GRAD DU 625.A38 I GENERAL LIBRARY i |I OF. ---.. - University of Michigan I 1 Presented by n M-'0 '''n-''^r'-t ' ' - i I i -_e - -11111 1_1 I.- ---- — n C 3 i-''...1 ~. '. C - ~ 11 ~, 1~I \Y I To~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1. I r 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I~~~~~~~~~~ ft I I *.. *,*,**..*:. **:?wN;:.;, r..r 9 R TTL T " A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE W. D. ALEXANDER =,,,, PUBLISHED BY ORDER OF THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS NEW YORK.:. CINCINNATI.: CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY COPYRIGHT, 1891 AND 1899, BY AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. B. H. OF H. P. w, P. 5 PREFACE T the request of the Board of Education, I have endeavored to write a simple and concise history of the Hawaiian people, which, it is hoped, may be useful to the teachers and higher classes in our schools. As there is, however, no book in existence that covers the whole ground, and as the earlier histories are entirely out of print, it has been deemed best to prepare not merely'a school-book, but a history for the benefit of the general public. This book has been written in the intervals of a laborious occupation, from the stand-point of a patriotic Hawaiian, for the young people of this country rather than for foreign readers. This fact will account for its local coloring, and for the prominence given to certain topics of local interest. Especial pains have been taken to supply the want of a correct account of the ancient civil polity and religion of the Hawaiian race. This history is not merely a compilation. It -is based upon a careful study of the original authorities, the writer having had the use of the principal existing collections of Hawaiian manuscripts, and having examined the early archives of the government, as well as nearly all the existing materials in print. No pains have been spared to iii iv PREFACE arrive at the truth. The principal authorities relied on in the account of Hawaiian antiquities have been David Malo, the historian, the elder Kamakau of Kaawaloa, S. M. Kamakau, the historian, and Haleole, the author of "Laieikawai." Judge Fornander's " Polynesian Race " has been a storehouse of information for all subsequent writers, and the author can bear witness to his painstaking accuracy, his general fairness and excellent judgment. Valuable assistance has been received from Mr. J. S. Emerson in regard to the religious belief, as well as the arts and amusements, of the ancient Hawaiians. A history that aims to be both unsectarian and nonpartisan must necessarily be incomplete. As a general thing, the facts have been stated with but little comment. The dark side of the condition of the people in ancient times and of their intercourse with foreigners had to be in great part ignored. The extreme brevity that was necessary has compelled the omission of much that is interesting. It is intended to follow this volume by a primary work for younger readers, composed of a series of interesting stories from Hawaiian history, arranged in chronological order. W. D. ALEXANDER. HONOLULU. CONTENTS PART I PREHISTORIC PERIOD CHAPTER I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY PAGE8 N ame-Position-Extent-Surface-Climate-Contravst with Coral IslandsSoil-Animals-Plants..................................................... CHAPTER II ORIGIN OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE Polynesian Connections-Malaysian Affinities-Savaii the Center of Dispersion-First Settlement-Hawaiiloa-Wakea and Papa-Ancient Works-The "Menehune".............................................. CHAPTER III ANCIENT HAWAIIAN VOYAGES Second Period of Migration-Voyage of Paao-Voyage of Kaulu-Voyage of Paumakua-Voyage of Moikeha-Voyage of Laa-mai-kahild - Voyage of Kahai-Cessation of Foreign Voyages-Their Effects..... CHAPTER IV ANCIENT CIVIL POLITY Classes of Society-Chiefs-Court of a Chief-Land Tenure-Taxes-Customary Law............................................................ -2 V vi CONTENTS CHAPTER V CIVIL POLITY AND DOMESTIC RELATIONS PAGES Priesthood-Common People-Slaves-Wars-Weapons-Forts-Battles — Sea-Fights-Treaties-Marriages-Infanticide, etc....................... CHAPTER VI OBJECTS OF WORSHIP Deification of Powers of Nature —Local and Tutelar Deities-The Four Great Gods-Local and Professional Gods-Deified Animals-Pele and her Family- Aumakuas - Kini akua - Kupuas.................... CHAPTER VII IDOLS AND TEMPLES Idols-Temples-Sacred Houses-Sacred Rocks-Puuhonuas-Hale o Keawe CHAPTER VIII CEREMONIAL SYSTEM The Tabu System-Calendar-Ritual-Human Sacrifices-Monthly Tabus- A ku and Opelu Tabus.................................................. 48 -CHAPTER IX DEDICATION OF A TEMPLE AND MAKAHIKI FESTIVAL Dedication of a Temple-Purification-Bringing Down of the Idol-Kauila Ceremony-Human Sacrifice-The Great Aha-Kuili CeremoniesOffering of the Ulua-The Hono Ceremony-Closing CeremoniesThe Makahiki Festival-Images of Lono-Purification-Tabu DaysCollection of Taxes-Games-Kalii Ceremony-Closing Ceremony.... 54-61 CHAPTER X PRIVATE WORSHIP Family Worship - Fishermen - House-building - Canoe-building - Agriculture-Rites at a Child's Birth-Rites at his Promotion to be an "Ai Kapu"............................................... CHAPTER XI SORCERY AND DIVINATION Medicine Men - Necromancers - Sorcerers - Kalaipahoa - Diviners and P ro ph ets.................................................................... 7 CONTENTS vii CHAPTER XII FUNERAL RITES AND DOCTRINE OF A FUTURE STATE PAGES Burial of Chiefs-Human Sacrifices-Mourning Customs-Concealment of the Bones-Funerals of Priests and Common People-PurificationFuture State-Leaping-places-Wakea-Milu-Ghosts................... -7 CHAPTER XIII ARTS AND MANUFACTURES Tools-Agriculture-Fishing-Hooks-Nets-Fish-Poison-Canoes-Houses -Furniture-Mats- Lights-Clothing-Dress-Ornaments-Helmets - Feather Cloaks-Kahilis-Tattooing......................................80-8 CHAPTER XIV CUSTOMS AND AMUSEMENTS Cooking -Awa-drinking -Barter-Games-Boxing-Maika-Pahee-Holua - Surf-swimming - Konane - Puhenehene - Music - The Ukeke - Kiokio-Drums-Dancing-Poetry......................................... 87-94 PART II TO THE DEATH OF KAMEHAMEHA I. CHAPTER XV ANCIENT HISTORY First Period-Kalaunuiohua-Luukoa-Second Period -Story of UmiDiscovery of the Islands by Spaniards-Later History of HawaiiAlapainui -- Battle of Kawela - Battle of Keawawa - Accession of Kalaniopuu-Battle of the Sand-hills.................................... 95-103 CHAPTER XVI DISCOVERY OF THE ISLANDS BY CAPTAIN COOK. 1778-1779 Captain Cook's First Visit-His Landing at Waimea-Visit to NiihauEffect on the Minds of the Natives-Second Visit of Captain CookWorship of Captain Cook - Kalaniopuu's Visit to Captain' Cook — Quarrels with the Natives- Departure of the Ships —Return of Captain Cook-Quarrel with Palea-Theft.of. the Boat-Affray and Death of Captain Cook - Hostilities - Recovery of Part of Captain Cook's Rem ains............................................................ 104-116 ~ Vii1 CONTENTS C APTER XVII FROM THE DEATH OF TPTAIN COOK TO THE ARRIVAL OF PORTLOCK AN DIXON. 1780-1786 \PAGES Dissensions on Hawaii-Death of Kalaniop u-Battle of Mbokuohai-Invasions of ilo —Invasion of Kipahulu-Cbnquest of Oahu by Kahekili. 117-123 CHAPTER XVIII FROM THE ARRIVAL F PORTLOCK AND DIXON TO THE DEATH OF 'OUA. 1786-1791 The Northwest Fur Trade-Arrival of Pftlock and Dixon-Arrival of La P6rouse-Kaiana's Voyages-The Olo lu Massacre-Capture of the "Fair American "-Invasion of AMaui- ar with Keoua-Eruption of Kilauea-Sea-fight off 'Waimanu-Assas nation of Keoua.......... 124-133 CHAPTER XIX VANCOUVER'S THREE VISITS AND CONQUEST OF MAUI AND OAH KAMEHAMEHA I. 1791-1795 Visitors in 1791-Vancouver's First Visit-Visit of the " Dedalus ".-Vancouver's Second Visit- Troub es on Kauai-Vancouver's Third Visit -War between Kaeo and Kala ikupule —Massacre of Captain Brown and his MIen-Conquest of Oahu y Kamehameha I................. 134-145 CHAPTER XX FROM THE CONQ EST OF OAHU TO THE CESSION OF KAUAI. 1795-1810 Preparations to invade Kauai -Captain Broughton's First Visit-Attempted Invasion of Kauai —ebellion on Hawaii-Captain Broughton's Second Visit-Wreck of ~aptain Barber's Ship-Suppression of Namakeha's Revolt-Consolidat on of the Government-Kamehameha's Residence on Hawaii, 1796 ~802-Eruption of Hualalai-Kamehameha's Visit to Lahaina-Lan ing of the First Horses-Kamehameha's Return to Oahu-The Pestilence-A Human Sacrifice in 1807-HL onolulu in 1809................................................. 