-Y-tk~c-'-                                                             -  -_j>''
X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~, i,','_St~:i~'" %,',i;i,           I 
\ \  w   a                   ~~~~~~~LUXURY   PLETHORA    M 0N 0P 0 LY A
e -,               i,':'i,F....O'...,-_  RT
MONOGRAM OF P)LITI(OAL ECONOMY
i
I
iJ
-ATRAL VAL UE
..
,w
S  /'.
?1
SI STEN C E., 
v, (. -
II)
si(0' li-i,.i 11    X''l          s< (.)'tl1  J081~f9rl1,I~tI~                                         tl;I IAII     yllA
I 
THE
EDEN OF LABOR;
TIlE CHRISTIAN UTOPIA.
BY
T. WHARTON COLLENS,
AUTHOR OF'"HUMANICS," "THE HISTORY OF CHARITY," ETC.
And Je.us beholding said to them: With men this is impossible;
but withl God all things are possible. —MATT. XIX. 26.
.... without me ye can do nothing.-JOIHN xv. 6.
PHI1LAI)ELPH IA:
HENRY CAREY BAIRD & CO.,
lNDUSlTRIAL P'UBLISItERS, BOOKSELLERS, AND IMPORTERS,
810 WALNUT STREET.
1 8 7 6.
0I.t, 
COPYRIGHT, T. WUtARTON COLLENS, 1876.
PHII,AI)ELPITIA:
COLLINS, PRINTER,
705 Jayue Street. 
PREFACE.
TO-DAY, I receive a letter fi'om the pLTblishers, whlo say they are impressed with the
necessity of a Preface, which is not with the
copy.  They ask for one; and I hasten to
comply with their request.
I call think of no better Preface, than a
brief statement of the design of the work
the reader is about to peruse.
It resolves itself into two points.
To carry to legitimate and ultimate consequences, the fundamental principle admitted
by all political economists, viz., "Labor is
the real measure of the exchangeable value
of all commodities and services." A plan
is proposed for a practical application of this
principle.
To show that the principle and its application rest, still deeper, upon the rights of
God, and the law of neighborly love pro 
PREFACE.
pounded by our Lord  Jesus Christ;  and,
therefore, that in his name only, and by the
self-denial which that name implies, can this
law, with its blissful operation, be realized in
this world.
I have attempted to develop these two
points in the form of a narrative; and have
placed the scene of imagined events of that
narrative, in the world  before the Flood.
In doing this, I found it difficult to ol)serve
a due proportion  between  theoretical  discussion, and the requirements of a concrete
relation of the circumstances which I suppose would take place fi'om  the realization
of the  temporal ireign of Christ.   I fear
there is too much  about  the theory, and
too little about  what one might imagine
would be the actions, events, and state of
society,  to  which  the  application of the
theory would give existence and body.  I
could not remedy the defect without producing a much larger and a too costly book,
though it would perhaps have been more
entertaining.
The reader will not fail to see that the history of Nodland, which follows that of the
iv 
PREFACE.
Eden of Labor, is an appropriate  counterpart.   It is an exposition of the  known
effects of the selfish7 principle which has prevailed in the world, but wvhich the name of
Jesus will necessarily overcome.
Towards the end, the appropriateness of
the "Introduction" will, I hope, be appreciated by the reader.  If he is a working man,
he will certainly feel how rest of mind and
body is happiness;  and be glad to  understand 7how these may be procured, by diminishing, instead of increasing,  the excessive
toil and allxiety to which he is now subjected.
The Postscript and Appendix will be found
useful in this respect.
T. WHARTON COLLENS.
NEW ORLI.EANS, 16th January, 1876.
Feast of the Holy Name of Jesus.
V  
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
rAOI
An Essay on Happi,iess, or Edenic Peace and Rest.. 13
CHAPTER  I.
God's Share and Man's Share of Values...        37
CHAPTER II.
Adam......... 47
CHAPTER III.
The Reductions; their Currency and Exchanges... 57
Labor-time Measure of Value....          66
CHAPTER IV.
Reductionism, its Operation and Effects.... 68
CHAPTER V.
Other Effects: from Skill, Co-operation, Abundance, Com     merce, etc......  77
Formiula of the Reductionese Currency...    89
CHAPTER VI.
Personal Service and its Reward     9...   90 
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER VII.
PAGE
. 113
Nodland; its Landlords and Tenants.
CHAPTER VIII.
Mines, Machines, Wages, Money, and Finance 
CHAPTER IX.
Caste and Oppression; War and Conquest..      140
Reign of Enos......   140
Schedule of Castes..... 141
First General Division: Lords and Gentry. 141
Second General Division: Independents..  143
'I'hird General Division: Vassals... 144
Fourth General Division: Wagemen or Serfs. 145
Fifth General Division: Outcasts.. 146
CHAPT'ER X.
Degradation and Reaction.
CHAPTER XI.
The Deluge of Sin and Death.
POSTSCRIPT.
New Eden, or How to be Happy on Earth.
APPENDIX.
Explanation of the Monogram
viii
. 126
. 160
. 173
. 192,
. 207 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
IN T RO D U CT ION.
AN ESSAY ON HAPPINESS, OR EDENIC PEACE AND REST.
ASK the philosopher, the moralist, the politician,
the economist, or the sociologist, what practical end
or result hlie expects from all liis researches and me(litationis; and if lie knows whlat hlie is labout, lie will
answer: I aspire to lhappiness; happiness for rnyself;
happiness for all.  The man of small intellect and
selfish feeliing will seek his own happiness, distinctly
and independently, dismissing all care or consid(eration for the happiness of others or of the State; but
enlarged( min(ls, seeing that there is rio severance from
society, knowe that the only avenue to private happ)iness is througl- public happiness.  I-Hence, they posit
the general question what is happiness, and its corollary, what wvould be the }lappiness of the State?  To
answer these questions they ransack all history, all
literature, all science, the world.  They take great
pains and perform much fruitless labor, which might
have been saved by doing what ought to have been
obvious to a Christian believer. They should have
gone at once to the b)eyinaiig of all philosophical
truth, the first, second, and third chapters of Genesis; and, with the help of tl-he chl-urch, meditating on
those chapters of Holy Writ, they would have founid
a fundamental answer to their question.
Indeed, on tlhis, as on every other question of civil
or domestic polity, the replies of the Bible wvill always
be found infinitely more profound, satisfactory, and
2 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
practical than those of philosophers, mortlists, and
jurists, who have preferred to trust in their own shortsig;hlted wisdom, or in the speculations of Socrates,
Plato, Aristotle, and their successors in Greece, Rome,
and Modern Europe.
In their writings and those of their apish admirers,
we frequently come across dolcances on account of
their inability to define happiness, their ignorance
of what are its proper constituents, and the impossibility of ever attaining it in this world. If they
ever offer to say wherein true happiness conIsists,
they not only disagree but every one delivers hiimself of some vapid sentimentality.  Thus eachl according to his fancy, thiniks he sees happiness in the
gratification of his own  peculiar desire such as it is
at the time he writes, and none are able to state a
general and at the samte time specific term, denoting
the universal and essential condition of happiness...
a term whilch eachl of us would be willing to accept
as           the true name of a state of happiness.  If asked in
what happiness is to be found, what cont'ers it, their
answers are: Riclies, Glory, Powei, Virtue, Retirement, Colnpetence, Gastronomy, Wine and Women,
Farming,  Books,  Shaidy  Groves,  Scenery,  Sport,
Music      F'estivals, Palaces, Friendship, Love, Piety, or
other things too numerous to mention.  The inijority
seem to be in favor of Content; but what will afford
contentment?   They do not perceive that they have
only       substituted another word for happiness, remindillg       us of the lines of Pope:
" WVho tilat defi,Ie it, say they more or less,
Than tlhis:: that lai,p,lness is happiness."
Wre want a definition that points to something we
can identify as the substance of happiness.  We
want an objective point, determining its location-a
beacon guidiig us to the entrance of its empire-a
sion practically usef'ul to all of us in our search and
pirtisuit-a precise test, universally applicable.
T'urning, therefore, to the Bible and to thle time
14 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
wheni it tells us there was happiness oni earth, and
seeing what made marl and womran happy  then in
Eden, we are able to say:  The }happiness of man is in REST of mind and body:
the happiness of the State is in Peace, because Peace
is the rest of the State.  Thus the happiness of persons and States consists in rest and peace.
" The G(arden of Eden."  Eden means pleasure or
delight.  It means hap)piness: a gar(lden of happiness.
In this garden grew "every tree that is pleasant to
the sight and good( for food;" and here also was the
"tree of knowledge of good and evil; and the Lord
took the man and put him in the garden of happiness to dress it and to keep it; and the Lord God
commlnanded the lnan saying: Of every tree of the
garden thou mayst freely eat; but of the tree of
knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat."
(Gen. ii. 15, 16, 17.)
For disobeying this single restriction Adam, amongo
other penalties, was sentenced to this: "li/ the sweat
of tlhy facte shalt thlou eat bread" (Gen. iii. 19); and
Eve to this, "Ili sorrow shalt thoui being forth children." (Gen. iii. 16.)
Thus it clearly appears that the happiness of man
(lduring his primary state was compounded of three
conditions:  Firist. IN'NOCENCE, or inexperience of any )ractical
distinction between God's will and human will.
Secon$. OCCUPATION, without toil; without necessary or fatiguing labor.
Tliirl. EXEMPTION  FROM SORROW, or distress of
mind.
The first of these conditions, if it is taken in an
absolute sense, can never be reinstated.   There is no
hope of ever regaining paradise by returning to moral
ignorance or insensibility; for knowledge of goo(l and(
evil cacnnot perish.  It is indelible.  It descend(ls of
Iiecessitv firom Adam  and Eve to their children il
every generation. It is presented to us perpetually;
and we ale ever called upon at our [)peril to use this
15
I
I
I
i
I
i 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
knowledge righteously.  "See, I have set before thee
this day, life and( goo(d, death and evil."  (Deut. xxx.
15.)  The problemi now is to ie-enter Ed(en by means
of this very knowxvledge, rejecting the evil and choosing the good.  Clhrist and (through  Him) willing
Innoceuce, are the only substitutes for the unhatched
conscience of the Mal of E(ldei.
Nevertheless in view of a minuter study of these
conditions of happiness, and of their possil)le service
in founding happy society ald good gove,nment, let
us try to form a mental picture of this Man of E(deii
-to see in imnagilation his nmode of life in his deliglitful abod(e.
To do this we must conceive of a. state of the world
antecedent to commerce, (rt, and even  obligatory
labor; and before anythiig had acquired a value or
price.
Suppose, for argument's sake, that Ad(lam and Eve,
according to the first of all d(iivine precepts, had increased and multiplied; and had not partaken of the
tree of knowledge of good( alnd evil;  nd tlat they
and their children had continued in tlheir blissful
ignorance of sin. atlnolig s)oIItaneous atd(l bounteous
orchl-ards-wwhat then would  -lhave bcii tlle life of
maln?
MaItn, wholly unacquainted with even the prinmitive
way of mrakin-g clothes, and unconscious of nakedness, wvould lave itnhab)ited onily the regions where
the climnate was not too rigorous for his nude body,
though we mav assnum-e tl'at his skiin was tough and
not over-sensible to heat and cold.  Wandering, as'
lie listed, to gaze from tlhe lll]-tops, the plains, or the
sea-shore on the beauties of God('s creations-w.ading
or swimming the brooks and rivers as hlie ramrbledrechlinig  at noon  under the th-ickest branches of
gigalitic and fruitful trees —behlolding, w\vith reverential wonder that nmasterp)iece of heavenly art, the stun
when it rises at morn, passes the zeiitli at nooii, alid
goes (ldowvn at eve-contemplating tlhe starry blue at
night, in devotional  ecstasy-regatr(lding, the ever
16 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
changingi  and ever-gloriotus spectacle of the firma
ment, with its sublime and beautiful phenomena of
tinted clouds, refreshing rains, boisterous storrnms, its
auroras, meteors, lights, shades, and prismatic hues
in all their protean splendor, with more exquisite
satisfaction than civilized people would see the finest
theatrical exhibition-lookiIng at the landscape with
more genuine elnjoyrment tlian we now feel in scrutinizing whole galleries of paintings-listening to the
miusic of the birds, of vwaterfatlls, of tlhunder ftir and
near, or of thle breezes in thle flowery copse or wavy
forest, or hearing the simple songs of his family and
companions with more heartfelt enthusiasm than we
hear the orchestra and voices of the grandest opera
-thinking o'f nature's wonders anrid conversing about
them in the friendly circle, imaginatioln evoking and
tradition impressing on the book of his memory ballad(s and rom.tices of which the artistic and polished
compositions of our poets are as dying echoes or
fadiing shadows-smiling upon and even shariiug the
joyous gambols of his children on the greensward
or sandy shore-revelling in the rain or basking, in
the suni-catching and  bestriding, thle  horses that
grazed on ever-grassy plains-sporting in tile spray
of the cascades or in the surf of land(-girt wavespruninilg w itli a piece of tslarp flint the useless b, atielies
or plucking withl his hands the superfluous leaves of
his favorite fruit trees-clearing tlietm of noxious insects or protecting them fiom the visits of careless
animals-trainiiing a vine over the entrance of a cave
he had chosen for his dwelling-clearing a smooth
path froom the cave to the cool spring near bymerely stretching forth his hands or nimbly climbing any tree to cull and eat lris fill -of the most
savory fruits, never filing to find the luscious re
past at any time of tl-he year-the firugiverous Edenite would have been occupied, it is true; but, like
Adam, would have done No wTORK.
But this is only ()oine of the aspects-an imperfect
ole-iin which our imaginatiol conceives the Man of
"
17 
THE EDIEN OF LABOR.
Eden.  This aspect is tlhat of Nature, of il)nloceut
nature, of nature  that has not yet comnuitted( the
wickedness of' which  it is capable.   But Adam was
not merely naturally innocent.  I-e was supcrii,tturally immarn,ulate.  Ilis humnalnity consisted in asoul
inherently rational and conditionally hloly; but the
condition of tl-his holiness had not been violated, and
its dazzling purity, fresh from the Creator's bosoin,
outshone the refulgent rays of its wisdom.  While
that soul retained its holiness it had the Science of
Sl)irits and felt the sympath-ies of lHeaven.  -Ie wasnmajestic and glorious; invested with all the d(lignity
of intelligence and beauty) of vilrtuc.  WVe inmust reverence l)im, for hlie was not igclorantly but wisely irnmnaculate.  It mtist have been so; foi the world was tIld
still is peopled with inlnumeiable allgels, messengeis
of heavenly grace superlatively  w-ise and ineffably
good, each of whlom has a special funlction of perfection to perform, and who, though-  now unseen to
nortal eye, was then audible and visible to the yet
untarnished senses of Man.   He freely comrmuned
with them.  As hie,,iei, the spiritual sciences and
Lcad the heavenly virtues, the angels joyfully cornntuiled witll llim; aind he joined them ili coiitemplating, understanding, and lulfilling th-e tlelil clear but
now  mysterious  operations ol Providence.   Even
God liiinself condescended to s)peatk to A(i-alrl audibly.
Hence natura] science and art as we low know themn
woul(l have been vality of valitv to Aditrij.  Tlhe
exl)erimelnts of a Galileo, or tlhe iliventiotis of'a Watt,
would hlave been trivial and useless to such a creattre: Jor his splhere of knowledge  and a,ctioni was far
above tlhese.  \Vith the celestial intelligences he observed atld studiecd the meclinalJisin and esselnce of tlhe
infilitely gret an(l infinitely small.  His science was
acquire(l by a peculiar )i,rocess of' mind of whiclh only
those who enjoy supernaiituaIl griace and co)iirnulioii
with sinless aigels are capable, and tlhis different a(nd
grander  splere  of knowvled(ge  and  thought  mrust
liave furiislied  different and  grander  occul)atiolis
is 
TIlE EDEN  OF LABOR.
than any of tlhose within thle scope  and capacity of
the natural  man.   Of this class of A(lam's occupatiol)s w+e caln f(inr  no defiite idea, fbr we  have lost
the grace, and with it the knowledge anid ability it
gave; but we know  enough to regard and  admire
the Man,f Ecleii as a conscious angel clothed in flesh
and blood, and as engaged ill the acts and things that
interest and occup)y the inl-habitants of heaven.
This mruchl at least can we say: that by tlhe perpetuations of Edenie life mnan would have enjoyed all
tlhe felicities of personal liberty and intelligent contelipl,Ltion.
LiBERTY in this: That, surrounded by abundance,
untroubled by care of providing raiment, house, and
food, lie would have been free to exert himnself or rest
as hle felt iiClined.'Twould have been the liberty of
tile child at play, clhecked only by willing ard reverettial obedience to a loved arnd loving parent.  Oh!
who does not regret the lharmless sports of tenderly
protected childhoodl?
CONTEMIPLATION in this: That, without siniking into
tlhe perverted and superstitious  practices of wl-hat
)pagan mystics and philosophers regar(l as contemplative lite, all men would have lived th-at other true
intellectual and etlhereal life extolled by St. Augustilln.
A  life not of plhanto()s or dreamns, but a life wherein
understandingly, inge1,iiously, and really the soul beholds andl feels and knows all things intrinsically,
and( commlules as it were with eternaLl and  infinite
wis(loIn, gla(dly followviiig its dictates and  radiating
its love.
T''lough, aIs we have seen, A(damn had no occasion
for experimneltal or applied science-nio nee(, no use
whatever for the  esthietical and industrial arts-no
occasioil to invelit ingenious devices for cotlver'tili)g
ilitter to soirdid uses, his greit rnmid was adequately
and deliglhttully einploye(.   Iis intellect coi,ibined
mixutie disceriilieit atld far-reaclilg sci)l)e; exactiie.,s of colnceptioli aud serenity of infeirece; voltiiiiiiousiiess ot imeiory and presncce oft' every possible
19 
I}ecessILy 01 lanor.'l'his rest, this penice ot' soul, this
exemption fiom worlcly care hlie foun,d il Olis love of
the higl and pure sentiments and highler science, the
compaiiionship of happy  spirits inspire(d  aid developed.  Itence Adam's soul was serene.  No clouds
of despondency obscuired, no storrns of p(ission disturbed this serenity of his soul, as he moved nilajestic,
alud wrapped in contemplative ecstasy, over the joyous (flowery and fruitful) laiidse.tpes of Eden.
I'} the supposed ease of an Edenite world we must
adiiiit that popl)ul,ttiori was sparse, that the people
lhad food of the most d(electable kind and  endless
variety, that this varied food lay on every side in
plenteousness fir beyond wstat they could consume.
Food, being as abuiidant antd as easily appropriated as
light, air, and water, could have ha(i no price, or, as
the political economists say, no exchangeable value.
Every Edenite would hlave  load as much  and more
of what his highest conceptions of physical life and
its pleasures demanade(d.
IlHeice to form a negative idea of a people livinias Adamn and Eve did before the fall, we may compatre them with ourselves, and conceive their society
as having hardly any or none of the things we now
esteem as most a,greeable.  Tlhey could have had 1no 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
fisl)ing, no hunting, 11no agriculture, no herrdmanscraft, no manufactories, no commerce, no husbandmen, no shepherds, no mechanics, no merchants, no
plantations, factories, ships, railroads, banks, money,
or any medium of trade.  They could have no product of labor, no artificial thing within the whole
range of art, from the stupendous pyramid down to
a pin or a button; and all this simply because they
d(id NO WORK.
Would tlhis be happiness?
Most certainly it would.
We cannot doubt it; for we have the assurance of
Holy Writ, that it was happiness   The very name
of Eden adduces the fact; and Isaiah alluding to it
says, " Joy and  gladness  are found  therein, with
thanksgiving and the melodious voice of praise." (Is.
li. 3.)
In the Edenic commonwealth there could be no
riches and poverty, no filth or crime, no laws, no
police, legislators, princes, armies, nor any pestilence,
famine, or war; for these are the results of the struggle
of men to escape labor, the immediate and temporal
punishment of sin  Won(lerfull! every effort to avoid
the penalty has multiplied sin, the horrors of sill
and the intensity of labor.  The moment  man  fiom
necessity or hlis personal comfort bestowed labor on
anything, he created value, price, and ownersl-il);
and these entailed on the world an ever-recurrii(r
cycle of mIiseries: rapine, slavery, m-nonopoly, caste,
fraud, war, conquest, and every other iniquity.
Strange, however, instead of envyillg these Edenites, we arle illclined to pity them as suffering extraordinary privations.  We forget that "if ignorance
is bliss'tis folly to be wise"-that to long for the
flesh pots of Egypt we must once leave known  them
— that there can be no privation  where there has
never been even a suspicion of other comforts  than
tlhose we ei.joy —no unhappiness when our present
condition affords all we are able to imagine as unallove(d ood.   [()re()ver, we sl-hould( remember tlhat
21 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
if Adam  partook not of the agreeable and useful
products of art we now know of, he knew nothing of
Avarice, that insati.ble dragoii whlose heads  are
Profit, Rent, Usury, and Hiring.  He had none of the
cares, troubles, envyings, longings, dis'appointments,
terrors, fatigues, burdens, indigence, and iniseries it
is now the lot of the men of labor all over this restless world to suffer.
Why do we seek fori, richles? Because in the backgroun(i of every diream of riches or power  is the
thought of relief from'- toil.   Call the object of our
efforts by whatever name you please: independence,
fortune, pro)perty, authority, rank —the real purpose,
stripped of thle circutnstances in which we expect to
gaill it, anl of the driess we put around it, is simply
this: to be able to have plenty witlhoitt work, and to
enjoy it without remorse. We want to enjoy whatever thle vaility of our tastes and our advancement inll
knowledge approve as pleasant —viands, wines, dress,
niansiol), and equipage; but we want them  without
toorhk.  Ie who (ielud(es hiiiiself with the conceit that
hle is ambitious of offi('e, honors, and the like, only
for glory or the good of lhis country, will, on carefully
sifting his motives, fiid the residuary notion to be
that thlese will procure (through  the  good-will or
servitude of others) exemption from i mpea(tive toil.
HIence all the artifices of finance, speculation, ambitioni, and of evely other oppression of man by man
(iin at this: that one may have leave and leisure to
()cCUpy Ilimself ae he pleases and when hlie pleases, as
Adam could before the fll, without anxiety of mind
or weariness of body.
Thle Edenite had all the pleasures he esteemed as
such} without the effort and tire of earning tlemn; and
upoli close investigation it will appear that thte presellt struggle of all mankind( is to get )ack to this
beginning;  but, alas! the same  investigation will
disclose (1) llowv (with the gift of knowledge of good
and evil) we ar lel't to our oviwn chioosing,; (2) how,
.all) 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
in making our choice, we mistake evil for good; and
(3) how we have become infatuated with a miedley
of things denounced in Holy Writ as "all vanity and
vexation of spirit" (Ec. ii. 2, 14), or as "the cares of
the world and deceitfulness of riches." (Mat. xiii. 24.)
We fail to see that nothing but the fear of God, and
obedience to His commandments, through love and
Christ, and tl-he relinquishment of every vain pursuit,
will enable us to pass the flarnmitg swords of the angels guarding the entrance of Eden.  The whole book
of Ecclesiastes is a demonstration of this trutlh.
What seemingly immense sacrifices are thus imposed, and how shocking, foolish, and absurd do the
words suggesting them sound to the ear. Starting
from the premise that human philosophy and classical political economy would furnish, how easy it is
to show that no turning back from the greed of riches
and amnbition, or from the vanities of the world, is
required of him who seeks for happiness.  Fine und
plausible speeches can be made to demonstrate that
it is "impossible" for the poor to'discontinue working
-n-working in the service of capital to produce tlhe
greatest possible amount of everything necessary, usef'u], or sumptuous at the lowest possible cost. I have
heard and read all that has been said in favor of this
view of the subject; but the Bible has convinced me
that the production of the great riches, so much
vaunted in the standard works of political ecolornomy,
is a snare to our feet and a thorn to our side, and
that we must seek for happiness in7 the opposite direction.
Hence we must not go towards glory, power, riches,
or lust to seek for happiness, but towards rest.
By rest I mean not merely exemption from physical toil or excessive bodily labor, but also exemption
from  the harrowing paings and raging fury of the
passions. The violent antagonisms of thle passions
torture and rack our souls: disdainful pride, consumring anger, pallid fear, skulking slhamre, pilting
23 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
love, rankling jealousy, wan envy,  witlleririg care,
piercin     g        sorrovw, and grim despair
.... those vultures of thle tiind
Its web with labors tear.
HIe whose bosom is thus torn is deprived of rest   Rest of Body:
Tranquillitv of Mind
Peace of Society.
This is the summary  of happiness according to
Scripture.  All men who (do not despair travel ill
search of these thiree thinTs in one; and mallny wlo have
lost all hope of reaching the goal, in this world, are
consoled in the thought of attaining it beyo(nd the
grave-in the resurrection).
AN hlat did the Lord(l promise the Israelites if they
obeyed his lawv in the land hle gave them?  REST.
(Ex. xxxiii. 14; Deut. xii. 9; xxv. 19; Jos. i. 15.)
AVhat did he promise them in Babylon, and what
now on the same terms?  Return and REST.  (Is.
xxx. 15; Jer. xxx. 10.)
Wllat (loes Christ sav his followers shall have?
REST. (Mat. xi. 2~, 29, 30.)
What is the grave to those who die in the Lord?
REST. (Job iii. 17, 18; Ec. ix. 10.)
Wl]at shall they enjoy in the resurrection?  REST.
(Rev. xiv. 13.)
WIhat is the penalty declared against the wvicked?
1)EPRIVATION'  OF REST.  (Ps. xcv. 11; Ileb. iii. 18;
Rev. xiv. 2.)
Let us contemplate this rest in its socital aspect.
Beautiful indeed is the serenity of tllhat unclouded
soul from which all evil desires are swept away, and
on whlich the sun of grace shines gloriously; but still
more beautiful is a communionl of virtuous souls forming a peaceful societv. God is there!  " Behold hlow
good and how pleasanit it is for brethren to dwell
together in unity." (Ps. cxxxii. 1.) This is tlhe social
aspect of rest-it is the'"peace of thle State."  Tlhe
soul aspirfes to rest because rest is hal)piness.  The
State Cat.]res to e)cace, becaetlse iecace is (the rest, carl thes'c
24 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
fore the ha)p)i7iess of the State.  Individual happiness
is rest of mind and body.  Social happiness is peace
and good-will among men. In this peace and goodwill the body politic has its rest; but the rest aid(
peace of the State necessarily depend upon the quietude and serenity of the souls of those who compoae
society-its memnbers. Where the parts-the mem
bers-are disturbed and conflicting, the  mass-the
body-must also quake, and may fall to ruin.  So the
gospel to solve the problem of social happiness points
back to the individual soul of the man of Eden; and
would restore the individual souls of his progeny to
original purity, and through that purity to peace.
"The wisdom that is from al)ove is first pure, then
peaceable."  (Jarmes iii. 17, 18; see also, Eph. ii. 17;
Luke ii. 14; RomI. x. 15; Gal. vi. 16.)'Thus does the
gospel by these texts and by its whole imiport offeir
peace, as synonymous with happiness. It tenders
first this happy peace to all by the advent of the
Lord-Ile came to preach peace and good-will arnolig
men; and He l)romises peace to those who observe
Ils precepts and counsels.
Thus it appears that the word "peace" is at it were
a sumnmitlig up, in one expression, of all the descriptions given in the gospel, of the practical results or
evolutive effect of the gospel.  It certainly excludes
all idea of sin; for sill, and the causes of sin, are tlhe
antipodes of rest of body and soul, or of society.
Who would ever expect peace in a land of sterility
and scarcity, or among those who are envious, tyrannical, or sensual? Peace, on the contrary, implies all
the virtues peculiar to Christianity: patience, forbearance, kindness, mildness, humility, meekness, modesty,
chastity, charity; for peace is the fruit of these aii(l
is impossible without these.
The idea of peace also imnports the bodily rest oF
Eden;  for how will the individual soul or the State
be happy when the people are over-worked, driven
by the necessity of soil or climate, or by unequal and
cruel institutions to compulsory, excessive, an(l un
3
25 
TIIE EDEN  OF LABOR.
requited labor?  True, the Christian knows how to
bear such wrongs for lleaven' ssake, and how to offer
thle labor that is extorted from him without recompense in this world, ais a sacrifice'to heaven, but thlis
very sacrifice implies suffering; and hence, in a
material and earthly point of view, a deprivation of
}lappiness consequelnt upon a deprivation of rest.
Why are {ve patient?  We are patient because it
pleases Christ; and it pleases Christ because the fruit
of patience is peace, and peace is rest, and rest is the
promised reward here and hereafter.
For the same reason are we  meek, kind, humble,
mild, mod(est, chaste, charitable, and self-saciificing.
T'hese are all pleasing to Christ because their fruit is
peace, and peace is rest of body and soul, and rest is
the promised happiness of the just here and hereafter.
It is in society-in the State-that our Lord delights to see this rest realized; for then it is not only
the evidence of the p)revalence of the Holy Spirit in
the h-eart, but also the display of that charity which
is the distinctive iand sublimest characteristic of His
gospel.  Charity becomes visible, is a reality, only
in society.  It is only through the relations arising
in the State that charity can become apparent.  Its
root is in the holy sympatlhy of the members, in their
reciprocal solicitude, in their affectioniate regard and
care for one another.
This realization of charity is inmpossible to the
isolated man:. It is possible only to associated man
-to men in society; but what is the final and highest
visible effect of this reciprocal solicitude, of this affec-.
tionate regard, of this sympathy of man for man, of this
Christian charity spreading itself through society?
The grand and beautiful temporal result is peace.
The saints love peace. They seek, follow, cultivate peace. They live in peace with each other a(nd
with all mien; and thus they have rest.  (Is. xxxii. 18.)
So we see the peace of God first ruling the heart,
and then the social body of the faithful.  (Co]. iii. 15.)
If peace and rest are not in the lheart, they cannot
26 
THiE EDEN OF LABOR.
be elsewhere; for they descend from heaven on the
heart; and the heart alone is capable of radiating
and spreading them over society.  Hence if the heart
rejects them, they shrink back to heaven. Clearly
there is and can be no happiness without this tranquillity of soul and repose of body. We cannot help
thinking that exemption from laborious effort coupled
with moral innocence, is happiness. The Bible and
reason concur in showing that rest is happiness.
But perhaps you object, and reproach me with proposing to banish the sciences and arts from the world.
You infer that these would be lost if man soughthappiness in rest; but I do not admit the reproach
or the inference. I do not propose to baiiish either
science or art; I would not dispense with the measure
of study and work they rightfully require. As I
have remarked, the temporal consequences o'f the fall
are not revoked in heaven. The decree arresting the
spontaneous fruitfulness of the earth, and allowing
bread only to those who labor, must stand through
all time: yea, even after that complete and universal
triumph of the Church-even during that earthly
reign of Chirist-the millennium.
As I have already remnarked, it is now through
knowledge we hope to reinstate Eden; but knowledge
is not gained by the distressed pauper, driven by relentless masters. Science and invention must be
courted at leisure, by diligent but quiet minds, undisturbed by the cares of the world. Hence, somehow or other, there must be some way discovered of
procuring leisure to the votaries of science and art.
By their own inventions they may shorten and multiply production; create abundance; but abundance
does not give happiness without procuring also rest,
and( therefore, it is not the abolition of science and
art I would propose. On the contrary, I would conciliate thern with the procurement of abundance,
leisure, and rest, throu,lgh the triumph of charity.
Here then I posit again the distinction stated in
thl-e beginning,.  Adam was occupied, but he did not
27 
THiE EDEN OF LABOR.
work according to the modern idea of work.  The
word nlow imports fatigue, anxiety, sweat of thle brow.
Before the fall, as we have seen, Adam was placed in
a garden of delight "to (Iress it and to keep it;" but
this dressing and keeping must have been an abundantly requiting operation, and an agreeable exercise
only; for real toil, irksome toil, began only with sin.
It was from the fall, upon the first act of disobetience,
that the Lord God cursed the earth, so that labor and
toil became necessary to make it produce. Work is
now of divine command, but also work by divine
command is again reduced to mere occupation and
recreation through charity, reciprocity, and brotherhood.
Indeed even toil is sweet if undergone to help or
supply the brethren and to serve God.
It is the motive that has impelled us to acquire
science, the object we have in view in our works of
art, that curses or blesses them.
There is nothing in the nature of Science and Art
to make their votaries unhappy.
We  may weigh the planets with Newton, paint
Mary and Jesus with Raphael, build St. Peter's with
Aiigclo, find unknown continents with Columnbus,
sing transcendent odes with Mozart, and yet feel at
rest, be perfectly happy. The Sciences and Arts are
entirely congenial  with Charity and Peace.   We
may make the good of our neighbor, and the service
of God, the object and end of the knowle(cdge we
accumulate, the discoveries we make, the inventions
we evolve, and the works we perform. In this aspect
they are Worship: not toil, but a blessing.
On the otler hand, we may make them subservient
to Avarice, Usurpation, or Libertinism-make them
the servants of every Vice.  Then it is tlhey cease to
be worship, and become a curse'Tis then from the
motives that induce them and the circumstances that
compel  them, that the labors of the student and
artist are mnade to pander to selfish vice, and gratify
the lowv taste of a false and godless civilization.'Tis
28 
TIHE EDEN OF LABOR.
in this civilization and by its laws that the most
iniquitous inequalities and appropriations are sanctioned and perpetuated.'Tis from the inexorable
selfishness and rapacity of these appropriations and
sanctions that nine-tenths of the people are compelled
to labor for a pitiful subsistence; and that one-half
of the work performed by skilled mechanics an(l
comniion laborers is done only to provide luxuries,
trifles,  toys,  ornarneluts,  tinsel,  fantasies,  shows,
amusements, finery, wines, courtesans, palaces, equipages, and a myriad more vain and useless things f',)r
tile favorites of legalized Fraud and Force'Tis
then -and from  this waste of the  bone, sinew, a"lt
brain of the toiler upon futile things that the number
of those employed in lecessary, useful, and good
things is diminished, and  thereby a greater, but
miserably requited labor devolves upon  the pool
multitude, who, nevertheless, do not escape the corruption and vice of their masters.  Their toil, while
it is thus excessive, is made galling, bitter, irksome,
and harassing by the sordclid, the vile, the noxious
feelings withl which they perform it, and which are
induced t)by the hard exactions and impure example
of their hirers.  Oh! how bitterly do they hate those
who thus extort the sweat of their face without returntling adequate recompense.   Oh! liow they envy
their' oppressors, and( how eagerly would they imitate
their rapacity if they had their place.   Their overburthensorne and unrelenting toil of itself prevent
their happiness, since it encroaches upon the rest the
natural b(,dy lnormally requires; but there is a deeper
cause of unrest and suffering from  the sentiments
that actuate both the e!nployed and the employer,
and drive their souls with execruciating lash and spur,
aud make them  pervert science and art to the uses
of selfisllness anld warriiig hell, instead of  being
ina(dc, as they mlighlt be, the handmaids of loving and(
pealceful lHetven.
To suit the purposes of hell, the arts and sciences
may  be  nlade the instrulments of unremitting ad(l
3*
29 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
oppressive labor. To suit the purposes of heaven,
the arts and sciences may become the companions
and helpers of productive, but attractive and beneficent, industry.
Hence in Eden there never was any condemnation
of physical science in any department. It was.the
discovery of the difference between moral good and
moral evil through the commission of sin, that was
forbidden. The knowledge of physical or corporeal
good and evil is harmless to the soul; and hence the
forbidden tree was the tree of knowledge of moral
right and wrong.  Another objection is made.
It is del)ied that the abundance of flowers and
fruits, music and song, walks and recreations of an
earthly paradise could afford happiness; because the
fact is that many, even now, possess all these things
and are not happy.  See the rich man.  His table is
overloaded with the miost savery via(nds and d(ielectable wines, his halls resound with ravishing music,
he disposes of his time capriciously, and some new
recreation or pleasure fills each of l)is days.
This objection and example only show a misapprehension of the opinions we entertain; and also a misapprehension of the sense of Scripture.  We did not
mean, nor did we say, that happiness consisted merely
in no work; but in REST-inOt merely in physical
rest, but in rest of body and mind.  We  made }hl'ppiness depend on three conditions: First, Purity of
thought, or Innocence of sin.  Second, Exerption
from toil, but not from occupation; and q'llird, Exemption from solicitude and sorrow. Certainly we'
did not say or dream that the happiness of Ed(len consisted in the pleasantness of the place-its soft climate,
enchanting scenery, atnd delicious productions.  In
our theory the substance of happiness does not consist in tlhe abundance ani)d excellence of fruits and
other things good for the body and pleasant to the
senses.'hese are not the essence, they ar-e o).ty the
means of h(atp)iness; tiCe oneans of 2-est (end pe(ce; and
like every other means  may be imperifectly used,
11) 0 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
wrongly applied, or wickedly abused.   For instance,
who does not know that a man may be indulging in
a succession of variegated luxuries, recreations, and
other apparent  pleasures-have and enjoy palaces
and feasts, and not he at rest; not be freely and truly
doing what he would like to do; but, in the midst.of
his revelry, be really a slave of others, of fashion, or
of raging passions? Driveln by vanity.he rrmy be
striving to earn the praise.of the world, goaded by
ambition he nmay be struggling to establish his influence, or he may be a mere victim of vice. We kinow
enough of all these cases to be able to declare that
the leisure and pleasuire they display are deceptive;
that the dressing, decorating, parading, dancing, visiting, diniig, racing, sereinading,, entertailiing, promeiiading, and sight-seeing of the wealthy are not mere
recreative occupations, as they seem to be, but real
and  painful toil.   They are latlorious.   Tlley are
compelled by the exigencies of the world to which
one has made himself through his own folly a secretly
repining and  discontented slave.   When  the rich
man throws open lhis brilliantly illuminated saloons,
spreads his luxurious tables, and hires artists to sil(
and play in his festivities, what is hlie but the slave
of' his guests; a sycophantic caterer to their appetites?
What has he been doing but contriving to accumulate
the means of paying this tribute to the persons whose
good opinion hlie courts, and who have condescended
to avail themselves of his invitations?  To tell the
anxieties and tribulations a rich man suffers in order
to give a single feast would fill a volume.  What will
he wear? What will he provide? Whomn shall he
invite?. What  will people think  or say?  What
ridicule or praise be gained?  What profit to fanle
or power?    TWho will come or who will despise the
invitation?'These, tand a thousand other questions
pregnant with meintal torture and fruitful of heart
burniligs, arise.  Then when the event aniswers the
questions, oh! what vexations, disappoiiitments, huntiliations, anld  inglishl does he  cot experience?  His
3t 
THIE EDEN OF LABOR.
amusements prove themselves on trial to be all labor
and trouble; anid having been botughlit they also turn
out to be morally void.  Before and after, as well as
(luring his entertainment, he has had no peace or rest,
anid therefore no happiness.
True it is that without fertility and abundance
(a large surplus of necessary and good things proldueed easily and quickly), leisure and recreation, rest
of mind and of body, and tlerefore happiness cannot
be fully realized. I have already remarked that this
easy gotten surplus of material substance is a neces.ary metins, anid only a means.  Possessed of it tihe
Edenic Man was relieved of the sordid cares of life.
Food and slhelter and every other material comfort he
needed were as plenteous around  him as air, water,
and sunsiline.  Thus relieved tand( thus blessed, he
was free to live the higher life of the soul-to feast
his eyes as well as his taste upon the works and gifts
of God in nature-to contemplate them tlhrough the
mind( as well as by the senses-to have intercourse
witlh the angelic world and be concerned with angelic
works, and thus to enhance the purity and bri,ghtness
of his soul. But what made these give happiness
was the rest and peace they procured.  Thlis was
happiness, because the soul-being free of sins, such
as envy, ambition, avarice, lust, and full of gentleness,
piety, love-enjo(yed the Gardeln without detriment
from contradictions, doubts, anxieties, fears, oppositions, fatigues; ()or disappointments, and without any
molestation whatever.  The soul of man in Eden was
in that state of exhilarating rest it riay feel again
when reconciled, and when, reclinilng soft]y in seraphiic arms, it shtall be calmly arid steaidily lifted with
wide and wafting winas to regions of transcendent
quietude anrid vision. Hence, in) one word, the end,
the resultant, the substance of Eden, was  not  its
material richles and beauty, but its rest.
Of this there can remain no doubt, when upon coii
sideration of the fact, that for his disobedience Adam
himself wa,s not cursed, but the ground.  Previously,
32 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
the ground had only produced that which " was good"
...." all manner of trees fair to behold and pleasant to
eat of"; but, when the original offence was committed,
God decreed that the earth should "bring forth thorns
and thistles to the offender," so that from that time it
was necessary for him to "work and toil" to overcome this barrenness.  It is expressly said that this
noxious tendency of the soil, and the consequent
strain and sweat of the body necessary to mnake it
bear bread, was'the immediate punishment inflicted
for the eating of the fruit of the forbidden tree. The
blight and rankness, at once created the necessity of
labor, and stinted the reward of the efforts of the
laborer, so that, while he strained his sinews, poured
out his sweat, and suffered bodily, his heart was also
troubled with fear and disappointment. The curse
of sterilitv was purposely to inflict labor, and labor
was to be the express occasion of anxiety and har(dship; the occasion of unrest and unhappiness.
It would be easy to trace all the ztnhappiness of
society and State to this condemnation to labor, and
to thle efforts each of?tIs iakes to avert the effects of
this curse from self, by contriving to impose a do?uble
task tpon other-s; but this would turn us from our
present train of thought; and, therefore, I will leave
the social evils of labor, and the means of correcting
these evils, to be considered another day.
"In the sweat of thy lace shalt thou eat bread."
This is the sentence that no man can escape. If it
does not strike him directly, it will reach him indirectly.  Vainly, to avoid this pelalty, do we wring
the sweat of other men, and gather it for selfish purposes into our own reservoirs; the sternly exacted
flood will be red with our own agony, and bitter
with our own disappointment.
It is evident, from these premises, that there is a
labor of body, a labor of mind, and a labor of feelings; that all three are paiiiful and tormenting; that
they all come from the same curse; and that exemrnption or rest from these three kinds of labor is peace.
33 
TIHE EDEN OF LABOR.
Hence it is that the Scriptures speak of peace and
rest as the same.  Indeed, as we have seen, the peace
of the saints in heaven is calle(l rest; and so, in the
same sense, the rest of the upright man on earth is
called peace; God, the author of peace, an(l Christ,
the Prince of Peace.
Hence, in a hundred places in Scripture, besides
those we have referred to, do we see that the mnain
characteristic of happiness is rest and peace.
AWhen the angels of the Lord, surrounded by a
inultitude of the heavenly army, stood by the watching shepherd, and proclaimed thle Saviour's birth,
what, besides God's glory, did this army of angels
sing? They sang of pence. (Luke ii. 14.)
When Jesus sent forth His Apostles, without purse
or scrip or shoes, to preach His gospel, what did He
enjoin them, when enteriing a h,, use, first to say?
The words of greeting He taught them were, "Peace
be to this house." (Luke x. 5.)
What does Christ promise His Church and followers?  Rest and peace. (John xiv. 27.) Indeed,
His gospel is the gospel of peace. God is not the
God of dissension, but of peace. (1 Cor xiv. 33.)
When the reign of Christ on earth shall be establislied, when men shall beat their swoi-ds into ploughslar,es, and their spears into  plruining hooks, and
there shall be no more war, the Lord says, then " my
people shall sit in the beauty of )pe(ce, and in the
tabernacles of. confidence and in weatltily rest." (Isaiah
xxxii. 18.)
If you were to interrupt me to inquire how canthis promised, this future Eden be set up despite the
condemnation to hard labor incurred by Adam and
his sons, I might object that this is not the question
before us now.  The matter on hand is only the defiiition of happiness, not the discovery of the means
of' procuriig it; but the.answer to this second question is so easy anrd so short that it will not break the
connection of my discourse to give it en passant....
We niay be ransomed from thle hard labor that we
34 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
inherited from Adam, as we were from orig,ilal sin
itself through Christ and charity.  To speak more
particularly: I say the hardships and injustice suffered by the laboiring poor would be relieved by the
full development and realization of the mercy and
brotherhood taught by the gospel and the Churcel.
I mean that these should not only influence private
conduct, but infuse themselves into the body politic.
That is rmyv answver to your question, and, if you want
further particulars, I refer you to the priest, who will
easily describe (to any who cannot imagine for themselves) the happiness, the manifold beauties  that
would be produced, if Christian charity generally
prevailed, and also pervaded the laws and institutions
of the city and State.
In His paternal kindness, and in correspondence
with mai's primary aspirations to rest, Our Fathler
best knowing our nature and destiny, instituted the
Sabbath, that invaluable and heaven-derive(l right of
the poor.  By this merciful institution our Father
teaches us, by actual experiment, once a week, inll
what true happiness consists; yet we are so blind as
not to generalize the tfacts of this reiterated trial of
happiness; and instead of trying to " enlarge and
multiply our Sabbaths" we are ever rebelliously exerting ourselves to break and dimiiiish even the periodicaLl rest of body and soul He has guaranteed to us.
fiow thankful should be the poor that this right of
revisiting Ederl every Sunday is secured to them by
a higher law, acknowledged even by the rich and by
the State.  Were it not for the warranty of religion,
hlow long ago would the poor have been deprived of
Sunday's rest, and have been forced to toil without
intermission?  How grateful should they be to this
religion, and how ready to defend it, even if it were
only for the sake of the Seventh day's rest.
The  bondholder,  that  represeltative  monster,
formed of all the woes man's disobedience brought
into the world, would, were it not for Christ and His
Church, abolish the poor man's day.  Not daring to
35 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
do this, the monster and his like, with their courtiers
and retainers, have lengthened the working time of
the six other days, to extort, as it were, the blood
and sweat which hlad been saved from their unrelenting cupidity, by the institution of God's holy
SunLday.
Thou,h the extortioner triumphs for awhile, the
success will be transitory; for a heavenly instinct
remin(ls the children of Adanm, even tlhrough the
ages and generations, of long-lost Eden, and points
to a new Eden of rest in the future, descenlding from
l eave i.
Mv  friends, I hope I have succeeded in telling
what is l)appiness and where to seek for it.  My
ardent wishl is that we  may all succeed in gaining
the prize, and that one day tlhe }11a)piness of  the
whole people will be established on tlhe enjoyment
of rightful rest, according to the will of Go(l.
36 
CHAPTER I.
GOD'S SHIARE AND MiAN'S SHIARE OF VALUES.
And  tlle eyes  of them  bothl  were opened(l; and wlieit tihey perceived tihemselves to be naked,  they served togetliei fig-letves, alnd
iiiadle thliimselves aprolis. (Genesis iii. 7.)
Aiid the Lord God made for Adam  and his wife, gatrments of skin.s
,Iti(1 clotlhed tleti. (Geinesis iii. 21.)
Andi the Lord God sent him out of the  p.trldise of pleasure, to
till the earih fr m  ivii(,h hlie was taken.  (Genesis iii. 23.)
OF his own free will Adamn incurred the necessary
consequences of his determnigation to rely on his private judgmaent.  (Ecc. i. 13.)  These consequences
were the'experience of evil as well as of good;  tile
loss of divine cornmunication or grtce; the loss of
thle tree of life or source of irnmortality; the loss of
the latural abundance, peace, find rest of Eden; the
necessity of working for his subsistence.
It is tlhe last particular of these penalties that now
en,gages outr alttention.
WVe mnay inmagine that, in its natural condition, tlle
earth  would not have produced spontaneously  the
abund(lant and excellent fruits Adamrn enljoyed in the
Paradise of pleasure and rest.   As Adam  himrself
was endowed withl supernatural graces, so was the
earth ma(le supernaturally beautiful  and delightful
to tfford hlim the -iapl-)iness tlhe state of his soul and
bo(ly required a(nd merited.   lience, when the extraor(liiiary  races of lis soul were forfeited and taken
away, so also was tlhe earth deprived of its correspondiii,g and miraculous bounteousness.
It would seein  that the  whole  earth-  had  been
blessed with all the favors bestowed on E(len, except
one: tlhe tiee of life which grew in Edeii olnly.  Not
ilerely Eden, but the whl{ole earth, had beeii itadle a
fittil  habitatiotlii for the descenldants of mun peise
4 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.,
vering ina state of holiness.  It is natural to think
so from the language of the curse God laid upon the
soil.  (Geti. iii. 17.)  It indicates  a change;  and
therefore a change from  fectnudity to sterility all
over the earth). We are prompted to imagine a teeming land suddenly ceasing to aflbrd, at all times,
spontaneous fruits, enough for even the support of
two persons without labor.   From that. mnorunt the
life of man was made dependent on lhard work.
From that moment, lie lhad to provide himself, by
manual lal)or with fuel, tools, and implements,  )by
meclhanical labor with clotling, and shelter, by agricultural labor with food.  From that moment  tl-hei-e
was no wealth but the product of labor; and fromnt
that moment starts a series of innumerable crimes
committed by those who, to avoi(l the burlen —avoid
the divinely imposed burden of eating their bread by
the sweat of their face —fasten their share of toil, tenfold, upon the shoulders of others.
Nowhere is the fundamental proposition of Political Economy more emphatically stated than in the
third cl-hapter of Genesis.
"Cursed is the earth in thy work; with labor and
toil shalt thou eat thereof all the days of thy life."..
"In the sweat of thy face shalt tlhoul eat bread."
This is the judgment pronounced on all the descentdants of A(amrn.  Woe unto them who evade it.  Its
perpetual and general enforcement was made a function of the earth itself. There was doubtless some
alleviation after the deluge; for the Lord said (Gen.
viii. 21): " I wvil no more curse the earth for the
sake of man";  and the very name of Noahl (Gen. v.
28, 29) expresses that throug.h him, and mainly by
the God-man whose humanity was to descend from
him, men would derive " comfort from works and
labors of their hands."  But what is the precise difference between antedeluvian sterility and postdeltivian fertility, or what is the difference between  the
amount of labor necessary for production before the
deluge, and that required since then, is not revealed,
38 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
nor was it needful that it should be. It is my belief
that labor generally will be alleviated, in proportion
as mankind conforms to the moral and social will of
God.
1. Certain it is that, now as always, by the agency
of fixed laws, God imparts to things a natu/al productiveness and value.
2. Certain also it is that, through the mediuam of
man's strength and sklill, God imparts to things a
labor, increase and value.
While God mnercifully bestows (1) natural wealth
in inexhaustible quantity, (2) labor is still necessary
to convert it to human uses, and no man is dispensed
from work.  This is the law promullgated at the gate
of Edeii, and it still subsists.  "'If any man will not
work, neither let him eat." (1 Thess. iii. 10.)
Thus, there is a dual title to every product of
labor.  Firstly, God's title to the natural elements it
emibraces.  Secondly, man's title to the labor he puts
into the natural elements to make them fit for use or
pleasure.
God has always reserved His title to the natural
part, and bestowed title to the labor part, on those
only Awho have added that labor part.
"Behold the heaven is the Lord's thy G(od, and the
heaven of heavens, the earth and all things therein."
(Deut. x. 14.)
"Ttie earth is the Lord's, and tlhe fuliess thereof:
the world and all they that dwell thlrein."  (Ps.
xxiv. 1.)
'T'he silver is anine and the gold is mine, saith
the Lord of hosts." (Idagg. ii. 8.)
"All the beasts of the woods are mine, the cattle
o,l the hills and the oxen.  I know all the fowls of
the air, ald with me is the beauty of the field:.
the world is minie and  the fulness thereof."
(Ps. 1. 10, 11, 12.)
"Tlhere is nothi,g better for a man  than that lhe
should ext and drinlk and that he should make his
39 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
soul enjoy goodl i~l his labor.  This also I saw that it
was from the hanld of Godl."  (Ece. ii. 24; v. 19.)
"Blessed are they that fear the Lord(l, and walk in
His ways; for they shall eat the 7ctl)ors of their hamz(ls;
they shall be blessed, and it shall be well with tlhem."
(Ps. cxxviii. 2.)
"He that heapetli together riches by usury and
unjust gain, gatherethl  them  for him  that vill be
bountiful to the poor." (Prov. xxviii. 8.)
"He that oppresseth the poor to increase his own
riches, shall himself give to one that is richer and
shall be in need." (Prov. xxii. 16.)
"Maosters, give your servants that which is just and
equal,knowing that ye hlavealso a Master in Heaven."
(Col. iv. 1.)
Political economists, speaking in the name of natiural reason, inake the distinction of values I have
pointed out.   They  discriminate  between  natural
value and labor value.   They denote the one as inherent, and the other as imparted.
