raisin, three miles above its Railroad Route around Lake Erie. This important body of water being en- Detroit to Toledo, Ohio, via Miles. compassed by a band of iron, we subjoin etro to Toledo, Ohio, via Detroit the following Table of Distances: Toledo, Celandand Toledo to Cleveland, via Cleveland and Miles. Toledo R. R., 107 Buffalo to Paris, C. W., via Buffalo and Cleveland to Erie, Pa., via Cleveland Lake Huron Railroad, 84 and Erie R. R., 95 Paris to Windsor or Detroit, via Erie to Buffalo, via Lake Shore Road, 88 Great Western Railway, 158 Total miles, 595 OHIO RIVER AND LAKE ERIE CANALS.-FORT WAYNE. 61 The extreme length of Lake Erie is lake about 560 miles, being about 100 150 miles, from the mouth of Niagara miles less distance than has been stated River to Maumee Bay; the circuit of the by some writers on the great lakes. Ohio River and Lake Erie Canals. The completion of the MIAMI CANAL pleted, will render it one of the strongest makes four distinct channels of commu- fortifications in the country, and almost oication from the Ohio River through the impregnable against a land assault. The State of Ohio to Lake Erie, namely: site of the fort, as is well known, is in 1. The Erie Extension Canal, from Springwells, about three miles below the Beaver, twenty gr thirty miles below city of Detroit. Its location is admirable, Pittsburgh, to Erie, 136 miles. 2. The being on a slight eminence, completely pCross-Cut Beaver Canal, which is an ex- commanding the river, which at that tension or branch from Newcastle, Pa., point is narrower than in any other place on the Beaver Canal, to Akron, Ohio, of its entire length. Guns properly where it unites with the Portsmouth and placed there could effectually blockade Cleveland Canal-making a canal route the river against ordinary vessels, and, from Beaver to Cleveland of 143 miles. with the aid of a few gunboats, could re3. The Ohio Canal, from Cleveland to pulse any fleet which might present itPortsmouth, through the centre of the self. State, 309 miles. 4. The Miami Extension, The present works were erected about which is a union of the Miami Canal with the years 1842-'43, mainly under the suthe Wabash and Erie Canal, through pervision of General Meigs. The form Dayton, terminating at Toledo, at the of the works is that of a star, mounting mouth of the Maumee River on Lake Erie, thirty-two barbette guns at the angles 247 miles. The vast and increasing busi- which rake the moat, and protect it xess of the Ohio Valley may furnish busi- against an assault by land. The height ness for all these canals. They embrace from the bottom of the ditch is about rich portions of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and forty feet. The exterior of the embankIndiana; but are not so located as to be ments was supported by timbers, which, free from competition with-one another. in the twenty years in which they have At no distant time, they would unques- stood, have become unsound, and now tionably command a sufficient independ- give unmistakable evidence of decay. ent business, were it not probable that This fact has rendered necessary the imthey may be superseded by railways. provements which are now being made. The capacity of railways-both for rapid They consist of a wall around the entire and cheap transportation-as it is devel- fort, built against these timbers, which oped by circumstances and the progress will not be removed, and which will not of science, is destined to affect very mate- only sustain the embankments, but will rially the value and importance of canals. render the place much more impregnable. The wall is seven feet and a half in Fort Wayne. thickness, and twenty feet in height on The United States government is now every side. The outside facing, two feet engaged in making extensive improve- in thickness, is of brick, the remainder is?ments at Fort Wayne, which, when com- filled in with pounded stone, water-lime, 62 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. sand, and mortar, making a solid wall of which will render them still more secure, great strength. From the nature of the protecting the guns and gunners. Barsurrounding grounds, artillery cannot be bette guns will also be mounted on the brought to bear upon the wall, with the bastions in addition to the casemate guns, exception of about two feet at the top, which will be placed in a manner similar which extends above the level of the ditch. to that in which they are now placed. The wall, therefore, could not be battered These improvements will greatly strengthdown, and the only possible way by ee the works and render them more perwhich the place could be taken would be manent. The place is an important one, by a land assault and scaling the walls as the expense the government is at in from the moat by means of ladders. This rendering it impregnable clearly shows. is effectually provided against by the In case of a war with Great Britain it placing of the guns, eight of which rake would become of the highest importance. the moat on each side. The improve- And acting on the maxim, "in time of ments now being made still further con- peace prepare for war," it is the best time template placing these guns in casemates, to attend to these improvements. TABLE OF DISTANCES FROM OL.E;-ELAND AND DETROIT TO SUPERIOR CITY, FORMINGF A GRAND STEAMBOAT EXCURSION OF OVER TWO THOUSAND MILES. Ports, &c. Place to Place. Miles. Ports, &c. Place to Plae. Miles. CLEVELAND, Ohio................ 0 0 SPERIOR City, Wis............. 0 0 Mailden, C. W................... 100 100 Point de Tour................... T 70 )TROT, Mih................ 20 120 feld, Wis.................. 10 80 Lake St. Clair................... 127 La Pointe".................. 4 84 Algonac, Mich................... 33 160 Ontonagoa?, Mich............... 74 158 Newport, ".............. 6 166 Eagle River............... 60 21S St. Clair, ".............. 10 176 Eagle lHarbor "............... 10 2'28 PORT HURON " t 193 Copper Ilarbor "............... 16 244 Port Sarnia, C.W.'............ Manitou Island.................. 15 259 Point au Barque-M 67 260 Portage Entry................. 55 314 Off Saginaw Bay ~............. Iloughton, Mich..............(on Portage Lake). Thunder Bay Island............. 75 835 arquette ".................. 70 384 Point de Tour ( 85 420 Grand Island.................... 40 424 St. Mary's River )..... Pictured ocks............... 10 434 C(7urch's Landing............. 36 456 Point au Sable................... 20 454 SAUT STE. MARIE................ 14 470 White Fish Point................ 50 504 Point Iroquois............... 15 485 Point Iroquois.................. 25 529 White Fish Point................ 25 510 SAUT STE. MARIE............... 15 544 Point an Sable.................. 50 560 (hurch's Landing.............. 14 558 Pictured Rocks............. 20 580 Point de Tour,6 59 Grand Island.................... 10 590 Lake Huron,...... Marquette, Mich................ 40 630 Thunder Bay Island............ 85 679 Portage Entry.................. 70 700 Off Saginaw Bay 5( 7 4 Houcghto,, Mich..............(on Portage Lake). Point au Barque. -—' * -—'' Manitou Island................. 55 755 PORT HLURON, Mich. 82 Copper IHarbor.................15 770 Port Sarnia, C............ Eagle Harbor................... 16 786 St. C( i;r Mich.................. 17 83S Eagle liiver.................... 10 796 Nevwport........................ 10 848 Ontonagon, Mich............... 60 856 Algonac, Mich.................. 6 854 La Pointe, Wis................. 74 930 St. Clair Flats.................. 10 864 BuMfield, Wis................... 4 934 DETROIT, Mich.................... 30 894 Point de Tour.................. 10 944 Malden, C. W.................. 20 914 SUPERIOR, City, Wis............. 70 1,014 CLEVELAND, Ohio................. 100 1,014 DETROIT. 63 institute, water-works, and i;as-works, four grain elevators, five steam grist-mills, and several steam sawmills, besides a great num5___~ _ ~ ber of other manufactur-... _._._ ing establishments. There are also several extensive Detroit, "THE CITY OF THE STRAITS," ship-yards and machine-shops, where are a port of entry, and the great commercial built and repaired vessels of almost mart of the State, is favorably situated in every description. The population in N. lat. 42~ 20', W. long. 82~ 58', on a 1850 was 21,891; in 1860, 45,619. river or strait of the same name, elevated The principal Hotels are the Biddle some 30 or 40 feet above its surface, be- House, and Michigan Exchange, on Jefferson ing seven miles below the outlet of Lake avenue, and the Russell House, on WoodSt. Clair and twenty above the mouth of ward avenue, facing Campus Martius, an the river, where it enters into Lake Erie. open square near the centre of the City. It extends for the distance of upward of Detroit may be regarded as one of the a mile upon the southwest bank of the most favored of all the Western cities of river, where the stream is three-fourths the Union. It was first settled by the of a mile in width. The principal public French explorers as early as 1701, as a and private offices and wholesale stores military and fur trading port. It changed are located on Jefferson and Woodward its garrison and military government in avenues, which cross each other at right 1760 for a British military commander angles, the latter running to the water's and troops, enduring under the latter reedge. There may usually be seen a great gine a series of Indian sieges, assaults, number of steamboats, propellers, and and petty but vigilant and harassing warsail vessels of a large class, loading or fare, conducted against the English garunloading their rich cargoes, destined for rison by the celebrated Indian warrior Eastern markets or for the Great West, Pontiac. Detroit subsequently passed giving an animated appearance to this into possession of the American revoluplace, which is aptly called the City of tionists; but on the 16th August, 1812, it the Straits. It was incorporated in 1815, was surrendered by Gen. Hull, of the being now divided into ten wards, and United States army, to Gen. Brock, comgoverned by a mayor, recorder, and board mander of the British forces. In 1813 it of aldermen. Detroit contains the old was again surrendered to the Americans, State-house, from the dome of which a under Gen. Harrison. fine view is obtained of the city and vi- The following Railroad lines diverge cinity; the City Hall, Masonic Hall, Fire-'from Detroit: men's Hall, Mechanic's Hall, Odd Fellows' 1. The Detroit, Monroe, and Toledo RailHall, the Young Men's Society Building, road, 62 miles in length, connecting with two Market Buildings, forty Churches, ten the Michigan Southern Railroad at MonHotels, besides a number of taverns; a roe, and with other roads at Toledo. United States Custom-house and Post- 2. The Michigan Central Railroad, 282 office, and United States Lake Survey miles in length, extends to Chicago, Ill. office, a theatre, a museum, two orphan This important road, running across the asylums, four banks, and a savings' fund State from east to west, connects at 64 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Michigan City, Ind., with the New Al- in the river. The names of these are, bany and Salem Railroad-thus forming Clay, Celeron, Hickory, Sugar, Bois planc, a direct line of travel to Louisville, St. Ella, Fox, Rock, Grosse Isle, Stoney, FightLouis, etc., as well as Chicago and the Far ing, Turkey, Mammy Judg, Grassy, Mud West. Belle or Hog, and lie la Peche. The two 3. The Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad latter are situated a few miles above Deruns through a rich section of country to troit, near the entrance to Lake St. Clair, Grand Haven, on Lake Michigan, op- where large quantities of white-fish-are posite Milwaukee, Wis. annually taken. 4. The Detroit and Port Huron Railroad, ILE LA PECHE, attached to Canada, was connecting with the Grand Trunk Rail- the home of the celebrated Indian chief way of Canada, connects Lake Huron by Pontiac. Parkman, in his "History of the rail with the valley of the Ohio River. Conspiracy of Pontiac," says: "Pontiac, 5. The Great Western Railway of Canada the Satan of this forest-paradise, was achas its terminus at Windsor, opposite customed to spend the early part of the Detroit, the two places being connected summer upon a small island at the openby three steam ferries-thus affording a ing of Lake St. Clair." Another author speedy line of travel through Canada, and says: "The king and lord of all this thence to Eastern cities of the United country lived in no royalstate. His cabin States. was a small, oven-shaped structure of Steamers of a large class run from De- bark and rushes. Here he dwelt with his troit to Cleveland, Toledo, and other ports squaws and children; and here, doubtless, on Lake Erie; others run to Port Huron, he might often have been seen carelessly Saginaw, Goodrich, C. W., and other ports reclining his naked form on a rush-mat or on Lake Huron. a bear-skin, like an ordinary Indian warThe Lake Superior line of steamers run- rior." ning from Cleveland and Detroit direct The other fifteen islands, most of them for the Saut Ste. Marie, and all the prin- small, are situated below Detroit, within cipal ports on Lake Superior, are of a large the first twelve miles of the river after class, carrying passengers and freight. entering it from Lake Erie, the largest of This has become one of the most fashion- which is GROSSE ISLE, attached to Michi — able and healthy excursions on the con- gan, on which are a number of extensive tinent. and well-cultivated farms. This island The DETROIT RIVER, or Strait, is a noble has become a very popular retreat for stream, through which flow the surplus citizens of Detroit during the heat of waters of the Upper Lakes into Lake Erie. summer, there being here located good It is 27 miles in length, and from half a public houses for the accommodation of mile to two miles in width, forming the visitors. boundary between the United States and Father Hennepin, who was a passenger Canada. It has aperceptible current, and on the " Griffin," the first vessel that is navigable for vessels of the largest class. crossed Lake Erie, in 1679, in his descripLarge quantities of fish are annually taken tion of the scenery along the route says: in the river, and the sportsman usually "The islands are the finest in the world: finds an abundance of wild ducks, which the strait is finer than Niagara; the breed in great numbers in the marshes banks are vast meadows, and the prosbordering some of the islands and harbors pect is terminated with some hills covered of the coast. with vineyards, trees bearing good fruit, There are altogether seventeen islands groves and forests so well disposed that DETROIT AND MILWAUKEE RAILROAD AND STEAMSHIP LINE. 65 one would think that Nature alone could silica, alumina, and iron, elements that not have made, without the help of art, so can produce little or no injury; while the charming a prospect." chlorides, much the most injurious comCOMPARATIVE PURITY OF DETROIT RIVER pounds, are entirely absent. The presWMJATER~. ence of such large quantities of silica and iron is accounted for by the fact that The following Table shows the solid Lakes Superior and Huron are formed, for matter in a gallon of water, taken from the most part, in a basin of ferruginous Lakes and Rivers in different cities: sandstone and igneous rock." Albany, Hudson River................... 6.320 NoTE.-The purity of the waters of Lake roy, Mohawk River.................... 7.80 Superior, probably exceeds all other bodies of Boston. Cochituate Lake.................. 1.80 water on the face of the globe, affording a cool New York, Croton River.................. 6.998 and delightful beverage at all seasons. Brooklyn, L. I. Ponds................... 2.367 Philadelphia, Schuylkill R................. 4.260 om a iv n of Cincinnati, Ohio River.................. 6.736 Comparative Increase of Lake Ontario............................. 4.160 Lake Cities. Detroit, Detroit River.................... 5.221860. Cleveland, Lake Erie.................. 5.000 1840. Montreal, St. Lawrence.................000BUFFAO, New York..... 18,213 42,261 81,131* CHICAGO, Ill............. 4,470 28.269 109,263 Of the Detroit River water, Prof. CLEVELAND, Ohio........ 6,071 17,034 36.054t Douglass, in his report of the analysis, DETROIT,Mih........ 9102 21,019 4,619 ERIn, Penn................... 5,858 9,419 ays: "In estimating the value of your MEIL E,W AVK W.i........ 1,700 20.061 45,254 city water, as compared with other OSWEGO, New York.......... 12,205 16,817 cities, due allowance must be made for RACINE, Wi................ 5,10 1000 1.1- i ^^^ ^1 1.1 J. ~ SANDUISKY. Ohio......... 1434 6,008 8,408 the fact, that the total solid matter is SANDKY Ohio......... 222,829 18,768 TOLEDO, Ohio...........1,222,829 13,768 materially increased by the presence of * Black Rock annexed. t Ohio City annexed. DETROIT AND OMILWAUKEE RAILROAD AND STEAMSHIP LINE, CONNECTING WITH THE GREAT LINES OF TRAVEL EAST AND WEST. On leaving the Railroad Depot at De- tant station, from whence arailroad extends troit the line of this road runs in a north- southwest to LANSING, the capital of the west direction to PONTIAC, 26 miles, pass- State of Michigan. It is intended to caring through a rich section of farming ry the line of this road north to Saginaw country. City, and from thence northwest to The route then continues westerly to Traverse Bay on Lake Michigan, where is FENTONVILLE, 24 miles further, where a good harbor. commences a railroad route, running From Owasso, the Detroit and Milthrough Flint, and extending north to waukee Railroad runs westward through Saginaw, favorably situated on Saginaw St. John's, Ionia, and other stations, passriver. It is intended to continue the ing down the valley of the Grand River, Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad, some a rich and populous section of country, 150 miles, to the shore of Lake Michigan. producing large quantities of wheat and OwAsSO, 78 miles from Detroit, and other agricultural productions, all of which 110 miles from Grand Haven, is an impor- find a ready sale in the Eastern markets. 5 66 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. " Up in the northern part of the Grand Steamboat Route from Grand River Valley, and along and beyond the Rapids to Grand Haven. Muskegen River, an immense amount of pine timber is to be found, giving profit- GRAND RAPIDS................ 0 able employment to a large number of Eagle Plaster Mill............. 2 lumbermen." Grandville.................... 5 7 Grand Rapids, 158 miles west Lamont.....................13 20 of Detroit, and forty miles above Eastmanville.................. 2 22 Grand Haven, an incorporated city, is Mill Point.................... 16 38 favorably situated on both banks of Grand GRAND HAVEN................ 2 40 River, where is a fall of about eighteen feet, affording an immense water-power. Steamers run from this place daily to On leaving Grand Rapids for Grand Grand Haven, connecting with steamers Haven, by railroad, the route extends for Milwaukee, Chicago, and other ports north of the rivel, through a fertile section on Lake Michigan. Here is an active of country, mostly covered by a heavy population of about 10,000, and rapidly growth of hardwood, although the pine increasing, surrounded by a new, fertile, predominates as you approach the lake and improving country, being alike shore. famous as a wheat and fruit region. Grand Haven, Ottawa Co., The city now contains a court-house Mich., is situated on both sides of Otand jail; 6 churches; 5 hotels; 60 stores tawa River, near its entrance into Lake of different kinds; 3 grist-mills; 5 saw- Michigan, here eighty-five miles wide; on mills; 3 cabinet-ware factories; 2 machine- the opposite side lies Milwaukee, Wisshops, and other manufacturing establish- consin. The different settlements, comments. The private dwellings and many prising Grand Haven, contain about 5,000 of the stores are elegant edifices, con- inhabitants. Here are a court-house and structed of building material which is jait; 3 churches; six hotels and taverns, found in the immediate vicinity. Exten- and a number of stores and warehouses; sive and inexhaustible beds of gypsum 8 large steam saw-mills, pail and tub are found near this place, producing large factories, a foundry and machine-shop, quantities of stucco and plaster, all of and other manufacturing establishments. which find a ready sale in Eastern and Steamers and sail vessels run from Western markets. It is estimated that Grand Haven, which has a well-protected 25,000 tons of stucco for building, and harbor, to Milwaukee, Chicago, and other plaster for fertilizing purposes, can be ports on Lake Michigan, carrying a large quarried and ground yearly from the amount of produce and lumber. The different quarries in this vicinity. At the fisheries in this vicinity are also pip Eagle Mills, two miles below the city, is ductive and extensive. already formed an immense excavation, The sand hills on the east shore of Lake extending several hundred feet under Michigan rise from 100 to 200 feet, preground, which is well worthy of a visit, senting a sterile appearance, although the where rich specimens of the gypsum can land in the interior is very rich and probe obtained. ductive. TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, GREEN BAY, ETC. 67 Trip across Lake Michigan. The staunch and well-built steamships, cities one of the most pleasant and desiDetroit, Capt. McBride, and Milwaukee, rable as regards speed and objects of inCapt. Trowell, run twice daily across Lake terest. Usual fare from Milwaukee to Michigan, connecting with trains on.the Detroit, $8,00. Distance, 271 miles; Detroit and Milwaukee railroad. This time, 14 hours. trip is delightful during the summer and From Milwaukee, westward, there is a autumn months when Lake Michigan is direct connection both with the Milwaukee usually calm, affording a safe and delight- and Prairie du C'hien Railroad, and the ful excursion of about six hours' contin- La Crosse and Milwaukee Railroad runuance. The spacious cabins, and well- ning to the Mississippi River. A daily arranged dining-saloons of these ships, line of steamers run from the termination together with the well-provided tables, of both of the above railroads to St. Paul, renders this route to and from the Eastern Minnesota. TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, GREEN BAY, MILWAUKEE, CHICAGO, &c. During the season of navigation propel- miles above Detroit; it may be said to be lers of a large class, with good accommoda- 20 miles long and 25 miles wide, measurtions for passengers, leave Detroit daily di- ing its length from the outlet of St. Clair rect for Mackinac, Green Bay, Milwaukee, River to the head of Detroit River. Comand Chicago, situated on Lake Michigan. pared with the other lakes it is very shalSteamers of a large class, carrying pas- low, having a depth of only from 8 to 24 sengers and freight, also leave Detroit, feet as indicated by Bayfield's chart. It almost daily for the Saut Ste Marie, from receives the waters of the Upper Lakes thence passing through the Ship Canal from the St. Clair Strait by several chaninto Lake Superior-forming delightful nels forming islands, and discharges them excursions during the summer and early into the Detroit River or Strait. In the autumn months. upper portion of the lake are several exFor further information of steamboat tensive islands, the largest of which is routes, see Advertisements. Walpole Island; it belongs to Canada, and On leaving Detroit the steamers run in is inhabited mostly by Indians. All the a northerly direction, passing Bell or Hog islands to the west of Walpole Island beIsland, two miles distant, which is about long to Michigan. The Walpole, or " Old three miles long and one mile broad, pre- Ship Channel," forms the boundary sentiug a handsome appearance. The between the United States and Canada. Canadian shore on the right is studded The main channel, now used by tho with dwellings and well cultivated farms. larger class of vessels, is called the PECHE ISLAND is a small body "North Channel." Here are passed the of land attached to Canada, lying at the "St Glair Flats," a great impediment to mouth of Detroit River, opposite which, navigation, for the removal of which Conon the Michigan shore, is Wind-Mill Point gress will no doubt make ample approand light-house. priation sooner or later. The northeastern LAKE ST. CLAIr commences seven channel, separating Walpole Island from 68 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. the main Canada shore, is called " Che- north, is noted for steamboat building, nail Ecarte." Besides the waters passing there, being extensive ship-yards, where through the Strait.of St. Clair, Lake St. are annually employed a large number of Clair receives the river Thames from the workmen. Here are four steam sawCanada side, which is navigable to Chat- mills, machine shops, etc. Population ham, some 24 miles; also the waters of about 1,200. Belle River here enters the Clinton River from the west or American St. Clair from the west. side, the latter being navigable to Mt. ST. CLAIR STRAIT connects Lake Huron Clemens, Michigan. Several other streams with Lake St. Clair, and discharges the flow into the lake from Canada, the prin- surplus waters of Lakes Superior, Michcipal of which is the River Sydenham. igan, and Huron. It flows in a southerly Much of the land bordering on the lake is direction, and enters Lake St. Clair by six low and marshy, as well as the islands; channels, the north one of which, on the and in places there are large plains which Michigan side, is the only one at present are used for grazing cattle. navigated by large vessels in ascending AShILEY, or NEW BALTIMORE, situ- and descending the river. It receives ated on the N. W. side of Lake St. several tributaries from the west, or Clair, 30 miles from Detroit, is a lewand Michigan; the principal of which are flourishing place, and has a fine section of Black River, Pine River, and Belle River, country in the rear. It contains three and several rivers flow into it from the steam saw-mills, several other manufac- east, or Canadian side. It has several tories, and about 1,000 inhabitants. A flourishing villages on its banks. It is steamboat runs from this place to Detroit. 48 miles long, from a half to a mile wide, MT. CLEMENS, Macomb Co., Mich., is and has an average depth of from 40 to situated on Clinton River, six miles above 60 feet, with a current of three miles an its entrance into Lake St. Clair, and about hour, and an entire descent of about 15 30 miles from Detroit by lake and river. feet. Its waters are clear and transparent, A steamer plies daily to and from Detroit the navigation easy, and the scenery during the season of navigation. Mt. varied and beautiful-forming for its enClemens contains the county buildings, tire length, the boundary between the several churches, three hotels, and a num- United States and Canada. The banks of ber of stores and manufacturing establish- the upper portion are high; those of the ments, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Do- lower portion are low and in parts introit is distant by plank road only 20 dined to be marshy. Both banks of the miles. river are generally well settled, and many CHATHAM, C. W., 46 miles from Detroit of the farms are beautifully situated. by railroad route, and about 24 There are several wharves constructed on miles above the mouth of the river the Canada side, for the convenience of Thames, which enters into Lake St. supplying the numerous steamboa s passClair, is a port of entry and thriving place ing and repassing with wood. There is of business, where have been built a large also a settlement of the Chippewa Innumber of steamers and sail-vessels. dians in the township of Sarnia, Canada; ALGONAC, Mich., situated near the foot the Indians reside in small log or bark of St. Clair River, 40 miles from Detroit, houses of their own erection. contains a church, two or three saw- The CITY OF ST. CLAIR, Mich., is mills, a grist-mill, woollen factory, and pleasantly situated on the west side of St. about 700 inhabitants. Clair Strait, 56 miles from Detroit and 14 NEWPORT, Mich., seven miles farther miles from Lake Huron. This is a thriv TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, GREEN BAY, CHICAGO, ETC. 69 ing place, with many fine buildings, and St. Clair River here being about one mile is a great lumber depot. It contains the in width. A branch of the Grand Trunk county buildings for St. Clair Co., several Railway runs from Fort Gratiot, one mile churches and hotels, one flouring-mill, and and a half above Port Huron, to Detroit, five steam saw-mills, besides other manu- a distance of 62 miles, affording altofacturing establishments, and about 3,000 gether speedy modes of conveyance. A inhabitants. St. Clair has an active railroad is also proposed to run from business in the construction of steamers Port Huron, to intersect with the Detroit and other lake craft. The site of old and Milwaukee Railroad, at Owasso, MichFort St. Clair, now in ruins, is on the igan. border of the town. FORT GRATIOT, one and a half miles SOUTHERLAND, C. W., is a small village north of Port Huron, lies directly oppoon the Canada shore, opposite St. Clair. site Point Henry, C. W., both situated at It was laid out in 1833 by a Scotch gentle- the foot of Lake Huron, where commences man of the same name, who here erected St. Clair River. It has become an imporan Episcopal church, and made other tant point since the completion of the valuable improvements. Grand Trunk Railway of Canada, finished MOORE, is a small village ten miles in 1859, which road terminates by a below Sarnia on the Canada side. branch at Detroit, Mich., thus forming a FROMEFIELD, or TALFOURD'S, C. W., is direct railroad communication from Lake another small village, handsomely situated Huron, eastward, to Montreal, Quebec, four and a half miles below Sarnia. Here and Portland, Maine. is an Episcopal church, a windmill, and a The village stands contiguous to the cluster of dwellings. site of Fort Gratiot, and contains besides The city of PORT HURON, St. Clair the railroad buildings, which are extenCo., Mich., a port of entry, is advantageous- sive, one church, five public houses, the ly situated on the west bank of St. Clair Gratiot House being a well-kept hotel; River, at the mouth of Black River, two two stores, one oil refinery, and about 400 miles below Lake Huron. It was char- inhabitants. A steam ferry-boat plies tered in 1858, and now contains one Con- across the St. Clair River, to accommodate gregational, one Episcopal, one Baptist, passengers and freight; the river here one Methodist, and one Roman Catholic being about 1,000 feet wide, and running Church; six hotels, and public houses, with considerable velocity, having a depth forty stores, and several warehouses; one of from 20 to 60 feet. steam flouring-mill, eight steam saw-mills, In a military and commercial point of producing annually a large amount of view, this place attracts great attention, lumber, the logs being rafted down Black no doubt, being destined to increase in River, funning through an extensive pine population and importance. The Fort was region; here are also, two yards for build- built in 1814, at the close of the war with ing of lake craft, two refineries of petrole- Great Britain, and consists of a stockade, um oil, on6 iron foundry, and several other including a magazine, barracks, and other manufacturing establishments. Popula- accommodations for a garrison of one battion in 1860, 4,000. talion. It fully commands the entrance During the season of navigation, there to Lake Huron from the American shore, is daily intercourse by steamboats with and is an interesting landmark to the marDetroit, Saginaw, and ports on the Upper iner. Lakes. A steam ferry-boat also plies be- SARNIA, C. W., situated on the east tween Port Huron and Sarnia, C. W., the bank of St. Clair River, two miles below 70 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Lake Huron and 68 above Detroit, is a Steamboat Route from Sarport of entry and a place of considerable nia to Goderich, Saugeen, trade; two lines of railroad terminate at etc. this point, and it is closely connected with Port Huron on the American shore by Steamers running to and from Detroit means of a steam ferry. The town con- on their way to the different ports on the tains a court-house and jail, county regis- east shore of Lake Huron, usually hug ter's office and town hall; one Episcopal, the Canada side, leaving the broad waters one Methodist, one Congregational, one of the lake to the westward. Baptist, one Roman Catholic, and one Free POINT EDWARD, 2 miles above Sarnia, Church; seven public houses, the princi- lies at the foot of Lake Huron, opposite pal being the Alexander House and the Fort Gratiot, where are erected a large Western Hotel; twenty stores and sev- depot and warehouses connected with the eral groceries; two grain elevators, two Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. Here steam saw-mills; one steam grist-mill, one terminates the grand railroad connection large barrel factory, one steam cabinet extending from the Atlantic ocean to the factory, one'steam iron foundry, and one Upper Lakes. It also commands the refinery of petroleum oil, besides other entrance into Lake Huron and is an immanufacturing establishments. Popula- portant military position although at prestion, 2,000. ent unfortified. In the vicinity is an exThe Grand Trunk Railway of Canada cellent fishery, from whence large quantiterminates at Point Edward, 2 miles from ties of fish are annually exported. Sarnia, extending eastward to Montreal, BAYFIELD, C. W., 108 miles from De. Quebec, and Portland, Me.; a branch of troit, is a new and flourishing place, sitthe Great Western Railway also termi- uated at the mouth of a river of the same nates at Sarnia, affording a direct commu- name. nication with Niagara Falls, Boston, and GODERICH. 120 miles north of Detroit, New York. Steamers run from Sarnia to is situated on elevated ground at the Goderich and Saugeen, C. W.; also to and mouth of Maitland River, where is a good from Detroit, and ports on the Upper harbor. This is a very important and'Lakes. growing place, where terminates the BufThe celebrated Enniskillen Oil Wells, falo and Huron Railroad, 160 miles in yielding an immense quantity of petroleum length. (See page 53.) oil of a superior quality, are distant some KINCARDINE, thirty miles from Gode18 or 20 miles from Sarnia, this being the rich, is another port on the Canadian side nearest shipping port. These wells are of Lake Huron, where the British steameasy of access by means of railway and ers land and receive passengers on their plank-roads; the oil is brought to Sarnia trips to Saugeen. in barrels, and much of it shipped from SAUGEEN, C. W., is situated at the mouth hence direct to European ports, passing of a river of the same name, where is a down the St. Lawrence River. good harbor for steamers and lake craft. The St. Clair River, opposite Sarnia, here This is the most northern port to which one mile in width, flows downward with a steamers now run on the Canada side of strong current, at the rate of about six Lake Huron, and will no doubt, ere long miles an hour. be reached by railroad. TRIP FROM DETROIT TO MACKINAC, GREEN BAY, CHICAGO, ETC. 71 Steamboat Route from Port Steamers run daily to Detroit and other Huron to Saginaw City, etc. ports. EAST SAGINAW, situated on the right On leaving the wharf at Port Huron, bank of the river, about one mile below the steamers pass Fort Gratiot and enter Saginaw City, is a new and flourishing the broad waters of Lake Huron, one of place, and bids fair to be one of the most the Great Upper Lakes, all alike celebrated important cities of the state. It is largely for the sparkling purity of their waters. engaged in the lumber trade, and in the The shores are for the most part low, manufacture of salt of a superior quality. being covered by a heavy growth of There are several large steam saw-mills, forest trees. many with gangs of saws, and capable of LAKEPORT, 11 miles from Port Hu- sawing from four to five million feet of ron, is a small village lying on the lake lumber annually; grist and flouring-mills, shore. with four run of stones, planing-mills, LEXINGTON, 11 miles further, is the foundries, machine shops, breweries, a capital of Sanilac County, Michigan, ship-yard, ana other manufacturing eswhere is a good steamboat landing and a tablishments, giving employment to a flourishing settlement. great number of workmen. Here is a PORT SANILAC, 34 miles above Port well-kept hotel, and several churches; a Huron, is another small settlement. banking office and a number of large FORRESTVILLE, Mich., 47 miles from stores and warehouses. Coal of a good Port Huron, and 120 miles north of De- quality is abundant, being found near the troit, situated on the west side of Lake river, and the recent discovery of salt Huron, is a new settlement, where is springs in the neighborhood is of incalerected an extensive steam saw-mill. It culable value, the manufacture of salt has some three or four hundred inhabi- being carried on very extensively. Poputants, mostly engaged in the lumber trade. lation, 4,500. Several other small settlements are situ- Several lines of steamers, and one of ated on the west shore of Lake Huron, propellers, sail from this port regularly which can be seen from the ascending for Detroit and other lake ports. It is steamer, before reaching Point aux Bar- near the head of navigation for lake craft, ques, about seventy-five miles above Port where five rivers unite with the Saginaw, Huron. giving several hundred miles of water SAGINAW BAY is next entered, present- communication for river rafting and the ing a wide expanse of waters; Lake Hu- floating of saw-logs. The surrounding ron here attaining its greatest width, country is rich in pine, oak, cherry, blackwhere the mariner often encounters fierce walnut, and other valuable timber. A storms, which are prevalent on all of the railroad is finished from this place to Upper Lakes. To the eastward lies the Flint, connecting by stages with the DeGeorgian Bay of Canada, with its innu- troit and Milwaukee railroad. merable islands. SAGINAW CITY, Saginaw County, Mich., BAY CITY, or LOWER SAGINAW, near is handsomely situated on the left bank the mouth of Saginaw River, is a flourish- of the river, 23 miles above its mouth. It ing town, with a population of about contains a court-house and jail, several 2,500. Here is a good harbor, from churches, two hotels, fifteen stores, two whence a large amount of lumber is an- warehouses, and six steam saw-mills. nually exported. It has fifteen saw-mills, Population about 3,000. There is a fine and other manufacturing establishments. section of country in the rear of Saginaw, 72 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. much of which is heavily timbered; the from Saginaw City and East Saginaw to soil produces grain in abundance, while Detroit, Chicago, &c., and other ports on the streams afford means of easy trans- the lakes, during the season of navigaportation to market. Steamers run daily tion. LAKE HURON. The waters of Lake Huron, lying be- altitude above the ocean, 574 feet, being tween 43~ and 46~ north latitude, are 26 feet below the surface of Lake Supesurrounded by low shores on every side. rior. Its outlet, the St. Clair River, does The most prominent features are Saginaw not seem to be much larger than the St. Bay on the southwest, and the Georgian Mary's River, its principal inlet, thus leavBay on the northeast; the latter large ing nearly all its other waters falling in body of water being entirely in the limits the basin, to pass off by evaporation. On of Canada. The lake proper, may be said entering the St. Clair River, at Fort Grato be 100 miles in width, from east to tiot, after passing over the Upper Lakes, west, and 250 miles in length, from south the beholder is surprised to find all these to north, terminating at the Straits of accumulated waters compressed down to Mackinac. It is nearly destitute of is- a width of about 1,000 feet, the depth lands, presenting one broad expanse of varying from 20 to 60 feet, with a strong waters. It possesses several good har- downward current. bors on its western shores, although as yet The Straits of Mackinac, connecting but little frequented. Point aux Barques, Lakes Huron and Michigan, is a highly Thunder Bay, and Thunder Bay Islands, interesting body of water, embosoming are prominent points to the mariner. several picturesque islands, with beautiful TAWAS, or OTTAWA BAY, lying on the headlands along its shores. It varies in northwest side of Saginaw Bay, affords a width from 5 to 30 miles, from mainland good harbor and refuge during storms, as to mainland, and may be said to be from well as THUNDER BAY, lying farther to 30 to 40 miles in length. Here are good the north. Off Saginaw Bay, the widest fishing grounds, as well as at several part of the lake, rough weather is often other points on Lake Huron and Georgian experienced, rendering it necessary for Bay. steamers and sail vessels to run for a har- The climate of Lake Huron and its bor or place of safety. shores is perceptibly warmer than Lake In addition to the surplus waters which Superior during the spring, summer, and Lake Huron receives through the Straits autumn months, while the winter season of Mackinac and the St. Mary's River is usually rendered extremely cold from from the north, it receives the waters of the prevalence of northerly winds passing Saginaw River, and several other small over its exposed surface. On the 30th of streams from the west. This lake drains July, 1860, at 8 A. M., the temperature of but a very small section of country corn- the air near the middle of Lake Huron, pared to its magnitude, while its depth is was 64~ Fahr., the water on the surface, a matter of astonishment, being from 100 520, and at the bottom, 50 fathoms (300 to 750 feet, according to recent surveys; feet) 42~ Fahr. THE LOWER PENINSULA OF MICHIGAN. THE Lower Peninsula of Michigan is with the development and settlement of nearly surrounded by the waters of the the country, that of necessity, within Great Lakes, and, in this respect, its situ- comparatively a very few years, these vast ation is naturally more favorable for all forests will be exhausted. But as the the purposes of trade and commerce than timber y exhausted the soil is prepared any other of the Western States. for cultivation, and a large portion of the The numerous streams which penetrate northern part of the southern Peninsula every portion of the Peninsula, some of of Michigan will be settled and cultivated, which are navigable for steamboats a con- as it is the most reliable wlgeat-growing siderable distance from the lake, being portion of the Union. natural outlets for the products of the Besides the ports and towns already interior, render this whole region desira- described, there are on Lake Huron, after ble for purposes of settlement and cultiva- leaving Saginaw Bay, going north, several tion. Even as far north as the Strait of settlements and lumber establishments, Mackinac, the soil and climate, together fisheries, &c. These are at Tawas Bay, with the valuable timber, offer great in- mouth of the River au Sable, Black River, ducements to settlers; and if the proposed &c. railroads, under the recent grant of large ALPENA, situated at the head of Thunportions of these lands by Congress, are der Bay, is a very flourishing town, and constructed from and to the different the capital of Alpena County. It contains points indicated, this extensive and heavi- about 500 inhabitants, and four saw-mills, ly timbered region will speedily be re- possessing a superior water-power on the claimed, and become one of the most river here emptying into the bay. It is substantial and prosperous agricultural both a lumber and fishing station of conportions of the West. siderable importance. It is well that in the system of compen- DUNCAN is the next place of importance sation, Which seems to be a great law of on the lake coast, situated near the mouth the universe, the vast prairies which of Cheboygan River. The United States comprise so large a portion of this great Land Office for this district is located at Western domain are provided so well with this place. Nearly opposite lies Bois Blanc corresponding regions of timber, affording Island, a large and fertile tract of land. th6 necessary supply of lumber for the The celebrated ISLAND OF MACKINAC is demand of the increasing population which next reached, lying within the straits, is so rapidly pouring into these Western surrounded by a cluster of interesting States. points of land justly celebrated in Indian The State of Michigan-all the waters legends and traditions. of which flow into the Basin of the St. OLD MACKINAC, lying on the mainland, Lawrence-Northern Wisconsin, and Min- is one of the most interesting points, being nesota are the sources from which the celebrated both in French and English States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa, history when those two great powers conand a large portion of the prairie country tended for the possession of this vast Lake west of the Mississippi, must derive their Region. It is proposed to build a railroad supply of this important article (lumber). from Old Mackinac to Saginaw, and ope to The supply in the West is now equal to the the southern confines of the State, while demand, but the consumption is so great, another line of road will extend northand the demand so constantly increasing westward to Lake Superior, crossing the 74 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. straits by a steam ferry. A town plot has Chicago to Buffalo and the Upper Lakes, been surveyed, and preparations made for the harbors on these islands are stoppingsettlement. points for the boats, and a profitable trade Passing around the western extremity is conducted in furnishing the necessary of the Peninsula, at the Waugoshance Light supplies of wood, etc. and Island, the next point is Little Traverse We next arrive at MANISTEE, a small Bay, a most beautiful sheet of wqer. but important settlement at the mouth of, About fifteen miles southwesterly from the Manistee River. The harbor is a Little Traverse we enter GRAND TRAVERSE natural one, but requires some improveBAY, a large and beautiful arm of the ment. A large trade is carried on with lake, extending about thirty miles inland. Chicago in lumber. This bay is divided into two parts by a The next point of importance is the point of land, from two to four miles wide, mouth of the Pere Marquette River. Here extending from the head of the bay about is the terminus of the proposed railroad eighteen miles toward the lake. The from Flint, in Genesee County, connectcountry around this bay is exceedingly ing with Detroit by the Detroit and Milpicturesque, and embraqes one of the finest waukee Railway, a distance bf about 180 agricultural portions of the State. The miles. climate is mild, and fruit and grain of all The harbor is very superior, and the kinds suitable to a northern latitude are country in the vicinity is well adapted for produced, with less liability to injury from settlement. About 16 miles in the intefrost than in some of the southern portions rior is situated one of the most compact of the State. and extensive tracts of pine timber on the GRAND TRAVERSE CITY is located at the western coast. head of the west arm of the bay, and is About forty miles south of this, in the the terminus of the proposed railroad from county of Oceana, a small village is local Grand Rapids, a distance of about 140 miles. ted at the' mouth of White River. The harPassing out of the bay and around the bor here is also a natural one, and the point dividing the west arm from the lake, region is settled to considerable extent by we first arrive at the river Aux Bees Sceis. farmers. Lumber is, however, the prinThere is here a natural harbor, capable of cipal commodity, and the trade is prinaccommodating the larger class of vessels cipally with the Chicago market. and steamboats. A town named FRANK- The next point, MUSKEGON, at the mouth FORT has been commenced at this place, of the Muskegon River, is supported prinand with its natural advantages, and the cipally by the large lumber region of enterprise of parties who now contemplate the interior. Numerous steam saw-mills making further improvements, it will soon are now in active operation here, giving become a very desirable and convenient the place an air of life and activity. point for the accommodation of navigators. The harbor is one of the best on the The islands comprising the Beavers, lake, and is at present accessible for all the the Manitous, and Fox Isles should here vessels trading between Muskegon and be noticed. The Beavers lie a little south Chicago. of west from the entrance to the Strait of GRAND HAVEN, Ottawa Co., Mich, is Mackinac, the Manitous a little south of situated on both sides of Grand River, at these, and the Foxes still farther down the its entrance into Lake Michigan, here lake. These are all valuable for fishing eighty-five miles wide; on the opposite side. purposes, and for wood and lumber. Lying lies Milwaukee, Wis. For further descripin thb route of all the steamboat lines froml tion, see page 66. DIRECT STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM DETROIT TO GREEN BAY, CHICAGO, &c. Sailing direct through Lake Huron to WASHINGTON or POTAWATOMEE ISLAND, Mackinac, or to the De Tour entrance to CHAMBERS' ISLAND, and other small islands St. Mary's River, a distance of about 330 are next passed on the upward trip toward miles, the steamer often runs out of sight the head of the bay. of land on crossing Saginaw Bay. WASHINGTON HARBOR, situated at the Thunder Bay Light is first sighted and north end of Washington Island, is a pictupassed, and then Presque Isle Light, when resque fishing station, affording a good the lake narrows and the Strait of Mack- steamboat-landing and safe anchorage. inac is soon entered, where lies the ro- GREEN BAY, about 100 miles long and mantic Island of Mackinac. The Strait from 20 to 30 miles wide, is a splendid of Mackinac, with the approaches thereto sheet of water, destined no doubt to be from Lakes Huron and Michigan, will al- enlivened with commerce and pleasure ways command attention from the passing excursions. Here are to be seen a numtraveller. Through this channel will pass, ber of picturesque islands and headlands. for ages to come, a great current of corm Several important streams enter into merce, and its shores will be enlivened Green Bay, the largest of which is Neenah with eivilized life. or Fox River, at its head, and is the outlet In this great commercial route, Lake of Winnebago Lake. Menomonee River Huron is traversed its entire length, often forms the boundary between the States of affording the traveller a taste of sea-sick- Wisconsin and Michigan, and empties inness and its consequent evils. Yet there to the bay opposite Green Island. often are times when Lake Huron is hard- The recent improvement of the Fox and ly ruffled, and the timid passenger enjoys WisconsineRivers, not only opens steamthe voyage with as much zest as the more boat navigation between the Bay and the experienced mariner. head of Lake Winnebago, but it connects MACKINAC, crowned by a fortress, where the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, one of wave the Stars and the Stripes, the gem of which, flowing northward, falls into the Atthe Upper Lake islands, may vie with any lantic through the St. Lawrence, and the other locality for the salubrity of its cli- other, running southward, discharges its mate, for its picturesque beauties, and for waters, through the Mississippi, into the its vicinity to fine fishing-grounds. Here Gulf of Mexico. By this connection a the invalid, the seeker of pleasure, as steamer can start from New Orleans, pass well as the sportsman and angler, can find up the Mississippi to the mouth of the enjoyment to their heart's content during Wisconsin, pass up this river to Portage, warm weather.' For description, seep. 88. through a short canal to the Upper Fox On leaving Mackinac for Green Bay, the Rivers, down this rive to Lake Winnesteamer generally runs a west course for bago, at Oshkosh,-down the lake to the the mouth of the bay, passing the Beaver point where it contracts into the Lower Islands in Lake Michigan before entering Fox,-down this romantic river some the waters of Green Bay, about 150 miles. thirty-five miles, by means of numerous SUMMER ISLAND lies on the north side canals around the principal rapids, into and ROCK ISLAND lies on the south side Green Bay, and so on without interruption Af the entrance to Green Bay, forming a through the great lakes into the St. Lawc:harming view from the deck of a steamer. rence to the Atlantic Ocean. 