146-154 CHAPTER XXI CLOSING YEARS OF THE REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA I. 1810-1819 Cession of Kauai-Sandal-wood Trade-Distil]ing-Kamehameha's Return to IHawaii-Russian Aggressions-Building of the Honolulu FortDeparture of the Russians-Kotzebue's First Visit-The Spanish Pirates-Death of Kamehameha I....................................... 5-16 a CONTENTS ix PART III LATER HISTORY CHAPTER XXII ABOLITION OF IDOLATRY. 1819 PAGES Installation of Liholiho as King-Freycinet's Visit-Abolition of Idolatry-Insurrection of Kekuaokalani....................................... 166-172 CHAPTER XXIII COMMENCEMENT OF THE AMERICAN PROTESTANT MISSION. 1820-1823 Obookiah —Arrival of Missionaries-Establishment of Mission-Character of Liholiho-His Visit to Kauai-First Printing-Visit of the English Deputation-Other Events of the Year 1822-Arrival of the First Reinforcement-A Grand Pageant........................................ 173-182 CHAPTER XXIV LIHOLIHO'S VOYAGE TO ENGLAND, AND DEATH. 1823-1824 Death of Keopuolani-Liholiho's Voyage to England, and Death-Rebellion on Kauai-Progress of Education-Kapiolani's Defiance of PeleThe New Kaahumanu.................................................. CHAPTER XXV VISIT OF LORD BYRON AND OUTRAGES BY FORE. 1825-1827 Visit of Lord Byron-Collisions with igners-Outrage at LahainaOutrage by the "Dolph-': econd Outrage at Lahaina-Visit of the "Peacock "-BoJi'rRelapse-Death of Kalanimoku-Third Outrage at Lahina-Trial of Mr. Richards................................. 191-199 CHAPTER XXVI CLOSING YEARS OF KAAHUMANU'S REGENCY. 1828-1832 Arrival of Catholic Missionaries-Bold's Conspiracy-First Laws-Visit of the "Vincennes" -Boki's Sandal-wood Expedition-Kaahumanu's Tour-Liliha's Sedition-Persecution of the Catholics-Banishment of the Priests-Reflections-Lahainaluna Seminary-Death of Kaa^s - humanu................................................................. 0 -20 x CONTENTS CHAPTER XXVII BEGINNING OF KAMEHAMEHA III.'S REIGN. 1832-1836 PAGES Kinau as Premier-Visit of the " Potomao "-Arrival of a Japanese JunkAccession of Kamehameha III.-" Wa o Kaomi "-Visit of the " Challenger "-Progress in Education and Religion-Trade and Agri-rculture-Second Visit of the "Peacock "-First Government House, 210-216 CHAPTER XXVIII TROUBLES WITH FOREIGN POWERS. 1836-1839 Causes of Dispute-Arrival of the Rev. R. Walsh-Death of NahienaenaReturn of Bachelot and Short-Arrival of the "Sulphur" and "Venus "-Visit of the "Imogene "-Arrival of Messrs. Maigret and Murphy-Volcanic Wave-Persecution of Catholics-Edict of Toleration-Temperance Laws-Political Instruction-The Great Revival-Death of Kinau-Hostile Visit of the " Artemise "-Visit of Commodore Read..................................................... 217-228 CHAPTER XXIX FIRST CONSTITUTION. DISPUTES WITH CONSULS. 1839-1842 The First Constitution-New Laws-Deaths of High-Chiefs-An Heroic Deed-Eruption and Volcanic Wave-United States Exploring Expeiition-Educational Matters-Progress of Catholic Mission-Difficulties with France-Controversies with British Consul-Ladd & Co.'s Contract-First Embassy to Foreign Powers-Proceedings of Charlton — Recognition by the United States........................................ CHAPTER XXX SUCCESS OF THE EMBASSY IN EUROPE. CESSION TO LORD PAULET. 1843. Success of the Embassy in Europe-Belgian Contract-Demands of Lord Paulet-Provisional Cession-B1ritish Commission-The Restoration.. 239-261 CHAPTER XXXI RECOGNITION OF INDEPENDENCE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE GOVERNMENT. 1843-1847 Recognition of Independence-Organization of the Government-Land Commissi6n- Judiciary-Material Progress-Agriculture-Discovery of Gold in California-Decrease of Population-Relations with France-New Treaties-Consular Grievances-End of Belgian Con tract-Difficulties with the British Consul............................. CONTENTS xi CHAPTER XXXII FOREIGN RELATIONS. 1848-1851 PAGES Grievances of Consul Dillon-The Ten Demands-Reprisals made by Admiral Tromelin-Second Embassy to Europe-Negotiations with Mr. Perrin................................................................ 265-271 CHAPTER XXXIII CLOSING YEARS OF KAMEHAMEHA III.'S REIGN. 