By so doing, they establish a principle-a fundamenital principle-of political econolmy; anld, of
course, one would expect to see them make important
deductions from it, and propose to carry it into some
practical effect.   The least they were bound to do,
was to keep the distinction in mind, when reasoning
onl the questions they attempt to solve; for they acknowledge it as a primary and universal fact, in their
sciences.   Bat, on  the contrary, after stating,  the
duality of value, tlhey hardly take any further notice
of it-niake no more use of it than if it did not exist.*
They soon ig-liore both titles, that of Heaven and that
of labor.   (1) They give no force and effect even to
the teinure in co)it,?o)z, which they acknowledge is
vested by natural law in all men, to all things that
remain unchianged by labor; and sanctioin thle reduction of even these, to individual ownership, without
labor.   (2) They are reg:irdiless of the question of
howv muchu work there is in a product-how much
wvork is consumed in coniverting natural  thiings to
40 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
human uses; and they make the laborer's title and
reward dependent upon the artificial and exorbitant
-unequally and iniquitously established-value  of
gold and silver, besides the ruinous and oppressive
effects which usury, competition, and monopoly have
upon wages, and on every other compensation fur
labor.
Their first proposition is: labor adils valule to
natural things; their second, following closely on the
first, without pretence of inference, is: labor is the
sole cause of value-thle sole producer of wealth, or
all wealth is from labor; their third, without debate
or hesitation, is: persons i[idividually may acquire
and have acquired a private and perpetual ownership
in things labor has never touchled; and their fourth,
derived from the right of the strongest, is: all values
and prices, those of labor included, must depend oil
competition, on relative desire or necessity, and on
the monopoly of coin, or of currency representing
coin, that symbol and perpetuation of barbaric captures, usurpations and slaveries, and of all other monopolies.
In due order, I will show howv-after the bodies of
men and the land they lived on were confiscated by
force, and after the reward of labor was reduced by
compulsion to scanty subsistenee-gold and silver
became the ransom which the powerful preferred to
demand for their spoils; and how thereby coin came
to embody, anU still embodies, every spoliation of
fraud and power; how it was and is thereby raised
many times above its real and honest value.  I defer
the consideration of this collateral point in order to
pursue the main course of my reflections.
The political economists, having, in the way I have
stated, reached the point of accepting relative desire
or necessity as the regulator of value, are at their
ease; for they have descended, from the heighlt of
principles, to the level of the established customs
and well-troddeii ways of the world.  Mammon reigns
over the world; anid they, as loyal subjects, pro                        4':"'
41 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
pound and eulogize his laws.  It is no longer God
and( labor nor even labor without God; but simply
aplf)o]i''cttio talnd exchange, as regulated by arbitrary
legislation, that tlhey now consider an(l explain.
In their theory, labor itselfis assimilnated to property,
regarded as merchandise-bought  and sold —made
subject to all the circumstances an-d laws of dlemand
and supply; of capital, seeking the largest powflt; of
necessitous competition between  workmen; and of
all the other circumstances that aff.ect the possession
and transfer of property.  In their eyes thuni:tll labor
has no characteristic, no dignity, no merit to entitle
it to other or lhigher riglhts tl-han the labor of cattle,
machlinery, or coal.  The  relation of brotlerhoo(l
(wl lidll shlould invest human lalboi with a sacre(l hlalo;
and cause it to be esteemed(, respected, and rewar(led
as ai act of commutnion between associated equals
bolnud to love one another) is wholly forgotten.
Adam Smith, in the fifth chapter of his first boolk,
says: "Labor is thl-e real measure of the exchangeatle value of all comnmodities."
In this o0ie short sentence he expresses the double
truth I have pointed out; for, labor being the onW}y
measure of exchangeable value, men  when  making
exchanges have no right to deinaujd any price or part
of price for the natural qualities of tlhe tl-hings to
\vhich they have added their labor.  I might take
Smrnith's proposition for my motto, for he declares, in
effiect, that there is no exchangeable value, but that
which is mleasurable by labor; and it must be conceded that natural thiings cannot be thlus measured.
AVWhtlt UNIT Of labor is there to measure the value
of yon shade tree, this fruit tree, that fatll of water,
that tract of wild land, or the first nugget of gold
which the millwright of California picked up?  But
though Smitlh wrote the words, and thloughi  they
have an inrmmense import and pregnancy, lie does not
stop an instant to consider them.  lie I'ils to deduce
even one of tlhe mi-ny wholesome and beautitful coInsequeiices tlhat would flow from  the apl)lieationr of
42 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
the grand principle he enunciates.  In his very next
passage, he indicates that, somehow or other, labor
has ceased to be a standard of value, has ceased to
be the real measure, is not recognized as a medium
of comparison or of exclhange, has itself become mere
merclharndise, and has become subject to the mastership and "command" of tl-hose who do not labor. He
immediately shows that lie will treat the natural value
as increasing the measure and purchasing power of
labor value.  He surrenders at once the natural value
to labor; Ibut, not content to let it enjoy this accretioni, hands over labor itself to the lords or capitalists
who have reduced it to the servitude of wages.  Indeed, onl the next page, he says: "But though labor
be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all
commiodities, it is not that by which their value is
commonly estimated." Then he shows how exchangeablle value is, now-a-days, vaguely and variably estimated by comparing the quantity of one commodity
withl the quantity of another. That such is the fact
is, alas! too true.  Practically, the principle thlat the
exclangeable value of commodities is the quantity
of labor they contain is not at present, and has not
been since Adamn  was laid in his grave, carried into
effect.  No doubt thle days aid hours a poor man has
consumed in producing a commodity,  have always
vaguely suggested, to him, the thought that it ouyit
to be proportionally valued by that labor, but, since
Adarnic times, this only equitable rule has never
been conmmonly observed, ori- even acknowledged, between men transacting barter or sale.  E:verywhere,
for ages, labor value has been left behind, to look
forward to the degrees of esteem men diversely and(l
relatively entertain, or the want they suffer, for different commodities. Capital holds the conmmodities
which labor, at low wages, has produced; and capital
sells them back to the laborer himself, at usurious
profit. The workman is made to pay a premium onil
his work to the idle looker-on.
The gieat criine of capital is that it does not
43 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
merely appropriate natural agents to use as recipients
of labor, but makes them absolutely individual propertv, arbitrarily invests them with an exchangeable
value, and demands a price for their redemption.
Thus meditating on the duality of value, and the
character of human labor, one day I put to myself
the two questions: (1) What would be the effect if
political economists faithfully and strictly deduced
their science from the fundamental duality of value
that I have just stated, and which they thlemselves
affirm?  (2) What would  have  been the practical
result if thlis view of value had been actually ope
rative, in determining values in exchange, in assessing the reward of labor, and in preventing men from
exacting any price for the share of God?
I observed that when I had meditated on these two
questions mly thoughts took the form of consecutive
tableaux,  that follow ed, as it were, an historical
order.  My mind, of its own accord, went to building
ideal representations, showinig the living world acting
under the influence of the dual truthl that (1) there
is in all property a natural value which las 11no price,
for it belongs to Go(ld; and (2) an imparted valije
vwhichl  has a price, for it (but it alone) belongs to
labor, according to labor measured  by labor.  Coisidering the necessary consequences of such principles, my imagination evoked the ideal scene of a
social and political state materially different from
that in wvhich wve live; different for the better;
different by precluding tl,e possibility of many abuses
and wvrongs; different bv its insuring the real rights'
of labor, and by its procuring rmerited -abuidance and
needful rest to every laborer.
(1) By imaginitiol)- I beheld the Eden of Labor,
and its liistorv.  I behleld it as it was when  A(dam,
after thle expulsion, oiganized( it armiong his chiildre-n,
andl(l gave it laws founde(l on the principles hle had
learied flroin converse witlh the Lord in the Eden of
Rest.  I saw its lapl)piness alld beauty Itstilg so long
44 
THIJE EDEN OF LABOR.
as these laws were ())eyed.  The  proof of this is
direct from Scril)ture.
Speakilln, to C'iin, the Lord said: "Why art thou
angry, and why is thy cotruntenance fallen?  If thou
do well, shalt thou not receive? But, if ill, shall not
sin forthwith be present at the door?" (Gen. iv. 6, 7.)
(2) The construction of thle beautiful ideal of a
country in vlwhich justice was d(lone and mercy extend(ed to the pool, of course gave occasion to conceive how, from the disregard of primary right and
d(luty, our present institutions were inaugurated, and
liow they developed their inherent virus of corruptioni.  I saw how war arose from the general perversion of morality; hown conquest introduced slavery,
landlorclsiip, unequal  exchlange, and  usury;  how
moral iniquity consecrated every material wrong in
the production and distribution of wealth; and how
the emnpire of the Nodlanders finally spread over the
earth, provoking the Lord to destroy it by a deluge.
" He said to Noe: The end of all flesh is come
before me; the earth is filled with iniquity tliroughi
them,.aii(  I will destroy them with thle earth." (Gen.
vi. 13.)
(3) I saw, after the celu,e, Babylon and Mammon
succeed(ing Nod, and naturally thought of the possibility of overthrowing tlhem  by restoring the Eden
of Labor through Christ and charity.  Immense difficultiea presented themselves to my mind when it
tried to imaginie or deduce a process, a course of
action, the course of events, the evolution of existing
causes by which the Satanic system might be supplanted by that of Iteaven. Nevertheless, I thouglht
I could, by the help of the promises of Christ, prophesy, in consecutive order, movements and events
ending in the complete triumph of Jesus Christ, ard(
the establishment of His k'ngdom.
I know I have not the literary talent necessary to
write with the grace of style and aptness of illustration that impart pleasure.  I am also warned that
my space is limited, and that I must, therefore, be
45 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
brief where I should like to be elaborate; and often
deal only in generalities where I should be glad
to adduce demonstrative particulars.  But, notwitlhstanding these disadvaitages, I persist in attempting
this history, for I regard it as a duty to help to show
the way of the poor from the Egypt of excessive.and
unrewarded work to the Holy Land  of rest and
abundance. 
46 
CIIAPTER II.
ADAIM.
I WILL begin by considering the principal personage of this history as he came forth from th-e hand
of the Creator, and by noting the state of his mind
as it was before Heaven drove him to derive from
toil and his own counsel the abundance and peace
he had madly forfeited.
Let us imagine a previously insensible lump of
clay suddenly formed into a living organism, as
Adam was, and endowed all at once witlh manhood,
sight, hlearing, taste, touch, strengthl, emotion, and
intellectual faculties; then left at the instant alone
and ilaked in the woods.  It is clear, if this had been
done to Adarn, he would have perished.  Iie was
ignorant of everything.   Every  sighlt  hle bellel(ld,
every sound he heard, was strange to him. Ilie had
never eaten or drank. He did not know what was
food or drink-could not distinguish what was fit to
nourish  and  refresh from  what  would  poison or
strangle himn.  He did not know how to eat, for lihe
had never  seen any one eat.  Feeling hunger, lhe
would not have known what it was, nor lhow  to
assuage it; and before he could, by himself, have
found  out, lie would  have starved to deatlh, not
knowitig what was the matter, or how  to save himself.  Man  is Ljot a creature of instinct like  the
beasts, wlho, without being taught, do spontaneously
what is necessary to preserve life. Man knows the
sirmplest things, eveni the absolute necessaries of existence, only by experielnce, imitation, and  teaching.
Hience it was necessary that Adam  should be educated before he could do anytliilg for himself. Without this he could not even have known the use of his 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
owni limbs.  He had not learned the use of his hands,
feet, tongue, and so forth.  Though they were parts
of himself, they were  strange to lim   We  know,
fromn recorded cases, that persons born blind, whose
eyes }have been opened by surgicatl operation, are
unable, during, a considerable time, to understand
the effects and uses of vision.  At first the sight or
tlhe world affects them as a sort of meaningless phantastnagoria, a chlaos of nameless wvonders.  They cannot determine the relation of place and distance by
mealns of sight. They do not identity the samrne thing
by different senses, but regard any one thing seen,
heard, taste(d, smnelt, and touched at different times
and in different relations as different things.  They
admire or fear without knowing why.
At the moment Adam was made-ushered at once
into life a f'ull-grown man-everything he saw, every
plant, mineral, beast, bird-the li,ght that slone, the
sounds he hear(d, the sky above, the earth beneath,
the waters that flowed, all thinigs without exception
-must have beeln, as he first belleld them, impenetrable mysteries in their aspects and their essences,
in their qualities and( their uses.  hlowv could he,
naked and ignorant as he was, preserve himrnself and
live?  iHowv discover or invent (in time to ward off
death) food, clotlhes, slhelter, and the rest?  Likle an
infant, thioughi larger and( strolgere, lie could not app)recitte distance, time, wcigllt, size, forml, place, and
thle relative position ot tlilings.  lie would not know
vwhatt to thintil of soucnds, iior of what hlie felt through
the sense of touch, and would likely, as it is said in-'
faints sometimes do, have streteled out his hand to
catch tlhe moon.   Can you picture to yoursell' lhis
utter bewvilderment and helplessness?  Nothiig but a
miracle could preserve such a creature, isolated ias
lie was-made before society existed.
Yet, no other rationatl theory can be conceived that
would explain the genesis of man, and his primary
knjowledclge of the iiieans of self-preservation.
Thlc-efore we are not surprised to read  that thle
4S 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
Lord God wnas A(lallll's INSTRUCTOR alnd IIEI,PER at
the outset of' the twvo periods of his life: tlhe Eden of
Rest and the Ed(en of Labor.
In the Eden of Rest, whllere lie ha(l 1no lleed of art,
Ada          m learned of God  to study nature  and invelit
word(s.       To tlhis eind, God prompted him, (1) to classify
tlins,        and (2) give  tlhem  nlames.   God  "broulglt
the         m t o  Adamn to see what lie would call tihem rn, for
wlvatsoever  Adamn  called any  liviug creature, the
sa me         was its name." (Gen. ii. 19.)   So  must  have
been                done wvithi regard to in.tnimnate as well as aniilm ute nature. (Ps. cxlvi. 4.)  To  name tilings it was
necessary to dclistillguish themr   " accordiii, to tlheir
lkinds."        This *was an introdu ction to Science; for
the              begi guning of all science is classification.   To
iname       thiings is to create langoLuage; for laiiguae begil       ls -witli nam-jes, an(l proceed(s to make  verbs  to
express         acts, and tlhe ot.lher parts of speecd  to express
the lrelati     ons of )names  and verbs.   Nowv, we cannot
reasonably suppose thllt such  a,n instructor limited
science       an d language only to this; for Hle had made
Ad(-Im       to be the great prototype of humal.ii nature,
1)l] ySic'lly, intellectually, a,d  ii,orally; ald to live
sup)reinely  lhappy, in corlparative leisure anld lieavenly         conversation.  "Sethl  and Sem obtained glory
amongg  nnen; but above every soul was Adam fromn
tl ie            be(gintlil,.'" (EcclesiasticLus xlix. 19.)  Tlie obvious inference is, that the happiiiess of such a bein(gendowved wNithl elevated reason nnd angelic holinessthus placed, mnust have consisted-could only have
consisted-iin contemplating and understanding  the
vwonders of creatioli-, in discoverilg, the hidden forces
set to work by almiglhty wisdom, and in tracing their
action as thley developed  the beauteous  aspects of
tllings.  The deep and broad mind of thle great progenitor' qualified(l himrn for this, and special grace assisted lilli, so thlit we may safely say that, apart from
art al)pliecati()lns, no man ever hlad (leeper insighlt into
tlhe w(orks of God-no liiatural or mietiphysical philosoi)lIer \\as ever more 1)1o!'olLidly veised ii tile laws
49 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
a(tI principles that God las set to operate the mia-terial and moral \orld.
"litli hin hiis noblest sons mighlt not comnpare,
In godlikle feature anld majestic air;
Not outt of weaklyess rose hiis gradulal frame
Perfect from his Creator's hanid hle came,
Andl as in forul  excelling, so in mild
Thle sire of inai transcended all mnankind:
A soul was in his eye, and iu hIis speech,
A dialect of hleaven 1)o art coul(d reach;
For oft of old to hin, thlle evening breeze
lladl borne tlhe voice of Go(d aiinog the tiees
Angel.s were wont tlheir song witlh Iiis to l,1en
And talk withl hiim  as their fauiilamr friend."
1loI/.yqo01ieiy.
Bit I need( not d(\v ell 01o tIlis period; for I described
it ftilly ill the prece(ling essay.   WVhat  directly eligacges our attetion i-iow is the secoi(d pa)rt of Adam's
life.  So, I pass on to the Eden of La,bor.
Sent forth to earn lhis bread by the sweat of lhis
face, A(ldami  became, at once, a worker at all trades.
Artisan,  tiller of the  soil, liunter,  fisherman,  and
slep-)herd; thle first two principally, the otlieis subsidia rily.
A  p)rimary  liecessity  was  clotlling, to  cover  h-is
iakedness, for  dleceincy's salce;  and  to  p)1-Otect his
bo(ly  from  the  w,teitlier, for lealthl  alid coinfort's
sake.    leniice, on oceasioii of the exptils;ioii, tlhe lesson of thle lTor(l to Adalm was to teacl liiiii thle miakilng
of garmelrnttts of skiii.  Tliis introdnuced VESTITECTURE
aiid all thle arts on which it delpenids, suchi as taltiingll,
leath-er, spinnilg thlread, fabricatilng  needles, dlyeig,
stuais, and so forthl.   D(,u)tless Adami was also intin-ldliately tatug}t to build a cdwve]llig; for it is recorded
shortly a-fterwvar(ls that ltis eldest son Calin built limnself "a city."   Tfitus we have to credit Adc-un wvith a
knowledge ()ofACHlITECTURE.  Sin-ce lie was selit forth
'"to till tlhe eartii,:' tile l,r()i-(l doubtless gave 11him also
the  instruction  lie neede(d  for  tllis  purpose.   I-e
therefore kinew AGIRICULTUiIE.  \ itliout implemenlts,
tillage was  impossible.   rlTe 1    iiaailg, of garments,
lintintig of galiie, slaugliteri,g cattle, Idressijg skills, 
THE EDEN OF' LABOR.
and buildino- h-ouses, presuppose proper instrumenits;
and since, a fewv years afterwardcls, the forging of iron
became a separate trade, it is faiI' to infer thlat Adam
was acquainted with 3INING ald M-ETALLURGY.  Then
the house and houselhold imply beds, bellches, and
otler furniture, cooking food, keepiug mrilk and oil'
and hlence thl-e arts of JOINERY and POTTERY, etc.
That the labor Adamn  performied was af a lmolytechnic character is therefore evident.  No simpler
)eginningi can be iimagined even by an evolutionist.
III the present ate, even after the growthl of iniimerous population, the peoples who are supposed to be
in the Adamie or primitive state do not find it usefuli to have a separation of trades and occupations.
Every man of tllem exerts every kind of illdustry
for his own subsistence and comfort.   We  may
add, in passing, that among these primnitive peoples
every man is his own -nerchant; and therefore tllhat,
in the distinct and gain-seeking sense, tlhey do  not
know commerce.
The idea of some that man l)egins by being a
huniter and fisherman will not bear examination.
These avocations \would not dispense limrn from beingc,
an artisan to manufacture the needed canoe, traps
and snares, hlut, and household utensils, clothing, and
tools.  Fishing and lluiting are the most precarious
of rneals for obtaiiling a livelihood, and none resort
to thlen] except undei- circumstances (suclh as war or
brigan.dagt,e) that re(nder tillage a-nd( herding impossil)le.  If tlhe more regular and productive labor of
aigriculture naturally presented itself antd was safe,
he of course enteredl upon it, in preference, as his
principal resource.  So, after having been primarily
a mrere gatlherer of spontalneous fruit, the first act of
latbor or prod(luction he must have thoughlt of, even
wvithlout God's special direction, was the planting of
thl-e seeds of fruit and vegetables.  It seems plain
that man, in face of thle palptable lessoi taught by
God and  nature, would liot have rejected agriculturie for hunting and fslhing, wvlicih are as laborious,
5 1 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
more dangerous, more uncertain, and involve more
frequent chlances of starvatiol). Peoples follow these
exclusively only from necessity, only when a continual
state of warfare drives them from place to place, and
makes it extremely doubtful that they who sow shall
be able to reap, or when they have been driven by
bloody and predatory enemies to lands too barren
to be cultivated. Of the truth of this remark history and geography furnish us with many instances.
The fair inference from all'the facts is, that, from
b)eing first a simple  fruit-gatlherer, Adam  en-tere(
upon the period of real  labor by undertaking all
b)ranches at once, but principally agricutlture and its
atuxiliary arts.  Then calne thle division of labor.
Cain, the eldest son, continued to be a husbandman
but Abel, the younger, chose to be especially a
shepherd.  (Gen. iv. 2.)  The next specializations
were those of Herdsmen, Fin'ie-Artists, and Metallurgists, as shown in the instances of Jabel, Jubal, and
TubalcaiI). (Gel). iv. 20, 21, 22.)  Afterwards anotlher
separate avocation was that of Priestlhocod; for so I
understand the case of HIenoeh. (Geln. iv. 26; v. 24.)
It is ages after thIis, that we first read of hlunting
being made a separate pursuit. (Gen. x. 8, 9.)
Hence, it is not overstrained to say that, from
divine instruction and the genius heaven had given
him,  Adam  was able so to educate and  train is
children as to make them adepts in the arts I have
mentioned.' Tlhey were so skilled in prel)pariig skins
of anirmals tlht their articles of dress, compposedl of
this material, were of the last degree of softness and
flexibility, coarse or fine, as needed; and always
substantial.  Nor were thev always plain; but were
dyed of many colors, and ornamented to suit the
taste of the  wearer.  Their houses were strongly
built to last for centuries, eight or nine hundred
years, the life of a man, and perhaps longer. But
for strength they did not neglect convenience and
beauty.   So their homes were well closed against
the weath~er, but high and airy anid of beautiful
. 2 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
design.  Tleir  ploughs  and  othei  iml)lcrneents of
labor were well adapted,  and thlorouglhly effective.
They built market places, houses of  ssernl)lvy, and
temples.  To go and-( come between these, tl-hey made
roads,  bridges, and  causeways.  They  constructed
vessels to colnvey produce  and(  pissengcrs on  thl
deep rivers that flowed from EJden.  They faslhioned
excellent  household furniture and(l  utensils.  They
devised inachinery, ad put up mrills and factories.
They  found  placers of gold and mines of coal and
iron, from  which  they fed forges and smnitlh-shops
where implerneats and cutlery were  manufaettu red.
In  short,  tl-hey klnewv  and  pirac(tised  all tlle  aits
mo(lern  progress so proudly boasts of;  but whiclh
tfterwar(ls were lost,  and are bei'g now only found(
again.
In less than three centuries, they were numerous
enough to thickly populate the widle and far reach —
ing  valley Adam  had cliosen to live in, and  whllich
was situated near the source of the Eupl-hrates.  As
the Supreme  Patriarch  stood  at the  door of the
house he had built, high up on the graldual slope of
the rnoutain, at the head of t}he valley, lie could
view its entire leiigth and breadthl ill one scope of
lhis vision.  Standing( there lie loved(i to look upoIl
tlhe multitude of lhis clll(drele, their habitations and
their doings.    The  molii)ta.liis that rose  like aii
inclined  plane  and( formed  the two  sides of the
valley,. like an  mph)lithleatre, extended lengthwise as
far as the eye could reachl-, and was covered witlh
ftarms.   Each farm  could be  distinguislhe(l by tlhe
different slad(ling of the greeii or yellow of its field,
its buildings inll the ceintre, its copse of woodland
and its orclhard.  This was so dlistinct tlhat the sides
of tlhe mountailis presented the appearance of an
inllenase chess-board  with gigantic sqiuares of diveise colorin9g, oil each} of which  was  placed  the
llome of a farmily, ii)stead of at towverin,g  pawn  or
castle.   Eligher  up, the rocky ridge  riinmmed  tlhe
skies; a(l downvi  below the wid(e and flo\viin Eu                         5 -:
53 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
phrate' meandered  in serpelntine curves.   Acro.ss
the river, at convenient distances, bridges tlhrew tlle
span of tlheir archles; and on either bank, not far
apart, were tidy villages or large factory buildin,os.
Ill several  places  majestic temples  spread  tlheir
domes  as if to  copy  the blue sky above  them.
Roads triaversed tlhe whole scene in every direction.
In the fields were men elngaged in tillage or-atlherilg the fruits of their toil.  On tlhe pastures grazed
sheep or otlher  cattle.  On  the  roads  rolled  cal-ts
and otller calrriages.  The face of Nwinding Euptl-irates was jotted with deeply lacden vessels all(nd light
sailing-boats.   The  streets of the villages teemed
writhi  busy (ldenizens going to and fio in pursuit of
their various industries.  Amid all and fornom everywhere  camne thousands of sounds, the  lhal-nmer of
the smitl-h, the rumble of vehicles, thle lowing,i  bleatilg, and   barking of beasts, tlhe crowinllg or chirp of
birds, the hum of insects, the speeches and songs of
men.  Life, labor, and music teemed  all over  the
grand  panoiramar  which  that  beautiful valley preseilted to the eve.  Over  all, clearly aud  genially,
shone the sun, gildin,g with lustre evely prominent
object,  casting  transparent  shadows  on  surfaces
below, and tinting with every lhue the innumerable
and variegated objects that filled up the magnificent
landscape.
To  this fair land and industrious people, Adam
lhad given  divinely inspired laws; and over it he
I(igned withli sovereign authority and parental ten(lerness.   He was the first legislator and king by
virtue of the i-iatural course of events, and by the
special decree of Providence. Thle people obeyed
him, for they were his children.  Every one of them
coming into tlhe world found( lhis -majesty and power
unqualifie(dly ackl,owledged and reveiericed(.  They
grew  up  undcer lhis  pate rnal  adiiiiiiistration  anud
autl-hority.   They  were  distributed  and  organized
accorIdin-g to his divinely iistructed wisdom.   He
was their llnttulal in(d consltitutted sovereign.
54 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
We have already seen how well he was intellectually qualified for this hiigh office.  His moral qualifications also gave him a pre-emrinent title to the
assumption of this task and dignity.
From the fact that Heaven invested Adam  with
patriarhelal authority, I infer that  all necessaryt
knowledge of moral law was imparted to him.  Since
God condescended to hold supernatural intercdurse
with him, to teaclh  him practical arts immediately
needful foi, h-is temporal subsistence, it follows, for
the greater reason, that God also instructed him in
the inaxims and rules indispensable for his moral
life.  Iindted, on thtis point tlhere is hardly room for
mere inference.  We  know expressly th-t, from the
Tree of Teniptatiot-i, our first parents acquire(l knowledge of tlhe distinction between good and evil, not
of mere physical pleasure and pain, as some inconsidcerately ivtagile, but of moral good  and evil,
lwh-ich, as clearly imnplied bv the laiigua(,e, consist
simply in obedience or disobedience to laws divinely
revealed.  True, thlat, by the fall, Adam lost original
holiness and several special supernatural graces, of
which we cannot now lhave any exact idea; but lie
lhad recently been in communion with angels, and inl
conversation with God  -himself.  Assuredly he received tlhe revelation of the perfect divine law of
mnorality. God did not fail to teach him the same
moral and social doctrine, the same laws and precepts
that Christ taulght his disciples.  All the spiritual
wisdom  now  understood  only by Christian saints
must have been communrnuicated to him from heaven,
and he inust have diligently taught it to his clildren.
lie necessarily-lhad Faith, a fatithl as intense as Setli,
or Heinoch, or any other patriarch or apostle subsequen tlv had; for in like inanner his knowledge of
God was direct and immediate.  Nevertheless, he
retained the freedom of lhis will, was left to his own
jucldgient in carrying out the principles he  had
learned, and was liable to be pressed and deluded by
p'ide, envy, and sensuality.  No doubt he resisted
55 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
these with great, tlhough not absolute success; for
the lesson he had imbibed of thle magnitude of tlhe
o uilt involved in even the ]east act of disobedience
to divine law, influenced l)im to lead a religious and
virtuous life, and carefully train his children to do
the same.  Of tlhe fact of religious education, we 1-ave
direct evidence.  The sacrifices Cain and Abel miade
(Gen. iv. 3-5):  the  one  of tlle first-fruits -of the
vear, the other of the firstling,s of his flock, prove
they had been taug!ht Worship  and its ceremonial
ruLles; and all else tlhat the woIrslip) of tlhe true God
implies.  The terms of the Lord's rebuke (Gen. iv.
6, 7) show that  Cain was fully inforrnied of wvliat
was Sin, whlat its consequences, and  that he  had
power to avoid it I)y sell-control.  Sumt  total, it is
certain that,  even after the ftll, Adani was a man of
the greatest excellence- a man en(lowved  wvith the
proper graces a,nd dignity of character required for
sovereig(ntv, and wvith tlhe wisldon  iand viitiie essential to a good a(nd great legislator.
56 
CHLAPTERI III.
THE REDUCl IONS; THEIR CURRENCY AND EXCHANGES.
IHEN\CE, during Adam's long life of eight centuries
after the expulsion, his home atnd dominions were
the Eden of Labor.  There was no immediate economical cause for a subversion of justice and charity
among his children.  In his family, during his reign,
the relative rights of God and labor were respected.
Indeed, from the pains he took to inculcate and enforce obedience to heavenly derived laws and precepts, the divine right must have predominated. The
murder of Abel mighlt raise a doubt of this general
fact, were we not tol(l (Gen. iv. 13-16) how, after
commrnitting the deed, Cain fled into exile, was torn
r)v remorse, and acknowledged  the existence of a
law governing society, according to vwhich the penalty of death would have been inflicted on him for
his crimne, had it not been for the intervention of
I1 il-cy.
'Thle increase of population during antediluvian
times was wonderfully ral)i(1.  It proceeded by a
triple ratio; for, by reason of great longevity, the
number of deaths compared to births, during the
first ten centuries, was proportionally few.  It is
safe to say the population doubled every thirty years,
so that by the time of A(lam's death the number of
hluman inhabitants on the face of the earth exceeded
a hundred millions.
As this rapid multiplication of people went oii, the
superlative  intellect  and organizing character of
Adam were put forth in adequate proportion.  Every
thirty years new families segregated from the paternal
home, and founded new homes, fraternities, clans,
tribes, kindreds, and patriarchates.  The first frater 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
nity which Adam  organized, composed of over one
thlousand of his nearest descendants, and the territory thiey occupied he callcd a REDUCIoTION, because
tl-erein hle had re(-itcecl material nature to human lal)or
andc the moral nature of man himself to th-e will of
God, as he had been commanded to do.  Afterwvards
he called the territory of a clani a CLANDOM: that of
a tribe a TRIBEI)OMI; that of several iearly-related
tribes a KINDOM; that of a certain nunbler of' klindoms,  forming  a great province, under  the vicegerency of one of his sons by Eve, a PATRIARCHI)OW,
and, finally, all the countries  acknowledging  lais
sovereignty, the SUPREMNE PATRIARCIII)DOMt.
Thle fundamental laws the Supremre Patriarchl promulgated  were: first, ttle  fathlerly and  absolute
soveleignty of God; second, the brotherhood of humaniity; third, the legal equality of persons; fourth,
the title of every man to all natural tliings, not for
intrinsic or perpetual ownerslip), but for transient
p)ossession and use; and fifthl, oil tile first four, lie
base(l tl-he commercial  statute  lwhicol  was enforced,
durirlg his reigi by means of practical ordinances:
"L(tbo? l's the real?ieasure of the exc/la(/gectble val?te of
(tl/ co))-t noclities  e(t(1 Se rV ices."
But h1ow did he manage to apply tlhis economic
principle?   WThat were those practical ordinances?
Ii(o)w could hie value the 2-eal ltbo' blended in a coInimodity indeplendently of the natural value it cornprised?  Ho'ov find tlhe equation of the differelleces of
(1) time, (2) effort, and (3) skill mrerged in siminilar
Dpro(ducts?  Hovw  nakle a like equation of (1) time,
(2) ebort, and (3) skill involved in the production of
(.lfferenzt commodities?   Ilow  keep  account of the
labor put into each stage tl-hroughl which a comnmodity
passes from raw material to a fitness for final consuml)tion; and of the wear and tear of tools and
nmacllinery, and consumption of materials  used iI
m-aking up a cornmpl)te and finished article, in order
tlhat tlhe last workman, and(l every wvorkmani before
him, may have his just reward(l, no more, no less?
58 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
IIowv acldjust cases of inequality of qutat'ty resulting
from (1) natural causes or (2) diffreneies in skill, but
ilvolvi,ng the same amrount of labor?  HIow apply
tlhe pule a(nd siIml)le standard of labor to differences
of qlU(t[t, such as greater or less beauty, finer or
coarser flavor, lonoer or shorter durability resulting
froni (1) superiar or inferior skill, or (2) from weather,
soil, and othler natural (conditiols, but involvi,n tlhe
same amoullt of labor?  AWhat nmust l-)e the uztit of
this real measure, tlhe unit wherewvithl the labor coIntaiiied in all products should be valued, ian(l accordiig to wlhicli tlhey could, whlatever their dissimilarity,
be equitably exchanged'?
The supreme patrilcl-i easily solved these questions whlichl seem so liard to ainswer.  ItIe succeeded
perfec,tly, because hie simply and inexorably adhered(
to principle or fun(ldamentital lawv.  Ncat,ire wo2s for
nothi4i)yg, said hle; and he was determined tlhat for what
liature liad done  gratutitously  no price wlIatever
slhoul(l be exacted.
By close observation, in lhollestly seeking to find
or invent means to thle just ai[(l beneficent end of
securillg to labor its just and true recompense, he
discovered that, in a given leng,th of time, thlere was
a colstant AVERAGE of labor and skill exei-ted by
those who converted natural tlhings to hbnaan uses.
I-e (atctyzeC(l every woik done  by minei, ain(l foullnd
that eacl) kind( was re(dlucil)le to particular quantities
or tasks, meastirable by rtime.  For instance, hle ascertained that it takes a good and diligent woikman
just so many days or hours or minutes to clear,
)1()ough, weed, or reap an acre of land, ori to gather
an(l g   arner a tonl of harvest, or to cut a cord of wood,
or lewN a ro(I of timber, or to  )repartie or cook and
serve a pound of fbod, or weave a yairdl of cloth, or
to write a folio of mantuscril)t, or to cut and sew a
garmenet, or to dig a cubic vya'd of tre elh, or to build
a house, a fence, a briidge, or otlier stucl work, or to
makle a particular article of furniture, or to grind(  a
quarter of lwheat, nmilk a cow, butchler aii ox, clhurn
59 
THE EDEN OF 1,A BOR.
a gallon of milk or to rcnder any other specific service. This, even with regard respectively to each
distiuguishable quality, coudition of things, or peculiaritv of circumstance. \Ve know that this was
entirely feasible from the fact that, in our times
laborers aud workmen often do what is called "zcewo,'-A:," and are paid well-settled prices, accoiding to
certain specifies measures of product; but te price
of each };iiece of work is really determined by the
aero}(e' ITh.L an ordinary workman must take to do it
well. Miners are paid by the ton; masous by the
thousand of brick they lay; carpenters by the square;
tailors bv a special sum for each kind of garment they
sew; authors are compensated at so in uch per line;
printers bv the thousaud cs; there a-c rates of piecework in almost every trade or profcssion. It is true
that, in reai'd to y)9iec8, these rates ire not,' a })resefit,
justly detei-mincd; but in regard to measurement of
work, 1)j 1Ae uvr(je ratio of TIME to (]'?f(itit// 0) (]eU'lity
o; PROI)UcT, they are neai-ly correct.
The examples I have cited shonld be sufficient;
but, if the reader is not yet satisfied, let him consider
what farmei's id mechaiiics actually do iii this re
An experienced farmer can tell exactly how many
able-bodied men he must emrploy to cultivate his latid,
to raise tlis or thlat kcind of produce oil his  niumber
of acres, how many days' work each will or nmust do
to make tht crop).  In the course of the year, and
according to the seasons, lie sets them to do a great
variety of works.  In one season he sets them to
plougliing, ii, aiiother to planting, in another to weedilg, in aiJotlier to reapiti,, etc. etc.; and hle knows
that the days of work and tlheir product will come
out even  i'or lie has correctly estimated thleir relation, how much of one is equal to so much  of the
other.  Every dvay  lie rea(iily and correctly decides,
not only wha,t is to be done, but how niucli work of
each kind cal) be done by lis laborers, and distributes
to eacll mall his task for the dlay witlhout assig,ing
60 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
to any one imoie or less than he is able to do that day.
One, hle assigns to spadcing and manuring a garden
bed; another, to gathering fruit in the orchard; a
third, to repairing fences; a fourth, to feeding horses
an(id cattle, and driving the cart to market; a woman,
to milk the cows, make the butter, feed and house the.
fowls, and gather the eggs; a number to hoeing the
corn, and  lie knows, in the evenillg, by irispeecing
the results, that they have respectively done a fair
clday's work.  This is repeated every day of the year
under a continually clhang,ing concourse of circumstances, the employments of one.day must materially
differ from those of other days; and, nevertheless, the
farmer is ever able daily to determine each lab)orer's
task.   He  sometimes keeps a detailed account of
every hour's work done with specification of its particular nature.  He does not fail to correctly foresee,
uiider penalty of a waste of time or a sligh-ting of
work if'he makes a mistake.  Hence, it is seen that,
even in the most complicated of industries, every
stroke of work is commensurate with a length of tine,
great or small, but definable.  An experienced person
might safely contract to manage a farm on this principle for a predeter:mnined annual sum total of cost.
All that is needed to apply this relation is diligent
or habitual observation and comparison, such as any
or(dinary man can exercise.
In every branch of tnechanics we see the same practicability of this'commensuration of time, labor, and
product.   In every mechanical  business,  mnasters
ttt(le-ta1le works by the JOB  and to do this with advantage to thlemselves they make estimates of cost.
True, these estimates are expressed in dollars and(
cents; but to find this money cost they make schedules
of the number of days' work that will be required.
The house or ship builder, with the plans before him,
is able to make out, not only a detailed list of materials he must purchase, but tables of the number of
workmen he must employ, and of the number of days
and hours each set of wvorkleni or individual will be
6
61 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
employed in preparing, putting together the materials,
and completing the job The house builder, for instaince, employs many different kinds of workmen,
common laborers, carpenters, bricklayers, plasterers,
plumbers, painters,  slaters, stone-cutters, etc. etc.;
but hle knows the time they will make and the quantity of work they will do in that time, so that he is
able to bind himself, under a penalty, to finish and
deliver the buildinv in a definite number of weeks, or
at a certain date.  Hils fuinishers of materials all do
the same thing for themselves, a-Id it would be easy
to estimate, in units of timite, every made article or
commodity that enters into the job.
These examples are sufficient.  It is unnecessary
to go the whole round of polytechnics, to illustrate
the feasibility of valuing products and services by the
UVNITS OF TIMrE which the labor they involve has consumed, independently of cost in money or of any
other thing that might be used as a common medium
of excl-hange.
Any attentive and ingenious man, versed( in any
art, can see how this method of measuring products
and services in the naked ratio of time, can be made
equitable and exact in every particular.
Whether there is or can be a just valuation of
labor or products in gold coin or in currency representing gold coin, or in corn or any other material
thing, is a question which has nothing whatever to
do with the standard or basis of value used in the
A(lamic reductions or Eden of Labor.   To  understand the reductional standard all reference to 94aterial measures of conmmodities, such as corn or other
articles of commerce —all relations to coin or denominations of coin, such as dollars, francs, pounds
sterling, or the like, must be dismissed from the mind
-absolutely eliminated from the idlea —discarded as
entirely unfit to be made  corn:non measures of exchangeable value.  No  elements must be regarded
and admitted in the conception other than TIME, as a
measure, applied to labor and its PRODUCTS; so that
62 
THiE EDEN OF LABOR.
each product or service would have exchangeable
value only in the ratio the LABOR it contains really
and specifically bears to time. Wlhosoever mixes
any other notion with this idea of exchangeable value
cannot clearly understand it. Instead of having, fi)r
instance, the idea of a dollar's worth of corn, lie must
form the idea of a timne's?vortlA-a day, an hour, a
minute's labor-worth-of corn. If he does this, then
he understands the triple relation of (1) time, (2) labor, and (3) product in the deterrninatioii of exchangeable value.  If he does not or cannot do this, then
lie does not or cannot understand.
Though it is to repeat, I insist tnat the idea I
wish to imnpress is not that the amnount of labor-time
and purchase of materials spent in producing a particular article, and which constitute its actual cost, but
the labor-time good and diligent workmen ordinarily
require to produce the like, out of natural things,
which is the legitimate price. The labor-timrne wasted
in slow or bad work is of no account in the estimate
of labor-time valtle.
There is another danger of misap)prehension.  It
is, that some may imagine the Reductional System
woul(l (as do  several  mod(lern theories of  laborexchange) allow individuals, under pretext of personal ri,ght, liberty, self-ownersh-ip, or the like, to
value their own labor at theiri own price, regardless
of its measure in averag(e libor-time pro(luct; and,
therefore, buy or sell service or products of labor at
nore or less than labor-time value. To hlave permnitted this would have been to sanction monopolies
of natural values, the freaks of derhand and supply,
the envy of competition and speculation, and other
means of extortion which have caused all the economic miseries of the modern world. This would
have undone, by one law, what had been done by
the other.  Thus the principle laid as the foundation
of justice and common riglht would be immediately
defeated by any individuals, or by combinations express or tacit.  Thus the allowed exception would
63 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
soon become the general ru-le. In the Edlen of Labor,
on the contrary, every infringement of the rule of
exchange by the ]abor-time estimate was reprobated
and punished as EXTORTION.  The infringement was
assimilated to robl)ery or theft, which are public
offiences no private person could condone; or, rathler,
it was likened to the use of fnlse weights and mensures, or to the passing of counterfeit.money, which
no consent to receive can legalize.  The strict enforcement of the labor-time estimate was regarded,
under reductionism, as in nowise an encroachment
on individual rights; but, on the contrary, as the
maintenance of the lmost sacred of tliose righlts, not
only of the weak and foolish against the strong, but
of public morals, prosperity, and order, against those
who wvould  selfishly and  absurdly  destroy  them.
Taking more or giving less than standard labor-time
value was, under the Adclamic rule, an offence against
society itself, not to be superseded by anlly supposed
personal right; for there can be no personal riglht
against honesty anld equity.
In the Eden of Labor, by a careful,  iu, anil
conscientious series of observations, they succeeded
in finding the true and exact ratio of every product
ind service to the average labor-time it embodied.
In every Redliction there were exp)erienced app)raisers
conversant with all the principal and petty, all the
constant and variable, details of labor, required for
the extraction of raw material, and for every kind of
cultivation and manufacture.  TlIey prepared elaborate tables of the time necessary for the AVEiRAGE
doing of each item or iota of labor inll a workmanlike
maniner.  Indeed, in the course of time and practice
everybody becamn)e familiar, not only wvith tlhe standard, but with the estimates, and was able to apply
them with readiness ali(i certainty. People in genteral (even children) could1 tell promptly and precisely
how many minutes or lours of average labor there
were in any article or service they were in the habit
of consuming, or even seeing.
64 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
In every Reduction, and at the capital of every
clandconl, tribedoni, kindom, and patriarchd()m, there
were a public marklet afid corporate stores where
any one might deliver acceptable commodities to be
sold, and where the price of the consignmenrt was
immediately paid or credited to the depositor, oti
the basis of labor for labor, equally valued accord ing to thie method I have tried to describe, Indeed,
the consignor was not always required to deposit his
product in the public market or store.  Most fre quently, especially with respect to bulky articles, a
more convenient course off business was pursue(i.
The producer merely informed the public appraiser,
who was also the public proxy, in charge of the pulblic market and stores, that he had a certain product
in his granary, or house, and wished to consign it.
Thereupon the public proxy would, either himself or
by deputy, go and estimate the labor-time value, [oi
whlich  he would give the producer credit on  the
books. This at once invested the public proxy with
the sole ri,ght of d(ispositg of the thlings consigned.
'The producer from that moment held them in trust;
and it' he dared to use, convert, or convey them, he
was guilty of embezzlement, and, on conviction, was
severely puliished.  Riarely, or hardly ever, did any
one commit the crime.  The people were generally
honest, and public opinion strict, Besides, from the
natture of the case, detection, in a few days, was in
evitable.
When  any man's product was accepted by  the
public proxy, he was entitled either to credit onl the
books for the labor value or to immediate payment in
CURRENCY representing that labor value. This currency was issued by the reduction, clandom, tribedom,
kindom, patriarchdom,  or Supreme  Patriarchdom,
according as the consignment was made to markets
and warehouses of one or the other. It was in the
f'orni of bills of credit of different amounts expressed
in units and integers of labor-time.  It set forth tlhese
units in the following table of
65 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
LABOR.-TIME MEASURE OF VALUE.
10 vibrations (or I second)10 strobes (or 6 seconds)
10 das7hes (or 1 miiinte)
10 strives (or 6 minutes)
10 rou)ids (or 1 hour)
6 tires (or 6 hours)
6 days of work
The immediate right a person acquired by taking
the notes was that of using themn to purchase anything
hlie wanted at the public market and stores, at a price
in  lab()o-time ascertained  by  the same  means of
appraisemient accorcding to which he had parted with
his own goods.
EXCHIIANGES  betweeen  the  reductions  and  other
sub-divisions were carried on through their several
public proxies, -and at their different markets and
TRADE CENTRES, according to a well-defined,trrangement.  The reductioniary proxy vwas in correspondence, fox- exchUiges, waith the proxy of their clan(lorn —
those of cland(oms with that of  their trib)edlomthose of tribedoms with that of their 7cindom-those
of kindon-is with tlht of thleir p)atiriarchcdom —and
those of the patriarchldoms with that of the Sc'h)reme
Italria?-chl(lom and with foreign  coluntries.  A  man
miglit order his goods to be sent at once to any one
of these trIade-centies; but as lhe could gain nothing
pecuninrily'by.such a step, he generally left them to
be disposed of by llis own immediate reductionarl
proxy.   By  means  of  their correspondence,  anr
through all sources of information, the public proxies
ascertained (1) the wants of their constituents, (2) the
markets from which these could be supplied, (3) gave
intelligence of the quantity and quality of their own
stock, (4) received orders for the goods they had for
exchange, and (5) sent orders for tl-he tiil)gs they
required. The grange combination recently started
in the United States is being constructed on a similar
plan, subject, however, to all the disprop(ortions iand
6(
one stroke of woi-,F,.
one dash of work.
one strive of work.
one round of work.
one tire of work.
one day of work.
one rest front work. 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
other evils of competition, fluctuations of )priice, credit
speculations, a false currency, and so fortlh.  Lieutenant Maury's great plan for reporting the actual products of agriculture and manufactures, already partially carried into effect by the government, is an
illustration of one of the means employed in tile Ed(lan
of Labor, to enable the people to know, all the tine,
what direction and extension they should give to'their
industry.
An ifferior tra(le-centr-e (that of a reduction  for
instance) alas )rohzibited by l(wf-roi, i?ss8Tiny its labor
notes to the hiyher ooies.  The order observ((d was this:
the reductionary proxy could only issue notes to
private persons consigning goods to him. The clan
proxy could only issue notes to private persons, or
to reductionary proxies  consignling goods to  him.
The same rule was imposed on the entire series of
tradcle-centres in the order of their seriation.
A  distinct and peculiar advantage of the reductional system of markets, exchange, and distribution
wa,s that fresh products could not be regiated or
monopolized, or otherwise kept back from colesumption, so that they found a free and immediate way
from producer to consumer, and were not lost )by
decay, deterioration, or waste.
ERRATA.
The Tal)le at page 66 should be as follows:  1 vit)ration...............  is T;6 of a second.
10 vibiations..  one strole of work or  1, 66 of a second.
10 strolbes....... one dash  of work or  3 6 seconds.
10 (lashes........one strive of work or   36 seconds.
I() stri's........ one round of work or       6 minutes.
10 road.s.......one tire   of work or one hour.
6 tires........one day   of work.
6 days of work  one rest from work.
67 
CHAPTER IV.
REDUCTIONISM, ITS OPERATION AND EFFECTS.
As the reductionary proxies were t}he imnme(iiate
agents of the or7iginal producers, as they were the
beginning and the end of the process and machinery
of exchange and distribution, and as the other proxies
were only portage and transfer agents between the
reductions, it followe(l that the reductionary proxies
and their immediate constituents, the original producers, wvere the recipients of the final balances of
currency, if indeed any such final balances were ever
possible.  The flow of products was f/)om  the producers to the distributing centres; aid, tl}erefore, the
main flow of currency was from the distributing centres.  The tide or e(ddy-flow of currency returned to
the distributing centres, to be finally cancelled by
exchange of goods, which followed the money everywhere to redeem and cancel it. Indeed the disti-i
buting, centres generally returned produce for produce, instead of payitlig in currency; but in consequence of the rule mentioned in the preceding chapter,
vwhatever amounts of National Labor Notes were
issued from'the emporiums found their waiy in a
direction downwards to the reductionary proxy, aii(l
through him into the hands of his },omte cotititueits,
and by them into general circulation.  By the platy
of this system, the reductionary proxy was constantly
receivinig t(raosie?it balances in tlhis currencey;  ani(1
therefore, generally had on hand  as much of the
higher order of notes as his constituents had any
need for.  Hence it was hlardly ever necessary for
him, or the proxy of any clan or tribe, to issue a
local note. Those who had occasion to exact notes
of one kind or the other from the public proxy, soon 
THIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
found it necessary to use them to make purchases
from or  payments to their neighbors, or to bring
them back to the reductionary market and store to
make purchases there. Thius thle National Labor Note
constituted nearly the only circulating medium; and
it did not require a great amount of these to transect
all the aflairs in which money was at all needed.
The net mov(wlbe wealth and capital of the country
consisted in the produce and merchandise consigned
to'the tradcle-centres, in charge'of the public proxies,
subject to the orders of consignors for the things ill
kind, or to the checks of consignors for the price in
money; but for the money there was comparatively
no great demand; for transactions between individuals
were mostly settled by checks on the proxy; andl
thus the property on deposit, at the t1re(le-centres, passed
from one person to the other without changing place,
till it was wanted for positive consumption.  Hence,
tlhe markets and stores in charge of the proxies, and
their manner of transacting business operated -s a
currency bank and storage warehouse combined in
one institution taking deposits and issuing circulation, keeping transfer books and giving warehouse
receipts, paying clhecks, and passing book credits
from one depositor or consignor to the other. Hence,
also, since every one of these transactions, under the
system, was necessarily a real one, the yearly liquidationi came out true and even, and the surplus to meet
the exigences bf reproduction and future need were
always certain, abundant, and available.
One point should be now more clearly stated, to
present a more complete and clear idea of the re(lductional system.
There are several unavoidable disparities in the
~i;r'ifsic value of the results or products of labor and
skill. First: The same amount of labor gives different q?ota-itilies of product, greater in one case and less
in the other to the average; and this difference is the
result, (1) sometimes of skill turning out more than
the average; (2) sometimes of soil, climate, and other
69 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
natural causes developing a larger or smaller product; and, (3) an increased product is sometimes
due to both these causes combined. Second: Tle
same amount of labor gives different qualities of prodluct according to the influences of, (1) skill, (2) nature, or (3) both conibined, which I have just stated
as affecting quantity.
In other words, a greater quantity or better' quality of product may be the result of, (1) less labor,
(2) or more skill.
Now, from these facts, some would be disposed to
deny the justice of determining price or value by the
average labor-time standard only, but a little reflection will remove all objection.
As to the (1) accessions in QUANTITY, and (2)
su)periorities of QUALITY arising from natural( causes
merely, they are due to the act of God-they belong,
only to Him; and no man acquires the right of demallnling extra ransom  for them.  God  makes the
favored producer, in this case, the custodian and distributor of His gifts.  Let him give thanks that these
have fallen to his lot to be thus disposed of. Let
him  personally consume all he needs of the abundance and excellence; but to Divine mercy he owes,
in return, the duty of selling the surplus to his neighbor by the rule of labor for labor. Moreover, his
neighbor owes the same to him, and it will as often
happen that his neighbor's products will be as bountiftul and as good in one kind as his are in another.
If' his neighbor's wheat crop be poorer than his, that
same or another neighbor's fruit crop may  be the
finest.  The neighbor, who from mere natural accidents, made an inferior crop should not be regarded
with an evil eye, nor begrudged the slight inremeent
he would derive from the general average of the
production of the year, in the whole country.
The same, and other worse discrepancies happen,
with tenfold ag,gravatioli, under the rule of total appropriation and absolute ownership of natural blessings,
by individuals.  I need say nothiing of the untoward
70 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
fluctuations of prices, and the train of other evils
caused by envious and avaricious competition and
monopoly; for it suiffices to point out that the differences in quantity, from natural causes and accidents,
happen under one system as well as anotlher, and he
whom Providence favors to-day may see that fav.or
withdirawn to-m-norrow, and extended to his neighbor.
