GAZETTEER OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: C O M.P R I S-I N G A CONCISE GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, AND PARTICULAR DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEVERAL STATES, TERRITORIES, COUNTIES, DISTRICTS, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, THEIR MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, ISLANDS, CAPES, BAYS, HARBORS, LAKES, RIVERS, CANALS, RAILROADS &c.; WITH THE GOVERNMENTS AND LITERARY, AND OTHER., PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS OF THE COUNTRY; AL S Or IT S MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS;. TO WHICH ARE ADDED VALUABLE. STATISTICAL TABLES, BY JOHN HAYWARD. AUTHOR OF THE. NEW ENGLAND GAZETTEER AND SEVERAL OTHER GEOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL WORKS P H I L A TDE L P H I A,.:. P U B L I S H"E D FO R THE A U T-H O R, AND FOR SALE BY JAMES-: L... GI-ON. 18 54. Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by JOHN HAYWARD, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. PREFACE. THE labor of preparing and bringing out a new Gazetteer of the United States has become great and difficult. A considerable number of years have elapsed since any work of this kind has been given to the public as the fruit of original research. These have embraced a period of extraordinary progress and development in the whole economy of the country; during which our new settlements have been multiplied and extended with unexampled rapidity, and most of the districts, towns, and cities of an earlier date have made advances in population, wealth, and internal improvements, which have given to some of the older states a character and an aspect almost entirely new. Numerous flourishing places at the west, now the marts of an extensive trade, and seats of civil jurisdiction, have sprung up within that period; while great numbers of our maritime ports, and manufacturing towns and cities, in the Atlantic States, have seen their population, and every element of their prosperity, wonderfully augmented. Hence the necessity of going over the whole ground, as far as possible, with new and careful investigation; questioning and doubting the old authorities at every step, and obtaining accurate information from the most recent and authentic sources. In the endeavor to accomplish this, the author has spared no labor nor expense which it was in his power to command. Having devoted himself almost exclusively to the pursuit of information in this department for many years, during which time his Gazetteers of New England, and of the states of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont, have been given to the public, and having, for this purpose, travelled somewhat extensively, and made himself personally familiar with the physical and social characteristics of the country, he has endeavored to pass an intelligent judgment upon the genuineness and accuracy of all the materials incorporated in the work. Yet perfect accuracy, in a work of this extent, is unattainable by any human diligence; and the author claims, on this score, 4 PREFACE. inothing further than to have employed his best exertions, under some peculiar advantages, for the successful accomplishment of his object. The most competent and able assistance has been freely employed, in the preparation and revision of the materials embodied in the work. Many of the papers on particular subjects, such as those on the higher educational institutions, the banks, the currency, the population, &c., have been prepared by gentlemen distinguished for their acquaintance with the several departments of learning to wvhich they pertain; and a large iumbcr of the most elaborate articles in the descriptive portions of the work were written by persons familiar with the places and the scenes described. To these, and to other individuals, who have been steadily employed upon the undertaking, for a longer or shorter tiime, the author is happy to acknowledge himself indebted for a large amount of what is valuable in the subject matter, and much that is attractive in the literary execution of the work. lie would specially acknowledge his obligations to the public officers of the several states and of the United States, to whom he has been indebted for many valuable documents; to the Rev. WVILLIAMI JENKS, D. D., for his articles on the New England States; to JESSE CHICKERING, M. D., for his assistance in the population tables; to CALEB STETSON, Esq., for his valuable article on banks; and especially to the Rev. SAMUEL H. RIDDUL, late secretary of the American Education Society, for his assistance in the preparation of the entire work. The standard authorities which have been consulted are, the general and local gazetteers of former dates, numerous county and town histories, that valuable series of volumes known as Historical Collections of several of the states, the American Almanac, congressional and state documents, reports of corporations, topical and coast surveys, journals of the most intelligent tourists, guide books, maps, and other works, geographical, geological, and statistical, from which appropriate information could be derived. The substance of all which may be considered as of real value, in reference to the legitimate purpose of a gazetteer of the country, has been made to contribute to the completeness of the present. work; to the exclusion, however, of a large class of unimportant details, with which the pages of works of this kind have frequently been encumbered. Statistics which are comparatively trifling and unessential in themselves, or such as must cease to be of any value after the changes of one or two years, have been usually omitted; and the space they would have occupied has been redeemed for matter of more general interest, and for such material facts as are wanted to satisfy the intelligent inquiries of persons interested in obtaining a knowledge of any portion of the country, for ends important to themselves. The interest and convenience of the reader have also been consulted, PREFACE. 5 in regard to the facility of such casual references as a work of this kind is chiefly intended to.supply, by breaking up the mass of its materials into several distinct sections, as indicated by a natural principle of distribution and arrangement. The general descriptions of the states and territories; the grand physical features of the country; the great body of its inhabited places, whether denominated cities, boroughs, towns, or villages; its chief localities of fashionable resort, and of curious interest to the traveller; the smaller post villages, which are only of consequence as such; the population, colleges, banks, and various statistical tables, are severally placed by themselves, under distinct and appropriate titles, instead of being all embodied, as has been more commonly the case, in one promiscuous and undistinguishable series. Thus the person consulting this Gazetteer will be saved much of the perplexity and hinderance of running his eye over pages of a long and crowded alphabet, to find the subject of his inquiry; while, at the same time, important portions of the work are thus presented, in a much more interesting and instructive form, to the general reader. The failure of Congress, hitherto, to provide for the publication of the seventh national census, has necessarily occasioned a postponement in the issuing of this work, from the time contemplated in the original prospectus, and has required a laborious and expensive resort to other methods of obtaining the information which that public document was expected to supply. This delay, however, has been diligently improved in more carefully elaborating and perfecting important portions of the work, and in bringing the whole down to a much later date than was at first intended. In all the toil of this arduous and protracted undertaking, the author has been much sustained and animated by the hope of offering an acceptable and useful service to his countrymen, and of contributing, in no small degree, to illustrate the prosperity and glory of a people, whose advancement, in all the elements of a free, Christian civilization, is becoming, more and more, the admiration of the world.'In the confidence that neither of these good ends will -be entirely lost, the labor of years is now submitted to a liberal and enlightened public, to meet with such approval only as its merits may deserve. ABBREVIATIONS. ALABAMA,.... A. MINNESOTA,. MA. ARKANSAS,. AS. MIssISSIPPI,..... MI. CALIFORNIA,.... CA. MISSOURI,...... CONNECTICUT,... CT. NEBRASKA,..... NA. COUNTY,.... CO. NEW HAMPSHIRE, N. H. COURT HOUSE, OR SHIRE TOWN, C. H. NEW JERSEY,.. N. J. DELAWARE,. DE. NEW MEXICO,.... N.M. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, D. C. NEW YORK,....... N.Y. FLORIDA.. FA. NORTH CAROLINA,. N. C. GEORGIA,. GA. OHIO,.. O. ILLINOIS....... IS. OREGON,........ ON. INDIANA,....... IA. PENNSYLVANIA,..... PA. INDIAN TERRITORY,..... IN. TY. RHODE ISLAND,...... R. I. IOWA,........ SOUTH CAROLINA,..... S. C. KENTUCKY,.... KY. TENNESSEE,. TE. LOUISIANA,.... LA. TEXAS,..... TS. MAINE,......ME. UTAH,..... UH. MARYLAND... MD. VERMONT,.. VT. MASSACHUSETTS,... MS. VIRGINIA,....... VA. MICHIGAN,... MN. WISCONSIN,......WNE CONTENTS. Page GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES, 9. DESCRIPTIONS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES,. 25 DESCRIPTIONS OF MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, RIVERS, CREEKS, LAKES, CAPES, BAYS, HARBORS, ISLANDS, SOUNDS, &c.,.... 16 DESCRIPTIONS OF COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.,.... 263 LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF SOME OF THE MOST IMPORTANT PLACES,.. 6 DESCRIPTIONS OF MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. (For Index, see next page.)... 643 LIGHT-HOUSES,........ 680 COLLEGES,.............. 689 PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS A ND) SEMINARIES,...... 707 PUBLIC LIBRARIES,. 709 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY,.... 710 POPULATION TABLES, FROM 1790 TO 1850,..... 722 CENSUS 1850,......... 724 POST OFFICES, ARRANGED BY STATES AND COUNTIES,.... 761 PROGRESS OF THE POST OFFICE,.......... 832 NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS,... 831 ARMY,....... 84 NAVY,....... 845 CANALS,........... 846 RAILROADS,.............. 847 COMPARATIVE SPEED ON PRINCIPAL RAILROADS,...... 850 ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON,........ 851 STATISTICAL TABLES. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS,....... 163 MANUFACTURE OF COTTON GOODS,....... 164 MANUFACTURE OF WOOLLEN GOODS,....... 165 MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT IRON,........ 833 MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON,.. 834 MANUFACTURE OF IRON CASTINGS,.... 835 COMMERCE OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY, FRO3 JULY 1, 1850, TO JUNE 33, 1851,... 166 NAVIGATION. -TONNAGE OF THE UNITED STATES,. 836 TONNAGE ENTERED,....... 838 TONNAGE CLEARED,...... 839 TONNAGE BY DISTRICTS,....... 840 CONCISE VIEW OF THE LOCATION, EXTENT, CAPITAL, &c., OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY,.... 262 STATE PENITENTIARIES, 1851,.... 751 GRAND DISTANCE TABLE,.......... 853 APPENDIX,......... 857 INDEX TO MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. Page Page ASCUTNEY MOUNTAIN, VT.,. 643 MOUNT HOPE, R. I.,..655 AVON SPRINGS, N..,.. 643 MOUNT VERNON, VA., 655 BALSTON SPA, N. Y., ~. 643 NAHANT, MS.,. 655 BELLOWS FALLS, VT.,. 644 NANTASKET BEACH, MIS., 656 BLACK MOUNTAIN, N.C.,. 644 NATURAL BRIDGE, VA.,. 656 BLENNERHASSETT'S ISLAND,. 644 NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, N. Y.,. 656 BLUE HILLS, MS.,. ~.. 644 NEWPORT, R. I., 656 BLUE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., ~. 645 NIAGARA FALLS, 657 BOOTHBAY, ME.,. 645 NICOJACK CAVE, GA., 659 BRANDYWINE SPRING, DE,. 645 OLD M-AN OF THE MOUNTAIN, N. H., 6 59 BURNING SPRINGS, N. Y.,. 645 OLD ORCHARD BEACH, ME.,. 659 CAPE ANN, MS.,. 645 ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS, N. Y., 660 CAPE MAY, N. J., 645 PASSAIC FALLS, N. J., 660 CARROLLTON GARDENS, LA.,... 645 P'HILLIPS'S POINT, MS.,. 660 CATAWBA FALLS, N. C. 645 PICTURED ROCK, LAKE SUPERIOR,. 660 COHASSET ROCKS, MS.,.. 645 PINE ORCHARD, N. Y.,.660 COHOES FALLS,N.., 646 PLUM ISLAND, MS., 660 CONEY ISLAND, N. Y., 646 PLEASANT MOUNTAIN, ME.,.. 661 CROWN POINT, N. Y,. 646 PLYMOUTH ROCK, MS.,. 661 DIGHTON ROCK, 3S.,..... 646 QUEBEC,..... 665 DRENNON SPRINGS, KY., 646 RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., 666 FLUSHING, N.Y,... 646 RICHFIELD SPRINGS, N.Y.,.. 667 FORT TICONDEROGA, N. Y., 646 ROAN MOUNTAIN, N. C.... 667 FRANCONIA NOTCH, N. H. 646 ROCKAWVAY BEACII, LONG ISLAND, N. Y., 667 CINGERCAKE ROCKS,'N. C., 647 RYE BEACH, N. H., 667 GUILFORD POINT, CT.,. 647 SACHtE31'S HEAD, CT.,. 667 HAMPTON BEACH, N. H., 647 SAGUENAY RIVER, CANADA,.. 667 HARPER'S FERRY, VA.,.. 648 ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS,. 669 HARRODSBURG SPRINGS, KY.,. 648 SALISBURY BEACH, MS., 669 HOBOKEN, N. J.,.648 SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., 669 HOPKINTON SPRINGS, MS... 648 SARATOGA SPRINGS, N,.. 669 HOT SPRINGS, AS.,. 648 SAYBROOK POINT, CT., 671 HOT SPRINGS, VA.,... 649 SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN, N. J., 671 HOUSE OF NATURE, IS.,.... 649 SHARON SPRINGS, N.Y..671 INDIAN SPRINGS, GA.,. 649 SIASCONSET, MS., 671 ISLES OF SHOALS, ME. AND N. H., 649 SQUANTUM, MS., 671 LATONIAN SPRINGS, KY., 649 STAFFORD SPRINGS, CT., 672 LONG BRANCH, N. J.,. 649 SWVEET SPRINGS, VA., 672 LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, GA., 649 TINTON FALLS, N. J., 672 MADISON'S CAVE, VA., 649 TRENTON FALLS, N. Y., 672 MADISON SPRINGS, GA., 649 WACHUSET MOUNTAIN, 3IS.,.. 673 MAMMOTH CAVE, KY.,. 650 WARM SPRINGS, VA.,673 M1TCHELL'S PEAK, N. C., 652 WARM SPRINGS, N. C., 673 MONADNOCK MOUNTAIN, 652 WVEIR'S CAVE, VA.,. 673 MONTAUK POINT, N. Y., 652 WELLS BEACHI, ME.,.673 MONTMORENCI FALLS, CANADA,. 652 WHITE MOUNTAINS, N. ff.,167. MONTREAL,. 652 WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA., 678 MOUNT EVERETT, MS.,. 653 WHEELING SUSPENSION BRIDGE, VA., 679 MOUNT HOLYOKE, MS.,. 654 WINNIPISEOGEE LAKE, N. H.,. 679 INTRODUCTION; COMPRIS I N G A GENERAL VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. ON the subject of the UNITED STATES OF AMERICA it is not easy to write or to feel with calmness. Such and so great are the interests involved, that it requires no little control of the mind to maintain a freedom from enthusiasm in contemplating the rapid growth and development of these states, and the field of inquiry and effort which they display. The following work professes to exhibit in detail the several parts, even to the most minute, of this now vast body, in a view at once geographical, civil or political, and moral or religious. It presents the natural features and the various peculiarities of the widely-extended domains, which, by the divine Providence, working its own wonders by various means, have been united into one nation, and placed under one form of government. This government is, indeed, of diversified application, in respect to its subjects or constituents, gathered from almost every people, and in the employment of its energies, as every government must be. Yet its principles and design are simple, and open to the inspection of all. The establishment of its principles has cost ages of human thought, labor, and suffering. Its design, both professedly and practically, is THE PUBLIC GOOD. That such is the character of the government providentially established in these states is clear, from the fact that it has originated from the people, and is virtually managed by themselves. They have modified it as the circumstances attending its operation have appeared to them to require, and their own experience of its good or ill effects has decided both their judgment and actions concerning it. It admits not of the doctrine of "millions made for one," but cherishes the grand idea of reaching, with paternal and salutary attention, the masses of men and their wants. Hence it has opened, expressly, an asylum for all of the human race who are honorably seeking the enjoyment of that prosperity and influence with which GOD is ready to endow his moral, accountable creatures on earth, and are willing to bear the labor and sustain the responsibility that are necessary to secure them. 2 10 UNITED STATES. This very circumstance, combining with the condition in various respects of other countries has made the North American states a subject of curiosity abroad, and has attracted to them very many colonists from countries of an older civilization. And it deserves the attentive curiosity of those also who are in possession of its benefits, and who, as we trust, are becoming more sensible of their value; for it would argue great ingratitude, or inability to appreciate human privileges and blessings, should those which are the favored lot of the United States be overlooked or disregarded. It will not, then, be amiss, in this place, to take a general and extended but rapid prospect of the country, in regard to its boundaries, divisions, and geography, including soil, climate, rivers, mountains, lakes; and to delineate, though briefly, the features of its history, progress, and present state, in an agricultural, commercial, civil, literary, and religious point of view. At the period, therefore, when this volume issues, the United States of North America are thirty-one in number, enjoying each a separate local government, of its own choice and formation; and to these are added six territories, so denominated, whose government emanates from the supreme authority of the nation or republic, until they also shall have acquired a numerical population sufficient to establish a claim to become, by due form of law, sovereign states. But before entering further on the exhibition of the political institutions of the country, it is proper to dwell on its natural features and boundaries. The British possessions of New Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, with the province of New Brunswick, form the north and north-east boundary, partially modified, since the peace of 1783, by new treaties.* On the north-west, Russia has indeed a territory upon this continent; and Greenland, on the opposite side of it, but separated from it, belongs to Denmark; yet neither reaches the United States' boundary. British territory alone is conterminous with it, except in its direction through the lakes and a portion of the River St. Lawrence, of both which it keeps the centre. On the east is the Atlantic Ocean, which, with the Gulf Stream at no great distance, washes the shore from the southern extremity of Florida to the extreme eastern coast of Maine. On the south is the Gulf of Mexico, as far as to the mouth of the Rio Bravo del Norte, which constitutes the limit between the republic of Mexico and the United States in that quarter, as far as to the 32d degree of north latitude, whence it takes a western course until it strikes a branch of the River Gila, which it follows to its entrance into the Rio Colorado, at the head of the Gulf of California. Thence it crosses over Southern California to the Pacific Ocean, at a point ten miles south of San Diego. This portion of boundary is under actual survey and definitive settlement, by commissioners chosen by each power mutually. The western boundary is the vast Pacific Ocean, from latitude 320 29' 30"' to 490 north, and the Straits of Juan de Fuca; opening an almost illimitable career to navigation, enterprise, and skill in the prospective commerce of the country - a commerce that must, in not a long time, extend to all those Asiatic regions which from time immemorial have excited the cupidity of Europe. The territory embraced within these limits embodies an area of perhaps 3,250,000 square miles. In this view, it ranks as the fifth of the great territorial powers of the earth; Russia being, since the disruption of the Spanish dependencies from the mother country, first in the list, Great Britain next, then China, and afterwards Brazil.t Such an extent in latitude must stretch, of course, through very different climates so that nearly every variety of temperature, and of animal, vegetable, and mineral productions, will be included. And these have actually been found, not, indeed, in all respects similar to those of Europe and Asia, but for by far the greater number. * The last of which was negotiated by Hon. Daniel Webster, as secretary of state, and Lord Ashburton, as commissioner on the part of England, and ratified November 10, 1842. t Spain once possessed territories containing, by estimation, 9,332,000 square miles. Russia has 7,656,000; England, 6,508,000; China, 5,200,000; and Brazil, 3,390,000. INTRODUCTION. 11 The face of the country is also much diversified. Long ranges of mountains extend on each side of the great central basin or valley. That which marks the western part most prominently is a continuation of the Cordilleras of the Andes of South America, although receding rather more from the western coast. Their direction is northward, turning a little to the west, as the coast runs, and distant from it, in some parts, nearly 600 miles. On the eastern side, the several ranges, called in general Alleghany, and branching into the Green Mountains on the north-east, take the direction of the coast, from which they are generally distant about 250 miles. The space between these two vast ranges of mountains is watered by the majestic Mississippi, appropriately denominated, in a style peculiarly Oriental, the " Father of Waters," and its large tributaries — tributaries, the Missouri especially, equalling or surpassing in length of course and body of water most of the great rivers of the eastern continent. With the British possessions in North America the United States share the magnificent provision which the GOD of nature has made of the vast reservoirs of fresh water in the chain of lakes that find their outlet at the Falls of Niagara and River of St. Lawrence. And it is a circumstance peculiarly worthy of notice, that, while the waters of Lake Superior are elevated 600 feet above the tide-waters of the Atlantic, so that a power of immense force is kept in reserve for all future uses, the depth is such, that, should the rocks at the great falls be worn entirely away, as they are known to have receded already several miles, neither that lake, nor Lakes Huron, Michigan, and Erie would be drained; and Ontario is the deepest of them all. Considering the extent of country, its soil may be accounted generally fertile An exception is found to this estimate in the territory which lies north of the new State of Texas, and west of Arkansas and part of Missouri. This has been emphatically denoted as the American Desert. On the eastern side of it are located the remnants of several tribes of the original inhabitants, who have left their ancestral abodes east of the Mississippi, and are congregated in a rather close proximity, requiring the keen oversight of the American government, as well as its paternal care and providence. No reflecting person can examine the map of our territory without perceiving the unusual facilities of river communication enjoyed by all parts of it. This circumstance is wonderfully promotive of internal commerce, as well as of fertility In the products of the field and forest, the orchard and the garden. True it is that occasional droughts are felt, but the extent of such calamities has not been great, nor their continuance long; and often what is denied to one portion is bestowed on another, "that there may be equality," and, at the same time, the intercourse of friendly trade. Sugar is produced in the lower parts of Louisiana, to a very considerable extent, from the cane plant, which might, doubtless, be cultivated more than it is in Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi, as well as in Texas. But the cotton fields have occupied the planter, and yielded generally a sure reward. Occasional frosts, however, are experienced all along the southern borders, rendering the cultivation of tropical productions too precarious for a dependence on them. This has been the case with the orange, fig, and lemon, while, of late, experiments have been made even farther north, on the introduction of the tea plant, with promising results. The Middle States appear to be the favorite region of the grape; and of this rich and wholesome fruit no small quantity 6f wine is already manufactured along the banks of the Ohio. The peach is cultivated extensively in New Jersey, especially, but flourishes, with the grape, in the neighboring states, and generally in that parallel of latitude. But we must refer to the Gazetteer itself, in the several articles, for the various particulars of this nature; remarking, only, that the maize, or Indian corn, - one of the indispensable articles of American food, wheat,- a most important staple,- rye, barley, oats, rice, of its different varieties, the diet of so large a portion of mankind in Southern Asia, overspread the United States, in their respectively adapted parts, with ample provision for the population, even were it many times increased. And these necessary productions for the continuance of human life must long form the reliable articles of export and trade.. Tobacco, too, and ardent spirits have been, and still are, notwithstanding all that has been said and written to dissuade men from the habitual use of them, a not inconsiderable item of commerce. 12 UNITED STATES. The American forests were the wonder of the early discoverers. Such a stately growth had been reached by the noble oaks, chestnuts, magnolias, cotton-trees, elms, maples, and, above all, the tall, straight pines, as rendered calculation almost wild in its anticipations of profit. What in the old countries had been the result of careful cultivation appeared here in all the unbounded luxuriance of nature, rendering the scenery picturesque often, and beautiful in the extreme, although more generally overburdened, tangled, and obstructed, and demanding the judicious hand of skill and taste. Much remains, in some parts of the country, in its original state still; although the rapid diminution effected by steaming excites not unfrequently an anxious fear, that our posterity may, if systematic attentions do not prevent, inherit a denuded patrimony, abandoned, like many portions of the " Old World," to sterility. But here a provision meets us which seems to reassure our hope. The vast coal-beds which are wrought now to so great an extent and profit in Pennsylvania, and in several other states, "cropping out " along the navigable rivers of the west, will yield fuel, either in the bituminous form, or in the hard anthracite, which, it may be hoped, will prove a preservative of much forest scenery and highway shade. The substitution of coals for wood is rapidly advancing. With respect to mineral wealth, it had been supposed until recently that little of the more precious metals would be found within the regions assigned to these states. But a sudden burst of what is almost universally regarded as good fortune surprises us in the acquisition of California. Its treasures of gold have surpassed all previous calculation, although not every hunter of it has been gratified with success. Millions have been gained, and will be brought into circulation, notwithstanding sickness, vice, and misery have often been coparceners in the enterprise. A new empire is founded, also, notwithstanding an almost incalculable expenditure of human life has been sustained to effect it. And we may hope, that, by the overruling hand which " educes good. from partial evil," benefits to the human family will eventually be realized, though many individuals be sacrificed and lost. Lead and copper had long been mined to much advantage before this unexpected discovery. And their abundance was a subject of gratulation, previous to the working of the copious supply of copper near Lake Superior, and of lead at Galena. Silver has been of rather rare occurrence, although gold has been obtained among the Alleghany ranges, and east of them; and the indefatigable exertions of Di. C. T. JAcKsoN have even discovered tin. Iron, proverbially the most useful of all the metals, abounds almost every where. While dwelling on these treasures of the earth, it should not be forgotten that great progress has been made in turning to profit many of the rocks which in some parts of the country are abundant, but of which other parts are destitute. Thus New Hampshire and Massachusetts send their granite to Georgia and Louisiana. The abundance of limestone in the north compensates the want elsewhere; and while in Florida, and Georgia, and Alabama, the live-oak has been felled, by dwellers of Maine, to furnish timber for their ship-yards, the mortar made of the lime from Thomaston has been cementing the buildings of the south - the abundance of one furnishing the other a needed supply, and that alternately and mutually. Beautiful marbles also have been wrought in quarries of different kinds, from the famous verd antique to the rival of the Parian for whiteness and uniformity of texture, giving to statuaries and architects the materials from which the most splendid trophies of art may be elicited. To this may be added the red sandstone of Connecticut, the appearance of which, in various buildings, has been greeted with much favor. Before the introduction of the "Quincy granite," this material was the most commonly wrought stone of the market. Slate is also obtainable, and begins to be employed, and may soon equal the productions of ancient Wales, which, however, are still imported largely. Of native animals but little is said at the present day, except in respect of the frontier settlements, and the employments of professed hunters who frequent the forests. Immense wealth has in time past been amassed from the furs, for which several species are sought and killed. Indians complain of the diminution of buffaloes, which heretofore had formed no small portion of their dependence; and it is unquestionable that the once abundant supply has been wasted in very many instances, in which their hides only have been the objects of INTRODUCTION. 13 cupidity, their carcasses being left to birds of prey. The moose has almost disappeared, as also the wild deer, which once abounded. Bears are not common, yet the grisly bear, that dreaded monarch of the forest, is met in California still. The cougar, the catamount, members of the same family, wildcat, lynx, and wolf have in many parts been troublesome, but are now only occasionally caught, shot, or seen. As we do not by any means profess to give a complete catalogue of quadrupeds, so neither can we of birds and fishes, which yet are abundant. The wild pigeons of the west are still celebrated for their multitudinous flocks, and the race of wild turkeys is not extinct. Birds of prey are not wanting, from the stately and powerful bald eagle to the various species of the hawk; and all the domestic fowls have accompanied the migrations of the European colonists, as well as all the domestic quadrupeds. No small amount of provisions drawn from the pasture enters into commerce; and more especially of late years, and since the distressing famine in Ireland. Beef has long been furnished to the West Indies; and with it exported hams, lard, and cheese are admitted into the British islands. At the same time the rearing of sheep is regarded with greater favor, and that especially since the introduction of the Merino breed, and the consequent increase of woollen factories. Cattle, horses, asses, and mules are often shipped to the West India islands as live stock. From the first knowledge of the Atlantic coast, the fisheries were accounted important. France and England at an early period were sensible of their value, and jealous in securing them. And even to this day, notwithstanding the former power has lost its hold on every portion of the northern continent, the two islands of St. Pierre and Miquelon are retained by treaty, in order to accommodate her fishermen, who spread on them their "flakes." With respect to the productiveness of this source of human support and governmental revenue, no part of the United States has experienced it more, and thriven more from it, than New England, through its hardy fishermen. From the earliest periods, their occupation has been one of the first necessity and greatest profit, if we take into view its various branches, and include in them the whale fishery. But in pursuit of that employment, not the Atlantic alone bounds their enterprising industry. The bold and hazardous occupation is followed in every ocean, sea, or strait where its subjects are to be met, and the whalers of America are among the most daring, courageous, and expert of men. The land, the ocean, and the air combine, then, to furnish out a space in which to develop the genius, enterprise, and application of the rapidly increasing population of these states. For the exercise of every talent a field is not wanting; and the exertion of every faculty may be flattered with hope of success. Having made these remarks, which, of course, must be superficial and brief, as we have no room for enlargement here, and must refer for special and particular information to the body of the work itself, in its several and distinct articles, we would, with equal brevity, dwell for a little time on some of the historical events which concern the settlement, growth, and prosperity of the states themselves. Inquiries respecting the primeval inhabitants, important as they may be in the investigations we make for ascertaining the history of MAN, under all the varieties of existence in which he appears, can be indulged in but sparingly here. Still, since the present inhabitants have entered on the places of their predecessors, some interest must attach to the character and circumstances of those who have passed away; and it would seem illiberal and unkind to be wholly silent respecting them, and would argue an unbecoming disregard to the claims of common humanity. Hence the subject has occupied no small attention from all our historians. But the little progress among them of what we term civilization, or rather, perhaps, their distance from the civilization which prevails with us, has rendered the cases so dissimilar, that it were almost invidious to overlook their estimate of character, and pride ourselves on our own. They had their own manners, and habits, and judgments; and although with a standard different from ours, it is evident they were not without some estimate of character. Talents they had, but without means of cultivation. A natural eloquence they could exercise, and 14 UNITED STATES. form sagacious counsels. But their want of a sure method of perpetuating their acquisitions, by a careful transmission of them, rendered them but transitory. Simple facts alone would be matters of remembrance, and even these would be recollected but imperfectly. Reasonings would be almost as evanescent as the times and occasions of them. The preservation of a continuity of thought, plan, and effort, so as to form national character, is the result of a literature that embodies the labors of the human mind. It is not wonderful, then, that so little remains to enable us to ascertain the distinguishing traits of Indian character and life. Our histories fail to do justice to the subject, doubtless; for they were written by parties unfavorably prepossessed, and in but few instances by the cultivated talent of natives. Nevertheless, here and there, in the course of more than three centuries, an example is found. The mounds and fortifications discovered at the west, and having some relation to monuments remaining in Mexico and Peru, indicate more of industry and talent than has at least been exercised by our Indians since Europeans landed on these shores. And perhaps their very presence hastened the deterioration, from a despair of resisting with success, or even maintaining their own position, much less of surpassing those who, in too many instances, became oppressors rather than aids, robbers more than friends. These remarks, however, will, it is acknowledged, apply more to the southern than the northern part of the American continent - more to the Spaniards than the English. But even in regard to the English, although possessed of a purer faith, and prompted, in most cases, by higher motives, yet, with comparatively few though honorable exceptions, too little attention has been paid to their welfare, too little to their instruction and training for usefulness, and national establishment and prosperity. True, it was much to demand this of human nature, selfish as it is; and therefore the names of ELIOT, and MAYHEW, and GOOKIN, and PENN, and BRAINERD, and BENEZET, and of a catalogue of worthies, will be celebrated with high and growing regard. As no amalgamation of the races took place, the Indians have, for the greater part, declined. They are mostly removed from their ancient seats, and inhabit a frontier country, where they can enjoy, at least for a time, the privileges of- the chase. Some, indeed, have abandoned the life of the hunter, and become agriculturists; and, in consequence of the persevering, self-denying labor of devoted missionaries, not a few have become, by the divine blessing, humble and devout Christians. The Cherokees, - who have now an alphabet of their own, — the Choctaws, Mohegans, - a mere remnant, however, - and a few Creeks, Mohawks, Oneidas, Ojibways, and Dakotas have thus been trained to a degree of Christian civilization; and the work is still advancing, but the discouragements are great. What is to be the issue time alone can develop. As respects the European immigration, a new order of things dawned at its outset; and though the progress was slow at first, laborious, and often interrupted, yet it has advanced to a day of no little splendor. Let us trace the outlines. Virginia may, in some respects, be permitted to take the lead; for, although both France and Spain had preceded England in efforts to colonize portions of North America, the colonies of each of them were beyond the boundaries which limited the thirteen states of the original Union; Canada retaining her connection with England, and Florida becoming a territory of the United States only in the year 1819, and a state in 1845. Virginia has, therefore, been called " the Old Dominion," dating her first effective European settlement from 1607. That very year, indeed, was marked by an attempt to settle an English colony at the mouth of the Kennebec, the intended province then bearing the name of Sagadehoc. But it was broken up the ensuing spring; and thirteen years passed away before the next settlement was made, in what had been called New England, as early as 1614.* This, happily, became permanent. Still, the coast had been frequented for purposes of the fishery, and to effect also the expulsion of the French from Acadia, within the bounds of which debatable country they had formed several settlements, and recovered, and, to a later period, retained them, greatly to the * See Life of Captain John Smnith, the early hero of Virginia. Bclknap's Biog. v. i. p. 306. INTRODUCTION. 15 annoyance of the English settlers. But the colonization of Virginia, though attended with many discouragements and disappointments, on which our space permits us not to dwell, advanced, and became a safeguard to the next successful band of adventurers. This band, to which we have before alluded, was the expatriated church of ROBINSON, who established themselves at Plymouth, and are familiarly and honorably known as " the Pilgrims of Leyden," or " the Pilgrim Fathers of New England." Their errand hither was mainly for religious peace and prosperity, and it was religiously conducted; nor is it too much to say, that, in the good providence of God, their efforts, character, and success have given a deeplyinteresting tone to the history and features of their adopted country, and render their memory respected by every true philanthropist. But on their individual or special history we have no room here to dwell. Their immigration was in 1620. A few years after, a settlement was commenced at Naumkeag, in the Bay of Massachusetts, and called Salem. Then followed an establishment on the north side of the river which enters the bottom of the bay, and, in compliment to the king of England then on the throne, took the name of Charlestown. The settlement of Boston succeeded, in 1630, under WINTHROP, JOHNSON, and their associates; and now the way was opened to thousands of their countrymen, and the principles agreed upon, on which the colony might live, thrive, and flourish. Encouraged by such instances of success, there had been, in the mean while, several English adventurers who formed settlements for trading, fishing, and exploring the country, along the whole coast of New England; and the colonies of New Hampshire, of Connecticut, and New Haven, separate at first, but afterwards blended, Rhode Island and the Plantation of Providence, forming a retreat for persecuted religionists, Laconia, Gorgeana, and Sagadehoc, included afterwards in Maine, gradually burst into being. Before the middle of the seventeenth century they had become politically organized as distinct governments, and, in 1643, four of them formed a confederation, the type and emblem of a future important fact, which, in little more than a century later, created a new NATION. The Dutch also, as a great naval power, and rival, in that respect, of England and France, had not been idle, but, as early as 1609, employed an Englishman, HENRY HUDSON, who discovered the noble river that bears his name, and penetrated it as far as where Albany now stands, preparing the way for the formation of the " Empire State " of New York. The early result was not, indeed, a promise of harmony in regard to the growth and happiness of the little colonies to the eastward of Manhattan or New Netherlands. Jealousies arose on both sides, and bickerings and difficulties with the natives, which were not fully quieted until English authority became paramount, and New York ceased to be controlled by any other European power. The settlements of New Jersey and Maryland, of Delaware, and, at length, of Pennsylvania, extended the English influence along the coast between Virginia on the south, and New England to the north and east. For the settlement of Swedes, in the neighborhood of Cape Henlopen, yielded, in not a long time, to the prowess of the Dutch, and, with them, became at last subject to the British crown. Nor did Virginia long remain the southern boundary of British dominion. North and South Carolina were settled in the reign of CHARLES II., and in 1732 the foundation was laid for the State of Georgia." These were the thirteen original states recognized at the period of the American revolution. But, considering how unanimous they became in that grand scene of the trial of principle, it is curious to notice how diversified were the characters of the first settlers of them, and on what principles they were severally chartered. JAMES I. of England, who gave the earliest of these charters, was bigoted, arbitrary, and jealous of his prerogative. Royal blood was, with him, of different composition from that which runs in the veins of ordinary mortals. And he was ready to visit with pains and penalties the presumption of ROLFE, one of his subjects, who had dared, without his leave, to ally himself with even an Indian princess, in the person * See these several states, under their names, respectively, in the Gazetteer. 16 UNITED STATES. ofPOCAHONTAS, daughter of POWHATAN. Such, too, was the known character of his son and grandsons who succeeded him. And it was only under CROMWELL, and at the time of the revolution in England, that popular rights were regarded with any real sympathy. Hence, in part, at least, this observable diversity. Some also of the charters, like those, for instance, of Pennsylvania and Maryland, were bestowed on court favorites, as gratuities for services rendered or anticipated. In others, as ilk those of the Carolinas, granted to noblemen principally, a provision was made in the constitution framed for them by the profound metaphysician LOCKE, for ranks of hereditary nobles - a provision which, though happily never carried into effect in any one province or colony, exhibits one of the embarrassments that, but for some overruling power, must have obstructed the course of the subsequent revolution, and establishment of a republican form of government. But the tendency towards a prevalence of the principles of democracy or republicanism is, in one circumstance, more distinctly traceable than in any other. It is in the absence of the ultimately controlling power. This, from the very necessity of the case, threw the exercise of a certain degree of authority on the people themselves, either in their primary assemblies, where each one must feel his own consequence, or in those of their representatives, immediate or remote. Accustomed thus to a degree of self-government, and unawed by the splendor of the present majesty of power, unused therefore to the servility of courtiers, the colonists exercised a degree of sovereignty at an early period. This varied, indeed, as we have seen, in the different colonies; but, in process of time, a portion of liberty pervaded all. The removal to America of the charter of Massachusetts was no short step towards the exercise of the spirit of 1776. India is governed in London by the honorable company seated there, of whom the governor general is but the agent, and to whom he is accountable. But were the company seated in India, how long could loyalty to the crown of Great Britain be cherished? It cannot, then, appear strange that a degree of jealousy should be felt in the mother country in relation to the exercise of power on the part of the colonies. It was this which led to the mission of RANDOLPH under CHARLES II., and ripened the popular fury against ANDROS in the reign of his misguided brother. Nor this alone; for the exhibition of spirit and ability to conduct important warlike enterprises, which was made inl 1745 in the successful attack on Louisburg, familiarly called the Dunkirk or Gibraltar of America, and deemed impregnable, aroused at court the anxious fear that greater efforts would soon become practicable, if' thQ exercise of power were not speedily checked. To this idea we may trace the succession of' measures which prepared the way for the American revolution. It would be a pleasing task to dwell here on the endeared memory of many a colonial worthy, and to embalm the virtues of patriots not a few, though filling a humble sphere; but it is impracticable. Nor can we follow the traces of those stirring events which distinguished the vastly disproportionate struggle between the colonies and the powerful mother country, then at the height of her supremacy on the sea. Warriors were nurtured by the contests with the French of Canada. Minds were enlarged by the project of a confederacy to resist them made in 1754. In this it was intended so to unite the several colonies along the Atlantic border, that they might be able to defeat the sagacious policy of France in extending her posts from Canada to Louisiana, and securing the inland, central regions to herself, that she might fall on the maritime and subdue them at her convenience. One of the most affecting though simple devices of the Puritans appears in the arms and motto adopted by the State of Connecticut. It exhibits the vine fastened and trained for bearing to its upright stake, and the assertion, " He who transplanted will sustain it." " This was the confidence of the pious founders of not a few colonies on this side the Atlantic. They trusted in GOD. And his providence can, without the aid of an unmanly superstition, be distinctly traced in the history of the United States. The spirit of his truth is marked, from generation to generation, on the minds, and consciences, and lives of men preparing for the * "Qui transtulit sustinet." INTRODUCTION. 17 exercise of freedom in its widest practicable extent and forms. If even HUME was compelled to give his meed of praise to the Puritans for the elements of true liberty ingrafted on the British stock by the struggles of the Commonwealth, Americans may well trace to the possession and free use of the Bible their more perfected political developments. Nay, it has been said, and that recently, with equal truth and eloquence, " Who shall write the history of modern civilization without tracking the course of the divine Word? To the homes of our fathers it brought the best lessons of experience and the sturdiest virtues of religion. We need not say much of the good seed of the Word that came with the people of the Mayflower and the Arbella, nor will our common sense or charity allow us to limit the blessing to any State in the Union. The Bible came with the Huguenots of Carolina, the Reformed Dutch of Manhattan, the Friends of Pennsylvania, the Churchmen of Virginia, the Methodists of Georgia, as well as the Puritans of Massachusetts. Who shall say what that book has done for the nation? " Look, then, at the history of the United States. It deserves to be contemplated with serious attention as a development of the august providence of GOD, who uses the passions and pursuits of men for the accomplishment of his own wise and benevolent designs. The discovery of the new continent occurs at a period of the world when the human mind, in Europe at least, has been roused to uncommon activity, and has put forth its greatest vigor. The reformation resuscitates the power of the Bible, and persecution tests its worth. Spain conquers and possesses the southern part of the continent, seeking every where to assuage her insatiate craving for gold. She passes by the northern' half, because it is not discovered there, and leaves to France and England a country she knows not how to value. France colonizes the least inviting part of this vast field, on which England begins to display a rival power. Commercial enterprise is roused, but commercial enterprise signally fails. Religious principle conducts a perilous effort, and success, after much hardship and suffering, crowns it. This encourages adventure, and, step by step, the work advances. Colonies, scattered along the Atlantic border, like those of ancient Greece on the shores of Asia,* multiply and prosper. But, unlike them, these colonies discover that their interests are similar, become united, and are led to form one government, which exhibits to the world a new nation. Every step of this progress is interesting to the statesman, the philanthropist, and the Christian. The first will study it as developing the germ of human greatness; the next will contemplate it as opening an asylum for suffering humanity, a field for honest labor, with hopeful promise of reward; but the last will view it with grateful and adoring thoughts of the wonder-working power of GOD. The close of the revolutionary struggle -during which had been exhibited many of the virtues that adorn and exalt human nature, although in multitudes of instances the contamination of the unfixed and loose opinions and manners that prevail in camps affected our countrymen, and made an awful inroad on the simplicity of colonial habits - brought with it a view and keen perception of difficulties and embarrassments which had hardly been anticipated. While the struggle itself endured, the event was doubtful, and hope and fear alternately prevailed. But when the pressure of events from abroad had diminished, and the feelings and views generated by the scenes of home gained sway, room was afforded for a new play of the passions, and perils of a new character arose. And hence it has been remarked by a statesman, whose talents and power of thought and language have been amply acknowledged in our own country and in Europe,t that no period of American history deserves the profound study of our young men more than that which intervened between the peace of 1783 and the establishment of the federal government in 1789. The reason of this remark must appear on reflecting that, when the independence of the country had been achieved by labors, self-denial, and sacrifices of property, time, talents, and * A comparison suggested by Heeren. Several of these colonies had, indeed, a confederation, - that of the Ionian cities, -but it neither continued long nor extended far. t It seems hardly necessary here to name the Hon. Daniel Webster. 3 18 I UNITED STATES. life, of which in this day we can form no adequate conception, there were required the virtues of self-command, candor, and devotion to the public welfare. Without these, it must be clear that freedom from one class of evils might have been effected only to incur new troubles and difficulties-from another. The perils of anarchy and of civil war, and of the reckless personal ambition of daring chieftains, were all to be dreaded. With these perils the provinces of South America and Mexico were necessitated to contend when they burst away more recently from the dominion of Spain; nor have the contest and its perils ceased with them even yet. But, most happily for us and the world, its Sovereign Ruler had provided for the emergency in raising up a distinguished individual, of whom, without unduly exalting man, we may admit, with truth, that he was " first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen." WASHINGTON had been called to the command of her armies by his country in her day of danger. He had conducted the arduous struggle to its close, with a discretion, a moral as well as natural courage, and a dignity of character which left him without a rival. And perhaps in none of the favors of divine Providence bestowed on the country -and they have been numerous and great — can we find what should be regarded as more peculiarly deserving commemoration than this. It is admitted by all nations who become acquainted with the facts, as well as by our own. An English reviewer, while displaying a series of political schemes, remarked, that " however they might have appeared and been successful in other times, they could not bear the light of the age of WASHINGTON.": His sterling worth, long tried and e:xtensively approved, the disinterestedness of his behavior and moral integrity in all respects, rendered it safe, in the estimation of the people at large, to invest him with the supreme power of the republic. To this elevation no claim of royal descent was produced; although this might have been pleaded with equal truth as for General MONK, the:rival, in one sense, and yet the restorer of CHARLES II. And it has been said that our minister in France received an offer from a Norman nobleman, who stated his family to be as ancient and respectable as that of WILLIAM the Conqueror. The offer was made on the supposition that of course the country would want, and must have a king, when it should become independent. GEORGE III. is stated to have remarked to our countryman WEST that he supposed the Americans would strive to make General WASHINGTON their king, instead of him-setl. One of the most remarkable circumstances in reference to the American population, and the providence of GoD overruling and ordering affairs for a future benefit, is seen in this, that hereditary titles of nobility have been, from the first, unusual among us, to say the least. None, of course, could have originated here; and although noblemen dwelt with us as governors, occasional sojourners, and even with their own families about them, yet they welre never American noblemen, entitled as such to a seat in the House of Lords. It was bold language for the late M. SISMONDI to employ, when he said that revolutions'for the advancement of liberty had not been rare, but that in France the principle on which they are sought, and which he supposed to be a melioration of the condition of the people, had'been lost sight of, from the circumstance that they had ever placed some prince in power.'This, of course, was written before the pretensions of Louis NAPOLEON BONAPARTE, almost iinvariably called a prince, were developed. If LAFAYETTE, in 1830, had been placed at the head of a republic, or, in 1848, some individual without a claim to royal descent or regal or -imperial relationship, might not stability have been bestowed on those institutions which now -seem only made to be overturned? And is it not strange, that, while in theory all titles are abolished, the French delight still in giving their rulers princely and noble titles? No, it may be said, it is not strange, for the French people are not prepared for republican government. It is questionable if they can be so before the present generation passes away. Indeed, human nature must be greatly changed, if the hearts of men in America be not affected, as elsewhere, with the love of distinction. They are so affected; but the democratic tendency which has been stamped on our institutions is ever found a counteracting force. * Aikin's British Review, about 1810. INTRODUCTION. 19 Family cliques are cultivated, exclusiveness in the associations of intimacy is cherished. wealthy matches coveted and sought out, and effected even among very near relatives, to secure riches and influence; but still the general process is of a levelling character, after all. The equal division of estates in families, and the rapid growth of families themselves, assist it; and, in very many instances, the ambitious hope of rearing and establishing aristocratic distinctions is frustrated and destroyed. At such a consummation we ought not, perhaps, so far as individual improvement is concerned, and the formation of a character of virtuous distinction and influence, to rejoice; nevertheless, the problem to be wrought out in America appears to be of wider concernment to the human race than the aggrandizement of family relationship. In the old republics of Venice, Switzerland, and Holland, things were vastly different. In them an aristocracy was avowed, established, and rendered paramount and flourishing. The American problem refers to the possibly Utopian idea of THE BROTHERHOOD OF MANKIND; and probably no nation was ever placed in circumstances calculated more happily to realize this object. A new motive for the cultivation of the virtues which our fondest partiality ascribes to our best patriots, and most excellent citizens and countrymen, arises from the fact, that at the present eventful crisis of affairs in Europe, in which the experience and character of these states are studied, and our institutions alluded to, as an exemplification of the results of civic freedom, our example may be of the highest moral tendency. It may obtain an influence for the good of large and suffering portions of mankind, that shall be effective of " glory to GOD in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men." With respect to the fears entertained from the overwhelming torrent of uneducated, and vicious, and pauper foreigners poured upon our shores, in a manner so unprecedented, we may feel less alarm if our citizens will but preserve, and, as circumstances require, augment the advantages of early education now enjoyed, and see that the young immigrants improve them.? This will lay the axe to the root of all growing corruption. Adults may prove incorrigible, and require the animadversion of wholesome law. Our prisons can now instruct and compel them to labor for the profit of the public; but THE EDUCATION OF TIlE YOUNG, conducted on principles of sound morals and sincere' piety, will prove the sure foundation of usefulness, respectability, and prosperity. Such has it ever been found, and ever will be. To return to our political state: a comparison of our highest executive officers with others of such grade abroad elicits hope. While, for instance, the present ruler of France is openly charged with a design of perpetuating his powers, and altering the very constitution of the country for that end, we have never had a public case, whatever may have transpired privately, in which a president of the United States was found ambitiously plotting for the perpetuation or continuance of his power. Those who have filled this station have returned successively to private life, or, as in two illustrious instances,t consented to serve the public in a lower but important position. Thanks are due to GOD for this apparent degree of civic purity of character. And we should rejoice in that state of public sentiment which would not only render the reverse of this odious to the country, but also effectually defeat the object aimed at. The condition of the country at the close of the revolutionary war, and which had been but partially benefited by the subsequent confederation, assumed a new life under the government of the FAThER OF HIS COUNTRY. That government, after it had been exercised for the constitutional period, that is, for four years, from 1789 to 1793, was again offered by the public "Individuals, as such, have no more claim upon the public for their education than for their board and clothing." But "the first principles of popular government require that the means of education should as far as possible be equally within the reach of the whole population. This can be effected in no other way than by a system of education supported by the public. The same great motive of public policy requires that the schools should be of a very superior order, so that every child may receive not merely an education, but an excellent education." - Gov. EVERETT. t Those of Washington and (more especially) John Quincy Adams. 20 UNITED STATES. voice to its distinguished head, and again accepted; but not for a third period, although by many greatly desired. It had been only by the exercise of qualities precisely adapted to the emergencies which required them, that WASHINGTON had been so successful. His personal courage was unquestionable. His firmness and moderation were even constitutional, habitual, and uniform. He sincerely loved his country, and devoted himself to its interests in a manner perhaps unprecedented. The people at large appreciated his character, and had entire confidence in his integrity; and it was only prejudice or ignorance, or the reckless violence of party spirit, eagerly bent on its object, and unscrupulous as to the methods of attaining it, which opposed and thwarted his well-considered measures, gave trouble to his impartial government, and vilified his person. In fact, in the great points of view under which we are to consider this so justly celebrated man, so remarkably prepared in the providence of God for the stations he was called successively to fill, it will be proper to notice,First, the contest for freedom, or the revolution. And in this we see a people widely scattered, comparatively poor, living under different laws, although dependent on the same crown, having rivalries, jealousies, antipathies of their own, and yet necessitated, from the very nature of the case, to act together. lie was the instrument of thus connecting them, by the weight of his own character, and the wisdom and energy of his conduct, and the revolution was achieved. Next came the substitution of a more effective central government for that of a Congress which had no power to enforce its decisions, and for a long period little ability to decide. And the convention of 1787, four years after the peace, was presided over by him. In that was formed the constitution, under which, with comparatively few amendments, the United States have existed in honor and prosperity for more than sixty years. No one, probably, of its framers better knew than he the difficulties to be met, the powers necessary to be created and exercised, and the authority requisite to be given, in order to constitute an efficient yet paternal government; although this knowledge were in him more the result of experience, aided by sound, practical good sense, than of sedentary study and learned research. For these the corporal activity of his pursuits and labors had allowed him little leisure. But there were in association with him minds of high intelligence. Of this character were ADAMS, JEFFERSON, HAMILTON, MADISON, and JAY. To these, and such as they, were confided the great concerns of adjusting and balancing the respective departments, - legislative, judicial, and executive, - and of founding, at length, under his superintendence, an empire of laws based on the welfare of the whole community; laws under which any aggregate of population, if disposed to be orderly, industrious, and frugal, or any number of states, if loyally affiliated to the federal government, can enjoy as great prosperity as it falls to the lot of human institutions to secure. The third view is that in which, after the perils, sufferings, sacrifices of the revolution, and the establishment of principles of government, partaking of the nature as well of concession, agreement, and compromise, in certain cases, as of conservative arrangements in others, we behold the successful warrior and upright legislator, first in the esteem, veneration, gratitude, and confidence of his countrymen, becoming their first president. At the head now of a new nation, his habits of intercourse must form precedents for his successors. The formalities of his administration will characterize future courses; and, happily, his inclination, judgment, and resolution established a "just medium " between too great stateliness, resembling the courts of foreign princes, and the too great familiarity which would bring government into contempt. "If I were to exhibit the spirit of the constitution," observed recently the present able secretary of state, " in its living, speaking, animated form, I would refer always, always to the administration of the first president, GEORGE WASHINGTON. And if I were now to describe a patriot president, I would draw his masterstrokes and copy his design. I would present his,picture before me as a constant study for life. I would present his policy, alike liberal, just, narrowed down to no sectional interests, bound to no personal objects, held to no locality, but INTRODUCTION. 21 biudd, and generous, and open, as expansive as the air.... I would draw a picture of his foreign policy, just, steady, stately, but withal... lofty and glorious. No man could say in his day that the broad escutcheon of the honor of the Union could receive injury or damage, or even contumely or disrespect, with impunity. His own character gave character to the foreign relations of the country. He upheld every interest of his country in even the proudest nations of Europe; and while resolutely just, he was resolutely determined that no plume in the honor of his country should ever be defaced or taken from its proper position by any power on earth. WASHINGTON was cautious and prudent; no self-seeker; giving information to Congress according to the constitution, on all questions, when necessary, with fairness and frankness, claiming nothing for himself, exercising his own rights, and preserving the dignity of his station, but taking especial care to execute the laws as a paramount duty, and in such manner as to give satisfaction to every body, and to be subservient to that end. And it was always remarked of his administration, that he filled the courts of justice with the most spotless integrity, the highest talent, and the purest virtue; and hence it became a common saying, running through all classes of society, that our great security is in the learning and integrity of the judicial tribunals. This high character they justly possessed, and continue to possess in an eminent degree, from the impress which WASHINGTON stamped on these tribunals at their first organization." * We have dwelt thus long on this administration, as it exhibits the genius and spirit'of the American government in its acknowledged model. Successive presidents — the thirteenth is now in the chair- have in general so regarded it, as well as the people at large; and all parties virtually conspire to render to it their praise. We have not room to follow out the history of each administration. The constitution itself it is proper for a short space to consider. Its OBJECTS are, to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty; and it is ordained and established in the name of the people. I. It vests all the LEGISLATIVE POWERS it grants in a Congress, consisting of two branches, a Senate and House of Representatives. The representatives are chosen once in two years, by all persons qualified in their several states to vote for members of the most numerous branch of the state legislature; and no one can be entitled to a seat in this house under twenty-five years of age. He must also have been a citizen of the United States for seven years, and an inhabitant of the state in which he is chosen. The Senate consists of two senators from each state, chosen by its legislature, for six years. It is divided into three classes, one of which goes out of office every two years. A senator must have attained thirty years, been a citizen of the United States nine years, and be an inhabitant of the state that elects him. When a vacancy occurs in the representation of a state, its executive is to issue writs for a new election by the people. If it happen in the Senate, the state legislature supplies it by a new election; and should it occur when such legislature is not in session, the state executive makes a temporary appointment until the legislature meets. The representatives choose their own speaker, have the exclusive power to impeach public officers, and originate bills for raising a revenue. The Vice President of the United States presides over the Senate, which chooses its other officers, and a president pro tempore, ih case of absence of its president, or in case he exercise the office of President of the United States. Each house determines the validity of the elections and qualifications of its own members, forms its own rules, and keeps a journal of its proceedings. Their members are privileged from arrest, during the session, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace. The Congress has power to make and enforce all laws necessary for the general welfare; as, to lay taxes and collect them, imposts and excises also, to borrow money, regulate commerce, * See Mr. Webster's Speeches at Buffalo, Syracuse, and Albany, in May, 1851, p. 55, ed. N. Y. 22 UNITED STATES. establish uniform rules of naturalization, coin money, establish post-roads and post-offices, promote the arts and sciences, institute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court, define and punish piracy, declare war and make reprisals, raise and support armies, provide and maintain a navy, and regulate the militia, and to make all laws necessary to carry these powers into effect, exercising also jurisdiction over the District of Columbia. II. No bill of attainder or retrospective (ex post facto) law shall be passed; the writ of habeas corpus cannot be suspended, except in cases of rebellion or invasion; no soldier, in time of peace, to be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law; no direct tax can be laid, except according to a census of the inhabitants; no duty can be laid on exports; no money to be drawn from the treasury, unless appropriated by law; no law to be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances; no title of nobility can be granted, nor can any public officer, without the consent of Congress, accept of any present or title from any foreign prince or state. The states are restricted from emitting bills of credit, making any thing but gold or silver a tender for debts, and passing any law impairing private contracts. No member, also, of Congress, continuing such, is allowed to hold any office under the government of the United States; and no person holding any office under the United States can be a member of either house during his continuance in office. III. The EXECUTIVE POWER is vested in a president, who holds his office for four years, and who must have been a citizen at the adoption of the constitution, or native of the United States, must have attained thirty-five years of age, and been fourteen years a resident within the Union. The president, and the vice president, of similar qualifications, are chosen by electors, designated as the legislature of each state shall direct. The number of electors in each state is to equal the whole number of its senators and representatives. The president is commander-in-chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia when called into actual service. He grants reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment; nominates, and, with advice and consent of the Senate, appoints ambassadors, judges, and other officers of the United States, forms treaties, provided two thirds of the Senate agree, and fills vacancies in offices happening during the Senate's recess. He convenes the Congress on extraordinary occasions, receives foreign ministers, gives information to Congress of the state of public affairs, and, in general, takes care that the laws be faithfully executed- being himself under solemn oath or affirmation to that end, and liable to impeachment as any other public officer. In case of death, resignation, or removal of the president, the vice president succeeds to his office. IV. The JUDICIARY of the United States consists of one Supreme Court, meeting annually at Washington, and such inferior courts as Congress ordains. The judges hold their offices during good behavior, and while holding them can sustain no diminution of salary. The power of these courts extends to all cases in law and equity, arising under the constitution or laws of the United States, and under treaties; to cases of public ministers and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies between the states, and where the United States are a party, but not in regard to suits originating with foreign states, or subjects of them; between citizens of different states; between a state and a citizen of another state, and between citizens of the same state, claiming under grants of different states; and to causes between one of the states, or an American citizen, and a foreign state or citizen. V. As to general RIGHTS AND IMMUNITIES: In all criminal trials, except impeachment, the trial by jury is guarantied to the accused. Treason is restricted to the simple act of levying war against the United States, and adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort; and no one can be convicted but by two witnesses to the same act, or by confession in open court. Conviction of treason is not followed by corruption of blood, to disinherit the criminal's heirs, nor by forfeiture of estate, except during the life of the offender. The citizens of each state are entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several states; and the powers INTRODUCTION. 23 not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. Congress may admit new states into the Union; and the national compact guaranties to each state a republican form of government, together with protection from foreign invasion and domestic violence.* Such, in substance, is the celebrated CHARTER, if it so may be called, of the rights, privileges, and duties of American citizens, whether in their private capacity, or raised for a time to offices of trust and power. Under it these states have grown to a maturity which ranks them, in their collective, concentred existence, among the leading nations of the world. To the three millions of their population, when they felt it their duty to appeal to arms against the mother country, they have now added a score of millions, and more. They are in commerce second only to Great Britain, the first among the nations. Their navy is respectable, well built, and well furnished. Their internal commerce is immense. Its statistics appear in the following work. Their railroads are among the greatest triumphs of art over natural impediments of distance and unequal surfaces. Steam has astonishingly facilitated and abridged human toil; and the ease with which intelligence is, like lightning, sent from one extremity of the Union to the other, is among the wonders of the age. We do not here appeal to statistics; these occupy another department, and will confirm tne present statements amply. We commend to the reader a careful perusal of them, and will simply remark, in closing this rapid review, that it is not alone in the progress of population,s agriculture, commerce, and the arts, that we are to contemplate the elements of greatness bestowed on the United States. Other things demand a grateful notice. Very early in the settlement of the country it was perceived that no temporal prosperity could be permanent without the institutions of learning and religion. Two classes of Englishmen came over: the one, at the south, maintained conformity to the church of England; the other, at the north, claimed and exercised a greater liberty — the liberty of dissent. These dispositions had each their peculiar effect. Compelled to rely on themselves, the northern dissenters founded their college, and endowed it as well as their poverty would allow; and for years it was the only seminary of such kind in the colonies. Sir WILLIAM BERKELEY, t like the late Emperor of Austria, wanted about him "not learned men, but obedient subjects." Wherever the influence of New England reaches in these states, the school, the college, and the Christian ministry are esteemed as necessaries of life, and not easily dispensed with; and all the states, without exception, perhaps, have since the revolution partaken more or less in this feeling. The press groans with its periodical issues; and these are not all the production of contentious political partisans; but a large share is of a religious, scientific, literary character, bringing into discussion the great questions that agitate the intellectual world, and assuming a stand in the crowd of learned competitors. Astronomy, chemistry, mineralogy, geology, and natural history are cultivated with growing ardor and success. They will be advanced by the facilities afforded through the unexpected liberality of an English stranger,~ whose benefaction has consecrated at the capital of the nation a reservoir of knowledge, diffusing its streams to the extremities of the land. Our missionary enterprises, in the foreign field and at home, have been surprisingly prosperous. The state of Christian civilization bestowed on the Sandwich Islands is the proof of it as regards distant efforts; the increasing settlement of the institutions of religion in the * See the constitution itself, and the abridgment of it in Webster's "Elements of Knowledge," copied into that very useful and valuable compendium, Goodrich's " History of the United States," compiled for youth; and of which many thousands are in their hands throughout the Union. t For numbers only, China stands first, with her 300 or 400,000,000, as the case may be; then Britain, reckoning 150,000,000 subjects of her queen. Russia follows,.with 60,000,000; France and Austria rank next. And whether the empire of Japan or the United States come next in order is not clear. Turkey is, probably, in advance of Prussia and Spain. No other power, perhaps, exceeds 10,000,000 of subjects. + Governor of Virginia under the crown. Q James Smithson, Esq. 24 UNITED STATES. west is a happy comment on the domestic effort; while the creation of a new republic on the shores of Africa is one of the most glorious of the triumphs of religion, humanity, and political wisdom. Nothing will be wanting to the greatness and prosperity of our cherished republic, if, securing the blessing of GOD by obedience to his Word, under the directions of which no small portion of our ancestors lived and toiled, we hold on our way with fearless integrity, and a conscientious love of our country and our race. DESCRIPTIONS OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. g The reader will please to observe that the statistical tables and other documents near the close of the volume will be found to contain much additional information in regard to the several and combined interests of the following confederated republics, denominated the United States of America. These states and territories are alphabetically arranged. ALABAMA ranks as the twenty-second state of the American Union. It was originally settled by French and Spanish immigrants. In conjunction with Mississippi, it was set off from Georgia, in 1800, as a separate territory; which again was divided in 1817, the western portion forming the State of Mississippi, and the eastern the Territory of Alabama- now the state of that name, having been so constituted by act of Congress in March, 1819. Limits and Extent.- It is bounded by Tennessee on the north, Georgia on the east, Florida and the Gulf of Mexico on the south, and Mississippi on the west. It extends from 30~ 10' to 35~ north latitude, and from 85~ to 88~ 30' west longitude; comprising an area of nearly 51,000 square miles. Surface and Soil.- The face of the country exhibits much variety. In the northern quarter, where the Alleghany Mountains terminate, it is elevated and somewhat broken, but gradually improves in appearance and fertility as it descends towards the opposite boundary, where it settles into wide-spreading prairies and gently-swelling plains, profusely covered with grass 4 26 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. and beautiful herbage. For all purposes of agriculture, the chief pursuit of the inhabitants, the soil is, in general, finely adapted. There are many large tracts, especially on the margins of rivers, which are remarkably productive. The most prominent among the "kindly fruits of the earth" are cotton, corn, wheat, and rice. Tobacco and sugar are also cultivated to some extent. The cotton crop, for several years past, is estimated to have been equal to a sixth part of the aggregate annual harvest of that commodity within the United States. Minerals, particularly iron and coal, are found in various parts of the state; the latter article exists in abundance on the borders of the Cahawba and Black Warrior Rivers. Climate. - Alabama presents considerable diversity of climate, healthful or otherwise, according to locality. The hilly region, in the central and northern parts, affords a salubrious atmosphere, mildly tempered in winter, and gratefully pleasant in summer; but the low and marshy districts at the south, the bottom lands along the rivers, and the country lying in the neighborhood of the Muscle Shoals, are usually considered unhealthy. Rivers. - Nearly every part of the state is amply watered by large streams admitting of extensive steamboat navigation. The most considerable and important of these rivers are the Tennessee, Chattahoochee, Alabama, and Tombigbee. Civil Governmnent.- The legislative power is vested in a Senate and I-ouse of Representatives; the former composed of thirty-three members, elected for four years, - one half retiring every two years, - and the latter consisting of one hundred members, elected biennially. The sessions of the legislature are held once in two years, at the present seat of government, the city of Montgomery. The people elect not only the executive and legislative authorities, but the judges of Circuit and Probate Courts. Judges of the Supreme Court and chancellors are chosen for terms of six years by the General Assembly, in joint ballot. Judiciary. - The Supreme Court holds its sessions at the capital, semiannually, in June and January: it is composed of a chief and two associate justices. The Court of Chancery, comprising three chancellors, holds an annual session in each of the thirty-seven districts into which the state is subdivided. The Circuit Courts, of which there are nine judges, hold two sessions per annum, in each of the nine circuits. Education.- See Literary Institutions. Internal Improvements.- The state enjoys numerous facilities for intercommunication, and a due measure of public interest is directed to the development of these natural advantages. Many miles of railroads, and several important canals, have alrealy been constructed, and others are also in contemplation. MJanufactures. - But little attention has been given to the business of converting the principal staple of the state into fabrics for exportation. Nearly all the cotton produced is sent as raw material to markets beyond the state, and but a small portion of the population is engaged in the manufacture of other articles of domestic growth. Public Debt, &c. -For information relative to the debts, expenditures, financial resources, &c., of the state, see Statistical Tables. Indians. — There are within the limits of Alabama several formidable tribes, or parts of tribes, some of whom, the Cherokees particularly, have attained a respectable state of civilization. These reside in the north-east corner of the state. The Choctaws and Chickasaws occupy portions of the western part, and the Creeks dwell on the eastern border. During the war of 1812, the white settlements were much annoyed by the Indians, who were finally subdued by General Jackson. Population. - One of the chief impulses which led to the almost unexampled increase of population in Alabama, within the last forty years, was the annexation, in 1812, of a part of Florida. This measure gave access to an important coast frontier on the Gulf of Mexico, and induced an immediate flow of emigration in that direction. STATES AND TERRITORIES. - ARKANSAS. 27 ARKANSAS. This state was originally included within the limits of Louisiana; from which, in conjunction with Missouri, it was set off, becoming a part of the latter, under the name of Missouri Territory, soon after the purchase of the former by the United States. In 1819, Missouri was divided, and the southern portion became the Territory of Arkansas. It remained under a distinct territorial government until 1836, when it was elevated to the rank of an independent state, constituting the twenty-sixth member of the American Union. As early as 1685, settlements were formed in the country now embraced in this state by certain French adventurers, who formed alliances and intermarried with the then powerful tribe of Arkansas Indians, from whom the name of the state is derived. Boundaries and Extent. - It is bounded north by the State of Missouri; east by the River Mississippi, separating it from the state of that name, and from Tennessee; south by Louisiana, and west by the Indian Territory. It lies between 333 and 360 30' north latitude, and reaches longitudinally from 899 30' to 940 30' west; being 245 miles in length, with a mean breadth of about 212 miles, comprehending an area. of somewhat over 52,000 square miles. Government. - The governor is elected, by a plurality of the popular vote, for a term of four years, but is ineligible for more than eight in any twelve years. There is no lieutenant governor, the executive duties devolving, in cases of official disability, first upon the president of the Senate, and next upon the speaker of the House of Representatives. The legislature consists of a Senate, in number not less than seventeen, nor more than thirty-four members, elected for four years; and of a House of Representatives, comprising from fifty-four to one hundred members, chosen biennially. The legislature convenes once in two years, at Little Rock, the capital. Laws against the introduction of slaves, either as criminals or as merchandise, may be passed by the General Assembly. Slaves are entitled by law to trial by jury; and, in capital cases, no difference on account of color is made in the imposition of penalties. Judiciary.- The Supreme Court has three judges, who are chosen for terms of eight years by joint vote of the legislature. It has appellate jurisdiction only, except in cases provided for by the constitution. The Circuit Courts have six judges, elected by the people for four years. They have exclusive jurisdiction of all felonies, and of all civil cases not cognizable by justices of the peace, and hold in each circuit two terms annually. Education.- Although large provision for the support of public education has been made, 28 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. the subject has hitherto occupied but a small share of the popular attention. There are, comparatively, but few common schools, and only some eight or ten academies, or high schools, in the state; yet, under an act of Congress, one thirty-sixth part of every township of land was appropriated for the maintenance of these institutions. The state treasury has also been liberally drawn upon for the same purpose. Nor are there any colleges, notwithstanding the munificent grant by Congress of seventy-two sections of land for the establishment of a classical seminary; the legislature having preferred to sell the land and divide the avails among the several counties. Finances. - For particulars of receipts, expenditures, state debts, &c., see Statistical Tables. Surface and Soil. - On the western border of the Mississippi, and extending some one hundred miles into the interior, the country is low, marshy, and subject to periodical inundations. It is densely wooded, with occasional open tracts of arable land. Towards the centre, it is generally hilly and rugged, though interspersed with extensive prairies. The western section is crossed by several mountainous ridges, the most elevated of which are the Black Mountains, and the Ozark (alias Arkansas) Mountains, the altitude of some of the peaks of which is estimated at 3000 feet above the level of the sea. As a whole, the state cannot be considered as a region of great fertility, some three fourths of its surface being unproductive, or unfit for tillage; although in certain localities, in the neighborhood of the inland streams, the soil is remarkably rich. The staple products of the earth are cotton and Indian corn; and considerable quantities of wheat, oats, sweet potatoes, and tobacco are also raised. Immense plains, covered exuberantly with verdure, afford peculiar facilities for the growth of cattle; and the forests and prairies abound with wild game, such as the buffalo, deer, elk, wild turkeys, geese, quails, &c. Indigenous fruits, such as grapes, plums, &c., are found in profusion. The peach is cultivated with great success, but the apple does not flourish. Rivers. - There is scarcely a spot in the whole state that has not some navigable watercourse within a distance of one hundred miles, so thoroughly Is it penetrated by those natural channels of intercommunication. Among the principal rivers by which the state is-watered, besides the Mississippi, are the St. Francis, the Arkansas, the Ouachitta, the White, Black, and Red Rivers. Internal Improvements. -Little interest has been manifested in this subject. A grant by Congress of 500,000 acres of land, for the purpose of encouraging a system of internal improvements, was diverted from its legitimate object by an act of the legislature in 1849, authorizing the distribution of this fund among the forty counties into which the state was subdivided. YMinerals. - No extensive explorations of the mineral resources of Arkansas have yet been made; there are, however, undoubted indications of the existence of numerous beds of iron and lead ores, coal, and gypsum. Salt is also abundant, being found upon the surface of several large prairies, in some instances, it is said, to the depth of four to six inches. It is also contained in many remarkable springs, the waters of which are strongly impregnated with this material. JMIanufactures.- Hitherto the manufacturing operations within this state have amounted to nothing of importance beyond the fabrication of articles for household use and home consumption. Climate. - Upon the low river lands, the climate is decidedly unfavorable to human health, but in the elevated country, it is quite otherwise; although, in some quarters, the deleterious properties of the water render these localities unfit for the residence of a very numerous population. Connected with this topic may be mentioned the hot or warm springs, numbers of which are situated near the centre of the state. Their waters are known to be efficacious in the cure of chronic maladies, and are much resorted to by invalids, as well as by travellers drawn thither by curiosity. Religion. - The predominating religious denominations are Methodists and Baptists. There are likewise considerable bodies of Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Roman Catholics. STATES AND TEPRITORIES. CALIFORNIA. 29 Indicans. -Many tribes, or parts of tribes, of Indians have their abodes still within this stat9e the most populous of which are the Cherokees, Choctaws, Osages, Quapas, Camanches, &c. Populatton. - Between 1810 and 1820, the population of Arkansas increased from 1000 to 15,000. In 1830 it had doubled this number, and in 18.0 had risen to nearly 100,000, one fifth of whom were slaves. In 1850 it was 209,639. CALIFORNIA has recently become one of the United States. A part of the country was discovered as early as 1542, by a Spaniard named Cobrillo; and its northern section was visited for the first time by foreigners in 1578, when Sir Francis Drake, then at the head of an expedition from England, gave to this region the name of New Albion. The Spaniards planted colonies upon its sea-coast in 1768, firom which period until 1836, the territory was a province of Mexico. In the latter year a revolution occurred. The people after having frequently compelled the IvMexican governors and other officials to abandon their posts, declared themselves independent, and undertook to organize new political institutions. Several weak and ineffectual attempts to regain absolute control were made firom time to time by the Mexicans, until the year ]846. In July of that year, the port of MIonterey, a central point on the Pacific coast of the state, was seized, in the name of the United States, by a naval force under Commodore Sloat, who at once unfurled the American flag', and established a provisional government. At that epoch, the administration of the affairs of the territory was in the hands of a civil governor and a military commandante, both natives of California, but holding commissions from the President of Mexico. In 1848, the discovery of a gold "placer" at Columa, (Sutter's Mills,) and the ascertained reality of its extraordinary richness, followced immediately by further and equally surprising developments, startled the whole civilized world; and a tide of emigration began to flow in from every quarter, with a rapidity and volume unparalleled in the history of nations. The population forthwith attained the required number for the formation of a distinct state. The inhabitants prepared and submitted to Congress the draught of a constitution; and in September, 1850, California was admitted into full membership as one of the United States. Boundaries and Extent. - By the constitution, adopted by the people in November, 1849, and by the act of Congress consequent thereon, the limits of California are established as follows: commencing at latitude 42~ north, and longitude 1200 west; thence running south on said line of longitude until it intersects the 39th degree of north latitude; thence in a direct course south-easterly to the River Colorado; thence down the channel of said river to the boundary 30 IUNITED STATES GAZETTEER. between Mexico and the United States; thence along said boundary to the Pacific Ocean, and into the same three English miles; thence north-westerly, in the direction of the Pacific coast, to the original parallel of 42~; and, finally, along this line to the point of beginning. It lies between 320 and 42~ north latitude; and its extremes of longitude, owing to its angular position, embrace an extent of about 100, - its eastern point being at 114" 30', and the western at 124~ 30', - although the average distance of the eastern boundary from the sea-coast, and, consequently, the average breadth of the state, is but 212 miles, Its length from north to south is 764 miles; estimated area, 188,500 square miles. It is bounded north by the Territory of Oregon, east by that of Utah, south by Lower California, and west by the Pacific Ocean. Government. -The chief magistrate is elected for two years; also the lieutenant governor, who is ex ogincio president of the Senate. The legislature is composed of two branches -the Senate, consisting of not less than one third, nor more than one half of the number contained in the other house, elected by districts biennially; and the Assembly, chosen annually, also by districts, to comprise not less than twenty-four nor more than thirty-six members, until the population shall amount to 100,000, when the minimum shall be thirty, and the maximum eighty. The legislature convenes annually in January. No lotteries can be granted, nor charters for banking purposes. The circulation of paper as money is prohibited. Corporations may be formed under general laws only. In legislative elections, the members vote viva voce. Loans of the state credit are interdicted; and state debts, exceeding a sum total of.8300,000, cannot be contracted except in certain specified contingencies. The property of marrlied women acquired before or after marriage, and a portion of the homesteads, or other estates of heads of families, are protected by law. The elective franchise is held by all white males twenty-one years of age, who are citizens of the United States, or Mexicans choosing to become citizens, under the treaty of Queretaro, and have resided six months within the state. Indians and their descendants are allowed to vote in special cases..udicia,-y. - The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and two associates, elected by the people for six years, and so classified that one shall retire every two years. District judges are chosen in like manner, for the same term of time; and county judges are elected for four years. The Supreme Court has appellate jurisdiction in cases involving a sum not less than two hundred dollars, in the settlement of certain legal questions, and in various criminal matters. The District Courts have power to try cases in law and equity, where the sum in dispute exceeds two hundred dollars. The county judges, assisted by two justices of the peace, hold Courts of Sessions in each county for criminal business. Clerks of courts, district attorneys, sheriffs, coroners, &c., are chosen by the people. Fi;nances. — The state debt in January, 1851, was $500,000, - existing in the shape of bonds of $500 and $1000 each, - drawing interest at the rate of three per cent. a month,. The means of meeting the public expenditure are derived chiefly from taxation. In 1850, the inhabitants of San Francisco and Sacramento were taxed at the rate of two to three per cent., principally, however, for municipal purposes. The state derives an income of $`1,525,000 from the following sources: 1. A state tax of one half per cent. on $200,000,000, the estimated value of taxable property, amounting to $1,000,000; 2. A poll tax of s5 each on 50,000 inhabitants; and, 3. A miner's tax of 820 per month on 25,000 foreign miners," - the two latter items producing about half a million of dollars; - and, 4. Duties on sales at auction, estimated at 1$25,000. The whole expense of the state government in 1850, including interest on the public debt, was $700,000, deducting which from the computed receipts, a balance of 82'5,000 remained in the treasury. Education. - The constitution provides for the establishment and support of a system of free schools, in which instruction shall be given at least three months in each year. A fund is to be created from various sources, the interest of which is to be inviolably applied to the maintenance of these institutions. This fund must soon become one of great magnitude; for it is to consist of the proceeds of public lands ceded to the state for school purposes, and of a Tmxis tax was repealed in the spring of 1851. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — CALIFORNIA. 31 the 500,000 acres of land granted to each new state by the general government, together with such percentage on sales of lands within the state as shall be allowed by Congress, and the avails of all estates left by persons dying without heirs. -Certain lands are also set apart, the income of which is to be appropriated to the maintenance of a university. Surface, Soil, &c. — The face of the country presents, perhaps, a greater variety of topographical features than may be found in any one territory of like magnitude upon the whole earth. Several ranges of huge and lofty mountains -many of their peaks of volcanic origin, ascending into the region of perpetual snow -extend through the central parts, and parallel with the sea-coast of the state, from its northern nearly to its southern,extremity. On the coast side of these ridges, as well as between them, the surface is greatly diversified, presenting many varieties of soil, thin and sandy in some localities, but in others abounding in the richest loam. Among the hilly regions, there are numerous valleys and plateaus, of different elevations, covered with a soil of good quality, which, wherever duly watered, is capable of being rendered highly productive. But these are frequently interspersed with large tracts of rough, broken, and apparently sterile territory, or intersected by deep and rocky ravines. Until within a very short period, the entire country, with the exception of a few widely separated spots, exhibited all the harsh and rugged characteristics of a yet unredeemed wilderness. The elevated lands, at certain seasons, are usually either denuded of vegetation, or partially overspread with stunted trees and herbage. But in places that are sheltered, and having facilities for irrigation, fruits and garden vegetables grow luxuriantly. Though few agricultural experiments on a large scale have yet been made, enough has been ascertained to show that the resources of the state, in this respect, may be advantageously developed. Indeed, it is known that most of the cereal grains can be produced in quantities abundantly adequate to the wants of a numerous population. In most parts of the country, the vine, fig, olive, and other valuable plants, both of the temperate and torrid zones, may be cultivated with great success. Springs of water abound in many districts; while in others, the earth, for leagues together, exposes a naked and arid surface, which is only relieved by the periodical rains. Some few extensive forests, comprising, occasionally, trees of enormous magnitude, were met with by recent United States exploring parties; but large portions of the territory are very scantily wooded. This absence of trees, and the consequent want of moisture, and of shelter to the earth from the sun's heat, is doubtless a grand obstacle in the way of agricultural improvement; and years will probably elapse before any great measure of public attention will be directed to the subject. Among the forest-trees most common in California are the oak, ash, beech, birch, elm, plane, red cedar, and pine of almost every description. These abound more profusely near the Pacific shore, and in the vicinity of rivers communicating with that ocean, thus affording excellent opportunities for ship-building.* Climate. - There is nearly, if not quite, as great a diversity of climate in California as of its geological features. The coast and its neighborhood are enveloped in cold mists, borne on the north-west winds, which prevail during most of the summer or dry season, with occasional intervals of more pleasant weather. At San Francisco, although the temperature frequently varies some 300 in a single day, it is said that the mean temperature, in both winter and summer, is nearly equal. Other positions on the coast are more or less affected by the chilly winds and fogs from the point above indicated, in proportion to their relative geographical situations, the line of coast at the southern part of the state being less directly influenced by those.causes than that at the northern. In the winter, or rainy season, the prevailing winds are from the south-west, rendering the temperature much milder than in the same latitudes on the Atlantic side of the continent. Farther inland, beyond the first range of mountains, the * Timber is scattered over several counties, and is quite abundant around Bodaga, San Rafael, Sonoma, Santa Cruz, and a few other localities. The red wood, or soft cedar, is most frequently met with in those quarters. It often grows to the circumference of forty feet, and to a height of three hundred. Near Santa Cruz, there is one measuring seventeen feet in diameter. 