1851-1854 Constitution of 1852-Material Progress-Steam Navigation-Sailors' Riot of 1852-Filibusters-Small-pox Epidemic-Political Agitation-Proposed Annexation-Death of Kamehameha mi......................... 272-279 CHAPTER XXXIV REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA IV. 1855-1863 Inauguration-Foreign Relations-Notable Deaths-The King's MarriageBirth of Prince of Hawaii-Queen's Hospital-The Neilson TragedyCommencement of the Anglican Mission-Death of the Prince of Hawaii-Arrival of the English Bishop-Death of Kamehameha IV. -Public Improvements- Inter-island Steamers - AricultureSchools-Partial Withdrawal of the A. B. C. F. M. from the IslandsEruption of M auna Loa.................................................... CHAPTER XXXV REIGN OF KAMEHAMEHA V. 1863-1872 Character of KamehamehaV.-Constitution of 1864-Immigration-Leper Establishment - Schools - Queen Emma's Tour Abroad -Burning of Whalers by the " Shenandoah " - Eruption in Kau -Kaona Insurrection - Visit of the Duke of Edinburgh - Australian Line of Steamers - Loss of Whaling Fleet-The Small-Pox-Public Improvements- - Agriculture and Trade - Death of Kanlehameha V.....................28-29 |,CHAPTER XXXVI ^ LUNALILO, KALAKAUA, LILIUOKALANI. 1873-1891 Election of Lunalilo - Mutiny at the Barracks - Death of Lunalilo - Election of Kalakaua- Court-House Riot- Inauguration of King Kalakaua - His Visit to the United States - Reciprocity - Immigration - The King's Tour around the World- Small-pox Epidemic - Volcanic Phenomena- Great Fire of 1886-Obituary-Death of Kalakaua - Accession of Liliuokalani -Progress of the Country................ CHAPTER XXXVII REVOLUTION AND ANNEXATION. 1892-1898 The Revolution of 1893- Establishment of the Republic- Insurrection of 1895 -Annexation to the United States.............................. APPENDICES AND TABLES.............................2............. 3-346 MAPS., Hawaiian Islands, < Oceania, Kauai, *Hawaii, Oahu, Maui and Kahoolawe, &c., Molokai, Lanai, &c., after page 12 cc i 18 ' t ". 106 ". 122 ( 146..(. 194. "i 290 ILLUSTRATIONS. Government Building. Crater of Kilauea,. The Ivory Clasp,. Lava Flow, CAncient Idol, * Heiau (Temple) at Waimea, Kauai, Hale (House) of Keawe, Feather Helmet, An Offering before Capt. Cook, Cook's Monument,. Queen Kaahumanu, Diamond Head, Kaiana, Peak in Iao Valley,. Pali of Nuuanu, Kamehameha I. W Old Fort at Honolulu,. 4Port of Honolulu in 1816, Kamehameha II.:Hilo Village, Kamehameha III. Kekuanaoa, Kamehameha IV... Queen Emma, Kamehameha V... A Native's House. Lunalilo, Kalakaua,.. Kapiolani,....... Bernice Pauahi Bishop,.. Iolani Palace,. Kaiulani.... Liliuokalani,..... Sanford B. Dole,. xii. Frontispiece page 15 ' 26 " 40 " 41 " 45 " 46 " 85 " 108 " 115 " 120 " 125 " 126 " 130 " 144 " 149 " 160 " 162 " 184 " 191 " 211 " 216 " 280 "282 288 " 296 " 298 " 301 " 302 " 306 " 310 " 311 " 315 " 319 0 iiiiiiiii - iiiiiz I r i r. I PART I PREHISTORIC PERIOD CHAPTER I PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY ALTHOUGH it is true that History has more to do with men and nations than with the countries in which they act their parts, still it is within her province to show how the position, climate, and physical features of a country have influenced the character and fortunes of the people who inhabit it. Name.-The name Sandwich Islands was given to this country by Captain Cook, at the time of its discovery by him, in honor of his patron, the Earl of Sandwich, who was then First Lord of the British Admiralty; but the name Hawaiian Isla.nds, derived from that of the largest island in the group, is the official name, used by the people of the islands, and is generally taking the place of the former. Position.-The Hawaiian Islands lie just within the northern tropic, between 18~ 54' and 22~ 1 5' north latitude, and between 154~ 50' and 160~ 30' of longitude west of Greenwich. They occupy a central position in the North Pacific, 13 14 HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE about two thousand miles west of North America. This has been in the past one of the most isolated positions in the world, and the one farthest removed from the ancient centers of civilization. Now, however, these islands are directly in the track of commerce between the United States and the Commonwealth of Australia on the one hand, and between the Isthmus of Panama n — na on tEethoer. They will necessarily become an impot commercial center and resort of shipping in this great ocean. Extent.