The material difference is that reductionism,emedies the mishap at once, and equalizes the loss imrnmediately as between partners and brethren. This is
the laborer's equity and  charity.  It is, therefore,
not only prudent to reciprocate, and to i ns?1re one another against unforeseen and unusual circuinstan)ces,
or even against mere accidents; but, also, it is our
duty to please God by distributing Itis blessings to
one another in brotherly devotedness and love.
For I mean, not that others should be eased and
you burdened; but by an equality, in the present
time, let your abundance supply their want, that their
abundance also lnay supply your want, that there
ay be an equality, as it is written: He that had mutch
had nothing over, and he that had little had no want."'
(2 Cor. viii. 13, 14, 15; Exod. xvi. 18.)
As to skill, alas! who Awill complain that the reduc
tionism of the Eden of Labor treated it inequitably?
Not certainly the skilful wagemen? of the land of No(i
for they were paid at first but a small premium over
the ordinary workmen of their own craft; and as
skiltful hands of that craft became more and more
numerous, their wages were colltinually falling lower
and lower, till the money one of them  was pauid for a
day's work would not purchase a fourth as miuclh as
a day's labor-note of the Eden of Labor could comiijand.  None of them got the equivalent of his time
and skill; for, three-fourths of' equivalent was retaimed as )rofit made out of their time and talent by
their employers, and by the usurers, merchlants, speculators, land ownlers, and monopolists, who extorted
gain fromn those very employers. For instance, the
printers of Nod were, immediately after the invention
71 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
of thleir art, paid very large prices for their work.
Their books were, it is true, cheaper than  manauscripts, because much  less latbor wvas required per
copy, but this difference was more  than made uLp by
the great number of copies tlley sold, so that their
renlurieration largely exceeded  that of the skilful
manuscript copyers, whom  they supplanted.   There
were few printers then; and these (as all.printers are
even to this time) were well versed in philology and
literature. They wore the dress of' thle gentleman of
their times, and were cordially received into aristocratic society.  But, in the course of less thall a century, their skill became common, their numbers great,
and they underbid each other for employment, till at
last tlhe best of them were forced to excessive work,
at a rate of wages little more tl-han enough to provide
them with the meanest grade of livelihood.  Nor did
this stop here; for, by  and  by, even women  an(d
children learned to compete with them;  and machinery (costing so much that only capitalists could own
it) was invented to do their work  better and faster
than their sklilful fillgers could possilbly ach-ieve.
Nearly the same thing happened to thle "clerks."
Driven from the business of copying and illuminating
maiiuscripts, they learlned printing, or devoted themselves to scl-hool teachling.  I have told the fate of
tlhose who turnled to printing.  A  similar ruin befell
the school-masters and professors.  In less than -
century, the learned and skilful teachers of the scienices becamne so commonoi that, wvhen any persoii or
society offered a very small salary to lire one able'
professor, many  presented thermselves beggi n   for
the employment.
So it was iII every other business, art, or profession.
In all of them the numbers of thle skilful miultiplied(
to such an extent that there were usually more of
them than leeded.  Heiice, none but the skilful could
get employmenlt.   Every one was compelled to qtalify himnself to do  sotle lkinrd of  wor'k,  liowever
ltnumble and simple, with expl)ertlness.  Ilowever diifli
72 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
cult or fine his work, his pay was miserable. WlIeli
hle could not attain skill in one avocation, he was
tacitly expelled and forced to seek  another  less
difficult or better adapted to his nature. If he failed
in all to equal or nearly equal the best, he was
reduced to pauperism and quasi-starvation.
To a certain extent, a like selection of skill took
place in the Eden of Labor; but it was in a pecutliar
manlier.  It was organized and managed intelligently,
not left to the irregular and distressing operation of
the blind force of circumstances, or to the depressing
power of a few usurpers of the exclusive ownership
of the blessings God intended for all in the creation
of Nature.
To adjust the (1) accessions of QUANTITY, and (2)
superiorities of QUALITY, produced by s,ill, to the
rule of labor-time price, the Supreme Patriairch, in
his Economic Code, made several wise dispositions
confoirmed to the fundamental principle of the Reductional Theory.
Besides other classifications which I will explain
anon, he  established a distinction of thlings and
occupations ilnto, (1) NECESSARY, (2) COMMODIOUS, (3)
EXTRAVAGANT, and (4) PERNICIOUS.  It was required
that every  industry and product of industry  be
classed under one of these designations or categories.
The policy of the State favored the necessary, protected the convenient, p)ermnitted the extravagant, and
prohibited the uernicious.
I do not wisl to be understood to say that it is
p)ossible to place each of the great number of things
composilig the world's wealth or the industries producing them absoltuel!I under one of these heads, by
direct recognritions.  These terms, necessary, commodious, extravagalit, and pernicious, are often merely
comparative.  A  thing or business may belong to
one or the other of these classes according to circumstances. WVhat is necessary may also be comnmodious.    TWhat is commodious may be also extravagant, or sumptuous.  What is sumptuous or luxu      7
p- 3
i
lw 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
rious may be also pernicious.  Most thlings, however,
ltave one of these fo(ur qualities more prominently
marked, and  should  be classed  according to the
preponderance of one or the other of them; but there
is an ecormowic test which is clear and practical, and
it is precisely in an economic point of view that we
have to consider the matter.   Tl'lus,  in deciding
whether a thling should be regarded as.assi,able to
one or the other of these classes ITS PRICE in relation
to the price of other articles of the same use is the
important element for deciding whether it should be
classed as necessary, merely commnodious, or extravagant-unless by its intrinsic character it must be one
of these, or even pernicious.  Water is a necessary
thing whatever may be the cost of procuring it, but
let us look at things the classification of which, under
these heads, depends upon their price.  A'n example
will explain this test better than an abstract stateinent of principle. For instance, a cup is a necessary article.  If it be of crockery or tin, the cheapest
and commonest that can be had, it cannot be classed
otherwise than among necessary things.  It is either
that or nothing.   If, by additional  labor,  better
material, and superior art, the form and durability of
an article be improved without greatly enhancing its
cost, while however the common and cheaper  kind
is available, tlieii the improved article ought to be
classed among commodious things.  But you  may
object and'say: if the cup were made of glass it
would be beautiful, while possessing all tlhe qualities
of utility and convenience.  Now, under what head
should I place a glass goblet, considering its utility,
its convenience, and its beauty?  If we were merely
propounding a question of taste, merely deciding
upon appearances, then of course we would assign
the glass goblet to the sumptuous class; but we are
solving a question of political ecoinomy-v-a question
of rivalry between bare usefulness and beauteous
usefulness by the test of their respective labor cost.
Nothing is more beautiful and sumptuous, in an
*
74 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
artistic point of view, than glass; but if the beautiful glass goblet is the easiest obtained, costs the same
or about the same as crockery or tin, and is equally
durable, it should be classed with necessary things.
If, however, all things considered, it is considerably
or even markedly more costly and there be cheapeiarticles substantially as good, then I class the glass
goblet among  merely  convenient or  comrnmocious
thlings.   Nowv suppose a crystal goblet were  artistically carved at an expense much in excess of the
price of the (1) necessary or (2) commodious article.
In this case, it would be (3) sumptuous or extravagant.  Adoirn it with gold and jewels so as to mar
its utility, convert it into a tnmere ornament, too fine
to be used, and waste much money in producing the
vain  thiough  beautiful thing, then it oughlt to be
regarded as (4) pernicious —a mere exhibition of the
vanity of its owner, combined with loss of utility,
and  unproductive  consumptioli of  an  inordinate
excess of labor-time.
This example of a cup or goblet regarded first as
necessary, next as commodious, then as extrava(,aiit
or sumptuous, and finally as pernicious, is sufficient
to give an'adequate id(iea of the economic. demarcatioii of the distinctions mentioned. Other palpable
examples will doubtless suggest themselves to the
i-eadcer.  The general rule may now be stated.  T}e
commonest  and cheapest, or only available thing
answerin(g  an indispensable  want  is (1) necessary
wealth; but when the cost of niaking notably exceeds
that by whlich the want may be otherwise sufficiently
supplied, the thing is (2) commodious wealth; when
for the sake of beauty, fineness, savor, or any other
artistic motive, a cost is incurred largely dispropoitionate to utility, ttile product is (3) extravagant or
sumptuous; and when there is vain waste and no.
utility, or any use contrary to good morals or health,
the thing and the work producing it are (4) pernicious.
It is manifest that when, by new inventions of laborsaving and prolific machlinery, things previously
75 
THIE EDEN OF LABOR.
sumptuous could be made so cheap as to be within
the means of a commoner, they would then be reduced
to the class of commodious or even of necessary
articles.
If the process stopped here these distinctions would(
hlave been merely speculative, and of little practical
use, but in the Eden of Labor they reduced the abstract
principle to mnatlhemrnatical formulas applicable to all
possible instances. By careful observation and exact
analysis, they ascertained the proportions of cost in
labor-timine that would truly determine to whichl of
these four categories any product belonged.  Taking
in each kind of thing, the cost of the necessary one,
the commonest and cheapest but substantial article,
as a basis, they devised a series of proportions of
extra cost according to which articles of the same
kind and use were to be regarded as necessary, commodious, extravagant, or pernicious. I pass over the
manifold uses of this classification ill the imrnprovement of mnorals, the happiness of society, and good
legislation, to attend only to its application in assessilig THE REWARD OF SKILL.
76 
CHAPTER V.
OTHER EFFECTS: FROMN SKILL, CO-OPERATION, ABUNDANCE,
CONIMMERCE, ETC.  
WEV  have already seen how the average labor-time
was ascertained and assessed for each kind and phase
uf service or production, and this average was ma(de
the exchangeable value of each thing.  In assesing
the average value in cases where skill ha(d an irnportant effect, several points had to be considere(l.
(1) The skill used might only result in producingf a
qitatitily of a product greater than the average, will,out a material difference of quality.  In this event
no estimate above the average was made in favor of
skill; for it derived its just reward directly from the
greater quantity placed to itscredit at the average price.
(2) The skill used mighit produce the average or nearly
the average quantity, but a better quality of workmanship.  In this case an estimate of tihe extra labortime an average workman would find it necessary to
consume in producing an equally well-executed piece
was made, and this estimate was added as part of the
average labor-time allowed the man of skill.  The
products thus valued belonged of right, at the lowest,
to the commodious category. (3) But sometimes the
skilful workmen would produce a quantity less than
the average. In this case also, lie would enjoy the
advantage of the last preceding rule which  mig]ht
make him even, or give him more than the average
per measure of product.  Ileiee  again the classification would be, at least, with commodious things. (4)
Yet, still more ambitious to produce something beautiful or othlerwise excellent, and indeed sumptuous,
the workman might devote to it an inordinate p)roportioi of labor-t.ime. In this ease the rule of extra
7* 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
labor-time would not apply; but the master-piece
would be classed among sumptuous things, and its
full cost in labor-time be assessed as its value. (5)
Then there vwas the case of the inventor of some laborsaving machine, tool. or implement.  In his fivor the
law allowed for a limited number o)f years the Piglht
to demand  from  those who used  his invention a
royalty calculated from time to time, not by 4is own
conceit and greed of gain, but by the expert of the
National Patent Office, and this not with design to
enrichl him, but to afford him  ample indemnity for
the labor-time, cost of experiments, and stutdv-time
used in perfecting his invention, and  secure  limn
leisure to exercise his genius in other improvemenlts.
The works of skill, it is seen, were assigned according to circumistances, sometimes in one category,
sometimes in another.  Thus they would be subject
to a general rule, which it is now the proper time to
state, and to which the attention of the reader is
called.
The assessed labor-time exchlangeil)le value of products classed as (1) necessary and (2) commodious,
was immediately paid for by credit on the books, or
by cash in the national labor notes on making tlhe
delivery or consignment to the public proxy; but
)roducts classed as, (3) sumptuous were not paid for
or credited till an actual purchaser was foulid.
The reason of the exception in this rule is manifest.  The Consumption of sumptuous thiings is not
in the regular course of economic business, is not
within the means of those whose earnings are limited
to average labor-time value; it depends  upon the
caprice of taste or fancy, and not upon a common
want. In a country like the Eden of Labor, where,
from the nature of the organic plan, all enjoyed
abundance, but none were disproportionately rich,
sumptuous productions were beyond the reach of individuals; and only societies, communities, or coIigregations could purchase themn to adorn their public
7S 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
edifices, squares, churches, galleries, monuments, and
museums.
A question may lhave suggested itself: What legislation or customn did the founder of the Eden of Labor
ordain or advise, with respect to workmen whose
services or products, by the fault of their qtrslcitfulness,
were of a quality or quantity positively infeiior to
the average?  Tl'he answer flows from tlhe.prinoiples
already stated.  Of course such laborers suffered the
loss caused by their own unskilfulness; first, the loss
from deficiency in quantity; second, a pro rata discount carefully calculated by reversing the rule applied to ameliorations accomplished by skill. Besides,
as in the case of sumptuous things, the low-graded
product was not paid for till actually purchased from
the proxy. Moreover, the waste of time and materials by unskilful workmen was otherwise discouraged.  They w ere admonished, lot only by their own
losses and the danger of no sale, but by authority,
thlat they must exert themselves to acquire the skill
they lacked, or be more careful to exercise that skill
if they possessed it. If' they could not or would not
do thlis, their defective goods or services were ruled
out of the market, and they were thus forced to resort
to some otlher industry in which they could labor in
a workmanlike manner.
The yearily statistics, already explained, gathered
and published at the general expense, enabled every
one to know wvi}ich pursuits were too numerously
supplied with wvorkmien, and which were deficient ini
the adequate number. Witlh exact knowledge of
what was wanted one might change to an employment better suited to his taste and talent; and as in
each service the best qualified hands were preferred
and favored, the result of every transfer thus induced
was  naturally  that each  particular trade or subdivision of work was carried on by only the most
competent; or, at least, only by those who could
work up to the average. As the reward of labor was
always the same, in whatever division it was done,
71,) 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
it made no pecuniary difference to any one whlether
he worked at one trade or another.  No one hlad an
interest in there being an excessive numiber seeking
employment in any specialty.  Hence, the equilibration of the labor demand and supply was easy...
spontaneously and with foreknowledge, the equation
preceded work and production, instead of' following
dlisasters consequent upon necessitous or -reckless
competition, and oppressive or ravenous monopoly.
There could be no cause or motive for strikes or
lock-outs under the reductiona] system.
A remarkable result of the reduction of all things
and services to real labor-tine value was, the irnpossibility of commlerc'ia adventures or credit speculations
for the sake of' enriching profit; and consequently
also?tsTiry in all its forms and disguises.  Since no
man could ever get any pay or price for anything or
service, beyond the average labor-tiine measlure, it is
clear he could iiever have a surplus eal)ital greatly
exceeding, tlhat of any other able-bodied or skilful
workman. No onle ever gets rich by his own labor
or skill only. Thle exceptional and considerable per-\
sonal fortunes which were seen in thle land of Nod,
and which were made by managilg to get hold of
prioducts under soime deceptive and( inequitable pretext or custom, were precluded. No one could inequitably appropriate a share or dividend of the
labor of others, no one could wrongfully obtain an
exclusive individual title to natural things. If such
appropriation is prevented, and everv one is limited
to what can be counted as done only b)y his individual
effort, if every helper in the making of any product
took his exact proportion measured by labor-time,
it is clear individuals would respectively have no
pletlioric capital to lend or invest; none would ever
have so much that its loan for usury would enrich
them. IJdeed, since every body in the Eden of Labor
was under the common  law of the averaged labortime standard, there was, as I have previously remarked, no margin for profit; and therefore it was
80 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
vaini to think of lending or borrowing for any such
selfish purpose. There was no occasion for CREIDIT
except that of brotherly kindness-neighborly assistance-thle lending with hope for nothing therebyso expressly urged in the counsel which God has
given.  (Luke vi. 34.)
NTevertlheless, and by virtue of this very impotence
of private capital as an instrumrent of private enlrichment, there was plenty for common  undertakings,
public improvements, industrial co-operation and help
of tlhe neiglhbor.
An effect of tile rapid increase of populatioi, fornom
the beginning of thle Adamic Patriarchate, was that a
fatlier's house and farm d(lid not long remain large
enoughl  for all his sons, with their wives and children.  In due course, it became necessary for these
to go fiorth into a separate habitation... cultivate
anlother field, or carry on another factory.  During a
first period, vwhen this occasion arose, the fathler, his
kin, and his neighbors-in fact the whole reduction
or clan who  were  numerically  hundreds, went to
work, gathered  and prepared  materials, erected  a
dwelling,  with  usual out-buildings  for each  new
fanmily. At the same time they cleared the necessary ground  for a single or co-operative field, or
made  iand put up the necessary workshops or factories for single or combined labor as the case might
be.  All this they give to their young relations to
start tlhem in a new industrial career.  Every helper
in this work had been similarly helped before, and
only returned to the young a benefit he had received
from the old; and every one receiving such help
contracted the obligation of returning it to a number
as great as those wl-ho had helped lhim. Tile number
of helpers or contributors, in each instance wvas so
considerable that it was a small affthir for each one,
and the work was accomplished in a few days.  It
was a sort of frolic; and was always concluded by a
grand  celebration and feast.  We  have  seen  this
beautiful custom revived in the "log-rollings" of tle
81 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
pioneers of America. At the opening of this country,
wheniever a new settler arrived, the hardy frontiersmen spontaneously assembled in force, and joyously
co-operated in building a home for the stranger on
any wild lanld he chose to take.
After a time, however, the sutpreme patriarchli,.considlering certain inco iveniences and derangements inherent to this method, substituted a mnore orderly and
efficient one. By an equal assessment made during
a few years on every mran's earnings, a "Building and
Improvement Fu ii(d " was raised and set apart.  This
was used to accomplish the same results as had been
realized bv the custonm I have described. Those for
whom it was so used were bound to repay in small
yearly or quarterly instaliments, and they did so, either
in due course or by compulsions, so that after a while,
the funds was colstantly replenished by restitutions,
and the tax was ratably diminished till it was reduced
to almost nil, the repaym-ents being sufficienlt fori all
the  purposes of developing  the  industry of the
country.  When we consider that in the land of Nod
(wlhere individuals appropriated the labor of others
and acquired full ownership of natural wealtl-i), the
capitalist made his undertakings or property repay
the principal or keep it constantly reinevwed(, be.sides
deriving rent, interest, or profit sufficient for his
opulent support, his luxurious pleasure, and even for
a constant increase of the stum of his personal wealtlh,
we see that to enrich others, wagemen and tenants, in
the course of tlheir life, actually paid for the mnachinery they wield(ed, and for the lhomes they rente(t,
without ever becoming owners themselves. Hovw
mudht easier was it then for the producers of the Eden
of Labor, where there was no usury, rental, or gain,
no man allowed to levy a tribute from the labor of
another, to pay his share of restitution to the fund
that provided him with machinery to work with and
a horne to live in.
The operation of this system afforded every facility
for the applicatioln of the exigences and principles of
82 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
the DIVISION OF LABOR.  In founding new farms and
factories, the analysis of every detail of labor enabled
the elders of a reduction or clan to determine their
capacity, their mechanical appliances, and the number
of each class of hands they should ernploy, so as to
adjust each specialty of skill and the necessary ma.
chines in such proportions as fully to employ each
other, leave no hiatus compelling one set of.worknen
or machines to wait on another, and, indeed, operate
as a whole, so that rio part should be idle or overdriven, but all be continuously and  harmoniously
engaged. While the Reductionese had each his own
separate home, they gladly co-operated externally to
secure the benefits of the developments of skill, the
economy and increase, a proper division of labor is
knowNn to realize.
The  Eden of Labor carried on  COMIMERCE with
foreign countries.  It may be asked, how could its
reductionism (which was so rigorously adhered to in
domestic exchaiges) be adapted to trade with nations
that allowed competition, usury, monopoly, and extortion of arbitrary exchange value for natural things,
to have full sway? The mention of somre of the incidents of trade with the land of Nod will answer
this question.   The currency of Nod was what we
now-a-days call " lard money," silver aurd gold, which
had become (from many causes too numerous to mciitionr here) the circulating medium of that country.
The currency of the reductions was the labor note I
have described and the purchasing power of which I
lhave explained.  Yet, the reductions were in a landl
prodSiciig gold (Gent. ii 12), but the Reductionese
never estimated gold otherwise  than by the exact
labortime devoted to its extraction anrid its conversion
into utensils and ornaments.  On the other hand, the
Nodlanders sought eagerly for the metal, and readily
gave for it values far greater than its own.  For instance, they woutild give a ton of fine flour for an
ounce of gold dust, though it took no more work to
gatlher an ounce of gold than to produce an ounce
83 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
of flour.  At the same time, if they offered gold for
flour, oil, wool, iron, or any other product, the Reductionese would not give more than the measure of
labor-time embodied in the wool or iron for a weight
of gold produced by the same amount of labor-titne.
The samne happened wvlenever the Nodlanders offered
anything thley regarded as extra valuable on account
of its rarity, beauty, fineness, or flavor. Since they
adjusted values by demand and supply, or the exigencies of monopoly, they could not use thleir coin
and costly luxuries in trading with the Reductionese,
while the latter disposed of their own gold and other
products which tile Nodlanders esteemed, for great
comparative quantities of necessary and substantial
thilings, suchl as cloth, coal, iron, tools, cutlery, or
glass.
The reader now, of course, sees plainly enough
that the labor-time standard of exchange, and the
reductional labor-note, by their necessarly operation,
presented insuperable impediments to thie production
and sale of COSTLY LUXURIES intended for tDrivate
consumption. WVith his real, personal earnings, by
the equal labor measure, no man could acquire the
mleans of indulging frequently in extrav,agant aind
vanitous articles or revelry.  For  instance, a mnat
who earned only three hundred days of equal labortime per annum, as every one did in the Eden of
Labor, and who had to pay by the salte measure of
value for his clothling, shelter, food, and so  forth,
could not often have the means of paying  for anything into which one or more vears of labor-timre heed
been ah)sorbecd, such as a piece of blonde lace, a mosaic
table, a panel of Goblins tapestry, or a set of Sevres
porcelain.
On the other hand, most of the lab)or-tiire which,
in the land of Nod, was wasted on sumrptuousness
and every other costly pleasure, was saved in the
Eden of Labor for better purp)oses. The Reductionese
necessarily refrained from   akin  g  tl-he excessively
file, dearly orlatnented, atnd temptinlg but pernicious
84 
TIlE EDFEN OF LABOIl.
tlhings coisumed only by inordinately rich peoplefor tlhere was no such class of mrnen in tlhe country.
Nearly all the population were einployed in hellping
to produce the s?ubstantical a(l beauztiful, BUT CHEAP,
tlillngs consumed by  commoners  generally.   Tlhis
caused an enormous difference between the populai'
wealthl anrd well-being of the Eden of Labor and the
la'nd of Nod.   In thle latter, millio()lls of men Were
lkept  tt hard work manufatcturing silks, equipages,
tapestries, plate, laces, artificial flowers, sculptures,
and otliei luxuries destined for the private enjoymelit
of the rich, and wllich the rich oinly could  afford.
]3esides this, hundreds of thousands  wei'e engaged
in pernicious works -  manufacturing  intoxicating
liquors, raising and prepariing tobacco, m(akilg cards
and dice, and keeping gamblilg hells, an(d pursuing,
-manly other avocations of eveii greater iifitmy. Then,
with threse, there was a large proportion driven to
idle pauperism by the monopolizing systein itself.
On the other hand, under the rule of Reductionism,
every iman worked for what was useful and pleasurable, and (tvcail'(ble to /ll, but not for allything perniCo()us.
The grand consequence of this directioii of all lalbor
to that which was good for the masses-this imrnense
turning of labor from costly and pernicious to necessary au(d commnodious  products and service,  was
ABUNDANCE of all colmmrodities and pleasures that
were honestly ldesirabl)e.  The whole p)eople lived iIi
comfort; nay, iuore, they enjoyed  anI  overflow of
temporal blessings, a great  plenty of the best fruits
of the earth and( of the good things f'-tbricated by
skilful hands and ilngenious machlineliy.
r'lie inhabitants of this land of equitv and brotherhoodc, by tlheir diligence and thrift, brought forth and
eiijoycd excellent and ample shelter, food, raiment,
fuel, tools, and intellectual objects.  Their country
w-as thickly dotted with fair and substattial dwellili(gs-also wNarelouses, factories, alld mills-temnples,
ilil( otller lublic edifices-frs, i ines,,n(l wvooded
85
8 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
mountains, towns and villages, roads and canals.
They had profusion of grain and fruit, oil and vegetables, fish and flesh, cattle and poultry, milk, eggs,
and honey. They made as much as each and all
could consume of durable and beautiful stuffs for
clothing-woollens, cottons, linens, silkls, shloes, and
hats, in every needed variety within the nmeans of
labor-time fortunes. They supplied themselyes with
wood and coal without stint. They possessed all
manner of ingenious tools, implements, and machinery-also vessels, vehicles, and beasts of l)urden,
for saving labor and doing perfect work designed for
general advantage, at labor-time prices. Their horses
were made more comfortable and agreeable by every
convenient and neat article of furniture and ornament-carpets, bedding, and curtains-utensils and
plate-well-provided pantries, larders, and kitchens.
Finally, they had full measure of private libraries
and studios, public museums and galleries, stored
with good books, paintings, sculptures, musical instruments, specimens, models, and other results of
science, fine art, and literature; and, besides this,
they all, without exception, had leisure to derive the
real benefits and pure pleasures such things afford.
Be  it, howvever,  noted  here, this immense  and
delightful prosperity was on one condition: "Seek
ye first the kingdom of God and His righteousness;
and all these thilings will be added unto you." (Matt.
vi. 33; Luke xii. 31.)
Be it also noted that so long as they fulfilled this
condition no set or clique ariong them had or could
have those invidious and disproportionate vanities,
enjoyments, fineries, delicacies, equipages, adornments, and other sumnptuosities which a favored and
distinct few, in other countries, under the sanctioni of
uncharitable institutions and laws, succeed in drawing
to their selfish selves alone.
Another consequence of  Reductionism was  the
PROGRESS OF THE ARTS entirely towards this inexpensive 2)rodiction: not to things and enjoyments which
86 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
only exorbitant arid inequitable fortunes could compass; but those that the full and honest portion of
labor could properly acquire. As costly luxuries
were precluded, cheap ones were invented or discovered.  What  was accomplished  in this line by
true science and ingenuity was wonderful. Object!
uniting beauty and utility-amusements and recreations displaying admirable asthetical taste were
broughlt within the reach of every person.  Govern
ment assisted this tendency to the combination of
artistic excellence and adornment with economy and
cheapness. Experiments were made at public expense.   Associations contributed  to them.   Thus
ways were opened by which works previously too,
costly to be advantageously undertaken were made
to gratify the tastes of laborers who earned only, but
fully, their just compensation.  The course of indulstry and genius was always and intentionally pointed
in the direction of the best place, the best workers,
thle best kind, tIle greatest quantity, and the least
cost in labor-time.   Works of art were copied and
multiplied by tens of thousands, and executed with
constant approaclhes to perfection; but I have no
space for details of the admirable results.
Tile one condition of average labor-time being
strictly complied with, it was all the better that
labor-saving machinery was invented-that any number of new commnodities were producecld, that population increased-because such progress and multiplication wero of equal benefit to every person-an
immediate and direct gain and blessing to all.  There
were more luxuries and more rest for every individual.
A last result remains to be stated before I close
this chapter.  The concert of so many hands and of
all machinery, the co-operation of the entire population-men, wvomern, and children, and of every force
or device that could make labor most prolific-to the
grand alld sole purpose of evolving only such wealth
and corisuli-able  values as every industrious man
87 
TtIlE E.fIDEN  OF L,ABOR.
could afford to procure, resulted in the mnaking  of
such extraordinary quantities of this character and
kind, that it was soon perceived a great REDUCTION  OF THE LEN~GTII OF A  LAWFUL ])AY'S LABOR
was not only possib)le but necessary.  As every man
la,d to eat his bread b)y tlle sweat of his flice, aindc as
by every one of tlierl doing six hours' work perl (ay
a great excess was l)rouglt forth of wlhatsoever (ould(
satisfy the reasonable wants and gratify'the equitable
desires of every mnember of society, the Supreme
Patriarch from time to time issued his proclamatioin
reducing the lawful day's labor first to five and then
to four hours.  This was the inherent effect of the
system.   While art continually brought new luxuries within the reacli of all at very insignificant cost,
it s,) multiplied production of this nature, that it exceeded consumption, so that the people could produce
in four hours not only as much as they did before in
six hours, but also within that time all the othlieri
commodities they had recently succeeded in cheaply
producing. At the same time, as lhere was no inducement or market for work or articles absoibilg longt
measures of labor-time, it followed inevitably that
the labor of pro(ducing the maximuri of all necessaries, comforts, and luxuries, must be equally divided
among those who were to have their l)ortioll of this
production.  Since there was abundance  for all by
five hours' work instead of six, and since there were
1io monopolists of natural things to force the masses
to competition and pauperism, since there were none
interested to compel others by starvation to enter the
miserable se)-vice of vanity and excesses, the effect
was that the Reductionese, to a man, gladly assented
to —nay, liailed as a triumph, the dirlin)utioll of their
respective toil as a blessing. It deprived no one of
anythling, but added to rest, recreation, and leisure
to acquire knowledge-contemrnplate and study the
Divinity in His wvorks, and  vworshlip His gloly anid
beneficence.  It was easy in each instance to fisdl tIhe
proper quantulrn of the (dimrninution. since all prod(luc
88 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
tion was measured by its labor-time, the aggregate
of the excess of production over consumption, gave,
in the proportion of population to a day's labor-time,
the exact number of hours or minutes of the necessary diminution.   How  different in effect is this
system from that which brings about strikes and
lock-outs, accompanied by the destitution and ruin we
Ilear of now-a-days.  Need I say how happy a pe,ple
were who had so much leisure to improve their
minds, make progress in true science and beneficent
art, and who were free to enjoy their Sabbaths in
rest and peace?
In future chapters I will give account of many details, I have onmitted in this preliminary sketch; and
shall tell the history of the corrupt and iniquitous
institutions of the land of Nod(l, the conquest and enslavement of the Eden of Labor by the Nodlanders;
and trace the causes of the universal sinfulness that
provoked the angelr of God to inflict the all-destroying Deluge.
Formzula of the Red?uczionese Currency.
THiE EDEN OF LABOR
commands the Public Proxy of the Reduction of Havilah
to deliver to bearer, on demand, products of industry of
the value of
FIVE HOURS
average labor time. according to the Tariff of prices current at the date hereof.
Ia, 72d of Fifth Month, A. M. 450.
IDDO JOEZER,
Accountant.
8*
i
i
i
I
I
i
I
89
Accepted by
ZEBADIAH, pub. proxy.
,I — 
CHAPTER VtI.
PERSONAL SERVICE AND ITS REWARD.
BUT, before I pass on, I slhould reverC to a'particular element or feature of' the economic system of tlhe
Eden of Labor, which, to avoid co-ilplexity, I lhave
merely mentioned  incidentally, andi the special -characteristics of which I left to implication.  It is the
principle which should d(letermine the compensation
due to such personal services as were no! embodied,
by wveilght and measure, in pro(Liucts of industry.
The services, for example, of domestic servants or
of scientific and artistic educators essentially conltributte to the mrnaking of products; but they  do not
itftiibly take part in manufatcturing (or constituting
the material form of thl-ose products. Such services
are collateral or remiiote; but nevertlheless tlhey are
positive.
Tlhis is a iiiatter of I)rimary imnportanlce;  for it
is necessarily a factor  ii  tlhe  labor-time value of
products.  ImIlne(liately after tlhe expulsion, Adamn,
with hopeful Eve by his side, applied himself to cultivating, tlhe brier. grown ard rebellious soil.  VWlile,
withl loose s4tones and bougls, lie construcleted a teinporary hlut-whNlile he built the first little furnace,
extracted  and  smelted the  smiaill qualitity of  ore,
inter-llanmmered and hardened the few pounds oft iron
vwhich lie needed to make the first knife, axe, hlatchlet,
draw-kifte, adlze, saw, pot, needle, and  ilails-wvlhile
hlie went on to faslhion tlle first spade aLld plough,
rake alud hoe —vwhile he cleared, dtug, alid ploughed
a few acres of grotund, and planted corll anid vegetables, and while he was also occasionally slaughtering
and flaying a lamb, Eve was occuplied in vwatcelling
and lhelding the few sheep they possse(ssel, cooking 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
the food, currying and softeiling thle skins, sewilng
the skins to,etler for  railment, bringing watter in a
large gourd irom  the spring, cleaning the house,
nlaking up the bed, and mending the clotlhes.  Nee(l
I mentioii the solicitude and care of these two for
eacli other's comfort  and  hlealtlh-tlte  melodioubs
hymns of praise they sang while they beat musical
measure on their sw-eet-sounding cymbals-tlieirtoi versation in wvhichl they rehearsed the moral anld re ligious lessons they had learned from the angels, and
thus rel)ewed thle life of tlheir souls?  Wlhat I wish
the reader to note is, that a portion of the work thley
each performed wvas not directly embodied  int the
commodities of obl-)jects thley produced.
Observe that wvien one of' themn was, during sick ness, nursed  by  the otlier —when  Eve  swept  tlhe
house, when Adam defended lher against wild'beasts
-the titne and eftort were not even transienrtly d(epos ited in any intermediate object wherein its quanitita tive )ro(ltct nmight have been weighed or measured,
but was absorbed  directly by the metaphysical  as
well as physical  person to whom  the service  was
rende-red.
Observe also tiat iwhenr tlheir respective labor coul(
be Imeasured objectively iu a product ma(le for COnlsutmption, there was always a part due to tlle collateral
service of tlhe other, tlhough not quanltitatively aid
mttnually embodied  therein.   True, Adamr's hand
alone cultivated and gathered the yearly crop) of
corn; but he calculated that it was several times
-larger tlian it would have been had he been obliged
to interrupt the cultivation to prepare his food, atid
to do thle other desultory and lighter work performe(l
l)y Eve.  True, Eve's hand alone picked wild fruit
fromn the neighboring trees or carried water from the
Sl) rilg, but in this and in every other respect she f(c!t
that she was unable to make sufficient provision for
herself, and that she was able to give tile necessary
time to her special avocations, be(,cause A(lam's time
91 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
was fully and uninterruptedly devoted to his appropriate functions.
Observe, moreover, that the final cause, the last
term, thefocus of all their labor, in every particular,
whether direct, collateral, or through cotnmodities,
was the physical and spiritual sustenance, developmnent, and  renewal of themselves.   They  mutually
furnished products and rendered seryices-to this
end; and all the labor-time expended by one on or
for the other was returned by that other. It was
reabsorbed by the person from whence it camne; and
there fulfilled the ultimate purpose for which it was
originally put forth.
Therefore, they were mutual helpets; an(d each
was entitled to a share of labor-time represented, if
not specially embodied, in the manual products made
by the other.
By and by children were born unto them, and a
series of new conditions in the economny of society
presented themselves. The conditions were: firstly,
the necessity of providing, with all kinds of subsistellce, helpless persons who could make no irmmediate
return-give nothing in exchange for what  they
received;  and, secondly, the necessity of expending
labortime in education-that is to say, in  sowilig
and cultivating knowledge and virtue in the minds
of their children.
Thus, then, a new function or work was added to
the mnany A'dam and Eve were already performing;
but, far from being irksome to them, it was their
greatest delight.  Before the birth of a child the
spouses were doubly one.  Now  they were trip]y
one.  Previous to having children they were themselves the focus, the objective aim of every labor
they performed; and now, with children, the selfobject was not changed; for it was only enlarged.
They regarded the children as parts or members of
themnselves. Their offspring were, as popular parlance expresses it to this day, their own flesh and
blood.
92 
T[IE EDEN OF LABo)R.
As tlhe childreni grewv up, the unerring foresight of
Adarn saw what  was necessary to prepare them for
,socie(?y; and for that inevitable consequence of social
membership, the Division of Labor.   Hence, hie diligently taught them tle divine precepts-impressed
tlhem withll his ftaith-exhorted them to religious obe.
d(lience-an(d trained each of tlhem to excel in a distinet branch of ind,ustry.
As  soon as Cain could pull up a weed, his father
took hirn into the field and gave him practical instruction in every phlase and operation of agriculture,
till lie became an adept.  As soon as Abel could run
as fast as a lamb, his mother brought him with her
to help in shlepherding, the flock, and taught him all
tlhe means of controlling them-also  how to shear,
slaughiter, and flay them —preserve orI tan their skins.
In  due  time he attained a complete  proficiency.
The same course was pursued with every son and(
dauglhter.   Each  was brought up and trained in a
il)ecial department of  labor;  so tlhat, when  thley
were glown, the wolrk formerly performed by the
fatl-er alone for all thle once helpless members of
tlhe family, was now divided among them, aecordinii,,
to thleir functions and tlhe specialties of tlheir skill.
The  family  was, nevertheless, thle sanme unit; and
provided  for itself as a unzit, by a  multitude of 
hands and a variety of labor all working in harmony
to accomplish a common purpose.
This was the'primnary stage of society.  With it
the polytechnic labors of Adam  ceased, and the ei'a
of thle division of labor commenced.  By a necessary
evolution, or the force of circumrnstances, A(ldamr's titne
was now consumed ill tlhe performance of his duties
as instructor, lawNgiver, priest, and director of  the
numerous community lhis family now formed.
His ditties became mnore and more arduous as pop)u-'
la(tion and specializations of labor became more and 
more numerous.  It was at last requisite that he
should appoint subordinate assistants, a hierarchy of
lhelp, and goveritiie,it was organized. 
9.3
i 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
His sons with their children went out from the
original trunk, as branches from a tree or vine.  They
formed new and plainly distinguishable famnilies; but
their dependence on the original stem, or rather on
the whole body, continued to be, for a long time,
directly manifest.  Each family was engaged in  a
particular work which produced only one or a few
tilin-gs l)rolper for its existence.  Their wvorks or products, regarde(d severally and without exchange would
ltave been  fragmentary, inconsequent, and( inadequate; but, re,garded in their seriation, it was plainly
apparent that they formed a wvell-arranged and wellrnanceuvred industrial army.  It was still distinctly
nanifest that individuals, lHowever different their persons and occupations, were only parts of olne oirganic
body.   This their great father assiduously pointed
out to them. He took every occasion to teach them,
in various forms of words, the truth which was afterwards lost and remained in oblivion for ages, but
wvlich our Lord Jesus Chlrist revived and reordaiined,
that they were one body having many members, aid
that thoughl the members had differe nt offices they
were all members of one another, economically as
well as spiritually, that though, or rather because
each, a different individuality and ability, rendered a
different service, or furnished a different product, it
wNas itself essential to the whole, helpless by itself'
suffered from the sufferings of each of tlhe others, and
colnmuniicated its own pains to all the rest.
ANThen population had increased to tens and hundreds of mnillioniis, and mankind had formned itself into
apparently  disconnected  communities,  tribes, and
nations, and when in the great complication, division
and subdivision of specialities, there was danger that
workmen, traders, and professors might nmore easily
lose sighlt of the all-comprising orgasmic unitT, the
supreme patriarch would( redouble lis efyorts to (issemiinate his principles, and imbue the people with
their truth and ilnportance.
94 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
I imagine one of his discourses milght have been
epitomized as f'ollows:  My children: When your mother and myself were
sent out of Paradise, God left our persons in possession of two natures, one physical, the other metaphysical. T'he one consisted of bodily strength, the
other of intellectual and moral will. These we ap-'
plied to accomplish our labor; and the product of
that labor we apt)lied to the renovation of'our physical and metaphysical person.   We were two in(divi(duals, each having this dual nature, but the two
individuals were naturally one person.  By generationi, this doubly dual person, dual in attribute and
dual in body, was multiplied.  By the birth of children, it became physically triple; and then by the
formation of families, millions of similar triplicate
units arose; but, in the same manner as we were one
economically and morally,- they all still constituted,
with uLs, the same personal or corporate unit we were
before they were born.
Labor was apportioned amrong you-divided into
a great variety of operations, each of which  was
assigned to a person, grout)p, company, or series of
individuals; but this was really a marshalling a(nd
concert of particularized industry, to make it more
efficient, and to augment the quantity as well as improve the quality of its fruits. The more labor was
divided into separate  and  single  operations,  the
greater was the mass of products from the sum total
of effort; but the division was  never designed to
enable one person or occupation to appropriate more
than  its labor-tine reward from the common  and
aggregate product.  It was for the good of each and
all. It was possible only by concert and co-operation, and its increase of fruit was justly divisible
only in copartnership.
The cause of all labor is the production of things
fit for the preservation, the renewal, the development
of life.  Man spends his strength, mind, and life in
procuriIlg things which he consumes in order to sup
95 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
port, cu]tivate, and  reproduce that  samre  streingth,
mnind, and life.  They are  himself; anrd hence his
work is all for the coltinuous reproduction of himself-not of his animal body only, but his body and
soul.  In him-through the procurement(b)y physical
and metaphysical effort) of food, clothing, fuel,,slielter, science, and virtue, for himself-his labor terv)i?(ates.'l'his is the focus to which all thle reflectors
and rays of lal)or converge. No matter how complex
the arrangement, the multiplicity  and divisions of
functions  and tasks-nio matter how  disconnected
frown the p odlction of sornletllillg fit to sustain and
replenish strength, mind, anud life, the work of any
ilidividual may seem, it is really done for this purpose.'Thle studies and researches of the  plilosophier, the machines of the iliventor, the various and
,complex appliances of art, the administration of tlhe
laws, wvorship and obedience to God, the teachings
and admoniitions of religion, the organization of society itself', the gratification of the senses by corinforts, luxuries, and pleasures, aie auxiliaries to the
great sumrn of material production of whichll every miali
must have a share in order that hle  lmay live and
learn now and forever.
,Vlhoever labors, labors for thlis; for, ttloughl he
may misapply his strength and intellect, mistake evil
Jor good,  his design  is always to attain what  he
tlhinks is good; and evein tl-he worst man, he who
neglects spiritua.l, moral, -and intellectual life to workl
onlly for material life, thinks his folly is wisdom, his
selfisllhness justice-tllinks he is really replenishiliI
his rational and  sthletical nature.  IJinder a wicked
delusion, lie mnistakes aberration and declension for
pro,griess.  It, on the contrary, a man  rises above
sordid n-iateriality, and labors not only for tlhe continuance of physical lif'e, but also for that whichl is
conlucive to esthetic anud religious life, le does so
with the sanie conviction that lie is seeking the supreine goo(l.   ie regards body  aild mind  as inter(cle)ei(leiit —the vigor of ollne as p-,rticipati g, iii the
96 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
vigor of the otller.  They are both himself, aind he
works for both as one, and as constituting tlhat one
person he knows ais himself.  It is by providing for
both these natures that lie perpettlites lhimself integrally in this vwoild(.  If lie ileglects either, both
are deteriorated.  If he talkes care of physical vigor
only, hlissellsual comforts or pleasures maybe minltiplied for a time, but }le gr,adually sinks into iginorance and vice, loses thle science, in(ltustry, morality
and religioni  which p)reviously enabled him to devise
and realize, inl a pirudent and constant manner, even
material good-loses self-control, ruslhes into absuridity and abuse, is disappointed, curses God, and dies.
Let it not, tlieiefore, be imagtoined that the reductional s\ystei-a discouirages or proposes to hinder the
cultivatioln of the fine arts, the demands of minen for
recreation  tiand airnuseiiient, the progress of true science.  On the  colntrary, it embraces the tru]e and
beautiful  -s equal in iimportance to the good, TIE:
COM.MOD1)IOUS AND SUMIPTUOUS, wlenll procuLre(d witlIh'lit
inequitable app)l)opriatioii, as legitimately desirab)le
as tlhat lwhichll is'ibsolutely NECESSARY.   Heuce \ce
have in the Eden of Labor great numrbers e,gagce(d ill
occupations, works, and professions of almost every
kiind carrie(l on in Nodland.  Olly those thl-at exto'rt
usury, profit, or rent beyond labor-tithe service, do
not exist in this country; for they are impossible
under our economic svstemr; but we  have all the
wonderfully mnailit'old alid (comrnplex specializations of
tra(les and( avocattions proper in a country whlere
virtuec reigns supremne, and  vwhiere the higllest and
finest aspiratiols of hum-nan  nature  aire promoted.
Wee iieglect no art or meaiis of enlarg,ing, mnultiplyin(g, ailc feicilitating) the liappiiiess of mankitd.   It
would be too Iniute aii(i leiigtihy to rmeiitioii all tle
specialties whichi economy, taste, and  geliuls have
ijvented or iiduced; lbut we may define the classes
into wvlich tlhey are divided by ttie principles of' the
Reductional System.
Besides other viewvs, lal)or may be exanieiid uIlndlC
9
97 
THlE EDEN OF LABOR.
three aspects, and these aspects may be considered
distinctively or together. We may study labor wittl
special regard to (1) the Laborer, or (2) the Product,
or (3) the Final Cause.  We may study all three
simultaneously as indivisible.  This combined view
enables us to make the following classificationl or
division of the whole matter:
1. There are labors applie(l to the production of
tangible articles and commodities intended foe iraroe&i(te sate an(l co?s?2~tptiot.  On the completion and
delivery of the product, the workman, in this case,
immediately receives his reward, in avertage labortime curre)cy, from the purchaser, who, by consuming the product, is preserved and invigorated.   Ex.
gr., a farmrer produces some vegetable, and sells it to
a mechanic, who eats it, and is thereby nourished.
2. There are labors applied to the pro(iuction of
things not only tangible, but durable or permanent;
such as furniture, buildings, etc., not intended for iimmediate or rapid consunmption, but which the laborer
makes and delivers new to others for their use or
enljoyment in furtherance or revival of their material,
-esthetical, or spiritual life, or of all of these three
together.  This case is that of a laborer niaking,, a
new or origiiial product, the conisumrnptioii of whicli
is to be gradual and slow.  Sucli a product may be
iminediattely appraised as a totality or entire thiu,g,
according to the labor tinme embodied in it; and be
)aid for aIs such in the same manner as a commodity
made, sold, and delivered for immediate consunlptioOi.
Thle theiy here, as in the preceding case, presents iir
itself all the elements of its original  value, and
nothing  else.  IJence it belongs entirely to  tlhe
makers, who mav retain it as absolutely and wholly
their own, until they are paid all the labor-time
value it enrbodies.
3. But there are labors applied to ohct thiags,
already paid for, and belonging to some single natural person who employs the laborer to repair them,
or add somet}illg to t}iemi.  Ea. gjr, the laborer who
98 
THE  EDEN OF LABOR.
repairs buildings, mends tools, or washes and irons
clothes belonging to another, who retains and continues to use and gradually consume them.  In such
a case it is hardly ever possible to estimate the reward due to the laborer by the proportionate or
absolute increase of the value of the object on which
the work lhas been done.  Suppose, for instance, a
carpenter goes over the leaky roof of an old house,
puts ill I shingle here and a shingle there, and makes
the roof perfectly tight, it would be generally impracticable to measure his labor-time bv examtnining
the roof itself; and therefore the reward of his labor,
for want of a better means of estimate, must be the
acttal labor-time devoted to the work, and be paid
out of the owvner's )roIoportional share of the sum-total
of products.
4. There are labors which are applied, lilie the
preceding, to the maintenance and repair of old things,
but with the difference that tl-he things beloug to and
are being used by several o0' naicny gdi-ivate or cond)os ate
ownziers.  Ex. go., laborers who repair theatres, club
houses, chlurches, or other things belonging to societies, companies, etc.  In this instance also, the reward
must be according to the actua(l labor-time, without
regard to the value of the thing on which the work
is done, but with due regard to the laborer's title to
at proportionate part of the owner's share in the sum
total of production.
5. There are labors which are applied to the repair
of p).blic thinzgs, such things as it is the faculty and
function of a community or government to provide
and maintain.  Ex. gr, the labor of those who repair
public roads, bridges, sewers, court-houses, prisons,
etc.  Here again only the actcual labor-time compared
with the sum total production must be the measure
of reward.
6. Tiiere is labor whicll is (Ii'eetly applied to the
physical nature of some one person distieictly from
every other person.   Ex. yr., the labor of a nurse, a
barber, a doctor, etc.
99 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
7. There is labor which is digectly applied to the
I)nysical invigoration of several persons  at a time.
Fx. g., hlospital-nurses, house-keepers in orphanages,
hotel servants, etc.
8. There is labor which is applied d(lirectly, inl each
instalce, to the    etaphsical ature   soe          prof so il
distinctly from all other persons.  Ex. gr., the lesson
of a private teachler of vocal or instruinental music,
the private lesson of any artist or professor, etc.
9. There is labor which is applied drectly to the
invigoration and revivll of the mnetal)hysical zatutre of
seve-alor many persons at a time.  Ex. gi., t}e labor
of schlool-masters, actois, lecturers, etc.
10.  Thlere is labor whlich is applied to the moral,
aesthletical and intellectual nature of the body politic
or  >)zUblic order.  Ex.  gi-., the labor of legislators,
magistrates, etc.
For these categories, except the first and second,
the rule of reward  should be  this: As  the total
iiumber of all kinds of laborers is to thl-e total numnber
of collateral helpers, so is the total labor-timre of all
kinds of laborers to tlhe total share of labor-time (due
to the collateral helpers out of tlle sum of products,
which total share should be distributed pro rata amol,ig
the individuals of the class, according to tlhe actual
labor-time of each.
Let me explain.
It you study these divisions you will see they may
be reduced -in several ways, so that the whole matter
would  be embraced  in a less number of parts.  III
one view, labor is applied, (1) through/ proutcts, to tlte
ultimiate purpose of all labor, the' preservation and
renewal of persons in both thleir physical and mretaphysical iiatures, or (2) withovit azio i(ter ieliary, to the
samne end.  In anlotller view  labor is applied, (1) to
make qzeu' things, (2) to repair old things, (3) to render
direct help or service to  p)ersons physically, (4) to
rendei- direct help or service to l)eIsoIs metaphlysically, tlhat is to say, to directly addi-ess tlheir ratiolial,
lorall, estlietic,l, or spiritual natuLre.
100 
TIlE EDEN OF LABO)R.
When labor is applied to thl-ings, the actionl passes
tlr()uglI v,arious and devious channels, is carried by
(liftirent vehicles from one cross road to another, is
triansferred from one object or envelop to another, is
transfornmed in various ways (the process or course
being sometimes very complex  and crooked), till, irn
the form of a product fit for human life, it is consumed
by one person or maiiy, and realizes its approprilate
effect, the special efficiency of its nature and quality,
whether beneficial or injurious in the body and soul
of the consumer.
It often hapl-)pens that labor is eml,odied in plhysical
things specially designed to be mere vehicles or instrumrents of a metaphysical effect.  Books, engravings,  newspapers,  wood-cuts,  paintings,  statuary,
music-books, clocks, watchles, jewelry, toys, artificial
flowers, equipages, chess-meli, cards, and other gaming utensils, orn'aments of all kinds, theatres, schl-oolhouses, colleges, museums, eonservatories, observatories, aqtuariunlls, scientific apparatus and collections, churches, the printer's type and presses, the
sculptor's chisels, thle painter's colors and  brushes,
the rmusician's instruments, the actor's or masquerader's d(lisguise, the naturalist's specimens, the authlor's
pen, all these, and many other physical thiings, are
made for and consumed by the mnetaphysical nature
of man. Nevertheless, since they are tangible, their
estlicetical and rationalistic effect, whether for good
or for evil, does not prevent them from being directly
measured or estimated in labor-time currencv.  In
thlis respect they are like commodities or media made
specially for plhysical life.  They present in a material fornm the sp)ecific data by wlhicll the appraiser may
reckon the exact quantity of labor-tirne necessary to
make them.
WV hen labor is applied to person,s, the action is, in
many cases, simple and the transfer immediate-the
help or service is absorbed physically or metaphysically-, without the intervention of media, by a single
person or many; and it strengthens or vivifies,
9i
101 
THE  EDEN  OF  I,ABOR.
weakens or perverts the two natures of the one or
many by whom it is absorbed.   These services require little or no intervention of commnodities or instrulients.  They consist, as it were, in the direct
consumptntion, by one man, of the strength and intellect of another.  Such are the doctor's prescriptions,
the latwyerI's pleading, the schoolmaster or lecturer's
instructions, the preaclher's sermons, the nurse's care,
the  servalut's  daily  lhousework,  the  washer  and
irolner's renovations, the actoi's performance,  the
niusician's colcert, the watclrman's rounds, the soldier's guard, tie judige's trial of causes, the governor's
administration, and many other labors and services
whiclh are not applied to or mierged iii a merchanltable object-not conveyed in the substaice,and( fori
of an appraisable thing, but are trlansferred imrne(liately from person to person.