32 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. climate assumes a very different phase. The sea winds of the spring, summer, and early autumn, having deposited their freight of moisture upon the summits of the intercepting highlands, (the " Cordilleras of California,") pass gently into the great valley of the Sacramento, carrying a grateful softness, with scarcely a remaining vapor to obscure the brightness of the skies. Proceeding still onward in an easterly direction, these prevailing winds climb the flanks of the lofty Sierra Nevada, and, on reaching its elevated peaks, are deprived by condensation of all watery particles that may yet linger among them. Thence they pass down into the broad basin, spreading eastward to an immense extent, with occasional mountainous interruptions. Here another change of climate is perceptible; the air is exceedingly dry and hot throughout more than half the year, and the earth suffers accordingly. These variations occur sometimes within the distance of a few miles, corresponding generally with the abrupt changes observable upon the face of the country. A most delightful climate pervades the numerous valleys on the land side of the mountains, where they are protected from the rude ocean blasts. Near the western border of the Sacramento valley, the extremes of temperature, between winter and summer, are very great, comprehending some 800 Fahrenheit, viz., from 300 to 1100. A degree of heat almost as excessive as the last indicated is often felt in various parts of the mountain region; but this is here so peculiarly modified as to produce none of those injurious effects upon animal life which result from similar temperatures elsewhere. The rainy season, sometimes termed the winter, commences at the north in October or November, and progresses slowly to the south, reaching the centre of the state in December, and the southern boundary in January. The season has an average duration of about three months, but is longer and more pluvious at the north than at the south. The effect of all these atmospheric mutations upon human health must naturally be diverse, and not always congenial. The subject, however, has not yet been sufficiently investigated and analyzed to enable one to treat with accuracy upon the relations between those phenomena and the diseases incident to the localities where they respectively exist. That great scourge of modern times, the cholera, has visited some of the most populous settlements in the state; and other epidemics occur at different seasons, similar in character to those which visit other parts of the world exposed to like vicissitudes and agencies. Rivers. —The waters of California partake of those varied peculiarities which mark its terrene surface and its atmospheric properties. The sea and its numerous contiguous bays and estuaries, the inland lakes, the rivers and their countless tributaries, are all subjects of speculative interest. They yield abundantly almost every description of fish found in like latitudes, besides many kinds which are either unknown or not common in other regions. Some of the rivers are navigable many miles from their mouths; others flow over precipices and ledges, constituting falls or rapids, which the industry of man may hereafter convert into valuable mill sites. The sea-shores are prolific in marine plants, which, at some future day, will doubtless be applied to useful purposes. Immense quantities of kelp are thrown up by the waves - an article that now forms the most available material for the manufacture of iodine, and is also excellent as a compost for arid soils, like those of this state. Lichens, in all their variety, spring profusely from the rocky strand along its entire extent, which, like the mosses of Iceland, and the carrageen of Ireland, will undoubtedly, in due time, be much prized for their nutritive and medical properties. The coasts and inland watercourses swarm with wild fowl, some of which resemble the aquatic birds found on the eastern shores of the continent, and others seem peculiar to the tracts which they inhabit. The principal rivers, communicating with the Pacific, are the Sacramento and San Joaquin. These flow through almost the whole length of the great valley between the Sierra Nevada and the coast range of mountains, the former taking its rise in the north, and the latter in the south, and both, uniting near the centre of the state, pass into the noble Bay of San Francisco, whence they reach the sea. They are fed in their course by great numbers of mountain streams from the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada. Other important rivers, though of less considerable extent, intersect the state in various directions. Internal Improvements. - But little attention has hitherto been given to this subject, beyond STATES AND TERRITORIES. — CALIFORNIA. 33 providing for the temporary accommodation of residents in the principal settlements. No railroads or canals of any importance have yet been constructed; although projects have been suggested for several improvements of this description. It is not probable that many years will elapse before ample and convenient means of communication will be established between the seaports and the mining districts; for the necessities of the people, and the nature of their pursuits, must soon demand far greater facilities of intercourse than any now existing. JMinerals. — Besides the incredible quantities of gold, for which California has become renowned above all other countries on the globe, sundry mineral products of much value are found in different parts of the state. Silver, mercury, and lead have been obtained; and indications of copper, tin, iron, and other ores have appeared, as is reported, in several places.* No satisfactory signs, however, of any extensive coal fields have as yet been discovered, although reports of their existence have from time to time been made. Some few small veins of what was at first imagined to be pure coal have been met with; but, on investigation, they have proved to be lignite, bitumen, or other material of tertiary formation. Researches for other minerals than gold have not yet been prosecuted to any great extent; nor is it likely that, during the prevailing attraction towards the more precious metal, the coexistent mineral resources of the state will be fully developed, unless incidentally, and by degrees, or through systematic explorations under authority of the government. The wealth of the "gold region" is almost, if not entirely, incalculable. This region comprehends the territory occupied by the Sierra Nevada and the contiguous country, including its rivers. Indeed, it is almost solely on account of its capacity to produce gold, that'the attention of the world has been directed to this extraordinary country. The universally coveted metal is found in prodigious quantities along the western slopes of the great mountain range, and especially in and around the streams that descend thence into the large valley of California, at the bottom of which flow the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. The gold is obtained in various forms, mostly in small, thin particles; but not unfrequently in lumps, some of which have weighed several pounds. The slate rocks of the mountains enclose numerous veins of granite, in which gold is imbedded; and it is from these sources, wiought upon as they have been by volcanic action, that the metal finds its way into the ravines and crevices upon the mountain sides, and into the streams below, carried thither by the constant operation of powerful atmospheric agencies. The value of the auriferous product of California can scarcely be computed. The yield of the mines for the year 1851, it is confidently stated, may be estimated at some seventy millions of dollars. This is based on official statements of the amounts procured, carried away by sea and land, stamped by various houses, or manufactured into jewelry, &c., during the first quarter of that year; the aggregate of which,, at the mint valuation, exceeded sixteen millions of dollars. New developments of rich deposits are constantly occurring; and notwithstanding the vast additions to the population, which are made daily, the average gains of miners do not seem in any degree to diminish. Manitfactures. - The only manufacturing branches at present carried on in California are such as chiefly pertain to the casual wants of the people; and these are confined to mechanical operations connected with the construction and repairing of houses, vessels, furniture, &c., the making up of clothing, and the fabrication of various articles needed by miners. Some considerable amount of gold is formed into jewelry, much of which is sent abroad; but no other commodities, to any great extent, are manufactured for exportation. Indians. - Few of the descendants of the aboriginal inhabitants remain within the present limits of the state. These few consist of small and scattered tribes, who neither own, nor pretend to claim, any portion of the soil beyond the boundaries of their small villages. To * Cinnabar is found, in great quantities, within eight or ten miles of San Jose, the capital of the state. Sulphur is obtained in the vicinity of Sonoma. Salt ponds exist in different parts of the state, and limestone is not uncommon. In various spots, during the summer season, a peculiar sort of earth may be gathered from the sites of certain dried-up ponds, which possesses strong alkaline properties, and answers all the uses of ashes in the manufacture of soap. 5 34 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. the gold region, especially, they assert no title. They are, for the most part, a roaming, wretched race, divided into insignificant hordes, subsisting on wild fruits, berries, roots, &c., and too indolent to hunt for game in a legitimate way; but not too much so to pursue and steal the cattle and horses of the whites, which they use for food. There are, probably, no bodies of Indians in the United States who are more dishonest, perfidious, and cruel; nor any that are not superior in moral and intellectual character. Population. - So rapidly has the population of California accumulated since the first discovery of a gold " placer," in February, 1848, and so constantly does the stream of immigration flow on and expand, that the ratio of increase, at definite periods, cannot be ascertained with any great degree of accuracy. A comparison of the number of residents in certain localities, at the time of the occupation of Monterey by the United States forces, (July, 1846,) with the estimated number in January, 1851, - a space of four and a half years, - may give some idea of the force and velocity of that great " tide in the affairs of men," which is setting towards this point from all quarters of the world. At the former date, there were but eight towns, or pueblos, within the present confines of the state, viz., San Diego, with 500 inhabitants; Pueblo de los Angelos, with 2500; Santa Barbara, 800;' Monterey, 1200; Santa Cruz, 400; Pueblo de San Jose, 1000; Yerba Buena, (now San Francisco,) 400; Sonoma, 200; making a total of 7000. The' rest of the territory contained some 7000 or 8000 besides. At the latter date, it was estimated that the residents in California, permanent and temporary, numbered not far from 200,000, one third of whom are engaged in mining.- There are towns, which, at the close of their first year's existence, contained from 1200 to 1500 voters. In October, 1850, the monthly mail from the United States conveyed nearly 50,000 letters to California; and there were 22,000 advertised letters in the post-office of Sacramento city, then a place of less than three years' growth. There are some twenty post towns in the state. In January, 1851, thirteen newspapers (many of them daily) were published, as follows: 6 in San Francisco, 2 in Sacramento city, 2 at Stockton, and 1 each at Monterey, Sonoma, and Maryville. Religion. — There are religious societies of almost every Christian denomination, and increasing attention is given to the support of public worship. No one sect appears to predominate, and the utmost toleration prevails. In the present fluctuating, unsettled, and bustling state of things, there must be, of course, many changes in the affairs, and in the relative numbers, of different communities and associations; so-that an attempt to furnish correct statistical details in the premises must, at this time, be attended with much difficulty. * The following estimate, made in April, 1851, is from a public journal printed at Sacramento: In the northern mines, or that scope of country lying north of San Francisco and Feather River, the population is computed at 20,000; the Yuba, 40,000; Bear River, 4000; the American Fork, 50,000; in the southern mines, or that portion lying south of the American River, 80,000; Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys and neighborhood, 65,000; the coast south of San Francisco, 20,000;- making an aggregate of 314,000. It is further estimated that the 100,000 miners have each labored 300 days during the preceding year, and have produced an average of 31 dollars per diem; which gives a total of $100,000,000. STATES ANm TERRITORIES.- CONNECTICUT. 35 CONNECTICUT is one of the original thirteen United States, and the most southern of that division of the country known as the New England States. The territory now constituting this state was granted to the Earl of Warwick, in 1630, by the Plymouth Company in Englaud, and by him, in 1631, was assigned to a number of active Puritans, who were on the parliamentary side in the quarrel with Charles I. It was shortly afterwards settled, in part, by persons from various towns in Massachusetts. A few of the Dutch people of New York also established one or two small settlements, with the intention of appropriating the whole territory to themselves. This occasioned disputes, which continued until 1637, when the Pequot Indians made war upon all New England -an event that united the people for their common defence, and soon enabled them to overcome their savage assailants. Purchases of large tracts were made from time to time of the Indian occupants; and, in 1650, the Dutch abandoned their pretensions, except to the lands they had actually settled upon. In 1664, Connecticut was included in the charter from Charles II., granting the New Netherlands to the Duke of York; but the attempt to take possession under this authority was resisted by the local government of Connecticut, as were further encroachments under James II. and King William. The territory originally comprised two colonies, Connecticut and New Haven; the former settled by Massachusetts people in 1633, at WVindsor, and, in 1635-6, at Hartford and Wethersfield; the latter by the English in 1638. These were combined into one colony by virtue of the charter from Charles TI., in 1665; which charter formed the basis of the government until 1818, when the present constitution was established. The state took a very active and efficient part in the American revolution, furnishing nearly 40,000 soldiers out of a population of 230,000. Boundaries and Extent. -This state is bounded north by Massachusetts, east by Rhode Island, south by Long Island Sound, and west by New York. Situated between 40~ 58' and 42~ 1' north latitude, and 710 43' and 72~ 37' west longitude. Area, 4674 square miles. Government. —The executive power is vested in a governor and lieutenant governor, the latter being also president of the Senate. The legislature, called the General Assembly, consists of a Senate, of not less than eighteen nor more than twenty-four members, and a House of Representatives; most of the towns choosing two members each, and the residue but one. All state officers are elected annually by the people; and the General Assembly convenes once in each year, alternately at Hartford and New- Haven. All white male citizens, twenty-one years of age, resident in the place where voting for six months next preceding, and having a freehold estate of the'value of seven dollars; or having performed regular military 36 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. duty in such town for one year immediately previous to voting; or having paid a tax within said year, are entitled to the right of suffrage, on taking the oath prescribed by law. Judiciary. The judicial department embraces the Supreme Court of Errors, the Superior Court, a County Court in each county, a City Court in each city, a Court of Probate in each probate district, and, as in other states in New England, an indefinite number of justices of the peace in each county. The Court of Errors consists of five judges, appointed by the General Assembly, and holding their offices during their good behavior, but not beyond the age of seventy. It holds one term in each county annually, and has final jurisdiction of writs of error brought to revise judgments on decrees of the Superior Court. Two terms of the latter are held in each county annually, by some judge of the Supreme Court of Errors, designated for the purpose; and these tribunals have cognizance of civil suits brought by appeal from any lower court, or brought for relief in chancery, where the sum at issue exceeds $335. They also have exclusive jurisdiction in capital cases of crime; and, concurrent with the inferior courts, of all other offences not within the control of justices of the peace. They have cognizance, likewise, of writs of error, brought to revise decisions of lower courts; of petitions for divorce, and for new trials relative to matters in or issuing from these courts, and of writs of scire facias, &c. In trials for capital offences, one or more of the other judges of the Supreme Court must be called to assist. The County Courts consist of one chief judge, and two associate judges, appointed annually by the legislature. They have original jurisdiction of all civil actions at law, wherein the demand exceeds $35; and of all criminal cases, where the penalty does not exceed a fine of $7, or an imprisonment of 30 days, or both. Actions involving smaller sums or penalties than the foregoing come within the special jurisdiction of justices of the peace. The City Courts, composed of the mayor and two senior aldermen, hive cognizance of all civil actions not involving land titles. Finances.-The expenditures of the state for the financial year ending 1850 were $118,392'09, and the income $122,346'73. The banking capital, April 1, 1850, amounted to about $10,000,000. Eduoation. - In September, 1849, the date of the biennial exhibit, the school fund of the state amounted to $2,076,602'75; and the dividends for 1850 gave $1-50 for every enumerated child between four and sixteen years of age, of which the number is stated at about 92,000. The legislature, in 1849, appropriated $10,000 for the establishment of a state normal school, for "' teaching teachers how to teach," to be placed under the control of one trustee from each of the eight counties. There are three colleges in the state, viz., Yale, founded in 1701, at Saybrook, and removed in 1717 to New Haven; Washington,* at Hartford, founded in 1824 ar Episcopalian institution; -and the Wesleyan University, founded, in 1831, at Middletown, by the- Methodists. These are all in a highly flourishing condition. There is an extensive Asylum for deaf mutes at Hartford, which has deservedly attained great celebrity; also, in the same city, a Retreat for the Insane, which was opened in 1824, and is most happily managed. There are also several academies of a high order in various parts of the state. At the taking of the census in 1840, it was found that the number of persons within the state, above the age of twenty, who were unable to read or write, was only 526, - a much smaller proportion than in any other state, - and but very few of these were native citizens. The school fund of Connecticut is larger, compared with the population, than that of any other state of the Union, and the character of her school system is correspondingly excellent. Surface, Soil, 8fc. -The state is divided into the following counties, viz.: Hartford, New Haven, New London, Fairfield, Windham, Middlesex, Litchfield, and Tolland. The face of the country is much diversified by hills and valleys, and is so exceedingly undulating as to present an ever-changing variety of objects. There are ranges of mountainous elevations, which take their rise in the north, and terminate near New Haven, but are not remarkable for their great height within this state. The soil varies from a gravelly loam, upon the hilly lands, to a rich and fertile alluvial in the valleys; the former well adapted to grazing, and the latter to tillage. In possession of an industrious class of freemen, the land yields, in great * In 1845, the name was changed to'Trinity College STATES AND TERRITORIES - CONNECTICUT. 37 abundance, all the varieties of products common to the climate. Nearly every description of grain, flax, hemp, hay, potatoes, and garden vegetables of all kinds, are among the most profuse of the agricultural products; orchards are also numerous, yielding apples, peaches, cherries, plums, and other fruits peculiar to this region. Climate. -No portion of New England, contiguous to the sea-coast, possesses a more salubrious climate than Connecticut. The raw easterly blasts, which annoy all residents upon the shores of Maine and Massachusetts, become greatly softened before reaching the southerly border of this state. It is true that near the coast the weather is variable, and sudden changes of temperature occur, in accordance with the direction of the sea or land breezes; but, in the interior, these fluctuations are far less frequent, the temperature becomes steady, and the climate healthful in consequence. Rivers. - Connecticut is finely watered by the noble river whence its name is derived, by the Thames, Housatonic, Naugatuck, and numerous smaller streams, affording extraordinary facilities for commercial and manufacturing operations. Numerous bays and creeks penetrate its shore, affording commodious harbors: that at New London, one of the best in the United States, has a depth of 30 feet of water. Brooks and springs, of the purest water, abound throughout the interior. Several mineral springs exist in the state, especially at Stafford and Suffield, which have acquired much celebrity. Internal Improvements. -There are numerous railroads completed within the state, comprising an aggregate extent of somewhat over 500 miles; others extend in various directions, into or out of the state; and others still are in process of construction. Indeed, all requisite means for the extension of intercourse, and the promotion of internal and external commerce, are amply and generously provided, wherever and whenever the necessity becomes apparent; such is the vigilant spirit of enterprise and industry which is constantly stimulating this people to works of general improvement and utility. MJinerals. - Iron ore, of various qualities, is obtained in several parts of the state. The town of Salisbury, bordering on Massachusetts and New York, is celebrated for its valuable iron mines. The ore procured in this region possesses a peculiarly tenacious property, admirably adapted to the manufacture of wire, anchors, and other articles wherein firmness and flexibility, without brittleness, are desirable. It has been worked for upwards of one hundred years, and the supply still seems inexhaustible, many thousand tons being extracted annually. Stafford, near the southern line of Massachusetts, abounds in bog-iron ore, of excellent quality, suited to the-manufacture of fine hollow-ware, and other castings. Marble of different kinds abounds in Milford, at the junction of the Housatonic with Long Island Sound. A quarry of serpentine, or "verde antique," of very beautiful texture, has been wrought for some time with much success. Vast quantities of reddish sandstone, much used in New York and other cities for building purposes, are quarried in Chatham, Portland, &c., on the Connecticut. Copper ore is found in Granby, in certain caverns about 50 feet in depth, called the Simsbury mines - once employed, for some forty years, as a prison, but now more liberally used for mining purposes. Another copper deposit has been discovered at Orange, near New Haven, where also a vein of silver was struck some years since, which, however, yielded too little to be deemed worth working. But few indications of coal are found in the state. MJanufacctures.- The citizens of this state enjoy, in an eminent degree, the rare faculty of combining their great home interests -those of agriculture, commerce, and manufacturesin such manner as to make them happily support and advance each other. The products of their fields and forests, their orchards and dairies, their mines and quarries, are all subjects of domestic or foreign trade; or are made to contribute in some way, either as raw material, or as means of exchange, to the improvement and growth of their numerous branches of mechanical industry. Although the traffic of Connecticut, especially the coasting trade, is extensive, in comparison with that of other states of like magnitude, her manufactures are of still greater extent. Establishments for the conversion of her unwrought products, of all descriptions, into articles fit for practical use, abound, and are still multiplying, throughout the state, together with others, for operating in like manner upon the imported products of other states and 838 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. countries. These comprehend woollen, cotton, and silk factories; furnaces, forges, and rolling mills; paper mills; book-printing houses; hat, cap, and bonnet factories; tanneries, and other leather manufactories; glass-houses, potteries, brick and lime kilns, granite and marble yards; powder mills, chandleries, machine shops, furniture, carriage, and wagon manufactories; flour, grist, and saw mills; distilleries, manufactories of hardware, cutlery, tinware, clocks, &c.; ropewalks, ship. yards, &c., the whole' employing many thousands of operatives, and many millions of capital. Indians. - The once powerful and savage lords of this fair territory were long since swept away; and if their descendants exist at all, it must be only among the dispersed and mixed vestiges of former tribes, of whose organization as nations or communities no traces now remain. Religon. -The people of Connecticut, from the earliest settlement of its territory, have been distinguished for their religious character. In the primitive days of the colony, they were preeminently renowned for their strict adherence to, and enforcement of, the doctrine of church and state unity. Their statutes were based upon the Levitical code; but the character of that system, and of the sentinents, feelings, and practices of those who administered it, has become materially changed. The people of Connecticut still maintain a high position in the religious world. Religious denominations, of almost every variety, flourish in all quarters. Congregationalists, Baptists, Methodists, and Episcopalians, are the most numerous; Universalists, Romanists, and Unitarians follow in order; and there are a few Shakers. Curiosities. - Connecticut abounds less in natural curiosities than in interesting antiquities. Old superstitions and traditions, romantic and supernatural events in the early colonial times, and reports of revolutionary marvels, are illustrated, in numerous localities, by alleged relics, and sometimes by actual documentary and topographical demonstrations. But these are rnatters belonging rather to speculation than to facts and realities. DELAWARE This small state was the first of the thirteen united American colonies to ratify and adopt the federal constitution, in 1789. It had been successively a Swedish settlement from 1627 to 1655, a province of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam (or New York) for the next nine or ten years, then a dependency of New York, under the English, until 1682, and an adjunct of Pennsylvania for nearly a century thereafter, - during which period it was known as the "three lower counties of the Delaware." In 1775, the nominal jurisdiction of the then proprietor of Pennsylvania was relinquishled; and in the following year, the STATES AND TERRITORIES. -DELAWARE. 39 people having framed and established a constitution, Delaware became a distinct independent state, taking for its name that of its bay and river, which had been derived at all early date from Lord De La War, one of the first settlers of Virginia. Boundaries and Extent. - The state is bounded north by Pennsylvania; east by the Atlantic Ocean and by the waters of Delaware Bay, which separate it firom New Jersey; and south and west by Maryland. It lies between 38~ 27' and 390 50' north latitude, and extends froln 740 50/ to 750 40' west longitude; being 92 miles in length by about 23 in width, and having an area of 2120 square miles. Governmaent. — The existingD constitution underwent material alteration and revision in 1831. By its provisions the governor is elected quadrennially, and can serve but one term. The senate is composed of nine members, (three for each county,) chosen for four years; and the representatives, collsisting of seven for each county, are elected every two years. The sessions of the legislature commence at Dover, the seat of government, on the first Tuesday of January in each alternate year. The executive and legislative elections are by popular vote; and the qualifications of voters are similar to those in the New England States. JuYdiciary. - The judicial power is vested in four judges (one of whom. is chief justice; the others associate law judges, residents of separate counties) anrd a chancellor, all appointed by the governor during good behavior. The chief justice and two associates constitute the Superior Court. No associate judge can sit within his own county. Inferior courts may be established by the legislature when requisite. The whole bench, including the chancellor, form a Court of Appeals; and the powers of' a Court of Chancery are vested in the latter magistrate, together -with the resident judge of the county. Education. - The state has provided, fron various sources, a school fund, which yields anll annual income of $20,000, applicable to the support of free schools; provision bein~g made obr the erection and maintenance of at least one of these seminaries within every three square miles. An equal or greater amount is furthermore raised for educational purposes, by taxes and contributions in the several districts. Delawvare College, at Newark, founded in 18533, is the only institution of this grade in the state. F'ilances. - Delaware owes nothing as a state, but possesses ample funds for all civil purposes, exclusive of those appropriated for schools. Surface andt Soil. - For the most part the face of the country is quite level. The only important elevations are certain ranges of table lands, in which the waters which flow from either side into the Chesapeake and Delaware, respectively, take their rise, These extend from the northern boundary, in a southern direction, gradually declining in height as they approach the central part of the state. In the southern and western quarters, as well as among' the high lands above mentioned, there are extensive swamps. At the north, the soil consists of a strong clay, not very productive; in other parts, it is light and sandy; but there are large tracts of rich clayey loam, of great fertility. The agricultural products, besides excellent wheat and Indian corn, are rye and other grains, potatoes, and the usual abundance and variety of vegetable esculents peculiar to the Middle States. Fine grazing lands afford pasturage to multitudes of neat cattle, horses, and mules; and the swampy tracts yield large quantities of timber, much of which is exported. 1RiVsers. -The principal navigable stream is thie Delaware River, flowing into the bay of that name. There are also several large creeks and mill streams, running east and west fromn the central table lands, and emptying into the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. Internal Improvemients. - Among these are the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, fourteen miles in length, connecting Elk River, by way of Back Creek, with the Delaware. This was finished in 1829, at a cost of $2,750,000. Between Newcastle and Frenchtown, a railroad of sixteen miles forms the line of connection between the steamboat travel on the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays. It was completed in 1832, and cost $400,000. The great breakwater,s erected by the general government, within Cape Henlopen, should, perhaps, be here alluded to. This is a work of vast magnitude, the expense of its construction having fallen.little short of two and a quarter millions of dollars. 40 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Manufactures. - Wheat being the chief staple product, the most important of the home manufactures is naturally that of flour. A large amount of capital is also employed in cotton mills, and in the pursuit of divers other branches of domestic industry, such as the manufacturing of iron, of leather, gunpowder, machinery, &c. Commerce. - Wilmington, by reason of its good and safe harbor, and having in its immediate vicinity large numbers of capacious flour mills, has long been known as the most important commercial place in the state. It carries on a very extensive trade, especially in the article of flour; and there are several ships belonging to this port which are actively engaged in the prosecution of the Pacific whale fishery. Climate. - The geographical position of this state insures a medium temperature; but, as in most of the other Middle States, the climate, though generally mild, is subject to variations, induced by differences in locality. The elevated regions are undoubtedly far more favorable to health and longevity than the low, moist, and marshy tracts. Religion. — Presbyterians and Methodists compose the most numerous of the religious denominations. Next in numbers are the Episcopalians and Baptists. There are also some Roman Catholics, and a few Friends or Quakers. Population. -The progress of population in this state, for the last thirty years, has been exceedingly slow. From 72,674, in 1810, it had increased in 1850 to only 91,532. It is still the least populous state in the Union. COLUMBIA, DISTRICT OF. This tract, originally ten miles square, was ceded to the United States in 1790, by the States of Maryland and Virginia, for the purpose of being occupied as the seat of the federal government. The location was selected by President Washington, in conformity with a provision of the United States constitution. It is placed under the immediate jurisdiction of Congress, and, at the date of the cession, comprised the city of Alexandria, in Virginia, the city of Georgetown, Maryland, and the site on which now stands the city of Washington. The latter was established as the permanent capital of the Union, in the year 1800, and is consequently the principal residence of the president, heads of departments, and other chief officers of the government, foreign ambassadors, &c. In 1846, the geographical dimensions of the District were reduced by an act of Congress, retroceding the city and county of Alexandria to the State of Virginia. Boundaries and Extent. - The District, as at present limited, containing less than two thirds of the original land surface, is bounded on the north-west, north-east, and south-east, by the STATES AND TERRITORIES. - DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. 41 counties of Montgomery and Prince George's, in Maryland; on the south-west flows the Potomac, dividing it from Alexandria county, in Virginia -that portion of the District which reverted to the latter state by the act of 1846. The two cities, Washington and Georgetown, are situated respectively on the east and north-east banks of the river, and are connected by two short bridges crossing Rock Creek, a small branch of the Potomac. Washington lies in latitude 380 53t 23"/ north, and longitude 770 1' 24" west from Greenwich, and covers an area of somewhat over eight square miles. The area of the entire District is now estimated at sixty square miles. Government. - By the withdrawal of the county of Alexandria, the District became confined to the northerly or Maryland side of the Potomac, where the laws of Maryland are in force, excepting when superseded by special acts of Congress; the power of legislating in the premises being vested in that body exclusively. The District has no local representative on the floor of the national legislature; but every member is deemed to be alike interested in its general affairs. The two cities have distinct civil organizations; they establish their own municipal lasws, and regulate their own internal economy, in all matters not particularly provided for by Congress. Judiciary. - The judicial tribunals consist of a Circuit Court of the District, with a chief judge and two associates; a Criminal Court for the District, with one judge; and an Orphans' Court, with a judge and register. The Criminal Court holds three terms a year, commencing respectively on the first Monday of March, the third Monday of June, and the first Monday of December. Education. - Academies and grammar schools are tolerably well sustained, through private sources; but the number of common and primary schools, supported at the public cost, might, with advantage, be increased. There is a college at Georgetown, maintained by Roman Catholics; and another at Washington, called Columbian College, which is under the control of the Baptists. Finances. —The public debt,'at the close of the year 1840, amounted to one and a half million of dollars. The disbursements for public purposes, by the cities, often exceed the annual income, for various reasons; and, having few or no sources of revenue besides direct taxation, appropriations to meet deficiencies are not unfrequently made by Congress. Surface, Soil, &c. - The land is generally hilly, but not mountainous. There are numerous alternating eminences and depressions, the former affording fine views, and the latter sometimes consisting of bogs and marshes. The soil is not naturally very fertile, being commonly sandy and clayey, but is doubtless capable of great improvement, with a due degree of attention to agricultural science by practical husbandmen. It produces much good timber, and most of the indigenous shrubbery and plants peculiar to the bordering states, many of which are very beautiful. Rivers. - The beautiful Potomac laves the south-western margin of the District for some miles, and receives, at the south-eastern edge of the city of Washington, the waters of a considerable stream, called the Eastern Branch. These are the only rivers or streams of note which flow within or along the District. The Potomac affords navigation for vessels of a large class, from the Atlantic shore to the navy yard, Washington, at the confluence of that river and its branch, and for craft of smaller descriptions up to Georgetown. Internal Improvements. - The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, one of the most important works of this kind in the country, commences at Georgetown. It was commenced in 1828, and connects the waters of the two great rivers whose names it bears. The United States contributed one million of dollars, the city of Washington a like sum, and the city of Georgetown two hundred and fifty thousand dollars towards its construction. Railroads pass from the city of Washington, both north and south..Manufactures. - Within the present limits of the District, there are no manufactures of articles exclusively or chiefly for export; most of the operations in this department of industry being confined to the fabrication of articles for family use and home consumption. Population.- The number of inhabitants in the District varies at different seasons — 6 42 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. especially those in the city of Washington. During the sessions of Congress, the population of the capital is of course far more numerous than at other periods; that of Georgetown Is comparatively much less fluctuating. Climate. - Throughout most of the year, the climate is favorable to human health. The air is generally salubrious, and the water pure. In some locations, at the hottest seasons, diseases peculiar to the neighboring regions are apt to prevail; but extensively fatal epidemnics are not common. Religion. — The numerical proportions of the respective religious denominations stand, relatively, in the following order: 1. Presbyterians; 2. Episcopalians; 3. Methodists; 4. Baptists; 5. Roman Catholics; 6. Quakers; and, 7. Unitarians. FLORIDA. The credit of having discovered this peninsula, now the southernmost of the United States, is usually awarded to Juan Ponce de Leon. from Hispaniola, who explored it, to some extent, in 1512 and 1516, and gave to it the name which it still bears. The coast, however, had been visited, in 1497, by Sebastian Cabot, from England; but its interior was not then examined. In 1539, an expedition from Cuba, commanded by Hernando de Soto, who had served with Pizarro, made a descent upon, and overran the country. In 1562, a body of French settlers, under Francis Ribault, endeavored to form a civilized colony; but they were shortly assailed by the Spaniards, and, after several conflicts, nearly exterminated. The conquerors were afterwards obliged to contend frequently with the English colonists of Georgia and South Carolina; but they maintained possession, though often attacked by both French and English forces, until 1763, the date of its cession to Great Britain. Liberal offers were immediately made to settlers from abroad; and in consequence, numerous reputable citizens from the British settlements, and even a body of some 1500 people from tile shores of the Mediterranean, were induced to emigrate. A portion of the territory, known as West Florida, was conquered by the Spanish governor of Louisiana in 1781; and the whole was surrendered to Spain by the treaty of Paris, in 1783. In 1819, the latter power transferred the entire country, composing East and West Florida, to the United States, a:I remuneration for trespasses on American commerce. It was occupied by the authorities of the latter in 1820, and forthwith established as one of the territorial members of the American republic. It was erected into an independent state in 1845. Boundaries and Extent. - Florida is bounded north by Georgia and Alabama, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by the Gulf of Mexico, west by the same, and by a small portion of Alabama. It is situated between latitudes 250 and 31~ north; and extends from 800 west STATES AND TERRITORIES.-FLORIDA. 43 longitude to 87~ 35'; being 385 miles in length, with a breadth varying from 50 to 250 miles, and containing 59,268 square miles. Government. - The people of Florida formed a constitution in 1839, six years prior to the admission of the state into the Union. The governor is elected for four years; but is not eligible for two terms consecutively. The acting executive officer, in case of vacancy, is, first, the president of the Senate, and next, the speaker of the House of Representatives. Senators are elected for two years, and representatives for one year; the latter not to exceed sixty in number. Clergymen, bank officers, and duellists are excluded from participation in the civil government. The right of suffrage is enjoyed by all free white males, of lawful age, after two years' residence. Laws for the emancipation of slaves, or for the prevention of their introduction into the state, are prohibited. The sessions of the legislature are held biennially. Judiciary. -The state is divided into four circuits, each having a judge and a solicitor. They are chosen by the legislature, and have original common law jurisdiction in all civil and criminal matters. The Supreme Court consists of the circuit judges, and has appellate jurisdiction only. The attorney general is elected by both houses of the legislature. The judges, in sessions of the Supreme Court, preside in their respective circuits. Education. -No extensive system of common school education has yet been established. There are several academical institutions, and a number of grammar and primary schools, but no college in the state. Finances. - The revenue of the state is about sufficient to meet its expenditures. For information concerning the public debt, &c., see Statistical Tables. Surface and Soil.- Florida exhibits no very prominent elevations, the surface being generally level, and towards the south, especially, singularly broken into alternate tracts of meadow lands, forest-crowned knolls, and grassy lagoons. The celebrated "everglades" are situated in this quarter of the country, and extend northerly nearly 200 miles from the southern extremity. Much of the territory is covered with pine timber; although the live-oak, and other descriptions of hard wood, grow in abundance on the river banks. The quality of the soil is in many parts exceedingly rich. The "pine barrens," so called, are considered, however, as scarcely worth cultivating. The peculiarly open condition of the forests admits of the spontaneous and luxuriant growth of innumerable varieties of herbage and flowers, many of which are of the most beautiful description, and flourish in great profusion throughout all seasons of the year. The land, in nearly all parts of the state, is adapted to the culture of cotton, sugar, corn, rice, tobacco, and valuable fruits; and there is much grazing land even among the pine barrens, which are also finely irrigated by numerous streams of pure water. Rivers. - On the eastern coast, the St. John's is the principal stream. It takes its rise at a distance of not more than 150 miles from the sea, in a straight line; though, fromn its meandering course, it probably flows more than twice that distance, varying in width from less than one to about five miles. The St. Mary's, which rises in Georgia, also empties into the Atlantic. The mouths of these rivers afford good harbors. On the western coast are numerous bays and inlets, furnishing safe shelter and anchorage for coasting craft. A large number of rivers enter the Gulf of Mexico from the western side of the peninsula, the chief of which is the Appalachicola. Internal Improvements. - Several railroads have been constructed, and others are still contemplated. The most important already completed are, one between Tallahassee and St. Mark's, 22 miles; and another of 30 miles in length, extending from St. Joseph to Iola. A canal, entirely across the isthmus, has for many years been a subject of earnest consideration and active discussion. Such a work, it is universally conceded, would supply vast facilities to the commerce between Atlantic ports of the United States and the shores of the Gulf of Mexi(co, and be the means of avoiding immense losses, now annually incurred by vessels forced to encounter the hazardous navigation beyond the southern point of Florida.,~anlufactures. -Beyond the fabrication of articles for domestic use, but little capital is employed in manufacturing operations. The exports from the state consist principally of raw liaturiias. 44 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Indians.- The territory, for some years subsequent to its cession to the United States, was much disturbed by contests with various Indian tribes. Among these, the Seminoles gave much trouble to the general government, and, on the question of their removal, with other natives, to the lands provided for them, were found to be most impracticable. They were, nowever, subdued, and a large portion of the tribe have retired to the far preferable country assigned them beyond the Mississippi. Population. - There was an increase of population, during the ten years prior to the census of 1840, of nearly sixty per cent. Of the inhabitants at that date, nearly one half were slaves. The last census (1850) exhibits the same ratio of increase, but a somewhat smaller proportion of slaves. Climate. - Except in the immediate vicinity of some of the large swamps, the interior of Florida, and the sea-coast generally, may be considered extremely favorable to health. Indeed, many parts of the state are much resorted to by invalids from northern localities, especially by persons subject to pulmonary affections, or laboring under certain chronic maladies. A mild and very uniform temperature prevails throughout the different seasons; the heat of summer rarely raising the mercury above 900, or the cold of winter depressing it below freezing point. Epidemics, particularly the yellow fever, occasionally visit some of the low and marshy districts. The city of St. Augustine, occupying a remarkably fine geographical position, is widely celebrated for the salubrity of its atmosphere, the genial qualities and effects of which are not exceeded by those of any spot in Southern France or Italy. Religion. - Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Methodists, and Roman Catholics constitute the principal religious denominations. Neither sect is very numerous. Curiosities. - Among the natural objects of curiosity may be mentioned the existence and frequent formation of beautiful rivulets, the pellucid waters of which, after coursing through many devious curves for a long distance, suddenly disappear in some dark abyss, and all traces of their farther wanderings are lost to human eyes. On the other hand, vast volumes of water are often seen to emerge from the depths of the earth, at once forming navigable rivers, teeming with fish, turtles, alligators, &c. Both these phenomena are said to be common in some parts of the state, and in all probability are mutually connected by subterranean channels. GEORGIA, the most recently settled of the thirteen original American colonies, which united in the great national act of independence, July 4, 1776. At that epoch, only about one third of a century had elapsed since the entire territory was the exclusive abode of the savage -the first English immigrants, under General Oglethorpe, having, in the year 1734, STATES AND TERRITORIES. — GEORGIA. 45 commenced a settlement at the spot whereon the city of Savannah now stands. This company was composed chiefly of necessitous artisans and tradesmen, driven from Great Britain by want of employment to seek out new modes of living, and more permanent homes, in the western hemisphere. They had previously received from George II. a grant of the vast tract of country (called Georgia, after their royal patron) out of which the present States of Alabama and. Mississippi, as well as Georgia, have since been formed. Although the original charter of Carolina included this whole territory, the Spanish occupants of Florida had laid claim to it, and, in 1742, undertook by force of arms to dispossess the English, but without success. In 1752, the company relinquished its charter to the crown, and thenceforth the province was placed upon an equal footing with the other colonies. Boundaries and Extent. - Bounded north by parts of Tennessee and North Carolina, east by South Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean, south by Florida, and west by Alabama. It extends 300 miles from north to south, with an average breadth of 200 miles, and includes an area of 58,000 square miles. Latitude, 300 22/ to 35~ north; longitude, 80~ 50/ to 85~ 40' west. Government. - In 1777 the people of Georgia established their first firame of state government. A second constitution was formed in 1785, and a third in 1.798, which was revised in 1839, and still remains in force. The chief magistrate is elected biennially by the popular suffrages. In apportioning the representatives on the basis of population, three fifths of the blacks are reckoned in the estimate. There are 46 senatorial districts, each entitled to one member of the Senate; and the 93 counties into which the state is divided send each from one to three representatives to the legislature, which meets biennially at Milledgeville, the seat of government, where the governor and other executive officers are required to reside during their official terms. The right of suffrage is restricted to free white males, residents of the state for six months, and tax-payers one year prior to the election. Education. - The subject of common education is but partially provided for, as may be inferred from the fact that in 1840 there were in the state upwards of 30,000 white persons above the age of 20 years who could neither read nor write. There is a literary institution at Athens, called the University of Georgia, which was founded in 1788, with the design of establishing branches in each county. The object, however, has been but imperfectly carried out. Judiciary.- The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and two judges. elected by the legislature for six years. There are eleven circuit judges, one for each of the circuits into which the state is divided. These courts have exclusive jurisdiction in criminal and land cases. Inferior courts, composed of five justices, are held in each county. These latter officers are elected by the people quadrennially, and act also as probate judges. 2Finances. —The annual revenues of Georgia are amply sufficient to meet the current expenditures, including about $110,000 interest on the state debt, and a reserve of $70,000 towards a sinking fund for its ultimate extinction. The public debt in 1850 was stated at $1,828,472, and was incurred for the construction of the Western and Atlantic Railway. Sui:face, Soil, 4-c. -The face of the country, along the Atlantic coast, for some 30 to 40 miles in breadth, is generally level, with a rich soil, favorable to the cultivation of cotton and rice. The numerous islands on the eastern frontier are especially productive of that fine species of cotton known as sea island. Westward of the above tract, the land becomes more elevated, and the soil more sandy. Proceeding still farther into the interior, and beyond the mountainous region, a stronger and richer soil is found, which produces in'abundance wheat, corn, and other grains; tobacco, cotton, and a great variety of fruits, as the orange, fig, pomegranate, lemon, citron, olive, melon, peach, pear, and grape. The latter fruit, of the finest flavor, grows spontaneously and luxuriantly among the pine barrens, in the vicinity of the seacoast. Of the divers descriptions of fine timber composing the extensive forests of Georgia, the oak, hickory, cedar, and pine are the most common. The black walnut and mulberry are also abundant upon the high lands. The northern part of the state is traversed by a portion of the Appalachian chain of mountains. Rivers.- Many of the rivers in Georgia are of great length; for instance, the Savannah, 46 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. which separates this state from South Carolina, is 500 miles long; the Alatamaha, 400 miles to its sources; Flint River, the Chattahoochee, and others. These are generally navigable for steamers and large boats through a considerable portion of their extent; and some of them, especially those emptying into the Atlantic, admit the passage of large vessels for several miles above their mouths. Internal Improvements. - These consist of several important canals and railroads, either completed or still in progress. Among them may be enumerated the Savannah and Ogeechee, and the Brunswick Canals, - the former 16, and the latter 12 miles long, - the Georgia Railroad, with its branches and projected continuations; the Central Railroad, and the Munroe Railroad, - the whole forming a connected series, and embracing an aggregate extent of upwards of 500 miles. JMinerals. - On the borders of the Chattahoochee River, at the base of the Blue Ridge, considerable quantities of gold have been found; and numerous smelting houses, employing some hundreds of persons, are established in the vicinity, although the business of mining has not been very regularly pursued. Copper and iron ores, the latter in great abundance, are also among the mineral productions of the state. JManufactures.- A number of cotton mills, and some woollen factories, have been erected within a few years. Manufactures of cast iron and other hardware, machinery, leather, carriages, furniture, soap, candles, brick, lime, &c., are carried on to some extent, principally for home consumption. There are numerous flouring mills, distilleries, and breweries, portions of the products of which are exported. Indians. - Some parts of the territory are still in the occupancy of the Creek Ifidians. The Cherokees also inhabit a large tract at the north-west boundary, their country extending also into Tennessee and Alabama. Population. -About one third of the inhabitants of Georgia are of African descent. Climate. - The interior and elevated parts of Georgia enjoy a delightful and salubrious climate, not excelled, perhaps, by that of any other region of like extent in North America. As in most of the southern states of the Union, there are extensive tracts of low and swampy grounds, which, at certain seasons, are subject to destructive epidemics, arising from noxious exhalations and impure water. The upper country, however, to which many of the inhabitants retreat during the unhealthy months, is remarkably exempt from these injurious influences. The winters, which are of but two or three months' duration, are generally so mild that vegetation is but little interrupted, and cattle roam at large upon the savannas and in the forests, where they find ample food. Snow and severe frosts are rare, although the thermometer occasionally indicates a temperature as low as 20~ Fahrenheit. Religion. - The religious denominations in Georgia are chiefly Baptists, Methodists, Episcopalians, and Presbyterians. There are also some congregations of Romanists, Lutherans. Friends, and Jews. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — ILLINOIS. 47 ILLINOIS. This comparatively young member of the American Union was, nevertheless, partially settled, by civilized adventurers, as early as the year 1673. A party of enterprising Frenchmen from Canada accompanied M. De la Salle in his second exploration of the country, in the above year, when in search of the River Mississippi, and founded the villages of Kaskaskias and Cahokia. These settlements continued to flourish for some years; but the people, by constant intercourse with the surrounding savages, gradually reduced themselves to a semi-barbarous condition, and for a long period their numbers were but little augmented by immigration. By the treaty of peace between the French and English, in 176.3, the Illinois country, together with Canada, was ceded by the former to the latter, who took formal possession two years afterwards. It remained in their hands, under several successive military governors, until 1778; in which year a body of Virginia troops, commanded by General Clarke, penetrated the country, and subdued all the fortified places. In the same year, a county called Illinois was organized by the legislature, and placed under the care of a deputy governor. The country had been considered, hitherto, as a part of the territory included in the charter of Virginia; and the claim founded thereon was recognized by the treaty of 1783. Virginia, however, ceded it to the United States, four years afterwards, when it constituted a section of the "North-west Territory," so called. In 1800, it received a separate organization and a territorial government, in conjunction with, and under the name of, Indiana. Another division took place in 1809, when the distinct territories of Indiana and Illinois were formed; both of which were subsequently admitted into the Union, as independent states - the former in 1816, and the latter in 1818. The name of the state is derived from that of its great central river - an aboriginal appellation, signifying the River of IMen. Boundaries and Extent. -The state is bounded north by Wisconsin; east by the southern portion of Lake Michigan, by the State of Indiana, and by the Ohio River, dividing it from Kentucky also on the south; and west by the Mississippi, which separates it from the States of Missouri and Iowa. Its extreme length is some 380 miles, extending from 370 to 42J~ north latitude. Its breadth varies from about 145 to 220 miles, being widest in the centre, and narrowest at the northern and southern points. Its utmost reach of longitude is 4 degrees, viz., from 870 to 910, west from Greenwich. Its area is computed at 55,400 square miles, of which near 50,000 are believed to be well adapted to agricultural purposes. Government. - The chief magistrate is chosen for four years, by the people, viva voce, and cannot serve two terms in succession. The lieutenant governor (who is, ex officio, president of the Senate) and the senators are also elected quadrennially. The members of the House of Representatives are elected for two years. The popular elections and the legislative mm;, UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. sessions are held biennially. The Senate cannot consist of less than one third, nor more than one half, the number composing the other branch. All white males above the age of 21 years, who have resided six months within the state, are qualified voters. Slavery is prohibited by the constitution - to amend which instrument a convention must be called. Elections are decided by a plurality of votes. Judiciary. - The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, composed of three justices, and such other courts as the legislature may create. One session of the Supreme Court is held annually, in each of the three judicial divisions of the state. The state is also divided into nine circuits, each having a resident judge and a state's attorney. Five of thbse judges constitute a quorum. They are elected by the General Assembly, and hold office during good behavior. The state's attorneys are chosen for two years. Inferior courts are also held by probate judges and justices of the peace. The Supreme Court judges, together with the governor, compose a council of revision, with power to disapprove bills passed by the General Assembly, subject, however, to further legislative action, whereby a rejected bill may, nevertheless, become a law when reinacted by a majority of members elect in both branches. Education. - The act of admission to the Union provides fora reservation of one thirty-sixth part of all the public lands, for school purposes; and section numbered 16 has been accordingly designated and set apart, in each township, for the benefit of its inhabitants. A common fund, for the promotion of education generally, was also established by the United States government, through the annual payment to the state of 3 per cent. of the net avails of the public lands within its limits. Of this fund, a sixth part is appropriated to the erection and support of a collegiate institution. Other funds, to a very generous extent, have likewise been provided; from all which sources a large annual income is derived. Yet the subject of common schools has not received that degree of regard and attention which its immeasurable importance demands; although there are, in many towns, primary schools of fair character, and occasionally a seminary of higher grade. Several colleges exist; but they are mostly exclusive or somewhat sectarian in their organization; each of the following denominations having a special institution, viz., Old School Presbyterians, New School Presbyterians, Baptists, and Methodists. One of these, at Alton, was liberally endowed by Dr. B. Shurtleff, of Boston, Massachusetts, and bears his name. There are a number of respectable academies and literary associations in various parts of the state; and it is to be hoped that measures will be taken to establish the school fund of the state on a basis corresponding to the liberality of Congress, and to the example set by Ohio and other neighboring states. Finances. - The total amount of the public debt on the 1st of January, 1851, was $16,627,507,91, nearly one half of which grew out of the construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. This latter item will be partially if not wholly liquidated by sales of canal lands, and by future receipts for tolls. The state is now able, from its revenues, for the first time in several years, to meet its current expenditures. Surface, Soil, 8fc.- There are no lofty mountains in this state, although at its northern and southern extremes the land is considerably elevated, and occasionally broken. In general, the surface is level, or slightly undulating, about two thirds of the whole consisting of immense prairies, clothed luxuriantly with grass, herbage, delicious strawberries, and other wild berries, and resplendent with myriads of indigenous flowers, flourishing in all the beauty of "nature unadorned." No impenetrable forests encumber these vast tracts, although isolated patches of woodland, some of them covering many acres, are frequently found in their midst. In some quarters of the state, timber is sufficiently abundant; in others, there is a deficiency. The most common descriptions are the oak, hickory, maple, elm, ash, locust, beech, poplar, sycamore, and various other woods. The soil is almost invariably fertile, often of the finest and richest quality, to a great depth. The products of the earth are of corresponding value and amount. Every variety of grain, and of edible vegetables, together with hemp, flax, cotton, and tobacco, are cultivated with extraordinary success. All the fruits common to the temperate latitudes are produced in abundance: STATES AND TERRITORIES. - ILNOIS. 49 grapes, especially, natives of the soil, are remarkably plentiful in most parts of the state, and of fine quality, capable of yielding excellent wines. The fecundity of the land, and the generous returns with which it rewards even the moderate labors of the husbandman, may be inferred from the fact that in almost all parts of the state an average crop, per acre, can be obtained, of fifty bushels of Indian corn — one of its important staples; and instances are frequent where the product reaches 75 to 100 bushels. Rivers. - Illinois is provided most bountifully by nature with admirable facilities for cominunication by water, not only within, but far beyond, its own borders, by means of its aumerous inland streams, tending in every direction towards, and connecting with, the great western rivers, and by its immediate contact, on the north-east, with Lake Michigan. The whole of its western boundary is washed by the mighty Mississippi, and the noble Ohio flows along a portion of its eastern frontier. The Illinois traverses a large part of the state from north-east to south-west, and its tributaries course through most of the central counties. Some of these branches are of great extent. Among the other important rivers are Rock, Kaskaskia, Wabash, &c. Internal Improvements. -The canal for uniting the navigable waters of the Illinois with those of Lake Michigan, at Chicago, is one of the greatest enterprises of the kind in the Western States. Its computed extent is 106 miles, and its cost upwards of $8,000,000. When fully completed, the waters of the Gulfs of St. Lawrence and of Mexico may be said to meet each other, through a long chain of inland channels. Under the system of internal improvement adopted by the state, in 1837, a number of extensive and important railroads were projected, the work on most of which has been commenced, and some few are in travelling order. Minerals. - At the north-west angle of the state lie immense beds of lead ore, of which great quantities are annually smelted and sent to market. Copper and iron are also found in abundance in many parts of the state; and in the southern quarter, there are several sections of the public lands which are reported to be rich in silver ore, and in consequence are withheld from sale. Lime, salt, and coal are among the most plentiful of the mineral productions. Limestone ledges of great extent exist for many miles along the banks of the Mississippi, often rising abruptly and perpendicularly, in huge bluffs, to a height of 300 feet. In the south and east parts of the state, there are numerous saline springs, so strongly impregnated as to render profitable the manufacture of salt on an extensive scale in their vicinity. The elevated and broken regions towards the north, particularly in the neighborhood of Rock River, contain exhaustless veins of bituminous coal; and the bluffs and ravines on the river banks, in Madison and St. Clair counties, at the south-west quarter of the state, are pregnant with treasures of this valuable mineral. JManufactures. - Hydraulic power to a considerable extent is attainable at various points of the state, some of which is already advantageously improved for manufacturing purposes. The contemplated improvements of the Wabash and other rivers -some of which are already in progress - will furnish additional water privileges of great value. Steam mills, for sawing lumber, manufacturing flour, &c., as well as mills wrought by animal and water power, are common throughout the state. There are also numerous smelting houses, iron furnaces, tanneries, potteries, distilleries, &c., together with a few cotton, woollen, and flax factories; and almost every article of domestic use is or may be fabricated within the state. Among the few commodities principally manufactured for export are whiskey and castor oil: some 40,000 to 50,000 gallons of the latter are annually expressed from the palma christi, or castor bean. at a sinfgle establishment in Edwardsville. Indians. - Few or none of the descendants of the tribes formerly occupying this region now linger within or around it, their titles having been extinguished, from time to time, by various treaties with the United States government. The white inhabitants were somewhat annoyed by hostile Indians during the war of 1812; but after its close, the country was exempt from molestation until 1832, when a band of sanguinary savages, led on by the notorious chief Black Hawk, committed many bloody atrocities, and created much distress and. 7 50 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. alarm, at the northern part of the state. They were at length entirely quelled, and finally removed to the country west of the Mississippi. Population. - During the thirty years prior to 1840, the population of Illinois increased from 12,282 to 476,183, of whom 3600 were persons of color. In 1850, the population was 851,470, of whom 5366 were persons of color. Climate. - In general, the climate of Illinois, in its influence upon health, does not differ materially from that of the other states, lying within the same parallels, east of the Alleghany ridge. It furthermore enjoys the advantage of exemption from annoying easterly winds, although the prairie breezes are often severely cold. The temperature, ordinarily, is much like that of Ohio and Michigan during the respective seasons. The length of the winter is usually somewhat less than three months. Snow seldom falls to a great depth, or continues upon the earth many days in succession; and the ground is commonly free from frost throughout half the winter. The early spring months are rainy and unpleasant; but they are soon succeeded by a milder season, a warm and cheering summer, with an invigorating atmosphere; and, finally, "the year is crowned" by a delightful autumn of some months' duration, rarely disturbed by a cloudy day or a stormy hour. Religion. - The most numerous sect are the Methodists, including their different varieties. Then follow the Baptists and Presbyterians, with their several ramifications. The Episcopalians, Lutherans, and Dunkards have each from eight to twelve congregations; and there are small societies of Roman Catholics, Quakers, and Mormons. The proportion of professors of religion has been estimated at about one tenth of the whole population. INDIANA. The history of the settlement of Indiana is nearly identical with that of its twin sister, Illinois, and of much of the vast surrounding region formerly included in the socalled North-west Territory. The first permanent occupancy of the country was effected in 1702, at a fertile spot on the eastern bank of the Wabash, about 100 miles above its confluence with the Ohio. To this place, which became a fortified trading post, its inhabitants afterwards gave the name of Vincennes. The original settlers were French soldiers from Canada, belonging to the army of Louis XIV. Their descendants remained an almost isolated community, increasing very slowly in numbers, for nearly one hundred years, and, in the mean time, from habits of constant intercourse with their Indian neighbors exclusively, with whom they often STATES AND TERRITORIES. -INDIANA. 51 intermarried, had imbibed a taste for savage life, and had consequently retrogressed in the march of civilization. By the treaty of peace between France and England, in 1763, the territory became subject to the latter; from which power, however, it was wrested by tne Americans during the revolutionary war. From the close' of that struggle, in 1783, until General Wayne's treaty in 1795, and again just before the commencement of the second war with Great Britain, the people, generally residing in hamlets and villages remote from each other, were terribly harassed by the incursions of the Indians, who committed the most cruel atrocities. These merciless barbarians were at length effectually conquered and humbled by the United States military forces under General Harrison; a season of quietude and prosperity immediately ensued, and a vast tide of immigration has been flowing into the state since the peace of 1815. Indiana was originally embraced in the territory north-west of the Ohio, and so remained until the year 1800. It was then, including the present State of Illinois, newly organized under the name of Indiana Territory. In 1809, it was divided into two territories, Illinois having been set off, and became an independent state in 1816. Boundaries and Extent. - The state is bounded north by Michigan and the southern portion of the lake of that name; east by the State of Ohio; south-east and south by Ohio River, which divides it from Kentucky; and west by Illinois, the Wabash River forming part of the boundary. It lies between 37~ 47' and 410 50' north latitude, and its mean length is estimated at 260 miles; its mean breadth is about 140 miles, extending from 840 45' to 88~ west longitude. Its area comprehends nearly 34,000 square miles. Government. —The executive power resides in a governor and lieutenant governor, the latter being president of the Senate, and acting as governor in cases of vacancy. The legislature consists of two branches, - Senate and House of Representatives, - apportioned to the counties, according to the number of qualified electors, in such ratio that the number of representatives shall not be less than 36 nor more than 100. The Senate is never to contain less than 12 nor more than 50 members. All the above are elected by the people triennially, except the representatives, who are chosen every year. The legislature convenes annually. The chief magistrate cannot hold office longer than six years in any term of nine years. The secretary of state, treasurer, and auditor are chosen by the General Assembly in joint ballot, the first for a term of four years, and the two latter for three years. Judiciary. -The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, in Circuit Courts, Courts of Common Pleas, Probate Courts, and justices of the peace. The Supreme Court is composed of three judges, the senior in office being chief justice, and are appointed for seven years by the governor and Senate. The Circuit Courts are thirteen in number, and consist of a president judge for each judicial circuit, acting with two associate judges in each county: the president judges are elected for seven years by the legislature, and the associate judges for the same term by the people. Judges of probate, justices of the peace, sheriffs, and coroners are chosen by the people, for various terms. Education. - Attention to this important interest has been considerably awakened within a few years. A common school fund, to be derived from various sources, was founded by a law of the state in 1849, at which time the several funds set apart for the purpose were valued at upwards of $700,000. By the census of 1840, there were within the state over 38,000 white persons, above the age of 20 years, who could neither read nor write. Asylums for the blind, the deaf and dumb, and the insane, have been established. There are several colleges, and numerous academies, in various parts of the state. Finances. — The annual revenue of Indiana is amply sufficient for the ordinary current expenditures. The amount of the public debt in July, 1849, was more than $12,000,000. the liability for which is nearly equally divided between the state and the Wabash and Erie Canal Company. Surface, Soil, &c.- The face of the country, though not mountainous, is in some quarters hilly and broken. The greater portion of the state, by far, consists of immense tracts of level lands, studded at intervals with picturesque clusters of trees. Many of the upland prairies are skirted for long distances with noble forests, while those bordering upon the rivers are 52 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. rarely productive of any description of timber. The whole earth is replete with vegetable wealth. Upon the prairies there is, at the proper seasons, intermingled with gay and odorous flowers, a thick covering of grass, growing to a height of seven or eight feet. The soil of the prairies, as well those which are elevated as those which lie along the rivers, is surpassingly rich, the loam commonly reaching to a depth of two to five feet. The trees of native growth comprise several varieties of oak, walnut, maple, elm, sycamore, beech, ash, linden, locust, sassafras, buckeye, cottonwood, cherry, and mulberry. The most important of the cultivated products are wheat, Indian corn, rye, and other grains, potatoes, and various other esculents. Grapes, and indeed fruits of all kinds peculiar to the climate, grow profusely. Among the many valuable staples of this state are large quantities of beef, pork, butter, cheese, sugar, wool, tobacco, and hemp. Rivers. - The entire state is admirably watered by large and beautiful streams, many of them navigable for hundreds of miles. Among the most considerable rivers, besides the Ohio, are the Wabash, a tributary of the former; White River, a branch of the Wabash, with its two great forks; Whitewater, St. Joseph's, &c. Internal Improvements. - The Wabash and Erie Canal, 187 miles in length, connecting the navigable waters of the River Wabash with those of Lake Erie, is the most important enterprise of the kind in which this state has been concerned. Nearly 100 miles of its extent are in Indiana, and the residue in Ohio. The whole was completed in 1843. The Whitewater Canal, a work of much less magnitude, is partially completed, and several additions are contemplated. A railroad, commencing at Indianapolis, connects the capital with three or four different points on the Ohio, a distance of about 100 miles. From the same point of beginning, another road, partly macadamized, extends northwardly to Michigan city. Other railroads have been projected, some of which are in course of construction. MJinerals. - The mineral resources of this state have been but partially explored or developed. Iron is known to exist in various quarters, and some copper has been found. Salt springs have been opened, at which salt in considerable quantities has been manufactured. Epsom salts, and saltpetre in a pure state, have been quite plentifully obtained from caves in Crawford and Harrison counties. Coal in abundance has been recently excavated from the bluffs near the Ohio, in Perry county. At a place called Cannelton, the deposits are extremely productive, yielding in profusion a very superior quality of bituminous coal, resembling, in all its characteristics, the celebrated English Cannel coal. AManufactures. - The business of manufacturing has not been pursued largely, except for domestic uses. Cotton and woollen fabrics are extensively manufactured in families throughout the state; and there are also a number of fulling mills, woollen and cotton factories, iron furnaces, tanneries, potteries, breweries, flouring and saw mills, &c. Indians. -The various tribes formerly inhabiting this region have yielded to the advances of their civilized successors, parted with their native right to the soil, and sought other homes farther west. Population. -The population of Indiana, since the year 1825, has increased with unexampled rapidity. At that date, the number of inhabitants was estimated at 185,000. It is now, in (1850,) 988,416. Among the causes which have conduced to attract settlers thither, the extraordinary fertility of the soil, the low price of lands, the facilities for inland water communication, and the healthful climate, are doubtless among the most prominent. Climate.- Residents of the country characterize the climate as generally mild and salubrious. In summer, the temperature is genial and uninterrupted by injurious changes. The winters are neither long nor severe, six weeks being considered as their average duration. Frosts, however, are common in spring and autumn. Fevers and agues prevail only in marshy places, and in the neighborhood of stagnant waters. Religion. — In "modes of faith" there is much diversity. The most numerous classes of Christians are Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists; there are also considerable numbers of Lutherans, Episcopalians, Roman Catholics, and Friends. Curiosities. -Among the most remarkable curiosities of the state are the mineral caves STATES AND TERRITORIES.-INDIAN TERRITORY. 53 already alluded to, and the multitudes of singular mounds scattered over the face not only of Indiana, but most of the Western States, supposed by many to have been ancient Indian fortlfications, by others conjectured to be places of sepulture, and by some to be tumuli produced solely by natural causes. INDIAN TERRITORY (PROPER) is a large and fertile region, lying geographically in the centre of the North American republic, midway between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It was allotted, and has been at different times enlarged, by the government of the United States, for the purpose of affording places of permanent residence for those Indian tribes who might emigrate from the states east of the Mississippi River. These emigrants are protected in the enjoyment of their own institutions, and many of the tribes have established forms of government independent of the United States laws, in all matters not connected with the preservation of peace between the tribes and upon the frontier. It extends from Platte River, in about 41~ north latitude, to Red River, in 340; is between 500 and 600 miles in length, and about 300 miles in breadth, and its area may be estimated at some 150,000 square miles. Its limits, however, are not exactly determined on the north or the west; it beingo generally understood that the Indian Tcrritory, so called, comprehends that region which is permanently settled by Indian communities, as distinguished from the wide waste beyond its present northern and western borders, which is peopled by wandering bands of untutored natives. It is definitely bounded on the east by the States of Missouri and Arkansas, and on the south by the State of Texas, wherefrom it is separated by the Red River. The soil throughout this territory is very generally productive. It is watered by numerous streams, few, if any of which, however, afford facilities for navigation. The principal rivers, besides thdse mentioned as forming the northern and southern boundaries, are the Kanzas and Canadian, with their multitudes of forks or tributaries. Some of these take their rise in the Rocky Mountains, and all flow eastwardly, ultimately emptying either directly or by way of the Missouri into the great "Father of Rivers," the mighty Mississippi. The face of the country presents but few mountainous prominences, although the land is generally high and swelling, especially in the south-eastern quarter, where are situated several ranges of large hills. Corn and other grains, vegetables, fruits, and all the agricultural products peculiar to the states lying eastward on the same parallel, may be cultivated with ample success. Timber is not abundant; but, with ordinary attention, such trees as are needed may be easily raised. The grassy prairies afford room for forests, and experiments already made demonstrate their adaptation to the rapid growth of wood. Lead and iron ores, coal, and saline springs are found in different parts of the territory. The country is admirably fitted for the raising of stock and domestic animals of all descriptions. The climate is represented as remarkably pleasant and salubrious, varying but little from that of the regions east of the Mississippi, whence the present inhabitants were removed. The number of resident Indians may be reckoned at about 100,000, three fourths of whom are emigrants from beyond the eastern shore of the Mississippi. The population is constantly being augmented by additional removals of Indians from the east, under treaty stipulations with the United States. The most numerous, as well as the most advanced in civilization, of the tribes now settled in the territory, are the Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Shawanees. These have established appropriate forms of government for themselves, some of them having written constitutions, and have made provision for the support of education, of public worship, of courts of justice, &c., similar to those of all well-organized communities. 54 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Their dwellings are generally comfortable, their lands well tilled, and most of their natural facilities and advantages properly applied and improved. Large numbers of horses and cattle are owned among them; mercantile, mechanical, and manufacturing pursuits are carried on to considerable extent, especially by the Cherokee population; and one or more steamboats, the property of some of the latter, ply between their district and New Orleans. The United States support several military posts within the territory, which are all kept garrisoned. Missionaries, from the various religious organizations in the states, have established stations at many points, who labor not only for the moral improvement, but for the literary and physical advancement, of the people. At the Shawanee station, under control of the Baptists, books in different Indian languages have been printed and issued; journals and other works have also been published in the Shawanee dialect. A very respectably conducted newspaper is supported by the Cherokees, the editor of which is an educated native. In compensation for the lands which were vacated by the transfer of these tribes to their present locality, the United States paid, or stipulated to pay, between the years 1789 and 1839, in money or in lands exchanged or reserved, upwards of $80,000,000. The number of acres of land thus acquired is about 420,000,000. The emigrants also receive considerable annuities, from which they derive a portion of their means of subsistence. IOWA, recently a dependency of the United States, is now an admitted member of the Federal Union. Until 1832, the country was held in undisputed possession by its rude and roaming Indian inhabitants, of whom it was then purchased;L and settlements were soon thereafter commenced by civilized emigrants. In 1838, having been set off from Wisconsinl it was organized under a distinct territorial government; and in 1846, the territory was duly elevated to the position of a free and independent American state. Boundanj and Extent. - Iowa is bounded north by the Territory of Minnesota; east by the Mississippi River, which separates it from the States of Wisconsin and Illinois; south by the State of Missouri; and west and north-west by portions of the Territories of Nebraska and Minnesota, from whichitis separated by the Missouri and the Big Sioux Rivers. The country lies between 40~ 301 and 430 30( north latitude, and extends from 90~ 30/ to 96~ 30' west longitude; reaching some 200 miles from north to south, with an average extent of over 220 miles from east to west, and comprehending about 51,000 square miles. ~~ —---- ------ -~~~~~~~~~~ — — ~Z STATES AND TERRITORIES. - IOWA. 55 Government. - The executive power resides in a governor and lieutenant governor, chosen by popular vote for two years: the latter is president of the Senate. The legislature comprises a Senate and House of Representatives, the former chosen for four years, one half biennially, and in number not less than one third nor more than one half that of the other branch. The constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall not consist of less than 26 nor more than 39 members, until the white population shall amount to 125,000; when the minimum shall be 36, and the maximum 72. All free white male American citizens, after a residence of six months, are voters. Judiciary. - The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and two associates, either two of whom form a quorum. They are elected by joint vote of the legislature for six years. District judges are elected for five years by the people, in the several districts. Probate judges, prosecuting attorneys, and clerks of courts are also elected in the same manner, every two years. Education. — A superintendent of public instruction is chosen by the people for three years. A large school fund is secured by the appropriation of lands granted by Congress, escheated estates, and the percentage allowed by Congress on sales of public lands within the state. Common schools in all the school districts are also maintained, by law, from other sources of revenue. There is also a large fund assigned for the support of a university. The permanent school fund, at interest, in 1850, amounted to about $279,000. Finances. — The state holds productive property valued at upwards of $11,000,000. Its debt, in 1849, was $55,000, incurring an interest of $5500. The legislature holding biennial sessions only, the annual public expenditure is only about $19,000. The taxable property, in 1849, was valued at $18,479,751, which pays to the state a tax of three tenths of one per cent. Surface and Soil. -With the exception of some high hills in the northern part, the surface is nowhere mountainous, but consists of table lands, prairies, and gently swelling eminences covered with timber. Ranges of bluffs, from 30 to 120 feet in height, intersected with ravines, generally terminate the table lands upon the borders of rivers. The soil is almost universally good, reaching to a depth of 18 to 24 inches on the upland prairies, and from 24 to 48 inches on the bottom lands. Constant cultivation for a century would scarcely exhaust it. It produces every description of grain and vegetables suited to the climate, and is peculiarly favorable to the growth of fruit. Timber is not abundant, except in certain sections, comprising in all about one fourth part of the state. But the country is so well supplied with river navigation, that this deficiency in other quarters is not felt. Among the indigenous fruits are vast quantities of plums, grapes, strawberries, crab apples, &c. The crops of wheat ordinarily amount to 30 or 35 bushels per acre; and the yield of corn is from 50 to 75 bushels. Wells of excellent water are obtained at a depth of 25 to 30 feet. Rivers. -Besides the noble rivers which skirt the state on the east and west, there are several streams of considerable magnitude, with numerous branches, pervading the entire territory. Many of them are extensively navigable, and afford fine water power; and all are immediately or remotely connected with the Mississippi or the Missouri. Internal Improvements. —A project for constructing a railroad, commencing at Dubuque, on the Mississippi, and extending across the Rocky Mountains to the waters of Columbia River, was started in 1840. At the last session of the General Assembly, acts were passed granting the right of way to the Davenport, Camanche, and Lyons Railroad Companies, for railroads from the Mississippi to Council Bluffs on the Missouri. In these enterprises considerable northern and eastern capital will probably be employed. Minerals. - But little comparative progress has been made in the exploration and development of the mineral treasures of Iowa; although it is well known, from even imperfect researches, that a very large portion of the country is extremely rich in various descriptions of metals. There are tracts, probably to the extent of hundreds of miles, that abound in lead ore; copper and iron are also abundant in various locations, as well as coal, limestone, &c. 56 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. In the vicinity of Dubuque, the largest town in the state, are some of the finest and most valuable lead mines in the United States.*.Manufactures. — Excepting the working of mineral ores into marketable shape, and the fabrication of articles for domestic use from the raw materials produced within the state, there are no extensive manufacturing operations. The whole amount of capital employed in 1840, in every description of manufactures, fell somewhat short of $200,000. Indians. - Recently large tracts were held by various tribes of Indians. The lowas held portions of the south, the Pottawatamies of the west, and the Sacs and Foxes of the central parts of the state. But these tracts have been ceeded to the United States. Population. - Since the admission of Iowa into the Union, the statea.as been rapidly filling up with white settlers. In 1840, the population numbered 43,112, including that of the north section, now called the Territory of Minesota. It has increased prodigiously within the past ten years, and at the last census amounted to 192,214. Climate.- With the exception of some localities on the river sides, subject to occasional inundations, the climate of Iowa is more healthy in general than that of the neighboring Western States. This is accounted for by the fact, that the current of its streams is more rapid. The diseases prevalent in quarters considered unhealthy at times are fevers and agues, bilious disorders, &c. The commencement, duration, and termination of winter correspond with those of the same season in New England. But the temperature is less severe, being more like that of Pennsylvania. Snow, to a depth of more than seven or eight inches, is seldom seen. The summers are extremely pleasant, the heat rarely becoming oppressive, and the atmosphere being often refreshed by gentle showers. Religion. - Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists are the most numerous of the religious denominations. The Episcopalians have several societies or parishes, and there are also Roman Catholics, Friends, &c. Curiosities. - One of the most remarkable productions of nature, in this region, is a natural bridge, which crosses the River Maksqueta - a fine stream flowing into the Mississippi, near the centre of the eastern boundary of the state. This bridge has a span of 40 feet, and is composed of solid limestone. KENTUCKY, formerly considered one of the "Western States" of the American Union, may now be ranked among those on the map at the right hand of the observer, since, by the * Very recently, at Dubuque, a company of seven persons took from its native bed in one day a,quantity of lead ore valued at upwards of $1000. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — KENTUCKY. 57 immense extension of territory towards the setting sun, there is vastly more space between Kentucky and the Pacific Ocean than between that state and the Atlantic. It was originally included within the limits of Virginia, from which state it was separated in 1786, when it was organized under a territorial government, and so remained until its erection into a state in 1792. No extensive exploration of the country is known certainly to have taken place until about the year 1770, when the celebrated and eccentric adventurer Colonel Boone penetrated its then remote and inhospitable wilds. Four years afterwards, a permanent settlement was made at Harrodsburg; but the inhabitants of the territory, wherever located, were constantly harassed by the predatory incursions of various savage tribes, until the conclusion of the treaty with General Wayne in 1795. Boundary and Extent. - The Ohio River constitutes the northern boundary of this state, separating it from the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. On the east lies Virginia, and on the south Tennessee. The Mississippi, on the west, separates Kentucky from the State of Missouri. It extends from north latitude 36~ 30' to 390 10', and lies between 820 and 890 30' west longitude. Its length from east to west is about 400 miles, and its average breadth does not greatly exceed 100 miles. Its area, as officially reported, is 37,680 square miles. Government. - The present constitution, adopted in 1850, provides for the quadrennial election of governor and lieutenant governor by a plurality of the popular suffrages; but the former magistrate cannot be reelected until after a lapse of four years. The lieutenant governor is, ex officio, the presiding officer of the Senate, and, in extraordinary cases, discharges the duties of the executive. The number of senators is limited to 38: one half of the number are elected every two years, in a manner that each member may serve four years. The representatives, 100 in number, apportioned to the several counties or districts every eighth year, are chosen biennially. The legislature holds biennial sessions at Frankfort, continuing only 60 days, unless by a two thirds concurrent vote. All white males, 21 years of age, after a residence in the state of two years, and in the district of one year, are qualified voters. The manner of voting at elections is by open vote, or viva voce. Judiciary. — The courts consist of a Court of Appeals, having appellate jurisdiction only throughout the state, Circuit Courts in each county, and County Courts. The judges of the former, four in number, are elected by the people for eight years, and so classified that one shall retire every two years. Those of the Circuit Courts, 12 in number, are chosen for six years. Those of the County Courts, consisting of a presiding and two associate justices in each county, are chosen by the people for four years. Two justices of the peace are elected, in each county, for terms of four years. Sheriffs are chosen for two years, and cannot serve beyond a second term. Education. - The state possesses a bountiful school fund, which, for the year 1849, yielded an income of about $67,000, three fourths of which, however, are applied to the ordinary expenditures of the state. In the above year, there were 193,000 children between the ages of five and sixteen years, nearly one half of whom attended the district schools connected with the public system. Among these latter the sum of $29,166 was distributed from the permanent school fund, and $21,874 from the "two cent tax." Finances. - In 1849, the whole amount of the funded debt was $4,497,652'81, a part of vhich, viz., $836,000, was due to the school fund. The income in the same year, from all sources, amounted to $468,630-19, and the expenditures to $447,620'64. To meet the interest of the public debt, the state owns bank stocks, turnpike and railroad stocks, and other property, from which an annual revenue of more than $100,000 is derived. The residue of the interest is made up from the yearly tax, which is about 17 cents on each $100 worth of property. The amount of taxable property in 1849 was upwards of $285,000,000. Surface, Soil, 4c. — Kentucky presents a great diversity of surface. In the eastern quarter, where it is bordered by the Cumberland Mountains, there are numerous lofty elevations; and on the northern boundary, adjacent to the Ohio River, and running through the whole extent of the state, there is a strip of hilly but fertile land, from 5 to 20 miles in breadth. Along the immediate margin of the Ohio is a tract, one mile wide, of bottom lands, which are 8 538 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. periodically overflowed. The intermediate country, between the hilly regions on the north and on the south-east, is gently undulating; and here, within an area of 100 by 50 miles, the soil is of extraordinary richness. In the neighborhood of the Cumberland River, there is another tract of about 100 miles in extent, which, though denominated " barrens," has been within a few years transformed from an extended and unbroken prairie into forests of thrifty and valuable timber. The soil throughout the state is generally of excellent quality, producing hemp, tobacco, wheat, corn, and numerous other fruits of the earth in great abundance. Among the native trees, the most common are black walnut, black cherry, mulberry, locust, ash, elm, papaw, buckeye, whitethorn, cottonwood, and sugar maple. Grapes, of fine quality, also abound; and all the fruits adapted to the climate are successfully cultivated. Rivers. - The largest rivers are the Cumberland and the Tennessee, both branches of the Ohio, which latter flows along the northern boundary for a distance of 637 miles. These branches are navigable to a very considerable extent. They enter the Ohio at points about 12 miles apart, and within 50 to 60 miles of the junction of the Ohio with the Mississippi. The other principal streams, besides those which bound the state, are the Kentucky, Licking, Salt, and Green Rivers, all of which are extensively navigable. Internal Improvements. - The Louisville and Portland Canal, two and a half miles in length, is a work of extraordinary magnitude and importance. It was completed in 1831, at great cost, and after some years of labor; its bed having been excavated out of lime rock, a portion of it to the depth of 12 feet. By this work, a fall of 22 feet on the Ohio River at Louisville has been overcome, and vast numbers of steamboats and other craft are constantly passing through it. The Lexington and Ohio Railroad, extending from Lexington, via Frankfort, to Louisville, 95 miles in length, is nearly, if not quite, completed. Another, from the former city to Covington on the Ohio, opposite Cincinnati, is under contract; and some others are projected. JMlinerals. - The most abundant of the mineral products of Kentucky are iron, coal, lime, and salt. Large quantities of the latter article are annually exported. Limestone, at various depths, underlays the soil of a large portion of the state. kManufactures. - A large amount of capital is invested in the manufacture of hemp, cotton, wool, iron, tobacco, leather, and other staple commodities. The fabrication of almost every article of domestic use is also carried on throughout the state. Indians. -Few or none of the descendants of the aboriginal possessors of the soil now remain within the limits of the state. Population. - Sixty years since, the population of Kentucky numbered less than 75,000. By the last census, it has reached over 1,000,000, more than one fifth of which number are slaves. Climate. - The winters in this state rarely continue longer than two or three months, and are generally rmild, but humid. The other seasons are remarkably pleasant, and the temperature varies less between the extremes of heat and cold than in some of the neighboring states. The climate is consequently healthy. Religion. -Of the various Christian denominations, the Baptists, perhaps, are the most numerous. The Methodists are next in numerical order. Presbyterians, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics have each a large number of churches. There are also some societies of Shakers and Unitarians. Curiosities. - Among the extraordinary objects of wonder found in this state is the celebrated " Mammoth Cave," which has not, probably, an equal in the known world. It is situated in the county of Edmonson, near the centre of the state, and its subterranean vaults have been explored to the extent of some eight to ten miles. Its earthy floor is impregnated so strongly with nitre, that considerable quantities of this article have been extracted therefrom. There are several other remarkable caverns in the state, principally in the south-west part, between Cumberland and Green Rivers. Many of the lofty, perpendicular precipices of solid limestone on the banks of Kentucky River, and the frequent chasms formed in the subjacent calcareous rocks by the rapid action of large streams, may likewise be enumerated among the natural curiosities of Kentucky. STATES AND TERRITORIES. -LOUISIANA. 