76 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. ^ ^fo cs FR,in length, capable of accommodating the shipping of -the whole lakes, it will eventually be connected by Railroad with every important point West and North, as the nearest route to and from the East-'' -"~ —A_ mern and Southiern markets. ASTOR is the name of a subGreen Bay, one of urb of Green Bay, lying at the mouth of the most favored cities of Fox River, while on the opposite side of the Wisconsin, the Capital of stream stands FORT HOWARD, surrounded Brown County, is advanta- by a village of the same name, where tergeously situated near the minates the Chicago and Northwest Rail....- - --- mouth of Fox or Neenah way, running south to Chicago, 242 miles. river, at its entrance into Green Bay, where OCONTO, situated on Green Bay, at the is a good and secure harbor. It lies 90 mouth of the Oconto River, is a new and miles southwest from Lake Michigan, by thriving lumber settlement. It lies 25 water, 25 miles due west of Kewaunee, miles torth of the town of Green Bay, on the west shore of Lake Michigan, and having daily communication by steamboat. 115 miles north from Milwaukee. The As regards the lumbering interests of town is handsomely situated, and con- this region, a late writer says: " Oconto tains many large warehouses and elegant County is a portion of the great Pine reresidences, together with severalchurches, gion of Northern Wisconsin, lying along hotels, and stores of different kinds, and the west shore of Green Bay, and is, for about 5,000 inhabitants. The improve- lumbering purposes, one of the most imment of Fox River by dams and locks, in portant counties in the State-being easy connection with the improvements on the of access during the season of navigation, Wisconsin River, affords an uninterrupted and supplied with an almost exhaustless steam navigation from Green Bay to Prai- amount of excellent pine timber. Menerie du Chien, on the Mississippi River- kaunee is at the extreme northern verge thus making Green Bay a great point for of the county, at the mouth of Menomothe trans-shipment of goods and produce nee River, and is already the seat of an of every variety; the largest class steam- important trade. The settlement (which ers and propellers running to Chicago on also includes "Mission Point" and "Marithe south, Saut Ste. Marie on the north, nette") is scattered along the bank of the as well as to Collingwood, to Sarnia, to river for a distance of some two miles, Detroit, and to Buffalo on the east. The and contains about 1,500 inhabitants. lumber trade of Green Bay is immense, "The extensive mills of the'N. Y. this whole section of country abounding Lumber Co.' are located at this point, and in timber of different kinds the most use- are well worth a trip from your city to ful for building purposes. There is no see. Some idea may be formed of the city in the West which can boast of a po- vast amount of business done by this sition so advantageous commercially, or Company, when the fact is stated, that which will compare with it in after years they had within their booms, at the comin the wealth and extent of its trade. mencement of the season, over fifty acres With an uninterrupted water communica- of logs. This vast amount of material will tion East and South, a harbor five miles find its way into market, before the season STEAMBOAT ROUTE FROM DETROIT TO GREEN BAY, CHICAGO, ETC. 77 closes, in the shape of good marketable abounding in every resource which will lumber. This Company's Mills alone turn make a country wealthy and prosperous. out over half a million of feet per week, Clear, beautiful lakes are interspersed, all of which, I believe, goes to the Chicago and these have plenty of large trout and market. other fish. Water and water-powers are "But it must be borne in mind that everywhere to be found, and the timber this is but a fraction of the lumber which is of the best kind-maple groves, beech, is made in this county. There are, be- oak, pine, etc. Nothing is now wanted sides the mills here, extensive lumbering but a few roads to open this rich country establishments at Peshtigo, Oloton, Pen- to the settler, and it will soon teem with saukee, and Little Suamico, which proba- villages, schools, mills, farming operations, bly turn out in the aggregate at least two and every industrial pursuit which the million feet of lumber per week, or eighty more southern portion of our State now millions per year-which added to the es- exhibits." timate for this place, makes a yearly pro- PENSAUKEE, PESHTIGO, and other towns duct of one hundred and twenty millions. are springing up on the west shore of A fair amount of business, for a single Green Bay, where are to be found nucounty of not over 5,000 inhabitants." merous large lumber establishments situNENOMONEE CITY, Oconto County, Wis., ated on the streams runnig into the bay. is a thriving settlement, situated on GENA, or MASON, situated on Little Bay the west side of Green Bay, near the de Noc, at the northern extremity of mouth of Nenomonee River, containing Green Bay, is a new and promising place. 2,000 inhabitants, 5 large saw-mills, and Steamers run to and from the town of several stores. The country to the west Green Bay, connecting with mail stages and north of this place is as yet a wilder- running to Lake Superior. A mail route is ness, inhabited only by a few roving In- now opened from GENA, situated at the dians. The Nenomonee River forms the head of Green Bay, to Marquette, L. S., a boundary, in part, between Michigan and distance, by land, of about 50 miles. No Wisconsin. doubt, ere long, a railroad will be constructed along the west shore of Green GREEN BAY TO LAKE SUPERIOR. Bay, direct to Marquette, thus connecting In regard to the route from Green Bay Green Bay, Milwaukee, and Chicago with to Lake Superior, a distance of about 160 Lake Superior. miles, the Advocate says: "A-road from Green Bay to the most southerly point of Keewenaw would be Route from Green Bay to less than 200 miles in length, and while Foend du Lac, Wisconsin. it would shorten the travel over the pres- There is now a railroad and steamboat ent route (by water) at least 100 miles, route, extending from Green Bay to Apwould open one of the most beautiful and pleton, Oshkosh, and Fond du Lac, situafertile sections in the Union-a section ted at the head of Lake Winnebago, 60 which will remain unknown and unoccu- miles distant, the latter passing through pied until such a road is opened by the Fox River and the above beautiful sheet government. The Lake Superior people of water. need it most especially for procuring sup- Fox or NEENAH RIVER rises in Marquette plies, driving cattle, etc. Co., Wis., and passing through Lake Win"The traveller finds the whole distance, nebago, forms its outlet. This important to within a few miles of Lake Superior, stream is rendered navigable for steamers 18 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. of a small class by means of dams and draulic power. Population, 4000. Steamlocks, forming, in connection with a short ers run south into Lake Winnebago, and canal to the Wisconsin River, a direct wa- north into Green Bay. ter communication from Green Bay to the The apprqoch to Appleton from Green Mississippi River, a distance of about 200 Bay, by water, is most lovely and picturmiles. The rapids in the lower part of esque,-the river here winding through a Fox River afford an immense water-power, rich section of country, clothed for several while the upper section of country through miles by a dense forest, extending to the which it flows, produces lumber and grain very margin of the water. During the in great abundance. Here is a fall of 170 early autumn months the scene is truly feet in the distance of 35 miles, before en- gorgeous, the foliage presenting every tering Lake Winnebago. variety of color. DE PERE, 5 miles above Green Bay, is a MENASHA, 35 miles from Green Bay, is town of about 100 inhabitants, where is situated on an expansion of the river, here a fall of 8 feet, also a lock for the passage called Lake Butte des Morts, where is a lock of steamers. and a canal of about one mile in length. LITTLE KAUKIAUNA, 11 miles, has a fall Here are several large manufacturing esof 8 feet, with lock and dam. tablishments, and a population of about WRIGHTSTOWN, 16 miles, is a small set- 2,500. tlement, where is a steam saw-mill and NEENAH, lying at the foot of Lake Winother manufacturing establishments. nebago, on the west shore, is a flourishing RAPID DE CROOPE, 2 miles further, is a village, of about 2,500 inhabitants. steamboat landing. Here is a lock and LAKE WINNEBAGO is a most beautiful dam, there being a fall of about 10 feet. sheet of water, being 32 miles long and KAUKAUNA, 3 miles further, is a small about 12 miles wide, with bold land on village. Here are five locks, overcoming the east shore, while on the west it seems.a fall of 60 feet. elevated but a few feet above the waters LITTLE CHUTE, 25 miles from Green Bay, of the lake. It abounds with several vais a small French settlement, where is an rieties of fish, of a fine flavor, affording rare old Roman Catholic Mission House. Here sport to the angler. Steamers run through are four locks, there being a descent of 40 the Upper Fox or Wolf River, emptying infeet in the river. to the lake at Oshkosh, for upwards of 100 APPLETON, Outaganie Co., Wis., is situ- miles, bringing down immense quantities ated on Fox or Neenah River, 30 miles of lumber and agricultural products. from its entrance into Green Bay, and The City of OSHKOSH, lying on the west five miles from Lake Winnebago, where side of Lake Winnebago, 20 miles north of are rapids called the Grand Chute. The Fond du Lac, is a large and flourishing river descends here about 30 feet in one place, being favorably situated at the mouth mile and a half, affording an inexhaustible of Fox River on both sides of the stream. amount of water-power. Here are located It now contains an active population of three flouring-mills, six saw-mills, and about 9,000 inhabitants. From its wharves several other extensive manufacturing es- steamers run to all the ports on the lake tablishments. This is the capital of the and Fox River, while the Chicago and county, where is situated the Lawrence Northwestern Railway extends northward University; and it is no doubt destined to to Green Bay.'It contains the county become a large manufacturing and com- buildings, 10 churches, several well-kept mercial place, from the facilities which it hotels, 100 stores of different kinds, bepossesses, by means of navigation and hy- sides steam grist-mills, steam saw-mills. ROUTE FROM GREEN BAY TO FOND DU LAC, WIS. 79 iron foundries, cabinet-shops, and a great thence south-westward through the Upper number of other manufacturing establish- Fox river to Portage City, where, by means ments. This is a great mart for lumber, of a canal, it interlocks with the Wisbeing brought down the Fox.or Wolf consin River, falling into the Mississippi at River for upwards of 100 miles, this stream Prairie du Chien. flowing through a fine pine region of coun- This enterprise is thus graphically detry, for which northern Wisconsin is justly scribed: celebrated. "'MEETING OF THE WATERS.' -A genFOND Du LAC, capital of Fond du Lac tleman, recently from Green Bay, menCounty, is a flourishing city favorably situ- tioned a curious fact a day or two since, ated at the head of Lake Winnebago, 87 illustrative of the results of the completion miles N. N. W. from Milwaukee, and 176 of the River Improvement. He saw lying miles from Chicago, by the Chicago and at the docks in that place the steamer Northwestern Railway, now finished through Appleton Belle, built at Pittsburgh, and the to Green Bay, a total distance of 242 miles. steamer Gurdon Grant, built at PhiladelHere are located the county buildings, 8 phia-points on opposite sides of the Allechurches, 4 banks, 6 public-houses, 100 ghany Mountains, and on waters flowing on stores of different kinds, a steam grist- the one hand to the Atlantic, and on the mill, 10 steam saw-mills, a steam car fac- other to the Mississippi and Gulf of Mexico. tory, steam-engine manufactory, machine- The Belle had sailed northward and westshops,. and various other manufacturing ward through the Ohio, Mississippi, and establishments. The lumber and produce Wisconsin; and the Grant in a contrary business is very extensively carried on direction through the Delaware and Hudhere, affording profitable returns. Fond du son, along the Erie Canal, and the chain of Lac is celebrated for its fountains, water the Great Lakes. These are the victories being found of a pure quality by means of of commerce, in which Wisconsin is playArtesian Wells, in which the city abounds. ing a prominent part." The Fox River Improvement is a work The TRIP FROM CHICAGO to MACKINAC, of great magnitude, affording by means of &c., connecting at the latter place with the locks and dams a water communication Green Bay route, is fully described in from Green Bay to Lake Winnebago, and another part of this work. Ports of Lake Michigan situated on the East and South Shores. Mlichigan City, Ind., situated at the tended for the storage and shipment of extreme south end of Lake Michigan, is dis- wheat and other produce; 15 or 20 stores tant 45 miles from Chicago by water, and of different kinds, several hotels, and a 228 miles from Detroit by railroad route. branch of the State Bank of Indiana. It The New Albany and Salem Railroad, 228 was first settled in 1831, with the expecmiles in length, terminates at this place, tation that it would become a great emconnecting with the Michigan Central porium of trade; but owing to the want Railroad. Several plank roads also ter- of a good harbor, and the rapid increase minate here, affording facilities for cross- of Chicago, the expectations of its founders ing the extensive prairies lying in the have not been realized. It now contains tear. Here are several large storehouses about 3,000 inhabitants, and is steadily situated at the mouth of Trail Creek, in- increasing in wealth and numbers. 80 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. NEW BUFFALO, Mich., lying 50 miles above, on the river, affording great facileast of Chicago by steamboat route, is situ- ities to trade in this section of country. ated on the line of the Michigan Central SOUTH HAVEN, Van Buren Co., lies at Railroad, 218 miles west of Detroit. Here the mouth of Black River. have been erected a light-house and pier, NAPLES, Allegan Co., lies on the east the latter affording a good landing for side of Lake Michigan, near the mouth of steamers and lake craft. The settlement the Kalamazoo River. contains two or three hundred inhabi- AMSTERDAM, Ottawa Co., is a small viltants, and several stores and storehouses. lage lying near the Lake shore, about 20 It is surrounded by a light, sandy soil, miles south of Grand Haven. which abounds all along the east and HOLLAND, situated on Black Lake, a few south shores of Lake Michigan. miles above Amsterdam, is a thriving ST. JOSEPH, Berrien Co., Mich., is ad- town, settled mostly by Hollanders. Here vantageously situated on the east shore is a good and spacious harbor. of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of St. The counties of Berrien, Cass, Van BuJoseph River, 194 miles west of Detroit. ren, Kalamazoo, Allegan, Kent, and OtHere is a good harbor, affording about 10 tawa are all celebrated as a fruit-bearing feet of water. The village contains about region. 1,000 inhabitants, and a number of stores The Ports extending from Grand Haven and storehouses. An active trade in to Saginaw Bay are fully described in lumber, grain, and fruit is carried on at another portion of this work, as well as this place, mostly with the Chicago the bays and rivers falling into Lakes market, it being distant about 70 miles Michigan and Huron. by water. Steamers of a small class run from St. Joseph to Niles and Constantine, a distance of 120 miles, to which place the St. Joseph River is navigable. Chicago, " THE GARDEN CITY," is St. Joseph River rises in the southern advantageously situated on the west side portion of Michigan and Northern Indiana, of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of Chicaand is about 250 miles long. Its general go River, in N. lat. 41~ 52', and W. long. course is nearly westward; is very ser- from Greenwich 87~ 35'. It is elevated pentine, with an equable current, and eight to ten'feet above the lake, which. flowing through a fertile section of coun- secures it from ordinary floods, and extry, celebrated alike for the raising of tends westward on both sides of the river. grain and different kinds of fruit. There about two miles distant from its entrance are to be found several flourishing villages into Lake Michigan, the front on the lake on its banks. The principal are Constan- being three or four miles from north to tine, Elkhart, South Bend, and Niles. south. The harbor has a depth of from NILES, situated on St. Joseph River, is twelve to fourteen feet of water, which 26 miles above its mouth by land, and 191 makes it a commodious and safe haven miles from Detroit by railroad route. and it has been much improved artificially This is a flourishing village, containing by the construction of piers, which extend about 3,000 inhabitants, five churches, on each side of the entrance of the river three hotels, several large stores and for some distance into the lake, to prevent flouring mills; the country around pro- the accumulation of sand upon the bar. ducing large quantities of wheat and other The light-house is on the south side of the kinds of grain. A small class of steamers harbor, and shows a fixed light on a towerl run to St. Joseph below and other places forty feet above the surface of the lake; PORTS OF LAKE MICHIGAN-EAST AND SOUTH SHORE. 81 there is also a beacon light on the end of Atlantic States, of the great Valley of the the pier. In a naval and military point Mississippi, or of the noble St. Lawrence of view, this is one of the most important valley, the waters of which here almost ports on the upper lakes, and should be commingle, and no doubt are destined to strongly defended, it being the " Odessa" be wedded, and to flow in unison from the of these inland seas. cold waters of the Gulf of St. Lawrence The city contains an United States to the warm waters of the Gulf of Mexico, custom-house and post-office building, a carrying on their tide the rich products of court-house and jail, the county buildings, the tropics, the cereals of the temperate Rush Medical College, a commercial col- zone, and the timber and other valuable lege, a marine hospital, market-houses, commodities of the colder region of the eighty churches, eight banks, several fiie American continent. and marine insurance companies, and a " Chicago, when fairly understood, in a number of large public houses; gas-works, commercial, climatic, and favored point of and water-works. The manufacturing view, as regards water and land communiestablishments of Chicago are numerous cation, has probably no equal on the face and extensive, consisting of iron-foundries of the globe. Standing near the southern and machine-shops, railroad car manufac- border of one of the five great Lakes of tory, steam saw, planing, and flouring America, affording four or five thousand mills, manufactories of agricultural imple- miles of inland ship navigation, and by ments, etc. Numerous steamers and pro- means of the Erie Canal of New York, pellers ply between this place and Saut favored by an outport on the Atlantic Ste. Marie, Lake Superior ports, Colling- ocean, it only now wants a Ship Canal to wood, Goderich, Detroit, Buffalo, and the the Mississippi River to give it an outport various intermediate ports. population in on the Gulf of Mexico. 1860, 109,260, and is rapidly increasing in "As to Railroad facilities, no adequate numbers and wealth. idea can be conveyed,-the iron bars The principal hotels are the Adams already extend to Montreal, Quebec, and House, Briggs House, Lake House, Sherman Portland on the northeast; to Boston, New House, and the Tremont House, besides York, &c., on the east; to Charleston and many other public-houses of less note. Savannah on the southeast, and to MoChicago also boasts of several benevolent bile and New Orleans on the southand charitable institutions, educational being, ere long, no doubt destined to have and medical; also hospitals and dispensa- railroad facilities with other cities to the ries. Its commerce is already immense, Gold Regions and the Pacific ocean on the and rapidly increasing, west; while northward a railroad line is finished to Green Bay, Wisconsin, and another line nearly completed to St. Paul, Minnesota. EXTRACT FROM A LETTER DATED, "Look at a map of the United States CHICAGO, June 3, 1863. and Canada, and see her favored position "To the Editors of the National Intelligencer near the centre of the temperate zone; ~ while east and west she lies centrally " This' Garden City' of the Lakes yes- between the Atlantic and eastern slope terday and to-day, at the opening of the of the Rocky Mountains. By nature she Ship-Canal Convention, presented a scene claims pre-eminence as a great inland city. of which every loyal American might just- Give her the boon she asks at this time, ly feel proud, be he a citizen of the and the whole Republic will be benefited, 6 82 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. inasmuch as it will afford facilities to the Miles. far West, and the eastern portions of our 4. Cicago. Fulton, and Iowza (finished)....249 5. Chicago a d North-Western (Chicago to wide-extended country. Like the Erie Green Bay)...........................242 canal, it will even tend to lessen the price 6. Chicago and Milwaukee................ 85 of provisions in foreign markets, and at 7. Cincinnati ad Chicago AirLie..... 280 8. Galena and Chicago Union* (Chicago to the same time strengthen and enrich our Freeport).......................... 121 own people, North and South, notwith- 9. Illinois Centralt (Chicago to Cairo)......365 standing the latter are now in open rebel- 10. ichigan entral (Detroit to Chicago)... 284 i-o." laewrtrem s11. I lichigan Southern and Northern lnd'li"on. ".. ana (Chicago to Toledo, Ohio)........243 "A late writer remarks,'Chicago is 12. Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne, and Chicago...46& most emphatically the city of the West; most emphatically'the city of the West, * This road connects with the Illinois Central for when any town can justly claim to be Railroad, running estward, to Dunleith, oppothe greatest market for grain, beef, pork, site Du Buque, Iowa. and lumber in the world, then we may t Illinois Central Railroad and its Branches: confidently believe that all else that en- Cairo to Lasalle, Main Line...........308 Miles. confidently believe that all else that en- Lasalle to Dunleith, Galena Branch.... 147 ters into the composition of a great city Chicago to Centralia, Chicago Branch.. 267 " will gather there to build up, if not the greatest, one of the most important cities Total length....................722 Miles. of the continent.' The Illinois and Michigan Canal, connecting Lake Michigan with Illinois River, which is sixty feet wide at the top, 6 Distances from Chicago to feet deep, and 107 miles in length, includ- iackinac. ing five miles of river navigation, terminates here, through which is brought a Running along the West Shore of Lake large amount of produce from the south Michigan. and southwest; and the numerous rail- Ports Miles roads radiating from Chicago add to the C o to Waukesgan,................ 5 Kenosha, Wis................16 51 vast accumulation which is here shipped Racine, Wis................. 11 62 for the Atlantic sea-board. Chicago being MILWAUKEE, Wis.............23 85 within a short distance of the most exten- Fort ashington, Wis........ 2 110 Sheboygan, Wis...........25 135 sive coal-fields to be found in Illinois and Manitowoc, Wis........... 30 165 the pineries of Michigan and Wisconsin, Two Rivers, Wis.............. 7 172 as well as surrounded by the finest grain Kewaunee, Wis..... 22 194 Anheepee, Wis............... 11 205 region on the face of the globe, makes it Bayley's Harbor............. 35 240 the natural outlet for the varied and rich Death's Door............... 20 260 produce of an immense section of fertile (To Green Bay 80 miles.) Washington Harbor, Mich..... 13 278 country. Rock Island, Mich............ 7 280 It is now proposed to construct a SHIP Beaver Island, Mich.......... 67 347 CANAL, connecting the waters of the Mis- Pt. Waugoshance, Mich....... 30 377 Old Mackinac, Mich........... 15 892 sissippi River with Lake Michigan. MACKINAC Mich............ 8 400 RAILROADS DIVERGING FROM CHICAGO. Mackinac to De Tour Passage............ 86 De Tour to Saut Ste. Marie.............. 56 Miles. Mackinac to St. Clair River (Fort Gratiot) 240 1. Chicago, Alton, and St. Louis Railroad.281 Fort Gratiot to Detroit.................. 60 2. Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy.......268 Fort Gratiot to Saginaw City............ 150 8. Chicago and Rock Island...............182 Fort Gratiot to Goderich, C.W........... 60 NAVAL VESSELS ON THE LAKES. 83 NAVAL VESSELS ON THE LAKES. MISSISSIPPI AND LAKE MICHIGAN CANAL. A REPORT has recently been made in marks out for the guidance of the great relation to the practicability, cost, and emigrant movements of the race, and by military and commercial advantages of which topography foretells the march of opening a passage for gunboats and empire. The aboriginal savage travelled armed vessels from the Mississippi to the it by instinct, and now educated intelliLakes, by improvingthe navigation of the gence can find no better place for comIllinois River, and enlarging the Illinois pleting and uniting lines of travel and and Michigan Canal. The following is traffic embracing half a continent." an extract from the above Report: Estimate for a Ship and Steamboat Canal "The Great Lakes and the Mississippi from Lake Michigan to the Illinois River, River are among the grandest features of and the improvement of the Illinois River the geography of the globe. Their names to the Mississippi River; the canal to be are at once suggestive of commercial and 160 feet wide on the bottom, sides proagricultural wealth and national great- tected with stone walls 10 feet high; the ness. No such systems of internal navi- canal and river locks to be 350 feet long gation exist elsewhere in the world. and 70 feet wide, with depth of water The most careful and accurate statements sufficient to pass steamboats and vessels of their present uses for commercial pur- drawing six feet of water; the canal to poses are truly wonderful, while the mag- be supplied with water from Lake Michinificent future to which enlightened gan. enterprise may lead, tasks the strongest Chicago to Lockport, 29 miles. imagination. The estimated cost of earth and rock excavation on the summit level from "The Mississippi system of navigable Chicago to Lockport, with walls on waters is variously estimated at from both sides 10 feet through the earth, 10,000 to 20,000 miles. Its numerous is.L po....to Lasl,092,600 Lockport to Lasalle, 67 miles: ramifications penetrate a country of un- The estimated cost of canal to Lake rivalled fertility, and in many parts abound- Joliet, and short canals at 16 locks, ing in useful metals. On the Lakes, we walled on both ides; also six stone have a coast of 3,500 miles. Te cm dams, 600feet long, eleven canal and' have a coast of 3,500 miles. Their com- five river locks, each 350 feet long and merce is estimated at the value of $400, 70 feet wide-making 138 feet of lock000,000,'in articles of prime necessity agebetweenLockport andLasalle-is 4,081,092 Lasalle to the Mississippi River, 220 to the inhabitants of the Eastern States, mile s: and to our foreign commerce.' That of The cost of seven tree and crib dams, the Mississippi, in peaceful times, is sup- 900 feet long, the cribs to be filled posd to e l this. It is the union of with stone, and stone abutments; also posed to equal this. It is the union of seven stone locks, 350 feet long, and these two mighty systems that we con- 70 feet wide, with entrances protemplate in the proposed improvement. tected, and insuring a depth of water "For this purpose no other route exists on all bars, to pass the largest class steamboats and vessels drawing six comparable to the line now proposed, in feet, willbe........................ 1,645,000 the economy of cost of the improvement, Add for bridges, right of way, engineeror in general utility. It is one of nature's ing, contingencies, &c............... 58,032 highways-one of the lines which she Total........................... $13,346,824 84 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. U. S. NAVAL VESSELS ON LAKE ERIE, NOTE.-At the conclusion of the war 1812 TO 1815. with Great Britain, this squadron, with Name. Class. Guns. Wherebuilt, &c.Date. the exception of two small vessels, and Amelia, schooner 1 Erie, Pa. 1812 the prizes captured by the above fleet, Ariel, " 4 Purchased 1812 under Cor. Perry, Sept. 10, 1813, were Caledonia, brig 3 Capture( 1812 dismantled and laid up at Erie, Penn., and Scorpion, schooner 2 Purchased 1812 Somers, " 2 " 1812 all subsequently condemned and sold, Trippe. sloop 1: 1812 some having been sunk, with a view to Tigress, schooner 1 Erie, Pa. 1812 their better preservation. Lawrence, brig 20 1818 Niagara,' 20 181 In 1844, the U. S. steamer MICHIGAN, Ohio, schooner 1 " 1813 583 tons, was built at Erie, Pa., and is Porcupine, " " 1813 now in commission on the Upper Lakes. Ghent, " 6 1 " 1815 Total Guns, 5T ROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE. / 4,'~~~ ii ~very great; the carrying trade being destined to increase in proportionate ratio with the population and wealth pouring into this favored section of the Union. On reaching the green waters of r Lake Michigan, the city of Chicago is seen stretching along the shore for four or five miles, presenting a fine appearance from the deck of the On starting from the steamboat wharf steamer. The entrance to the harbor at near the mouth of the Chicago River, the the bar is about 200 feet wide. The bar Marine Hospital and depot of the Illinois has from ten to twelve feet water, the Central Railroad are passed on the right, lake being subject to about two feet rise while the Lake House and lumber-yards and fall. The steamers bound for Milare seen on the left or north side of the waukee and the northern ports usually stream. The government piers, long run along the west shore of the lake withwooden structures, afford a good entrance in sight of land, the banks rising from to the harbor; a light-house has been thirty to fifty feet above the water. constructed on the outer end of the north LAKE MICHIGAN is about seventy miles pier, to guide vessels to the port. average width, and 340 miles in extent The basin completed by the Illinois from Michigan City, Ind., on the south, to Central Railroad to facilitate commerce is the Strait of Mackinac on the north; it a substantial work, extending southward presents a great expanse of water, now for nearly half a mile. It affords ample traversed by steamers and other vessels accommodation for loading and unloading of a large class, running to the Saut Ste. vessels, and transferring the freight to Marie and Lake Superior; to Collingwood and from the railroad cars. and Goderich, Can.; to Detroit, Mich.; to The number of steamers, propellers, Cleveland, Ohio, and to Buffalo, N. Y. and sailing vessels annually arriving and From Chicago to Buffalo the distance is departing from the harbor of Chicago is about 1,000 miles by water; while from ROUTE FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE. 85 Chicago to Superior City, at the head of commerce and population, and possesses Lake Superior, or Fond du Lac, the dis- a fine harbor. Here are located the tance is about the same, thus affording county buildings, fourteen churches, sevetwo excursions of 1,000 miles each, over ral, hotels, Congress Hall being the largest; three of the great lakes or inland seas of elevators, warehouses, and numerous America, in steamers of from 1,000 to stores of different kinds. 2,000 tons burden. During the summer The Racine and Mississippi Railroad exand early autumn months the waters of tends from this place to the Mississippi this lake are comparatively calm, afford- River at Savanna, 142 miles. The Chicaing safe navigation. But late in the year, go and Milwaukee Railroad also runs and during the winter and early spring through the town, near the Lake Shore. months, the navigation of this and the other great lakes is very dangerous. WAUKEGAN, Lake Co., Ill., 36 miles north of Chicago, is handsomely situated on elevated ground, gradually rising to 50 or 60 feet above the water. Here are aoi two piers, a light-house, several large storehouses, and a neat and thriving town containing about 5,000 inhabitants, six i a a churches, a bank, several well-kept hotels, - \ thirty stores, and two steam-flouring - i E imills. KENOSHA, Wis., 52 miles from Chicago, is elevated 30 or 40 feet above the lake. Here are a small harbor, a light-house, storehouses, mills, etc. The town has a population of about 6,000 inhabitants, surrounded by a fine back country. Here is a good hotel, a bank, several churches, t? o and a number of stores and manufactur- rSsi ing establishments doing a large amount of business. The Kenosha and Rockford Railroad, 73 miles, connects at the latter place with a railroad running to Madison, Mlilwaukee, "THE CREAM CITY," the capital of the State, and also to the 86 miles from Chicago, by railroad and Mississippi River. steamboat route, is handsomely situated The City of RACINE, Wis., 62 miles from on rising ground on both sides of the MilChicago and 23 miles south of Milwaukee, waukee River, at its entrance into Lake fs built on an elevation some forty or Michigan. In front of the city is a bay or fifty feet above the surface of the lake. indentation of the lake, affording a good It is a beautiful and flourishing place. harbor, except in strong easterly gales. Here are a light-house, piers, storehouses, The harbor is now being improved, and will etc., situated near the water, while the doubtless be rendered secure at all times city contains some fine public buildings of tae season. The river affords an exand private residences. The population tensive water-power, capable of giving is about 10,000, and is rapidly increasing. motion to machinery of almost any reRacine is the second city in the State in quired amount. The city is built upon 86 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. beautiful slopes, descending toward the completion, which will no doubt be river and lake. It has a United States effected. Custom House and Post-Office building; The approach to Milwaukee harbor by a court house, city hall, a United States water is very imposing, lying between land-office, the University Institute, a two headlands covered with rich foliage, college for females, three academies, three and dotted with residences indicating orphan asylums, forty-five churches, sev- comfort and refinement not to be exceederal well-kept hotels, the Newhall House ed on the banks of the Hudson or any and the Walker House being the most other body of water in the land. This frequented; seven banks, six insurance city, no doubt, is destined to become companies, a Chamber of Commerce, ele- the favored residence of opulent families, vators, extensive ranges of stores, and who are fond of congregating in favored several large manufacturing establish- localities. ments. The city is lighted with gas, and THE GRANARIES OF MINNESOTA AND well supplied with good water. Its ex- WIscoNsIN.-The La Crosse Democrat ports of lumber, agricultural produce, etch speaks as follows of the great strides of are immense, giving profitable employment agriculture in a region which ten years to a large number of steamers and other ago was a wilderness. It says: lake craft, running to different ports on " We begin to think that the granaries the Upper Lakes, Detroit, Buffalo, etc. of Minnesota and Northwestern WisconThe growth of this city has been aston- sin will never give out; there is no end ishing; twenty years since its site was a to the amount, judging from the heavy wilderness; now it contains over 50,000 loads the steamers continually land at inhabitants, and of a class inferior to no the depot of the La Crosse and Milwaukee section of the Union for intelligence, so- Railroad. Where does it all come from? briety, and industry, is the frequent inquiry of people. We The future of Milwaukee it is hard to can hardly tell. It seems impossible that predict; here are centring numerous rail- there can be much more left, yet steamroads finished and in course of construe- boat men tell us that the grain is not tion, extending south to Chicago, west to near all hauled to the shipping points the Mississippi River, and north to Lake on the river. What will this country be Superior, which, in connection with the ten years hence, at this rate? Imagine Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad, termin- the amount of transportation that will beating at Grand Haven, 85 miles distant by come necessary to carry the produce of water, and the lines of steamers running the upper country to market. It is hard to this port, will altogether give an im- to state what will be the amount of shippetus to this favored city, blessed with a ments of grain this season (1863), but it good climate and soil, which the future will be well into the millions." alone can reveal. During the past few years an unusual number of fine buildings have been erected, and the commerce of the port has amount- OADS RUNNIN FROM MILWAEE. ed to $60,000,000. The bay of Milwaukee Detroit and Milwaukee (Grand Haven offers the best advantages for the con- to Detroit, 189 miles), connecting with struction of a harbor of refuge of any steamers on Lake Michigan. point on Lake Michigan. The city has ex- La Crosse and Milwaukee, 200 miles, pended over $100,000 in the construction connecting with steamers on the Upper of a harbor; this needs extension and Mississippi. FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE. 87 Milwaukee and Prairie du Chien, 192 "Manitouwoc is the most northern of miles, connecting with steamers on the the harbors of Lake Michigan improved by Mississippi River. the United States government. It deMilwaukee and Hooricon, 93 miles. rives additional importance from the fact Milwaukee and Western, 71 miles. that, when completed, it will afford the Milwaukee and Chicago, 85 miles; also, first point of refuge from storms for shipthe River and Lake Shore City Railway, ping bound from any of the other great running from the entrance of the harbor lakes to this, or to the most southern ports to different parts of the city. of Lake Michigan." PORT WASHINGTON, Ozaukee Co., Wis., Two RIVERS, Wis., seven miles north 25 miles north of Milwaukee, is a flour- from Manitouwoc, is a new and thriving ishing place, and capital of the county. place at the entrance of the conjoined The village contains, besides the public streams (from which the place takes its buildings, several churches and hotels, name) into Lake Michigan. Two piers twelve stores, three mills, an iron found- are here erected, one on each side of the ry, two breweries, and other manufac- river; also a ship-yard, an extensive tories. The population is about 2,500. leather manufacturing company, chair and Here is a good steamboat landing, from pail factory, and three steam saw-mills. which large quantities of produce are an- The village contains about 2,000 inhabinually shipped to Chicago and other lake tants. ports. KEWAUNEE, Wis., 25 miles north of Two SHEBOYGAN, Wis., 50 miles north of Rivers and 102 miles from Milwaukee, is Milwaukee and 130 miles from Chicago, a small shipping town, where are situated is a thriving place, containing about 6,000 several saw-mills and lumber establishinhabitants. Here are seven churches, ments. Green Bay is situated about 25 several public-houses and stores, together miles due west from this place. with a light-house and piers; the harbor AIINEEPEE, 12 miles north of Kewaunee, being improved by government works. is a lumbering village, situated at the Large quantities of lumber and agricul- mouth of Ahneepee, containing about tural products are shipped from this port. 1,000 inhabitants. The back country here The country in' the interior is fast set- assumes a wild appearance, the forest tling with agriculturists, the soil and cli- trees being mostly pine and hemlock. mate being good. A railroad nearly com- GIBRALTAR, or BAILEY'S HARBOR, is a pleted runs from this place to FOND DU good natural port of refuge for sailing LAC, 42 miles west, lying at the head of craft when overtaken by storms. Here is Lake Winnebago. a settlement of some 400 or 500 inhabiMANITOUWOC, Wis., 70 miles north of tants, mostly being engaged in fishing and Milwaukee and 33 miles east from Green lumbering. Bay, is an important shipping port. It PORT DES MORTS or DEATH'S DOOR, the contains about 2,500 inhabitants; five entrance to Green Bay, is passed 20 miles churches, several public-houses, twelve north of Bailey's Harbor, Detroit Island stores, besides several storehouses; three lying tothe northward. steam saw-mills, two ship-yards, light- POTTOWATOMEE, or WASHINGTON ISLhouse, and pier. Large quantities of lum- AND, is a fine body of land attached to ber are annually shipped from this port. the State of Michigan; also, Rock Island, The harbor is being improved so as to af- situated a short distance to the north. ford a refuge for vessels during stormy (See route to Green Bay, &c.). weather. 