Those who, without producing a tangible object,
disseminate knowle(dge and  inculcate virtue, those
who relieve the produceri- firom  desultory cares that
wvould cause interruption and delay-those who minister to li-ormal amusement and relaxation-those
who take care of the toiler's person or the persons
of his children, or protect his liberty and property,
or restore and preserve his health -really help to
mnakle the commodities or articles the producer pro.
duces. They contribute to procure him the health,
the strength, the willingiess, the constanlcy, the intelligence, And the time necessary to the pursuit of his
labors diligently, continuously, and advantageously.
Thoutgll the q?Uctnt?m7)2 of assistance they contribute is
not measurable and appreciable ien the weight, volume,
or elements of the comiodities and other material
objects, that quantum is really there.  A part of the
latbor-time embodied, and couited( for the ostensible
mitker or repairer, is due to the collateral helper.
Th)ere is on every Ijaterial pro(luct a claim which
the collateral helpers ninay riglltl'lly assert.  TI'he
products must, thlerefore, pay back their labor, however indiriect it may be.  Tlie helpers must have  a
102 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
quantum of the products or die. We know that
education, discipline, practice, devotion to duty, confidence in social protection and justice, hope of equitable reward founded on the hoiiesty of fellow creatures, are prerequisites and concoinitants of material
production, and have stamnped their seal upon it; ianci
alas! we know also that these prerequisites and concomitants are not adduced or put forth spontaneously,
but are the fruits of thle labor-titne of persons whlose
vocation it has been to impart them to itidividitals
and society.
This, then, is the cycle of all labor.  It is put forth
by the bodies and souls-by the physical, intellectual, moral, and religious natures of the laborersand sent tlhrough manay intricate channels of circulatioin and process, exchlange and distribution, help and
co-operation, directly and collaterly, to be integrally
reabsorbed by the laborers themselves.  Thus newV
I)owver to labor is created; a-nd labor is again put
forth to be agatin reabsorbed; and so on it moves, ad
i.ifinittum, inii a circular series of evolutions.   In this
respect it obeys the law of the correlation of forces.
The physical and metaphysical natures of mnan al'e
the colaborers and copartakers of the fruitful effoirt
and return.  The hand and the heart-the belly and
members-the senses and mind-the flesh and spirit
of all laborers, whatever special work each of them
may do, are copartners; and each furnisher of these
forces of body br soul, is entitled to a full, but not
uniequal, resloation of what ihe has expended in labor
time for others.
By colnsuming the production of one term of labor
man  is preserved  and invigorated-acquires new
strength and life, and is thereby enabled to aecomplisli another course of )produc(;tiolti.  It is hIe, himself,
properly speaking, who, as the final term oft' industry,
is reproduced; and not the thitigs lie cultivates o1r
makes.  The latter, in the economic schemrne, are reproduced incidentally to the reproduction of the person of the laborer.  While lie works hlie is destroying
103 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
previous produticts-his collateral and general assistauts do so likewise; and from this destruction thev
derive the forces which enable them to carry on their
work.  When  the product is made  and finishedstands forth comnplete-it is only at a stage or term
of its t-raisit —it, itself, is not the filnal cause (4' its
beiing mad(le-it was so made only to be absorbed in
maii-it is still only a potentiality or possibilityand attains its end only when, by consumption, it has
been, as it were, transmuted and transformed into the
forces constituting human life.  All the forces of productionI and reproduction, material and spiritual, principal and auxiliary, concentrate in the form,  attributes, and nature of' man.
Hence a man owes to others all he consumes of
the labor of others-no less, no more.  If he returns
thlis he is entitled to acquittance.  Till he does so,
le is a debtor. If he takes, wastes, and does not restore, he is a defaulter.  If he takes increase from him
who makes full restoration in labor-timrne value-for
example, exacts more than unit for unit, borrowed
money for borrowed money —he takes more than his
due-is guilty of usury; for his due is only thle labortime ihe has expended on others.
The assessment of the reward due to those whose
labor is immediately embodied in merchantable things
has been fully explained, and presents little or no
difficulty; but the practicability of appraising and
paying, (1) the repairs done on the not-to-be sold
property of others, or of the public, (2) the collateral
or direct help or service rendered by one person to'
tlhe person of another, or to the social body, is not so
obvious. 
The political oconomists of Nodland, the sons of
Cain, would answer the difficulty I suggest by the
words capital, labor-fund, rent, profit, usury, and
hire.  Beginning at the final results of their iniquitous system, they would show the fact that there are
classes of men who have the private ownership of,
and derive income from, nearly all the mnoney and
104 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
property ill the worl(l-that the revenues of these
fortunates are sufficient to pay wages to wxorkmnen
who make repairs, wages to artists who minister to
luxury, wages to servants and educators who refresh
the bodv and mind; and that still there is a surplus
left for the appropriators of that surplus to make
new investments and gather new remainders. They
would shiow how a class appropriates all tlhe benefits
of the division of labor; and thlat the wa-e class, tlhe
real producers, repairers, helpers, co-operators, had
iothing, 110no  surplus, whlich  they could call  their
own; and(l hence need not trouble themselves about
providing the cost of renovating property and mind,
should not think of anything but performing their
daily task of servitude.
But this answer is not possible in the Eden of
IL,abor, where such lions cannot seize upon, anad divide as they please, thie fruit of the labor of others.
In the Eden of Labor no one appropriates more than
thle fruits of his own labor-time, and his proper pro)portion of the benefits of the division of labor.  For
instance, no one appropriates all the- benefits of a
labor-saving imachine, but all those who work with
it are entitled to a justly appraised share of the
increatsed( product it enables tlhemn to make.  If it is
a spiiiiing-wtleel, a plotugh, or a sewing machine,
worked by onie for limself, lie gets all the ilncrease(d
product it gives; but, if a miill or farm worked( by
many, they divide equitably the saving or increase
it bestows. In the Eden of Labor llo one can afford
to pay wages; for no one can get more than what is
due for his own 1)2'o ratc of labor-time.  Hence there
can be no exceptiollal private accumulation of capital
for I)uildilig, and repairs, no private appropriators to
determine and distribute the pay of artists, educators,
domestics, nurses, and other direct servitors of persons.
Hence the reductional system requires: —
1. That, as already explained in previous d(liscourse, careful statistics should show the sum total
105 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
of absolute labor-timne consumed  by the ostensible
mnaker, of all new products, and of labor-time left in
old products put upon the market by their private
owners for integral conversion into money.
2. That, on the other hand, careful statistics, embracing the whole people, should show the items and
sum total cf labor-time consumed, (1) in repairing
paid products undrcergoing the process of personal or
social consumption; and (2) in rendering direct personal service to persons, societies, or the State.
3. That in valuing every product put upon the
market for integral conversion into money, the experts should, firstly, ascertain the absolute and ostensible labor-timne embodied iii them; secondly, should
thereunto ADD a p?o rata of the total labor-time of
the repairers of things and helpers of persons.
4. That the price of each product put upon the
market should represent both the ostensible average
labor-time and a due proportion of the collateral
labor-timrne of all classes of repairers of' things, servitors
of persons, and servitors of the body politic, so that,
for example, if the ostensible labor-tirie of the maker
of any one thing is five hours and the proportion of
the collateral labor-time of repairers and servitors is
th-ee hours, then eight hours should be the market
price of that thing.
5. That tile share of the price accruing to the ostensible makers or owners should be credited to their
individual accounts, respectively.
6. That the proportioli accruing to collateral labortime should be credited to a general fund; and that
this should be apportioned according to the statistics
among the Reductions, Clandoins, Tribedoms, Kindoms, anrid Patriarchldoms, to be distributed to the
repairers of things, servitors of persois and servitors
of the body politic, respectively and individually,
according to the actual labor-time of the service of
eLtch of them.
7. That,  besides  this, the Reduction,  Clandom,
Tribedoin, Kindom, or Patriarchdoin, in order to pay
106 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
for the ]al)or of newv works needed  for tile common
use or body politic, should have a TAX FUND levied
proportionally on the sums credited to the accounts
of both categories, viz., of ostensible producers and
collateral producers, according  to the  labor-time
credited to each person.
t. That a Patriarchdom, Kindomrn, Tribedom,Clan dom, or Reduction should pay for things furnished
it, or repairs done fori it, or personal service rendered
it, by warrants drawn on its general fund or its spe cial tax fund, accoi-ding to the a(.tual labor-time it
consunmes, thereby enabling its furnishlers or servitors to obtain their proper pro rata of the sum total
of products, at the average labor-time price of any
particular product they may choose to take.
9. Thiat the share or amrountt of the personal service of others, vwhlich each individual is entitfed to
have and consume, during a year, should be determined, in labor-time, according to the statistical data,
so that he cannot appropriate more than his pi-oportion, but if he consumes less hlie may profit by his
economy.
10. That the same rules of apportionment, coiisumption, alnd economy should apply to corporate
establishments and co-operative companies: they being
tireated in their dealings with the market or body
1)olitic as individuals, but boun(l to do strict justice,
and pay proportionate compensation to their inembei-s
respectively.
11. That the average number of calls or cases of a
lavwyer, doctor, or other one whose service is rendered
to private persons individually, should beascertaiiied
by statistics; and each distinct individual or corporation who receives the benefit of a call or attention to
a particular case, should on his certificate be charged
with its appropriate labor-time, and that time be
credited to the servitor.
12. Tlhat individual or single servitors of persons
making no tangible market products, viz., a professor
of ally science or art, a school-master, a lecturer, or
107 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
thle like, servinlg several or many persons sigtn ltteo?tSlj, should be credited tlleir actual lal)bor-tilne on
the books of their reduction, and that timne be chaig,ed
I)ro r(tla to those who avail themnselves of the comnmon
service; for example, each of the simultanieous partakers should procutre tickets from thle puLblic proxy,
or from a deputy proxy detailed for that purpose,
and each taker of a ticket should be clhaired with
his pro rctta of the whole actual labor-timrne credited
to tlhe servitor.  Hence, if a school-master devotes
one hour  to teaching  the clhildren of twventy-five
paretits; lie would be credited with tllat lhour, altid
each parent be charged with one twetity-fiftii of an
lhour, or four "strives" of work in average labor-tirnme
currency.
18. Thlat the rule last stated should  tpply to the
benefit of repairers of things, or servitors of persons
workilng togethler, tiot as corporators, but teml)orarily, suchl as a company of actors, a ban(i of rntisititlis,
a squad of scavengers doing their work or serivice for
several or many persons simultaneously.   In such a
case, each niemrber of the comrpanly, bland, or squad
should be credited wvithl tlhe actual lal-)bor ti-e of his
service, and tlle takers of checks foir tlhat service
should be charged  respectively  )ro rctta.  Thus, if
ten actors perform  before five thundred spectators
one "d(lay" of labor-tiue, each actor sllould be credited wish his day; total ten days; aidl each spectator cliar(ecd- withl  twvo-hundredthls of a day, or tvwo
"st ives" in average, labor tinie currelncy.
14. Tllat the slhare or proportion of a mal's pro
ducts or labor whlich is appropriated to reward helpe.s, so fal as tlhat portion is not speciailly due to any
oilier p)eIson, should be, if' he is married, crcl it, d to
hlis w ife, tai(l be subject to her free disposal.  It' tiecir
cl!ild(il ei help them, a dividend from tlhe lelpler's fund
creditc(l to tlue flttlier andl mnotier should be set apart
foi   t]l,,    lil(lren.
1-). Tlti-t tiere slhouldl be levied on every ainount
credite(l to any and every person, a )io r(ta tax for
103 
TI]E EDEN OF LABOR.
educational purposes; but the State should have no
control of the tax, except to collect it; and when
collected, to distribute it according to this rule: That
parents might associate, select a teacher, determine
what text-books should be used by him, and draw
on the school fund in favor of the teacher for a pro.
rata, according to the numnber of children and actual
labor-time consumed in teiachl-ing them; the State
having no inspection of the school except to see that
the amount of the draft is honest and correct.
My children: Beware of imitating the laws of
Nodltand which permit and secure titles acquired in
perpetuity by prescription, accession, sale, exchange,
hire, rent, treasuretrove, preoccupancy, capture, salvage, usury, etc. Beware, therefore, of allowing one
or many from working for wages at a specific per
tiem, for a master or hirer who  may  insidiously
undertake to bear the loss in order to appropriate to
himself the gain that may result from any comrnbination of help.  Be vigilant in requiring that all help,
all personal service, shall hle recompensed by its
proper share or proportion of the average labor-time
value or price of the thing produced by the individual, the company or corporation helped or served.
Have no masters and wagemen among you; but only
associates or families.  "Be not you called masters,
for oze only is your master, and all you are brethren."
(Matt. x. 8.)
Never forget that no man can get rich by his isolated, his unaided labor.  That exceptional riches is
only acquired by one who sells natural values which
belong to all, or by one who appropriates the difference gained by combined  manual or instrumental
labor which is (lone by many, and which should be
divided among the co-operators.   Rememrber that
capital must, in each instance, be traced to its real
producers, and that their proportionate share of it
must be secured to them respectively.
To do this you must ever bear inl mind the fact that
there is in all things a natural or intrinsic value which
10
109 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
is God's siyre; but which the children of Cairn, to
avoid nanlirng the true owner, designate by tihe phrase
value in use," and subordinate to their many-sided
and aleatory "value in exc!latye."
We in the Eden of Labor have no title to things in
themselves, but only to the labor-tinie we'have
respectively embodied in the things we respectively
possess.
Hence we have   1. Property containing only the individual labortime of the possessor; i( est, property which he has
alone produced or which has been set apart for him
or drawn by him as his portion of a comnmonl prolduct,
or which has been paid for by him from the dividel
of Iiis owiv  labor-tine.  This he disposes of or consumes at will.  It is ordinarily food, clothing, utensils; goods, chattels, or provisions which may be
used or consumed by a siiiyle person.
2. Property produced by help, a combined effect of
the division of labor, the specific outcome of a machine worked  by more  tlitrn one  person, property
produced by the joint or concerted labor of several
or many, property bought by the labor-time niolleynotes contributed by several or many.  Such as this
is necessarily partnersIlip property, and should be
used, disposed of, and consumed as such, with due
regard to proportion of labor-time contribution so
long as it remains undivided.
3. Property owned by the State, or communities,
or companies, but entrusted to individuals or corpo rations for some private or separated use or purpose.
These are generally improvements of farms or factories, or machines, or ships, and so forth, advanced
to new companies, or dwellings built by the State or
community out of the cornmmnon building fuiid. For
these no 9-reit is ever required, but only the repairs
and restoration due by a "borrower foir use;" tlalt is
to say, he must keep and restore the thing iin Io()([
order, without tribute or increase, and without bearing the loss consequent on natural decay or excusablle
110 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
accident, that is to say, he must restore only the
portion of labor-time, value, or price he has EXTRACTEDfr'0om the THIING by his use of it, but not what
he has p?-oduce(i bvy that use.
Since price is measured or pay exacted especially
and only for average labor-time, it follows that a'
private individual, or set, or company, or class of
persons, cannot take or acquire, apart frorx the qest,
of the comnmunity, the extra gain or abundance resulting fi-omr (1) labor savin)g machines, (2) the cooperation of particularized labor, (3) richness of soil,
or (4) from excellence of quality. These, therefore,
will inure to the benefit of the whole communitytlhe work p)eople in general. Hence it also follows
that thle greater the product, the more prolific lands,
machines, and co-operations may happen to bp, the
greater the abundance produced by a given amount
of labor, in any instance mnore than in another, the
greater will be the dividend, not merely of the operatives of the extra prolific instance, but of all who
labor.  Tlhe sumi  total of these extra benefits it is
our duty to divide pro rata to the labor-time of each
member of the whole body of workers. It is God's
portion, and slhould be distributed to all his children
by an unselfish rule.
Thus you see, my d(ear children, we have sales and
exchanges, barter, commerce, traffic, distribution, but
rnlalle no) y)?{)fits.
We lave dwellings, lands, machines, which we do
not owis, have not paid for, and which the isolated
labor of tlhe users could never pay for; but as tlhe
tenants or possessors thereof pay no rent.
We have money-our labor-time currency-which
is advanced or loaned in case of need, or on occasion
of a development of necessarv or comnmodious production; but we cannot require the borrower to
return increase.  We permit?o usury.
We have helpers, personal service and the like, but
only as co-operators, members of families, brethren
III 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
sharing the fruits of contributive labor-tirnme; but no
wctageei. nor watyes.
Withal every one is rewarded for his labor according to the true ratio it bears to that of any and every
other man.
My  children: Maintain the practical  rules and
regulations by which these results are obtained, and
you will thereby secure temporal abundance and enjoyment to all; but observe that this social order and
happiness rests upon reli(,ious faith, and the consequent recoignition of lthuman brotherhood, and of the
Divine title to all natural or inherent values.
112 
CHAPTER VII.
NODLAND; ITS LANDLORDS AND TENANTS.
THE first dissension that ever arose between men
probably had its origin in the first "division of
labor." This first division was the parting of pastoral from agricultural labor. If labor is sundered
into distinct avocations, discordant interests may be
created, and then occasions of hostile collision will
arise between them. The cattle of Abel, the shepherd,
no doubt, despite every precaution, somrnetimes overran
the fields of Cain, the hlusbaldmIan.  A deadly eimitv
arose in the heart of the latter; and this had culminated when the Searcher of Souls rejected Cain's
sacrifice. Having slain his brother, Cain fled from
the face of his father and nephews; but he repented
of his sin; and hence was miercifuilly forgiven and
protected. It would seem, also, tlhat thlis divine protection, manifested by a mark or sign indelibly imprinted on his person, lad( a further significance.  It
was a figure of the future course of providence. The
fulfilment of the divine decree that man should till
the ground coul(i not be waived. Man was not to be
permitted to live'by means of pasturage alone. Metapliorical]y, we may say that Caiii's murder of Abel
was Agriculture killing Pasturage and Herding.  A
similar dootn has befallen pastoral labor in all ages
and( countries.  I-Husbandry overcomes and destroys
Pisturag,e whenever and wherever the latter attempts
to stay in the  ceigliborhood of cultivable lands.  In
every instance of contact, whatever momentary success Pasturage imay achieve, Husbandry finally gains
a definitive supremacy.  The Husbandineii, with the
divine protectioln, have always been able to possess
the rich laiids, alI(l the Ilerdsrnen have always been
10* 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
forced to confine themselves to stony hills, or to
perish entirely.  Abraham emigrated to rocky parts
of Canaan.   Jacob,  persecuted  by  Esau and  the
Canaanites of the valleys, was driven by them from
an arid place here, to a more arid place there.
Finally, reduced  to starvation, he  emigrated  to
Egypt to seek bread and become the servant of an
agricultural people.  After many strtggle, I)asturage has nearly disappeared in Europe. At this very
moment, the landed aristocracy of England and Ireland are threatened with evil for their obstinacy in
devoting large tracts of arable land to pasturage.
The raising of cattle on large and rich pastures in
Amnerica has been gradually forced to recede from,
the East, and move to the plains of the Far West
and Texas. Even there it is not allowed to rest;
for, there also, the tillers of the soil (wlho were
obliged to fence in their fields against the roaming
cattle of their predecessors) now  claim to be dispensed from making inclosures. They require that,
onil the contrary, it shall be made the duty of the
cattle-raisers to have fences to keep) their beasts from
roving, so that, as in all thickly cultivated countries,
a mere ditch orI fringy hedge may be the only needed
boundary of an agricultural farm.
This account of the shepherds or herdsmen applies
to the huntsmeni, with the difference, that the herdsmen were at one with the tillers in regarding the
huntsmen as commonro   enemies.  HIence we read of
Ismael, the?rcIher, or huntsman (Gen. xxi. 10), that
his hand was against all mnen and all men's hands
were against him (Gen. xvi. 12).
It is remarkable that the herdsmen were not the
first weavers, though they were the producers of the
wool.  Their nomadic life was not favorable to progress in the arts. Of the two classes the tillers were
the greatest inventors.  The sons of the husbandmnan,
Cain, were famous for their ingenuity. The tillers
were permanently located, and therefore had every
inducement to improve their homes, and other fixed
114 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
capital - their implements  and soil.  They  were
stimulated by the greater yearly product of their
labor, set to thinking by the greater complication of
their pursuits, and on account of the numerous processes through which their products had to pass to
be made fit for consumption.  WhIeat had to be
ground, cotton spun and wove; the harvest when
gatlthered must be stored and carefully pFesered(;
tiley needed all the household instruments the herdsmen and huntsmen used, and must have many others
which the nomads did not need; they required the
same arms, if not for offence, at least for defence.
Living in close proximity to each other, the tillers
enjoyed the great advantage of being ever able to
unite for driving back a common enemy, and of
building fortresses and other places of refuige and
resistance.  Hence, in their wars with the herdsmen,
they were almost alwavs victorious. A few great instances may be cited, in which the herdsmen were
the conquerers; but in each case the sequel sustained
the theory that agriculture is the providential destiny; for, the nomadic victors were soon compelled,
by the force of circumstances, to cultivate the soil.
The shepherd kings of Egypt found it necessary to
make farmers of their commrion followers.  The barbarian hlordes, whlo subdued the Roman Empire, were
soon, with the exception of their chiefs, obliged to
throw aside the battle axe and mace for the plough.
Nor should we imagine that Cain, in the land of
Nod, became a herdsman or huntsmana.  The history
of his children shows that they must have  been
brought up to a very different kind of life.  Certainly Cain was a fugitive and a wanderer, but this
onlv in the sense that he fled from justice and wa,nd(lered from the home of his father and brethren; for
it is expressly stated that he (lt,elt in the distant land
of' Nod, a place of banishment, as its name implies;
and that there' he built a city."   The  inference
from all the facts is, that he Jounded a separate
nation over whlich he ruled.
115
w 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
The laws Cain gave to his descendants and people
were not inspired by the same sublime wisdom as
those established by Adam for the Eden of Labor.
Cain's laws, notwithstanding the deep remorse he felt
for his fratricide, were tinged with the inequitable
tendencies of his heart.  He sanctione(l the doctrine
that all the land belonIged originally and absolutely
to the State; and that, therefore, the sovereign could
give individuals a perpetual and transferatble title,
not only to improvements and actual uses, but to the
natural thing itself. ie allowed man to claim and(l
hold, not as a mere tenant from God, but as ultiriate
owvner.  This, though Cain did not, perhaps, so intend it, was the origin of a wide spread perversion ()f
the primary idea of economIic justice; for this initial
perversion led to others of the same kind, which, in
the course of time, became the law of the whole
earth; and transformed themselves into the iniquities and abuses that have been continued and maintaitmed down to the present age.
Let us imagine tl-he land of Nod as iniicluding the
sources of the IJdus, and of the confluents of that
river; and as extending fromr thence to the shores of
the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Probably Cain lived
as long as Seth. and his family doubtless increased
as fast, so that, befo)re his death, it must have spread
over nearly all this territory.  As it put forth cololies, Cain allowed each of them to take possession of
large tracts of country, and set bounderies to tl-le portions they respectively desired to appropriate.  To
prevent disputes, he gave to the leader of each colony
a patent, defining, as nearly as possible, the limits of
the country it had appropriated; and this patent coilveyed a perpetual title on the condition of the recognition of Cain's sovereignty, and of the payment to
him of tribute, should hie require it, to support his
dignity, or to defray the expense of the pub)lic service.
For several generations this basis and forln of title
gave rise to no objections  On the contrary, it was
116
VI 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
cheerfully accepted as natural and just. Was he not
the patriarch-their natural king? did not all men
by common consent bow to his authority? Besides,
was there not ground enoughl- to supply the requirements of all, even to the extent of extravagant appropriation, and still to leave what seemed an inex,
haustible space for future population? None were
deprived, though the colonial chiefs, in a. spirit of
cupidity and ambition, would always take land sufficient for a State. After several generations, there
still remained beautiful and fertile territories open
to emigration and settlement. Land commanded no
price; for every one could get from  the State as
mnuch as he wanted for nothing; and the title deed
given vested him, his heirs, or his or their assigns,
with absolute ownership forever.
Hence, by the decree of patriarchal power and
common consent, this system had been for centuries
the law of land-tenure before it gave occasion to any
serious inconvenience, or its fundamental violation
of' God's title was even dreamed of.  At last, however, the hardships it was bound to cause were felt,
though the primary wrong which had been perpetrated was not understood.
In the course of time population spread itself in
every accessible direction from the original centre.
This centre was thickly peopled; the territory immediately beyond it was less populous; the next still
less; and so tlhe ratio of population to extent of
country went on diminishing; but, for hundreds of
miles, absolute title to the land had vested in somebody-the chief of a tribe or his grantees. To reach
the wild region beyond required months of irksome,
difficult, and expensive travel. Few had the strength,
courage, and means for this; yet to thousands emigration had become  an imperious necessity.  The
central area could not support the excessive number
of inhabitants that had grown up within it. They
must take refuge somewhere or die of starvation
among their brethren. Only one recourse was left.
117 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
It was for the poor to hire themselves to the owners
of lands in the less populous districts not too  far
away; while those who  had still a small amount of
dwindling capital could go a little further, and purchase a few acres from  )reoccupants who  owned
much more than they could cultivate.
Thus the hlomoA)eneitv of families wvas dlestroyed.
The memibers vwere sepl)arated; for, eacl  had- to seek
his fortune or bread wherever opportunity was presented, and they went in different directions to find a
home among strangers.
Every year this process repeated itself, until the
wave of surplus population came so near the unoccupied wilds that it could remove to them without too
much effort and outlay.  But tlis, too, had its termn.
Finally, the whole continent to its verge, and even
the islands around it, teemed with human beings,
of whom millions were reduced to the mini?funt of
subsistence, to pauperism, and even to dire pestilence
ani(l f.tmille.
But I am  too hasty.  I must relate some of the
incidental circumstances of the career of the Nod.landers to this last condition.
The same process is being repeated just now, in
our ownvi America.
The most fertile lands were, of course, the first
appropriated; but whenl these had all been taken up,
and the increase of population had created a greater
demand for cultivable soil, that of the second quality
was sought for, and bought or rented fiom the goveminent or from private owners.  Sul)sequently, and
for the same reason, land of the tlhird quality was
required(l, and so on till every inch of ground(l, even
tllhat vwhiclh could yield merely the minimum of subsistence, had been taken up.  As this process went
on, the market price of every grad(e of soil rose
higher and higher: so thlat, at the enid, it was only
land of the lowest grades that could be had (as tihe
richest could( once) for nothing, and this only on rare
occasions; for rich proprietors preferred to keep
118 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
their steirile acrIes vacant rather than be troubled by
poverty-stricken neighbors, from whom they could
derive no rent or profit.  Such lands yielded no surplus of crop with whlich to pay relnt; but the others
did, aind the owners failed not to exact it; and the
amount so exacted was always the whole product or.
its value, except only so much as was necessary for
the bare subsistence of the laboring teiiatlt  Hlenee
the landlords took al7 the net or surplus product for
the use of their land.  It made little or no difference
lhow  rich the land was; whether  it yielded  tel),
twenty, forty, eighty, or all hundred-fold, tile share
left to tle real producer, to him who  had ploughed,
SOw), and reaped, was never more than enough for
scanty —nay, miserable support.  The laborer could
not have and enijoy the fruit raised by his own lhand.
It is easy to explain this.  O0i the one  handl, there
lay the  land waild, or at least idle; but it had  a
human owner, who, though he could not cultivate it,
could (by virtue of a title primarily derived from
government) prevent all others from  cultivating it.
His permission was necessary; and inexorably di(d
he exercise this dog-in-a-manger privilege till he had
stipulated the highest possible rent for waivilig it
temporarily.  This rent hle always fouind it easy to
obtain; for, on the other hand, there was  always an
excess of poor husbandinen owning no land, each of
whlom was anxious to get a lease even on the hardest
conditions, that'they and their families mnight be
saved from exposure and starvation.  T}lis unequal
competition with thle eigrossers of lands (lid not
conme at once; but it was inevital)le by the increase
of population.  In the begiiining there was cornmpetition aemoig thle landowners, aid they left a large
part of the net crops to tl,.eir tenants; but they raised
the rent with the demand till thle rate reached the
vmxi~'-e~m for the lessor, and the    ini    from the
lessee. Happy he who, in the mnean time, had by
hook or crook secured the ownership of the soil he
was tilling with his own hand.  Ile at least enjoyed
119 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
comparative abundance  during his lifetime.  His
children, howvever, hardly ever enjoyed this advantage; for if the farm was too small to be partitioned
among them in kind, it was sold, to be divided in
money.  It was bought by those who had been accumulating capital from the surplus of crops they had
obtained as rent of their lands.  Thus the agricultural laborer was klept, without hope Qf redemption,
at the lowest degree of poverty, while the capital of
the landlord was continually accumulating.  The product, and the capital of that moral entity called "the
country,"  "the nation," was constantly inereasing
by millions and millions-it, the country, was therefore said to be prosperous and wealthy; but this had
no real and tangible meaning except for the few who
owned somnething-owned a share of this capitalized
wealthl.  As to the real laborers, the national riches,
no matter how hard or how skilfully they worked to
produce it, did not exist.  The fame of the country
for its great riches seemed to the poor toiler to have
been spread abroad to deride him. There was no
difference to him whatever might be the enormous
figure of this total abundance-no difference to him
whether he tilled the ground as a tenant or as a wageman; the landlord always calculated rent or wages
so as to take the entire net product.
This principle of rent (if such manner of rating
can be called a principle) obtained also in cities and
towns.  AA a towI  or city is enlarged by commerce
and manufactures, its centre or grand artery is always
determined by well-known circumstances.  Population and business start from a centre, and spread from
it, with  reluctance. to less advantageous positionls,
and along the best roads leading to and from  that
centre. until the distance becomes  inconveniently
great. Then follows a lateral crowvding of stores atnd
dwellings. Fiinally, the urban area is densely occupied.  This movement is closely followed-nay, anticipated in its course, by the prices of property and
rates of rent, which advance in correspolding pro
120 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
portions.  These  expand, and bear relation in the
same manner as do the prices and rents of rural propert,y.  They are influenced bv the degrees of profitableness, by distance, and by other circumstances
wslich dleternille the order of demand and occupancy.
Th-e iiMlefeasible owners of lots and houses in cities
observed the same rule for fixing the amount they
thlought it right to exact for rent or sale of their
property that prevailed in the rural districts.  They
made the same and even greater profits.  Such was
the logical result of the character of their title,
w ic l,, nevertheless, was always considered innocent
and natural.  None of them  at the  beginning, or
afterwards, ever suspected its fundamental infirmity
and wrong, and therefore acted as if it was perfectly
valid an(d just before God.  Hlence, without reproach
of coInscience, they defmanded and took the profit on
labor it entitled them to have. Some became excessively rich. The least of them was also rich in coInparison to the lalorer who had no home of his owvn.
It was wvithi the landless worlkman our Lord Jesus
Christ classes himself when he said, "The foxes have
holes, and the birds of the air nests; but the Son of
man hlath not wh-ere to lay his head." (Mlatt. viii. 20.)
Land speculation, its Gains to its wily adepts, and
its evil effects on labor, were consequences of this
system. The speculators wvere of course persons
who had accumulated capital from sales of original
grants the State had made them, or from rents, or
from some other lawful manner of appropriating all
the share of God and the greatest share of labor in
somte    natural thing or artificial  product.   These
speculators studied the progress of population, and
easily  foresaw what wvould be the direction emigration    would take, and what localities it would seek to
occupy.   T'loughl  this foresight  was by  no mneans
sinogular or meritorious, the desire of deriving private
gain from a movement of labor in which they did no
share of works was peculiar to themselves and their
like. Over and over again, they seized these oppor      11
121 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
tunities of enrichling themselves at the cost of others,
by employing their capital ill purchasing lands, in
those localities, either from government or from pri vate owners who had preceded them, but were in
want of money.  Having thus forestalled or monopo lized the soil, they pursued a Fabian policy towards
the coming tide of population. At first they were
liberal-their prices insignificant-they almfost gave
awav a considerable number of farmns to real settlers
-to those who themselves would till the ground;
but they (the speculators) reserved intermediate areas,
anid waited for the certain effects of' the industry
of thle immigrants.  The immigrants  billt houses,
cleared tracts, planted fields, made roads to a market,
established social security, and thus attracted less
venturesome  agriculturists and  induced(. mechanics
to settle among tlhem. Then, for obvious reasons,
alas! too familiar in practice, the privileged capitalist
was able to sell or hire his land at an advance sometimes elnormous. A hlat did this unrighteous gain
re present?  It represented the labor of' others-tlle
effect of improvements made by a whole communllity
-it represented a result that.justly belonged wholly
to that community or pro rata to its rmembers, and in
nowise to the idle and machiiavelic land-speculator.
Hle took, without doing a stroke of work, the reward
due to the hardy pioneers who improved the wild(lerness and made it habitable. Tile same happened in
urban situations.  Labor came with her thousands
of Ilands, turned villages into towns, towns into cities,
cities into great emporiums; but the speculators, like
birds of prey, hovered over all to slatchl avway, by
artifice, and by virtue of a long sanctioned invasion
ot' divine ownership, thle benefits which labor alone
is entitled to receive alnd enjoy.
I have supposed that in Nodland, Cain vested his
sons with the first titles to definite districts of country
— that this was the way in which the absolute ownership of land (as distinguished from actual laborious
or usufructuary possession) originated. Some prob
122 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
ably would prefer the theory of origin of title by
pre-occupancy; but that would make no difference
in the consequences deduced. The nature of such a
title implies real occupancy; and it therefore cannot
include what is not actually occupied, or last longer
than the fact of occupancy. In other words, occu-.
pancy is occupancy, no more, no less; but ownership
is a great deal more, and even dispenses \vith real
occupancy. Be this, however, as it may, certain it is
that the pre-occupant, if we must so call him, invariably appropriated more land than he occupied,
and claimed the uncultivated —tlhe unoccupied excess
by virtue of some mere pretence, or kept it for himself, ngainst all comers, by force.  He took, for a
family, areas large enough for clans and tribes, and
exacted a price for any vacant land others might need.
If a stranger coming there to settle, was a chief having many servants and followers, he would occupy by
force despite any pretext; but if he was unable to
avail himself of the right of might, he found himself
under the necessity of purchasing and paying before
he could have. Hence the same wrong is done by
pre-occupants as by the State. Nevertheless I prefer
the theory which traces the origin of fee-simple or
absolute ownership to the State-a Patriarch, a Chief,
a King, an Assembly riuling society and exercisiing
sovereignty over a territory. In considering whether
this theory be correct or not, we cannot regard the
kind of title claimed by primitive herdsmen or huiitersas proving anything; for it was merely temporary
and fixed no metes and bounds. The hunters and
herdsmen were nomadic. None of them had a d(listinct possession.  They had not even the intention of
occupying any particular place permanently.   We
see this in the lives of Abraham, Isaac, an(l Jacob,
who, though they expected a future generation of
their race would own Canaan, had no notion that
their transitory mode of occupying spaces of country
gave them ownership as we understand it. What
constitutes ownership is the setting apart, in perpe
123 
TFIE EDEN OF LABOR.
tuity, a specific piece of land of defined limits, to an
individual, his heirs and assigns. This takes place
only among an agricultuLral people, organized under
a government; and as far back as we have any record
or tradition, the first titles were distributed and con ceded by the State as primary owner and granter.
Abimelech, king of Gerara, exercised this right of
ownership (Gen. xx. 15) on occasion of tie wrong
done to Sara;  and, on another occasion, though he
was willing to give, he sold to Abraham, for seven
ewe lambs, the spot where the latter himself had dug
a well.  Thie inference from the text (Gen. xxi. 30),
is that a consideration given, and not a mere gift, coIn veyed( a guaranteed title. Again, it was by means
only of the payment of a price to the authorities of
Heth, that Abraham  obtained an individual title to
the field and cave of Epron.  (Gen. xxiii.)
It was a king of Mauritania, who sold the ground
of Carthage to Dido; and ancient history contains a
number of other instances of gifts, sales, and distributions of land made by the State, its kings and
legislators, who, wherever the people were agricultural, appear to have been regarded as the original
source of justice and land ownersllip.
Under the feudal system, the chief who had led
the people to conquest, distributed lands among  his
followers, as prime owner of the conquered country
and they did him  homage and service for their tenures.
When  America was  discovered,  the  Eturopean
kings claimed ownership of the parts discovered by
their subjects, and afterwards conceded whlole territories to leaders of colonies, or tracts to individuals.
Every private title to land, in America, is traceable
up to the State.
Now, whence is the title of the State itself?  Evidently it never acquired any; and could have none.
Its only right would be in the assumption that it is
the trustee of heaven, to award and regulate the use
of the land for the common  good.  We  have seei
1'-) 4 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
how  it hlas fulfilled thlis obligation.  It hlas, on the
contrary, established a system of exclusive privilege
inl perpetuity —whereby titles pass to hleirs and assig,ns forever independently of use or abuse, whereby
thie laborers and real producers are for all time condemnned to pay extortionate tribute to fortunate,.
favored, and unprodcictive id(lers.
11*
125 
CHAPTER VIII.
MINES, MACHINES, WAGES, MONEY, AND FINANCE.
A STRIKING instance of tlhe appropriation of God's
share of natural things, for tlhe exclusive benefit of
exceptional individuals, is tlhat of qiniies. We have
seen how unqualified ownerslhip of land is acquired
and abused by the favorites of tlhe State or tlhe detainers of capital; and now I call attention to the
fact, tlhat sometimes tlhese lands which lhave been
thus unqualifiedly appropriated are found to contain
mines.  Hidden masses of coal, iron, copper, tin, lead,
zinc, marble, sulphur, platiina, silver, gold, etc., are
here and there unexpectedly (liselosed to the wondering and greedy eyes of the owncr of a piece of ground.
To whom does tlhis newly discovered treasure belong?
Still more than thle cultivable soil it appertains to
God's share.  How  should it be worked and its products disposed of?  Clearly, for the comnioii beiiefit
of God('s children.
But what did a Nodlatnder do when he discovered
a mine on his estate?  Only what the law of uiqutal,ified ownershlip autlhorized and sanctioned. EIe took
possession of it as exclusive owner of tlhe realty and
its product.  He hired hands to work it, 1),(id tlhen
so much a day for extracti,ng a quantity of' mnetal
worth many times more than  the wages nIid other
expenses.  This was simply witllholdilng and al)propriating the largest part of the just eariiiigs of labor.
''The idle non-prodlucer took tlhe lioii's share of tlhe
capture-he took all tle natural value, and the greatest part of the labor value.  H-e counted lhis gailns
by millions; and invested tlhem in acquiring title to
other things an(l works  producing similar income,
on tlhe same principle.  T''he riches accumu-tlated by 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
tlie original appropriators of mines was enermous.
i)isY)osed to lead a life of amusement and luxury,
and havilig superabundant mneans, tliey often determrrined to get ridc of the care of' watclliing their servants, and to avoid the trouble of takilng possession
of the values those servants laid at their feet.  How
ever, none of them ever tlhougllt of saying: "1 have
a minillionr-fold more than my equitable share  I Will
extort 1no more from labor; I will let thle laborers
who have done this for me, extract the rest and shlare
it among themselves according to their respective
ind(ustry."  No, tlhey sought a new master to set him
over thle workman  and continue the pressuration.
For instance, they would sell a mine to a stock company for a very  large sumII.  The stocklhol(lers or
partners would commission an agent to colduct tlhe
wNorkl while thley, thiough remaining idle, wNould draw
dividends of profits (lerived from  the labor of the
toilers.  According to the prevailing ideas of justice,
these new owners expected( to draw, from  thle worlcking of the mille, not me-ely the ordinary interest of
thle nmoney they'had paid, but a large profit besides.
Itence, the hardslhips of servitude were aggravated;
for tlhe mine had cost the original owner comrparatively nlothing, and he fould it easy to pay liberal
wages, but tlie iiewv clharges tlhe new ovwners had to
make on tlle labor product, in order to indemrniifv
thlemselves anld get gain  besides, would expel all
generosity from' their hearts.  Their, first thioulght
and first act after taking p)ossession was to reduce
tlhe wvages of their inriiers; and the poor fellows were
compelled to wNorkl foi the hopeless vfzn?(  necessar.y for bare subsiste'ce.  "We  carinnot affiord( to do
better for you," was the peremptory and seetningly
conclusive answer to,ll their remonstrances against
such treatmeut.
Similar circumstanlces followed the introduction of
m,Iacli lles.
The first mitclline ever illvented (apart a,id beyond
,,ere tools or imrpleinenlts) was what the political
127 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
economists called the "Division of Labor," but which
would be better named "The Association of pa ticularized Labor;" for it is only when divided operations are associated and combined to accomplish
a unit of product that the so-called "Division of
Labor" is advantageous or even at all useful. ~ For
instance, the numrnerous hands, each having a particular operation to perform, in the manufacture of a
newspaper, and who are each able to do the more
work by having only that same operation to repeat,
are not principally, but only incidentally divided.
It is more proper to say they are associated. From
the sheet-feeder or folder to the foreman, they compose a complicated machine, which multiplies production. By it ten men in one day are able to turn
out many times more work than one maii in twenty
or even a hundred days, could turn oti with the
same appliances. Indeed, there are many works
which could not be done at all without this combination of many in one.  A single workman could not
possibly build a house, or a ship, etc.; but when they
combine in proper prop)ortionls of each art and section
of art, the fabric is constructed in a few days. By
this beautiful device or process, what would take
years to do is accomplished in a few days. This
effect is due to the artistic association; and therefore
it follows that the workmen are entitled (if any one
is) to whatever additional benefit or increase is procured by their combination. In Nodland, however, it
was not so. If; for instance, a man whocould not lave
built a house by himself in a hundred years, Nwalted
one on his land, he would have it constructed by an
"association of particularized  labor."   The work
would be (lone in a few days and delivered. From
that time the owner would enjoy the occupan(,y or the
rent-suddenly receive a benefit which he could not
have procuied alone, and conferred only by the association.  Nevertheless he would pay thle workmen as
if each had worked alone, as if there had been nothing accoinplisled( by their vworking in unison)-, or by
128 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
tlheir co-adclapting their skill and labor with artistic
ingenuity and multiple efficiency.  He would give
each of them the minimurn wages per day of an isolated
laborer, and take tlhe difference of time gained, the
difference of revenue gained(l, all to hirnmself; lie who
lhad d(lone notliing but stand by aid look down upon.
tlhe wonderful power and effects of their co-operation.
It is almost a repetition to tell what happened fmrn
the introduction of mecl-hanical contrivances tlhat save(l
labor and multiplied its  )roducts.  In the abstract,
andl regaiding tlheir intrinsic power of producing more
with less labor, machines iln themselves ar6 good, are
fruits of prog,-ess, pregnaut with blessings to mankind: but wvheii we observe how this potential beneficence is diverted, eng,-rossed by individuals, and malde
an instrument for subljugating and oppressilig thlose
iwho work it, we are tempted to condemn the mracllines
tlhemselves instead of their appropriators.
There were p)atelnt laws in Nodland whicl-h conferred
on inventors, for a term of years, the exclusive riglht
to make, use, and vend the maclines they contrived.
Itence a valuable new improvement was like the discovery of a mine, only the inventor had merit which
the discoverer had not.  Nevertlheless, as proprietors,
they acted on thle same principle. The inventive No(ld.
lander, whenever his machine was foullnd really advatiltageous (wvhich by the b.y was halrdly once in a thlousaud cases) would exact a " royalty" from labor-for
its use. Then he would sell his privileg,e at a great
price to some capitatlist or company of capitalists,
greedy of gain, who won ld, to riiake that gain as large
as possible, take advantage of competition to obtain
workmen at the lowest possible wages;  and avail
tllemselves also of their monopoly to charge exorbitant profits on that la1bor to thos.e who needed their
maclines.  Before  the expiration of their patents,
they had timne with tl-hese profits to establish (large and
very costly manufactories ill which their machines
coulld be made at so lowv a cost anld in such quantities
that they were able to defy conipetitiorn.  If an irm
129 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
prudent competitor did arise, they undersold him till
they crushed himrn, and then put up their prices again.
As time went on the machines invented became
(with a very few exceptions) more and more complex,
in this particular that they were made to accomplish
a greater number of the operations of a single art.
It was as if an association of particularized labor
were combined in the series of levers, wheels, cogs,
screws, wedges, and belts; but the inven-tor or his
assigns got a goodly share of the benefit, while combinations of- brain and muscle producing like effects
were allowed only tl-he wages current, pel capita, for
disassociated service. Association of insensible matter was encouraged and rewarded, but that of human
beings brought no reward to the associates; it was
confiscated bv their employers.
These great machines were so costly that it required
a large capital to make and use them. This capital
(from causes already stated and other causes to be
pointed out anon) was in the hands of the original
appropriators of natural value, or in the hands of
their successors.  Hence the original usurpation of
natural values was perpetuated in a new formn; or
ratlher, the appropriators, by means of their capital,
obtained control of the new kind of property evolved
by inventiveness, by genius, and by the progress of
science and art.  They took the cream and the cheese,
and left the whey to labor. The clear product, from
which only the minimum wages of labor had been
strained, was their portion.
Of course the coi?nerce of Nodland was contarnlinated by the vices of the proprietary system of the
country. It was carried on with an intense spirit of
selfishness. The fact that the appropriators of natural things could lawfully demand prices for them in
excess of the value of the labor put into them, induced the determination of those prices by the caprice
of variable desire or fashion, by the ever-chlanging
relative proportions of demand and supply, by the
irregularly alternate successes of competition and
1 OD 0 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
monopoly, by the fears and hopes of money lenders,
anid the abuse of credit.  Certainty and stability,
continuity and regularity in the course of commnerce,
or in tile business of those engaged in it, were impossible. Th'le possibility of acquiring exceptional fortunes, excited cupidity, venality, and deceitfulness..
A wide range was given to the greed of gain; for
unlimited profit in the exchange of every kind(-of
merchandise or other property was possible to those
who could foresee, or guess, or stumble upon the
winning side of the fluctuations which weie continually occurring.   Thus cormmerce, instead of being
what was intended when it began, the avocation of
men, who, for a fair remuneration, served as intermnediaries and carriers between producers and consumers, became a career of adventure.  It was as if a
country of slilfting scenles and moving  landlmarks,
but full of hidden treasures, had been opened to the
knight errants of fortune,  vlwho wet there each to
enrich himself alone, and who strove there each by
practisinlg some deception, or by taking advantage of
some mistake to compass the overthrow and rulin of
the others. But these adventures could not be undertaken wvithout capital.  Hence, when one was eager
to go upon a commercial venture, but had no capital,
he sought to borrow it from those who hlad already
succeeded in accumlulating, gains from the labor products of land, of mines, and of machines, or from commerce itself'; but' the capitalist would not lend either
merchandise or money without interest and security;
and thus commerce, also, like land, mines, and machlinery, became the vassal of capital. The niiitss of
those wvljo really performed tlhe labors and accomplished tl-he purposes of conmmerce, were allowed to
share no part of tile profits gained according to the
system; but were mere wagemen hired by the day,
month, or year, and sometimes by the job or piece.
Need(l I say they were paid the smallest wages their
competition for employment conmpelled them to accept?  Tile onaa  whose very business is to extract
131 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
gain from the labor of other men, though sometimes
he is liberal, is rarely so.  It is inconsistent for him
to be generous; and, even when kindest, always reserves the principal portion of the profit, really made
only by his wage(nen, to himself alone.
Much  of the preceding account presupposes  the
use of moNey; and it is time to state my version of
the causes of its introduction.  The appropriation of
mines, lands, and all product8 above Ininimnum wages,
was of course followed( by sumptuous and luxurious
living among those who had secured the benefits of
this selfish plan of distribution.  The wagemnen had
nothing to exchl-ange for the common and lowest products they consumned but tlheir labor; and at first
they received those products, food, clothing,, shelter',
and  fuel, in kind.  They  received  no  cash, and
therefore could not buy anything, from traders and
strangers  As between the members of the appropriating class, the case was diftferent. Tlhey severally
dealt in only a few kinds of products, and sometimes
only in one.  Therefore, each of thera primarily possessed a large surplus of his peculiar commodity
therefore, also, they vwere in need of one another's
products; tand therefore, ft rther, tlhey made exchanges.
The owvners of mines had only metals to barter, but
they soon perceived that these were much coveted.
Silver and gold were muchll souglht after by the rich
appropriators, to make ornaments and utensils; but
these metatls were scarce; and since the selfish system of No(llaild gave full effect to (lesire and competition in the determination of values, this scarcity
enabled gold and silver mine owners to demand, for
their mnetals, the products of many times more labor
than those metals embodied.  All those who  had
other surplus commodities to spare, were willing, to
give disproportionate quantities of tliceir goods for
gold or silver, in order to be able to gratify their
vanity, by displaying these shining tokens of opulence, on their persons, in the shape of diadems,
earril)gs, beads, bracelets, breast-plates, belts, and
132 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
other trinkets; or, on their tables, in the form of
goblets, plates, dishes, spoons, and other household
articles.  These metals were soon recognized as being
the most readily accepted by the wealthy possessors
of other merchandise, and as having therefore the
most general purchasing power.  For a long time.
they circulated as a mediumn of exchange among the
appropriators only; but at last the miners ~ound it
more convenient to pay their laborers in doles of
metal, instead of subsistence in kind. The pay ill
determinate quantums of a fixed and unfiuctuating
circulating medium afforded more opportunities of
changing wages, for they would reduce them whenever subsistence was cheap, but refuse to resume the
former rate when provisions rose again. Thus instead of having the trouble and duty of providing
substantial support in kind, they threw the burden
of all advances of the cost of living on their servants;
and seized the occasion of any decrease of this cost
as a pretext for diminishing the weight of their own
obligations. Soon this mode of rewarding labor
was, of course, adopted by  all other employers.
Silver and gold, first in the shape of ingots, then in
stamped coin, became the universal medium of exchange and standard of estimate. Thus popularized
and adapted to a new  and extensive use, money
acquired a greater relative value. It finally became
the seal and sanction of the cupidity of its primary
appropriators; arso, the embodiment and symbol of
every encroachment of avarice aided by force and
fraud, upon the ri-ghts of God and man.  How true
the words of St. Paul, "The desire of mnoney is the
root of (at7 evils, whichl some coveting have erred from
the faith, and have entangled themselves in many
sorrows." (1 Tim. vi. 10.) If I had space I would
quote the whole chapter; but pray turn to it, and
study its application to the matter in hand.
If any commnodity must be adopted as a common
measure of value, under a system permitting the exaction of price foir natural values, it is manifest that
12
133 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
gold is the best that could have been selected.  Any
other commodity would be liable to the same objections that gold is, besides many other inconveniences
and occasions of loss to which gold is not liable; but
I need not dwell on this, for the point is familiar to
every reader of political economy. What I wish to
note is, that money, in every form of circulating
medium  except the abstract labor-time f)r labortime note of the Reductionese, is a synthesis and
generator of conflicts of men, corruptions of mind,
perversion of truth, pride of gain, temptations to sin,
devilish delusions, and iniquitous desires, drawing
or driving men to destruction and perdition. (1 Tim.
vi. 9.) Money, from its beginning, has been and
now is the symbol and agent of every encroachment
on the title of the Divinity to natural values. It is
a vehicle licensed to carry only Justice, but in which
every iniquity has found a place.  It is a hieroglyph
in which the expression of a ransom for that which
costs nothing is blended and confounded with that of
a just recompense of labor. It serves to count, and
nevertheless conceal, the price exacted for that which
God has gratuitously furnished, and which he has
given in trust or tenancy to all of us, for the purpose
of being gratuitously distributed, it' not used or consumed by the preoccupant.  It is the seal and exponent of all the conversions of natural things into
absolute and perpetual property.
"Remelnber, 0 Lord, whlat is come upon us; consider and behold our reproach;... we have drunk
our water for money; we have bought our wood."
(Lam. v. 1 and 4.)
Among the consequences of the invention and use
Of' MONEY, and of the commercial manners and customs of the Nodlanders, were aleatory credit, usury,
banking, the use of paper evidences of debt as a circulating medium, the establishment of stock companies for banking, for insurance, and( other investments of capital.  We  have already seen how  the
venturesome undertakers of commerce sought credit
134 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
and( submitted to usury, making it necessary that
their gains on labor should be the larger and larger,
to overlap the interest and capital they were obliged
to refund. But besides speculation in merchandise,
there were other operations of credit that reduced
the reward of labor an(d increased the wealth of the
few privileged appropriators of its fruits.