59 LOUISIANA. This state became a territorial member of the Federal Union in the year 1803, under peculiar circumstances. It had been successively the property of certain French adventurers, of the crown of France, of the government of Spain, and again of the French, by whom it was sold to the United States for $15,000,000. One of the conditions of the transfer required the United States to liquidate all claims of American citizens upon France, on account of commercial spoliations prior to the year 1800 —an obligation which, after the lapse of nearly half a century, has not been fulfilled. Within 20 years after the discovery, in 1663, of the River Mississippi, the territory was explored by La Salle, who, in honor of Louis XIV., called it by the name it now bears. The first settlements were made at about the commencement of the 18th century; and in 1731, the proprietors relinquished their jurisdiction to the king, who ceded it to Spain, in 1762. It was reconveyed to France in 1800; and, at the period of its sale to the United States, three years thereafter, the province embraced all the country west of the Mississippi, reaching to the Texan boundaries. It was admitted as an independent state, and its limits specially defined, in 1812. The city of New Orleans, nearthe mouth of the Mississippi, is celebrated in history for its defence, under General Jackson, against an attack of the British sea and land forces, commanded by General Packenham, on the 8th of January, 1815, wherein the invaders were signally defeated. Boundary and Extent. —It is bounded on the extreme north by Arkansas, and near its centre by a part of Mississippi; on the east by the Mississippi River, dividing it from the state of that name, and by Pearl River; on the south by the Gulf of Mexico; and on the west by Texas, from which it is partially divided by the River Sabine. It extends from 29~ to 33~ north latitude, and from 88~ 40' to 94~ 25' west longitude. Its length is 250 miles, and its breadth, at the southern extremity, 300. This width is maintained throughout about one half its length, when it becomes nearly 200 miles narrower, though gradually expanding towards the northern line, where it measures 180 miles in breadth. Its area is computed at 46,431 square miles. Government.- By the constitution, established in 1845, the governor holds office for a term of four years, but cannot be elected for the next succeeding term. He is chosen by a plurality of the electors. The lieutenant governor, chosen in like manner, presides over the Senate. Senators, 32 in number, are chosen also for four years, at alternate biennial elections, so that one half retire every two years. Representatives, not less than 70 nor more than 100 in number, apportioned to the number of electors, as computed every 10 years, are chosen biennially. The legislature sits but once in two years, and their sessions cannot be of longer duration than 60 days. The qualifications of voters are similar to those of most 60 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. of the free states; the right of suffrage being confined to white American citizens, who have resided within the state two years, the last of which in the parish or county where they vote. Judiciary. - The Supreme Court is composed of a chief and three associate justices. It has appellate jurisdiction only in certain prescribed cases. District Courts, with one judge to each, are established in the several judicial districts, the present number of which is 17: * these have jurisdiction in all criminal cases, and in civil suits involving a sum exceeding 50 dollars. All the judges are appointed by the executive; those of the Supreme Court for eight, and those of the inferior courts for six years. Education. - The state appropriates annually, for purposes of education, $250,000. It has also a permanent fund, derived from various sources, the interest of which is applied to the maintenance of free schools. Finances. - It is provided by the constitution that the state debt shall never exceed $100,000, except in case of war or other like emergency, or for some special public work or object authorized by law. Subscriptions by the state to the stock of any corporation are prohibited, as is also a loan of the state credit. Banking or discounting companies cannot be augmented in number, nor any further charters granted, except for political or municipal purposes, for more than 25 years. Surface, Soil, &c. - Nearly the whole surface of the state consists of level prairies, many of them of immense extent. There are no elevations of consequence, excepting in one quarter, near the centre of the western boundary, where the land swells into protuberances, though of no very great height. There are occasional tracts exhibiting a hilly and rolling surface, having forests of pines, of singular appearance, upon the acclivities, and surmounted by broad expanses of table lands, the intervening valleys reaching to a depth of some 40 feet. Prairies, swamps, alluvial plains, pine, hickory, and oak lands, may be said to comprehend the chief varieties of the soil of Louisiana. The marshes, forming the basis of the alluvial soil, and which are annually overflowed, extend some 20 to 30 miles inland from the southern boundary, and in many places nearly the same distance on either side of the large streams. The alluvial grounds beyond, as they gradually accumulate, assume the character of prairies, and are remarkable for their extraordinary fertility. A part of the tract subject to inundation bears a heavy growth of timber.; The soil of the pine uplands is somewhat sterile; and that of the elevated prairies is generally of ordinary quality, though well adapted for grazing; but that of the alluvial districts is exceedingly rich and productive. Sugar, cotton, and rice are the most important staples; and these are cultivated extensively and profitably. Among the other valuable products of the soil are corn and other grains, potatoes, tobacco, hay, &c. Large numbers of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine are raised in the central and northern parts of the state. The bottom lands bordering on Red River abound in various descriptions of timber, as locust, buckeye, papaw, willow, cottonwood, &c. On the fertile uplands are found the hickory, elm, ash, walnut, and mulberry; also grape-vines in great profusion. The white end yellow pine, and several kinds of oak, thrive in many other elevated parts of the state, otherwise deemed sterile. Rivers. - The magnificent "Father of Waters," the Mississippi, discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico, through various outlets at the southern and south-eastern extremities of the state. In its long journey from its northern sources, it of course traverses the entire length of the state, partially forming its eastern boundary, and then passing off in a south-easterly direction, nearly through the middle of the remaining portion of the territory. This vast stream receives in its course, and within the limits of the state, the liquid contributions of several important tributaries, which water the country in many directions. Among these are Red River and its branches, the Atchafalaya, &c. Internal Improvements. — There are sundry railroads connecting the capital with different places in the vicinity, none of which, however, are of any great length. The railroad from St. Francisville, on the Mississippi, to Woodville, Mississippi, 20 miles, is the longest in the state. * The district of New Orleans comprises 6 courts; so that the whole number of district judges is 22. STATES AND TERRITORIES. -MAINE. 61 There are also several canals of considerable magnitude connected with the navigation of the Mississippi. Other public works of the kind, including both railroads and canals, are in contemplation, some of which are already in course of construction. Minerals. —But little attention has been given to the mineral resources of Louisiana. Probably no extensive explorations have ever been undertaken. Few or no indications of coal, or other mineral deposits, have as yet made their appearance, and whatever treasures of this kind may exist beneath the surface still remain undeveloped. JManufactures. -These include a few cotton factories, producing articles only for home consumption; Several furnaces, forges, and tanneries; a number of sugar refineries, distilleries, and mills of various sorts. Indians. - Of the numerous tribes which once peopled or roamed over this and the neighboring regions, scarcely a vestige remains. The race of red men has retired before the advancing footsteps of civilization, from this as from other quarters of the United States, where the settlements of the white man have encroached upon the hunting-grounds and the wild haunts and habits of the savage. Population. - The people of Louisiana comprehend not only several varieties of the human species, but are composed both of native Americans and of the descendants of emigrants from many foreign nations. The inhabitants of the northern settlements were chiefly from Canada, those in the centre of the state are mostly of German extraction, and those at the south comprise large numbers of French and Spaniards, descended from the original settlers. The population, which in 1810 was 76,556, more than doubled itself within the following ten years, and in 1850 it had increased to 517,739. Nearly one h'alf the population are slaves. Climate. - There are large tracts in this state, which, at certain seasons, are decidedly unfavorable to human health. During the summer and autumn, the low and marshy localities are frequently visited by yellow fever, cholera, and other destructive maladies. Other parts of the state, however, enjoy a salubrious climate. The winters in general are said to be less mild than those on the Atlantic coast in the same parallel of latitude. Religion. - The Roman Catholics have ever been the prevailing sect, the country having been originally settled by them, although other denominations are at present increasing. There are numerous bodies of Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Episcopalians, all of which are growing in numbers more rapidly than the Papists.:??7 MAINE. History is, in more than one point of view, an instructor of mankind. It can be considered morally, as it teaches the connection of the virtues with domestic and national prosperity. By its statistics it enlightens the politician, animates the philanthropist, and 62 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. warns the tyrant. It directs the efforts of art, science, and benevolence; connects distant times and places with our own period and abode; makes us denizens almost of a world; and kindles a glowing interest in the affairs of our whole race. The " enlightened European " might disdain to look for lessons of wisdom to the comparatively obscure settlers of American wildernesses; but it may be successfully maintained that even from them he could be taught. A population laborious and sober, frugal yet free, possessing and consulting the sacred records of divine revelation, and unobstructed in the reduction of their precepts into practical life, must afford a development to the human faculties rarely seen. The old world presents the many as made subservient to the few; the new world has afforded the prospect of the multitude engaged in promoting their own benefit, and framing their institutions in such manner as to secure it. Let a thoughtful reader peruse the history of the republics of Italy, as written by their enlightened and faithful historian SISMONDI, and study the tablet it presents of lawless ambition, ruthless war, and keen suffering, of heartless oppression and wrong, and that for centuries; then let him turn over the records of our own American states, and institute a comparison. Will he not conclude that humanity has gained somewhat in the lapse of ages? In MAINE, for instance, an example has been set for the instruction of the world, in the single circumstance of the creation of its territory into a sovereign state, without the shedding of a drop of human blood, or the existence of angry debate. Peaceful and deliberate discussion, weighing critically the advantage or the injury, and honestly bringing each to the light for impartial examination, formed the prelude; and the consequent success of the measure has been between the sister states a subject of mutual congratulation, each of the parties having unquestionably gained. It cannot be denied that in the circumstances of these two masses of population, amounting in the aggregate to 700,000 souls, the withdrawing of one third part might have furnished fuel for an extensive and ruinous conflagration. Causes of minor consequence often inflamed the ancient republics of Greece, and incited them to ruinous wars; and Italian history, before alluded to, is full of scenes of bloodshed where far less was at stake. But MASSACHUSETTa submitted to lose much of her weight and influence in the general union of the states, and MIAINE was content with the division of the public property. Each State has since advanced in opulence, and in all that distinguishes American society, without the slightest relic of any ancient grudge, or the traces of political jealousy or envy. No enlightened lover of mankind can contemplate such a picture, it would seem, without emotion. How many bloody revolutions would have been prevented, how many precious lives been saved, had such a course been uniformly held! The wars of Holland with Spain, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and that of Great Britain with the colonies in the eighteenth, would have had no place in history; and could the now remaining colonies pursue a similar course, it might be expected to issue in mutual benefit; as might, perhaps, the wasting desolations of Hungary and Italy, in our own day, have been prevented by it. Force and fraud have done for ambition the work of selfish aggrandizement too long already: we may hope that the time approaches when "the greatest good of the greatest number " is to be the acknowledged aim of the rulers bf men. Among the Eastern or New England States, extent of territory is the prominent distinction of MAINE. So great is this, comparatively, that it early gave occasion to a significant toast from a tourist * of South Carolina —" The District of Maine, the main district of Massachusetts! " But it rises to a higher consequence, for its area, which is now stated at 32,628 square miles, nearly equals the aggregate of all the other states comprised in the above-named division, and in population it stands among them the second only to Massachusetts. Nor are these distinctions the sole recommendations of this state to our regard. Its lengthened sea-coast, indented with harbors almost innumerable, and extending more than 200 miles, point it out as offering advantages of navigation and commerce superior to any coast of equal extent possessed by any of the states of our broad confederacy - advantages which have been * Major Pinckney, in 1809. STATES AND TERRITORIES.- MAINE. 63 availed of by many of its adventurous and energetic citizens, who have for a long time frequented the WVest Indies, as well as our own ports, with lumber, cattle, and provisions of various kinds. This distinction occasioned a late President of the United States * to express the opinion, that in process of time the peculiar facilities of MAINE would inevitably raise her to a commercial prosperity greater than that of any state of the Union. Her climate is, indeed, uninviting to the inhabitant of more southern regions. So great a portion of the year is occupied by the months which may be termed wintry, that a dread is felt of experiencing its rigor. But little reflection, however, is necessary to evince that such a climate is favorable to health, and promotive of vigorous action. An old inhabitant addressed a foreigner of distinction,s who had taken up his abode in it after the revolution, saying, "I wonder how you, who had a choice of all the country, should seat yourself here." "You have here," he replied, "the better end of the whole region, with a pure, gravelly soil and clear springs." The inhabitants of the rich, alluvial soil of the western country, enriched indeed by the vegetable spoils of centuries, yet hardly admitting the construction of durable roads, and affording in its waters but the elements of fever and ague, can appreciate the observation. MAINE is comparatively healthy. It has lost, however, a large number of its vigorous young men in the trade with the West Indies, as in fact has been the sad experience of most of the Northern States of our confederacy. We may take a view of MAINE, - I. In its condition previous to the formation within it of any settlement from Europe. It was then inhabited by a rather numerous and formidable body, or, to speak more accurately, by several bodies, of Indians, as they were subsequently termed. Of their character and manners, as they were totally destitute of letters, we can form but a very inadequate judgment. as our opinions must be grounded on knowledge obtained concerning them at a later period. Their countrytwas mostly covered with wood; yet it abounded in animals used for the support of human life, and the natives were clad in their skins. Well-shaped, athletic, accustomed to traverse the rivers and to frequent the islands and sea-coast in their light canoes, they seem to have enjoyed much of all that can fall to the lot of savage life. Of their languages we are able at present to give but a meagre account. Vocabularies have, indeed, been formed, and particularly one by RALL-,I: a Jesuit priest, who was long with them, and lost his life in their defence; but it is believed no books were ever published in any of them, the celebrated Bible of their more western " apostle" ELIOT having appeared in the dialect of the tribes inhabiting Massachusetts. The late lamented Dr. PICKERING, who had paid no little attention to the subject, has left, as the result of his labors, a lucid account'appended to the translation of the " ConversationsLexicon,"~ and an ample exhibition of the various opinions of different writers respecting the names and abodes of their several tribes appears in WILLIAMSOIr'S very elaborate History of Maine. But our limits will not permit us to pursue the subject far. Not remotely from the mouth of the Penobscot, and up its waters, is placed by general consent the country called in the earliest English authorities NORUMBEGA. Here, or at Pemaquid, it was supposed resided the most powerful chieftain of all the region now included in the boundaries of Maine. His title or name was Bashaba. His authority apparently reached westwardly as far as the Piscataqua; but when it originated is uncertain; it seems to have ended about 1617. There remain at present but three tribes. These appear descended of the Etechemins, who had the Micmacs to the eastward of them, inhabiting what are now the British provinces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. Remnants of the latter are also left, but it is believed their language has never been reduced to writing, at least that no books have been printed in it. * Mr. Van Buren. t Count Polerecski, a noble of Poland. + See Coll. Mass. Hist. Soc. S Encyclop. Amer., vol. vi., Appendix, in which (p. 585) he classes the native inhabitants east of the Hudson, except the Iroquois or Mohawks, as descended of the LenApe, and says, "When the Europeans arrived here, these Indians were in possession of all the sea-coast from Nova Scotia to Virginia." 64 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Two bodies of the Indians inhabiting Maine are the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes; the latter reckoned as Tarratines, the former as Openangoes. By an experiment related by the Hon. Mr. WILLIAMSON, it' appeared that " not a word of their language was found in the Bible translated by ELIOT." * We cannot, perhaps, venture to assert that the coast had never been visited by Europeans before the voyage of CABOT, or those of the Spaniards, who, with the French, seem to have been upon it at an early date. But on a small island very near Monhegan was discovered, in 1808, an inscription of a rather curious kind, made on the side of a rock. It might possibly countenance the hypothesis, which has been of late entertained with so much approbation and interest by the Danish antiquaries, that America was visited by Scandinavians, or Icelanders, long before COLUMBUS. Yet the inscription seems too simple to be resolved into Runic characters. We give it thus: — A X /I S1AX A IIX X X AX Y On the top of the rock were found three holes, about one foot apart, rather deeply perforated, and calculated to accommodate a tripod. The island is called Mananas, or Menannah, and is described in WILLIAMSON; although, so far as is known to the writer, the above inscription has never before met the public eye. It is the only one of which he has heard as existing in Maine; and whether it were the result of mere idleness, or made to score a reckoning, or has a meaning of a different kind, we will not undertake to determine. The holes are an inch deep or more, and near three inches in diameter. The strokes are cut to the depth of nearly half an inch, and are about six inches in length, as our informant t stated. A spring is near, and the shore about thirty rods off. The ledge of rock is near the centre of the little island, and runs about north-north-east and south-south-west. The natives became known to Europe by an act of what we might term cruel treachery in an English captain, WEYMOUTH. Yet it resulted in good. For an interest was excited on the sight of them, and new desires were aroused of colonizing their country. This was in 1605. Two or three years after, an actual attempt was made to settle at the mouth of the Sagadehoc or Kennebec River. The Indians now remaining in the State of Maine are divided into three bodies. That division with which we are least acquainted is settled on the St. John's River, at two places, 63 and 163 miles respectively above Fredericton, in the Province of New Brunswick. SCHOOLCRAFT ~ gives their number at 300 souls, and calls them Souriquois. By WILLIAMSON they are termed Marechites, by MORSE Melecites. They were once numerous and powerful, but have greatly declined; and, like the other two divisions, are chiefly, as they ever have been from the earliest English settlement, j under the influence of Romish priests; although attempts have been made, and sometimes with apparent success, to induce individuals to adopt a purer faith. In 1811, one branch of them was visited at Old Town, under the authority of the Massachusetts government, with a view to induce them to cultivate their lands, and learn to depend on the productions of their soil, and not merely on hunting, fowling, and fishing. But the effort was frustrated by the ensuing war of 1812-15, in which the tribe determined on a strict neutrality between the two belligerent nations. At a subsequent period, as is stated by WILLIAMSISON,~ both these tribes had become * Hist. of Maine, vol. i. p. 459. " On the south side [of Monhegan] is the Menannah Island, of two acres, distant a cable's length, and the harbor is between the two islands; the entrance into it on the south-west of Monhegan being safe and easy." - Hist. of Maine, vol. i. p. 61. + The late Major Joshua Shaw, of Bath, Maine. In his great work on the Indians of North America, published by Congress in 1850, 4to. UI See an account of the succession of missionaries from the late Governor Lincoln's Papers, in the Collections of the Maine Hist. Soc. vol. i. ~ Hist. of Maine, vol. ii. pp. 669, 670 STATES AND TERRITORIES. -MAINE. 65 "objects of public charity and protection," and one which suffered peculiarly was aided by a grant of provisions. This, however, was but a temporary relief, and at length an arrangement Has made, by which the lands belonging to the Penobscot tribe, and which originally extended far up the river, and six miles in width on each side of it, were still further relinquished or disposed of to the government by a treaty, with exception of four townships six miles square, and the islands in Penobscot River above Old Town. In consequence of this arrangement, effected in 1817, and ratified February 20, 1819, the government stipulated to deliver to the tribe yearly, in October, as long as it might exist, " 500 bushels of corn, 15 barrels of wheat flour, and 7 of clear pork: one hogshead of molasses, 50 Indian blankets, 100 pounds of gunpowder, 400 of shot, and 150 of tobacco; 100 yards of broadcloth, alternately red and blue; 6 boxes of chocolate, and $50 in silver." "Afterwards, $350 were appropriated by the government, as an annual stipend to their religious teacher." Such is the issue of a lingering and almost listless existence, that has been protracted during successive and obstinate wars, in which the devotion of the Indians to their Romish guides filled them with prejudice and hatred against the Protestant settlers of Maine, and apparently has prevented, and still prevents, their rising, by industrious, economical habits, to the enjoyment of blessings which they see multiplied all around them. These but convince them of their own degradation, and display, in a marked contrast, the effects of their idleness and improvidence. There are now, according to the last account reported at Washington, 277 souls in the Penobscot, and 379 in the Passamaquoddy tribe; and much the greater portion of these are women and children. The Passamaquoddy tribe are at "Pleasant Point," with a territory of 90 acres; the other at Old Town, on an island of the Penobscot River. II. WVe may contemplate MAINE as claimed, and in part occupied, by French and English proprietors. Compared with the other Eastern or New England States, it may be regarded as a peculiar feature of the history of MIAINE, that her first settlements of Europeans were made on principles of feudalism. Hence, in fact, the disappointments that attended them. This observation was made, virtually, by the respected historian of New Hampshire, the accurate and sagacious BELKNAP. He could not but mark the difference resulting from the influence of orders transmitted from a distant country, compared with the impulses of personal interest and independent adventure. In almost every instance, the lordly proprietor, who managed his estate by agencies, was forced to succumb to the lavish or indiscreet expenditures of his " servants; " and they who became successful were the men who hazarded their all in person. This has been noticed in the remarks introducing our Gazetteer of New Hampshire.* Sir FERDINANDO GORGES was the most conspicuous and laborious of these proprietors of the territory. The portion he claimed within the present limits of Maine reached along the shore from Piscataqua to Sagadehoc, estimated at 60 miles, and 120 miles into the interior, embodying about 6000 square miles. For this he obtained a patent from " the Council for the Affairs of New England," which had been formed by King JAMES I., in 1606, into a company, divided into two parts, the one having South Virginia for its object, the other North Virginia. London and Plymouth gave name to these several divisions, which were united under one head, termed the " General Council of Virginia," consisting of thirteen members appointed by the crown, and resident in England. In 1620, chiefly at the solicitation of GoRGES, who was a leading member, the patent given originally to the Plymouth division was enlarged and renewed, and now embraced all NEW ENGLAND, taking the above title. This measure was deemed necessary, in order to give a " definite extent of territory, with necessary power and privileges," and "an exclusive right to the soil, fishing, and trade within its limlts.' * See Haylwaalds Gazetteer of New Hampshire, p. 10, and repeated in this work. And see the very comprehensive summary of the history of these claims in an account of " the Plymouth Claim," or "Kennebec Purchase," by Hon. R. H. Gardiner, Pres. of Maine Hist. Soc., in vol. ii. of their Coll. 9 66 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. GORGES, whose attention had been early turned to America, as a field for colonization, and who had already made great efforts and expenditures, with but unsatisfactory results, being now strengthened by the zeal and intelligence of Captain JOHN MASON, whose patent adjoined his own at the westward, and extended from Piscataqua to Merrimac, entered on the work with new vigor, although advanced in years and a pecuniary sufferer. He had, in 1623, invested his son ROBERT with ample powers, and furnished him with stores to aid the settlers already upon his lands; and at length, in 1635, gave the form and consistency of a Province to them, of which he bore the title,* and to which he gave the name of MAINE. It is peculiarly affecting to read the simple and " Brief Narration " which this ardent adventurer has transmitted to posterity, and see with what perseverance he cherished the hope, for near forty years, that, although for himself he were a loser, others would yet obtain great benefits.." I dealt not," says he, "as merchants are wont, seeking only to make my own profit, my ends being to make thorough the discovery of the country."- "I opened the way for others to make their gain." -" Thus much, I presume, will clear the objection made by my example, and give comfort and courage to the industrious to follow the precedents of those more able to act their own parts than I have been." - For he had said, " I found it no mean matter to procure any to go there, much less to reside there; and those I sent knew not how to subsist but on the provisions I furnished them withal." t But our space will not permit us to dwell longer on this detail. It has already carried our narrative beyond the period of the earliest European settlements, and we must return. The rivalry of the two most powerful princes on the continent of Europe, FRANCIS I. of France, and CHARLES of Spain, afterwards emperor, and 5th of that name, evinced itself in maritime affairs, as well as in efforts on land. One of the popes, himself a Spaniard, t had "meted out" the heathen portion of mankind between the Portuguese and Spaniards, assigning to the latter, under the name of the West Indies, that " new world" of which COLUMBUS had been the discoverer, in 1492; to the former, with Africa, the East Indies. FRANCIS, not brooking that his rival should be enriched with a possession so splendid, and roused by the efforts at discovery made by HENRY VII. of England, who had patronized the CABOTS, and claimed the northern part of the American continent, which they had seen in 1497, attempted to realize a share also. He therefore fitted out an expedition in 1523, under VERRAZZANO, who discovered Florida, and sailed along the coast from latitude 280 to 50~, denominating it New France. He, however, perished at sea, without effecting any colonization whatever. ~ In fact, the wars of Europe conspired with other causes to prevent, for more than a century after its discovery, the colonization of any part of North America. Attempts were indeed made by Sir WALTER RALEIGH within the patent of South Virginia, and had been made previously in Florida, by Admiral COLIGNY, but were both ineffectual. And it may be asserted, that, notwithstanding repeated voyages to different parts of the coast by both French and English, and repeated exertions to colonize, frustrated by untoward circumstances, the sixteenth century had closed before any permanent establishments were made. In 1602, the shores of Maine were at least approached by GosNOLD, an English navigator, and the following year actually visited by MARTIN PRING, who fell in with the coast at the mouth of the Penobscot River. The claim of England to Canada and Nova Scotia had been valid until 1600, when the French were in possession of both; and the mutual contentions of the mother countries thenceforward affected the inhabitants down to the peace of 1763. But it will be useful to glance at the intermediate period, by retaining a few dates as landmarks and assistants of the memory. * Being called " Lord Proprietor of the Province of Maine;" the name of Maine being supposed to be taken from the province of that name in France -as a compliment to Henrietta of France, queen,f Charles I. t See his " Brief Narration," Coll. Hist. Soc. of MIaine, vo'. ii. + Alexander VI. (Borgia.) See Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 7. Q Annals, ut supra, p. 54. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MAINE. 67 1607. The colony of Sagadehoc was temporarily formed at the mouth of the River Kennebec. The time that had elapsed between GosNOLD'S voyage and this period had been occupied by the visits of different navigators, who had greatly increased the interest felt in England with respect to America; and especially, as has been seen, in the bosom of Sir F. GORGES and his associates. And, as a result of the division of the royal patent, in 1606, already noticed, this attempt at Sagadehoc was made. But it was unhappily frustrated. The winter proved exceedingly cold, the colonists were poorly sheltered, and a part of their store was consumed by fire. Chief Justice POPHAM, a special patron of the enterprise, died; his brother also, GEORGE POPHAM, who was its president and leader, followed. Sir JOHN GILBERT, elder brother of RALEIGH GILBERT, admiral of the colony, had deceased, leaving this brother to be his heir. All these conspiring events urged the colonists to desist from their undertaking, and were effectual. The next year the survivors returned to England, "branding the country," remarks PRINCE, "as over cold, and not habitable by our English nation." * This attempt embodied "a hundred emigrants, besides mariners." 1613. This year is memorable as bringing with it the first open rupture between the subjects of England and France residing on these shores. On the northern bank of the St. Lawrence the city of Quebec had been founded five years before, and the country to the west and south-west of it explored by the French. On the shores of Acadia also a settlement had been made at Port Royal, now Annapolis; and two Jesuits, disagreeing with those who formed this settlement, had seated themselves on the Island of Mount Desert, near the mouth of the Penobscot, and were engaged in labors to convert the natives to their system of religion. But the circumstances of the colonists in Virginia requiring aid, vessels had been despatched to the Bermuda Islands for provisions, and to the fisheries on the northern coast. The latter service was assigned to Sir SAMUEL ARGAL, who, on hearing the state of the French settlements, and conceiving that they had encroached on the English patents, attacked and destroyed them, in repeated expeditions, carrying away several of the inhabitants. Yet this act, although in time of peace, was not followed by war between the two nations.t 1615. Passing by the history of the previous voyages of SMITH, the hero of Virginia, who visited Monhegan, the preceding year, for purposes of trade, this year is observable, as exhibiting the first attempt, since the failure of 1607, to colonize under his command; but it was frustrated.t 1620, November 3. Date of new charter to the Plymouth Company, under which MASON, GORGES, Sir W. ALEXANDER and others subsequently claimed lands, lying between 400 and 480 of north latitude. 1622, August 10. GORGES and MASON obtain a patent for the lands between the Rivers Merrimac and Sagadehoc, " extending from the Atlantic unto the Rivers Canada and Iroquois, and including the savage nations towards the great lakes." This was called " the Province of Laconia." To give effect to this was formed "the Company of Laconia," for fishing and the fur trade, discovery also and settlement. This year the Island of Monhegan is supposed to have received permanent inhabitants. 1623. A permanent settlement commenced at Saco. The coast had been previously reconnoitred by VINES and others, sent out by GORGES in 1609. But now, settlers having been procured for the locality south of the River Piscataqua, who founded the colony of New Hampshire, others established themselves along the shore eastward, at Arowsic Island, on the main land at Sagadehoc, at Sheepscot, Damariscotta, Pemaquid, and St. George's River. An attempt was first made, this year, to establish a general governor over New England, in the person of ROBERT GORGES, son of Sir FERDINANDO, but the project happily failed. Nevertheless, it became a favorite measure with the government, and in subsequent periods occasioned no little alarm and trouble to the colonies. Agamenticus, or York, settled. 1627. A patent is granted to the New Plymouth colonists who had traded to Monhegan, * See Williamson, vol. i. pp. 197-203, and Prince's Annals. t Holmes's Annals, A. D. 1613. lWilliamson's Hist. Maine, vol. i. + Id. ib. p. 214. 608 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Damariscove, and the Penobscot previously, and now asked for the exclusive trade of the Kennebec; on whose bank they established, in the subsequent year, (during which the important patent of Massachusetts Bay was issued,) a trading-house.* 1629. THOMAS COMMOCK, or rather CAMOCK,t obtained a patent for land between the River Spurwink and Black Point, in Scarboro', on which he settled subsequently, and died in 1643.t In this year was also granted, with enlargements, the Kennebec or Plymouth patent, intended as an express favor to New Plymouth, for the encouragement of trade and the fishery, and for the propagation of religion. The area included in it is stated to have been 1,500,000 acres; but long disputes grew out of it, not settled before 1789. 1630. Grants were made by the Plymouth Council to settlers at Saco; and another, much more extensive, being 40 miles square, and called Lygonia, in which GORGES was greatly concerned, but still unsuccessful. It extended from Cape Porpoise to Cape Elizabeth.~ During this year was also granted the Muscongus patent, known at an after period as that of WALDO, which included a tract of about 30 miles square. It was not intended for a separate government, but only for purposes of trade with the natives. 1631. This year the Pemaquid patent was granted, and seems to have closed the series. Of all these it may be said, probably, as of many if not most of the early grants, their boundaries could not be well defined, and therefore disputes would in time naturally arise concerning them. Two territories soon came into notice - the Kennebec, or Maine, and the Sagadehoc, the eastern part of which was Acadian, and claimed by the French. The history of all these claims is given elaborately by WILLIAMSON, to whom our limits compel us to refer. They were not settled until the charter given by King WILLIAM and Queen MARY, in 1691, united them with Massachusetts under the same government. That state had, however, in the year 1677, purchased the entire claim of the GORGES family to Maine, for ~1250 sterling, and established a government over it. It had also assumed, in 1689, the government of Western Sagadehoc, and in 1690, Sir W. PHIPS subdued the remainder. From this period the history of Maine is blended with that of Massachusetts; and although, as has been hinted, her sufferings from Canadian Indians had been peculiar, and so continued until the conquest of Canada by the British and provincial arms, and peace of 1763, yet the operation of the laws, customs, pursuits, and fortunes of Massachusetts was of the same character in "the district," as in that state. In 1820, after much previous discussion, of the most deliberate and prudent kind, however, a separation was effected by mutual arrangements, and a new state formed, taking the venerated name of MAINE. The Hon. WILLIAM KING, one of its most distinguished citizens, and who had greatly exerted himself to benefit the country, was, with great unanimity, elected their first governor. For the succeeding thirty years, the affairs of the state have been managed with the regularity, consideration, and fidelity which a well-informed community require of those whom their free suffrages raise to office. The cause of education has * Williamson's Hist. Maine, pp. 233, 234. t He was nephew of Robert, third Baron Rich, and first Earl of Warwick, whose son, of the same name, was president for a time of the Plymouth Company, and in 1644 admiral of England under the commonwealth. Camocks, the ancient residence of the family, was in Essex county, England. Captain Thomas Camock, a widower, father of the patentee, living in the family of the old Baron Rich, became attached to his daughter Frances, and, in consequence of the father's dislike of the match, carried her off on horseback. They were pursued, were compelled to swim a river with difficulty, reached Maldon, in Essex, and were there married - the old nobleman giving at length his blessing, seeing his daughter " had ventured her life " for her husband. But he was observed to take it to heart until his death, in 1581. Two sons and eleven daughters were the fruit of this marriage. Morant's Hist. of Essex, vol. i. pp. 323, 408. $ Williamson, Hist. AI. vol. i. p. 236, who mistakes the relationship. See Burke's Extinct Peerage of England, and Collins's Peerage, ed. of 1756. ~ Williamson, ut supra, p. 238. STATES AND TERRITORIES. - MARYLAND. 69 been cherished with a wise care; and that of religious instruction has encountered no impediment in an officious legislation, but has been left to its own native energy, and the operation of the general laws of the land. It has, therefore, by the blessing of God, been in a flourishing state, under the management of different denominations. Of these, Congregationalists, Baptists, and Methodists are the principal; and there are Episcopalians, and a few churches of Romanists. They enjoy equal liberty and equal protection. Under a separate head in this work will be found an account of the colleges, theological seminaries, academies, and schools; as also the statistics of the agriculture, commerce, manufactures, roads, canals, rivers, bays, harbors, cities, towns, and settlements of the state, which has commenced, and is pursuing, under the divine blessing, its high career of well-earned prosperity. ESTO PERPETUA! MARYLAND is one of the thirteen American states, which, after the close of the revolutionary war, became parties to the compact whereby they were united into one great national family. It is usually designated as the southernmost of the Middle States, lying on the Atlantic coast; it extends from 38~ to 390 44' north latitude, and between 750 10' and 790 20' west longitude; and its superficial area, of which about one fifth is water, is estimated as being 9,356 square miles. The present boundaries of the state are as follows: north by Pennsylvania, east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, south and west by Virginia, from which it is divided by the River Potomac. Its form is extremely irregular. Chesapeake Bay, passing through the state from north to south, near its centre, separates it into two sections, which are known respectively as the Eastern Shore and the Western Shore. It is generally understood that Maryland was comprised in the sweeping grant to the Virginia Company, prior to the year 1632; but in June of that year, the whole tract now constituting the state was conveyed by patent from Charles 1. to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore; when, out of compliment to the then queen, Henrietta Maria, the colony was named Maryland. The earliest settlement was effected by some 200 Catholics of high respectability, under Leonard Calvert. son of the original grantee, at a spot occupied as an Indian village, on the fiorth side of the Potomac. The generous offer, by the proprietor, of 50 acres of land in fee to every permanent settler, and the adoption of a form of government upon liberal and humane principles, similar to those contained in the wise model furnished by Roger Williams, and 70 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. afterwards enlarged upon by William Penn, soon attracted large numbers of valuable emigrants. Under this judicious policy, freely admitting associates from all countries, and assuring the enjoyment of equal privileges, including the utmost toleration of all Christian denominations, the colony rapidly increased in population, and continued to flourish, with some few interruplions, until the year 1652. Parliament then took forcible possession, and undertook to administer the affairs of the province through the agency of commissioners. But within ten years thereafter, the government reverted to the successors of Lord Baltimore. The first regularly arranged constitution was framed in 1650, two years prior to the act of Parliament above mentioned; its provisions contemplated a partition of the legislature, then composed of one body, into two branches, and a division of the territory into three distinct counties. At the outbreak, and during the continuance, of the war of the revolution, the men of Maryland were not behind their fellow-countrymen in patriotic efforts to secure the independence of the nation. In 1776, their first republican constitution was established, and the state formally joined the confederation in 1781. It adopted the constitution of the United States, at a convention held in April, 1788, by a vote of 63 to 12. A new state constitution was formed in 1851. Government. -By the. state constitution in force at the date of this article, the governor is elected triennially by a plurality of the popular vote, and is ineligible for the next succeeding term. He is selected in turn from each of the three gubernatorial districts into which the state is divided. The legislature consists of a Senate and House of Delegates; the former,'21 in number, chosen (one third every second year) by the counties and by the city of Baltimore, to serve six years. Members of the House of Delegates are elected for two years, from the counties, in proportion to population, the city of Baltimore being entitled to a number equal to that chosen by the largest county. This body may act as a grand jury. In case of vacancy in the office of governor, the executive functions are exercised, first, by the secretary of state; next, by the president of the Senate; and, lastly, by the speaker of the house; or, if in session, the General Assembly may forthwith fill the vacancy by joint ballot; and in like manner at the next session, should the vacancy occur during a recess. Any bill to abolish slavery must unanimously pass both houses, be published three months prior to the ensuing election of delegates, and, at the following session, again pass unanimously: it shall also provide for a full compensation of the slave owners. No gift or devise of property to clergymen is valid without consent of the legislature, excepting land for a church or cemetery, not to exceed two acres. All civil officers munst declare their belief in the Christian religion. The right of suffrage is extended to all free white males, after twelve months' residence in the state, and six months in the county wherein they vote. Judiciary. - There are six judicial districts in the state, composed respectively of two, three, or four counties. Each has a chief judge and two assistants. The city and county of Baltimore constitute one of these districts. The justices of each district preside over the several County Courts, which are the common courts of original jurisdiction in the state. There is a State Court of Appeals, including the chief judges of the six districts; and a Court of Chancery, comprising chancellor, register, and auditor. Education. - The common school system, so deeply cherished in the Northern and Eastern States, has not yet attained a very great measure of public favor in Maryland. The schools, throughout the state, supported at public cost, do not, in the aggregate, contain so large a number of pupils as are contained in the common schools of the single city of Boston; and the whole state expenditure for educational purposes, including all that is applied for the support of colleges and academies, as well as for that of grammar and primary schools, does not exceed one half the amount expended by the same city upon the two latter grades of seminaries alone. Yet there are numerous private institutions of learning, some of great merit, and generally well sustained: among them are several Catholic colleges, and similar exclusive establishments. The number of white persons upwards of 20 years of age, in this state, at the census of 1850, who could neither read nor write, was upwards of ten thousand. Finances. -The net amount of the public debt in December, 1849, was somewhat over STATES AND TERRITORIES. -MARYLAND. 71 $10,500,000, the interest on which is annually met by means of taxation. Provision has been made for the gradual reduction of this debt, through the operation of a sinking fund, and other resources. The nominal liabilities of the state, at the above date, reached nearly $16,000,000; to meet which it had productive assets valued at about $5,300,000, and unproductive property estimated at near $15,500,000. The expenditures for the year ending December 1, 1849, were $1,146,492'16; and the income, from all sources, including the direct tax, amounted to $1,315,439'80. Surface, Soil, 4fc. - The Eastern Shore of Maryland presents, in general, a low and flat surface, with frequent marshy tracts and stagnant ponds. The soil in this region, though not remarkably fertile, produces wheat of peculiar whiteness and excellence; also Indian corn, tobacco, sweet potatoes, and most of the ordinary descriptions of vegetables. The western section of the state is more elevated and protuberant, gradually rising towards the north-west, and becoming at that point quite mountainous, being crossed by a part of the Alleghany chain, reaching from Pennsylvania to Virginia. The land in the valleys between these eminences is of superior quality; and that of the entire section, indeed, is highly productive. The soil is composed mostly of a heavy red loam. The staple products are tobacco and wheat; but cotton, hemp, and flax are also raised in large quantities. Fruits of the finest kinds are abundant, particularly apples, pears, and the choicest varieties of stone fruit. The woodlands contain much valuable timber, and abound with nut-trees, the fruit of which affords subsistence to multitudes of swine. There are many tracts which furnish fine pasturage for cattle and sheep; and in addition to beef, mutton, wool, and the products of the dairy, vast quantities of poultry are raised in all parts of the state. Rivers. - The Potomac, forming the boundary between this state and Virginia; the Susquehanna, flowing through Pennsylvania, and emptying into the northerly extremity of Chesapeake Bay; the P.atapsco, and Patuxent, both navigable, and affording good water power, are among the principal streams immediately connected with the trade and commerce of Maryland. There are also several smaller rivers running into the eastern margin of Chesapeake Bay. Internal Improvements. - Among the most important public works in the country are two which owe their origin to Maryland, viz., the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. They were both commenced in 1828; and by their aid the markets of the world may be readily supplied with the treasures of the immense coal regions in the west. A part of the chain of railroads, extending through most of the Atlantic states, crosses Maryland, taking Baltimore in its course. Other railroads, of considerable extent, diverge from Baltimore, Frenchtown, &c. A commodious canal, connecting the Chesapeake and Delaware Bays, 42 miles in length, was completed in 1829, at a cost of $2,750,000. Minerals. —Copperas and chrome ores, red and yellow ochres, sulphuret of copper, alum earth, and porcelain clay are found in considerable quantities, chiefly in the eastern and northeastern parts of the state. Iron ore abounds in various localities; and the bog ore obtained in the southern quarter of the Eastern Shore is wrought to much advantage. But by far the most valuable mineral product of Maryland is the bituminous coal, of which there are exhaustless beds in the mountainous region near the western border of the state. One tract, in the vicinity of Cumrberland, Alleghany county, is said to comprise an area of 400 square miles, the veins measuring from 5 to 15 feet in thickness; another, lying west of the Alleghany ridge, contains beds some 20 feet in depth. M]lanufactures.- Wool, cotton, hemp, and iron are manufactured in many parts of the state. There are also numerous tanneries, chandleries, breweries, distilleries, potteries, paper mills, powder mills, &c.; and a very large amount of capital is invested in the business of manufacturing wheat flour. Indians. - There are no organized tribes of the red races now extant in Maryland. Population. - During the last sixty years, the average increase of population in this state does not seem to have exceeded one per cent. per annum. Nearly one fifth of the inhabitants are slaves. Climate. —The elevated country of the Western Shore is blest with a delightful and 72 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. salubrious climate; but in the low and moist lands of the opposite section, especially in summer and autumn, where the atmosphere is so often loaded with deleterious vapors exhaled from stagnant pools and unreclaimed marshes, the climate is decidedly unhealthy. This may be inferred even from the personal appearance of the people, who are subject, periodically, to severe agues, intermittent fevers, &c. Religion.- The descendants of the original settlers, like their progenitors, are Roman Catholics, and probably constitute the most numerous of the several Christian denominations within the state. The next in numerical order are the Episcopalians; then follow Methodists, Presbyterians, Baptists, German Reformers, and Lutherans; also a small number of Quakers and Unitarians. MASSACHUSETTS. The rank sustained among nations by the United States of America, as a consolidated, political body, is high. The second power in commerce on the earth, it compares well, at length, if not with the greatest, at least with the great, in population also. China, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and France, with, probably, Japan, which still refrains from intercommunity with the rest of mankind, exceed it in numbers. Yet the general character of its inhabitants for intelligence, enterprise, and vigor excites inquiry. The rapid growth of the country increases curiosity, and prompts to further investigations. For it is found that, so far as we can be warranted by the extent of the period of proof, that growth is of a durable character. Republican principles are not new to the world. The effort to maintain them has been made in various ages and countries, from the period of the free states of Greece, and the early years of republican Rome, to the centuries of Venetian, Swiss, and Dutch liberty. But the constituent elements of their liberty seem to have been of a character different from that of the government of the United States. Hereditary aristocracies existed in most of them, as they do still in the only European republic that survives. In ours, this principle is unacknowledged; and the people are, by constitution and actually, the originators of executive and legislative power. And the singular phenomenon is beheld, of a sovereign ruler, vested for a time with the exercise of supreme but constitutional power, and descending from that height to the level of private life- then called to and accepting grades of inferior influence, without the effort to seize, in any one instance, on a superior station. Such has been the uniform experience of more than half a century. Here, then, a problem important to the welfare of the world is in process of solution: Can communities be trusted to govern themselves? Thus far, the system adopted by the United STATES AND TERRITORIES.-MASSACHUSETTS. 73 States succeeds admirably, even beyond the expectation of many wise and good men. And while the ever-varying phases of government, in those provinces of this western continent which shook off the yoke of Spain, exhibit an instability of condition * and character that still portends increase of evils, the march of our Union has been onward; and its citizens have exhibited the cheering spectacle of a nation enjoying the widest desirable range of human liberty regulated and rendered stable by law. It is true, that, to a foreigner, it would appear impracticable to adjust the jarring interests of a multitude of sovereign states composing a federal whole. And great difficulty is, in fact, occasionally found. Yet it is not insuperable, nor of necessity fatal. This truth results, in great measure, from the character, history and circumstances of the members which projected and which compose the Union itself. It becomes, therefore, a matter of curious research to investigate these, and it should be done with care. Especially is it of consequence to examine the condition, character and progress of those members of the great political community, which, in the providence of GOD, have exercised, in their respective individualities, any considerable or peculiar influence in forming the general character of the whole body. And in this view MASSACHUSETTS shines. She was one of the earliest formed states. Her history, compared with that of almost any other political community, has features of distinct peculiarity, more especially in reference to the origin of her colonial existence. Nor has the influence she has since exerted, as regards the rest of the states, been inconsiderable. Far otherwise, indeed; and there is reason to believe, notwithstanding a variety of counteractions, that it increases. For she is vigorous and powerful - not, it is confessed, in extent of territory, or in the number of citizens subjected to her immediate control, and enjoying her maternal solicitude and care; but from the character of her cherished sons and daughters. To understand as well as to substantiate this, it is necessary to contemplate the causes which, in the course of divine Providence, contributed to produce this character. And these causes are to be sought, not in the prompt resolution, or wise management, or prudent foresight merely, attendant on the conduct of the great enterprise itself; we must look beyond the period of the actual settlement of the country, courageous and well considered as the bold project itself was, to a source higher and more remote. What, then, was it which formed the leading actors, such as they were, and nerved them with uncommon vigor to undertake, and prosecute, and, with the blessing of GOD, to accomplish, the establishment of an energetic civil community, three thousand miles from their native home, and on the shores of a savage, inhospitable country? It is fearlessly replied, RELIGION, the religion of the Bible. To this their ancestors had been introduced by the glorious reformation from. Popery, under LUTHER, ZUIrGLIUS, MELANCTHON, CALVIN, and their associates. And the sincerity of attachment to the truth of GOD, which they professed, had, in the case of many of them, been tested by much trial and suffering. This endeared to therrtthat truth, and rendered it precious. They learnt to glory in the possession of the Scriptures, and were earnest in their efforts to carry out into life, and fully to enjoy, improve, and transmit their sacred injunctions and counsels. Add to this the history of public policy in Great Britain for preceding ages; the contests of the nobles with the crown, producing at length the concession of the Magna Charta, A. D. 1215; the establishment of the popular branch of the English Parliament, commencing half a century after, in the ambitious shrewdness of SIMoN DE MONFORT; the rise of new interests by the gradual progress of trade and manufacturing industry, and the consequent opening of new avenues to political power, and new channels of political influence, - all these eventuating in the examination of the first principles of government, and tending to establish the rights of subjects, and to limit the prerogative power of kings;- let these be considered, as developing popular influence, and tending to establish a reciprocity between ruler and subject, which had * Reminding one of Milton's remark on the Saxon heptarchy, that " the flight of kites and crows might as well be traced as their history." 10 74 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. been indeed discernible at a very early period in the original Saxon character, and previously in the ancient British, and no one can be at a loss to determine, that such successive training, in combination with the deeper excitement of religious conviction and zeal, would produce in the seventeenth century men of moral hardihood, wary, bold, energetic, and effective. Sprung from an ancestry thus disciplined, and possessing the advantages which accrued to England from the light of the reformation, the diffusion of books by printing, and the access enjoyed especially to the Sacred Scriptures, with the deepest reverence for them, the fathers of the colony of New Plymouth and that of Massachusetts Bay commenced their important work. It was of GOD, unquestionably. And His providential leading they were accustomed to observe and acknowledge in all their concerns. This was their habit and delight. Equally attentive do they appear to the condition of their children after them. Hence, although, by fleeing to Holland, the persecuted Puritans * were allowed to enjoy freedom from the annoyance and pursuit of officers of the Star Chamber commission, such freedom for themselves lost no small part of its charm, when they found the morals of their offspring endangered, and the good habits inculcated on them liable to abandonment under the example and influence of the Dutch.t In 1617, therefore, their excellent pastor, the truly reverend JOHiN ROBINSON, countenanced the project of removing to America. That such a motive should be allowed so great influence on the judgment, feelings, and conduct of those much-enduring men, and that they followed its leading with so much conscientiousness, lays their posterity and countrymen under great obligations. We should be grateful to GOD, and to them. We should gird ourselves to the accomplishment of the object they had in view, and labor to fulfil what appears to be emphatically their " mission," and that indeed of our nation -to fix and stamp the worth of individual man, and develop his power of self-government, in establishing a system of liberty guarded by law. Massachusetts may be viewed, - I. In the establishment and form of its government. Both these seem to have been, very:rovidentially, forced, as it were, upon the earliest undertakers. For, after the repeated disappointments they had suffered, in applications for aid and authority from the crown, during their stay in IIolland, and after the resolution they had taken to remove to America, the Puritans of Leyden were left to unite, as a civil community, after their own choice. I-ad they landed, as they aimed to do, within the jurisdiction of the colony planted in Virginia, they must, of course, have submitted themselves to its government. But being driven back in their attempts to go south, after they had discovered land, they agreed, November 11, 1(620, before leaving their ship, on a few simple but distinguishing articles,; and chose JOHN CARVER, one of their company, and a beloved and respected member of their church, to be their governor for the ensuing year. The state of Governor BRADFORD'S health rendered it expedient to give him an assistant, and a deputy governor was elected by the people; then a court of assistants was chosen, as * Neale, Hist. Puritans. t Prince, and the other historians. + The agreement, on board the Mayflower, in Cape Cod Harbor:"In the name of GOD, Amen. WVe, whose names are here underwritten, the legal subjects of our dread sovereign lord, King JAx..Es, by the grace of GOD, of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, King, Defender of the Faith, having undertaken for the glory of GoD, and the advancement of the Christian faith, and to the honor of our king and country, a voyage to plaht the first colony in the northern parts of Virginia, do by these presents solemnly and mutually, in the presence of GoD and one another, covenant and combine ourselves together in a civil body politic, for our own better ordering and preservation, and furtherance of the ends aforesaid, and by virtue hereof to enact, constitute, and frame such just and equal laws, ordinances, acts, constitutions, and offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most convenient for the general good of the colony, to which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witness whereof," &c. Then follow the names of forty-one who thus covenanted, as may be seen in the edition of Morton's Memorial. published by Judge Davis; the whole number of souls being 101, including all members of the several families. See Prince's Annals, and Yowug's Chronicles of the Pilgrims. The names will be found at the end of this article. STATES AND TERRITORIES.- MASSACHUSETTS. 75 the growing population increased the business of the government. But it was not until near twenty years after the first settlement that deputies were chosen by the towns, to form what is now termed a House of Representatives. No important alterations were made in this system of government, while the old colony of Plymouth retained its separate establishment; that is, until the union with the government of Massachusetts Bay, in 1692, except during the interruptions occasioned by the assumptions of ANDROS. Governor WINTHROP,* on the other hand, had been appointed to the direction of the colony of the Bay, and which took more appropriately the name of Massachusetts, by the Plymouth Company in England, instead of Governor CRADOCK, who never came over. THIOMAS DUDLEY was also appointed deputy governor. Yet, previously to their leaving England, the principal members of the company entered into a solemn agreement, providing that "the whole government, together with the patent [obtained about five months before] for the said plantation, be first by an order of court legally transferred and established to remain with us and others which shall inhabit upon the same plantation." t This company landed, with their charter or patent, at Salem,t (a settlement formed but a few years befor?, and then under the government of JOHN ENDICOTT,) July 12, 1630. From Salem they went first to Charlestown, and then settled at Boston, which became, from nearly that period, excepting only a few meetings at Newtown, or Cambridge, the seat of government down to the present day. The instrument which vested the executive power in a governor, deputy governor, and eighteen assistants, constituted a General Court, consisting of these officers and the freemen of the colony. But alterations were soon made; for, in 1631, the General Court enacted that the governor, deputy governor, and assistants should be chosen by the freemen alone; and, in 1634, they erected a representative body, which, ten years after, when the court was divided into two houses, took the name of deputies, as the other house took that of magistrates. Trial by jury was early introduced; yet not until the Court of Assistants had often judged and punished in a summary way. Thus it was, that, while a respectful acknowledgment of subjection to the mother country and dependence on her was frequently made, and the colonists boasted the name and privileges of Englishmen, they still retained the right of popular elections, and formed a government representative, yet dignified, and in all respects paternal. II. In its literary institutions. If in Holland the Puritans exhibited an anxious apprehension of injury to the youth from the irreligious influences surrounding them, the considerate, religious colonists of Massachusetts manifested, with much consistency, a wakeful care to instil instruction into their minds, when removed to the wildernesses of America. As early as 1636, the General Court appropriated ~400 to the erection of a public school at Newtown, afterwards called Cambridge. "'Scarcely," says the Rev. Dr. HOLMES,~ "had the venerable founders of New England felled the trees of the forest, when they began to provide means to insure the stability of their colony. Learning and religion they wisely judged to be the firmest pillars of the church and commonwealth." What the Gel;eral Court had contemplated and partially provided for, the liberality of JOHN HARVARD, the worthy minister of Charlestown, who died in 1638, aided to accomplish. To the public school at Newtown he left by will ~779 17s. 2d.; and by order of court, and in honor of its earliest benefactor, the school was named Harvard College, and the town called Cambridge, in memory of the place in England, at whose university several of the influential " planters" had received their own education. The establishment of this college, consecrated "to CHRIST and the church," has been generally regarded as a striking proof of the far-seeing wisdom of the fathers of Massachusetts. *-Cui pudor, et justitiae soror, Incorrupta fides, nudaque veritas, Quando ullum invenient parem? t American Annals, vol. i. p. 247. Also President Qutincy's elaborate History of Harvard College. + Hutchinson, Coll. Papers, pp. 25, 26. t See Winthrop's History of New England, edited by Hon. J. Savage. 76 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. It shared the prayers and best wishes of ministers and churches, and proved a nursery of many "plants of renown," distinguished not in the walks of sacred labor alone, but in council, at the bar, upon the bench, and even in the field. For more than half a century it was the only college in North America, and is now the best endowed of all our literary institutions. Within the present bounds of the commonwealth, two other institutions, Williamstown and Amherst Colleges, have since been incorporated, and have enjoyed a very considerable share of legislative patronage, besides the results of private liberality. In addition to these is the important Theological Seminary at Andover, whose graduates are found, not officiating as pastors of our own churches only, but laboring in the missionary stations, from the Sandwich Islands, in the east, to the regions assigned our own Indians in the west; also a similar institution of the Baptist denomination at Newton, emulating its elder sister, and the "Wesleyan Academy " of the Methodists at Wilbraham.* Equal attention was at an early period paid to the establishment of common schools in the several townships; and academies have been founded in not a few of the counties of the state, as at Andover in Essex county, Leicester in Worcester county, &c. Thus it has resulted that the inhabitants are found capable of reading, writing, and casting accounts, with very rare exceptions among male and female adults, to an extent as great, probably, as in any state of the Union, with the exception perhaps of Connecticut, and comparing with any the most favored population in the world. Indeed, the schools of Massachusetts have been and are the just cause of gratulation and pleasure with every intelligent friend to the permanent prosperity of its citizens. III. In its churches. These were esteemed by their founders the glory of the community. For the enjoyment and transmission of religious liberty, mainly, the country had been settled. As is specified in their patent, and as they profess in the articles of their association, it was to advance the kingdom of CHRIST by the conversion of the savages of America, as well as to escape the pains and penalties of unrighteous orders in council against liberty of conscience in religion, that they were willing to encounter the perils of the sea, or the equally threatening perils of the land. " O that I might have heard you had converted some, before you had killed any," exclaimed the pious ROBINSON in Holland, when, in 1623, he heard of the bold energy of the warrior STANDISH,f who had stifled a threatening insurrection of Indians against the feeble colony, by killing with his own hand its fomenter and leader. And this was the feeling which prompted the missionary labors of" the apostle" ELIOT, as that early, consistent, and attached friendl of the Indians, and who translated the whole Bible into their language, has not unaptly been named. Nay, it was chiefly through the efforts of Governor WINSLOW, when visiting England on the affairs of the colony, that in 1649 was founded the Society for propagating the Gospel, having principally in view America as its field of labor. GOOKIN, the MAYHEWS, and other worthies exerted themselves nobly in this cause; and several Indian churches were gathered, and sustained as long as subjects for such attention continued among us. Harvard College was soon in a capacity to supply no small number of those worthy men, who formed an efficient ministry for the multiplied religious communities that grew up with the respective settlements or towns. These churches were gathered, served, and maintained, with direct reference to the authority of the Holy Scriptures. Their first supply came, of course, from abroad, for not a class received the honors of the college till more than twenty years after the settlement at Plymouth; and even afterwards, especially on the disgraceful persecutions that so soon followed the restoration of the monarchy in the person of CHARLES II., several excellent ministers accrued to our commonwealth, and shone as lights in-the churches, aiding to maintain in them a primitive faith and a holy practice. IV. In the industrial pursuits of its inhabitants. The evidence of thrift, in an application to all those arts and employments by which human life is sustained, rendered comfortable, or adorned, is in few communities more rife, percep* See State Institutions. t See Allen's Biog. Diet., &c. STATES AND. TERRITORIES. - MASSACHUSETTS. 77 tible, and tangible, than in the industrious communities of the citizens of Massachusetts. For the special statistics which exhibit this evidence, reference is made in this work. But, although the present notices must be rapid and brief, it will be of benefit to classify a few of the particulars that deserve attention in the general estimate. The soil of the state, when compared with portions of the Union, is not considered as the most inviting from its fertility, being hard and unyielding, generally, and often rocky. But the climate is wholesome, the air bracing; and patient, skilful cultivation brings its reward. Yet at a very early period the whale, cod, and other fisheries attracted many. The coasts of New England had been visited successfully before any European settlements of a permanent nature were made. And, since that period, the fisheries have been pursued with highly important results - not merely as relates to the supply of food and increase of wealth, Dut the training also of a hardy, and skilful, and adventurous race of mariners. These pursue the whale in every ocean, and return richly laden with the spoil. That perilous employment has found no men more energetic and able than the whalemen of Massachusetts. Manufactures of almost every kind have flourished, and still flourish, in this state. Those of cotton fabric are detailed in the account given of Lowell, Waltham, &c., exhibiting not merely a large and judicious investment of capital, and the application of ingenuity and skill to the several facilities for rendering the labor easy and profitable, but, more especially, delighting the philanthropist with the appearance of health, sound morals, and a cheerful devotion to labor, joined with self-cultivation, particularl5y in the female operatives, hardly, if at all, paralleled in any other portion of the civilized world. In regard to commerce, it has often been said of New England, that'" her canvas whitens every sea;" and Massachusetts is the most commercial of this family of states. Salem engaged among the first in the trade to the East Indies, and derived immense wealth from the skill, hardihood, and faithfulness of her intelligent seamen. But Boston has been a noted mart from its very settlement. Its commerce has literally extended to every sea, and the first American vessel that circumnavigated the globe sailed in 1787 from her port. The manufacture of iron was commenced as early as 1643; but the minerals of the commonwealth are not abundant, and its furnaces and forges are supplied chiefly from other states. In carpentry of every kind much is annually effected, and furniture of all sorts is extensively exported to the West Indies, along with the produce of the dairy, the orchard, and the meadow. Passing from this view of the commonwealth, its history demands attention, and may be considered advantageously in several periods. 1. From the settlement, respectively, of the Plymouth colony, in 1620, and that ofA the Bay in 1626, or'8, and 1630, to the union of both in one government, 1692.* These two colonies alone are mentioned, as space cannot here be afforded to a labored survey of the variations in the jurisdiction of the state at different times. Thus, at one period, Maine and Nova Scotia were attached to the Plymouth colony, and included in its government. At another, New Hampshire formed a part of Massachusetts, and shared the cares of its rulers. Maine, too, was an important portion of the state for many years, until it became itself a sovereignty in 1820. The period above stated includes, then, the emigrations from England, which lasted without intermission to the times of the commonwealth under CROMWELL, when the friends of a republic could enjoy at home what had been sought before in America. It includes, likewise, the bloody struggles with hostile, marauding savages, stung by want, by envy and criminal neglect, as well as corrupted by the evil examples of worthless men, such as in every period since have abounded on Indian borders. And it embraces particularly that critical season in which, under the brave and cunning PHILIP, son of MASSASOIT, and sachem or king of the WVampanoags, * Plymouth colony embraced the territory of the present counties of Plymouth, Bristol, Barnstable, Dukes, and Nantucket, with the exception of the town of Hingham, - and that of Massachusetts Bay, the residue of the state. See Borden's Map of Massachusetts 78 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. a most deadly warfare had well nigh depopulated several of their rising settlements, although it terminated fatally for the Indians.* Yet this period, as we have seen, though it be one that includes such a calamitous contest with the natives of the country, extensively leagued together, and ably led on, was not barren of Christian effort to civilize and convert them. The history of these exertions is no small part of the true glory of the state. This period, too, embraces the trials of leading men with the arbitrary councils and exactions of a corrupt and licentious court, under the brother STUARTS, CHARLES and JAMES, until, in the memorable case of ANDRos, the faithful representative of the latter king, a weak, yet tyrannical despot, the abuse of power met not only a firm resistance, but personal violence, in actual seizure and imprisonment. The revolution of 1689 could in no part of the British dominions give greater joy than in Massachusetts. For it quelled the fear of a retribution for certain convenient assumptions of power, which might, for very many years, have well been anticipated. And it prepared the way Cor a government, which, although it abridged subsequently, and for a long period, the exercise of a popular voice in elections, commenced with a chief magistrate named by a clergyman of Massachusetts,t one of the agents of the colony. 2. The next period may extend to the taking of Louisburg from the French in 1745. It Degins with the operation of the new charter, which was soon effected, and the government organized; and it develops a series of contentions between the provincial assembly, or magistrates and deputies, and the crown officers, beginning with the successor of Sir WILLIAM PHIPS, and lasting for near a quarter of a century. These disputes tended to discipline the minds of those who engaged in them, and to extend their views, rendering political subjects familiar; while, at the same time, the extent of territory subjected to the jurisdiction of the crown governors, embracing, not the colonies of Plymouth and the Bay alone, (as before observed,) but also Maine, Nova Scotia, the territory of New Brunswick, and the islands $ along the coast, and also New Hampshire occasionally, increased the connection by sea, at least, with a broad country, and familiarized the colonists to enlarged calculations and extended enterprise. Much, however, of the distinctive features of the old and rigid Puritans had now been softened. Other views in theology were occasionally broached. The discipline of the churches began, with the increase of trade and commerce, to decline; and although, in the main, a spirit of religion continued to distinguish the community, when compared with other portions of the British dominions, it cannot be denied that " the gold had become dim, and the most fine gold changed." Near the end of the period, nevertheless, a revival of religion was witnessed, of great power. It commenced at Northampton, under the searching ministry of the eminent JONATHAN EDWARDS,~ and extended widely; for in the midst of it WHITEFIELD visited America,.and fanned, though he did not produce, the flame. But the sagacity and energy of Governor SHIRLEY, in planning the expedition to Cape Breton, engrossed soon the cares and efforts of the colonists, and prepared the way for the succeeding period of their history, the opening and presentation of a drama in which the world is concerned. The complete success of the expedition drew the attention of the mother country towards its colonies, which it had previously underrated; the pay, in ready money, added greatly to the colonial aggrandizement, and encouraged an active industry, while it ernpowered the hitherto straitened inhabitants to avail themselves of the resources of their country, and. in various ways, aided the advance of the approaching revolution. Still they were among the most loyal subjects of the crown, and gloried, as yet, in the privileges as well as name of Englishmen. * See HIolmes's Annals, Drake, and their authorities. t Increase Mather, when desired by- King William III., nominated Sir TY. Phips. + Holmes's Annals, sub 1692, and Allen. See Tracy's Great Awakening. STATES AND TERRITORIES.- MASSACHUSETTS. 79 3. From 1745 to the revolution, the history of Massachusetts is familiar to every politician of the day. In the war for subduing Canada provincialists took a deep interest, and were extensively and warmly engaged. And it proved a school for not a few of those whose courage was soon to be tested in the scenes of Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, and Boston. And as the difficulties with Great Britain originated in Massachusetts, her people were at no time backward to discharge their full share of duty, in council and in action, when the flames of war spread widely, and the whole series of English colonies along the coast were roused, as by the community of one spirit, to draw the sword in defence of their injured rights. But the history of the American revolution, its causes, progress, accomplishment, and results, forms a theme too vast to be comprised in limits such as are assigned to this brief and rapid sketch. Men were in long preparation for the opening contest. The British ministry are encroaching and arbitrary. A decided stand is taken and maintained; and Massachusetts and her sister colonies become, at length, an independent nation. 4. The formation of a constitution for the state, which was effected in 1780, marks an important era in its history. A sublime spectacle indeed was presented, when the delegates were engaged in fixing the boundaries of civil rights and claims, and establishing the foundations of social order and prosperity. Yet not a less sublime spectacle appeared, when, in 1820, after a lapse of forty years, a revision of the same constitution was publicly effected, under the presiding auspices of that distinguished son of Massachusetts, who succeeded WASHINGTON as President of the United States, and had been a principal framer of the civil constitu tion of his own state. That must be a people of peculiar character, among whom it is possible, without war, or contentious turbulence, or violence of any kind, or tendency to abandonment or licentiousness, to take apart the constituent portions of a civic system, and readjust them as quietly and orderly as if they formed but the mechanism of a watch. Yet several of our states have successfully followed the example. How nearly impracticable has it been in South America! In 1786, the strength of attachment to "law and order" was tested by the rebellion. Yet this served, probably, to convince the majority, that, in order to maintain their freedom, that freedom must be guarded sedulously by wise provisions, to which men must submit. The quelling of that rebellion seems to have destroyed the very seeds of anarchy and confusion. Still, the sympathy excited by the French revolution threatened for a time no little disturbance of the political quiet, until the extravagances of the miserable leaders alienated from them all sober men. 5. The actual adoption of the federal constitution forms another era. The state had just experienced the necessity of resorting to arms to preserve its own domestic government. And it was but right to expect that its leading men should prove warm advocates for a system of rule that should fulfil the legitimate end of such an establishment, and be " a terror to the evil, and a praise and encouragement to them that do well." Under the subsequent operation of this government, Massachusetts has partaken both of the weal and woe of the United States. She has furnished from the beginning her quota of able men in the councils of the nation, and twice has a citizen of her own been promoted to the presidential chair. Her orators and statesmen from AMES to WEBSTER have distinguished themselves, and honored and gratified their constituents, while they have contributed to advance the welfare and fame of their country. In the mean while, that is, in 1820, Maine, ripe for self-government, was disconnected, and became a separate and independent state. The measure, it was apprehended, would greatly diminish the weight and influence of Massachusetts in the national councils, by the withdrawment of so large a constituency in respect to representation. Yet has the increase of population since been such, that at the present time it is nearly as great within the actual bounds of Massachusetts proper, as it was in both territories during the last year of the union of Maine with the state. The deliberate adjustment of the various civil and political rights and privileges of a people, as asserted and maintained on this side the Atlantic, published in regular codes of law; the enrolment of citizens authorized to vote, whereby the violences attending some elections 80 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. elsewhere are avoided — violences, in the detail of which the enemies of republican institutions greatly delight and triumph; the deeply-engraven spirit of their forefathers, which can with difficulty be erased; the strong love of home and its enjoyments, ruling in the hearts of absentees,* and exerting an attractive influence in every climate; the general respect for religion and its ministers, which yet lingers in the population, and is sustained by the ordinary worth of those who bear the character of pastors and sacred guides; the introduction and general extension of instruction by schools on the Sabbath as well as the week days; the ample provision made for education, and the distinction and influence gained by real science and moral worth in heads of colleges and eminent professors; the improvements made in agriculture, rendering the farmer desirous and capable of raising much from a few acres, rather than superficially to run over a large extent but half cultivated; the improved character of seamen; the introduction of the temperance reform, and establishment of literary and benevolent associations, - all conspire to augur well for the future prosperity of the state. In the catalogue of governors will be seen the names of several whom the people "delighted to honor," and whose memory will be dear to 4he intelligent, sober, religious patriot. The names of CARVER, WINSLOW, BRADFORD, WINTHROP, HAYNES, among the early chief magistrates, and STRONGI among those of recent years, can hardly be named without emotion. The fame of POWNALL and HUTCHISSOxN, as faithful recorders, and of HANCOCK and ADAMS in the list of patriots, is spread as widely as the history of the state; and FRANKLIN, BowDoIN, ADAMS, both the father and son, can never be forgotten. Among judges and counsellors, ministers of the gospel, authors and teachers, physicians, merchants, farmers, and mechanics, in short, in every department of life will be found those who have honored themselves by their talents, integrity, and usefulness, and proved worthy sons of a distinguished mother. All such will join in the devout aspiration with which the public document for her annual fasts and thanksgivings closes,"GOD SAVE THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS!" * See Pittsgfield. t Heu pietas, heu prisca fides! NOTE REFERRED TO ON PAGE 74. 1. Those with this mark (*) brought their wives with them; those with this (t), for the present, left them either in Holland or England. 2. Some left behind them part, and others all their children, who afterwards came over. 3. Those with this mark (~) deceased before the end of March. Names. No. in Family. Names. No. in Family. Names. No. in Family. 1. Mr. John Carver,* 8 15. Edward Tilly,*~ 4 29. Degory Priest,~ g 1 2. William Bradford,* 2 16. John Tilly,*~ 3 30. Thomas Williams,~ 1 3. Mr. Edward Winslow,* 5 17. Francis Cook,t 2 31. Gilbert Winslow, 1 4. Mr. William Brewster,* 6 18. Thomas Rogers,~ 2 32. Edmund Margeson,~ 1 6. Mr. Isaac Allerton,* 6 19. Thomas Tinkere,* 3 33. Peter Brown, 1 6. Captain Miles Standish,* 2 20. John Ridgdale,* 2 34. Richard Britterige,~ h 1 7. John Alden, 1 21. Edward Fuller,* 3 35. George Soule, i 8. Mr. Samuel Fuller,t 2a 22. John Turner,~ 3 36. Richard Clarke,~ 1 9. Mr. Christopher Martin,*~ 4 23. Francis Eaton,* 3 37. Richard Gardner, 1 10. Mr. William Mullins,*~ 5 24. James Chilton,*~ 3 38. John Allerton,~ 1 11. Mr. William White,~ 55 25. John Crackston,~e 2 39. Thomas English,~ 1 12. Mr. Richard Warren,t 1 26. John Billington,* 4 40. Edward Dotey,j k 13. John Howland, c 27. Moses Fletcher, f 1 41. Edward Leister. 14. Mr. Stephen Hopkins,* 8d1 28. John Goodman, 1 101 So there were just 101 who sailed from Plymouth in England, and just as many arrived in Cape Cod harbor. And this is the solitary number who, for an undefiled conscience, and the love of pure Chris. tianity, first left their native and pleasant land, and encountered all the toils and hazards of the tumultuous ocean, in search of some uncultivated region in North Virginia, where they might quietly enjoy their religious liberties, and transmit them to posterity, in hopes that none would follow to disturb or vex them. Prince's Annals. a One of these was the servant who died before their e Mr. Morton calls him Craxton. arrival. f Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling him Jose. b Besides the son born in Cape Cod harbor, named Per- Z Mr. Morton calls him Digery. egrine. A Mr. Morton calls him Bitteridge. c Ile was of Governor Carver's family. i He was of Governor Winslow's family. d One of these was a son born at sea, and therefore j Mr. Morton seems to mistake in calling hint Doten. natned Ocearnus. k They were of Mr. HIopkins's family. STATES AND TERRITORIES. —MICHIGAN. 81 MICHIGAN. This is one of those members of the American Union which were formerly comprised in the " North-west Territory." In the year 1640, it was partially explored by a few French traders from Canada; and the first settlement was formed at Detroit, in 1670. By the peace between France and England, in 1763, the latter obtained possession of the territory, and, at the termination of the revolutionary war, ceded it to the United States - retaining control of Detroit, however, until 1796. It was organized as a territory of the United States in 1805; but, in the course of the war of 1812, again fell into the hands of the British, from whom it was recovered, in a short period, by the American forces under General Hirrison. In 1836, it was admitted into the Union as an independent state. Boundaries and Extent.- Bordered on the northern and eastern fronts by two of the great lakes, and parted near its centre by another, the land surface exhibits two distinct peninsulas — the base of one lying adjacent to Ohio and Indiana on the south, and that of the other commencing at the boundary of Wisconsin on the south-west. The main peninsula, known as Michigan proper, is bounded north by the waters of Lakes Huron and Michigan; east by Lakes Huron and St. Clair, and by a portion of Lake Erie, with the intermediate straits or rivers; south by the states of Ohio and Indiana; and west by Lake Michigan. The northern or upper peninsula is bounded north by Lake Superior; east and south-east by Lake Huron and the waters therewith connected; south by Lake Michigan; and south-west by the Menonomee and Montreal Rivers, which separate it from Wisconsin. The southern peninsula is 282 miles long, with an average breadth of 140; the length of the northern is 324 miles, and its mean width 60. The whole area of the state, including some 36,300 square miles of water surface, comprises about 92,500 square miles. Its geographical position is between 410 30' and 47~ 20' north latitude, and extends from 82~ 25' to 900 30' west longitude. Government. - The governor, lieutenant governor, and senators are elected biennially, and the representatives annually- the latter numbering 54, and the Senate consisting of 18. These elections are by the people, who, by a late amendment of the constitution, elect also the judges and cabinet officers. The sessions of the legislature commence annually on the first Monday of January; and the present seat of government is established at Lansing, Ingham county. A residence of only six months in the state, immediately preceding an election, confers the right of voting on all white males who have attained their majority. Judiciary. - Until the recent modification of the constitution, the judges of the Supreme Court were appointed by the governor and Senate for seven years. The Supreme Court comprises a chief justice and four associate justices, one being assigned to each of the. II 82 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. five judicial circuits into which the state is divided. These courts hold one or two terms an nually in each county; and there are also County Courts, having general common law jurisdiction, both civil and criminal. Persons charged with offences punishable by confinement in the State Prison may demand trial before the circuit judge, who in such case is to preside in the County Court. The county judges hold office four years. Probate Courts are held in each county, the judges of which, as well as those of the county courts, are elected by the people. Education. -The subject of education has received a just share of public attention. The common school system is generously supported, and many literary institutions of a higher order have also been established and liberally endowed. At Ann Arbor is located Michigan University, which has academic branches in various other parts of the state. There are sundry colleges, maintained by different religious denominations, and generally in a flourishing condition. In 1849, the number of scholars in the state, which derived benefit from the public funds appropriated for purposes of education, was upwards of 125,000. There is a Board of'Education, consisting of eight members, chosen by the legislature, which has charge of a well-endowed state Normal School, at Ypsilanti. Munificent appropriations have also been made for the erection and maintenance of asylums for the deaf, dumb, blind, and insane. Finances. - At the opening of the year 1850, the state debt exceeded the immediate available means of payment by somewhat more than $2,000,000. During the year ending November 30, 1850, the receipts into the treasury amounted to $429,268, and the expenditures to $449,355. The revenue is derived not only from direct state taxes, but from specific taxes, charges on sales of public lands, and other sources. It was estimated by the governor, in a late annual message, that the assessment of property for purposes of taxation, instead of being based, as heretofore, on a valuation of only about $30,000,000, would be more equitably made if based upon a cash valuation; in which case the value of taxable property, it is supposed, must exceed $100,000,000. Surface, Soil, &Ic. -Michigan proper presents a diversity of surface. It is mostly either level or slightly swelling, but is occasionally rough and hilly; and towards the central points, between the eastern and western shores, is elevated to a height of some six to seven hundred feet, forming rugged and irregular ridges. On the western side of this range of eminences, the land slopes gently and smoothly towards the lake, but again rises on the coast into steep and broken sand banks and bluffs. The northern half of this peninsula is as yet but sparsely peopled; and its soil is regarded as inferior to that of the southern portion, although most of the lands in the interior are said to be, in general, well adapted to agricultural purposes. In the settled parts, the soil is quite productive; and flax, hemp, all the varieties of grains, garden vegetables, &c., are raised in abundance. The forests yield excellent timber, of almost every description known in this climate; as, the oak, walnut, hickory, elm, ash, maple, sycamore, whitewood, hackberry, cottonwood, poplar, butternut, cherry, &c. There are also large tracts of pine, spruce, and hemlock-trees in the northerly parts of the state. Of the upper or northern peninsula, no very great amount of knowledge has yet been obtained, beyond what is, in some degree, connected with the recent geological survey of this region. It is but thinly inhabited by permanent residents, its soil promising but poor remuneration to the cultivator. Mountains, valleys, hills, plains, forests, and rivers variegate the surface. The most lofty of the elevations ascend to a height of 2000 feet; some of the forests embrace millions of acres of pines and other evergreens; and a hundred rivers, large and small, affording valuable mill sites, flow from the uplands into the lakes, on either side of the Porcupine Mountains, the grand ridge which towers as a sort of dividing barrier between Lakes Superior and Michigan. Rivers.- The high lands in the central parts of Michigan proper give rise to several large streams, which generally run into the lakes on either side. The principal of these are Raisin and Huron, flowing into Lake Erie; the Rouge, Clinton, Black, Saginaw, Thunder-Bay, and Cheborgan, emptying into sundry straits and bays on the east; and the still larger rivers, St. Joseph, Kalamazoo, Monistic, Maskegon, and Grand, which connect with Lake Michigan on the west, and are partly navigable. Small lakes, yielding plenty of fine fish, abound in the STATES AND TERRITORIES. - MICHIGAN. 83 southern counties of this peninsula. Excepting the Montreal and Menonomee, which form a part of the boundary, the rivers of the northern peninsula, though numerous, are comparatively inconsiderable, so far as they have yet been explored. The most important appears to be the Ontonagon River, which flows into Lake Superior. Internal Improvements. - The Central Railroad, extending from Detroit to Lake Michigan, and the Southern Railroad, finished as far as Hillsdale, are the principal public works of this class within the state. They were both originally projected, and partially completed, under the authority of the state, whose property they were until 1846, when they were sold to certain incorporated companies. The Central was disposed of for $2,000,000, and the Southern for $500,000. Several branches extend in different directions from the above roads, embracing an aggregate length of some 70 miles. Other works have been projected, and will doubtless be prosecuted..Minerals. - The northern peninsula of Michigan is known to be peculiarly rich in mineral treasures. In Ontonagon River, about the centre of the region, immense masses of native copper have been found; and there are doubtless vast beds of that and other minerals that yet remain to be developed. Iron and lead are known to exist in abundance. Jlanufactures. - Severral millions of capital are employed in various descriptions of manufactures; but the articles produced are such, in general, as are only required for domestic use, or home consumption. Wheat flour is, perhaps, the only manufactured commodity which is exported to any considerable amount from the state. In 1849, there were 228 flouring mills in the state, which manufactured 719,478 barrels of flour. There are some hundreds of saw mills scattered throughout the several counties, which prepare for market large quantities of lumber, and some portions of this product are also sent abroad. Indians. -There are several tribes, or parts of tribes, of the red races, dispersed in different quarters of the state, the most numerous of which are the Chippewas, which compose upwards of one half of the Indian population, and reside mostly in the upper peninsula. The Ottawas are next in numerical order; then follow the Monomonies and Pottawatamies, with a few Wyandots. These, altogether, number nearly 8000. They occupy various localities, dwelling for the most part on tracts specially reserved for their use. Population. -Michigan, like the other North-western States, is peopled by the representatives of divers lands and races. The natives consist of the descendants of the aborigines, of the first French settlers, and mestizoes, or the offspring of white and Indian progenitors. Among the foreign population are immigrants from Great Britain, Germany, and other European countries; and there are multitudes of settlers from New England, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Canada. Very few of the African-race are found in the state. Climate. -There is a marked dissimilarity between the climates of the upper and lower peninsulas of Michigan, arising from their different geographical positions. The former is subject to great extremes of heat and cold, to sudden and severe changes, while the latter enjoys a comparatively mild and uniform temperature. Long and cold winters, followed by short and hot summers, are the principal seasons in the upper peninsula; for the transitions are so rapid as to afford but a brief interval of spring or autumn. The contrast between the two portions of the state, in this respect, is owing, doubtless, to the varied influences of the winds from the lakes. The general adaptation of the climate to human health may be said to equal that of the central portions of Indiana and Illinois. Among the diseases most common are fever and ague, and other maladies originating in malaria. In some seasons, affections of the lungs, of the bowels, the limbs, &c., prevail to greater or less extent, depending upon atmospheric agencies. The goitre, or swelled neck, is a disease peculiar to the inhabitants residing on the lake shores. Religion. - Of the religious denominations the Methodists are the most numerous. Presbyterians, Baptists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics constitute the bulk of the remainder. There are, however, a few congregations of Lutherans, Dutch Reformed, Unitarians, Universalists, &c. 84 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Curiosities. - Among these may be classed the ancient forts or mounds, the relics of former races, many of which are found in this and the neighboring states, varying in form and dimensions, and containing remains of human bqdies, arrows, medals, ornaments, strangely-shaped vessels, &c., but as yet yielding no clew to the development of their mysterious origin. Certain " garden beds," so called, are found in various parts of the state, evidently of very ancient Indian origin. In many instances they cover hundreds of acres, exhibiting traces of the most careful labor in the regularity of their outlines and compartments, and the fineness of their soil, as compared with the surrounding land. MINNESOTA (TERRITORY.) This was formerly a part of the vast country belonging to the United States which was acquired by the Louisiana purchase in 1803. It was then, with the surrounding regions, a rugged and unmeasured wilderness peopled only by savages, and had never been systematically explored by civilized man until about the period of its transfer. The tract now embraced within the limits of the territory was duly organized, and its boundaries defined, by an act of Congress, passed March 3, 1849, " to establish the territorial government of Minnesota." Boundaries and Extent. - Bounded on the north by the boundary line between the possessions of the United States and Great Britain; east and south of east by said boundary line to Lake Superior, and by a straight line thence to the northernmost point of Wisconsin in said lake; also along the western boundary of Wisconsin to the Mississippi River, and down the main channel of said river to the point where the line of 43~O north latitude crosses the same; south on said line, being the northern boundary of Iowa, to the north-west corner of that state, whence the boundary proceeds southerly along the western limit of Iowa, until it strikes the Missouri River; and west by the main channel of said river, as far as the mouth of Whiteearth River, and by the main channel of the latter until it strikes the boundary of the British possessions. The territory, at its northern extremity, reaches from east to west between the 90th and 103d degrees of west longitude, and comprehends an area of 83,000 square miles. Government. - The government is, of course, temporary, subject to such alterations, and to such further division of the territory, as may be determined by act of Congress. All free white inhabitants, 21 years of age, are voters, and were eligible for any territorial office at the first election. A Council and House of Representatives compose the legislative assembly; the former consisting of 9 members, chosen for two years, the latter comprising 18 members, elected annually. The legislature may increase the Council to 15 members, and the representatives to 39. The governor is appointed for four years, by the President and Senate of the United States. The secretary of state, in like manner appointed, is acting governor in the absence of the executive magistrate. Judiciary. - The Supreme Court is composed of a chief justice and two associates, appointed for four years by the President of the United States. Two of these constitute a quorum. This tribunal holds an annual session at the seat of government. There are three judicial districts, in each of which one of the justices must reside, and hold a District Court, having the jurisdiction of the United States District and Circuit Courts. Both courts possess chancery powers. The laws of Wisconsin, until repealed or modified, are valid in this territory. Education. -To this subject all due regard is given. Two sections in each township are set apart for the support of schools. In all the settled places, school-houses are among the first edifices erected. In some towns public libraries are established, and courses of instructive lectures maintained. Finances. - By returns from five counties in the territory, made in January, 1851, it appears STATES AND TERRITORIES. — MINNESOTA TERRITORY. 