88 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. On leaving Two Rivers, the steamers ed before reaching the Strait of Mackinac, pausing through the Straits usually run which, opposite Old Fort Mackinac, is for the Manitou Islands, Mich., a distance about six miles in width. The site of of about 100 miles. Soon after the last Old Fort Mackinac is on the south main vestige of land sinks below the ]lrizon or Michigan shore, directly opposite Point on the west shore, the vision catches the Ste. Ignace,on the north main shore. St. dim outline of coast on the east or Michi- Helena Island lies at the entrance of the gan shore at Point aux Bec Scies, which strait from the south, distant about fifteen is about 30 miles south of the Big Mani- miles from Mackinac. tou Island. From this point, passing OLD FORT MACKINAC,* now called Macnorthward by Sleeping Bear Point, a sin- kinac City, is an important and interesting gular shaped headland looms up to the location; it was formerly fortified and view. It is said to resemble a sleeping garrisoned for the protection of the strait bear. The east shore of Lake Michigan and this section of country, when inpresents a succession of high sand-banks habited almost exclusively by various for many miles, while inland are numer- tribes of Indians. This place can be ous small bays and lakes. easily reached by sail-boat from the island LITTLE, or SOUTH MANITOU ISLAND, 260 of Mackinac. miles from Chicago, and 110 miles from PTE. LE GROS CAP, lying to the west Mackinac, lies on the Michigan side of of old Fort Mackinac, is a picturesque headthe lake, and is the first island encoun- land well worthy of a visit. tered on proceeding northward from Chi- The STRAIT OF MACKINAC is from five cago. It rises abruptly on the west to twenty miles in width, and extends shore 2 cr 300 feet from the water's edge, east and west about forty miles, embosomsloping toward the east shore, on which ing several important islands besides is a light-house and a fine harbor. Here Mackinac Island, the largest being Bois steamers stop for wood. BIG or NORTH BLANC ISLAND, lying near the head of MANITOU is nearly twice as large as the Lake Huron. Between this island and former island, and contains about 14,000 the main north shore the steamer GARDEN acres of land. Both islands are settled CITY was wrecked, May 16, 1854; her by a few families, whose principal occu- upper works were still visible from the pation is fishing and cutting wood for the deck of the passing steamer in the fall of use of steamers and sailing vessels. the same year. Fox ISLANDS, 50 miles north from South GROSSE ILE ST. MARTIN and Ile St. Manitou, consist of three small islands Martin lie within the waters of the strait, lying near the middle of Lake Michigan, eight or ten miles north of the island of which is here about 60 miles wide. On Mackinac, In the neighborhood of these the west is the entrance to Green Bay, different islands are the favorite fishingon the east is the entrance to Grand Trav- grounds both of the Indian and the "pale erse Bay, and immediately to the north is face." the entrance to Little Traverse Bay. Mackinac, the Town and Fortress, is GREAT and LITTLE BEAVER Island s most beautifully situated on the east shore lying about midway between the Manitou of the island, and extends for a distance Islands-and Mackinac, are large and fer- of about one mile along the water's edge, tile bodies of land, formerly occupied by and has a fine harbor protected by a Mormons, who had here their most eastern settlement. * Settled by the French under Father Marquette GARDEN and HOG Islands are next pass- in 1670. FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE. 89 water battery. This important island and the attention of the tourist. The Mission fortress is situated in N. lat. 45~ 54', W. House and Island House are the principal ion. 84~ 30' from Greenwich, being seven hotels, while there are several other good degrees thirty minutes west from Wash- public-houses for the accommodation of ington. It is 350 miles north from Chica- visitors. go, 100 miles south of Saut Ste. Marie by ISLAND OF MAcKINAql~-The view given the steamboat route, and about 300 miles represents the Island, approaching from al)rthwest from Detroit. Fort Mackinac, the eastward. "A: cliff of limestone, white garrisoned by U. States troops, stands on and weather-beaten, with a narrow alluelevated ground, about 200 feet above the vial plain skirting its base, is the first water, overlooking the picturesque town thing which commands attention;" but, and harbor below. In the rear, about on nearing the harbor, the village (2), half a mile distant stand the ruins of old with its many picturesque dwellings, and Fort Holmes, situated on the highest point the fortress (3), perched near the summit of land, at an elevation of 320 feet above of the Island, are gazed at with wonder the water, affording an extensive view. and delight. The promontory on the left The town contains two churches, five is called the "Lover's Leap" (1), skirted hotels, ten or twelve stores, 100 dwelling- by a pebbly beach, extending to the houses, and about 700 inhabitants. The village. On the right is seen a bold rocky dlimate is remarkably healthy and delight- precipice, called "Robinson's Folly" (5), Ful during the summer months, when this while in the same direction is a singular Favored retreat is usually thronged with peak of nature called the " Sugar Loaf." visitors from different parts of the Union, Still farther onward, the " Arched Rock," while the Indian warriors, their squaws and and other interesting sights, meet the eye heir children, are seen lingering around of the explorer, affording pleasure and deilis their favorite island and fishing-ground. light, particularly to the scientific traveller The Island of MACKINAC, lying in the and lover of nature. On the highest trait of Mackinac, is about three miles ground, elevated 320 feet above the waters,ng and two miles wide. It contains of the Strait, is the signal station (4), situany deeply interesting points of attrac- ated near the ruins of old Fort Holmes. 3n in addition to the village and fortress; The settlement of this Island was com-e principal natural curiosities are known menced in 1764. In 1793 it was surrenthe Arched Rock, Sugar Loaf, Lover's deredto the American government; taken Jap, Devil's Kitchen, Robinson's Folly, by the British in 1812; but restored by id other objects of interest well worthy the treaty of Ghent, signed in Nov., 1814 _ —- _ _,i~~~=;=-==~~~~~-i —-— ~~~~~~-.. 90 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. The Lover's Leap.-MACKI^nc make the traverse to the Spirit, or Fairie ISLAND.-The huge rock called the "Lov- Island. er's Leap," is situated about one mile west One season, when the war party reof the village of Mackinac. It is a high turned, she could not distinguish his faperpendicular bluff, 150 to 200 feet in miliar and loved war-shout. Her thinking height, rising boly from the shore of the spirit, or soul (presentiment) told her tlat Lake. A solitary pine-tree formerly he had gone to the Spirit Land of the stood upon its brow, which some Vandal west. It was so, an enemy's arrow had has cut down. pierced his breast, and after his body Long before the pale faces profaned this was placed leaning against a tree, his face island home of the Genii, Me-che-ne-mock- fronting his enemies he died; but ere he e-nung-o-qua, a young Ojibway girl, just died he wished the mourning warriors to maturing into womanhood, often wander- remember him to the sweet maid of his ed there, and gazed from its dizzy heights Iheart. Thus he died far away from home and witnessed the receding canoes of the and the friends he loved. large war parties of the combined bands Me-che-ne-mock-e-nung-o-qua's heart of the Ojibways and Ottawas, speeding hushed its beatings, and all the warm South, seeking for fame and scalps. emotions of that heart were chilled and It was there she often sat, mused, and dead. The moving, living spirit or soul hummed the songs Ge-niw-e-gwon loved; of her beloved Ge-niw-e-gwon she witnesthis spot was endeared to her, for it was sed, continually beckoning her to follow there that she and Ge-niw-e-gwon first him to the happy hunting grounds of met and exchanged words of love, and spirits in the west-he appeared to her in found an affinity of souls or spirits exist- human shape, but was invisible to others ing between them. It was there she often of his tribe. sat and sang the Ojibway love song- One morning her body was found mangled atthe foot of the bluff. The soul ha "Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum, Mong-e-do-gwain, in-de-nain-dum; thrown aside its covering of earth, an Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-ino-shane, had gone to join the spirit of her belove Wain-shung-ish-ween, neen-e-mo-shane, Ge-niw-e-gwon, to travel together to th A-nee-wau-wau-sau-bo-a-zode." land of spirits, realizing the glories an bliss of a future, eternal existence. I give but one verse, which may be Yours, &c., translated as follows: WM. M. J * * * * * * A loon, I thought was looming, A loon, I thought was looming; ALTITUDE OF VARIOUS POINTS ON ISLAN Why I it is he, my lover, OF MACKINAC. Why I it is he, my lover. Above Abov His paddle, in the waters gleaming, Locaities. Lake Huron. the Se His paddle in the waters gleaming. Lake uron............... 000 feet. 574 fee From this bluff she often watched and Fort Makinac......... 10 24 Old Fort Holmes........ 815 889 listened for the return of the war parties, Robinson's Folly........ 128" 702" for amongst them she knew was Ge-niw-e- Chimney Rock............ 181 705 gwon; his head decorated with war-eagle Topf Arched Rock.......140 14 ILover's Leap........... 145' 1 719 plumes, which none but a brave could Summit of Sugar Loaf... 284 " 858" sport. The west wind often wafted far Principal Plateau of Mack- 160 734 in advance the shouts of victory and inac Island............ they shouted and sang upon Upper Plateau.............00 s 874 death, as they shouted andsang upon La Cloche Mountainnorth t10" 1,. 1 leaving Pe-quot-e-nong (old Mackinac), to side Lake Huron, C.W. " &CO'rE - lor;. —M.~ckina~~ FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE. 91 The whole Island of Mackinac is deeply the denuding action of the water here in interesting to the scientific explorer, as time past, and the same action as now well as to the seeker of health and pleas- manifested in the range of the Pictured ure. The following extract, illustrated by Rocks on the shores of Lake Superior. an engraving, is copied from "FOSTER As an interesting point in the scenery of and WHITNEY'S Geological Report" of that this island, the Arched Rock attracts region: much attention, and in every respect is "As particular examples of denuding worthy of examination." (See Engraving.) action on the island, we would mention Other picturesque objects of great in-;he'Arched Rock' and the'Sugar Loaf.' terest, besides those enumerated above, rhe former, situated on the eastern shore, occur at every turn on roving about this s a feature of great interest. The cliffs enchanting island, where the pure, braiere attain a height of nearly one hundred cing air and clear waters afford a pleaeet, while at the base are strewn numerous surable sensation, difficult to be described ragments which'have fallen from above, unless visited and enjoyed. The Arched Rock has been excavated in The bathing in the pure waters of the \ projecting angle of the limestone cliff, Strait at this place is truly delightful,.nd the top of the span is about ninety affording health and vigor to the human eet above the lake-level, surmounted by frame. bout ten feet of rock. At the base of a,rojecting angle, which rises up like a,uttress, there is a small opening, through rhich an explorer may pass to the main The Island of Mackinac. rch, where, after clambering over the ROMANTIC AND PICTURESQUE APPEARANCE teep slope of debris and the projecting oF THE ISLAND AND SURROUNDING dges of the strata, he reaches the brow COUNTRY-ITS PURITY OF ATMOSPHERE f the cliff. -A MOONLIGHT EXCURSION, &C., &c. "The beds forming the summit of the -"From whose rocky turrets battled high, rch are cut off from direct connection Prospect immense spread out on all sides round;'ith the main rock by a narrow gorge of Lost now between the welkin and the main,.greatdepth. The portion supporting Now walled with hills that slept above the storm, great depth. The portion supporting Most fits such a place for musing men; lie arch on the north side, and the curve Happiest, sometimes, when musing without aim." the arch itself, are comparatively fra- [POLLOK..ie, and cannot, for a long period, resist In this Northern region, Nature has at Le action of rains and frosts, which, in last fully resumed her green dress. FlowLis latitude, and on a rock thus consti- ers wild, but still beautiful, bloom and Lted, produce great ravages every season. disappear in succession. Birds of various bie arch, which on one side now con- hues have returned to our groves, and cts this abutment with the main cliff, welcome us as we trace these shady walks. ill soon be destroyed, as well as the "In all my wand'rings round this world )utment itself, and the whole be precipi- of care," I have found no place wherein ted into the lake. the climate, throughout the summer sea"It is evident that the denuding action son, seems to exercise on the human con d(ucing suchl an opening, with other stitution a more beneficial influence than tbandant phenomena, could only have on this Island. In other parts of this' crated while near the level of a large country and in Europe, the places of Resort iy of water like the great lake itself; are beautiful, indeed; but a certain opi we find a striking similarity between I pressiveness there at times pervades the 92 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. air, that a person even with the best with its winding shores, far into Lak health in the world, feels a lassitude creep- Huron. Look to the east, and ther ing through his frame. Here, we seldom, stands this inland sea, apparently "bounc if ever, experience such a feeling from this less anddeep," and "pure as th' expanse: cause. For the western breeze even in heaven." Directly north from our plac the hottest days passing over this island, of observation, are the "Islands of S keeps the.air cool, and, especially if proper Martin;" while beyond them in the BaD exercise be taken by walking or riding, are two large rivers-the Pine, and Car one feels a bracing up, a certain buoyancy Rivers. And lastly, casting our eyes t( of spirits that is truly astonishing. wards the northwest, we see on the mai Ye inhabitants of warm latitudes, who land the two "Sitting Rabbits;" bein pant in cities for a breath of cool air, fly two singular looking hills or rocks, and E to this isle for comfort. Ye invalid, this called by the Indians from some resen is the place in which to renovate your blance at a distance to rabbits in a sittin shattered constitution. The lovers of posture. As a whole,'this scenery pr< beautiful scenery or the curious in nature, sents, hills, points of land jutting into tl and the artist, whose magic pencil de- lake, and "straits," bays, and island lights to trace nature's lineaments, need Here, the lake contracts itself into narro not sigh for the sunny clime of Italy for channels, or straits, which at times al subjects on which to feed the taste and whitened by numerous sails of commerce imagination, and there, it spreads itself away as far. This island is intersected by fine car- the eye can reach. And, while conter riage roads, shaded here and there by a plating this scene, perhaps a dark colurr young growth of beech, maple, and other of smoke, like the Genii in the Arabic trees. On the highest part of it, about Tales, may be seen rising slowly out 300 feet, are the ruins of Old Fort Holmes. the bosom of Lake Huron, announcn From this point of elevation, the scenery the approach of the Genii of modern day aroundisextensive andbeautiful. Insight, the Steamboat I Let us descend'to itl are some localities connected with "the shore. tales of the times of old," both of the sav- It is evening! The sun, with all i age and the civilized. Looking westward- glory has disappeared in the west; lo ly, and at the distance of about four miles the moon sits in turn the arbitress across an arm of Lake Huron, is Point St. heaven. And nowIgnace, which is the southerfinost point " How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bhi of land, of the greater portion of the Up- Here will we sit, and let the sounds of music per Peninsula. Immediately south of it Creep in our ears; soft stillness and the nigi t, are the " Straits of Mackinac," which sep- Becomes the touches of sweet harmony." arating the Northern and Southern Penin- Such a moonlight- night I once enjoy e sulas from each other, are about four The hum of day-life had gradually sub;i miles wide. On the south shore, may still ed, and there was naught to disturb t be seen traces of Old Fort Mackinac, which stillness of the hour, save the occasio-r is well known in history as having been laughter of those who lingered out in t destroyed by Indians, in 1763, at the in- open air. In the direction of the moc stigation of Pontiac, an Indian Chief. and on the Lake before me, there wara Turning our gaze southeastwardly, we see broad road of light trembling upon the picturesque "Round Island," as it bosom. A few moments more, two sn were at our feet. And further on, is boats with sails up to catch the gels "Bois-Blanc Island," stretching away breeze, were seen passing andre-pass FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE, 93 Mhisbroad road of light. Then the vocal POINT DE TOUR, 36 miles east from song was raised on the waters, and wo- Mackinac, is the site of a light-house and nan's voice was borne on moonlight beam settlement, at the entrance of St. Mary's;c the listening ear in the remotest shades. River, which is here about half a mile in'he voices became clearer and stronger width; this passage is also called the iv3 the boats approached nearer; then, West Channel. At a distance of about igain, dying away in the distance, seemed two miles above the Point is a new set-,o be merged with the mellow rays of the tlement, where have been erected a steamnoon. But let us leave poetry and fancy boat pier, a hotel, and several dwellings. iside, and come to matters of fact, mat- DRUMMOND ISLAND, a large and imporers of accommodation, prepared for those tant body of land belonging to the United vho may favor our island with their visits States, is passed on the right, where are to;his summer. be seen the ruins of an old fort erected There are several large hotels, with at- by the British. On the left is the main-;entive hosts, ever ready to contribute to- land of Northern Michigan. Ascending wards the comforts of their visitors. Walk- St. Mary's River, next is passed ROUND or.ng, riding, fishing, shooting, and sailing PIPE ISLAND, and other smaller islands man be here pursued with great benefit to on the right, presenting a beautiful apiealth. We have billiard-rooms and bowl- pearance, most of them belonging to the ng-alleys; in the stores are found Indian United States. curiosities; and, perhaps, the Indians ST. JOSEPH ISLAND, 10 miles above themselves, who resort to this island on Point de Tour, is a large and fertile island business, may be curiosities to those who belonging to Canada. It is about 20 have never seen them; they are the true miles long from east to west, and about "native Americans," the.citizens of this 15 miles broad, covered in part with a North American Republic. heavy growth of forest-trees. Here are ROUND ISLAND is a small body of land seen the ruins of an old fort erected by the lying a short distance southeast of Macki- British, on a point of land commanding the aac, while BoIs BLANC ISLAND is a large channel of the river. b.ody of land lying still farther in the dis- CARLTONVILLE is a small settlement on,ance, in the Straits of Mackinac. the Michigan side of the river, 12 miles ST. MARTIN'S BAY, and the waters con- above the De Tour. Here is a steam saw-;i.guous, lying north of Mackinac, afford mill and a few dwelling-houses. Ine fishing grounds, and are much re- LIME ISLAND is a small body of land Sorted to by visitors fond of aquatic sports. belonging to the United States, lying in Ureat St. Martin's and Little St. Martin's the main channel of the river, about 12 l2slands are passed before entering the miles from its mouth. The channel here.ay, and present a beautiful appearance. forms the boundary between the United CARP and PINE rivers are two small States and Canada. streams entering into St. Martin's Bay, MUD LAKE, as it is called, owing to its ffording an abundance of brook trout of waters being easily riled, is an expansion i large size. From the head of the above of the river, about five miles wide and ten 3ay to the foot of Lake Superior, is only miles long, but not aceirately delineated ibout 30 miles in a northerly direction, on any of the modern maps, which appear Jessing through a wilderness section of to be very deficient in regard to St. Mary's country, sparsely inhabited by Indians, River and its many islands-presenting who have long made this region their at several points most beautiful river:avored hunting and fishing grounds. scenery. In the St. Mary's River there 94 -TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. are about fifty islands belonging to the village ten miles below the Saut, on the United States, besides several attached to Canadian shore. Here are a missionary Canada. church and several dwellings, surrounded NEBISH ISLAND, and Sailor's Encamp- by grounds poorly cultivated, fishing ar:. ment, situated about half way from the hunting being the main employment of Point to the Saut, are passed on the left the Chippewa Indians who inhabit thi while sailing through the main channel. section of country. Both sides of the rive SUGAR ISLAND. a large body of fertile abound in wild berries of good flavor land belonging to the United States, is which are gathered in large quantities b: reached about 30 miles above Point de the Indians, during the summer months. Tour, situated near the head of St. Joseph Extract from a letter dated SAUT STE Island. On the right is passed the British MARIE, Sept., 1854: or North Channel, connecting on the east "The scenery of the St. Mary's Rive with Georgian Bay. Here are seen two seems to grow more attractive every year small rocky islands belonging to the Brit- There is a delicious freshness in the count ish Government, which command both less evergreen islands that dot the river ii channels of the river, every direction, from the Falls to Lak, The Nebish Rapids are next passed by Huron, and I can imagine of no more the ascending vessel, the stream here run- tempting retreats from the dusty streets oJ ning about five knots per hour. The main- towns, in summer, than these islands land of Canada is reached immediately believe the time will soon come when nea.blove the rapids, being clothed with a summer cottages will be scattered aloni dense growth of forest-treos of smallsize. the steamboat route on these charming To the north is a dreary wilderness, ex- islands. A summer could be delightfully tending through to Hudson Bay, as yet spent in exploring for new scenery and ii almost wholly unexplored and unknown, fishing and sailing in these waters. except to the Indian or Canadian hunter. " And Mackinac, what an attractive littl, LAKE GEORGE, twenty miles below the piece of terra firma is that island-hall Saut, is another expansion of the river, ancient, half modern The view from tll being about five miles wide and eightmiles fort is one of the finest in the world long. Here the channel is only from eight Perched on the brink of a precipice sonla to ten feet in depth for about one mile, two hundred feet above the bay-o-nm forming a great impediment to naviga- takes in at a glance from its walls the habr tion.* bor, with its numerous boats and the prett, CHURCH'S LANDING, on Sugar Island, village; and the whole rests on one's visiol twelve miles below the Saut, is a steam- more like a picture than a reality. Ever: boat landing; opposite it is SQUIRREL thing on the island js a curiosity; tih ISLAND, belonging to the Canadians. This roads or streets that wind around the ha r is a convenient landing, where are situated bor or among the grove-like forests of til a store and dwelling. The industrious island are naturally pebbled and macadam occupants are noted for the making of ized; the buildings are of every style raspberry jam, which is sold in large quan- from an Indian lodge to a fine Englisl tities, and shipped to Eastern and Southern house. The island is covered with charm markets. ing natural scenery, from the pretty to tl, Garden River Settlement is an Indian grand, and one may spend weeks con stantly finding new objects of interest arei * Anew channel has been formed, by dredging, new scenes of beauty. It is unnecessa:vr which gives a greater depth of water, to particularize-every visitor will fiLr4 FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE. MARIE. 95 them, and enjoy the sight more than any every description, among the rest were description, the only two iron steamers that the Uni"The steamers all call there, on their ted States have upon all the lakes, the way to and from Chicago, and hundreds of' Michigan' and the'Surveyor,' formerly small sail vessels, in the fishing trade, called the' Abert,' employed in the Coast have here their head-quarters. Drawn Survey. upon the pebbled beach or gliding about "For a wonder, Lake Huron was calm the little bay are bark canoes and the far- and at rest for its entire length, and the famed'Mackinac boats,' without num- steamer'Northerner' made a beautiful ber. These last are the perfection of and quick passage from Mackinac to this light sail-boats, and I have often been place. The weather continues aim and astonished at seeing them far out in the dry, and hundreds are regretting they lake, beating up against winds that were have so early left the Saut and Mackinac, -next to gales. Yesterday the harbor and we believe you will see crowds of was throngedwith sail boats andvessels of visitors yet. JAY." the entrance. Potagannis. St.M' _R r psing Bay, dotted with numerous small islands, mostly belonging to the United States, is seen lying to the eastward, communicating ~ Charsoth rits ohead with the North Chan-nel. Mud Lake, 6 miles e ) in 1itr further, is next entered, having an exSt. Meary's River. panse of about 4 miles in width, when By a careful examina- Sailor's Encampment Island is reached, tion of the Government being 20 miles from Lake Huron. The Charts of the Straits of head of St. Joseph's and part of Sugar Mackinac and River Ste. Island are reached 26 miles northward Marie, published in 1857, it from the De Tour, where diverges the appears that the Point DeTourLight-House Canadian or North Channel, running into as situated in 45~ 57' N. Lat., being 36 the Georgian Bay; this channel is folwmiles to the eastward of Fort Mackinac. lowed by the Canadian steamers. The'The width of the Ie Tour passage is about Iebish Rapids are next passed, and Lake one mile, with a depth of waterdof 100 George entered, 6 miles further, being 32 feet and upwards, although but 50 feet miles from Lake Huron. This lake or ex3s found off the light, as you run into pansion of the river is 9 miles in length Lake Huron. Drummond Island, attached and 4 miles broad, affording 12 feet of,to the United States, lies on the east, water over the shoals and terminating at,while the main shore of Michigan lies to Church's Landing, lying opposite Squirt.he west of the entrance. Pipe Island, rel Island, attached to Canada. Garden 4, miles, is first passed on ascending the River Settlement, 3 miles, is an Indian.Stream, and then Lime Island, 6 miles town on the Canada side. Little Lake furtrir. St. Joseph's Island, with its old George is passed and Point Aux Pins / brt, attached to Canada, lies 8 miles from reached, 3 miles further. From Little 96 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Lake George to the Saut Ste. Marie, pas- greatly facilitating trade and commerce. sing around the head of Sugar Island, is The village on the American side is pleas8 miles further, being 55 miles from Lake antly situated near the foot of the rapids, Huron. The Rapids, or Ship Canal, ex- and contains a court-house and jail; a tend for about one mile, overcoming a fall Presbyterian, a Methodist, and a Roman of 20 feet, when a beautiful stretch of the Catholic church; 2 hotels, and 15 or 20 river is next passed and Waiska Bay stores and storehouses, besides a few' entered, 6 miles above the rapids; making manufacturing establishments, and about the St. Mary's River 62 miles in length. 1,200 inhabitants. Many of the inhabiThe channel forming the boundary line tants and Indians in the vicinity are enbetween Canada and the United States is gaged in the fur trade and fisheries, the followed by the ascending steamer from latter being an important and profitable the lower end of St. Joseph's Island to occupation. Summer visitors flock to this Lake Superior, while a more direct pas- place and the Lake Superior country for sage is afforded for vessels of light draught health and pleasure. The Chippewa House, through Hay Lake, lying west of Sugar a well kept hotel on the American side, Island and entering Mud Lake. Nothing can and one on the Canadian side of the river, be more charming than a trip over these both afford good accommodations. waters, when sailing to or from the FORT BRADY is an old and important Straits of Mackinac, thus having in view United States military post contiguous to rich and varied lake and river scenery, this frontier village, where are barracks once the exclusive and favored abode of for a full garrison of troops. It commands the red man of the forest, now fast pass- the St. Mary's River and the approach to ing away before the march of civilization. the mouth of the canal Saut Ste. Marie,* capital of Chip- SAUT STE. MARIE, C. W., is a scattered pewa Co., Mich., is advantageously situated settlement, where is located a part of the on St. Mary's River, or Strait, 350 miles Hudson Bay Company. Here is a steamN.I.W. of Detroit, and 15 miles from the boat landing, a hotel, and two or three foot of Lake Superior, in N. lat. 46Q 31'. stores, including the Hudson Bay ComnThe Rapids at this place, giving the name pany's; and it has from 500 to 600 into the settlements on both sides of the habitants. Indians of the Chippewa tribe river, have a descent of 20 feet within the reside in the vicinity in considerable numdistance of a mile, and form the natural bers, they having the exclusive right to limit of navigation. The Ship Canal, how- take fish in the waters contiguous to tho ever, which has recently been constructed rapids. They also employ themselves in on the American side, obviates this diffi- running the rapids in their frail canoes, culty. Steamers of a large class now pass when desired by citizens or strangers — through the locks into Lake Superior, this being one of the most exhilarating enjoyments for those fond of aquatic sports. * Settled in 1668, by the French. (See Engraving.) ~~~~~~~_- - ---— C mi W SAU'LT ST. ~L~I{IE-FROM AMERlCAN ~s1im. TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. 97 St. Mary's Falls Ship Canal. ceeded to Saut Ste. Marie for the purpose of inspectifg the work. It was accepted, This Canal, which connects the naviga- and thereupon, in accordance with the tion of Lake Superior with the Lower terms of the contract, the State authorLakes, is one mile in length, and cost ities released to the Canal Company and about one million dollars. issued patents for the 750,000 acres of It was built in the years 1853,'54,'55, land. This was all the remuneration the by the Saint Mary's Falls Ship Canal Com- company received for the work. pany, under a contract with commission- The lands were selected during the ers appointed by the authorities of the building of the canal, by agents apState of Michigan to secure the building pointed by the governor of Michigan. of the canal. Of the 750,000 acres, 39,000 acres were A grant of 750,000 acres of the public selected in the iron region of Lake Suland had previously been made by Con- perior, 147,000 acres in the copper region, gress to the State of Michigan, to aid in and the balance, 564,000 acres, in the the construction of this important work. Lower Peninsula. This grant of 750,000 acres was given The following figures will give some to the parties contracting for the building idea of the magnitude of this work: of the canal, provided the work should be Length of canal, 5,548 feet, - 1 mile completed within two years from the date 304 feet. of the contract. Width at top, 115 feet-at water-line, The work was commenced in the spring 100 feet-at bottom, 64 feet. of 1853, and completed within the time The depth of the canal is 12 feet. specified in the contract (two years!). A slope wall on the sides of the canal is This result was accomplished under 4,000 feet in length. many disadvantages, during a very sickly There are two locks, each 350 feet in season, and when great difficulty was ex- length. perienced in obtaining laborers; but the Width of locks, 70 feet at top-611 feet unremitting vigor of those who had the at bottom. charge of the work secured its completion The walls are 25 feet high —0 feet thick in the most substantial, permanent, -and at bottom. icceptable manner. Lift of upper lock, 8 feet-lower do., 10 During a great portion of the time there feet; total lockage, 18 feet. were from 1,200 to 1,600 men employed Lower wharf, 180 feetlong; 20feetwide. upon the work, exclusive of the force at Upper wharf, 830 feet long; from 16 to 30 the different quarries where the stone was feet wide. cut and prepared for the locks, beside a There are 3 pairs of folding gates, each large force employed in necessary agen- 40 feet wide. cies, getting timber, etc. Upper gate, 17 feet high-lower gate, 24 The stones for the locks were cut at feet 6 inches high. Anderden, Canada (near Maiden), and at There are also upper and lower caisson Marblehead, near Sandusky, in Ohio. These gates, used for shutting off the water from -vere sent in vessels to the work, some the canal twenty-five different sailing vessels being The amount of lumber, timber, and iron employed in this business. used in the building of the piers and gates On the completion of the canal in June, is enormous. 1855, the governor of the State, the State There were 103,437 lbs. of wrought iron fficers, and the Canal Commissioners pro- used in the gates, and 38,000 lbs. cast iron. 7 98 FROM CHICAGO TO MACKINAC AND SAUT STE MARIE. About 8,000 feet of oak timber, etc. The first Steamer which passed through The tolls on the canal are collected by the locks was the ILLINOIS, 927 tons, the State-are merely nominal-and only commanded by John Wilson, on her trip intended to defray the necessary expenses through to the upper ports on Lake Suof repairs. perior, June 18, 1855. The Illinois was THE ST. MARY'S FALLS SHIP CANAL, followed by the Steamer Baltimore, 514 Michigan, now forms a navigable com- tons; Samuel Ward, 434 tons; and the muaication between Lake Superior and North Star, 1,100 tons, during the month Huron, passing through the St. Mary's of June of the same year. River for a distance of about 60 miles. OPENING AND CLOSING OF NAVIGATION, from 1855 to 1862, inclusive. Date. First Vessel. Date. Last Vessel. June 18, 1855......Illinois, 927 tons. Nov. 23, 1855......Planet, 1,154 tons May 4, 1856...... Manhattan, 320 " Nov. 28, 1856......Gen. Taylor, 462' May 9, 1857......North Star; 1,100 " Nov. 80, 1857......Mineral Rock, 555 " April 18. 1858......Iron City,.600 " Nov. 20, 1858......Lady Elgin, 1,038 May 8, 1859......lady Elgin, 1,038 " Nov. 28, 1859......Forester, 884 May 11, 1860......Fountain City, 820 " Nov. 22, 160...... Montgomery, 879 May 8, 1861..... Michigan, 642 " Nov. 28, 1861......Gen. Taylor, 462 April 27, 1862...... ity of Cleveland, 788 " Nov. 27, 1862..... Mineral Rock, 55 " April 28, 1863......Mineral Rock, 555 Average season of navigation, 6+ months. Rate.of Toll, 6 cents for every registered ton, for every description of vesseL TABLE OF DISTANCES From Toronto to Collingwood awnd Saut Ste. Marie. TORONTO TO COLLINGWOOD (Railroad Route), 94 miles. STEAMBOAT ROUTE. (Collingwood to Saut Ste. Marie, Mich., passing through Georgian Bay and North Channel.) Ports, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles. COLLINGWOOD.................. 0 SAUT STE. MARIE.............. Cape Rich................. 30 Sugar Island.................. 4 Cabot's Head............. 80 Garden River Set........... 10 Lonely Island................. 100 Church's Landing.................. 14 Cape Smyth.................. 125 Lake George...................... 20 She-ba-wa-nah-ning............ 145 Nebish Rapids.................... 24 Man-i-tou-wah-ning (25 m.) St. Joseph Iand................... 25 Little Current, 1/0 The Narrows...................... 35 Great Manitoulin Is.......... Campement D'Ours Is.............. 38 Clapperton Island.............. 190 Bruce Mines........................ 50 FROM TORONTO TO COLLINGWOOD AND SAUT STE. MARIE. 99 Ports, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles Barrie Island................. 220 Drummond's Island, Mich............ 70 Cockburn Island............... 255 Cockburn Island, C. W.............. 85 Drummond's Island, Mich....... 270 Barrie Island.................. 120 Bruce Mines, C. W............ 290 Clapperton Island................. 150 St. Joseph Island.............. 296 Little Current 1 0 Tampement D'Ours Is.......... 302 Great Manitoulin Is............ The Narrows................ 305 Man-i-tou-wah-ning (25 m.) Sugar Island, Mich............ 315 She-ba-wa-nah-ning................. 195 Nebish Rapids................. 316 Cape Smyth...................... 215 Lake George................. 320 Lonely Island.................... 240 Church's Landing............... 326 Cabot's Head..................... 260 Garden River Set.............. 330 Cape Rich........................ 310 SAUT STE. MARIE.............. 340 COLLINGWOOD..................... 340 SrEAMBOAT FARE, $8 50. USUAL TIME, 36 hours. Including meals. NOTE.-Landings in Italic. Collingwood, 94 miles north from Owen's Sound, 50 miles distant; and Toronto, is most advantageously situated weekly to Bruce Mines, the Saut Ste. Manear the head of Nottawassaga. Bay, an rie, and into Lake Superior, affording a indentation of Georgian Bay. The town, delightful steamboat excursion. although commenced in 1854, at the time Immense quantities of fish are taken in of the completion of the Ontario, Simcoe, the waters of Nottawassaga Bay, being and Huron Railroad, now contains (1861) principally carried to the Toronto market. about 2,000 inhabitants, and is rapidly in- The whole north shore of the Georgian creasing. The surprising growth is main- Bay abounds in white fish, salmon, trout, ly owing to is being the northern termi- maskalonge, and other fish of fine quality, nus of the railway which connects the affording profitable employment to the Georgian Bay wit;b Lake Ontario at Canadians and Indians. Toronto. Great numbers of travellers and "Some idea of the value and extent of emigrants are at this Wpint transferred to the fishing operations promiscuously pursteamers or propellers, bound for Mackinac, sued in Nottawassaga Bay may be formed Green Bay, Chicago, and the Great West, from the knowledge that the average as well as to the Saut Ste. Marie and Lake daily take exceeds one thousand fish, Superior. Here are a long pier, 800 feet weighing from.forty pounds down to one in length; a breakwater, and light-house; pound. At this rate, that of the season several large stores and storehouses; would not fall short of ~40,000. At the four hotels, and two or three churches in mouth of the Nottawassaga River the the course of erection. white fish are netted in perfect shoals The steamers leaving ColliJ vood for throughout the spawning season. Most Mackinac and Chicago, runninu long the of the larger kind of trout spawn about west shore of Lake Michigan, are of a the islands upon beds of calcareous rock, large class, affording good accommodations over which a shifting drift of sand or for travellers Steamers run every day to gravel passes by the action of the waves, 100 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. where the water is shallow; and from than elsewhere. Thither the fishermen being exposed to the sun, the temperature resort, and net the fish, vapid and placid of the lake is warmer at these localities as they are, in fabulous amounts." GEORGIAN BAY, The deeply romantic character of this cession of enchanting scenery. Here the pure and lovely body of water is almost wild fowl, fur-bearing game, and the finny unknown to the American public-lying tribe disport in perfect freedom, being as as it does to the northeast of Lake Huron, yet far removed from the busy haunts of being entirely within the confines of civilization. Canada. The northeast shore is the most Georgian Bay is nearly as large as Lake romantic and highly interesting, from the Ontario, while the North Channel, connectfact of there being innumerable islands ing with St. Mary's River on the west, may and islets along the coast, greatly exceed- be said to be as large as Long Island ing in number the " Thousand Islands" of Sound, dotted with alarge number of lovethe St. Lawrence. ly islands, while to the south lies the From Penetanguishene, northeast to romantic island of the Great Manitoulin, She-ba-wa-nah-ning, where commences the and on the north rises La Cloche picturesque body bf water known as the Mountain-altogether forming the most North Channel, there is one continued suc- grand and romantic scenery. ROUTE FROM COLLINGWOOD, C. W., TO THE SAUT STE. MARIE. THROUGH GEORGIAN BAY AND NORTH CHANNEL. This is a -new and highly interesting east of Cape Rich, is a large and fertile steamboat excursion, brought into notice island, which was early settled by the by the completion of the Ontario, Simcoe, Jesuits. There are several others passed and Huron Railroad, extending from north of Christianisland, of great beauty, Toronto to Collingwood, at the southern while still farther northwest are encounextremity of Georgian Bay. tered innumerable islands and islets, formNOTTAWASSAGA BAY, the southern termi- ing labyrinths, and secluded passages and nation of Georgian Bay, is a large expanse of coves as yet almost unknown to the white water bounded by Cape Rich on the west, man, extending westward for upward of and Christian Island on the east, each one hundred miles. being distant about 30 miles from Colling- PENETANGUISHENE, C. W., 50 miles wood. At the south end of the bay lies north of Ullingwood by steamboat route, a small group of islands called the Hen situated 41 lovely and secure bay, is an and Chickens. old and very important settlement, comCHRISTIAN ISLAND, lying about 25 miles prising an Episcopal and Roman Catholic from Penetanguishene, and 25 miles north- church, twohotels, a custom-house, severa ROUTE FROM COLLINGWOOD TO SAUT STE MARIE. 