-The eight inhabited islands, viz., Hawaii, Maui, Kahoolawe, Lanai, Molokai, Oahu, Kauai, and Niihau, comrisean area of about six thousand seven hundred square mileof which the largest island, Hawaii, includes nearly two thi This island is nearly equal in area to the state of Connecticut, while the whole group is about equal to the principality of Wales or the kingdom of Saxony. The eight inhabited islands extend from northwest to southeast over a distance of about three hundred and eighty miles. The extent of the group is thus sufficient to develop a spirit of enterprise and skill in navigation among its inhabitants. Surface.-Few countries comprise a greater variety of surface and of climate. Hawaii contains the highest mountains of any island in the world. In Europe only a few peaks of the Alps are as high as Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, while Haleakala is about equal to Mt. Etna in extent and elevation. The two largest active volcanoes on the globe (Kilauea and Mauna Loa) are found in Hawaii, while East Maui contains the vast extinct crater of Haleakala, and the other islands abound in sublime and beautiful scenery. PrYSICAL OGORAPHY 15 Climate. The olTiate of the islands is much cooler 1tha i tt Mof other countries in tlahe sate ititude. This is due not only to the trad e wids w ich blow over a wide extent of ocean, but also to theo fat that the ocean itself is cooled by the return cerrent from the region of URAT:R OF KILA tEA (rom a phaapih in 188115) Bering Straits. It is said that the seas surrounding these islands are coolr by ten degrees tlan those of any other rewion in the samie latittiude The is ands arm exempt fom the destrucfive cyclones which often prevail in the cenitl part of the PA1fie O)ean. The contrast in climate between the wimnward and the leeward sides of each iand is very strikng, the eastern 16 HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE slopes being windy and rainy, and heavily wooded, while the western coast enjoys a warm, dry climate, with a more scanty vegetation; hence the windward side of each island has been cut by the streams into numerous deep and precipitous ravines. Again, by ascending the mountains, any desirable degree of temperature can. be attained, while on the highest summits snow remains during most of the year. Contrast with Coral Islands.-How favorable the conditions of life are here compared with those of other islands in this ocean, is well shown by the following passage by Professor Dana, referring to the Gilbert Islands: "How many of the vari us arts of civilized life could exist in a land where shells are the only cutting instruments; the plants in all but twenty-nine in number; but a single mineral; quadrupeds none, with the exception of foreign mice; fresh water barely enough for household purposes; no streams, or mountains, or hills? How much of the poetry or literature of Europe would be intelligible to persons whose ideas had expanded only to the limits of a coral island; who had never conceived of a surface of land above half a mile in breadth, of a slope higher than a beach, of a change of seasons beyond a variation in the prevalence of the rains?" Soil. —The soil of these islands, in general, is poor, with the exception perhaps of Kauai, and nature yields but 3 little spontaneously. The valleys, indeed, are fertile and V productive, but they are of limited extent. Some of the dry plains, however, can be made fertile by irrigation. In Hawaii and Maui extensive tracts are covered with rugged lava. Much laborf and skill are necessary in order to produce PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY 17 good crops. This fact tends to render the inhabitants more industrious and hardy than those of some other tropical groups. As there were no metals, the inhabitants were-obliged to use the best substitutes they could find. Animals.