85 that the assessed value of property in those counties amounts to somewhat over $800,000; and measures are in progress for completing the valuation of the residue. The salaries of the territorial officers, as in other'and like cases, are provided for by the general government. By the act of organization, $20,000 were appropriated for the erection of public buildings at the capital, and $5000 for the purchase of a territorial library. Surface, Soil, A4c. - The face of the country, in the central parts of the territory, is gently undulating in its general character, and exhibits about equal proportions of prairie and timber land, intersected in every direction by clear and beautiful streams, tributary to the Mississippi and Minnesota or St. Peter's Rivers, and navigable always in the spring for flat boats. This region also abounds in lakes of pure water; and its soil is represented as being unrivalled in fertility. With some modification, the same remarks may apply to the other sections of the territory. The valley of the Red River of the north, extending south some 300 miles, from the northern boundary of the territory into the centre, is about 150 miles wide, and perfectly level, with the exception of a few tracts of wet prairie, and is admirably adapted to the culture of wheat and other grains. The soil, for the most part, throughout the territory, consists of a mixture of sand and black loam, and, being loose and porous, is peculiarly favorable to the rapid growth of bulbous and other roots. Potatoes have been known to yield 450 bushels to the acre. Vegetable crops of all kinds, and in luxuriant profusion, are brought earlier to maturity than in many regions farther south. In the valley of Minnesota River, the strawberry vine commonly attains a height of twelve inches. A large part of the territory is overspread with vast forests of excellent pine and other, trees of great value for building. Rivers, 4,c. - Almost the entire eastern boundary, by the Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, is navigable water: steamboats ply upon the former, within the territory, for upwards of 300 miles. At the north-east, the territory is bounded by that immense expanse of waters, Lake Superior. The Minnesota winds through a delightful valley, in a south and easterly direction, and has been ascended more than 200 miles. The Big Sioux, and other tributaries of the M~iissouri, flow southerly and westwardly. The Red River of the north, taking its rise near the centre of the territory, flows northerly, and is navigable for some 400 miles before passing into the British possessions. The Missouri, which constitutes a great portion of the western boundary, affords navigation during nearly its whole course along the territory. There are many other fine streams, and numerous large lakes, all presenting facilities for inland commerce, such as are possessed by no one state or other territory in the Union. Internal Improvements. -A canal, to connect Lake Superior with Lake Huron, has been much talked of, and probably at no distant day will be constructed; as such a work will secure uninterrupted water communication down the great chain of lakes to the Atlantic coast. The removal of obstructions in the Mississippi and other rivers - surveys for which purpose have been authorized by Congress - will add many hundred miles to the already immense extent of navigable waters lying within and around this territory. The aid of railroads will of course soon be called in, to complete that system of internal improvements which Nature herself seems to have suggested.,Minerals. - In this newly-settled country no explorations on any considerable scale, for the purpose of developing its mineral resources, have as yet been undertaken. There can be no doubt that this territory possesses its full share'of geological treasures, which in due time will excite the attention and repay the industry of its hardy and enterprising people. Mlanufactures. -The only manufacturing branches now carried on to any great extent are those which are connected with the business of house-building, especially the manufacture of lumber. Of this article, although the work was begun so recently, a sufficiency is produced, not only to supply the home demand, but to furnish annually some 20,000,000 feet of boards, logs, &c., for exportation to the markets below, on the Mississippi. A number of steam and saw mills have already been erected; and so numerous are the mill sites, and so immense the water power within the territory, that this pursuit, together with others to which these advantages will apply, especially the manufacture of flour, must naturally add greatly to the public prosperity. 86 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Indians. -There are several tribes, or parts of tribes, still inhabiting certain tracts at the northern and western parts of the territory. To some of these, the Chippewas and others, lands had formerly been ceded; but negotiations for the removal of the former have been entered into, and treaties for the extinction of the Indian title to other tracts have been provided for by Congress. Many of the most civilized are solicitous to become subjects of the laws of the territory, and to participate in its free institutions. Climate. - Considering its high northern latitude, Minnesota enjoys a climate quite mild, in comparison with that of the more eastern states on the same parallel. The winters are less severe, except at some points in the neighborhood of the great lake; but the weather is uniform, regular, and subject to few or no sudden changes. The summers are temperate, and of sufficient length to bring forth and perfect the numerous agricultural products for which the soil is so well adapted. With abundance of pure water, and a salubrious atmosphere throughout the year, the people cannot but be favored with an uncommon measure of health. Religion. — There are four beautiful church edifices in St. Paul, the capital, and several others in the towns of St. Anthony Falls and Stillwater. The several denominations of Christianis consist of such as are usually found in the New England States. Population. - The inhabitants of this territory, at the census of 1850, numbered but 6038, exclusive of Indians. But so desirable a country must soon attract towards it large re/nforcements from the Northern and Eastern States. The tide of emigration, in fact, is already turned, and is moving with so strong an impulse in that direction, that long before the next decennial enumeration, Minnesota will no doubt have acquired the complement of inhabitants necessary to her admission as an independent state. MISSISSIPPI, one of the most southern states of the American Union, was formrnerly included in the country claimed by France as a part of Louisiana. As early as 1716, a French colony settled on the spot now occupied by the city of Natchez, where they erected a fbrt; but in 1729, the inhabitants, together with those of two other settlements in the vicinity, were exterminated by the neighboring Indian tribes, only three or four persons, out of 700, escaping the general massacre. The territory, for many years thereafter, remained exclusively in possession of the savages. In 1763, France ceded the whole territory east of the Mississippi River to Great Britain, the subjects of which power soon afterwards occupied and strengthened the various posts, and began to settle around them. After several changes of proprietorship, and much negotiation, during some 15 years prior to 1798, between England, Spain, STATES AND TERRITORIES. - MISSISSIPPI. 87 and the United States, the country lying east of the Mississippi, and west of the boundary of Georgia, was, in 1800, erected into a distinct territorial government. It then comprehended both Alabama and Mississippi, under the name of the latter. In 1817, a separation took place, and Mississippi, having formed a constitution, was admitted into the Union as an independent state. Boundaries and Extent. - This state is bounded north by Tennessee, east by Alabama, south by Louisiana and the Gulf of Mexico, and west by Mississippi and Pearl Rivers, dividing it from Arkansas and Louisiana. It extends from 30~ 10' to 350 north latitude, and from 880 10' to 910 35' west longitude, and contains 47,156 square miles, its extreme length being about 338 miles, and its breadth averaging 135. Government. - The governor is chosen every two years by the people, and is eligible only for four in any period of six years. The Senate consists of 30 members, one half elected every two years; the term of service of each is four years. The representatives, 91 in number, are chosen biennially. The people also elect judges, state secretary and treasurer, chancellor, and sheriffs. White male residents in the state for one year, being 21 years of age, enjoy the right of suffrage. The legislature meets at Jackson, in the month of January, every other year. Judiciary. - The state is divided into three judicial districts, in one of which, every two years, a judge of the High Court of Errors and Appeals is chosen for six years. Circuit Courts are held in seven different districts, by judges resident and chosen therein, and have original jurisdiction of all criminal cases, and in civil cases inv&ying more than 50 dollars. The Court of Chancery has full equity powers. Education. — There are several colleges in the state, which are generously endowed and in flourishing condition. Academies and other literary institutions are numerous and well sustained. Common schools are also established throughout the state. In 1840, there were 8360 white inhabitants above the age of 20 years who could neither read nor write. Finances. — The receipts into the state treasury for the year ending 30th April, 1850, amounted to $379,402'63, and the expenditures during the same period to $284,999'58. The sources whence the revenue is derived are, a state tax, internal improvement, sinking and other funds. The chief items of expenditure are for judicial and legislative purposes. Among the enumerated items per last returns is one of 17 cents, as the contribution of the state for common schools - the support of these institutions being confided, under special laws, to the several counties. The state debt, incurred for banking purposes, amounted, in 1840, to $7,000,000. Surface, Soil, 4c. -For about 100 miles inland, from the junction of the southern border of the state with the Gulf of Mexico, the surface is low and generally level, presenting a series of swamps and woodlands, overgrown with cypress and pines, with occasional open prairies, and flooded marshes. The land then becomes more elevated and uneven, and so continues to the northern extremity of the state, but nowhere rises to a height sufficiently lofty to deserve the name of a mountain. A vast tract of table land extends over much of the state, terminating in the low coasts of the Mississippi River. This produces, in its natural states an immense growth of oak, maple, ash, and other timber, together with an undergrowth of grape-vines, spicewood, papaw, and other plants. The soil throughout is naturally very fertile, especially those alluvial lands on the river banks, which are not liable to inundation. The staple product of the state is cotton, which is raised in great abundance; and, by slight cultivation, the soil yields profusely Indian corn, rice, wheat, rye, and other grains, sweet potatoes, indigo, tobacco, melons, grapes, figs, apples, plums, peaches, lemons, oranges, &c. Rivers. -Besides the Mississippi, which washes the western margin of the state by its windings through a space of 530 miles, the Yazoo is the most considerable stream which flows wholly within the state; this is 200 miles in length, passing through a healthy region, affording navigation for large boats some 50 miles, and emptying into the Mississippi near Vicksburg. Big Black River is of the same length, is alike navigable, and enters the Mississippi near Grand Gulf. Pearl River rises near the centre of the state, and in part divides it from 88 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Louisiana. There are several other rivers of considerable magnitude; as, the Tombigbee, Homochitto, Pascagoula, &c. The state has a sea-coast of 70 miles, but no harbor sufficient for the admission of large vessels. Pascagoula Bay, 65 miles long by 7 wide, affords some inland navigation; but its entrances admit no craft drawing more than 8 feet of water. Internal Improvements. - Several railroads have been completed, or partially finished, within the state, and others have been projected. The most extensive work of this kind commences at Vicksburg, and proceeds in an easterly direction, partly across the state. Another extends from Natchez, and either intersects or is intended to intersect the former. The state presents numerous opportunities for advantageous public improvements, which in due time will doubtless be prosecuted. JMinerals. - Mississippi is probably not rich in mineral products; at least no extensive investigations of her resources in this respect have yet been made. Clay, of good quality, suited to the manufacture of pottery and bricks, abounds in various localities; and sundry descriptions of pigments have also been found. It is not known whether any coal formations, or any indications of metallic deposits, have yet been discovered.:Manufactures. - There are in the state a number of cotton factories, on a small scale, several mills of considerable importance for the manufacture of flour, and numerous other establishments, producing most of the articles required for domestic consumption or family use. The amount of capital employed for manufacturing purposes, in 1840, was less than $2,000,000. Indians. — Large portions of the northern and eastern sections of the state are still held by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Indians. These tracts include some of the best lands in the state, abounding in broad and fertile prairies, which are well cultivated by their owners, who possess also large numbers of cattle, horses, swine, and sheep. These Indians are intelligent and industrious, many of them being good mechanics. The females, also, are expert at spinning and weaving. Population. - Between the years 1820 and 1830, the population of Mississippi increased more than 80 per cent.; and between the latter year and 1840, the increase was more than 175 per cent. Of a population of 175,000, upwards of one half were slaves. The people are almost exclusively engaged in agricultural employments. Population in 1850, 606,555. Climate.- For the most part the climate is decidedly healthy. The low country is of course subject to the ordinary diseases which prevail throughout all similar regions in the Southern States. But in the upper districts, the atmosphere is pure, and the climate, though variable, is temperate and salubrious. Religion. — The most numerous of the religious denominations are the Methodists and Baptists —the former, compared with the latter, numbering as 3 to 1. The Presbyterians are next in numerical order; and the Episcopalians have several flourishing parishes. STATES AND TERRITORIES. - MISSOURI. 89 MISSOURI is one of the Western - or, at present, more properly, one of the Central - states of the American Union. It formerly composed a part of the extensive tract, which, under the name of Louisiana, was purchased of France by the United States in the year 1803. In the following year, that portion of the country which now forms the State of Louisiana was set off from the residue, and denominated the Territory of Orleans; the remainder being styled the District of Louisiana, until 1812, when the name was changed to the Territory of Missouri. Another division took place about eight years afterwards, and in 1821 the state was formed out of a section of that territory, and duly admitted into the Union. Some of the places within the present limits of Missouri were settled as early as the year 1764, by hunters and traders generally from the north and east. In that year the city of St. Louis was founded, now the largest commercial place on the Mississippi, excepting New Orleans. St. Charles, on the Missouri, was established in 1780, and New Madrid on the Mississippi, in 1787. Boundaries and Extent. — Missouri is bounded north by the State of Iowa; east by the Mississippi River, which separates it from the States of Illinois, Kentucky, and part of Tennessee; south by the State of Arkansas; and west by the Indian Territory, and by the River Missouri, dividing it from the Deserts of Nebraska. It extends from 360 to 40~ 36' north latitude, and lies between 89~ and 950 45' west longitude. Its area is estimated at 67,380 square miles, being about 278 miles in length by 235 in breadth. Government.- The governor and lieutenant governor are chosen, by a plurality of the popular votes, for four years, and are not eligible for two terms in succession. The lieutenant governor is ec officio president of the Senate. The legislature consists of a Senate, in number not less than 14 nor more than 33; and a House of Representatives, not to exceed 100 in number. The former are chosen for four years - one half every second year; and the latter every second year, in counties, to serve two years. The legislature meets biennially, on the last Monday in December, and the members receive three dollars per diem for sixty days of the session, after which their pay is reduced to one dollar -a feature that might be profitably adopted in other states. Judiciary. - The Supreme Court, having appellate jurisdiction only, is composed of three judges, who hold office for twelve years. It holds two sessions annually. There are fourteen judicial circuits, with a like number of judges, who hold office for eight years. Circuit Courts are held twice a year in each county. These have exclusive jurisdiction in criminal matters, with power to correct the proceedings of County Courts and justices of the peace, subject to appeal to the Supreme Court. The supreme and circuit judges are appointed by the governor 12 90 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. and Senate. County Courts are established for each county, and are composed of three justices elected by the people for four years. Their jurisdiction is limited to matters of probate and to county affairs. There are, also, at St. Louis and some other cities, local tribunals, with the ordinary powers of Municipal or Police Courts. Education. - Several colleges flourish in different quarters of the state, most of them under the special auspices of some religious denomination. A good number of academies and other literary institutions have also been established. The common and primary schools are tolerably numerous; but in 1850 there were over 20,000 white persons above the age of 20 years who could neither read nor write. Finances. - The amount of the state debt is about $685,000; the interest whereon is some $73,000 annually. In 1843, the public debt was less than one half the above sum. Su:face, Soil, 9;c. —The surface and soil are much varied throughout the state. In some quarters, the lands are undulating and hilly, not rising, however, to a height that can be described as mountainous. Other portions are swampy, and subject to inundations, though heavily timbered, and having an alluvial soil of great fertility. The soil upon the uplands is in general very productive, consisting both of prairies and extensive tracts of woodland; but these are interspersed with rocky ridges and elevated barrens. The low lands, bordering on the rivers, are extremely rich. Indian corn and other grains, hemp, flax, tobacco, and sweet potatoes, are among the products of the field. Cotton is raised in the southern section of the state. Among the forest-trees are various species of oak, walnut, locust, ash, cedar, &c. Yellow and white pine abound in some localities. Grapes are found in profusion among the underwood of the forests; and most of the fruits common to the latitude of the state may be successfully cultivated. Rivers. - This state is watered by numerous large streams, besides the great Rivers Mississippi and Missouri, the former of which flows along the eastern margin of the state, a distance, including indentations, of 550 miles; while the latter strikes its south-west angle, passes southward along its western boundary, and, crossing its centre, after having traversed the territory 384 miles, enters the Mississippi near St. Louis. The Osage, affording boat navigation for 660 miles, the Grand, Salt, Gasconade, Chariton, Maramec, and St. Francis, are rivers of considerable magnitude. Internal Improvements. -The people of Missouri are favored with extraordinary facilities for internal intercourse, especially by water communication. These advantages are prosecuted to an incredible extent between St. Louis and all the great commercial marts of the south and west, and intermediate places, by means of steamboats and other craft, which navigate the principal rivers for hundreds and even thousands of miles. Such facilities naturally suggest numerous projects of improvement; and a system of railroads and canals, in all probability, will ere long be superadded. At the session of the legislature in 1851, bills were passed, appropriating $2,000,000 for expediting the construction of the Pacific Railroad, and $1,500,000 towards completing the Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad. This measure caused an immediate flow of emigration into the counties contiguous to the proposed routes. The city of Hannibal, in particular, one of the termini, received greater additions to its population within the spring of 1851 than it had acquired during the whole of the three preceding years. Minerals. — Missouri is remarkably rich in mineral treasures, especially in the value of its lead mines. These are known to occupy an area of over 300 square miles. They are situated within an average distance of 70 miles from the city of St. Louis. The ore is of that description denominated " galena," and is found, not in veins, but in separate masses. It yields from 80 to 85 per cent. 5,000,000 or 6,000,000 pounds are produced annually. Iron ore, of excellent quality, also abounds. In Washington county, there is a hill some 400 feet in height, three miles in length, and one mile wide at its base, known as the "iron mountain," which appears to be entirely composed of iron ore, yielding some 80 per cent. of the pure metal. There is also another eminence, about 300 feet high, one and a half mile wide at the base, consisting wholly of the species of iron ore called " pilot knob," and which is equally valuable. Copper, zinc, calamine, antimony, cobalt, nitre, plumbago, salt, &c., are among the STATES AND TERRITORIES. -NEBRASKA. 91 mineral products of the same county and the contiguous region. Bitumninous coal is abundant in various localities near the Mississippi. JXanufactures. - Iron, lead, and lumber are among the chief articles manufactured. There are also large numbers of grist mills, distilleries, potteries, brick, stone and marble yards, salt works, breweries, carriage and machine factories, and other establishments for the production of commodities requisite for home use, the whole employing a capital of several millions of dollars. Indians. -There are no organized or distinct bands of Indians permanently settled within the state, most of the indigenous tribes having withdrawn to their allotted country beyond the western boundary of the state. Population.- In 1810, the population was less than 20,000. During the following ten years, it had increased to upwards of 66,000. In 1830, it numbered 140,000; and in 1840, 383,000, including 58,000 slaves. Population in 1850, 684,132. Climate. -The central and inland position of the state assures to its inhabitants extraordinary freedom from the sudden and trying changes which are felt by residents nearer the seacoast in the same latitudes. The difference of temperature between the cold of winter and the heat of summer is great —the extreme range of the thermometer being from 8~ below zero to 1000 above. But the seasons, in their progress, are gradual and uniform, subject to few or no abrupt and violent transitions. The air is pure and salubrious, and the climate may be classed among those most favorable to health. Religion. - The Methodists are the most numerous of the various religious denominations within the state. Next in numbers are the Baptists; then the Presbyterians, Roman Catholics, and Episcopalians. There are, besides, several congregations of "Cumberland" and " Associate Reform" Presbyterians, and a few Unitarian societies. NEBRASKA is the name by which an immense wilderness, lying among the north-western possessions of the United States, is now designated. It is bounded on the north by the British possessions; on the east by Minnesota Territory and the State of Iowa; on the south by the Indian Territory, (proper,) the State of Texas, and the Territory of New Mexico; and on the west by the Territory of Utah and Oregon Territory. The Missouri flows along its entire eastern frontier, and the Platte and Arkansas Rivers water its southern borders, while its western limits are formed by the Rocky Mountains. With a vast sweep from the north-west towards the central part of the country, and thence curving to the north, a portion of this lofty chain encloses, as it were, in an amphitheatre nearly one half of the whole region. It reaches from the 38th to the 49th degree of north latitude; its extreme south-eastern point lies in 95~, and its extreme north-western in 114~ west longitude. It is between 600 and 700 miles in length, and from 400 to 500 miles in breadth, and contains an area of some 300,000 square miles. All this broad expanse is yet to be subdivided, and gradually furnished with distinct forms of civil government, or remain as the barren heritage of the untamed races for whose behoof it seems naturally designed. At present, it is almost exclusively the abode of savages and wild beasts, and is traversed by civilized man only through the like necessity which impels him to cross the pathless ocean on his way to countries beyond. Its natural resources have never yet been developed, and little more is known of its topography, its waters, forests, plants, minerals, &c., than what has been gathered by dint of a few partial explorations, or by travellers in their hurried journeys towards Oregon and California. From its geographical position it must be inferred that its soil, climate, natural products, and capacities for improvement do not differ essentially from those of the states and territories by which it is encompassed. But there are no authentic data from which may be compiled any satisfactory amount of statistical information in the premises. 92 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Maps, exhibiting the outlines of its prmincipal features, have from time to time been constructed and published, wherefrom the names and localities of the most prominent and striking objects - such as mountains, rivers, and lakes - may in some partial degree be ascertained. Reliable and accurate surveys are yet to be undertaken and accomplished by authority; until when the inquirer who would obtain exact details must be content with the meagre accounts of casual tourists, or the unauthenticated reports of adventurous visitors from the neighboring regions. The manifold nations or independent tribes of aboriginal inhabitants sustain different relations to the people of the United States. Some of them, with whom treaties have been made, or negotiations held, are professedly friendly; while others are treacherously hostile, and almost irreclaimable. They are frequently at war with each other, and in all the arts of civilization are generally behind tlie Indians who reside farther south. The number of Indians occupying the country between the Mississippi and the Rocky Mountains may be estimated at not far from 250,000, including those who have emigrated from the eastern side of the Mississippi, and settled in the Indian Territory proper. A view of the map of the country presents some striking lineaments, especially in the north-western quarter. The great basin, circumscribed as with a massive wall by the bold curvature of the Rocky Mountains, sends forth countless streams of varied extent, forming the sources of the Missouri River, and supplying the tract throughout with an abundance of watercourses, at remarkably regular distances. These streams are mostly dignified with names upon the maps; but whether their positions, dimensions, and tendencies are correctly delineated, is a question to be determined by future and more exact inspection. The southerly and easterly portions of the country are also amply furnished with those aquatic arteries and veins so necessary to the existence of a nation. The rivers already mentioned, as washing the eastern and southern boundaries, also receive innumerable branches; and there are some important streams which extend quite across from the very bases of the great mountain ridge on the west to the points of their junction with the Missouri, &c. Among the principal of these are the Platte, the Ni-obrarah, the Whiteearth, &c., with their numerous forks, all of which flow in an..easterly direction.....: __.......=-:_....._,.' _ ~~.. —------- NEW HAMPSHIRE. It is generally conceded that the inhabitants of the New England States, as a body, exhibit some peculiar characteristics, when compared with those who dwell in other sections of our widely-extended and diversified Union. And it is known that the varied face of the country, and hence the local facilities for different occupations, together STATES AND TERRITORIES. -NEW HAMPSHIRE. 93 with the history of different settlements, have all tended to produce diversities of character, habits, and employments. To these considerations must be added the different views and pursuits of the original settlers, the object of settlement being by no means the same in all the colonies. Now, it is not pretended that the first Europeans who colonized within the bounds of New Hampshire were, like those at Plymouth, seeking an asylum from persecution for their religion. We know that expeditions for fishing along the coast, and the trade in furs, occupied the attention of the earliest visitors, and that a considerable time elapsed, after the discovery and partial colonizing of the shores, before a regular government could be formed; whereas, at the settlement of Plymouth, the principles on which the power of rule was to be based, and even those who were to exercise that power, were designated and resolved on before the landing of the company. Very different was the condition of those who commenced the efforts which resulted in establishing the State of New Hampshire. Their arrangements, therefore, consisted more in the regulations of a mercantile company than in a civil legislation, with its provisions for insuring a permanent, dignified administration of well-adapted laws, the result of deliberate consideration. By the necessity of the case, however, this became their condition, in process of time. No proof is found of actual settlement before 1623. The precise date of the settlement, it has been candidly acknowledged, "cannot probably be ascertained." * This acknowledgment, however, relates only to some overt act, connected with settling; since both the year and season of the year are ascertainable. But the settlements were, for many years, greatly troubled by the conflicting claims of patentees. These claims were derived, originally, from the council of Plymouth, in the mother country. And of them it is remarked by Chalmers, that, " during the fifteen years of the existence of that company, it adopted the policy of conferring on various men several interfering parcels of New England; which has thrown the greatest obscurity over its earliest history; which long occasioned perplexing embarrassments to the different claimants, to the different colonies, and to England." t These transactions have, notwithstanding, been placed in as clear a light as the subject admits, by Dr. Belknap, the accomplished historian of New Hampshire, at a cost of much research. And we learn that Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason, as joint partners, obtaining a title to a territory they called Laconia, extending from Merrimac River to Sagadehock, (or the Kennebec,) and far inland, Mason having previously acquired the grant of another, reaching from the River Naumkeag to that of Piscataqua, arwl back to their sources, employed men to settle the country. Accordingly, successive establishments were made at Little Harbor and Dover, to which, from other causes, were added those of Exeter and Hampton, forming for themselves severally, in a few years, separate jurisdictions. Without entering into an account of these various governments, which of themselves were only of short duration, it is sufficient for our purpose to state in this place, that, by the year 1642, they were all absorbed in the general government of Massachusetts. This absorption was not, however, an arbitrary or violent act on the part of that state. In each instance of its occurrence, it was, from the necessity of the case, solicited by the settlements. Their feeble condition, exposed as they were to the attacks of the savages of the wilderness, who, especially about the year 1637, appear to have plotted the destruction of all European settlers along the coast; the want of some superior authority, to act as an umpire in the disputes and difficulties which arose among themselves; and, added to this, a desire to hold their lands not as tenants, but in simple fee, - these were sufficient reasons for wishing to avail themselves of the matured authority, experience, and prosperity of Massachusetts. The three governments, therefore, of Dover, Exeter, and Piscataqua, or Portsmouth, after struggling for years with difficulties of a civil and ecclesiastical nature, were united to the * Farmer and Moore's Coill. vol. ii. p. 32. t Polit. Annals, vol. i. ch xvii. p. 472. 94 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. settlements in their vicinity to the south; Exeter being first joined, by the authority of the court, to Essex county; and afterwards, with the others, forming, for a time, the county of Norfolk; * their history being blended, for the next forty years, with that of their neighbors. Hampton had, in the mean time, been settled from Massachusetts, and was, therefore, accounted as naturally belonging to that government, although within the present bounds of New Hampshire.t This latter name was assumed as early as 1629; when, after Gorges and Mason had been for several years united in the possession of a patent from the Plymouth council, embracing "all the lands between the Rivers Merrimac and Sagadehock," before cited, " and extending back to the great lakes and River of Canada, t and called Laconia," and under which patent their settlements had been made, as we have seen, Mason obtained for himself a new patent. The extent is thus described: " From the middle of Pascataqua River, and up the same to the furthest head thereof, and from thence north-westward, until sixty miles from the mouth of the harbor were finished; also, through Merrimac River, to the furthest head thereof, and so forward up into the land westward, until sixty miles were finished; and from thence to cross overland to the end of the sixty miles accounted from Pascataqua River; together with all islands within five miles of the coast." The territory included within these limits received the name which the state at present bears. The same council which issued the patent above cited had given to Gorges, in 1621, "a grant of all the land from the River of Naumkeag, now Salem, round Cape Anne to the River Merrimac; and up each of those rivers to the furthest head thereof; then to cross over from the head of the one to the head of the other; with all the islands lying within three miles of the coast." ~ It had also, after giving several other discordant grants, sold to a company of gentlemen, named by Hutchinson, 11 "all that part of New England three miles to the south of Charles River, and three miles to the north of JMerrimac River, from the Atlantic to the South Sea." The date of the last patent was March 19, 1627. It could hardly be expected that grantees of property so indefinite, or, if defined, so inconsistently done, should mutually agree. We are not, therefore, surprised to find that the people of Massachusetts regarded Gorges's and Mason's claims with jealousy, and considered them in a hostile light; nor that the death of Mason, who had been for some time using all his influence to procure a royal order for a general governor to be appointed for all New England, and thus to supersede those of Plymouth and Massachusetts, should be recorded by Governor Winthrop as a " mercy." T The conflicting claims we have alluded to must, almost necessarily, have originated hostile feelings, however we regret and disapprove them. Gorges, in his History of New England, declares, "that he could hardly get any, for money, to reside " in the country he claimed; but the change of times and interests soon made it a place of refuge for persecuted religionists, and the settlements then advanced rapidly, until, attracting the attention of the royal government, "it was especially ordered, by the king's command, that none should be suffered to go without license." Yet, though destitute of royal patronage, the settlements nevertheless "grew," as Colonel Barre, in the period of the American revolution, declared of them before the British Parliament, "by the neglect of them," chargeable on their mother country - a neglect which rendered their own most strenuous exertions necessary, and finally successful. * Including Salisbury, Hav6rhill, Hampton, Exeter, Portsmouth, and Dover. t See Belk}nap's History of New Hampshire, chaps. i. ii. iii. iv. + Mlood, in 1634, says, " The place whereon the English have built their colonies is judged, by those who have the best skill in discovery, either to be an iland, surrounded on the north side with the spacious River Cannada, and on the south with Hudson's River, or else a Peninsula, these two rivers overlapping one another, having their rise from the great lakes, which are not farre off one another, as the Indians doe certainly informe us." Such, at that time, was their geography of the country. N. E. Prospect, pp. 1, 2. ~ Belknap, ut supra. I History Massach. vol. i. p. 16. 1~ Winthrop's Journal, vol. i. 187, and Dr. Savage's note there. STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NEW HAMPSHIRE. 95 In fact, to this principle we must refer the difference between the success that attended on the settlers of the Bay State and that of the people employed by Gorges and Mason. This is sensibly and strikingly described by the judicious Belknap. " The difference between a man's doing business by himself, and by his substitutes," observes the doctor, "was never more finely exemplified than in the conduct of the Massachusetts planters, compared with that of Sir Ferdinando Gorges; what the one had been laboring for above twenty years, without any success, was realized by the others in two or three years; in five they were so far advanced as to be able to send out a colony from themselves, to begin another at Connecticut; and, in less than ten, they founded a university, which has ever since produced an uninterrupted succession of serviceable men in church and state." * The history of New Hampshire may, with convenience, be divided into four distinct periods. The first will be the period we have just been reviewing -that from the earliest settlements by the English to the union with Massachusetts. The time of that union will form another, consisting of nearly 40 years. The third embraces the royal government of the province, and down to the American revolution, and the fourth what has transpired since. I. Not much of interest, except that which is purely local, attaches to the history of the inconsiderable communities which were first formed. And yet it is no trifling subject for the contemplation of humanity. Courage and fortitude were needed, to face and endure the distresses of an American wilderness, 3000 miles from home. The names, therefore, of Hilton, Waldron, Williams, Neale, Wiggin, Chadbourne, and others, their associates, will be cherished not merely by their posterity, but by a grateful community of free, prosperous men, who inherit the result of their sacrifices and labors. Nor less in the church of Christ will the recollections of piety and faith dwell on the founders of the sacred institutions under the gospel, by which light was communicated to the ignorant, and consolation to the afflicted, and benefit to all. This will perpetuate the names of Dalton, Dudley, Leveridge, Gibson, Parker, and even Wheelwright, notwithstanding his occasional deviations and errors; nor, in the lustre of a succeeding period, will their "less light" be overlooked, or "shorn of its beams." It must not also be forgotten, that the original proprietors, especially Gorges and Mason, to whom others, discouraged by the multiplied and long-enduring difficulties they met, sold their respective shares, were themselves great losers by the enterprise. Neither of them lived to see the success of his expenditures, large and liberal as they were, and reckoned at ~20,000 sterling for each of them; but they transmitted to disappointed heirs a succession of lawsuits, crushed hopes, and mortifications. Yet they seem to have cherished to the last an approbation of their unrewarded efforts, and to have encouraged themselves in the' hope that posterity would still reap important benefits from them. Let their names, then, be had in honor, and their example commend to their successors the exercise of that public spirit, which " seeketh not its own;" but, in the overruling providence of God, secures, though perhaps undesignedly, in many instances, the welfare of coming thousands. II. A new scene opens in the next period. It presents, indeed, not a species of independent sovereignty, with which, apparently, some had flattered themselves, but - what is of higher moment in the scale of human enjoyment and progress -safety, encouragment, and aid. All that Massachusetts had realized she was ready to share; and perhaps there is hardly to be found in history an instance wherein political power was exercised in a more paternal manner; nor, a few instances only excepted, its exercise met with more of grateful recognition and willing subjection. Often did it occur, say the faithful recorders of the time, that, while the people had the acknowledged right to elect into office in their several towns such of their fellow-citizens, or, rather, fellow-subjects, as they might prefer, they yet requested the court to nominate and appoint them - a course of conduct which very few of the sturdy republicans of succeeding times would be disposed to adopt. In proof of the exercise of the disposition now alluded to, and such a proof as is peculiarly * Life of Gorges, in Amer. Biogr. vol. i. p. 381. 96 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. attractive, when the important and cherished seat of learning at Cambridge needed a substitute for its old and humble building of wood, contributions for reedifying the structure with brick were liberally bestowed. "Portsmouth, which was now become the richest" of the New Hampshire towns, charged itself with "~60 per annum for seven years; Dover gave ~32, and Exeter ~10 for the same laudable purpose." * At a subsequent period, we shall find this example of a wise liberality to the cause of good learning followed by the government of the province in a highly valuable donation to the library of Harvard College, notwithstanding its location in a neighboring community. These instances it is delightful to record; for they tended to prepare the way for that wider union of interests which was, in process of time, to be developed in all its vast and important bearings. Indeed, at the commencement of the period we are now reviewing, a measure fraught with consequences inappreciable, perhaps, by those who engaged in it, was adopted in the confederacy of colonies effected in 1643. New Hampshire shared in the benefits of this judicious and necessary arrangement, being included in Massachusetts. The other parties were Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven. And it cannot escape the notice of any who attentively observe "the leadings of divine Providence," that, in this manner, while the present perils of their great enterprise prompted these governments to counsels of fraternal union, they were preparing gradually the way for the final INDEPENDENCE OF THEIR COUNTRY.t Probably, without a similar course, they could hardly have sustained the horrors of the Indian war of 1675, and triumphed over Philip and his widely-extended confederates. It deserves mention here, that, although the inhabitants of Massachusetts had formed for themselves what may be termed a "test act," and admitted none to "the freedom of their company," and thus to the bearing of office among them, but such as had been received into some one of the churches, -a regulation made, as Hutchinson informs us, by the freemen themselves, in 1631, and " continuing in force until the dissolution of the government;" that is, while they were under their original charter, -yet, on the admission of the New Hampshire towns, no such order was extended to them; and they elected their officers without the restriction. A similar course was held subsequently with regard to Maine. Thus the way was preparing for a wider toleration, the principles of which were in that age but little understood or felt.: It is not improbable, also, that the application of this measure to the New Hampshire towns was of influence in forming their temper to a remoteness from the strict Puritan features which characterized the Old Colony and the Bay State in their earliest times. And, indeed, it was not until 1671 that a Congregational church was gathered in Portsmouth, their capital; there having previously been only an Episcopal church in the town, which was formed in 1638. III. The way had been gradually preparing for a change of government. The enemies of that system of rule which prevailed in Massachusetts had been, from the very first, busy in their complaints to the crown, and had been often on the point of succeeding, but were remarkably prevented. Thus, in 1635, an effort had been made' to cause the surrender of their much-cherished charter. And at the restoration of the monarchy these were renewed, after a comparative quiet, on that subject at least, of near 20 years. But, in the course of a short period, complaints having been made by the heirs of Gorges and Mason, a commission was given by Charles II. to Colonel Nichols, Sir Robert Carr, and two others, to investigate the state of the colonies, particularly in regard to the grievance complained of, apply all proper remedies in their power, and make report. This report, although it failed of effecting all that was intended against the government of Massachusetts, prepared the way for the mission of * Belknap, vol. i. p. 64, F. and M's ed.; also Hutchinson, &c. t See this confederacy exhibited in an Address of the late Ex-President J. Q. Adams. Mass. Hist. Coll. III. vol. ix. $ In 1665, Dr. J. Mather, in a private letter, charges on the commissioners of the New England colonies the declaration, " that they would have liberty given to all sorts and sects of men." - See Hutchinson, vol. i. p. 208. STATES AND TERRITORIES. -NEW HAMPSHIRE. 97 Randolph, which resulted in his advice to separate New Hampshire from that government, and to erect it into a province by itself. This arrangement was at length effected; and in 1680, at the beginning of the year, John Cutt, Esq., an aged and worthy citizen of Portsmouth, was appointed, by royal authority, president. A council was assigned him, a portion of the members being specially named, with permission to fill up the prescribed number at their pleasure; to which was added a House of Representatives, to be chosen by the people - a form of government which, in itself considered, Belknap characterizes as being "of as simple a kind as the nature of a subordinate government and the liberty of the subject can admit." * The new president died, however, before the expiration of his year of office, and was greatly lamented, as a gentleman of high moral worth and unblemished reputation. He was succeeded by his deputy, Major Waldron, who had long been distinguished by his public spirit and many services, and was therefore greatly esteemed. The alteration of the form of government was not, however, allowed to pass off without another trait of genuine feeling, which does the parties great honor. With consent of his council and of the General Assembly, President Cutt communicated, as early as March 25, 1680, to the governor and council of Massachusetts, to be made known at their next session to the General Court of the province, a very grateful letter; " first to acknowledge," says he, " your great care of us, and kindness towards us, while we dwelt under your shadow; owning ourselves deeply obliged, that you were pleased, upon our earnest request and supplication, to take us under your government, and ruled us well, while we so remained; so that we cannot give the least countenance to those reflections that have been cast upon you, as if you had dealt injuriously with us." They then profess as follows: "no dissatisfaction with your government, but merely our submission to divine Providence, to his majesty's commands, to whom we owe our allegiance, without any seeking of our own, or desires of change, was the only cause of our complying with that present separation from you that we are now under; but should have heartily rejoiced, if it had seemed good to the Lord and his majesty to have settled.us in the same capacity as formerly." They add, " We hold ourselves bound to signify, that it is our most unfeigned desire, that such a mutual correspondence betwixt us may be settled, as may tend to the glory of God, the honor of his majesty, whose subjects we all are, and the promoting of the common interest, and defence against the common enemy, that thereby our hands may be strengthened, being of ourselves weak, and few in number; and that, if there be opportunity to be any ways serviceable unto you, we may show how ready we are thankfully to embrace the same." They close with saying, "We subscribe, wishing the presence of God to be with you, and craving the benefit of your prayers and endeavors for a blessing upon the heads and hearts of us who are separated from our brethren." t A document like this is well worthy of transmission to posterity. But, after the year's service of Walter Barefoote, who was one of Randolph's friends and abetters, the next administration, that of Cranfield, was unpleasant in the extreme. His self-seeking spirit, his contempt for the inhabitants, whom he found to be not more than four thousand in number, his tyrannical exactions, and his persecution and oppression of the respected minister of Portsmouth, the Rev. Joshua Moody, whose name will ever be held in affectionate respect, alienated from him the minds of the people, and caused them to rejoice when, chagrined and disappointed, he left them for Barbadoes. Ve have not room, in this department of the present work, to enter into particulars of the history of so many changes as occurred in the- administration of government, further than to say, that New Hampshire was again united with Massachusetts, under the presidency of Joseph Dudley, in 1686; also under that of Andros in 1687, and of Bradstreet in 1689. From 1.692, however, the separate government obtained again, under Usher, Partridge, and Allen, for ten years; when Dudley was once more appointed governor, having Massachusetts also * Hist. of N. H. p. 89, F. and M.'s edition. t See the whole paper in Hutchinson, vol. i. 295, 296. 13 98 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. under his charge. The two governments were thus again united, and so continued from 1702 to 1741, sharing in each other's sympathies, and in weal or woe. In the last-named year, Benning Wentworth, a graduate of Harvard College, was appointed governor, and succeeded in that office by his nephew, John Wentworth, in 1767, whose term of service closed but with the revolution. IV. The revolution produced, of course, its own heroes, as every period of such excitement must. But there had been a long training of them, unknowingly, as throughout our country. New Hampshire furnished her full quota of these, several of them reared in the hardships of Indian warfare, or in the laborious occupations of husbandry; and not a few were experienced in those scenes of conflict between Britain and France which ended in the reduction of Canada. A few years only after that event, the discussion of stirring questions between the colonies and the mother country called forth the best talents. The right of Parliament to tax, without the privilege of representation vested in the subject, and thence without his consent, was boldly denied. The stamp act excited alarm, and was resisted. Feudal institutions were reviewed, in an essay by the elder Adams, in 1765, and the canon law investigated; and, in short, the doctrines of civil freedom began to engage the public mind long before the actual INDEPENDENCE of the country was seriously contemplated. The country, too, had gained strength and wealth. Of both these New Hampshire partook. Ship-building, from the facility of obtaining every kind of lumber, flourished on her scanty seaboard. Vessels of war had been for many years constructed within the waters of Piscataqua, which form almost her only harbors from the sea; and her merchants were known abroad, and their connections extensive and profitable at home. Besides this, the increase of population in the country towns became observable. They had been gradually settling, after the disputes with the heirs of Mason were in good degree adjusted, and more especially after the purchase made of their claim by a company of New Hampshire gentlemen, in 1746, which had introduced an increase of agricultural products, by encouraging a more general acquisition of farms, the cultivation of which had been found the true source of wealth and.general prosperity. In addition, a new interest was given to the great subject of EDUCATION. We have before alluded to the regard shown to Harvard College. At the destruction by fire of its library, in 1764, under the government of Benning Wentworth, a generous donation was made, in order to replace it.* But, under the succeeding administration of his nephew, a magistrate distinguished for learning, good judgment, and public spirit, and therefore deservedly popular, the foundation was effected of a university within the state itself. The application for public aid by the Rev. Dr. Wheelock, and his offer of locating his institution where the greatest encouragement might be had, elicited such returns abroad, and especially such grants of land from the General Assembly, as fixed Dartmouth College at Hanover, in the county of Grafton. by royal charter, 13th December, 1769. The rank of this institution is high among the colleges of New England and the best literary establishments of the Union. To recount the catalogue of worthies, whose names impart a lustre to their native state. and give the history of their lives, pleasing although it would be, cannot within the limits of this introductory sketch be admitted. The memories of Stark and Sullivan, and of Pepperell at an earlier period, who should be reckoned, probably, to New Hampshire, though locally of Maine, of Dearborn, and other military men, will not be suffered to perish. Those of Meshech Weare, the first president of the state, after the commencement of hostilities with Great Britain; and the governors, Langdon, Gilman, Smith, and Plumer, not to mention * "The province of New Hampshire not having as yet any college of its own to divert its interest from Harvard College, hitherto the Alma Mater of her educated men as well as those of Massachusetts, the General Assembly of that province, by the recommendation of Governor Benning Wentworth, who had been applied to by the corporation on the subject, voted ~300 sterling for the purpose of purchasing books for the library. A catalogue was sent to the Rev. Dr. East Apthorp, then in England; and by his care books to the number of 743 volumes, enough to fill three quarters of an alcove, were purchased with that sum." - See Peirce's Hist. of Harvard University, edited by the late Hon. J. Pickering, Esq. STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NEW HAMPSHIRE. 99 others of merit who have honorably filled the chair of state; of Mason, and of Webster, the former of whom has recently been lamented as one of the first, if not the first, of the lawyers of New England, and the latter happily living, as a glory of his birthplace, the able and successful expounder and defender of the constitution, - will pass down to posterity with still increasing esteem, and do honor to New Hampshire. They will excite the virtuous emulation of her aspiring youth, and tend to guide their steps to eminence. Nor should the religious interests of the state be overlooked. These have been superintended by a ministry consisting of, apparently, as sound and faithful men as can be found laboring together in any state of our Union, among an equal population. A recent review of their history has been taken; and its well-informed author, addressing "the general association," a body which dates its origin in 1747, declares, " Of 686, who from the first have filled the office of pastors in our churches, but about 150 now survive. All settled previous to 1780 are starred on the register of their names. Of those settled between 1780 and 1800, we can find but eight among the living, and not one of them in the active duties of the ministry. But though dead, they yet speak. Some of them experienced great trials and hardships for Christ's sake, enduring perils in the wilderness and perils among savages. But they were strong in faith, constant in labors, enduring unto the end. Never, probably, has there existed," he adds, "through a period of more than two centuries, a succession of one class of ministers more united in sentiment, more harmonious in practice, more consistent in example, more free from ambition and envy, and the strife of controversy, more self-denying, more useful as citizens, and more respected in their several fields of labor, than the Congregational and Presbyterian ministers of New Hampshire. A few, indeed, though very few, have proved themselves unworthy of their calling and office. Some have renounced their first faith, but the great body of them have stood firm amid changes, and were found faithful unto death." * The writer then notices the closing scenes of the lives of several of the pastors, as evidences of their sincerity and faithfulness; and especially commemorates Moody of Portsmouth, McGregor of Londonderry, Dr. McClintock of Greenland, Hidden of Tamworth, Dr. Harris of Dunbarton, and Dr. Church of Pelham, among those who have given their dying testimonies to "the truth as it is in Jesus." Many other names are precious to the churches and to surviving friends; and that such a ministry, still more and more enriched with divine grace, may be perpetuated through the coming generations, every Christian patriot must desire; since it is only through the prevalence of the religion of the gospel that any community can truly prosper. For the Christian ministry is the institution of God for human welfare. And its usefulness is found not merely in reference to eternity, but the present life also. Says the commissioner of common schools, in his last Report to the legislature of New Hampshire, "The clergymen of the various towns that I have visited deserve especial notice for the lively interest they cherish in this movement, [to improve the schools,] for the valuable assistance they rendered me in my visits, and for the controlling influence which they exert on the minds of the people in favor of general intelligence and sound learning." t Although allusion has thus been made to the important subject of training the youth of the state, and to the promotion of "sound learning," it yet seems proper to insert in this place a general view of it, with which the compiler of this work has been very obligingly favored by the late Rev. Dr. Cogswell, president of the Theological Seminary at Gilmanton. It is inserted entire, under the head of " EDUCATION IN NEW IIAMPSHIRE. The common school system of education," observes the doctor," so generally prevalent in New England, was very early adopted by the inhabitants of New Hampshire. In this respect, the state was probably as observant of duty as Massachusetts and Connecticut. " The first law enacted for the establishment of what are termed' town schools,' was passed in 1647, by the General Court of Massachusetts. The preamble and law are as follows:'It being one chiefe project of that old deluder, Sathan, to keep men from the knowledge of * Rev. Mr. Bouton's Hist. Discourse, Aug. 22, 1848, p. 24. t See Report for 1848, p. 4. 100 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Scriptures, as in former times, keeping them in an unknowne tongue, so in these latter times, by persuading them from the use of tongues, so that, at least, the true sence and meaning of the original might be clouded with false glosses, of saint-seeming deceivers, and that learning may not bee buried in the grave of our forefathers in church and commonwealth, the Lord assisting our endeavors: — "' It is therefore ordered by this Courte and authority thereof, That every townshipp within this jurisdiction, after that the Lord hath increased them to the number of fifty hows-holders, shall then forthwith appoint one within theire towne, to teach all such children as shall resorte to him, to write and read; whose wages shall be paid either by the parents or masters of such children, or by the inhabitants in generall, by way of supplye, as the major parte of those who order the prudentials of the towne shall appointe; provided that those who send theire children bee not oppressed by paying much more than they can have them taught for in other townes.' "This law extended to the inhabitants of New Hampshire, as the union between this state and Massachusetts took place in 1641. The ultimate object to be obtained by our Puritan ancestors in these schools was, that their children might be enabled to read and understand for themselves. They were zealous for the maintenance of the Protestant principle of private judgment in matters of religious faith &nd practice. "The first law passed by New Hampshire, after it became a province, was enacted in 1693, amid the terrors and distresses of the sanguinary war with the Indians and the French, and shows how regardful of education the people at that time were. The law runs thus: it is'enacted and ordained, that for the building and repairing of meeting-houses, ministers' houses, school-houses, and allowing a salary to a schoolmaster in each town within this province, the selectmen in the respective towns shall raise money by an equal rate and assessment upon the inhabitants; and every town within this province (Dover only excepted during the war) shall, from and after the publication hereof, provide a schoolmaster for the supply of the town, on penalty of ten pounds; and for neglect thereof, to be paid, one half to their majesties, and the other half to the poor of the town.' "In 1719, a law was passed which ordained that every town having fifty householders, or upwards, shall be constantly provided with a schoolmaster to teach children and youth to read and write. " In 1783, the voice of New Hampshire on the subject of education was expressed in language worthy of a free and sovereign state, and contained in the constitution of government then voluntarily adopted. It is as follows:'Knowledge and learning, generally diffused through a community, being essential to the preservation of a free government, and spreading the opportunities and advantages of education through the various parts of the country being highly conducive to promote this end, it shall be the duty of the legislators and magistrates, in all future periods of this government, to cherish the interests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries and public schools, to encourage private and public institutions, rewards and immunities for the promotion of -- sciences and natural history.' "Since the adoption of the constitution, the acts of the government in favor of common schools have been liberal. They are now by law established throughout the state, and every child and youth may enjoy the benefits of education proffered by them. For their support, by a law of the state, about $100,000 is annually raised by a tax upon the people.* The literary fund, amounting to $64,000, formed by a tax of one half per cent. on the capital of the banks, has been distributed to the different towns. The proceeds of this fund, and also an annual income of about $10,000, derived from a tax on banks, are appropriated to aid in support of schools, besides what is raised by the several districts themselves. "There are, according to the last census of the United States, 2127 common schools, and 83,632 scholars attending them, being 1 in every 3+T4U% of the whole population of the state, and being a greater number, in proportion to the inhabitants, than is furnished from * Whole amount raised in 1848, $147,744'82. - See Report, cited above, p. 43 STATES AND TERRITORIES. - NEW HAMPSHIRE. 101 any other state in the Union, with but one exception. There are only 942 individuals in the state, over 20 years of age, who can neither read nor write, being only 1 to 307 of the population, and being a less number than in any other state, one only excepted. "'The number of academies and high schools in the state is about 70, being 1 to every 4000 inhabitants. The number of students attending them is 5799, being on an average more than 80 to an institution, and 1 to about every 50 of the inhabitants. This intermediate class of institutions between common schools and colleges is generally in a flourishing condition. Most of them are private corporations for public purposes, and need more funds for their support, that they may accomplish with greater energy the work devolving upon them. "Dartmouth College, named after the Earl of Dartmouth, an early benefactor, is one of the nmost flourishing in the United States, and is situated in the south-west part of -Hanover, about half a mile east of Connecticut River, on a beautiful and extensive plain, where there is a handsome village. It was founded by the Rev. Eleazar Wheelock, D. D., and chartered by royal grant in 1769. The funds, which are respectable, were obtained by donations from individuals, and by grants from the legislatures of New Hampshire and Vermont. The buildings are good, and six in number -all of them of brick except one, and' most of them bearing names of benefactors." Boundaries. —This state is bounded north by Eastern Canada, east by Maine, south-east by the Atlantic and the State of Massachusetts, south by Massachusetts, and west and northwest by Vermont. Situated between 42~ 40' and 450 16' north latitude, and 70~ 35' and 72~ 27' west longitude. Its length is 168, and its greatest breadth about 90 miles, and it comprises an area of about 7987 square miles. First Settlers. - The first discovery of New Hampshire was in 1614, and the first settlements made by Europeans were at Dover and Portsmouth, in 1623; only three years after the landing 9f the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Government. — The executive power is vested in a governor and five councillors, chosen annually by the people. The legislature consists of the Senate, comprising 12 members, chosen in 12 districts, and the House of Representatives, chosen annually in the month of March, every town having 150 ratable polls being entitled to send one, and an additional representative for every 300 additional polls. The legislature assembles annually at Concord, on the first Wednesday of June. All male citizens, of 21 years and upwards, except paupers and persons excused from taxes, have a right to vote -for state officers - a residence of at least three months within the town being required to entitle the person to vote. Judiciary. - The Superior Court of Judicature consists of a chief justice and two associate justices, who hold one term annually in each of the ten counties of the state, for the hearing and determining of questions of law, and petitions for divorce. This court is also vested with chancery powers. The judges of the Superior Court of Judicature are, ex offcio, judges of the Court of Common Pleas. This court, before whom all actions for the recovery of debts and the enforcement of contracts, and all jury trials, are brought, consists of one of the justices of the Superior Court, or one of the justices of the Circuit Court of Common Pleas and of two county judges, who are generally appointed from among the yeomanry, whose principal duty it is to attend to the ordinary business of the county, its roads, expenses, &c. Terms are held semiannually, in each of the counties. Most of the religious denominations, which are found in the country at large, appear in New Hampshire, as might be anticipated from the freedom of religious inquiry and profession. In numbers, the Baptist denomination ranks next to the Congregationalists and Presbyterians. But the Episcopal branch of the church of Christ was early founded in the colony, and was greatly encouraged by several of the royal governors. The.Methodists are numerous, and there are communities of Friends, or Quakers. But it is believed that the many important interests of society, in which good citizens may unite without infringing on a good conscience, are tending to soften the asperities of religious controversy, and to bring the community more 102 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. and more into a state of mutual forbearance, if not of mutual esteem. Thus Bible societies, and societies for the promotion of temperance, the associations which spring out of the great cause of education, and those which relate to agriculture, mechanic arts, general science, and mutual improvement in knowledge, especially by lectures and the founding and use of social libraries, all tend to occupy healthily the powers of the mind, and produce or promote that condition of civilization which becomes a free, vigorous, moral, and Christian state. That such advances are really making is evident to the observer. They have, indeed, been gradual, but actual. The early colonists were often almost disheartened at the prospect before them, and complained of the difficulty of procuring a subsistence. It is well remarked by Dr. Belknap, that they too much neglected the cultivation of the soil, whose productiveness they had not properly tested, while their chief attention was given to the fishery, the lumber trade, and the procuring of furs. Many temptations, too, were thrown in their way, as occurred to other settlers in New England, by invitations to settle elsewhere. Lord Saye and Sele urged the colonists to people Barbadoes, where he possessed an interest. Cromwell, at a subsequent period, invited the tried and faithful Puritans to settle in Ireland, where the province of Ulster had long been devastated, and stood in need of inhabitants; or to enter on his new conquest of Jamaica, and become West India planters. Few, comparatively, however, were prevailed on to go; and those who staid became more and more accustomed to the country, and attached to it. And now, what is the result? A healthy, active, intelligent, and industrious population is found, even among the mountain fastnesses of " the Granite State," not unaptly characterized as the Switzerland of America. They subdue the soil, and it yields its treasures; and if not in so great abundance of cereal grains, at least in valuable pasture — the grazing interest being very considerable throughout the state. Yet the improvements of modern agriculture are noticed and adopted. In islands of the beautiful Winnipiseogee - a favorable location, it must be confessed - 136 bushels of Indian corn have been raised on the acre! * One would suppose that the fertility of the western prairie could offer little temptation to the farmer who might produce such a crop, and remain among his own paternal fields; especially when the contrast is made between the healthiness of a northern climate, in a high, hilly region, pure water flowing plentifully, all facilities for happily training a family; and a country where, indeed, labor is comparatively light, land cheap, and winters lose much of their rigor and length; but fever and ague sap the constitution, and send back the adventurer a lean, sallow invalid for life, or lay him prematurely in the grave. Of recent years, the legislature has, in its wisdom, encouraged the investigation of the mineral treasures of New Hampshire. The employment of Dr. C. T. Jackson for this purpose has resulted in the discovery that this state is richer in this respect than any of its sisters. We do not say that it has the gold of California, - as, happily for its inhabitants, it has not, - nor that of North Carolina or Georgia; but the variety of its minerals is great, and the deposits of several of the most useful, if not most costly ores, are not infrequent. Grant that it abounds in granite and in ice. It has also a hardy and sagacious population, which can make that ice and granite articles of profitable commerce. The increase of manufacturing establishments, in which scientific skill is tasked to mould the raw material into useful fabrics and forms, renders the possession of water power a great desideratum. In few spaces of equal extent, it is believed, does there exist a greater water power than in this state. And human ingenuity will not be backward in turning this encouraging circumstance to profit. Statistics of several establishments will be found in the following work, under the heads of their respective localities. Of all the features of the state, the White Mountains must be regarded as not only the most prominent, but the most interesting. Forming the highest land in North America east of the Rocky Mountains and the Andes, they have become a favorite resort of the tourist, who is in search either of health or pleasure. Dr. Belknap supposed that the highest peak * See Dr. Jackson's Agricultural Report. STATES AND TERRITORIES. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 103 would be found to be, when accurately measured, - which in his day it had not been, - over 10,000 feet high. But since that period it has been satisfactorily ascertained that it falls short of 7000. The ascent, perilous as it has been accounted, is often effected, and generally repays the task. But the remembrance of those dreadful avalanches, which, in one melancholy instance at least,* produced havoc, and ruin, and loss of life, will long impress the imagination seriously, and give solemnity to the wild solitudes of the mountains. The engineer will think and calculate otherwise. And his is, in fact, the prevailing view now taken of heights of land and bodies of water. The latter, which abound in the region of the White Mountains, not only give animation to a landscape, and irrigate for the agriculturist or cattle-breeder the lands in their vicinage, but, directed by the hand of Science, and duly restrained and managed, facilitate human labor, and lay a foundation for national wealth. For if, as one of this profession t argued, " rivers were made to feed navigable canals," the elevations where are found the sources of the Androscoggin, Saco, M.errimac, Connecticut, and many other streams, on whose banks and by whose waterfalls villages of manufacturers must rise, will not be contemplated by the practical improver without deep interest. It is a great happiness, as well as honor, for the state, that its history has been so ably and respectably written, and at so early a period in the development of its resources. Dr. Belknap was eminently calculated to accomplish the work he undertook. It required research and patient labor; but he could labor and persevere, though under great embarrassment and difficulty, unknown, probably, by his successors in the ministry, but requiring in his day all fortitude and faith. His education had providentially fitted him for his task. Brought up under the eye of the New England historian, the Rev. Mr. Prince, whose spirit of accurate and industrious inquiry is celebrated, he had the advantage of consulting his collections, and imbibed a taste for the employment. Prince followed Mather, and Mather drew from Hubbard, and he from Winthrop and Winslow. Belknap completes the chain to our own times; and his history is quoted with that respect and confidence which honor his name, still further honored by the state in being attached to a lately constituted county. Deficiencies in his work are, indeed, noticed, particularly in articles of natural history and natural philosophy. But, with the progress in science that has since been made, and the facilities for observation which have since been secured, the supply of these deficiencies will be easy. Nor can it be so difficult as it was originally to secure the evanescent tradition of events. The late and lamented John Farmer, Esq., and his living associate,d as well as other members of the Historical Society, have done much to perpetuate New Hampshire history, whether of the state or of smaller communities, or of individual men. The state is restricted on the sea-coast, and has but one avenue to the ocean. The Piscataqua presents for future improvement advantages that a perspicacious and thriving people will not be long in ascertaining and employing. The railroad from Portsmouth to Concord, opening an easy access to the great north and west, will give to the beautiful harbor of Portsmouth a foreign and domestic commerce hitherto unknown. Though restricted on the sea-coast, and in this view not to be compared with her sister states of New England, the State of New Hampshire is yet second among them in extent of territory. That it may be filled with a prosperous, happy, exemplary population, who shall enjoy and improve the rich privileges of Christian freemen, which, in the good providence of God, now form their favored lot, and transmit them unimpaired to the latest posterity, is the writer's fervent wish and prayer. * The destruction of Mr. Willey's abode and family. t Brinley, the Duke of Bridgewater's surveyor. $ J. B. Moore, now librarian of the N. Y. Hist. Soc. ]04 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. NEW JERSEY is one of the central states on the Atlantic coast of the country comprising the original thirteen United States. The earliest settlement was made in the county of Bergen, between the years 1620 and 1630, by some Dutch people from New York. They were joined by parties of Danes and Norwegians, who, in 1638, were followed by a body of Swedes and Fins, which formed a colony on the Delaware River, and purchased of the aborigines the lands on both sides of that stream, as faras the river was navigable. In 1664, the territory between the Connecticut and Delaware Rivers was granted to the Duke of York, brother to Charles II. The charter included New Jersey, of which the Dutch were forthwlith dispossessed by the English; and it was then conveyed to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret. These latter proprietors drew up a form of government, and sent over Philip Carteret as governor, who fixed upon Elizabethtown as his seat of government, in 1665. Sundry political changes ensued, and in 1676 the province was divided, the western part annexed to New York, and the eastern remaining as a separate colony, under the direct dominion of the crown. Six years afterwards, the latter section was assigned to William Penn and his associates. Twenty years subsequently, it was surrendered to Queen Anne, and incorporated with New York, under the government of which both provinces continued until 1738, when they were again placed under the immediate jurisdiction of the British sovereign, and so remained until the royal authority was abrogated by the revolution of 1776. The republican constitution of the state is dated July 2d of that year. During the war with Great Britain, New Jersey suffered more than her proportion of the hardships, and rendered her full measure of the services, incident to that eventful struggle. Boundaries and Extent. - New Jersey is bounded north by New York State, east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by Delaware Bay, and west by the State of Pennsylvania. It lies between 38~ 58' and 41~ 21' north latitude, and extends from 73~ 58' to 75~ 29' west longitude. Its extreme length, from north to south, is about 160 miles, and its average breadth not far from 50 miles. Its area, by official report, is 8320 miles. Government.- The government is vested in a governor, Council, and House of Assembly, all of whom are elected annually, the former by the legislative branches in joint ballot, the latter by the people. The Council consists of 18 members, the president of which is, ex officio, lieutenant governor, and the Assembly comprises 58 members. No persons are eligible for either of these offices without a previous residence of one year, and the possession of property valued at ~1000 in the case of councillors, or at ~500 in the case of assembly men. Voters must also have resided within the state one year, and possess property worth ~50 "proclamation money." STATES AND TERRITORIES.- NEW JERSEY. 105 Judiciary. — The judicial tribunals consist of a Court of Errors and Appeals, a Court of Chancery, a Supreme Court, and Courts of Common Pleas. The Court of Errors comprises the chancellor, the justices of the Supreme Court, and six other judges appointed for six years by the executive, one of the latter vacating his seat in rotation each year. This court holds four stated terms every year. The chancellor and judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the governor and council for seven years; the Court of Chancery holds four regular terms per annum, and the Supreme Court the same, the judges of which also hold Circuit Courts quarterly in each county. Judges of the Common Pleas Courts, five in each county, are chosen for five years by the legislature, and hold courts four times a year. Education. - The state holds an available school fund amounting to $377,413'01. There are some 1600 school districts in the state; but the system of free school education, judging from the latest returns, does not seem to have met with that favor from the legislature, or that solicitude on the part of the people, which its great importance demands; for it appears that, out of 119,000 children, between the ages of 5 and 16 years, only 70,000 receive instruction; that the average length of time within the year, for which schools are kept, is but nine months, and that the average cost of tuition is $20C6 per quarter for each pupil. New Jersey, however, has long sustained a large number of literary institutions of a respectable order. At Princeton, there are the College of New Jersey, an ancient and distinguished establishment, and the Presbyterian Theological Seminary, of like eminence. At New Brunswick is Rutgers, formerly Queen's College, founded in 1770, with which also is connected the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch church. There are likewise numerous academies, &c., in all parts of the state. The Friends have several respectable schools under their particular charge. Finances. - The absolute debt of the state, on the 1st of January, 1850, was $67,595-82, the annual interest upon which amounted to $4075'84. The productive property of the state was valued at $262,397-53, and the unproductive at $764,670'60; the latter consisting of the "surplus fund" received from the United States, which has been loaned without interest to the respective counties. The revenues are derived mainly from transit duties on railroads and canals, dividends on stocks of ditto, taxes on railroad stock, interest on railroad bonds, special loans, &c. The aggregate receipts from these sources, for the year ending on the above-mentioned date, amounted to $125,690'82, and the public expenditures for the same period were $126,552'75. There are between 20 and 30 banks in the state, with an aggregate capital of from three to four millions of dollars. Surface, Soil, Sc. - The face of the country at the north is rather mountainous and broken, being crossed by portions of the Blue Ridge and other elevated ranges. From this point to the central part of the state the land is gradually depressed, and becomes undulating. At the south it is still lower and more level. The soil in the hilly region furnishes many excellent tracts for grazing; in the centre it is quite fertile; while towards the Atlantic coast it is sandy and naturally sterile. The latter district, however, by manual toil, has been made uncommonly productive, the proximity of two great markets having stimulated the industry and the agricultural skill of the inhabitants. Wheat and all the grains peculiar to the Middle States, potatoes, all descriptions of garden vegetables, and fruits of the finest sorts, as peaches, apples, pears, plums, cherries, strawberries, &c., are raised in great profusion, wherever due regard has been given to the improvement of the soil. Rivers. - Several navigable streams intersect the state or flow along its borders, furnishing fine mill sites and abundance of water power for all needed manufacturing purposes. Besides the Hudson and the Delaware, which wash the eastern and western shores, the chief rivers are the Raritan, navigable for 15 miles, with important waterfalls beyond; the Hackensack, of about the same navigable extent, though supplying water power for about 20 miles farther; tte Passaic, Salem, Cohanzey, and others, all more or less convertible to the purposes of commerce or manufactures. Internal Improvements. - Among the most important works of internal improvement are the Morris Canal, the Delaware and Hudson Canal; the Camden and Amboy, the Paterson and 14 106 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. Hudson, the New Jersey, the New Brunswick and Trenton, the Morris and Essex, and other railroads, with divers branches. These pass through various quarters of the state in almost every direction, and afford great facilities for internal and external commerce. Most of the trade of the state is carried on or benefited by means of these valuable public works. They afford convenient egress to the vast quantities of agricultural produce, cattle, domestic animals, poultry, manufactured articles, &c., which are annually exported from the state. Jliinerals. -Valuable iron, zinc, and copper ores are found in the state, and have been extensively worked, the smelting establishments and numerous furnaces being well supplied with fuel from the great sandy tracts which are covered with forests of pine timber. JManufactures. - The manufacturing branches principally pursued in New Jersey are those of iron, glass, cotton, ahd woollen. There are also large numbers of paper mills, tanneries and other manufactories of leather, potteries, hat, cap, and bonnet factories, distilleries, machine shops, flouring mills, ropewalks, &c.; besides which, great quantities of home-made or family articles are annually produced. Indians. - Few, if any, of the descendants of the aboriginal tribes are found within the limits of the state. Population. — The character of the people has undoubtedly been essentially modified during the lapse of the several generations that have successively followed in the train of time, since the date of the earliest settlements. But few of the characteristics of the original emigrants from the north of Europe are now discoverable. Most of the inhabitants probably are of English extraction. The last census (1850) shows a population of near 500,000, including about 22,000 free colored persons. Climate. - New Jersey enjoys a mild and healthful climate. Towards the sea-coast, the air is pure, and the temperature varies less between the seasons than in the high regions at the north, the thermometer seldom indicating a greater heat in summer than 87~, or less than 130 in winter. In the mountainous districts, the weather in winter is quite severe. Religion. - The Presbyterians are the most numerous; the Methodists, Baptists, Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, and Quakers nearly equally divide the remainder of the population. There are, however, some Roman Catholics, Congregationalists, Universalists, &c. NEW MEXICO (TERRITORY.) The region now comprehended within the limits established by Congress as the United States Territory of New Mexico formerly constituted a portion or portions of a Mexican province. During the war between the United States and Mexico, (1846,) General Kearney took peaceable possession of Santa Fe, the capital of the province, and established a temporary government therein. In the early part of the following year, a revolt against the American authorities took place, and six of the civil officers, including the governor, were barbarously murdered. Several battles were subsequently fought in different parts of New Mexico, in all which the combined forces of the Mexicans and Indians were repulsed. By the treaty of peace in 1848, the Mexican title was cancelled, and the ilmmensr? country, of whicib this territory forms a part, became an adjunct of the United States. By the act of Congress, passed September 9, 1850, for defining the northern and western boundaries of Texas, &c., a territorial government for New Mexico was also established. Boundaries and Extent.- New Mexico is bounded north by the Territory of Utah, and by a part of the scarcely explored wilderness called Nebraska; east by the State bf Texas; south by a portion of Texas, and principally by the boundary line between the United States and the Mexican possessions; and west by the State of California. Its eastern quarter extends from the 32d to the 38th degree of north latitude, and the residue of the territory from STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NEW MEXICO. 107 the 33d to the 37th. It lies between 1030 and 1160 west longitude, reaching from east to west about 600 miles, is from 240 to 360 miles in width, and comprises an area of some 200,000 square miles. Government. - By the act establishing the territory, the governor is appointed by the President of the United States for four years, who must reside in the territory, and is also superintendent of Indian affairs. A secretary of state is appointed in like manner for the same term, who is acting governor in the absence of that magistrate. The legislature is composed of a Council, to consist of 13 members, chosen for two years, and a House of Representatives, consisting of 26, who serve one year. The legislature is elected by a plurality of the popular votes. Its session cannot exceed 40 days. All laws must be submitted to Congress for approval. The right of suffrage is held by all free citizens of the United States, resident fog a prescribed period within the territory. By the same act it was required that a census should be forthwith taken, in order to apportion the members of the legislature, according I" the number of inhabitants. This was done in the spring of 1851, and the result showed a population of 56,984, exclusive of Indians. The ratio of representation has thereupon been fixed, for members of the Council at 4384, and for those of the House at half that number. The Legislative Assembly convened for the first time on the 2d day of June, 1851. Education. - After the lands shall be surveyed under the direction of the general government, for the purpose of bringing them into market, two sections in each township are to be set off for the support of schools. Judiciary. - The judicial power of the territory is vested in a Supreme Court, District Courts, Probate Courts, and justices of the peace. The former is composed of a chief justice and two associates, either two of whom form a quorum. An annual term of the court is held at the seat of government. The judges hold office four years. Three judicial districts are established, in each of which a District Court is held by the justices of the Supreme Court. The above tribunals possess chancery as well as common law jurisdiction. Appeals are allowed to the Supreme from the District Courts, but in such cases there is to be no trial by jury. Appeals are also allowed from the final decisions of the Supreme Court of the territory to that of the United States, in cases involving a sum in controversy of $1000 and upwards, and also in cases affecting the title to slaves. Finances. - The sources from which to meet the public expenditures, excepting those provided by Congress, will ordinarily consist of direct taxes, and the income arising from land sales, as is the case generally in all the new states and territories. Surface, Soil, 4-c. - The face of the country presents much variety. Stupendous ranges of mountains - portions of the great vertebrae of the continent - traverse the eastern half of the territory from north to south, pierced occasionally by rugged and precipitous gaps, and sometimes by tracts of prairie, affording passage to travellers. This region includes the former provincial limits of New Mexico, and the oldest and most populous settlements. The country on the west of these elevations exhibits immense plains or plateaus, over which are scattered numerous isolated mountains and broken ridges of volcanic origin, the peaks of some of which rise to a great height. The valleys and slopes between the eminences in the eastern section consist generally of very productive land; and the river bottoms, especially near the southern boundary, comprise broad tracts of exceedingly rich soil, adapted to the culture of sugar, and of most of the products of that latitude. The portion of country lying on the Gila and Colorado Rivers, where these advantages are very apparent, will doubtless attract the early attention of settlers. The interior of the western half of the territory, so far as it has yet been topographically examined, is, for the most part, an arid and sterile desert, with the exception of some fertile spots and stunted forests along the margin of streams, or among the nooks of the high lands. The soil in this region seems to be either sandy or to consist of a light, porous clay, bearing a species of coarse grass, said to be good winter fodder for cattle. The country does not abound in timber, but in some locations is overgrown for miles with almost impenetrable thickets of mezquite and other thorny shrubbery. Corn, wheat, grapes, peaches, and other grains and fruits, are cultivated in a small way near the villages, and by some tribes of Indians in different parts of the territory; but it is only in the immediate 108 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. vicinity of streams that the land may be considered productive, or even inhabitable by civilized beings. Rivers.- The Rio Grande takes its rise many miles above the northern boundary of New Mexico, flows eintirely across the territory, and, after passing for several hundreds of miles between Texas and the Mexican states on the west, discharges itself into the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable during a great part of its course. The Gila and Colorado are also among the principal streams; the latter a fine river, flowing from the north in a westerly direction, until it strikes the eastern boundary of California, from which point it proceeds southerly between that state and New Mexico, passes beyond their southern limits, and finally empties into the Gulf of California, affording steamboat navigation for 350 miles. There are numerous other streams, some of them very extensive, and most of them tributaries to the rivers already mentioned. The country, as a whole, is poorly watered, either for purposes of internal communication, for the propulsion of machinery, or for appeasing the thirst of men and animals. Internal Improvements. - There are no public works of the character understood by this caption now existing in this territory, neither is it known that any are in contemplation, beyond that of constructing a road through it, from east to west, to facilitate the progress of emigrants into California. Surveys have been made with this view by military men under the authority of the United States, but the question of the construction of such a work remains undetermined; and it is further problematical whether, if a highway be decided on, it will ever assume the costly and important shape of a railroad. The enervating effect of the climate upon the inhabitants will probably tend to prevent for a long time any attempt at internal -improvement by means of works of art. iMinerals. - Evidences of volcanic action abound upon the surface of all parts of the territory; and gold, silver, copper, and iron deposits exist in many places. Mines of the three former metals have been worked in past years to some extent, but discontinued within a short period. All the ordinary geological features peculiar to such a region are discoverable here. The character and composition, and the combinations of the masses which form the mountainous ridges, and other enormous protuberances scattered confusedly over the face of the country, refer to the fires below for the origin of their present appearance, at least, if not for the cause of the general barrenness of the earth around them. JManufactures. - Nothing can yet be said of the manufacturing genius or industry of those who now constitute the people of New Mexico. Their ancestors, and those of the savages in the same region, were noted for little more in this line than the fabrication of a rude kind of pottery, and some few other sorts of household articles. The territory, or state, -as it may be hereafter, — will probably never become either a manufacturing or agricultural country for any important commercial purposes. Indians. - The vast wilderness, of which the western half of the territory consists, is peopled by numerous tribes of Indians. Some of these are mild, peaceably disposed, honest, industrious, and hospitable, living in villages and permanent settlements, and obtaining their subsistence mainly by hunting, fishing, and tillage. Others wander about in hordes, living by plunder, and constantly engaged in thievish depredations and bloody warfare. WVith one of the most formidable tribes of the latter, the Apaches, Governor Calhoun, of this territory, has recently concluded a treaty, whereby they are restricted to such limits as may be prescribed by the United States government, and to form permanent settlements, the United States stipulating to furnish all necessary facilities for tilling the soil. Population. - The census taken by the civil authorities of the territory showed a populationr of 56,984; but that of the United States, taken at nearly the same period, (1850-1,) gives a, population of 61,547, exclusive of Indians, of whom, perhaps, it is impossible to obtain a correct enumeration. Climate. - In those mountainous parts where water is easily accessible, the residents may be said to enjoy a good share of health throughout the year; but in other localities, at certain seasons, the heat is extremelyoppressive, and the climate decidedly insalubrious. The winters are not uncomfortably cold for any great length of time; but, even at the extreme south snow is by no means uncommon, although the streams rarely freeze. During the march of STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NEW YORK. 109 Lieutenant Colonel Cooke from Santa Fe to San Diego, in the latter part of October, 1846, snow fell, and his party suffered for about two weeks with cold, though then at the southerly border of the territory. In the vicinity of Santa Fe, about latitude 360 north, on the 31st of December, 1846, the snow was five inches deep. Religion. -The Roman Catholic, having formerly been the established religion throughout all Mexico, still maintains its ascendency in this territory. Other denominations, however, are now tolerated, under the laws of the United States. Curiosities. - Among these, the most remarkable, perhaps, are the ruins of singularly constructed religious temples, and other large edifices, which are occasionally met with upon the sites of ancient Indian or Mexican villages, the inhabitants of which have long since passed beyond the reach of historical research; and left scarcely any traces even of legendary remembrance. The village of Pecos, not far from Santa Fe, furnishes one illustration among many of these extraordinary remains. In various quarters are found vestiges of mounds and other monuments, of strange forms and divers dimensions, the uses of which baffle inquiry or conjecture. Among the extraordinary natural phenomena may be enumerated the high volcanic peaks in the mountainous district near the' centre of the territory, and the character of some of the sandstone rocks composing the walls of many chasms and bluffs in the same region. From one of these, which had broken so as to leave a perpendicular face 180 feet in height, Lieutenant Abert, in the course of his topographical exploration in 1846, gathered a number of shark's teeth, shells, and bones of fish. The ruins of the singular structures left by the Aztecs, an ancient race, of common origin with the New Mexicans, once inhabiting several large districts in this territory, are also among the striking curiosities of the country. In their wanderings from a point near the centre of the present northern boundary, they left at different spots many ponderous memorials of their laborious skill, in the shape of immense edifices, designed to serve, it is supposed, as fortified habitations. Near the River Gila, in November, 1846, Captain Johnson, U. S. A., visited one of these ruins, called the " Casa de Montezuma," presumed to be many centuries old, an account of which is given in his journal, communicated to the war department by General Kearney, in 1847. 