101 stores and storehouses, and has about 500 side, steering for Cape Smyth, a bold inhabitants. In the immediate vicinity are promontory jutting out from the Great a naval and military depot and barracks, Manitoulin, and distant from Lonely Island established by the British government. about 25 miles. The natural beauties of the bay and har- SQUAW ISLAND and PAPOOSE ISLAND bor, combined with the picturesque are seen on the northeast, while farther scenery of the shores, make up a picture inland are the Fox Islands, being the comof rare beauty. Here may be seen the mencement on the west of the innumeranative Indian, the half-breed, and the ble islands which abound along the north Canadian Voyageur, with the full-blooded shore of Georgian Bay. Englishman or Scotchman, forming one LA CLOCHE MOUNTAINS, rising about community. This place, being near the 2,000 feet above the sea, are next seen in mouth of the River Severn, and contiguous the distance, toward the north; these, comto the numberless islands of Georgian bined with the wild scenery of the islands Bay, is no doubt destined to become a and headlands, form a grand panoramic favorite resort for the angler and sports- view, enjoyed from the deck of the passing man, as well as for the invalid and seeker steamer. of pleasure. SMYTH'S BAY is passed on the west, On leaving Collingwood for Bruce Mines some eight or ten miles distant. At the and the Saut Ste. Marie, the steamer head of this bay, on the great Manitoulin usually runs direct across Georgian Bay Island, are situated a village of Indians, to Lonely Island, passing Cabot's Head and a Jesuit's mission, called We-qua-meto the right, and the passage leading into kong. These aborigines are noted for the broad waters of Lake Huron, which their industry, raising wheat, corn, oats, is the route pursued by the steamers in the and potatoes in large quantities. This voyage to Mackinac, Green Bay, and part of the island is very fertile, and the Chicago. During the summer months the climate is healthy. trip from Collingwood to Mackinac and SHE-BA-WA-NAH-NING, signifying, in the Chicago affords a delightful excursion. Indian dialect, "Here is a Channel," is a OWEN'S SOUND, or SYDENHAM, 50 miles most charming spot, 40 miles distant from west of Collingwood, although off the Lonely Island, hemmed in by mountains direct route to the Saut Ste. Marie, is well on the north and a high rocky island on worthy of a passing notice. Here is a the south. It is situated on the north thriving settlement, surrounded. by a side of a narrow channel, about half a fertile section of country, and containing mile in length, which has a great depth of about 2,500 inhabitants. A steamer runs water. Here are a convenient steamboat daily from Collingwood to this place, landing, a church, a store, and some ten which will, no doubt, soon be reached by or twelve dwellings, inhabited by Canarailroad. dians and half-breeds. Indians assemble LONELY ISLAND, situated about 100 here often in considerable numbers, to sell miles west of Collingwood and 20 miles their fish and furs, presenting with their east of the Great Manitoulin Islands, is a canoes and dogs a very grotesque appear. large body of land mostly covered with a ance. One resident at this landing usualdense forest, and uninhabited, except by a ly attracts much attention-a noble dog, few fishermen, who resort here at certain of the color of cream. No sooner does seasons of the year for the purpose of the steamer's bell ring, than this animal taking fish of different kinds. The steam- rushes to the wharf, sometimes assisting er usually passes this island on its north to secure the rope that is thrown ashore; 102 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. the next move he makes is to board the about 120 miles long and 25 miles widevessel, as though he were a custom-house On the north shore is situated a post of officer; but on one occasion, in his eager- the Hudson Bay Company, which may ness to get into the kitchen, he fell over- be seen from the deck of the passing board; nothing daunted, he swam to the steamer. shore, and then again boarding the vessel, COCKBURN ISLAND, 85 miles west of succeeded in his desire to fill his Little Current lies directly west of the stomach, showing the instinct which Great Manitoulin, from which it is sepaprompts many a biped office-seeker, rated by a narrow channel. It is a large On leaving Sherba-wa-nah-ning and pro- island, somewhat elevated, but uninhabitceeding westward, a most beautiful bay is ed, except by Indians. passed, studded with islands; and moun- DRUMMOND ISLAND, 15 miles farther tains upwards of 1,000 feet in height, pre- westward, belongs to the United States, senting a rocky and sterile appearance, being attached to the State of Michigan. form an appropriate background to This is another large body of land, being the view; thence are passed Badgley and low. and as yet mostly uninhabited. Heywood Islands, the latter lying off Hey- The next Island approached before wood Sound, situated on the north side landing at Bruce Mines is ST. JOSEPH Isof the Great Manitoulin. LAND, being a large and fertile body of MAN-I-TOU-WAH-NING,' 25 miles north- land, with some few settlers. west of She-ba-wa-nah-ning, ishandsome- BRUCE MINES VILLAGE, C. W., is situly situated at the head of Heywood ated on the north shore of Lake Huron, Sound. It is an Indian settlement, and or the "North Channel," as it is here also a government agency, being the place called, distant 290 miles from Collingwood, annually selected to distribute the Indian and 50 from the Saut Ste. Marie. Here annuities, are a Methodist chapel, a public-house, LITTLE CURRENT, 25 miles west of She- and a store and storehouse belonging to ba-wa-nah-ning, is another interesting the Montreal Copper Mining Company, landing on the north shore of the Great besides extensive buildings used for crushManitoulin, opposite La Cloche Island. ing ore and preparing it for the market; Here the main channel is narrow, with a about 75 dwellings and 600 inhabitants. current usually running at the rate of five The copper ore, after being crushed by or six knots an hour, being much affected powerful machinery propelled by steam, by the winds. The steamer stops at this is put into puddling troughs and washed landing for an hour or upward, receiving by water, so as to obtain about 20 per a supply of wood, it being furnished by cent. pure copper. In this state it is an intelligent Indian or half-breed, who shipped to the United States and England, resides at this place with his family. In- bringing about $80 per ton. It then has dians are often seen here in considerable to go through an extensive smelting pronumbers. They are reported to be indo- cess, in order to obtain the pure metal. lent and harmless, too often neglecting The mines are situated in the immediate the cultivation of the soil for the more vicinity of the village, there being ten uncertain pursuits of fishing and hunting, openings or shafts from which the ore is although a considerably large clearing is obtained in its crude state. Horse-power to be seen indifferently cultivated. is mostly used to elevate the ore: the CLAPPERTON ISLAND and other islands whims are above ground, attached to of less magnitude are passed in the North which are ropes and buckets. This mine Channel, which is a large body of water gives employment to about 300 workmen. TRIP FROM COLLINGWOOD TO PORT WILLIAM. 103 The capital stock of the company amounts 1,500 tons were shipped to Baltimore and to $600,000. Buffalo to be smelted." The Wellington Mine, about one mile dis- On resuming the voyage after leaving tant, is also owned by the Montreal Min- Bruce Mines, the steamer runs along ing Company, but is leased and worked St. Joseph Island through a beautiful by. an English company. This mine, at sheet of water, in which are embosomed the present time, is more productive than some few islands near the main shore. the Bruce Mines. CAMPEMENT D'OURS is an island passed The Lake Superior Journal gives the on the left, lying contiguous to St. Joseph following description of the Bruce Mine, Island. Here are encountered several from which is produced a copper ore dif- small rocky islands, forming an intricate fering from that which is yielded by other channel called the " Narrows." On some mines of that peninsula. of the islands in this group are found cop"Ten years ago this mine was opened, per ore, and beautiful specimens of moss. and large sums expended for machinery, The forest-trees, however, are of a dwarfwhich proved useless, but it is now un- ish growth, owing, no doubt, to the scantder new management, and promises to iness of soil on these rocky islands. yield profitably. Twelve shafts have been About 10 miles west of the "Narrows," opened, one of which has been carried the main channel of the St. Mary's Rivdown some 330 feet. Some 200 or 300 er is reached, forming the boundary bemen are employed, all from the European tween the United States and Canada. A mines. Some of the ores are very beauti- rocky island lies on the Canadian side, ful to the eye, resembling fine gold. After which is reserved for government purbeing taken out of the shaft, they are poses, as it commands the main or ship taken upon a rail-track to the crushing- channel. house, where they are passed between SUGAR ISLAND is now reached, which large iron rollers, and sifted till only a belongs to the United States, and the fine powder remains; from thence to the steamers run a further distance of 25'jigger-works,' where they are shaken in miles, when the landing at the Saut Ste. Mawater till much of the earthy matter is rie is reached, there being settlements on washed away, after which it is piled in both sides of the river. The British boats the yard ready for shipment, having more usually lane on the north side, while the the appearance of mud than of copper. It American boats make a landing on the is now mostly shipped to Swansea in south side of the river, near the mouth of Wales, for smelting. Twasyears sfce, the ship canal TRIP FROM COLLINGWOOD TO FORT WILLIAM, C. W. THE FIRST TRIP OF THE STEAMER RESCUE. "To the Editor of the Toronto 0lobe. Collingwood to Fort William. On this "SIR: As you have on all occasions taken trip. she fairly maintained her previous a prominent part in advocating the opening reputation; for in a heavy gale of wind on up of the Hudson's Bay Territory and the the beam for many hours, between MichNorth Shore of Lake Superior, I send you ipicohen Island and Fort William, she a log journal of the first cruise of the made her 10. miles per hour, and, during Steamer Rescue, Captain JAMES DICK, from the gale, was steady, and free from any 104 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. unpleasant motion. We left Collingwood fir, birch, ash and maple, the latter growat 10.30 A. M., on the 12th July, 1858, ing on elevated ground. There are severCaptain Kennedy in charge of the mails, al lakes upon it, full of speckled trout; the for Red River. We passed Cabot's Head bay is full of salmon, trout, and white fish. at 6.30 P. M.; Cove Island light, at 9 P. M. A schooner was loaded here last season in (merely a lantern on the top of the tower, a very short time with fish in and about visible about two miles on a clear night); the harbor; and the climate is said by old passed between the middle and western voyageurs to be far more pleasant during Duck Islands at 4 A.M., at easy steam, so the winter than at the Saut and other as to enter the Missisaga Straits in day- places farther south, beingofa drier nature* light; at 11.20 A. M., ran alongside the Between the island and the main land is wharf at Bruce Mines; landed mails, and the most sheltered passage, with two exwooded. Under the kind supervision of cellent harbors on each side, one at OtMr. Davidson we inspected the process of ters' Creek and the other at Michipicoten extracting copper ore from the bowels of River and harbor. This latter place is the earth. We found that it contained 4 an important port of the Hudson's Bay per cent. at the mouth of the pit, and 25 Company, distant from'Moose Fort, Hudper cent. barrelled up in the form of paste. son's Bay, 300 miles, which has been passSometime ago, the Montreal Mining Corn- ed over in canoes in six days. Michipi. pany (owning the Bruce Mines), leased coten Island is said to contain great minhalf their location to the Wellington Min- eral deposit-silver, copper, and lead; the ing Company. There are, in consequence, Quebec Mining Company have a location within one mile, separated by a small here. island, two establishments, forming one At daybreak on Thursday we passed considerable town. Arrived at Saut Ste. Slate Island, and shortly after encountered Marie, Pim's wharf (British side), at 7 P. a dense fog and lay to till 1 P. M. It was M.; landed mails, and ran over to the two o'clock before we saw land. Passed American side for coals. At 6 A. M., on close to Thunder Cape, a perpendicular the 14th, entered the ship-canal, paying rock rising from the water's edge 1,350 six cents per ton lockage dues. Mr. Simp- feet. Anchored at FORT WILLIAM, situson, of the Hudson's Bay Company, very ated at the mouth of Kaministoguoi River politely sent with us the Captain of their at 7 P. M., on Thursday 15th, and landed schooner to pilot us through to Pine Point, the mail. Owing to a bar and shoal at where we engaged his son-in-law, Alex. the mouth of the -iver, we anchored about Clark, as pilot. a nile from the Fort, early on Friday the "Passed White Fish Point, Lake Su- 16th. Some of the party went up the perior, at 10 o'clock A. M., Caribou Island river in canoes to the Jesuit Mission, about at 4.30 o'clock P. M. This island was sd- three miles, where they were kindly recalled, from the circumstance of Captain ceived by the priest. Capt. Jas. Dick and McHargo, who accompanied Bayfield in Mr. McMurrich went fishing to Current his survey, having on one occasion killed River, about five miles to the north, where 60 Caribous on it. At 6 P. M., we were the speckled trout proved too large and close to'Rescue' Harbor, Island of Mi-.close to Rescue' Harbor, Island of Mi- * The romantic and uninhabited harbor on the chipicoten. The harbor at Michipicoten south side of Michipicoten Island, exceeds in is described by the pilot, who has been 15 safety, extent, and grandeur any harbor found on years on the lake, as superb, and is so the shores of these great lakes. It was visited laid down by Byfleld. The island is. by the steamer "Ploughboy," with a party of laid down by Bayfield. Te island is pleasure on board in 1860, lying at anchor all about 16 miles by 6, covered with spruce, night. TRIP FROM COLLINGWOOD TO FORT WILLIAM. 105 strong for their light rods and tackle, We left Fort William at 8 P. I., for smashing the tops of their rods and tear- Grand Portage, passing McKay's Mount ing away their lines and flies as fast as of Greenstone, 1,000 feet perpendicular they were thrown in, and they had to height. La Pate or Pie Island, 850 feet give it up for want of material. One of perpendicular; this islandis saidto abound the trout caught was the largest speckled in lead; hardly a stone can be picked up trout I have seen for some years. There on the shore without lead in it. On all are trout in this stream, and in all the rapid these islands valuable stones can be pickstreams between the Saut and Fort Wil- ed up, fit for brooches and rings. The liam, from 2 lbs. to 6 lbs., and if larger channel being very intricate, and the pilot ones are required, at Neepigon River not quite posted up, we lay to till daythey can be caught from 8 lbs. to 12 lbs. break, and entered Grand Portage Bay at Fancy such a spot, ye disciples of Isaac 5 A. M. Capt. Kennedy landed here with Walton; speckled trout to be had for the the mails, purchased a canoe, and was trouble of throwing a fly, within 31 days ready to start before we left. A nucleus of Toronto, weighing from 2 lbs. to 12 lbs. of a town has already sprung up here on In this vicinity are to be found beautiful the United States side. specimens of amethyst and other precious "After giving Capt. Kennedy a hearty stones. shake of the hand all round, we started " The gardens at Fort William and at' homeward, at 1.15 A. M., and passed Copth Jesuit Mission are as forward as per Harbor at 2 P. a., Manitou Light 5.50 those on the north part of the county of P. M., White Fish Point 6.40 A. M.; Simcoe. The Hudson's Bay Company and on the 18th July entered the Saut have a large farm, 50 cows besides horses Canal at 10.18 A. M. Coaled on the and sheep, and up the river there are American side, and wooded on Pim's other farms; they raise oats, barley, and wharf, British side. Landed the mail, and all kinds of vegetables, and I see no rea- started at 2.45 P. M. Came to the wharf son why they cannot raise wheat. Mrs. at Bruce Mines at seven P. M.-wooded McIntyre, the wife of the agent, was very and left at 7.40-passing through the Mispolite and kind, and invited us all up to the sesaga Straits and the channel between Fort-gave us supplies of milk and vege- the Middle and West Duck. On the tables. By this route their trade is car- 19th passed Cove Island light at 8 ried on to Red River. Sir George Simp- A. M.,-Cabot's Head 10 o'clock A. M., son returned from Red River just before and came to the wharf at Collingwe arrived with two canoes (9 men in each) wood at 6 P. M. Thus making the first and left again for the Saut. This bay, trip, including delays and stoppages Black Thunder, Neepigon Bay, and Pie round Lake Superior, in seven days and six Island Bay and neighborhood, abound in hours; distance run, taken from Bayfield's white fish and trout —10 fish frequently chart, between 1,250 and 1,300(geographifill a barrel-20 as a general rule; nets cal) miles. The average speed, running should be * to 7T inch mesh. Our pilot, time, being a little over ten milesper hour. two years ago, in five weeks, with two " The scenery throughout, and especialnen, filled 175 barrels; he was furnished ly that of Superior, is magnificent. And,by merchants at the Saut with barrels now that the means, of communication rnd salt, and $5 when returned full-the are afforded to this great and unknown -rate this year being about $4. Thirty region, in a safe and commodious boat, "barrels of white fish were taken at one under the care of a well-known and exhaul of a seine near Fort William. perienced captain, it must become the 106 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. favorite route for the tourist in search of Distances from the Sant. Ste. health and picturesque scenery." larie to Superior City. The Compiler of this volume having, during the summer of 1860, passed over Ports, &c. Distances. Miles. the same route on board the Canadian SAUT STE. MARIE, Mich..... 00 steamer PLOUGHBOY, can vouch for the Point Iroquois.............15 15 accuracy of most of the above described White Fish Point...........25 40 trip, exceeding in rich variety of lake and Point au Sable............ 50 I: 90 river scenery any other excursion, of Pictured Rocks............ 20 110 equal extent, on the continent of Am- Grand Island..............10 120 erica. Munising, Mich............ 5 125 The shores or mainland, together with MARQUETTE, "............. 45 170 virgin islands, are in view for most of the Huron Islands............ 45 215 distance, except while crossing the wide Portage Entry............. 25 240 waters of Lake Superior,-when all the Houghrn (Portage Lake, 14 m.) vastness of the ocean-deep is realized,- Manitou Island, or Kewee- 60 300 you then being surrounded by an un- naw Point............ broken waste of waters. CopperHarbor............15 315 Agate Harbor............. 10 325 Distance around Lake Eagle Harbor............. 6 331 Superior. Eagle River... 9 340 SAUT STE. MARIE to FORT WILLIAM, C. ONTONAGON, Mich......... 65 405 W., 300 miles; Fort William to Superior Porcupine Hills........... 25 430 City, Wis., 200 miles; Superior City to La Pointe, Wis............ 52 482 Saut Ste. Marie (American side), 365 miles Bayfield................. 3 485 -making the grand circuit of Lake Supe- Point de Tour............. 10 495 rior, 1,065 miles. SUPERIOR'CITY, Wi........ 70 565 GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. On leaving the Ship Canal, at the Saut, TONQUAMENON BAY is next entered, and the steamer ascends a beautiful stretch a scene of grandeur is presented to the of the St. Mary's River for 10 miles be- view; on the southwest or American fore reaching Waiska Bay, being an ex- shore the land rises to a moderate height, pansion of the river of about 5 miles. while on the northeast or Canada shore Here the shores assume a bold appearance the land rises to mountain height, being well worthy the attention of the traveller elevated from 800 to 1,000 feet, running before launching out on the waters of the off far in the distance toward the north. broad lake. PARISIEN and other islands, -attached to IROQUOIS POINT, on the American side, Canada, are passed on the right, the bay and GROS CAP, on tffe Canadian side, are being about 25 miles long and as manyr next passed, 15 mies from the Saut Ste. broad; in fact, forming a part of Lake* Marie. The latter is a bold promontory, Superior, whose pure waters are in ful'l rising some 400 or 500 feet above the view as far as the eye can reach. water, with still higher hills rising in the GOULAIS BAY, and POINT, another bold distance. headland, lie to the north of Gros Cap, EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 107 where enters a river of the same feet less each, overcoming a descent of 20 name, and are situated on the Canada side. feet. Here are fine fishing-grounds in the bay, " The early French Jesuit fathers, who while the river abounds in speckled trout, first explored and described this great being a favored resort for fishing-parties lake, and published an account of it in during pleasant weather. Paris, in 1636, describe the form of its Lake Superior, by far the largest shores as similar to that of a bended bow, of the Inland Seas of North America, ly- -the northern shore being the arc, and the ing between 46" 30' and 490 north lati- southern shore the cord, while Keweenaw tude, and between 84~ 30' and 92~ 30' Point, projecting from the southern shore west longitude, situated at a height of to near the middle of the lake, is the ar600 feet above the sea, from which it is row." distant about 1,500 miles by the course of This graphic description is illustrated its outlet and the St. Lawrence River, is by a map, prepared by them, which dis460 miles long from east to west, and 170 plays the geographical position of its miles broad in its widest part, with an shores with as much fidelity as most of average breadth of 85 miles. It is 800 the maps of our day, and proves that feet in greatest depth, extending 200 feet those early explorers were perfectly fabelow the level of the ocean; estimated miliar with its outline and shores. area,- 32,000 square miles. Near two''The coast of Lake Superior is mostly hundred rivers and creeks are said to formed of rocks of various kinds, and of flow into the lake, the greater part being different geological groups. With the exsmall streams, and but few navigable, ex- ception of sand' bars at the mouth of cept by canoes, owing to their numerous some of the rivers and small streams, the falls and rapids. It contains several whole coast of the lake is rock-bound; islands, the most important of which are and in some places, but more particularly Isle Royale, and The Twelve Apotles, on the north shore, mountain masses of aear its western extremity, and Grand considerable elevation rear themselvcs island, all attached to the United States; from the water's edge, while mural preciDaribou Island, Michipicoten, St. Ignace, pices and beetling crags oppose themselves Pie, Slate, and other islands attached to to the surges of this mighty lake, and Canada. threaten the unfortunate mariner, who KEWEENAW POINT is its most remarka- may be caught in a storm upon a lee-shore, tale feature, jutting far out into the lake with almost inevitable destruction." some sixty or seventy miles. On the ^ange of hills running through this point, Father of Lakes thy waters bend Beyond the eagle's utmost view, tbout 20 miles wide, are found the mostval- When, throned in heaven, he sees thee send i-able copper mines in the world. Its good Back to the sky its world of blue, i. d secure harbors are but few on the south "Boundless and deep, the forests weave si de of the lake, while on the north shore Their twilight shade thy borders o'er, i nd islands are several perfectly safe And threatening cliffs, like giants, heave Ia islands eas e t s Their rugged forms along thy shore." i trbors, and easy of access. It dis*i larges its surplus waters by the Strait, There are now situated on the Ameri)r' River St. Mary, 60 miles long, into can side of Lake Superior twelve light-, Ake Huron, which lies 27 feet below, houses, viz., on Point Iroquois; White L iost of the descent being at the Saut Ste. Fish Point; Grand Island; Marquette if garie, where is a Ship Canal three-fourths Harbor; Portage Entry; Manitou Island, )f - a mile in length, with two locks of 10 near Keweenaw Point; Co0per Harbor; 108 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Eagle Harbor; Eagle River; Ontonagon, Trip to Lake Superior, at mouth Ontonagon River; La Pointe, on Madeline Island; and Minnesota Point, Extract from a Letter, dated mouth of St. Louis River. "ST. ILINOIS, off Pictured Rocks, L. S., A government survey of the Upper "July, 31, 1862. Lakes, including the St. Mary's River and Straits of Mackinac, is being made "At sunrise this morning, we ap by a corps of Topographical Surveyors, proached the far-famed Pictured Rock} which when published will furnish accu- of Lake Superior, and were favored with rate charts of these Inland Seas. one of the most grand scenes imaginable. WHITE FISH POINT, and LIGHT-HOUSE, The sun rose clear, reflecting its rays in 40 miles from the Saut, lies on the south- the waters of the lake, presenting a gorwest or American shore, forming a con- geous appearance. The Sail Rock, and spicuous landmark, while Mamains Point other points of interest, were distinctly is seen on the northeast or Canada visible, while the steamer was running shore. for the' Grand Portail' of the voyageurs, On passing White Fish Point, where the most remarkable feature of this wonmay be seen a number of " sand-dunes," der of nature, varying with every cloud or hills, and a light-house 75 feet in effect as seen from the passing vessel. height, the broad waters of Lake Superior " The steamer approached cautiously unare reached. The steamers usually pur- til she had run her bows under the projectsue a westerly course toward Grand ing cliff, then came to a stand-still as quietly Island or Marquette, plssing Point au as though she was lying at a pier or Sable, 50 miles farther. During clear wharf, giving the numerous passengers a weather, the steep sandy hills on the fine opportunity to examine the deep resouth shore, ranging from 300 to 500 cesses of this immense cavern, the floor feet in height, may be seen, from the being covered with clear, transparent deck of the steamer. water to the depth of 10 or 20 feet. InPOINT AU SABLE, 50 miles from White side were visible two lesser openings, Eish Point, is the first object of interest where a small boat might pass out into seen on the south shore, on the upward the lake on either side-the portail being trip, from the deck of the passing steamer, formed at the termination of a projecting which usually runs within sight of land, cliff-rising about 200 feet above the lake affording views of a continued succession surface. of interesting points and bold headlands. "The Pictured Rocks are thus briefly The PICTURED ROCKS, 20 miles further, described by Foster and Whitney, in their or about 110 miles from the Saut, are geological report:-' They may be denext passed, presenting a magnificent ap- scribed, in general terms, as a series of pearance at certain times of the day, sand-stone bluffs, extending along the) when favorably seen under the rays of a South shore of Lake Superior, for eight brilliant sun; then the effect is height- or ten miles, and rising, in most places,, ened by the constantly changing appear- vertically from the water, without an-V ance of these almost enchanted rocks. beach at the base, to a height varying The steamers occasionally run close in from 50 to 200 feet.' shore, when the weather is favorable, af- "Yours, &c., J. D." fording a fine opportunity to examine these wonders of nature. EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 109 The Pictured Rocks, of which almost fab- 1 feet. Were they simply a line of cliffs, ulous accounts are given by travellers, are they might not, so far as relates to height one of the wonders of this " Inland Sea." or extent, be worthy of a rank among Here are to be seen the Cascade Falls and great natural curiosities, although such other objects of great interest. The Am- au assemblage of rocky strata, washed by phitheatre, Miners' Castle, Chapel, Grand the waves of the great lake, would not, Portal, and Sail Rock, are points of great under any circumstances, be destitute of picturesque beauty, which require to be grandeur. To the voyager coasting along seen to be justly appreciated. their base in his frail canoe they would, Extract from FOSTER and WHITNEY'S at all times, be an object of dread; the Report of the Geology of the Lake Supe- recoil of the surf, the rockbound coast, rior Land District: affording for miles no place of refuge; the Pictured Rocks.-" The range lowering sky, the rising wind; all these of cliffs to which the name of the Pictur- would excite his apprehension, and induce ed Rocks has been given, may be regard- him to ply a vigorous oar until the ed as among the most striking and beau- dreaded wall was passed. But in the tiful features of the scenery of the North- Pictured Rocks there are two features West, and are well worthy the attention which communicate to the scenery a wonof the artist, the lover of the grand and derful and almost unique character. These beautiful, and the observer of geological are, first, the curious manner in which the phenomena. cliffs have been excavated and worn away "Although occasionally visited by trav- by the action of the lake, which for cenilers, a full and accurate description of turies has dashed an ocean-like surf this extraordinary locality has not as yet against their base; and, second, the equalbeen communicated to the public.* ly curious manner in which large portions "The Pictured Rocks may be described, of the surface have been colored by bands in general terms, as a series of sandstone of brilliant hues. bluffs extending along the shore of Lake "It is from the latter circumstance that Superior for about five miles, and rising, the name by which these cliffs are known hi most places, vertically from the water, to the American traveller is derived; while Without any beach at the base, to a height that applied to them by the French voyaVarying from fifty to nearly two hundred geurs ('Les Portails'*) is derived from the former, and by far the most striking pe* Schoolcraft has undertaken to describe this culiarity. P r R ha n i range of cliffs, and illustrate the scenery. The The term Ptured Rocks has been i sketches do not appear to have been made on the use for a great length of time, but when spot, or finished by one who was acquainted with it was first applied we have been unable the scenery, as they bear no resemblance, so far to discover. as we observed, to any of the prominent features t Is o'f the Pictured Rocks. "The Indian name applied to these cliffs, "It is a matter of surprise that, so far as we according to our voyageurs, is Schkueek.now, none of our artists have visited this region, archibi-kung, or'The end of the rocks,' a'nd given to the world representations of scenery so striking, and so different from any which can ba found elsewhere. We can hardly conceive of aaly thing more worthy of the artist's pencil; * Le Portail is a French term, signifying the arid if the tide of pleasure-travel should once be principal entrance of a church or a portal, and tu rned in this direction, it seems not unreason- this name was given to the Pictured Rocks by aJije to suppose that a fashionable hotel may yet the voyageurs, evidently in allusion to the arched be, built under the shade of the pine groves near entrances which constitute the most characteristllie Chapel, and a trip thither become as common tic feature. Le Grand Portail is the great archa s one to Niagara now is." wayv or Grand Portal 110 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. which seems to refer to the fact that, in Here the cdast makes an abrupt turn to descending the lake, after having passed the eastward, and just at the point where them, no more rocks are seen along the the rocks break off and the friendly sandshore. Our voyageurs had many legends beach begins; is seen one of the grandest to relate of the pranks of the Menni-boujou works of nature in her rock-built archiin these caverns, and in answer to our in- tecture. We gave it the name of' Miners' quiries seemed disposed to fabricate sto- Castle,' from its singular resemblance to ries without end of the achievements of the turreted entrance and arched portal this Indian deity. of some old castle-for instance, that of "We will describe the most interesting Dumbarton. The height of the advancpoints in the series, proceeding from west ing mass, in which the form of the Gothic to east. On leaving Grand Island harbor,* gateway may be recognized, is about sevhigh cliffs are seen to the east, which form enty feet, while that of the main wall the commencement of the series of rocky forming the background is about one hunpromontories, which rise vertically from dred and forty. The appearance of the the water to the height of from one hun- openings at the base changes rapidly with dred to one hundred and twenty-five feet, each change in the position of the speccovered with a dense canopy of foliage. tator. On taking a position a little farOccasionally a small cascade may be seen ther to the right of that occupied by the falling from the verge to the base in an sketcher, the central opening appears unbroken curve, or gliding down the in- more distinctly flanked on either side by dined face of the cliff in a sheet of white two lateral passages, making the resemfoam. The rocks at this point begin to blance to an artificial work still more assume fantastic shapes; but it is not un- striking. til having reached Miners' River that "A little farther east, Miners' River their striking peculiarities are observed. enters the lake close under the brow of the cliff, which here sinks down and gives * The traveller desirous of visiting this scene tpe tcl, ahere sink nearl and gif should take advantage of one of the steamers or place to a sand-bank nearly a thrd of a propellers which navigate the lake and land at mile in extent. The river is so narrow Grand Island, from which he can proceed to that it requires no little skill on the part make the tour of the interesting points in a small f the y to enter its mouth when boat. The large vessels on the lake do not ap- voyager to enter Its mouth when proach sufficiently near the cliffs to allow the trav- a heavy sea is rolling in from the north. eller to gather more than a general idea of their On the right bank, a sandy drift plain, position and outlines. To be able to appreciate covered with Norway and Banksian pine, and understand their extraordinary character, it is indispensable to coast along in close proximity spreads out, affording good camping-ground to the cliffs and pass beneath the Grand Portal, -the only place of refuge to the voyager which is only accessible from the lake, and to until he reaches Chapel River, five miles land and enter within the precincts of the Chapel. At Grand Island, boats, men, and provisions may distant, if we except a small sand-beach be procured. The traveller should lay in a good about midway between the two points, supply, if it is intended to be absent long enough where, in case of necessity, a boat may to make a thorough examination of the whole series. In fact, an old voyager will not readily be beached. trust himself to the Wrcy of the winds and waves "Beyond the sand-beach. at Miners of the lake without Cm, as he may not unfre- River the cliffs attain an altitude of one) quently, however auspicious the weather when d ad f starting, find himself weather-bound for days to- hundred and seventy-tree feet, an gether. It is possible, however, in one day, to maintain a nearly uniform height for a corlstart from Grand Island, see the most interesting siderable distance. Here one of those~ points, and return. The distance from William's cascades of which we have before spokeri to the Chapel-the farthest point of interest-is cascades w we have before spoke about fifteen miles. is seen foaming down the rock. EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 111 "The cliffs do not form straight lines, extending to the water's edge. The but rather arcs of circles, the space be- mode of their production is undoubttween the projecting points having been edly as follows: Between the bands worn out in symmetrical curves, some of or strata of thick-bedded sandstone which are of large dimensions. To one there are thin seams of shaly materials, of the grandest and most regularly form- which are more or less charged with the ed we gave the name of'The Amphi- metallic oxides, iron largely predominatheatre.' Looking to the west, another ting, with here and there a trace of copper. projecting point-its base worn into cave- As the surface-water permeates through like forms-and a portion of the concave the porous strata it comes in contact with surface of the intervening space are seen. these shaly bands, and, oozing out from " It is in this portion of the series that the exposed edges, trickles down the face theghenomena of colors are most beauti- of the cliffs, and leaves behind a sediment, ful and conspicuously displayed. These colored according to the oxide which is cannot be illustrated by a mere crayon contained in the band in which it origisketch, but would require, to reproduce nated. It cannot, however, be denied that the natural effect, an elaborate drawing there are some peculiarities which it is on a large scale, in which the various difficult to explain by any hypothesis. combinations of color should be carefully " On first examining the Pictured Rocks, represented. These colors do nqt by any we were forcibly struck with the brilliancy means cover the whole surface of the cliff and beauty of the colors, and wondered even where they are most conspicuously why some of our predecessors, in their displayed, but are confined to certain descriptions, had hardly adverted to what portions of the cliffs in the vicinity of the we regarded as their most characteristic Amnphitheatre; the great mass of the sur- feature. At a subsequent visit we were face presenting the natural light-yellow surprised to find that the effect of the or raw sienna color of the rock. The col- colors was much less striking than beors are also limited in their vertical range, fore; they seemed faded out, leaving only rar&y extending more than thirty or forty traces of their former brilliancy, so that feet above the water, or a quarter or a the traveller might regard this as an unthird of the vertical height of the cliff. important feature in the scenery. It is The prevailing tints consist of deep-brown, difficult to account for this change, but it yellow, and gray-burnt sienna and may be due to the dryness or humidity of French gray predominating. the season. If the colors are produced " There are also bright blues and greens, by the percolation of the water through though less frequent. All of the tints the strata, taking up and depositing the tre fresh, brilliant, and distinct, and har- colored sedimentaas before suggested, it inonize admirably with one another, which, is evident that 3long period of drought t;akea in connection with the grandeur of would cut off the supply of moisture, and the arched and caverned surfaces on the colors, being no longer'renewed, which they are laid, and the deep and would fade, and finally disappear. This F )ure green of the water which heaves and explanation seems reasonable, for at the s wells at the base, and the rich foliage time of our second visit the beds of the w-hich waves above, produce an effect streams on the summit of the table-land tr uly wonderful. were dry. " They are not scattered indiscriminate- "It is a curious fact, that the colors l - over the surface of the rock, but are are so firmly attached to the surface that a: rranged in vertical and parallel bands, they are very little affected by rains or 112 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. the dashing of the surf, since they were, mass may, perhaps, be made intelligible in numerous instances, observed extend- without the aid of a ground-plan. The ing in all their freshness to the very wa- main body of the structure consists of a ter's edge. vast mass of a rectilinear shape, project"Proceeding to the eastward of the ing out into the lake about six hundred Amphitheatre, we find the cliffs scooped feet, and presenting a front of three hunout into caverns and grotesque openings, dred or four hundred feet, and rising to of the most striking and beautiful variety a height of about two hundred feet. An of forms. In some places huge blocks of entrance has been excavated from one sandstone have become dislodged and ac- side to the other, opening out into large cumulated at the base of the cliff, where vaulted passages which communicate with they are ground up and the fragments the great dome, some three hundred feet borne away by the ceaseless action of the from the front of the cliff. The Grid surge. Portal, which opens out on the lake, is "To a striking group of detached blocks of magnificent dimensions, being about the name of'Sail Rock' has been given, one hundred feet in height, and one hunfrom its striking resemblance to the jib dred and sixty-eight feet broad at the and mainsail of a sloop when spread-so water-level. The distance from the verge much so that when viewed from a dis- of the cliff over the arch to the water is tance, with a full glare of light upon it, one hundred and thirty-three feet, leaving while the cliff in the rear is left in the thirty-three feet for the thickness of the shade, the illusion is perfect. The height rock above the arch itself.'The extreme of the block is about forty feet. height of the cliff is about fifty feet more, " Masses of rock are frequently dis- making in all one hundred and eightylodged from the cliff, if we may judge three feet. from the freshness of the fracture and "It is impossible, by any arrangement the appearance of the trees involved in of words, or by any combination of colthe descent. The rapidity with which ors, to convey an adequate idea of this this undermining process is carried on, wonderful scene. The vast dimensions at many points, will be readily apprecia- of the cavern, the vaulted passages, the ted when we consider that the cliffs do varied effects of the light, as it streams not form a single unbroken line of wall; through the great arch and falls on the but, on the contrary, they present numer- different objects, the deep emerald green ous salient angles to the full force of the of the water, the unvarying swell of the waves. A projecting corner is undermin- lake, keeping up a succession of musical ed until the superincumbent weight be- echoes, the reverberations of one's own comes too great, the oerhanging mass voice coming back with startling effect, cracks, and, aided perhaps by the power all these must be seen, and heard, and of frost, gradually becomes loosened and felt, to be fully appreciated. finally topples with, crash into the lake. "Beyond the Grand Portal the cliffs " The same general arched and broken gradually diminish in height, and the genline of cliffs borders the coast for a mile eral trend. of the coast is more to the to the eastward of Sail Rock, where the southeast; hence the rock, being less exmost imposing feature in the series is posed to the force of the waves, bears reached. This is the Grand Portal-Le fewer marks of their destructive action. Grand Portail of the voyageurs. The gen- The entrance to Chapel River is at the eral disposition of the arched openings most easterly extremity of a sandy which traverse this great quadrilateral beach which extends for a quarter of a Tar, Cla,&PEL.-Piccured Rocks.~~~~~~.-.IL~LL ---- EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 113 mile, and affords a convenient landing- hardly possible to describe the singular place, while the drift-terrace, elevated and unique effect of this extraordinary about thirty feet above the lake-level, be- structure; it is truly a temple of natureing an open pine plain, affords excellent'a house not made with hands.' camping-ground, and is the most central "On the west side, and in close proxand convenient spot for the traveller to imity, Chapel River enters the lake, prepitch his tent, while he examines the most cipitating itself over a rocky ledge ten or interesting localities in the series which fifteen feet in height.