It was perceived that rich capitalists would be the
safest trustees or depositaries of uninvested accumulations of money, while, on the other hand, those
who had acquired this confidence saw that they could
turn it to their profit. They did this by accepting
deposits restitutable on demand, but relying on the
probability of there being constantly a proportion of
the deposits remaining,uncalled for, they did not
hesitate to lend this proportion for usury. Thereby
they made great gain from the use of funds belonging
to others, and to the fruits of which they had no
equitable right.  It was not merely a reasonable
charge for the trouble and service of keeping the
money they made, but it was a violation of the nature
of their contract they committed; and this even when
they exacted pay for the keeping.
These depositaries were called bankers, and established correspondences in different cities, for the
purpose of acting as intermediaries between debtors
and creditors who might want to send and receive
money balances to and fro. They invented the bill
of exchange, for which (that is to say, the mere
trouble of writing them, after receiving the cash for
thein), they took considerable premniums. Here, then,
was another current running into the grand reservoir
of the appropriators.
Eagerly searching for every means of unproductive
profit, they studied with keen minuteness all the operations and investments of capital, and thus were
able to ascertain that losses by fire, storm, and other
accidents conformed to certain laws, and happened in
certain proportions. On this knowledge they based
the invention of insurance.  They applied it even to
135 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
the chances of the loss of life  Their reputed or real
ability to fulfil any promise for the payment of money
was of itself sufficient to induce others to pay them
premiums for their warranties against loss. Every
merchant and proprietor availed himself of their
policies. They professed to take risks, but their calculations were made to secure to their customers the
payment of their losses, not out of the capital originally deposited for that purpose, but out of the very
premiums themselves. IHence while the customers
were really mutual insurers, the nominal guarantors,
or issuers of policies, realized enormous profits from
their paper contrivance, and thus aniiother tributary
brought more drain from labor into the usurious gulf.
With a nomninal capital of a million, they would insure five hundred millions of property. Judge what
an enormous  aggregate of  profit this must  have
yielded. But not content with this, they calculated
they would have always a residuum of premiums not
needed to pay losses, and these of course they invested in loans, pledges, aid stocks, thus increasing
their dividends of gain from the money of others.
By and by the large capitalists recognized the fact
that their notes were taken as readily as money. The
only obstacle to their general circulation was their
large and inconvenient ainounts. Here they scented
a new and rich game. They invented the bank note
payable on clen2cad, but which they cunningly foresaw
would remain outstanding and circulating a long timne
before its redemption in coin would be asked. Hence
they could lend these notes as if they were real moneV,
and make their capital bring them returns as if it
were double or triple its real amount.
The pay of this system enabled them to lend millions on millions to governments for war and public
works, and to corporations for railroads and other
industrial enterprises, though really paying out
hardly a tithe. They would make these enormous
loans in instalments, well knowing that the government or corporation would disburse the instalrnent
136 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
i~i}rniediately, and that the creditors and others who
received the disbursemrents would bring them at once
back to the bank as a deposit, or for fhe purpose of
purcliasing, the very bonds the goverrnment or com pavny had issued seemingly to procure funds to pay
them.  They could act on this just as if they h-ad not,
paid the government a dollar. Often the bankers
and their constituents wvere themselves, in fact, the
present or anticipated creditors, who thus took bonds
at a heavy discount, xvlich, hlowever, they knew they
could make available at will for as much cash as
they had use for.  lThey had reason to be confident
of being able to retail their bonds to small takers at
at advance before funds were required for a second
instalment of the loan. Besides, often a borrowing
government would, on the deposit of bonds on which
it was itself paying interest, enforce and guarantee
the circulation of the bank notes, and thus help to
increase the lending and operative power of their
usurious creditors.
Natturally small capitalists would try to imitate
this financial machinery; but to do so they were
obliged to club together (nd create stock companies,
w}lich often enj9yed the same great credit as the
banks of the laiger capitalists.  Hlence they too received( deposits, dealt in exchange and bonds, discounted notes, tookl pledges, issued paper money, and
underwrote p)olicies, as if each company were a single
person; and they made simnilar profits.  Thie mnain
point with them was to induce real depositors to trust
them with the keeping of capital which would not be
called for immediately. Wlihenii they inspired sufficient confidence to bring this about, their success was
sometimes remarkable; but tl-here was a drawback.
Their officers and members were often tempted to
enlarge their individual business and speculations,
an(d themselves  became  borrowers.   The  facility
their own bank afforded them, made t-hemn frequently
imprudent, so that they failed in business; In(d, when
137
1 2- 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
this happened, it would bring ruin to the bank as well
as to themselves.
They used their depositors' money to enlarge the
credit of the corporation. They loaned not only
their depositors' money, but also the enlarged credit,
derived from that money, to the depositors' rivals and
competitors. An intoxicating and inflating stimulant was thus given to mere speculation. Atl nornmal
business transactions were interfered with and entangled; and the regular current of trade was broken up
into eddies, whirlpools, and overflows. Reckless of
the external effects of their operations, they strained
continually to multiply them, so long as their speculative borrowers did not tail and thereby make it
necessary for them to contract. They rejoiced every
time that, with apparent security, they could lend
one of their notes, and every time thle holder of a
check drawn against them would, instead of demanding payment, leave it on deposit. Every such transaction ad(ded to their usurious profit.
One of the ways these borrowing bankers contrived,
for searching out and getting hold of all the idle
money in the country, was the pretext of savings
banks.  They would tempt the poor, by pi-omises of
interest and of safe investments, to bring the small
residuum which, by dint of self-privation, was left
of their wvages. This they generally loaned to themselves, and thus obtained additional capital for speculation. If they prospered and enriched themselves,
the poor got their money back with interest, but if'
their rivals outdid them, those rivals got all thle poor
man's savings, and he was reduced to greater hardships than ever.
As to canal companies and all other industrial corporations, they were, most times, a prey to the managing agents or undertakers of works or mortgagees.
These were generally the founders of the companies,
vwhich they succeeded in establislling, by persuading
the government to subscribe bonds, and hopeful persons to take stock. Then they woild take the mnan
188 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
agerient of the enterprise; and thereby be able to
involve it by onerous contracts with their confederates. It would of course declare no dividends, the
stock would fall to almost nothing, and they could
gradually buy it all up. They would thus make large
profits on their private contracts, and use these same
profits to become, for a comparative trifle, sole owners
of all the shares of stock, and therefore of the franchise and its property.
139 
CHAPTER IX.
CASTE AND OPPRESSION; WAR AND CONQUEST.
Reissn of Enos.
ABOUT the year of the world 937, and after the
d(leathl of ain, Enos, his son, the corrupt of soul and
body, reigned over Nodland.   In the Eden of Labor
Enoch, the trained sonl of God, ruled as Supreme
Patriarch; for both Adam and Seth were dead.  The
reign of the worthy successor of Cain lasted for
more than a cenitury; and during his titnme the consequences of the social policy of the prototype of fratricides was fully developed.
The rea/der has, perhaps, already inferred that the
effect of the property laws of Nod(land was to divide
its people into classes or castes.  Such, indeed, was
the necessary effect, practically, if not ostensibly.
Shortly after ascending the throne, Enos conceived
the design of creating a nobility, a privileged class,
chosen from the natural defenders of the state craft
of his father, whllom he exceedingly admnired. To
form a clear idea of how this might best be done,
and whom to choose for the rank and(i dignities lie intended to confer, he cause(l an elaborate census of the
population and resources of the coulitry, occupations
and fortunes of the people to be made.
W1hen the commissioners of this census held tabulated their researches, the logical effects of the selfish
system I lhave described( were exhibited.  Thle poptlation had necessarily aid ttcitly resolved itself into
several divisions, plainily discernible by many signs.
The voluminous report of the commissioners proved
the fact to be inherent to the constitution of the state.
They made it evident by means of the minutest details, and well-grounded generalizations. 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
A schedule of these ascertained castes which I have
extracted from their report, will, no doubt, be useful
and interesting.  I therefore make a copy of it for
the benefit of my readers.
SCHIIEDULE OF CASTES.
FIRST GENERAL DIvJSION: LORDS AND GENTRY.
1. MONEY LORDS.  This class comprised those who
had a large amount of capital, and were en      tirely free from debt-had no business estab      lishment and no occupation but recreation,
and had invested their capital in affairs man      aged by others, viz., the holders of millions
worth of stock in can~al, ballking, and other
companies; also "commnendam" shares in com      mercial and industrial partnerships, invest      ments in state loans, etc.
2. MONEYED GENTRY: those who had considerable,
or even very large, funded capital of their own,
but who attendedcpersonally to its administration
and investment in bonds, stocks, mortgages,
pledges, bills of exchange, loans to govern      ments, and other securities. They also took
charge of and managed the investments of the
money lords. They were commonly called
bankers.
3. LANDED) GENTRY:  those whose capital consisted
principally of mines, farmns, and houses, which
they personally attended to, either by work      ing the mines or farms on their own account
on a large scale, employing laborers, etc., for
that purpose; or by renting out their mines,
farms, and houses, and collecting the rents
directly fromn their tenants, in products or
monev.
4. MANUFACTURING GENTRY: those who were sole
or principal owners of factories, founderies,
mills, printing and publishing offices, brick
ill 
THIE EDEN OF LABOR.
yards, tanneries, distilleries, breweries, etc.,
which they personally superintended, and in
which they employed many clerks, writers,
reporters, pressmen, machinists, and other
workmen, servants, or wagemen. The money
lords often took shares or invested as silent
partners in these establishments when  they
were carried on by stock companies.5. MERCANTILE GENTRY:  those who invested their
own unborrowed capital in commercial ad       ventures, were owners of stores, hotels, and
inns, warehouses, lumber yards, and other
merchlandise; ships and vessels for transpor       tation or fisheries, roads, canals, and other
vehicles of common  carriage, etc. etc., which
they personally superinterided, used,  or dis       posed of in the course of trade, and in which
they employed many clerks, workmen, and
other wagemrnen.
6. SMALL CAPITALISTS: those who, while they be       longed essentially to one or several of the
above-mentioned( classes, operated with their
own  unborrowed, but inconsid(erable capital.
They were well-to-do planters, gardeners, dis       tillers, brewers, builders, and contractors,
livery-stable keepers, liquor dealers, eating       lhouse keepers, slaugllter-house keepers, ma       chinists, smiths, printers and publishers, ship       wvrig'hts, sugar refiners, founders, traders, and
dealers in all kinds of merchandise, who car       ried on a b6siness of inferior size, and who en       ployed clerks, workmen, and other wagemen.
[The essential characteristics of these six classes were
— 1st, they i)nvested their own unlborr-owe(i capital; 2(,
employed servitors for wages; 3d, exaccte(l a price for
natural values; and, 4th, extracted usury, r?ent, or profit
fronm the labor of others.]
142 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
SECOND GENERAL DIVISION: INDEPENDENTS.
7. INDI)EPENDENT PROFESSORS of science, art, and fine      art: those gifted with peculiar skill, talent,
genius or inventiveness, and who required dis      tinct and specific pay or fees for each special
service they rendered. These were lawyers,
doctors, authors, inventors, painters, musicians,
sculptors, architects, experts, designers, star      actors, star-dancers, delntists, lecturers, engi      neers, short-hand writers, and all other pro      fessors and artists who (lid not serve others on
time, or were not under obedience to masters
and employers.
8. INIJEPENDENT HIIUSBANDMEN: those who cultivated
their own land alone or in partnership, and
sold such products thereof as they did not
themselves consume, and who did not hire
wagemen to assist them.  Hoiae fishermen and
huntsmen should be added here.
9. INDEPENDENT ARTISANS: those who carried on a
manufacturing business, alone or in partner      ship, doing piece-work on their own account,
for their own customers, or selling articles of
their own make directly to the consumers, and
who did this without the assistance of hired
workmen of their ownI trade, or of other wage      men.  In this class there were single-handed
operatives of many kinds; bakers, barbers,
and hiair dressers, blacksmiths, book-binders,
boot and shoemakers,  butchers, cabinet-ma      kers, carpenters and joiners, confectioners and
pastrymen, engravers, gilders, dress-makers,
milliners, gunsmiths, locksmiths, painters,
paper-hangers, plasterers, printers, plumbers,
rag-pickers, roofers and slaters, tailors, tin      ners, upholsterers, wheelwrights, and generally
all kinds of petty jobbers who worked single
handed.
1 143 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
10. INDEPENDENT HUCKSTERS: those who carried on
a small cornmercial business, alone or in part      nership, without the assistance of clerks or
other wagemen.   In this class there were
tradesmen and operatives of many kinds;
auctioneers,  brokers,   draymen,   hackmen,
packers, pawn-brokers, peddlers, weighers,
gaugers, measurers, wagoners, retailers of
every kind of goods, wares, and commodities,
etc. etc.
[This general division had all the characteristics of
that of the lords and gentry, except one; they did not
hire others to work for them.]
THIRD GENERAL DIVISION: VASSALS.
1 1. TRIBUTARY HUSBANDMEN: all those.agricultur -
ists who might be classed in the first or
second division, were it not for the fact that
they had borrowed a part of their capital by
mortgaging their land or had otherwise ob      tained credit, and were paying tisqiry to their
more thrifty or lucky compeers, or to the
money lords and gentry.
12. TRIBUTARY FARMERS: laboring agriculturists
who were cultivating lands which belonged to
others, as lessees or tenants of the owners, and
paid rent in money or in kind.
13. TRIBUTARY MANUFACTURERS: those who could
be classed under one of the heads of the pre      ceding divisions were it not for the fact that
they had borrowed a part of their invested
capital, and were paying ustry to their more
thrifty or lucky compeers, or to the money
lords and gentry.
14.  TRIBUTARY FACTORY-FARMERS: those who did
not own, but paid rent for the whole or part
of the factories they carried on, or for the
machines they used.
15. TRIBUTARY TRADESMEN: those engaged in com      merce rand who would belong to the first or
144 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
second division, were it not for the fact that
they had borrowed a part of their invested
capital, and were paying?tsu?y to their more
thrifty or lucky comnpeers, or to the money
lords and gentry.
16. TRIBUTARY STORE KEEPERS AND CARRIERS:
those who did not own, but pa'd  rent for the
wh)ole or part of the store houses, warehouses,
vessels, or vehicles, they used in carrying on
their business.
17. TRIBUTARY HOUSEHOLDERS: those who, though
free in other respects, })aid( rent for the private
dwellings they occupied.
18. FICTITIOUS CAPITAIISTS: those of this general
division whl-o carried on business with no
capital but that which they borrowed and
for which they pcai(i Utstuy.
FOURTH  GENERAL DIVISION: WAGEMEN OR SERFS.
19. SUPERIOR OFFICIALS: salaried executive, judicial
and other civil magistrates, governors, judges,
clerkls of court, sheriffs, coroners, State counsel       lors, and public prosecutors, mayors, notaries,
recorders, justices of the peace, etc.; also,
officers of the army and navy. I include only
those who had not thie fortune required to be      long to the fi?-st general division. There were
many who' had this. The heirs and relatives
of the lords and gentry, generally held the
higher and best paid offices.
20. ARTISTIC AND SCIENTIFIC WAGEMEN: professors,
school-masters and other teachers, actors,
musicians, acrobats, equestrians, dancers, and
the like, who hire thelnselves by the day,
week, month, or season, and are under obe      dieitee to their employers.
21. AGRICULTURAL WAGEMEN: ploughlimen, reapers,
dairymen and women, gardeners, nurserymen,
13
145 
THiE EDEN OF LABOR.
drovers, herders, apiarists, and others serving
master agriculturists for wages.
22. MANUFACTURING WAGEMEN: maehanics, millers,
editors, and generally those enumerated in the
ninth class, but whlo serve master employers
for wages, whether on time or by the piece.
23. COMIIERCIAL WAGEMEN:  clerks, salesmen, mies      sengers, porters, carmnen, brakesmer, watch      men, bookkeepers, tellers, sailors, boatmen,
lightermen, canalmen, packers, stablemen,
captains, supercargoes, pilots, steamboat-mnen,
stewards, toll-gatherers, collectors, conductors,
weighers, gaugers, measurers, samplers, and
other employcs serving in the business of
masters engaged in commerce, and who are
paid wages on time or task for their services.
24. DOMESTIC SERVANTS:  cooks,  waiters, hostlers,
coachmen, footmen, chambermaids, washers
and ironers, butlers, seamstresses, and the like,
who were not members of the family, but
served for wages.
25. INFERIOR CIVIL OFFICIALS: deputy-shieriffs, con      stables, policemen, detectives, watchmen, in      spectors, deputy clerks of courts, city firemen,
and the like, whose services were paid by fees,
or time wages, fixed by law.
26. INFERIOR MILITARY OFFICIALS: common soldiers,
seamen, and marines, enlisted for a term, sub      ject to obey orders implicitly, and supported
on fixed rations and pay.
FIFTH GENERAL DIVISION: OUTCASTS.
'7. PAUPERS: such as beggars, the destitute con      signed to poor houses, or admitted permanently
to asylums and houses of refuge, where they
are provided with subsistence.
28. CRIMINALS: such as thieves, forgers, vagrants,
swindlers, prostitutes, gamblers, and the like;
also, generally all persons convicted and under      going imprisonment for felony.
146 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
Thle number of people belonging to each division
and class was shown by this census. For instance,
the census of the oldest Province of Nodland, which
had a population of forty million, showed, on careful analysis, the number of souls under each division
to be as follows:
FIRST DIVISioN:
1st Class: Morey Lor(ls, their wives and children
2d to 6th Classes: Gentry,  "         "       "
SECOND DIVISION:
Tile four classes of Independents,    "       "
THIRD DIVISION:
The eight classes of Vassals,         "       "
FOURTH DIVISION:
The eight classes of  Vayemnen,       "       "
FIFTH DIVISION:
The two classes of Outcasts of both sexes and all
ages........
1,000,000
40,000,000
Approximately, this was the case in every one
of the Provinces of Nodland. It thus appeared that
tile proportionl of Money Lords was one in four hundred; that of the Gentry, nine in four hundred; that
of the Independents, thirty in four hundred; that of
the Vassals, fifty in four hundred; that of the Outcasts, ten in four hundred; and that of the Wagemen, three hundred in four hundred, or three-fourths
of the whole population.
The Enosian census, compared with previous data,
showed an illncrease of wagemen, paupers, and criminals, and a corresponding decrease of the other
classes  It was not that none of the wagemen ever
rose to the better-portioned rank of vassals, or even
as high as that of money lords; or that none of the
money lords, gelntry, independents, or vassals ever
descended to the grade of wageinen, or even of
paupers; but, for many manifest causes, those who
fell from affluence into bankruptcy and povertywere
more numerous than those who ascended from serfdom to the domination of wealth. While a few
wagemen, taking advantage of some exceptional skill
147
I ioo-,ooo
900,000
3,000,000
5,000,000
30,000,000 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
or talent they had acquired, or genius God had
blessed them with, would be able to obtain a large
remuneration from the rich, who, for the sake of
pleasure or profit, would avail themselves of that
skill, talent, or genius, at the same time many of the
money lords and gentry would squander all. they
possessed in extravagant display or ruinous investments-speculations in stock, and so on!  While
some of the vassals, taking advantage of opportunities-such as a new outlet of trade, the introduction
of a new fashion or inivention, the development of a
new source of production, or the means of supplying
a demand of any kind at less cost-would thereby
realize large gains, free themselves from debt, and
become clear capitalists, many more would commit
mistakes in the choice of their adventures, make
false estimates, and act on delusive anticipations,
and hence would be disappointed, make losses instead
of profits, and silk into penury.  While some independents, seizing the occasion of a run of custom,
would hire wagemen to help them, and succeed in
turning their little shops or stalls into factories and
stores representing considerable net gains, a larger
numTber would miscalculate the proportion of outlay
and income, or the duration of the profitable custom,
and hence would, at last, become hopelessly insolvent.
In every rash undertaking the covetous aspirant
would strain his credit, borrow money, give pledges,
mortgages'and security to the lenders, pay away his
profits in usury, till he could pay no more; and
then see the usurers take away the properitv itself 6n
which they had made the loans. Thus, though the
number of the rich was constantly diminished, the
amount of the capital they absorbed and accumulated
constantly augmented; t/he sum total of weatltA was constaitly becominig greater, wvAile the pa2-ticie)ants were
constantly beconmi?ng less numerous.
In such a society I hardly need to say wealthy persons were in I high esteem; and the respect with which
one was treated, the influence and power he exercised,
148 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
was in proportion to his fortune. This discrimination
was so marked that, though there was no legal distinction of castes, it really existed; and by common
consent practically prevailed.  Indeed, one might
always know to what caste a man belonged by his
personal appearance; his dress, his manners, his degree of cleanliness, and other in(i'cia. The moneyed,
landed. manufacturing, and commercial aristocracy
were distinguishable l)y their luxurious style of living, their equipages, their supercilious deportment,
and other modes of displaying their riches. As the
scale of fortunes descended, it was generally easy to
detect a graded diminution of sumptuousness and(
arrogance, or reserve, till, at last, with the wagernen
all appearance of superiority vanished, to give place
to humility, sordid apparel, coarse manners, and rough
skins.
There was a clear deniarcation between the wagemen and the other classes, not only in external appearance, but in thie more serious matter of social
antagonism.  With  the exception of the superior
officials, who were generally parasites of the appropriators, there was an insuperable social barrier between the classes of wagemen and wagepayers;  a
continual antagonism between them, carried on most
always silently, but tacitly understood, on both sides,
to be irrevocable. The capitalists would, it is true,
compete with each other in trade, speculation, and
adventure, but they acted in unison on one point:
keeping downe the wagces of l(bor-.  They were unanimous and firm in repressing any demand of the wagemen for any remuneration above the minimum of
subsistence.  On the other hand, it was the general
desire, if not the active undertaking of the wagemen,
to obtain more just and sufficient compensation; but
circumstances and pusillanimity prevented a determined and united enfobrcement of their wish.  They
were distracted by dissentions and treason.  A great
number, actuated by the fear of hunger and an exclusive care for self, were continually betraying their
13*
149 
T[IlE EDEN  OF LABOR.
brethren, and underbidding thle current rate of wago.
to obtain employment.  It often happened to themn
that to fail in getting work and wages was to fail in
getting bread the next day for themselves and families.  The appropriators had stores of provisions and
money-had no such fear of famine; and thus enjoyed an advantage which, even when the wagemen
were united, generally overcame their utmost perseverance.  There was no work or wages to be rad, except sotch as the a?)-'o]riatows were able and willing to
gave, and of this there was hardly ever enough for
all the wagemen, so that the latter, in their struggles
to obtain it, were like shipwrecked persons in the
deep, clinging to an over crowded raft, or fighting
each other for a foothold upon it. Hlappy the laborer
when labor was in demand, laborers few, and employers competing for their service; but, alas! this
scarcely ever took place.
The partition, or distribution anrid consumption, of
the net products of industry, was entirely under the
control of the  approl)riators; and they (livided it
among themselves, leaving only the crumbs for the
wagemen, who were doomed to take this or notl-hig.
This brings me to a set of facts which should be
carefully noted in every mind.  I call particular
attention to them; for, without understanding them,
the reader will not understand the political economy
of Nodland, nor the events of its history that depended upon that political economy.
(1) Capital, in Nodland, was correctly distinguished
as being of two kinds, (1) productive, and (2) unproductive; and these again were either fixed capital,
which consisted of lands, buildings, machines, and
other long lasting property; or " circulating" capital, which consisted of the movable and, to a great
extent, rapidly perishable products of the last and
few preceding years (such as provisions, materials,
clothing, and other commodities and merchandise;
also interest of money, rents, and profits) remaining
unconsumed by incorporation in permanent property
150 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
or waiting to be consumed, unproductively or reproductively. The value and quantity of each of these
species of capital, however great, was odef?tile; that
is to say, did not exceed some positive amount whether
known or unknown.   All of it, even the permanent
kind (except the land, and even that to a great extent),was:.Firsfly, co>is,i?)able and des'ructible; and secondly,
from the total value and quantity of production being
limited the increase of oie Iind necessarily implUie(d the
decrease af another int any yi?)ei state of labor power.
(2) All capital or all labor was not essentially of
one or the other of these kinds. Some of it was
essentially of one or the other species, as food, which
is by its nature productive; or as tobacco, which is
intrinsically unproductive; or as gardening, which in
itself isproductive; or play-acting, which is inherently
unproductive.   But, to a great extent, capital and
labor may be productive or unproductive accord(ing
to the mantner it is used, or the pi?rpose for which it is
consumed; as money, which may be used to buy
bread or a trinket; or as plowing, which may serve
for preparing a field for grain, or for levelling a lawn
to beautify the foreground of a manasiol.
(3) The appropriators were the owners and masters of all the fixed and nearly all the circulating
capital, owners of the land, machines and bread; and(l
therefore dictators of labor. Labor had no capital,
had only brains and muscle, which lay powerless till
employed  and salaried or patronized by  Capital.
Ihence, it was the appropriators who decided what 2,)0p2)ortion of' capital should be reproductively invested,
what proportion unproductively consumed, what portion should remain circulating, and what should become "fixed."  They could direct labor to either or
any of these ends: starve it or feed it as they deemned
expedient or agreeable to themselves.
(4) Every appropriator determined, for himself,
in which of tlhese catag,ories-fixed, circulating, productive, or unproductive conslumrnptioin-he would put
whatsoever belonged to him. One adopted the policy
151 
THE EDEN OF I,ABOR.
of reproductive investnment, and was enriched. Another yielded wholly to the allurements of unproductive consumption, and was impoverished.  The avaricious deprived themselves, and sought only gain.
The prodigals indulged themselves, and devoured or
wasted all their substance. Few, however, pur,sued
either policy absolutely. Generally they would each
consume his income both productively and unproductively, and in various proportions, one differing
from the other; but the inclination of tile great majority of the appropriators was to enjoy themselves
display sumptuousness,  revel in luxuries, seek
pleasures —and  thus consume  unproductively the
greatest Oprt of their income, the largest portion of
the net product of the labor of the wagemen.
(5) The appropriators generally expended  most
of the'increase, and sometimes much of the principal,
of their fortunes in such a manner that the cost of
what they consumed  excessively outweighed what
would hive been the cost of commodities equally
comfortable and useful had they chosen and encotiraged these.  They preferred fin,ery, ornaments, toys,
equip)ages, palaces, balls, feasts, idle travel, and the
thousalnd other ways of spending capital or net products destructively.  The effect, of course, was to
give a great impetus to the p)ro(duction of tun-eprodtc
live thitys-of things which did not serve to give or
renew strength, health, comfort, or intellect; and
which furnished no power to supply or restore their
like through consumption, but which in each instance
vwere consumned once and irredeemably.
(6) True, a part of the price or cost of these things
-tihe part paid to the waigemen who made themserved to sustain life and renew strength; and so far,
but so fil only, the appropriators furnished out of
thleir resources reproductive commodities to the
wagemren; but this was only to enab)le the wagemen to 9'eplace the same vaint n'n(d  nf''i     things
which had beenii unproductively consumed. hence
the condition of the wagemen  remained the same.
152 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
They could not purchase the fruits of their own labor
with the wages of that labor.  They maintained, or,
if you will, even increased the wealth of the world,
but not for themselves; not so that enough could be
made for them to participate therein, except to a disproportionately small extent.   They were as in a'
tread-mill, grinding out abundance of the costliest
kind for the appropriators, but only a dole'of mlserable subsistence for themselves. They were prevented from producing an abundance of things
"good for the poor," and affording them an enjoyable life.
(7) Thus, since capital aId income were not unlimited, but, on the contrary, of a positive amount,
aiid tihe tendency was towards the production of a
maximum of unreproductive capital and a minimum
of reproductive capital, the more the appropriators
gathered or cut out of the labor of the wagemen,
the less, in proportion, remained for productive reillvestmrnent.  The-e wvas a contin?tal diminution of the
pro)por-tioni devoted to the production of necessary and
com??)odrious thii,gs; and a progressive diverting of
capital used to supply the wants of the wagemen, in
order to invest it to gratify the desires of the sumptuous. and vicious.
(8) Labor-saving machinery, discoveries of science,
devices of inventive art, were preferably applied to
increase the kind of production which the appropriators exclusively consumed. Their power of consumption of these thi)ngs was limited only by the
extent of their capital and revenues; but these were
great, and they could make purchases and exchanges
in a liberal manner with each other. On the other
lhand, the wagemen were limited to their wages, and
these were so mean that they could only purchase
necessary things at prices that yielded small profit.
No wonder, then, that the manufactlure of unreproductive luxutries was stiimulated.  Thus, while science and
art were continually discovering and inventing ways
of dispensing with human labor, they directed the
153 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
main current of the enormous remainder towards the
production of luxuries. Hlence, the number of persons needed for the new and luxurious manufactures
were integrally more numerous, while the sum total,
demanded for all work, was proportionally and progressively falliing, off.  The capital and labor invested
in the production of food, clothing, and shelter for
the poor were reduced.  The appropriator would
invest in production of this kind only so far as it was
necessary to supply the workmen they employed.
-Hence, the reduction was of the number of wagemen
that produced commodities of the necessary kind.
Thousands were thrown out of employ, and the consequent competition brought on reductions of wages.
Pauperism and misery spread among the masses; and
induced many  diseases, epidemics, and  excessive
mortality, as if to restore the equilibrium between
population and subsistence.
(9) But the real nature of the disturbance of equilibrium was between the reduced demand of the appropriators for reproductive labor on the one hand,
and the increase of the excluded number of those
offering to do that kind of labor on the other. If the
appropriators had been willing, or their system of
political economy had permitted, there would have
been abundance of subsistence raised and made for a
much larger population. Hence to a great extent,
under their policy and caprice, the insufficiency of
work, wages, and subsistence was independent of population.  Even in a sparse population, the rich can,
without em)loyinzy ALL those who abbe destitute of capitadl,
determine the application of land, machines, and money
mainly to supplying more and more luxuries inaccessible to the poor. In such a case, alas! too frequent, it is clear that those whose services they determined to dispense with were doomed to compulsory idleness, mnisery, disease, and death.   Judge
what the effect must have been in a thickly populated
country such as Nodland was.
(10) What the appropriators wanted was abundance
154 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
of all kinds of sumptuous articles and luxurious commiodities, cheap enough for themselves even thouglI
too costly for the wagemen.  The appropriators had
power to direct their capital to this result, and did
so. Capital pleased itself first, arid Labor, under
penalty of exclusion from the table of life, fotunn(
itself under the necessity of obsequiously seeking to
please Capital.  The  appropriators would not part
with enough wage money or necessary commodities
to support the numbers of the poor except on tlhe
tacit condition that the majority of the poor must
devote their labor to the sumptuous and pleasurable
things or services in which they, the appropriators,
delighted. To enjoy these excellent things was thie
motive of their extortion; the only motive of theii
accumulation of capital, their only motive foy fuinlishing work and wages to the poor.  Hence  tlhe
poor were forced to produce luxuries, vanities, fasliions, finery, amusements, shows, and even pander to
vice in order to live. These were almost exclusively
consumed by the rich.  Nearly all that could be
saved or reserved out of labor in excess of absolutely
necessary subsistence, was invested in this way. Out
of the residue left to them the wagemen were hardly
ever able to make any savings.  When they did make
any saving, the amount was pitiful, and they were
able to set it apart only by rigorously depriving
themselves of every comfort.   Few had  sufficient
courage and patience to do this.  Thzey were tepted
to imitate, i?; a,2)iserable way, the example of' the vealtAy;
and would spend all they could possibly spare, in
buying cheap and detestably inferior qualities of pergiCioe?s things, such as strong and impure wines, or in
gratifying a taste for low and demoralizing amusements, such as indecent buffooneries and balls, or
even games of chance.
These facts were scrupulously noted and tabulated
by the commissioners of the census. Whlen they were
laid before king Enos, he at once prudently ordered
that they be withheld from the public, lest they iillight
155 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
furnish a clue to the causes of the poverty of the
masses, and give rise to agitation for radical reform,
or may be to revolution.
Among the tables thus withheld was a curious one
which made a divisiou of the eight clnsses of wage.
men into four 7afl8ve7-8e categories which were denoted
by distinctive titles, as follows: (1) refiners, (2) para.
sites, (3) fructifiers, and (4) creepers. Tbey ao stated
the number of wagemen, women and children, belong.
lug to each of these cross categories.
(1) The "]?efters" were those among the wage
people of every trade or occupation who worked in
producing such necessary and commodious articles as
wele usually consumed by the wealthy, also ie
makers of things and doers of service exclusively
sumptuous.
(2) The "Paries" were those who, among any
class of wage people, were employed to subserve the
intemperance, lust, vain display, and other vicious
pleasures and wastefulness of the wealthy.
(3) The "Fr?cfyers" were those who, among any
class of wage people, devoted their labor.tiine to
making products and rendering services "good for
the poor,77 and at prices cheap enough to be paid for
out of their wages.
(4) The " Ceepers" were those who, among any
class of wage people, earned their subsistence by
ministering, ia any way, to the intemperance and
other immoral habits of the poor.
these:
That the wealthy would accept, for their own consumption, only articles or commodities, work or service of excellent quality; and which, therefore, involved an extra proportion of labor and skill; and,
therefore, also required the best workmen and finest
materials and products for their mantufaccture, so that
even the necessary and commodious things they con
156 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
sumed-their food, clothing, houses, furniture, and
fuel-were really sumptuous and luxurious.
That the labor-time (to say nothing of natural
values) required for the sumptuous and pernicious
products and services, consumed by the appropriators,
vwhen compared with their small quantity, was enormnous. Their total valuation at the current money
p)rices amounted to nearly three-fourths of the whole
estimated value of the labor product of the country;
the capital invested in lands, buildings, machines,
and materials to make them, was two-thirds of the
assessed value of all property; and the labor they
required took more than one-havf of all the wage
people, without counting the officials and soldiers.
That the creepers, soldiers, and officials made onefo'urth of the wage people, and the fructifyers another
fourth.  That this last-named FOURTH produced the
whole quantity of every commodity, and rendered
every service usefully consumed by the wage people,
who composed three-fourlhs of the whole populations
Henee it was calculated that, if all the able-bodied
men in the country labored to supply only that
which was truly necessary and commodious, it would
require only half time to furnish it in the greatest
abundance.
Finally, it was remarked that the products, the
capital, tlhe-merchandise, and indeed all valuable
things in the country, could  be  distinguished  as
belonging to one'or the other of two clearly marked
destinations; (1) those that were only available to
the appropriators, and (2) those that were only fit
for the wage people.
But, all these developments did not touchl tlhe
heart of Enos, and induce him to make more equitable laws.   On  the contrary, he sought only to
strengthen and perpetuate the class distinctions, the
monopolies, and the other privileges enjoyed by the
few to the detriment of the many. I-e resolved to
rest his throne uponi this system. Ile hastened to
create his projected aristocracy; and for this he
14
157 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
chose the very richest of tile money lords and gentry.
lie gave them the titles of Prince, l)uke, Count, and
the like, decorated theiii with distinctive insignia, and
endowed them with peculiar powers and immunities;
but, subjected them to many conditions and duties
for the rnainitenance of his royalty and dynasty.
One of tile statutes of this aristocracy was, that it
should be composed only of those whose wealth was
very great and clear of encumnbraince. Elevation to
higher rank, title, and power was to be the reward of
increase of wealth, and divestiture and degradation,
the immnediate penalty of incurring serious debts or
losses. Wealth being the foundation on which tlhe
nobility rested, such a creature as a poor noblemn(an
was not tolerated in Nodland.  Ruined men, if they
had been nobles, were severely punished whenever
they attempted to use, or even boast of; their former
distinctions and titles.
At tlhe same time, Enos also determined on the
conquest and subjugation of tle E(ldei-i of Labor. For
this purpose he raised, armed, and traiiied a larger
standing army than had ever been seen in the world
before.  Be found tlhis even easier than he expected;
for the number of tlie unemployed poor was so great,
thiat hundreds of thousands flocked to the service
which secured them even a scanty and perilous existence.
This accomplishe d, he invaded the Eden of Labor,
and  thoroughly succeeded in subjecting it to hlis
sovereignty and institutions.
The Patriarchls  were deprived of  all temporal
authority, and forced to fly to the sterile mountains
and deserts.
It does not enter into the plan of this work to
relate in detail, the means and circumstances of the
violent substitution of the institutions of cupidity
auid envy, to those of equity and brotherhood. Suffice it to say that all the lands and other property of
the Reductionese were confiscated and divided among
an aristocracy composed of officers of the conquer
158 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
ing army, who  were rewarded  with  dignities andl
booty in proportion to their ranklc, while the conquered people were reduced to a serf(lorn similar to
that of the feudal system  established in Europe  by
Clovis and TlIeodoric.
All tlhe aristocracies that ever existed on the face
of the earth, whatever name they have borne, were
really of wealth.   The  moment  any of them  seemningly resting on military distinction or family right,
b)ecame poor, it fell into contempt  and  imnpotency.
Enos silnply made this practical fact ostensible.  He
knew that titles of nobility were useless ai(d riidiculonus without riches; aln(l that, with riclies tiiere was
social elevation an(I itnfluence that coul(d, were it not
for vanity, dispense with honorary names and escutchleons.
I a- 9 
CHAPTER X.
DEGRADATION AND REACTION.
OF course, the reader perceives that the institutions
of Nodlatnd, and the events of its history, the wronigs
and wars, the tyranny and miseries that befell the
people of that country, were the natural-nay, the
necessary-consequtences of the principle of cupidity
and appropriation that prevailed there.  It could
produce no other result.  Let us pursue the narrative.
IRAD, the confounder of descents an(i races, succeeded his father Enos, who died about thle year
104O.  Irad, during }is1 reign, which lasted one hundred and twenty five years, adopted the policy of
encouraging marriages between the victorious and
enriched families of Nodland and the rulined, but
once distinguished, families of the Eden of Labor.
hlis object was to reconcile the Reductionese to the
institutions and order of things Enos had introduced
among them.  He thought, that, if he afforded their
men opportunities of acquiring exceptional riches,
he would tempt them to accept the manners and customs according to which such opportunities were
presented, and such riches secured.  His plan was
destined to be ultimately successful. At first only' a
few of the race of Seth were induced to intermarry
with the descendants of Cain; but when the enslaved
people saw the parties and children of these alliances
aggrandized and enriched, the cupi(dity of thleir souls
was moved; and gradually more and more of them
yielded to the allurement.   A  door  was opened
through which, it seemed to every poor slave, lie
night escape the distress and oppression he suffered.
The selfish-the ambitious and covetous-feelings of 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
each individual were stimulated. Each imagined he
nil-ht be the fortunate suitor of one of the "daughters of men." The hearts of thousands of the once
disinterested and fraternal Reductionese were now
leavened with avaricious and inequitable hopes and
desires.  The greed of riches took possession of souls.
which formerly gloxvwed with neighborly love, so that,
as time went on, a majority was con,verted to the
principles of their rapacious conquel,ors.
Only one dissenting class of men prevented this
selitiment from becominig quickly unlanllilnous.  It
was that of the priesthood, founded by Enocl-i, the
son of Sethl, born in the vear 235. It was tlhe vocation of the priesthl-ood( to offer the daily sacrifice to
the only God, and( to preserve and teach tlhe traditions of His law.   This order still existed in the
reign of Enos; and continued zealously for centuries
after to fulfil their holy functions.  They preacled
against the growiong corruption, and( tlus greatly retard(led its progress.  To defeat it entirely was impossible, on account of the abolition of the social and
economic  system  their principles  implied.   They
taught brotherly unity, but the tribes had been forcibly disorganized, farmilies dispersed, and the faithful were the slaves of cruel and insatiate strangers.
Each of themi was robbed of the fruits of his labor,
reduced to the smallest living measure; and this was
all they could share with one another.  Mutual assistaice in labor or suffering was almost im-lpossible; and
floin amnollg themselves sprang shameless betrayers.
But since the political and social orgtiiiz,,tion of the
law of love was renderied impossible, the priests advised the disinherited poor to ftorm among themselves
associations for mutual  help, benevolent societies,
unions, and guilds under divine protectioil.''lhese
were voluntarily constituted on various plans.  Flirom
tlhe )begin)ning tlhey were fruitful of benefits to the
members; but, what was more important, they served
to prepare the slaves for the emancipation  which
14*
161 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
followed the civil wars that broke out in different
parts of Irad's empire.
The nobility }lad frequent quarrels with each other,
arising somnetinies from personal insults, sometimes
from an heiress eloping with the younger son of a
neighbor, sometimes from depredations of the vassals
of others, and sometimes from one nobleman harboring the fugitive slaves of the others.. Irad had the
weakness to allow the nobles to make war on each
other.  He regarded it as of no consequence so long
as they were dutiful in their allegiance to him, and
ready to suspend their dissentions in order, if necessary, to defend his sovereign authority. In fact, their
conflicts amused him; and he let them go on till they
became so common that petty intestine war was the
habitual state of the country. All disputes between
the great were settled in that way; and such was the
proud, jealous, and vindictive character of these
nobles, that these disputes and consequent appeals to
arms were of constant occurrence. To meet the exigencies, the nobles would often compose small armies
of their slaves; and, to inspire these slaves with
ardor, would promise them  immulities, such as to
commute their slavery for a stipulated tribute of
small amount, or for a lease of land on shares of product, or for a percentage on the earnings of co-operative companies, which the workmen were allowed to
form.  In the mean time, the priests, while seeking, by
anll means to induce the nobles to cease war and live in
peace, encouraged-nay even suggested almost every
concession made iu favor of the servile classes.  They
denounced the enslavement of persons as a sin, and
wherever they persuaded the heart of a nobleman to
submit to divine law, they induced him to celebrate
his conversion by an act of manumrnission. Unfortunately, this was not as general as it ought to have
been; but it was remarked that trade'unions of freedmen gradually tugmeniited; and that, in some parts,
they comprised whole towns or commiunes,  which
prospered under charters of emancipatioli wrung by
16-4 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
necessity, or obtained through religion, from  their
former masters.
In the midst of all this, after a reign of one hun dred and twenty-five years, Irad died, and his soii
ascended the throne.
MAJUJAEL, the smitten of God, son of Irad, begali
his reign about the year 1165. HIis first act of sovce
reignty was to forbid the noblemen from grantinrg
any further immunities to their menials and bond men. He prohibited any future liberation of slaves.
He forbade the noblemen from making war against
each other, ordered them to disband their military
retainers, and required them to refer all their disputes
to himn as their rightful arbitrator. He commanded
all the free towns and communes to attorn to him,
took away the charters the noblemen had given, and
issued new ones with restricted conditions under
tlhe great seal of State. A cry of indignation at these
measures arose  from all classes, and  revolt w.Vas
attempted, but there was no concert of action among
the discontents.  Majujael sent disciplined armies to
aill the provinces; and suppressed all signs of rebellion, inflicting the most cruel punishments on every
man whose conduct or lukewarmness afforded the
least ground to accuse him of disloyalty. Thousands
were tortured and burned to death.  Great estates were
forfeited to the crown; and( given away to abject
courtiers.
But far from consolidating his sovereignty by this
violent and sudden change of the policy of the State,
or by this undue severity, a contrary affect was in it
short time developed. Many of the patriarchs and
their families had taken refuge in the mrountainous
districts when Irad subjugated the Eden of Labor.
There they had lived in peace, leading a pastoral life.
Enoch, son of Seth, and Cainan, son of Enoch, had(
presided over their restricted but undisturbed territory and fraternal society. To the same mountains
great Jumrbers of the people now fled to escape Majujael's persecution.  Malllaleel, now  the ruling patri
163 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
arch (for Enoch and Cainan were (lead) was greatly
embarrassed to relieve the wants of sucl a multitude
of refugees.  It was at oncle manifest that lie could
not support them long, whatever generous sacrifices
he and his people wvere disposed to miake.  Their
account of the barbarity of Majujael fired his heart
with ind(lignation, but what could he do to succor them
effectually?  Suddenly he was "illumijied of God."
He observed that, as if inspired by a common thought,
they had come to him for protectioni; and without
pre-concert were here and now, as it were, an army
of more than an hundred thousiand men providentially assembled and only needing orgalization and a
leader.
Without hesitation Mahlaleel availed hiiz-self of
tlhe situation, procured  arms  aiili provisions, nmaislialled the fugitives, recruited reinforcemeln ts among
the herdsmen of tlle mountains, marclied againist the
tyrant, overthrew lhim in a great battle: and as
Supreme Pa-triarch took upon himself the government
of tlhe countlry where Adam had reigned wvith so much
beneficenlce and wisdom.
He exerted all his genius' to re-establish- the laws
and customs of the Eden of Labor; but met with
ulexpected difficulties.  The people had become corrupted by the principles of the Approprintive System.  They clami, red for it in the name of' Liberty.
TI'ley understood as liberty the righit of getting rich
utider the protection of uncharitable laws tfli-t guaratliteed to every man whatsoever he could gaiu fromrn thle
nmaking of illequitable and uncharitable barg,ains with
his neighbors, or bv the privileged appropriation of
natural  values, etc.   The  hope  evei  thle poorest
entertained of' wilnning a prize in this iliqulitous lotteIr, wilere nearly all the chances were hel(l by cap)ital agailist labor-, blind(led them to their true interests.
Neverthleless, after 1)roclaitinilg tlhe elanceii)ation
of' tlhe slives, he persisted in his efforts to restore
lReductioiiism, ald was making considerable hiough
164 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
prudently gradulated progress, when hle found himself
obt)liged to engage in another war.
MATHUSAEL, the death dealer, son of Majujael, had
in the year 1195, succeeded his father as king of Nodland; and raised a new army to conquer the Eden of
Labor again. He marched against Mahlaleel, van.
quished and slew him. Not content with simple victory, he followed up his success by a general~massacre
of those who had yielded even a semblance of allegiance to Mahlaleel's government.   Blood flowed in
torrents over the whole land. The people were decimated, but, strange to say, they did not murmur; they
only wept their friends and relatives; for with all his
barbarity, Mathusael cunningly managed to console
them. lie confirmed or rather imitated Mahlaleel's
edict of emancipation, disturbed no inheritance, and
proclaimed whlt hlie called l'ree trade, but wliich could
be only defined as a license to all men (particularly
those who  had managed to appropriate to self ani
amount of natural values) to accumulate additional
wealth tlhrough profit, rent, and usury which they
deducted from the fruits of labor.  Yet this was what
tlhe gi-eat majority desired and applauded, so that, notwitlistandi ng his blood-thirsty ferocity, Matlhusael was
popular and enjoyed a peaceful reign.
LAIEcCH, conquerer of the poor, son of Matliusael
became in 1260 the worthy successor of his father
as ruiler of the nations.   In the first part of his
reign nothing occdeurred to distur-b the settled policy
and econiomic movement of the empire; but after
some years a double evolution manifested itself.
The aristocracy founded, as we have seen, on wealth
claimed the right of taking part in the goverinment and demande(l  a parliament, the  wagemen
began to realize the fact of the utter hopelessness
of any amelioration of their condition fromnt any
voluntary or initial movement on the part of their
masters the appropriators.   The wealthy arg,ue(I
that since they supported the State; were taxed to
pay all expenses of administration. the cost of civil
165 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
police and warlike defence, with armies, navies, an(l
munitions, Lguards, detectives, constables, and judges,
and were required generally to provide all the revenues needed for public works and public justice,
they should be consulted and their consent obtained.
They contended for the principle of no taxation
without representation. The poor argued that true
it was there should be no taxation withlout relesentation; but that all the taxes were in fact paid by
them-paid from the proceeds of their labor, and
hence the law and national institutions and economv
should have due regard to their welfare.  They were
willing even to support the king should he refuse
the  representation  the  wealthy  demanded;  but
Lamrnech was well aware that the whole fabric of the
Nodlandic constitution was built upon the supremacy
of the wealthy; and upon the design of securing
quiet to the ownerships and appropriLtions acquired
acceordiug to the intensely selfish legislation of Cain.
Ie therefore cheerfully called the parliament required
by the NOBILITY, and by the COMMONERS Who were
p?-operty aoltleJs, but treated the timid petition of the
wagemnen with utter contempt. To this parliament,
which was composed of two houses, a senate of titled
grandees, and a delegation of rich commoners, the
wageiien appealed to obtain relief from many of the
hardships their masters imposed; but it was a vain
attempt; for it was really asking the appropriators
to deci(le their own case against themselves.
Thus repelled, the wagemen fell back upon their
unions, and inaugurated strilkes; also tried to forin
co-operative associations to do worklc on their own
account: but in both these movements they met with
the most effeetual opposition.   The  appropriators
aiiswered thle strikes by lock-outs and combined
ineritia; the co-operative enterprises by refusing the
necessary funds except for usury, thus rendering the
co-operation just as tributary to them as any other
individual or partnership undertaking based onl borrowed capital, or they would combine to undersell
166 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
the co-operatives till they exhausted and ruined
them.  Nevertheless these unions arid strikes were
troublesome; and the appropriators resolved to get
rid of them by means of invidious and punitory laws,
wvhich were passed in the two houses, and which received the royal sanction, defiling the strikes as riotous assemblies and tlhe unions as conspiracies, and
prohibiting as criminal ally attelmlpt to enlist, of to
sharne, or deter, such workmen as were willing to
accept whatever wages the employers chose to give.
These laws were rigorously enforced, so that by
tile time of Lamnech's death the wagemen were comI)letely reduced to subjection.
In the mean time, however, political events arose
which it is useless to explain, but which induced
Lameclh to think it good policy to strengthen for a
while the voluntary unions the laboring people had
fornmed.  He granted them charters, witlh power to
p)ass Xey,l(ations obligatory, AS LAW, upon every member. These charters decreed that (all the workers of
the same trade should belong to the corporate body
of his craft-that each union might ownl property
and undertake works, in its corporate capacity-deterinine at what wages and during what number of
hours per day it would be lawful for a member to
swork —and to refuse to allow a member to leave the
uliion in which he had voluntarily enrolled hinmself.
Soon, under these sanctions, the working class
rose to prosperity, and even to power.  lience they
loved-were faithful to and proud of their orgaization.  But Lamechi, covetous of the property they
hlad acquired, seeking meanis  to indulge the uiibounded luxury and pomp of his court, and to levy
mcen and materials for building wonderful, but useless, paliaces and moiiumrnents, burdened the unions
with enormous taxes and onerous services to the
State; this to an extent the unions could not sustain. They were crushed under the load imposed
by the arbitrary edicts of the em-npire; and tile iiem
167 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
bers fell into a worse slavery and poverty than
before.
JABAL, JUBAL, and TUBALCAIN, the worldly producers and possessors, soils of Lamech, were, about
the year 1360, severally called to rule over different
parts of the empire of the world   Their fathe; liad
had four sons, two by each of his wives A da and
Sella.  He held tllem in equal affection; and, seeing
that his empire was so large, conceived the idea of
dividing his succession among them, which he did
by means of a will of which he left a copy with
each of them, to be opened only at the moment of
his death. One day, however, for some slight offence,
lie flew into a passion against the second son of Ada,
and slew him.  His sorrow for this was so great that
-he never' recollected himself sufficiently to think
of correcting the dispositions of the will.  Upon its
being opened, it threw, as it were, the apple of d(liscord among the lords, comnmons, and people.  Hlow
was the portion bequeathed to the murdered son to
be disposed of or divided?  Should the empire be
divided at all? These were questions whichi aroused
the ambition and the jealousies of different parties.
Factions, each demanding a discordant solution, were
formed; and in a few weeks the world was ablaze
with civil war.  It followed, after many years of
bloodshed and devastation, that, instead of three orif'our kingdoms, double as many arose, and several
oligarclies'and republics were constituted.
The result of this revolution, so far as the wagemnen were concerned, was only this, that they a6quired everywhere the right of suffrage, but how
to exercise it wisely, and to their owni and thle genei-al welfare, they failed to perceive.   Demrnagogues
went among them advocating the pursuit of many
good objects, such as: the reduction of the hours of
labor; education; the lending of capital to the poor
that they might become independent producers; the
tatxation of ezcell man's gross capital, whetlher in debts
due li'un or otherwise, and without regard to his net
168 
TlE EDEN OF LABOR.,
fortune; the encouragement of co.operative enterprises by the State; the division of lands into small
farms; the abolition of usuryv, and the like; but none
of the reformers were able to point out how these
reforms were to be effected, either through violence
or peaceful means.  They kept the world in constant.
agitation and apprehension, without thlere being any
reasonable prospect of a happy chlange. Thie practical objections to their plans seemed insuperable.