3 LS NEW YORK is the northernmost of what were considered the Middle States at the establishment of the American republic. The first approach to a settlement within its present limits, by civilized Europeans, was made in 1610, by a party under the auspices of a company of Dutch merchants, who constructed a small fort on an island in the Hudson River, not far distant from the site now occupied by the city of Albany. Another fort was erected by the Dutch, in 1612, on York Island, the spot on which the city of New York is built. The whole 110 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. territory was then denominated New Amsterdam. In 1614, a body of English from Virgima look possession of it, which they soon after relinquished; and the Dutch continued to hold it thenceforward for about 50 years. During this period, their relations with the settlers in neighboring territories were not uniformly amicable, especially with those in New England. In 1629 it was erected into a regular colony, with a chief magistrate appointed by the Dutch government. He and his successors maintained jurisdiction until the year 1664, when the colony was captured by an English force, under authority of a royal patent, conveying it to the Duke of York, from whom its present name is derived. In 1673, the chief settlement was retaken by the Dutch, but restored in the course of the following year; from which time it remained a dependency of Great Britain for upwards of a century, until, through the results of the American revolution, it became an independent member of the federal Union. The first republican constitution was formed in 1777: this continued in force until 1822, when it was remodelled. In 1846 it was again revised; and, in the shape then given it, still remains the supreme law of the state. Boundaries and Extent. - The state is bounded north by the British province of Canada; east by the States of Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut; south-east by the Atlantic Ocean; south by the States of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; west and south-west by Lakes Erie and Ontario, and by the River St. Lawrence. It extends from 40~ 30' north latitude to 45~, and lies between 71~ 56' and 790 56' west longitude. Its extreme length from east to west, measuring from the Atlantic shore of Long Island, is 408 miles; exclusive of that island, 340; and its breadth from north to south is 310 miles. Its area is estimated at 46,000 square miles. Government. - By the constitution adopted as amended in October, 1846, a plurality of the popular vote elects the governor and lieutenant governor, who are chosen for two years. The people also choose in like manner, and for the same term of service, a secretary of state, treasurer, comptroller, attorney general, state engineer, and surveyor. Three canal commissioners and three inspectors of prisons are also elected by the people, to serve for three years each, one to retire every year, upon the principle of rotation. The legislature comprises a Senate and House of Assembly. There are 32 senatorial districts, each entitled to one senator, who serves two years. The House of Assembly consists of 128 members, apportioned among the several counties according to population, and elected annually. Every white male citizen, 21 years of age, a resident for one year next preceding an election, ten days a citizen of the state, four months a resident of the county, and thirty days of the district, is entitled to the right of suffrage, without other qualification. Colored persons, to be entitled to that right, must have resided three years within the state, and have owned and paid taxes on a freehold worth $250 for one year next preceding an election. Judiciary. - All judicial officers, except justices of the peace, are appointed by the executive, and hold office during good behavior, or until 60 years of age. The judicial power is vested, 1. In a Court for the Trial of Impeachments, which is composed of the members of the Senate, or a majority of them, with their president at the head of the court,- or, in his absence, the chief judge of the Court of Appeals, -together with a major part of the judges of the latter court. This tribunal is a court of record, and its officers and clerk are those of the Senate. A party impeached cannot be convicted without the concurrence of two thirds of the members present; nor punished by this court farther than by sentence of removal from or disqualification for office, though still liable to indictment. 2. The Court of Appeals, which consists of eight judges, four of whom are elected by the people, (one every second year,) and hold office eight years; and the other four are selected each year from those justices of the Supreme Court whose terms are soonest to expire. Six judges constitute a quorum; and the court holds four terms in each year. There must be one term in each judicial district every two years. 3. The Supreme and Circuit Courts, composed of justices elected by the people, - four in each of the eight judicial districts into which the state is divided, - one justice in each to retire from office every two years. One general term of the Supreme Court must be held annually in every county containing 40,000 inhabitants; and in other counties, one in two years. Two special terms each year are held in every county; also two Circuit STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NEW YORK. 111 Courts: of the latter, the city and county of New York has four. The Supreriie Court has general jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review judgments of the County Courts. At the general and special terms are heard all equity cases; and the Circuit Courts are held exclusively for the trial of issues of fact. 4. County or Surrogates' Courts, with the ordinary jurisdiction of Probate Courts; and extending also to actions of debt, &c., involving not more than $2000, to actions for damages not above $500, for trespass or personal injury, and to replevin suits wherein not more than $1000 are claimed. They have likewise equity jurisdiction for the foreclosure of mortgages; for the sale of the real estate of infants; for the partition of lands; for the admeasurement of dower; for the custody of lunatics and inebriates; and for the satisfaction of judgments where upwards of $75 are due on an unsatisfied execution. 5. Criminal Courts; viz., Courts of Oyer and Terminer, and the Court of Sessions. The former, which are held in each county, except that of New York, at the same time and place at which the Circuit Courts are held, consist each of a justice of the Supreme Court, the county judge, and the two justices of the peace who are members of the Court of Sessions. In the city and county of New York these tribunals are composed of a justice of the Supreme Court and any two of the following magistrates: judges of the Court of Common Pleas for that county, mayor, recorder, and aldermen. Courts of Sessions are held by the county judge, and the two justices of the peace chosen as members of said courts. Besides the foregoing, there are in the city and county of New York a Superior Court and a Court of Common Pleas, each having three judges. Education. — This important subject commands a full share of public solicitude in this state. Colleges and other literary and scientific institutions, of a high order, are established and well sustained in various quarters. Some of these are supported in whole or in part by different religious associations. The oldest, - Columbia, formerly King's College, - founded nearly a century since, is chiefly under the direction of the Episcopalians, who also maintain another college, and an eminent theological institute. The Baptists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, and Associate Reformed church have also their respective theological seminaries. A very large number of academies and high schools, generally sustained by individual subscriptions, are to be found in every part of the state. The common school system is honorably cherished by the bounty of the legislature; and consequently the blessings of free instruction are diffused among children of all classes, through thousands of grammar and primary schools, under positive requisitions of law. For purposes of general education, the most liberal funds have been provided, amounting to $1,900,000 annually, of which $800,000 are raised by a state tax. The school fund produces $300,000. The deaf and dumb, and the blind, likewise participate amply in these appropriations. There are in the state, probably, upwards of 50,000 persons, of adult age, who can neither read nor write; most of whom, without doubt, are of foreign extraction. Finances. - The aggregate debt of the state, at the beginning of 1851, was $23,463,838. About two thirds of this liability arises from the canal debt, and the residue from debts contracted on account of railroads, the general fund, &c. It is estimated that, by the operation of the canal and other sinking funds, the public debt can be liquidated in the course of some 18 years from the above date. The annual revenues are derived from state taxes, auction and salt duties, canal find, &c., which, in general, largely exceed the amount of expenditures for the support of government and of state institutions, for interest on the state debt, &c. Surface, Soil, $,c. — The state exhibits much variety of surface. The eastern part is crossed by two chains of lofty hills, rising to an elevation of 1200 to 1700 feet. One of these ridges, entering from New Jersey on the south-west, strikes the Hudson River at West Point, is there divided by the stream, and resumes its prominence on the opposite shore, showing almost perpendicular walls on either side, as though cut in sunder by some sudden convulsion. These remarkable heights are known as the " Highlands." Their bases comprehend a breadth of some 15 to 20 miles. From the eastern margin of the river they take a northerly course, in detached masses, dividing the waters of the Hudson from those of the Connecticut, and 112 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. finally mingling with the mountain ridges which bend to the north-east and spread towards the coast of Labrador. A second range enters the state from the north-western side of New Jersey, and passes northward, forming the Shawangunk Mountains. A third, from the northerly part of Pennsylvania, proceeds in the same direction through a great portion of the state, with varied elevations, sometimes rising to a height of 3800 feet, and are known as the Catskill Mountains. The Adirondack Mountains, in the north-east part of the state, are still loftier, one of the peaks reaching to an altitude of 6460 feet. In the eastern quarter, as well as the southern, the surface is hilly, and occasionally much broken, though abounding in excellent grazing lands; but the western section is generally level, and the soil admirably adapted to the growth of grain. Indeed, the soil throughout is of good quality; and in some parts extremely rich and productive. Wheat, corn, rye, oats, buckwheat, barley, &c., together with potatoes, and every description of garden vegetables, are raised in profusion. Fruits of all kinds known to the climate, as apples, pears, peaches, plums, &c., are cultivated with great success. The forests yield excellent timber, in great variety and abundance. Rivers, &c.- A number of noble streams pass through the state, or along its borders, in different directions; the chief of which are the Hudson, 324 miles in length, and navigable to Troy, 151 miles from its mouth; the Mohawk, which falls into the Hudson, near Troy, and is 135 miles long; the Genesee, which, after flowing 125 miles, occasionally over immense falls, affording prodigious water power, discharges itself into Lake Ontario, into which also flows Black River, a stream of 120 miles in length; the Saranac, falling into Lake Champlain, after a course of 65 miles; the Ausable, 75 miles in length, entering the same lake; the Oswegatchie, 100 miles long, emptying into the St. Lawrence; the Oswego, reaching between Oneida Lake and Lake Ontario, 40 miles; the St. Lawrence, forming a part of the north-western boundary; the Delaware, after a course of 50 to 60 miles, crossing the south-western border; the Susquehanna, flowing through a considerable portion of the southern margin; the Alleghany, coming from Pennsylvania, and returning thither, after a sweep of 45 miles in Cattaraugus county; and the Niagara, with its far-famed magnificent cataract. Numerous tributaries, of various extent, are connected with all these principal rivers. Portions of the great inland seas, Lakes Erie, Ontario, and Champlain, lie within the limits of the state. Numerous others are wholly imbosomed therein, most of which may be considered as arms of Lake Ontario. Several of these minor sheets of water are of considerable magnitude, and many of them are celebrated for their romantic beauty. The facilities for commercial and manufacturing purposes, which are supplied by these various bodies of water, are of incalculable value to the people of New York. They form one of the bases of that grand series of internal improvements, of which the enlightened patriots of that state, in years not long past, were the memorable pioneers. Internal Improvements. - To New York belongs the honor of having given the earliest and strongest impulse, on the American continent, to a system of public works, on a great scale, designed for the promotion, unitedly, of the important interests of agriculture, commerce, and manufactures. The first of these noble enterprises was the Erie Canal, which, at its inception, was denounced, by a portion of the people, as an extravagantly bold and visionary undertaking. It was commenced in 1817, and finished in 1825, at a cost of upwards of $7,000,000. It unites the waters of Lake Erie with those of the Hudson River, extending from Buffalo to Albany, a distance of 363 miles. Operations for enlarging it in breadth were not long since commenced, and, after having progressed considerably, were suspended, but will, in all probability, be shortly resumed. Some six or seven other important works of this kind are also completed; several more are in course of construction; and a further number have been projected. Those already finished are the Champlain Canal, connected with the Erie at Waterford, and proceeding 64 miles to Whitehall, on Lake Champlain; the Oswego Canal, also united with the Erie, and extending from Syracuse, 38 miles, to Oswego, on Lake Ontario; the Cayuga and Seneca, from Geneva to Montezuma, 21 miles; the Chemung, from the head of Seneca Lake to Elmira, 39 miles; Crooked Lake, between Penn Yan and Dresden, 8 miles; Chenango, another branch of the Erie, extending 97 miles from its junction at Utica, to Binghampton, on the Susquehanna. The aggregate cost of the six last-named canals is stated at nearly $5,000,000. .STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NEW YORK. 113 Besides the foregoing, large portions of the following have been completed: the Genesee Valley Canal, to extend from Rochester, 108A miles, to Olean, on the Alleghany; and the Black River, from the Erie at Rome, 35 miles, to the High Falls. The Delaware and Hudson Canal, from Rondout, Ulster county, 84 miles, to Delaware River, whence it extends 25 miles to Honesdale, Pa., where it connects with a railroad of 16A miles to the coal mines at Carbondale, is the work of a private corporation, though assisted by a state loan, and partly lying in Pennsylvania. It was completed at a cost of $1,875,000. In addition to these artificial watercourses, New York has further provided for her own prosperity by the establishment of numerous extensive and costly railroads. A series of these commodious highways, with a large number of branches under divers names, and owned by various bodies of proprietors, extends from New York toBuffalo. A railroad from the latter place, via Niagara Falls, extends to Lewiston, and is there connected with a steamboat line to Oswego. A branch of this road runs to Lockport. There are also railroads between Schenectady, Ballston Spa, and Troy. A railroad of 50 miles (24 of which are in Pennsylvania) extends from Steuben county to the Blossburg coal mines, Pa. The Hudson and Erie Railroad, from Newburg and Piermont, on the Hudson, to Dulkirk, on Lake Erie, is between 400 and 500 miles in length, and has numerous extensive branches. There are many others, either partially completed or in contemplation; so that at some not very remote day the entire state will be intersected'by these important public works. JMinerals. - The mountainous region at the north-east part of the state, south-west of Lake Champlain, is exceedingly rich in iron ore. This mineral is also abundant in several other localities, and is extensively wrought into pigs and various castings. In Clinton county, the ore is of extraordinarily fine quality, great quantities of which, in a manufactured state, are annually exported. Vast beds of lead ore are found in St. Lawrence county. At Ticonderoga, and at some other spots, abundance of excellent plumbago, or black lead, is found, and forms a valuable article of commerce. Indications of copper have been discovered in a few places. Salt and gypsum are obtained plentifully in several of the central counties eastward of Lake Ontario; and the former article is manufactured in such quantities as to supply a very extensive market; the latter is quarried largely, and'sent by canals and railways to distant markets in all directions. Quarries of excellent marble are being worked in Westchester county and the region contiguous. Few indications of coal have yet been found. Limestone, sandstone, and granite are abundant in several parts of the state. Manufactures. - New York is a large manufacturing as well as agricultural and commercial state. Countless establishments for the transformation of all her natural products into articles of trade are maintained every where. Millions of capital are invested in woollen and cotton factories; in the manufacture of salt, iron, and lead; in the fabrication of articles of leather, straw, glass, clay, marble, &c.; in distilleries, breweries, machine shops, flouring mills, and other mechanical agencies for the conversion of raw material into shapes fitted for the use and comfort of man. Indians.- The numerous aboriginal tribes by which the entire state was formerly overrun have left comparatively but few living representatives within the state. The causes which have contributed to their annihilation, or dispersion, are those which have ordinarily produced the same results in all other parts of the United States. The hostile have been subdued by superior force; the friendly have been treated with liberality; and all who remained at the close of the American revolution have either been provided with, or allowed to possess themselves of, appropriate and comfortable homes elsewhere. Population. - The population of New York, especially of the metropolis, and of the cities generally, exhibits more diversity ofrcharacter, probably arising from their great variety of origin, than'that of any other state of the Union, or, possibly, that of any other country on the earth. The ancient Dutch and English characteristics, so distinctly marked and preserved through many successive ages, are no longer discernible, except in sundry secluded localities, or within the circle of certain exclusive neighborhoods. The present generation is composed of new and multiform materials. People who can trace their ancestry to every nation, 15 114 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. and kindred, and tongue, on the face of the globe, are now among the moving masses of this most populous state in the western hemisphere. New York city, the commercial capitai, in an especial manner exhibits an example of this aggregation of " all sorts and conditions of men." And the interior is also receiving daily its contributions of settlers or wanderers from every quarter of the old world. Among these, the most impoverished districts of Ireland present, perhaps, the largest number of representatives. Every other European country has furnished also a sufficient quota. Asia and Africa, even, are not without their delegates; nor are the two Indies, nor the foreign provinces both north and south of the boundaries of the republic. The ease with which emigrants may attain to all the privileges of citizenship, the facilities afforded for trade of every description, and the rewards procurable by the exercise cf every species of active industry, are the chief causes and provocatives of this vast influx from abroad. Within the ten years ending with the census of 1850, the population of New York has increased from 2,428,921 to 3,097,394. Climate. - There is, in this state, a considerable variety of climate. In the southern section, it is mild, but mutable, both in winter and summer. In the northern, the winters are more severe, but uniform, and the summers are pleasant. Westward bf the mountainous ridges, the climate is more equable and salubrious than in like latitudes on the eastern side. At Albany, the temperature varies between the extremes of heat and cold generally more than 1000; that is, from 150 below zero to 90~ above. At Canandaigua, there is nearly the same difference, the mercury sinking lbwer in winter, and rising to a less height in summer. On Long Island, near the Atlantic Ocean, the thermometer indicates a difference between the two extremes of about 90c; namely, from 40 below zero to 870 above. But, with the exception of occasional epidemics, not imputable, however, in general, to local causes, the climate of New York.may be considered as one of the most healthy in the world. Religion. - Every variety of religious doctrine prevalent in other parts of the United States has its disciples in this state. The different Christian denominations may be classed, according to numbers, as follows: Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, Dutch Reformed, Episcopalians, Associate Reformed, Roman Catholics, Lutherans, Universalists, and Unitarians. There are also sundry congregations of Jews, Quakers, Shakers, &c. Curiosities. - Among several remarkable phenomena, in various departments of nature, existing within the State of New York, the cataract of Niagara stands most prominent. A detailed description of this world-renowned prodigy would require an amount of space inconsistent with the general object of the present work. But the subjoined extract from an account of the Falls of Niagara, written by Father Hennepin, who visited them in 1678, and published in London twenty years thereafter, presents a picture, the fidelity of which, notwithstanding its antiquity, will be recognized by all who have viewed the wonderful original in more modern times. The accuracy of the statistical facts therein presented is, of course, not assured; but the delineation is expressive of the impressions of almost every one who beholds this awfully grand object for the first time, and would undertake to describe it without actual admeasurement. "Betwixt the takes Ontario and Erie," says Father H., "there is a vast and prodigious cadence of water, which falls down after a surprising and astonishing manner, insomuch that the universe does not afford its parallel.'Tis true, Italy and Swedeland boast of some such things; but we may well say that they are but sorry patterns, when compared with this of which we speak. At the foot of this horrible precipice we meet with the River Niagara, which is not above a league broad, but is wonderfully deep in some places. It is so rapid above this descent, that it violently hurries down the wild beasts, while endeavoring to pass it to feed on the other side, they not being able to withstand the force of its current, which inevitably casts them headlong above 600 feet high. "This wonderful downfall is composed of two great streams of water, and two falls, with an isle sloping along the middle of it. The waters which fall from this horrible precipice do foam and boil after the most hideous manner imaginable, making an outrageous noise, more terrible than that of thunder; for when the wind blows out of the south, their dismal roaring may be STATES AND TERRITORIES.-NORTH CAROLINA. 115 heard more than 15 leagues off. The River Niagara, having thrown itself down this incredible precipice, continues its impetuous course, for two leagues together, to the great rock above mentioned, with an inexpressible rapidity; but, having passed that, its impetuosity relents, gliding along more gently, for other two leagues, till it arrives at the Lake Ontario. From the Great Fall unto this rock, which is to the west of the river, the two brinks of it are so prodigious high, that it would make one tremble to look steadily upon the water, rolling along with a rapidity not to be imagined. Were it not for this vast cataract, which interrupts navigation, they might sail with barks, or greater vessels, more than 450 leagues, crossing the Lake of Hurons, and reaching even to the farther end of Lake Illinois; which two lakes, we may easily say, are little seas of fresh water." NORTH CAROLINA is one of the Southern States of the American republic, and one of the thirteen which originally adopted the federal constitution. It was included in the extensive region granted, in 1584, by Queen Elizabeth, to Sir Walter Raleigh, under the general name of Viriginia. Its earliest permanent settlement was commenced about the year 1650, by a company of fugitives from religious persecution in the more northern part of Virginia, who established themselves at a spot near Albemarle Sound. In 1661, another body of English emigrants, from Massachusetts, settled on the shores of Cape Fear River. The colonists suffered many hardships and much trouble for want of a recognized independent representative at the court of the parent country. This they obtained in 1667; but, not far from this date, the province comprehending the country now forming both North and South Carolina had been granted to Lord Clarendon and others, who undertook to introduce a grotesque form of government, prepared for the grantees by the celebrated John Locke. Among the singular features embodied in this constitution were provisions for establishing an hereditary nobility, for vesting the legislative power in a "Parliament," and for the exercise of executive authority by a chief magistrate, to be styled the " Palatine." After trial of this system for a few years, its practical defects became palpable, and it was abandoned in 1693. The colony, however, made but slow progress, having to contend with numerous vexations, not the least of which was the sanguinary hostility of the neighboring savages, by whom, in 1712, a murderous and destructive war vwas carried on, rendered sadly memorable by the horrible atrocities with which it was attended. In 1729, both the Carolinas were ceded to the king for the sum of ~17,500, and by him formed into two distinct colonies, which have ever since remained thus separated, and which now constitute the States of North and South Carolina. 116 UNNITED STATES GAZETTEER. The people of this state, in the early stages of the American revolution, were distinguished for their patriotic devotion to the cause of national independence. They opposed the encroachments of the crown, in 1769, with success, and were among the foremost of the colonists to declare themselves free from all.foreign control. In May, 1775, a military convention was held in the county of Mecklenburg, which passed a series of resolutions, displaying the spirit, and even embodying some of the language, of the great Declaration of Independence issued to the world on the 4th of July of the next year. A state constitution was formed in 1776, which, with some amendments, still remains in force. Several severe battles were fought upon the soil of North Carolina in the course of the revolutionary war. The state adopted the federal constitution November 27, 1789, by a majority in convention of 118. Boundaries and Extent. - North Carolina is bounded north by the State of Virginia, east and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, south by South Carolina and Georgia, and west by the State of Tennessee. It extends from latitude 33' 50' to 36' 30' north, and lies between 750 45 and 840 west longitude; is 430 miles in length, and varies in breadth from 20 to 180 miles, and contains about 45,000 square miles. Govern7ent. - The executive and legislative officers are elected by the people, once in two years. The governor cannot serve more than four out of six years. He is assisted by a council of seven members, appointed by the General Assembly. The Senate is limited to 50, and the House of Commons to 120 members. The required qualifications of voters for the latter, besides having arrived at the age of 21, are, a residence in the county one year prior to an election, and the payment of taxes: to be entitled to vote for senator, the possession of 50 acres of land is required in addition. The right of suffrage is denied to all persons of negro blood. Judiciary. - The judges of the Supreme Courts of law and equity, judges of admiralty, and attorney general, are chosen by the General Assembly in joint ballot. The latter holds office four years, and the judges during good behavior. The Supreme Court holds three sessions per annum, two at Raleigh, and one at Morgantown, the latter for the western part of the state. The sessions continue until all the cases on the docket are either decided or deferred for good cause shown. It has jurisdiction in all cases of law and equity brought by appeal or by the parties. The superior courts of law, and the courts of equity, which have complete equity jurisdiction, hold one session semiannually in every county of the state. About ten counties compose a circuit, of which the state is divided into seven. These are visited alternately by the judges, so as not to preside in the same circuit twice in succession. Education. — The free school system in North Carolina has not yet attained a very near approximation to that of the New England, Middle, and some of the Western States. In 1840, there were but 632 common schools in the state, and these contained less than 15,000 scholars, while there were more than 56,000 adult white persons unable either to read or write. The census of 1850 shows no better result. There are two colleges, and about 150 minor literary seminaries: the oldest of the former was founded in 1791. Provision for the establishment and maintenance of asylums for the insane, and for the deaf and dumb, has recently been made by the legislature. Fiinwanees. - The net amount of the state debt, arising from the loan of its creditFso certain railroad companies, is somewhat short of $1,000,000. The receipts into the treasury, for some few years past, have very considerably exceeded the expenditures. Surface, Soil, 4-c. - Along the Atlantic coast of the state, through a space of from 50 to 75 miles in breadth, the land is low, level, and swampy, intersected by many streams, which, from the nature of the surface, are neither rapid nor clear. ~Westwardly, beyond this tract, for a distance of some 40 miles, the land is more hilly and broken, and the soil sandy. Farther on, above the falls of the rivers, the country becomes elevated, and, in some places, mountainous. The highest mountain peak in the United States, east of the Rocky Mountains, is said to be Black Mountain, in Yancey county, which rises to a height of 6476 feet.. There are other prominences, reaching to nearly as great an elevation. The soil in the district bordering on the sea-coast is zenerally poor, producing naturally no other timber than the pitch pine, from STATES AND TERRITORIES. -NORTH CAROLINA. 117 which are procured large quantities of tar, pitch, and turpentine, constituting the chief articles of export from the state. The contiguous and more elevated region is somewhat more productive, though the soil is thin and sandy.'The swampy spots are well adapted to the culture of rice. In the uplands, and beyond the mountain ranges, the land is exceedingly fertile. Indian corn grows well in all parts of the state, and cotton is successfully cultivated in many places. The low country, especially on the river borders, produces spontaneously plums, grapes, strawberries, and other fine fruits; it is also well adapted to the growth of rice, the sugar-cane, &c. The table lands at the west yield a fine natural growth of walnut, oak, lime, cherry, and other timber. The pitch pine, of which the low lands produce such large quantities, is generally of a prodigious size, far exceeding the dimensions of this description of timber found in the more northern states. The celebrated Dismal Swamp, 30 miles in length by 10 in width, lies in the northern part of this state, and reaches into Virginia. This tract is covered with a thick growth of pine, cypress, juniper, and oak-trees. There are within the state upwards of two million acres of swampy land, which may be reclaimed and made to produce abundant crops of rice, corn, cotton, and tobacco. Rivers.- The Chowan and Roanoke, taking their rise in Virginia, flow through a portion of the state into Albemarle Sound. Cape Fear River is the longest which runs entirely within the state, being 280 miles in length, and is navigable, for vessels drawing 11 feet of water, to Wilmington, 40 miles from the sea. The Yadkin is also another considerable stream. They are all, however, subject to obstructions by sand bars at their mouths, owing to their sluggish course through a long distance of low and level country. Internal Improvements. - There are several railroads and canals in this state, most of which are connected with those of Virginia. One of the railroads extends from Wilmington, 161 miles, to Weldon, on the River Roanoke; another reaches from Raleigh, 85 miles, to Gaston, on the same river. The Dismal Swamp Canal, which commences in Virginia, is extended into North Carolina. A canal of five miles passes round the falls of the Roanoke. Minerals. - The state contains gold, iron, and other valuable minerals; but the public attention is chiefly directed to the former. The region which is most prolific in gold occupies both sides of the Blue Ridge, in the western part of the state. The mines have been extensively wrought; and, for some years, thousands of persons have been engaged, with varied success, in the business. The ore is found occasionally in veins, sometimes in small lumps, but more frequently in grains or dust. The amount annually obtained has been estimated at some $5,000,000. Only a comparatively small part of this, however, finds its way to the United States mint, or is retained in this country, a considerable portion being transmitted to Europe. Jlanufactures. -Coarse fabrics of cotton and of wool are manufactured to some extent, principally for home use. There are numerous furnaces, forges, and smelting houses, for the conversion of the native mineral ores, iron, lead, and gold, into marketable shape. The manufacture of flour is carried on somewhat largely; and among the remaining commodities manufactured in the state are hats and bonnets, hardware and cutlery, soap and candles, furniture and carriages, leather and saddlery, distilled and fermented liquors, &c. Indians. — No distinct tribes, and but few scattered families, of the Indian race remain within the limits of North Carolina. As in most of the early settled states, the aboriginal proprietors of the soil have gradually given place to the advancing influences of civilization, and either become extinct, or sought out new hunting-grounds in remote and still unsubdued regions. At the last census, the inhabitants of Indian blood numbered only 710. Population. - During the 40 years ending in 1830, the population of this state increased very steadily, though showing at each decennial census some differences in the ratio of augmentation. Between the above date and 1840, it remained comparatively stationary; but between the latter year and 1850, had increased from 753,419 to 868,903, about one third of whom are slaves. Climate. - In some parts of the state, especially in the elevated country at the west, the climate is delightful, and quite healthy. In the low lands, towards the sea-coast, however, it is mostly otherwise, excepting in the winter season. The low and marshy surface engenders 118 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. unwholesome vapors in the summer and autumn, and, consequently, fevers, agues, and other diseases incident to such localities, frequently prevail. Religion. - The mrost numerous religious denominations are the Methodists and Baptists These generally reside in the low country. At the west, there are many Presbyterians The Episcopalians and Lutherans have a number of congregations in various parts of the state; and there are also several bodies of Roman Catholics, Moravians, and Quakers. OHIO. This state has heretofore been classed among the North-west States of the American Union; but the vast accumulation of territory lying still farther west and north has left Ohio more properly among the Middle States, on the Atlantic side of the continent: indeed, her relative position, considered in regard to the present north-western possessions of. the United States, is actually that of one of the Eastern States of this republic. Marietta, the oldest town in the state, was settled, in 1788, by the " New England Ohio Company." The next permanent settlement was at Columbia, in the following year. In 1791, a company of French emigrants founded the town of Gallipolis. Large bodies of New England people, in 1796, settled several towns on Lake Erie. Before the above settlements were undertaken, several of the neighboring states, which, by charter or otherwise, were proprietors of various tracts of unappropriated western lands lying within this territory, had, from time to time, relinquished their claims; and numerous Indian titles were also extinguished by treaty. A territorial government was formed in 1799, in which year the legislature convened for the first time, at Cincinnati, and elected General William H. Harrison as delegate to Congress. A state constitution was formed in 1802, by virtue of which, and under authority of Congress, Ohio became an independent member of the federal Union. Boundaries and Extent. - Bounded north by the State of Michigan and Lake Erie; east by the States of Pennsylvania and Virginia, being separated from the latter by the Ohio River; south by said river, which divides it from Kentucky; and west by the State of Indiana. The Ohio River washes the border of the state, through its numerous meanderings, for a distance of over 430 miles. The state contains 40,000 square miles, and measures 200 miles from north to south, by 220 miles from east to west. It lies between 380 30' and 42~ north latitude, and between 80~ 35/ and 84~ 42t west longitude. Government. - The constitution provides for the election of a governor biennially; but he cannot be elected for more than three terms in succession. Members of the Senate, 36 in number, are elected for two years, one half chosen annually. The House of Representatives STATES AND TERRITORIES. — OHIO. 119 is composed of 72 members, elected for one year. All these elections are by the people. The state secretary, treasurer, and auditor are chosen by the legislature, in joint ballot, for three years. The sessions of the General Assembly commence annually on the first Monday in December, at Columbus, the capital of the state. White males, 21 years of age, residents for one year in the state, and tax-payers, are entitled to the right of suffrage. The constitution has been recently revised and modified; but its new features do not seem to be essential improvements in principle upon its former provisions.* Judiciary. - The judges of the Supreme Court, of the Common Pleas Courts, and of the city courts, are appointed, by concurrent vote of the two houses of the legislature, for seven years. The oldest Supreme Court judge in commission officiates as chief justice. There are four of these judges, two of whom hold a court in each county once a year. The Common Pleas Courts are held in some counties three times in each year, in others only twice, by a president judge and three associates. There are Superior Courts established in Cincinnati and in Cleveland; also a commercial court in the former city. Education. - On the admission of this state into the Union, it was stipulated, for certain considerations, that one thirty-sixth part of all the territory should be set apart for the maintenance of common schools. This liberal reservation makes ample provision for securing to coming generations the advantages of early instruction; and, thus far, the compact, on the part of the state, has been faithfully carried out. Good schools are diffused all over the land; and all needful attention and aid are given by the people to their support and improvement. There are many thousands of public grammar and primary schools in the state, some hundreds of academies or similar seminaries, and about twenty universities, colleges, and other institutions of a high order. The amount of the school fund owned by the state is above $1,700,000; and nearly $300,000 is annually apportioned to the several counties for school purposes. The number of persons over 20 years of age, who can neither read nor write, is about 35,000. F inances. - The state revenues are chiefly derived from taxes of various descriptions, viz., on real and personal property, professions, pedlers, foreign insurance agencies, auctioneers, brokers, banks, joint stock companies, &c, also from land sales, canal tolls, dividends on state property, interest on surplus revenue and other investments, &c. The expenditures include appropriations for state government purposes, interest on foreign debt, common schools, repairs on public works, &c. The total amount of the state debt, at the close of the fiscal year of 1849, including nearly $17,000,000 foreign debt, was somewhat over $19,000,000. The difference between the receipts and disbursements for the same year showed a balance in the treasury of $554,000. Upwards of $3,000,000 worth of stock in various public works is owned by the state, which yields liberal dividends. The gross income of these works, in 1849, was over $740,000. The total value of taxable property was about $430,000,000, and the revenue from taxes on real and personal estates amounted to $1,260,000. Surface, Soil, )c. - Near the borders of Lake Erie, and for some distance in the interior of the northern part of the state, the surface is generally level, and occasionally somewhat marshy. The section of country in the vicinity of the Ohio River, in the eastern and southeastern quarters, is elevated and broken, although there are no lofty mountains in the state. But the entire region is a table land, reaching to a height of 600 to 1000 feet above the ocean level. The most level and fertile lands are situated in the interior, through which flows the River Scioto. Vast prairies lie near the head waters of that river, of the Muskingum, and X Among the amendments introduced are the following: The House of Representatives to consist of 100 members -both branches to be chosen for two years; the legislature to hold its sessions once in two years; the lieutenant governor to be acting president of the Senate, with only a casting vote; on the passage of every bill, the yeas and nays to be required, and a majority of all the members elected, of each house, to be necessary to the passage of any law; all judicial officers to be elected by the people- the judges of the Supreme and Common Pleas Courts for five years; no state debts to be contracted to an amount of over $750,000, except in certain emergencies, nor the state credit to be loaned, nor the state, nor any county, city, or town to hold stock in corporations. 120 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. the two Miami Rivers, upon which there is no growth of timber, but which yield abundance of coarse grass. The forests, in other parts, produce oaks, walnut, hickory, beech, birch, maple, poplar, sycamore, papaw, cherry, buckeye, and whitewood, in all their varieties. Pines are uncommon, and the whitewood is generally substituted. The staple agricultural product of the state is wheat, of which enormous quantities are annually exported. Rye, oats, buckwheat, Indian corn, and other grains, are raised in great profusion; and nearly every species of garden vegetable is cultivated successfully. It is estimated that nine tenths of the land is adapted to purposes of agriculture, and that three fourths of it is extraordinarily fertile. Fruits of all descriptions known in the same latitude grow luxuriantly in all parts of the state. Rivers. -Besides the noble Ohio, which washes the south and south-east borders of the state, there are its numerous tributaries, some of which are streams of considerable magnitude, and extensively navigable. The Muskingum, which enters the Ohio at Marietta, affords navigation for boats through an extent of 100 miles. The Scioto, navigable for 130 miles, discharges itself into the Ohio at Portsmouth. The Great Miami, a rapid stream, after a course of 100 miles, joins the Ohio in the south-west corner of the state. The Little Miami, 70 miles in length, falls into the Ohio near Cincinnati. These rivers have many branches and forks, extending in various directions. A number of large streams flow northwardly into Lake Erie; as the Maumee, Huron, Sandusky, Cuyahoga, Vermilion, Ashtabula, Grand, and Black Rivers. These also have many branches. Internal Improvements. — Many important public works have been undertaken and accomplished in this state. The Ohio Canal) 307 miles in length, extends from Cleveland, on the shore of Lake Erie, to Portsmouth, on the Ohio River; and there are connected with it sundry branches, one of which reaches 50 miles. This work, commenced in 1825 and completed in 1832, cost $5,000,000. The Miami Canal, 178 miles long, extends from Cincinnati, and connects with the Wabash and Erie (anal at Defiance. This is also intersected by several branches. The Mahoning, a branch of the Ohio Canal, commences at Akron, and extends 88 miles, to Beaver River. Two continuous lines of railroad extend across the state, from north to south - one from Cincinnati to Sandusky, the other from Cincinnati to Cleveland, which is also connected by railroad with Pittsburg, Buffalo, Sandusky, and Toledo. There are numerous important lines in progress, extending east and west, and, indeed, in almost every direction. Minerals. - Ohio does not present so great a variety of geological formations as are found in most other states. It is found that there are five distinct divisions of rocks, viz., blue limestone, the thickness of which is estimated at from 700 to 1000 feet; black shale, 250 feet; fine-grained sandstone, 350 feet; conglomerate, 200 feet; and coal series, 2000 feet. Indications of all these several formations are found in some counties; while in others those of only one or two of them are discoverable. The great coal region lies on the western bank of the River Ohio, and occupies not far from one fourth part of the whole state. The strata, as usual elsewhere, are interspersed with beds of iron ore; and immense quantities of both these materials are obtained from this quarter ofthe state. It is affirmed, in a Cleveland journal of March, 1851, that 1200 square miles in Ohio are underlaid with iron; and that a tract explored in 1838 was found adequate to furnish iron throughout an extent of 61 miles long by 60 wide, one square mile of which would yield 3,000,000 tons of pig iron - so that this district would contain 1,000,000,000 tons. If 400.000 tons were taken from it annually, it would require 2500 years to remove the whole. Manufactures. —The manufactures of this state are confined principally to articles the raw materials of which are of home growth, as wool, iron, leather, tobacco, flour, sugar, wax, lard, silk, potash, &c. All the usual collateral branches are also carried on to any required extent. Though not strictly connected with this item, it may be proper here to remark that millions of horses, mules, neat cattle, sheep, and swine are raised within the state, and that great numbers of living animals, as well as vast quantities of packed beef and pork, are annually sent to eastern markets. STATES AND TERRITORIES.- OREGON. 121 Population. - The people of Ohio are remarkable for industry, enterprise, and public spirit. They have " increased and multiplied," through accessions from the older states, and from Europe, in an almost incredible ratio. The growth of the population has been without parallel, until, perhaps, the recent thronging towards the golden land in the farthest west. From the time when the first census was taken, a period of only 60 years, the number of inhabitants has been augmented from 3000 to nearly 2,000,000. Climate. - In general, the climate throughout the state is highly favorable to human health. The summer season, though warm, is regular, with the occasional and somewhat rare exception of a whirlwind or hurricane. The winters are not severely cold, nor subject to violent storms; and the intermediate seasons are delightfully pleasant. It is true that in some of the marshy localities, giving rise to unwholesome vapors, the inhabitants are subject to those peculiar. distempers always prevalent in such districts; but even there, the range of disorders scarcely extends beyond fevers and agues. Curiosities. - The remains of ancient Indian villages, mounds, and fortifications, discoverable in many counties of the state, constitute the most remarkable subjects of curious interest. Particular descriptions of these vestiges may be found in Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, a work of 600 pages, octavo, full of minute detail, published at Cincinnati, in 1850. In the Scioto valley, within a compass of 12 to 15 miles around the city of Chilicothe, these extraordinary monuments are very numerous. A map, showing their respective positions, and an ample and very able account of a series of explorations made in that region, and elsewhere in the valley of the Mississippi, by Messrs. Squier and Davis of Ohio, between 1845 and 1847, may be found in the Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, vol. ii. OREGON (TERRITORY.) One of the recently-organized territories of the United States, embracing a vast region, extending from the Rocky Mountains on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west. The Columbia River, its principal stream, was discovered in 1792, and named by Captain Gray, of ship Columbia, of Boston. Having penetrated the river for some distance, and established the fact of its existence, the title by discovery belonged to the United States. Under the authority of this government, Captains Lewis and Clarke, in 1804 and 1805, explored the country from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Columbia. where they passed the following winter, thus strengthening the claim of the United States to 16 122 UNITED STATES GAZEITEER. the territory; this exploration of the river being the first ever made by civilized adventurers. The first trading-house established in that region was erected on Lewis's River, a branch of the Columbia, in 1808, by the Missouri Fur Company; and in 1811, the town of Astoria was founded by the Pacific Fur Company, under John Jacob Astor, of New York. This post was subsequently transferred to the British " Hudson's Bay Company," in consequence of its exposed situation during the war of 1812; but was afterwards restored, according to a stipulation in the treaty of Ghent. The British government, however, claimed certain portions of the northern part of the country; and the question of boundary between the English and American possessions was for a long time a matter of controversy and negotiation. The subject was at length adjusted in 1847, and the 49th parallel of north latitude agreed upon as the line of demarcation. Congress, at about the same period, passed an act for the organization of a territorial government. The provisions of this act, so far as they relate to civil and judicial magistrates, to the Indians, the public lands, school reservations, &c., are similar to those established in the case of Minnesota Territory. (See Minnesota.) The act has since been amended in some particulars; but its general features are not essentially altered. The Territory of Oregon is bounded north by the British possessions, from which it is divided at the parallel of 490 north latitude; east by the main range of the Rocky Mountains, separating it from the waste region of Nebraska; south by the Territory of Utah, and the State of California; and west by the Pacific Ocean. It extends from latitude 420 north to the above parallel; and, along its southern boundary, reaches from the 108th to the 124th degree of west longitude. Its area is estimated at upwards of 340,000 square miles. The surface presents three distinct sections or tracts of country, formed by separate and nearly parallel mountain ranges, two of which extend through the territory from north to south. The Cascade Mountains form the eastern limit of the first section, its western boundary being the ocean; between these mountains and the next eastern range, called the Blue Mountains, lies the middle or second section; and the third section, still farther eastward, reaches to the Rocky Mountains. These divisions differ considerably in most of their physical characteristics - in soil, climate, and natural products. The soil of the western or coast section, for the space of 100 to 150 miles east of the ocean, is not remarkably well adapted to the growth of grains, although many kinds of vegetable esculents may be successfully cultivated. The land is well timbered with firs, spruce, pine, oaks, ash, cedar, poplar, maple, willow, and other forest-trees. Fruit-trees of the more hardy kinds, shrubbery, vines, &c., are found to thrive in all unexposed places. Towards the coast, some of the forest-trees attain a prodigious size and height. Near Astoria, eight miles from the sea, there is, or recently was, a fir-tree 46 feet in girth, and 300 feet high; the trunk rising to a height of 153 feet before giving off a single branch. On the banks of the River Umpqua is a still more enormous specimen of the fir, being 57 feet in circumference, and 216 feet high below the branches. Pines reaching an altitude of 200 to 300 feet, and 20 to 40 feet round, are quite common. Good grazing tracts, and lands suited to the culture of many kinds of grain, and to the growth of pears,apples, and similar fruits, are found in the interior of this section, and at the base of the Cascade Mountains. The climate in this quarter is mild, though affected unfavorably at times by the raw sea fogs. It is not, however, unhealthy. The winters continue only from two to three months, corrmencing in December, though the rainy season lasts from November to March. Snow is not common, except upon the summits of the mountains. The middle section of the territory possesses a fair soil, consisting in part of a light, sandy loam, with many tracts of rich alluvion in the valleys. It is peculiarly suited to the production of wheat, and is fruitful in almost every description of vegetation. The climate here, especially towards the south, is uniformly pleasant and salubrious. The third division, lying between the Blue and Rocky Mountains, is extremely rough, and generally barren, with a correspondingly uncongenial climate. It is traversed by gigantic and lofty mountain ridges in various directions, and so broken into rocky masses as to present few level or productive spots. It is covered, in the elevated p'arts, with snow, to a greater or less depth, during almost the entire year Rain STATES AND TERRITORIES.- OREGON. 123 seldom falls, nor are there any dews. The temperature often varies 400 between sunrise and noon. Much less is known of the two last-mentioned sections of country than of that which lies on the shore of the Pacific, the chief seat, at present, of all the commercial or trading operations of the country. A number of extensive and capacious rivers flow through the territory, generally taking their rise in the mountains, and their course towards the Pacific. The chief among these is the Columbia, (sometimes called the Oregon,) which originates in the Rocky Mountains, and, after a devious track of many hundred miles, enters the Pacific Ocean from the east, in latitude 460 191 north. It is navigable for vessels of 12 feet draught for 120 miles, and for boats some 40 miles beyond, to the falls of the Cascade Mountains. Some travellers describe it as excelling most of the celebrated rivers of North America in beauty and magnificence. At its mouth lies a large and commodious estuary, the entrance to which, from the ocean, is somewhat intricate, but which affords shelter and good anchorage to vessels of the largest tonnage. The Columbia, in its long and tortuous course, receives the waters of numerous tributaries, flowing from the north, the east, and the south. Some of these are of great volume and extent, and are also supplied by countless smaller branches and forks, stretching from every point, and presenting thousands of admirable, mill sites. The other rivers which communicate directly with the Pacific are the Klamath and the Umpqua, both south of the Columbia, and extending inland only to the first or coast range of mountains. The principal rivers which empty into the Columbia, at various points, are the Canoe, Kootanie, Clark's, Spokan, Okanagan, Lewis, Kooskooske, Salmon, Umatilla, Quisnel's, John Day's, Chute, Cathlatate's, Cowelitz, and Willamette. The last named is a very important stream, flowing through a spacious and fertile valley, and uniting with the Columbia at a point not many miles from the ocean. A number of settlements have been made upon the shores of the Columbia; and on the banks of the Willamette are situated some of the largest villages and towns in the territory. Among the former are Fort Vancouver, Astoria, St. IIelen's, and Milton, the first two of which are places of considerable trade; and among the latter are Portland, already containing 15,000 inhabitants, several mills, churches, school-houses, &c., Milwaukie, Oregon city, Linn city, Champoeg, Salem, and many others, all possessing ample water privileges, surrounded by a fine agricultural country, and inhabited by an industrious, intelligent, moral, and thriving people. Farther in the interior are Hillsborough and Lafayette, the latter having a population of 800. A railroad from Milton, on the Columbia, to Lafayette, and thence into the interior, is in contemplation, at an estimated cost of $500,000. The mountains of Oregon frequently shoot up into conical peaks of astonishing height, presenting objects of grand and awful sublimity. The summits of many of these towering eminences, in the coast range, reach an elevation of from 12,000 to 14,000 feet above the level of the sea, ascending to twice the altitude of the region of perpetual snow, and bidding defiance to the approach of human footsteps. The Rocky Mountains, that immense natural barrier on the east, rise in many places to a still greater elevation. They form a continuous chain, often ascending to a height of 16,000 feet, but occasionally offering to the hardy traveller some convenient depression or gap, whereby he may pass from side.to side. In the northern part of this range are the sources of Frazer's River, which finds its outlet at the north-west corner of the territory, after a course of 350 miles through the British possessions. The northern branch of the Columbia rises in these mountains, in latitude 500 north, and, after having traversed this elevated region some 220 miles, and having fallen 550 feet, is still found, at Fort Colville, half way across the territory, to be over 2000 feet above the ocean level. The lands around Puget's Sound, in the north-west part of Oregon, are among the most valuable in the territory for agricultural purposes, as well as for commercial pursuits. They consist of extensive prairies, which furnish food f6r great numbers of horses, cattle, swine, &c. Several flourishing settlements are established in this vicinity, and a large amount of trade is carried on. A considerable portion of the inhabitants are French and English emigrants from Canada. Much excellent timber is found in this region; and mills have been erected upon 124 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. the adjacent streams, where there are many valuable waterfalls. The waters of this sound abound in shell and other fish. The tide regularly flows and ebbs from fifteen to eighteen feet, and the navigation is unobstructed and safe. Oregon is extremely rich in mineral resources, especially in the southern quarter, contiguous to the State of California. Large quantities of gold are dug in the fertile and pleasant valleys of the Klamath and the Umpqua. It is found even among the roots of the prairie grass. A lump valued at $2130 was recently taken from a sod; and those who are in search of the precious metal in this section - of whom there are thousands — seldom dig to a depth of more than three feet. Iron ore abounds on the Columbia; and among the other minerals already found in different parts of the territory are copper, lead, platina, plumbago, sulphur, salt, and coal. The latter is very abundant on the Cowelitz River, and at Puget's Sound. There are many populous tribes of Indians within the territory, whose views and feelings are dissimilar in regard to the encroachments of the white man, and the advancement of civilization around them. The most powerful tribe are the Shoshonoes, or Snake Indians. who are said to number 15,000. The other principal tribes are the Flatheads, Flatbows, Pointed Hearts, and Pierced Noses. There are, besides, numerous smaller tribes.. The governor of the territory, in his message to the legislature, in the spring of 1851, advocates the passage of a law by Congress for the protection of the Indian tribes. The population of this territory has multiplied prodigiously within a very few years. In 1840, the number was estimated at only 700 or 800. At this time, exclusive of Indians, it is probably not less than 25,000. The new towns are generally peopled by emigrants from the old states, who appear to be sufficiently aware of the value of orderly and liberal institutions, and have made due provision for their establishment and maintenance. They. acknowledge the necessity of the immediate construction of roads and other improvements, at the public expense; the establishment of a generous system of common education; and the enactment of laws founded on those principles of justice and benevolence which distinguish the general codes of the several members of the federal Union. At a late session of the territorial legislature, the capital of the state was located at Salem, on the River Willamette. Acts also were passed for the establishment of a penitentiary at Portland, and a university at Marysville. The time cannot be very remote, when Oregon will be united, by a direct chain of intercommunication, with all the states and territories lying between the Rocky Mountains and the equally rocky strand of the Atlantic Ocean. Already, in fact, the work may be said to have advanced half way towards completion. The Great Northern Route, so called, embraces a cordon of railroads, to extend from Boston and New York to Dubuque, in Iowa; a great portion of the line being finished and in travelling order, and the residue in a state of forwardness. This line runs directly west upon, or very near, the parallel of 42~ north latitude, scarcely varying a whole degree in its entire course, thus far, of over 1100 miles. From Boston and New York to Buffalo and Niagara Falls, this route has long been in active operation. Some few curves between Syracuse and Buffalo are to be overcome by a rectilinear section, which will be continued beyond the Falls, through the southern portion of Canada West, to Detroit, in Michigan. From the latter point, the Michigan Central Railroad now extends across that state, and around the southern margin of Lake Michigan, to Chicago; thence the line is to proceed to Dubuque, traversing the northern boundary of Illinois, and crossing to the western shore of the Mississippi. Here, however, it cannot be stayed. The Iowa Central Railroad will take up the work, and carry it to the borders of Nebraska. At this last terminus, only, is any obstacle to be apprehended that cannot be quickly removed by the enterprise of the surrounding population. It becomes a national duty, then, to extend the work through that desolate wilderness, until it shall touch the southern boundary of Oregon, in the same latitude of 420. California and Oregon will then consummate the enterprise; thus securing a direct and uninterrupted connection between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, across the body of the continent; and interjoining, by an imperishable belt of union, the inhabitants and the interests of the eastern and western extremes of this vast confederacy. STATES AND TERRITORIES. -PENNSYLVANIA. 125 PENNSYLVANIA. This state is one of the most important members of the American Union. Its history is peculiar, and differs, in many respects, not only in regard to the original establishment of the colony, but in respect also to its early career, from that of almost every other state in the republic. The benevolent and tolerant character of its great founder impressed itself upon his associates and followers; and, as a consequence, the wisest and most liberal institutions that could be devised in an age when the true principles of human government were but obscurely understood, were fixed upon in the outset, were perseveringly adhered to, and have ever since been cherished, with the happiest results. William Penn and his 2000 comrades, mostly of the persecuted Quaker denomination, left England for this country in a spirit of peaceful philanthropy, and landed at Newcastle, on the Delaware, in 1682. He was fortunately received in a like amicable spirit by the natives, and forthwith proceeded without molestation in the execution of his preconceived plans. Passing up the river, he selected the spot upon which Philadelphia now stands, and there laid the foundation of that noble and unique city. Some forty years previous, a few settlements had been made, by a party of Swedes, along the western bank of the Delaware, within the present boundary of the state; but the honor of planting the commonwealth itself belongs exclusively to the high-minded and distinguished man whose name it perpetuates. The whole tract now comprehended within its limits was granted to him, in 1681, by King Charles II., in compensation for services rendered to the crown by the father of the grantee, Sir William Penn, who had been an admiral in the English navy. After a residence of about two years among the colonists, he repaired to England, in 1684, where he appointed a provisional government, consisting of a president and five commissioners, to whom was intrusted the administration of the affairs of the new settlement during his absence. Having obtained full confirmation of his proprietary rights, he revisited the colony in 1699, and subsequently again returned to his native country, where he died in 1718, at the age of 74, bequeathing his property as an inheritance to his children. His descendants continued in possession until the war of the revolution, when their interest was purchased by the commonwealth for the sum of $580,000. A state constitution was formed in 1776, which was superseded by another in 1790. This continued in force until 1838, when the existing constitution was established. The constitution of the United States was adopted in convention December 13, 1787. The city of Philadelphia, renowned as the spot whence issued the immortal Declaration of American Independence, was the seat of government of the United States, until it was transferred, in 1800, to the city of Washington. During the revolutionary war, Pennsylvania sustained heroically her part in that eventful drama. Several severe battles were fought upon her soil; and the efforts and 126 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. sacrifices of her sons in the cause of civil liberty were not outdone by any of her patriotic confederates. Boundaries and Extent.- Bounded by the State of New York and Lake Erie on the north; by Delaware River, separating it from New Jersey, on the east; by the States of Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia on the south; and by the State of Ohio, with a part of Virginia, on the west. It lies between 390 42' and 420 15' north latitude, and reaches from 740 44' to 800 34' west longitude. Its dimensions are about 310 miles from east to west, by 160 miles in width, comprising an area of 46,000 square miles. Government. - The present constitution provides for the election of governor triennially by the people; not to hold office longer than six years in nine: the Senate, consisting of 33 members, one third chosen each year, are elected for three years: the House of Representatives contains 100 members, chosen annually. The judicial officers are appointed by the executive, subject to the approval of the Senate. The secretary of state is exclusively an executive appointment; and the treasurer is chosen annually by the legislature in joint ballot. All white males 21 years of age, tax payers, residents for one year in the state, and for ten days in the district, are qualified voters. Judiciary. —The judicial power is vested in a Supreme Court, four District Courts, and Courts of Common Pleas for 24 districts, into which the state is divided. The former is composed of a chief and four associate justices, who retain their offices for 15 years. They hold a court in bank once a year in four several districts. The District Courts are invested with the civil jurisdiction of the Common Pleas in their respective districts, in all cases exceeding a certain amount involved: the judges of these courts are appointed for 10 years. Judges of the Courts of Common Pleas hold office for 5 years; and any two of them may hold a Court of Quarter Sessions in any county. Sheriffs, coroners, clerks of courts, registers of wills, and recorders of deeds are elected by the people for 3 years, and justices of the neace for 5 years. Education. -Pennsylvania has recently done much for the advancement of free education. There are in the state, independent of the city and county of Philadelphia, about 1500 school districts, and near 10,000 common schools, containing over 400,000 scholars. For the support of these institutions, some $700,000 to $800,000 are annually raised, partly by taxation in the several districts, and partly through state appropriations. There are also a large number of academies, and other literary or scientific institutions of a high grade, together with five or six theological seminaries maintained by various Christian denominations. The Girard College, near the city of Philadelphia, endowed by Stephen Girard with a fund of $2,000,000, and devoted to the support of destitute orphans, is perhaps the greatest charity of the kind in the country. There are two flourishing universities, - the University of Pennsylvania, founded in 1.755 at Philadelphia, and the Western University at Pittsburg, - together with the following colleges, founded between the years 1783 and ]336: Dickinson, Jefferson, Washington, Alleghany, Pennsylvania, Lafayette, and Marshall, besides sundry medical colleges. Finances. -The public debt of the state is not far from $40,000,000; and the value of its productive property is somewhat over $32,000,000. The annual income of the state, from all sources, is about $5,000,000, and the expenditures exceed $4,000,000. The interest on the public debt amounts to over $2,000,000 per annum. Surface, Soil, 4c. The state presents a great variety of surface. Much of it is undulating and hilly, and, in some localities, mountainous. There are also numerous level tracts, but few of which, however, are of any considerable extent. South Mountain reaches across one corner of the state, in a south-westerly course, from the River Delaware, through an uneven country, to near the centre of the northern line of Maryland. Blue Mountain, extending in the same direction, from the northern extremity of the Delaware, is a continuous elevation of 700 to 1200 feet above the base, and terminates in a lofty peak, called Pilot's Knob, near the southern boundary of the state. A broken and hilly region lies northward of this range, bordered by the Susquehanna and Lehigh Rivers, and celebrated for its vast deposits of anthracite coal Several distinct mountains rise in this region, the summits of some of which consist of tracts STATES AND TERRITORIES.- PENNSYLVANIA. 127 of unproductive table land. Other mountainous eminences lie around the valley of Wyoming, in the north-east part of the state; and there are several ridges eastward of the Susquehanna River, bearing various names. The lofty chain called the Great Alleghany, or Appalachian Mountains, traverses the state, almost uninterruptedly, from New York to Virginia. Westward of, and parallel with, the Alleghanies are Laurel and Chestnut Mountains, and other high ridges, in the direct vicinity of which the surface is rough and broken; but in the intermediate valleys, and farther towards the western part of the state, the soil is very rich and fertile. The land, indeed, throughout Pennsylvania, is generally of good quality. The grazing districts furnish large numbers of fine horses, neat cattle, and other domestic animals. Extensive tracts, lying along the margins of rivers, are peculiarly excellent, and under fine cultivation. Fruits of the best descriptions, and in great variety, are very abundant; vast quantities of wheat and other grains are raised in all quarters; and every species of vegetable product common to the Middle States is found in plenty and perfection within this flourishing agricultural commonwealth. Rivers. - Among the principal streams are the Delaware, on the eastern border, which is navigable for ships of the line to Philadelphia, 6 miles above its junction with the Schuylkill, a distance of 120 miles from the ocean; the Schuylkill, about 130 miles'in length, and the Lehigh, about 75 miles, are both tributaries of the Delaware, the union of the two latter being formed at Easton, some 60 miles north of Philadelphia. The Susquehanna passes through the state, from its sources in New York to its mouth in Chesapeake Bay. Boats and rafts may pass down this stream, but the upward navigation is impeded by numerous rapids. The Juniata enters the Susquehanna near Harrisburg, after flowing 180 miles from its rise in the Alleghany Mountains. The Alleghany and Monongahela Rivers, the former after a course of 400, and the latter of 300 miles, meet at Pittsburg, and, by their confluence, form the Ohio, which runs but a short distance within the state. Internal Improvements. —The position, extent, and resources of Pennsylvania have naturally stimulated her people to the establishment of all needful facilities for the promotion of her great agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial interests. Accordingly her revenues and credit, and the means of her wealthiest citizens, have been liberally devoted to the construction of various descriptions of public works, some of which are on a scale of great magnitude. Railroads and canals intersect the country in all directions, connecting the tide waters on the eastern boundary with those of the Ohio, and between all the principal points of trade throughout the state. These great enterprises are so many in number, and so variously distributed, that, for a particular account of them, reference must be had to that portion of this work which treats of Railroads and Canals. Minerals. - The grand mineral product of this state is anthracite coal, various qualities of which are mined in the different districts of the vast coal region, extending in length over 60 miles north-easterly from the north branch of the Susquehanna, with a breadth of 16 to 18 miles. This region is divided into three distinct coal fields, which again are subdivided each into several mining districts. These great deposits are estimated to occupy an area of nearly 1000 square miles, and in many spots to be from 50 to 60 feet in depth. As it is calculated that each cubic yard will yield a ton of coal, some conception may be formed of the immensity of the aggregate. In 1820, less than 400 tons of coal were sent to market from this region; but in 1842, the supply had increased to upwards of 1,112,000 tons, and the product has since been annually increasing. West of the Alleghanies lies a still more extensive tract, embracing an area of about 21,000 square miles, in which are embedded exhaustless quantities of bituminous coal. About 300,000 tons of this description of fuel are annually consumed in Pittsburg alone. The state also abounds in iron ore, salt, &c. JManufactures. - The people of Pennsylvania are largely engaged in this department of home industry, the products of which are probably greater in quantity and value than those of any other state in the Union. The most important manufactures are cast and wrought iron in all varieties, cotton and woollen fabrics, paper, furniture, machinery, hats, articles of leather, porcelain, glass, pottery, marble, flour, chandlery, distilled and fermented liquors, &c. Indians. — The aboriginal tribes which once peopled the territory now constituting the 128 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. State of Pennsylvania have all disappeared, so far as regards any distinct social organization. Their hunting-grounds were yielded to the first white settlers with much less repugnance than has been manifested in almost every other part of the continent; and their successors, by constantly pursuing towards the natives a humane and liberal policy, have enjoyed exemption from those depredations and wars which have so sorely afflicted most of the new settlements in this country. Population. - From the date of the first enumeration of the inhabitants, 150 years ago, when the colony contained but 20,000 souls, the population of Pennsylvania has continued to " increase and multiply," in steady and regular progression. At the present time its population numbers over 2,300,000. It is composed of the best possible materials for the formation and preservation of a free state. Industry, frugality, order, and patriotism are among the distinguishing traits of the people. Their enterprise and foresight have been remarkably exemplified in their magnificent system of public works, in their extensive agricultural and mechanical operations, and in their flourishing literary institutions. The establishment and support of all these important interests have been marked by unsurpassed earnestness and munificence. Clintate. -Although the climate of Pennsylvania is subject to much fluctuation at all seasons, and the extremes of temperature are some 120~ asunder, ranging from 20~ below zero, in winter, to 98~ above, in summer, still there are few or no states in the Union which are blessed with a purer atmosphere or a more healthful climate. The spring and autumn, in all parts of the state, are delightfully pleasant; and notwithstanding the occasional violent changes, which, however, are not of long duration, the weather is for the most part equable and mild, according to the several seasons. The mean temperature, for the whole year, is between 440 and 52~. July is usually the hottest month, and January the coldest. In the southern quarters, winter commences late in December, and continues until March; but in the northern parts of the state, the cold season sets in a month earlier, and snow does not generally disappear until late in March. Frosts appear in some localities as early as September. Religion. —The Friends or Quakers, successors of the first settlers, are probably more numerous in Pennsylvania than in any other state, having some 150 to 200 congregations. The Presbyterians, however, outnumber all the other denominations; then follow in order the Methodists, Baptists, German Reformed, and Episcopalians, all of whom are numerous. There is also the usual variety of minor sects. RHODE ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLANTATIONS. This, in territorial extent, is the smallest state in the Union. It lies between 42~ and 43~ north latitude, and 710 and 72~ west longitude from London, and comprises an area of about 1.306 square miles. It is bounded north and east by IMassachusetts, south by the Atlantic Ocean, and west by Connecticut. The STATES AND TERRITORIES. - RHODE ISLAND. 129 natural features of the state are somewhat peculiar. About one tenth part of it is water, and of the residue, a very considerable portion is made up of islands. The interior, with the exception of the intervales along the streams, is generally rough and hilly, better adapted to grazing than to the raising of grain. Most of the islands, together with that part adjoining salt water, are very fertile. The most considerable hills in the state are Mount Hope in Bristol, Pine in Exeter, Easchaheague and Hopkins in West Greenwich, Chopmist in Scituate, Neutaconkanet in Johnston, WVoonsocket in Smithfield, and Diamond in Cumberland. The state abounds in streams of water, the banks of which are lined with manufacturing establishments of various kinds. Narragansett Bay extends from the sea, more than 30 miles into the state, affording commodious and safe harbors along its whole length. The harbor of Newport, at its mouth, is not excelled by any in the United States. The harbors of Bristol and Wickford are easy of access at all seasons for vessels of heavy burden. That of Providence has less water than either of these, nor can it be safely entered by any vessel of any considerable size without a pilot. In 1839, Dr. Jackson, of Boston, under appointment of the legislature, made an agricultural and geological survey of the state. The mineral resources brought to light by this survey are not extensive or peculiarly valuable. Iron ore abounds in many localities. Anthracite coal is found in large quantities on the Island of Rhode Island, and also in Cumberland, and is fast coming into use. Limestone abounds in several towns, and is extensively and profitably wrought for use. The state is divided into 5 counties, - Newport, Providence, Washington, Kent, and Bristol, -which are subdivided into 31 townships. The settlement of the state by Europeans was commenced by Roger Williams and his associates at Providence, in the year 1636. The settlers came from Massachusetts, from which colony their leader had been banished for alleged political and religious heresies. In 1638, some of the religious followers of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson removed from Massachusetts to the Island of Rhode Island, in consequence of the proceedings had against them for their religious opinions. Samuel Gorton and his company commenced a third settlement at Warwick, in 1642. Neither of these companies had any charter from the English government. They were voluntary associations. Each company purchased its location of the Narragansett Indians inhabiting there. Neither of them had any patent from the English company, which claimed them by grant from the crown of England. They were separate, distinct colonies, independent of each other, and having no common bond of union, except what arose from their common origin, design, and dangers. In 1643, the Parliament of England granted a charter of civil government, under the name of " Providence Plantations, in New England, in America." This, with a slight interruption, constituted the fundamental law of the plantations until 1663, when Charles II., upon the petition of the inhabitants, granted them another charter, under the name of "the Governor and Company of the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England, in America." This conferred on the colonists the right to elect all their officers, and to pass laws for their government, without the intervention, positive or negative, of either king or Parliament. It also guarantied to them liberty of conscience, in the most unlimited meaning of the term. This charter continued in force, with the exception of the few years when Sir Edmund Andros was the general governor of New England, until the American revolution. The people of this colony entered that struggle with great zeal. In May, 1776, the colony repealed the law, before that time in force, securing to his majesty the allegiance of his subjects. They abolished the oath of allegiance to the king, struck his name from all legal process, and directed all proceedings to be in the name of the colony, thus anticipating the Congress of the United Colonies on the question of independence. The colony united with her sister colonies in holding the old Continental Congress, and was among the first to direct her delegates to sign the Articles of Confederation. To those articles this state adhered with great pertinacity, until after all the others had deserted them, refusing to adopt the constitution of the United States until May 29, 1790. It has been said of Rhode Island with truth, that though " she was first at the fight, she was last to the feast." 17 130 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. As the charter of 1663 vested the right to elect all officers in the people of the colony, the Declaration of Independence required no change in the form of government. Elections were held after as well as before that event by force of laws passed pursuant to its provisions. It lost its binding force as an instrument emanating from the King of England, at the passage of the act of May, 1776, but it continued to be referred to as written evidence of the unwritten constitution of the state until very recently. With this explanation, it may be said, with truth. that this charter, with the usages which grew up under it, modified from time to time by the action of the legislature, continued to be the constitution of the state until the present'written constitution went into operation, on the 2d day of May, 1843. Under the charter, the right of suffrage was regulated by the General Assembly of the state, the charter being silent on the subject. In 1665, the General Assembly, in reply to a query on the subject proposed to them by the king's commissioners, declared, " that all men of competent estate, civil conversation, and obedient to the civil magistrate," were admitted freemen of the colony, on asking to be so admitted. There was no law declaring what should be considered as a "competent estate" until 1723, when the General Assembly by law enacted that no man should be admitted a freeman of any town, unless he owned lands in such town of the value of ~100, or of the yearly value of 40 s., or were the eldest son of such a freeholder. In 1729, the freehold qualification was raised to ~200, or ~10 yearly value; and in 1746, to ~400, or ~20 yearly value. Subsequently it was reduced to ~40, or 40 s. yearly value, and thus it stood in 1776. Some of these changes undoubtedly arose out of changes in the value of the pound. In 1798, the freehold qualification was fixed at $134, or yearly value of $7. Thus it continued until the constitution of 1843. By that instrument, the right of suffrage is conferred on every male citizen of the United States of the age of 21 years, who has his home and residence in this state for one year, and in the town where he claims to vote six months preceding his claim; who owns a freehold estate in lands or real estate of the value of $134 above all encumbrances, or which rents for $7 per annum. Every native citizen of the United States, of the above age and residence, who is assessed and has paid a tax of $1, or who has been enrolled and done military duty for one day at least, has the right to vote in the election of all civil officers, and on all questions, excepting only that unless he has been assessed and has paid a tax on property, valued at least at $134, he is not allowed to vote for the election of city council of Providence, or on any proposition to impose atax, or forthe expenditure of money in any town. The legislative power, under that constitution, is vested in the Senate and House of Representatives. The Senate consists of the lieutenant governor and one senator from each town. The governor presides over the deliberations of the Senate, and has the casting vote. The House of Representatives can never exceed 72 in number. Each town is entitled at least to one, and no town can have more than one sixth of the whole number. The ratio of representation, with these exceptions, is based on population. The present ratio is one representative for every 1875 inhabitants. The Senate and House of Representatives are styled the General Assembly. They hold two stated sessions annually, one at Newport on the first Tuesday in May, and the other on the last Monday in October at South Kingston, once in two years, and in the intermediate years alternately at Bristol and East Greenwich. In addition to these, there are generally two adjourned sessions in each year, one of which is held in the summer at Newport, and the other at'Providence irn January. The governor, lieutenant governor, senators, representatives, secretary of state, attorney general, and general treasurer are elected annually on the first Wednesday in April, their official term commencing on the first Tuesday in May. All the other state officers, except judges of the Supreme Court, are elected annually by the General Assembly in joint ballot of both houses, the governor presiding. The judicial power in the state is vested in a Supreme Court, which holds tivo terms annually in each county, and in Courts of Common Pleas for each county, which also hold two terms in each year. The Supreme Court consists of one chief and three associate justices, STATES AND TERRITORIES. -RHODE ISLAND. 131 any two of whorl make a quorum. Courts of Common Pleas are held by one of the associate justices of the Supreme Court. The judges of these courts are elected, like other state officers, by the General Assembly, but they hold their offices until they are declared vacant by a majority of all the members elected in each house at the May session. In all the towns except Providence and Newport, the town courts are, ex officio, courts of probate, and the town clerks registrars of probate and of deeds. The Municipal Court of Providence exercises probate jurisdiction. The city clerk is register of deeds. The industry and capital of the state were formerly devoted to agriculture and commerce. The latter was the favorite pursuit, as it led to greater wealth, and involved less personal labor. The peculiar situation of the state, and the commodiousness of its harbors, naturally turned the attention of its citizens to commercial pursuits. Rhode Island ships then visited all parts of the globe. They were the second, if not the first, to unfurl the stars and stripes in the Celestial Empire. For the last forty years, commerce has been gradually declining, until, at the present time, foreign trade is almost entirely confined to a few square-rigged vessels in the West India business. The number and tonnage of coasting vessels has increased during the same period. But capital and industry are pursuing new sources of wealth in manufactures and the mechanic arts. Calico printing was commenced here as early as 1794, on cotton cloth imported from the East Indies. Samuel Slater, the father of'cotton manufactures in this country, set up his first cotton mill in the spring of 1796, in this state. Now, more persons are engaged in the various manufactures of cotton than in any other pursuit. The census of 1850 shows a great increase in the manufacturing interest, requiring vast expenditures. Public provision was first made by law for the establishment of public schools in this state in the year 1800. It soon became very unpopular, and was repealed in 1803. In 1828, the General Assembly passed a new law on the subject, which, with various amendments, is still in force. At the passage of this act, the legislature made an appropriation of $10,000 per year for the support of public schools, but for several years past the appropriation has been increased to $35,000. The number of scholars registered in the state, during the last year, in the public schools, was 24,733; in the instruction of which 239 male and 270 female teachers were employed. The amount expended for instruction, repairs of school-houses, &c., during the same period, was about $97,000. Those who are ready to brand this state with infamy for neglecting the cause of public education would do well to recollect that Rhode Island never had any resources for such an object, or even for the support of its government, except by taxation on its citizens. The small tracts of land which belonged to the state were disposed of at almost nominal prices, because the title to and jurisdiction over them were claimed by the adjoining colonies and others. Beyond the present boundaries the state never owned any land. There is but one university in the state. That is located at Providence. It was incorporated in 1764, under the name of Rhode Island College. The name was changed to Brown University in 1804, in honor of the late Hon. Nicholas Brown, who was its most munificent benefactor. The Butler Hospital for the Insane was incorporated in January, 1844, under the name of the Rhode Island Hospital for the Insane. It received its present name from the late Cyrus Butler, Esq., the generous donor of $40,000 to its funds in his lifetime. The institution is located at Providence, on the banks of the Seekonk River. On the 1st of January, 1851, there were 113 patients within its walls,- 50 males and 63 females. Owing to the utmost liberty of conscience, which has ever prevailed in this state, there are congregations of' almost every denomination of Christians within its limits. Roger Williams became a Baptist soon after the settlement of Providence, and founded a church of that denomination there. The church remained, though he left it in a few months, and became a Seeker. The first church established on the Island of Rhode Island was also a Baptist one. The Friends soon established themselves there. The leader of the settlers at Warwick, Samuel Gorton, was the founder of the sect of Gortonists or Gortoneans, now extinct. In some parts of the state, Sabbatarian principles prevail to a great extent,'the consequence of which 132 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. is a disregard of the Christian Sabbath. This circumstance has contributed to give the state that character for irreligion which some writers attribute to it. Notwithstanding this, and the jeers which have been indulged in by writers who should have known better, it is a fact, that there are as many religious societies, churches, and meeting-houses in this state, in proportion to its population, as in any other state in the Union. The only railroads erected in whole or in part in this state are the Boston and Providence, leading from Providence to Boston; the New York, Providence, and Boston, leading from Providence to Stonington; the Providence and Worcester, leading from Providence to Worcester. Besides these, several others have been recently incorporated, and will probably soon be built. The Providence and Worcester Canal will long be remembered, having proved a complete failure. The banking capital of the state has for many years been enormously disproportioned to the population. It exceeds $12,000,000. Being, however, divided among nearly 70 banking institutions, it has generally been managed with safety to the public, and to the advantage of the stockholders. In January, 1838, the legislature abrogated the use of capital punishment in all cases except for murder and arson. At the same time, they substituted imprisonment and fine for all kinds of corporal punishments before that time in use in the state. During that year, the state prison at Providence was completed. The buildings consist of a keeper's house, and a range of forty cells, two stories high, adapted to the Pennsylvania system of discipline — separate confinement at labor, with instruction. After a few years' experience, this system was abandoned, and the Auburn system substituted in its place. Since its establishment, 127 prisoners have been confined in it, of which number 37 remained its inmates in October, 1850. SOUTH CAROLINA is one of the Southern States of the American republic. It was originally included in the grant by Charles II. to Lord Clarendon and others, in 1662, which embraced both the Carolinas. The coast, however, had been discovered nearly two centuries anterior to the first attempt at a settlement thereon. In 1670, a few English emigrants laid the foundation of a colony at Port Royal, under William Sayle, who acted as their governor. In the following year, the colonists took what they deemed a more favorable position, on the western bank of Ashley River. Hence they again removed, shortly afterwards, to the confuence of that and Cooper Rivers, the site of the present city of Charleston. But little STATES AND TERRITORIES. — SOUTH CAROLINA. 133 progress was made by the settlers in this region, until the Carolinas were divided, in 1720. From this period, notwithstanding frequent hostile incursions and sanguinary cruelties on the part of the neighboring Indians, the affairs of the province continued steadily to advance, until the revolutionary war. During that struggle, the state performed her full share of duty, and encountered many and great sacrifices, arising from her exposed position. A military force, for the defence of the colony against the British, was organized at a very early period of the contest; in 1776, an attack was made on Fort Moultrie, at the entrance of Charleston Harbor, in which the invaders were defeated; but in 1780, the city itself was captured by Sir Henry Clinton, after a siege of six weeks, who held possession until 1782. A number of battles were fought upon the soil of South Carolina in the course of the war, one of which, that of Eutaw Springs, in 1781, had the effect of closing the war in that state. The constitution of the United States was adopted by this state, in convention, in May, 178S, by a vote of 149 to 73. The first state constitution, being the earliest in the Union, was formed in 1775; the present one was adopted in 1790. Boundaries and Extent. - Bounded on the north and north-east by the State of North Carolina, on the east and south-east by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south-west by the State of Georgia, the Savannah River forming the line of division. The state contains about 25,000 square miles, being about 200 miles in length, with an average breadth of 160 miles. Latitude from 32~ 2t to 350 10' north; longitude from 780 241 to 83A~ west. Government. - The governor, lieutenant governor, state secretary, treasurer, and surveyor general are elected by both branches of the legislature in joint ballot, each for the term of two years. The chief magistrate can only serve one term in any six years. The Senate is composed of 45 members, who are elected by the people for four years, one half the number being elected every two years. The House of Representatives contains 125 members, chosen by popular vote biennially. The right of suffrage is enjoyed by citizens who have resided in the county six months previous to the election, and paid taxes in the state for the year preceding. Judiciary. — Judges and chancellors are chosen by the legislature, and hold office during good behavior. They may order special courts, and a chancellor may hear cases, by consent, at chambers. There are four chancellors in equity, and six judges of the General Sessions and Common Pleas; the latter courts have original jurisdiction in all civil cases where legal rights are involved, (excepting in small matters of contract,) and in all criminal cases affecting free white men, &c. There are also Courts of Equity, held annually in each district; Ordinary's Courts in each district, having probate powers; Magistrate's Courts, &c. Education. - The free school system prevalent in most of the Northern and Western States is not yet fully incorporated with the institutions of South Carolina. Charity schools, however, for the elementary Instruction of poor white children, are supported through both public and private means, in many parts of the state. And yet the state contains upwards of 20,000 free white adults who could neither read nor write. A number of respectable academies or higb schools, and many primary schools, are well sustained by the wealthy classes. There are three colleges of some note, the most important of which is the College of South Carolina, founded in 1804 at Columbia, the state capital, and handsomely endowed by the state government. Connected with this is a Presbyterian theological seminary. Charleston College, founded in 1795, is an institution of less distinction, containing about 70 students. Another has been recently established in Abbeville district, called Erskine College, in which, at the commencement of the present year, were some 90 students. There is a state medical college, of high character, in the city of Charleston; a Baptist theological seminary at the High Hills, and another, supported by the Lutherans, at Lexington. Finances. - The income of the state, from all sources, during the year ending September 30, 1849, amounted to some $481,000, and the expenditures to $418,000, leaving an excess of $63,000. The state debt somewhat exceeds $2,250,000, and the property of the state is estimated at $5,000,000. The state taxes, in 1849, reached nearly $300,000. Surface, Soil, E8c. - There is a broad belt of land, extending from 50 to 60 miles into the 134 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. interior, called the low country, which is flat, abounding in immense morasses and pine forests, and interspersed with fertile tracts, well adapted to the culture of rice, of which large quantities are here annually raised. Along the sea-coast there is a chain of valuable islands, the soil of which is admirably suited to the growth of the best descriptions of cotton. Near the centre of the state lies an arid and sterile region, presenting, for some 50 or 60 miles in width, and reaching nearly through the state, a succession of sand hills, in shape like motionless ocean waves, though containing, at intervals, spots of great fertility. Beyond this, by an abrupt acclivity, commences the upper country, which consists of an elevated table land, the soil being highly productive, and under excellent cultivation. Beyond this quarter, the surface becomes mountainous, occasionally exhibiting protuberances of considerable height. Table Mountain, the most lofty of these peaks, is about 4000 feet above the sea level. The peculiar staple product of the low country is rice, of which vast quantities are exported, amounting in value to some $3,000,000 annually. Of the two sorts of cotton raised in the state, (the short and the long staple,) the aggregate annual crop is estimated at some 70,000,000 of pounds, nearly all of which is exported to the Northern States and to Europe. Among the other vegetable products are grains of nearly every variety; fruits of the best kinds, as figs, pomegranates, apricots, nectarines, cherries,.pears, peaches, melons, &c. Oranges, grown in the open air, are less sweet than those raised farther south. The sweet potatoes of South Carolina are renowned for the fineness of their flavor. Tobacco and indigo are raised in large quantities. Tar, pitch, turpentine, and vegetable oils are among the important natural products of the state. Rivers. - The state is well supplied with watercourses. Some of the streams are of great extent, and afford navigation for steamers and small craft for considerable distances. The Great Pedee, which is 450 miles in length, passes from North Carolina through the eastern part of the state. The Santee, from the same quarter, is navigable 200 miles for steamers. The Saluda, Edisto, Cooper, Ashley, and Combahee, &c., are more or less navigable for sloops and flatboats. The Savannah, flowing between Georgia and South Carolina, affords steamboat navigation for a distance of 250 miles, and for smaller boats to a further extent of 150 miles. Internal Improvements.