-The only quadrupeds existing upon the islands before their discovery by Captain Cook were 'dogs, swine, and mice, which were probably introduced by the first settlers. These, as well as the domestic fowls, were of the same breeds as are found throughout Polynesia. The sea abounds in fish, for which extensive artificial ponds along the coast have been constructed, which must have cost immense labor. Plants. —The principal food plants were the taro (colocasic antiquorum), which was the Hawaiian "staff of life," the sweet-potato, and the yam. The only fruit-trees in ancient times were the bread-fruit, cocoanut, banana, and. ohia (the Malay jambo), together with the ohelo, wild strawberry, poha or Cape gooseberry, and a7cala or raspberry. Many other kinds of fruit have since been introduced. Sugar-cane was indigenous, and grew luxuriantly. The koa, kou, lehua, kcauwila, and other forest trees supplied abundance of timber for useful and ornamental purposes. Unfortunately, together with useful animals and plants, many kinds of weeds and noxious vermin, such as mosquitoes, wasps, scorpions, centipedes, and white ants, have been introduced from foreign countries in recent times. CHAPTER II ORIGIN OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE Origin.- The question of the origin of the Hawaiian race is one which can not yet be said to have been fully solved. As we have seen, the Hawaiian Islands are more than two thousand miles distant from the nearest inhabited land, and the prevailing winds and currents are rom the east and northeast to the south and southwest. Polynesian Affinities.-The affinities, not only of the people, but also of the plants and animals, are with the islands to the south and.southwest. The inhabitants of all the groups of islands in the Eastern Pacific, from New Zealand to Hawaii and also to Easter Island, scattered over a distance of four thousand miles, may be.considered as one race, which is commonly called the Polynesian race; for,they all speak dialects of the same language, have the same physical features, the same manners an customs, the same general system of tabus, and similar traditions and religious rites.' Again, it has been proved that the Polynesian language is but one member of a widespread family of languages, including those spoken in Micronesia, the Philippine Islands, the Malay Archipelago, and Madagascar. * For example, the names of the principal gods, the stories told of the demigod ( Maui, of the origin of fire, about the deluge, and many others, are common to all these islands. 18 _ _ _ g 0 D! r7 _ | |S: ** 111 1.I* 1 1 1 I o 1 1 *** * *~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~_1 *_* < 's i- * - I.. I** | | | I > 1 11 i S | |0 |? M f I * a | n' Q " * t ' m S: 1I | -I 1 11.**'I ' = a ^^ I L ' 1 1... KM:-:;:^ _ __. ^_ -_ _ - g 1311;Z_ 11,1 5 iI.~~:i 1 1 1 ' 1 L * 1^ ^1 I: I 11> 1. '; ^ ' I I ~{| *S,~~ ~ E. | \ I < XT .O. ORIGIN OF THE HAWAIIANS 19 Malaysian Affinities.- In particular, the brown race in the Moluccas or Spice Islands and Celebes seems to have a close resemblance to the Polynesians, both in language and in physical appearance. Beyond this nothing is"certain, although men who have made a special study of the subject have endeavored to prove from their language, traditions, religious rites, customs, etc., that the Polynesians originally came from southwestern Asia. Savaii, the Center of Dispersion.-As regards the Pacific Ocean, it is pretty well settled that the island of Savaii, in the Samoan group, was the chief center of dispersion for the Polynesian race, to which all their traditions point.*,, The traditions of the Marquesans relate that their ancestors came from a Hawaii in the west, stopping on the way at Fiji, Vavau, and Tonga. The dialect of the southern group of the Marquesas is, on the whole, the one most like the Hawaiian, except that it drcps the letter Z. First Settlement.-It is nearly certain that there were two distinct periods of emigra o theseislands. The first settlers must have arrived in very ancient times, as J s prove by the discovery of human bones under ancient - ' cora bes and lava f-_lows Judge Fornander estimates that these islands were inhabited as early as 500 A.D. A These pioneer settlers may have been either expelled) /from other islands in war, or driven out of their course by storms. t --- " "t 4+h * The New Zealand natives, or Maoris, who have a very close resemblance to the Hawaiians, have a tradition that their ancestors migrated from Hawaiki, which is the same word with Savaii and IIawaii. t We know that southerly winds or konas sometimes blow here for months at a time. A Japanese fishing-junk, which had been blown out of its course by a typhoon, arrived at Waialua, Oahu, in December, 1832, with four men on board. Kadu, a native of one of the Caroline Islands, was found by Kotzebue, in 1817, on one of the Marshall Islands, to which he had drifted in a canoe with three companions, a distance of fifteen hundred miles due east. These and other like instances show how migrations have taken place from west to east. 20 HISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE Legend of Hawaii-loa.