* occur in this vicinity-to wit, the Grand "It is surprising to see how little the Portal and the Chapel. (See Engraving.) action of the stream has worn away the "The Chapel-La Chapelk of the voya- rocks which form its bed. There appears geurs-if not the grandest, is among the to have been hardly any recession of the most grotesque of Nature's architecture cascade, and the rocky bed has been exhere displayed. Unlike the excavations cavated only a foot or two since the strea(n before described, which occur at the wa- assumed its present direction. ter's edge, this has been made in the rock, " It seems therefore impossible that the at a height of thirty or forty feet above river could have had any influence in exthe lake. The interior consists of a vault- cavating the Chapel itself, but its excaed apartment, which has not inaptly re- vation must be eferred to a period when ceived the name it bears. An arched the waters of the lake stood at a higher roof of sandstone, from ten to twenty feet level. in thickness, rests on four gigantic col- "Near the Grand Portal the cliffs are umns of rock, so as to leave a vaulted covered, in places, with an efflorescence apartment of irregular shape, about forty of sulphate of lime, in delicate crystallifeet in diameter, and about the same in zations; this substance not only incrusts height. The columns consist of finely the walls, but is found deposited on the stratified rock, and have been worn into moss which lines them, forming singular curious shapes. At the base of one of and interesting specimens, which howthem an arched cavity or niche has been ever cannot be transported without losing cut, to which access is had by a flight of their beauty. steps formed by the projecting strata. "At the same place we found numerT~he disposition of the whole is such as ous traces of organic life in the form of to resemble very much the pulpit of a obscure fucoidal nmarkings, which seem to church; since there is overhead an arch- be the impressions of plants, similar to ed canopy, and in front an opening out those described by Prof. Hall as occurring toward the vaulted interior of the chapel, in the Potsdam sandstone of New York. Ywith a flat tabular mass in front, rising These. were first noticed at this place by -to a convenient height for a desk, while Dr. Locke, in 1847." -on the right is an isolated block, which * At this fall, according to immemorial usage ~hot.inaptly represents an altar; so that among the voyagers in ascending the lake, the if the whole had been adapted expressly mangeurs de lard, who make their first trip, refor a place of worship, and fashioned by ceive baptism; which consists in giving them a severe ducking-a ceremony somewhat similar he hand of man, it could hardly have to that practised on green somewhen crossimilar seen arranged more appropriately. It is the line. 8 114 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Lake Superior Region. This is a wild and romantic island; the cliffs of sandstone, irregular and broken The following verses were written by into by the waves, form picturesque cavJ. G. WHITTIER, on receiving an eagle's erns, pillars, and arches of immense diu4ill, when on a visit to Lake Superior in mensions. There are several romantic 1846. bays and inlets protected from storms, THE SEER. which are frequent on this great lake, I hear the far-off voyager's horn, where the brook trout of a large size can I see the Yankee's trail- be caught in quantities. The forests also His foot on every mountain pass, afford a delightful retreat, while all nature On every stream his sail. seems hushed-save by the moaning He's whistling round St. Mary's Falls, winds and billowy surges of the surroundUpon his loaded train; ing waters IIe s leaving on the Pictured Rocks eis fresh g tobn the Pictanur A few families reside on the south shore, facing the mainland, where is a I see the mattock in the mine, clearing of considerable extent. The The axe-stroke in the dell, main-shore in full sight, and the Pictured The clamor from the Indian lodge, The Jesuit's chapel bell Rocks, visible from its eastern shore, altogether add a charm to this truly Grand From see the swarthy trapp come Island, unsurpassed by no other spot in From Mississippi's Springs; And war-chiefs with their painted brows, this interesting region. And crests of eagle wings. MUNISING, formerly called Grand Island Behind the scared squaw's birch canoe, City, lies on the south side of Grand Island The steame ssmokes and raves; Bay, here about 3 miles in width. Here is And city lots are staked for sale a steamboat wharf and hotel, together with Above old Indian graves. a few dwellings, being, no doubt, destined By forest, lake and water-fall, to become a favorite place of resort, as Isee the peddler's show; from this place the Pictured Rocks can be The mighy mingling with the mean, easily reached by canoes or small boats The lofty with the low, during calm weather. Trout fishing is 1 hear the tread of pioneers also good in Ann's River, which enters Of nations yet to be; Grand Island Bay, and in Miner's River, The first low wash of waves where soon Shall roll a human sea. near the Pictured Rocks. The bay or harbor is capacious, deep,. The rudiments of empire here and easy of access from the east or west. Are plastic yet and warm; he chaos of am t worl being 6 miles in length by from 2 to 4 The chaos of a mighty world Is rounding into form I in width, with a depth of water of 10C feet and upwards. It is perfectly landEach rude and jostling fragment soon locked by hills rising from 100 to 300 feet Its fitting place shall find — The raw materials of a state, high, and capacious enough to contain the Its muscle and its mind I entire fleet of the lakes. And, westering still, the star which leads It is proposed to construct a railroad It is proposed to construct a railroad The new world in its train, from this harbor to the head of Big Ba Has tipped with fire the icy spears de Noc, the most northern arm of Gree: Of many a mountain chain. Bay, only 40 miles distant. GRAND ISLAND, 125 miles distant from MINER'S POINT, a most remarkable head the Saut, is about 10 miles long and 5 land, lies 6 miles east of Munising, at th. wide, lying close in to the south shore. mouth of a small stream of the same name REMARKABLE PHENOMENA ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 115 The action of the waters has here dis- MONUMENT ROCK, about one mile west integrated portions of the sand-stone of Miner's Point, is another strange freak formation, forming romantic caverns and of nature, being an upright column standgrottoes where the waters of the lake ing in full view, near the water's edge, penetrate, making strange music in the elevated some 80 or 100 feet above the subterranean passages. lake. (See Engraving.) All these points can easily be reached from Munising by a sail or row boat, during calm weather. Remarkable Phenomena on Lake Superior. The sudden and singular changes of the weather on Lake Superior, in connection with its healthy influence, during the sumi-^^y^~ II.mer and fall months, present one of the phenomena of nature which seems almost unaccountable. The sun frequently rises — Wl j ^& ~clear and cloudless, giving indications of continued sunshine, when suddenly the sky becomes overcast with white, fleecy clouds, scudding low and giving out a 1 l l E -i| ~~~~^ 1 chilly atmosphere, not unfrequently accompanied with rain,-the clouds as suddenly disappear, and a pleasant afternoon usually follows, with light winds. This influence, causing a fluctuation of several degrees of the thermometer, seems to have an injurious effect on most kinds of fruit and vegetables requiring a warm sun throughout the day in order to arrive at maturity; the country a few miles inland, however, being less subject to these frequent changes. On the 6th of August, 1860, there occurred a remarkable phenomenon, as witnessed on Grand Island Bay, near the Pictured Rocks-Lake Superior being here about 170 miles wide. During the forenoon of a pleasant summer's day, the water was observed suddenly to fall some three or four feet perpendicularly on the south shore, then rise in about half an hour, as suddenly again to recede and rise several times; exposing the bed of MONUMENT ROCK. the lake for a considerable distance where 116 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. the water was shallow, affording a fine op- decreasing until it stopped at its usual portunity to collect pebbles of different height." hues, and precious stones. To the mariner these sudden storms At noon the wind blew moderately from and fluctuations, accompanied by fog, are the southward, while the thermometer attended with much danger, more particranged at about 74~ Fahr. This appa- ularly if near the land, when the sun and rently calm and pleasant weather was ta. all objects in sight suddenly disappear as ken advantage of by a party of pleasure to if in darkest night, the terrific noise of cross the bay in a sail-boat from Munising the waves and wind alone being heard. to Grand Island, 3 miles distant, affording a When followed by snow the danger is delightful excursion. On looking eastward still more increased, frequently causing at about 4 o'clock, P. M., a dense fog or the most disastrous shipwrecks. In this low cloud was seen rapidly to enter the high latitude a perfect calm seldom contineast channel of the bay, from the north- ues but for a short time; the wind will ocward, rolling on in majestic grandeur, and casionally lull, when fitful gusts disturb presenting apparently the smoke caused the waters, to be followed by a breeze by the discharge of a park of artillery, ob- or storm from some quarter of the compass. scuring every object in the far distance, On examining the meteorological record while the headlands within one or two kept at Fort Mackinac, about 100 miles miles were distinctly visible. As it ap- distant in a southeast direction from Grand proached, the thermometer fell several Island, it was found that the thermomedegrees, and rain followed, attended with ter ranged at 78~ Fahrenheit at 2 P. M. lightning and thunder. Soon, however, on the above day; the wind being from the wind lulled, or entirely ceased, while the south. At 7 P. M. a heavy rain and the rain poured down in torrents. The thunder storm commenced, which lasted mist or fog seemed mostly to ascend as it two hours, the same as on Lake Superior, passed over the high lands on the main terminating with a gorgeous sunset view, land, and assumed the appearance of exceeded only by the magnificent aurora, clouds, while portions remained, in low which frequently illuminates the northern and wet localities, above the forest-trees, heavens in this high latitude, or the beau-presenting altogether a most magnifi- tiful mirage of mid-day, which reflects cent appearance. The rain-storm and with remarkable distinctness the invisible cloud effect, after continuing some two landscape, and vessels floating on the bohours, as suddenly ceased, followed by a som of this vast inland sea. splendid rainbow,-being the harbinger How far the receding of the waters of a pleasant evening and calm weather had to do with the above coming storm, for a time. must be left to conjecture or further inMackenzie, who wrote in 1789, relates vestigation-no doubt, however, it caused a very similar phenomenon, which oc- a displacement of water at somt remote curred at Grand Portage, on Lake Supe- parts of the lake, which was almost imrior, and for which no obvious cause could mediately felt at other and far distant be assigned. He says: "The water with- points. So with the vapory clouds which. drew, leaving the ground dry which had suddenly rise over Lake Superior; they, never before been visible, the fall being no doubt, being caused by cold Qprrent'3 equal to four perpendicular feet, and rush- of air from the higher regions or northing back with great velocity above the west, passing over warmer portions along common mark. It continued thus rising the south shore, when immediately a mis, and falling for several hours, gradually or fog is created, which ascends in the REMARKABLE PHENOMENA ON LAKE SUPERIOR. 117 form of clouds into the upper regions; without the aid of medicine, other than not, however, at first very far above the that afforded by nature-pure air and lake level-thus giving out the cold in- water. The intense colds of winter are fluence above referred to as peculiar to here represented as being far more enduthe south shore of the lake when the rable than in more southern latitudes, northwest winds prevail: this cold in- along the Atlantic coast, where damp fluence being most probably wafted far to northeast storms prevail. the east and southward, producing, no In Foster and Whitney's Report on the doubt, an effect on the weather along the Geology of Lake Superior, the phenomeAtlantic coast several hundred miles to na of these fluctuations are elaborately the southeast. The northwest winds discussed; and, for the most part, they which mostly prevail in the States of New are found to be the premonition of an apYork and Pennsylvania have a modified proaching gale. They remark, that the character, similar to the winds from the earth may be regarded as surrounded by same quarter passing over the upper two oceans-one a6rial, the other liquid. lakes of North America-affording a cool By the laws which regulate two fluids and bracing influence on the human thus relatively situated, a local distursystem. bance in the one would produce a correAnother remarkable feature in the cli- sponding disturbance in the other. mate of Lake Superior, is its healthy and Every rise or fall of one-twentieth of an invigorating influence on residents and inch in the mercurial column, would be invalids suffering from incipient pulmo- attended with an elevation or depression nary and throat complaints-the sudden in the surface of the water equal to one changes of hot and cold, or wet weather, inch. A sudden change of the atmosseem to brace the constitution, without pheric pressure over a large body of waproducing any other injurious effects than ter would cause a perpendicular rise or rheumatism, when too much exposure is fall, in the manner of waves, greater than endured, the mere weight itself, which would propWhile the balmy southern clime too agate themselves in a series of undulaoften disappoints the invalid, this north- tions from the centre of disturbance. ern climate, its iffluence extending west- These undulations result from an unusual ward toward the Rocky Mountains, seems disturbance of the atmosphere occurring to give' strength to the respiratory and around the margin of the storm, and its digestive organs-thereby often effecting effects are perceived before the storm ac most miraculous and permanent cures, tually breaks. Rise and Fall of the Waters of Lake Superior. From a series of careful observations September, the surface of the lake level continued through a period of eight years, continues to rise constantly, about six from 1854 to 1862, by Dr. G. H. Blaker, of inches a month, until it gains, on an averMarqqitte, L. S., it has been found that the age, two feet by the middle of August; annual rise and fall of the surface of Lake -and by the first of September it begins Superior ranges between 20 and 28 inches. to fall, and so continues through the winFrom the first of May, when the snow ter, until about the middle of April. The begins to melt freely, until the first of permanent rise, however, was found to 118 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. have been about two inches more than the incorporated as a village in June, 1859. fall for the first six years, from 1854 It now contains a court-house and jail; to end of 1859, thus making a total rise 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, 1 Presbyterian, of some 12 inches in the lake level at the 1 Baptist, and I Roman Catholic church; latter period. 4 public-houses, the Marquette House and During the years 1860 and 1861, the Tremont House being the most frequented waters of Lake Superior fell about two by strangers; 2 printing-offices; 15 or 20 inches annually, making a fall of four stores and storehouses; besides a large inches since 1859, at which period they number of machine-shops of different were at their highest point. kinds. Population in 1860, 1,665. During the winter of 1861-'62, there This flourishing town is identified with fell at Marquette only four feet and two the iron-ore beds in the vicinity, being inches of snow, being about one-quarter some 12 or 18 miles distant, situated on the usual amount,-and for the spring an elevated ridge being known as the months of 1862 there fell only five inches Iron Mountain. Here are now three oreof moisture, being-about one-half the usual beds extensively and profitably worked, quantity. These well-authenticated and being owned by the Jackson Iron Consingular facts, continued to July, 1862, pany, the Cleveland Iron Mining Compashow that the waters of Lake Superior at ny, and the Lake Superior Iron Company; Marquette are twenty inches lower than each of the above companies have sepathey were in 1861-thus showing an un- rate docks, from which the ore is shipped usual depression in the waters of this great to the Eastern markets. A railroad exinland sea. tends from Marquette to the Lake SupeWhen these interesting observations rior mine, 18 miles, affording ample means shall have been extended over a longer for the transportation of iron ore to the period and at different stations, they will, place of shipment. The Pioneer Iron no doubt, solve the mystery which has Works, situated near the Jackson Iron heretofore involved the annual and period- Mountain, is a large blast furnace giving ical rise and fall of these great waters in employment to about 150 workmen. At obscurity. Collinsville, 3 miles from Marquette, is A careful survey of the great lakes by also a blast furnace employing about 100 a corps of engineers attached to the Topo- hands. At Forrestville, situated on Dead graphical Bureau is now nearly comple- River, is another blast furnace. ted, which will give meteorological results The Northern Iron Company, situated at and tidal observations of the greatest im- CHOCOLAT, 3 miles distant from Marquette, portance to the mariner, agriculturist, and are new works of an extensive character, intelligent traveller, being largely engaged in the manufacture of pig-iron. In the village are two iron foundries for the manufacture of railroad Marquette, the county seat of Mar- car-wheels and other castings. quette county, and a port of entry, is advan- The iron business now gives employ. tageously situated on the Bay of Marquette, ment to above 100 sail-vessels, besides in N. lat. 46~ 32', W. long. 87~ 41'. The several propellers. Steamers of a large harbor is safe and commodious, being fully class, during the season of navigation, protected from all but northeast winds, which usually lasts six months, arrive and when vessels are obliged to anchor in the depart almost daily for Detroit, Cleveland, bay for safety. The settlement of Mar- Milwaukie, and Chicago, carrying freight quetto was commenced in July, 1849, and and passengers. EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 119 Carp and Dead rivers both flow into and below us, on the lake shore, which Lake Superior near Marquette, on each are easily reached by sail-boat, are freside of which there are rapids and falls of quented by lovers of sport, who always great beauty, affording good water-power. return with a good supply of trout. Chocolate River also flows into the lake "Back in the country are the Esconawba some two or three miles east of Mar- River and Lake Michigaumie, both of which quette, but through a different geological are within a comfortable day's journey formation. from the terminus of the railroad. The The small streams in the vicinity abound scenery around this lake and along the in speckled trout, while the lake is at most river is delightful, which, with the abunseasons of the year alive with white-fish, dance of fish to be taken there, well repays and the Mackinac trout of large dimen- the trouble of the excursion." sions, weighing from 5 to 50 lbs. The climate of Marquette and its vicinity is celebrated for its purity and healthy influ- Bay de Noquet and Marence, being the favorite resort of invalids quette Railroad. and seekers of pleasure. NEGAUNEE is a new and thriving settle- This road was commenced in 853, as ment, situated on the line of the railroad, a private company, by the late Herman 12 miles from Marquette, and in the im- B. Ely and his associates, and chartered mediate vicinity of the Iron Mountain. in 1855, under the title of the Iron MounHere is a population of about 1,000 souls, tain Railroad; finished in 1857 to the being mostly engaged in working at the Lake Superior Iron Mine, 17 miles distant mines. from Marquette; passing the Jackson Mine, 14 miles, and the Cleveland Mine, 16 miles. Trout Fishing. In 1859 it was consolidated with the Bay de Noquet and Marquette Railroad, which Extract from a MARQUETTE Paper of July, wiU be extended to the head of Little Bay 1862. de Noquet, situated or, the north end of "The chances for taking trout in our Green Bay, a total distance of 70 miles. streams and lakes this season appear to When finished it will form a direct route, be better than ever. Every day we see by means of railroad and steamers, to all parties of our citizens"or visitors starting the ports on Green Bay and Lake Michiout, armed and equipped with all the im- gan. This road has a land grant from plements necessary and convenient for the government of six sections of timbered sport, and returning with satisfied coun- land for every mile constructed, amounttenances and fine strings of'speckled ing to 420 sections of 640 acres each, or trout.' 268,800 acres, valued at $672,000. " A considerable quantity have been ta- This is a well-constructed road as far ken about the rocky points that extend as finished, having an ascending grade into the bay and lake, while along the for twelve miles, overcoming an elevation Carp, Dead River and smaller streams, of 850 feet before reaching the Iron Mines, the sportsman meets with excellent suc- thus facilitating the transportation of iron cess. ore to the port of shipment, where exten" To those fond of taking long fishing sive piers are constructed for loading of excursions, and enjoying the luxury of vessels engaged in this growing and im-'camping out,' this country offers extra portant trade. The amount carried over inducements. Various places, both above the road in 1860, averagpd about 1,500 120 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. tons daily, during the season of naviga- favorably situated between the iron and tion. It has at the present time (1862) in copper regions of Lake Superior. use four first-class locomotives and 350 PORTAGE ENTRY, 70 miles above Marfreight-cars, with a carrying capacity of quette, is an important port of entry, here 2,500 tons a day. being the mouth of the outlet to Portage Lake, where stands a light-house to guide On leaving Marquette the coast tends the mariner. north-westward, passing Presque Isle and The land here is low and the shore unother bold headlands, the coast here pre- interesting, except being lined with vasenting a rocky, iron-bound appearance riegated sandstone, worked into almost for many miles, with high hills in the every variety of shape by the action of distance, being elevated from 800 to 1,000 water. feet above the waters of the lake. The Entry and Lnke is an extensive and GRANITE ISLAND, 15 miles north of beautiful sheet of water, extending to Marquette, is passed on the right, having within half a mile of the entire breadth on one side two vertical walls of trap, 20 of the peninsula of Keweenaw Point, in feet high and 12 apart, forming a secure the county of Houghton. It receives a boat harbor. On the mainland opposite number of small streams, draining the is seen Granite Point, rising from 120 to rich copper region of Lake Superior. No 130 feet. Due North from the above portion of the south shore of Lake Supeisland lies Sianard's Rock, a most danger- rior exceeds this lake and its vicinity as ous projection discovered by Captain a resort for invalids. Stanard in 1835, while in the employ of In the immediate vicinity of the lake the American Fur Company, sailing the are found rich deposits of copper, yieldschooner John Jacob Astor. The rock ing great returns to the miner and capimay be seen on the direct route of steam- talist. era from Marquette to Manitou Island or HOUGHTON, the county seat of HoughCopper Harbor. ton county, Michigan, and a port of entry, The HURON ISLES, lying about 20 miles is situated on the south side of Portage east of Portage Entry. numbering five or Lake, 14 miles from Portage Entry, where six rocky islands or islets, form a most its waters commingle with Lake Superior. picturesque group, covered in part with a The harbor is land-locked, being prostunted growth of trees. tected by high hills on both sides. The HURON BAY and POINT ABBEYE are settlement of Houghton was commenced next passed, and the upward bound steam- in 1854, and incorporated as a village in er enters a large expanse of water called 1861. It now contains a court-house and L'Ance, or Keweenaw Bay, extending far jail; 1 Episcopal, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roinland. man Catholic church; 5 public-houses, L'ANCE is an excellent harbor where is the Douglass House being a large and a small settlement, situated at the head well-kept hotel; 10 stores, and several of Keweenaw Bay. A short distance north warehouses; 2 steam saw-mills, 2 breware located a Roman Catholic and Metho- eries, and 2 large stamp-mills using steam dist mission-house and church. The Cath- power. The population of the town is olic being on the west shore of the Bay, estimated at 3,000, being mostly engaged and the Methodist on the east, both are in mining operations, while the general surrounded by Indian tribes and settle- trade and lumbering afford profitable emments. This locality, at no distant day, ployment to those engaged in the latter must become an important point, being pursuits. This new and flourishing town, EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 121 lying on a side-hill rising 300 or 400 feet, The site of the village is on a side-hill is identified with the copper mines in its rising from the lake level to a height of immediate vicinity. There are several about 500 feet, where the opening to the mines worked to a large extent, besides mines is situated. Here is 1 Congregaothers of less note which will, no doubt, tional, 1 Methodist, and 1 Roman Catholic soon be'rendered productive. The min- church; 3 public-houses, the Mason House eral range of Keweenaw Point, some 4 being a well-kept hotel; a number of to 6 miles in width, extends through all stores and warehouses, 1 steam saw-mill, this section of country, being as yet only 1 barrel-factory, 1 foundry and machinepartially explored. The Isle Royal, Hu- shop, and other manufacturing establishron, and Portage, are the principal mines mcnts; also, in the vicinity are 4 extenworked on the south side of the lake. sive steam stamping-mills worked by the PORTAGE LAKE is an irregular body of different mining companies. The Portage water about 20 miles in length, extend- Lake Smelting Works is an incorporated ing nearly across Keweenaw Point to company, turning out annually a large within 2 miles of Lake Superior. Steam- amount of pure merchantable copper. ers and sail-vessels drawing 12 feet can The business of the company consists of pass through Portage Entry, and navi- fusing and converting the mineral into gate the lake with safety. This body of refined metal for manufacturing purposes. water was an old and favorite thorough- The Quincy, Hancock, Pewabic, and fare for the Indians, and the Jesuit Fa- Franklin mines are situated on the north thers who first discovered and explored side of the lake, on elevated ground, being this section of country. A canal of two now in active operation, giving employmiles in length would render this portage ment to about 1,800 operatives. The sucroute navigable for steamers and sail- cessful working of these mines by means vessels navigating Lake Superior, there- of improved machinery, in connection with by reducing the distance over 100 miles. the smelting works, will, no doubt, give During the winter months the atmosphere profitable employment to thousands of is very clear and transparent in the vi- miners and laborers, thereby rendering cinity of Houghton, and all through Ke- this locality the great copper mart of this weenaw Point; objects can be seen at a region, the pure metal being shipped to great distance of a clear day, while sounds the Eastern market during the season of are conveyed distinctly through the at- navigation. mosphere, presenting a phenomenon pe- KEWEENAW POINT * is a large extent culiar to all northern latitudes. This is of land jutting out into Lake Superior, the season of health and pleasure to the from 10 to 25 miles wide' and about 60 permanent residents. miles in length. This section of country HANCOCK, Houghton county, Michi- for upward of 100 miles, running from gan, is situated on the north side of Port- southwest to northeast, abounds in silver age Lake, opposite to the village of Houghton, with which it is connected by a steam * On many maps spelled.ewewaiwona, and ferry. The town was first laid out in otherwise. Pronounced by our Indians,'Ki-wi1858, and now contains about 4,000 in- wai-non-ing,' now written and pronounced as habitants, including the mining popula- above; meaning a portage, or place where a porthabitan, i g te m g age is made-the whole distance of some eighty tion on the north side of the lake; its or ninety miles around the Point being saved by sudden rise and prosperity being identi- entering Portage Lake and following up a small fled with the rich deposit of native copper, stream leaving a portage of only about a half In which hi section mile tcoua ke Superior on the oth er side."-oport. In which this section of country abounds. tor and gghitney's Report. 122 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. and copper ores, yielding immense quan- four stores and several storehouses. Poptitles of the latter; much of it being pure ulation 800. This is a thriving settlement, native copper, but often in such large it being the outport of the celebrated masses as to render it almost impossible Cliff, or Pittsburgh and Boston, and other to be separated for the purpose of trans- mines. The copper found in this vicinity portation. Masses weighing from 1,000 is of the purest quality, where is found to 5,000 pounds are often sent forward silver in small quantities, some of the to the Eastern markets. The geological specimens being highly prized. Off this formation is very interesting, producing harbor the lamented Dr. Houghton was specimens of rare beauty and much value. drowned, October, 1845, while engaged in MANITOU ISLAND lies off Keweenaw exploring this section of country: KePoint, on which is a light-house to guide weenaw Point and adjacent country bethe mariner to and from Copper Harbor. ing very appropriately named Houghton The island is about 7 miles in length and County in honor of his memory. four wide. On the north side of Keweenaw Point COPPER HARBOR, Mich., is situated near bold shores extend to near Ontonagon, the extreme end of Keweenaw Point, in with high lands in the distance, forming N. lat. 470 30', W. long. 88~ 00'; the har- the rich copper range of this region. bor, although somewhat difficult to enter, Olutonagon, Ontonagon Co., Mich., is one of the best on Lake Superior, being 336 miles from the Saut Ste. Marie, isadvandistant 250 miles from the Saut Ste. Marie. tageously situated at the mouth of the The settlement contains about 200 inhabi- river of the same name. The river is tants, a church, a hotel, and two or three about 200 feet wide at its mouth, with a stores. Fort Wilkins, formerly an U. S. sufficient depth of water over the bar for military post, has been converted into a large steamers. Here is being erected hotel, being handsomely situated on Lake an extensive pier and breakwater. The Fanny Hoe, about half a mile distant village contains an Episcopal, a Presbyfrom the steamboat landing. In the vicin- terian, and a Roman Catholic church; two ity are copper mines which have been good hotels, the Bigelow House and Johnextensively worked, and are well worthy son House; two steam saw-mills, and ten of a visit. or twelve stores and storehouses, and AGATE HARBOR, 10 miles west of Cop- about 1,200 inhabitants. per Harbor, is the name of a small settle- In this vicinity are located the Minnement. This port is not as yet much fre- sota, the National, the Rockland, and quented by steamers. several other very productive copper EAGLE HARBOR, 16 miles west of Cop- mines. The ore is found from twelve to per Harbor, is a good steamboat landing. fifteen miles from the landing, being imHere are two churches, a good public- bedded in a range of high hills traversing house, together with several stores and Keweenaw Point from N. E. to S. W. for storehouses. Population about 700, be- about 100 miles. Silver is here found in ing mostly engaged in mining. The small quantities, beautifully intermixed Central, Copper, Falls, Pennsylvania, and with the copper ore, which abounds in Amygdaloid are the principal working great masses. copper mines. A good plank road runs from OntonaEAGLE RIVER HARBOR andVillage, eight gon to near the Adventure Mine, and miles further, are favorably situated at the other mines, some twelve or fourteen mouth of a stream of the same name. miles distant, where commences the copHere are two churches, a well-kept hotel, per range of hills. A small steamer also EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 123 runs on Ontonagon River to near the Population of Ontonagon Minnesota and National Mines, where is County, 1860. a flourishing settlement inhabited by Towns, &c. Males. Females. Total. miners. Algonquin, 46 31 77 Flint Steel, 20 10 30 The Ontonagon River is thus beautifully Greenland, 105 67 296 described by ROBERT ALAN, Esq., Maple Grove, 67 57 Minnesota, 660 184 844 To the Ontonagon River. National, 246 90 336 Sweet river, on thy silvery tide Nebraska, 34 22 56 The sable warriors no more glide; Ontonagon, 650 498 1,148 Along thy wild and wooded shore Pewabic, 71 38 109 Their kindling watch-fires blaze no more. Rockland, 187 95 282 Where'er thou roam'st by dale or hill Rockland Mine, 206 41 253 Thy banks are silent now and still, Rockland Mine, 206 47 2 As if thy waves, since time began, Rosendale, 344 251 595 Had ne'er been stained by savage man. Superior, 15 9 24 Unlike the tide of human time, Webster 261 79 340 Which keeps each grief, retains each crime,, And deeper, as it downward flows, Williamsburg, 68 30 98 Is stained with past and present woes. Flow on, thou gentle river, flow Total 4.488 Through summer's rain and winters snow; May Indian war-whoops no more wake The PORCUPINE MOUNTAIN, lying some Thy echoes, as thou seek'st the lake, 15 or 20 miles west of Ontonagon, is a bold But peaceful lovers by thy stream BO futeure joys ad pleasures dream. headland that can distinctly be seen at a ST. ANDB3W. great distance, rising some 1,300 feet above the lake surface. Lake Superior Copper Mining Companies. Name. Agent. President. Office. ADVENTURE,* Thos. W. Buzzo, C. G. Hussey, Pittsburgh, Pa. ALBANY & BOSTON,t A. B. Wood, Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. AMYGDALOID, A. C. Davis, George L. Oliver, Philadelphia. AZTEC,* - Thos. W. Buzzo, C. G. Hussey, Pittsburgh, Pa. BOHBMIAN,* Wm. E. Dickenson, W. R. Griffith, New York. CALEDONIA,* Mr. Burgess, T. F. Mason, New York. CARP LAKB,* Fayette Brown, Cleveland, Ohio. CENTRAL,: C. B. Petrie, J. L. Mott, New York. CLARKE,T Wm. Kirby, Paris, France. COPPER FALLS, John Usen, Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. EAOGL RIVER,~ A. W. Spencer, Boston, Mass. EVERGREEN BLUFF,* E. C. Roberts, F. E. Eldred, FLINT STEEL RIVER,* E. C. Roberts, Charles E. Smith, New York. IRAsKLIN, J. H. Foster, Jerome Merritt, Boston, Mass. &ARDEN CITY,~ G. W. Gatiss, John M. Wilson, Chicago, Ill 124 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Name, Agent. President. Office. HANCOCK,t Jonathan Cox, A. Shurtleff, New York. HILTON,* C. M. Sanderson, T. F. Mason, New York. HURON, t Collom, Wm. Haywood, Boston, Mass. ISLE ROYALE,t C. F. Eschweiler, T. H. Perkins, Boston, Mass. INDIANA, Wm. Harris, KNOWLTON,* C. M. Sanderson, W. J. Gordon, Cleveland, Ohio. MANHATTAN, J. F. Blandy, R. H. Rickard, New York. MANDAN,~ A. B. Wood, George L. Oliver, Philadelphia. MESNARD,t Jacob Houghton, Jr., Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. MICHIGAN,~ A. B. Wood, T. F. Mason, New York. MINNESOTA,* J. B. Townsend, Wm. Pearsall, New York. NATIONAL,* Wm. Webb, Pittsburgh, Pa. NORWICH,* E. C. Roberts, A. H. Center, New York. OGIMA,* Wm. W. Spalding, - - PETHERICK,4 John Usen, Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. PENNSYLVANIA,$ S. W. Hill, Jos. G. Henszey, Philadelphia. PEWABIC,t J. H. Foster, William Haywood, Boston, Mass. PITTSBURGH & BOSTON (CLIFF),~ James Watson, C.. G. Hussey, Pittsburgh, Pa. PHOENIX,~ O. A. Farwell, John Jackson, Boston, Mass. PONTIAC,+ Jacob Houghton, Jr., Horatio Bigelow, Boston, Mass. PORTAGE, C. C. Douglass, Thos. W. Lockwood, Detroit, Mich. QUINCY,f S. S. Robinson, Thomas F. Mason, New York. ROCKLAND,* J. B. Townsend, Samuel J. W. Barry, New York. STAR,T[ L. W. Clarke, Boston, Mass. SOUTH SIDE,t C. F. Eschweiler, Thomas H. Perkins, Boston, Mass. SUPERIOR,* J. B. Townsend, William Hickok, New York. TREMONT,* Jerome Merritt, Boston, Mass. TOLTEL,* Henry Buzzo, L. W. Clarke, Boston, Mass. VICTORIA,* Jerome Merritt, Boston, Mass. OUTPORTS. *'Ontonagon. t Portage Lake. t Eagle Harbor. ~ Eagle River. T Copper Harb LA POINTE, 77 miles west of Ontonagon, abode of the American Indian, now linsituated on the south end of Madeline gering and fading away as the country is Island, the largest of the Apostle Islands, being opened and settled by the white is one of the oldest settlements on Lake race. Superior; it was first peopled by the The village now contains 300 inhabiFrench Jesuits and traders in 1680, being tants, most of whom are half-breeds and 420 miles west of the Saut Ste. Marie, French. Here is an old Roman Catholic which was settled about the same time. church, and one Methodist church; 2 hoThe mainland and islands in this vicinity tels, 2 stores, and seieral coopering estabo have been for many ages the favorite lishments for the making of fish-barrell EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 125 The harbor and steamboat landing are on The Indian Agency for the Chippewa the south end of the island, where may tribe of Indians residing on the borders usually be seen fishing-boats and other of Lake Superior, have their headquarters craft navigating this part of Lake Superior. at Bayfield. The annual annuities are Wheat, rye, barley, oats, peas, potatoes usually paid in August of each year, when and other vegetables, are raised in large large numbers flock to the Agency to obquantities. Apples, cherries, gooseberries tain their pay in money, provisions, and and currents are raised in the gardens at clothing. La Pointe. The wild fruits are plums, cran- ASHLAND, 12 miles south of La Pointe, at berries, strawberries, red raspberries, and the head of Chagwamegon Bay, is another whortleberries. The principal forest-trees new settlement no doubt destined to rise on the islands are maple, pine, hemlock, to some importance, it Saving a very spabirch, poplar, and cedar trees. cious and secure harbor. BAYFIELD, capital of La Pointe Co., Wis., MASKEG RIVER, a considerable stream, is favorably situated on the southern the outlet of several small lakes, enters ~Sore of Lake Superior, 80 miles east of Lake Superior about 15 miles east of Ashits western terminus, and 3 miles west of land; some 10 miles farther eastward enLa Pointe, being 80 miles west of Onton- ters MONTREAL RIVER, forming the bounagon. The harbor is secure and capa- dary, in part, between the States of Michcious, being protected by the Apostle igan and Wisconsin. Islands, lying to the northeast. The The TWELVE APOSTLES' ISLES consist town plot rises from 60 to 80 feet above of the Madeline, Cap, Line, Sugar, Oak, the waters of the lake, affording a splen- Otter, Bear, Rock, Cat, Ironwood, Outer, did view of the bay, the adjacent islands and Presque Isle, besides a few smaller and headlands. Its commercial advan- islands, being grouped together a short tages are surpassed by no other point on distance off the mainland, presenting duLake Superior, being on the direct route ring the summer months a most picuresque to St. Paul, Minn., and the Upper Missis- and lovely appearance. Here are to be sippi. Here are situated a Presbyterian, seen clay and sandstone cliffs rising from a Methodist, and a Roman Catholic church; 100 to 200 feet above the waters, while 2 hotels, 4 stores, 2 warehouses, 1 steam most of the islands are clothed with a rich saw-mill, and several mechanics' shops. foliage of forest-trees. Population in 1860, 300. The Huidson and Bayfield Railroad, 164 miles in length, has been surveyed and THE TWELVE APOSTLES' ISLANDS. will most probably be completed within a few years, there being a favorable land The following description of these rogrant conceded to the company. This mantic islands is copied from Owen's Geowill afford a speedy route to St. Paul and logical Survey of Wisconsin, &c. other ports on the Mississippi River. " When the waters of Lake Superior LA POINTE BAY, on the west side of assumed their present level, these islands which is situated the port of Bayfield, is a were doubtless a part of the promontory, large and safe body of water, being pro- which I have described as occupying the tected from winds blowing from every space between Chagwamegon Bay and point of the compass. The shores of the Brute River. They are composed of islands and mainland are bold, while the drift-hills and red clay, resting on sandharbor affords good anchorage for the stone which is occasionally visible. In the whole fleet of the lakes. lapse of ages, the winds, waves, and cur 126 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. rents of the lakes cut away channels in parts, both the soil and climate are favorthese soft materials, and finally separated able to grass; and the crop is certain and the lowest parts of the promontory into stout. Wheat, oats, and barley do well islands, and island-rocks, now twenty- on good soil when well cultivated. tbiee in number, which are true outliers "In regard to. health, no portion of.the of the drift and sandstone. continent surpasses the Apostle Islands. " At a distance they appear like main- In the summer months they present to land, with deep bays and points, gradually the residents of the South the most cool becoming more elevated to the westward. and delightful resort that can be imagined,'lie au Chene,' or Oak Island, which is and for invalids, especially such as are next the Detour (or mainland), is a pile affected in the lungs or liver, the uniform of detached drift, 250 or 300 feet high, bracing atmosphere of Lake Superior proand is the highest of the group. Made- duces the most surprising and beneficial line,'Wau-ga-ba-me' Island, is the lar- effects." gest (on which lies La Pointe), being 13 miles long, from northeast to southwest, and has an average of 3 miles in breadth. "'Muk-quaw" or Bear Island, and "Esh- Healthy Influence of Lake quagendeg" or Outer Islands, are about Superior. equal in size, being six miles long and two and a half wide. No better evidence can be given of the " They embrace in all, an area of about healthy climate of the Lake Superior re400 square miles, of which one-half is gion than the following extracts from letwater. The soil is in some places good, ters, written by well-known individuals: but the major part would be difficult to clear and cultivate. The causes to which "BAYFIELD, July 28th, 1860. I have referred, as giving rise to thickets "Dear Sir:-Perhaps it would be interof evergreens along the coast of the lake, esting to you to state, in a few words, the operate here on all sides, and have covered happy effects that this climate has proalmost the whole surface with cedar, duced for me. birch, aspen, hemlock, and pine. There "Previous to mycoming here I consulted are, however, patches of sugar-tree land, with three physicians in Philadelphia, and natural meadows. one in the central part of Pennsylvania, "The waters around the islands afford one in Washington, D. C., and one in excellent white fish, trout, and siskowit, Georgetown, D. C. It was the opinion of which do not appear to diminish after all that consumption was tightening her many years of extensive fishing for the grasp upon me, and that soon I would be lower lake markets. For trout and sis- laid in the grave. Under medical advice kowit, which are caught with a line in I made use of an inhaling apparatus, drank deep water, the best ground of the cod-liver oil and whiskey, but all without neighborhood is off Bark Point or'Point any beneficial results. Through the adEcorce' of the French. Speckled or vice of friends, and in hopes of saving my brook trout are also taken in all the small life, I came to this place, June 6th, 1857, streams. bringing with me three gallons of cod"That portion of the soil of the islands liver oil and three gallons. of old rye fit for cultivation, produces potatoes and whiskey. This bracing atmosphere seemall manner of garden vegetables and roots ed to give me immediate relief, and in? in great luxuriance. In the flat wet short time it seemed as if a heavy loat EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 127 was removed from my chest. I used the Snperior, or SUPERIOR CITY, Douglass cod-liver oil in feed for young chickens county, Wisconsin, is most advantageousand greasing my boots, and gave the ly situated on a bay of Superior, at the most of the whiskey away. I am now west end of the lake, near the mouth of (three years after my arrival here) enjoy- St. Louis River. Here are a church, two ing excellent health. hotels, and ten or fifteen stores and store" Respectfully yours, houses, and about 1,000 inhabitants. A J. H. N." small river, called the Nemadji, runs through Superior, and enters into St. Louis Bay. Perhaps no place on Lake Superior has commercial advantages equal BRONCHIAL, OR THROAT DISEASE. to this town; its future is magnified almost beyond conception. The St. Croix Rev. W- L- resided in Malone, and Superior Railread is proposed to terFranklin county, New York, during the- minate at this place, extending southyear 1850, where he first was troubled by ward to Hudson, on the St. Croix River, the bronchial disease, which led to bleed- about 140 miles. Another railroad is proing of the throat. From Malone he re- posed to extend westward to the Sa k moved to Fairfield county, Connecticut, in Rapids, on the Upper Mississippi, either 1852, near Long Island Sound, where the from this place or Portland, Minn. disease increased in virulence,assuming an alarming character. In 1855 he removed DISTANCES FROM FOND DU LAC TO ST. PAUL, MINN. to Syracuse, New York, where he con- FOND DU LAC (St. Louis River)........... Miles. tracted a remittent fever, without being PokageL a (Portage).................. 75 FALLS ST. CRoix (Cae)...............40 115 benefited in regard to his throat disease. Marine Mills, (Steamboat)............. 19 134 In 1858 he visited Europe for the benefit Stillwater. ".1............11 145 of his health, without his throat disease ST. PAUL (Stage)...................... 163 being benefited, although he improved Distance from SUPERIOR CITY to ST. in general health. In August, 1859, he CLOUD (Sauk Rapids), by proposed railremoved to Eagle River, Michigan, situ- road route, 120 miles. St. Cloud to ST. ated on the south shore of Lake Superior, PAUL, 76 miles. Total, 196 miles. where he gradually improved in health; where he gradually improved in health; DISTANCES FROM SUPERIOR CITY TO PEMBINA, MINN. but on moving a few miles in the interior, DISTCE R RIOR CITY TO P Miles. near one of the copper mines, his health CROW WING.......................... 80 rapidly improved, and a permanent cure Otter Tail Lake........................ 70 150 was effected, as he supposes, by pure and Rice RPiver....................... 74 224 Sand Hills River...............70 294 bracing air-for which this whole section Grand Fork (Red River)....... 40 334 of country is justly celebrated. PEMBINA.............................. 