- There are three railroads in this state, embracing an aggregate length of over 400 miles, of which nearly 300 are in travelling condition. One line, of 135 miles, connects Charleston with Hamburg, opposite Augusta, Georgia, on the Savannah River. Another is in progress from Charleston to Cincinnati, Ohio, a distance of 600 miles. Several canals have been constructed, which, though of inconsiderable extent, are of great utility. Minerals. - Gold is found in many parts of the state, but mining operations are carried on with less spirit than in North Carolina. Iron, lead, plumbago, and various ochres are obtained in considerable quantities; also marble, limestone, fine clay, fuller's earth, asbestos, soapstone, &c. JManufactures. - South Carolina is not a large manufacturing state, although many articles for home use are fabricated in her workshops and upon her plantations. Some attempts to introduce the spinning and weaving of cotton have been made within a few years, but with indifferent success. Agriculture and commerce are the chief supports of the state. The abundance of her products from the former pursuit necessarily creates a large trade; and her exports of raw material, including cotton, rice, lumber, pitch, tar, &c., are annually of great magnitude. Indians. — No organized tribes, or large bands of native Indians, are at present residing within the state. Population. — For the last 50 years, the white population of the state has but slowly advanced in numbers, compared with the increase of the slave population. Of 668,507 inhabitants at the date of the last census, 384,948 were slaves. In the low country, the blacks outnumber the whites in the proportion of more than three to one; in the central parts of the state, the whites are rather the most numerous; and in the upper country, the numerical difference between the two races is nearly reversed from that which exists in the lowland districts. STATES AND TERRITORIES.-TENNESSEE. 135 Climate. —A very healthy climate characterizes the elevated portions of the state, which diminishes in salubrity as the surface descends towards the coast. The swampy rice fields, stagnant marshes, and sluggish atmosphere, generate fevers and all the pestilential maladies peculiar to low and moist locations, not watered by running streams, nor swept by pure breezes. The winters are short, mild, and rarely accompanied by snow or ice. Vegetation starts very early in spring. The heat of the long summers is intolerable to persons unacclimated; but the autumn is generally a very pleasant, though at its commencement an unhealthy season. Religion. - Of the religious denominations, the most numerous are Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. There are also large numbers of Episcopalians and Lutherans, besides many congregations of Roman Catholics and Jews, and several societies of Universalists, Unitarians, and Quakers. TENNESSEE, formerly considered and denominated one of the "Western States," may now more properly be said to belong to the easterly geographical division of the American republic, since there is but one state lying between Tennessee and the Atlantic Ocean, while, on the other hand, there are five large states and territories between its westerly boundary and the shores of the Pacific. The original charter of North Carolina, granted in 1664 by King Charles II., embraced the area now included within the limits of this state. This region continued to be occupied by various large tribes of natives for more than a century after the above date, during the latter part of which period the early attempts of the whites to form settlements gave rise to frequent and sanguinary conflicts. In 1751, the Indians having offered donations of land as inducements for mechanics and farmers to establish their residences among them, a fort was erected and garrisoned near the centre of the tract held by the Cherokees. In the course of a few years, viz., in 1760, the latter commenced war upon the garrison, which they besieged and forced to capitulate. But the conquerors, in perfidious violation of their agreement, that the defeated party, some 300 in number, should be allowed to retire beyond the Blue Ridge, fell upon them when advanced about 20 miles on their way, and barbarously murdered every individual, excepting only 9 persons. In the following year, an expedition under Colonel Grant inflicted retributive chastisement upon the savages, and compelled them submissively to beg for peace. All the settlements hitherto made had been abandoned; but, after the cessation of hostilities, many persons from North Carolina and Virginia made renewed efforts to colonize this part of the country. In 1768-9, a body of 136 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. settlers planted themselves in the eastern quarter of Tennessee, and, their numbers continuing to increase, a large tract of land was purchased, though with much difficulty, in 1775. In the succeeding year, however, a warfare again occurred, which terminated in an arrangement with the two colonies above mentioned, whereby the boundaries of Tennessee were determined. The settlers continued to proceed westward, and, in 1779, having crossed the Cumlierland Mountains, penetrated as far as the site on which Nashville now stands. The war of the revolution raged at this period throughout the land, and the inhabitants of Tennessee suffered greatly from the combined assaults of the British and Indians. In 1780, a memorable battle was fought at King's Mountain, in which the hardy backwoodsmen signally defeated the enemy; and in 1781, the Cherokee and Chickasaw tribes were glad to negotiate for peace. Up to the year 1790, North Carolina had exercised jurisdiction over this portion of the western territory; although, in the mean time, numerous controversies had taken place among the people, in regard to their political position, together with some contradictory legislation on the same subject. In that year, the territory was duly ceded to the United States by North Carolina, and Congress forthwith placed the "country south-west of the Ohio" under an appropriate form of government. The territory was repeatedly harassed by the Creeks and Cherokees, whose object was to prevent the further progress of the whites, until the year 1794, when a final and permanent treaty was concluded between those tribes and the United States. In 1795, the territory having acquired the requisite amount of population to become an independent state, a constitution was framed; and, in 1796, Tennessee was admitted as a member of the Union. Boundaries and Ertent. - This state is bounded on the north by the States of Kentucky and Virginia, on the east by North Carolina, on the south by Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, and on the west by the States of Arkansas and Missouri, from which it is separated by the River Mississippi. It lies between 350 and 36~ 40' north latitude, and 810 40' and 90~ 15' west longitude; having an average length, from east to west, of some 430 miles, with a breadth of somewhat over 100 miles, and containing an area of 45,600 square miles. Government. - By the constitution, as revised in 1835, the governor is elected every two years by a plurality vote of the people, and can serve only three terms in any four. The Senate is composed of 25 members, who are elected also biennially. The House of Representatives consists of 75 members, chosen in like manner for the same period; and the legislature convenes only once in two years. All free white citizens, resident in the county where voting for six nlonths previous to an election, are qualified electors. The right of suffrage is not denied to colored persons, who are by law competent witnesses in courts of justice. Judiciary. -Judges of the Supreme Court are elected, by joint vote of the legislature, for terms of twelve years, and judges of the inferior courts for eight years. There are three judges of the Supreme Court, (one for each of the judicial divisions of the state,) four chancellors, and fourteen judges of the Circuit Courts. There is also a Criminal Court for Davidson county, and a Common Law and Chancery Court for the city of Memphis. Justices of the peace are elected in districts for six years; sheriffs are chosen in counties for two years, and are ineligible for more than three terms in succession; registers hold office four years. Education. — The school fund of Tennessee amounts to nearly $1,500,000. The interest of this fund is annually apportioned to all the districts wherein a school-house has been provided; but the system of free education, which is the glory of many other members of the Union, seems not yet to be fully understood or appreciated by the people of this state. Still, the inhabitants support somewhat over 1000 common or primary schools,- perhaps a tithe of what are needed, — 200 or 300 academies, some of which are of respectable rank; and six or eight collegiate institutions, of varied character and standing. The two oldest of these latter are Greenville College, in East Tennessee, and Washington College, Washington county, both founded in 1794; but the most prominent is the University of Nashville, founded in 1806. And, after all, the number of white adults within the state who can neither read nor write may be estimated at about 60,000. STATES AND) TERRITORIES. — TENNESSEE. 137 Finances. - The receipts and disbursements of the state, for a few years past, have nearly balanced each other. From the returns for the biennial term ending October, 1849, the expenditures had amounted to some $800,000; to meet which the revenues had fallen short less than $12,000. The state holds productive property valued at near $5,000,000, and owes a debt of nearly $3,500,000. Its ordinary annual expenditure, independently of the school appropriations and interest on the public debt, is somewhat less than $300,000. Surface, Soil, ~4c. — The state is usually considered as being divided into three nominal sections, severally known as West, Middle, and East Tennessee. The former, situated between the Mississippi and Tennessee Rivers, presents an undulating surface generally, though -n some parts nearly level, with a light but productive soil, finely suited to the cultivation of cotton, the chief staple in this quarter. The middle section is more uneven and hilly, though not mountainous; and the lands are of somewhat better quality. East Tennessee, bordering on North Carolina, is an elevated region, containing numerous lofty and picturesque mountains, mostly covered to their summits with noble forests. Here are the Cumberland and Laurel Mountains, and other conspicuous branches of the Alleghany range. The soil throughout the state, with the occasional exception of rough and broken tracts among the high lands, is very fertile, yielding generous crops of agricultural products. Timber of every variety common to tne adjacent states is found in great plenty. In addition to the trees ordinarily composing the western forests, there are upon the mountains vast groves of magnificent pines, furnishing material for the extensive manufacture of tar, rosin, spirits of turpentine, and lampblack; the juniper and red cedar also abound; and the mulberry is so plentiful and thrifty, that the silk culture might be pursued, with great profit, to an unlimited extent. Peach and other fruittrees, the vine, &c., are cultivated with ample success; and, besides cotton, excellent wheat, Indian corn, tobacco, potatoes of every kind, and all the usual varieties of vegetables, are raised in large quantities. A considerable portion of the cotton raised in this state is sent into contiguous states in the interior, for home manufacturing. Ri'vers. — Tennessee is watered in various directions by many important streams. The great Mississippi flows by, and constitutes its entire western boundary. The Tennessee River crosses the state between the divisions called Western and Middle Tennessee. The Cumberland, a tributary of the Ohio, though taking its rise in, and returning to, the State of Kentucky, has its course principally in Tennessee. There are many other large navigable streams; and East Tennessee, particularly, possesses a vast amount of water power, admirably fitting it for a manufacturing country. Internal Improvements. - There are five railroads, including branches, now being constructed within the state, embracing an extent of 600 miles, of which only about 30 miles are yet in operation. The estimated cost of these works is $600,000. The principal of these are projected continuations of various routes from Georgia, North Carolina, Louisiana, &c. Minerals. - Gold, iron, coal, and salt are the most valuable among the divers mineral products of Tennessee. The former exists in the south-eastern quarter of the state, but to what extent is not wholly developed, no systematic explorations on a large scale having yet taken place. In the eastern and middle sections, iron ore is found in great quantities, and of superior quality. In the same quarters, also, there are immense beds of excellent coal. Salt springs are numerous, and there is an abundance of marble, gypsum, various pigments, nitrous earths, &c. Mancufactures. - These consist chiefly of goods for domestic consumption; although manufactured articles to some considerable amount are exported. There are cotton and woollen factories, iron works, machine shops, ropewalks, mechanics' establishments of all descriptions, potteries, distilleries, breweries, a great number of flour mills, grist mills, &c.; the whole employing a capital of some $6,000,000. Indians. -Most of the tribes which heretofore occupied the territory have passed across the great dividing stream, and taken up their residence upon lands in the Indian Territory, in accordance with treaty stipulations. No bands of native Indians exist. as such, within the limits of the state. Population. - There were, in 1800, somewhat over 100,000 inhabitants in this state. Since ]8 138 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. that period, the population has been found, at every decennial census, to have increased prodigiously. It has now reached an aggregate of 1,002,625 of which nearly a fourth part are slaves. Climate.- Tennessee is favored with a very mild and generally salubrious climate. In the eastern part, it is particularly so; and is not surpassed, in all the desirable attributes of a genial temperature, by any other region of North America. It is, of course, varied, in some measure, throughout the state. But, from its geographical position, it may be pronounced healthy in every section, and almost entirely exempt from those destructive epidemics by which some of the neighboring states are frequently afflicted. Religion. - Methodists and Baptists constitute the larger portion of the religious denominations within this state. There are likewise large bodies of Presbyterians and Episcopalians, together with several congregations of Lutherans, Romanists, Friends, &c. TEXAS was formerly one of the Mexican possessions, though a distant province; being, as was generally admitted, one of the many conquests of Fernando Cortes, in the sixteenth century. At the period of its subjugation, it was inhabited by savages of the worst description. Prior to the year 1690, a French colony occupied a small district; but they were subsequently driven out by the Spaniards, under whose jurisdiction the country remained, with few or no intervals of agitation, sunk in the obscurity and lethargy of despotism, until the abdication of Charles VI. of Spain, in 1808. At this time, the people of Mexico began to assert their claim to the privilege of self-government; and in 1810, an open rebellion against the European authorities ensued. In 1813, a national Congress issued a declaration of independence; but a civil war raged for several years among various parties, upon the question as to what form of government should be established. At one time, the imperial party prevailed, and Mexico became an empire. This continued but for a brief period: a new system, organized like that of the United States, was adopted, and Mexico became a federal republic, Texas constituting an integral member. A series of revolutions succeeded, during which Texas separated itself from the confederation, achieved its independence by the battle of San Jacinto, in 1836, and erected itself into a distinct republic. A constitution was formed in the same year, and the first elections under the same were held forthwith. In 1845, after a prolonged controversy, Texas was annexed to the United States, and admitted into union therewith, by a joint resolution of both houses of Congress, ratified by the Texan people. STATES AND TERRITORIES. - TEXAS. 139 Boundaries and Extent. - This state is bounded on the north by portions of New Mexico, Nebraska, and the Indian Territory; on the east by the Indian Territory, and by the State of Louisiana, from the latter of which it is partially separated by the River Sabine; on the southeast and south by the Gulf of Mexico; on the south-west by the River Bravo del Norte, dividing it from the Mexican possessions; and on the west by the same, and by New Mexico. It lies between 26~ and 36~ 301 north latitude, and extends from 940 to 105~ west longitude. It is of very irregular form, and is computed to contain about 237,320 square miles; a portion of the original area claimed by Texas, when a republic, having been set off by Congress, at the time of its admission as a state, in the formation of the Territory of New Mexico. Government. — The existing constitution of the state guaranties the right of suffrage to every free white male, 21 years of age, after a residence of one year in the state, and six months in the district where voting. The executive officers, who can serve but four out of any six years, are elected for terms of two years by a plurality of the popular vote. The secretary of state, treasurer, and comptroller are chosen also for two years, by the legislature in joint ballot. Senators are chosen for four years, one half the number retiring from office every two years; the whole number not to be less than 19, nor more than 33. Representatives, not to exceed 90 nor fall short of 45 in number, are elected biennially; and the sessions of the legislature are held at like intervals. Persons concerned in duels are disqualified from holding office. Grants of money for internal improvements, &c., cannot be made without the sanction of two thirds of both houses. The laws are to be revised once in every ten years. Homesteads are exempted from forced sales for debt. The real and personal property of a wife is protected from seizure for the payment of the husband's debts. Corporations are not to be created with banking powers. The state cannot subscribe for stock in private corporations, nor borrow money, nor contract debts in time of peace to an amount exceeding $100,000, unless by a two thirds vote of the legislature. No law for the emancipation of slaves can be passed, without consent of owners, and the payment of full compensation. The introduction of slaves as merchandise may be prohibited. Owners of slaves may be compelled by law to treat them with care and kindness; and in cases of refusal or neglect, the slaves may be taken and sold for account of the owners. Slaves may have a trial by jury -when charged with crimes greater than petit larceny, and are protected against abuse or loss of life equally with the whites, excepting when engaged in a revolt. Judiciary. - The Supreme Court comprises a chief justice and two associates, appointed for six years, who hold sessions annually, between June and October, in not more than three places within the state. It has appellate jurisdiction, but is under legislative control in criminal cases and appeals from interlocutory judgments. The District Courts are eleven in number, each having its local judge, appointed for six years, and holding sessions semiannually. They have original jurisdiction in criminal cases, and in suits involving $100 and upwards. If punishments in cases of crime be not specifically defined by law, they are to be determined by the jury. In equity causes, each party has a right to demand a jury. Judges are nominated by the executive, and confirmed by a two thirds vote of the Senate. Education. - The nucleus of a school fund has been formed, by a constitutional provision, requiring the reservation of ten per cent. of the annual state revenue derived from taxation, as a permanent fund for the maintenance of free public schools. Public lands granted for school purposes cannot be leased for longer terms than 20 years, nor alienated in fee. The important subject of education has, however, as yet, occupied no great share of the public mind. Some schools, of tolerable repute, are supported in the most populous settlements; and a late writer asserts that there are, also, some colleges in the state; but this report is scarcely sanctioned by any collateral authority. It is supposed, nevertheless, that the state contains fewer free persons over 20 years of age, who can neither read nor write, in proportion to the whole population, than any other of the Southern States of the Union. Finances. - Texas is burdened with a heavy public debt, partly entailed upon the state by the late republic. The ostensible amount of its liabilities, in December, 1849, as reported by the auditor and comptroller, was upwards of $11,000,000, the par value of which is rated at 140 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. about one half that sum. The revenues of the state were estimated at $110,000, consisting of a tax of $92,000 upon real and personal property, valued at $46,000,000, and a poll tax amounting to $18,000. The average annual expenditures of the state may be set down at $100,000. Surface, Soil, /c. - The appearance of the surface of the country is described as that of a vast inclined plane, gradually sloping from the mountainous elevations in the west, towards the sea-coast on the south-east, and intersected by multitudes of streams, flowing in a southeasterly direction. It may be considered as comprehending three several divisions, each differing in some respects from the others. The first, commencing at the sea-coast, and extending inland from 50 to 100 miles, is a level and exceedingly fertile region, with a rich alluvial soil, exempt from those stagnant quagmires and lagoons which usually characterize the shores of the Southern States, beautifully wooded on the river borders, and abounding with extensive pasture lands, covered with an exuberant growth of native grasses and herbage. The next is a region of greater extent, presenting an undulating surface, composed chiefly of grassy prairies, interspersed with compactly timbered forests. The soil here rests upon a substratum of limestone and sandstone, and is of excellent quality. The third and loftiest region, situated among or near the great chain known as the Mexican Alps, consists partly of tracts of productive table land; but the mountain sides are also prolific in almost every variety of trees and shrubbery, while the intervening valleys, enclosing rich bottom lands, are extraordinarily fruitful, capable of repaying the toil of the husbandman a hundred fold. Indeed, the entire area of this immense state may be said to present, naturally, one of the most admirable countries on earth for agricultural purposes. The state is well wooded throughout. Among the trees most common are live oak of superior quality, other descriptions of oak, hickory, elm, walnut, sycamore, many varieties of acacia, cypress, caoutchouc, &c. The uplands also produce ample supplies of cedar, pine, and similar forest-trees. Fruits and garden vegetables, of every desirable sort, are cultivated with great ease and success. Peaches, melons, grapes, and other fruits known in temperate climates, are raised in profusion; and figs, oranges, lemons, dates, pineapples, olives, and other tropical fruits abound in the southern parts of the state. The products of the field consist of cotton, (the great staple,) maize, wheat, rye, barley, and other grains, the sugar-cane, potatoes of each kind, &c. Rice and tobacco are grown to some extent in different quarters; and among the indigenous plants are indigo, vanilla, sarsaparilla, and many medicinal shrubs. As a grazing country, Texas is exceeded by few or none of her sister states. Vast numbers of cattle, horses, mules, sheep, and swine are raised upon the prairie lands, receiving or requiring but little human care. Buffaloes and wild horses range the prairies in immense droves; and the deer, the bear, and other game, are every where abundant. Rivers. -In addition to the rivers which form portions of the state boundary, the chief streams are the Neches, Trinity, Brazos, Colorado, San Antonio, Guadaloupe, and Nueces, with their countless tributaries, all flowing towards, and ultimately emptying into, the Gulf of Mexico, after passing generally through the estuaries so numerous along that coast. These bays, being commonly obstructed by sand bars or narrow strips of land, do not afford convenient harbors, except for vessels of small draught. Steamboats drawing 12 feet of water can enter and ascend the Sabine; and the Rivers Neches, Trinidad, and Brazos are navigable, for similar craft, from 50 to 300 miles. The San Antonio and Nueces afford no navigation of importance; and the Colorado, though a fine stream, is obstructed near its mouth by a large raft, which in course of time will probably be removed, when vessels may pass up to Austin, the state capital, 220 miles from the gulf. The Rio Grande del Norte, on the south-western border, is a noble stream of some 1800 miles in length, and is already becoming a great commercial channel, though occasionally impeded by shoals and rapids. Internal Improvements. — Although admitting of unbounded improvements in facilities for internal intercourse, Texas can as yet boast of very few such advantages in the shape of railroads or canals. A railway, to connect Galveston Bay with the River Brazos, through Houston and Harrisburg, is in progress, and the iron for 30 miles of the route is already provided. STATES AND TERRITORIES.- TEXAS. 141 Another is in contemplation, to extend from San Antonio to the Gulf of Mexico. A canal from Galveston Bay to Brazos is also m course of construction. Minerals. - Silver mines formerly existed in the north-west part of the possessions of the late republic, but no deposits of that metal have been discovered within the limits of the present state. Excellent coal, and iron ore, abound in most of the inland districts. There are great quantities of nitre in the eastern quarter; there are multitudes of salt springs and lakes, from which large supplies of salt are procured; and bitumen is found in various localities. In all parts of the state except the low alluvial region, there is plenty of granite, limestone, gypsum, &c. Manufactures. - Nothing of great public importance has yet been effected in this branch of industry. Thus far the labors of the inhabitants have been principally confined to pursuits connected with agriculture, and to the preparation of their products for market as raw material. Few or no articles for exportation have as yet been fabricated in the state. Indians. — The territory and its neighborhood is still infested by hordes or remnants of tribes of savages, most of whom subsist by predatory incursions, often of the most destructive and sanguinary character. Efforts are in constant progress to reduce these marauders, by various methods, to a state of comparative peace and amity; but until the country shall have become more densely peopled, this desirable result will not probably be effected. Population. - The civilized inhabitants of Texas comprise emigrants from all the other states of the Union, besides the descendants of the original Spanish settlers, and persons in whom Mexican and Indian blood is blended. The former class, in all probability, compose a majority of the present population, which, by the census of 1850, was as follows: Whites, 154,100; free colored, 331; slaves, 58,161; -total, 212,592. Climate. - Texas is represented usually, by those who have travelled or resided in it, as possessing a delightful climate; and as being remarkably healthy in every part, with few exceptions at particular seasons. The wet and dry seasons, as in California, constitute the winter and summer. The former commences in December, and continues until March; the residue of the year, which is the dry season, comprehends spring, summer, and autumn. Severe cold weather never marks the winter season, and snow is very uncommon, except upon the mountain peaks. The heat of summer, although intense, is greatly modified by the regular and brisk breezes which prevail daily from sunrise until about 3 o'clock, P. M.; and throughout the year, the nights are said to be invariably cool. Between April and September, the temperature varies from 630 to 1000 Fahrenheit, the average range at noon being about 830. In summer, intermittent fevers are commonly prevalent in the low lands upon the Gulf coast, though rarely assuming an epidemic character. Religion. - Among the descendants of the earliest settlers, the Roman Catholic is of course the prevailing religion, as in New Mexico. But since the revolution, which resulted in the severance of Texas from Mexican sway, other Christian denominations, of almost every class and name known in the older states of the Union, have multiplied and flourished; and the cathedrals erected by the devotees of the pope are now vastly outnumbered by the churches and other houses of worship occupied by Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, &c. 142 UNITED STATES. GAZETTEER. UTAH is a newly-organized territory among the distant western possessions of the United States, deriving its name from that of the Pah-Utahs, a numerous tribe of native Indians, heretofore and still, with other tribes, occupying large portions of the country. It formerly composed a very considerable share of the wide-spread wilderness known as Upper or New California, and was consequently considered a Mexican dependency. Very few settlements have ever been made or attempted within the present limits of this region; in fact, it has scarcely been deemed habitable by civilized beings. The territory, together with that of New Mexico, and of the lately-formed State of California, fell to the United States by right of conquest, during the war with Mexico, and was duly transferred by the latter, under the treaty of 1848. For further information as to the general history of the country, see the articles California and NJew Jlierico. By the act of Congress passed September 9, 1850, establishing a territorial government for Utah, the limits of the territory are defined as follows: Bounded on the west by the State of California; on the north by the Territory of Oregon; on the east by the summit of the Rocky Mountains; and on the south by the parallel of 370 north latitude, which forms the dividing line between this territory and that of New Mexico. It extends from the 37th to the 42d degrees of north latitude, and lies between the 107th and 120th degrees of west longitude; having a breadth of 300, and an average length from east to west of some 600 miles, containing an area of about 180,000 square miles. It is provided by the same act, that this territory, when admitted as a state into the Union, shall be received with or without the toleration of slavery, as may be prescribed by its own constitution. All free white males, residents in the territory at the date of said act, were empowered to vote at the first elections, and made eligible to any office in the territory; after which the legislative assembly shall fix the qualifications of electors. The governor holds office for four years, and receives his appointment from the executive of the United States. He must reside within the territory, act as superintendent of Indian affairs, and commission all territorial officers. He may pardon crimes against the laws of the territory, and reprieve offenders against the United States laws, until the president's will be known. The President of the United States also appoints a territorial secretary for a like term, who administers the government in case of the governor's disability. A Council of 13 members, and House of Representatives, 26 in number, compose the legislative assembly. The former serve two years, the latter one year, and are elected by plurality of the popular votes. They are to be chosen in appropriate districts, and a due apportionment thereof is to be made by law. Legislative sessionsare not to continue beyond 40 days. No laws interfering with the primary disposal of the soil, imposing taxes on United States property, or requiring extra taxes on property of non-residefits, can be passed by the legislature. No law is valid until approved by Congress. A Supreme Court, District and Probate Courts, and justices of the peace. constitute the judicial power of the territory. The former comprises a chief and two associate justices, to sit annually at the seat of government, and to hold office four years. A District Court is held by one of the supreme judges, at times provided by law, in each of the three judicial districts of the territory. Justices of peace cannot try cases involving land titles, or debts exceeding $100. Both the Supreme and District Courts have chancery powers, and common law jurisdiction. Appeals from a District to the Supreme Court cannot have trials by jury. An attorney and marshal are appointed by the United States government for a term of four years. After a survey of the lands under authority of the general government, two sections in each township, equivalent to one eighteenth part of the whole territory, are to be set apart for the support of public education. It is trusted that the sinister disposal, in some of the new states and territories, of similar liberal provisions for this object, will in due time be guarded against, in this territory, by the friends of common schools. STATES AND TERRITORIES.-UTAH. 143 Regarding the finances of this newly-formed territory, there are as yet no authentic reports. Those who have explored the northern part of the country, the number of whom is not great, describe it as mountainous, rugged, and generally barren, without forests, and destitute Af valuable indigenous vegetation. Spots occasionally are presented which yield good grass for pasturage; and here and there may be found valleys of small extent, which are tolerably fertile. Towards the western boundary, near the bases of the Sierra Nevada, the soil is generally good. Numerous lakes, emitting streams of moderate size, lie along this region, affording convenient means for irrigation. But the central portion of the country, judging from the imperfect accounts which are at present accessible, is a wide sandy waste, producing, it is true, for a short season after the winter rains, a profusion of grasses and beautiful flowers, all which the succeeding summer heat reduces to an ashy desert. In other quarters, the country exhibits a rolling surface, with tracts of considerable fertility, often well wooded and watered, with frequent and extensive openings of prairie lands, and tracts of low grounds composed of a rich and loamy soil. Upon the whole, although a very large portion of the territory has never been subjected to cultivation, and still seems unfit for the permanent abode of civilized human beings, it is nevertheless susceptible of unlimited improvement; and the efforts of industry and science may yet convert it into "a land flowing with milk and honey." The principal rivers within the territory, so far as they have yet been traced or partially examined, are named Rio de los Animas, Grand, White. Tampa, Vermilion, St. Mary's, Vintan, and Duchesne Rivers, most of which, with their smaller branches, flow from the northeast, and ultimately unite with the Great Colorado of the West. The latter appears to take its rise in the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, near the north-east angle of the territory, and, taking a south-western direction, passes through New Mexico, forming part of the boundary between that territory and the State of California, and finally discharges itself into the Gulf of California. Great Salt Lake, a vast body of water lying near the centre of the northern boundary, is the source of numerous watercourses flowing north and east. Humboldt's River flows in a north-east direction, from a lake of that name near the mountains on the west. A river of some extent is connected with Nicollet's Lake, a large sheet, lying in the central part of the territory. A chain of lakes extends northerly from Humboldt's Lake, the principal of which are Carson's and Walker's Lakes. Pyramid Lake, which is of considerable magnitude, and several smaller collections of water, lie at the foot of the great mountain range which separates Utah from California. From each of these, several rivers stretch out in various directions, and are finally lost in the sands of the desert. No regular mineralogical survey of this region has yet been undertaken, and its mineral resources, which are doubtless great, remain of course undeveloped. Coal, alum, and salt, are said to have been found in some localities. Excellent clay for the manufacture of pottery abounds in the central and northern parts; and satisfactory indications of iron ore have been discovered. Besides the rude utensils and habiliments fabricated by the natives, there are no manufactured articles, of any note, produced within the territory; unless, indeed, the operations of the Mormons be considered an exception. This unique and erratic people, at their large settlement on Salt Lake, have erected various manufacturing establishments, including grain and lumber mills, woollen factories, potteries, &c. and are able to construct most of the farming or domestic implements, including fine cutlery, required for their own use. This settlement, prior to the organization of the territory, was called by the colonists " the State of Deseret." The only railroad yet projected in that country is to be forthwith commenced here, to extend from Mormon city eastward, to the base of a mountain, where are extensive stone quarries. The chief purpose of the road is to convey stone and other materials into the city, for building. But little is known of the present condition and numbers of the native tribes that are constantly roaming through this and the neighboring regions. The character of these wanderers, generally, is no better than that of the.wildest Arabs or Hottentots. Attempts are in 144 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. progress to treat with some of the more approachable among them; and, where they can be reduced to a state less inconsistent with the true objects of human existence by no other means, large bounties in lands, or "tribute money," will doubtless be resorted to by the general government. Excepting the colony composing the Mormon settlement, and the occupants of the few armed stations established by the United States, with perhaps an occasional ranchero occupied by Roman Catholic missionaries, there are no white or civilized inhabitants among the population of Utah. At all events, the enumeration is not yet completed; for Congress, by a supplement to the act for taking the seventh. census, foreseeing the difficulty of completing the same within the State of California, and the Territories of Oregon, New Mexico, and Utah, by the originally specified time, has authorized an extension of the period, at the discretion of the secretary of the interior. Years may therefore elapse before the completion of this work. The climate of Utah is in general more mild than that of the states on the east included within the same latitudes. Upon the sterile deserts in the central and southern parts, the summer heats are intense, and the climate sickly. Nearer the more fertile districts on the west, the temperature is equable, with less difference between the extremes of heat and cold than is usually the case on the Atlantic coast. The elevated lands, to a certain height, are considered very healthy; but travellers upon the mountain summits have frequently been attacked by fatal fevers and other alarming maladies. In the north, the winters are sufficiently moderate to admit of hydraulic operations throughout most of the season. The only religious organization, if it can be so called, which is now maintained in the territory, is that of the Mormons, or "Latter Day Saints." Besides their establishment at Salt Lake, they have formed a colony in Iron county, about 250 miles south, among the high lands near the boundary of New Mexico; a position, around which the country Is well wooded and watered, abounding in iron ore, and promising plenty of coal. See Salt Lake City, Appendix, No. 2. _~ -- - ~Th~ffiill —VERMONT. The territory which is now included in the State of Vermont, and which lies between Lower Canada, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and New York, was, for a long time after the surrounding settlements were made, in great measure unexplored by Europeans. In its vicinity, Canada was the first known and peopled by them, and a settlement was then made by the Dutch at Aurania, now Albany, and at the mouth of the Hudson. Then followed the settlements along the New England shores; but a considerable period elapsed before they STATES AND TERRITORIES.-VEElMONT. 145 penetrated the interior, and, consequently, that interior was hardly marked but by marauding parties of Indians, and the footsteps of their unfortunate captives. It is not found that any large body of the natives was cantoned within the present limits of the state. There was, indeed, a tribe bearing the name of Coossucks in the north-east part of it; " but these were inconsiderable in number, and hardly known in the records of warfare, being surrounded, although at no little distance, by larger tribes. These tribes consisted, in the first place, of the Five or Six Confederated Nations, at the head of whom figured the Mohawks. Among the French they bore the name of Iroquois, and had at an early period become their enemies, connecting themselves successively with the Dutch and English of New York, and adhering to their interests with great fidelity for more than a century and a half. The territory occupied by them, although denominated Canadian by Colden, in 1747, was included within the present boundaries of New York, being south of the St. Lawrence and the lakes, although their conquests extended far to the north and north-west. They were the terror of other tribes, yet seem never to have settled to the eastward of the Hudson, and the beautiful lake which was once denominated from them, but now has the name of Champlain.t The Indians who were in alliance with the French of Canada were principally the Algonkins, otherwise called J.dirondacks, a tribe between whom and the Iroquois there were frequent wars, the result of hostilities previous to the arrival of Europeans.t Whether or not the tribe denominated of St. Francis, as residing on the banks of that river, were of Algonkin or more eastern derivation, or whether connected. with the Coossucks or not, is not clear. Charlevoix describes them as Abenakis, who had left their brethren of the east, and migrated to Canada for the benefit of an alliance with the French. On the south-east and south, the Indians of the other New England States, New HIampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, inhabited mostly the sea-coast, and appear to have greatly dreaded the warlike character and prowess of the Mohawks. On the east were the Abenakis, Etechemins, and Micmacs, attracted also to the sea-shore, doubtless by the facility of procuring thence a portion of their provisions. Thus it would seem that the interior country which now forms Vermont was, as it were, a thoroughfare between powerful contending Indian nations or tribes, without being conspicuous as the seat of any considerable body of natives. It was traversed, rather than settled by them; its water conveyances north and south admitting also an easy navigation by their canoes; and hence, in the remote periods of native history, has little that requires or can repay research. This is an observable peculiarity. Another circumstance, which still more strikingly characterizes the country, is the history of the claims made on its territory by the states with which it is environed. To enter minutely into this history is no aim of the present work. But without adverting to it, our account would be exceedingly incomplete, as it tended not a little to mould the character of the inhabitants. For, in the process of settling the country, the lamentable conflicting of claims, as will be seen, imposed severe hardships on the enterprising men who ventured to leave the older settlements, and form in the wilderness homes for their growing families. Many a town contains in its rural burying-place the remains of "Some village Hampden, who, with dauntless breast, The little tyrant of his fields withstood;" since, as successive claimants pressed their demands, the inhabitants were compelled to * See a description of this tribe of Indians in Mr. Thomfpson's very valuable " History of Vermont, Natural, Civil, and Statistical." t Holmes's Annals, vol. i. p. 141. This name was givefi in 1611, three years after Champlain had founded Quebec. See also Dunlap's Iist. of N. Y. vol. i. p. 19. + See Colden, I-ist. of the Five Nations, Part I., and the excellent 1" Synopsis of the Indian Tribes," by the Hon. ]MIr. Gallatin, published in the Coll. of the Amer. Antiq. Soc. vol. ii., where the Adirondacks are characterized as of the " family " of Algonkin-Lenape. 19 146 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. repurchase their farms or leave them, suffering over again the grievances which disgraced the government of Andros, and ended in his seizure and confinement by the injured and enraged people.* His arbitrary cupidity, in which he but too faithfully imitated his worthless master, the bigoted and tyrannical James II., set an unhappy example, which yet was followed, and produced a hardihood of opposition that nerved the men of Vermont to daring actions. When the country which forms the sea-coast of New England began to be settled from Europe, the claim of Massachusetts to territory was extended to "three miles north of the River Merrimac." Casting one's eye on the map, it is easy to perceive, that a line drawn due west from this northern boundary, as it is formed by the bend of the river towards the north, not far from its mouth, would cut off a considerable portion of the southern part of what now constitutes Vermont. The Massachusetts government, therefore, when it extended its cares to the security of the northern frontiers against the Indians of Canada, without any hesitation or doubt, as it seems,. formed, in 1723, a lodgment in what is now Brattleborough, on the western bank of Connecticut River. There, during the distressing war with the natives, aided by the French, their instigators, which spread such terror and desolation along the borders of the settlements of Maine and New Hampshire, as well as Massachusetts, a fort was constructed by Lieutenant Governor Dummer, of the latter state, which received his name, and the next year a settlement followed. This was the first English settlement within the limits of Vermont.j But although the frontier towards Canada was thus extended, and, under the shelter of a fort, the labors of clearing and cultivating the land appeared practicable, yet the country was by no means in a state of security. We must never forget that American colonists were from different nations. Spaniards, we know, peopled the southern part of the continent, or overran it with their merciless troops, at an early period after its discovery by Columbus. And, jealous as they ever were of any encroachment on their power, wealth, or influence, they would not have left " the bleak, inhospitable north " to France or England, each of which nations took a portion of it, had they discovered in it any gold, which, as the commodity most available for immediate use, and soonest adapted to the gratification of eager avarice, they chiefly sought. By Papal permission and decree, they claimed all America. But France resisted this claim, and labored to form there an empire of her own; and Charlevoix, the historian of it, boasts its extent as " greater than all Europe," t although the proud Spaniard termed it " of nothing worth.'.' ~ This empire she exerted herself to establish and enlarge by all practicable means. Among these was the employment of a religious influence over the minds of the natives. Hence, in no inconsiderable degree, the efforts of her able, sagacious, indefatigable missionaries, most if not all of whom were Jesuits, bound to an implicit obedience to their head, eager to extend to heathen nations the papal sway, which had suffered so much from Luther and the reformation, and expecting to merit everlasting life by their exertions and sacrifices in spreading the triumphs of their faith; at the same time looking on the English as heretics, beyond the pale of the church, and so doomed to everlasting perdition. Religious bigotry, and hatred, and contempt were all combined, in their almost unmitigated hostility; the full spirit of which seemed imparted to their native converts, in addition to their own savage propensities and habits. Can we wonder, then, at the dread of Indian warfare that pervaded the frontier settlements of New England on the north? It must, however, be observed, that if treachery and cunning marked the Indian, as sensible of his disadvantages in open warfare with his foes of European origin; and breach of promise, and cruelty, and revenge, too often distinguished the Romanist, and led him also to connive at and permit in his Indian subjects and allies atrocities at which Christian civilization shudders; there was yet no disposition in the Puritans of New England to view with favor the character or conduct of a Papist. The very name was odious. Vermont, then, as a "thoroughfare" between nations of different origift, pursuits, and * See Hutchinson's Hist. Mass., &c. t Holmes's Amer. Annals, I. p. 531., Hist. de la Nouv. France, t. I. p. 1. ~ The import of the name " Canada." STATES AND TERRITORIES. - VERMONT. 147 interests, attractive as it was from its fertility and adaptedness to the purposes of agriculture and grazing, could not be occupied by peaceful farmers while the surrounding populations were struggling for mastery. Nor did the impediments end even here. The French, in 1731, erected a fort on the eastern side of Lake Champlain, towards its southern extremity; but they soon demolished it, and chose a position on the western side, where they built the celebrated fortress generally called Crown Point, although named by themselves Fort St. Frederic. Their object was, to facilitate their way to the Six Nations, whether for war or proselytism, and to their own possessions on the Mississippi beyond them, in order to environ ultimately the English colonists, and confine them to the Atlantic coast. The lake and its water communications were familiar to them, therefore, and highly valued. But on the land, it would seem, they had not leisure to make permanent settlements.; nor, perhaps, any present inducement, at such distance from their capital, and under other circumstances of the case. Meanwhile, as the lands of Connecticut and Massachusetts became occupied by the posterity of the first settlers, new fields of labor were sought. Applications were therefore made to the government of the latter state, by several of its inhabitants, who associated for the purpose, and a grant was made them to the northward of Fort Dummer, and on the eastern side of Connecticut River. This was in 1735, and the settlement took the name of No. 4, afterwards called Charlestown. But not ten years elapsed before war was again rife between England and France; and in 1746 this settlement was attacked by Canadian Indians,* and, for the time, ruined. Nevertheless, the spirit of the early settlers was unbroken. They returned, built again, cultivated their lands afresh, although with their weapons beside them; were again and again attacked, waylaid, several of them made captives and sold in Canada; and thus persevered, with unabated zeal and bravery, through all their severe trials, until their efforts were, in the good providence of the God of their fathers, crowned with success. It is almost impracticable, in these times of ease and security, to appreciate justly the hardships undergone by those who " made the wilderness to smile and blossom." Especially may this remark be made in reference to Vermont, although applicable far more extensively. But, added to the hardships attending the subduing of the soil, and to "the sword of the wilderness," in the " peril " of which they often " gat their bread," the disputes concerning titles to the land itself, to which we have before alluded, occasioned peculiar trouble. The boundary line between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was not settled until March 5, 1740, when it was established by George II., to whom applications had been made for that purpose, in the manner in which it has since been preserved, and now exists.t On the establishment of this line, it appeared but reasonable to all parties that New Hampshire should extend on the west as Massachusetts extended in that quarter; and hence her claim to the lands west of the Connecticut, and north of the Massachusetts line. Grants were therefore made by the governor of New Hampshire without scruple, and as the courage or necessities of settlers might prompt their applications. In this manner the territory of Bennington was granted, in 1749, and other grants followed. Again, however, war intervened; and, from 1754 until the final conquest of Canada by the British arms, in 1760, it raged with various success, but with great sacrifices and sufferings on the part of frontier settlers, exposed as they necessarily were, and furnishing no small number of the provincial troops. The return of peace brought with its blessing still another trouble, in the claims that arose from a new quarter. The State of New York, settled, as we have seen, by the Dutch, a few years after t the French had planted themselves in Canada, had indeed long since passed under the dominion of England, being finally subdued in 1664. But the Dutch had made a small * See its interesting history in the Collections made by Farmer and Moore, &c. t See Belknap's N. H., Hutchinson's Mass., and Williams's Hist. Vermont, 2d ed. + That is, in 1609, at the commencement of their twelve years' truce with Spain, which opened again the way to foreign enterprise. The year 1604 is fixed, by Charlevoix and others, as the time when the Sieur de Monts and Samuel Champlain completed the discovery of Canada, and took possession of the country for Henry IV. of France, almost a century after the first knowledge of it claimed by the French. 148 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. settlement for trading with the nations on the Connecticut, and, for a considerable period, stoutly disputed the possession with the settlers from the jurisdictions of both Plymouth and Massachusetts.* Indeed, they seem to have honestly purchased from the natives a right to the soil, with as much scrupulousness as the very Puritans at the east of them. Their claim, of a nature like that of the English, was made to extend, says Dunlap,t "from Cape Cod to Delaware Bay, on the Atlantic, including the islands of the sea-coast; the River St. Lawrence seems to have bounded it on the north; on the south, some undefined line beyond Delaware Bay; and west, it was boundless." Afterwards, however, it was narrowed down to the territory west of the Fresh River, as they termed the Connecticut. Mention is made of their purchasing of the Indians the territory between this and the North River, and " twentyone miles inland;" and De Laet, one of their early historians, t dwells on the pleasantness and fertility of the country, visited after Hudson, by Adrian Block, in 1614. Until recently, however, we have had little knowledge concerning the voyages of the Dutch navigators. Honor is at length given, and justice done them, in the Collections of the New York Historical Society. Without entering too minutely into details, in this place, it may be sufficient to remark that, notwithstanding it has been asserted by some, that as early as 1623 the Dutch built a fortress at the present site of Hartford, yet Trumbull ~ states it to have been as late as 163:3, only three years before Governor Haynes and Mr. Hooker led their little colony thither. Disputes there were, sharp and long continued, with respect to boundaries. The English confided in their royal charter, and the ability of their king to sustain it; the Dutch in the liberty granted them by their high mightinesses the States General of Holland; and nothing but the superiority of British power, which effected the conquest of New York, and gave to the "colony of New Netherlands" a character, laws, alliances, and interests wholly English, prevented the establishment of a Dutch republic on these western shores. And it admits of question, whether true candor has, in this country, been shown to the claims of the noblespirited people who authorized and forwarded the founding of New Amsterdam, " at a time," said a worthy descendant from them, " when that nation [Holland] had just sprung into political existence, after a long, bloody, and most glorious struggle against civil and religious tyranny, during which all the energies of patriotism, courage, and talents had been suddenly and splendidly developed." 11 To be brief in this rapid review, a long period of silence on the subject of the Dutch claims, or the claims of New York, in reference to territory north of Massachusetts and west of Connecticut River, seems to have been maintained. This, perhaps, was owing to two considerations; the one, that already more land was claimed and possessed than the inhabitants could occupy and cultivate; and the other, that the northern frontier beyond Massachusetts, open as it was to the invasion of the French and their Indian allies or subjects, presented no attractions to settlers. When, however, the establishment of peace removed the fears of savage outrage, and rendered the subduing of the wilderness no longer a perilous enterprise, " the unsettled lands of the country acquired a new value, and were every where explored and sought after by speculators and adventurers. None appeared more inviting than the tract between Lake Champlain and Connecticut River. The soil was rich and fertile, favorable in many places to the production of grain, and in all to grazing and the raising of cattle. It was plentifully watered by streams and rivers, and abounded with necessary and useful timber. In such a soil and situation, the labor and hardships of a few years could scarcely fail of producing rich and valuable farms, with all the ease and independence naturally annexed to industry in the rural economy of life." 1 Application being made, as we have seen above, to the governor of New Hampshire, within * See Trumbull's Connecticut, and Dunlap's Hist. N. Y. t Hist. of N. Y. vol. i. p. 9. + See N. Y. Hist. Coll. vol. i. pp. 92, 295. Hist. of Connecticut, vol. i. p. 21. See Verplanck's Anniversary Discourse before the N. Y. Hist. Soc., 1818. ~ Dr. Williams, from whose account much of what immediately follows is abridged. STATES AND TERRITORIES.- VERMONT. 149 whose territory this region was supposed to lie, he proceeded so far to issue grants, that in 1761 not less than sixty townships, of six miles square, were granted on the west of Connecticut River. In one or two years more, they amounted to one hundred and thirty-eight; keeping twenty miles east of the Hudson, so far as that extended northward, and then advancing to the eastern shore of Lake Champlain; thus enriching the governor, who, besides the fees and donations attending the business, reserved five hundred acres in each township for himself. This aroused New York. On the 28th of December, 1763, the lieutenant governor, Colden, issued a proclamation, in which he recited the grants made to the Duke of York by his brother, Charles II., asserted their validity, claimed the jurisdiction as far east as Connecticut River, and commanded the sheriff of Albany county to return the names of all persons who, under color of the New Hampshire grants, had taken possession of any lands west of the river. This proclamation Governor Wentworth met by another, dated March 13, 1764, in which he declared the grant to the Duke of York to be obsolete, and asserted that New Hampshire extended as far west as did Massachusetts and Connecticut, and that the grants made by New Hampshire would be confirmed, even should the jurisdiction be altered. He exhorted the settlers not to be intimidated, but to cultivate their lands with diligence; and required the civil officers to exercise jurisdiction as far westward as grants had been made, and to punish all disturbers of the peace. Two authorities were now up, and a contest between them might be anticipated. The assurances of the New Hampshire governor tended to quiet the minds of the settlers; but, on the part of New York, an express application was made to the crown. This stated —on what authority is; however, disputed - that the people were desirous to be included in that government, and that, as the course of business must ever lie towards New York, it would be for the convenience and advantage of the people, who, however, publicly disowned the application afterwards, to be united to that province. Nevertheless, it prevailed; and the king, on the 20th of July, 1764, ordered and declared "the western banks of the River Connecticut, from where it enters the province of the Massachusetts Bay, as far north as the forty-fifth degree of northern latitude, to be the boundary line between the said two provinces of New Hampshire and New York." Nothing appeared in this decision to alarm the people. Concluding that their title to the lands they had settled would be but confirmed by it, they had no idea of disputing the jurisdiction of New York, or opposing its government. They supposed the words "to be" were designed to express the future, and not to refer to the past. But not so did the New York government. " They construed it," says the historian, " as a declaration not only of what was to be for the time to come, but of what was, and always had been, the eastern limit of New York; and, of consequence, that the grants which had been made by the governor of New Hampshire were grants of what had always belonged to New York, and were therefore illegal, and of no authority." Letters had indeed passed between the governors of New Hampshire and New York, Wentworth and Clinton, concerning their respective boundaries, as early as 1750,* notwithstanding which the grants had still been issued; and it is surprising to see the confidence with which, on both sides, the claims were pressed. The late eminent Chancellor Kent,t writing of the dispute, as it was in 1777, says, " The inhabitants of the northeast part of the state, (now Vermont,) which had been represented in the convention under the names of the counties of Cumberland and Gloucester, renounced their allegiance, and set up for an independent state. On the 30th of June, in that year, they were knocking at the door of Congress for a recognition of their independence, and an admission into the Union." On the other hand, Dr. Williams, speaking of the New York claim under the grant to King James, says, " There were no principles, which apply to human affairs, by which this grant would bear a strict examination." He terms it "a blundering transaction," and says that the geographical " bounds of it were contradictory, indefinite, and impossible." * Belknap's Hist. New Hampshire, p. 323, F. and M.'s ed. t Address to the N. Y. Hist. Soc., 1828. See also Dunlap, Hist. New York. 150 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. The time, however, came for enforcing authority; and the government of New York required the settlers to surrender the charters they had received from New Hampshire, and take out new grants from New York, attended with great fees and expense. Some settlers complied, and bought their lands a second time; while others absolutely refused. Actions of ejectment followed, commenced in the courts of the new counties which had been formed, and these were decided there in favor of New York. Great profits accrued to its rulers from these measures, for the amount of them was far higher than the original cost of the titles from New Hampshire. But opposition was made in cases where ejectment by official authority was attempted; and the settlers, " instead of being depressed into submission, seemed to derive new powers from oppression; and the people," says Dr. Williams, "soon began to associate, to defend one another in their opposition to the courts and officers of New York." Ten years of litigation and of occasional violence followed, of which it is remarked by Belknap, " that although [the dispute] was carried on with a degree of virulence unfriendly to the progress of civilization and humanity, within the disputed territory, yet it called into action a spirit of vigorous selfdefence, and hardy enterprise, which prepared the nerves of that people for encountering the dangers of a revolution more extensive and beneficial." Among the hardy, resolute, and brave men whom these difficulties were now nurturing, few became more distinguished than Seth Warner and Ethan Allen. Scenes of the revolutionary struggle were fast developing the character of our countrymen. One and another aggression of the British ministry, intent on carrying their favorite point, the civil subjection of the colonies, was provoking the opposition, not of the New England colonies alone, but others along the Atlantic border. The successful resistance to the stamp act of 1765, and which produced its welcome repeal, became an encouragement to the friends of liberty, who, in various ways, evinced their determination to make their value and consequence known and felt by the mother country. Of these a better appreciation was indeed made in that quarter than had heretofore been entertained. But still the progress of events conducted to an open rupture, on the special history of which it is not our object here to enlarge. Suffice it to say, that the territory now included in Vermont was very peculiarly exposed, and the situation of its inhabitants in many respects very singular. It would, in fact, be difficult to produce a parallel to the anomalous state of these settlers Their improvements, made on the lands they had purchased, were effected at imminent peril Their titles to the lands themselves had been honestly acquired on their part, but were disputed by contending governments, which yet exercised over them no effectual authority,* and the total loss of them hazarded. To neither of these governments could they appeal without slighting the other; nor, consistently with their own interest, and duty to their families, submit to either. They felt, therefore, constrained to temporize; and while, with the rest of their brethren, they entered, as individually called by an imperious sense of duty, into the scenes of the revolution, they were nevertheless not unmindful of the peculiarities of their own case. But it is not to be supposed, as it surely will not be by any true " Green Mountain Boy," or New Englander, that frontier settlers, coming out from such a state of society as had been constituted originally by the Pilgrim Fathers, and handed down from them, could consent to live without law, order, or-those social institutions on which order and law depend. No! The towns, small and exposed as they might be, and struggling, as inevitably they must, with the hardships incident to settlements in the wilderness, cannot thrive without government; and they who are,.at least for a season, beyond reach of the laws that govern the larger communities, from which they are providentially separated, become "a law unto themselves." They have their town meetings; they decide on the qualifications of voters in them; they choose their moderator, their town clerk, their selectmen, to manage the affairs of their little, but, to themselves and their families, all-important community. The school and the school committee, * Although four counties had been nominally organized by New York, two on each side of the Green Mountains. STATES AND TERRITORIES.-VERMONT. 151 the church and its pastor, the constable and the justice of the peace, must all be included.* The citizen of New England, place him where you will, whether in the Old Colony or California, in Vermont or Iowa, cannot feel contented or happy until these are all provided for the civic association of which God, in his providence, has made him a member; and thanks be to God that a clear, sober view of the real wants and true interest of society forces this just appreciation on so many energetic minds! Still there were many, doubtless, who entered the wilderness of Vermont, as they have other regions of frontier exposure and peril, without having previously imbibed a " love of things that are excellent" - men of rude passions, uneasy temperaments, reckless of rule or resolved to resist it, lawless, selfish, and overbearing. Such are found in all ages and countries. But the progress to social order either shakes them off, or humanizes them, or neutralizes, in time, their baleful influence. The state of society and the emergency of their times have often in our country produced individuals of that class which we are early led to admire in the histories of ancient Greece and Rome - men who become eminent, not for the possession and cultivation of a single talent only, but for the development of the various powers bestowed on human nature, in their several fair proportions, as the necessities of their condition may demand. Such, in New Hampshire, was Meshech Weare; in Massachusetts, Elisha Williams, characterized so justly and beautifully by Doddridge; t Ashmun also, of whom one of the "favored of the Muses" I writes that he was "A' leader when the blast of ruthless war swept by, A teacher when the storm was past, and guide to worlds on high." And the circumstances which called forth the vigor and courage of Warner and Allen, whose names only have been mentioned here, but on whose history we cannot dwell, brought into active and beneficial exercise the talents and virtues of Thomas Chittenden, who, though enjoying in early life but few advantages of education, shone, nevertheless, under the requirements of his trying times and high office, and has left a name which posterity cannot but honor, as his contemporaries revered and loved it. The anomalous condition of the settlers, to which allusion has been made, requires a further description. They had represented their case to the throne as early as 1764; and, in 1767, an inhibition was issued to the governor of New York, who was required to desist from making any further grants until the royal will should be made known, "upon pain of his majesty's highest displeasure." This notwithstanding, grants were made, and resisted; and a series of altercations excited so greatly the animosity of the opposite parties, that a civil war must have been the issue, had not the events which occurred at Lexington and Concord, in 1775, arrested the attention of all, and fixed it on the interests of the whole country. The seizure of Ticonderoga by Colonel Allen and his associates, of Crown Point by Colonel Warner, and of Fort St. John by Arnold, soon gave to the American forces the command of Lake Champlain in its whole extent; while the subsequent capture of Burgoyne, after the partial engagements of Hubbardton and Bennington, prevented any further fears, at least for a season, respecting the northern frontier. In the mean time, great want was felt of some well-defined government over the population formed on the "Grants." A Congress had been constituted of delegates from the greater pait of the colonies, and held its first session in 1774. At its second meeting, the next year, a committee was sent on to Philadelphia to consult with its members. On their return, this committee, by issuing circulars and reporting the result of their mission, prepared the way for a convention of delegates from the several towns, which had now become accustomed for some time to act together for mutual defence. This convention met on the 16th of January, * These were, in fact, the principles on which the original grants from the New Hampshire government were constructed. See th6 copy of one in Thompson's Hist. of Vermont, 2d part, p. 224. t Quoted by Dr. Allen, in his Am. Biogr. and Hist. Diet. + Mrs. Sigourney, id. i52 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. 1776, and presented its petition to Congress; but this was subsequently withdrawn, in consequence of a recommendation to submit for the present to New York; and finally, after other preparatory steps, the territory was declared, January 15, 1777, a free and independent state, assuming the picturesque name of Vermont. This important measure was taken with great firmness, moderation, and unanimity. Yet it was followed, as under existing circumstances might have been anticipated, by opposition on the part of New York, petitioning the Congress not to acknowledge the act; and on the part of New Hampshire, claiming several of the towns which had embodied themselves in the new state. Nor was it until after a variety of changes, and much negotiation, of which the details might fill a volume,* that these external concerns were adjusted, and Vermont became an integral part of the new American Union. That happy event took place, after a satisfactory settlement of all disputes with the states both of New Hampshire and New York, March 4, 1791. The general history of the state since is blended with that of the nation. Under all their difficulties and embarrassments, in the adjustment of land titles, the subduing of the wilderness, the arrangement of their political concerns, and the horrors of warfare, the inhabitants had not neglected the claims of religion and good learning. The settlement of the ministry in the small towns, as they were successively formed and grew able to sustain it, was followed up with a good degree of zeal and perseverance. The condition of society seemed to require, and effectually obtained, a free toleration of religious sentiments, with no distinction in the claims of sect or denomination. An entire sundering of bonds between the church and the state was accomplished, and the result has seemed to show that then the religion of the gospel flourished best, when left to its own heavenly resources, and the zealous love and efforts of its sincere friends; human laws being only then appealed to, when infractions of special civil compacts rendered such appeal needful. Hence absolute contracts for the support of the ministry can be exacted by law, but the law does not compel any to form such contracts.f Revivals of the power of religion have not been unusual. Nearly 20,000 communicants were found in June, 1848, connected with the 189 churches embodied in the "General Convention of Congregational Ministers and Churches," which then held its session at Brandon.t And the statistics of other denominations, which are found in this state, as in the rest of New England, bear comparison with this result. For the cause of education Vermont has done nobly; and she deserves the high honor of being ranked among the few governments that have wisely discerned and followed out with energy the permanent welfare of those who sustain them. The school system of the other New England states has been introduced into Vermont, where upwards of 2400 district schools are maintained by a local tax levied by the inhabitants on themselves, and attended by upwards of 50,000 pupils - being a sixth part of the whole number of inhabitants; and besides these schools, the state has from time to time chartered a large number of academies; several of which, however, have since ceased to exist, while several among them are sustained by different religious denominations and private benefactions. To crown this system, Vermont has a " State University " at Burlington, now in a flourishing condition, and a college at Middlebury, possessing at least equal advantages. Both are high in public favor; the latter being attended by about 100 pupils, the former by 70. There is also a medical college. Medical societies, and societies for benevolent purposes, have been greatly multiplied in the state. Its agriculture, manufactures, and, by means of Lake Champlain, its navigation also, have been encouraged, developed, and become greatly successful. As yet, no state survey * See, however, for the particulars, either Dr. Williams's History, or the clear though brief exhibition of all these transactions, consecutively, in Thompson's Vermont, Part II. t See Graham's Sketches. + See the Minutes of the Minutes of that Convention, printed at Windsor, where is established its Religious Journal. The first newspaper in the state was published in 1781. STATES AND TERRITORIES. - VIRGINIA. 153 of its geology has been completed; but the progress of its railroads, so vigorously prosecuted, and promising such advantages in bringing the riches of the west to the sea-coast, will doubtless make apparent also, at an early period, the worth of such a measure. In 1842 began the celebration of Forefathers' Day; * and that whatever was commendable in their character and spirit may, under the blessing of their and our God, flourish in this now thriving state, is our hearty wish and prayer. VIRGINIA is the northernmost, save one, of that division of the United States usually denominated the Southern States. It lies between lat. 36~ 33' and 40~ 43' north, and extends from 750 25' to 83~ 40' of west longitude. Its length, from east to west, is 370 miles; its greatest breadth 200; and its exact area is officially stated at 61,352 square miles. t It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania; on the north-east by the River Potomac, which separates it from Maryland; on the east by the waters of Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean; on the south by North Carolina and a part of Tennessee; on the west by Kentucky; and on the north-west by Ohio. Having been the seat of the earliest English settlement permanently established in North America, Virginia ranks as the eldest of the thirteen colonies originally compacted into the republic of the United States; and is therefore worthy of the frequently-bestowed appellation of "the Old Dominion." The present name of the state was conferred by Sir Walter Raleigh, in compliment to the maiden queen, by whom, in 1584, he had been empowered "to search for remote heathen lands, not inhabited by Christian people," and to have and hold, in fee simple, all the soil within 200 leagues of any places which should become, within six years, the fixed residences of his companions, the crown reserving to itself one fifth part of all the precious metals that might be obtained- Under this authority, between the years 1584 and 1588, Sir Walter fitted out several vessels, the first two of which touched at an island on the coast of what is now North Carolina; but of the number or fate of the adventurers there * Boston Recorder of January 12, 1849. t Some geographers give 220 miles as its extent from north to south, and estimate the area at 70,000 square miles. At the close of the American revolution, according to Mr. Jefferson, the boundaries of Virginia, commencing at the Atlantic Ocean, and reaching 758 miles to the River Mississippi, with an average breadth of about 223 miles, included an area of no less than 121,525 square miles, being " one third larger than the Islands of Great Britain and Ireland." 20 154 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. supposed to have been left, no satisfactory account has since appeared. The second fleet, consisting of seven " ships," landed 107 men upon the Island of Roanoke, in 1585. In the two following years, further supplies, amounting, respectively, to 50 and 150 men, were sent by Raleigh, accompanied by a governor and 12 assistants, with a charter of incorporation. Though instructed to settle on Chesapeake Bay, they disembarked at a more southerly point; and their subsequent destiny, like that of their predecessors, is involved in mystery. These attempts of Raleigh and his coadjutors to obtain a secure and solid foothold among the then hostile natives having successively failed, and the funds of the projector having suffered to the extent of ~40,000 sterling, resort was had to the assistance of other capitalists. Accordingly, in 1589, Sir Walter transferred a portion of his interest in the grant from Queen Elizabeth to an association of merchants in London. A few additional adventurers were sent in the course of the two or three succeeding years. But in 1603, the attainder of Sir Walter Raleigh terminated his efforts and his anxieties in behalf of his favorite plan. In 1607, Sir Thomas Gates and others obtained a new grant from King James I.; * which grant, in 1609, was superseded by letters patent of the same king, incorporating the Earl of Salisbury and his associates as "the Treasurer and Company of Adventurers and Planters of the City of London, for the first Colony of Virginia." The most ample powers in the premises were hereby conferred, and were even, three years afterwards, enlarged, by an additional grant of all the islands lying between the 30th and 41st degrees of north latitude, and within 300 leagues of the parts before granted. The fact of the merging of all former grants in that to the Earl of Salisbury is derived from statements of Mr. Jefferson. Other authorities make mention of two chartered companies, to each of which was assigned an immense tract, called, respectively, South and North Virginia; the former reaching from latitude 340 to 380 north, including the present comparatively contracted area of the state; the lattert comprising the territory lying between the paral-'lels of 41~ and 450 north. Sir Francis Drake and Sir Richard Grenville appear to have been among those engaged in the unfortunate adventures under Raleigh's charter, prior to the commencement of the seventeenth century. The little band of 107 persons, who were ultimately successful in the attempt to colonize the new world, embarked from England in three small vessels, early in the year 1607. This expedition was commanded by Captain Christopher Newport, with whom were also associated the celebrated Captains John Smith and Bartholornew Gosnold. Their destination was the Island of Roanoke, previously visited by Raleigh's men, as above related; but adverse weather drove them into Chesapeake Bay, whence they ascended James River some 50 miles to an eligible spot, where they took up their abode, naming it Jamestown, in honor of their reigning sovereign. This place, therefore, though still of inconsiderable magnitude or importance, and greatly dilapidated, is entitled to the reputation of being the most ancient of the Anglo-American settlements; and may be regarded, in a great degree, as the germ of that vast empire, which, after a lapse of less than two and a half centuries, has spread itself over, and brought within the pale of civilization, nearly a tithe of the habitable globe. It cannot be disguised that the first settlers of Virginia were actuated by motives of a nature somewhat more worldly than those which influenced their fellow-colonists of New England. The reported natural wonders of these new and strange regions, and the anticipated acquisition of immense treasures of gold and silver, were the predominant stimuli to their curiosity and their zeal. It seems not to have entered into their calculations, that they might be doomed to encounter innumerable trials, privations, and dangers; or that their sufferings in the midst of an unmeasured wilderness, surrounded and beset by pitiless barbarians, would constitute the miserable and almost sole fruits of their too sanguine hopes. The early history of Virginia is replete with affecting and interesting events, embracing many remarkable and romantic incidents. The frequent collisions of the emigrants with the treacherous and preda* It was under this grant that the first effectual settlement, at Jamestown, was made. t Subsequently named New England, by Prince Charles, (afterwards Charles I.,) 1614. STATES AND TERRITORIES. — VIRGINIA. 155 cory hordes around them, gave rise to numerous memorable deeds of heroism and magnanimity, as well as to no less a number of acts of cruel oppression and sanguinary atrocity. On the one hand, although pillage, assassination, and every species of outrage signalized the course of the lawless savage, the conduct of the civilized settlers themselves towards their untamed neighbors was not always the most just, humane, or politic. After a few years of perseverance and endurance, however, the latter succeeded in establishing themselves as a permanent community, through the aid of several fortunate circumstances which occurred in the lifetime of Powhatan, the celebrated and powerful Indian chief. To his singularly acquired friendship, the colony was at one time mainly indebted for its exemption from total extermination. His daughter, Pocahontas, after her generous rescue of Captain Smith from imminent death, married a Mr. Rolfe, a respectable planter, subsequently went to England with her husband, where she was honored with marks of the highest consideration; and thus a foundation was laid for the restoration of amity between the contending parties, which continued, with a few sad interruptions, for a long period.* The curse of slavery, so lamentably entailed upon this otherwise favored region, and which, at the present remote date, is a source of bitter controversy, if not of incalculable danger to the whole American nation, originated with the landing of some twenty negroes from a Dutch vessel, and the selling of them into perpetual bondage, at about the time of the advent of the Plymouth "Pilgrims." This evil, which has since grown in magnitude and enormity to an extent scarcely reducible by human power, is a source of regret to the best portion of the people of Virginia, as well as one of angry remonstrance and censure on the part of many other members of the Union.t The original limits of Virginia have, at various periods and under divers circumstances, been materially circumscribed. In the early period of its colonial existence, its boundaries had never been accurately defined. It was an immense unexplored wilderness, to all appearance illimitable, especially on the north and west, and confined by no natural barrier then known to its new residents. As the population multiplied, and spread itself into the interior, and along the coast, to points remote from the seat of government, legislation upon local affairs became difficult, and the management of the general interests grew unwieldy. With this advance of civilization in every direction arose the necessity of forming new and distinct communities. Thus, from time to time, large portions of territory, with their inhabitants, were set off from the parent commonwealth, made independent of the latter, and endowed with the prerogative of establishing their own constitutions and laws. Most of the circumjacent regions, since erected into states, were meant, in all probability, to be included in the patents primarily granted to the London Companies by James I. His successors, however, at different periods, subdivided the country, and established distinct -colonies within its supposed original borders. The incipient principles of national freedom, the diffusion of which resulted in the American revolution, were as early recognized and inculcated in Virginia as in any of her sister colonies. * The massacre, in 1622, of 347 colonists, -men, women, and children, - through a stratagem of the cruel successor of Powhatan, was one of the most severe afflictions ever experienced by the colony. t Mr. Jefferson, in his " Notes on Virginia," (1781,) laments in strong terms the existence and increase of this "blot on our country," and ardently advocates a system of gradual emancipation. " During the regal government," he says, " we had at one time obtained a law which imposed such a duty on the importation of slaves as amounted nearly to a prohibition; when one inconsiderate Assembly, placed under a peculiarity of circumstances, repealed the law. This repeal met a joyful sanction from the then sovereign, and no device, no expedient, which could ever afterwards be attempted by subsequent Assemblies, - and they seldom met without attempting them, - could succeed in getting the royal sanction to a renewal of the duty. In the very first session held under the republican government, the Assembly passed a law for the perpetual prohibition of the importation of slaves. This," he continues, " will in some measure stop the increase of this great political and moral evil, while the minds of our citizens may be ripening for a complete emancipation of human nature." —Notes, Boston ed., 1832, p. 93. 156 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. When that momentous event took place, she furnished her full complement of patriots and warriors, participated largely in the toils, and conflicts, and sacrifices of "the time that tried men's souls," and in the consummation of the high purposes of that struggle, merited and received an ample share of its glorious fruits. Among the illustrious names that adorned her annals at this epoch, it may be sufficient to point to those of George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry, James Madison, and John Marshall. The names of these distinguished men and their compatriots not only shine prominently upon the records of their renowned day and generation, but their effulgence will irradiate the nations of the earth, as a constellation of political light, commanding the homage of every friend of rational liberty in all coming time. The first constitution of Virginia, in which her people took part, was formed in 1776. The previous dismemberments of the state, under various British monarchs, whereby Maryland, Pennsylvania, and the Carolinas had been gradually detached, were never formally confirmed by the people of Virginia until the adoption of this civil compact. Although those acts of the royal government had frequently been subjects of remonstrance, it was deemed advisable now to acknowledge them, that there should arise in future no cause of dissension among the members of the new confederacy. The constitution thus framed, in a season of critical emergency, without the advantages of leisure, deliberation, and of experience, (being the first in the whole United States,) was naturally imperfect. It was soon found to be unequal in its operations; and at the close of the war, much discussion arose upon divers projects for its improvement. It was not, however, essentially amended until 1830, when it underwent important modifications. Its principal features are as follow: the governor is elected by joint vote of the two branches of the General Assembly; his official term is three years, and he cannot be reilected for the next succeeding term; he is assisted in his executive duties by three counsellors of state, the senior of whom, in office, acts as lieutenant governor; the legislature comprises a Senate, consisting of 32 members, chosen for four years, (one fourth of whom are to retire each year,) and a House of Delegates, 134 in number, chosen annually by the people; clergymen are excluded from participation in the civil government; the judges are chosen by the legislature. The Assembly convenes at Richmond, the capital, annually, on the first Monday of December. Every white male, 21 years of age, and possessed of a freehold valued at $25, or being a housekeeper, or head of a family, and having paid taxes, is qualified to vote for state or other officers; but subordinate officers, soldiers, marines, or seamen, in the national service, as well as paupers, and men convicted of infamous crimes, cannot exercise the right of suffrage. The manner of voting at all elections is the open or viva voce mode. Virginia is now divided into 119 counties. Its seat of government is the city of Richmond, and its greatest commercial port is Norfolk. There are many other cities and pouplous towns in the state, more particular descriptions of which will be found in their proper order in this volume. Within even its present boundaries flow some of the finest rivers in America, the most important of which are the Potomac, Rappahannock, James, and Kanawha Rivers. It is also watered by the Ohio and its tributaries on the west. (See Rivers.) The surface of the state is greatly diversified; insomuch that those familiar with its topography have considered its soil and climate under several distinct zones or divisions. The eastern section is generally a low country, with a soil partly sandy and partly alluvial, abounding in swamps and unproductive tracts, and for the most part, especially towards the sea-coast and along the margins of rivers, noted for the prevalence of fatal epidemics during the season extending from August to October. From the head of the tide waters, the mountainous district commences. Here the soil becomes more fertile, and the climate more genial. Across this portion of the state stretch the widest bases of the stupendous Alleghanies- "the spine of the country." Between the numerous ridges, into which this vast chain is riven, there lie extensive and beautiful valleys, preventing a soil of the richest quality, a salubrious and delightful climate, and the most picturesque and magnificent natural scenery. Beyond these lofty eminences lies a third section, extending to the Ohio River in one direction, and to the STATES AND TERRITORIES. VIRGINIA. 157 Cumberland Mountains in another, commonly distinguished as West Virginia. This, too, is an elevated and broken region, less productive in general than the middle section, and less populous, but enjoying an atmosphere quite as healthy, and waters equally pure. The chief agricultural products of Virginia are wheat, Indian corn, and tobacco. Cotton is also cultivated considerably in the alluvial district contiguous to North Carolina; and in other quarters, hemp and wool are among the chief staples. All the varieties of grain, vegetables, and fruit, peculiar to the climate, are also raised; and these in great abundance where due attention is paid to their culture. In mineral wealth, Virginia is sufficiently rich to divert much capital from employment upon the surface to the development of actual or supposed treasures lying beneath. Iron, lead, copper, gypsum, salt, anthracite and bituminous coals are among the most plentiful and profitable of the rewards of these efforts and researches; although, in some localities, the more precious metals have become objects of inquiry; and numerous explorations, particularly in pursuit of gold, have been undertaken, (some of them quite recently,) with different degrees of success. The manufactures of the state are confined principally, with some exceptions, to the preparation of its staples for market, or for domestic consumption. The capital invested in all the branches of this department of home industry amounts to several millions. For all its purposes of trade, the commercial facilities of Virginia are ample. Its sea-coast and principAl rivers afford many excellent harbors; and its mleans of intercommunication, both natural and artificial, extending through all parts of the state, are well adapted to the convenience and requirements of the people. Much attention has latterly been paid to the improvement of river navigation, the construction of canals, railroads, &c. Among the remarkable natural phenomena existing in Virginia, besides its mountainous ridges, in some places singularly penetrated by noble rivers, are a number of mineral springs, cascades, caverns, and, above all, the celebrated structure in the county of Rockbridge, between the Blue Ridge and the North Mountain, called the.Natural Bridge, and described by Mr. Jefferson, as "the most sublime of nature's works." * Many of the springs are so highly impregnated with salt, as to induce numbers of capitalists to enter into the manufacture of this article, and to erect salt works in various places; at one of which, near Charleston, on the Great Kanawha River, about 3,000,000 bushels of salt are made annually. The medicinal springs of Virginia, to the waters of which many virtues have been ascribed, are much frequented by invalids. The extraordinary cascade in the county of Augusta, called the Falling Spring, where the water descends perpendicularly, though in a comparatively small volume, from a height said to be 60 or 70 feet greater than that of the cataract of Niagara, is to the curious traveller an object of great interest and wonder. The sheet of water, only some 15 feet broad at the top, is divided in two or three places, at the commencement of the fall, by the rock over which it passes, but is nowhere else interrupted until it reaches the valley immediately below. So directly does the stream descend, that a person may pass dry-shod between the base of the rock and the bottom of the fall. Another extraordinary specimen of nature's * "It is on the ascent of a hill," says the author of the Noteg on Virginia, " which seems to have been cloven through its length by some great convulsion. The fissure, just at the bridge, is by some admeasurements 270 feet deep, by others only 235. It is about 45 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top; this of course determines the length of the bridge, and its height from the water; its breadth in the middle is about 60 feet, but more at the ends; and the thickness of the mass, at the summit of the arch, about 40 feet. A part of this thickness is constituted by a coat of earth, which gives growth to many large trees. The residue, with the hill, on both sides, is one solid rock of limestone. The arch approaches the semi-elliptical form; but the larger axis of the ellipsis, which would be the chord of the arch, is many times longer than the transverse. Though the sides of this bridge are provided in some parts with a parapet of fixed rocks, yet few men have resolution to walk to them, and look over intor the abyss. You involuntarilv fall on your hands and feet, creep to them, and peep over. If the view from the top be painful and intolerable, that from below is delightful in an equal extreme. It is impossible for the emotions arising from the sublime to be felt beyond what they are here; so beautiful an arch, so elevated, so light, and springing, as it were, up to heaven! The rapture of the spectator is really indescribable! " - p. 21. 158 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. handiwork is the wild and magnificent torrent at Harper's Ferry, formed by the tumultuous rushing of the waters of the Potomac and Shenandoah through a gorge in the Blue Ridge, where they meet, and after momentarily beating with tremendous power against the rugged and rocky sides of the mountain, pass rapidly away together on their journey to the ocean. Several very curious caverns are found in the hilly regions, the most noted of which are Madison's Cave, on the north side of the Blue Ridge; another in Frederic county, near the North Mountain; and the "Blowing Cave" in one of the ridges of the Cumberland Mountains. The former of these has been a subject of much speculation with all philosophical visitors. A hill, 200 feet in height, rises perpendicularly from the margin of a branch of the Shenandoah River; one third of the way down from the summit, the cave opens, branches off in diverse directions, penetrates some 300 feet into the earth, and at two different points terminates in subterranean lakes of unmeasured dimensions. The roof is of solid limestone, 25 to 50 feet in height; and, being in a constant state of exudation, the ceaseless dropping of its calculous tears forms, upon the floor and sides, a profusion of grotesque incrustations resembling pyramids and columns, gradually growing and changing in size and shape. Not the least interesting spots in Virginia are Mount Vernon, on the Potomac, and Monticello, in Albemarle county; the former memorable as the long-loved home in life, and the chosen place.of rest in death, of the illustrious Washington, and the latter as the splendid country seat of President Jefferson. No ostentatious memorials of those giant minds mark the abodes of their mortal remains. The tomb of the "father of his country" stands in a secluded copse at a short distance from the family mansion, in all the mournful and affecting dignity of unadorned simplicity. The spot of his nativity is designated in a like humble manner; it is in a retired part of the county of Westmoreland, on a plantation now in ruins, where may be seen, inscribed upon a modest stone, this brief memento: " Here, on the 11th of February, 1732, George Washington was born." Over the grave of Jefferson stands a simple granite obelisk, bearing, by his own direction, this concise epitaph: " Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of Independence, and Founder of the University of Virginia." The subject of internal improvements has occupied a large share of the public attention. The state has a' fund of $3,000,000, the income of which, exceeding $280,000, is applied, under direction of a board of public works, to the advancement of useful projects for facilitating intercourse throughout the commonwealth. Among the most important of these undertakings is the construction of a series of canals and dams for the improvement and extension of the navigation of James, Kanawha, and New Rivers. Another great work is the Dismal Swamp Canal, 23 miles in length, whereby the waters of Chesapeake Bay are connected with those of Albemarle Sound. Sundry railroads, particularly in the eastern quarter of the state, have recently been opened, the whole comprehending an extent of over 300 miles; and others have been projected, or are already in course of construction. One line connects the Potomac with the Roanoke, passing through Petersburg, Richmond, and Fredericsburg; and another, commencing at Portsmouth, near Norfolk, secures an easy inland communication between the same rivers, at a lower point. There is also a railroad from Winchester to Harper's Ferry, where it meets the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. Considerations of state policy alone, perhaps, have prevented the organization of a system of universal education in Virginia. The subject, however, at the close of the revolution, engaged the earnest attention of some of the most sagacious minds. At that period, a revision of the civil code was in contemplation; and, among others, Mr. Jefferson projected and advocated a plan for the general diffusion of knowledge among all classes of people, not, of course, including slaves. The system proposed was progressive, embracing instruction of every grade, from the simplest elementary up' to the highest stage of classical and scientific acquirement. The poor were to be supplied, at the public charge, with all the advantages of the grammar schools; and from these a certain number were to be annually selected, according to merit, for advancement to the collegiate institutions, supported also by the state. It would appear that this project, partial and limited though it was, as compared with the course pursued in New England, did not meet with the requisite amount of popular favor. Education had seldom, STATES AND TERRITORIES. - VIRGINIA. 