Education must be a rrmoeckery so long as the childiren of the poor must be set to work, at ten years of
age, to avoid dying of starvation and cold. A dimiulition of the hours of labor must be vain so long as
the rate of wages and the iiumber of wagemen cmployed dlepetided upon the will or ability of the
criiployers.  Strikes for higher wages in any trade
could be efficient onlly in thle few cases where  the
profits of the masters afforded margin  for compliance; but in every other instance higher wages coul(
only ruin the masters and therefore the workmen
also.   Co-operation  only  instituted  partnershi l
composed of numerous members, but subject to all
the accidents and losses of similar enterprises collducted by single persons or corporations.  The pztrcellation of land inust be ineffective so long as it mnay
be sold in perpetuity, and reconsolidated after division, and so long as the hiring of agricultural wtagemen was permitted.  Usury could not be prevented
by any imagiliabre legislation, so lollg as acculnulatioli of capital by one man and the need of it by
anotlher is lawvtully possible, ald so lolug as rieiit,
l)rofit, and credit can be legally stipulated betweeci
contracting parties.  Taxation iinposed in an unequtal
or excessive manner, for the purpl)ose of compellilug
the few whvo lhad accumiulated the capital of a c)ountry
to distribute it amnong the maily, was not only coilfiscation, to the detriment of those who  had at least
a semiblance of title in order to pass that title to
others who could show no clain wlha- ever; but suchl
a mere clialige of title was an ad(iiiissioii of the very
15
169 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
property principle which it only served to cornplicate and embarrass, and was certain to bring on
sudden ruin to all, without certalinty of benefit to
any.
Though obviously impracticable, the mere proposing of these measures terrified and angered the
appropriators.   TI)ey saw ruin to themselves in any
legislative attempt, however short-liyed, to realize
them, so they bethought themselves of every way in
which the people mighlt be deterred from electing the
wvould-be reformers who proposed them.  Of colirse
they diligently refuted theri through their orators
and their presses.  In doing this they enjoyed the
greatest advantage; for the most eloquent speakers,
the best writers, and the greatest publishers were at
their service.  Capital alone could furnish the patronage, the custom, and the readers.  Capital could
alone offer tihe reward or bribe which the speakers
and writers coveted, and could alone print great
quantities of papers and books.
This did not, however, quiet the solicitude of the
appropriators.  They sought and found other means
of turning the current of the universal desire for a
better organization of society into useless reservoirs
and deceitful eddies.  They excited the people to take
sides in regard to questions whlich might be decided
in one way or the other without bringing about any
change in the condition of the wagemeni: questions
which onl'V concerned the interests of the appropriators in their rivalries of each other, or which were
only idly speculative, or which mighlt corrupt pubIic
aIIoraLls without destroying chances of gain or ambition.  Among these were questions of war and peace
between nations; tariffst; or free trade; the creation or
destruction of monopolies; the proper imposition and
standard of taxes; internal ilnprovements, whetller
expedient here or there or at all; the good or bad
admninistration of public revenues; the corruption
or virtues of particular aspirants for popular favor;
paper-money and bank.s, whether they should be al
170 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
lowed or not, and, if at all, to what extent and in
what form; sectional interests-the interest of a district
or locality treated as beneficial to every inhabitant
when only its appropriators were concerned; State
encoluragement of one religion and its persecution of
another; vwomen's rio'hts; free love; and so forth.
On these and a Ihul(lred other Jftlse iss,?es parties
were formed, and the nations kept in a stateof ccn tinual revolution, wlhile the appropriators watched
every change to make speculations and derive gain.
They were, as a body, indifferent of the success of
any party or cause, provided they could foresee it,
and make money by it. They advocated the party
on whose chances of success they had staked investments, just as a sportsman bets on and praises the
horse he thinks will win, though he has no real affection for the animal. They cared little what form of
government existed. They only dreaded a change
that might, in any way (1) deprive them of gain from
natural values, (2) modify the ownership of land so
that they could not derive rent from it forever, or (3)
prevent them from taking for themselves any part of
thle fruits of the labors of other men.
Whether they intended it or not, this agitation of
every vain question, and the supremnacy universally
conceded to the principles of the selfish system of
political economy; tl-hee possibilities and opportunities
this system presented for the accumulation of exceptional wealth, and the consequent enjoyment of exceptional  slumptuousness  and  pleasure,  corrupted
almost every heart; tempted those who  might hope
to gratify their passions, and made those who could
not have even the hope of justice, doubt the possibility of virtue.   Even the Patriarch Mathl-usalechl
joined the spoilers of labor, and revelled in every
sensual excess.  The common people gave t-hemrnselves
to drunkenness and the other brutal  vices.   The
lords and gentry were no better, only  they veiled
their corruption under appearances of polite refinemnent; but their excesses were really more debasing,7
171 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
and proved a less regard for divine commandments,
than those of the rest of mankind.
Nevertheless, it was an age of scierce and invention:  an age of material progress.  Jabal, Jubal,
and  Tubalcain were  themselves  great inventors.
Tubalcain was not only deeply versed in mechanics,
but also in the arts of war. It was he whom tlhe
Greeks  afterwards adored as  Vulcau, or as Mars.
His sister, Naoniah, the beauteous, was remembered
and  worshipped as Venus.  On  their palaces and
cities, and on their persons and living, they lavished
nillions. They sought to evince the beautiful an(l
the sublime in all things material. Thlev cultivated
art for its own sake, and without regard to the true
and the good.  They brought music, sculpture, an(d
painting to the highest sensual  perfection.  They
built great mnonuments, erected wonderful machinery,
)paved roads, dug canals; but above all things, invented and manufactured fearfully destructive arms,
which t/he State only could command and possess in
considerable quantity; and which the men ill power
put into the hands of their numerous and subservielt
soldiers, to keep the degrad(led people in complete
subjection.
172 
COHAPTER XI.
THE DELUGE OF SIN AND DEATH.
ONE familyv only remained faithful to God: it,was
that of NOAH, vwho was, thlerefore, reserved "to give
us comfort from the works and labors of our hands
on the earth which the Lord had cursed."  (Gen. v.
29.) Borni after the conquest of the Eden of Labor
by Enos, and when the Reductionese had become to
a great extent corrupted, the grace was given him to
receive his early education from those who had preserved and imbibed the traditions of the early patriarchs, and particularly friom  those who  continued
the teachings of Enoch, son of Jared, he of whom
tlhe Scripturie says: "he walked with God; and was
seen no inore, because God had taken him." So, also,
N'oahl "was a just and perfect man in his generations; he walked with God."  (Gen. vi. 9.) During
the reign of Lamech, and of the three sons of Lamecl-i,
Noah, inspired of God, sought to recall men  fromt
their iniquities, and to persuade them to resume volttitarily the brotherly exchange of labor for labor,
which the Reductionese formerly practised. Noah
understood the vanity of any attempt at material
reform by any of the measures the politicians arnd
economists were trying or proposing.  Hence, he reminded the ancients, and endeavored to inform the
young, of the systenm based upon the clear distinction between  God's share and  mani's share of all
products, and on the gratuitousness of natural values,
and the consequent limitation of price to labor value
only. lie described the beautiful prosperity which
lad prevailed while this principle was acted on; but
at the same time, knolwing that the princip)le rested on
religious conviction, and could be successtully applied
only by those who believed it was the will of God
15* 
THE EDEN OF T,ABOR.
and would obey it as such, he sought principally to
rebukle infidelity and restore the true faith. Strange
to say, that, though men were living who knew Adam
and Eve  themselves, there were great numbers of
people who treated the history of creation and of
Eden as dreams of deluded d(lotardcls or inventions
of iml)ostoirs.  Even among those who were regarded
in popular opinion as faithful and pious, a large proportion conceived God as a being subject to external
necessity; and, therefore, of limited power and wisdom. Many believed in the eternity of matter; tnd(
in tIhe existence of an Evil Spirit, in every respect
the equal of tl-he Author of all Good.   Sorcery, di
vination, the evocation and worship of demons, id((latry, and a thousand other superstitions had become
comrnmon; but, worse than all, a wide-spread spirit of
scepticism treated every point of faith and morals
as an "open question," which every man was left to
decide for hiniself, as his measure of knowledge aind
intellect enabled  him, or as his passions dictated.
By a strange inconsistency, howvever, the noisiest
claimants of' liberty of thought and action were
fatalists and materialists who denied man's freedom
of will, declared that his acts were automatic, that
hLis religion and morality were determined wholly
by birtihplace, climate, education, and other extiinsic circumstances.  They believed that there was
no HeavenI-derived law, and that virtue was merely
a word to,vhich various meanings were attache(d,
according to the expediency or policy human reason
or popular prejudice adopted inii the course (ff
historical transitions.  Ilence, in discarding revelation, they considered themselves as subjected to a
coercion entirely accidental and material, a coercion
that exempted themn from all moral responsibility,
and authorized them to gratify every animal propensity or passion whenever they could, or thlought
thley  could,  do  so with  i-mpunity.   Hence, also,
though they professed a scientific and aesthetical refinement, (lid made dissertations on natural morality,
174 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
their theory furnished tlhemrn with no sure and certain
rule of conduct, tended to carry them into habitual
vice, and to tempt tl-hem to the commission of every
crime. Such indeed was tlhe result. "The wickedness of man was great on the earth, and... all
the thoughts of their hearts were bent on evil at ali
times."  (Gen. vi. 5.)
Before God passed his final sentence, Noah sent
amoong men, and threatened them with divine justice
if' they did not repent and turn to the Lord; but they
derided himr  as a madmran,  and continued in their
impiety, dissoluteness, and crime.  Thinking that he
reight find a few lhundred, who  might be willing to
separate themselves aid form a rigl,teous community,
wlichl would, by giving an example of brotherhood
and piety, excite the admiration of the world and(
drawv it back to justice and to God, he devised a plan
for t-hat purp-)ose.  He proposed a league, which miglht
be joined by anyv number of the class of fructifyers,
that is to say, those who worked at  )iro(duc(,ing whatsoever was "good for the poor," auid within the means
of tl-he pIoor; with a compact between the members
thlat tlhey would exchlange their pro(lucts on the princil)le of labor-time value for equal labor-timrne value.
lie proposed that they should each devotedly COintraclet aid  sternly)  perform  the  obligation  never to
exchange a protlict or' see-vice in whichl an ascertaintc(l
av?oztit of ave-age l((bor-time was eqnl)o(i?e(Z for a )o(1,ct or service of LESS aver-aye labor-time va(lue.  This
LEAGUE would have dliffered  lnatertiallv from the cooperative compaiies alnd guilds attempted in )previous and after ages; for, it was not to consist of men
of a single trade, but of all trades doillg work of tlhe
-NECESSARY kind, such as raisii)g provisions, buildii,, l)laili dwellillgs, illaking substiantial articles, providiilg fuel, besides constructing and  rulning macliineiev and(l vehicles, or manutacturing and  usiii,
tools alld ilnplemenits  fzecessory fi?' suclh  work.  lle
argued with them  that if they did this, in a spirit
of self-sacrifice and indomitable perseverance, they
175 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
would free themselves from the extortion of the appropriators of all classes. Ile showed them that ilidefiniite extension could be given to such a measure;
and that all the wagemnen, and even the appropriators, might successively adopt it, so that mankind in
general could be at last embraced in its operation,
on this condition only, that, for the time being, they
would cease the production of extravagant antil costly
articles, and devote their labor only to what was
really necessary alnd good for themselves and the rest
of thle poor.  He said tlheir labor should produce that
whichl each one from his own labor  might purcdase
and live by; and that if a'-LEAGUE OF VARIOUS
NECESSARY TRADES" were formed to work  and exchange on tlhis principle, it would procure its mernmbers abundance of everything  proper  tQ use and
consume; besides, at the same time, obtaining for
every one of them abundlance of rest.
Ile showed them  tl)lt such a result could not be
effected from tile simple co-operation of workmen of
the samne trad(le. That a simple union of persons of a
particular art, working together to produce a special
commodity, then seeking to derive the higlhest price,
and dividing the proceeds among themselves, only
isolated the co-operators from the rest of the poor,
made their interests distinct and adverse, even to
those of associations of other trades, which worked
on the same, plan of detached unions or partnerships.
That the members of the same trade could not exchange their products with one another, and, therefore, that each of their associntions stood in the saiie
relation to the rest of the world as ordinary individuals did, would be tempted by the same selfish mo
tives, would act as all independent corporations doaim at monopoly and separate accumulation.'lThe
members of the shoemaker's unions, for instance,
could not exchange their goods with one another;
the hatters could not exclhange with one anotlher;
but exchanges are necessarily made between shoemakers and hlatters. He showed them that the same
176 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
objection waas also applicable to close communes or
associations of co-operative labor, even thouyh they
egieb(ace(l SEVERAL trades; and that if excharnges are
made between separate associations on the selfish
principle, at money prices determined by tl-he caprice
of desire, or thle speculations of competition, or the
greed of monopoly, there would be no real change,
but only a nominal displacement of private persons,
and a substitution of corporations acting from the
samine motives, and in thle same nianner as beforeseeking to extract the utmost profit fromn each other.
Clearly a com2)lex atssociation of qnany trades, agreeing
to exchange work and products, by labor value only,
would remove conflicting interests, and permit  the
beLnefits of universal brotherhood to be realized.  It
would defeat all the machinations of the appropriato s.
HIe stugg,ested their primary attempts should be to
form suckl a complex association of trades as would
form a complete circuit and.conveyance of exchanges,
tliough it might be on the smallest practical and economrnical sale. For this he enumerated the followinelements as necessary: (1) LAND, having cultivated
fields, cattle, woods, water-power, clay, sand, and
stone; (2) a COAL  tINE; (3) an IRON MINE;  (4) t
MIANUFACTORY of utensils, findings, tools, and iinplements; (.) a FOUNDERY and forge for constructing
engines;  (6) a SAW  MIILL, with carpenter, cabinetmaker,  blacksraitll, and  wheelwright shops;  (7) a
cloth and clothing FACTORY, for mnaking only suclh
textile fabrics as are indispensable; (8) a TANNERY,
with currier and shoemaker's shop, soap and tallowi:-aker's  vats;  (9) a FLOURING  and  GRIST  MILL;
(10) a KILN, for burning brick and lime, with bricknmaker's and bricklayer's appurtenances:  and (11) a
TYPE FOUNDERY, paper mill, and  printing office.
All these he calculated could be supported in certaini
efficient and economical proportious, by a population
of tell thousand mechanics and agriculturists ade.
quately apportioned, so that no person's time would
177 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
be wasted, and so as to supply one another with all
things necessary and commodious in profusion.
Noah even promised them riches if they followed
this corunsel; and to prove the possibility of attaining riches by this means, he propounded what seemed
a par-adox, but was indeed a demonstration, as.follows:  If everybody were poor, all would have to work;
there would be no idleness.
If none were idle and all were poor, everybody
would have to work for the poor; there would be nobody else to work for.
If there were none to work for but the poor, and
none were idle, the poor would be working for one
another, and they would only do or make things
goo(d for thepoor.
If all worked to make only such things as are
good for the poor, there would be abundance of such
things.
If the poor had abundance of all thlings good for
them, they would not be poor, but rich; for abundance is riches.
Hence the true paradox: if all zwe-e poor, all would
I)e 2icli.
Its truth will appear clearly to the mind by remeinbering the Eden of Labor where everybody
worked at necessary and cheap yet commodious and
beautifuLl production, and ilobod(v worked at sham,
dead, or widked productionl; and whiere none could
make profit on the work of others; and where it was
iiml)ossible for individuals to accumulate exceptionar
riches.  Il that country there were 1no thieves, for
its economic order gave little or no temptation to
steal; there were no envyings, for no cause for them
could arise.  Hence, too, in that country, there was
never occasion for lawsuits or quarrels for property
anrd( no need of sheriffs or seizuries1 or the like. The
iiitrinsis and self acting operations of its laws were
such that withinii its borders there were nlo monopolies, no capitalists, no usurers, no hirers, no landlords,
178 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
no speculators, no drones, no luxurious living, no
aristocracy of riches, no sumptuous fashions, no gew gaws, no frippery, no life of vanity and frivolity.
Its people did not eat if thev did niiot work. They
lived in brotherhood-were necessarily temperate produced and enjoyed all thing,s in mutuality and
equity-enjoyed healthful rest and intellectual leisure —wors-lipped and obeyed God, in truth and in
love.
Hience the true paradox: If none evere alfowe-l to
get richer thaez his brethren, all zvoulJi be rich.
But all tile efforts of Noal wtere vain, all his arguinenits fell upon hearts and minds hermetically close(1.
So corrupted had their souls become, that tl(y
would not believe in his honesty, truthfulness, or
d(lisinterestedtiess; and imagined he was actuated by
some secret design of ambition or cupidity.
Sometimes hle would say to them: "If you tlilnk
it will take too long to restore the Eden of Labor to
its plenitude and perfection, why (do you not attempt
reforms which, though only partial and empirical,
would have a tendency to that end?  For instance,
you might do this.  Have an account taken to ascertai(n the average necessary annual expense of a workii,gruan's family-the food, the clothes, the fuel, the
Irent, the literature, the medicine which a poor family
composed of husband, wife, and two children cannot
dispense  with  without  suffering.  Say this would
amount to eight'hundred ounces of silver per annum.
Divide this by two hundred, and let the dividend be
thle lawful nminiimT,?t  price of one day's work-the
labor time being eight hours. A day's wage would
therefore be four ounces of silver-an hour's wage
half an ounce. But let this dividend vary with the
rise and fall of the total price-current of things in —
eluded in the account.  For example, suppose the
cost of a year's poor living fell to seven  hundred
ounces, the wage would be 3, 0  ouncs.  If the cost
of living rose to niiie hundred oulices,tlhe (lay's wvage
would be 4, 50~.  Have an irlexorable law declarillg
I
179 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
that this niinimutm tlhus ascertained shall be paid for
the fair amnount of work an average toiler can do,
excess over the average to be paid at the same rate,
per hour or per day.  Th-us an e(]itlibr?iumi between
the cost of living and the price of labor would be
maintained. A margin would be left for the appropriatoi's to prey upon each other, through speculations,
demand, and supply, the competition pf desire and
free trade, to the full extent of the surplus of iecessary products and of all commodious and sumptuous
tlhings; but a limit would be set to their oppression
of those wxvlose labor and skill produce  the riches
they app)ropriate. The poorest reward of labor would
at least be guaranteed.  Perhaps you will object that
many attempts have been made to fix the price of
labor or commodities by means of leg,islatioii and
authority-tthat these attempts hlave been'vain-thlat
such laws have been always evaded and have alwz.ys
produced the contrary effect.  Yes, but it was because
the law fixed the pricesarbitrarily-fixed them accor(limg to no principle. The law makers never thought to
rest their tariff only on the primiary and necessary coisideiation of the cost of supporting labor-they have
never thouLglt of tlhe rule that labor must at least
reproduce itself-they have  never thought of ma.intaimting the equilibrium between the cost of support
and the price of labor on the principle and by tlhe
means I suggest.  The plates of the scales iri which
these two al'e weighed against each other should all
thle tiune be kept on a perfect level.  As soon as the
balance begins to be disturbed, the deficit of thle oit
shiould be supplied, or the excedent of thie other be removed. Do you insist that such a law might be evaded
by coIntiact a,,d acquittance —by payrmeil)ts in inerc(haiidisc at excessive i)rices oi by the in(lirect return of'
a part of' every paylnent, or by false acknowvled(gmnents of debt, or some other simulation-whichl the
workman  would  from  necessity be  compelled  to
acknow ledge in writing or before witne-ses? I reply
Eijforce honest and real payment by self-op)erative
180 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
laws. Declare that every contract of hire entered
into for wages below the lawful rate is contrary to
public policy, and therefore void so far as it attempts
to evade that standard. Leave the inquiry into the
real state of every case always open. Reserve to the
hired workman who may have worked for less, the right, at any time afterward (for instance after ceas ing to work for an employer) to sue for the differet?ce
between'what necessity compelled him to accept and
the amount which would have been justly due him
according to the statute.  Provide rules by which
the truth may be manifested, and subterfuges detected.
Admit all evidence, direct and circumstantial, of
advantage taken of the workman's distress, or of his
hire having been unfairly withheld. Let his right
of action descend to his widow and orphans. Such
a law would rend(ler futile every attempt to evade it.
It would deter the appropriators from even making
such attempt; for, they would always fear that after
the workman's discharge he would demand justice,
or that after his death his widow or orphans might
unmask false appearances and inequitable artifices
and thereupon would recover what had been fictitiously receipted for or unjustly withheld on colorable
grounds.    Yes, and it would be well to add that
they should be on conviction condemned to pay fourfold.  If such a law were passed I think the appropriators would cease from seeking an increase of
profit or the avoidance of loss by reducing the price
of labor below an adequate living standard. As the
rate of wages would be ever and inexorably on a
level with his adequate support, the appropriators
would look for elements of profit outside of this condition. Perhaps (nay, certainly) they would provide
for the production of a greater abundance of necessary things, which thereby would become cheaper,
and thus procure a reduction of the money-price of
wages without its affecting in the least the amount
of things necessary for support which the workman
would obtain."
16
181 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
Many wageinen  thought  this was  an excellent
remedy for the oppressive  advantage the  approl)riators took, on every opportunity, to reduce the
rate of wages. The unions in some places adopted
it, and proposed to give their votes only to such
candidates for office as would pledge themselves to
carry it into effect; but, alas! they never could
become unanimous in this or anything else.   On
this and many other plans and purposes they were
ever in discord. They differed furiously and envioulsly on the choice of persons-they harbored jealous and malicious feelings  toward each  other —
qtliarrelled and fought about every trifling matterpreferred failure and ruin to success and happiness
that might be derived from the efforts of any one
they disliked —hate instead of love ruled their hearts
and actions-they formed coteries whose principal
business was to undermine each otl)er while they
neglected the common ilnterests of' their class-tihe
glreat majority paid no attention whlatever to the
questions that concerned the interests of labor-each
man pursued only his momelntary impulse-transitory advantage-dominant passion or vice. They
ran to and fro after the illusory changes proposed
by demagogues and financiers-free traders and free
lovers-liai'd and soft money men-e-liberals and
atheists-spirit- raisers and sensational orators.  They
lived in a chaos of impiety, hate, violence, sensuality,
theft, fraud, falsehood, treachery, intemperance, and
inconltinence.  They had lost faith in God and mana
-lost human synlpathyv-liad become sordidly set'ish-scoffed at philanthropy and virtue.  Their degraation iand inability to act on principles of charity
sank lowver every day.
During Noah's mission there happened a most extraordinary event which must  not be left unmrentioned in this book. It was the discovery of prodigiously abundant mines of gold and silver in ten
thousand places of' the world. In every mountain
range eager eyes and hands of searchers detected and
182 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
unearthed the precious ores in so many places and
in such vast quantities that at last they became as
common as stone. At first, a mine was discovered
on the side of a mountain in an uninhabited territory.
Hundreds, as soon as they heard of it and of the
riches it afforded the lucky finder, made expeditions'
to the region, with the hope of similar good fortune.
Thle world was in a fever of excitement awaitiing Che
result. By and by, news came that the success of
the pioneers was wonderful: that they had found
much  more  than  expected.  Then  some  of them
returned bringing great load(s of gold dust and virgin silver. 1On this, the fever iminediatcly rose to
frienzv.  The hundreds who went first were followed
by tlhoIusald(s, and then by tells of thousands who left
the labor they were doing in the fields and cities to
appropriate the wealth profusely lavished by nature
and which was easily and rapidly gathered.  Every
one of these adventurers secured great heaps of the
ol)ject of their cupidity. A great many of them
established their permanent residence nlear the mines,
and sent their great booty to the cities by every
means of conveyance.  Others returned home in the
vessels and vel-hicles which carried cargoes of these
enormous treasures.  All imagined they had gaine(l
exceediilgly great riches; but lo! they had defeated
themselves, for they had such  an  overwhelming
excess of gold and silver to offer in exchange for
everything else,'tiat these metals fell in comparative value to almnost nothing.
The effect of this may be more easily imnagined
than described.  The currency, the medium of exchange, was ruined at its basis. The common standard by which values were compared was lost.  A
great weight and volume of it was of small value.
Its convenience for circulation was destroyed.  Tile
glory of hard money vanished.  It had become as
rubbish.   The  term  of computation  of values,
whetlher called a shekel or talent, ceased to have
a meaning   The currency had rested on the scarcity
183 
THiE EDEN OF LABOR.
of gold and silver, and the slow increase of their
total quantity in the world; but now these conditions no longer existed.  Hence all buying and
selling or other contracts, by means of it, were impracticable; and commerce was deranged and retarded
-nearly broken  up.  Rich men  whose fortunes
amounted to millions in stocks, bonds, notes, coin
and the like, now saw these things, recently'so valuable, had ceased to be so. Thousands of the wealthy
were thus suddenly reduced to poverty.
The most notable features of this crisis were (1)
that the great commercial world (Babylon) found
itself all at once without a circulating mediumn or even
a basis for paper money; (2) that it was necessary to
find a substitute for the former coins and for the paper
that promised them; and (3) that it was necessary to
invent a currency that had no reference whatever to
any metallic unit.
The world was confounded. The fable of Midas
was now realized to almost every man. Gold and silver
(now depreciated almost one hundred per centum) were
tendered at their denominational stIlndardts to the
creditor who demanded his due; and he turned away
with disgust from the proffered payment, for healready
possessed more of the glittering materialsthan hecould
apply to any adequate use.  The debtor, at the same
time, had much more than enough to pay all he owed,
but could buy hardly anything with the surplus.
Every body was enraged. Quarrels and litigation
arose on the obligation and performance of all previous contracts. The governments themselves insisted
on paying their enormous national debts in the gold
coin they had promised and which their enraged creditors were forced to take according to the figure of
the weight printed on their bonds, though it represented a wonderfully less value than it did when the
bonds were issued. Thus, having cynically cleared
themselves of their debts, the governments breathed
again, and rejoiced in the prospect of creating new
debts as monstrous as the first. Producers and mer
184 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
chants who had stores of provisions and other commod(lities refused to sell for lawful money.   Worlkshops and factories were suspended and stores closed.
Vessels and  carriages lay most  of the time idle.
Great numbers of wagemen were thrown out of
employ just at the moment when the savings made by
painful privations during years of hard labor, lost
nearly all their purchasing value.  The prolrietors of
commodities concealed their stocks for fear the governnient would compel them to sell for money at fixed
prices, or that the famishing people would forcibly
despoil them.  It was vain to attempt to preserve
peace in the midst of this derangement and obstruction of trade, labor, and production.  The universal
distress drove men to desperation. Mobs, proscrip)tion,
pillage, and bloodslhed took place everywhere and on
occasion of all inmanner of alarming rumors.  Panics
broke out and spread in every direction.  Almost
every act of the government was opposed by riot atid
revolt.
In the mean time, however, the ruin of gold and
silver, as currency or basis of currency, became a settled and conceldedl fact.  lHence these metals were
applied to new uses. Being cheaper than iron, glass,
porcelain, or mahlogany, and at the same time more
beautiful, they were used to make articles of furiiiture such as bureaus, desks, bookcases, tables, beldsteads, stoves, kitchen utensils, and even railiing,s of
balconies and public squares.  Indeed gold was preferred to iron in all instances in which iron had fornierly served to make things which had to be exposed
to the weather; for it was less liable to corrosion,
substantial enou,gh, and did not cost as much.
But I need not attempt to describe the revulsion
and disorder  more  particularly.   The reader  canl
readily picture to himself wlat would be his situation, that of tlhe people in general, and that of the
country and its affairs if all the coin and paper-mroney
inl his own hands and in the hands of all other men
in the world were suddenly so much red(uced in value
16'
185 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
as to need to be increased ten thousand times in bulk,
in order to represent an equal value; and this too
when no substitute had been provided.
There was, however, an effect that might not be
thought of by every reader. This crisis did not ruin
every body, but it increased the comparactive riches of
those who possessed lands, houses, materials, hardware, dry goods, fuel, provisions, and othier property
in considerable quantity. The moneyed men and
those who depended on their prosperity were the only
ones who were dir?ectly struck by the event. Those
who possessed any valuable things except money were
relatively enriched.
In the midst of the turmoil and hardships of the
crisis, the people had recourse to the primitive method
of barter, whenever it was practicable to do so, but
the cases were few and difficult. Something more
effectual and general was absolutely necessary.
Rapine by stealth- and violence were daily becoming
more prevalent. The people must perish unless the
regular round of (1) Labor, (2) Production, (3) Exchange, (4) Commerce, (5) Distribution, (6) Consumnption, (7) Demand and Labor, and Reproduction again
were resumnied.   The popular voice spontaneously
called for a new and safe currency as the only means
of restoring peace and prosperity.  Thus, every mind
was intent upon finding a convenient, light, and quick
medium of exlchange, based upon an irrefragable and
universal unit of value, and excluding gold and silver,
which were no longer fit for that purpose.
In some places individuals or corporations tried ti
supply this desideratum by issuing their personal'
notes, some promising to do an hour or a day's labor
for a definite quantity of a commodity or service
they needed, and considered equivalent; or others
would make notes promising a measure or weight of
one commodity for a certain weight or measure of
another; but as every bargain requires at least two
persons to make it, several minds and wants had to
186 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
concur on the exact quantity of the two elements
mentioned in the note as then respectively needed
by the parties, and as being of equal value.  Hence,
with respect to every note it was necessary to find
somebody ready and willing to deliver the precise
thing demanded by the drawer of the note on the
terms proposed, and also willing to rely on the drawer's promise to redeem, by furnishing, on demand, at
any future time the precise service or thing proffered
in exchange. Indeed, these notes amounted simply
to the tender, in each, of a specific contract of barter
on cre(dit put into the form of a note, transferable by
delivery. If any one did not need to make that particular bargain, he would most probably refuse the
note; but if, nevertheless, he gave his goods or work
for it, he ran the risk of not finding any one willing
to give him anything for it; besides the risk of the
accidents which might happen to the maker; and also
that of the maker's imprudent proneness to promise
more than he could fulfil; or, indeed, the risk of a
dishonest repudiation of the obligation.
The attempt to give circulation to such notes as a
substitute for money was therefore a failure.
Manifestly the government and the law, whether
local or general, were alone competent to furnish the
desired medium of exchange.  (There was, indeed, a
way for private enterprise to do so, but this was not
perceived.) The princes and legislature were, therefore, clamorously called upon to undertake the task,
and they were not slow in responding to the demand.
The expedient most generally adopted was this: The
government (1) imposed a tax PAYABLE IN KIND; and
(2) instituted an assize of equivalents for its payment.
This assize was based on a unit of assessment called
THE ACE, which was determined by declaring (according to the best results of a careful and searching
comparison of former and recent market prices) what
quantity and quality of each article should be taken
as equal. For example:
187 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
Eight lbs. ordinary cotton...
Six lbs. fair cotton...
250 lbs. gold
500 lbs. silver...
Two barrels bituminous coal.
One barrel and a half light or cannel coal.
Five dozen eggs....
Six and a quarter lbs. prime sugar.
Six and an eighth lbs. choice sugar
''hrIee yards No. 1 bolt linen (48 threads to inch)
'I'hree-fourths of a yard No. 15 bolt linen (128
threads to inch)...
2000 er?ts type-setting and distribution
and so on through all classifiable articles known to
commerce, or services needed by the government.
In advance of the collection of the assize tax the
State issued notes of different decimal  denomrninations; the lowest was for the hundredth 9f an ace;
the highest was for one thousand aces
In assessing the tax, the government valued all
property in aces, and fixed the levy ait so much per
centuln or per nill in aces, leaving it optional with
the owners of the property taxed, to pay in the assize
notes or in any comtmodity mentioned in the schedule
of equivalents.
If any one paid his tax in kind, the things he delivered were used by the government if it needed
them for any purpose.  If-it did not need them they
were sold at auction for aces; but taxes were rarely
paid in klind; for, as soon as the tax on any commodity was paid in kind, the assize on it was raised
by proclamation to a stricter equation, so that the
State might not lose by the sale at auction.
As long as the government did not issue an excessive quantity of its notes, viz., not more than
three times the annual revenue, this paper fulfilled
all the purposes and duties of the former currency
very well.
Nor (lid this system interfere with the incurring
of a new national debt to pay expenses of wars, etc.
\N hlenever the government wanted to borrow, it
issued bonds payable in aces, and bearing interest
1 s;_;
One ace.
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
I 11
11
I I 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
payable in aces.   At the same time, it raised the
rate of taxation to pay the interest, and a certain
portion of the capital annually, also payable in
aces.   Those who directly or indirectly furnished
the government with arms, ammunition, and other
thlings, those who had accumulated aces and wanted
to invest them safely at interest, or who speculated
on the fluctuation of "the funds," would eagerly
subscribe to the required loan.
A metal basis for this operation was wholly unnecessary.   The assize-tax, the'igiht of the governmnent to take the p2roperty of thie people, and hand it
over in kind to pay the capital and interest due the
bond-holders, was a guaranty entirely adequate to a
promise of coin, in times when coin was valuable.
In determining the equivalents, this assize-moneysystem ignored the embodied average labor-timeprovided no way of computing it-did not recognize
it the only constituent of value —did not distinguish
it from natural value or the value of desire-confounded and disregarded every element of value, to
look only to the current market price, whatever it
might be from the influences of free competition or
successful appropriation.
Noah thought this great money crisis would cause
the nations to discern the error of their financial laws.
While building the ark, and while as a priest he
urged the people to repent their sins and return to
God, he continued collaterally, as an economist, to
advocate a restoration of the reductional system. By
arguments and facts which would fill volumes, he
demonstrated the superiority of the average labortime standard of value; but in vain. Tile people
would not relinquish Mammon and his retinue of
hideous evils and sins. They adhered to the cloudy
basis of contingent COST for determining the assize
and purchasing power of a unit of the national
paper money. They clung to it because it left prices
to vary according to abundance and scarcity, or
according to degrees of desire; and because it did
189 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
not interfere with the greed of gain, the chances of
acquiring exceptional riches by speculation, adveii
ture, credit, artifice, appropriation of the labor of
others, etc; but, on the contrary, legalized the thousand ways by which men might prey upon each other,
and gratify their covetousness and lust.
Suchl  strangers to God  lhad they become, that,
when he declare(t and confessed that reduotionisin
was impossible without God-without faith and love
to the true God-that even temporal and material
prosperity eqttitab7l, di'tfb ute( could not be estal)blished without acknowledging God and Go(I's exclusive title to natural values; but, that all tlhings were
possibJe with God, and thlrough the motives His 1 —
lig,ion implanted, they lau,lghed him to scorn and(
spurned his propositions.
Thev knew no motive but selfish desire and ambition, had taste but for the indulgence of dissoluteness and vice, no passion but such as gave rise to
conflict and crime, and hence, when Noah told them
his system would be slow in bearing fruit, and that
those who enlisted in it must repress their evil inclinations, be actuated only by the spirit of love and
sacrifice, and await the final benefit with patietlce,
they were convinced he was an insane dreamer, fit
only to be the object of children's play and teasing.
So the world continued in its sin and folly, which
grew worse every day.  It was whelmed and tossed
by great wals and revolutions.  For a long time the
aristocracy of wealth held sway;  but, attacked on
every side by the envious and impatient poor whorrt
economic customs and laws oppressed, they had to
resort to the military force, and to rely on the support
of the generals of the army.  Thlese were not slow
to take advantage of this for their own aggrandizement, and they seized the governmnent: made thenmselves kings and emperors, relying, in their turn, on
their popularity among the common  sol(iiei-y.   At
last the soldiers, having the most destructive wear)pons
of war in their lithnds, after repressing every other
190 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
rebellion, themselves rebelled; and sold the sovereignty of the world at auction every year.
Pestilence  and  famine  were  the  proper  consequences of such wide-spread violence and bloodshed; but these had no effect in turning men to God
and virtue.   On  the contrary, they became  more
dissolute and cruel. The peoples lived in the midst
of-and all took  part in-robbery, fraud, forgery,
Embezzlement, prostitution, calumny, impiety, oppression, extortion, adulteration, monopoly, revenge,
murder, and every other imaginable excess and
cri ine.
He!ce God said: "I will destroy man, whom I have
created, from the face of the earth, and even beasts,
.... creeping things, and.... fowls of the air; for
it repentethl me I have made them. But Noahl found
grace before the Lord."
Therefore he alone an(l those with him were saved
in the day of Almi,ghty justice and indignation.
191 
POSTSCRIPT.
NEW EDEN, OR HOW TO BE HAPPY ON EARTH.,
I HAVE shown that rest of body and peace of mind
constitute happiness. It now remains that I should
also show how this rest and peace-and, therefore, this
happiness-may be attained.
To do this I rely on two main facts: (1) that man
is born a natural creature, but becomes a spiritual
creature by receiving the Holy Spirit-the spirit of
truth from God; (2) that the grace of the Holy Spirit
modifies his soul, and even his natural body and
mind, so as to make him, not indeed a different person, but so as to purify and exalt his intellect and
his sentiments unto Christ and charity.
Thus there are two kinds of men: the natural and
the spiritual. The first are those who remained in
the fallen state of Adam; and the second are those
who through Jesus Christ are raised again to a state
of grace.
The natural man is an organism having (1) life, (2)
sensation, (3) emotion, (4) thought or reason, and (5)
an immortal soul.
The spiritual man is the same organisnl, whose
inherent faclties and soul are made new, and illuininated by a superadded and divine element or influence.
I need not stop to marshal elaborate evidence of
this division; for, the reader follows either the theories of material science, or the teachings of the church
of Christ, and both of these guides agree on the matter of fact that there is one class of men who are (1)
without God; that is to say, deny or repel God; (2)
despair of immortality; and are (3) carnally minded;
while there is another class who have (1) faith, (2)
hope, and (3) cllarity. 
THE EDEN OF LAB')R.
~
The illfid(lel scientists say the one clas~ trlist  )lly
to the light of their inherent senses and reason, -,H;l
are actuated by animal instincts and selfish rliotives,
all of which they regard as being according to liatuI'e
or ntaturcial; a.nd they say that the other class trust to
the light of alleged revelation, that is to say, to aauthority superior to their reason, and are actuated
by a desire to merit heaven, and by a resolve to'endure all sufiering, and to sacrifice themselves in order
to serve their brethren, and even their ernemies, that
they miay please Go(d-the which they regard as being
contrary to nature-unznat?.'al.
This is precisely what the theologians, and with
tlhem the religious scientists, affir r; and they add,
it is not merely u-inatutral-it is supernatural-not
possible wvithout God, without his Iloly Spirit,. without Clirist; and they add, furtlher, that thlese "'peculiar peo})le" are those who believe in Clfrist-Go(ld,
inenbers of Ilis chlurchl and none other.
I could cite hunidreds of Scripture texts in wlhich
tlhis distinction between the natural and spiritual in.an,
tlhe old man  and(l the  lewv tnan, the fallen and thle
raised again, tlhe flesh and tlhe spirit, the earthly and
tlhe diviue man-, tlhe slaves of the d(levil and the free
sons of God, is inade iai mally ways; but this is
unnecessary; for every good Cliristian knows  themr
familiarly
I therefore rimay rightfully pass on to this twofold
propositioll: tliat the natural itlian cannot be haippy
here or hereaftter; whereas the spiritual, that is to
szty, the tvtuly religious  luan, is and  will be ever
liat~lpy.
This is, in other words, to say, thlat rest and peace,
aild theretore happiness, can be attained only in all(l
throuogh Christianity.
But whlile we study the happy, let us  iot lose
siglht of the unhappy.
The natural man is ever raging in discontent ald
unrest  even  in the midst  of bodily  health  and
NoJ'ld(ly t)rIosperity; wlhile the sl)i-ituatl mna  is ever
17
1 9.3 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
const)led even in the midst of material pain and d(lestitutiol wlilatever nmay be the intensity of these.
Wily is tlhis?  Simply because the one that disbelieves God, disobeys God, and rejects immortality
:nd  heaven, must be and is SELFISH;  while the
)tiler believin g, and hoping in God and the word(
of God, enlightened and moved by the HIoly Spirit,
must be and is CHARITABLE.
Thus, then, selfishness or egoism inevitably brings
unhappiness, and charity assuredly procures happi
nless.
Selfishness is the main, the general characteristic
of  the  natural  man.   True,  the natural man  is
gregarious and sympathetic, but onily in the feeble
inanneri of the beasts, birds, and insects, to which he
is always comparing himself, and in whichl (such as
beavers and  dogs, pigeons  and eagles,  bees  and
spiders) he willingly sees himself  morally alid intellectually-yes  intellectually,  asks  Darwin —and
by which he justifies his sensuality Wand covetotsness.
The prinicip)al and worst element of selfishness is
covetousness. The Scriptures are full of texts warning
us of the many tribulations, th-e unrest, and the idangers
of riches, and the desire of riches.  Indeed the grei-ed
of riches is at the root of all evil; for it is the means
eagierily sought by tile sensual, tile proud, the vaill,
in ol(i-der to be able to satisfy their evil passionstheir selfish-ness.  How  shlall these evel  have rest
aid peace?  The man whvio, by tile cuniiing artifices
of s)eculation and traffic, or by  the extortion of
usuly or monopoly,  accurnulates material  wealth,
(and through this secures the privilege of idleness
and bodl'y ease, will be disapl)pointed, for he does not
at the same timne gain thl-ose spiritual richles wherei2i
abideth peace for the soull.  Covetousness, tile first
borni  of selfishness, inilplies extortion aid usury,
overreaching in trade, lies anid fraud, hard-bargailitig, appropriating the profit arisiig fromn the labor
of others, which doings afford no rest or peace, but,
ll,)4 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
on the contrary, solicitude, trouble, anxiety, envy of
rivals, contention, vexation of heart, strain of mild,
sleeplessness, fear, disappoiritinent, many  sorrows,
and all the other cares and sins of the world.  Self —
ishnless and her eldest daughter, Covetousness, incite
nations to wars of invasion  and  conquest, ineite
armies to commit pillage and levy contributions, incite princes and chieftains to usurpation.  Tihe-e is
no rest and peace and therefore no.happiness in the
world because of covetousness.  But even worse thanl
causilg war and its horrors, covetousness  refuses
labor its riglltful reward-withholds just wages, alnd
by this cruel injustice keeps generation after generation of millions of men in perpetual poverty, deprivation of rest and comfort, and, indeed, in extreme
misery.  Oh! who can count the nurnl)er of victinms
wvhichl have thus been consigned to inflicted sickness
and premature death, while covetousness stands by
callously unIconscious of having been guilty of inntmrnerable murders.  The covetous Judas betrayed the
Lord for thirty pieces of silver; but he, less callous
than the world, was driven by his torture(l soul to
suicide. Yet, even those who are insensible to the
sul;ffrings of others will feel their own; and so it is
with the pursuers of richles who torture and destroy
one anothier by their perpetual and merciless scrambles, mancetivres, snares, impostures, and spoliations.
Not only does selfishness incline us to cornniit
those deeds of'rapine, fraud, and oppression which
covetousness of wealth suggests, but it has a proneness for indulgence in those vices, and the perpetratioii of those crimes which the other instincts an(l
feelings of the natural man, when unsubdued, induce.
All propensity and  passion naturally seek actual
s.ttisf'tction;. and, if unrestrained by a higher niotive,
become habitual, morbid, and excessive.  Thus the
capabilities of nutrition, generation, sensation, and
emotion God has given us, in order that we may preserve ourselves, and reproduce our kind, are abused
and  transformed  into gluttony,  lust, ostenitatioli,
19 -0 
THE EDEN OF 1,ABOR.
vanity, pride, and envy, which, when opposed, give(
rise to anger, late, revenge, boasting, calumny, insolence, violence, drunkenness, and libertinism.
Satan is selfish, and, tlherefore, the instigator of
every moral evil; the prince of liars, thieves, and
murderers.
Need I add, that, so long as selfishness is the leading
motive of mankind in general, it will and must exclude that rest and peace, in which happiness consists,
from the worl('?
Sholl we not, therefore, seek happiness in the contrtary of selfishness; that is to say, in charity?
Charity is the main, the general, characteristic of
the spiritual man; for it is essentially religious, implies love and aspiration to God, and that grace from
God, which, by its illumination and power, imparts
all trutl), and prompts man to seek himself in the
angelic spheres; not down in the low range of his
animral nature, but far above it.
Charity is not the mere benevolence, or generosity,
or feeling of commiseration of him who succors or
relieves others when he can conveniently do so, or
who  helps another from motives of friendship or
policy; but charity is that heaven-imparted impulse,
which feels its own origin, extends its radiance to all
inen, and reacting through works of piety, brotherhood(, and sacrifice returns to God  froni whom  it
comes.
Vainly wiould I attempt to write an a(1(quate description of the beauty and goodness of cliai'ity.  To
do so requires the eloquence of the inspired evangslists and apostles of Jesus Christ.  It is in the Word
of God, the example of Jesus and I-is saints, and the
lessons of His church that we must study in order to
understald the fulness of charity, and even then we
should not known it if we did not also feel it, for it
surpasseth all knowledge or learning. (Eph. iii. 19.)
This mnuch, however, I must mention, that charity
displays itself in affection, in brotlherhood, in unioii,
in teldeirness, in meekness and modesty, in humility,
19( 
TIIE EDEN OF LABOR.
in patience, in bearing and forbearing, iln self-sacrifice,
in gladly acceptin tile will of God when I-e d(ispentises
temporal suffering, and in fulfilling Ilis commandments, whatever trials and temptations are interposed
to prevent us.
Among the traits of charity, growing out of its
very essen(e,'is a just regard for the rights of the
poor, considered as being with us the children 6f the
same Father who is in heaven, and as being with us
equal leirs to all thle natural bounties Hle has deposite(l in thel natural world.
The solicitude of our Lord( for the poor, anld the
riglhts of the poor, is manifested on every page of the
New Testament.  Before Ilis advent it was a grievous
sin to detain the laborer's wages, or to oppress the
poor by a refusal of adequate wages; but the Lord,,
wvllen hle came, claimed for the toilers all the consequeices of charity, one of which consequences is, that
they must be loved and treated as associates, frien(ls,
and equals among men.
C}harity by its proper nature is the original source
of true liberty, equality, and fraternity, which are inpossible among those who are actuated by atnbitionl
and av.trice, or wvhlo admit the privilege of a few or
even of the many to become tyrants ad(l persecutors
of otl-hers, or who glory in the acquisition and accuinulation of unjust gain.
Charity, by the force of its inherent qualities, is
necessarily a peace-maker;  and by this sarne force
brings men into union and harmony, community of
labor and property, co-partnership of joy and suffering, faith and hope, for the charitable do not seek
their own but other men's happiness.
Clharity  makes  its votaries  laborious; diligent
workers with their own hands, doing that which is
good, in order not to become a bur(den to society,
and in order to relieve the wants of the brethren and
others who cannot work.
Chariitv is not solicitous of making store of provision and raiment, nor treasure of gold and silver; but
17*
197 
THE EDEN  OF I,APOR.
"seeks first the kingdom of God atid Ilis justice,"
that is: loves God and man, labors and distributes,
obeys Christ and sacrifices self to Christ, fulfils commandments, precepts, and counsels of perfection, and(
relies on the promise that through this peace and
rest, abundance and happiness " will be added unto
him."
Charitv is perfectly and fully described by our Lord
when He says: "A new cornnlandment I give unto
you: that ye love one another as I1 have loved you."
Tlhilk of the mo(el of love wlhiclh is thus proposed to
your imitation, and then you will have some idea of
the intensity and immensity of real Cl-hristian charity.
What a bold and glaring contrast there is between
the natural man and the spiritual man  the egoismn
of the one, and the charity of the other; the endless
fatigue and perpetual rage of the selfish, the rest and
peace of the charitable.
Let us suimi up the contrast in the words of St Paul.
" To be carnally mindced is death, but to be spiritually minded is life aind peace." (Rom. viii. 6.)
"''he fruit of the spirit is love, joy, peace, patient
suferilass, gentleness,  faith, mieekn-ess, temperance,
chastity (Gal. v. 22); goodness, righteousness, justice,
ailid truth." (Eph. v. 9, 10.)
"The  works of the flesh are manifest, which are
these: adultery, fornication, uncleanness, lasciviousness, luxury, idolatry, witchcraft, hatred, enmity,
strife, sedition, heresies, envyings, inu(rders, drunkennless, revellings and such like." (Gal. v. 19.)
I think it is now evident that charity is tl-he principle on which political economy should be based.
The obstacle to this is irreligion.
I have already said that charity is religious; and
now I add as a further l)roposition that charity is
impossible without God and Faith, that the works
and fruits o'f charity are impossible apart from tlie
Christian religion.
The would-be philanthropists, who deny Christ and
charity, iinagoie they can establish communnities or
198 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
reform thle wvorld by means of conventional agreemnents deduced from the operation of self-interests,
or enacted by legislative power; but all their socialistic and communistic institutions must fall into corruption and expire, for they have within themselves
the virus of selfishness.   Thley may dream they have
found charity in natural gregariousness and sympathy,
or they mlay think to adopt the law of charity-* the
law of' love, without receiving Christ; but in this
they commit a fatal error.
It needs no argument to show that conduct proceedcs from an adequate motive, and that the motive
itself must exist.  If we rely only on  the natural
constitution of man for motives sufficient to establish
peace and rest, we are self-deluded; foi- the reason
that that constitution, instead of having charity, is
suffused with selfishness.  The natural man does not
feel or knowv clharity. How then will selfishness be
supplanted?  How substitute clharity or any other
sufficient motive?  Certainly arguments founded ()l
self-interest will not do, for selfislhness will not be
divided against itself, will not destroy itself; and,
however much convinced of its own efficacy, will
continue to be what it is in itself, the principle of
repulsion and division, avarice and enmity, corruption and siln.
A motive is required to induce men to banish selfisIhness, and give room in their hearts to love. What
motive must this be? There is none other but FAITIJ.
Thlere is no adequate progelnitor of genuine eliarity
but religion.
Our mind must he certain, without shadow of
doubt, that Jesus Christ is God, before we can absolutely rely on the truth and wisdom of his teaching,
and before He can acquire over us that perfect influence and authority, which is necessary to sway us
into obedience of His precepts and counsels of love.
\Ve may, regarding him  only as a manl, admire
and approve His moral system, pronounce it beautiful, ad( be inclined to carry it into effect; but will
199 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
never have the courage and perseverance necessry
thlereto; for the twofold reason that egoism would
st4ill have a stronghold in our hearts, and our conviction would still be less than certainty-would be a
mere opinion, more or less strong, but ever subject
to revision and reversal.  We would fear to risk our
welfare and happiness in a trial, apparently full of
llardship, on the word of a man who,.afterlall, was
fallible, and who asks us to begin by making the
great  sacrifice of ourselves  to the happiness  of
others.
But if this admniration of the beauty of Christ, this
approval of His perfect doctrine, and(l the narration
of His incomparable life, were to bring us to the
recognition of His divinity-bring us to say this indeed is God- then we would not only be ready to
obey Him with cheerfulness and confidenee, but we
would be eager to gain and return His love, receive
the grace, and act with the power of the Iloly Ghost,
and thus be converted into the new man of charity.
When the rich young man, after claiming, to have
fulfilled the Mosaic law, asked Jesus what was lacking, then Jesus, behlold(ling him, loved him, and said
to him: "One thing thou lackest; go thy way, sell
whatsoever thou hlast and give to the poor, and thou
shalt have treasure in heaven, and come, take up the
cross and follow me."  On this the yoliig,, man went
away grieved, for he had great possessions; and tlhe
disciples were astonished and murmured, sayilng
among, themselves, "Who then can be saved?  And
Jesus lookiing upon them said, things which are inipossible with men are possible with God."  Thierefore
the fulness of charity, of rest and peace, of happinless, are only possible with God, through Clrist, by
the Holy Ghost, and in the plenitude of the Chlristiaii religion.
Hear then the invitation of Christ Jesus  "Conme
unto inc, all you who labor and are heavily laden, and
I will refresh you. Take up my yokle ut)on you, and
le,arn of rme, because T a,n,neck and humnble of heart,
200 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
and you will find rest to youi- souls, for my yoke is
sweet and my burden light." (Matt. xi. 28, 29, 30.)
My argliment will, no doubt, sound to the Claristian
reader as concluding that there must and should be
a reig'n of Christ on earth, and that tlhe proper destiny of inan, so far as concerned with this rnortal
world, is the millennium described in Scripture.
This is certainly a true interpretation of my words.
Few ChristialJs  lave ianalyzed( t}he idea of the millennium.  They generally content themselves with a
very vague notion of it.  A unliversal jubilee lastiing
for centuries, a time of lhappiness to all mankind, a
world of good(lness ruled by the Saviour. All agree
that, in some way or other, there will be no misery,
no tears, no war, no oppression, no wrong, and that
love will reign supreme.   There is no  mistaking
the Scriptures in these respects. If, however, you
ask the questions: What that joy, that happiness
will consist of'? or, How the necessary abundance
of good things for all will be produced, and on what
py)riinciple distributed? or, By what plan and appliances a profusion of wealth will be created, and yet
all injustice be prevented?  you will find few ready
to answer with aIy degree of precision. Few thinlk
of forming any exact conception of the social or(lder
that wvill tlhen exist, or of what will then be the occupation of men. For instance, I.have never met witl
anv one who had deliberately considered the question
lwh-ethler, during the millennium, people will have to
WORK.  Yet, on this point, the Scrip)tures are clear.