-There is an ancient tradition about the discovery of these islands by a chief called Hawaii-loa. He is said to have been a famous fisherman and navigator in Kahiki-ku, and by sailing toward the east to have discovered and named Hawaii and Maui. After this he made several trips back and forth, and finally settled in the islands with a large company of retainers. But the truth of this story is very doubtful. Wakea and Papa.-According to the Hawaiian genealogies, Wakea and Papa, his wife, were the progenitors of the race, or at least founders of the line of chiefs. It is generally admitted that they did not live in these islands, but in Kahiki, which simply means some foreign country. Wakea is also said to have introduced the tabus.* Later on we find four consecutive generations of Hawaiian chiefs, which are the same as four in the Maori genealogy, who are said to have lived in their Hawaiki (probably Savaii) before their emigration from thence to New Zealand. First Period.-Of that first period scarcely any traditions have come down to us. There are no traditions of any voyages to and from other countries for at least thirty generations after Wakea. Many great works, however, are ascribed to that period, such as the building of certain heiaus, and of the great fish-ponds along the coast of Molokai and in many other' places. Ancient Works.-These are said to have been made by the menehune people, a word which in Tahiti is applied to the lowest class of people, sometimes represented in Hawaiian legends as a race of industrious elves or dwarfs. * Wakea, Atea, or Vatea, is the god of light in the Marquesas and Hervey Islands, while Papa is the earth personified, the Great Mother, which idea is also expressed in the Hawaiian mele, Papa-hanau-moku, i. e., mother of islands. CHAPTER III ANCIENT HAWAIIAN VOYAGES Second Period of Migration.-After the Hawaiian people had lived secluded from the rest of the world for many generations, intercourse between them and the islands in the South Pacific seems to have been renewed, and many voyages to have been made, which have been celebrated in song and story. There seems to have been a general movement throughout Polynesia during the eleventh and twelfth centuries of the Christian era. It was about this time that the Hervey Islands and New Zealand were colonized, according to the traditions of the inhabitants. It is not known what started these migrations, but it may have been the expulsion of Polynesian settlers from the Fiji Islands, and the invasion of Samoa and the Tonga Islands by the refugees. Voyage of Paao.-The most important emigration was that of Paao (a priest from Upolu in the Samoan Islands) and his followers.* * He is said to have left UTpolu in consequence of a quarrel with his brother, Lonopele, and to have sailed to Hawaii, where he became the high-priest,.and built the great heiau of Mookini in Kohala. The office remained in his family down to the time of Hewahewa, who was the last high-priest, in the reign of Kamehameha I. It is said that as he found the island without a king, "on account of the crimes of Kapawa, the chief of Hawaii," he returned to Kahiki, and brought back with him a chief named Pili, whom he established as king, and from whom the Kamehameha dynasty was descended. Paao is said to have introduced the use of the ploulou as the insignia of tabu and to have changed the shape and arrangements of the heiaus. 21 22 HISTORY OF THE HEAWAIIAN PEOPLE Voyage of Kaulu.-One of the most famous navigators of this period was Kaulu-a Kalana of. Oahu, who visited many foreign islands in company with Luhau-Kapawa, a famous navigator and astronomer of southern birth. In the song of Kaulu it is claimed that he visited Vavau, Upolu, and Kahiki, and many other foreign lands. Voyage of Paumakua.