159 if ever, been made a subject of legislation or discussion under the colonial government. The plan of establishing free schools, common to all, was therefore novel, and in solne degree incomprehensible, as well as repugnant to the greater portion of men of wealth. As a whole, it was deemed too liberal and extensive. But, in 1796, that part of it which provided for elementary schools received the legislative sanction, although no'measures were taken for carrying it into execution. In 1809, a fund "for the encouragement of learning" was established by law, to be derived from all fines, escheats, and forfeitures; and this fund was augmented, in 1816, by the addition of a very large share of the claim on the general government for military services during the then recent war. In 1818, the income of this fund amounted to upwards of $50,000,* when the General Assembly set apart, as permanent annual appropriations, $15,000 for the maintenance of a university, and $45,000 for the education of the poor. Under this latter provision, the benefits of common schools were bestowed, with various degrees of success, upon large numbers of indigent children, who would otherwise, in all probability, have grown up in deplorable ignorance, vice, and misery.t A further extension of the system of primary schools was authorized in 1820, at the discretion of the school commissioners, founded, however, on the cooperation of the inhabitants of the several school districts, who are required to defray some three fifths of the additional cost, on condition of receiving the residue from the state fund. There are numerous academies, or rather private schools, throughout the commonwealth; some of these are of a respectable rank, but they are designed chiefly for the children of those who can afford to dispense with the public bounty. Little or no attention was given to the education of females prior to the revolution; but there have been established since that event a large number of academies and high schools, devoted exclusively to the instruction of that sex. Of the still higher orders of educational seminaries, the most eminent are the University of Virginia, founded by Mr. Jefferson, near Charlottesville; the College of William and Mary, chartered by the English sovereigns of that name, in 1691, and erected by order of the Assembly at Williamsburg; Washington College, at Lexington, incorporated in 1782, and largely endowed by General Washington; and Hampden Sidney College, in Prince Edward county, founded in 1774. There are also several theological institutions, of comparatively recent date, under the patronage, severally, of Episcopalians, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. The prevailing views upon the subject of religion are those held by almost every denomination of Christians in all other parts of the United States. In the early days of the colony, and during much of the subsequent time of its subjection to the sovereigns of Great Britain, the doctrines and discipline of the English church were those which generally predominated. But at the commencement of the American revolution, it was estimated that two thirds of the people had become dissenters; and the operation of the previously severe laws on the subject of religious faith and forms of worship was chiefly repealed or suspended by acts of the General Assembly, in 1776. The utmost toleration has since been recognized and affirmed by the legislative adoption of a bill drawn by Mr. Jefferson, in 1785, "for establishing- religious freedom." At the present time, the most numerous sects are the Baptists and Methodists; next follow, in numerical order, the Presbyterians, Episcopalians, Lutherans, and Roman Catholics. There aire also a few Unitarians, Friends, and Jews. The actual outstanding public debt of Virginia, in February, 1850, was $7,924,994'11, exceeding by $545,539'11 the amount of productive property owned by the state; but the total value of funds of all descriptions, held by the state, is estimated at $11,854,814. There were, in 1848, six banks, with twenty-one branches, employing a capital of $10,283,633. Details of the value of exports and imports, with other statistics of the trade and commerce of the state, may be found in this work, under the appropriate heads. * It now amounts to nearly $90,000. t An able writer in tlre " London Quarterly Journal of Education," speaking of the operation of this law, as ascertained up to the year 1834, remarks thus: " It has already imparted the knowledge of reading and writing, with all their moral tendencies, probably to 50,000 human beings; and, before many years, it will have conferred the same inestimable blessings on twice that number." 160 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. In conclusion, it may be remarked, that no state of the American Union enjoys a more liberal share of natural advantages than has fallen to the lot of this favored commonwealth. Her central position, productive soil, vast mineral treasures, forests of valuable timber, navigable rivers, secure harbors, commodious ports, and a climate averaging a medium temperature, are among those signal blessings of its inhabitants that demand a corresponding return of gratitude to the Supreme Giver, and the widest diffusion of his bounties among such of his rational creatures as are entitled to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." ~~~~~~~~-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 7~~~~~~~~~~~~ WISCONSIN (or OuIscONsiN) was admitted by act of Congress, February 9, 1847, as an independent state of the American Union. Portions of its original territory were settled by the French as early as 1670. It passed from French to British jurisdiction in 1763, and so remained until 1794. After being connected with, and successively disconnected from, the respective States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Michigan, it was organized as a distinct territory of the United States in 1836. In 1838, it was further diminished in size by the separation front its present south-western border of what now forms the State of Iowa; and, in 1849, still further lessened, by setting off the remainder of the region lying west of the Mississippi, now known as Minesota Territory. Boundaries and Extent. - The state, as now established, extends from the Illinois line, in latitude 420 30' north, to latitude 450 20', and reaches from Lake Michigan on the east to the Mississippi River on the west. Its extreme length, measured angularly, from north-east to south-west, is about 380 miles; its breadth, from east to west, varies from 150 to 200 miles; and its estimated area, as officially returned, is 53,924 square miles. Government. - Wisconsin is at present subdivided into 29 counties. The state government is vested in a governor, lieutenant governor, Senate, and House of Representatives, the latter to consist of not less than 60, nor more than 120 members; the number of senators not to exceed one third, nor be less than one fourth, of the number of representatives. The latter are elected by the people, annually; the senators and executive officers biennially.. The annual sessions of the legislature commence on the second Thursday of January. All white male citizens, Indians recognized as citizens by any United States law, and civilized persons of Indian blood, not members of any tribe, are legal voters after a residence of one year within the state. Judiciary. - The judiciary power is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Court, County Courts, STATES AND TERRITORIES. - WISCONSIN. 161 and justices of the peace. The Supreme Court is composed of at least four of the six judges of the Circuit Courts. Prior to the formation of the state government, the Supreme Court consisted of a chief justice and two associate justices. There are now five of the latter. During the continuance of the territorial organization, (some fourteen years,) Charles Dunn, of Elk Grove, held the office of chief justice: under the present state government, this office is held by Alexander H. Stow, of Taycheedah. The judges are elected by the people, each for the term of six years. Education. -The subject of education has received, as might be expected from the character and origin of the settlers, a due measure of attention. Ample provision has been made by law for the establishment of a college; and corresponding means have been set aside in every township for the support of common schools, all by dint of bountiful grants of land. The value of the school fund thus created is estimated at $2,780,912. Annual proceeds $60,000. Finances. - The state has as yet incurred no public debt. Surface, Soil, fc. - In its external features, this state exhibits considerable variety. The northern part having never been fully explored, excepting by traders and trappers, is consequently but little known. It is, however, represented as a rugged and mountainous wilderness, though frequently presenting large tracts of extraordinary fertility, and watered by numerous broad and rapid streams. The surface, in the southern part, consists mostly of prairie land, well timbered along the river sides; in the central part of the state, the face of the country is more diversified. The rough and hilly tracts at the north produce the white pine in great abundance. The entire region is bountifully supplied with navigable streams, by which it is penetrated in all directions; and although on its eastern border it has a lake coast of some 200 miles, very few safe or commodious harbors exist in that quarter. The soil is generally of an excelhent quality, and varies from one to ten feet in depth. It is especially productive on the margins of the Mississippi and Wisconsin Rivers, where also are found extensive forests of ponderous timber; and the land throughout the state, so far as it has been surveyed, proves to be admirably adapted to agricultural purposes, particularly to the growth of corn and wheat. Indeed, every species of vegetable suited to the climate can be cultivated with perfect success; and multitudes of cattle may find ample pasturage upon the rich and almost boundless prairies. Rivers. -Its principal rivers, besides the great Mississippi, which flows along the western limits of the state, are the Wisconsin, a branch of the former, 500 miles in length; the Chippeway, a noble stream, emptying into the Mississippi north of the Wisconsin: Rock River, taking its rise within, and running partly through, the state; and Fox River, the proximity of which to the Wisconsin often causes an inundation of the intervening lands. There are likewise numerous lakes and ponds, some of great magnitude, in the northern section. Lake Winnebago, which connects with Green Bay, a branch of Lake Michigan, is 24 miles in length by 10 in width. Internal Improvements. - Numerous internal improvements are in progress. The most important yet undertaken is that for improving the navigation of Wisconsin and Fox Rivers. This work is prosecuted by authority of Congress, half a million acres of the public lands having been appropriated for the purpose. Steamboat navigation between Lake Michigan, via Green Bay and the Mississippi, is secured by the improvement of Fox River, and the completion of a canal to Lake Winnebago. A railroad connects Milwaukie with the Mississippi; and convenient plank roads run into the interior from many places on the lake. By reason of its contact with Lake Michigan and the waters thereto adjacent, together with its extensive means of inland navigation, Wisconsin enjoys great commercial facilities. On the margin of the above lake lies Milwaukie, the most thriving and populous town in the state, which has sprung into being and importance, almost magically, within a very few years, and has rapidly become the centre of a vast amount of trade. Possessing the best harbor between Green Bay and Chicago, it is the chosen resort of most of the steamers from Buffalo and other ports on Lake Erie, thus commanding a controlling interest in the entire business of the state. Madison, the capital, is situated on a beautiful elevation, midway between Lake Michigan and 21 162 UNITED STATES GAZETTEERP the Mississippi, with both of which it has direct communication by means of a series of streams on either side. ~Minerals. - In mineral resources Wisconsin is peculiarly opulent. The south-western portion abounds with lead and copper ores. The lead mines, in particular, are noted for being the most productive in the United States; and many millions of pounds of this metal are annually extracted, wrought into proper form, and exported. Vast quantities of copper, also, are being constantly exhumed and sent to market; and in iron ore the country is not less prolific. Much interest in the mineral products of this state has for some time been manifested, and is still actively exercised among enterprising capitalists in the neighboring states. Manufactures. - Besides the smelting of ores, the business of manufacturing, in Wisconsin, is as yet inconsiderable; the greatest amount of capital invested in any one branch of public industry has been employed in the mining of lead, and preparing it for exportation. Climate. - In the upper or northern part' of the state, the winters are frequently severe, occasioned probably by the proximity of Lake Superior, which lies on the north and northwest.. The summers, however, are temperate and pleasant. The winter is much more mild in the southern quarter, where the climate throughout the year is salubrious, and not unlike that of the northern portion of Missouri. Indians. — A large portion of the northern section of the state is still peopled by various Indian tribes, several of which are in a state of semi-civilization. Some of the tribes, especially the Winnebagoes, have long refused to recognize the treaty ceding their lands to the United States, and continue to resist all attempts to remove them to their allotted country beyond the Mississippi. Population. - The population of Wisconsin has multiplied prodigiously since the year 1830, when it numbered but about 4000. In 1847, it had reached over 200,000; and the census of 1850 states it at 305,191, including 626 free colored persons. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS. ~ [ [Cane su-I Value of ] ] Hemp, [Maple sugar, No. States. Value of live ~Vhoat, Indian corn, Tobacco, Ginned c~t-] Wool, ]Butter, [Cheese, I Hay, tOllS of. [gar, hhdsI homemade ]No. [ stock. tons of.I pounds of. Bushels eL Bushels of. pounds of. I;~';'h~ercl]l pounds of.{ pounds of. [ pounds of. [,of1000,b. lmanufactrs.[ [ 1. Maine, $9,831,488 367,980 1,741,715. I —.-77Y..'1 1,3 —-~,s~61 —~ —I I 7 —— ~,780 -U~.I $5 —-~,9981-E.! ~... 8,488,234~ 2,201,105 ~l ~1 2. N. Hampshire, 8,871,901 6,977,056 3,196,563.. [ 1,292,429[ 185,6,58 1,573,670 50I.... I 1,108,4761 [ [ 598,854.. I 393,4551 2.[ 3.~rermont, 12,128,095 6,765,006.. I 5,159,6411 11,292,748 493,666 1,625,776 I.... /3,492,0871 I I 763,579 "I 261,689/ 3.[ 4. Massachusetts, 9,619,964 29,784 2,326,167 1'19,306J.... J 676,736J J J 645,749 [ 210,076J4. J 7,825,337 7,124,461 5 768,596 5. t{hode Island, 1,066,62fi 1,466,636 39 516,133 J.. J I.... ~ 111,9371 I 296,7481 73,3~3 "I 26,098[ 5.~ 6. Connecticut, 7,353,996 40,167 1,996,462 1,3'8'3,9321.... / 512,5291 [ ~ I 37~i81[ 6,620,079 4,512,0191 499,706.. [ 188,995[ 6.I 7.1~ew~ork, 82,043,823 101110,310,764] 74,672.,356 13,073,357 17,844,808 70,2221.... /10,021,5071 [ 49,785,905] 3,714,734 "I 1'277'170[?'l 9,070,710 500,819 "I ti,8861 8. New Jersey, 10,678,264 1,508,216 8,605,396 I.... ] 375,9321 / I 429,119.. [ 110,350[ 8.I 9. Pennsylvania, 42,146,711 15,482,191 19,707,702 85'7',6191.... /4,784,3671 11 2,395,279 40,fi54,74 I 1,826,265 "I 7fi5,104/ 9. 859/ 2,218,644I,, 10. Delaware, 1,718,386 466,784 2,888,896 I.... / 52,8871 / 187 16.... 11. l~laryland, 7,997,634 4,494,680 11,104,631 21,199,2811 / / i.... 3,925 63 47,740 I 145,o7o "I 111,828/11.1 12. Dist. Columbia 71,573 17,370 65,280 16,000!4,869 477,4381 4,206,1601 I 1,974.. [ 75[12.[ I 2~:/67/2,85~,9~91 I 13. Virginia, i34:,850 4,~99/ x,223:9051 33,607,962 14,616,950 36,538,582 56,516,492 11,126,795 I 370,177.. [ 2,156,073113.1 ~' 14. North Carolina 4,144,258 95,043! 491[ 27,448[ 17,837,108 2,147,899 28.286,999 12,058,147[ 98,028~ 915,2891 N / / 145,180, ~/ 2,008,884|14. | 2,979,975 4,810 / 200i 15.8outhCarolina 15,060,015 1,066,278 16,272,308 73,2351 300,901} 487,243] [ / 25,427. 160/ 909,fi46115.! 16. Georgia, 4.oo 25,727,408 1,085,784 30,428,540 420,1231 494,023~ 988,8021 / / 46,391[ 23,427 1,273[ 1,888,093~16./ 17. Florida, 375,853 2,945,668 1,225 1,993,462 982,584/ 45,078] 23,235] / 18,324] 2,620 47,411] 74,362117.! ~'IS. Alabama,'"~73/ 31,558,686 292,429 28,485,966 163,605] 560,360[ 637,829/ / 30,4231 3,961,592 31,801 28/ 1,890,258118.{ 19. Mississippi, 4,388,112 12,517 278/ 1'165'195/19'/ I 19,303,593 215,181 21,836,154 48,349] 494,774] 556~0.57] [ 20,314] 110/ 20. Louisiana, 10,983,608 84 10,915,051 23,922/ 163,034[ 105,393/ I 1,1481 z 260/ 685,136 20,672 262,486/ 138,773/20. / 2,319,574't! 21. Texas, 92,018 10,263,086i 42,448 5,796,735 6o,77ol 55,945/ 122,118/ I 8,3271 "l.... [ 7.0X?/ 265,526121./ ~ 22. Arkansas, 6,728,254t 193,902 8,857,296 224,164~ 64,987/ 181,427/ 1,854,104 28,440 3,9241 1451 8,8251 644,928122.~ ~23. Tennessee, 29,134,193 1,638,470 52,137,863 20,144,380[ 192,635~ 1,340,833} 8,130,686 179,577 72,9421 940] 159,647] 3,168,116~23.~ 24. Kentucky, 29,898,386] 2,184,763 68,922,788 55,765,259~ 1,669[ 2,246,168/ 10,115,267 228,744 115,296139,8531 388,5251 2,487,493/24.! 2.5. Ohio, 43,276,1871 14,967,056 59,788,750 10,480,967].... ~10,089,607/ 34,180,458 21,350,478 1,360,636] 1,0921 4,fi21,6431 1,696,601~25.] 26. Michigan, 8,005,429 4,918,706 5,620,215 2,225~.... ]2,047,364/ 7,043,794 1,012,.551 394,7171 541 2,423,8971 354,936~26.] C~ 27. Indiana, 22,398,965 6,625,474 52,887,564 1,035,146[ 5] 2,502,763] 12,748,186 666,986 402,791] 1,5691 2,921,6381 1,647,200127.] b28. Illinois, 24,817,954 9,433,96'5 57,179,283 844,129~ 8~ 2,129,139/ 12,60,5.554 1,283,758 586,0111 2,9271 246,0781 1,218,211/28.~ ~ 29. Missouri, 19,764,672 2,943,840 35~709,042 17,038,364].... ] 1,635,182~ 7,762,124 201,597.. 1,662,749] 116,2841 21,075l 171,9431 29.] 30. Iowa, 3,602,769 1,442,074 8,475,027 2,012/.... [ 363,398/ 1,933,128 198,444 84,5981 1,28ol I 202,5331 7o,68ol.. 3o./ 31. Wisconsin, 4,594,717 4,292,208 1,983,378 768/.... ] 243,065[ 888,816 440,961 295,927] 1001 661,969] 31.}. ~' I 57,5061 32. California, 3,456,725 98,282 90,082 1'0001.... / 4'800/ 705 150 "I 2,~381 "t.... I 32./ t~~o 33. Mineseta, 103,859 3,422 16,660 "' /.... | 260/ 1,100 2,0691 "I 2,950]...... 33./' 34. Oregon, 1,875,989 228,882 2,928 325/.... / 29,596/ 211,734 36~030 3731 "I.... I " 34./ 35. Utah, 2'5001 533,951 103,441 9,144. /.... ] 8,897~ 74,0641 32,646 4,288........ 35. 36. New Mexico, 1,504,497 196,575 35,5,795'1"118/.... I 1011 5,887 32'641/ 6'031136' Total,,552,705,238104,799,230 ~91,586,0~3 199,fi32,49412,-'~.214!52,~ 7.~312,202,,2-8'61103,184,585 { "I 13,6~ { 75~/32,7~ {27~25~,54~i J18,644 MANUFACTURE OF WOOLLEN GOODS. No. hands Entire wages per Average wages pe Capital Pounds wool Tolls of Value of all employed. month. month. Value of entire Yards cloth Sundries No. States. invested. used. coal. raw material. Males Females Males. Females. products. manufact'd. Males. Females.ales. Females. Males. Females. 1. Maine, $467,600 1,438,434.... $495,9401 310 314 $6998 $3,697 $22'57 $1177 $753,300 1,023,020 1,200 lbs. yarn. 1. 2. N. Hampshire, 2,437,700 3,604,103 3,600 1,267,329 926.1,201 21,177 17,451 22.84 14.51 2,127,745 9,712,840 165,200" " 2. t 3. Vermont, 886,300 2,328,100.... 830,684 683 710 16,712 8,388 24'50 11-80 1,579,161 2,830,400 3. 3 4. Massachusetts, 9,089,342 22,229,952 15,400 8,671,671 6,167 4,963 141,533 70,581 22.95 14.22 12,770,565 25,865,658 749,550 1", 4. 6. Rhode Island, 1,013,000 4,103,370 2,032 1,463,900 987 771 20,431 11,708 20.70 1518 2,381,825 8,612,400 46,000" " 5. 6. Connecticut, 3,773,950 9,414,100 7,912 3,325,709 2,907 2,581 70,141 33,216 24.12 13.25 6,465,216 9,408,777.... 6. 7. New York, 4,459,370 12,538,786.... 3,838,292 4,262 2,412 85,147 28,377 21.46 11.41 7,030,604 7,924,252 261,700" " 7. 8. New Jersey, 494,274 1,510:289 1,889 548,367 411 487 10,367 4,192 25.02 8'59 1,164,446 771,100 350,000" " 8. 9. Pennsylvania, 3,005,064 7,560,379 10,777 3,282,718 3,490 2,236 67,138 23,279 19.20 10.40 5,321,866 10,099,234 1,941,621" " 9. 0 10. Delaware, 148,50 393,000 45 204,172 122 18 2,293 312 18.79 17.33 251,010 152,000...... 10. 11. Maryland, 244,000 430,300 100 165,568 262 100 4,875 1,189 18.60 11'89 295,140 373,100..... 11. H 12'. Virginia, 392,640 1,554,110 3&q 488,899 478 190 8,688 1,883 18'15 9'90 841,013 2,037,025 398,705 " " 12. 13. North Carolina, 18,000 30,000.... 13,950 15I 15 270 105 18.00 700 23,750 34,000...... 13. 14. South Carolina,.............. 15. Georgia, 68,000 153,816.... 30,392 40 38 1,099 536 27:47 14:10 88,750 340,660... I1s. 17. Alabama, 29...,8................ 2 8....25 62. 3,1 6 12...... 3179. 18. Mississippi, 90 1,................18 55.. 17 9,0 1...... 18. 19. Louisiana, 1, ~5............................ 2, 1400...... 1" 2. 20. Texas, 8,000 30,000 0 10,000 4 4 880 0 20'00 20,00 56,000 14,000 1,000 blankets. 28. W 21. Arkansas,...10.1450.... 5 7.............. 1,0......... 21. 22. Tennessee, 10,900 6,200 6.... 36 5 2 265 12 1766 4800 31 0 7402,22035 ats. 22. C0 23. Kentucky, 249,820 673,900.... i 20,287 256 62 3,919 689 15.29 11.11 318,819 87'8,034 23. 24. Ohio, 870,220 1,657,726 2,110 578,423 903 298 18,191 3,250 2014 10044 1,111,027 1,374;087 65,000 lbs. yarn. 24. 25. Michigan, 94,ooo 162,250.... 43,402 78 51 1,689 685 21'65 11'47 90,202 141,570...... 25. 26. Indiana, 171,545 413,350 90 120,486 189 57 4,122 630 21'81 11'05 205,802 235,500 104,000'" " 26. 27. Illinois, 154,500 396,964 987 115,367 124 54 2,728 676 22'00 12.52 206,572 306,995 137,000 2' " 27. 28. Missouri, 20,000 80,000 1,071 16,000 15 10 480 66 32'00 6'50 56,000 12,000 12,000 blankets. 28. t4 29. Iowa, 10,000 14,500.... 3,500 7 78.... 1142. 13,000 14,000 29. 30. Wisconsin,.31,225 134,200.... 32,630 25.. 562.... 22'45.... i 87,992 36,000 74,350lbs yarn. 30. 31. California,.......................................... 31. 32. Dist. Columbia, 700 5,000.... 1,630 "2.. 60........ i....' 2,400 1',000...... 32. Total, $28,118,650 70,862,829 46,370o~25,755,988 22,678 16,574 $489,039 $210,90 —$43,207,555 82,2069652 4,294,326 lbs. yarn. MANUFACTURE OF COTTON GOODS. No ohands Etr wage e vrg ae e No. Statez. ~~Capital [BlsITons of [Value of all employed. month, ot. Vau fetr[YrssetI Sundries. N No. States. invested. Icotton. coal. [raw material. - produc. nemales., &l Males Femles.Males. ]Females. —--- Males. ]Females.! rdc. [ig&. c 1. Maine, $3,329,700-31, —— 1'-2,9~21 $1,573,110 7 —-0 2 —— 9 $22,89 $35'-,973] $29 —-~35 $12 [1 $2,596-,3'5'6 [32,852,6556].... - 2. N. Hampshire, 10,950,500/ 83,026 [7,679 1,839,429 [2,911 [9,211[ 75,713 ]124,131 [25-45 1 3.47[ 8,830,619 113,106,247 149,7001lb. yarm. 2. 3. Vermont,202,500/ 2,243I.. 114,415 I 94 ] 1471 1,460 i 1,861 t15.55 1 2.671 196,100I 1,651,000 53,050 3... 4. Massachusetts, 28,455,630/223,607[ 46,545] 11,289,309[ 9,293 119,437] 212,8921 264,514 I23.01 1 3'55[ 19,712,461 1298,751,392 353,660 " " 4 o 6. Rhode Island, 6,675,000t 50,713 [ 13, 116[ 3,484,579 [4,959[ 5,916] 921,282 [ 76,656 ]18'61 22'95[ 6,447,120 [96,725,612 1,902,980,th. & y. 6. Conectcut, 4,219,100/ 39,483/ 2,8661 2,500,062I 2,708 [3,4781 51,679 ]41,060[ 19.08 /1'-811 4,257,522I 51,7g0,700 950,000- yarn.6 7. New York, 4,176,920/ 37,778/ 1,539[ 1,985,973[ 2,632 [3,688[ 48,244[ 35,699 [18'33 [ 9'68[ 3,591,989[ 44,901,475 2,180,600... 8. New Jersey, 1,483,500/ 14,437 [4,467[ 666,645[ 616 [1,096] 11,078 [ 10,487[ 17.'98 ] 9.56[ 1o0,2,2,50200008 9. Pennsylvania, 4,528,925[ 44,162 [24,189] 3,152,530 [3,564 [4,099[ 63,642 ]40,656 [17'86 [ 9.91[ 5,322,262 45,746,790 5,308,561 " 9" 10. Delaware, 460,100[ 4,739[ 1,920[ 312,068I 413 [ 425[ 6,326 [ 4,926 [15.55 [11.59[ 538,439 3,521,636 533,000....s 10 11. Maryland, 2,236,000[ 23,325 [2,212] 1,165,579 [1,008 [2,014[ 15,546 [ 19,108 [1.5.42 [ 9-53] 2,120,504 27,883,9234600.. 12.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 46gii,1,08,00[i 17,85,85 12. Viginia 1,90,900 7,785 4,805 828,375 [1,275 [1,688[ 12,9183 ]11,791 [10'15 [ 6.98[ 1,486,384 15,640,107 1,755,915 " " 2 - 13. North Carolina, 1,058,800/ 13,617[.. 531,903[ 442 ]1,177~ 5,153 [ 7,216 [11,66 / 6.13[ 831,342 2,470,110 2,267,000.... i - 14. South Carolina, 857,200[ 9,929... 295,971 I 399 I 620/ 5,6/t,54 39'0 48386537713833.. 15. Georgia, -1,736,156[ 20,230[ l 000 900,419I 873 I1,399l 12,725 [ 10,352 /14'57 [ 7-39/ 2,135,044 7,209,292 4,198,351"1 1 "16. 16. Florida, 80,P000 600... 30,000 I 28 ] 67/ 900 | 335 /32-14!.00/ 49,920 624,000..-. 16. 17. Alabama, 651,900] 5,208... 237,081 i 346 [ 369] 4,.053! 2,946 [11.71! 7'98~ 382,260 3,081,000 790,000' " 17. o 18. Mssissppi,3 8,000/ 430.. 21,500[ 1 17/ 270 / 11 1-1 53 050.7,0 8 19. Louisiana, ~......... 20. Texas, 2..'........ [.... 21. Arkansas, 1650 17/..,7 3 1 9 0 46 -8 1,3.. 8,5 1 22. Tennessee, 669,600[ 6,411 I3,010[ 297,500 [ 310[ 581] 3,394 / 3,730 /10'95 [ 6.42[ 610,624 3'6'3,250 2,326,250" " 2 23. Ketucky 239,00 3,60 720 180,97 181 221 2707[ 2,070 [14-62! 9.36/ 273,439 1,003,000 725,000...231 c 25.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~00 Michgan............... 25 26. Indiana,' 4, 0 2:2 3 57 45'420.... 28. Missouri, 102,'ooo 2.f o......'267.'i 29. iowa,....................... 2 Z 30 icosn.................. 0 3 1. California,.................. 31 32. Dist. Columbia,'85;000 90.. 6700, 41 13 57 " 825] 14:02/ 8:01 100,000 1,400000...... 32 Total, $74,501,0311641,240 [121,099!$34,835,056 13-3,150 [ 59,1361 - -- 14 1'1891416,7,0,78360l.6,be. 0-Other Statistical Tables will be found near the close of the volume. STATEMENT OF THE COMMERCE OF EACH STATE AND TERRITORY, FROM JULY 1,i1850, TO JUNE 30, 1851. VALUE OF EXPORTS. i VALUE OF IMPORTS. No. STATES. DOMESTIC PRODUCE. FOREIGN PRODUCE. Total of Amer- In American In Foreign Total. No. In American In Foreign Total. In American In Foreign Total ican and For- Vessels. Vessels. LVessels. Vessels. Vessels. Vessels. eign Produce. 1. Maine.............. $1,251,391 $266,096 $1,517,487 $26,959 $6,992 $33,951 $1,551,438 $968,061 $208,529 $1,176,590 1. 2. New Hampshire,. 1,287 3,662 4,949................. 4,949 44,682 13,346 58,028 2. 3. Vermont...... 761,712......... 761,712 304.......... 304 762,016 691,268......... 691,268 3. 4. Massachusetts,...... 7,707,995 2,149,542 9,857,537 1,931,664 563,481 2,495,145 12,352,682 23,117,834 9,597,493 32,715,327 4. 5. Rhode Island........ ] 222,567 i 837 223,404 14,373.......... 14,373 237,777 295,209 15,421 310,630 5. 6. Connecticut,....... 419,924 13,970 433,894 184... 184 434,078 320,858 22,136 342,994 6. 7. New York,....... 51,698,245 16,406,297 68,104,542 11,403,676 6,498,801 17,902,477 86,007,019 106,568,635 34,977,903 141,546,538 7. 8. New Jersey,........ 139 139................ 139 1,111 1,111 8. 9. Pennsylvania....... 4,138,261 963,708 5,101,969 228,830 25,237 254,067 5,356,036 11,541,212 2,627,549 14,168,761 9. 10. Delaware.......................................... 11. Maryland........ 3,732,315 1,684,483 5,416,798.198,137. 20,851 218,988 5,635,786 5,662,066 988,579 6,650,645 11. 12. District of Columbia,. 72,560.......... 72,560... 250 82... 72,560 80,527 286 80,813 12. 13. Virginia,............ 1,550,738 1,536,706 3,087,444 2,624........ 2,624 3,090,068 227,339 325,594 552,933 13.. 14. North Carolina...... 236,482 190,266 426,748 4,347.......... 4,347 431,095 125,978 80,953 206,931 14. 15. South Carolina...... 8,354,698 6,961,880 15,316,578............ 15,316,578 1,646,915 434,397 2,081,312 15. 16. Georgia............ 5,224,518 3,934,361 9 158,879 360 750 1,110 9,159,989 404,477 317,070 721,547 16. 17. Florida,............ 2,519,319 1,420,591 939,910.......... 262 262 3,940,172 38,875 56,122 94,997 17. 18. Alabama............ 11,641,695 6,887,129 18,528,824........................... 18,528,824 43,736 369,710 413,446 18. 19. Louisiana.......... 38,022,609 15,945,404 53,968,013 388,265 57,685 445,950 54,413,963 10,134,465 2,393,995 12,528,460 19. C 20. Mississippi,.......................................-845.. 845 20. 21. Tennessee.............................................................. 64,761.......... 64,761 21. C) 22. Missouri................................ 622,039..... 622,039 22. 23. Ohio.............. 187,158 207,967 395,125.............................. 395,125 586,460 99,871 686,331 23. 24. Kentucky,...................i. 24. Kentucky...................... 213,570...... 213,576 24. 25. Michigan. 92,816 90,632 183,448 5,894 2,084 7,978 191,426 182,140.......... 182,146 25. W 26. Illinois.......... 98,249 16,087 114,336............................ 114,336 3,609 1,048 4,657 26. 27. Texas......... 75,422 75,422..................... 75,422 62,745 31,970 94,715 27. 28. California,.......... 2,225 11,306 13,531 28. 29. Oregon. ~~0~ ~~~0~~.................................. 29. 29. Oregontal........... 137,934,539 58,755,179 1...............96,689,718 14,205,617 7,176,143.................... 21,381,760 218,071,478 163,650,53.....................2,574,389.. 29.16,22,932 Total,................ 137,934,539i 58,755,179i 196,689,718 114,205,617 7,176,143 21,381,760 218,071,478 1163,650,54,3 5,7,8 1,2,3 DESCRIPTIONS OF MOUNTAINS, VALLEYS, RIVERS, CREEKS, LAKES, CAPES, BAYS, HARBORS, ISLANDS, SOUNDS, &c. ABBREVIATIONS. As no uniform system of abbreviations for the names of the states and territories in' the United States has hitherto been followed by any geographical writers, for the purpose of attaining greater ease and brevity of notation, we have in this work adopted the following, as best suited to this object; and would respectfully recommend them as intelligible and convenient for general use. We use, in all cases, the first and last letters of the name, excepting where two are alike in this respect, as in Indiana and Iowa, and in the compound names, as in New York, South Carolina, &c. ALABAMA, AA. LOUISIANA, LA. NORTH CAROLINA, N. C. ARKANSAS, AS. MAINE, ME. OHIO, O. CALIFORNIA, CA. MARYLAND, MD. OREGON, OrN. CONNECTICUT, CT. MASSACHUSETTS, MS. PENNSYLVANIA, PA. DELAWARE, DE. MICHIGAN, MN. RHODE ISLAND, R. I. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, D. C. MINNESOTA, MA. SOUTH CAROLINA, S.C. FLORIDA, FA. MISSISSIPPI, MI. TENNESSEE, TE. GEORGIA, GA. MISSOURI, MO. TEXAS, Ts. ILLINOIS, Is. NEBRASKA, NA. UTAH, UH. INDIANA, IA. NEW HAMPSHIRE, N. H. VERMONT, VT. INDIAN TERRITORY, IN. TY. NEW JERSEY, N. J. VIRGINIA, VA. IOWA, IO. NEW MEXICO, N. M. WISCONSIN, WN. KENTUCKY, KY. NEW YORK, N. Y. Abbaye, Point, Houghton co., Mn., extends into Lake Champlain. Some of the peaks of this Lake Superior, between Huron and Keewaiwona group are nearly as high as the White Mountains Bays. in New Hampshire. Mount Marcy, the highest Abraham, Mount, Franklin co., Me., lies mostly summit, is 5464 feet above tide water in the Hudin the town of Salem. son. In these mountains this noble river takes Adams, Cape, is on the Pacific, at the mouth its rise. There are five or six ranges of these of the Columbia River. A sand bar, 5 miles mountains lying between Lake Champlain and -across, extends from it to within a mile of Cape Lake Ontario, and on the opposite side of Disappointment, which is 7 miles distant in a Ontario, north of the Mohawk River. The N. W. direction. When the wind blows from chain which traverses Warren and Essex counthe W., this sand bar is covered with dangerous ties seems to be the most elevated. Some of breakers. The cape is low, and thinly wooded. the ridges of this group have received local July 18, 1841, the U. S. sloop of war Peacock, names, as the Kayaderosseras, on the W. of Lake belonging to the exploring expedition, was George; the Highlands of Black River; the stranded and lost within Cape Disappointment. Hassencleaver Mountains, of Oneida co.; and Adams Creek, N. C., falls into Pamlico Sound, the central chain has been called Macomb's in Ion. 760 531 W., and lat. 340 55' N. Mountains. From the early French inhabitants, Adams Point, Presque Isle co., Mn., projects they received the name of the Peruvian Mountains, into Lake Huron. in consequence of a belief then entertained that Adams Point, On. Situated at the mouth of they possessed great mineral treasures. Little is Columbia River, opposite Cape Disappointment. known of the more northern portions of these Adirondack Mountains, N. Y., lying S. W. of mountains. 168 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Adirondack River, N. Y., one of the head'lico Sound and the ocean by several narrow branches of the Hudson, rises in the Adirondack inlets, and with Chesapeake Bay by a canal Mountains, in Essex co. It is about 20 miles in through the Dismal Swamp. length, and passes through Lakes Henderson and Albert Lake, Ma. Situated near the Sioux Sanford, two small sheets of water surrounded by River, and W. from Lake Poinsett. picturesque scenery, and immense beds of iron Albert Lake, On., lies S. E. from Summer Lake. ore, and elevated 1900 feet above the Atlantic. Albert Lea Lake, Iowa. This lake is situated Admiralty Inlet, On. An irregular body of on the N. border of the state, and is the source water, extending S. from the Straits of Juan de of Shell Rock Creek. Fuca. Alden's Hill, Ms. Situated in the town of MidAgamenticus Mountain, Me., consists of three dleborough. elevations, situated in the town of York, about 4 Alleghany or Appalachian Mountains reach from miles from the sea, and is a noted landmark for the Catskill Mountains, in the state of N. Y., their seamen. The highest summit is 673 feet above most elevated part, to Ga., forming a range of the ocean. It is said that St. Aspinquid died on great length, and from 50 to 200 miles in breadth. this mountain in 1682, and that the Indians sac- The course of this great chain is nearly parallel rificed 6711 wild animals at his funeral. with the Atlantic, and from 50 to 130 miles disAgate Harbor, Houghton co., Mn. Situated on tant from it, and consists of a number of parallel the N. coast of Keewaiwona Point, W. from ridges, denominated the Blue Ridge, North Copper Harbor. Mountain, Jackson's Mountain, Laurel MounAgnew River, As., rises in the E. part of Pulas- tain, Cumberland Mountains, &c. These mounki co., and flowing S. E., enters White River in tains, for the most part, are not over 2500 feet Arkansas co. high, and they divide the waters which flow into Aguila Creek, Ts., flows S., and empties into the Atlantic on the E. from those which flow into Brazos River, between Nolands and Big Creeks. the Mississippi and the lakes to the N. and W. Ahmie River, Dodge co., Wn. A head branch These ridges are generally wooded to the top, and of the W. fork of Rock River. between the ridges are often valleys of fertile land, Ahneepee River, Brown co., Wn. A small though the country among them is generally rocky stream flowing S. E. into Lake Michigan. and rough. They are composed of granite, gneiss, Aitkin Lake, Ma. A small sheet of water ly- mica and clay slate, primitive limestone, &c. ing N. from Sandy Lake, with which it is connect- Alleghany River. The head branches of this ed by an outlet. river water Potter co., Pa. It then enters N. Y. Akkik or Kettle River, Ma. and Wn. It rises in the S. E. part of Cattaraugus co., through in the W. part of La Pointe co., Wn., flows S. which it runs 45 miles in a circuitous course, after S. W. into Ma., and empties into the St. Louis which it refnters Pa., and unites with the MononRiver. gahela to form the Ohio, at Pittsburg. The river Alabama River. This river is formed by the is navigable, for boats of small draught of water, junction of the Coosa and the Tallapoosa, and from the village of Olean, Cattaraugus co., to its flowing S. S. W., unites with the Tombigbee, 48 entrance into the Ohio, a distance of 230 miles. miles above Mobile Bay, and after the junction Its entire length is 300 miles. has the name of Mobile River. It is navigable at Allemande, Lake, La., lies S. from the Missisall seasons for vessels requiring 6 feet of water, sippi River, and N. W. from Lake Washa, into from the junction, 60 miles, to Claiborne. From which it discharges its waters. Claiborne, 150 miles, to the mouth of the Cahaw- Allen's Creek, an important mill stream, rises ba, the river has 4 or 5 feet of water. From the in Wyoming co., N. Y., flows through the E. part mouth of the Cahawba to the junction of the of Genesee into Monroe co., in the S. part of Coosa and Tallapoosa, its head branches, the which it enters Genesee River. river affords, in all places, 3 feet of water. The Allen's Point, Vt., is the southern extremity of river is subject to great changes by rising and Grand Isle, in the township of South Hero, and falling. takes its name from one of the early settlers. Alachua Savanna, Alachua co., Fa., is a marshy Alliguash River, Piscataquis co., Me., is fed by plain, which is supposed to discharge its waters a great number of small ponds, flows in a N. direcby an underground passage into Lake Orange. tion, and empties into the St. John's River. Alatamaha River and Sound, Ga. The river is Alligator River, N. C. This river rises in a lake formed by the union of the Ockmulgee and the of the same name, in Hyde, flows N. N. E., and Oconee. After the junction, the Alatamaha be- empties into Albemarle Sound. comes a large river, flowing with a gentle current Alloway's Creek rises in Salem co., N. J., and upwards of 100 miles, and enters by several out- falls into the Delaware River, 6 miles S. of lets into Alatamaha Sound, 60 miles S. W. of Salem. It is 20 miles long, and navigable 12 Savannah, through which it passes into the At- miles for boats. lantic. This sound contains a number of beau- Alluvial Way, or Ridge Road, N. Y. This cutiful islands. The Alatamaha is navigable on the rious formation of nature extends from the GenOconee branch, 300 miles from the ocean, for esee River, near Rochester, to the Niagara River, boats of 300 tons, and for steamboats to Milledge- near Lewiston, -a distance of about 80 miles, - ville, and to an equal distance on the Ockmulgee is of considerable height, and about 8 rods in branch. The bar at the mouth has 19 feet at low width. It is composed of sand and gravel stones, water. The whole length of the river to its source and is supposed by many to have once been the is about 500 miles. shores of Lake Ontario, from which it is now disAlbemarle Sound, N. C., is a large inlet from the tant about 10 miles. sea, in the N. E. part of the state. It extends 60 Almirante River, Fa., falls into Pensacola Bay. miles from E. to W., and is from 4 to 15 miles Altoyac Creek, Ts., flows in a southerly direcwide. It receives the Chowan, Roanoke, and sev- tion, and em ties into Angelina River. eral smaller rivers. It communicates with Pam- Alum Cee, 0O., is the W. branch of the Big IN THE UNITED STATES. 169 Walnut River, which it enters in the S. E. part of Antelope Creek, Ca. A small E. branch of the Franklin co., after a course of about 35 miles. Rio Sacramento. Alum Pond Hill, Ms. Situated in the town of Antelope Island, Uh. A large island lying in tho Douglas. Height 778 feet. S. part of the Great Salt Lake. Amelia Island. Nassau co., Fa., is situated in the Anthony's' Nose, or, as more commonly called, N. E. part of the state. It is 15 miles long and the NOSE, is situated in the W. part of Mont4 wide. Fernandina, a town at the N. W. end, gomery co., N. Y., on the N. branch of Mohawk was once the capital of the county, and a flourish- River, and is on the extremity of the hill or mouning place. The land is fertile. tain called the "' Klips." It slopes towards the Antite River rises in Mi., and, flowing S. into river from an elevation of about 500 feet, bearing La., unites' with the Ibberville at Galveston, to a great resemblance to a nose some 300 or 400 which it is navigable, and after a course of 100 feet long. miles, falls into Lake Maurepas. Anthony's or St. Anthony's Nose, N. Y., projects Amonoosuck Rivers, Upper and Lower, N. H. from the S. side of Breakneck Hill, in the town The upper river rises N. of the White Mountains; of Phillipstown, on the E. bank of the Hudson. and passing N. E. into Dummer, approaches to It derives its name from a resemblance to a huge within a few miles of the Androscoggin; thence it human face, as seen from the river, at the N. enturns to the S. W., and empties into the Connecti- trance of the Highlands. There is another pro: cut, at Northumberland, after a course of about 50 jection of the same name, but less remarkable, miles. Its valley, which is of great beauty, extends opposite the site of old Fort Montgomery, near the more than 20 miles in length, and 7 or 8 miles in S. entrance of the Highlands, below West Point. breadth. The lower river rises on the W. side of Antietam Creek rises in Washington co., Md., the White Mountains, and falls into the Connecti- and empties into the Potomac. cut, just above Haverhill, after a course of 50 miles. Antoine Creek, As., one of the head branches Two miles from its mouth it receives the Wild Am- of the Little Missouri River, and the boundary line onoosuck, a swift, rapid stream about 40 yards in between Clark and Pike counties. width. The waters of the Amonoosuck are pure, Apostles' Islands, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated and its current quick. The valley of the lower river in the W. part of Lake Superior, N. from Chegois about half a mile in width, and was probably wawegon Bay. once the bed of a lake. About 6J miles from the Appalachee Bay is a large bay on the coast of Notch of the White Mountains, the river falls 50 Fa., in the Gulf of Mexico. Through this bay is feet over a mass of stratified granite. a passage 10 feet deep, which is gradually reAnastasia Island, Fa., is situated on the E. coast. duced to 8, by which St. Marks is reached. It It is 18 miles long and about 1 broad. A signal furnishes the best anchorage ground along the tower on its N. end is in 290 50' N. lat., 40 29' W. coast for the distance of 230 miles. lon. from Washington. Appalachian Mountains. See Alleghany MounAnclote Keys, Fa. These islands lie off the tains. coast of Benton co., S. from Helley's Keys. Appalachicola River, Bay, and St. George's Ancram, or Roeloff Jansen's Creek, N.Y. This Sound. The river is formed by the union of small mill stream rises in Hillsdale, Columbia co., Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers, which unite in and after a circuitous course enters the"Hudson 8 the state of Ga. in lat. 30~ 421 N., from which it miles below the city of Hudson. proceeds S. 70 miles, to St. George's Sound, and Anderson's River, Ky. It falls into the Ohio, thence to the Gulf of Mexico. Near the mouth 52 miles above Green River. of the river it forms a broad estuary, denomiAnderson's Creek, Ia., rises in the W. part of nated Appalachicola Bay, which connects with St. Crawford co., flows S. S. W., separating Spen- George's Sound. The latter is partly enclosed cer and Perry counties, and falls into the Ohio by three islands, and is 50 miles in length, and River. from 4 to 9 wide. Between the islands are three Androscoggin or Ameriscoggin River, Me. The passages into the sound, which have a depth of Margallavay, its N. branch, receives Dead and about 15 feet of water at low tide. The river is Diamond Rivers, in N. H., and unites with the navigable for small vessels to the junction of the stream flowing from Umbagog Lake, about a mile Chattahoochee and Flint Rivers. The Chattafrom its outlet. The river then pursues a S. hoochee, the largest branch, is navigable for course until it approaches the White Mountains, boats nearly 400 miles from the Gulf of Mexico. and receiving several considerable tributaries, it The whole surface drained by the Appalachicola passes into Me. N. of Mount Moriah. It then and its branches is estimated at a little less than flows E. and S. E. through a fertile country, nearly 20,000 square miles. to the sea-coast, and turning N., flows over the Apple River, Is., crosses the N. W. part of the falls at Brunswick, near Bowdoin College, into state, passes through Jo Daviess co., and after a Merrymeeting Bay, uniting with the Kennebec, 20 course of 45 miles, falls into the Mississippi, 20 miles from the sea. miles below Galena. It is 50 yards wide at its Angelica Creek, Alleghany co., N. Y., rises in mouth. It is a rocky and rapid stream, furnishthe town of West Almond, flows W. through the ing many good mill seats. town of Angelica, where it enters the Genesee. Apple Creek, Mo., runs on the boundary beAngelina River, Ts., flows in a S. S. E. direction, tween Perry and Cape Girardeau co., and falls and empties into Neches River. into the Mississippi at Birmingham. Ann, Cape, Ms. See Gloucester. Apple River, St. Croix co., Wn. It flows S. W. Annemesic River, Somerset co., Md., rises in the into the St. Croix River. E. part of the county, and flows a little S. of W. Appletree River, S. C. A small branch of the into Tangier Sound. Keowe. Anno Nuevo Point, Ca., extends into the Pacific Appomattox River, Va. It rises in Prince Edat the town of Santa Cruz, and N, from Point ward co., and after flowing E. 120 miles, unites Pinos. with James River at City Point. It is navigable 170 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., for vessels of 100 tons to the falls at Petersburg, Ashley River, Fa., waters the W. part of the the head of tide water. There is a canal around state, and falls into the Gulf of Mexico. these falls, and the river is boatable 80 miles above. Ashtabula River, Ashtabula co., O. It rises in Appoquininunk Creek, New Castle co., De., the E. part of the county, flows about 30 miles rises in the W. part of the county, and flows in a N. W. direction, and empties into Lake Erie. N. E. into Delaware Bay. Ashuelot or Ashwillit River, Cheshire co., N. H. Aransas River, Ts., flows in a S. of E. course, This stream rises in a pond in the town of Washand empties into Espiritu Santo Bay, a little be- ington, flows in a southerly direction, through Marlow the town of Refugio. lowand Gilsum, to Keene, where it receives a conArarat Mountain, Pa., lies in Luzerne and siderable branch supplied from ponds in Stoddard. Wayne counties. Length 15 miles. From Keene it proceeds to Swanzey, where it reArarat, or Pilot Mountain, N. C., lies 9 miles ceives another branch, and thence pursues a southN. W. from Bethania, between Yadkin River on erly and westerly course, through Winchester into the S. and Ararat River on the W. It is about Hinsdale, where it empties into the Connecticut, I mile in height, of a pyramidal form, with an about 3 miles from the S. boundaryjof the state. area of an acre at the top, which supports a rock Assabet River, Ms. It rises in the vicinity of 300 feet high. Westborough, flows through Marlborough, NorthArguello Point, Ca. Situated N. W. from Point borough, and Stow, and unites with Sudbury Conception. River at Concord. Argyle Fort, Bryan co., Ga., situated on the Assemoqua River, Mn., rises in the S. W. corner W. bank of Ogechee River, 6 miles above Oge- of Clare co., flows E., and empties into the Tittichee Bridge, was built in 1733, to protect the bawasee on the S. border of Gladwin co. early settlers against the Spaniards. It is now Attanwa River, St. Croix co., Wn., flows S. W. in ruins. into the St. Croix River. Arkansas Pass, Ts. A passage between two Attonowining River, La Pointe co., Wn. A islands leading into Espiritu Santo Bay. small stream flowing S. into the St. Croix River. Arkansas River, As. This river rises in the Attwater's Falls, in Norfolk village, St. LawRocky Mountains, about lat. 42~ N., near the rence co., N. Y., are formed by the descent of sources of the Del Norte, and near the boundary'Racket River from a height of 50 feet. between Nebraska and New-Mexico, and for some Au Barque, Point, Mn., extends into the N. W. distance forms a part of that boundary. It flows part of Lake Huron, E. from the Big Bay de through the central part of Arkansas, and after Noquet. a course of 2170 miles, enters the Mississippi Au Barques Point, Huron co., Mn., situated at in lat. 330 40' N. Its general course is E. S. E. the mouth of Willow River. The navigation is not obstructed by rocks, shoals, Au Bay Point, Mn., situated between Big and or rapids, and it is navigable for boats at some Little de Noquet Bays. seasons 1980 miles. The country watered by Au Chapeau Point, Huron co., Mn., extends into the Arkansas, in its upper parts, is sterile; but Lake Huron, at the mouth of Pinebog River. in the lower parts it is tolerably fertile, and on Au Cuivre River, Mo. This river is formed by its alluvial borders it is rich. The whole surface three principal branches, called Indian Creek, watered by this river and its tributaries is esti- Middle, and Eagle Forks. After the junction of mated at 178,000 square miles. these large streams, the river flows in an easterly Armstrong Fort. Situated on the S. extremity direction, forming the boundary between St. of Rock Island, Is. Charles and Lincoln counties, and empties into Aroostook River, Me. This river rises in the inte- the Mississippi. rior of Piscataquis co., flows more than 100 miles Auglaize River, 0:, rises in Allen co., receives in a circuitous course, receiving many important numerous branches, and forms a large branch of tributaries, and enters St. John's River in New the Maumee River, entering it on the S. side, at Brunswick. The land on its borders is very fer- Defiance. It is boatable, at high water, 50 or 60 m. tile, and said to equal the celebrated Genesee Au Haut Island, Me. This island lies off Hanland for the raising of wheat. cock co., E. from the Vinalhaven Islands. Ascutney Mountain, Windsor co., Vt. This Au Pain de Sucre Point, Huron co., Mn. Situmountain lies in the towns of Windsor and ated E. from Point au Chapeau. Weathersfield, and is a huge mass of granite, pro- Au Sable, Point, Schoolcraft co., Mn. Situated ducing but little vegetation of any kind. Its E. from the mouth of Hurricane River. name is undoubtedly of Indian origin, but writers Au Sable Point, Brown co. Wn., extends into are not agreed as to its signification. From the Green Bay, N. E. from the town of Green Bay, summit of this mountain the prospect is extensive and opposite Grass Point. and very beautiful. The Connecticut, which is Au Sable River, N. Y., sometimes called the easily seen winding its way through fertile and Great Au Sable, rises in the Mohegan Mountains, highly cultivated meadows, adds much to the Essex co., near the sources of Hudson River, charm of the scenery. flows N. E., and enters Lake Champlain in the S. Ash Point, Chippewa co., Mn., extends into the part of Clinton co. Its two main branches unite Straits of St. Mary, opposite St. Joseph's Island. at the village of Au Sable Forks; the river then Ashepoo River, Colleton district, S. C. This passes through the manufacturing villages of river rises in the W. interior of the district, flows Clintonville, Keesville, and Birmingham, affordS. S. E., and empties into St. Helena Sound. ing extensive water power. There is a succesAshley Fork, Ca. A W. branch of Green River, sion of falls, in all of about 150 feet descent, at which it enters below Brush Creek. Birmingham, 2 miles below Keesville. The river Ashley River, S. C. This river rises in the W. enters a deep ravine, of singular and romantic part of Charleston district, flows S. E., through beauty, immediately below the falls. The rocks Colleton district, and enters Charleston Harbor rise on either side of this chasm, which is formed opposite the city of Charleston. by the wearing of the waters, or by some convul IN THE UNITED STATES. 171 sion of nature, to an almost perpendicular height General Stark was captured by the Indians, on of from 75 to 150 feet, for a distance of about 2 the 28th of April, 1752. miles, and an average width of about 50 feet, Bald Eagle Mountains and Valley, Pa., are situforming a great natural curiosity. There are ated N. E. of Juniata River. on the confines of other ravines of singular formation in this vi- Huntington and Centre counties. Bald Eagle cinity. Valley lies on the E. side, and is 5 miles wide, Au Sable River, Little, rises in Clinton co., N. having beneath it a bed of limestone. It has Y., and enters Lake Champlain a few miles N. of also a place where caverns in the rocks absorb the Great Au Sable. the principal streams of the valley, which run Au Sable River, Is. A small branch of the Illi- several miles under ground before they emerge. nois River, which it enters from the N. in Gundy co. Bald Eagle River, Pa., runs in a N. E. direction Austin's Creek, Ga. It falls into Savannah 44 miles, through Centre and Clinton counties, River, about 12 miles N. W. from Savannah. and falls into the W. branch of the Susquehanna, Aux Grais River, Mn., rises in the S. E. part of after a course of 50 miles. Ogemaw co., flows S. E. into Arenac co., where Bald Face Mountain, Coos co., N. H., lies in it falls into Rifle River. the town of Bartlett, between Ellis River and the Avalanche Lake, Newcomb, Essex co., N. Y. Rocky branch of the Saco. This small lake is situated between Mounts Mc- Bald Hill, Douglas, Ms. Height 714 feet. Intvre and McMartin. It is much the highest Bald Mount, Somerset co., Me., lies W. of Pebody of water in the state, large enough to be nobscot River. called a lake; being elevated 2900 feet above the Bald M.ountain Hills, Rensselaer co., N. Y., is a tide waters of the Hudson, of which it is a tribu- high range extending from the town of Hoosick, tary. It derives its name from an avalanche that through Petersburg into Berlin. must have occurred on the W. side of Mount Mc- Bald Mountain Ridge, Me. Situated in the N. Martin many years since. W. part of Somerset co., near the source of the Avon Springs. See MineralsSprings, &c. W. branch of Penobscot River.-Bald Mountain. Ayer's Hill, Haverhill, Ms. Height 339 feet. An isolated peak, situated in the same county, S. from the Ridge. Back Creek, Va., drains Frederick co., and Bald Peak, Mt.Washington, Ms. Height 2624 ft. flows N. E., through Berkley co., into the Poto- Baldwin's Creek rises in Erin, Chemung co., mac River. N. Y., and flows S. into Chemung River. Back River, N. H. The head stream of this Balize, La. This is the principal entrance into River, called Bellamy Bank, is formed by two the mouth of the Mississippi, and is 100 miles bebranches, which unite in Madbury. The stream low New Orleans. It is about 20 miles long, and then falls into the Piscataqua, on the W. side of has 16 feet of water on the bar. Dover Neck, and is called Back River. Ballston Springs. See Mineral Springs, &c. Back River, Va., forms the boundary between Baloxi, Bay of, Mi. This bay lies between York and Elizabeth City counties, and empties Harrison co. on the N. and Ship Island Sound into Chesapeake Bay. on the S. Bad River, Mn., rises in Saginaw co., and Baloxi River, Harrison co., Mi., is a small empties into Saginaw River. stream emptying into Baloxi Bay. Bad River, La Pointe co., Wn. This stream Bamonegemook Lake, Me., lies in the N. part of has many large branches, which drain the E. part Piscataquis co. of the county. They unite to form the main Bank Creek, Pa. The head branches of this stream near its entrance into Lake Superior. stream rise in the W. part of Clearfield co. It Ba.gaduce Point, Me. A cape extending into flows in a S. W. direction, separating Clarion and Penobscot Bay. Armstrong counties, and empties into the AlleBahama Channel, or Gulf of Florida, the nar- ghany River. row sea between the coast of'America and the Bannister River, Va., runs through Pittsylvania Bahama Islands, is 135 miles long, and 46 wide. and Halifax counties, and falls into Dan River, 10 The currents here, formed by an inflection of the miles above its junction with the Roanoke. Gulf Stream, are very violent, passing at the rate Baptism River, Ma. A small stream flowing of from 2 to 5 miles an hour among islands, and S. E. into Lake Superior. vessels are frequently wrecked in passing through Baraboo River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. part this dangerous strait. of Sauk co., flows S. of E., and empties into WisBaker's Island. Me., lies S. E. of Mount De- consin River, in Columbia co., just above the town sert Island, off Hancock co. of De Korra. Baker Mount, On. This is an elevated peak of Barataria Bay, La. This bay sets up from the the Cascade Mts., situated on the N. border of the Gulf of Mexico, and receives the waters of a chain state. of lakes lying betwe6n it and the Mississippi River. Baker Pond, Me. Situated in the N. part Barataria Island, La. A strong military post on of Somerset co. The S. branch of St. John's the N. side of the Gulf of Mexico, at the entrance River passes through it. of Barataria Bay, 55 miles N. W. from the Balize. Baker's River, Grafton co., N. H. This is It is a healthy island, and has a safe and commoa considerable stream, formed by two branches. dious harbor. The N. branch rises near Moosehillock Moun- Barataria River, La., runs S. into a bay of the tain in Benton, flows in a southerly direc- same name. tion through Warren into Wentworth, where it Bare Mountain, Orange co., N. Y. This is one unites with the S. branch. The river then flows of the W. peaks of the Highlands, lying in the in a S. E. and S. course through Rumney and towns of Cornwall and Monroe. Plymouth, where it unites with the Pemige- Barnhart's Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies wasset, just above Plymouth Village. It was on in St. Lawrence River, being the most N. island this river, in the township of Rumney that in this river belonging to the U. S. 172 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Barn Island, Great, New York co., N. Y., lies Battle River, Aroostook co., Me. A small in East River, on the N. side of Hell Gate, 7 miles stream flowing in a S. E;. direction into the Matfrom the City Hall. It is about 2 miles in cir- awamkeag River. cumference. Bay Creek, Is., rises in the N. part of Pike Barn Islaznd, Little, N. Y., lies at the junction co., flows W., and empties into the Mississippi in of Har'em and East Rivers, and N. E. of Great Calhoun co. Barn Island, from which it is separated by a nar- Bay River, Craven co., N. C., empties into Pamrow channel called " Little Hell Gate." lico Sound, N. from Neuse River. Barnes Sound, Fa. A large expanse of water, Bay Ronde, La. This small bay lies off Plasituated between Dade co. on the N. and the quemine parish, just above the Delta of the MisFlorida Keys on the S. and E. sissippi. Barnegat Bay, N. J. This bay is separated Bayou des Arcs. As. This stream flows in a from the ocean by Island and Squam Beaches, S. E. direction, forming the boundary line beextends from Barnegat Inlet, 20 miles, to Mete- tween White and Pulaski counties, and empties cunk River, and is from 1 to 4 miles wide. into White River. Barques River, Mo., enters the Missouri at Ion. Bayou Meter, As. This river rises in the N. W. 930 141 W. and lat. 38c 43' N. part of Pulaski co., flows S. S. E., its tributaries Barren Island, King's co., N. Y., lies at the draining a large extent of land, and falls into the mouth of Jamaica Bay, between Plumb and Rock- Arkansas River, in Arkansas co. away Inlets. Beach Island, Ms. This island lies off the town Barren Rivers, Ky., two small rivers, called the of Wellfleet, enclosing Wellfleet Bay. Big and Little Barren, are tributaries of Green Beacon Hill, or the Old Beacon, N. Y., one of River. The former falls into it in the N. W. cor- the highest peaks of the Highlands of the Hudner of Warren co., the latter W. of Greensburg. son, is situated in the S. part of the town of FishBarrell Creek, Iowa, flows S. W., and enters Mis- kill, close on the borders of the Hudson, above souri River in Mills co. which it is elevated 1471 feet. Barrier River, On., flows in an E. direction, and Beacon, New, or Grand Sachenm, N. Y., situfalls into Clark's fork of Columbia River, a little ated half a mile S. of the former, is the highbelow Fort Okonagan. est peak of the. Highlands. or Matteawan MounBarrington Fort, Ga., 14 miles above Darien, tains, being elevated 1685 feet above: the tide on the E. bank of the Alatamaha, was erected in waters of the Hudson. The view from the 1720 by the Carolinians, to prevent the escape of summit of this mountain is extremely beautiful. the negroes to the Spaniards at St. Augustine. The river is visible from West Point to Tappan Barron's Island, Grafton co., N. H. A small Bay on the S., and for an extent of 50 miles on island in the Connecticut River, attached to the the N.'The surrounding rich and highly cultitown of Piermont. vated country, dotted with villages, and wanting Bartlett's Island, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated in nothing that renders so extensive a landscape in Lake Superior, N.E. from the Apostles' Islands. lovely, lies as a picture before the observer. Barton River, Vt., is formed in the township of Bean Hill, Merrimac co., N. H. See Northfield. Barton, by the junction of two head branches, one Bean's Creek, Franklin co., Te. A small branch of which rises in Glover, and the other on the of Elk River. boundary between Sheffield and Sutton. The Bearen Island, N. Y., lying in the Hudson, main stream flows N. and N. E., receiving Wil- opposite the town of Coeymans, Albany co., was loughby's River near its head, and passing through on the S. boundary of the old Rensselaerwyck parts of Irasburg and Orleans, empties into Mem- colony, and was fortified and garrisoned by one phremagog Lake. It waters about 160 square of the early patroons, in 1644. All foreign traders miles. were obliged to come here and learn the terms on Basin Harbor, Addison co., Vt. See Ferrisburg. which the port of the colony might be entered. Baskahegan River, Me., rises in Baskahegan Bear Camp River, N. H. This river is formed Lake, Washington co., near New Brunswick line; in Ossipee, by the junction of its two principal it then flows 15 or 20 miles in a W. direction, and branches, and empties into the W. side of Ossipee empties into the Matawamkeag, a tributary of the Lake. Penobscot. Bear Creek, the outlet of Bear Lake, rises in Bass Islands, 0. Situated in Lake Erie, N. W. Stockton, Chatauque co., N. Y., and flowing S. from Cunningham's Island and N. from the town enters Cassadaga Creek. of Port Clinton. Bear's or Tiffin's Creek rises in Mn., and enters Bastien Bay, Plaquemine parish, La. A long, the Maumee;1 miles above the Auglaise. It is narrow body of water extending from the Missis- 54 miles long. sippi River S. W. into Barataria Bay. Bear Creek, Is., rises in the interior of Hancock Basture Island. A small island lying in the co., flpws S. S. E., and enters the Mississippi by Gulf of Mexico, near the coast of Mi. two mouths in Adams co. Batache Bayou, La. A small branch of the Bear Creek, Iowa. A S. branch of the MacoDorcheat Bayou. quetais River. which it enters in Jackson co. Battahatchee River rises in Aa., and after a Bear Creek. A branch of Tennessee River, course of 70 miles in a S. W. direction, enters the rises in Aa., and after a course of 70 miles enters Tombigbee, in Monroe co., Mi. the Tennessee, between the states of Aa. and Mi. Batten Kill rises in Vt., flows W. through Wash- Bear Creek, Ts. A small W. branch of Trinity ington co., N. Y., and enters the Hudson 1 miles River. below Fort Miller bridge. It is a good mill Bear Grass River, Ky., falls into the Ohio, at stream. Louisville. Battle Creek, Mn., is the largest branch of the Bear Lake, Chatauque co., N. Y., is a small Kalamazoo. It has a winding course of 40 miles, body of water lying partly in the town of Pomr and furnishes good mill seats. fret and partly in Stockton. IN THE UNITED STATES. 173 Bear Mountain, Wendall, Ms. Height 1281 ft. Bellows Falls, Vt. See Rockingham. Bear River, Me. This stream rises in the High- Bennett's Creek rises in the S. part of Steuben!ands, near Umbagog Lake, and falls into the co., N. Y., and flowing N. enters Canisteo River. Androscoggin, opposite Bethel. Benton Lakes, Ma. Situated at the head of Beasley's Creek, Ky., falls into Ohio River, ion. Coteau Percee Creek, a tributary of Sioux River. 83~ 55' W. and lat. 380 35' N. Bete CGris Bay, Houghton co., Mn. Situated on Beaver, Big, River, Pa., is formed by the Maho- the N. E. part of Keewaiwona Bay. ning and Shenango. It enters the Ohio River Betsie River, Mn. This stream rises in a small near the town of Beaver, Pa. The main river is lake in the S. W. part of Leelanau co., makes a about 20 miles long, and to its sources 80 miles. curve into Manistee co., then flows through the The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal passes along S. W. part of Leelanau co. into Lake Michigan. the valley of this river. Big Bay de Noquet, Mn. This is a large bay Beaver Dam Creek, Beaufort district, S. C. A extending into the N. part of the peninsula, N. E. small branch of the Savannah River. from Green Bay. It receives the waters of several Beaver Dam Lake, Tunica co., Mi., lies a little rivers, and communicates with Lake Michigan. E. from the Mississippi River, with which it is Biq Bay Creek, Is. This stream flows S. E., connected by an outlet. draining Johnson and Pope counties, and empties Beaver Brook, Aroostook co., Me., is a tributary into the Kentucky River. of Aroostook River, which it enters on the N. side. Big Biwyah Creek, Choctaw co., Mi. One of Beaver Brooks, N. H. There are several streams the head branches of the Big Black River. of this name in the state. The largest rises in a Big Black River, Mi., is 160 miles long, and small pond in Unity, and flowing W. empies into e ties into the Mississippi. the Connecticut at Charlestown. Another rises Big Blue River, Ia., falls into the Ohio, 2 miles in Mount Vernon, and empties into the Souhegan. W. from Leavenworth. Beaver Creek, Crawford co., Wn. A tributary Big Blue River rises in the E. part of In. ter. of Black River. and falls into the Missouri in Jackson co. Beaver Islands, Lake Michigan. These islands Big Bone Creek, Woodford co., Ky., flows W. are 5 or 6 in number. The largest, Big Beaver, into the Ohio River. contains 40 square milese Big Branch Creek, Ripley co., Mo. A tributary Beaver[slands, Great and Little, Mn. They lie of Current River, which it enters near the centre in the N. part of Lake Michigan, Great Beaver of the county. being S. and Little Beaver S. W. from Garden Big Flat Creek, Bedford co., Te., enters Duck Island. River from the S., opposite Shelbyville. Beaverkill rises in Ulster co., N. Y., flows Big Hatchy River, Te., falls into the Mississippi through Sullivan into Delaware co., and falls into in Tipton co., after a course of 100 miles. the Papacton, a branch of the Delaware. It is a Bighorn River. This river rises in the Rocky good mill stream. Mountains, and flowing in a N. E. direction, about Beaver Lake, Hamilton co., N. Y., is a small 800 miles, joins the Yellowstone at Manuel's body of water emptying into Moose River. Fort. It waters a fine, fertile country, and is Beaver River, N. H. and Ms., rises in Beaver navigable for canoes to a great distance. Pond, in Londonderry, flows S. through Pelham, Big Horse Creek, Edgefield district, S. C. A and falls into the Merrimac, in Dracut, Ms., nearly small branch of the Savannah, which it enters a apposite the mouth of Concord River. little below Hamburg. Beaver River rises in Hamilton co., N. Y., and Big Indian Creek, Ia., rises in the S. part of flowing W. empties into Black River, in Lewis co. Johnson co., flows W., and empties into the W. Becket Station Mountain, Becket, Ms. Height fork of White River, in Morgan county. 2194 feet. Big Lake River, On. It rises in a lake on the Bedlow's Island is situated in New York Bay, N. border of On., flows S. W., and empties into near Ellis's Island, and 2946 yards S. W. of the Clark's Fork of Columbia River, a little W. from Battery. It belongs to the U. S. government, and Pend Oreille's Lake. on it is located Fort Wood, a strong fortification, Big Laurel River, N. C., rises among the Blue which, with the works on Governor's Island, forms Ridge Mountains in Yancey co., and flows S. W. the inner defence of N. Y. harbor. into the French Broad River. Beech River, Te. This stream rises in the W. Big and Little Sandy Forks, On. and Ca. These interior of Henderson co., flows E., receiving streams rise in the Wind River Mts., unite, and Piney, Cane, Mill, and other small creeks, and en- flowing S. W. into Ca., empty into Green River. ters the Tennessee at Perryville. Big Loutre River, Mo. This river waters the Beerkill rises in Sullivan co., N. Y., flows E., S. E. part of Audrain co., flows S. S. E., and enand empties into Rondout Creek, in Ulster co. ters the Missouri, opposite Loutre Island. Belamaqueen Bay, Vt. A small bay jutting Big Mill Creek, Jackson co., Va., flows in a into the town of Ferrisburg, from Lake Champlain. N. W. direction, and empties into the Ohio River. Belle River, Mn., passes through Lapeer and St. Big M[uddy River, Is. This river rises in the Clair counties, and after a course of 50 miles en- N. part of Jefferson co., flows S. W., receiving ters St. Clair River. It is navigable for bateaux numerous tributaries, and enters the Mississippi a short distance from its mouth. in the N. W. corner of Union co. Belle Pond, or Belle Water Pond, Vt., lies in the Bigq Pigeon Creek, Ia. It rises near the centre S. E. part of Barton, and is 3 miles long and 1J of Gibson co., flows in a winding southerly direcmiles wide. tion, and enters the Ohio River in Vanderburg co. Bell Kedgwick River, Me.'A branch of the Kat- Big Pigeon River. This stream rises in the awan. Kedgwick, which it enters on the W. side. S. E. part of Haywood co., N. C., flows N. W. Bellingham Bay, On. Situated in the N. W. into Te., and enters the French Broad River in part of the state, between the Gulf of Georgia the N. part of Cocke co. and the Straits of Juan de Fuca. Big Sandy River, rises in Va., and enters the 174 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Ohio at Catletsburg, Ky. It is fowned by the Black Lake, St. Lawrence co., N. Y. This lake, junction of E. and W. forks, and its E. fork con- which lies nearly parallel with St. Lawrence stitutes the boundary between Va. and Ky. for River, is about 20 miles long, and from 1 to 26 nearly 200 miles. miles in width, and seems a mere expansion of Big Stone Lake, Ma. This is a long, narrow Black River, which enters it from the S. Its outsheet of water, lying S. E. from Lake Travers. let, after flowing 2 or 3 miles, enters Oswegatchie The waters of Minesota or St. Peter's River pass River. through it. Black River, Me. This river rises in several Big Swamp Creek, Lowndes co., Aa., flows ponds near the Canada line, and flows S. E. into N. W., and enters the Alabama River at Benton. St. John's River. Big Thibeau River. Mo., rises in the N. E. part Black River, Little, Me., rises N. E. of the forof Henry co., flows S. E., and enters the South mer, and flows S. E. into the St. John's. Grand, near its junction with Osage River. Black River, Windsor co., Vt. It rises in Big Whippoorwill Creek, Logan co., Ky., flows Plymouth, flows through Ludlow, Cavendish, and S. E., and empties into Red, a branch of Cumber- Weathersfield, affording many mill sites, and land River. falls into the Connecticut at Springfield. Its Big Wills Creek, Aa. This stream has its length is 35 miles. source among the Alteghanies, flows mostly in a Black River, Orleans co.. Vt., rises in some S. W. course, and falls into the Coosa River. ponds in Craftsbury, flohws through Albany, IrasBig WVood River, On. It rises among the burg, and Coventry, and falls into MemphremaSalmon River Mountains, flows S. of W., and gog Lake at Salem. Its length is about 30 falls into) Lewis's fork of Columbia River, just miles. below Fort Poisee. Black River, the third river in size that has Biq Creek, Posey co., Ia., flows S. W. into the its course entirely in N. Y., derives its name Wabash River. from the color of its waters. It rises in HerkiBig Creek, As. A small branch of White River. mer and Hamilton counties, flows N. W. about Biq Creek, Ts. An E. tributary of Brazos River. 120 miles, and empties into Black River Bay, in Bigelow Mountains, Me., lie S. of Dead River, the E. part of Lake Ontario. It is navigable from in Franklin and Somerset counties. the High Falls, in Leyden, where it has a descent Billingsgate Island, Ms. This is the most of 63 feet, to the Long Falls at CarthWe, a dissouthern of four islands enclosing Wellfleet Bay. tance of 40 miles. The remainder of its course Birch Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. One of a chain is circuitous, being a succession of rapids and of small lakes supplying the head waters of Red falls. It is mostly a deep, sluggish stream, its Cedar River. falls, however, affording fine water power. Its Birch Stream, Penobscot co., Me., enters the lower part is bordered by a fertile and thickly Penobscot River just above Oldtown Island. settled country. Bird Island, N. Y. Situated in the E. part of Black River Bay, N. Y., an expansion of Black Lake Erie, opposite the city of Buffalo, is a small, River at its mouth, is situated E. of Lake Ontario, rocky island. The great Black Rock Pier com- with which it communicates. It is 5 miles long, mences here, and extends to Squaw Island, oppo- and 1 mile wide. site Black Rock, a distance of 2 miles, affording Black River, S. C. This river rises in the E. an immense hydraulic power, also an inexhaust- part of Kershaw district, flows S. E. across Sumpible feeder for the Erie Canal. ter and Williamsburg districts, and empties into Bird Song Creek, Benton co., Te. A small Winyaw Bay at Georgetown. branch of the Tennessee River. Black River, Mn. This river is formed by 3 Bishop's Brook, N. H., waters Stewartstown, and principal branches, which unite on the boundary empties into the Connecticut. between Allegan and Van Buren counties, and Bistineau Lake, Claiborne parish, La., receives *empties into Lake Michigan. Dacheet River, and connects with Red River, the Black River, Mn., drains the W. part of the waters of which it receives in the wet season, and upper peninsula, flowing N. into Lake Superior. discharges in the dry season. It is 35 miles long Black River and Lake, Ottowa and Allegan and 2 miles wide. counties, Mn. The river flows mostly in Ottowa Biswell's Creek, Livingston co., Ky. A small co., and widens into a lake near its entrance into branch of the Cumberland River. Lake Michigan. Black Bay, Va. A small bay in the Ches- Black River, Wn. It rises in the W. part of apeake, at Ion. 7604~211 W. and lat. 370 9' N. Portage co., and flows S. S. W. into the MissisBlack Bay. Situated in the N. part of Lake sippi River. This river has many tributaries, and Superior, lon. 88~ 10' W. and lat. 48~ 36' N. drains a large extent of country. Black Bay, La., lies off St. Bernard and Pla- Black Lake Creek, La., rises in Claiborne parish, quemine parishes, between Chandeleur Bay on the flows S., receiving numerous tributaries, and unitE., and the Bay de la Riviere au Chenes on the S. ing near its mouth with the Grand Bayou, enters Black Creek, Vt. See Fairfield. Black Lake. Black Creek rises in New Hudson, Alleghany Black Fish River, Crittenden co., As. A small co., N. Y., and flows N. E. into Genesee River. tributary of the'St. Francis. Black Creek, N.Y. This stream, which affords Black Oak Island, Sumpter district, S. C. good water power, rises in Genesee co., and flows Bounded E. and S. by the Santee River, and W. into Genesee River, in Monroe co. and N. by some of its branches. Black Creek, Brown co., Wn. An E. branch Blackstone River, Ms. The most inland branch of Wolf River. of this river rises between Paxton and Holden. Black Creek, Fa. A tributary of St. John's It passes Worcester, receives the waters of the River, which it enters in Duval co. ponds in Shrewsbury, passes Auburn, Grafton, Black Beard Island, Ga., belongs to the U. S. Millbury, Sutton, Northbridge, Uxbridge, and government, and contains 1600 acres. Mendon, and entering R. I. changes its name to IN THE UNITED STATES. 175 Pawtucket, and meets the tide waters in Provi- parish, and flows through a fertile country, dividdence River. ing into, two channels, one of which connects with Blackwater River, N. H., derives its name from Red River, and the other with Crocodile River, to the color of its water. It is formed in the W. form the Courtableau. part of Andover, by the junction of two. small Bog Stream, Piscataquis co., Me., rises near streams, and flowing through Salisbury and Bos- Moosehead Lake, flows S. S. E., and empties into cawen, enters Contoocook River in Hopkinton. Piscataquis River. Black Water River, Mo. This stream, with its Bogue Chito, River, rises in Mi., flows 90 miles, tributaries, drains Johnson co., flows N. E., and mostly in La., and enters Pearl River from the W. enters La Mine River, in Saline co. Bogue Home Creek, Mi. This river rises in JasBlackwell's Island, N. Y., belonging to the city per co., flows S., and enters Leaf River a little E. of New York, lies in East River, about 4 miles from Augusta. from the City Hall. It is 1 miles long, and Bogue Inlet, N. C. Situated between Carteret quite narrow. On it are situated the City Peni- and Onslow counties, and communicating with tentiary and the Lunatic Asylum,, two massive Goose Sound. stone buildings. Bohe River, Md., falls into the Chesapeake at Blanco or Orford Cape, On. A point of land lon. 760 8' W. and lat. 390 30' N. extending into the Pacific Ocean, N. from the Bohemia Creek, Md., enter! Elk River 4 or 5 mouth of Tlamath River. miles above its mouth. Block Island, R. I. See New Shoreham. Bois Blanc Island, Mn. Situated in Detroit Blood River, Te. and Ky., rises in Henry co., River, near its entrance into Lake Erie. Te., flows N. E., and empties into the Tennessee Bois Blanc Island, Mn. A large island situated River in Calloway co., Ky. in Lake Huron, at the entrance of the Straits of Blue Hill and Bay, Me. See Towns. Mackinaw. Blue Bayou, La. This stream is an outlet of Bolivar Point, Ts. A point of land enclosing the Bayou La Fourche, which it leaves at Thibo- Galveston Bay on the S. E. deauville. It then flows in a S. E. direction, sepa- Bombazine lake, Vt.,See Castleton. rating La Fourche Interior and Terre Bonne Bone Hill River, Ma. It enters the Tehan parishes, and enters the E. part of Timbalier Bay. Sansan, or River a Jaques from the N. W. Blue Buck Point, La. This is the S. W. ex- Bon Homme Island, Ma. Situated in the Mistremity of Calcasieu parish, and extends into. Sa- souri, a little E. from the mouth of Wananri River. bine Lake. Bonpas Creek, Is. The head branches of this Blue Hills, N. H. This is the name generally stream rise in Richland and Lawrence counties, given to the range commencing in Nottingham, and it flows S., forming the boundary between and extending through Strafford, Farmington, Edwards and Wabash counties, until its entrance and Milton. Teneriffe, Saddleback, and Tuck- into the Wabash. away are among its principal peaks. Bon Secour Bay, Aa. Situated in the E. part Blue Hill, Milton, Ms. Height 635 feet. of Mobile, and separated from the Gulf of Mexico Blue Mountains, On. A range extending on the S. by Mobile Point. through the interior of the territory, nearly par- Boon Island, Me. This is a ledge of rocks on allel with the Cascade Mountains. which is a light-house. It lies about 9 miles E. Blue Ridqe, or South Mountains, branch off from from Kittery. the E. part of the Alleghany Mountains, in N. C., Boone Lake, Iowa. A small sheet of water cross the state of Va., and extend to the " High- lying in the N. part of the state, being the source lands," N. Y. The highest summits, called " the of Boone River. Peaks of Otter," are in Bedford co., Va. The Boone River, Iowa. This stream rises in Lake E. peak measures about 4000 feet in height. Boone, in the N. part of the state, flows S. S. W., Blue River, Grant co., Mn., drains the N. E. and empties into the Des Moines, a little N. from part of the county, and empties into Wisconsin Boone county. River. Boquet River, N. Y. This fine mill stream Blue Stone River, Va. It rises in the E. part of rises in Keene, Essex co., and flows E. 45 miles Tazewell co., among the Great Flat Top Moun- into Lake Champlain. tains, flows N. E. through Mercer co., and falls Boreas River, N. Y. This river rises in Essex into New River, near its junction with the Green- co., and flows S. into the Hudson, of which it is brier. a head branch. Bluewater River, La., falls into the Missouri, 9 Boro Isle, Me., lies in Penobscot Bay. It is a miles E. of the Kansas. long island, very narrow in the middle, but wider Bluff' Island. in the St. Lawrence, is attached at each end. to the town of Hiammond, St. Lawrence co., N. Y. Boston Harbor, Ms. This harbor extends across Blu.f Point, N.Y. See Crooked Lake. Light-house Channel and Broad Sound, from Bluff Point, Va. The S. extremity of North- Point Alderton, on Nantasket, to Point Shirley, in umberland co., extending into Chesapeake Bay. Chelsea, a distance between the islands of about Bozakill rises in Schenectady co., N. Y., flows 4 miles. It is said to cover an area of 75 E., and enters Norman's Kill, in Albany co. square miles, more than half of which is good Bodeau Bayou rises in the S. W. part of As., anchorage ground for ships of the largest class. flows S. into La., and enters Lake Bodeau. The whole British navy might moor in this harBodeau Lake, Bossier parish, La. This long' bor with ease, and ride in safety. This harbor is and narrow sheet of water receives Bodeau Bayou formed by the sea, and is entirely free from sand on the N., and is connected by outlets on the S. bars and rnnnink ice, which often obstruct the with Red River and Lake Bistineau. passage of vessels to harbors at the mouths of Bodkin's Point, Md., extends into Chesapeake large rivers. The most important part of this Bay, Ion. 76~ 35/ W. and lat. 38~ 10' N. harbor is entered by a narrow pass, between two Bceuf Bayou, or Creek, La., rises in Rapide and three miles below the city and navy yard, 176 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., and is well protected by two powerful forts - In- I Broad Brook, Vt. This small mill stream dependence and Warren. The outer harbor, be- rises in Barnard, crosses the S. E. corner of low these forts, will shortly be protected by a very Royalton, and falls into White River in Sharon. powerful fortress, now nearly completed, on Broad C'reek, Prince George's co., Md. A small George's Island, at a great expense, by the gov- stream emptying into the Potomac River, just ernment of the United States. This harbor is above Piscataway Creek. easy of access, and never obstructed by ice, except Broad River, S. C. This river rises in N. C., that part of it near the city; nor is that part en- receives Pacolet and Tiger Rivers from the W., tirely frozen over oftener than twice or three and uniting with the Salada above Columbus, times in the common age of man. Boston Har- forms the Congaree. bor contains many islands of great beauty, and is Broad River, S. C., is an arm of the sea bethe reservoir of the Mystic, Charles, Neponset, tween the main land and Port Royal Island. Manatiquot, and other small rivers. Its bor- Broad River, Ga., enters the Savannah, of ders are environed by the towns of Hull, Hing- which it is a W. branch, at Petersburg. ham, Weymouth, Braintree, Quincy, Dorchester, Bronx River rises in Westchester co., N. Y., Roxbury, Brookline. Cambridge, Charlestown, flows 25 miles, and enters East River, opposite and Chelsea; and the numerous small bays, coves, Flushing Bay. and inlets indenting their shores, give great varie- Brother's Islands, North and South, attached to ty, and add much to the scenery of this delight- the town of Newtown, Queen's co., N. Y., are ful harbor. situated in East River, at the lower'end of Long Bottom Creek, Lapeer co., Mn. A head branch Island Sound. of the N. fork of Flint River. Brown's Inlet, Onslow co., N. C. Situated N. Bourbease Creek, Mo. Its head branches drain E. from New River Inlet. the N. W. part of Crawford co. It then flows N. Brown Point, On., encloses Gray's Harbor on E., and enters the Maramec River in Franklin co. the N. Bourne's Hill, Sandwich, Ms. Height 297 feet. Brown's River, Vt., rises among the Mansfield Bowback Mountain, N. H. See Stratford. Mountains, flows westerly through Underhill and Bowman's Creek, N. Y., rises in Schoharie co., Jericho into Essex, and thence northerly through and flowing N. enters the Mohawk near the vil- Westford into Fairfax, where it enters the Lalage of Canajoharie. moille. Length about 29 miles. Boyer's River, Iowa. It rises in a small lake, Brule Lake, Mn. A small sheet of water in which is also the source of one of the head the S. W. part of Marquette co., and at the head branches of Raccoon River, flows S. W. and of Brule River. falls into the Missouri. Brush Creek, S. C. A small branch of the SaBracken Creek, Ky., falls into the Ohio, lon. 84~ luda River, which it enters in Anderson district. 8' W. and lat. 38~ 361 N. Brush Creek, Ca. A small W. branch of Green Braddock's Bay, Monroe co., N. Y., is a small River, which it enters below Yampah or Bear body of water communicating with Lake Ontario. River. Brady Fort, Sault St. Marie, Chippewa co., Mn. Buck Creek, Harrison co., Ia. A small branch Branch Brook rises in Smithtown, Suffolk co., of the Ohio River. N. Y., flows W. 4 or 5 miles, then turns to the Buffalo Creek is formed in Erie co., N. Y., by N., and falls into the Nesaquake River, or' Smith- the junction of Cayuga and Seneca Creeks; it town Harbor. The tide flows up the latter stream then flows in a N. W. direction, until it enters several miles. Lake Erie at Buffalo, receiving Cazenove Creek, Brandywine Creek, Pa. and De., rises in Pa., 6 miles above. It is navigable for steamboats flows into De., and uniting with Christina Creek, and the largest vessels for some distance, and enters the Delaware at Wilmington. It furnishes forms the harbor of Buffalo, which is rendered excellent water power, and is navigable to Bran- secure by means of a pier and light-house, and is dywine village. easily approached from the lake at all seasons, Brant Island, N. C. Situated in Pamlico except in the winter, when closed by ice. Sound, between Neuse and Pamlico Rivers. Buffalo Creek, Ga. A branch of the Oconee Brant Lake, Horicon, Warren co., N. Y., is a River, which it enters in Washington co. small body of water emptying into the Schroon, Buffalo Fork, of the White River, As. This a branch of the Hudson. The scenery on its large stream rises in the W. part of Newton co., shores is wild and romantic. It is surrounded by flows E., and enters White River in Yard co. a heavy growth of pine, hemlock, and spruce, in Buffalo Lake, Marquette co., Wn. This is an which deer and other wild game are found. Its enlargement of one of the head branches ot waters abound in fine trott. Neenah or Fox River. It lies W. firom PuckaBrassua Pond, Somerset co., Me., lies W. of way Lake. Moosehead Lake, and receives several rivers. Buffalo River, Te. The head branches of this Brazos River, Ts. It rises between Red and river rise in the N. part of Lawrence co. It flows Colorado Rivers, flows S. E., and empties into the W. through a part of Lewis and Wayne counties, Gulf of Mexico. then turns to the N., and unites with Dutch Breach Inlet, Charleston district, S. C. The River in Humphreys co. passage between Long and Sullivan's Island. Btffalo River, Wn. It forms part of the Breakfast Hill, N. H. See Rye. boundary between Chippewa and Crawford Breakneck Hill, N. Y., is situated on the E. side counties, and falls into the Mississippi. of the Hudson, on its N. entrance into the High- Buffalo River, Ma. It is supplied by numerlands. It is a precipitous eminence, 1187 feet ous chains of lakes, and flows N. W. into North high, and remarkable for containing the rock Red River. called the upper Anthony's Nose. Bull's Bay, Charleston district, S. C. This Brier Creek, Ga., a branch of the Savannah, is bay is enclosed by the Raccoon Keys on the N. 100 miles long. E., and Bull's Island on the S. W. IN THE UNITED STATES. 177 Bull Hill, Phillipstown, Putnam co., N. Y., a piritu Santo Pass, at the mouth of San Antonia high peak of the Highlands, is situated on the E. River. side of the Hudson. Cabbage Island, Fa., lies off the coast of HillsBull's Island, Charleston district, S. C. Situ- boro' co., a little above Tampa Bay. ated S. W. from Bull's Bay. Cacapon River, Great, Va. This river has its Bullock's Creek, York district, S. C. A branch sources in the E. part of Hardy co., flows N. E., of the Broad River, which it enters at Pinckney- and enters the Potomac in Morgan co., W. from ville. the Cacapon Mts. Bulwagga Bay, Essex co., N. Y., lies on the W. Cacapon River, Little, Hampshire co., Va., flows side of Lake Champlain, between Cedar Point N. E., parallel with the Great Cacapon, and empand Crown Point. ties into the Potomac. Bunmsket Hill, Paxton, Ms. Height 1407 feet. Cache River, As. This is a large river, rising in Bunkara River, Ca. One of the head branches the N. part of Greene co. It flows S. S. W.. sepof Grand River. arating Greene and Poinsett from Randolph, Buried Eagle Lake, Ma. Situated N. from Lawrence, and Jackson counties, crosses St. FranGreen Lake, and connected on the E. with St. cis and Monroe counties, and enters the White Croix River. River at the town of Clarend9n. Burlington Bay, Vt. A fine open bay, lying Cadose Creek rises in Tompkins, Delaware co., W. from Burlington village, between Appletree N. Y., and flows S. into the Papacton, a branch Point on the N. and Pottier's Point on the S. of the Delaware. Burnham's River, N. H. See Lyman. Cahaba River, Aa., rises in St. Clair co., and Burnt River, On. It flows in a winding, east- flows S. into the Alabama, 195 miles above its erly direction, and enters the Lewis Fork of Co- junction with the Tombigbee. It is 120 m. long. lumbia River, above Malheur River. Cahokia Creek, Is. This river rises in MacouBurnt Coat Island, Hancock co., Me. This pin, and falls into the Mississippi 2 miles below large island, which is surrounded by other smaller the ferry at St. Louis. Its courseis sluggish near ones, lies off Blue Hill Bay, about 13 miles E. by'the mouth, and a mill dam backs the water for S. from Deer Island, and about 6 miles S. by W. 15 miles. It formerly passed the village ~ of Cafrom the town of Mount Desert. It has a light- hokia, but a mischievous Frenchman, owing to house and good harbors. some pique, cut a channel which has since become Burnt Wood Islands, Mn. Situated at the its outletfrom the creek to the Mississippi. Along mouth of Big Bay de Noquet. its borders are 60 or 70 mounds. Bush River, Newberry district, S.C. A branch Calaberas River, Ca., rises among the Sierra of the Saluda. Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Busseron Creek, Ia. This stream and its Joaquin. branches drain Sullivan co., and flowing S. W., Calcasieu River, La. This river rises S. W. of enter the Wabash in Knox county. Red River, in the parish of Natchitoches; towards Butle River, Ca. It rises among the Sierra its mouth it expands into a lake 30 miles in Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio Sacramento. length, and from 1 to 10 in width, but it conButter Hill, N. Y., a high, steep eminence, is sit- tracts again to a river before it enters the Gulf of uated on the W. side of the Hudson, opposite Mexico. The tide flows above the head of the Breakneck Hill. These are the N. hills of this lake, but both the river and lake are too shallow range on the river, and in ascending the Hudson to be of much service for navigation. the villages of Cornwall, New Windsor, New- Caleebee Creek, Macon co., Aa. This stream burg, and Fishkill, together with the beautiful flows N. W. into the Tallapoosa River. and highly improved farms in view, present a Calf-Killer Creek, White co., Te., flows S. W. charming contrast to the rude and romantic into the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. mountain scenery just passed. Caliboge Sound, S. C., is on the shore 7 miles Buttermilk Channel, N. Y., is situated opposite N. E. of the mouth of Savannah River. the city of Brooklyn, between Governor's Island Callicoon Creek rises in Liberty, Sullivan co., and Long Island. N. Y., passes through Coshocton,and empties into Butternut Creek, N. Y. This is a good mill the Delaware. stream, rising in Burlington, Otsego co., and flow- Calliou Lake, La., lies in the S. part of Terre ing into Unadilla River. Bonne parish. Buttermilk Falls, N. Y. A beautiful and ro- Cambahee River, S. C., is formed by two branches, mantic cascade, 2 miles below West Point, on the called the N. and S. Saltketcher, and falls into St. W. bank of the Hudson. Helena Sound. Butternut River, Aroostook co., Me., has its Camel's Hump, Chittenden co.. Vt. This mounsource in a small pond, and flows E.into St. John's tain lies in the E. part of Huntington, and is the River. most elevated summit of the Green Mts., with the Buzzard's Bay, Ms. This bay is formed on its exception of the Chin. It is situated 17 miles WV. S. E. side by the Elizabeth Islands, and contains from Montpelier, 25 N. E. from Middlebury, and the important harbors of New Bedford, Fair- 20 S. E. from Burlington. The summit is conhaven, Rochester, Wareham, &c. It juts up spicuous from the whole valley of Lake Chamfrom the sea some 25 miles; its mean width is plain, but is hardly accessible except from the N. about 6 miles, and the width at its mouth about When it is reached, however, the prospect which it 7 miles. commands is hardly surpassed in extent and Byram River rises in Westchester co., N. Y., beauty. It is usually ascended by way of Duxflows S. 18 miles into Long Island Sound. It bury, where carriages can approach to within forms the boundary line between N. Y. and Ct. about three miles from the summit. The rocks for a short distance. which compose the mountain are wholly of mica slate, and the Hump is nearly destitute of soil or Caballo Pass, Ts., is situated N. E. from Es- vegetation. 23 178 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Carmpe'.s Creek rises in Wirt, Alleghany co., ston co. Several thriving villages and manufacN. Y., and flows N. E. into Genesee River. turing establishments are situated on this stream. Campobello, an English island, off Passama- Canty Creek, Johnson co., As. A small branch quoddy Bay, and near the town of Lubec, Me. of the Arkansas River. Canandaigua Lake, N.Y. This beautiful sheet Cape Fear., N. C., is on the S. extremity of of water lies in Ontario and Yates counties, mostly Smith's Island, near the mouth of Cape Fear in the former. It is 14 miles long, and from 1 to River, in lat 380 48' N. and lon. 780 9' W. 1 wide. It is elevated 670 feet above the At- Cape Fear River, N. C. Deep and Haw Rivers lantic, and is surrounded by fertile and highly cul- nnite to form its N. W. branch; it then, after flowtivated lands, and the most beautiful scenery. Its ing 100 miles, receives the N. E. branch of Clarwaters are deep and clear,. and abound with fish. endon River, above Wilmington, and 34 miles Canandaigua Outlet flows N. E. into Flint Creek, below it enters the Atlantic by two channels, one and thence into Clyde and Seneca River. All on each side of Smith's Island. By means df emthese streams afford excellent water power. bankments the channel has been deepened, and Cunadawa Creek, N. Y. This fine mill stream steamboats now proceed 90 miles, to Fayetteville, rises in Arkwright, Chatauque co., and flows at the lowest water. It affords the best navigaN. E. into Lake Erie. On its banks are located tion of any river in the state. several thriving villages and manufacturing estab- Cape Horn Mountain, N. H. See Northumberland. lishments. Cape May, N. J., is situated 18 miles N. of Cape Canadian River, As., flows N. E. into Arkansas Henlopen, on the N. side of Delaware Bay. On River. It is navigable 100 miles. it is a light-house. It is 380 57' N. lat., 740 52' Canadice Lake, Canadice, Otsego co., N. Y., is W. Ion. See Fashionable Resorts. 3 miles long, and half a mile in width. Cape Vincent, N. Y., formerly called Gra- elly Canaderaga or Schuyler's Lake, N. Y., is situ- Point, lies in the town of Lyme, Jefferson co., ated in the N. part of Otsego co., and surrounded between St. Lawrence River and Chaumont Bay. by hills. Its waters abound in all the fish com- It terminates in a broad, rounded point, on the E. mon in this part of the state. The length of the side of Lake Ontario, opposite Fox and Grenalake is 5 miles, its average width 1 miles. dier Islands. Canaderaga Springs, Richfield, Otsego'co., Capers Inlet, Charleston district, S. C. A narN. Y., are situated about 1 mile N. of Canaderaga row passage between Capers and some other Lake, on the Cherry Valley turnpike. They are small islands. impregnated with sulphur, and are much visited Captina Creek, O. and Va., falls into the Ohio by invalids. River, 23 miles below Wheeling, Va. Canasewacta Creek, N. Y., a pretty good mill Cardigan Mountain, N. H. See Orange. stream. rises in Otselic, Chenango co., and enters Carleton Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lying m the Chenango River at the village of Norwich. the St. Lawrence River, is equidistant between This stream is noted for its fine trout, which are Grand Island and the American shore, and is'atabundant. tached to the town of Lyme. It contains about GCanaveral Cape, Orange co., Fa. This is a 1200 acres of good land, and was the scene of point of land on the S. E. part of the county, jut- some military preparations during the war of ting into the Atlantic. 1812. Cane Creek, N. C., rises in the Blue Ridge, flows Caribou Lake, Piscataquis co., Me., lies S. W. S. W. by W.. forming the boundary between Bun- from Chesuncook Lake, with which it is connected combe and Henderson counties, and empties into by an outlet. the French Broad River. Carlos Bay, Fa. Situated in the Gulf of MexCane Creek, Pickens district, S. C., unites with ico. Lon. 82~ 201 W. and lat. 26~ 40' N. the Keowee to form Seneca River. Carp River, Mn.. rises in Chippewa and MichCaneadea Creek rises in Chatauque co., N. Y., ilimnackinac counties, flows S. E., and empties flows E., receiving several tributaries, most of into Lake Huron. which afford good water power, and empties into Carp River, Mn., waters the N. E. part of Genesee River. Schoolcraft co., and empties into Lake Superior. Caney Fork, Ca. A small W. tributary of Carr's Mountain, N. H. See Ellsworth. Grand River. Carson Lake, Uh., lies N. from Walker's Lake, Canisteo River rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., and receives Carson River from the W. flows E., and enters Tioga River, 5 miles above Carson River, Ca. and Uh. It rises in the the village of Painted Post, in Steuben co. It is Sierra Nevada, Ca., and flowing N. E., empties a good mill stream, and is boatable about 40 miles. into Carson Lake, Uh. Its length is 50 miles. Carter's Mountain, Albemarle co., Va. It lies CannonRiver,Ma. Theprincipal headbranches 2 miles S. from Charlottesville, and is elevated of this river rise in Wita Sheda and Titanka about 800 feet above the Rivanna. Tinninan Lakes. It flows N. E., and empties Carter's Mountain, N. H., lies between the into the Mississippi, at the enlargement called towns of Adams and Chatham. Lake Pepin. Cascade Creek, Ma. A small stream emptying Cunnouchee River, Ga. This is the W. and into the Mississippi at the Falls of St. Anthony. largest confluent of the Ogechee, being 140 miles Cascade Jlountains, On. This range extends long,.and navigable 50 miles, to Cedar Creek. through the territory, nearly parallel with the Canoe Creek, Henderson co., Ky., flows N. W., and Pacific coast. It contains many high peaks, and empties into the Ohio at the town of Henderson. is crossed near the middle of its course by the Canoe River, On. It rises in the N. part of On. Columbia River. Ter., flows S. W., and falls into Pend Oreilles, or Cascadilla Creek rises in Dryden, Tompkins co., Kulluspelm Lake. N. Y., flows W. through Ithaca, into the S. part Canseraga Creek rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., of Cayuga Lake. flows N., and enters the Genesee River in Living- Cascasalica Creek, Ga., rises in the S. W. part IN THE UNITED STATES. 179 of Pulaski co., and flows S. E. into the Ocmulgee Cathlatates River, On. It rises among the CasRiver. cade Mts., and flows S. into Columbia River. Casco Bay, Me., situated between gapes Eliz- Catistobole River, Fa., drains the W. part of the abeth and Small Point, is one of the finest bays state, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. on the American coast. It is 20 miles long, and Catskill Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, rises extends inland about. 15 miles. Within it are in Schoharie co., flows through the S. W. corner some of the best harbors in the world. It con- of Albany co., and enters the Hudson in Greene tains numerous islands, some of which are very co. at the village of Catskill. It has a descent of large, fertile, and well cultivated. The view of more than 1000 feet in 35 miles. the bay and its islands from the high grounds in Catskill Mountains, N. Y. A spur from the Shathe vicinity is one of great beauty. wangunk ridge, which is a detached portion of Cash River, Is. This stream drains the W. part the great Appalachian chain. They extend W. of of Johnson co., flows S. W., separating Pulaski the Hudson River, in the counties of Ulster, from Alexander co., and empties into the Ken- Greene, Albany, and Schoharie, and constitute tuckv River. the largest and most extensive range of mounCashaque Creek rises in Alleghany co., N. Y., tains in the state. Their course is first northerly, flows N., and enters Genesee River in Livingston near the Hudson, afterwards bending to the W. co.. near Mount Morris. Their general elevation is about 3000 feet above Cashong Creek rises in Benton, Yates co., N. Y., tide water. Round Top and High Peak, two of and flows E. into Lake Seneca. the highest summits, as measured by the baromCaspian Lake, Vt. See Greensborough. eter, arne, the former, 3804 feet, and the latter 3718 Cass Bay, Mn. Situated between Grand Island feet above the level of the sea. The Catskill and the main land of Schoolcraft co. Mountain House, upon a terrace of rock at the Cass Lake, Ma. A large, irregularly-shaped eastern extremity of the ridge, 2212 feet above body of water, through which the head waters of the Hudson, and about 12 miles from the place the Mississippi River pass. It contains one or two of landing on the river, is a place of much resort large islands, and has Pike's and Allen's Bays on in the summer season, for the clear and bracing the S. and S. W. atmosphere, and the extensive and beautiful prosCass River, Mn., is a branch of the Saginaw, pects there to be enjoyed. See Pine Orchard. which it enters 20 miles from its mouth. It is an Cattaraugus Creek rises in Cattaraugus and excellent mill stream, and in high water is boata- Genesee counties, N. Y., flows W., forming the ble 15 or 20 miles from its mouth. boundary between Cattaraugus and Erie counties, Cassadaya Creek, N. Y. This fine mill stream and empties into Lake Erie. It is a fine large rises in Cassadaga Lake, Chatauque co., flows stream, and has a fall of 800 feet in about 50 miles, S., receiving several tributaries, most of which affording extensive water power. afford water power, and enters Conewango Creek. Cattotong Creek rises in Tompkins co., N. Y., Cassadaga Lake, N. Y., is a small sheet of flows S., and enters the Owego, in Tioga co., a little water, lying in the towns of Pomfret and Stoc- above the entrance of the latter stream into the ton, Chatauque co. Susquehanna. Ca'stete Creek, Franklin co., As. A branch of Caucomgomac Lake, Me. Situated in the W. the Arkansas. part of Piscataquis co., and connected by outlets Castle Hill, Saugus, Ms. Height 288 feet. with many small ponds. Castleton River, Vt., rises in Pittsford, and flows Cauquaga Creek, Erie co., N. Y., flows W. into S. and W. through Rutland, Ira, Castleton, and Lake Erie, 15 miles S. of Buffalo. Fair Haven, into Poultney River. In Castleton, Cawenisque River, Pa. A branch of the Tioga, it receives the waters of Bombazine Lake, and a which it enters on the borders of New York. considerable mill stream from the N. Length Cayudutta Creek rises in Fulton co., N. Y., flows about 20 miles. S., and enters the Mohawk near the village of Castor Creek, Mo. The head branches of this Fonda, Montgomery co. stream water the W. part of Madison co.; it then Cayuga Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee and Wyflows in a S. direction, and empties into the St. oming counties, flows in a W. direction, and unites Francis. with Seneca Creek to form Buffalo Creek, in Cat Island, St. Bernard parish, La., lies in Ship Erie co. Island Sound, W. from Ship Island. Cayuga Island, N.Y., lies in Niagara River, opCat Point, Franklin co., Fa. A point of land posite Grand Island. It is 1 mile long and a quarextending into Appalachicola Bay. ter of a mile wide. Catahoola Lake, La.. lies in Catahoola and Cayuga Lake, N. Y., lies between Cayuga and Avoyelles parishes, receives several large streams, Seneca counties, and extends several miles S. into and flows into Red and Black Rivers. Tompkins co. It is a beautiful sheet of water, Catahoola Rier, La., rises in Claiborne parish, about 40 miles long from N. to S., and from 1 to enters a lake on the S. part of Catahoola parish, 34 miles in width. The outlet flows N. into Seneca and after passing through it enters Wachita River. River, and thence through the Oswego into Lake The lake, which is of considerable dimensions, is Ontario, about 35 miles distant. Its shores, in filled at high water, and nearly or quite dry when some places, are precipitous. but generally rise the river is low. gradually from 100 to 150 feet, covered with Catamnount Mountains, N. H. See Pittsfield and highly-cultivated farms and thriving villages. Alienstown. The celebrated "Cayuga bridge," a mile and Catawba River. See Santee River. eight rods in length, crosses this lake at Cayuga Catherine's Creek rises in Chemung co., N. Y., village, near its northern extremity; likewise, the flows N., and enters Seneca Lake, of which it is bridge of the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, the inlet, at the village of Jefferson. This stream which is a mile and a half in length. Steamboats has a descent of 400 feet, in a distance of 15 miles, run daily between this point and Ithaca, which is affording extensive water power. beautifully situated at the southern extremity of 180 MOTUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., the lake, touching at the several villages and land- the W. side, and the counties of Franklin, Chiting-places on the eastern and western shores, tenden, Addison, and a part of Rutland, in the forming a connection between important routes state of Vermont, lie on the E. At the N. it of travel, and affording one of the most agree- extends a few miles into Canada, and receives the able pleasure excursions. The lake is very deep, waters of Pike River. It discharges into the St. in some places, it is said, exceeding 500 feet; its Lawrence by the Richelieu, Sorel, or Chambly water is very transparent, and, owing to its depth, River. Among its tributaries from Vermont are rarely closed by ice, even in the severest winters. the Missisque, Lamoille, Winooski, Otter, and It abounds with the choicest fish, such as the Pawlet Rivers. From New York it receives the salmon trout, pickerel, perch, and pike. waters of the Chazy, Saranac, Sable, Boquet, Cayuta Creek, a rapid mill stream, rises in Ca- and Wood Rivers, and of Lake George. Its yuta Lake, Chemung co., flows in a S. direction, length is about 130 miles: its breadth varies forming part of the boundary line between Che- from 1 to 12 miles: average breadth about 3 mung and Tioga counties, and falls into the Sus- miles. It abounds with salmon, trout, pickerel, quehanna a short distance below the state line. and other fish. It is navigable for vessels of 90 Cayuta Lake, N. Y. This small body of water tons' burden, and splendid steamboats are conlies in the N. part of Chemung, on the confines tinually plying, in the season of navigation, from of Tompkins co. Trout, and other fish of a fine Whitehall, along its beautiful shores, to St. John's, flavor, are abundant in its waters. in Canada. This lake contains about 60 islands, Cazenove Creek, N. Y. A large, fine mill is remarkable for its splendid scenery, and restream, rises in Erie co., and enters Buffalo Creek nowned in ancient and modern stories for its a few miles above its mouth. scenes of warlike achievements. Lake ChamCazenovia Lake, Madison co., N. Y. This plain is a great resort, both for business and beautiful lake is situated in the town of the same pleasure. It is supposed that Lake Champlain name. It is 4 miles in length, 1 in width, and once covered a much greater extent than at presabounds with different kinds of fish. ent, and that its waters were capable of being Cedar Creek, Monmouth co., N. J. A small navigated by large vessels to the Atlantic Ocean, stream emptying into the Atlantic opposite Island both by the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the HudBeach. son River. See Charlotte, Vt. Cedar Creek, Ia., rises in the N. W. part of De Chandeleur Bay, La. This large bay lies S. Kalb co., flows in a southerly direction, and falls from the Chandeleur Islands, E. from Black Bay, into St. Joseph's River of the Maumee. and N. from the mouth of the Mississippi River. Cedar Creek, Mo. This stream forms the Chandler's Hill, Worcester, Ms. Height 778 ft. boundary between Callaway and Boone coun- Chanqa Creek, Pickens district, S. C. A branch ties, and empties into the Missouri, opposite Jef- of the Tugaloo. ferson City. Chanjushka River, Ma. A large W. tributary Cedar Creek, Io. It rises in'Monroe and of the Mankato. Lucas counties, and flows N. E. into the Des Chanpepenan River, Ma., rises in a lake, flows Moines River. S. W., and empties into the Missouri River, just Cedar Creek, Ts. The principal branch of above Prospect Island. Navisoto River. Chaplain's Fork, Ky., joins the Rolling Fork at Cedar Island, Accomac co., Va., lies off the lon. 860 1/ W. and lat. 370 34' N. Atlantic coast, opposite the town of Richmond. Chariton River, Mo., rises in Iowa, and after Cedar Island, Carteret co., N. C. Situated in a S. course of 130 miles, it empties into the the S. part of Pamlico Sound, and washed on the Missouri at the S. extremity of Chariton co. It N. W. by Long Bay. is boatable for 50 miles. Cedar Keys, Fa. A small group of islands Charity Isles, Mn. Situated at the mouth of lying off the mouth of Suwannee River. Saginaw Bay. Cedar Point, St. Mary's co., Md., extends into Charles River, Ms. The Indian name of this Chesapeake Bay, just below the mouth of Pa- river is Quinobequin. It rises on the borders of tuxent River. Hopkinton and Milford, and flowing through BelCedar River, Mn. It drains the W. part of lingham, Franklin. Medway, Medfield, Sherburne, Livingston co., flows N. of W.