In tlhe description of the day of the Lord, given by
Isaiah and the other prophets, it is expressly stated
not only that men will eat and dress, and live iii
houses, but also that they will do the wvorko necessary
now for obtaining food, clothes, and habitations.
They will have and use the necessary tools and implements.  They will beat their swords  into?)loits]?ares an(i pru y hooks.  T'hley will b?ild.  They
will  )lant aict(-l reap. (Is. ii.)  "Mine elect shall long
enjoy the WORKi  of tlleir hands," saitll tl-he prophet
0 1 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
in the very passage in which hlie describes the New
Jerusalem. (Is. lxiv. 21.)  An hundred other texts
might be quoted;  but this is enough.  Hence, we
must bring into ourI image of the millennium —men
at work; tilling the soil, building houses, weaving
stuffs, fashioning tools, etc.
But the millennium  will be a state of unmixed
happiness, of unrestricted joy to all, ihougi work
will be done. We will have to combine the picture
of mankind at work with that of mankind enjoying
perfect happiness.  These two  conditions must be
made to fit each other.
Here is a puzzle for the philosophers and political
economists, who ignore God and the word of God.
How call their laws of trade, of hiring, of relts, ()f
interest, of profits, of capital, of supply and demand,
of ftluctuating prices, of buying cheap and selling dear,
of the relations of master and servant, of buying labor
at starving prices, etc., be adapted to a system where,
though work is necessary, it shall not be painful,
make no one miserable, deprive no one of adequate
rest and leisure, be no source of wrong, fraud, or
oppression, but rather of pleasure?  It is evident
that all the means, customs, and laws whereby the
few are enabled to take ad(vantag,e of the many,
whereby one builds and another inhabits, must in the
miillennial day be abolished.  Certainly that day will
not arise so loing as the present laws promoting individclual appropriation and accumulation are allowed
to stand; for, while they last, the inequalities an(l
swrongs which now torture the millions must continue.
What tlhen? Simply this, that in those days every
mall-yes, every man and woman without exception
-will not only have to work, but to work as a real
bona fi(le producer-a producer of tlhat whlich is good
foir the commrnonwealth-a producer bringing his produets to tlhe- common store for general distribution
a(nd exchange, on the principle that labor is the ineasure of value; that tlic labor IN a product (not the
2 0' —) 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
l)roduct) is what gives title to a reward, and, theref()re, is tlhe true basis for estimating that reward.
On this basis will be found a sure anld practical
footlhold for equal'ity. On this equality there will be
no place for drones, but only for industry; and since
equal industry implies universal industry, so universal
industry, or all men beii)ng real producers, iinL}lics
abundance for all; and Labund(lance with eqtality im
plies a full measure of recreation, rest, and peace for
every laborer.
The combined laws of love and labor admit of no
other realization.
Work-but be not selfish or avaricious —distribute
in love.
Work-but do not snatch to thyself the work of
others-the laborer is worthy of his reward..
Work-but do not in vanity and egoism value
your labor higher than that of others.
Work-but takle only what is due to thy work
itself, and exact not what God has given and is due
to Him alone.
Work-but love, and do not attempt to lay up
treasure in order to live the life of an unproductive
idler, or of the extortive miser.
Work-but seek not riches and its luxu-ies.  Ye
cannot serve God and mamnmon. "Seek ye first tlhe
kingdom of God and His righteousness, and all these
things" (i.e., abundance, rest, and peace) " will be
added unto you."
Wilat, after all, will be the millennium  but the
simple fact of the conversion of men, without excepting one, to  )2ractctieal Christianity?  What, but the
advent of a state of the world, during which every
man will live so as to be worthy of taking immediate
possession of his eternal inheritance through Christ?
The unnninlity of mankind in Christiaiiity is what of
itself will make the mnillennium-coiistitiite the new
Eden of Labor.
But, alas! "Oh Lord, how long?" When will thy
203 
THE EDEN OF LABOR.
holy charity he unanimously practised by every man
of all kindreds and tongues?
Thy Scriptures reply. "The day and hour when
thott wilt come knoweth no man, no, not the angels
of heaven, but the Father only."
While thy people wait, shall they be indolent?
Nay-for this much they do know: thou wilt tiot
come till they have prepared  the way.  Till, by
thy grace, they have succeeded in this immrense
work, the world, and they with it, must suffer-have
no rest or peace-incur all the consequences of sin
-groats with the orgies of the great and the miseries
of the lov ly.  Therefore, they will strive, endure
and pray without relaxation, hatviing tlhe certainty
that the greater their patience and fidelity in the
fulfilmenett of this duty of preparing, thy. way, the
greater vwill be their reward.  It is the  heavenly
design that the world have  happiness, thougli it is
free to reject it; but if the vworld refuse to be hlappy,
by  the only course  tlhiough  which  h-appiness is
possible here and lhereafter, it is promised that the
faithful and true who sufer here shall attaiiii beatitude hereafter.  The world cannot deprive them of
this final and heavenly happiness, by any conceivable
act or artifice.  Those who labor to prepare the way
for the coining of the Lord, tllough they expire
before the work is done for the world, will not be
kept waiting in the grave.   They will instantly
enjoy the Vision of God.  Eye has not seen nor ear
heard, neither can the irag,illation of man  conceive
what are the joys the beatific vision will impart.
Hence there are no words in lhutnan  ltlguage to
tlescribe it adequately.  This nmuch, however, cal  be
affirmed of IHeaven: that there we shall feel no more
passions, but ollly perpetual and progressive delights
-that no heavenly delight will ever  satiate-that
Heaven's delights will accrue in succession and by
addition; and each of them will come to tihe blest
by an ineffable surprise. WVhile they enjoy  the
present vision and ecstasy they will not be able by
204 
TIlE EDEN OF LABOR.
any effort even of their transcendent and celestially
illumined mind(s to foresee or ijfer what the next
insight and ecstasy will be.  Each will impress them
as not to be exceed(led —as supreme  and ultimate.
Hlence nro desire wvill precede ally of the stages of
beatitude. They will constitute a series of immeasurable raptures ever extending broader, deeper, higher,
and with increasing glory, without any one of them
diminishing or imrnpairing those that have previously
accrued;  but all subsisting in their own peculiar
vividness.   Respectively they will be as different,
while as simultaneous, as the enjoyment of the distinct senses and faculties of the human self, though
infinitely purer and perfectly d(electable. Their numrnber will be illimitable, wlhile all will  consist in
knowing and enjoyiog God as He is, in some glory of
His inexhaustible perfectioli.
s18
I
205  
APPENDIX.
EXPLANATION OF THE MONOGRAM.
MASTERS of political economy are not unanimous
when answering the question: What is the proper
definition of that science?  Quesnay, the great father
of political economy, he who first conceived the possibility of a body of doctrine on the matter, regarded
it as "the science of the natural rights of mren in
their social relations so far as these concerned wealth
or property."  A(lam?t Smith no doubt conceived it to
be "the science of the'nature and causes of the wealtl
of nations."  Condillac held that it is "the science
of commerce."   J. B. S(ty expressly defines it as
"the science which treats of the production, distribution, and consumption of wealth."  M1acLeod, the
last author, well versed in the doctrines best accredited among the professional teachers of the science,
says: "Economics is the science which treats of the
,laws  whichl  govern the  relations of  exch(angeab7,e
values."   Accqrding to his idea, exchange is tlhe
central point around which the whole science revolves, and to the understanding of which its study
gravitates.  To this object production, consumption,
agriculture, manufactures, and carrying are merely
subordinate or accessory.
If I had the power to decide, I would say that
"economics is the science of the principles or laws
God has ordained, in nature and revelation, for the
distribution or apportionmnent of the results of labor,
that is to say, of wealth."  I have shown why  an(i
how I regard the exchangeable value of wealth as
justly determinable only by the measure of average
0 
APPENDIX.
labor time.   In one word  I would therefore say:
Political economy is the science of the fundamental
rights of labor."
But this has been discussed in the preceding pages;
and my present purpose is only to present a monogram of economics as nowu practically operative under
the laws which now govern the evolution, reservoirs
and channels of wealth.. 
It seems to me that this monogram presents to the
eye a good and true view of the principal features
and movements which the political economy of the
schools teachl-es and accredits.
I  would  first  direct attention to the  reservoir
furthest to the left in connection with the one furthest to the right.  They are connected by tubes, one
of which is the suction-pipe of a pumrnp, the handle of
which is held and worked by a man:  a personification of LABOR.  This suction-pipe is marked REPRODUCTION.  The reservoir on the left is CAPITAL, and
is primarily supplied from nature, which, without
cost, pours into it her wealth. This natural wealth,
through the efforts of labor, is drawn out (extracted),
pumped up (converted) into a reservoir of comnmo
dities (or wages) necessary for the SUBSISTENCE or
reproduction of the laborer himself. A surplus, not
needed for the immediate subsistence or reproduction
of the laborer himself, overflows; and is carried, by
the conduit marked Ecoonomy iVo. 1, back to the reservoir of capital.  This surplus flows back to ca,pital in the shape of nmade things, such as materials laid
by, provisions stored, cottages built, articles manu'
factured, money saved, in so much as the laborer is
allowed to have the results of his own toil, and sets
them apart for future use. Thus the reservoir of
capital becomes the recipient of two kinds of things,
viz.: (1) raw or natural and (2) manufactured or artificial objects, the latter being always a combination
of the work of man with the work of God.
In the beginning there were no other draw-off's,
tubes, reservoirs or consumIIers between the reservoir
208 
EXPLANATION OF TIlE MONO(,RAM.
of capital and that into which the laborer cast the
results of his toil. All the surplus he made, and
allowed to flow back into capital, continued to be his
own property. All capital was owned by the laborer
who produced it.
But from this fact of ownership which was, by a
violation of God's will, allowed to include the natural
value of capital, and from thle common consent tlmt it
was just and proper to secure and defend (1) the usurpation of an ownership in natural values, and (2) the
right of individuals to dispose as they pleased of wlhat
was conceded to be their property, other reservoirs
and  draw-offs were  logically and artfully fornl-e(l.
These were the reservoirs and draw-offs of TAXES,
USURY, RENT, and PROFIT.  Look at the monogram,
and you will see they get all their supply from the
efforts of labor, which at first hla(d app)ropriated the
ownership of natural values, but only so far as combined with labor values.  Observe that the draw-offs
of taxes, usury, rent, and profit, marked A, B, C, and
D, are inserted between the lifting lever and valve
F, worked  by the  laborer, and  the  draw-off E,
through which hlie received the reward of his toil.
Tlhus the fruits of that toil must firstly supply and
fill the tubes or draw-offs A, B, C, and D, before sup)plying the tube E, or wages-fund-that is to say, supply the exigencies of taxes, usury, rent, and profit,
before relucta!utly yielding to the necessity of supplying subsistence to that strength and skill on which
all depends to make natural weailth available and fit
to be used b)y htuman creatures.
Between the reservoirs of taxes, usury, rent, profit,
aid capital there are co(nduits marked Economy 2, 3,
4, and 5, wllicli are so disposed ils to earry off the surplus left uncolusumed by the toutr first named reservoirs to the fifth one, whicll is capital.  Hence when
we examine the arrang(ellent (of' these reservoirs and
conduits, the height at which the colduits marked
Economy are placed, their necessary effect, and the
18*
209 
APPENDIX.
order of antecedence and subsequence in which tlhey
stand, we at once perceive that:  Ust?ry is drawn from the leavings of taxes.
Reent is drawn from the portion of production
usury and taxes have, either voluntarily or involuntarilyv, failed to consume.
Profit is drawn in the samne way from the portion
of p)roduce left unconsumed by taxes, usury, mnd rent.
ITVaye.s are the leavings of taxes, usury, rent, and
profit.  (See draw-off E and conduit No. 1.)
Capi'lal is the ecoinomiy or surIplus saved from irnmediate coni)sumption according to the relative precedence, power, craft, prudence, and  opportunities ofgovernment, usury, rent, profit, and lastly of labor.
The reservoir of capital is ima,gined as containing
all that can be denoted by that name, no miatter wzvho
may be the owner —all that is saved from being consumed by the current support of the State, the
usurers, and from the devouring requisitions of
comfort and luxury.  It is apparent that very little
of the contents of the reservoir of capital can possibly
belong to labor, though before God, labor is entitled
to it all.
Each of these reservoirs varies in capacity aeeordiig to the fluctuations of industry and commrnerce.
So also do the delivering tubes chanye i?t size according to these fluctuations.  It is reinark.ble that the
tubes and reservoirs of usury and  rent are being
eontinually'enlarged. As to profit, its tube and reservoir expand and contract with wonderful elasticity.
By their automatic elasticity, all the reservoirs atre
kept up to the level of cir?culation. When any one
of them, in consequence of the increase or diminution of loss or gain, supplies more or less to those
who enjoy its share, they feed and feast, or, suffer
and depart, become more or less numerous, accordil]g to the volume of that supply.
LABOR is the only creator of exchanyeable value;
the only cost of any commodity.   This is generally
admitted by the masters of political economy; but,
210 
EXPLANATION OF THE MONOGRAM.
most times, they cloud the admission by ignoring
comparative time as a necessary factor in estimating
the value of labor, and by enlarging tile meaning of
the word so as to include even the conception of a
plan, a manceuvre in exchlianges, or a mercantile adventure, and the likle.
It is apparent that the draw-offs of taxes, usury,
rent, and profit must all be filled to the full extent
of their deliveritug capacity before a drop of subsistence can be raise(d to the height of the last draw-off
(E) which delivers the wag,es-fund to the laborers.
If thl)e consumers of taxes, usury, rent, and profit
could, they would so enlatrge the draw-offs that nothing would flow over to labor; but, since it is by
its efforts that their own  reservoirs are supplied,
they are forced to restrict their draw-offs so as to
afford at least a?v'nimitra of subsistence to the laborers.  They are ever striving to  bring down  the
vwages-fund to this mitnimumrn.   They greet the inventioli of labor-saving machines, not because these teld
to increase the amount and cheapness of subsistence,
and of other thingis good for the poor, but because
they may procure comforts, luxuries, and excesses,
at less cost, and by feeding a lesser number of laborers.  I admit there are superficial  circumstances,
such as decrease of demand or dearness of raw material, which, at a given moment, compel a reduction
of wages; but the purpose of usury, rent, and profit
to enlarge themselves at the expense of labor, tl-houghL
individual consciences may feel no reproach, is the
general and bottom cause of the superficial and irmmediate circumstances.
It is but natural tliatr.pushed to the extreme, this
tendency gives rise to unions and co-operations of
laborers against profit, and strikes against the withholding, of living wag,-es.
This tendency, in its (louble evolution of reductioni of wages, which the increase of population assists,
and the reduction of the number of workmen, which
211 
APPENDIX.,
the invention of labor-saving machines permits, induces also PAUPERISM and EMIGRATION.
Thus arise the most disagreeable of all the questions that can be propounded to political economists.
What is the law, and what are the effects of the increase of POPIJLATION?   What proportion of labor
should be appropriated to?ecess(t?ry, comn?,o(lio?ts, and
?lixt2iois production respectively? What to the fine
arts? Howv much and in what specialities (if any) to
2)e???'ci'o?ts works, doings and products?  What ratio
of capital should be devoted to wages?  How much
production may be safely consu med un reproductively7
or howv  much  does reproductive  investment absolutely require? WAhat of tl-he eigblt-hour movement?
granges? womanr's work? children's work? etc.
Since the slow infusion of christianity, the principle of charity has been influencing, more and more
deeply, the peoples of Europe.  Hence, labor has
advanced from slavery to serfdom, from  serfdom to
wagedoin, and is now moving, through wagedom, to
the freer life of piece-work-whence it will doubtless wholly  emancipate itself from  masters-then
rise to co-ope2-ative JOB-wo?-rk, and finally attain the
heighlt of average  labor-time,  made  the common
standard of all value.
TAXES are the contributions of labor for social
and national purposes.
NVWouLld that they were now righteously levied and
used o0ly according to that purpose.
Whetlher first in historical order or not, the reservoir of taxes has logical precedence of the subdue-'
tions from labor made by usury, rent, and profit.
Taxes support government.  Society is hardlv conceivable without government. The inference is, that
taxes calnot be dispensed withl.  But how?lc  slhall
they be? whlat for? how and to whom should taxes
be distributed? what taxes are just and  proper?
how aiid on what basis should they be levied? what
is thleir effect on the exchangeable value of land or
goods? are questions which political economy can —
212 
EXPLANATION OF TIlE MONOGRAM.
not avoid, since they relate to the rights of labor,
the wealth or capital produced by labor, and national
prosperity.
The most favorable view that can be reasonably
taken of taxes is, that, with the exception of a few
of them which produce public wealth and morality,
the rest are either necessary evils or positive wrongs.
The prod$tctive are those levied for making reads,
bridges, and canals, deepening rivers and ports, ligh-ting cities, and other such works.  The necessary are
those for adequately supporting a police, a judiciary,
armies and navies, a fire department, and the like.
The positively iijqturious are those which discriminate
between the objects of taxation, such as protective
tariffs and licenses; those which press heavily upon
certain kinds of property, while some favored private
property or business is exempted, or those which,
tlhough bearing on all kinds, are unequally imposed;
and( those which, though to a certain extent necessary, are levied in excess to furnish bounties, sinecures, and booty to corrupt and useless officers and
other favorites of the State.
The consumer of taxes is the sovereign; he who
makes the laws and holds the sword of power.  Some
would like me to say the sword of justice, but alas!
this term would not always agree with the fact.
Whether the soverei,gn is hereditary or elective, a
monarch or a representative body composed of many
members  and departments, is immaterial; for, in
either case the sovereign entity is properly personified as sitting on a throne and holding the book aid
the sword. Tile book defines, and the sword enforces
the economic system of the country; they guarantee
and defend the acquisition, enjoyment, and transmrnissioin of property. The book determines the nature and
validity of contracts, and the sword compels the pLrties to a strict observance of their legal promises.
The book, on its first or constitutional page, professes to secure to all life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happilness-it almost says thle rights of labor.  When,
213 
APPENDIX.
however, we study it, we soon learn that usury, rent,
and profit, no matter how extortionate and exorbitant, no matter whether  they are derived from  a
righteous title, or from the usurpation of natural
things, or from some other priinary wrong, are regarded by it as just rewards of labor. Thletl it
graciously declares that wages must also be so regarded.  Instead of translating the Scriptureto say,
"the laborer is worthy of his rewv(r(l"-whichl miglht
be interpreted to mean (tll lie has justly earne(l, all
that his work has added to the material used, the
version is made to say "the laborer is worthy of his
hire," vwhichl conveys a very different idea. Tlhe book of
legislation, therefore, recognizes wages only as the rate
of remnunerationfreely. consenited to between a laborer
and an employer or master.  "Freely" mea'ns that if
labor will not take the leavings of taxes, usury, rent,
and profit, it is free to starve, there being uo alternative. This is what the econonmists call free trade and
human rights-a guaranty that every man slall have
his owin-shall possess iand dispose of his person, property, and labor according to his own will uncontrolled by the caprice and uncoerced by the power
of any other man. Tlhey mean, however, and even
say, that this liberty and guaranty exist only inll so
far as the book defines and permits.
The book promises the dispensation of justice; but
when we come to ascertain what this means, we
find it is the'enforcement of the privileges and advantages of usury, rent, and profit over labor.  It is tlhe
justice of Shylock in disregard of the Sinaic deca'
logue, the Christian precepts and the Christian counsels of perfection.
It institutes or sanctions the appropriation and
transmission in perpetuity of natural wealth, such as
wvild lands, mines, water-falls, mineral springs, fisheries, etc.
It ratifies rapine, such as prize of war, or the capture fromn enemies of chattels, land(s, and prisoners;
214 
EXPLANATION OF THE MONOGRAM.I
and endows individuals with the right of holding
them as property.
It confirms the gain or advantage any Ai?er derives
from the work of an organism of combined or concerted labor, on condition of only paying each laborer
as if he worked by himself, and as if nothing were
due to the multiplying  force and effect of united
action. I mean the united action which the ecnomists, by a singular contradiction, denote by the
phrase "Division of La.bor."
I have  written  the word  monopoly  under the
tliro)ned and diademed consumer of taxes; for from
his boo' proceed, and on his sword rely, all mnonopolies and privileges, the name of which is legion
sutch as charters with exclusive license; enterprises
favored with premiums, bounties, and subsidies;
tariffs and duties protective or discriminating;  national banks authorized to issue currency gtiaranteed( bv the State; unequal taxation levied so as to
favor or exempt particular interests; contracts for
supplying the State with material or service, or for
coistrucLting public works awarded to favorites on
conditiolls and rates which defraud and spoliate the
public treasury.
Firorm these taxes, raised by virtue of this book and
sword, officials and their satellites are enriched, armies
and lnavies are maintained, national wars are waged,
custom-houses and forts are built to girt the land.
True, in the mi'dst of all, much of what is good and
nee(dful is accomplished; but it is drowned in an
ocean of abuse and fraud.
lienee political economy is called upon to consider
the facts whicli bear upon these points, so far as they
effect the production, exchange, and ap)propriation of
the wealth of nations.
USURIY follows taxes in logical order, thoulgh we
call well see how profit and rent were probal)ly antecedeut in order of timee, and how the enriched minerchant and landlord sold out to devote his realized
capital ex;clusively to the perpetration of usury, ald
215 
APPENDIX.
himself to a life of ease, idleness, and unlimited indulgence.  Usury is the flnal pursuit or vocation of
all those who have made net anid great fortunes from
the favors of the State, the adventures of cornmmerce,
and speculations in land.   By  beconing  a usurer
one yields his place in the State, in cornmmerce,7in
land ownership, to new adventurers, commissioned
to demand money in the name of the State, tit they
may embezzle it, or use it for their speculations in
cormmnerce, manufactures, and agriculture.  Usury is
the razor that denudes the head and face of labor of
every vestige of hair the scissors of taxes have left.
Usury exacts good security, makes herself safe, while
her borrowers are more liable to faitil. The result is
the general enlargement of the wealth of the usurer.
Her tendency is to make every other pursuit tributary to her. She becomes continually more and more
7hol2tric. Her sphere is that of itatio)~a(l debts and
bonds and CURRENCY, banks and bankiing, insurance,
dealing in bills of exchange and well secured notes,
the purchase of prosperous stocks, and all questions
of CREDIT and FINANCE. It is in this sphere that
political economy studies speculation in st(occs and
gioiey, not mistakiing the imitators vwhio speculate iIl
thle money-market on a small capital, and who risk
all on a larg,e venture for real usuirers.
RENT, seated key in hand in the iiidst of luxury,
looks comrnplacently upon Labor cultivating his faIrms,
or on Profit becupying his houses.   Watchinga these
and collecting his rentals is the only business that
disturl)s lhis equanimity anid pleasures.  Hlis studies
in political economy (if he studies at all) comprise
thle sections which treat of the TENURE of lan(l-the
causes which influence the price of Ilaud( and the rate
of R,ENTS-thle rise and fall of cities-the kinds arind
methodl s of AGRICULTURE best suited to his coulntry's
soil, climate, and( st,t)les-thle advantages and disadvantages of m)etey() and cotlier tenantcy-and of large
and small farms.  Anxious to increase his fortune by
purcliasing lands or houses that will become more
216 
EXPLANATION OF TIIE MONOGRAM.
valual)lc In the cotirse of time from the inicustry of
others, lie surveys tlhe country aid the development
of its resources inl order to invest in localities towards
whlich a tide of population is flowling, and ill which
improvemerts are progressin(Yg.
Political economy, as taught by the accredited mas ters, in accord with his feeli(ngs adn( supposed interest,
furnishes himn with thle priliciple by which the tate
of relt he may exact is to be (deterinined-" Bare
subsistence for the cultivator, and all the surplus for
tlhe proprietor."
Tis fitct enal)les us to class under the caption of
renlt  ot olly agr1iculture but also MANUFAcTUREs.
Relut is disguised or envelope(l in the income which
ownvers of ftartns derive from the work of hiredl agriclItuial laborers, and whichl  owners of factogie,s, aid(
the like, derive from the service of their w'tgemel).
\Wlilether they lease their farmrs or factories to (others,
or carry them  on themselves, the nature and source
of the revenue is essentially the samne; it is derived
fromr the working,       ()cc ul)nyai,' othler use made
b)y others thaii themselves, of t}ieir laudled oi other
propeitv and its accessories; an(il it is also the par;
of the pro(luct left to the ovwner after dei(Iucting, the
mere s'upt)or! of the cultivator or other ol-)peritive.
When tlhe fretiner o  man utcturer }iiliself works,
hlie does so in a double capicity-lis ernings, in that
case, include two eleineits  lie receives a part aslalborei and a pi)rt as owvner of the propl)erty use(i;
but his hired Iliil ollly get thle rfini/um atllowe(li to
lal)or.  \Wliiatever more is produced by his work, it
is taken by tile owv)er;  atld therefore this part is
really rent.
To the ct'te-oryv of relit also bt)elongs the incoine
derived  fli()t-n  LANI) ANI) WATER  CARRYING  by tlhe
owners of wageins, sl-hips,  lii(  tlhe like.  The same
renlarks I have made in  egard(l to'ect, apply to
fieig}lit auid filre.
PROI'L'1' is till that one  or  1)oti  p:i-rl ies to(.,I
exch(lanye receive in excess of the cosi of the thtillgs
la
2 1  
APPENDIX.
exchanged and the average waqe necessary for the
support ofthe transferer, according to the proportion
of time he consumes in rendering service to the transferee.  In one word, all that a dealer is entitled to is
cost and laborer's wc(gee —what more he gets is profit.
In the monogramn  Profit is represented differontly
from Usury and Rent in this, that they are reclining
or seated, but he is standing.  He is neoessatrtly busy
and active-runs to and  fro-follows COMMERCE —
travels by ship and rail —buys and sells —frequents
the marts and markets —is ever on the alert for a
bargain —speculates  on  d(ema-d(  and  supply,  on
fashion and credulity, on scarcity and abundance —
spreads his nets and snares —stretches his credit, and
stakes his solvency  on the chances  of uncertain
transactions.
The distinguishing trait of profit is that it is made
by two acts: (1) buying and (2) selling; or, wl)at is
the same thl-ing, tile double act of barter or exchanye.
All other income is from labor, taxes, usury, or relnt,
and I note, as I pass on, that besides these there are
other modes of acquiring property, according to some
special and discretionary provision of law, such ias
(1) preoccupancy, (2) prescription, (3) gift, (4) legacy,
(5) inheritance, (6) vwager-won, (7) treasure-trove, (8)
capture, and (9) salvage. These nine are the originl
o' most of the abuses and wrongs of whiclh labor
complains.
Politically, the votaries of profit are divided betweeil two parties: that of PROTECTION and that of
FIREE TIRADE.
CAPITAL now presents itself again and nmay be
better nillderstood(.  It consists of all valuable things
or qualities of things appropriated or otherwise possessed by lmian wherewitll lie may reproduce himself,
derive subsistence, utility,  coinfort, or pleasure —
lands, houses, cattle, machines, tools, implements,
furniture, food, clothing, fuel,  carriages,  vessels,
roads, books, MIONEY, and many other objects, even
streligtli, health, knowledge, education, skill, genius,
218 
EXPLANATION OF TilE MONOGRAM.
vutue, nothing being excepted but what is so abundnl)t, so available to all, so common that, though
appropriated to any possible extent, it wonid cornmand no jriee, as the air, the se, etc Even the air
or sea, if appropriated so as to exclude its use unless
for a price, would thereby be converted into capital
Suppose the military navy of a nation were so overpowering that it could forbid the use of the s to
all vessels except those who paid fk)r a license to do
so; the sea would then be a part of that nation's capital. Perhaps some way mav be discovered of exactmg payment to appropriators for the air we breathe.
Jt would thereby become pioperty or capital; the two
terms are almost synonymous.
Every specific piece of capital involves seven
kinds of value; (1) a nuru7 value which is God's
property, (2) a l('o vue which is man's property
(3) an ex1orion7 value depending on the proportion
in which it is subjected to monopoly, for in every
thing there is a degree of monopoly (4) a a88ioflel
value, which is according to taste or desire; (5) a compe1iive value, which depends upon demand and supply and the extent to which it is allowed to be made
aii object of free trade; (6) a cost value, which determines the profit or loss made upon it tl)roligh purchase and sale or exchange; and (7) an exc/anjea.')le
value, which is the reduction of the six others into
one, and comprises all their effects expressed by the
term ])rMe, or mtarket-price, or the adage a thil)g is
worth what it will bring."
Wealth or value is both POSITIVE an RELATIVE.
Price is the exponent of the sum of elements, con
relative.
Natural value consists in the intrinsic  qualities
which render things or actions of persons and things
fit for human  uses.  Of these qualities two are particularly notable in political economy, for they are
factors iii every problem this science is called upon
to solve.  These are (1) durability anid (2) coinsumra
219 
APPENDIX.
bility.  Both exist in every particle of capital, but
in proportions inversely related.  D)uriabiity is the
largest proportion of the value of land, of gold and
thile like; and enables the appropriators of such
things to derive a perennial  revenue from  them,
through rent or usury.  It is, to tlhemrn, the inexhaustible purse of Fortunatus, which, every time it was
emptied, filled again of itself or from  a talisinanio
virtue requiring no labor or other effort of its possessor.  Talough, by rent or usury, an appropriator of
land or gold may have recovered all the labor-value
ever put into it, ten times over, his right to own it as
cap)ital andl to derive revenue from it remains intact.
NAow it wo(suld seem as if this could not happen when
the quality of co)is?87i?cabilily greatly predomninates iti
tlhe thingll  or service appropriated, as it dpes in tlhe
value of foodl, clothing, fuel, and the like.  Its ap)propriators cannot get pay for it more tlhan once: but
customs and lawvs have established iand secured the
draw off of profit; and enabled the a)propriators to(
obtain, directly or indirectly, a bonues or premnium
even greater than that of rent or usury, out )of tlhe
labor of the final consumer.
Labor-value, as I have abundantly shown in the
first part of this book, consists of usefulness added
or facilitated by labor for the benefit of the consumer
of tlliigs or service. This value is created by three
modes of effort: (1) Mlono-manual effort; (2) Associationial efiort; (3) Social effort.  (1) J loto-manuall
labor value is that which the work of a single person independently creates when it increases utility
o0 facilitates consumption: Ex. a woodman may fell
a tree and cut it up without help.  (2) Associationtl
labor-value is that whilch is imparted by the united
or colncerted labor of several persons: Ex. the united
efforts of several are necessarv to raise the framevworkI of a lhouse or bridge.  (3) Soci(il v(tl?c is that
itilprted to property  tihrou,lgh  public  works  avd
through  improvenents caused by local increase of
po)pulatioln, or is the abundance created by produ-(iLl
220 
EXPLANATION OF THE MONOGRAM.
tion multiplied or labor saved through  the progress
of art, whereby labor may be liberated from one kilod
of work and applied to another: Eyx. Land becomes
more valuable by opening a road for the exportation
of its products; the art of printing saves the labor
of copying and multiplies books and makes them for
a lesser price than they previously cost.
But nearly all the values-the prolific and ecorfomical benefits-created by as,ociateda a(nd social labor, are
intercepted by the draw-offs of taxes, usurtiy, renit, and
profit to he almost entirely consumed in procuring
comfort, luxury, an(l plethora for those who possess
the reservoirs into which these draw offs flow.  TlIe
mass of positive wealtlh, capital, and value is enormously increased.  Indirectly the laborei gets a smnall
share of the benefits of general progress; b?it,thou.,qh,
tlrotugOh the advance of science and art, ble can maie
AI,L  li~ consutied( by worJliny THREE houf$s?)er d(ay,
TEN, TWELVE, 0r SIXTEEN ]hour s per day all tlie year rot?nd(1
h(tar(lly sffice to p)iocuie it.
We have already seen how capital may be made
either reproductive or ounreproduetive.  It is the way
of the CONSUMPTIOX of wealth which determines its
character in this respect.
Thlere is, however, a kind of capital which, in itself, is u?treproductive, but which is never consumlned,
and is, therefore, a species by itself.  It is MONEY.
rIhle disputes amongoa  the economists and finallnciers
al)oult the nature and basis of money involve so many
questions that even a statement of the points in controversy would be too lengtlly for this monogramn.  I
will only give my oown definition of the thing itself.
Money is a valuable object, OR a title to some property or right, whlich (by common consent and reasoi0s of commont  interest) is accepted by any and
every person, for any and every object or service.
The tubes in the monogram  represent the ftllnctioli)s of Imloney. Being a mere evidence of lille to
property, money is nothing in itself.  It is the evidence of the obligation which evely person in the
19-*
221 
APPENDIX.
w)rld(, or a nation has tacitly or expressly contracted
to furl)ish the bearer a certain amount of property on
demand.   As silch, it is an excellent med(lium  of exchlange, for since its transfer conveys title to any and
everythling, it dispenses him who passes or transfers
it from delivering any particular  property to.him
wio receives it.  The latter uses it in the same maniier is the former did, and so on acd it nf.   It is
lik- a waarehouse receipt, but the warehouse from
whlich it is issued comprises all the property of the
world, or at least of a nation.  It is also like water,
it flows through the tubes of cigc?tlation, instead of
tlhe property which it transfers. It flows from reservoir to reservoir with corniiutative fluidity.  Both
it aqld tlhey are elcst'c in the same proportiol), so tlat
w}ien its volume is enlaroed the tubes and reservoirs
enlarge, alud when it is reduced t-hev colitratct. Since
all tlhe reservoirs are connected, the fluid( circulation
always stands at the same level in all of themn, no
matter how little or hlow much each reservoir may
contain.  From the fact that money is a title leec( to
any ancl all property which any and all owners may
seek to exchallnge, it follows that, as tlhe number of
units of Ii0oley is increased or diminislhed while tlle
quantity oi' property remains thle same, each  unit
becomes a title for less or wtiore of the sum total of
p)roperty heldc for exc.hange, according to the variationI of the inumber of units in circulations.  If it is
the volume 6f excl)angeable property that is increased
or diminished while the number of units of money
remains unchanged, the srame relative effect is pro
d(uced(.   These  changes, if slow aI(d  giradual, are
harmnless, but if a clIange in the volume of curlrency
is sudden, it may make so great a difference (between
the amount of property that was required to disclharge a debt at the time that it was incurred and the
property required to discharge it whell it falls due)
as to ruin the creditor if the change be to less, or the
debtol if it be to more.   Agail), thou,gh-  currency is
wo(derfu tIlly eltastic, an(! eachi of ils iinits or fractions
222 
EXPLANATION OF THE MONOGRAM.
is a title to more or less property, according to their
number; yet, if the numnber is very small, it would
be necessary (if the currency is metallic) to divide
the units inito parts so minute as to be practically
useless.  There was an approximation to this in the
century which preceded the discovery of the Mexican and Peruvian mines.  No better remedy was then
thought of than official adulteration of the gold and
silver, and a large coinage of ponderous copper. If,
on the contrary, thle number of units (whether of
paper or metal) were inordinately increased, eacll
ullit would be a title to so small a part of the mass
of property that the whole ant(l its divisions would
be too cumbersome for the uses and functions of
currency. An instance of this was the iron money
of Sparita.
It would help us to understand money, if we were
to figure it to ourselves as a CARRIER.  iFor instance,
we might allegorically personify it under thle form
of a flock of Hi])i)oyrfs engaged in bearing property, goods and chlattels, from one personi to another:
each Hippogriff or unit gaining or losing strength or
carrying power in exact proportion to the increase
or decrease of the work required of the whole flock,
provided they are always sufficiently numerous  to
attend to every service required, whether that service
be small or great.  A developracnt of the details of
this allegorical view would correct several popular
errors oii the nature and functions of money; but the
space I have here at my disposal is too limited for
this, and I must therefore defer it to another occasion.
But besides being (1) a title to merchandise, (2) a
vehicle or carrier of merchandise, money is also (o)
in itself merchlandise. All other things continuing
to be deiianded and supplied as before, if the supply
of money is increased while the number and amount
of transactions for which it is needed remain the same
or are diminislhed, its value or purchasing power and
the rate of interest will fall.   The contrary will
happen. if the supply of money is diminislied, while
223 
APPENDIX.
the number of transactions remains the same or is
increased; also if the supply of monev remains the
same, but the number and amount of transactions
are increased.  Hence money is merchandise; for it
is boughl-t, sold, and hired, its fluctuations are precisely
tllose of merchandise, and governed  by the same
]a\ws.
When our Lord wished to draw and show the line
between secular and holy things, he poilited out
money as the representative of all that is secular or
temporal.  This sphere he intrusted to Ctesar, and
gave him (the State) dominion over it.  Hence  the
State can make moneyand the concerns it represents
to be blessings or curses according to the wisdom or
foolishness of expediency and policy.  All the rest
he reserved as sacred to God: viz., conscience, religioii,
morals, education-everiything that concerns the indivi(lual min-d aud soul.  These are inviolable.  The
State has no right to interfere with them-n-no authority over them.  On the contrary, the State itself
mnust submit and conform itself thereiii.  He tauglht
that hlie and his church alone had jurisdiction in this
supreme and holy sphere, thle great law of wlhich is to
obey God rather than man: suffer death rather tlani
lose our soul.  But alas! for the sake of Cmsar's
money and tl-he material goods it represents and purchases, we refuse to render unto God that which is
G(od's, and surrender even our immortal souls to the
world and hell-wrest, by force and false pretences,
the labor and portion of our brethren-ati(id recognize
no law but Cmsar's book and sword; and would fain
evade even these to indulge the perversity of corrupted nature.
Now viewing the monogram yenerally, I have onily
four or five more short remarks to make before I
stop.
1. The same person may cumulate several sources
of income or several kinds of capital. He may be
an officer of government receiving a salary out of
tne taxes while being a usurious lender of funds, a
224 
EXPL,ANATION OF THE MONOGRAM.
lessor of land(s, houses, rna(hines, sllips, carriages, or
chattels, and a speculator buyilg aild selling at the
risk of losing or gaining from  the rise or fall of
prices.  This cumulation may and does vary in multitudles of ijdividual cases which are more or less
complicated.  It would be tedious to state merel
the most comrnmon instances.  Even tile poor laborer
may earn his wages and, at the same time, draw a
driblet of usury ma-de on his deposits in the savings
balnk.
2. The size and I)r()portion of each draw-off attd
reservoir mniay be and is coitiunally changing-their
contents vary froin day to day —while one enl,arges
the other con-tracts, except the opposite reservoirs of
capital and labor which mnaiiitaini without much alteration their respective proportions to each other and
to the whole, while, however, the tendency of capital
is to a imaximulm share, and the force of the system
is to reducie labor to a mrnininmumn allotment.
3. The total population, by force of natural law
and the volume of capital, by force of social laws,
would, if not hiidclered, increase concurrently by incrernents which would progress in geometrical ratio,
but tils tendency is opposed alnd its course impeded(
by causes whichl accordil~g to political economists
are either REPRESSIVE or PREVENTIVE.
The repressive causes are the most numerous. I
will oinly nention a few, already alluded to in precedin-g patges.
(i.) q'here is a prevailing spirit of cupidity and
pride, selfishly seeking riches and power  through
public spoliation and war, or private artifices and
violence, by wh,ich  nmillions of lives are diverted
trom reproductive industry and finally sacrificed.
(ii.) Labor is comI)elled to devote itself principally
to such wvorks as provide for the gratification of the
desires and tastes of the capitalists, so that only the
number of' workinen needed for this purpose are
allowed to work and live.
(iii.) Though there is a constant increase of capital
225 
APPENDIX.
appropriated  to the support of labor, the difference betwveeii total population and total la-borers and
between total capital and total labor-fund is constantly changing, so that the share of wealth accruing to capitalists is continually becoming not only
greater in amount but greater in proportion.
(iv.) There is constantly increasing difference between the number of wagemen actually wn2plo'e(i and
the number actually UNei)ployed-the increase being
on the side of the latter' and this, for those who are
employed, implies less wages; while for tllose who,
at one time or another, are unemployed it implies no
wages; hence,  pauperism, disease,  and inordinate
mortality.
(v.) Necessity drives men, women, and children,
into deleterious manufactures and other unhealthy
works, or to premature and excessive work.
(vi.) The control of the application of new discoveries and inventions, for saving labor and mnultiplyinlg products, enables the appropriating class to
dispense with a still greater proportion of the laboring class, so that the very fact of progress in science
and art is perverted to increase the proportion of
unemployed hands.
(vii.) Since repressive causes operate to the inifliction of death only because of an excess of population,
composed of unemployed and starving, or deleteriously and excessively wvorked, wagemen, it is manifest that the number of the wage people is always
ahead of the amount of the wage-fund that capital
has devoted to their subsistence.
(viii.) The fear of aggravating poverty by attempting to raise a family, incites thousands to commit,
by indirect and even direct means, abortion and iifanticide.
These repressive causes are summed  up in the
Scriptures in three words, War, Famnine, Pestilence,
or in one... Murder.
I know only one cause opposed to the natural increase of population, which may, ill colitradistinction
226 
I
EXIPLANATION OF TIIE MONOGRAM., 
to the precedi llg, he considered as PREVENTIVE.  It
is that voluntary ald holy chastity whiclh is counselled by religion and which once covered the face
of Eutrope with convents and monasteries.
4. Now let me try to represent these remarks by
means of numbers.
The nflattrtl tendency of population and wealth is
to increase (tlhe one by generation and the other by
co-operative labo-) according to the following progi-essioni:       100;  200;  400;   800;  1600; 3200; etc.
The act?ual averag,e increase of population is according to the followilg progression:
Capitalists:    10;    12     14;    16;    18;    20; etc.
Wagemen:       90;   108;   126;   144;   162;   180; etc.
Total          100;   120;   140;   160;   180;   200; etc.
The aUcti,l proportional difference between the illcrease of employed and unemployed wagemenr is accordi)g to the following progression:Employed class: 89;   106;   123;   140;  157;   174; etc.
UIelnployed:   1I;    2;    3;         4;    5;      6; etc.
But tlhere is a proportion which the repressive causes
will never permit the pauper class to exceed: sav
about a fifth o0r a fourth.  Beyond  this, death is inexorably ilflicted b)y all the n-means we have noted.
The (ctuatl average in)crease of wealth is according
to the followving progressionBy numbers:   90;  100;   120;  150;   190;   240; etc.
By inventions: + 10; +  (20; +  30 + 40; +  50; +  60; etc.
'i'()tal      100;   120;   1,0;  190;   240;   300;etc.
'I') ta  I100; 120;   150; 190; 240;   300; etc.
But of t}his progressionr of actual we.tlth, the actual
shatre of the appropriators ad( wageineii )e) capitt is
(Lecording  to the following ratio:''lie aplrolpriators take:   90; 110; 140; 180); 230; 290; etc.
'I'lie w,agemen are allowed: 10;  10;  10;  10;  10;  10;etc.
'I'otal                    100; 120; 150; 190; 240); 300; etc.
-) 2 7 
APPENDIX.
Observe that this ratio is per c(pita; and  that the
ratio of the wagemen is rarely above the minimum
of subsistence.
In other words the capitalists get the wealth that
should be divided among those who produce it, according to actual average labor-time.
Observe that when at any point the share of ani
appropriator is n.ine times greater thail that of a
wag,,ernan, at the next point it is ten times, and so on
i ldefinitelv.
5. Manifestly it is the right, as well as interest of
labor to close up or at least diminish the capacity of
the parasitic or intermediary draw-offs I have  described; for every l)it of capital is either (1) the free
g-ift of God and therefore comnmon property, wvitlhout
ralnsorm being due to alny person, or (2) it is value
wvlicli labor alone has added to natural thiings, and
so fir, therefore, the rightful property of labor alolle.
To a./.nfla,anLe?tal ch(tnge of sy.ste,'- must, therefore,
the world look for a restoration o(f the economic
equilibrium; and there is no prospect of this but inl
oiie direction.  It' labor and capital were uiiited ill
the same persons, and these were united by the law
of love vwhich is from our Lord  Jesus Christ, there
would be ABUNDANCE for all markind.
228 
CATALOGUE
OF
PRACTICAL ANCD SCIENTIFIC BOOKS,
-PIUBLMISHED BY
HENRlY CARlEY BAIRD & CO.,
Industrial Publishers and Booksellers,
NO. 810 WALNUT STREET,
PHILIADEILPHIIA.
Any of the Books comprised in this Catalogue will be sent by mail, free o!
postage, at the publication price.
' A Descriptive Catalogue, 96 pages, 8vo., will be sent, free of postage, to any
one who will furnish the publisher with his address.
ARLOT.-A Complete Guide for Coach Painters.
Translated from tile French of M. ARLOT, Coach Painter; for eleven
years Foreman of Painting to M. Eherler, Coach Maker, Paris. By
A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engineer.  To which is added an Ap pendix, containing Information respecting the Materials and the
Practice of Coach and Car Painting and Varnishing in the United
States and Great Britain.  12mo...........          $1.25
ARMENGAUD,, AMOROUX, and JOHNSON.-The
Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial De   sign, and Machinist's and Engineer's Drawing
Companion:
Forming a Comp!ete Course of Mechanical Engineering and Archi tectural Drawing. From the French of M. Armengaud the elder, Prof.
of Design in the Conservatoire of Arts and Industry, Paris, and MM.
Armengaud the younger, and Amoroux, Civil Engineers.  Rewritten
and arranged with additional matter and plates, selections from and
examples of the most useful and generally employed mechanism of
the day.  By WILLIA.M JOHNSON, Assoc. Inst. C. E., Editor of "The
Practical MIechanic's Journal."  Illustrated by 50 folio steel plates,
and 50 wood-cuts.  A new edition, 4to.....   $10.00
I 
2       HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
ARROWSMITH.-Paper-Hanger's Companion:
A Treatise in which the Practical Operations of the Trade are Sys tematically laid down: with Copious Directions Preparatory to Paper ing; Preventives against the Effect of Damp Oil Walls; the Various
Cements and Pastes Adapted to the Several Purposes of thile Trade;
Observations and Directions for the Panielling and Ornamenting of
Rooms, etc.  By JAMES ARROWSMITH, Author of "Analysis of Dra pery," etc.  12mo., cloth.............              $1.25
ASHTON.-The Theory and Practice of the Art of De   signing Fancy Cotton and Woollen, Cloths from
Sample:
Giving full Instructions for Reducing Drafts. as well as the Methods
of Spooling and Making out Harness for Cross Drafts, and Finding
any Required Reed, with Calculationls and Tables of Yarn. By
FREDERICK T. ASHTON, Designer, West Pittsfield, Mass. With 52
Illustrations.  One volume, 4to..........          $10.00
BAIRD.-Letters on the Crisis, the Currency and the
Credit System.
By HENRY CAREY BAIRD. Pamphlet........    05
BAIRD.-Protection of Home Labor and Hlome Pro   ductions necessary to the Prosperity of the Ameri   can Farmer.
By HENRY CAREY BAIRD. 8vo., paper........   10
BAIRD.-Some of the Fallacies of British Free-Trade
Revenue Reform.
Two Letters to Arthur Latham Perry, Professor of History and Politi cal Economy in Williams College.  By HENRY CAREY BAIRD.
Pamphlet.................           05
BAIRD.-The Rights of American Producers, and the
Wrongs of British Free-Trade Revenue Reform.
By HENRY CAREY BAIRD. Pamphlet........    05
BAIRD.-Standard Wages Computing Tables:
An Improvement in all former Methods of Computation, so arranged
that wages for days, hours, or fractions of hours, at a specified rate per
day or hour, maybe ascertained at a glance. By T. SPANGLER BAIRD*.
Oblong folio................              $5.00
BAIRD.-The American Cotton Spinner, and Mana   ger's and Carder's Guide:
A Practical Treatise on Cottonl Spinning; giving the Dimensions and
Speed of Machinery, Draught and Twist Calculations, etc.; with
notices of recent Improvements: together with Rules and Examples
for making changes in the sizes and numbers of Roving and Yarn.
Compiled from the papers of the late ROBERT H. BAIRD. 12mo. $1.50 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
BAKER.-Long-Span Railway Bridges:
Comprising Investigations of the Comparative Theoretical and Prac tical Advantages of the various Adopted or Proposed Type Systems
of Construction; with numerous Formule and Tables.  By B. BAKER.
12mo l.................                        $2.00
BAUERMAN.-A Treatise on the Metallurgy of Iron:
Containing Outlines of the History of Iron AIanufacture, Mletllods of
Assay, and Analysis of Iron Ores, Processes of Manufacture of Iron
and Steel, etc., etc.  By H. BAUERMIAN, F. G. S., Associate of the
Royal School of Mines.  First American Edition, Revised and En larged.  With an Appendix on the Martin Process for Making Steel,
from the Report of ABEAM S. HEWITT, U. S. Commissioner to the
Universal Exposition at Paris, 1867.  Illustrated.  12mo..  $2.00
BEANS.-A Treatise on Railway Curves and the Loca    tion of Railways.
By E. AV. BEANS, C. E. Illustrated. 12mo. Tucks...  $1.50
BELL.-Carpentry Made Easy:
Or, The Science and Art of Framing on a New and Improved System.
With Specific Instructions for Building Balloon Frames, BArn Frames,
MAill Frames, Warehouses, Church Spires, etc. Comprising also a
System of Bridge Building, with Bills, Estimates of Cost, and valuable
Tables. Illustrated by 38 plates, comprising nearly 200 figures. By
WVII,LIAM E. BELL, Architect and Practical Builder.  8vo.. $5.00
BELL.-Chemieal Phenomena of Iron Smelting:
An Experimental and Practical Examination of the Circumstances
which determine the Capacity of the Blast Furnace, the Temperature
of the Air, and the proper Condition of the Materials to be operated
upon.  By I. LOWTHIIAN BELL.  Illustrated.  8vo...    $6.00
BEMROSE.-Manual of Wood Carving:
With Practical Illustrations for Learners of the Art, and Original and
Selected Designs.  By WILLIAM BEMEOSE, Jr. With an Introduction
by LLEWELLYN JEWITT, F. S. A., etc.  With 128 Illustrations.  4to.,
cloth....                                                $3.00
BICKNELL.-Village Builder, and Supplement:
Elevations and Plans for Cottao_es, Villas, Suburban Residences,
Farm Houses, Stables and Carriage Houses. Store Fronts, School
Houses, Churches, Court Houses, and a model Jail; also, Exterior and
Interior details for Public and  Private  Buildinas,  with approved
Forms of Contracts and Specifications, including Prices of Building
Materials and Labor at Boston, Mass., and St. Louis, MIo.  Containing
75 plates drawn to scale; showing the style and cost of building in
different sections of the country, being an original work comprising
the designs of twenty leading architects, representing the New Eng
land, Middle, Western, and Southwestern States.  4to..    $12.00
1 3 
4      HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
BLENKARN.-Practical Specifications of Works exe    cuted in Architecture, Civil and Mechanical Engi    neering, and in Road Making and Sewering:
To w-hichl are added a series of practically useftil Agreenieits and Re ports. By JOHIN BLENKARN.  Illustrated by 15 large tfol(ig pla,,tes.
8vo..9.00
BLINN.-A Practical Workshop Companion for Tin,
Sheet-Iron, and Copperplate Workers:
Containing Rules for describing various kinds of Patterns used by
Tin, Sheet-Iron, and Copper-plate Workers;  Practical Geometry;
Alensuration of Surfaces and Solids; Tables (,f the Weights of MIetals,
Lead Pipe, etc.; Tables of Areas and Circumferences of Circles;
Japan, Varnishes, Lackers, Cements, Compositions, etc., etc.  By
LEROY J. BLINN, Master MIechanic.  With over 100 Illustrations.
12mo................                       $2.50
BOOTH.-Marble Worker's Manual:
Containing Practical Information respecting Marbles in general, their
Cutting, Working, and Polishing; Veneering of Mlarble; MIosaics;
Composition and Use of Artificial Marble, Stuccos, Cements, Receipts,
Secrets, etc., etc. Translated from the French by AI, L. BOOTIr.