-Another Oahu chief, called Paumakua, was a famous navigator. He visited the southern islands, and brout with him several priests, who are described in the traditions as foreigners {or haoles of large stature, light complexion, and bright, (saucy eyes, from whom several priestly families on ahu claimed descent. Voyage of Moikeha.-In the next generation a famous chief named Moikeha, with his brother Olopana, his wife Luukia, and their attendants, left Waipio and sailed to Kahiki, where they became chiefs of a district supposed to have been sitpated in Raiatea, one of the Society Islands. In this voyage Moikeha took with him as an adopted son a young chief named Laa. After a long residence in their new domain a family quarrel arose, in consequence of which Moikeha resolved to return to his native land. Under the guidance of his astronomer and navigator, Kamahualele, he set sail in a fleet of canoes, with a goodly company of chiefs and retainers. When the mountains of Hawaii rose in sight, the prophet chanted a song in which Nuuhiva, Bolabola, and other southern islands are mentioned. After coasting along the shores of the principal islands, they landed at Wailua, Kauai, where the high-chief, Puna, held his court. Here Moikeha married Puna's daughter, and on his death became king of Kauai, where he spent the rest of his life. ANCIENT lHAWAIIAN VOYAGES 23 In his old age he sent his youngest son, Kila, with a fleet of double canoes, under the guidance of the old astronomer, to bring back his foster-son Laa to Kauai. Return of Laa-mai-Kahiki.-They took their departure from the southern point of Hawaii, steering by the stars, and arrived safely at Kahiki.* The young chief, generally known as Laa-mai-Kahiki, immediately returned to these islands, accompanied by a famous sorcerer and prophet, Naula-a-Maihea, and a large train of attendants. On his arrival he introduced the use of the large drum, l;kaekeeke, covered with a shark's skin, with which he astonished the natives. He resided a long time at Kualoa, where he had three sons, from whom the highchiefs of Oahu and Kauai were descended. After the death of his foster-father he returned to Kahiki, taking his departure from the west end of Kahoolawe (which is still named Ke-ala-i-Kcahiki, the way to Tahiti), and never returned. Voyage of Kahai.-A grandson of Moikeha, named Kahai, is said to have made a voyage to Kahiki, and to have brought bread-fruit trees from Upolu in the Samoan group, which he planted at Kualoa, Oahu. *_t is probable that those ancient navigators had large canoes, built up of planks swedd-together,~n —a deTove in art at least, with capacity to hold lye-s oc7 and stores For g7' age, like those of the Paumnotu Islands for et-tek. Th-Key wei "but expert seamen, inured to hardship, and had a re\ spectable knowledge of the positions of the principal stars, and of their rising and setting at different times of the year. Even in recent times, instances were not uncommon of persons who had sailed from HIawaii to Kauai out of sight of land, taking their direction from the stars. The fact that they successfully made those voyages is indisputable. The effect on the ancient Hawaiians of this intercourse with other countries must have been to enlarge their conceptions of the world, to awaken their minds, and to stimulate activity and enterprise. Many priests and sorcerers came from the south at this time, as well as chiefs of high rank, who intermarried with the reigning families here. There seems to have been during this period a great increase of the power of both priests and chiefs, of the severity of the tabus, and of the frequency of human sacrifices. 24 HHISTORY OF THE HAWAIIAN PEOPLE Cessation of Intercourse.-In the following generation all intercourse with the southern groups seems jt have cehad, for there is no further evidence of it in any of the ancient legends, songs, or genealogies for five hundred years. As communication ceased, the ideas of ancient Hawaiians became vague and indistinct, so that Kahiki came to mean any foreign country. It was in their minds a land of mystery and magic, full of marvels, and inhabited by supernatural beings. CHAPTER IV CIVIL POLITY