80 414 Dated on board steamer NORTH STAR, From St. Paul to Pembina, via Crow Wing, 464 m. July, 1860. FOND DU LAC, St. Louis county, Minn., is On proceeding from La Pointe west- situated on St. Louis River, 20 miles above ward, the steamer usually passes around its entrance into Lake Superior. Vessels Poiit de Tour, ten miles north, and enters of a large class ascend to this place, being Fond du Lac, a noble bay situated at the within four miles of the St. Louis Falls, head of Lake Superior. It may be said having a descent of about 60 feet, affordto be 50 miles long and 20 miles wide, ing an immense water-power. Here are abounding in good fishing-grounds. sandstone and slate quarries, from which 128 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. stone and slate are quarried, and exten- its entrance into the lake, are falls affordsively used for building purposes. Iron ing fine water-power. Cliffs of greenand copper ore abound in the vicinity. stone are to be seen, rising from 200 to These advantages bid fair to make this 300 feet above the water's edge, presenting point a mart of commerce and manufac- a handsome appearance. To the north of ture. Encampment, along the lake shore, abound ST. Louis RIVER, flowing into the S. W. porphyry and greenstone. This locality end of Lake Superior, is a large and im- is noted for a great agitation of the magportant stream, and is navigable for steam- netic needle; the depth of water in the ers and lake craft for upward of 20 miles vicinity is too great for vessels to anchor; from its mouth. Above the falls (where the shores being remarkably bold, and in the water has a descent of 60 feet, pre- some places rising from 800 to 1,000 feet senting a beautiful appearance), the river above the water. is navigable for canoes and small craft for HIAWATHA is another new settlement, about 80 miles farther. This river is the situated on the west shore of Lake Surecipient of the waters of several small perior, Where are found copper ore and lakes lying almost due north of its outlet, other valuable minerals, pre6ious stones, its head waters flowing south from near etc. Rainy Lake. BEAVER BAY, on the N. W. lake shore, PORTLAND, St. Louis county, Minn., ad- at the mouth of Beaver River, affords a vantageously situated at the extreme west good harbor, where is a small settlement. end of Lake Superior, seven miles N. W. GRAND PORTAGE, Minn., advantageously from Superior City, is a place of growing situated on a secure bay, near the mouth importance, where is a good steamboat of Pigeon River, is an old station of the landing, with bold shore. This is the cap- American Fur Company. Here are a Roital of the county, and bids fair to be a man Catholic Mission, a block-house, and successful competitor with Superior City some 12 or 15 dwellings. Mountains from for the carrying trade of the Great West 800 to 1,000 feet are here seen rising aband Pacific coast. Along the shore of the ruptly from the water's edge, presenting lake northward are to be seen bold sandy a bold and sublime appearance. bluffs and highlands, supposed to be rich PIGEON BAY and RIVER forms the northin mineral wealth. west boundary between the United States BELLVILLE, Minn., is a new settlement, and Canada, or the Hudson Bay Compa. situated on the lake shore, 4 or 5 miles ny's territory. Pigeon River is but a north of Portland. second-class stream, and by its junction CLIFTON, St. Louis Co;, Minn., situated 11 with Arrow River continues the boundary miles N. E. of the head of Lake Superior, through Rainy Lake and River to the Lake is a new settlement. In the vicinity are of the Woods, where the 49th degree of rich copper mines and good farming lands. north latitude is reached. The mouth of BUCHANAN is another new settlement, Pigeon River is about 48 degrees north situated northeast of Clifton, possessing latitude, and 89 degrees 30 minutes west similar advantages. from Greenwich. BURLINGTON is a new settlement, situ- Along the whole west shore of Lake ated near Agate Bay. Superior, from St. Louis River to Pigeon ENCAMPMENT is the name of a river, River, are alternations of metamorphosed island, and village, where is a good har- schists and sandstone, with volcanic grits bor, the mouth of the river being pro- and other imbedded traps and porphyry, t':*ed by the island. On the river, near with elevations rising from 800 to 1,200 EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 129 feet above the lake, often presenting a United States and the British Possessions grand appearance. (north latitude 480), we find the eastern ISLE ROYALE, Houghton Co., Mich., be- portion of the peninsula abounds with ing ab6ut 45 miles in length from N. E. bold rocky cliffs, consisting of trap and to S. W., and from 8 tQ 12 miles in width, red granite. is a rich and important island, abounding "The Falls of Pigeon River, eighty or in copper ore and other minerals, and ninety feet in height, are occasioned by a also precious stones. The principal har- trap dyke which cuts through a series of bor and only settlement is on Siskowit slate rocks highly indurated, and very Bay, being on the, east shore of the island, similar in mineralogical characters to the about 50 miles distant from Eagle Harbor,'old graywacke group. Trap dykes and on the main shore of Michigan. interlaminated masses of traps were obThe other harbors are-Washington served in the slate near the falls. Harbor on the southwest, Todd's Harbor "The base of nearly all the ridges and on the west, and Rock Harbor and Chip- cliffs between Pigeon River and Fort Wilpewa Harbor on the northeast part of liam (situated at the mouth of Kaministethe island. In some places on the west quoi River, the western boundary of Upare perpendicular cliffs of green-stone, per Canada) is made up of these slates, very bold, rising from the water's edge, and the overlaying trap. Some of the low while on the eastern shore conglomerate islands exhibit only the gray grits and rock or coarse sandstone abounds, with slates. Welcome Islands, in Thunder Bay, occasional stony beach. On this coast display no traps, although, in the distance, are many islets and rocks of sandstone, they resemble igneous products, the joints rendering navigation somewhat danger- being more obvious than the planes of ous. Good fishing-grounds abound all stratification, thus giving a rude semiaround this island, which will, no doubt, columnar aspect to the cliffs. before many years, become a favorite "At Prince's Bay, and also along the summer resort for the invalid and sports- chain of Islands which lines the coast, inman, as well as the scientific tourist. eluding Spar, Victoria, and Pie islands, the SISKOWIT LAKE is a considerable body slates with the crowning traps are admiraof water lying near the centre of the bly displayed. At the British and North island, which apparently has no outlet. American Company's works the slates are Other small lakes and picturesque inlets traversed by a heavy vein of calc-spar and bays abound in all parts of the and amethystine quartz, yielding gray sulisland. Hills, rising from 300 to 400 phuret and pyritous copper and galena. feet above the waters of the lake, exist From the vein where it cuts the overlayin many localities throughout the island, ing trap on the main shore, considerable whic is indented by bays and inlets, silver has been eitracted. _ At Thunder Cape, the slates form one of the most picturesque headlands on the Nor'thern Shore of Lake Su- whole coast of Lake Superior. They are perior. made up of variously colored beds, such as compose the upper group of Mr. Logan, IIEXTRACT from Report on the Geology of the and repose in a nearly horizontal position. Lake Superior Country, by FOSTER and These detrital rocks attain a thickness of WHITNEY: nearly a thousand feet, and are crowned NORTHERN SHORE. - " Beginning at with a sheet of trappean rocks three hunE'igeon Bay, the boundary between the dred feet in thickness. 9 130 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. "At L'Anse a la Bouteille (opposite Island, near the Pictured Rocks, Keweethe Slate Islands, on the north shore of naw Point, La Pointe, and Apostles' Lake Superior) the slates reappear, with Islands, and at different stations on Isle the granite protruding through them, and Royale, where large quantities are taken occupy the coast for fifteen miles: numer- and exported; but. there are no reliable ous dykes of greenstone, bearing east and statistics as to the number of men emwest, are seen cutting the rocks vertically. ployed or the number of barrels exported. The Slate Islands form a part of this groip, Between the head of' Keweenaw Point and derive their name from their geologi- and the mouth of the Ontonagon River, cal structure. considerable quantities of fish are taken, "They are next seen, according to Mr. for which there is a ready market at the Logan, for about seven miles on each side mining stations. In addition to the white of the Old Pick River. Near Otterhead a fish and Mackinac trout, the siskowit is gueissoidal rock forms the coast, which occasionally taken. Its favorite resort, presents a remarkably regular set of strata however, is the deep water in the vicinity in which the constituents of sienite are of Isle Royale. arranged in thin sheets and in a highly LAKE SUPERIOR TROUT-FISHING IN WINcrystalline condition. From this point to TER.-The Lake Superior Journal says: the Michipicoten River the slates and " Angling through the ice to a depth of granite occupy alternate reaches, along thirty fathoms of water is a novel mode the coast, for the distance of fifty miles. of fishing somewhat peculiar to this pecu-' With the exception of a few square miles liar region of the world. It is carrying of the upper trap of gargantua, these two the war into fishdoml with a vengeance, rocks appear to hold the coast all the way and is denounced, no doubt, in the comto the vicinity of Pointe aux Mines, at the munities on the bottom of these northern extremity of which they separate from the lakes as a scaly piece of warfare. The shore, maintaining a nearly straight south- large and splendid salmon-trout of these easterly line across the Batchewanung Bay, waters have no peace; in the summer leaving the trap of Mamainse between them they are enticed into the deceitful meshes and the lake. Thence they reach the north- of the gill-net, and in the winter, when cm part of Goulais Bay, and finally attain they hide themselves in the deep caverns the promontory of Gros Cap, where they of the lakes, with fifty fathoms of water constitute a moderately bold range of -above their heads, and a defence of ice hills, running eastwardly toward Lake two or three feet in thickness on the top Huron.' "* of that, they are tempted to destruction by the fatal hook. " Large numbers of these trout are caught every winter in this way on Lake Fisheries of Lake Superior. Superior; the Indian, always skilled in the fishing business, knows exactly where Good fishing-grounds occur all along to find them and how to kill them. The the north shore of Lake Superior, afford- whites make excursions out on the lake ing a bountiful supply of white-fish, Mack- in pleasant weather to enjoy this sport. inac trout, and many other species of the There is a favorite resort for both fish and finny tribe. On the south shore there fishermen near Gros Cap, at the entrance are fisheries at White-Fish Point, Grand of Lake Superior, through the rocky gateway between Gros Cap and Point Iroquois * Canadian Report, 1846-47. about 18 miles above the Saut, and many EXCURSION AROUND LAKE SUPERIOR. 131 a large trout, at this point, is pulled up John Jacob Astor. We have compiled from its warm bed at the bottom of the the following table, which will be found lake, ii winter, and made to bite the cold of interest to those connected with the ice in this upper world. To see one -of Lake Superior copper trade:these fine fish, four or five feet in length, Name of Vessel lost. Value. Value Cargo. Year. and weighing half as much as a man, Schooner Merchant......$4,000 $2,000 1841 floundering on the snow and ice, weltering Propeller Goliath....... 18.000 18,000 1847 Steamer Ben Franklin...15,00(O 4,000 1850 and freezing to death in its own blood, Propeller Monticello....30,000 10,000 1851 oftentimes moves the heart of the fisher- achooner Siskowit....... 1,000 500.... man to expressions of pity. Propeller Independence..12,000 18,000 1853 "The modus operandi in this kind of PSteller Aan........ 000 2,000 185 Propeller Peninsula...... 18,000 12,000 1854 great trout-fishing is novel in the extreme, Steamer E. K. Collins...100,000 1,500 1854 and could a stranger to the business over- Steamer Baltimore...... 15,000 4,000 1855 look at a distance a party engaged in the PteallerB Sperior. 1.,000 10.000 1856 Propeller B. L. Webb....50,000 15,000 1856 sport, he would certainly think they were Propeller City of Superior.50,00o 25,000 1857 mad, or each one making foot-races against Propeller Indiana........ 8,000 2,500 1858 time. A hole is made through the ice,366000 25000 smooth and round, and the fisherman drops -making a grand total of $491,000. down his large hook, baited with a small Since the above Table was compiled the herring, pork, or other meat, and when he following losses have occurred in the ascertains the right depth, he waits-with Lake Superior trade: fisherman's luck-some time for a bite, Steawer Arctic, wrecked on Lake Supewhich in this case is a pull all together, for rior, June, 1860. the fisherman throws the line over his Steamer Gazelle, wrecked on Lake Sushoulder, and walks from the hole at the perior, 1860. top of his speed till the fish bounds out Steamer Elgin, lost on Lake Michigan, on the ice. We have known of as many September 7, 1860. as fifty of these splendid trout caught in Steamer North Star, burnt at Cleveland, this way by a single fisherman in a single February, 1862. day: it is thus a great source of pleasure The loss of life by the accidents given and a valuable resource of food, especially above is as near as can be ascertained, in Lent, and the most scrupulous anti-pork as follows: believers might here'down pork and up- Schoor fish' without any offence to conscience." ooer ecn.......... Propeller Independence.......... 3 Steamer E. K. Collins............ 20 Steamer Superior................ 54 List of Vessels Lost in the Steamer Lady Elgi......... 50 Lake Superior Trade. Total......... 445 Since the discovery of copper in the There have been numerous losses of Upper Peninsula, in 1845, and the com- freight by jettisons and otherwise, that mencement of the Lake Superior steamer are not included in the table we have and vessel trade, many craft engaged in given,-and, what is rather singular, al-'he trade have been lost. Previous to most the whole of the jettisons and losses the discovery of copper, there was no of hulls and cargoes have occurred while Tther trade but that in furs, and one of the vessels have been upward bound. -he fur-trading vessels was lost-the Detroit Advertwser 132 - TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. The Lakes8-Land of the Free. The land which nor Arts nor Industry graced, Where the bountiful seasons ran all to. waste, Columbia's shores are wild and wide, Till the Briton the Savage and Sluggard disColumbia's Lakes yre grand, placed; And rudely planted side by side, Know ye the land, &c. Her forests meet the eye; But narrow must those shores be made, And low Columbia's hills, The land where the Saxon, the Gaul, and the And low her ancient forests laid, Celt, Erefreedom leaves her fields; The first glow of patriot brotherhood felt, For'tis the land where, rude and wild, And forgetting old feuds in amity dwelt; She played her gambols when a child. Know ye the land, &c. And deep and wide her streams that flow Impetuous to the tide, The land unpolluted by Despot or Slave, And thick and green the laurels grow Where justice is done on the Dastard and Knave, On every river side; Where honor is paid to the Wise and the Brave: But should a trans-Atlantic host Know ye the land, &c. Pollute our waters fair, And gather laurels there; For 0, Columbia's sons are brave, sought; And free as ocean's wildest wave. Where the Schools are all busy, the children all taught; The gale that waves her mountain pine Where the Thinker, unfettered, can utter his Is fragrant and serene, thought; And never brighter sun did shine Know ye the land, &c. Than lights her valleys green; But putrid must those breezes blow, The sun must set in gore, The land where the Farmer is Lord of the Soil, Ere footsteps of a foreign foe Where the Toiler himself reaps the fruit of his In print Columbia's shore; toil, For 0, her sons are brave and free, Where none has a Title his neighbor to spoil; Their breasts beat high with Liberty. Know ye the land, &c. The land where the Christian can openly pray, The Land of Lake and As Scripture and Conscience may show him the way, River. Fearless of clerical tyrant or lay; Know ye the land, &c. Composed by Dr. Laycock, of Woodstock, Know ye the land, C. W.~A CANADIAN SON.G. C. W.-A CANADIAN SON. The land which, the older and stronger it grew, The Land of Lake, River, and Forest wide, To Law and to Loyalty still kept more true, Where Niagara plunges in splendor and pride Both to Prince and to People according their O'er the trembling cliffs her precipitous tide; due; Know ye the land? Know ye the land?'Tis a glorious land I'Tis a glorious land I And the land is our own dear home And the land is our own dear home I Trip along the North Shore of Lake Superior, MADE ON BOARD THE CANADIAN STEAMER PLOUGHBOY, AUGUST, 1860. On leaving the mouth of the Ship Canal, few dwellings. The Montreal Company's above the Rapids at the Saut Ste. Marie, a copper mine is located near this point, 45 beautiful stretch of the river is passed miles north of the Saut, where is a small and Waiska Bay entered, which is a small settlement of miners. Here is a good harexpanse of water extending westward to bor, the land rising abruptly to the height Point Iroquois, on the south shore, 15 miles of 300 feet, presenting a rugged appeardistant. Immediately opposite rises GRos ance. Some 12 or 15 miles north are loCAP, onthe Canada side, being about four cated, on MICA BAY, the Quebec Copper miles asunder. This. bold headland con- Mining Company's Works, at present abansists of hills of porphyry rising from 600 doned, owing to their being found unproto 700 feet above the waters of the lake. ductive. Still farther north, skirting Lake "Gros Cap is a name given by the voya- Superior, is to be found a vast Mineral Regeurs to almost innumerable projectitf gion, as yet only partially explored. headlands; but in this case appropriate- MONTREAL ISLAND, and RIVER, 20 miles since it is the conspicuous feature at the north of Mamainse, afford good fishingentrance of the lake." grounds. Here is a harbor exposed to the North of Gros Cap lies GOULAIS BAY, west winds from off the lake, which can and GoULAIS POINT, another bold high- safely be approached when the winds are land which is seen in the distance. Gou- not boisterous. lais River enters the bay, affording, in LIZARD ISLAND and LEACH ISLAND, some connection with the adjacent waters, good 10 miles farther northward, are next passfishing-grounds; the brook or speckled ed, lying contiguous to the mainland. trout being mostly taken in the river. CAPE GARGANTUA, 40 miles north of Here is a large Indian settlement of the Mamainse, is a bold headland. On the Chippewa tribe. The whole north shore, south side is a harbor prote6ted by a small as seen from the deck of the steamer, pre- island. From this cape to the island of sents a bold and grand appearance, while Michipicoten the distance is about 30 miles. in the distance, westward, may be seen MICHIPICOTEN HARBOR, and RIVER, 110 the broad waters of Lake Superior. miles north of the Saut Ste. Marie, situated TAQUAMENON BAY is next entered, which in N. lat. 470 56', W. long. 85~ 06', affords is about 25 miles long and as many broad, a safe anchorage, being surrounded by terminating at White-Fish Point, 40 miles high hills. Here is established a Roman above Saut Ste. Marie. PARISIEN ISLAND Catholic mission, and an important Hudis passed 30 miles from the Saut, lying son Bay Company's post, from whence near the middle of the above bay, being diverges the river and portage route to attached to Canada. James's Bay, some 350 miles distant. The SANDY ISLANDS, lying off Batcheewaua- shore of the Lake here tends westward ung Bay, form, with others, a handsome toward Otter Head, about 50 miles distant, group of islands, where are good fishing- presenting a bold and rugged appearance. grounds, being distant from the Saut Ste. This post, no doubt, is destined to become Marie about 35 miles. I a place of resort as well as a commercial MAMAINSE POINT (Little Sturgeon), op- depot, from whence is now distributed the posite White-Fish Point, is another bold i merchandise belonging to the above giganheadland, where is a fishing station and a tic company-having exclusive sway over 134 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. an immense region of country, extending CARIBOU ISLAND, lying about 25 miles northward to the arctic regions, and west- south of Michipicoten, near the middle of ward to the Pacific Ocean. the lake, is a small body of land attached MICHIPICOTEN ISLAND (the Island of to Canada. It is usually passed in sight Knobs or Hills), 65 miles from Mamainse when the steamers are on their route to Point in a direct course, running in a Fort William. northwest direction, lies about 40 miles OTTER BAY, 25 miles north of Michipiwest of Michipicoten Harbor. This island, coten, is a beautiful and secure body of 15 miles in length and 6 miles wide, may water, being protected by an island at its be called the gem of Lake Superior, pre- entrance. Here is a wild and rugged secsenting a most beautiful appearance as tion of country, abounding in game of the approached from the southward, where a fur-bearing species. few picturesque islands may be seen near Other bays and islands are found along the entrance to a safe and commodious the north shore beyond Otter Head, toward harbor,. which can be entered during all Pic River and Island, and said to be of winds. Nature seems to have adapted great beauty, the whole coast being bold this island as a place of resort for the adc rugged as seen from the water. At seekers of health and pleasure. Within the mouth of the Pic is situated a Hudson the bay or harbor a beautiful cluster of Bay Company's Post. islands adorns its entrance, where may be SLATE ISLANDS are a cluster of great found agates and other precious stones; interest, where is to be found a large and while inland is a most charming body of secure harbor, lying north of the principal water, surrounded by wooded hills rising island of the group. To the north, on from 300 to 500 feet above the waters of the mainland, are numerous bays and inLake Superior. The shores of the island lets affording safe harbor. As yet, the abound with greenstone and amygdaloid, wild savage of the north alone inhabits while copper and silver mines are said to this section of Canada West, whichno doubt exist in the interior, of great value, al- is rich in minerals of different kinds. The though, as yet, but partially explored. Hudson Bay Company's vessels now afThe fisheries here are also valuable, afford- ford the only means of visiting this intering profitable employment to the hardy esting region, which can alone be brought fisherman of this region. As yet, but one into notice and settled by the discovery of single shanty is erected on the shores of copper or silver mines of value sufficient to this romantic island, where, sooner or later, induce capitalists to organize Mining Conwill flock the wealthy and beautiful in panies. search of health and recreation, such as are afforded by pure air, boating, fishing, and hunting. The fish mostly taken in this part of COPPER REGION OF LAKE SUPERIORthe lake are white-fish, siskowit, Macki- NORTH SHORE. nac trout, and speckled trout, the former being taken by gill-nets. See Whitney's Metallic Wealth of the On the mainland are found the carabou, United States, Phila., 1854. a large species of deer, bears, foxes, otters, The North Shore of Lake Superior is beavers, martins, rabbits, partridges, pig- supposed to be very rich in mineral proeons, and other wild game. The barberry, ductions, although as yet but partially red raspberry, and whortleberry are also explored. The " Montreal Mining Comnfound in different localities. pany" have a mine which is now being NORTH SHORE OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 135 worked to a limited extent at Mamainse for a considerable distance on both sides Point, affording gray sulphuret of copper of the river, presenting a thrifty and forof a rich quality. The "Quebec and Lake tile appearance. Wheat, rye, oats, barSuperior Mining Association" commenced ley, potatoes, and most kinds of vegetaoperations in 1846 at Mica Bay, a few bles are here raised in abundance; also, miles north of Mamainse, on a vein said grass and clover of different kinds. The to be rich in gray sulphuret of copper. An early frosts are the great hindrance to adit was driven 200 feet, three shafts this whole section of country, which is sunk, and the 10-fathom level commen- rich in minerals, timber, furs, and fish; ced. After spending $30,000 it was dis- altogether producing a great source of covered that the mines were unproduc- wealth to the above company. Pine, tive, and the works were abandoned. spruce, hemlock, cypress, and balsam A number of localities were explored, trees are common, also white birch, sugarand worked to.some extent on Michipico- maple, elm, and ash, together with some ten Island and on the mainland to the hardy fruit-bearing trees and shrubs. northward, but they are now nearly all The Roman Catholic Mission, situated abandoned. A surveying party, however, 2 miles above the company's post, on the are now (1860) engaged in exploring opposite side of the river, is an interestthe north shore of Lake Superior, under ing locality. Here is a Roman Catholic the authority of the Provincial Parliament, church and some 50 or 60 houses, being in order to be able to report in regard to mostly inhabited by half-breeds and civithe mineral region. lized Indians, numbering about 300 souls. The northwest borders of the lake, and The good influence of the Roman Catholic in particular the Island of St. Ignace, Black priests, along the shores of Lake Superior Bay, Thunder Cape, Pie Island, and the are generally admitted by all unprejudiced vicinity of Prince's Bay are supposed to visitors-the poor and often degraded Inbe rich in both copper and silver. Splen- dian being instructed in agriculture and did crystallizations of amethystine quartz industrial pursuits, tending to elevate the and calc spar have been obtained on Spar human species in every clime. Island, near Prince's Bay, and at other McKay's Mountain, lying 3 miles west localities. of Fort William, near the Roman Catholic Mission, presents an abrupt and grand appearance from the water, being elevated FORT WILLIAM, an important Hudson 1,000 feet. Far inland are seen other Bay Company's Post, is advantageously high ranges of hills and mountains, presituated at the mouth of the Kaministi- senting altogether, in connection with the quia River, in north latitude 48 degrees islands, a most interesting and sublime 23 minutes, west longitude 89 degrees 27 view. minutes. Here is a convenient wharf KAMINISTIQUIA, or "Gah-mahnatekwaand safe harbor, the bar off the mouth of ahk" River, signifying in the Chippewa the river affording 7 or 8 feet of water, language the, "place where there are many which can easily be increased by dredg- currents," empties its waters into Thuining. The Company's buildings consist of der Bay. This beautiful stream affords a spacious dwelling-house, a store, and 3 navigation for about 12 miles, when rapstorehouses, besides some 10 or 12 houses ids are encountered by the ascending voyfor the accommodation of the attaches ageur. Some 30 miles above its mouth is and servants in the employ of the above a fall of about 200 feet perpendicular degigantic company. The land is cleared scent. 136 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. THUNDER BAY presents a large expanse a huge eagle, having on one side a wing of water, being about 25 miles in length and one paw, on the other side an arm and from 10 to 15 miles wide, into which and one foot. The lightning is supposed flows several small streams, abounding in to issue from the extremity of the beak speckled trout. Thunder Cape, on the through the paw, with which they launch east, is a most remarkable and bold high- it forth in fiery darts over the surrounding land, being elevated 1,350 feet above country." Lake Superior. It rises in some places Black Bay, lying east of Thunder Cape, almost perpendicular, presenting a basal- is 45 miles long, and from six to eight tic appearance, having on its summit an miles wide, being encompassed on both extinct volcano. From the elevated por- sides by high and lofty hills. Towards the tions of this cape a grand and imposing north are two peaked eminences termed view is obtained of surrounding moun- the Mamelons or Paps, from their singular tains, headlands, and islands-overlook- formation, resembling a female's breast, ing Isle Royale to the south, and the north when seen at a distance. shore from McKay's Mountain to the, Neepigon Bay is another romantic sheet mouth of Pigeon River, near Grand Port- of water, containing a number of beautiful age, Minnesota. wooded islands. It is about forty miles PIE ISLAND, in the Indian dialect called long and fifteen miles wide, being mostly "Mahkeneeng" or Tortoise, bounding Thun- surrounded by high and rocky eminences. der Bay on the south, is about 8 miles long Here the explorer, hunter, and angler may and 5 miles wide, and presents a most alike enjoy themselves with the wonders singular appearance, being elevated at of the surrounding scene. Copper, silver, one point 850 feet above the lake. This lead, and precious stones are here to be bold eminence is shaped like an enormous found in abundance on the islands and the 8louched hat, or inverted pie, giving name mainland; while there is no end to the to the island by the French or English game and fish of this region. explorers, while the Indians gave it the The Island of St. Ignace, lying on the name of tortoise from its singular shape. north shore of Lake Superior, is a large This elevated point is basaltic, rising per- and important body of land, being rich in pendicular near the top, like the Palisades minerals and precious stones. It is about of the Hudson River. 17 miles long and six miles wide; the Thunder Bay, and its vicinity, has long hills rising to 1,300 feet in some places, been the favorite residence of Indian tribes giving it a wild and romantic appearance who now roam over this vast section of from the water. Here are five small country, from Lake Superior to Hudson lakes, all being connected, and the outlet Bay on the north. The mountain peaks forming a beautiful stream, with rapids they look upon with awe and veneration, and falls. Large quantities of brook trout often ascribing some fabulous legend to make these lakes and streams their favorprominent localities. A learned Mission- ite resort, they being but frequently visitary, in describing this interesting portion ed except by the trapper and miner. of Lake Superior and its inhabitants, re- Copper, silver, and lead are said to be marked, that " the old Indians were of the found on this island in large quantities, as opinion that thunder clouds are large well as on other islands in its vicinity. gigantic birds, having their nests on high The whole archipelago and mainland here hills or mountains, and who made them- afford good and safe harbors; the Canada selves heard and seen very far off. The side of the lakes being greatly favored head they described as resembling that of in this respect. PORTAGE ROUTE FROM LAKE SUPERIOR TO LAKE WINNIPEG, STARTING FROM FORT WILLIAM, C. W. KAMINISTAQUOIAH RIVER, emptying into fourths of the way to the bottom, from Thunder Bay of Lake Superior, forms the whence the spray springs high into the west boundary of Canada proper; to the air, bedewing and whitening the precipinorth and west lies the extensive region tous and wild looking crags with which or country known as the Hudson Bay the fall is composed, and clothing with Company's. Territory. Here commences drapery of foam the gloomy pines, that the great Portage Road to Rainy Lake,- hang about the clefts and fissures of the Lake of the Woods, and the Red River rocks. The falls and the whole surroundsettlement; also, to Lake Winnipeg, Nor- ing scenery, for sublimity, wildness, and way House, and York Factory, situated novel grandeur, exceeds any thing of the on Hudson Bay. At the mouth of the Kam- kind I ever saw."-Rev. J. Ryerson's Tour. inistaquoiah stands Fort William. " The The danger of navigating these mounbanks of the river average in height from tain streams, in a birch canoe, is greater eight to twenty feet; the soil is alluvial than many would expect who had never and very rich. The vegetation all along witnessed the force of the current someits banks is remarkably thrifty and luxuri- times encountered. Mr. Ryerson remarks: ant in its appearance. The land is well " During the day we passed a large numtimbered; there are found in great abun- ber of strong and some dangerous rapids. dance, the fir-tree, birch, tamarack, poplar, Several times the canoe, in spite of the elm, and the spruce, There is also white most strenuous exertions of the men, was pine, but not in great plenty. Wild hops driven back, such was the violence of the and peas are found in abundance, and currents. On one occasion such was the some bushes and other flowering shrubs, force of the stream, that though four strong in many places cover the banks down men were holding the rope, it was wrenchto the very margin of the river, adorning ed out of their hands in an instant, and them with beauty, and often filling the we were hurled' down the rapids with air with fragrance. The land on this river violent speed, at the mercy of the foaming up to the Mountain Portage (32 miles), waves and irresistible torrent, until fortuand for a long way back, is unsurpassed nately in safety we reached an eddy bein richness and beauty by any lands in low." (See Engraving.) British America." Doa LAKE is an expansion of the river, The Mountain Fall, situated on this distant by its winding course, 76 miles stream, is thus described: " We had great from its mouth. Other lakes and expandifficulty in finding it at first, but, guided sions of streams are. passed on the route by its thundering roar, through such a westward. thicket of brush, thorns and briars, as I "The SAVAN, or PRAIRE PORTAGE, 120 never before thought of, we reached the miles from Fort William, by portage route, spot from whence it was visible. The forms the height of land between Lake whole river plunged in one broad white Superior and the waters falling into Lake sheet, through a space not more than fifty Winnipeg; it is between three and four feet wide, and over a precipice higher, by miles long, and a continuous cedar swamp many feet, than the Niagara Falls. The from one end to the other, and is therefore concave sheet comes together about three- very properly named the Savan or Swamp 138 TRIP THROUGh THE LAKES. Portage. It lies seven or eight hundred RAINY LAKE RIVER, the outlet of the feet above Lakes Superior and Winnipeg, lake of the same name, is a magnificent and 1,483 feet above the sea." stream of water; it has a rapid current The SAVAN RIVER, which is first formed and averages about a quarter of a mile in by the waters of the Swamp, enters into width; its banks are covered with the the Lac Du Mille, or the Lake of Thou- richest foliage of every hue; the trees in sands, so called because of the innumer- the vicinity are large and varied, consisting able islands which are in it. This lake of ash, cedar, poplar, oak, birch, and red is comparatively narrow, being sixty or and white pines; also an abundance of seventy miles in length. flowers of gaudy and variegated colors. The River Du Mille, the outlet of the The climate is also very fine, with a rich Lake, is a precipitous stream, whereon soil, and well calculated to sustain a dense are several portages, before entering into population as any part of Canada. Lac La Pluie, distant 350 miles from Fort The LAKE OF THE WOODS, or Lac Du William. Bois, 68 miles in length, and from fifteen RAINY LAKE, or Lac la Pluie, through to twenty-five miles wide, is a splendid which runs the boundary between the sheet of water, dotted all over with hunUnited States and Canada, is a most beau- dreds of beautiful islands, many of which tiful sheet of water; it is forty-eight miles are covered with a heavy and luxuriant long, and averages about ten miles in foliage. Warm and frequent showers ocbreadth. It receives the waters flowing cur here in May and June bripning forth westward from the dividing ridge separa- vegetation at arapid rate, although situated ting the waters flowing into Lake Supe- on the 49th degree of north latitude, from rior. whence extends westward to the Pacific PULLING A CANOE UP THE RAPIDS. LAKE SUPERIOR TO LAKE WINNIPEG. 139 Ocean, the boundary line between the temperature of the atmosphere in the adUnited States and Canada. jacent neighborhoods, and no doubt makes "There is nothing, I think, better cai- the great difference in the climate (or at culated to awaken the more solemn feelings least is one of the principal causes of it), of our nature, than these noble lakes stud- in these parts, to the climate and vegetable ded with innumerable islets, suddenly productions in the neighborhood of Lake bursting on the traveller's view as he emer- Superior, near Fort William. They grow ges from the sombre forest rivers of the spring wheat here to perfection, and vegeAmerican wilderness. The clear, unruffled tation is rapid, luxuriant, and comes to water, stretching out on the horizon; here maturity before frosts occur." intersecting the heavy and luxuriant foli- The whole region of country surroundage of an hundred woody isles, or reflect- ing Lake Winnipeg, the Red River couning the wood-clad mountains on its margin, try, as well as the Assiniboine and Sasclothed in all the variegated hues of au- katchewan country, are all sooner or later tumn; and there glittering with dazzling destined to sustain a vigorous and dense brilliancy in the bright rays of the even- population. ing sun, or rippling among the reeds and rushes of some shallow bay, where hundreds of wild fowl chatter as they feed with varied cry, rendering more ap- LAKE WINNIPEG, parent, rather than disturbing the solemn stillness of the scene: all tend to raise Situated between 500 and 55~ north the soul from nature up to nature's God, latitude, is about 300 miles long, and in and remind one of the beautiful passage several parts more than 50 miles broad; of Scripture,' 0 Lord, how marvellous are having an estimated area of 8,500 square thy works, in wisdom hast thou made miles.* Lake Winnipeg receives the wathem all; the earth is full of thy riches.' " ters of numerous rivers, which, in the -Ballantyne. aggregate, drain an area of about 400,000 The WINNIPEG RIVER, the outlet of the square miles. The Saskatchewan (the rivLake of the Woods, is a rapid stream, of er that runs fast) is its most -important large size, falling into Winnipeg Lake, 3 tributary. The Assiniboine, the Red Rivmiles below Fort Alexander, one. of the er of the North, and Winnipeg River are its Hudson Bay Company's Posts. A great other largest tributaries, altogether disnumber of Indians resort to the Fort every charging an immense amount of water year, besides a number of families who are into this great inland lake. It is elevated residents in the vicinity, here being one about 700 feet above Hudson Bay, and of their favorite haunts. discharges its surplus waters through Rev. Mr. Ryerson remarks:-" The Nelson River, a large and magnificent scenery for many miles around is strik- stream, which like the St. Lawrence is ingly beautiful. The climate for Hud- filled with islands and numerous rapids, son's Bay Territory is here remarkably fine and salubrious, the land amazingly *LAKX BAIKAL, the most extensive bodv of rich and productive. The water in Lakes fresh water on the Eastern Continent, situated in Lac La Pluie, La- T u Bois, WinnipegT" ~ 8, Southern Siberia, between lat. 510 and 550 north, Lac La Pluie, Lac Du Bois, Winnipeg, &c., is about 370 miles in length, 45 miles average is not deep, and because of their wide sur- width, and about 900 miles in circuit;.being face and great shallowness, during the somewhat larger than Lake Winnipeg in alya summer season, they become exceedingly Its depth in some places is very great, being in summer season, they become exceedingly p srrounded byhihmonntains The Yeniwarm; ts hs a part surrounded by high montoains. The A ceaniwarm; this has a wonderful effect on the sei, its outlet, flows north into the Arctic Ocean. 140 TRIP THROUGH TIiE LAKES. preventing navigation entirely below Cross immediate effect on tlhe temperature duLake. ring the Spring months. On the other Lakes Manitobah and Winnipego-sis, uni- hand, the Fall is generally open, with ted, are nearly of the same length as Win- mild, dry, and pleasant weather." nipeg, lying 40 or 50 miles westward. Nearly the whole country between Lake Winnipeg and its western rivals is occupied by smaller lakes, so that between Red River of the North. the valley of the Assiniboine and the eastern shore of Winnipeg fully one-third This interesting section of country beis under water. These lakes, both large ingclosely connected with the Upper Lakes, and small, are shallow, and in the same and attracting much attention at the preswater area show much uniformity in depth ent time, we subjoin the following extract and coast line. from "MINNESOTA AND DACOTA," by C. C. Andrews: "It is common to say that settlements have not been extended beyond Crow Lakes in the Valley of the Wing, Minnesota. This is only techniSaskatchewan. cally true. A few facts in regard to the people who live four or five hundrednmiles Length Breadth Elevation Area to the north will best illustrate the nature in miles. in miles. in feet. in m's. of the climate and its adaptedness to agriWinnipeg,.....280 57 6'28 8,500 culture. Manitobah,....122 24 670 2,000 "There is a settlement at Pembina, near Winnipego-sis,..120 27 692 2,000 the 49th parallel of latitude, where the diSt. Martin,......30 16 655 350 viding line between British America and Cedar,..........30 25 688 350 the United States crosses the Red River of Dauphin,.......21 12 700 200 the North. Pembina is said to have about All the smaller lakes lie west of Lake 600 inhabitants. It is situated on the Winnipeg, which receives their surplus Pembina River. It is an Indian-French waters; the whole volume, with the large word meaning'Cranberry.' Men live there streams, flowing into Nelson River, dis- who were born there, and it is in fact an charges into Hudson Bay, near York Fac- old settlement. It was founded by Brittory, in 57~ north latitude. The naviga- ish subjects, who thought they had location of the latter stream is interrupted by ted on British soil. The greater part of falls and rapids, having a descent of 628 its inhabitants are half-breeds, who earn feet in its course of about 350 miles. a comfortable livelihood in fur-hunting and " The climate in the region of the above farming. It is 460 miles northwest of St. lakes and the Red River Settlement will Paul, and 330 miles distant from Crow compare not unfavorably with that of Wing. Notwithstanding the distance, Kingston and Toronto, Canada West. there is considerable communication beThe Spring generally opens somewhat tween the two places. West of Pembina, earlier, but owing to the proximity of Lake about thirty miles, is a settlement called Winnipeg which is late of breaking up, St. Joseph, situated near a large mythothe weather is always variable until the logical body of water called Miniwakin, or middle of May. The slightest breeze from Devil's Lake. the north or northwest, blowing over the "Now let me say something about this frozen surface of that inland sea, has an RED RIVER of the North, for it is begin LAKE SUPERIOR TO LAKE WINNIPEG. 141 ning to be a great feature in this upper the winter smaller but more valuable furs country. It runs north and empties into are procured. The Indians also enlist in Lake Winnipeg, which connects with Hud- the hunts; and it is estimated that upward son Bay by Nelson River. It is a muddy of $200,000 worth of furs are annually and sluggish stream, navigable to the taken from our territory and sold to the mouth ofthe Sioux Wood River for vessels Hudson Bay Company. It is high time of three feet draught for four months in indeed that a military post should be esthe year, so that the extent of its navigation tablished somewhere on Red River by our within Minnesota alone (between Pem- government. bina and the mouth of Sioux Wood River) "The Hudson Bay Company is now a is 400 miles. Buffaloes still feed on its powerful monopoly. Not so magnificent western banks. Its tributaries are nu- and potent as the East India Company, it omerous and copious, abounding with the is still a powerful combination, showering choicest kind of game, and skirted with opulence on its members, and reflecting a a various and beautiful foliage. It cannot peculiar feature in the strength and granbe many years before this magnificent deur of the British empire-a power which, valley (together with the Saskatchewan) to use the eloquent language of Daniel shall pour its products into our markets, Webster,'has dotted over the whole surand be the theatre of a busy and genial life. face of the globe with her possessions and "Red River Settlement is seventy miles military posts, whose morning drum-beat north of Pembina, and lies on both sides following the sun, and keeping company of the river. Its population is estimated with the hours, circles the earth daily at 10,000 souls. It owes its origin and with one continuous and unbroken strain growth to the enterprise and success of of martial music.' The company is growthe Hudson Bay Company. Many of the ing richer every year, and its jurisdiction settlers came from Scotland, but the most and its lands will soon find an availability were from Canada. They speak English never dreamed of by its founders, un and Canadian French. The English style less, as may possibly happen, popular sorerof society is well kept up, whether we re- eignty steps in to grasp the fruits of its long gard the Church with its bishop, the tra- apprenticeship." der with his wine-cellar, the scholar with The Charter of the Hudson Bay Compa-, his library, the officer with his sinecure, or ny expired, by its own limitation, in 1860, their paper currency. The great business and the question of annexing this vast doof the settlement, of course, is the fur main to Canada, or forming a separate traffic, province, isnow deeply agitating the Brit"An immense amount of Buffalo skins ish public, both in Canada and in the is taken in summer and autumn, while in mother country. 142 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. TABLE OF DISTANCES, From Fort William, SITUATED AT THE MOUTH OF THE KAMISTAQUOIAH RIVER, to Fort Alexander, AT THE HEAD OF LAKE WINNIPEG. Miles. FORT WILLIAM...................................................... 0 Parapliue Portage.................................................. 25 (8 Portages) Dog Portage.................................................... 51 76 (5 Portages) Savan or Swamp Portage*.......................................... 54 130 Thousand Islands Lake.......................................... 51 187 (2 Portages) Sturgeon Lake....................................................... 1 258 t4 Portages) Lac La Croix....................................................... 25 283 (5 Portages) Rainy Lake........................................................ 40 323 Rainy Lake River.................................................. 38 361 Lake of the Woods.................................................. 83 444 Rat Portage....................................................... 68 512 FORT ALEXANDER.................................................. 125 637 From Fort Alexander to For t Garry OR RED RIVER SETTLEMENT, BY WATER. Miles. To Pointe de Grand Marais........................................... 24 " Red River Beacon................................................. 25 49 Lower Fort........................................................ 23 72 "FORT GARRY..................................................... 