With an Appendix concerning American Marbles. 12mo., cloth.  $1.50
BOOTH AND MORFIT.-The Encyclopedia of Che   mistry, Practical and Theoretical:
Embracing its application to the Arts, Metallurgy, Mineralogy, Ge ology, MAedicine, and Pharmacy.  By JAMEIS C. BOOTII, Melter and
Refiner in the United States Mint, Professor of Applied Chemistry in
the Franklin Institute, etc., assisted by CAMPBELL MIORFIT, author
of "Chemical Manlail)ulations," etc.  Seventh edition.  Royal 8vo.,
978 pages, with numerous wood-cuts and other illustrations.. $5.00
BOX.-A Practical Treatise on Heat:
As applied to the Useful Arts; for the Use of Engineers, Architects,
etc. 13By TIIOAlAS Box, author of" Practical Ilydraulics." Illustrated
by 14 plates containing 114 figures.  12imo......            $4.25
BOX.-Practical Hydraulics:
A  Series of Rules and Tables for the use of Engineers, etc.  By
THIOMAS BOX.  12mo............$2.50
BROWN.-Five Hundred and Seven Mechanical
Movements:
Embracing all those which are most important in Dynamics, Ilydran lics, Ilydrost'ltics, Pneumatics, Steam E,ngines, Mtill aidl other Gear ilF, Presses, Ilorology, and Miscellaneous MIachinery; aiinl iiicludiilg
many movements never before )publlished, and sever-il of which have
only recently come into use.  BIy IIENRY T. I]ROWN, Elitor of the
"America Artisan."  In one volume, 12ino...          $1.00 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
BUCKMASTER.-The Elements of Mechanical Phy   sics:
By J. C. BUCKM.ASTER, late Student in the Government School of
Mines; Certified Teacher of Science by the Department of Science
and Art; Examiner in Chemistry and Physics in the Royal College
of Preceptors; and late Lecturer in Chemistry and Physics of the
Royal Polvtechinic Institute.  Illustrated with numerous engravings.
Ill one volume, 12so.... $.50
BULLOCK.-The American Cottage Builder:
A Series of Designs, Plans, and Specifications, from $200 to,20,000,
for Ihomes f)r the People; together with Warming, Ventilation,
Drainage, Painting, and Landscape Gardening.  By JOHN BULLOCK,
Architect, Civil i Lgiueer, MAechanician, and Editor of "The  Rudi  merits of Architecture and Building," etc., etc.  Illustrated by 75 en  gravins.  In one volume, Svo...........            $3.50
BULLOCK.  The Rudiments of Architecture and
Building:
For the use of Architects, Builders, Draughtsmeni, Machinists, Engi  neers, and MAeehanics.  Edited by JOHN BULLOCK, author of "The
American Co(ttage Builder."  Illustrated by 250 engravings.  In one
volume, 8vo..........     $3.50
BURGH.-Practical Illustrations of Land and Marine
Engines:
Showing in detail the Modern Improvements of High and Low Pres sure, Surface Condensation, and Super-heating, together with Land
and Marine Boilers.  By N. P. BURGH, Engineer.  Illustrated by
20 plates, double elephaut folio, with text...   $21.00
BURGH.-Practical Rules for the Proportions of Mo   dern Engines and Boilers for Land and Marine
Purposes.
By N. P. BU-RGH, Engineer.  12mo.........       $1.50
BURGH.-The Slide-Valve Practically Considered.
By N. P. BurGIr, Engineer. Completely illustrated. 12mo.  $2.00
BYLES.-Sophisms of Free Trade and Popular Politi   cal Economy Examined.
By a BA.rRISTER (Sir JOHN BARNARD  BYLI,ES, Judge of Common
Pleas). First American from the Ninth English Edition, as published.
by the Manchester Reciprocity Association.  In one volume, 12mo.
Paper, 75 cts.  Cloth............          $1.25
BYRN.-The Complete Practical Brewer:
Or Plain, Accurate, and Thorough Instructions in the Art of Brewing
ice(r, Ale, Porter, including the Process of making Bavarian Beer,
all the Sniall Beers, such as Root-beer, Ginger-pop, Sarsaparilla beer, Mlead, Spruce Beer, etc., etc.  Adapted to the use of Public
]3rewers and Private Faiiiilies.  By  M. LA FAYETTE  BYRN, M. D.
With illustrations.  12mo...........    $I.25
5 
a HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
BYRN.-The Complete Practical Distiller:
Comprising the most perfect and exact Theoretical and Practical De scription of the Art of Distillation and Rectification; including all of
the most recent improvements in distilling apparatus; instructions
for preparing spirits from the numerous vegetables, fruits, etc.; direc tions for the distillation and preparation of all kinds of brandies and
other spirits, spirituous and other compounds, etc., etc. By M. LA
FAYETTE BYRN, Ml. I).  Eighth Edition.  To which are added, lrac tical Directions for Distilling, from the French of Th. Fling, Brewer
and Distiller.  12mo..............           $1.50
BYRNE. —Handbook for the Artisan, Mechanic, and
Engineer:
Comprising the Grinding and Sharpening of Cutting Tools, Abrasive
Processes, Lapidary WVork, Gem and Glass Engraving, Varnishing
and Lackering, Apparatus, Materials and Processes for Grinding and
Polishing, etc.  By OLIVER BYRNE.  Illustrated by 185 wood en gravings.  In one volume, Svo...........           $5.00
BYRNE.-Pocket Book for Railroad and Civil Engi    neers:
Containing New, Exact, and Concise Methods for Layipg out Rail road Curves, Switches, Frog Angles, and Crossings; the Staking
out of work; Levelling; the Calculation of Cuttings; Embankments;
Earth-work, etc.  By OLIVER BYR,NE.  18mo., full bound, pocket book form.................            $1.75
BYRNE.-The Practical Model Calculator:
For the Engineer, Mechanic, Manufacturer of Engine Work, Naval
Architect, Miner, and Millwright.  By OLIVER BYRNE.  1 volumne,
8vo., nearly 600 pages............          $4.50
BYRNE.-The Practical Metal-Worker's Assistant:
Comprising Metallurgic Chemistry; the Arts of Working all Metals
and Alloys; Forging of Iron and Steel; HIardening and Tempering;
Melting and Mlixing; Casting and Founding; Works in Shleet Metal;
The Processes Dependent on the Ductility of the Metals; Soldering;
and the most nImproved Processes and Tools employed by Metal Workers.  Witl the Application of the Art of Electro-MAletallurgy to
Manufacturing Processes; collected from Original Sources, and from
the Works of Holtzapffel, Bergeron, Leupol(l,  Plumier, Napier,
Scoffern, ('lay, Fairbairn, and others.  By OLIVER BYRNE.  A new, rev ise(, and improved edition, to which is added An Appendix, con tainIing THE MAIANUFACTURE OF RUSSIAN SHEET-IRON.  By JOHN
PERCY, M. D., F.R.S.  TIHE MANUFACTURE OF MALLEABLE IRON
CASTINGS, and IMIPROVEMENTS IN BESSEMER  STEEL.  By A. A.
FEFSQUET, Chemist and Engineer.  With over 600 Engravings, illis trating every Branch of the Subject.  8vo....    $7.00
Cabinet Maker's Album of Furniture:
Comprising a Collection of Designs for Furniture.  Illustrated by 48
Large and Beautifully Engraved Plates. In one vol., oblong         $5.00 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
CALLINGHAM.-Sign Writing and Glass Emboss     ing:
A Complete Practical Illustrated Manual of the Art. By JAMES
CALLINGHA3I.  In one volume, 12mo.......$1.50
CAMPIN.-A Practical Treatise on Mechanical Engi     neering:
Comprising Metallurgy, Moulding, Casting, Forging, Tools, Work   shop MAachinery, Mechanical Manipulation, Manlutfacture of Steam   engines, etc., etc.  With an Appendix onI the Analysis of ironl and
Iron Ores.  Bv FRAN-CIS CAMIPIN, C.E.  To wvhich lye added, Obser   vations on the Construction of Steam Boilers, and Remarks upon
Furnaces used for Smokle Preventioni; with a Chaplter onI Explosions.
By RIt. Armstrong, C. E., and John Bourne.  Rules for Calculating
the Change Wheels for Screws on a Turning Latlhe, and for a Wheel  cutting Mlachline.  By J. LA NICCA.  MAanagemenlt of Steel, Includ  img l'orgiug, Hardeniing, Tempering, Annealing, Shrinking, and Ex  pansioin.  And the Case-hardening of Iron.  By G. EDE.  8VO.  Illus  trated with 29 plates and 100 wood engravings...    $6.00
CAMPIN.-The Practice of Hand-Turning in Wood,
Ivory, Shell, etc.:
With Instructions for Turning such works in Metal ag may be re.
quired in the Practice of Turning Wood, Ivory, etc. Also, an Appen   ix on Ornamental Turning.  By FRANCIS CAMIPIN; with Numerous
Illustrations.  12mo., cloth...........             $3.00
CAREY.-The Works of Henry C. Carey:
FINANCIAL CRISES, their Causes and Effects.  8vo. paper.    25
HARMAONY  OF  INTERESTS: Agricultural, Manufacturing, and
Commercial.  8vo., cloth........           $1.50
IMANUAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.  Condensed from Carey's "Prin    ciples of Social Science." By KATE MICKEAN. 1 vol. 12mo. $2.25
MIISCELLANEOUS  WORKS: comprising "Harmony of Interests,"
" MAoney," "Letters to the President," "Financial Crises," " The
Way to Outdo England Without Fighting Her," "Resources of
the Union," "The Public Debt." "Contraction or Expansion?"
"Review of the Decade 1857-'67," "Reconstruction," etc., etc.
Two vols., 8vo., cloth............               $10.00
PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTUIRE.   8vo.....                     $2.50
PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCE.  3 vols., 8rvo., cloth   $10.00
THE SLAVE-TRADE, DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN; Why it Ex   ists, and lIow it may be Extinguished (1853). 8vo., cloth.  $2.00
LETTERS ON INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT (1867).    50
TIlE UNITY OF LAW: As Exhibited in the Relations of Physical,
Social, Mental, and Mloral Science (1872).  In one volume, Svo.,
Ipp. xxiii., 433.  Cloth............          $3.50
CHAPMAN.- A Treatise on Ropemaking:
As Practised in private and public Rope yards, with a Description
of the  alaiufacture, Rules, Tables of Weights, etc., adapted to the
Trades, Shipping, MAlining, Railways, Builders, etc.  By ROBERT
CHIAPMIAN.  24imoio..............$1.50
7 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
COLBURN.-The Locomotive Engine:
Including a Description of its Structure, Rules for Estimating its Capa bilities, and Practical Observations on its Construction and Manage nient. By ZERAII COLBURN. Illustrated. A new edition. 12mo.  $1.25
CRAIK.- The  Practical American  Millwright  and
Miller.
By DAVoID CRAIK, Millwrighlit. Illustrated by numerous wood en graviigs, and two folding plates. 8vo......          $5.00
DE GRAFF.-The Geometrical Stair Builders' Cluide:
Being a Plain Practical System of Hand-Railing, embracing all its
necessary Details, and Geometrically Illustrated by 22 Steel Engrav ings; together with the use of the most approved principles of Prac tical Geometry.  By SIMION DE GRAFF, Architect.  4to..   $5.00
DE KONINCK.-DIETZ.-A Practical Manual of Che    mical Analysis and Assaying:
As applied to the Manufacture of Iron from its Ores, and to Cast Iron,
Wrought Iron, and Steel, as found in Commerce. By L. L. DE KON  INCK, Dr. Sc., and E. DIETZ, Engineer. Edited with Notes, by ROBERT
MALLET, F.R.S., F.S.G., M.I.C.E., etc.  American  Edition, Edited
with Notes and an Appendix on Iron Ores, by A. A. FESQURT, Chemist
and Engineer.  One volume, 12mo.........         $2.50
DUNCAN.-Practical Surveyor's Guide:
Containing the necessary information to make any person, of common
capacity, a finished land surveyor without the aid of a teacher. By
ANDREWE  DUNCAN.  Illustrated.  12mo., cloth...    $1.25
DUPLAIS.-A Treatise on the Manufacture and Dis    tillation of Alcoholic Liquors:
Comprising Accurate and Complete Details in Regard to Alcohol from
Wine, Molasses, Beets, Grain, Rice, Potatoes, Sorghum, Asphodel,
Fruits, etc.; with the Distillation and Rectification of Brandy, Whis  key, Rum, Gin, Swiss, Absinthe, etc., the Preparation of Aromatic Wa  ters, Volatile Oils or Essences, Sugars, Syrups, Aromatic Tinctures,
Liqueurs, Cordial Wines, Effervescing Wines, etc., the Aging of Brandy
and the Inmprovement of Spirits, with Copious Directions and Tables
for Testing and Peducing Spirituous Liquors, etc., etc.  Translated
and Edited from the French of MM. DUIPLAIS, Aine et Jeune.  By
M. AMCKENNIE, MA.D.  To which are added the United States Internal
Revenue Regulations for the Assessment and Collection of Taxes on
Distilled Spirits. Illustrated by fourteen folding plates and several
wood engravings.  743 pp., 8vo......... $10.00
DUSSAUCE.-A General Treatise on the Manufacture
of Every Description of Soap:
Compl)rising the Chemistry of the Art, with Remarks on Alkalies, Sa ponifiable Fatty Bodies, the apiparatuts necessary in a Soap Factory,
Practical Instructions in the manufacture of the various kinds of Soap,
the assay of Soaps, etc., etc. Edited fronm Notes of Larm,-, Fontenelle,
MAalapayre, Dufour, and others, with large and important additions by
Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist.  Illustrated. In one vol., 8ro.. $10.00 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
DUSSAUCE.-A General Treatise on the Manufacture
of Vinegar:
Theoretical and Practical. Comprising the various Methods, by the
Slow and the Quick Processes, with Alcohol, Wine, Grain, Malt, Cider,
Molasses, and Beets; as well as the Fabrication of Wood Vinegar, etc.,
etc.  By Prof. H. DUSSAUCE.  In one volume, 8vo...    $5.00
DUSSAUCE.-A New and Complete Treatise on the
Arts of Tanning, Currying, and Leather Dressing:
Comprising all the Discoveries and Improvements made in.France,
Great Britain, and the United States.  Edited from Notes and Docu  nients of Messrs. Sallerou, Grouvelle, Duval, Dessables, Labarraque,
Payen, Ren6, De Fontenelle, Malapeyre, etc., etc.  By Prof. H. Dus SAUCE, Chemist.  Illustrated by 212 wood engravings.  8vo.  $25.00
JDUSSAUCE.- A Practical Guide for the Perfumer:
Being a New Treatise on Perfumery, the most favorable to the Beauty
without being injurious to the Health, comprising a Description of the
substances used in Perfumery, the Formuli  of more than 1000 Prepa rations, such as Cosmetics, Perfumed Oils, Tooth Powders, Waters,
Extracts, Tinctures, Infusions, Spirits, Vinaigres, Essential Oils, Pas tels, Creams, Soaps, and many new Hygienic Products not hitherto
described.  Edited from Notes and Documents of Mlessrs.'Debay, Lu nel, etc. With additions by Prof. H. DUSSAUCE, Chemist. 12mo.  $3.00
DUSSAUCE.-Practical Treatise on the Fabrication
of Matches, Gun Cotton, and Fulminating Powders.
By Prof. H. DUSSAU'CE.  12mo...........           $3.00
Dyer and Color-maker's Companion:
Containing upwards of 200 Receipts for making Colors, on the most
approved principles, for all the various styles and fabrics now in exist  ence; with the Scouring Process, and plain Directions for Preparing,
Washing-off, and Finishing the Goods.  In one vol., 12mo..  $1.25
EASTON.-A Practical Treatise on Street or Horse    power Railways.
ByV ALEXANDER  EASTON, C.E.  Illustrated by  23 plates.  8vo.,
cloth..................             $2.00
ELDER.-Questions of the Day:
Economic and Social.  By Dr. WILLIANT ELDER.  8VO..    $3.00
FAIRBAIRN.-The Principles of Mechanism and Ma    chinery of Transmission:
Comnprising the Principles  of Mechanism,  Wheels, and  Pulleys,
Strength and Proportions of Shafts, Couplirng of Shafts, and Engaging
and Disengaging Gear.  By Sir WlILLIAm FAnTBA,',-, C.ER., LL.1).,
F.R.S., F.G.S.  Beautifully illustrated by over 150 wood-cuts.  In
one volume, 12mo............                      $2.5)0
FORSYTH. —Book of Designs for Headstones, Mural,
and other Monuments:
Containing 78 Designs. By JAMES FORSYTH. With an Introduction
by CHARLES BOUTELL, M. A.  4to., cloth....    $5.00
9 
10      HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
GIBSON.-The American Dyer:
A  Practical Treatise on the Coloring of Wool, Cotton, Yarn  and
Cloth, in three parts. Part First gives a descriptive account of the
Dye Stuffs; if of vegetable origin, where produced, how cultivated,
aiid how prepared for use; if chemical, their composition, specific
gravities, and general adaptability, how adulterated, and how to de tect the adulterations, etc. Part Second is devoted to the Coloring of
Wool, giv ing recipes for one hundred and twentyv-nine different colors
or slhades, and is supplied with sixty colored samiples of Wool. Part
Third is devoted to the Coloring of IRaw Cottoni or Cotton Waste, for
mixing w ith Wool Colors in the Manufacture of all kinds of -Fabrics,
gives recipes for thirty-eight different colors or shades, and is supplied
with twenty-four colored samples of Cotton Waste.  Also, recipes for
Coloring Beavers, Doeskins, and Flannels, with remarks upoi  Ani.
lines, giving recipes for fifteen different colors or shades, and nine
samples ofAniline Colors that will stand both the Fulling and Scour iiig process.  Also, recipes for Aniline Colors on Cotton Thread, and
recipes for Common Colors on Cotton Yarns. Embracing in all over
two hundred recipes for Colors and Shades, and ninety-four samples
of Colored Wool and Cotton Waste, etc.  By RICHARD H. GIBSON,
Practical Dyer add Chemist.  In one volume, Svo...    $12.50
GILBART.-History and Principles of Banking:
A Practical Treatise.  By JAMES W. GILBART, late Manager of the
London and Westminster Bank. With additions. In onle volume,
8vo., 600 pages, sheep...........          $5.00
Gothic Album for Cabinet Makers:
Comprising a Collection of Designs for Gothic Furniture. Illustrated
by 23 large and beautifully engraved plates.  Oblong..   $3.00
GRANT. - Beet-root Sugar and Cultivation of the
Beet.
Bv E. B. GRANT.  12mo...........        $1.25
GREGORY.-Mathematics for Practical Men:
Adapted to the Pursuits of Surveyors, Architects, Mechanics, and
Civil Engineers. By OLINTHUS GREGORY. 8vo., plates, cloth $3.0(
GRISWOLD.- Railroad Engineer's Pocket Compan    ion for the Field:
Comprising Rules for Calculating Deflection Distances and Angles,
Tangential Distances and Angles, and all Necessary Tables for Engi- 
neers; also the art of Levelling from Preliminary Survey to the Con struction of Railroads, intended Expressly for the Young Engineer,
together with Numerous  Valuable Rules and Exalnples.  By W.
GRISWOLD.   12mo., tucks...........              $1.75
GRUNER.-Studies of Blast Furnace Phenomena.
13v MA. L. GRUNER, President of the General Council of M,ines of
France, and lately Professor of Metallurgy at the Ecole des Mines.
Translated, with the Author's sanction, with an Appendix, by L. D. B.
Gordon, F. R. S. E.... F. (,'S.  Illustrated.  8vo.....   $2.50 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.                           11
GUETTIER.-Metallic Alloys:
Being a Practical Guide to their Chemical and Physical Properties,
their Preparation, Composition, and  Uses.   Tralislated from the
French of A. GUETTIER, Engineer and Director of Foundries, author
of" La Fouderie en France," etc., etc. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist
and Engineer.  In one volume, 12mo......               $3.00
HARRIS.-Gas Superintendent's Pocket Companion.
By IHARRITS & BROTHER, Gas Meter Manufacturers, 1115 and  1117
Cherry Street, Philadelphia.  Full bound in pocket-book form   $2.00
Hats and Felting:
A Practical Treatise on their Manufacture.  By a Practical Ihatter.
Illustrated by Drawings of Machinery, etc.  8vo....    $1.25
HOFMANN.-A Practical Treatise on the Manufac    ture of Paper in all its Branches.
By CARL HOFMIANN.  Late Superintendent of paper mills in Ger  many and the United States; recently manager of the Public Ledger
Paper Mills, near Elkton, Md.  Illustrated by 110 wood engravings,
and  five large folding plates.  In one volume, 4to:, cloth;  398
pages................                        $15.00
HUGHES.-American Miller and Millwright's Assist    ant.
By WM. CARTER HUGHES.  A new edition. In one vol., 12mo. $1.50
HURST.-A Hand-Book for Architectural Surveyors
and others engaged in Building:
Containing Formulh useful in Designing Builder's work, Table of
Weights, of the materials used in Building, lMemoranda connected
with Builders' work, MIensuration, the Practice of luilders' }leasure  ment, Contracts of Labor, Valuationi of I'rolperty, Stummiary of the
Practice in Dilapidation, etc., etc.  By J. F. ]t'IST, C. E. S(onl(l
edition, pocket-book form, full bound.......          2.50
JERVIS.-Railway Property:
A Treatise on the Construction and Management of Railways; (le
signed to afford useful knowledge, in the popular style, to the holders
of this class of property; as well as Railway Managers, Officers, and
Agents.  By JOHN B. JERVIS, late Chief Engineer of the IHudson
River Railroad, Croton Aqueduct, etc. In one vol., 12mo., cloth $2.00
JOHNSTON.-Instructions for the Analysis of Soils,
Limestones, and Manures.
By J. F. W. JOHNSTON.  12mo...........           38 
12      HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
KEENE.-A Hand-Book of Practical Gauging:
For the Use of Beginners, to which is added, A Chapter on Distill,.
tion, describing the process in operation at the Custom IHou:e f(,r
ascertaining the strength of wines.  By JAMES B. KEENE, of II. I.
Customs.  8vo.                                                     $1.25
KELLEY.-Speeches, Addresses, and Letters on In    dustrial and Financial Questions.
PBy Hon. VWILLIAMS D. KELLEY, M[. C. In one volume, 544 page,
svo................   $3.00
KENTISHII.-A Treatise on a Box of Instru~ments,
And the Slide Rule; with the Theory of Trigonometry and Loga rithms, including Practical Geometry, Surveying, Measuring of Tim ber, Cask and Malt Gaaging, Heights, and Distances.  By TIIOIAs
KEsNTISI{.  In one volume.  12mo.........$1.25
KOBELL.-ERNI.-Mineralogy Simplified:
A short Method of Determining and Classifying Minerals, by means
of simple Chemical Experiments in the Wet Way.  Translated from
the last German Edition of F. VON KOBELLI, with an Introduction to
Blow-pipe Analysis and other additions.  By HENRI ER.NI, MA. D.,
late Chief Chemist, Department of Agriculture, author of " Coal Oil
and Petroleum."  In one volume, 12mo.                           $2.50
LANDRIN.-A Treatise on Steel:
Comprising its Theory, Metallurgy, Properties, Practical Working,
and Use.  By M. H. C. LANDrIN, Jr., Civil Engineer.  Translated
from the French, with Notes, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engi neer.  With an Appendix oni the Bessemer and the Martin Processes
for Manliufacturing Steel, from the Peport of Abram S. lIcwitt, United
States Commissioner to the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867.  In one
volume, 12mo...............          $3.00
LARKIN.-The Practical Brass and Iron Founder's
Guide:
A Concise Treatise on Brass Founding, Moulding, the Metals and their
Alloys, etc.: to which are added Recent Improvements in the Manu facture of Iron, Steel by the Bessemer Process, etc., etc.  By JAxIIEs
,LAPKIN, late Conductor of the Brass Foundry Department in Rleany,
Neafie & Co's. Penn Works, Philadelphia. Fifth edition, revised,
with Extensive additions.  In one volume, 12mo... $' 5o
LEAVITT.-Facts about Peat as an Article of Fuel:
With Remarks  upon its Origin and Composition, the Localities in
which it is found, the Methods of Preparation and Manufacture, and
the various Uses to which it is applicable; together with many other
matters of Practical and Scientific Interest. To which is added a chal) ter onIL the Utilization of Coal Dust with Peat for the Production of an)
Excellent Fuel at Moderate Cost, specially adapted for Steam Service.
By T. H. LEAVITT.  Third edition.  12mo....   $l.75 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
LEROUX, C,-A Practical Treatise on the Manufac    ture of Worsteds and Carded Yarns:
Comprising Practical Mechanics, with Rules and Calculations applied
to Spinning; Sorting, Cleaning, and Scouring Wools; the English
and French methods of Comnbing, Drawing, and Spinning WVorsteds
andil MAlanufacturing Carded Yarns.  Translated from the Frenchl of
CHAERLES LEROUX,  Mechanical Engineer, and Superintendent of a
SpIinning Mill, b1  HORAPTIO PAINE, M. D., and A. A. FESQUET,
Chemist and(l Engineer. Illustrated by 12 large Plates.  To which is
added an Appendix, containing extracts from the Reports of the Initer national Jury, and of the Artisans selected by the Committee app)inted
by the Council of the Society of Arts, London, on Woollenf and Worsted 
Machinery and Fabrics, as e xhibited in the Paris Universal Exposi tion, 1867. 8vo., cloth.......;5.00
LESLIE (Miss).-Complete Cookery:
Directions for Cookerv in its Various  Branches.  By AlISS LESLIE.
60thl thousand.  Thoroughlly revisedl, withl the addition of New  Re ceipts.  In one volume, 1i2mo., clothl.....    $1.50
LESLIE (Miss).-Ladies' House Book:
A Manual of Domestic Ecoinoiiiv.'20tli revised edition.  12mo., cloth.
LESLIE (Miss).-Two Hundred Receipts in French
Cookery.
Cloth, 12mo.
LIEBER.-Assayer's Guide:
Or, Practical Directions to Assayers, Miners, and Smelters, for the
Tests and Assays, )by lleat and by AVet Processes, for the Ores of all
the principal Mletals, of Gold and Silver Coins and Alloys, and of
Coal, etc.  By OSCAI Ml. LIEBEI.  1l2mo., cloth...    $1.25
LOTH.-The Practical Stair Builder:
A Complete Treatise on the Art of Building Stairs and Ilaid-Rails,
Designed for Carpenters, Builders, and  Stair-BIuilders.  Illustrated
with Thirty Original Plates. By C. EDWARD L1,OTII, Protssioiial
Stair-Builder.  One large 4to. volume.....    $10.00
LOVE.-The Art of Dyeing, Cleaning, Scouring, and 
Finishing, on the Most Approved English and
French Methods:
Being Practical Instructions in Dyeing Silks, WVoollens, and Cottons,
Feathers, Chips, Straw, etc.  Scouring and Cleaning Bled and Window
Curtains, Carpets, Rugs, etc.  French and English Cleaning, any
Color or Fabric of Silk, Satin, or Damask.  13Bv TIIO.MAS LOVE, a
Working Dyer and Scourer.  Second American IEdition, to which are
added General Instructions for the Use of Aullinie Colors.  Ini one
volume, 8vo., 343 pages.........                               $5.00
Is
13 
14     HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
MAIN and BROWN.-Questions on Subjects Con    nected with the Marine Steam-Engine:
And Examination Papers  with hlints for their Solution.  By THOMAS
J. M[AIN, Professor of Mlathemiatics, lRoyal Naval College, and TIiOMIAS
B3rOW-, Chief Engineer, R.N.  1-nimo., cloth.....           $.1.50
MAIN and BROWN.-The Indicator and Dynamo    meter:
With their Practical Applications to the Steam-Engine. By THiOMIAS
J. MAIN, M. A. F. R., Assistant Professor Royal Naval Collecc, Ports mouth, and TIhIOIAS BRowx, Assoc. Inst. C. E., (Clief Eiineer, R.
N., attached to the Royal Naval College.   Illustrated.  F'romn the
Fourth London Edition.  Svo............               1.50
MAIN and BROWN.-The Marine Steam-Engine.
By TIO.MIAS J. MAIN, F. R.; Assistant S. Mlatlhemnatical Professor at
the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, and THIOMAS l,1iOWN, Assoc.
Inst. C. E., Chief Engineer R. N.  Attached to the l]oval Naval Col lege.  Authors of "Questions connected with the Marine Steam-En gine," and the "Indicator and Dynaminometer." WAVith numerous Illus traftions.  In one volume, Svo........                     $5.00
MARTIN.-Screw-Cutting Tables, for the Use of Me   chanical Engineers:
Showing the Proper Arrangement of Wheels for Cutting the Threads
of Screws of any required Pitch; with a Table for Malking the Uni versal Gas-Pipe Thread and Taps.  By W. A. MARTIN, Engineer.
8vo..................            50
Mechanics' (Amateur) Workshop:
A treatise containing plain and concise directions for the manipula tion of AVWood and Metals, including Casting, Forging, Brazing, Sol dering, and Carpentry.  By the author of the "Lathe and its Uses."
Third edition.  Illustrated.  8vo..........             $3.00
MOLESWORTH.-Pocket-Book of Useful Formulae
and Memoranda for Civil and Mechanical Engi    neers.
By GUILFORD L. MOLESWORTHI, Member of the Institution of Civil
Engineers, Chief Resident Engineer of the Ceylon Railway.  Second
American, from the Tenth London Edition. In one volume, full'
bound in pocket-book form............            $2.00
NAPIER.-A System of Chemistry Applied to Dyeing.
By JAMIES NAPIER, F. C. S.  A New and Thloroiughly Revised Edi tion. Completely brought up to the p)resent state of the Scieince, irnclu ding the Chemistry of Coal Tar Colors, by A. A. FESQUET,'lChemist
and Engineer.  With all Appendix on Dyeing and (Calico Printilng, Is
shlown at the Universal Exposition, Paris, 1867. Illustrated.  Il one
Volume, 8vo., 422 pages..........    $5.00 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
NAPIER.-Manual of Electro-Metallurgy:
Including the Application of the Art to Manufacturing Processes.  By
JAM_ES NAPIER.  Fourth American, from thle Fourth Londoin edition,
revised and enlarged. Illustrated by engravings. In one vol., 8vo. $2.00
NASON.-Table of Reactions for Qualitative Chemical
Analysis.
By HENRY B. NASON, Professor of Chemistry in the Rensselaer Poly technic Institute, Troy, New York.  Illustrated by Colors... 63
NEWBERY.-Gleanings from Ornamental Art of
every style: 
Drawn from Examples in the British, South Kensington, Indian,
Crystal Palace, and other Museums, the Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862,
and the best- English and Foreign works.  In a series of one hundred
exquisitely drawn Plates, containing many hundred examples. By
ROBERT NEWVBERIY.  4to............          $15.00
NICHOLSON.-A Manual of the Art of Bookbinding:
Containing full instructions in the different Branches of Forwarding,
Gilding, and Finishing.  Also, the Art of Marbling Book-edges and
Paper.  By JAMES B. NICHOLSON.  Illustrated.  1:mo., cloth. $2.25
NICHOLSON.-The Carpenter's New Guide:,
A Complete Book of Lines for Carpenters and Joiners. By PETER
NICHIIOLSON. The whole carefully and thoroughly revised by H. K.
DAVIS, and containing numerous new and improved and original De signs for Roofs, Domes, etc.  By SAMUEL SLOAN, Architect.  Illus.
trated by 80 plates.  4to............           $4.50
NORRIS.-A Hand-book for Locomotive Engineers
and Machinists:
Comprising the Proportions and Calculations for Constructing Loco motives; Manner of Setting Valves; Tables of Squares, Cubes, Areas,
etc., etc.  By SFPTIMIUS NORRIS, Civil and  Mechanical Engineer.
New edition.  Illustrated.  12mno., cloth.                      $2.00
NYSTROM.-On Technological Education, and the
Construction of Ships and Screw Propellers:
For Naval and Marine Engineers.  By JOHN W. NYSTROM, late Act ing Chief Engineer, U. S. N. Second edition, revised with additional
matter.  Illustrated by seven engravings.  12mo...    $1.50
O'NEILL.-A Dictionary of Dyeing and Calico Print    ing:
Containing a brief account of all the Substances and Processes in use
in the Art of Dyeing and Printing Textile Fabrics; with Practical
Receipts and Scientific Information.  By CHARLES O'NEILL, An.t lvtical Chemist; Fellow of the Chemical Society of London; Member
of the Literary and Philosophical Society (,f Manchester; Author of
"Chemistry of Calico Printing and l)yeing."  To which is added an
Essay on Coal Tar Colors and their application to Dyeing and Calico
Printing. By A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and engineer. With an Ap pendix on Dyeing and Calico Printing, as shown at the Universal
Exposition, Paris, 1867.  In one volume, 8vo., 491 pages..   $6.00
15 
16      HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
ORTON.-Underground Treasures:
How and Where to Find Them. A Key for the Ready Determination
of all the Useful Minerals within the United States.  By JAMES
ORTOX, A. M.  Illustrated, 12mo............          $1.50
OSBORN.-American Mines and Mining:
Theoretically and Practically Considered. By Prof. H. S. OSBORN.
Illustrated by numerous engravings.   8vo.  (In preparation.)
OSBORN.-The Metallurgy of Iron and Steel:
Theoretical and Practical in all its Branches; with special reference
to American Materials and Processes.  By H. S. OSBORN, LL. D.,
Professor of Mining and Metallurgy in Lafayette College, Easton,
Pennsylvania.   Illustrated by numerous large folding plates and
wood-engravings.  8vo.............             $15.00
OVERMAN.-The Manufacture of Steel:
Containing the Practice and Principles of Working and Making Steel.
A Handbook for Blacksmiths and Workers in Steel and Iron, Wagon
Makers, Die Sinkers, Cutlers, and Manufacturers of Files and Ihard ware, of Steel and Iron, and for MAen of Science and Art. By FRED ERICK OVERMAN, Mining Engineer, Author of the "Manaufacture of
Iron," etc. A new, enlarged, and revised Edition. By A. A. FESQUET,
Chemist and Engineer.............           $1.50
OVERMAN.-The Moulder and Founder's Pocket
Guide:
A Treatise on Moulding and Founding in Green-sand, Dry-sand, Loam,
and Cement; the Moulding of Machine Frames, Mill-gear, Ifollow ware, Ornaments, Trinkets, Bells, and Statues; Description of Moulds
bfor Iron, Bronze, Brass, and other Metals; Plaster of Paris, Sulphur,
Wax, and other articles commonly used in Casting; the Construction
of Melting Furnaces, the Melting and Founding of Metals; the Com position of Alloys and their Nature. With an Appendix containing
Receipts for Alloys, Bronze, Varnishes and Colors for Castings; also,
Tables on the Strength and other qualities of Cast Metals.  By FEED ERICK OVERMAN, Mining Engineer, Author of "The Manufacture
of Iron."  With 42 Illustrations.  12mo.                         $1.50
Painter, Gilder, and Varnisher's Companion:
Containing Rules and Regulations in everything relating to the Arts
of Painting, Gilding, Varnishing, Glass-Staining, Grainiing, Marbling,
Sign-Writing, Gilding on Glass, and Coach Painting and Varnishing;
Tests for the Detection of Adulterations in Oils, Colors, etc.; and a
Statement of the Diseases to which Painters are peculiarly liable, with
the Simplest and Best Remedies. Sixteenth Edition. Revised, with
an Appendix.   Containing Colors and  Coloring-Theoretical and
Practical.  Comprising descriptions of a great variety of Additional
Pigments, their Qualities and Uses, to which are added, Dryers, and
Modes and Operations of Painting, etc. Together with Chevreul's
Principles of Harmony and Contrast of Colors.  12mo., cloth.   $1.50 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
PALLETT.-The Miller's, Millwright's, and Engineer's
Guide.
By HENRY PALLETT. Illustrated. In one volume, 12mo.   $3.00
PERCY.-The Manufacture of Russian Sheet-Iron.
Bv JOIHN PERCY, M.D., F.R.S., Lecturer on Metallurgy at the Royal
School of Mines, and to The Advanced Class of Artillery Officers at
the Royal Artillery Institution, Woolwich; Author of" Metallurgy."
With Illustrations. 8vo., paper.......      5...            0 cts.
PERKINS.-Gas and Ventilation.. 
Practical Treatise on Gas and Ventilation. With Special Relation to
Illuminating, Heating, and Cooking by Gas. Including Scientific
Helps to Engineer-students and others.  With Illustrated Diagramrs.
By E. E. PERKINS.  12mo., cloth.........          $1.25
PERKINS and STOWE.-A New Guide to the Sheet    iron and Boiler Plate Roller:
Containing a Series of Tables showing the Weight of Slabs and Piles
to produce Boiler Plates, and of the Weight of Piles and the Sizes of
Bars to produce Sheet-iron; the Thickness of the Bar Gauge in
decimals; the Weight per foot, and the Thickness on the ]ar or Wire
Gauge of the fractional parts of an inch; the Weight per sheet, and
the Thickness on the Wire Gauge of Sheet-iron of various dimensions
to weigh 112 lbs. per bundle; and the conversion of Short Weight
into Long Weight, and Long Weight into Short.  Estimated and col lected by G. H. PERKINS and J. G. STOWE......         $2.50
PHILLIPS and DARLINGTON.-Records of Mining
and Metallurgy;
Or Facts and Memoranda for the use of the Mine Agent and Smelter.
By J. ARTHUR PHILLIPS, Mining Engineer, Graduate of the Imnperial
School of Mines, France, etc., and JOHN DARLINGTON.  Illustrated
by numerous engravings.  In one volume, 12mo...   $2.00
PROTEAUX.-Practical Guide for the Manufacture
of Paper and Boards.
By A. PROTEAUX, Civil Engineer, and Graduate of the School of Arts
and MAanufactures. and Director of Thiers' Paper Mill, Puy-de-D6me.
With additions, by L. S. LE NORMA.ND. Translated from the French,
with Notes, by HORATIO PAINE, A. B., M.D.  To which is added a
Chapter on the Manufacture of Paper from Wood in the United
States, by HENRY T. BROWN, of the "American Artisan."  Illus trated by six plates, containing Drawings of Raw Materials, Mqcehi nery, Plans of Paper-MAills, etc., etc.  8vo....   $10.C0
R.GNAULT.-Elements of Chemistry.
By M. V. REGNAUI,T.  Translated from the French by T. FORREST
BETTON, lM.D., and edited, with Notes, by JAMES C. BOOTH, Melter
and Refiner U.S. stint, and WVMI. LI,. FABER, Metallurgist and Mining
Engineer.  Illustrated by nearly 700 wood engravings.  Comprising
nearly 1500 pages.  In two volumes, 8vo., cloth....    $7.50
17 
18       HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
REID.-A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of
Portland Cement:
By HENRY REID, C. E.  To which is added a Translation of M. A.
Lipowitz's Work, describing a New Method adopted in Germany for
Manufacturing that Cement, by W. F. REID.  Illustrated by plates
and wood engravings.  8vo.......    $(;.00
RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT.-A
Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Var   nishes. 
By vI M. RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT. Revised and
Edited by M. F. MfALEPEYRE and Dr. EMIL WINCKLER.  Illustrated.
In one volume, 8vo. (In preparation.)
RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOUSSAINT.-A
Practical Treatise on the Manufacture of Colors
for Painting:
Containing the best Formulae and the Processes the Newest and in
most General Use. By AM M. RIFFAULT, VERGNAUD, and TOLTSSAINT.
Revised and Edited by M. F. MAIALEPEYRE and Dr. EMIL WINCKLER.
Translated from the French by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engi neer. Illustrated by Engravings. In one volume, 650 pages, Svo.
$7.50
ROBINSON.- Explosions of Steam Boilers:
How they are Caused, and how they may be Prevented.  By J. R.
ROBINSON, Steam Engineer.  12nio..                           $1.25
ROPER.-A Catechism of High Pressure or Non   Condensing Steam-Engines:
Including the Modelling, Constructing, Running, and Management
of Steam Engines and Steam Boilers.  With Illustrations.  By
STEPHEN ROPER, Engineer.  Full bound tucks...   $2.00
ROSELEUR.-Galvanoplastic Manipulations:
A Practical Guide for the Gold and Silver Electro-plater and the
Galvanoplastic Operator. Translated from the French of ALFRED
ROSELEUR, Chemist, Professor of the Galvanoplastic Art, MAanufactu  rer of Chemicals, Gold and Silver Electro-plater. By A. A. FESQUET,
Chemist and Engineer. Illustrated by over 127 Engravings on wood.
8vo., 495 pages...............               $6.00 
This Treatise is the fullest and by far the best on this subject ever
published in the United States.
SCHINZ.-Researches on the Action of the Blast
Furnace.
BY CHARLES SCIIINZ.  Translated from the German with the special
permission of the Author by AVILLIAI IH. MAW and MORITZ MUII. LER.  With an Appendix written by the Author expressly for this
edition.  Illustrated by seven plates, containing 28 figures.  In one
volume, 12mo...............            $4.25 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
SHAW.-Civil Architecture:
Being a Complete Theoretical and Practical System of Building, con taining the Fundamental Principles of the Art. By EDWARD SHAW,
Architect. To which is added a Treatise on Gothic Architecture, etc.
By THOMAS W. SILLOWAY and GEORGE M. IIARDING, Architects.
The whole illustrated by One Hundred and Two quarto plates finely
engraved on copper.  Eleventh Edition.  4to., cloth..   $10.00
SHUNK.-A Practical Treatise on Railway Curves
and Location, for Young  Engineers.
By WILLIAMS F. SIIUNK, Civil Engineer.  12mo...   $2.00
SLOAN.American Houses:
A variety of Original Designs for Rural Buildings. Illustrated by 26
colored Engravings, with Descriptive R'eferences. By SAMUEL SLOAN,
Architect, author of the " Model Architect," etc., etc.  8vo.         $2.50
SMEATON.-Builder's Pocket Companion:
Containing the Elements of Building, Surveying, and Architecture;
with Practical Rules and Instructions connected with the subject.
By A. C. SMEATON, Civil Engineer, etc. In one volume, 12mo. $1.50
SMITH.-A Manual of Political Economy.
By E. PESHINE SMITH.  A new Edition, to which is added a full
Index.  l2mo., cloth...........                $1.25
SMITH.-Parks and Pleasure Grounds:
Or Practical Notes on Country Residences, Villas, Public Parks, and
Gardens.  By CHARLES H. J. SMITH, Landscape Gardener and
Garden Architect, etc., etc.  12mo.......                  $2.25
SMITH.-The Dyer's Instructor:
Comprising Practical Instructions in the Art of Dyeing Silk, Cotton,
Wvool, and Worsted, and Woollen Goods: containing nearly 800
Receipts.  To which is added a Treatise on the Art of Padding; and
the Printing of Silk Warps, Skeins, and Handkerchiefs., and the
various Mordants and Colors for the different styles of suc' work.
By DAVID SMITH, Pattern Dyer.  12mo., cloth...           $3.00
SMITH.-The Practical Dyer's Guide:
Comprising Practical Instructions in the Dyeing of Shot Cobourgs
Silk Striped Orleans, Colored Orleans from Black Warps, Ditto from
White Warps, Colored Cobourgs from White Warps, Merinos, Yarns,
Woollen Cloths, etc. Containing nearly 300 Receipts, to most of which
a Dyed Pattern is annexed. Also, A Treatise on the Art of Padding.
By D)AVID SMITHI.  In one volume, 8vo.  Price...    $25.00
STEWART.-The American System.
Speeches on the Tariff Question, and on Internal Improvements, princi.
p)ally delivered in the House of Representatives of the UInited States
By ANDREW STEWART, late M. C. from Pennsylvania. With a Portrait,
and a Biographical Sketch.  In one volume, 8vo., 407 pages.   $3.00
19 
20      IIENRY CAPEY BAIIRD'S CATALOGUE.
STOKES.-Cabinet-maker's and Upholsterer's Com   panion:
Comprising the Rudiments and Principles of Cabinet-making and Up holstery, with Familiar Instructions, illustrated by Examples for
attaining a Proficiency in the Art of Drawing, as applicable to Cabi net-work; the Processes of Veneering, Inlaying, and Buhl-work; the
Art of Dyeing and Staining Wood, Bone, Tortoise Shell, etc.  Direc tions for Lackering, Japanning, and Varnishing; to make Frencli
Polish; to prepare the Best Glues, Cements, and Compositions, and a
number of Receipts particularly useful for workmen generally.  By
J. STOKES.  In one volume, 12mo.  With Illustrations... * $1.25
Strength and other Properties of Metals:
Reports of Experiments on the Strength and other Properties of Metals
for Cannon.  WVith a Description of the Machines for testing Metals,
and of the Clas3ification of Cannon in service. By Officers of the Ord nance Department U.S. Army. By authority of the Secretary of War.
Illustrated by 25 large steel plates.  In one volume, 4to..   $10.00
SULLIVAN.-Protection to Native Industry.
By Sir EDWARD SULLIVAN, Baronet, author of "Ten Chapters on
Social Reforms."  In one volume, 8vo...   $1.50
Tables Showing the Weight of Round, Square, and
Flat Bar Iron, Steel, etc.,
By Measurement. Cloth.............          63
TAYLOR.-Statistics  of Coal:
Including Mineral Bituminous Substances employed in Arts and
Manufactures; with their Geographical, Geological, and Commercial
Distribution and Amount of Production and Consumption on the
American Continent. With Incidental Statistics of the Iron Maiiu facture.  By R. C. TAYLOR.  Second edition, revised by S.S. HAL DEMA'N-. Illustrated by five Maps and many wood engravings. 8vo.,
cloth..................            $10.00
TEMPLETON.-The Practical Examinator on Steam
and the Steam-Engine:
With Instructive References relative thereto, arranged for the Use of
Engineers, Students, and others.  By WNI. TEMPLETON, Engineer.
12mo..................            $1.25
THOMAS.-The Modern Practice of Photograph
By R. W. THOMAS, F. C. S. 8vo., cloth.....
THOMSON.-Freight Charges Calculator.
By ANDREW THOMSON, Freight Agent. 24ino...
TURNING: Specimens of Fancy Turning Executed
on the Hand or Foot Lathe:
With Geometric, Oval, and Eccentric Chucks, and Elliptical Cutting
Frame.  By an Amateur.  Illustrated by 30 exquisite Photographs.
4to................                 $3.00
75
$1.25 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
Turner's (The) Companion:
Containing Instructions in Concentric, Elliptic, and Eccentric Turn in,: also various Plates of Chucks, Tools, and Instruments; and Di rections for using the Eccentric Cutter, Drill, Vertical Cutter, and
Circular Rest; with Patterns and Instructions for working them. A
new edition in one volume, 12mo.                                   $1.50
URBIN.-BRULL.-A Practical Guide for Puddcing
Iron and Steel.
By ED. URBIN, Engineer of Arts and Manufactures.  A  Pize Essay
read before the Association of Engineers, Graduate of the School of
Mines, of Liege, Belgium, at the Mleeting of 1865-6.  To which is added
A COMPARPISON OF THE RESISTING PROPERTIES OF IRON AND STEEL.
B.y A. BREULL. Translated from the French by A. A. FESQUET, Che mist and Engineer.  In one volume, 8vo.                         $1.00
VAILE.-Galvanized Iron Cornice-Worker's Manual:
Containing Instructions in Laying out the Different Mitres, and Ma king Patterns for all kinds of Plain and Circular Work. Also, Tables
of Weights, Areas and Circumferences of Circles, and other Matter
calculated to Benefit the Trade. By CHARLES A. VAILE, Superin tendent "Richmond Cornice Works," Richmond, Indiaa.  Illustra ted by 21 Plates.  In one volume, 4to.....    $5.00
VILLE.-The School of Chemical Manures:
Or, Elementary Principles in the Use of Fertilizing Agents. From the
French of M. GEORGE VILLE, by A. A. FESQUET, Chemist and Engi neer.  With Illustrations.  In one volume, 12 mo...    $1.25
VOGDES.-The Architect's and Builder's Pocket Com    panion and Price Book:
Consisting of a Short but Comprehensive Epitome of Decimals, Duo
decimals, Geometry and Mensuration; with Tables of U. S. Measures
Sizes, Weights, Strengths, etc., of Iron, AVood, Stone, and various
other Materials, Quantities of Materials in Given Sizes, and Dimen
sions of Wood, Brick, and Stone; and a full and complete Bill of
Prices for Carpenter's Work; also, Rules for Computing and Valuing
Brick anid Brick Work, Stone Work, Painting, Plastering, etc.  By
FRAN-EK W. VOGC)ES, Architect. Illustrated. Full bound in pocket book form................             $2.00
Bound in cloth..............             1.50
WARN.-The Sheet-Metal Worker's Instructor:
For Zinc, Sheet-Iron, Copper, and Tin-Plate Workers, etc. Contain ing a selection of Geometrical Problems; also, Practical and Simple
Rules for descril)ing the various Patterns required in the different
branches of the above Trades.  By REUBEN H. WARN, Practical Tin plate Worker.  To which is added an Appendix, containing Instruc tions for Boiler Making, Mensuration of Surfaces and Solids, Rules fot
Calculating the Weights of different Figures of Iron and Steel, Tables
of the Weights of Iron, Steel, etc. Illustrated by 32 Plates and 37
Wood Engravings.  8vo.....  $3.00
21 
22      HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
WARNER.-New Theorems, Tables, and Diagrams
for the Computation of Earth-Work:
Designed for the use of Engineers in Preliminary and Final Estimates,
of Students in Engineering, and of Contractors and other non-profes sional Computers. In Two Parts, with an Appendix. Part I.-A
Practical Treatise; Part II.-A Theoretical Treatise; and the Appen dix.  Containing Notes to the Rules and Examples of Part I.; Expla nations of the Construction of Scales, Tables, and Diagrams, and a
Treatise upon Equivalent Square Bases and Equivalent Level Heights.
The whole illustrated by numerous original Engravings, comprising
Explanatory Cuts for Definitions and Problems, StereometricScales
and Diagrams, and a Series of Lithographic Drawings from Models,
showing all the Combinations of Solid Forms which occur in Railroad
Excavations and Embankments.  By JOHN WARNER, A. M., Mining
and Mechanical Engineer.  8vo...........          $5.00
WATSON.-A Manual of the Hand-Lathe:
Comprising Concise Directions for working Metals of all kinds, Ivory,
Bone and Precious Woods; Dyeing, Coloring, and French Polishing;
Inlaying by Veneers, and various methods practised to produce Elabo  rate work with Dispatch, and at Small Expense. By EGBERT P.
WATSON, late of" The Scientific American," Author of" The Modern
Practice of American Machinists and Engineers." Illustrated by 78
Engravings................             $1.50
WATSON.-The Modern Practice of American Ma    chinists and Engineers:
Including the Construction, Application, and Use of Drills, Lathe
Tools, Cutters for Boring Cylinders, and Hollow Work Generally,
with the most Economical Speed for the same; the Results verified by
Actual Practice at the Lathe, the Vice, and on the Floor. Together
with Workshop Management, Economy of Manufacture, the Steam  Engine, Boilers, Gears, Belting, etc., etc. By EGBERT P. WATSON,
late of the "Scientific American." Illustrated by 86 Engravings. In
one volume, 12mo...............             $2.50
WATSON.-The Theory and Practice of the Art of
Weaving by Hand and Power:
With Calculations and Tables for the use of those connected with the
Trade.  By JOHN WATSON, Manufacturer and Practical Machine
Maker.  Illustrated by large Drawings of the best Power Looms.
8vo..................             $10.00
WEATHERLY.-Treatise on the Art of Boiling Su    gar, Crystallizing, Lozenge-making, Comfits, Gum
Goods.
12mo.................            $2.00
WEDDING.-The Metallurgy of Iron;
Theoretically and Practically Considered.  By Dr. HERMANN WED DING, Professor of the Metallurgy of Iron at the Royal Mining
Academy, Berlin. Translated by JULIUS Du I MONT, Bethlehem, Pa.
Illustrated by 207 Engravings on Wood, and three Plates. In one
volume, 8vo. (In press.) 
HENRY CAREY BAIRD'S CATALOGUE.
WILL.-Tables for Qualitative Chemical Analysis.
By Professor HEINRICH WILL, of Giessen, Germany. Seventh edi tion. Translated by CHARLES F. HIM)ES, Ph.D., Professor of Natu ral Science, Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pa.   $...50
WILLIAMS.-On Heat and Steam:
Embracing New Views of Vaporization, Condensation, and Explosions.
By CHARLES WYE WILLIAMS, A. I. C. E. Illustrated. 8vo. $3.50
WOHLER.-A Hand-Book of Mineral Analysis.
By F. WOHLER, Professor of Chemistry in the University 1f Gb;ttin gen. Edited by HENRY B. NASON, Professor of Chemistry in the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York. Illustrated. In
one volume, l2mo.............                                $3 00
WORSSAM.-On Mechanical Saws:
From the Transactions of the Society of Engineers, 1869. By S. W.
WORSSAM, Jr.  Illustrated by 18 large plates.  8vo...   $5.00
23 
I