24 96 From FORT ALEXANDER to NORWAY HOUSE, passing through Lake Winnipeg, 300 miles. From NORWAY HOUSE to YORK FACTORY, passing through Oxford Lake and Hayes River, 400 miles. * Summit elevated 840 feet above Lake Superior. RAILROAD AND STEAMBOAT ROUTES From Buffalo to Niagara Falls, Toronto, etc. government have recently erected for the c' \ \protection of the river and the city of Buffalo. WATERLOO, C. W., three miles below Buffalo and opposite Black Rock (now a part of Buffalo), with which it is connectx ij SSlj^- = _ed by a steam-ferry, is handsomely situS-~ — -:' ated on the west side of Niagara River, which is here about half a mile wide. THE most usual mode of conveyance The Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad runs from Buffalo to the Falls of Niagara, and from Fort Erie, near Waterloo, to Paris, thence to Lake Ontario, or into Canada, is C. W., where it connects with the Great by the Buffalo, Nidgara Falls and Lewiston Western Railway of Canada. It is now Railroad, 28 miles in length. It runs completed to Goderich, C. W., lying on through Tonawanda, 11 miles; Niagara Lake Huron. Falls,.22 miles: Suspension Bridge, 24 GRAND ISLAND, belonging to the Unimiles, connecting with the Great Western ted States, is passed on the right in deRailway of Canada, and terminates at scending the river. It is a large and valLewiston, the head of navigation on Ni- uable tract of good land, abounding with agara River, 28 miles. white oak of a superior quality. American and' Canadian steamers of a NAVY ISLAND, belonging to the British, large class leave Lewiston several times is next passed, lying within gun-shot of daily, for different ports on Lake Ontario the mainland. This island obtained great and the St. Lawrence River. notoriety in the fall and winter of 1837-'8. There is also another very desirable when it was occupied by the "Patriots," mode of conveyance, by Steamboat, de- as they were styled, during the troubles Rsending the Niagara River, from Buffalo in Canada. The Steamer Caroline was to Chippewa, C. W., thence by the Erie destroyed on the night of December 29tb, and Ontario Railroad, 17 miles in length; 1837, while lying at Schlosser's Landing, passing in full view of the Falls, to the on the American shore, having been enClifton House, three miles below Chippe- gaged in transporting persons to and wa; SuspensionBridge, fivemiles; Queen- from the island, which was soon after'ston, eleven miles, terminating at Niag- evacuated. ara, C. W., thirty-five miles from Buffalo. Opposite Navy Island, on the Canada As the steamboat leaves Buffalo, on side, near Chippewa battle-ground, is the the latter route, a fine view.may be ob- house in which Captain Usher resided, tainedof Lake Erie and both shores of when murdered in 1838. It is supposed Niagara River. On the Canada side, the he fell by the hands of some of the defirst objects of interest are the ruins of luded patriots, having been shot by a seold FORT ERIE, captured by the Ameri- cret foe, while in his own house. cans, July 3d, 1814. It is situated at the CHIPPEWA, 20 miles below Buffalo, and foot of the lake, opposite the site of a two miles above the Falls, is on the west strong fortress which the United States side of Niagara River, at the mouth of a 144 _ TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. creek of the same name, which is naviga- DRUMMONDSVILLE, one mile west of the ble to PORT ROBINSON, some eight or ten Falls, and situated on Lundy's Lane, is miles west; the latter place being on the celebrated as the scene of another sanline of the Welland Canal. The village of g.uinary engagement between the AmeriChippewa contains a population of about can and British forces, July 25, 1814. 1,000 souls. Steamboats and lake craft The following is a brief, though correct of a large size are built at this place for account of the engagement: "On the afterthe trade of Lake Erie and the Upper noon of the above day, while the AmeriLakes. It has obtained a place in history can army was on their march from Fort on account of the bloody battle which George toward Fort Erie, ascending the was fought near it in the war of 1812, west bank of the river, their rear-guard, between the United States and Great under the immediate command of Gen. Britain. The battle was fought on the Scott, was attacked by the advanced guard 5th of July, 1814, on the plains, a short of the British army, under Gen. Riall, the distance south of the steamboat landing. British having been reinforced after their The American forces were commanded defeat at Chippewa, on the 5th of the same by Major-General Jacob Brown, and the month. This brought on a general conflict British, by Major-General Riall, who, af- of the most obstinate and deadly character. ter an obstinate and sanguinary fight, As soon as attacked, Gen. Scott advanced was defeated, with considerable loss. with his division, amounting to about 3,000 At Chippewa commences the railroad men, to the open ground facing the heights extending to Niagara, at the mouth of the occupied by the main British army, where, river, a distance of 17 miles. Steamboats were planted several heavy pieces of cancontinue the line of travel from both ends non. Between eight and nine o'clock in of this road, thus furnishing an interesting the evening, on the arrival of reinforcements and speedy conveyance between Lakes to both armies, the battle became general Erie and Ontario. and raged for several hours, with alternate On ariving in the vicinity of the FALLS success on both side;: each army evinOF NIAGARA, the cars stop near the Clifton cing the most determined bravery and reHouse, situated near the ferry leading to sistance. The command of the respective the American side. The site of this house forces was now assumed by Major Gen. was chosen as giving the best view of both'Brown and Lieut.-Gen. Drummond, each the American and Canadian or Horse-Shoe having under his command a well-disciFalls, which are seen from the piazzas and plined army. The brave (American) Col. front windows. This is the most interest- Miller was ordered to advance and seize ing approach to the Falls. the artillery of the British, which he In addition to the Falls, there are other effected at the point of the bayonet in the points of attraction on the Canada side of most gallant manner. Gen. Riall, of the the river. The collection of curiosities at English army, was captured, and the posthe Museum, and the Camera Obscura, session of the battle-ground contested unwhich gives an exact and beautiful, though til near midnight, when 1,700 men being miniature image of the Falls, are well wor- either killed or wounded, the conflicting thy of a visit. The Burning Spring, two armies, amounting altogether to about miles above the Falls, is also much fre- 6,000 strong, ceased the deadly conflict, quented; and the rides to the battle- and for a time the bloody field was left ungrounds in this vicinity makes an exhila- occupied, except by the dead and wounded rating and very pleasant excursion. For When the British discovered that the further description of Falls, see page 149. Americans had encamped one or two miles tf1 i',iii1 i i I Ili l I'~ il'~ l~ l'ii~i~'~,~i~tl I I ii! H lil Ii,,,i,~I/, ~,~,i i~,~,,,~ I l l'~I" _ "J ~ "~~ ~ I~II~ ~-, ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 145 distant, they returned and occupied their being 185 feet high, ascended on the informer position. Thus ended one of the side by a spiral staircase of 235 stone most bloody conflicts that occurred during steps. The base is 40 feet square and 35 the last war; and while each party boasted feet in height, surmounted by a tablet 35 a victory, altogether too dearly bought, feet high, with historical devices on the neither was disposed to renew the con- four sides. The main shaft, about 100 flict." feet, is fluted and surmounted by a CorinCLIFTON is a new and flourishing village, thian capital, on which is placed a colossal situated at the western termination of the figure of Major-General Brock, 18 feet in Great Western Railway, where it connects height. This beautiful structure cost with the Suspension Bridge. For descrip- ~10,000 sterling, being entirely contion of route to Detroit, &c., see page 50. structed of a cream-colored stone quarQUEENSTON, situated seven miles below ried in the vicinity. A massive stone the Falls, and about the same distance wall, 80 feet square, adorned with miliabove the entrance of Niagara River into tary figures and trophies at the corners, Lake Ontario, lies directly opposite the 21 feet in height, surrounds the monuvillage of Lewiston, with which it is con- ment, leaving space for a grass-plot and nected by a Suspension Bridge 850 feet in walk on the inside of the enclosure. length. It contains about 500 inhabitants, The following is the inscription: 60 dwelling-houses; one Episcopal, one Scotch Presbyterian, and one Baptist Upper Caentd Has dedicated-this Monument church, four taverns, four stores, and to the memory of the late three warehouses. This place is also Major-General Sir ISAAC BiocK, K. B. celebrated as being the scene of a deadly Provisional Lieut.-Governor and Commander of the Forces in this Province, strife between the American and British Whose remains are deposited forces, October 13, 1812. The American in the vault beneath. troops actually engaged in the fight were Opposing the invading enemy commanded by Gon. Solomon Van Rens- ell in action nea the 1eights on the 13th October, 1812, selaer, and both the troops and their corn- In the 43d year of his age, mander greatly distinguished themselves Revered and lamented by the people for their bravery, although ultimately over- whom e governedandhose service powered by superior numbers. In attempt- His life had been devoted. ing to regain their own side of the river many of the Americans perished; the The last words of Major-General Brock, whole loss in killed, wounded, and prison- when he fell mortally wounded by a musers amounting to at least 1,000 men. ket-shot through the left breast, were, Major-General BROCK, the British corn- " Never mind, my boys, the death of one mander, was killed in the middle of the man-I have not long to live." Thus fight, while leading on his men. A now departed one of the many noble spirits monument stands on the heights, near that were sacrificed on this frontier during where he fell, erected to his memory. The the war of 1812. first monument was nearly destroyed by The village of NI.A.GARA is advantagegunpowder, April 17. 1840; an infamous ously situated on the Canada side, at the act, said to have been perpetrated by a entrance of the river into Lake Ontario, person concerned in the insurrection of directly opposite lort Niagara, on the 1837-'38. American side. It contains about 3,000 BROCK'S NEW MONUMENT. was com- inhabitants, a court-house and jail; one menced in 1853, and finished in 1856; Episcopal, one Presbyterian, one }Metho10 146 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. dist, and one Roman Catholic Church; 6 river, is now in ruins. This was the scene hotels and taverns; and 20 stores of dif- of a severe contest in 1813, in which the. ferent kinds; also, an extensive locomo- Americans were victorious. A new fort tive and car factory. This is the most has been erected on the point of land at noted place in Canada West for building the mouth of the river, directly opposite steamboats and other craft navigating old Fort Niagara on the American side. Lake Ontario. Here is a dockyard with The new fortification is called Fort Massaa marine railway and foundry attached, sauga. capable of making machinery of the lar- The whole frontier on the Canada side, gest description, and giving employment from Fort George to Fort Erie, opposite to a great number of men. It is owned Buffalo, was occupied by the American by the "Niagara Dock Company." army in 1814, when occurred a succession Steamers leave daily for Toronto, etc. of battles of the most determined and brilFORT GEORGE, situated a short distance liant character. south or up-stream from the mouth of the NIAGARA RIVER, ITS RAPIDS, FALLS, ISLANDS, AND ROMANTIC SCENERY. "Majestic stream I what river rivals thee, this channel is immense; from a compuThou child of many lakes, and sire of one- tation which has been made at the outLakes that claim kindred with the all-circling toutsea- let of Lake Erie, the quantity thus disLarge at thy birth as when thy race is run t charged is about twenty millions of cubic Argainst what great obstructions has thouwon feet, or upwards of 600,000 tons per Thine august way-the rock-formed mountain- plan minute, all of which great volume of Has opened at thy bidding, and the steep water, 20 miles below, plunges over the Bars not thy passage, for the ledge in vain Falls of Niagara Stretches across the channel-thou dost leap Sublimely down the height, and urge again The Niagara River commences at Bird Thy rock-embattled course on to the distant Island, nearly opposite the mouth of Bufmain.' falo harbor, and passes by the site of old Fort Erie and Waterloo on the Canada Tirs most remarkable and romantic side. At the later place a steam ferrystream, the outlet of Lake Erie, through boat plies across the river to Black Rock, which flows all the accumulated waters now forming a part of the city of Buffalo. of the Upper Lakes of North America, It is here proposed to construct a railroad very appropriately forms the boundary bridge across the stream, about 1,800 feet between two great countries, the British in width. province of Upper Canadaon the one side, SQUAW ISLAND and STRAWBERRY ISLAND and the State of New York, the " Empire are both small islands lying on the AmerState" of the Union, on the opposite side. ican side of the stream, near the head of In its whole course, its peculiar character Grand Island. The river is here used in is quite in keeping with the stupendous part for the Erie Canal, a pier extending Cataract from which its principal interest from Squaw Island to Bird Island, forming is derived. a large basin called Black Rock Harbor. The amount of water passing through GRAND ISLAND, attached to Erie Co., ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 147 N. Y., is a large and important body of tween Chippewa and Schlosser, the river land, about ten miles long from north to is nearly three miles in width, but soon south, and seven miles wide. This island narrows to one mile, when the Rapids is partly cleared and cultivated, while commence, and continue for about one the larger portion is covered with a large mile before reaching the edge of the precigrowth of oaks and other forest trees. pice at the Horse-Shoe Fall. The ship or steamboat- channel runs At the commencement of the Rapids, along the bank of Grand Island to nearly "the bed of the river declines, the chanopposite Chippewa, where the whole nel contracts, numerous large rocks heavo stream unites before plunging over the up the rolling surges, and dispute the Falls of Niagara, being again separated passage of the now raging and foaming at the head of Goat Island. From this floods. The mighty torrent leaping down point the awe-struck traveller can scan successive ledges, dashing over opposing the quiet waters above, and the raging elevations, hurled back by ridges, and rapids below, preparing to plunge over repelled from shores and islands-plungthe Cataract. ing, boiling, roaring-seems a mad wilCAYUGA ISLAND and BUCKHORN ISLAND derness of waters striving against its are small bodies of land belonging to the better fate, and hurried on to destruction United States, situated immediately be- by its own blind and reckless impetuosilow Grand Island. ty. Were there no cataract, these Rapids NAVY ISL.AND, lying opposite the vil- would yet make Niagara the wonder of lage of Chippewa, 18 miles below the the world." head of the river, is a celebrated island IIS, or GOAT ISLAND, commences near belonging to the Canadians, having been the head of the Rapids, and extends to taken possession of by the sympathizing the precipice, of which it forms a part, patriots in 1837, when a partial rebellion separating the American Fall from the occurred in Upper and Lower Canada. Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fal. It is about TONAWANDA, 11 miles below Buffalo, is half a mile in length, eighty rods wide, situated at the mouth of Tonawanda and contains over sixty acres of arable land. Creek, opposite Grand Island. The Erie being for the most part covered with a Canal here enters the creek, vwhich it fol- heavy growth of forest trees of a variety lows for several miles on its course to- of species, and native plants and flowers. ward Lockport. A railroad also runs to A portion of the island, however, has Lockport, connecting with the New York been cleared off, and a garden enclosed, Central Ralroad, extending'to Albany. in which are some excellent fruit-tre6s, A ship canal is proposed to be construct- and a variety of native and foreign plants ed from Tonawanda to some eligible point and flowers, and a fish-pond. The island on Lake Ontario, thus forming a rival to is remarkably cool, shady, and pleasant, the Welland Canal of Canada. and is an object of unceasing admiration SCHLOSSER'S LANDING, two miles above from year to year. Comfortable seats and Niagara Falls village, is a noted steam- arbors are placed at the most interesting boat landing, opposite Chippewa, from points, where the visitor can sit at ease whence the steamer CaroliUe was cut and enjoy the beautiful and sublime views adrift by the British and destroyed, by presented to his sight-often entranced being precipitated over the Falls during by a deafening roar of mighty waters in the Canadian rebellion, December 29th, their descent, accompanied by chang1837. ing rainbows of the most gorgeous doTHE RAPrIS.-Below Navy Island, be- scription. 148 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. Niagara. tic river in the midst of the rapids, and overlooking the cataract, is worthy of the WRITTEN BY LYDIA H. SIGOURNEY. site it occupies, and affords another instance of the triumph of human ingenuity Flow on forever, in thy glorious robe over the obstacles of nature. Of terror and of heauty; God hath set "The islands connected by this bridge His rainbow on thy forehead, and the cloud -Mantles around thy feet, and He doth give with the American shore are the property Thy voice of thunder power to speak of Him of Messrs. Porter, and constitute the most Eternallly; bidding the lip of mban l tinteresting features in the scenery surKeep silence, and upon thy rocky altar Pour incense of awe-struck praise. rounding the cataract. This bridge has been erected by them to facilitate comGOAT ISLAND BRIDGE.-The Niagara munication with these interesting localiFalls Gazette gives the following descrip- ties not otherwise accessible." tion of this new structure: This is a toll-bridge, every foot passen"This bridge across the east branch of ger being charged 25 cents for the season, the Niagara River is situated in the Rap- or single crossing. ids, about sixty rods above the Cataract, on There are upward of thirty islands and the site of the old wooden bridge. It is islets in the Niagara River or Strait, above 360 feet long, and consists of four arches the cataract. Most of those not described of ninety feet span each, supported be- are small, and scarcely worthy of enumertween the abutments of three piers. The ation, although those immediately contigupiers above water are built of heavy cut ous to Goat Island form beautiful objects stone, and are twenty-two feet long and in connection with the rushing and mighty six feet wide, tapering one foot in the waters by which they are surrounded. height. The foundations are formed of Bath Island, Brig Island, Chapin's Island, foot-square oak timber, strongly framed and Bird Island, all situated immediately and bolted together in cribs, filled with above the American Fall, are reached by stone, and covered with timber at the sur- bridges. face of the water. These timber-founda- When on Goat Island, turning to the tions are protected against wear and injury right toward the Falls, the first object of from ice by heavy plates -of iron, and be- interest is Hogg's Back, a point of land ing always covered with water, will be as facing the American Fall,'Bridge to Addurable as the stone. ington Island immediately above the Cave "The superstructure is of iron, on the of the Winds, 1 60feet below. Sam. Patch's plan of Whipple's iron-arched bridge. Point is next passed on the right, from The whole width is twenty-seven feet, which he took a fearful leap some years affording a double carriage-way of sixteen since. Biddle's Stairs descend to the and a half feet, and two foot-ways of five water's edge below and the Cave of and a fourth feet each, with iron railings. the Winds, which are annually visited by The arches are of cast iron, and the thousands of visitors. Terrapin Bridge chords, suspenders. and braces of wrought and Terrapin Tower afford a grand view iron. All the materials used in the con- of the Canadian or Horse-Shoe Fall and struction are of the best quality, and the Rapids above the Falls. Three Sister Islsize and strength of all the parts far ands are contiguous to Goat Island, on the beyond what are deemed necessary in American side. Passing around Goat Islbridges exposed to the severest tests. and toward the south, a grand view is' This substantial and beautiful struc- afforded of the river and rapids above the ture, spinning a branch of this majes- Canadian and American Falls. ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 149 what is called the di n a It H orse-Shoe Fall, which name has become ina ts iv- _ _ X _ appropriate, as the for an expl d by ta g _h at ta th e edges of the precipice e have ceased. to be a through _h diac _ of t _ curve, and form a moderately acute anne b r Ecountr tgle. Near the midbelieve 1howedle of the fall, Goat Island, containing i5 acres, extends to the brow of the precipice, dividing the river into two parts; and a small projecting mass of rock at a little distance from it, toward the American shore, again divides the cataract on that side. Goat Island, at the lower end, presents a perpendicular mass of rocks, extending from the bot9ferigin wh frmrl inha tom to the top of the precipice. A bridge has been constructed from the American Niagara is a word of Indian origin- shore to Bath Island, and another connects the orthography, accenttrtion, and mean- the latter with Goat Island, and a tower ing of which are variously given by is erected on the brow of the Horse-Shoe different authors. It is highly probable Fall, approached from Goat Island by a that this diversity might be accounted short bridge,'on which the spectator seems forandexplained bytracingthe appellation to stand over the edge of the mighty catthrough the dialects of the several tribes aract, and which affords a fine view of this of aborigines who formerly inhabited the part of it. The distance at the fall from neighboring country. There is reason to the American shore to Goat Island is 65 believe, however, that the etymon belongs rods; across the front of Goat Island is to the language of the Iroquois, and signi- b8 rods; around the Horse-Shoe Fall, on fies the "Thunder of Waters." the Canadian side, 144 rods; directly "When the traveller first arrives at the across the Horse-Shoe, 14 rods. The cataract he stands and gazes, and is lost height of the fall near the American shore in admiration. The mighty volume of is 163 feet; near Goat Island, on the same water which forms the outlet of the great side, 158 feet; near Goat Island, on the Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Canada side, 154 feet. Table Rock, a Erie, is here precipitated over a precipice shelving projection on the Canadian side, 1i0 feet high, with a roar like that of at the edge of the precipice, is 150 feet thunder, which may be heard, in favora- high. This place is generally thought to ble circumstances, to the distance of fif- present the finest view of the.Falls; teen miles, though, at times, the Falls may though, if the spectator will visit the towbe nearly approached without perceiving er on the opposite side on Goat Island, at much to indicate a tremendous cataract sunrise, when the whole cavity is enlightin the vicinity. In consequence of a bend ened by the sun, and the gorgeous bow in the river, the principal weight of water trembles in the rising spray, hlie cannot is thrown on the Canadian side, down elsewhere, the world over, enjoy suchll an 1SO TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. incomparable scene. A covered stairway giant rocks; and luxuriant clusters of firs on the American side descends from the and other stately forest trees cover the top to the bottom of the precipice. islands, crown the cliffs, and overhang "It has been computed that 100 million the banks of Niagara. Here are no mostons of water are discharged over the quitoes to annoy, no reptiles to alarm, precipice every hour. The Rapids corn- and no wild animals to intimidate, yet there mence about a mile above the Falls, and is life and vivacity. The many-hued butthe water descends 57 feet before it ar- terfly sips ambrosia from the fresh opened rives at the cataract. The view from the honey-cup; birds carol their lays of love bridge to Goat Island, of the troubled among the spray-starred branches; and water dashing tumultuously over the the lively squirrel skips chattering from rocks of the American fall, is terrific. tree to tree. Varieties of water-fowl, at While curiosity constitutes an attribute certain seasons of the year, sport among of the human character, these falls will be the rapids, the sea-gull plays around the frequented by admiring and delighted precipice, and the eagle-the banner bird visitors as one of the grandest exhibitions of freedom-hovers above the catarac, in nature. plumes his gray pinions in its curling mists, "This stupendous Cataract, situated in and makes his home among the giant firs north latitude 43~ 6', and west longitude of its inaccessible islands. 2~ 6' from Washington, is 22 miles north "No place on the civilized earth offers from the efflux of the river at Lake Erie, such attractions and inducements to visiand 14 miles south of its outlet into Lake tors as Niagara, and they can never be Ontario. The whole length of the river is fully known except to those who see and therefore 36 miles, its generalcourse is a study them, from the utter impossibility few points to the west of north. Though of describing such a scene as this wondercommonly called a river, this portion of thle ful cataract presents. When motion can St. Lawrence is, more properly speaking, be expressed by color, there will be some a strait, connecting, as above mentioned, hope of imparting a faint idea of it; but the Lakes Erie and Ontario, and conduct- until that can be done, Niagara must reing the superfluous waters of the great main undescribed." seas and streams above, through a broad and divided, and afterward compressed, devious, and irregular channel to the latter lake, into which it empties-the point Cataract of Niagara. of union being about 40 miles from the western extremity of Lake Ontario. "Shrine of Omnipotence! how vast, how grand, " The climate of the Niagara is in the How awful, yet how beautiful thou art!.". ~ The.~~.dimPillar'd around thy everlasting hills, highest degree healthful and invigorating. Robed in the drapery of descending floods, The atmosphere, constantly acted upon Crowned by the rainbow, canopied by clouds by the rushing water, the noise, and the That roll in inse up fom thy dread base, pray, is kept pure, refreshing, and salu- Iid by their mantling o'er the vast abyss spray, is kept pure, refreshing, and salu- Upon whose verge thou standest, whence astary. There are no stagnant pools or cends marshes near to send abroad their fetid The mighty anthem of thy Maker's praise, exhalations and noxious miasmas, poison- nd in eternal hnd ing the air and producing disease. "Sweet-breathing herbs and beautiful Below the Falls, the first objects of inwild flowers spring up spontaneously-even terest are the Ferry Stairs and Point View on the sides, and in the crevices of the on the American side; while on the op ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 151 posite side is a ferry-house and landing, The village of NIAGARA FALLS, Niagara where carriages are usually to be found Co., N. Y., is situated on the east side of to convey passengers to the Clifton House, Niagara River, in the immediate vicinity Table Rock, and other places of great of the grand Cataract, 22 miles from Bufinterest. falo and 303 miles from Albany by railAbout 30 rods below the Ferry Stairs is road route. No place in the Union exceeds the spot where the hermit Abbot was this favored spot as a fashionable place of drowned. Half a mile below the latter resort during the summer and fall months, point is Catlin's Cave, formerly much fre- when hundreds of -visitors may be seen quented. every day flocking to Goat Island, or The SUSPENSION BRIDGE, the greatest points contiguous to the Rapids and Falls. artificial curiosity in America, is situated The village contains several large hotels two miles and a half below the Falls, for the accommodation of visitors, the where has recently sprung into existence most noted of which are the Cataract Niagara Citi, or better known as the House and the International Hotel; the Suspension Bridge, on the American side, Monteagle Hotel, situated two miles beand Clifton on the Canadian side of the low the Falls, near the Suspension Bridge, river, here being about 800 feet in width, and the Clifton House, on the Canada with perpendicular banks of 325 feet. side, are all alike popular and well-kept The Whirlpool and Rapids, one mile hotels; there are five churches of different below the Bridge, are terrific sights of denominations; 15 stores, in many of great interest, and well worthy a visit. which are kept for sale Indian curiosities The Devil's Hole, one mile farther down, and fancy work of different kinds. The is also a point of great attraction, together water-power here afforded by the dewith the Bloody Run, a small stream where scending stream, east of Goat Island, is a detachment of English soldiers were illimitable. A paper-mill, a flouring-mill, precipitated in their flight from an attack two saw-mills, a woollen factory, a furby Indians during the old French war in nace and machine shop, together with 1759. An amphitheatre of high ground other manufacturing establishments, here spreads around and perfectly encloses the use the water-power so bountifully supvalley of the Devil's Hole, with the ex- plied. The population is about 3,500. ception of a narrow ravine formed by The railroads centring at the Falls are Bloody Run-from which, against a large the Bvffalo, Niagara Falls and Lewiston force, there is no escape, except over the Railroad, and the New York Central Railprecipice. The Ice Cave is another object road; the latter road connecting at Buffalo of interest connected with the Devil's with the New York and Erie Railroad, and Hole. forming with other roads a direct route to The Rapids below the Whirlpool are Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington. the next object of attraction; then Queens- An omnibus line and hacks run from ton Heights and Brock's Monument on the village of Niagara Falls to Niagara the Canadian side, and the Suspension City, or Suspension Bridge, during the Bridge at Lewiston; altogether forming summer months, and thence to the Clifton objects of interest sufficient to fill a well- House and Table Rock on Canada si.l sized volume. NIAGARA CITY, situated two miles below The Niagara River is navigable from the Falls, at the. Supensio, Brildge is a Lewiston to its mouth at Fort Niagara, a new and flourishing place.onrtaiping about farther distance of seven miles, or four- 1,500 inhabitants. Here is situated the teen below the Falls of Niagara. Jointeagle Iotel. 152 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. SUSPENSION BRIDGE AND THE Cataract and Rapids of Niagara. To give you some idea of the grandeur off through solid rocky soil. In cities loof this triumph of engineering skill-THE comotives shake entire blocks of stone SUSPENSION BRIDGE-we copy the dwellings. The waters of the Cayuga following article from the Buffalo "De- Lake tremble under the wheels of the mocracy" of June 21st, the character of express trains, a mile away from the which able and disinterested Journal re- bridge. But a freight train traversing quires no indorsement from us. JOHN A. ROEBLING'S Monument, at the speed of five miles an hour, communicates AN ENGINEER'S MONUMENT. no jar to passengers walking upon the carriage way below. The land cables of Spanning the chasm of the Niagara the bridge do not tremble under it-the River, uniting the territories of two differ- slight concussions of the superstructure ent Governments, and sustaining the unin- do not go over the summits of the towers terrupted railroad traffic of the Provinces This last fact in the stiffness of the great of Canada with the United States, 250 feet work is of much importance. It furnishes above a flood of water which man has a guarantee of the durability of the manever been able to ferry, stands the monu- sonry. Fast anchored with stone and ment of JOHN A. ROEBLING. The Niagara grouted in solid rock cut down to the -Bailway Suspension Bridge, is the grandest depth of twenty-five feet, the great cables and the most distinguishing achievement are immovable by any mechanical force of Art in this world. It is the proudest, incidental to the use of the bridge, or the it is the most beautiful, and will prove to natural influences it will be subject to. be the most enduring monument anywhere The ultimate strength of these cables is set up on this continent. 12,400 tons. The total weight of the maRegard this wonderful product of engi- terial of the bridge, and of the traffic to neering skill. Its span is 822 feet. Yet which it will ordinarily be subjected is an engine, tender and passenger car, load- 2,262 tons, to sustain which the Engineer ed with men, and weighing altogether 47 has provided in his beautiful and scientific tons, depress the long floor in the centre structure, a strength of 12,400 tons. He but 5~ inches. The Bridge, loaded with demonstrates, too, that while the strength a loaded freight train, covering its whole of the cables is nearly six times as great length, and weighing 326 tons, is deflected as their ordinary tension, THAT STRENGTH in the middle only 10 inches. This ex- WILL NEVER BE IMPAIRED BY VIBRATION. treme depression is perceptible only to This was the question raised by THE DEpractised eyes. The slighter changes of MOCRACY, a year ago, which excited such level require to be ascertained with in- general, and in instances such angry disstruments. Delicate as lace work, and cussion. ROEBLING treated our doubts seemingly light and airy, it hangs there with a cool reason and the stores of an high between heaven and the boiling flood extensive engineering experience, which below, more solid than the earthbeds of gave us to believe that Art had at last the adjacent railways. The concussions attained to a method of suspending Iron of fast moving trains are sensibly felt miles Bridges for Railroad use, that should enl ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 153 tirely obviate the objections to them felt The cables are 4 in number, 10 inches by most of the Iron-Masters of the United in diameter, and composed each of 3,640 States. He has since that demonstrated small No. 9 wires. Sixty wires form one it in a most wonderful structure. square inch of solid section, making the There are in the bridge 624 "suspend- solid section of the entire cable G0.40 ers," each capable of sustaining 30 tons- square inches, wrapping not included. and all of sustaining 18,720 tons. The These immense masses of wire are put weight they have ordinarily to support is together so that each individual wire peronly 1,001) tons. But the Engineer has forms its duty, and in a strain all work skilfully distributed the weight of the together. On this, Mr, ROEBLING, who burdens, by the means of "girders" and is a moderate as well as a modest man, " trusses." These spread the 34 tons heft feels justified in speaking with the word of a locomotive and tender over a length PERFECT. Each of the large cables is of 200 feet. How ample is this provision composed of four smaller ones, called made for defective iron or sudden strains I "strands." Each strand has 520 wires. The Anchor Chains are composed of 9 One is placed in the centre. The rest are links, each 7 feet long, save the last, placed around that. These strands were which is 10 feet. The lowest link is made manufactured nearly in the same position of 7 bars of iron, 7 inch by 1. It is se- the cables now occupy. The preparatory cured to a cast iron anchor plate 31 inches labors, such as oiling, straightening, splithick, and 6 feet 6 inches square. The cing, and reeling, were done in a long other links are equally strong. The iron shed on the Canada side. Two strands used was all made from Pennsylvania char- were made at the same time, one for each coal, Ulster county, N Y., and Salisbury of the two cables under process of conPig, and can be depended upon for a struction. On the completion of one set, strength of 64,000 pounds to the square temporary wire bands were laid on, about inch. The central portions of the anchor nine inches apart, for the purpose of plates, through which the links pass is 12 keeping the wires closely united, and seinches thick. The excavations in the solid curing their relative position. They were rock were not vertical. They inclined from then lowered to occupy their permanent the river. The rock upon which the work position in the cable, On completion of may rely on the New York side of the the seven pairs of strands, two platform chasm is 100 feet long, 70 feet wide, and carriages were mounted upon the cables, 20 feet deep. It weighs 160 pounds to for laying on a continuous wrapping, by the cubic foot, and presents a resistance of means of ROEBLING'S patent wrapping 14,000 tons, exclusive of the weight of the machines. During this process the whole superincumbent masonry and embankment. mass of wire was again saturated with The TOWERS are each 15 feet square at oil and paint, which, together with the the base, 60 feet high above the arch, wrapping, will protect them effectually and 8 feet square at the top. The limestone against all oxidation. Five hundred tons }of which they are built will support a pres- of this wire is English. American man7sure of 500 tons on each square foot with- ufacturers did not put in proposals. That out crushing. While the greatest weight used was remarkably uniform, and most that can fall upon the tower will rarely carefully made. exceed 600 tons, a pressure of 32,000 tons The law deduced from large use of wire wvill be required to crush the top course. rope in Pennsylvania, is, that its durabiliThere are 4,000 tons' weight in each of the ty depends upon its usage. It will last towers on the New York side. much longer under heavy strains moving 154 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. slowly, than it will under light strains We append a Table of Quantities for moving rapidly. This law was borne the convenience of our readers, and the constantly in mind by the Engineer of more easy comprehension of the characthe Niagara Railway Bridge. The cables ter of the structure: and suspenders are, so to speak, at rest. Length of span from centre to centre of They are so well protected, too, from rust, Towers......................... 822 feet that they may be regarded as eternally Height of Tower above rock on Ameridurable. can side........................ feet aurame. -_,... Height of Tower above rock, Canada side 78 feet Among the interesting characteristics Height of Tower above floo of Railway. 60 feet of this splendid architecture, is its elas- Number of Wire Cables.......... 4 ticity. The depression under a load comr- Diameterof each Cable..............10 inches Number of No. 9 wires ill each Cable.. 3,569 mences at the end, of course, and goes Ultimate aggregate strength of Cables, 12,400 tons regularly across. After the passage of a Weight of Superstructure............. 50ton train, the equilibrium is perfectly restored. Weight of Superstructure and maxiThle elasticity of the cables is fully equal nmum loads.......1................. 1,250 tons The elasticity of the cables is fully equal Ultimate supporting strength..... 7... 730 tons to this task, and WILL NEVER BE LOSr. Height of Track above water.......... 250 feet The equilibrium of the Bridge is less Base of Towers.................. 16 feet square affected in cold weather than in warm. Top f Twers a............, 8 Length of each Upper Cable...1,256k feet If a change of temperature of 100 de- L " Lower Cable........1,190 feet grees should take place, the difference in Depth of Anchor Pits below surface the level of the floor would be 2 feet 3 N uf pe nde................. o30 6feet Number of Suspenders............... 624 inches. Ultimate strength of Suspenders...... 18,720 tons So solid is this Bridge in its weight, Number of Overfloor Stays.......... 64 its stiffness, and its staying, that not the Aggregate strength of Stays 1,920 tons Number of River Stays.............. 56 slightest motion is communicated to it by Aggregate strength of Stays.......... 1,680 tons the severest gales of wind that blow up Elevation of Railway Track above midthrough the narrow gorge which it spans. de stageof iver.................. ft Total length of W ires............. 4,000 miles Next to violent winds, suspension bridge builders dread the trotting of cattle across The weights of the materials in the their structures. Mr. ROEBLING says that bridge are as follows: a heavy train running 20'miles an hour Timber...................... 919,10 across his Bridge, would do less injury Wrought Iron and Suspenders......... 113,'20 to it than would 20 steers passing on a Castings.............................. 44,332 trot. It is the severest test, next to that Cables (between towers)............... 635,40 of troops marching in time, to which bridges, iron or wooden, suspension or Total.........................1,678,722 tubular, can be subjected. Strict regula- The GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY OF tions are enforced for the passage of hogs, CANADA, which unites with the New York horses, and oxen, in small bodies, and CentralRailroad, terminating on the Amerialways on a walk. can side of the river, here commences This great work cost only $500,000. and extends westward through Hamilton, The same structure in England (if it could London, and Chatham to Windsor, oppopossibly have been built there) would site Detroit, Mich., forming one of the have cost $4,000,000. It is unquestiona- great through lines of travel from Boston bly the most admirable work of art on and New York to Detroit, Chicago, and this continent, and will make an imper- the Far West. See page 50. ishable monument to the memory of its This road also furnishes a speedy route Engineer, JOHN A. ROEBLING. of travel to Toronto, Montreal, etc. ROUTE FROM BUFFALO TO NIAGARA FALLS, ETC. 155 Rates of Charges at Niagara and no visitor should lose the opportunity Falls. to visit all the objects of attraction above and below the mighty Clataract. The following are the rates of charges It is necessary to make exact agreeusually exacted from persons visiting Ni- ments with the hackmen and guides in agara Falls-but, unfortunately, imposi- order to avoid imposition; some on the tions are often practised by unprincipled Canada side refuse to take American bankindividuals at this, as well as other fash- bills except at a great discount. ionable resorts: LEWISTON, Niagara Co., N. Y., is deAMERICAN SIDE. lightfully situated on the east bank of the Niagara River, seven miles below the Board, from one to two and a half dol- Falls, and seven miles above the mouth lars per day. of the river where it falls into Lake OnFor services of guide, from one to three tario. It is an incorporated village, and dollars. contains about 1,000 inhabitants, four For guide behind the Central Fall, and churches, an incorporated academy; a visiting the Cave of the Winds, one dollar. custom-house, it being the port of entry For crossing bridge to Goat Island, 25 for the district of Niagara; three hotels, cents. nine stores. and three storehouses. Here Fare to and from Suspension Bridge, is a very convenient steamboat landing, 12j cents. from which steamers depart daily for OsFare for crossing Suspension Bridge, wego, Ogdensburgh, etc., on the Ameri25 cents. can side, and for Toronto, Kingston, etc., Fare to the Whirlpool, 50 cents, on the Canadian side. The Buffalo, NiagFor use of steps or cars on Inclined ara Falls, and Lewiston Railroad termiPlane, 5 cents. nates at this place, where is a magnificent Ferriage to Canada side, 20 cents. Suspension Bridge thrown across the iiOmnibus fare and steam ferriage to agara, connecting Lewiston with QueensCanada side, 25 cents. ton, Canada. The mountain ridge here rises about 300 feet above the river, formCANADA SIDE. ing many picturesque and romantic points of great interest. On the American side Board, from one to two and a half dol- of the river stands the site of old Fort lars per day. Gray, erected during the war of 1812, Visiting Barnett's Museum, Camera Ob- while on the Canadian side are situated scura, and Pleasure Grounds, 25 cents. Queenston Heights, surmounted by a beauFor guide and use of dress to pass be- tiful monument erected to the memory of hind the Fall at Table Rock, one dollar. General Brock, of the British army, who Carriage fare to Whirlpool, Lundy's was here killed in a sanguinary conflict, Lane Battle Ground, Burning Spring, and October 13th, 1812. From this height a 3aek to Ferry, 50 to 75 cents. most extensive and grand view is obtained Guide to Battle Ground and visiting of Lake Ontario and the surrounding counonument, 25 cents. try. Carriage fare to Brock's Monument on YOUNGSTOWN, six miles below Lewisleenston Heights, one dollar. ton, and one mile above old Fort Niagara Carriage fare per day, four dollars. at the mouth of the river, is a regular The drives in the vicinity of the Falls, steamboat landing. The village contains both sides of the river, are unrivalled, about 800 inhabitants; three churches, 156 TRIP THROUGH THE LAKES. two public-houses, five stores, and two A ferry plies from Youngstown to the vilflouring mills, besides other manufactur- lage of Niagara on the Canada side of the ing establishments. A railroad is nearly river, here about half a mile in width. completed, extending from this place to This is the first landing on the American Niagara Falls, being a continuation of the side of the river, after leaving the broad Canandaigua and Niagara Falls Railroad, waters of Lake Ontario. Fort Niagara is now completed to the Suspension Bridge. situated at the mouth of the river. Route around Lake Ontario. Milea Kingston, C. W., to Toronto, via Grand Trunk Railway..................... 160 Toronto to Hamilton, C. W., Toronto and Hamilton R. R...................... 38 Hamilton to Suspension Bridge, via Great Western R. R..................... 43 Suspension Bridge to Rochester, N. Y., via N. Y. Central Railway............. 6 Rochester to Oswego, N. Y., by stage.................................... 70 Oswego to Richland, N. Y., "............................. 35 Richland to Cape Vincent, via Watertown and Rome R. R................... 55 Cape Vincent to Kingston, C. W., via Wolfe Island......................... 12 Total Miles................................................... 489 NOTE.-The extreme length of Lake On- as long as its greatest width. The circuit tario is 190 miles, from Cape Vincent to of the water is estimated at 480 miles.Hamilton, C. W.; being about four times See Lake Erie, page 14. LAKE ONTARIO. This Lake, the most eastern of the great with the navigable waters of the Hudson chain of Lakes of North America, receives River by means of the Oswego and Erie the surplus waters of Niagara River; it is canals. It receives numerous streams, both 180 miles in length, and 60 miles in ex- from the Canadian and the American sides, treme breadth; being about 480 miles in and abounds with a great variety of fish circumference. The boundary line between of an excellent flavor. The bass and salthe British Possessions and the United mon, in particular, have a high reputation, States runs through the middle of the and are taken in large quantities. The lake,.and so continues down the St. Law- principal Bays are Burlington, Ironderence to the 45th degree of north latitude, quoit, Great and Little Sodus, Mexico, where the river enters Canada. Black River, Chaumont, and the pictuThe lake is navigable throughout its resque waters of the Bay of Quinte. whole extent for vessels of the largest The passage across Lake Ontario in size; and it is said to be in some places calm weather is most agreeable. At times upward of 600 feet in depth. Its surface both shores are hidden from view, when is elevated 234 feet above the Atlantic, nothing can be seen from the deck of the and lies 330 feet lower than Lake Erie, vessel but an abyss of waters. The rewith which it is connected by the Niagara fractions which sometimes take place in River and by the Welland Canal in Canada. summer, are exceedingly beautiful. Islands It has also been proposed to construct a and trees appear turned upside down; and ship canal on the American side. The the white surf of the beach, translated trade of Lake Ontario, from the great ex- aloft, seems like the smoke of artillery tent of inhabited country surrounding it, blazing away from a fort.* s very considerable, and is rapidly inreasing. Many sail vessels and splendid teamers are employed in navigating its * BEAUTFUL MIRAGEC.-That grand phenomenon waters, which, owing to its great depth, occasionally witnessedontheLakes —mirage-was seen from the steamer Bay State, on a recent trip never freeze, except at the sides, where from Niagara to Genesee River (August, 1856), the water is shallow; so that its naviga- with more than ordinary splendor. The Lockion is not so effectually interrupted by ice port Journal says it occurred just as the sun some of the other large lakes. The was setting, at which time some twelve vessels as some of the otherlrewere seen reflected on the horizon, in an inverted most important places on the Canadian or position, with a distinctness and vividness truly British side of Lake Ontario are Kingston, surprising. The atmosphere was overcast with Coburg, Port Hope, Toronto,. Hamilton a thick haze such as precedes a storm, and of a color favorable to represent upon the darkened nd Niagara; on the American shore, background, vividly, the full outlines of the rigCape Vincent, Sacket's Harbor, Oswego, ging sails, etc., as perfect as if the ships themSharlotte or Port Genesee, and Lewiston selves weie actually transformed to the aerial aote or.o P. esee,a canvas. The unusual phenomenon lasted until n Niagara River. This Lake is connected darkness put an end to the scene. - -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~= FOB NAAAMuho NaanRvr STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 159 American Steamboat Route from Lewiston to Oswego, Kingston, and Ogdensburgh. Ports, etc. Miles. Ports, etc. Miles. LEWISTON.................... 0 OGDENSBURGH................ 0 Youngstown................... 6 orrisftwn................... 11 Niagara, Can.................. 1-7 Brockville, Can................. 1-12 Charlotte, or Port Genesee....... 80-87 Thousand Islands............ Pultneyville................... 20-107 Alexandria Bay................ 22-34 Sodus Point................... 10-117 Clayton, or French Creek........ 12-46 OSWEGO.................. 30-147 Grand, or Wolfe Island........ Stony Point and Island......... 33-180 KINGSTON, Can................ 24-70 Sacket's Harbor................ 12-192 Sacket's Harbor................ 38-108 Grand, or Wolfe Island......... 28-220 Stoney Point and Island........ 12-120 KINGSTON, Can................ 10-230 OSWEGO................ 33-153 Thousand Islands........... Sodus Point................. 30-183 Clayton, or French Creek........ 24-254 Pultneyville........... 10-193 Alexandria Bay............... 12-266 Charlotte, or Port Genesee......... 20-213 Brockville, Can................ 22-288 Niagara, Can............... 80-293 Morristown.................. 1-289 Youngstown................... 1-294 OGDENSBURGH................ 11-300 LEWISTON..................... 6-300 USUAL TIME from Lewiston to Ogdensburgh, via Oswego and Kingston, 28 hours. USUAL TIME, via Toronto and Cape Vincent, 22 hours. Cabin Fare, $5.50 (including meals). Deck Fare, $2.50. Steaamboat Route from Lewiston to Toronto and Ogdensburli, via Express Line. Ports, etc. Mires. Ports, etc. Miles. LEWISTON..................... 0 OGDENSBURGH...... 0 NIAGARA................... 7 Brockville, Can................. 11 TORONTO, Can................ 42-49 Clayton, or French Creek........ 34-45 Point Peter and Light..........128-177 CAPE VINCENT................ 13-58 Duck Island................. 30-207 Tibbet's Point................. 3-61 Tibbet's Point and Light........ 19-226 Duck Island................... 19-80 CAPE VINCENT................. 3-229 Point Peter and Light.......... 30-110 Clayton, or French Creek........ 13-242 TORONTO..................... 128-238 Brockville, Can................. 34-276 NIAGARA..................... 42-280 OGDENSBURGI................ 11-287 LEWISTON:.................... 7-287 USUAL FARE fiom Ogdensburgh to Montreal, $3.50 Through Fare from Lewiston to Montreal, 9.00 " from Buffalo to Montreal, 10.00 E For further information in regard to Lake Ontario and Route to Montreal, &c., see "PICTURESQUE TOURIST." published by J. DISTURNELL. ALPHABETICAL LIST oF THH PRINCIPAL PORTS ON THE GREAT LAKES OF NORTH AMERICA, WITH THE SITUATION, TEMPERATURE, ETC. PORTS, &c. Latitude. Longitude. Altitude. Mean Temp. Agate Harbor, Mich,.......... 4730' 88~10' 600 ft. 414 Fahr. Algonac,............ 42 36 82 30 570 46 00 Alpena,............ 45 00 83 30 574 42 00. Amherstburg, Can............... 42 05 82 58 562 48 00 Ashland, Wi................. 46 33 91 00 600 41 00 Ashtabula, Ohio................ 41 52 80 47 560 47 00 Bay City, Mich................. 574 46 00 Bayfield, Wis................... 46 45 91 00 600 40 00 Beaver Bay, Min............... 47 12 91 18 600 40 00 Belleville, Can................. 235 45 00 Brockville, "............... 230 44 00 Bruce Mines, Can............. 46 20 83 45 574 40 00 Buffalo,* N. Y................. 42 53 78 58 600 47 00 Cape Vincent, N. Y............. 44 03 76 30 235 45 00 Charlotte, "............. 43 12 77 51 235 46 00 Chicago, Illinois................ 41 53 87 37 576 47 00 Clayton, N. Y......... 44 10 76 25 234 45 00 Cleveland,* Ohio................ 41 30 81 42 640 48 00 Cobourg, Can................... 235 45 00 Collingwood, Can............... 44 30 80 20 574 43 00 Conneaut, Ohio................. 560 47 00 Copper Harbor,* Mich. (Ft. Wilkins) 47 30 88 00 620 41 00 Detroit,* "........... 42 20 83 00 600 47 25 Dunkirk, N. Y................. 569 47 25 Eagle Harbor, Mich.............. 47 28 88 18 600 41 00 Eagle River. "............. 47 25 88 30'600 41 00 East Saginaw, "............. 574 46 00 Erie,* Penn................... 42 08 80 05 560 47 00 Fairport, Ohio................. 560 47 00 Forrestville, Mich............... 574 45 00 Fort Gratiot,* ".............. 42 55 82 23 598 46 30 Fort Niagara,* N. Y............ 43 18 79 08 250 47 90 Fort William, Can............... 48 23 89 22 600 36 00 Gena, Mich.,................... 576 43 00 Goderich, Can.............. 43 44 81 43 574 45 00 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PORTS, ETC. 161 PORTS, &c. Latitude. Longitude. Altitude. Mean Temp. Grand Haven, Mich............. 43~05' 86012' 576 ft. 46~ Fahr. Grand Portage, Min............. 47 50 90 00 600 38 00 Green Bay,* Wis., (Fort Howard) 44 30 88 05 620 44 50 Hamilton, Can.................235' 47 00 Hancock, Mich............. 600 41 00 Houghton,................. 46 40 88 30 600 41 00 Huron Harbor, Ohio............ 560 48 00 Kenosha, Wis.................. 42 35 87 50 576 46 00 Kingston, Can.................. 44 08 76 40 235 44 00 La Pointe, Wis................. 600 40 00 Lexington, Mich................ 574 45 00 Lewiston, N. Y.................. 238 46 00 Manistee, Mich.................. 576 46 00 Manitouwoc, Wis............. 44 07 87 45 576 45 00 Mackinac,* Mich............... 45 51 84 33 728 40 65 Marquette, "........... 46 32 87 33 600 42 00 Michigan City, Ind............. 41 50 87 06 576 49 00 Michipicoten, Can........... 47 56 85 06 600 38 00 Milwaukee, Wis.............. 43 03 87 55 576 46 00 Monroe, Mich......... 41 53 83 19 560 48 00 Munising, "............. 46 20 87 00 600 41 00 Muskegon, Mic................ 56 46 00 Neepigon, Can................. 49 00 88 30 600 36 00 New Buffalo, Mich............... 41 45 86 46 576 47 00 Nenomonee City, Wis............ 576 43 00 Niagara, Can................... 43 18 79 08 235 47 00 Oconto, Wis............... 576 44 00 Oak Orchard, N. Y............... 235 47 00 Ogdensburgh, N. Y........ 44 42 75 36 230 44 00 Ontonagon, Mich................ 46 52 89 30 600 40 00 Oshawa, Can................... 235 44 00 Oswego.* N. Y., (Fort Ontario). 43 20 76 40 250 46 44 Owen's Sound, Can............. 574 43 00 Penetanquishene, Can........... 44 81 80 40 574 43 00 Picton, "..... 235 45 00 Port Burwell, "........... 560 46 00 Port Colburn, "............ 560, 46 00 Port Dalhousie, "........... 235 47 00.. 235~~~~~~~ 162 ALPHABETICAL LIST OF PORTS, ETC. PORTS, &c Latitude. Longitude. Altitude. Mean Temp. Port Dover, Can................ 560 ft. 460 Fahr. Port Hope, "........ 235 45 00 Port Huron, Mich............. 42 58 82 25 572 46 00 Portland, Min.................. 47 00 92 10 600 40 00 Port Stanley, Can................ 60 46 00 Prescott, "............... 44 42 5 36 230 44 00 Pultneyville, N. Y..............235 46 00 Racine, Wi.................... 42 45 87 48 576 47 00 Rock Harbor, Mich............. 48 05' 88 50 600 38 00 Sacket's Harbor,* (Madison Bar.) 43 55 76 00 265 45 00 Saginaw City, Mich..... 574 46 00 Sandusky, Ohio................ 41 27 82 45 560 48 00 Sarnia, Can.................... 42 58 82 24 572 46 00 Saugeen, Can................ 44 04 81 43 574 44 00 Saut Ste. Marie,* (Fort Brady).... 46 30 84 43 600 40 37 Sheyboygan, Wis............... 576 45 00 St. Clair, Mich................. 570 46 00 Superior, Wis.................... 46 46 92 03 600 40 00 Sodus Bay, N. Y................ 265 46 40 Tawas, Mich.... 574 46 00 Toledo,^Ohio.................. 41 38 83 32 560 49 00 Toronto,t Can................. 43 40 79 20 265 44 40 Trenton, Mich................. 566 47 00 Vermilion, Ohio................560 48 00 Waukegan, Ill.................. 42 21 87 50 576 47 00 White River Harbor, Mich....... 576 46 30 Windsor, Can.................. 42 21 83 00 570 47 00 Wyandotte, Mich................ 570 47 00 * United States Military Stations, giving the exact elevation of Forts, &c. The other Stations show the water level of the differat Great Lakes and Rivers. t Canadian Observatory. I II;'iii ""' i,; ii I Ii i":'''1 ii:j ii I111/I/IjI"j;i/ii i ijillI//''' II\! jI/j iti$l rrjii Ii1'' ii ii''!iirrii iI; rI II rI II iii''i''' iijiIi1 c, I! t4 Iii I I ii t ii: p'ii iI 1I i iIIr Iii Iiij I ii1 w Iiiii lili;I;iII ii IIIiiii' I., I i iii iil t? jI'iI j;n iI 111 iI,!,li i Ii''Ii i I riirw ii i i,!I: i iiiIIriiiiiI ill i ii iii i i'ii iiri iiiil;i!,,, i' i II I i:Ij,i I1 I I I i rili~:'I'I ii sI.. II/ IIi!iil Ii'I ii i i;I =I ii!''':111!)1; I// /j i i I/I illI''' <3 i j Ij i j:j/jiI:111 IIIii;j I /j: I I' i i:' cC iii' II i Ilj;i:j II jIii/i;I/liiiII!j'iiiiII/ iII:'' I illl /j;i;!jj I/ijj/ii!JIi f//j "iJ i ~ iIilii i' iilIjjIIjj;j i' Ijif. Ii iii'"'''i' I':iiii: I.; i,,,, P ii iii; ~~~ i;;IjjJ - i! I;,1!jii!]i iliiii/ I;I I'I jr STEAMBOAT ROUTE. 163 1863. 1863. Cleveland, Detroit, and Lake Superior. The Splendid Steam Packets METEOR and ILLINOIS will leave Cleveland and Detroit for Lake Superior, as follows: M T O, Z R I 1 L X N 0 S, R. S. RYDER, Master, JOHN ROBERTSON, Master, LEAVES CLEVELAND, LEAVES CLEVELAND, Wednesday, at 8 P. M.........July 8 Wednesday, at 8 P. M.........July 1 Tuesday, "......... "21 Tuesday, "........ " 14 Monday, ".........Aug. 3 Monday, "........" 27 Friday,......... 14 Friday,........Aug. 7 Wednesday,........ " 26 Wednesday,. " 19 Tuesday,.........Sept. 8 Tuesday, ".........Sept. 1 Monday, "....... 21 Monday,...... " 14 Friday,........Oct. 2 Friday,.......... " 25 Wednesday, ".........Oct. 7 Leaving Detroit on the day following those above named, at 10 A. M., calling at Port Huron and Sarnia the same evening. During the months of July and August, the above Steamers will make GRAND PLEASURE EXCURSIONS, Leaving Cleveland on their regular days. On these trips they will carry good BRASS AND STRING BANDS, and every effort will be made to secure the comfort and convenience of passengers. Each point of interest on the route will be visited, giving pleasure-seekers an opportunity to fully enjoy the finest, most healthy, and instructive trip on the Continent. For further information, regarding Freight and Passage, address, H. GARRETSON & CO., Agents, No. 1 River Street, Cleveland, Ohio. WILLIAMS & CO., Agents, Foot of First Street, Detroit, Mich. J. T. WHITING & CO., Also Agents for LAKE SUPERIOR STEAMERS, Foot of First Street. Detroit, Mich. 164 STEAMBOAT ROUTES. JLIl E. 1863. a ln 1863. The First-Class Low Pressure Steamers NORTHERN LIGHT and CITY OF CLEVELAND will leave Cleveland for Lake Superior, regularly, on the days named below: NORTHERN LIGHT, CITY OF CLEVELAND, JOHN SPALDING, Commander. BENJAMIN WILKINS, Commander. Monday, at 8 P. M........... July 6 Friday, at 8 P. M........... July 10 Friday, ".......... " 17 Wednesday, "......... " 22 Wednesday, ".......... " 29 Tuesday, "..........Aug. 4 Tuesday,......... Aug. 11 Monday, "......... " 17 Monday, ".......... 24 Friday, " " 28 Friday,.......... Sept. 4 Wednesday,'..........Sept. 9 Wednesday, ".......... 16 Tuesday, ".......... 22 Tuesday, ".......... " 29 Monday, ".......... Oct. 5 Monday,.......... Oct. 12 These Steamers will leave Detroit on the day following, at 10 A. M. During the months of July and August, the above Steamers will make Leaving Cleveland on their regular days. On these trips they will carry good BRASS AND STRING BANDS, and every effort will be made to secure the comfort and convenience of passengers. Each point of interest on the route will be visited, giving pleasure-seekers an opportunity to fully enjoy the finest, most healthy, and instructive trip on the Continent. - Passengers will find their advantage in embarking for the trip at Cleveland, in having the first selection of rooms. For further information, regarding Freight and Passage, address WILLIAMS &. CO., Agents Northern Light. S. P. BRADY & CO., Agents City of Cleveland. ROBERT HANNA & CO., Agents, Cleveland, Ohio. STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 165 16 1863. 186 FOR tA E SUPER*tOB The New and Splendid, Low Pressure, Side-wheel Passenger Steamboat F. S. MILLER, Commander, Will leave Cleveland and Detroit-for Ontonagon, touching at Sault Ste. Marie, Marquette, Portage Lake, Hancock, Houghton, Copper Harbor, Eagle Harbor, and Eagle River, on the days named below: Leaves Cleveland at 8 P.M. Leaves Detroit at 10 A. M. Monday.......................July 13 Wednesday..................July 1 Friday......................July 24 Tuesday....................July 14 Wednesday.................Aug. 5 Saturday....................July 25 Tuesday....................Aug. 18 Thursday..................Aug. 6 Monday....................Aug. 31 Wednesday..............Aug. 19 Friday...................... Sept, 11 Tuesday....................Sept. 1. Wednesday..................Sept. 23 Saturday....................Sept. 12 Tuesday......................Oct. 6 Thursday...................Sept. 24 Wednesday...................Oct. 7 PLEASURE EXCURSIONS. During the months of July and August, this boat will make Four Grand Pleasure Excursions, leaving Cleveland at 8 o'clock in the evenings of July 13th and 24th, and August 5th and 18th, and will leave Detroit on the mornings following her departure from Cleveland. To the tourist seeking health, pleasure, or valuable information, Lake Superior offers greater attractions than any other portion of the United States. The route embraces a thousand miles of diversified river and lake navigation, along the borders of which lies the most varied and grand scenery in the world, and no one can form any idea of the immense mineral resources of the country without a personal inspection of the vast iron and copper mines of this region. The distance up and back is about 2,000 miles, and occupies from nine to ten days. The boat stops long enough at each place to give passengers ample time to see all points of interest. The price of Cabin.Passage, including meals and berths, for the round trip to Ontonagon, returning on the same trip and boat, is, from Cleveland $35, and from Detroit $33. Servants, and children over three years old, half price. Children over twelve, full price. For State Rooms, or further information, address JOHN HUTCHINGS & CO., Foot of Griswold Street, Detroit. 166 STEAMBOAT RBOUTT 183 1863 186 LAKE SUPERIOR LINE. The-Spleadid First-class Steamer IRON CITY will leave Cleveland and Detroit for Lake Superior, regularly, on days named below: J. E. TURNER, Commander, Leaves CLEVELAND, at 8 P. M., Friday...................... July 3 Wednesday.............. Sept. 2 Wednesday..................July 15 Tuesday................ Sept. 15 Tuesday....................July 28 Monday.....Sept. 28 Mo.lay.................. Aug. 10 Friday.........................Oct. 9,Friday................ Aug. 21 This Steamer will leave Detroit on the days following those named above, at 10 o'clock A. M. During the summer months of July and August, the above Steamer will make Five Grand Pleasure Excursions, Visiting the different points of interest on Lake Superior, including the Pictured Rocks, and the various Copper and Iron Mines on its shores. For further information, and all particulars regarding Freight and Passage, address S. P. BRADY & CO., Agents, Detroit, Mich. HUSSEY & McBRIDE, Agents, Cleveland, Ohio. Detroit and Cleveland LINE OF STEAMBOATS. The Side-wheel Steamers, MORNING STAR, MAY QUEEN, 1,200 Tons, 700 Tons, Capt. E. R. VIGER, Capt. WM. M'KAY, Leaving Cleveland and Detroit at Eight o'clock P. M., Form a DAILY EVENING LINE between Detroit and Cleveland, connecting with all early Morning Trains running East and West. f Through Tickets for sale on board to all principal cities. KEITH & CARTER, Agents, Detroit, Mich. L. A. PIERCE, General Agent, Cleveland, Ohio. STEAMBOAT ROUTES. 167 Chicago Line. The Splendid, First-Class Passenger Steamboat PLANET, Captain L. CHAMBERLIN, -will run during the season of 1863, leaving Chicago at 7 o'clock in the Evening, for Ontonagon, Superior City, and all Intermediate Ports, on the following days: Thursday, July 16, for Superior City. Monday, September 28, for Ontonagon. Monday, July 27, " " Friday, October 9, for Superior City. Tuesday, August 11, for Ontonagon. Thursday, October 22, for Ontonagon. Saturday, August 27, for Superior City. Monday, November 2, for Superior City. Friday, September 4, for Ontonagon. Wednesday, Nov. 15, for Ontonagon. Tuesday, Sept. 15, for Superior City. Her Dock is on River Street, first above Rush Street Bridge. For Freight or Passage, apply on board, or to A. E. GOODRICH, 6 and 8 River Street. Steamboats on Lake Michigan. A First-Class Boat will leave Goodrich's Dock, first above Rush Street Bridge, Every Morning (Sundays excepted), At 9 o'clock, for 3HDEMNTAUMMI ZMEM0)0049:MACRIME PORT WASHINGTON, SHEBOYGAN, MANITOWOC, AND TWO RIVERS, Extending their trips to Kewaunee and Wolf River every Friday. During the. season of navigation, Passengers and Freight carried cheaper than by any other liae. Rates of Fare for Passengers. First Class Seoond Class. Chicago to Kenosha...............$1 00.......... $0 50 Chicago to Racine.................... 1 2......... 75 Chicago to Milwaukee.................. 1 50......... 1 00 Chicago to Port Washington............ 2 00.......... 1 50 Chicago to Sheboygan.................. 3 00.......... 2 60 Chicago to Manitowoc and Two Rivers.... 30.......... 3 00 Chicago to Grand Haven............... 3 00.......... 2 50 I Passengers will please purchase their tickets on board the boats. First Class includes Meals and Berths. For Freight or Passage, apply on board, or to A. E. GOODRICH, 6 and 8 River Street, CHICAGO. 168 STEAMBOATS AND RAILROADS. THE, ll NORTHERN TRANSPORTATION CO. OF OHIO Is prepared to Transport Property between Boston, all Points in New England, New York, and the West, With Promptness, Care, and Dispatch. This well-known Line of Fifteen First-Class Screw Steamers Connects at Ogdensburgh with the Railroad for BOSTON and all Points in NEW ENGLAND; At Cape Vincent with the Railroads between Cape Vincent and New York; And at Oswego with a Line of Thirty First-Class Canal Boats between Oswego, Troy, Albany, and New York, Form a Daily Line from BOSTON, NEW YORK, OGDENSBURGH, CAPE VINCENT, AND OSWEGO TO CLEVELAND, TOLEDO, AND DETROIT, And a Tri-weekly Line to IICAGO, MILWAUKEE, & INWTERMEDIATE PORTS. AGENTS. J. Myers, 9 Astor House....New York. John Hocking, 7 State Street..Boston Geo. A. Eddy..........Ogdensburgh. A. F. Smith............ Cape Vincent. John H. Crawford.......... Oswego. Pelton & Breed........... Cleveland. Walker & Hayes............Toledo. E. R. Mathews............. Detroit. STEAMBOATS AND RlTROAT)S. 169 Grand Trunk Line of New Steamers. B. F. WADE, MONTGOMERY, Capt. GOLDSMITH. Capt. GILLIES. ANTELOPE, WATER WITCH, Capt BUTLIN. Capt. RYDER. The only reliable Line of Steamers from Chicago for Canada and the Estern States having regular days and hours of sailing Tri-Weekly between CHtCAGO, MILWAUKtEE A ND SAt One of the above Steamers will leave the Dock, foot of South La Salle Street, Chicago, every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday Evening, At 7 o'clock; and Milwaukee on Wednesday, Friday, and Sunday Mornings, At 7 o'clock, for SARNIA, Landing at points on the West shore of Lake Michigan and Mackinac, connecting at Sarnia with the GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY, For Buffalo, Toronto, Oswego, Kingston, Prescott, Ottawa City, Montreal, Quebec, Portland, And Eastern States. At Ogdensburgh with Northern New York and Vermont Central Railways, for St. Albans, Burlington, Montpelier, Concord, Lowell, Nashua, and all points in the New England States, forming a Fast Freight Line to all the above-named points. Rates of Insurance Lower than via any other route. Through Bills of Lading given to Liverpool, via Grand Trunk Railway and Montreal Ocean Steamships. C. J. BRIDGES, Managing Director G. T. R., Montreal, C. E. M. PENNINGTON, Freight Manager, " " " WILLIAM GRAHAM, Agent G. T. R., Portland. GEORGE PHIPPEN, Agent G. T. R., No. 6 Devonshire Street, Boston. S. T. WEBSTER, Western Gen. Agent G. T. R., 56 Dearborn Street, Chicago, Ill. A. T. SPENCER, Agent Grand Trunk Line Steamers, foot of South La Salle Street, Chicago, Ill. H. COURTENAY, Agent, Warehouse and Docks foot of Main Street, Milwaukee, Wis. 170 BAILDOADS AND STEAMBOATS.:ZAILA.W.AY. Buffalo and Detroit Direct, VIA Grand Trunk and Great Western Railways.,eave Erie Street Depot, Buffalo, Connecting at PARIS with Great Western Railway Trains, and at STRATFORD with Grand Trunk Railway Trains for IDetroit and all ]Points JVest. 1() ~HlaRlQ0E D(I c % au ^(F@[Bo AT GODERICH, ON LAKE HURON, Connection is also made with a regular Line of FOR Chicago, Milwaukee, Saginaw, AND OTHER LAKE PORTS. Time Shorter and Fare the same as by other Routes. A. FELL, Traffic Superintendent, R. S. CARTER, General Manager. Buffalo, N. Y. STFAMOAT ROUTS. 171 186.3. 186 PLEASURE TRAV8EL Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrence. Between Niagara Falls, Lewiston, Toronto, Ogdensburgh, Rouse's Point, Montreal, Quebec, and River Saguenay. For Lake Chamnplain, Lake George, Saratoga Springs, Troy, Albany, New York, White Mountains, Portland, and Boston. The ONTARIO STEAMBOAT CO. will, during the season of Pleasure Travel, commencing on the 22d of June, run their large and commodious Lake Steamers, BAY STATE, ONTARIO, CATARACT, Capt. MORLEY. Capt. ESTES. Capt. LEDYARD. And the splendid River Steamers, MONTREAL, ALEXANDRA, Capt. DEWITT. Capt. J. N. BOCKUS. Forming a Daily Line through Lake Ontario and River St. Lawrence. LEAVE] DOWNWARD. LEAVE] UPWARD. TORONTO, daily (Sundays excepted) 6 80 A.. MONTREAL, daily, 1 00 A.M. LEWISTON, daily, " " 10 0 " OGDENSBURGH, daily (Sundays exNIAGARA, daily, "'10 50 " cepted) 1 00 P.M. CHARLOTTE, daily," " 6 00 P.M. PRESCOTT, daily (Sundays except'd)1 10 " OSWEGO, daily, * " 11 00 " MORRISTOWN, daily, " " 2 00" For SACKET'S HARBOR, Thursdays and Sat- BROCKVILLE, daily, " " 2 15 " urdays, arriving next morning at 2 00 A M. M TouclhingatAlexandriaBay&Clayton. KINGSTON, daily (Monday except'd)4 45 P.M. KINGSTON, daily (Sunds. except'd) 10 00 P.M. Touching at Clayton, Alexandria Bay, SACKETS, daily, " " 180 A.M. and Brockville. OSWEGO, daily, " " 980 " Arriving at OGDENSBURGH at 10 00 A.M. CHARLOTTE, daily, " " 6 00 P.M. And at MONTREAL same even'g, at 6 00 P.M. Arriving at TORONTO at 5 00 A.M. lf This Line of Steamers is replete with all the comforts required by Travelers, and combines the elegance of a First-class Hotel with the rapidity of Railroad conveyance. They are commanded and officered by nlen of experience, while the route offers to the Business man and Pleasureseeker a-tractions aff.,rded by no other line, passing the far-famed THOUSAND ISLANDS BY DAYLIGHT, at a time the most favorable for the grandeur of the Scenery and the comfort of the Passengers. 13 Through Tickets by this Line can be purchased at all points on the Line, or on board the Steamers. H. N. THROOP, General Manager, Oswego, N. Y. SAMUEL FARWELL, President, Utica, N. Y. 172 STEAMBOAT ROUTES. Canadian Inland Steam Navigation COMPANY. Royal Mail ZLo Through LiAne. For Darlington, Port Hope, Cobourg, Kingston, Brockville, Prescott, Ogdensburgh, and Montreal, WITHOUT TRANSHIPMENT. On and after M ONDAY, the 4th of May, One of the Steamers of the above Magnificent Line will leave the Custom House Wharf, foot of Yonge Street, Daily (Sundays excepted), at 2 P. lI., For the above PRTS. Also, FOR HAMILTON every Morning, at 8 o'clock (Tuesdays excepted). For Tickets and further information, apply at the Company's Offices, Front Street, adjoining the American Hotel, or the corner of York and Front Streets. N. MILLOY, Agent. ToRONTo, May 14, 1863. BAY I-IOJR E acOtbE. For Pensaukee, Oconto, Peshtigo, Marinette, and Sturgeon Bay. The Steamer Queen City, Captain J. A. MONROE, Will run until further notice between Green Bay and the above-named Ports, leaving Green Bay on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday Mornings, at 7~ o'clock, and Marinette Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday Mornings, at 6 o'clock. Will run into STURGEON BAY on her down trip every Friday. JOHN B. JACOBS. For Freight or Passage, apply on board, or to STRONG & DAY, Agents, Green Bay. GQsB BAY, March 31, 1863. RAILROADS AND STEAMBOATS. 173 Between the EAST and WEST, is now by the DETROIT AND MILWAUKEE R.R. Two EXPRESS TRAINS leave Detroit Daily with Passengers for PONTIAC, HOLLY, FENTONVILLE, FLINT, SAGINAW, OWOSSO, ST. JOHNS, LANSING, GRAND RAPIDS, PORT HURON, MUSKEGON, Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, St. Anthony, And all Points on the Mississippi River. FIRST-CLASS, RELIABLE STEAUSIPS,8 Built expressly for this Line, ply on the Lakes to and from each Train. Close connection made at Detroit with the Great Western and Grand Trunk Railways of Canada, For Buffalo, Rochester, Boston, New York, Philadephia, Toronto, Montreal, Quebec, and with Cleveland and Lake Superior Line of Steamers. FOR EMIGRANTS, THIS LINE OFFERS CHEAP AND COMFORTABLE TRANSIT. U For particulars, see Company's Time Table, to be had at any of the Stations on application. The Telegraph Line is now open for Public Business. Parcels and Light Packages forwarded by all Passenger Trains at VERY MODERATE RATES. W. K. MUIR, General Superintendent. D. & M. R. R, Orncs, DrEorr, 1863. 1 -7~ RAILROADS AND STEAMBOATS. Milwaukee, Prairie du Chien & St. Paul 1863. RAILWAY LINE. 1S63. For VWhitewater, Janesville, Monroe, Mladisou, Prairie di Cilien, McGregor, Winona, St. 1-aul, Jefferson, Fonddu Lac, Green Bay, Beloit, Freeport, Dulnleith, And all Intermediate Points. Trains leave Milwaukee immediately on arrival of Steamers of Detroit and Milwaukee R. R. Line, as follows: ~ 10.20 A.M.-ST. PAUL'S EXPRESS, arriving at Prairie du Chien at 6.20 P.M., connecting with Steamers for St. Paul and Intermediate Points, arriving at St. Paul during the succeeding night, passengers remaining on board undisturbed until morning. 5g This Train also makes direct connections for Beloit, Freeport, Rockford, etc. 10.20 P.M.-NIGHT EXPRESS, with Sleeping Car attached, arriving at Prairie du Chien at 9.40 A.M. ~ Both the above Trains make direct connections at Milton Junction for Fort Atkinson, Jefferso4, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, Appleton, Green Bay, Berlin, etc., arriving at all these points at the same time as by competing routes. Passengers for St. Paul and Intermediate Points, by taking this route, make the change from Cars to Steamers by daylight, obtaining Supper and a full night's rest on board, and arrive at St. Paul, etc., as soon as by any other route. These advantages can not be secured by any other route. Through Tickets sold to all the above-named points, as low as by any other route. And Intermediate Points leave Chicago by Chicago and Northwestern Railway at 8.45 A.M. Via Prairie du Chlien, Arrive at Prairie du Chien at 6.20 P.M., Making direct connection with Steamers, and getting Supper on board, and arrive at St Paul the succeeding evening. HI No change of Cars between Chicago and Prairie du Chien. No extra charge for Meals or State Rooms on Steamers. The Splendid, First-Class Steamers, Milwaukee, Key City, War Eagle, Itasca, and Northern Light, Unequaled in elegance, speed, and comfort by any other Line, LEAVE ST. PAUL DAILY, ABOUT 7 P. M., Arriving at Milwaukee at 3.50 P.M., and Chicago at 5.60 P.M., making direct connections at both points with Trains for the East. WILLIAM JERVIS, Superintendent. J C. SPENCER, General Manager. RAILROAODR BOUTE 175 -Great Northwest Route Direct Route to Oshkosh, Fond du Lao, Berlin, Green Bay, on the North, and Prairie du Chien, La Crosse, St. Paul, eto., on the Northwest. via Chicago and Northwestern Railway. Cars run through to JANESVILLE, WATERTOWN, FOND DU LAC, OSHKOSH, APPLETON, GRIEN BAY, PRAIRIEB DU CHIEN, LA CROSSE, Etc., without change. Direct Route to Bockford, Janesville, Madison, Freeport, Savanna, Galena, Dubuque, Beaver Dam, Portage, Kilbourn City, Berlin, Stevens' Point, Green Bay, Etc., Etc., And all points on the Mississippi River. U Only Route without change of Cars. THREE DAILY TRAINS leave Chicago-8.45 A.M. Day Express; 5.00 P.M. Janesville Accommodation; 8.30 P.M. Night Express, forming the direct and expeditious route to all points in the Northwest, connecting direct with SPLENDID PACKETR at Prairie du Chien and La Crosse, for all points on the Mississippi River. 1 No charge on boats for Meals and State Rooms. The Chicago and Northwestern Railway is now in splendid running order; and completely furnished with new and elegant PATENT VENTILATD CAR$S Whereby the great annoyance of dust, so common on other roads, is avoided. Superior arranged Sleepinng Cars Are run to Prairie du Chien, La Crosse, Fond du Lac, Oshkosh, and Green Bay. g Passengers, to avail themselves of the many advantages of this Route over all others, should be particular and secure Tickets via " Chicago and Northwestern Railway." I FARE ALWAYS -AS LOW AS BY ANY OTHER ROUTE. GEORGE L. DUNLAP, Superintendent. E. DEWITT ROBINSON, G*ral Ticket Agent. 176 AILROAD RROUTE. Galena & Chicago Union RA ILROOAD.). The oldest and most reliable route to rrEU NIWORTHWE:ST! FROM CHICAGO TO Rockford, Warren, Galena, Freeport, Mineral Point, Dunleith, Dubuque, Prairie du Chien, Lansing, Winona, Prescott, McGregor, La Crosse, Reed's Landing, Hastings, $T+ PAU1U Beloit, Madison, Janesville, Pra. du Chien, Nottingham, Waterloo, Independence, Cedar Falls. OF THE GALENA AND CHICAGO UNION R.., Consisting of Dixon and Fulton Air Line R.R., Chicago, Iowa, and Nebraska R.R., and Cedar Rapids and Missouri River R.R FROMr CHICAGO TO Dixon, Fulton, De Witt, Toledo, Marshallt'n, Des Moines, Council Bluffs, Sterling, Clintonl, Cedar Rapids, Indiantown, Boonsboro', Fort Dodge, Omaha City. Connecting with Stages for DENVER CITY, and all points in Western and Northern Iowa and Nebraska. No Change of Cars in Crossing the Mississippi River, Connecting at DUNLEITH with Minnesota Packet Company's Daily Line of Mail Steamers, during navigation, for ST. PAUL. And at Dubuque, with the Dubuque and Pacific Railroad for Independence, Jesup, Cedar Falls, and all points in Northern Iowa. E. B. TAWOTT, General Superintendent. G. M. WHEELER, General Passenger Agfit, CHICAGO. ATrLKOAD BOUTES. 17 Illinois Central Railroad. TO ST. LOUIS, PEORIA, SPRINGFIELD, DECATUR, CAIRO, MEMPHIS, via ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. TWO EXPRESS TRAINS leave Chicago daily, on arrival of Trains from the East, FOR Jacksonville, Centralia, Decatur, Quincy, Peoria, Odin, Alton, St. Louis, Columbus, Leavenworth, St. Joseph, Springfield, Kankakee, Mattoon,. Urbana, Tolono, Pana, Naples, Cairo, Memphis, Kansas City, Jefferson City, And all parts of the South and Southwest, maaa[ ~HE~KED ROUM TO AV LL OTPORV SLEEPING CARS WITH ALL NIGHT TRAINS. PATENT DUSTERS ON DAY TRAINS. Take Notice.-Memphis Passengers will find tce only direct route, and by purchasing tickets via I. C. R.R., will save distanc ime, and money. 1 Trains connect at Cairo daily with Steamers for Memphis. Through Tickets for sale at the Office of the Company in the Great Central Depot, Chicago, also at all the principal Railroad Offices throughout the United States and Canada. 1 Purchase Through Tickets via Illinos Central Railroad, and secure Speed, Comfort, and Safety. W. P. JOHNSON, W. R. ARTHUR, General Passenger Agent, Chicago. General Superintendent, Chicago. J. J. SPROULL, General Agent, New York. 12 178 RALROADS AND STEAMBOATS. NEW YORK CENTRAL RAILROAD. Connecting with Hudson River Railroad and Steamers. For Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Detroit, Toledo, CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO, "lilwvaukee, Madison, Mock Island, Iowa City, Dubuque, Burlington, Quillcy, St. Paul, St. Louis, Calrp, &c., EITHER VIA $SUSP$tSION BlD$tG BUFFALO, O NtIACA$%A FALLS Lake Shore Railroad, Buffalo and Lake Huron Railroad, or Great Western Railway (Canada). T:HBOUG:: EXPRErSS TR.A.INS Leave Depot of Hudson River Railroad, Chambers and Warren Streets, New York, at 7 A.M., 10 A.M., and 5 P.M. JPeople's Line Steamers. t$AAc NEWTON- HtlNDICK HUDSON, From foot of Courtlandt Street, every evening, at 6 P.M. Passengers for Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, Terre Haute, Vincennes, Louisville, St. Louis, etc., can take Lake Shore Railroad from Buffalo or Niagara to Cleveland; thence by the Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati Railroad, or the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton Railroad to above places, and all ether points West and Southwest. f For Through Tickets, apply at the Office of the N. York Central Railroad, 239 Broadway, corner of Park Place, New York. C. B. GREENOUGH, Passenger Agent. JOHN H. MORE, Freight Agent. RAILBOAD. ROUTE. 179 Great Western Railway BETWEEN Niagara' Falls, Suspension Bridge, and Detroit, Forming, with its connections, the SHORTEST AND BEST ROUTTE Between the Atlantic and the Mississippi. TWO THROUGH EXPRESS TRAINS EACH WAY DAILY. Luxurious Sleeping Cars Attached to each Night Train. SMOKING CARS TO ALL DAY TRAINS. All the Passenger Coaches on this road have attached to them a Ventilator, by means of which the interior is kept cqol and entirely free from dust in summer, and uniformly warm in winter. I Baggage checked through to all Important Points. Fare as Low as any other Route. W Through Tickets by this Route are for sale at all the principal Ticket Offices in the United States and Canada. JULIUS MOVIUS, THOMAS SWINGARD, General Agent, Buffalo, N. Y. General Manager, Hamilton, C. W. 180 HOTELS. SHERMAN HOUSE, This HOTEL is centrally located on the corner of Clark and Randolph Streets, pposite Court House Square; was built, in 1860, of Athens Marble, and has all the modern improvements, including a Passenger Elevator to convey the guests to and from the several stories of the house. In fact, it is in every particular, as COMPLETE AND MAGNIFICENT AN ESTABLISHMENT as there is in the United States. DAVID A. GAGE, ) CHRLES C. AITE, Proprietors. CHARLES C. WAITE, J HOTELS. 181 TREMONT HOUSE, Situated on corner of Lake and Dearborn Streets. Re-built, re-modeled, and re-furnished, in 1862, at a cost of $160,000. It contains all the modern improvements, and is one of the best-appointed Hotels in the country. It has NUMEROUS SUITES OF ROOMS, with Baths, Water, etc., attached, for the accommodation of families. It is easy of access to all the different Railroad Dep6ts, Places of Amusement, and Steamboat Landings. GAGE & DRAKE, Proprietors. 182 HOTELS. MACKINAC, MICH., E. A. FRANKS, PROPRIETOR. This old and favorite HoTE is most delightfully situated on the romantic IsAU or MACKINAC, within a short distance of the water's edge, and contiguous to the Arched Rock, Sugar Loaf, and other Natural Curiosities in which this famed Island abounds; being alike celebrated for its pure air, romantic scenery, and fishing grounds. MAcKINAC, July, 1862. ISLAND HOUSE, By Chareles MV~. O'Znalley, The ISLAND HOUSE has been recently furnished throughout with New and Fashionable Furniture, and supplied with every facility to make it a First-class Hotel, and is NOW OPEN FOR THE SEASON for the entertainment of Travelers, Pleasure Parties, Invalids, and others, who desire a comfortable home while seeking pleasure or health in the pure atmosphere of Lake Superior, and the btautiful scenery of the surrounding country. MACKINAC, July, 1862. HOTELS. 183 McLEOD HOUSE, MACKINAC, MICH. This House is now open for the reception of guests. It has been repaired and enlarged, and furnished with entire new furniture. Its proximity to the Steam-.boat Landings, Places of Amusement, and business part of the town, makes it de-:irable for the Business Man and Pleasure-seeker, while the Invalid can rest under the Exteniive Piazzas, and view the entire Town, Harbor, Fort, and Islands of the Straits, etc. Ir An obliging Porter will be in attendance at the Boats to take charge of Baggage and conduct Passengers to the House. R. McLEOD, Proprietor. MACKINAC, June 18, 1862. CHIPPEWA HOUSE, SAUT STE MARIE, MICHIGAN. This favorite Hotel is pleasantly situated, near the Steamboat Landings, at the mouth of the Ship Canal, and in the immediate vicinity of Fort Brady. No section of country exceeds the SAuT and its vicinity for Fishing, Hunting, or Aquatic Sports. The table of the Hotel is daily supplied with delightful White Fish, and other varieties of the season, no pains being spared to m*e this house a. comfortable home for the pleasure-traveler or man of business. H. P. SMITH, Proprietor. 184 HOTELS. TREMONT HOUSE, MARQUETTE, MICHIGAN. J. L. A RMSTRONG, PPROIETOR, Begs leave to inform the Public that this Hotel is now open for the season. Having entirely REFURNISHED it throughout, and introduced all the moder improvements of a FIRST-CLASS HOTEL, He is now prepared to receive his guests in a manner unsurpassed by any other House on Lake Superior. Having secured the services of Mr. D. B. Hodges, formerly of the Richmond House, Chicago, and the Massasoit House, Springfield, Mas., he hopes, with his assistance, to meet the approval of all who make the House a resort for BUSINESS OR PLEASURE. MARQumET, June lst, 1862. MARQUETTEI A S O N HOUSE, HOUSE, MARQUETTE, MICHG. ~ IANCOCK, L. D. JACKSON, HOUGHTON COUNTY, S. C. SMITH, This favorite and well-kept House is PROPIETO Delightfully Situated This House is near the Steamboat Landing, overlook-. PLEASANTLY SITUATED, ing near the Steamboat Landing, overlooking and the alj 1 ccnt country. and the adjoining country. and the adjacent country. and the adjoining country. HOTLS. 185 MR. BARSSTOW, IOuIG1TE ON (Portage LIake), 5Q13OG3~(A^ 186 HOTEL. ICtEIGA EXCIANCE, uTERI A ALI TEL, ~_ —--- m Is L, Siipe-ntend't. NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. IT[''1Btt;ATIt~~BtALHlT --,.ilClll' " "t IH, A O~,~BORN, Super~~cintndt HOTELS 187 ST. LAWRENCE HALL, MONTREAL. This splendid HOTEL, which is situated in the most beautiful part of the City of Montreal, near the Banks and Post-Office, is furnished throughout in the best style of the New York and Boston Hotels,,nd comprises a DINING SALOON AND CONCERT ROOM, unequaled by any Hotel in Canada. or The TABLE will receive special attention, with the view of rendering it equal, if not superior, to any in America. can be had at all hours; and an Omnibus will always be in attendance on the arrival or departure of Railway Cars and Steamboats. H. HOGAN &CO., Proprietors. RUSSELL'S HOTEL, PALACE STIEET, QUEBEC, (- PPER T O Wr.) This well-managed and most comfortable HOTEL, kept by Messrs. RUSSELL, of Quebec, has recently been newly painted and re-furnished throughout. The Ballroom, used in summer, when the house is full of strangers, as a dining-room, has been entirely re-decorated in the handsomest style. The room will comfortably dine 250 persons at a time.-Toronto Globe. 188 BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENTS. BUTCKEYE VUT AL NZ8BAAeE ee, FIRE AND MARINE. Capital and Assets.................................... $200,000. NO SCRIP DIVIDENDS. Profits divided in Cash among Stock and Policy Holders. Takes Marine Hazards of all kinds. Fire Risks on Buildings, Merchandise, Furniture, Vessels in Port, and the better class of Risks generally. William Hart. P. Chamberlin. L. D. Hudson. O. M. Oviatt. R. Pelton. J. P. Robinson. H. Garretson. F. W. Pelton. Amasa Stone, Jr.' William Wellhouse. A. J. Breed. ffice, Oviatt's Exchange, foot of Superior Street, Cleveland, Ohio, L. D. HUDSON, Secletary. WILLIAM HART, President. Commercial Mutual Insurance Co., Office, INSURANCE BUILDINO, foot of Superior Street, C LEVLEIANDI OH 1I O. This Company Insures Hulls, Cargoes, and Freights of Steamers, Propellers, and Sail Vessels, on Liberal Terms. Also, Merchandise in Transit from Eastern Cities, and Fire Risks upon Buildings and their Contents. The Insured participate Annually in the Profits of the Company. Martin B. Scott. John F. Warner. Samuel Williamson. Henry S. Davis. Solon Burgess. William Bingham. J. A. Redington. William J. Gordon Henry Harvey. Gen. A. Tisdale. H. M. Chapin. M. B. Clark. William B. Guyles. Ralph H. Harman. Geo. Worthington. M. B. SCOTT, President. GEORGE A. TISDALE, Secretary. WM. J. GORDON, Vice-President. BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENTS. 1 8) COMMERCIAL M IL WATIJZEE, MlARINE RISKS TAKEN AT CURIRENT RATES. Capital, $175.000, with a Surplus. JOHN J. TALLMADGE, Pres. G. D. NORRIS, V. Pres. JAS. B. KELLOGG, See'y. E. CRAMER, Treasurer. L. H. LANE, Marine Inspector. DIRECTORS. F. Layton. T. Littell. D. Newhall. J. Plankinton. E. H Goodrich. M. B. Medbery. Chas. F. Ilsley. L. H. Kellogg. E. D. Chapin. T. W. Goodrich. M. S. Scott. G. D. Norris. Robert Read. L. Sexton. J. A. Dutcher. D. Ferguson. J. T. Bradford. J. Bonnell. G. Bremer, E. Roddis. 0. E. Britt. E. Cramer. A.L.Hutchinson. J. H. Inbusch. S. T. Hooker. Alex. Mitchell. William Young. J. H. Cordes. C. T. Biadley. J. J. Tallmadge CLEVELAND IRON MINING COMPANY, Miners and Dealers in Lake Superior Iron Ore, From their Iron Mountains, at Marquette, Lake Superior, OFFICE AT CLEVELAND, OHIO. William J. Gordon..........Cleveland. George A. Tisdale...........Cleveland. John Outhwaite............ " Samuel L. Mather.......... " George Worthington....... " Isaac N. Judson............New York. S. D. McMillan............. " L. Hewitt.............. Marquette. WILLIAM J. GORDON, President. SAMUEL L. MATHER, Secretary and Treasurer. 190 BUSINEBS ADVERTISEMENTS. WHITE & MAYNARD, ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW AND SOLICITORS IN CHIANC:ERY, Will Practice in the State and United States Courts in this State and elsewhereFOR CASH. Also, Land, Tax, Collection, and Insurance Agents. M A R Q U E T T E, MARQUETTE COUNTY, LAKE SUPERIOR, 101ICHIGAN. PETER WHITE. M. H. MAYNARD. PETER WHITE, BANKER, MARQUETTE, LAKE SUPERIOR, MICHIGAN. H. H. STAFFORD, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in ID RlT (-,:M: E IVI ES, PAINTS, OILS, VARNISHES, MARQUETTE, LAKE SUPERIOR. BOOKS AND STATIONERY. A general assortment constantly on hand and for sale. Toilet Soaps, Brushes, Perfumery, Hair OiJs, Combs, &c., &c. BUSINESS ADVERTISEMENTS. 191 TAYLOR & JEWETT, Ship Chandlers and Grocers, Dealers in Patent Cordage, English Chains and Anchors, Canvas, Blocks, Oakum, Packing, Naval Stores, Paints, Oils, etc., Nos. 4 AND 5 MARINE BLOCK, OHIO STREET BUFFALO, N. Y. Vessels Furnished with Complete Fit-out of Rigging, Sails, Chains, Blocks, Capstans, Winches, Windlasses, Patent Steering Wheels, Patent Ship Logs, Compasses, Telescopes, Furniture, and Stores. Sails and Rigging Lofts. Complete Suits of Sails and Gangs of Rigging furnished, of the best materials and on favorable terms. The work done by experienced Riggers and Sail Makers. WF Constantly on hand, the most approved styles of Duck, Russia Bolt Rope, Bunting, etc. Manufacturers of U. S. Navy Oakum. S. KAUFMAN, Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Ready-made Clothing, Boots, Shoes, Hats, Caps, Shirts, BJBAWIEB ABB UM]33MMLlA0 YANKEE NOTIONS, TOBACCO, CIGARS, STATIONERY, WALL PAPERS, Etc., MARQUETTE, LAKE SUPERIOR. 11 CLOTHING MADE TO ORDER. 192 BUSINESS ADVERTISMENT8. DUPEE, BECK & SAYLES, B P,O I~ E l]S, FOR THE PURCHASE AND SALE OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF STOCEKS AND) BONDS In the Markets of BOSTON, NEW YORK, AND PHILADELPHIA. rg Particular attention given to the Mining Interests of LAKE SUPERIOR and CANADA. BOSTON. JAME A. DUPEN. JAMES BECK. HENRY SAYiES. St. Mary's Canal:. F. Q. d'ALIGNY, This Company now offers for Sale, on reasonable terms, its Mineral, Agricultural, and Timber Lands in the Counties of Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Marquette. All the Company's Lands are described in the records of the Registers of Deeds in each of said Counties. Applications for any of these Lands may be made to the Resident Agent, and will receive prompt attention. W All persons found trespassing upon the Company's Land will be prosecuted to the extent of the law. HORATIO BIEBLOW, Land Agent of the'St. Mary's Canal Mineral Land Company. JutY 7, 1862.