- and empties into Dover, Dedham, Needham, Natick, Newton, WalGrand River at the city of Lansing. tham, and Watertown, it meets the tide waters, Cedar River, Mn., flows S. S. E., and eApties and forms a part of Boston harbor. It is naviinto Green Bay. gable to Watertown, 7 miles W. from Boston. Cedar River, Io. This river rises in the neutral Charles River, Washington co., R. I., rises in a ground, its head branches draining a large ex- pond, and flows in a westerly direction into Pawtent of country. It flows S. E. through Black- catuck River. hawk, Benton, Linn, Johnson, and Cedar counties, Charlotte Harbor, Fa. See Gasparilla Sound. into Muscatine co., where it turns to the S. W., Charlotte Lake, N. Y., is a small sheet of water and falls into Iowa River in Louisa co. lying in the town of Gallatin, Columbia co. Center's River, Wn. It rises in the S. part of Charlotte River, N. Y., drains the W. part of Brown co., and flows S. E. into Manitowoc co., Schoharie co., flows W. 30 miles through a part where it empties into Manitowoc River. of Delaware into Otsego co., where it enters the Chagrine River, O. It rises in the S. W. part Susquehanna. of Geauga co., flows in a northerly direction Charlotte River, Fa., waters the E. part of the through Cuyahoga and Lake counties into Lake state, and falls into a bay of the same name. Erie. Charlton River, Mo., falls into the Missouri, Champlain, Lake, N. Y. and Vt. This delight- about 220 miles from the Mississippi. ful expanse of water is the boundary line between Chartiers Creek, Pa., rises in Washington co., New York and Vermont. Vermont embraces and, after. a course of 30 miles, falls into the about two thirds of its surface. New York is on Ohio, 4 miles below Pittsburg. It flows through IN THE UNITED STATES. 181 a fertile country, abounding with bituminous It is used to a considerable extent to feed the coal. Chenango Canal, and boats and rafts ascend it Chatauque Creek, Chatauque co., N. Y., flows 50 miles from the mouth. N. through a deep ravine into Lake Erie. It af- Cheputnetecook Lakes, Me. See St. Croix River. fords good water power, and a number of manu- Chera River, Cherokee co., N. C., enters the facturing establishments are located on its banks. Tennessee on the N. W. border of the county. Chatauque Lake, Chatauque co., N. Y., is a Cheraw Hills, S. C., lie on the W. side of the beautiful sheet of water, 18 miles in length, and Great Pedee, 10 miles N. W. from Greenville. from 1 to 3 miles in width, except near the middle, Cherry Creek, Samlac co., Mn. A small stream where it contracts to a few rods. Steamboats as- emptying into Lake Huron. cend by its outlet fiom Conewango Creek, and Cherry Valley Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of thence to Mayville, on the W. extremity of' the Cherry Valley, and enters the Susquehanna in lake. It is the highest body of water in the U. S. Otsego co. on which a steamboat floats, being 726 feet above Chesapeake Bay, Md., the largest bay in the Lake Erie, and 1291 feet above the Atlantic. U. S., is about 200 miles long, from 7 to 20 broad, Chateaugay Lake, N. Y., is situated in Beekman- and generally 9 fathoms deep. Its entrance is in town, Clinton co., on the borders of Franklin co. the state of Va., between Cape Charles on the N. It is elevated 1400 feet above the Hudson, is 4 and Cape Henry on the S. But the bay lies miles long and 2 miles wide. Its waters abound mostly in Md., dividing the state into two parts, in fish. called the eastern and western shores. This great Chateaugay Mountains, N. Y. This range com- bay furnishes many fine harbors, and a safe and mences in Canada, and extends S. through the convenient navigation. The principal rivers N. W. part of Clinton into Franklin co. Some which flow into it are the Susquehanna on the of the highest peaks are in the vicinity of Cha- N., the Potomac on the W., and the James on teaugay Lake, Franklin co. the W., near its mouth. Besides, there are the Chateaugay River, N. Y., rises in Clinton and Rappahannock, the Patuxent, the Patapsco, ChesFranklin counties, flows N., and enters the St. ter. Elk, Choptank, Nanticoke, and many others. Lawrence in Canada. The surface drained by the rivers which flow into Chattahoochee River rises in the Appalachian the Chesapeake has been estimated at 70,000 Mts., and forms, for a considerable distance, the square miles. boundary between Ga. and Aa., and is the largest Chester River rises in Kent co., De.. and flowing branch of Appalachicola River. It is navigable through Md., empties into a large estuary of for steamboats to Columbus, Ga. Chesapeake Bay. It is navigable 30 miles to Chaumont Bay, N. Y., is situated in the town Chestertown. of Lyme, Jefferson co., E. of Lake Ontario; it is Chestnut Ridge, Pa. A branch of the Alleghany about 7 miles long, 2 miles wide, of an irregular Mountains, extending through Fayette and Westshape, and abounding in fish. Chaumont River moreland counties. flows into it from the N. Chesuncook Lake, Piscataquis co., Me. This Cihaumont River, Jefferson co., N. Y., flows 15 lake, through which Penobscot River passes, also miles in a S. direction, and enters Lake Ontario receives Kakkoguamook and Umbazookskus through Chaumont Bay. Rivers. It is about 25 miles long and 3 miles Chazy Lake, Beekmantown, Clinton co., N. Y., wide. The surrounding country is very fertile, is 4 miles long, and averages 1 mile in width. and well adapted to the growing of wool and Chazy River, N. Y., waters the W. part of Clin- wheat. Its centre is about 130 milds W. N. W. ton co., and flows E., in a circuitous course of from Augusta. about 40 miles, into Lake Champlain, in the town Chetimaches Lake, La., is situated between Atof Champlain. It affords good water power. chafalaya and Teche Rivers. The former supChazy River, Little, rises in Clinton co., N. Y., plies its waters in time of high water, and receives flows in an E. direction about 20 miles, through them again at all seasons, 15 miles above its enthe town of Chazy, into Lake Champlain. trance into the sea. The lake is shallow, and surChetet River, Va., an E. branch of the Monon- rounded by a low, marshy country, which it annugahela, is navigable for boats, except in dry sea- ally overflows. It is 40 miles long and from 1 to sons. 6 broad. Chedi Hanska Lake, Ma. Situated S. from Chew Island, Md. Situated in Eastern Bay, Tewapa Tankyan Lake. opposite the mouth of Wye River. Chegowawegon Point, La Pointe co., Wn., en- Chews River, Md. A small tributary of the closes Chegowawegon Bay on the E. Chesapeake. Chemquaassabamtook Stream, Piscataquis co., Chicago River, Is., which forms the harbor of Me., is the outlet of a series of ponds, and emp- Chicago. on the S. W. border of Lake Michigan, is ties into Alliguash River. composed of two branches. The N.. which is about Chemung River, N. Y., the main feeder of Che- 40 miles long, rises in the N. part of the state, and mung Canal, is formed in Steuben co. by the unites with the S. about three fourths of a mile junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, and from its entrance into the lake. The S. branch, flows in a S. E. direction through the county of which is about 6 miles long, is sufficiently deep Chemung into Pa., where it enters the Susque- to afford a secure harbor for any vessels which hanna at the village of Athens. It is a good navigate the lake. The natural portage from mill stream. Chicago River to the Des Plaines, a branch of Chenango River, N. Y., rises in Madison and the Illinois, is only 6 miles, and is so low that at Oneida counties, flows through Chenango co., and high water it is often overflowed, so that boats enters the Susquehanna at the village of Bing- can pass from one river to the other. hamton, in Broome co. It runs 75 miles in a S. Chicagua, or Skunk River, Io. This large direction through Chenango valley, and on its river rises mostly in Boone and Story counties, banks are several pleasant and thriving villages. flows S. E., receiving numerous large tributaries, 182 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., and falls into the Missouri on the boundary be- the Nottaway, Meherrin, and Blackwater Rivers, tween Des Moines and Lee counties. which rise in Va. It flows into Albemarle Sound, Chickahominy River, Va. This river rises a little N. of the Roanoke. It is navigable, on about 25 miles N. W. of Richmond, and after.a the Meherrin Branch, for large vessels to Murcourse of 60 miles, forming the boundary between freesboro', near the line of Va. several counties, falls into James River, 37 miles Chrysopyle, or Golden Gate, Ca. A narrow strait above Point Comfort. connecting San Francisco Bay with the ocean. Chickamanga Niver rises in the N. W. part of Christiana River, or Creek, De., has its head Ga., and enters the Tennessee, in the state of Te., branches in Pa. and Md., and flows into the a few miles above Lookout Mt. Brandywine at Wilmington. It is navigable for Chicklasawha River, Mi. See Pascagoula. vessels drawing 9 feet of water to Newport, and Chickeeles Point, On., encloses Gray's Harbor those requiring 6 to Christiana bridge, 9 miles on the S. above Wilmington. Chickeeles River, On. It rises S. from Puget Chrystler's Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies Sound, and flowing N. of W. empties into Gray's in the St.'Lawrence River, and is attached to the Harbor. town of Louisville. Chickopee River, Ms. This river has its Chunctanunda Creek rises in Fulton and Sarasources in Spencer, Leicester, and Paxton, and toga counties, N. Y., flows S., and enters Moreceives the waters of Quaboag Pond, in Brook- hawk River at the village of Amsterdam, Montfield. It crosses Warren. At Palmer it receives gomery co. Ware and Swift Rivers, and falls into the Con- Church Island, N. C., lies in Currituck Sound. necticut in the N. part of Springfield. City Island, N. Y., lies in East River, and is Chico Creek, Ca., rises among the Sierra Ne- attached to the town of Pelham, Westchester co. vada, and flows S. W. into the Sacramento River. It is 2 miles long, and 1 mile wide. Chimney Point, Addison co., Vt., lies in the Clam ]River, Wn., drains the N. part of St. town of Addison, opposite Crown Point, and is Croix co., flowing W. into St. Croix River. the most western land in Vt. It was upon this Clarion River, or Great Toby's Creek, Pa., rises point that the first settlement was made by the in McKean co., and after a S. W. course of 70 French in 1731, and here they erected a stone miles, falls into Alleghany River. It is navigable windmill, which was garrisoned during the colo- 55 miles for boats, and for canoes 10 miles nial wars, and hence it has sometimes been called farther. Vast quantities of lumber are sent down Windmill Point. this river to Pittsburg. and towns on the Ohio. Chingoleagul Island, Va. A small island lying Clark's River, Ky., rises on the N. border of Te., in the Atlantic, in lon. 750 26' E. and lat. flows N. N. W., and empties into the Ohio at its 370 56' N. junction with the Tennessee. Chingoteaque Island, Va. A small island lying Clarke, or Flathead River, On. Ter., a tributary in the Atlantic. of the Columbia, rises in the Rocky Mountains. Chipola River. This river rises in the S. E. Clarksburg Mlountain, Clarksburg, Ms. Height part of Aa., takes a southerly course through 2272 feet. Jackson and Calhoun counties, Fa., and empties Claverack Creek, Columbia co., N. Y., flows into the Appalachicola River. into Kinderhook Creek. Several factories and Chipook Creek, Va. A tributary of James River. - mills are located on this stream and its tributaries. Chippewa Bay, N. Y.; in which are situated a Clay Lick Creek, Crittenden co., Ky., a small portion of the "Thousand Islands," is on the E. branch of the Cumberland River. side of St. Lawrence River, opposite the town of Clear Creek rises in Chatauque co., N. Y., and Hammond, St. Lawrence co. flows into Conewango Creek, in Cattaraugus co. Chippewa River, Wn., rises on the boundary Clear Lake, N. Y., is one of a small cluster, line between Mn. and Wn., and pursuing a S. situated in the town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. course receives several streams, outlets of lakes, Clear Lake, Barry co., Mn. A small body of and Red Cedar River, when, after a course of 150 water lying in the S. interior of the county. miles, it falls into the Mississippi immediately Cleamfield Creek, Pa., a large branch of the W. below Lake Pepin. fork of the Susquehanna, rises in Cambria co. Chippewayan Mlountains, or Rocky M1Iountains. Clear Stream River, N. IH., rises in the mounThe great spine of North America, extending tains in the town of Dixville, and passes through from the Isthmus of Darien to the Arctic Ocean. the centre of Erroll into the Artdroscoggin, about That portion which lies within the U. S. is gen- 3 miles W. from Umbagog Lake. erally called the Rocky Mountains. The great CliffJ River, Va., falls into Kanawha in lon. western tributaries of the Mississippi flow from 81~ 8' W. and lat. 370 52' N. these mountains. Clifton Springs, Manchester, Ontario co., N. Y. Ch(ittenango Creek, N. Y., has its source in the These sulphur springs are situated on the line of town of Nelson, Madison co., and flows N. into the Auburn and Rochester Railroad, and are Oneida Lake. considerably resorted to for medicinal purposes. Chockoloche Creek, Aa. A branch of the Coosa Cl/fty Creek, White co.. Te. A small tributary River. which it enters in Talladega co. of the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. Clhocolate Creek, Ts. A small stream emptying Clinch River, Va. and Te., rises in Vat., and, into the Gulf of Mexico opposite Galveston I. after a course of 200 miles, unites with Holston Choctawatchee River rises in Aa., and falls into River at Kingston, and forms the Tennessee. It a bay of the same name in Fa., after a course of is boatable through most of its course. 130 miles. Clinton, Fort, N. Y. See illotgonzery, Fort. Ch]optank River, Md., E. shore, empties into a Clinton Mountains, N. Y. The N. range of large estuary inChesapeake Bay. It is navigable mountains in this state is sometimes so called for sloops 40 miles from its mouth. See Adirondack Mountains. Chowan River, N. C. This river is formed by Clinton River, Mn. This stream drains Oak IN THE UNITED STATES. 183 land and Macomb counties, and falls into Lake erected a substantial bridge across the stream, 800 St. Clair. ft. long, presenting a beautiful view of the cataract Cloquet River, Ma. This river is supplied by a Cohuttah Springq, Murray co., Ga., one of the series of small lakes, and flows S. W. into St. most valuable mineral springs in this part of the Louis River. country, is situated at the base of Cohuttah Moun Closter Mlountains, or Palisade Range, com- tain, and on the S. side of a beautiful little stream mences in N. J., enters N. Y. in Rockland co., which issues from the mountain and enters Con near the margin of the Hudson, and extends N. nesauga Creek 6 miles below. to Verdrietje's Hook, in Clarkstown. The ridge Cold Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, rises in known as Nyack Hills affords excellent red and Centreville, Alleghany co., and flows E. into Genbrown sandstone, which is extensively quarried. esee River. The highest peak of this range rises about 1000 Cold River, N. H. See Acworth. feet above the Hudson, and the Palisades are re- Cold Camp Creek, Benton co., Mo. A branch markable for their picturesque appearance, being of Osage River, which it enters from the N. in some places almost perpendicular. Cold TWater River, Mi. This river rises in Clove Kill rises in Union Vale, Dutchess co., Marshall co., flows W. through De Soto co. into N. Y., flows S. W.. and enters the Fishkill, of Tunica co., where it connects with the Mississippi which it is a head branch, at Beekman. by means of an outlet; it then pursues a winding Clyde River, Vt., rises in Pitkin's and Knowl- southerly course until its entrance into the Tallaton's Ponds, in the town of Brighton, flows N. W. hatchee. through Charleston, Salem, and Derby, and emp- Colleberg Mountains, or Ilills, N. Y., lie S. of ties into Lake Memphremagog. This is a slug- the'; Highlands," in the town of Cortland, Westgish stream, with the exception of a few short chester co. rapids, until it comes within 3 miles of Lake Collins River, Grundy co. Te. A head branch Memphremagog. It runs through Round Pond, of the Caney Fork of Cumberland River. in Charleston, and through Salem Lake, a fine Colonel's Mlounnttain, Palmer, Ms. Ht. 1172 feet. sheet of water nearly 2 miles in length and 1 mile Colorado hills, Ts. A rance extending along in width, lying in the towns of Salem and Derby. the Colorado River, N. from the city of Austin. Clyde River, N. Y., is formed in Wayne co. by Colorado River, Ts. The head branches of this the junction of Flint and Mud Creeks, and enters large river rise in the mountains in the W. part Seneca River after an E. course of 20 miles. of the state; it then flows S. E., draining a large Coal River, Va. A fine mill stream rising in extent of country, and empties into Matagorda the S. W. part of Fayette co., and flowing N. W., Bay. partly on the boundary between Kanawha and Golumbia River, the great river of Oregon, the Boone counties, into the Great Kanawha River. territory west of the Rocky Mts. Its sources are Coal Fire Creek, Pickens co., An. A small among the most elevated valleys in those mounbranch of the Tombigbee River. tain ranges, interlocking with those of the MissouCoan River, Northumberland co.,,Va. A small ri, the Rio Grande delNorte of the Gulf of Mexico, stream emptying into Chesapeake Bay. the Colorado of the Gulf of California, and the Cobbessecontee Waters, Me. This pond is a fine Buenaventura of the Pacific Ocean. It is composed sheet of water, lying WV. of Hallowell. and con- of two great constituent branches, the Lewis River nected with smaller ponds, situated in the towns and the Clarke River, which take their names from of Monmouth, Winthrop, Readfield, and Mount their discoverers, Captains Lewis and Clarke, who, Vernon. The outlet of the pond, a river of the in 1804-5. under the direction of the United States same name, after passing through another beau- government, explored the country from the tiful pond, enters the Kennebec River at Gardiner. mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the ColumThese waters afford charming scenery, greatwater bia. Clarke River, which is the great tributary power, and abundance of fish. of the Columbia from the north, is likewise conCobscook Bay. Me. This large bay, situated W. stituted by two main branches. The northern of Passamaquoddy Bay, receives as its tributaries branch takes its rise in about 500 N. lat. and 116~ a number of large ponds. See Eastport. W. Ion., and pursues a northern route at first, to Cocheco River, N. H. See Dover. near McGillivray's Pass in the Rocky Mountains, Cod, Cape. See Barnlstable County. where it receives Canoe River, at an elevation of Codden's lfill, Marblehead, Ms. 3600 feet above the level of the sca. It then Codorus Creek,Pa., after a course of 30 miles, turns S., and receives many tributaries in its falls into the Susquehanna, near New Holland course, among which are the Cootanie, or Flat village. Bow, and the Flat Hehd, or Clarke River proper. Coey~nans Creek rises in New Scotland, Albany It pursues this general course among high co., N. Y., and flows into the Hudson at the town mountains, often expanding into lakes, until it of Coeymans. reaches Fort Colville, a distance in this direction Cohera Rivers, Little and Great, N. C. They of 220 miles, where it is still at an elevation of drain the interior of Sampson co., unite in the S. 2049 feet above the level of the sea. Passing this part, and their waters, flowing S., fall into South point, it tends towards the W.; and after receivRiver, in New Hanover co. ing Spokan River from the E., it pursues a still Cohoes Ihalls, N. Y., on the Mohawk River, near more westerly course for 60 miles; when, bendCohoes village, is an object of great attraction for ing again to the S., it receives Okanagari River, visitors fiom all parts of the Union, during the which is the outlet of a line of lakes extensively summer. Besides a rapid descent above and be- navigable for canoes. Thence it passes on southlow, the river has a perpendicular fall of 70 fee! ward until it reaches Wallawalla, and here, in 45~ at this place. Its banks present a grand and pic- N. lat., it forms a junction with Lewis River, turesque appearance, rising to the almost perpen- the other great tributary, coming from the S. E. dicular height of from 50 to 120 feet for the dis- The entire valley of Clarke River embraces an tance of half a mile below the falls, where is area of 75,000 square miles; and the entire corn 184 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., parative course of the river to this point is about Columbus, Fort, N. Y. See Governor's Island. 800 miles. Lewis River takes its rise in the ele- Comite River, Mi. and La.. rises in Mi., and vated regions of the Chippewayan system, about running into La., unites with the Amite 12 miles 10 degrees of latitude S. of the sources of E. from Baton Rouge. Clarke River, and is, perhaps, of the two rivers, Compadre River, Ca. It rises in two widelythe main constituent of the Columbia. It pur- spread forks, which unite and flow N. W. into sues a northwesterly course, receiving large tribu- Eagle River. taries from both sides, particularly from the E., Conception Point, or Punta Conception, Ca. Situntil, after a course of about 520 miles, it unites uated on the Pacific coast W. from the town of with Clarke River, the great northern tributary Santa Barbara. at Wallawalla. The valley of Lewis River ex- Concord River, Ms., is formed at Concord by ceeds an area of 100,000 square miles. Com- the junction of Assabet and Sudbury Rivers: bining the two valleys of Lewis and Clarke after passing through the towns of Bedford, BilRivers, and measuring from the most northern lerica, and Chelmsford, it falls into the Merrimac, source of the latter to the most southern source between Lowell and Tewksbury. of the former, gives an entire breadth, for the Concordia Lake, La., was evidently, in former sources of the Columbia, along the sides and times, the bed of the Mississippi, and in seasons summits of the Chippewayan range, of about of very high flood, the water from the Mississippi 1000 miles from N. to S. After the confluence flows into it, through a small bayou, and passes of these two large streams, the Columbia, which into Bayou Tensas. now carries a volume of water 3500 feet wide, Conecuh River rises in Pike co., Aa., and flows and has yet to traverse a distance of about 300 through Fa. into Pensacola Bay. Two miles below miles, and make a descent of nearly 1300 feet, the Fa. line, it unites with the Escambia, a river before reaching. the Pacific, takes its final direc- of inferior size, the name of which, however, it tion to the westward, pursuing a rapid course for afterwards assumes. It is navigable for more than 80 miles, to its passage through the range of 100 miles, but the country is sterile. Cascade Mountains, so called from the series of Conedoguinit Creek, Pa., runs E., and discharges falls and rapids over which the waters of the its waters into the Susquehanna, a little above river are carried, at this point, opposing an insur- Harrisburg. mountable obstruction to boat navigation. From Conemaugh River, Pa. It rises in the AlleWallawalla to this pass, the Umatilla, Quisnel's, ghany Mts., and flows W. N. W. into the AlleJohn Day's and Chute Rivers are received from ghany, 29 miles N. N. E. of Pittsburg. In the the S., and Cathlatate's River from the N. From lower part of its course it takes the name of these falls there is still water navigation for 40 Kiskeminetas. Fifteen miles N. E. of Greensmiles, when it is again interrupted by rapids. burg it has salt works on both its banks. Its Thence to the ocean, a distance of 120 miles, the length is about 150 miles. river is navigable, even at the lowest stages, for Conequenessing Creek, Pa., falls into the Mahonvessels requiring 12 feet of water, though ob- ing, 12 miles fipm its mouth. structed more or less by many sand bars. In this Conescheague Creek is formed by two branches, part of its course, it receives the Willamette from which rise in Pa., and unite 3 miles N. of Md. the S., and the Cowelitz from the N. The width line; it then passes through Md., and empties into of the Columbia is greatly enlarged within the Potomac, at Williamsport. the last 20 miles, and where it enters the ocean, Goneseus Lake, Livingston co., N. Y. This between Point Adams and Cape Disappointment, lake is 9 miles long, 1 mile wide, and is said to it is about 7 miles across. There are flats and exceed 300 feet in depth. It is well stocked with sand bars which extend nearly across the mouth fish, and its waters are pure and cold. between these points, and render the entrance of Conestoga River, Lancaster co., Pa., enters the ships somewhat dangerous; though it would ap- Susquehanna 10 miles below Columbia. pear, from surveys and soundings, that there are Conewago Creek, or River, Pa., rises in Adams about 20 feet of water over these flats at low tide; co., and after a course of 40 miles. falls into the and that, in the channel, which lies near to Cape Susquehanna, opposite Bainbridge. Disappointment, the depth of water is not less Conezvago Creek, Pa. This river enters the than 24 feet. The tide from the ocean flows back Susquehanna 5 miles below Middletown, after a into the river nearly the whole distance to the W. S. W. course of 15 miles. grand rapids; and the reflux at Cape Disap- Coney Island, King's co., N. Y., forms a part of pointment, where the rise is about 9 feet, is gen- the town of Gravesend. It is much resorted to by erally, in the spring, 5 or 6 knots an hour. On visitors for sea air and bathing, as it directly the 7th of May, 1792, Captain Robert Gray, in faces the Atlantic, being divided from the main the ship Columbia, of Boston, discovered and land by a narrow channel, over which is a toll entered the mouth of this majestic stream, and, bridge. There is no more convenient and degiving it the name of the vessel in which he sirable watering-place in the vicinity of New sailed, called it the Columbia River. He was the York than this island. It is 4~ miles long, and' first person who established the fact of its exist- averages half a mile in width. ence, and gave the title, from discovery, to the Congaree Creek, Lexington district, S. C. A United States. In 1804-5, Lewis and Clarke made branch of the Congaree River, which it enters a the first exploration of the river ever made by little below Columbia. civilized men, and passed the winter of 1805-6 at Congaree River, S. C., which is formed by the its mouth. The Missouri Fur Company, in 1808, union of the Broad and Saluda at Columbia established a trading-house on Lewis River, the after a course of 30 miles, unites with the Wafirst ever formed on the waters of the Columbia; teree to form Santee River. and, in 1811, Astoria was founded, at the mouth Conhocton River rises in Steuben co., N. Y., and of the river, by the Pacific Fur Company, under unites with the Tioga to form Chemung River, John Jacob Astor, of New York. near the village of Painted Post. There are a IN THE UNITED STATES. 185 number of fine mill sites on this river and its England. Large quantities of shad are taken in tributaries, and it is navigable for arks and rafts this river, but the salmon, which formerly were to the village of Bath, during high water. Its very plenty, have entirely disappeared. Conlength is 55 miles. necticut River passes through a basin or valley of Connanicut Island, Newport co., R. I. Situated about 12,000 square miles; it is decorated, on in Narraganset Bay, S. S. W. from Prudence each side, with towns and villages of superior Island. beauty, and presents to the eye a wonderful Conneaut Creek, 0. and Pa., has its sources in variety of enchanting scenery. Erie and Crawford counties, Pa., and Ashtabula Connesauga River, Ga. This river has its source co., 0., and enters Lake Erie in the latter county. in Glimmer co., Ga., flows N. W., making a curve Connecticut Creek, Long Island, N. Y., rises in into Te., and then takes a winding southerly Brookhaven, Suffolk co., and runs S., into Fire- course, until its junction with the Coosawattee, to place Bay. form the Oostenaula. Connecticut, Lake, N. H. This lake, which is Connewango Creek rises in Chatauque and Catthe source of one of the principal branches of taraugus counties, N. Y., and flows W. into the the Connecticut, lies in lat. 450 2l, and is 54 Alleghany. This stream is boatable during high miles in length, and 2J in width. It is supplied Water, and numerous rafts also descend it during by several small streams rising in the highlands certain seasons of the year. Chatauque Lake, N. from the lake. Its waters are remarkably and a number of other tributaries, flow into it. clear, containing abundance of fish, and the Conoloway Creek, Pa., falls into the Potomac, scenery on its banks is very beautiful. near Hancock's Town, Md. Connecticut River. This beautiful river, the Constitution Island, N. Y., on which, during the Quonektacut of the Indians, and the pride of the revolution, some fortifications were erected, lies Yankees, has its sources in N. H., and the moun- in the Hudson River, opposite West Point. tainous tracts in Canada. Its name in the In- Contoocook River, N. H. This is a stream of dian language is said to signify Long River, or, as considerable length and importance, originating some render it, River of Pines. Its general course in several ponds in Jaffrey and Rindge, and flowis N. and S. After forming the boundary line ing N. it receives tributaries from Dublin, Peterbetween N. H. and Vt., it crosses the western part borough, Sharon, Nelson, Stoddard, Washington, of Ms., passes the state of Ct. nearly in its cen- Antrim, Deering, and Hillsborough. In Hillsbortre; and, after a fall of 1600 feet, from its head, ough it takes a N. E. and E. direction, and proceeds N. of lat. 450, it falls into Long Island Sound, in through Henniker to Hopkinton, where it receives lat. 410 16/. The breadth of this river, at its en- Warner and Blackwater Rivers. From Hopkintrance into Vt., is about 150 feet, and in its course ton it pursues a winding course through Concord, of 60 miles, it increases to about 390 feet. In and falls into the Merrimack between Concord Ms. and Ct., its breadth may be estimated from and Boscawen. Near the mouth of this river is 450 to 1050 feet. It is navigable to Hartford, 45 Duston's Island, celebrated as the spot where Mrs. miles, for vessels of considerable burden, and to Duston destroyed several Indians, in 1698. Middletown, 30 miles from the sea, for vessels C(onway Peak, or Chocorua Mountain, N. H. drawing 12 feet of water. By means of canals See Albany. afid other improvements, it has been made navi- Cooper River, S. C., together with Ashley River, gable for boats to Fifteen Mile Falls, nearly 250 forms Charleston harbor, entering the Ashley on miles above Hartford. The most considerable the E. side of the city. A canal 21 miles long rapids in this river are Bellows Falls; the Falls unites this river with the Santee. of Queechy, just below the mouth of Water- Coosa River, Aa., rises in the N. part of Ga., queechy River; the White River Falls, below runs S. W. into Aa., and unites with the TallaHanover; and the Fifteen Mile Falls, in N. H. poosa to form Alabama River, 8 miles below Weand Vt.; the Falls at Montague and Holyoke, in tumpka. The Coosa is navigable for steamboats Ms., and the Falls at Enfield, in Ct., where it 8 miles above the junction. Its whole length is meets the tide water. The perpendicular height about 240 miles. of the falls, which have been overcome by dams Coosaw River, Beaufort district, S. C. A kind and locks between Springfield, in Ms., and Han- of a strait connecting Broad River with St. Helena over, in N. H., a distance of 130 miles, is 240 feet. Sound. Bars of sand and gravel extend across this river Coosawhatchie River, S. C., runs S. S. E., and in various places, over which boats with difficulty empties into Broad River. An eastern outlet, pass in low water. The most important tributa- called Whale Branch, and also Coosaw River, ries to the Connecticut, in N. H., are Upper and forms the Island of Port Royal. Lower Amonoosuck, Isriael's, John's, Mascomy, Coosawattee River, Ga. Ellijay and Carticary Sugar, and Ashuelot Rivers; in Vt., Nulhegan, Creeks unite to form this river, which receives Passumpsic, Wells, Wait's, Ompomponoosuck, several large branches, the principal of which are White, Waterqueechy, Black, Williams, Saxton's, Talkey, Rock, and Calico Creeks, and flows in a and West Rivers; in Ms., Miller's, Deerfield, winding S. W. course until it unites with the ConAgawam, Chickopee, and Westfield Rivers; and nesauga to form the Oostenaula. the Farmington, in Ct. The intervales are gen-.Copake Creek, N. Y., a branch of Claverack erally spread upon one or both sides -of the river, stream, rises in Columbia co. Several factories nearly on a level with its banks, and extending and mills are located on this stream. from half a mile to five miles in breadth; but its Copake Lake, Copake, Columbia co., N. Y., borders are in some places high, rocky, and pre- covers about 600 acres. Its shores are gently cipitous. In the spring it overflows its banks, undulating and highly cultivated, and its waters and, through its winding course of nearly 400 pure and clear. miles, forms and fertilizes a vast tract of rich Copecut Mountain, Fall River, Ms. Height 355 meadow. In point of length, utility, and beauty, feet. this river forms a distinguished feature of New Copper Creek, Va., rises in the S. part of Rus24 186 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., sell co., flows S. W., and falls into Clinch River, Crane Island, N. C., lies in Hunting Sound, and in Scott co.' is about 6 miles in length. Copper Hcarbor, Houghton co., Mn. Situated Crane Island lies in the Potomac, 30 miles S. WV on the N. coast of Keewaiwona Point. from Annapolis. Corbeau Creek rises in Chazy, Clinton co., N.Y., Crane Lake, Io. A small sheet of water sitflows N. E., and enters the Chazy River at the uated near the head of Iowa River. village of Corbeau, in the town of Champlain. Crane Neck, in the town of Brookhaven, SufCore Sound, N. C., opens on the N. E. into Pam- folk co., N. Y., is a broad peninsula, extending lico Sound. It is 40 miles long. The island into Long Island Sound. which encloses it contains Cape Lookout on its S. Craney Island, Va., lies in IHampton Road, at extremity. the mouth of Elizabeth River, 5 miles S. W. Corkin's Creek, Pa., falls into the Delaware from Fort George. A strong fort on this island River in Ion. 750 10' W. and lat. 410 18' N. defends the entrance'of James and Elizabeth Corpus Christi Pass, Ts. The passage between Rivers. two islands which lie at the mouth of Nueces Crendrick Lake, N. C. Situated in Ion. 760 55! River, and opposite the town of Corpus Christi. W., lat. 350 461 N. Cortableau River, La., flows into the Atcha- Cripple Creek. Va., rises in the E. part of Smyth falaya. It is 35 miles long. co., flows N. of E.. and empties into New River. Coteau Percee Creek, Ma. It rises in the Benton Croatan Sound, N. C. Situated between RoanLakes, flows S. W., and falls into the Sioux River. oke Island and the main land of Tyrel co. It Cote Blanche Bay, La. This bay sets up from contains several small islands. the Gulf of Mexico, and connects on the N. W. Crockery Creek, Mn., rises in Kent and Neeway. with Vermilion Bay. go counties, and flows S. W. across a part of C'otentnea River, N. C. A branch of the Neuse Ottowa co. into Grand River. River, which it enters on the boundary between Crooked Creek. Is. It rises in the N. W. part Pitt and Lenoir counties. of McDonounch co., flows S. E., and crmpties into Cottonwood Creek, Ca. It rises among the Coast the Illinois River, between Schuyler and Brown Mts., flows E., and empties into the Rio Sacra- counties. mento, of which it is a head branch. Crooked Creek, As. This stream rises in the Cottonwood Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of S. part of Carroll co., pursues a very winding Grand River. course, and falls into White River, having formed Coupe River, On. An E. branch of the Willa- a part of the boundary between Marion and mette River, which it enters below the Sandehan. Searcy counties. Cove Point, Calvert co., Md. A small point of Crooked Lake, N. Y., lies chiefly in Steuben co., land projecting into Chesapeake Bay. but extends N. into Yates co.; is 18 miles long, Cow Bay, North Hempstead, Queen's co., N. Y., and 1 miles wide. Near the centre it separates an arm of Long Island Sound, extends inland into two forks, running northward, one 12 miles about 5 miles. It is navigable for steamboats, and the other 8, and receding from each other, and is partly surrounded by highly cultivated until, at their extremities, they are 5 miles disfarms and country seats. taent. At the point of their separation, a hig!i CowNeck, North Hempstead, Queen's co., N. Y., promontory, called Bluff Point, rises from the a point of land about 6 miles longr and 2J miles water 800 feet. The outlet is at the north end of wide, lies between Hempstead harbor on the E. the eastern branch, running 7 miles E. by N., and Cow Bay on the W. Sands' Point is on the until it falls into Seneca Lake, at Dresden. This N. part. stream, in its course, has a fall of 269 feet, affordCowikee Creek, Aa. This stream is formed by ing an excellent water power. Upon it, about the junction of three principal forks, and enters one mile below the outlet of the lake, stands the the Chattahoochee in Barbour co. village of Penn Yan. From this place to Seneca (Coxsackie Creek rises in Greene co., N. Y., flows Lake, a canal, called " Crooked Lake Canal," has N. E., and enters the Hudson in the town of New been constructed, with 27 locks, at a cost of Baltimore. $137,000. Through Seneca Lake, this navigable Crab, or Hospital Island, N. Y., a part of the communication is continued to the Erie Canal. town of Plattsbur(g, Clinton co., lies in Lake In the opposite direction, a steamboat plies daily Champlain, near Cumberland Head. between Penn Yan and Hammond's Port, at the Crab-Tree Creek, Wake co., N. C., rises in the S: end of Crooked Lake. S. W. part of Wake co.. takes a circuitous easterly Crooked Lake, lMn. Situated in the N. XW. part course, and falls into the Neuse River. of Wyandot co. It receives the waters of several Crabb River, Allegliany co., Md. A small trib- streams, and connects by its outlet with Chlleboyutary of the N. fork of the Potomac River. galln River. Craiq's Creek, Bottetourt co., Va., is formed in Crooked Ricer, Oxford co., iMe. This. river the S. W. part of the county by the junction of joins the outlet of Long P'ond, and falls into two branches, flows N. E., and empties into Cow Sebago Lake. Pasture River. Crooked River, Ky. A small 1branch of' thle E. C(ranberry Islands, Hancock co., Me. These fork of Salt River, forming the bounrdary between islands lie a few miles E. by S. from Mount Desert, Anderson and Spencer counties. and embrace Great and Little Cranberry, Sutton's Cross Island, Me. An island 3 miles long and and Baker's Islands, and were attached to the 2 wide, lying' oif Machias Bay, and attached'to town of Mount Desert until 1830. when they the town of Cutler. were incorporated. They afford good harbors, Cross Creek, or -River, rises in Westchester co., and are well located for the shore fishery. N. Y., and flows E. into Croton River, in the town Cranberry Lake, N. Y. This small sheet of of Lewisborough. water is situated in the S. part of Parishville, St. Cross Lake, N. Y., through which flows Seneca Lawrence co. River, lies between the counties of Cayuga and IN THE UNITED STATES. 187 Onondaga; it is 4 miles long and half a mile in nessee. The elevation of its sources above its width. mouth is supposed to exceed 1000 feet. Its course Crotched Lake, N. Y., lying between Racket is first W. and S. W. until it enters Te., and, and Long Lakes, in the N. part of Hamilton co., bearing still S., passes round with an extensive is an irregular body of water, as the name im- sweep to Nashville. Its course is then northplies. Pahmechinbaguck - water right across westerly until it reenters Ky., and flows in this us - is said to be the Indian name. direction about 50 miles across the state to its Croton River, N. Y., rises in several beautiful junction with the Ohio. Its comparative length lakes in Dutchess and Putnam counties, flows in is about 450 miles; although from the great tortua S. MW. direction, and enters the Hudson in ousness of its channel, its entire length, following Westchester co., about two miles above the vil- the course of the stream, cannot be less than 600 lage of Sing Sing. This river is the source of miles. Without reference to the inflections of the Croton Aqueduct. the river itself, the valley which it drains is 350 Crow Creek, Is., rises in the W. part of Liv- miles long, with an average breadth of 50 miles, ingston co., and flows W. into the Illinois River. comprehending an area of 17,500 square miles, Crow Islands, N. Y. This cluster of small which, in superficies, is the third in rank of those islands is situated in Huntington Bay. of the tributaries of the Ohio. The greatest part Crow's Nest, N. Y., a high peak of the "High- of this valley lies between lat. 36~ and 370, and lands," is situated in the town of Cornwall, ion. 60 and 12~ W. from Washington. In an orOrange co., on the W. side of the Hudson. dinary stage of water, the river is navigable for Crow River, Ma. This river rises in two large vessels and large steamboats to Nashville, 200 forks, flows in an easterly direction, and empties miles, and for boats of 15 tons 300 miles farther. into the Mississippi N.,W. from Rum River. For half its length it is navigable for small craft Crow WVisgRiver,, Ma. This river rises among at all seasons. The Cumberland is the second the labyrinth of lakes in the N. part of the terri- river in size that enters the Ohio, being inferior tory, flows S. E., and empties into the Mississippi only to the Tennessee. just below Gayashk Lake. C(unningham's Island, 0. Situated in Lake Crumen or Croem Elbow, N. Y., 4 miles above Erie, N. from the mouth of Sandusky Bay. Poughkeepsie, is formed by a sudden turn of Hud- Current River, Mo. and As., rises in the Ozark son River. Ridge, Mo., and, taking a course of about 150 Crum Elbow Creek, Dutchess co., N. Y., rises in miles, falls into Black River. the towns of Clinton and Rhinebeck, and flows Currituck Island, Sound, and Inlet, Currituck co., S. W. through Hydepark into the Hudson. It is N. C. The island which encloses the sound is 30 a pretty good mill stream. miles long and 2 broad. The sound is 50 miles C(rumhorn Mountain, N. Y., situated in the town long, from 1 to 10 broad, and rather shallow. The of Maryland, Otsego co., is a wild and barren inlet is a narrow entrance into the sound between eminence. two islands. Cryder's Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of Inde- Cut/bot Creek, N. C. A small branch of Neuse pendence, Alleghany co., and flowing S. W. enters River. Genesee River in the state of Pa. Cuyahoga River, 0. This river rises in Geauga C(rystal Lahke, N. Y., is one of a small cluster co., runs southerly through Portage co., then prolying in the town of Alexandria, Jefferson co. ceeds in a N. N. W. direction through Summit C'ub Creek, Te., rises in the N. part of Hender- and Cuyahoga counties to its entrance into Lake son co., flows S. E., and falls into the Tennessee Erie, at Cleveland. It. is one of the most imporRiver. tant rivers in Northern 0., its length being over 60 Cubb C'reek, Va., rises in the S. part of Appo- miles. Its falls, which are numerous, afford fine mattox co., anti flows S. into the Roanoke River. mill seats, and it is but little affected by drought. Cu(mberland Bay, N. Y., situated in Lake Cham- Cypress Creek, As. It rises in the E. part of plain, opposite the village of Plattsburg, is en- Van Buren co., flows S. W., and empties into the closed by Cumberland Head, a point of land on Arkansas at Cadron. the W. shore, stretching 4 miles into the lake. Cypress Creek, La. A head branch of the MidMacdonough gained his famous naval victory die Fork of Bayou d'Arbone. over the British, under Com. Downie, in this bay, on the 11th September, 1814. Dacheet River, rises in As., and flowing S. into Cunmberland Iiead, N. Y., projects into Lake La., falls into Lake' Bistineau. Champlain, N. from Plattsburg, and opposite Daddy's C'reek, Te., rises in Bledsoe co., flows N. South Hero. E., and unites with Obed's River near its enCumberland Island, Camden co., Ga. This is trance into Emery's River. quite a large island, lying between St. Andrew's Danlariscotta Riler, Lincoln co., Me. This Sound on the N. and St. Mary's Sound on the S. broad arm of the sea has its source in several The N. part is cut off by a small river, and called ponds in Jefferson and Nobleborough. It flows Littlte Cumberland Island. On the S. part is the in a southerly direction, between Newcastle, Dungeness light-house. Edgecomb, and Boothbay on the W., and Bristol Cclalerland Allountains, Te. This range com- on the E. It is navigable for vessels of any burmences in the S. W. part of Pa., takes the name den to the bridge, which crosses it between Newof Laurel Mts. in Va.,'lasses through the S. E. castle and Nobleborough, a distance of 16 miles. iart of Ky. and Te., and terminates in the N. Large quantities of lumber descend this stream, lart of Aa. and many merchant ships are built on its borders. Cumberland Ricer, a large river of Ky. and Te., Damiscove Island, Me., lies off the town of rises in Ky., on the W. slope of the Cumberland Boothbay, Lincoln co. Mts., near the boundary of Va., and pursues a Dan River, N. C. and Va., unites with Stanton very circuitous course to the Ohio, which it enters River in Va., and forms the Roanoke. It has about 12 miles above the entrance of the Ten- falls of 23 feet at Danville, but by a canal con 188 ~ UTMOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., structed around them, is navigable 100 miles from one from Leyden, and one from Conwav. It is its mouth. very rapid in some places, and its passage through D'Arbone, Bayou, La. This stream rises in the mountains is very romantic. Length about Claiborne parish, flows in a S. E. direction, and 50 miles. enters the Wachita River in Wachita parish. Delaware Bay, at the mouth of Delaware RivDarby Creek, O., rises in Union co., and after er, is an arm of the sea, stretching up in a N. W. a S. E. course of 60 miles, enters the Sciota, direction, for a distance of 75 miles. The ennearly opposite Circleville. trance to the bay is between Cape May on the N., Dartiga Lake, Nachitoches and Rapides par- and Cape Henlopen on the S., distant about 20 ishes, La. This lake receives a river of the same miles from each other. The width of the bay in name from the N. W., and connects on the S. the middle is 30 miles. There are many shoals, with Red River. which render the navigation difficult and dangerDauphin Islands, Great and Little., Aa., lie at ous; and there is no good natural harbor within the mouth of Mobile Bay, and are attached to 70 miles of the ocean. The want of any secure Mobile co. anchorage on this coast, for several hundred miles Dawfuskey Island, S. C., is 7 miles long, and 2J from New York, has induced the government, at miles broad, and lies 3 miles N. E. from the mouth a heavy expense, to erect a breakwater, forming of the Savannah. an artificial harbor, within Cape Henlopen. The Dead River, Me. This important tributary of anchorage ground thus provided is in a cove the Kennebec rises on the border of Lower Can- directly W. of the cape, having a depth of water ada, in Franklin co. It flows 40 or 50 miles of from 4 to 6 fathoms, and a superficial extent in a S. E. direction, then N. about 10 miles; it of over half a square mile. An internal commuthen turns to the E., and flows about 15 miles nication has been formed between this bay and to its entrance into the Kennebec, about 20 miles the Chesapeake by a canal 14 miles long, runbelow Moosehead Lake. The land on its borders ning between Delaware City, at a point 42 miles is fertile and heavily wooded. below Philadelphia, and Back Creek, which comDead River, N. H., rises in the N. W. corner of municates through Elk Creek with the Chesathe state, in Coos co., and after receiving several peake. This canal has a depth of 8 feet, a width tributaries, empties into the Margallaway. of 60 feet at the surface, and 36 feet at the bottom, Dead Stream, Me., is a W. tributary of the Pe- and admits of the passage of vessels of considnobscot, which it enters at Orono, opposite Indian erable size. Village. Delaware River rises among the western Dead Fish Lake, Ma. Situated N. W. from spurs of the Catskill Mts., in N. Y. The two Seven Beaver Lake, and at the head of Second streams which constitute its principal sources are Embarras River. the Mohawks and the Popacton. The first of Deadman's Bay, Fa. A curvature of the coast these, which is the most remote, and the real in. Madison co. source of the Delaware, rises from a small lake De Chute River rises in the E. part of Aroos- near the border of Schoharie co., N. Y., in 42~ 45' took co., Me., and flows E. into Canada, where it N. lat., at an elevation of 1886 feet above tide enters the St. J6hn's River. water, and flows S. W. about 50 miles, to within Decker's Creek, Is. A small branch of Bear 10 miles of the Susquehanna River, where, turnCreek, which it enters in Hancock co. ing suddenly to the S. E., it flows about 12 miles Deep Creek, Io. A S. branch of the Maco- to its junction with the Popacton. This branch quetais River, which it enters in Jackson co. rises in Delaware co., N. Y., and pursues a course Deep River, N. C., unites with the Haw to form nearly parallel to that of the main branch, for the N. W. branch of Cape Fear River. about 50 miles, to the point of meeting. After Deer Creek, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., and flows the junction of these two branches, the Delaware N. E. into Black River. flows on in a S. E. course, forming the boundary Deer River, N. Y., rises in Franklin co., flows between Pa. and N. Y., for about 60 miles, to the N. W., and enters the St. Regis in St. Lawrence N. W. corner of N. J. It then bends to the S. W. co. 35 miles, along the base of the Kittaning chain Deer Creek, Hartford co., Md., empties into the of mountains, until it finds a pass through this Susquehanna. mountain by the celebrated " Water Gap," which Deer Creek, Perry co., Ia. A small branch of is considered a great natural curiosity. The view Ohio River. in passing through this chasm is highly picturDeer Creek, Ca., rises among the Sierra Nevada, esque and impressive. The distance is about two and flows S. W. into the Rio Sacramento. miles, between rugged and lofty walls, rising Deer Islands. A group of islands. five in num- almost from the water's edge to the height of ber, lying in the Connecticut River, between the 1600 feet, and often overhanging with immense towns of Lvman and Barnet, Vt. The largest of masses of the rock. Towards the N. W. the these islands contains 38 acres of land.' passage widens somewhat, and there are some Deer Island, Hancock co., Me., lies in Penob- beautiful islands in the river, which here has great scot Bay, off the town of Sedgwick. See the depth. Continuing S. about 21 miles, it reaches town of Deer Isle.: Easton, Pa.,where it receives an important tribuDeerfield River, Vt. and Ms. This beautiful tary from the right in the Lehigh. About two rapid stream rises in the high grounds of Wind- miles below Easton, it pierces the Blue Ridge; ham co., near Stratton, Dover, and Somerset, Vt., and, five miles still lower, the South Mountain; and, proceeding in a S. E. course, it passes through having obliquely traversed, in its course thus far, Monroe, Florida, Rowe, Charlemont, Hawley, a great part of the Appalachian system. From Buckland, Shelburne, and Conway, and falls into South Mountain its course is S. E., about 35 the Connecticut between Greenfleld and Deerfield. miles, to the falls at Trenton, at the foot of which The most important tributaries to this river are it meets the tide water. The distance between Cold River; a river from Heatb and Coleraine; Easton and Trenton is 60 miles, in which the IN THE UNITED STATES. 189 river passes over twenty-five rapids, with an aggre- Brownstown on the American shore, and on the gate fall of 165 feet. These rapids are navigable at Canada shore Sandwich and Amherstburg. It high water. Below Trenton the Delaware turns receives from Michigan the River Rouge, about a to the S. WV., and, passing Philadelphia, continues mile above Grand Turkey Island, and the Huron, this course until near its entrance into the bay. at the point of connection with Lake Erie. From A few miles below Philadelphia it receives the Canada, the only stream worthy of notice is the Schuylkill, which is one of its largest tributaries, Canard, which enters the Detroit about 34 miles from the N. W. The whole course of the river, above Amherstburg. from its remotest source to its entrance into the Devil's Hole, N. Y., is a gulf in Niagara River, bay, is about 300 miles; and to its entrance into about 1, miles below the falls. the Atlantic, 375 miles. There are five bridges DialMountain, Nipple Top, or Noon Mark, N. Y., crossing the Delaware, the lowest of which is at a peak of the Adirondack range, is situated in the Trenton. It is navigable for ships of the line to town of Keene, Essex co. It is elevated 4900 Philadelphia, 125 miles from the ocean by the feet above the Hudson. course of the river and bay, and 45 miles from Diamond I4land, N. Y. See Lake George. the head of the bay. For sloops it is navigable Diamond River, N. H., rises principally in Dian35 miles farther, to Trenton. The Delaware is mond Pond, in Stewartstown; thence it passes connected with the Hudson by two canals, the through Dixville, and after receiving several " Delaware and Hudson Canal," and the " Morris tributaries, falls into Dead River, near its juncCanal." A vast amount of coal is transported tion with the Margallaway. on these canals; and, aside from this immense Dick's River, Ky. This stream waters the W. business, the Delaware is one of the principal part of Rock Castle co., flows N. W. through channels of internal traffic in the Eastern States. Lincoln co., separates Garrard from Boyle and The basin of the Delaware is about 250 miles in Mercer counties, and empties into the Kentucky length, with a mean breadth of 45 miles; com- River. prehending an area of 11,250 square miles. The Dickson Creek, Ts. A small stream emptying surface is greatly diversified, with much difference into the S. W. part of Galveston Bay. of relative height Dike Creek, N. Y., rises in Steuben co., flows De Loma Point, Ca. A point of land on which W., and enters Genesee River in Alleghany co. the town of San Diego is situated.' It extends The N. Y. and Erie Railroad extends through into the Pacific just above the boundary between the valley of this stream for a considerable disUpper and Lower California. tance. Denny's River, Me. A small branch of the Disappointment, Cape, On. Situated at the Schoodic. mouth of Columbia River. Dernier Island, Terre Bonne parish, La. This Dismal Swamp. An extensive tract of marshy, is the largest of a chain of long, narrow islands. wooded land, lying partly in Virginia, and partly Des lMoines River, lo., rises in the Coteau des in North Carolina. It commences a little S. of Prairies, and flowing in a S. E. direction, enters Norfolk, Va., and extends S. 30 miles, with an avethe Mississippi just below Des Moines Rapids, rage breadth of 10 miles, covering 150,000 acres. on the boundary between Io. and Mo. In high Some of the trees upon this tract grow to an water it is navigable for steamboats 100 miles, enormous size, and the brushwood among them and for keel boats at all seasons. is so thick, as in some parts to be almost imperDes Plaines River rises in the S. E. part of vious. In the midst of this swamp is the lake, Wisconsin, and after flowing through a fertile called Drummond Lake, 15 miles in circumfercountry, mostly over a bed of limestone rock, en- ence, which supplies the main trunk of the Disters the Illinois River. mal Swamp Canal, by a navigable feeder 5 miles Destruction Island, On. Situated in the Pacific in length. This canal is 23 miles long, uniting Ocean, N. W. from Greenville Point. the waters of Chesapeake Bay with those of PasDetroit River is the river or strait through quotank River, flowing into Albemarle Sound. which the waters of the upper lakes, Superior, In the Dismal Swamp the following rivers take Huron, Michigan, and St. Clair, are discharged their rise: the Nansemond and Elizabeth Rivers, into Lake Erie. The length of the river, from flowing N. into the estuary of James River; PasLake St. Clair to Lake Erie, is about 28 miles. quotank and Perquiman's Rivers, flowing into At its outlet from Lake St. Clair, it is over a mile Albemarle Sound; and some small creeks, runwide. Opposite to Detroit, about 8 miles below, ning S. E. into Currituck Sound. it is three fourths of a mile wide. Its course to Dividing CreeYc, Va., separates Lancaster and Detroit is a little S. of W.; but here it makes a Northumberland counties, and falls into the curve, and pursues a more southerly direction. Chesapeake. About 5 miles below Detroit, the river is divided Doctor's Bay, Duval co., Fa. An enlargement into two channels, by Grand Turkey Island, and of St. John's River just above Black Creek. soon widens to 3 or 4 miles, and continues Dog River, Vt. It is formed in Northfield by the of this width for 16 or 17 miles, until it opens union of several streams, and taking a northerly into the N. W. angle of Lake Erie. There are course through Berlin, falls into Winooski River,.many islands in the river, rendering the naviga- nearly a mile below the village of Montpelier. Its tion somewhat intricate; nevertheless, vessels of length is about 16 miles, and it waters about 80 considerable burden can be carried through into square miles. Lake St. Clair. The principal channel is on the Dorcheat Bayou. This stream rises in Hempeastern side, between Boisblanc Island and the stead co., As., and flows S. into La., where it Canada shore. The banks of the river, in all enters Lake Bistineau. its narrower parts especially, being settled and Dolores River, Ca. A small stream flowing N. cultivated on both sides, present a beautiful view, W. into the River St. Michael. in summer, to those who traverse its waters. The Drake's Creek. The head branches of this principal towns on its banks are Detroit and stream rise in Sumner co.. Te. It flows in a 190 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., northerly direction, and empties into the Big Mississippi, draining the N. W. part of CrawBarren, in Warren co., Ky. ford co. Drillfing Island Lake, Ma. This lake is the Eagle Harbor. Houghton co., Mn. Situated on source of one of the head branches of Waton- the N. W. coast of Keewaiwona Point, W. from wan River. Great Marais Harbor. Drowned Lands, N. Y. A name given to a large Eagle Lakes, Aroostook co., Me., lie between marsh, through which the Wallkill flows. It is the Aroostook and St. John's Rivers, and are mostly situated in the town of Warwick, Orange connected with several smaller lakes. The gen co., and contains about 50,000 acres of land. eral outlet is Chipquedopshook River, which flows The stream flows sluggishly through this swamp, about 14 miles into St. John's River. which is used for the pasturage of cattle, on the Eagle Lake, Kosciusco co., Ia. Situated S. E. subsiding of the springc freshets which submerge from the town of Warsaw. it, but is a desolate waste during the rest of the Eagle River, Houghton co., Mn., drains the year. Although there are some fertile islands or N. W. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falls into elevated spots, all efforts to wholly drain it have Lake Superior. been unsuccessful. Eagle River, Ca. It rises on the E. border of Du Chesne Fork, Ca. A head branch of Unita the state, flows W., and empties into Grand River. River. East Bay, N. Y., is the E. part of the Great Duck Creek, De. A small stream separating Bay. S. of Long Island. New Castle and Kent counties, and emptying East Bay, La. The body of water lying beinto Delaware Bay. tween the S. and S. W. passes of the Mississippi Duck Creek, Scott co., Io., drains the S. part River. of the county, flowing W. into Mississippi River. East Canada Creek, N. Y., rises in Hamilton co., Duck Islands, Me., lie S. of Mount Desert Island. flows S., dividing Fulton and Montgomery counDuck Lake, N. Y. This small sheet of water ties on the E. from Herkimer co. on the W., and lies in the town of Conquest, Cayuga co. falls into the Mohawk. It is a rapid stream, afDuck River, Brown co., Wn., rises in the S. part fording good water power. of the county, and flowing N. E., falls into Green Eastern Bay, Md. An arrm of Chesapeake Bay: N. W. from the mouth of Fox River. Bay, extending between Queen Ann and Talbot Dudley Island, Me., lies in Passamaquoddy counties. Bay, and belongs to Eastport. East NIoy Creek, N. Y., a fine mill stream, rises Du Fil River, Mn., rises in the N. interior of in Genesee co., flows S., and unites with the W. Tuscola co., flows N., through Huron co., into Koy in Alleghany co.; it then flows in an E. diSaginaw Bay. rection until its entrance into the Genesee. Dug Hill, Blandford, Ms. Height 1622 feet. East River, N. Y., is an arm of Long Island Dugdemona River, La. This large stream rises Sound, dividing Long Island on the E. from the in Bienville and Jackson parishes, flows S. E., Island of New York and a part of Westchester receiving numerous tributaries, and empties into co. on the W. It communicates with the AtlanCalatroola Lake. tic Ocean thropgh the "Narrows," with the harDuncan's Creek, S. C., rises in the interior of bor of N. Y., and with Hudson River. It is about Laurens district, flows E. by S., and empties into 15 miles long, contains several important islands, Ennoree River. and is navigable for large vessels. The celebrated Duncan's Rocks, On. Situated at the mouth of pass called " Hell Gate " is opposite Great Barn the Straits of Juan de Fuca, off Cape Flattery. Island, 7 miles N. E. of N. Y. city. Dunderberg Mountains, or Hills, Haverstraw, East Savannah River, Ma., flows N. E. into EmRockland co., N. Y., constitute the S. part of the barras River. Highlands. East Swan River, Ma. It rises near Swan Dunnbtre Lake, Vt., sometimes called Trout River, in a series of small lakes, flows S. S. E., Pond, is about 4 miles long, and.three fourths of and empties into St. Louis River. a mile wide. It lies in Leicester and Salisbury, Eaton's Neck, N. Y., a bold promontory, or and communicates through Leicester River with which there is a light-house, lies in the town of Otter Creek. Trout weighing 25 pounds have Huntington, on the N. side of Long Island. been taketi out of this lake. Ebeetne Mount, Piscataquis co., Me., lies S. E. D)unn's Lake, St. John's co., Fa. A long, nar- of Mt. Baker. row sheet of water, N. E. from Lake George, and Ebeemne River, Piscataquis co., Me., consists of connected on the N. XV. with St. John's River. two branches, which rise near Mount Ebeeme, Duston's Island, N. H. This small island in the and unite in Brownville to form Pleasant River. Merrimack, at the mouth of Contoocook River, Ebenezer Creek, Ga., rises in the S. E. part of between Concord and Boscawen, is celebrated for Scriven co., flows S. E., and falls into the Savanthe heroic defence of a lady, whose name it bears, nah River in Effingham co. against a party of Indians, on the night of the Echeconno River, Ga. This stream rises in the 1 5th of March, 1698. See Hayward's Gazetteer of W. part of Pike co., flows S. E., separating Bibb New Hanmpshire. from Crawford and Houston counties, and falls Dutcherds Creek, As. A small stream which into the Ockmulgee River. enters Petit Jean Creek near Danville. Eckford Chain of Lakes, N. Y., comprises three Dyer's Bay, Me. See Steuben. beautiful lakes, of which Eckford and Genet are the principal, lying E. of Racket Lake, HamilEagle Creek, Ky. This stream drains the N. ton co. interior of Scott co., flows N. N. W. to Gallatin Edisto River and Island, S. C. This river, the co., where it turns to the S. W., separating Owen two main branches of which, called the North and from Gallatin and Carroll counties, and empties South Edisto, rise in Edgefield co., pursues a into the Kentucky River. S. E. course into Colleton co., where it turns to Eagle Creek, Wn. A small branch of the the S., and enters the Atlantic by two mouths, IN THE UNITED STATES. 191 which form Edisto Island. ~It is navigable 100 W., and enters Niagara River near the mouth of miles for large boats. The island is 12 miles Tonawanda Creek, in Erie co. This stream long. and from 1 to 5 broad. affords a number of good mill sites. Edward, Fort, Fort Edward village, Washing- Elligo Pond, Orleans co., Vt. This pond lies ton co., N. Y. in the towns of Greensborough and Craftsbury, Edwards River, Is. This stream drains the S. and is sometimes called Elligo Scotland, a corinterior of Henry co., flows a little S. of W. across ruption of the Indian name of Elligo Scootlan. Mercer co., and empties into the Mississippi. It is about 2 miles long and half a mile wide, and Eel River, Ia., rises in Hendricks co., and, after has two outlets, one to the N. and the other to a winding course, falls into the W. fork of White the S. The N. outlet constitutes one of the head River, at Point Commerce, Greene co. branches of Black River; the S., after passing Egg Harbor, Great, River and Bay, N. J. The through Little Elligo Pond, communicates with river rises in Gloucester co., and flows 45 miles the River Lamoille in Hardwick. The scenery on into the bay. It is navigable for sloops over 25 the borders of this pond is very fine, and near its miles above May's landing, below which it flows centre are two small islands. The waters abound through a marsh. The harbor is 5 miles long, with trout of excellent quality. This was forand friom one half to 4 miles broad. merly a favorite hunting-ground of the St. Francis Egg Harbor, Little, River and Bay, N. J. This Indians, to whom the N. part of the state once river rises in Burlington and Gloucester counties, belonged. and flows S. E. into the bay. It is navigable 25 Ellis Island, N. Y., sometimes called Gibbet miles, and is approached through New Inlet, which Island, from the executions which take place here, is from 15 to 18 feet deep. lies at the mouth of Hudson River, opposite the Egmont Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated at city of New York. It belongs to the U. S. govthe mouth of Tampico Bay, S. from Mullet Island. ernment, and Fort Gibson is situated on it. Eiqhteen Mile Creek, N. Y., rises in Niagara co., Ellis River, Me., rises in the N. part of Oxford and flows N. into Lake Ontario. co., flows S. through the town of Rumford into Eighteen Mile Creek, Putnam co., Va. An E. the Androscoggin. branch of the Great Kanawha. Ellis River, N. H., rises on the E. side of the Eighteen Mile Creek, S. C. A branch of Seneca White Mountains, near the sources of Peabody River, which it enters in Anderson district. River. Its two main branches unite in the town Elbow Lake, Ma. This lake, which receives its of Jackson, and fall into the Saco River at Bartname from its shape, is the principal source of lett. the head branch of North Red River. Elm Creek, Is. It rises in the S. part of Clay Eleven Mile Branch,,Barnwell district, S. C. A co., flows S. E., and empties into the Little Wasmall tributary of the Savannah River. bash River. Eleven Point River, Mo. and As. This river Elm River, Houghton co., Mn. A small stream has its source in Oregon co., Mo., flows S. E. into rising in Juliet Lake, and flowing N. W. into Lake As., and, uniting with Spring River, empties into Superior. the Big Black. Elm River, Ma. A W. branch of North Red Elizabeth Bay, Mn. A large curvature of Lake River. Michigan, extending into Michilimackinac co. Embarras River, Ma. A small stream flowing Elizabeth, Cape, Me., lies in the town of Cape S. E. into St. Louis River. Elizabeth, and forms the W. boundary of Casco Emenija River, Ma. This river flows S. W. Bay. Near the extremity of the cape is a light- into the Sioux, which it enters at the N. W. corhouse, 50 feet in height, in N. lat. 43~ 33', W. ner of Iowa. lon. 700 11'. Emery River, Te., is a branch of Clinch River. Elizabeth Islands, Ms. See Chilmark. English Lake, Stark co., Ia. A sheet of water Elizabeth River, Va. This river rises in Princess lying near the centre of the county, and through Ann and Norfolk counties, and, flowing N. W. which the Kankakee River flows. 25 miles into a large estuary at the mouth of English River, N. Y., rises in Clinton co., flows James River, forms the fine harbor of Norfolk. N. 30 miles, and enters Chateaugay River in It forms, in conjunction with the Dismal Swamp Canada. Canal and Pasquatank River, a communication Englishman's Bay, Washington co., Me., is sitfrom Chesapeake Bay to Albemarle Sound. uated a few miles W. of Machias Bay. ChanElk Creek, Sanilac co., Mn., flows into Lake dler's River, a considerable stream, flows into it, Huron. and'it contains many islands and fine harbors. Elk River, Md., rises in Pa., and flows into a Head Harbor Island is its W. boundary. broad estuary on the N. part of Chesapeake Bay. Eninandigo River, La Pointe co., Wn., rises in It is navigable to Elkton, 15 miles. the N. W. part of the county, and flows S. into Elk River, Aa., rises in Te., and, flowing S. W. the St. Croix River. into Aa., enters the Tennessee a little above Ennoree River, S. C. A branch of Broad River. Muscle Shoals. Eno River, Orange co., N. C. This1 stream rises Elkhart River, Ia., rises in Noble and Lagrange in the interior of Orange co., flows E., and empties counties, and flows N. W. into St. Joseph's River, into the Neuse, of which it is a head branch. in Elkhart co. Enty Catecome River, On. It flows S. E., and Elk Iead River, Ca., rises in the Rocky Mts., empties into Clark's Fork of Columbia River, a and flows S. W. into Yampah, or Bear River. little below Barrier River: Elkhorn River, Ky., enters the Kentucky on the Erie, Lake, one of the chain of great lakes lying E. side, in Franklin co., after a course of 30 miles. between the United States and the British posElkhorn River, Is., rises in Washington co., and sessions in North America. Its waters wash flows N. W. into the Kaskaskia. the shores of four of the states, N. Y., Pa., O., Ellejay River, Ga. A branch of the Coosa. and Mn., and of a large section of Canada. Ellicott's (Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee co., flows The greatest length of the lake, from the mouth 192 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., of the Maumee on the W. to the outlet of Niag- Eustis, Lake, Marion co., Fa. A small body of ara River on the E., is within a fraction of 270 water lying in the E. part of the county, S. from miles. The width varies from 15 to 50 miles, Lake Griffin. the widest part being opposite to Ashtabula co., Eutaw Springs, S. C., a small S. branch of SanO. The depth is much less than that of either tee River, is famous for the battle fought on its of the other great lakes, not exceeding 120 feet, borders, Sept. 8, 1781, between Greene, American or 20 fathoms. on an average, and becoming gen- general, with a loss of 555, and Stewart, British erally very shallow towards the shores. Its surface, general, with a loss of 1000. as ascertained by the engineers of the Erie Canal, is 555 feet above the Hudson River at Albany, Fabius River, Mo., rises in Io. and Mo., and and 334 feet above Lake Ontario. It receives, at after a course of about 100 miles, enters the Misits extreme N. W. angle, through the Detroit sissippi in Marion co., Mo. River or Strait, the influx of the waters from the Fairlee Lake, Vt. See Fairlee. great upper lakes, and discharges them at the Falcon Islands. Two or three small islands lying N. E. extremity, through the Niagara River, into in Long Island Sound, off the coast of Ct. Lake Ontario. This lake is the only one of the Fall Creek, N. Y., rises in Cayuga co., and series in which a current is supposed to be percep- enters Cayuga Lake, near the village of Ithaca, tible. From the W., the rivers which come in are in Tompkins co. This stream has several beauthe Maumee, the Raisin and the Huron; from tiful falls, which afford excellent water power. the N., the Ouse, or Grand River; and from the Those near Ithaca are particularly interesting. S., Portage, Sandusky, Huron, Cuyahoga, Grand An artificial tunnel, through which there is a Conneaut, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo. The waters passage for visitors, has been constructed here, of Lake Erie Are united with the Hudson River affording the most charming views imaginable. by the Erie Canal, with the Ohio River by the Fall Creek, Ia., rises in the N. W. part of Henry Ohio Canal, and with the Wabash, at Terre. Haute, co., flows S. W., and empties into the W. fork of Ia., by the Wabash and Erie Canal. The Wel- White River at Indianapolis, Marion co. land Canal opens from Lake Erie a navigable Fall Creek, On., flows N. N. W. into Lewis channel into Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. Fork, of Columbia River. Lines of railroad communication, also, connect it Fall River, On. This river rises, bytwo widelywith Boston, with New York, with Cincinnati, spread forks, in the Blue and Cascade Mts., flows and, by the way of Detroit, with a point on Lake in a northerly direction, and empties into ColumMichigan, near to Chicago. This central position bia River. of Lake Erie gives it a greater importance, as a Fall River Hill, Fall River, Ms. Height 259 ft. medium of transportation and travel, than can Falling Spring Rivulet, Va. This tributary of ever belong to either of the other great lakes, Jackson's River rises 20 miles S. W. from Warm notwithstanding much greater impediments to its Spring. It has a perpendicular fall of 200 feet, navigation, from the shallowness of its harbors, and a person may walk between the water and and the great number of rocks projecting from the rock without being wet. its northern shore. The navigation of the lake Falls of Niagara. See Fashionable Resorts, &c. becomes dangerous as the stormy season ap- Farm River, Ct. It rises in a pond on the proaches, and during a part of the winter is border of Middlesex and New Haven counties, wholly prevented by ice. In the season of com- flows S. W., and empties into Long Island Sound. merce upon its waters, between 300 and 400 ves- Farmington River, Ms. and Ct. This river rises sels are employed, besides a great number of in Hampden and Berkshire counties, Ms., flows S. steamboats. The principal ports are those of E. and N. E., across Litchfield and Hartford counBuffalo and Dunkirk, N. Y., Erie, Pa., Cleveland, ties, Ct., and empties into the Connecticut River. Sandusky, and Toledo, O. Fausse Riviere, Lake, Mo., was the bed of the Error Mount, Me., is situated in the N.E. part Mississippi until about 1714, when the river took of Somerset co. a shorter course, and, filling up the old channel Escambia River, Fa. and Aa., receives the Co- near its junction with the new, left the remainder necuh, a larger river than itself, and flows into a large lake. It is bordered with fine farms of a Pensacola Bay. very fertile soil. Escatawpa Creek, Aa. and Mi. This stream Fay's Mountain, Westborough, Ms. Height rises in Washington co., Aa., flows in a S. S. W. 707 feet. direction, and enters the Pascagoula River near Federal Point, N. C. The S. extremity of New its mouth, in Jackson co., Mi. Hanover co., jutting into Cape Fear River. Esconawba River, Mn. This large river drains Fenahollowa River, Madison co., Fa. This is a the N. E. interior of Marquette co., flows S. E., small stream flowing ia a south-westerly direcand empties into the Little Bay de Noquet. tion into the Gulf of Mexico. Esopus Creek, N. Y., a fine mill stream, rises in Ferrand River, Vt. This river rises in Avery's Ulster co., flows S. E. to the town of Marbletown, and Warner's Gores, waters the towns of Morgan whence it flows N. E. until its entrance into the and Wenlock, and unites with Clyde River in Hudson, at the village of Ulster. Brighton. Espiritu Santo Bay, Ts. This bay, which is Fifteen Mile Falls, Vt. See Lunenburg. enclosed by na/rrow islands, extends from Nueces Finley's Lake, N. Y., lies in the town of Mina, River on the S. W. to Matagorda Bay on the N. E. Chatauque co. Espiritu Santo Pass, Ts. A narrow passage Fire Islands, N. Y. These small islands lie between two islands, and leading into Espiritu opposite the town of Islip, in the Great S. Bay Santo Bay. of Long Island. Establishment Creek, St. Genevieve co., Mo., Fireplace Bay, Brookhaven, Suffolk co., N. Y., flows N. E. into the Mississippi River. is a curvature of the Great S. Bay of Long Island. Etowah River, Ga., one of the two branches Fire Steel River, Mn., rises in the W. part of which unite in'Floyd co. to form the Coosa. Houghton co., and flows N. W. into Lake Superior. IN THE UNITED STATES. 193 First Lake, Dane co., Wn. It lies S. E. from co., flows S. E., and enters Neuse River just beSecond Lake, and supplies the head waters of the low the junction of the Eno and Little. W. branch of Rock River. Flat Rock Creek, Ia. This stream waters the Fish Creek. N. Y., an important mill stream, W. part of Henry co., flows S. W., and empties rises in Lewis co., and enters Wood Creek, in into the E. fork of White River, at the town of Oneida co. It is boatable a few miles above its Columbus, in Bartholomew co. mouth. Flat Shoal Creek, Ga., rises in Merriwether co, Fish Creek, Saratoga co., N. Y., the outlet of flows S. W., and falls into the Chattahoochee Saratoga Lake, enters the Hudson at the village River. of Schuylerville. Flattery, Cape, On. This cape is the N. W. exFish Creek, Ma. This stream waters the S. W. tremity of the territory, being situated at the part of the territory flowing S. into the Missouri mouth of the Straits of Juan de FE'uca. River. Flattery Rocks, On. Situated in the Pacific, S. Fish Lake, Fulton co., N. Y. This lake, which from Cape Flattery. is surrounded by high hills, is 2 miles long, and 1 Flint Creek, N. Y., rises in Yates co., flows S., mile wide. Its waters are clear and deep, abound- and enters Canandaigua Outlet in Ontario co. ing in salmon and brook trout of a superior Flint River, Ga. The two head branches rise quality. in Campbell and De Kalb counties. Its length Fish Lake, Oswego co., N. Y. This beautiful is 300 miles, its depth 6 feet, and its width, where little sheet of water lies in the town of Granby, it enters the Chattahoochee, 150 yards. It is navW. of Oswego River. It is 2 miles long, and 1 igable for steamboats to Bainbridge, 50 miles mile wide. above its confluence. Fish River, Me., a tributary of the St. John's, Flint River, Mn., one.of the largest branches of flows in the N. part of Penobscot co. the Saginaw, rises in Lapeer and Sanilac counFish River, Baldwin co., Aa., pursues a S. ties, and enters the Saginaw 30 miles from its course, and falls into Bon Secour Bay. mouth, in Saginaw co. It is 100 miles in length, Fish River, Schoolcraft co., Mn. A small and, together with its branches, affords extensive stream flowing into Lake Superior. water power. It is boatable 20 miles from its Fish River, La Pointe co., Wn., flows N. E. mouth. into the S. extremity of Chegowawegon Bay. Flint Steel River, Mn. A small stream emptyFisher's Island, Ct. Situated in Long Island ing into Lake Superior, W. from Fire Steel River. Sound, off the'mouth of Mystic River. The Flintstone Fork, Ca. One of the head branches beautiful steamer Atlantic, with many valuable of Eagle River. lives, was lost at this island, in November, 1846. Florida, Cape. A promontory situated on an Fisher's Island, Suffolk co., N. Y., lies near the island called Key Biscayune, off the S. E. coast E. end of Long Island Sound, off the Ct. shore. of Fa. A light-house, which was burnt by the It is distant 14 miles from the nearest point of Seminoles, was erected here to mark the entrance Long Island, and 137 miles from the city of N. Y. of Hawk's Channel. It was situated in 28~ 15' It is 8 miles long, 1 wide, owned by one proprie- N. lat. and 30 221 W. Ion. from Washington. tor, and sustains a very fine dairy. Florida Keys, Fa. This is a long chain of Fisherman's Island, Me., lies off the town of islands extending in a south-westerly direction Boothbay, Lincoln co. from Dade co. It embraces many groups, Key Fisherman's Island, Northampton co., Va., lies Largos being at the N. E. and the Tortugas at off Cape Charles, at the mouth of Chesapeake the S. W. extremity. Bay. Floyd's River, lo., drains the N. W. part of Fishing Creek, Va. It rises in the S. part of the state, and falls into the Missouri River, near Wetzel co., flows N. W., and empties into the the entrance of the Sioux. Ohio River at the town of New Martinsville. Flushing Bay, N. Y., lies S. of East River, with Fishing Creek, S. C., rises in York district, flows which it communicates. It is 3 miles long, 1 mile S. E., and falls into the Wateree in Chester co. wide, and navigable for steamboats to the village Fishkill or Mlfatteawan Creek, N. Y., an impor- of Flushing. tant mill stream, rises in Dutchess co., flows S. W., Folly Island, Colleton district, S. C. A long, through the town of Fishkill, and enters the Hud- narrow island, lying S. E. from James Island. son opposite the village of Newburg. The impor- Fontaine Creek, Greenville co., Va. A W. tant manufacturing villages of Glenheim and Mat- branch of the Meherrin River. teawan are located on this stream. Ford River, Mn. It rises in the S. interior of Fishkill or Matteawan Mountains, N. Y., in the Marquette co., flows S. E., and empties into Green S. part of Dutchess co., are a continuation of Bay, just at the mouth of Little Bay de Noquet. the Highlands, through which the Hudson River Forest Creek, S. C. This is the E. fork of Tyger passes. They extend N., under different names, River, which it enters in Union district. to the Green Mts. of Vt. Forked Deer River, Te., rises in Carroll and Five Mile Run Creek, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., Henderson counties, and, after a course of about rises in Hinsdale, and flows S. into the Allegha- 100 miles, enters the Mississippi in Tipton co. ny River. Fort Point, Mn. The N. extremity of SheFlambeau Lake, Portage co.. Wn. Situated in boygan co., extending into the Straits of Mackthe N. part of the county, and connected by an inaw. outlet with one of the head branches of Chippewa Foulweather Cape, On. Situated at the mouth River. of a small river, S. from Cape Lookout. Flat Head Lake, On. A large body of water Fountain Creek, Monroe co., Is. A small stream in the N. E. part of the territory, and supplying flowing in a semicircular form, and emptying one of the head branches of Clark's Fork of Co- into the Mississippi River. lumbia River. Fourche Caddo, As. A considerable stream of Flat River; N. C., rises in the W. part of Person this name crosses Montgomery and Clark coun25 194 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., ties, and enters the Wachita a little above Archi- French Broad River, a head branch of the Ten. delphia. nessee, rises on the N. side of Blue Ridge, BunFourche Dumas, Mo. and As. This stream combe co., N. C., and entering Tennessee through rises in Ripley co., Mo., flows S., and enters the a gap in the mountains, unites with Holston RivBig Black in Randolph co., Mi. er, 5 miles above Knoxville. It is navigable to Fourth Lake, Dane co., Wn. Situated near the Dandridge for boats of 15 tons. The Nolachucky centre of the county, forming the N. boundary River on the N., and Great and Little Pigeon of the city of Madison. Rivers on the S., are its principal branches. Fox Creek, N. Y., rises in Albany co., flows W., French's Hill, Peru, Ms. Height 2237 feet. and enters Schoharie Creek in Schoharie co. French River rises in Leicester, Ms., flows Fox Creek, Smyth co., Va. A head branch of through Auburn, Oxford, and Dudley; it then the S. fork of Holston River. enters Ct., and unites with the Quinebaug at Fox Islands, Me. See Vinalhaven. Thompson. Some French Protestants settled on Fox Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lies in the E. this river in 1685. part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to the town Frenchman's Bay, Hancock co., Me. This imof Lyme. portant bay extends from the Atlantic about 20 Fox Lake, Dodge co., Wn. Situated in the miles inland, and contains many fine harbors and N. W. part of the county, at the head of Ahmie beautiful islands. It is bounded W. by Baker's River. Island, one of the Cranberry group, and on the Fox River, Is., rises in Wn., passes through a E. by a peninsula in the town of Goldsborough. number of small lakes near the boundary of the The width of this bay, from Baker's Island to state, and enters the Illinois, of which it is a prin- Goldsborough point, is 10 miles. It is surroundcipal branch, at Ottawa. ed by the towns of Eden, Trenton, Hancock, Farox River, Wn., Is composed of two main Franklin, Sullivan, and Goldsborough, and restreams coming from the S. and from the N., and ceives many valuable streams. It is one of the forming a connection a few miles W. of Winne- best retreats in a storm on the American coast, bago Lake. The southern stream of these two, being easy of access, and never obstructed by ice. known as Fox River proper, is composed of two Freshwater Island, S. C., lies in the Atlantic, in branches, which take their rise in the level table ion. 790 15' W., lat. 330 5' N. land lying E. of the Wisconsin River, and unite Friend's Lake lies in Chester, Warren co., N. Y. at Fort Winnebago, leaving a portage of only Frog Bayou, As., falls into the Arkansas River about two miles from the navigable channel of in Crawford co. the Wisconsin. The general course of the river Fulton Chain of Lakes, N.Y. This chain of from this point is N. E. It passes through, or eight small lakes lies in Herkimer and Hamilton rather itself dilates into, several small lakes in counties; they are connected by navigable outlets, the upper part of its course, after which it more forming the head branches of Moose, a tributary distinctly preserves its character as a river for of Black River. about 60 miles, to its junction with its great Fundy, Bay of: This bay washes a part of the northern confluent, as before mentioned. This E. shore of Me., and is an important channel of confluent, formerly known as Wolf River, but commerce between the U. S. and the British provnow as Fox River, northern branch, has its inces of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. This sources a hundred miles or more to the-N., among large and important bay sets up N. E. round Cape those of the rivers flowing into Lake Superior, Sable, the most southern point of Nova Scotia, in and into the N. W. side of Green Bay. After N. lat. 430 24', W. lon. 650 39', and crosses to the the confluence of these two great branches, the shore of Me. a little W. of Frenchman's Bay. Fox River takes a S. E. direction, and falls into From the mouth of Frenchman's Bay to Cape the W. side of Lake Winnebago. It emerges Sable is about 150 miles; from Eastport to St. again at the N. W. angle of this lake, and pursues John's, N. B., is 60 miles; from St. John's to Ana N. E. course for about 45 miles to the head of napolis, in a bay of that name, on the Nova ScoGreen Bay. The Fox River is navigable, through tia side, is 40 miles; from thence to Halifax, by Fox River proper, and the lakes into which it land, is 80 miles. From Eastport direct to Anspreads itself out, for a distance of 200 miles, napolis, across the bay, is about 70 miles. The and forms, with Green Bay, or is destined to form, Bay of Fundy is divided near its head by Cape an important link of the navigable route from Chignecto. The N. W. part is called Chignecto Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River, through Bay; the S. E. part the Basin of Mines. From the River Wisconsin. Eastport'to Cumberland, at the head of Chignecto Fox River, Io. and Mo. This stream rises in Bay, is about 170 miles; to Windsor, at the head the E. part of Appanoose co., Io., flows S. E. into of the Basin of Mines, is about 150. From Mo., and empties into the Mississippi River a little Windsor to Halifax is 45 miles. The commerce below the Des Moines. on this bay with our friends and neighbors, the Fox Springs, Ky., which consist of white sul- English, is very considerable. While they rephur and chalybeate, are situated 10 miles E. from ceive bread stuffs and} other productions of our Flemingsburg, between two mountains. It is a soil, we are indebted to them for vast quantities pleasant resort, the surrounding country abound- of grindstones and gypsum. The gypsum is ing in game. principally from the Basin of Mines: it lies emFrench Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of Sher- bedded in elevated masses along the shores of the man, Chatauque co., flows 100 miles in a S. di- bay; it is easily quarried and taken on board of rection, and enters the Alleghany River in the vessels by the sides of the cliffs. The grindstones state of Pa. It is boatable more than 50 miles. from Cumberland, or Ch'ignecto bay, are every It was on this creek that the French built one of where celebrated. The source is inexhaustible, their forts designed to keep up a communication and the manufacture immense. The tides in the between Lake Erie and the Ohio at Pittsburg, Bay of Fundy are supposed to rise to a greater and thence its name. height than in any other part of the world. IN THE UNITED STATES. 195 Their elevation increases as you ascend the bay. Gasparilla Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. This is At Eastport they rise 25 feet; at St. John's, 30; a small island lying at the mouth of Charlotte -at Cape Split, 55; at Windsor, 60; and at Cum- Harbor. berland, at the head of Chignecto Bay, they rise Gasparilla Sound, Fa. It extends 6 miles on to the enormous height of 71 feet. These tides the W. coast of Fa., from Clini Inlet to Charannounce themselves, some time before their ap- lotte Bay, and is about 2 miles wide. Clini Inlet proach, by a sound resembling that of a rushing has 4 feet of water, and Gasparilla Inlet 6 feet on wind in a forest; they dash against the shore the bar. with a reddish hue, the color of the clay bottom Gattley River, Va., rises on the W. side of the over which they pass, with frightful violence, at Alleghany Mts., in Pocahontas co., and enters the first to the height of from 8 to 10ofeet, overwhelm- Great Kanawha River on the N. side, just above ing all within their reach. There are but few the great falls. islands within this bay. Grand Menan. and a Gauthier Creek, Chippewa co., Wn. A small cluster of small islands round it, off West Quoddy branch of the Chippewa, which it enters near the Head, and Campo Bello, near Eastport, are the mouth of Yellow River. principal. They belong to the British. The ra- Ga~yared River, Clayton co., Mn., enters the pidity of the tides within this bay, the fogs which Mississippi a little above the Wisconsin. frequently prevail, and the absence of good har- Gayashk Lake, Ma. A large sheet of water bors above St. John's, render the navigation lying near the mouth of Crow Wing River, with difficult and often dangerous. The harbor of St. which it is connected on the S. by an outlet. John's is easy of access, safe, and of sufficient Geducy's Channel. See N~. Y. Lower Bay. expanse for a large fleet of any draught of water. Geese Islands, N. H., lying in the Connecticut River, are five in number, and belong to the town Gale's Creek, N. C., falls into the Atlantic in of Haverhill. The largest contains about 49 ion. 770 121 W. and lat. 340 44' N. acres, and the others contain, in all, about 15 Galien River, Berrien co., Mn. A small stream acres. watering the S. part of the county, and emptying Geneganslette Creek, Chenango co., N. Y., rises into Lake Michigan. in the town of Pharsalia, and enters Chenango Gallatin's River, Mo., is one of the S. W. sources River near the village of Greene. This stream of the Missouri River: Flowing N. it unites with affords many good mill sites, and abounds with Madison and Jefferson Rivers to form the Mis- fine trout. souri. Genesee Falls, N. Y. See Genesee River. Gallivan's Bay, Monroe co., Fa. The Gulf of Genesee Port, N. Y. See Charlotte. Mexico stretches inland at this place, and receives Genesee River, N. Y., takes its rise in the the waters of Long Creek. western part of the state of' Pennsylvania, and Gallop Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lies in the E. running at first N. W., enters the state of part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to the town New York near the S. E. corner of Alleghany of Henderson. co. After pursuing this course diagonally nearly Galveston Bar, Ts. The passage leading into across the county, it bends to the N. W., and conGalveston Bay, between Galveston Island and tinues in this direction, through Livingston and Point Bolivar. Monroe counties, to Lake Ontario. There are Galveston Island, Ts. Situated in the Gulf of falls in this river, near its mouth, at CarMexico, S. W. from Galveston Bay. thage, of 75 feet; at Rochester, 7 miles from its Garden Island, Mn., lies in the N. part of Lake mouth, of 268 feet in all; and in the town of Michigan, N. N. E. from Great Beaver Island. Nunda, at the northern border of Alleghany co.. Garden Island Bay lies E. from East Bay, be- two falls of 60 and of 90 feet. By the falls and tween the S. E. and S. passes of the Mississippi. rapids at Rochester, a vast water power is created Gardiner's Bay, N. Y.. is a somewhat circular on which are many extensive flouring mills expanse of water. 8 miles in diameter, lying be- and other hydraulic works, not surpassed by any tween Gardiner's Island and the E. extremity of in the world. The river is navigable for vessels Long Island. and steamboats from the lake to Carthage, about Gardiner's Island, N. Y., is distant 3 or 4 miles 2 miles N. of Rochester, to which point there is a from the E. end of Long Island. It is 4 miles railroad from the city. S. of Rochester, steamlong and 2 miles wide, forming the E. boundary boats of light burden run to Avon, about 20 of Gardiner's Bay. The island was settled in miles, and the river is navigable for boats to the 1639 by Lyon Gardiner, a Scotchman, formerly a head of the rapids, a distance of 53 miles. Some lieutenant in the British army. His descendants of the best land in all the state is found in the still occupy the island, which is under a high valley of this river, in an alluvial tract of about state of cultivation; it also sustains an extensive 40 miles in breadth. dairy and large flocks of fine sheep. Gardiner's Genet Lake, N. Y., one of the Eckford chain of Point is a long neck of land extending N. lakes, lies W. of Mount Emmons, in Hamilton co., Garoga Creek, N. Y., rises in Bleecker, Fulton and is surrounded by wild and romantic scenery. co., flows S., and falls into Mohawk River at the It contains several beautiful little islands. village of Palatine, Montgomery co. George, Fort, N. Y. See fialdwell. Garoga Lake, N. Y., lies in the town of Bleecker, George, Lake, or Lake How-icon, N. Y., a beautiful Fulton co., and is surrounded by picturesque body of water. lying principally in Washington hills, thickly wooded with large forest-trees. It is and Warren counties, about 36 miles long, from 3 miles long and half a mile wide, abounding in N. to S., and from 2 to 3 miles wide. It dissalmon and brook trout. charges its waters S., through an outlet about 3 Gasconade River, Mo., rises in Pulaski co., and miles long, into Lake Champlain. This outlet has after a course of 140 miles, enters the S. side of a descent of about 160 feet. The lake is elevated the Missouri, 100 miles from its mouth, in Gas- 243 feet above tide water in the Hudson. It is conade co. It affords extensive water power. surrounded by hills, rising sometimes to moun 1916 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., tains, and presenting a most picturesque variety Giant of the Valley, Essex co., N. Y., one of the of bold and beautiful forms, and dotted with high peaks of the Adirondack range. islands of everyv shape and size, said to equal in Gibbet Island, N. Y. See Ellis Island. number the days of the year. The water is of Gibson, Fort, N. Y. See Ellis Island. such extraordinary clearness and transparency Gilbolo River, Ts. An E. branch of the San that the bottom, of yellow sand, may be seen at Antonio. depths of 30 and 40 feet. The reflected images Goat or Iris Island, N. Y., lies in the Niagara from the shining bosom of the lake, of the sur- River, at the Great Falls, dividing the waters into rounding hills and mountains, and of the hun- two unequal parts. See Niagara Falls. dreds of islands all bearing upon their margins, Goqgebic Lake, Mn. This sheet of water lies in or their summits, clusters of graceful trees and the W. part of the upper peninsula, and is the shrubbery, added to other features of a bolder and source of the W. branch of Ontonagon River. more striking character, render this one of the Goodwin Creek, S. C., a branch of the Great most delightful resorts for those who have an eye Pedee, which it enters about half a mile below for beautiful scenery. Westfield Creek. The village of Caldwell is pleasantly situated Goose Creek, Chatauque co., N. Y., rises in the at the S. W. end of the lake, and contains town of Harmony, and flows N. E. into Chabetween 7 and 800 inhabitants. The Lake tauque Lake. House, in this village, is a spacious and con- Goose Creek, Va., rises in the Blue Ridge, 5 venient hotel, situated within a few rods of the miles S. W. of the Peaks of Otter, and after a steamboat landing, and designed especially for course of 30 miles, enters Staunton River, in the convenience of travellers and parties of Campbell co. pleasure, who find this a most grateful resort, at Goose Creek, On., flows N. N. W., and empties all times, during the summer season. From this into Lewis Fork, of Columbia River, a little point a steamboat runs daily, during the season above Malade River. of travelling, to the southern extremity of the Gooseberry River, Ma. It flows S. E., and lake, where the passengers find stages to convey empties into Lake Superior. them, about 4 miles, to Ticonderoga, on the Goose Neck Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in western shore of Lake Champlain. There are St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town several localities on the shores of this lake, which of Louisville. are interesting from their historical associations. Goose River, Ma. A W. branch of North Red The position of the lake, as forming a part of the River. most feasible route, in former times, between the Goose Sound, Carteret co., N. C. Situated benavigable waters of the St. Lawrence and the tween Old Topsail and Bogue Inlets, separating iNorth River, gave it'much importance as a a long, narrow island from the main. channel of communication to be commanded Gopher Creek, Io. A small stream entering the and defended by either power, which, in the Missouri, just below the mouth of Boyers River. changing fortunes of war, might come into Governor's Island lies in N. Y. harbor, at the possession of it. Fort William Henry, near the junction of East and Hudson Rivers, and belongs S. shore, the remains of which are still visible, to the U. S. government. It is finely situated was garrisoned by the English, in 1757, with a for the defence of the city of N. Y., should an force of 3000 men. It was assaulted by the enemypass the fortifications at the Narrows. On French army, of 10,000 men, under the Marquis it are erected Fort Columbus, Castle Williams, de Montcalm, and compelled to capitulate. It and the South Battery, commanding altogether was then razed to the ground by Montcalm, and more than 200 pieces of armament. Fort Columnever afterwards rebuilt. From this point Gen- bus, in the centre of the island, is the most imeral Abercrombie, with 15,000 men, embarked, in portant. These fortifications, when fully garri1768, to attack Fort Ticonderoga. Sabbath-day soned, require 800 men. Point is a projection from the western shore of Graham Lake, Ma. It lies N. W. from Okathe lake, about 24 miles from Caldwell, where a bina Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. party of the English landed, during the French Grand Bayou, La. This stiream rises in Bienwar, and were all killed by the Indians. Fort ville parish, flows S. E., and uniting with Black Ticonderoga, at the outlet of the lake, commanded Lake Creek, enters Black Lake. the approach to it from the N., and was, for a long Grand Calliou, Bayou, Terre Bonne parish, La., time, considered as almost impregnable, until it flows in a S. W. direction, and enters the Gulf was taken from the French, by General Amherst, of Mexico, S. from Lake Calliou. in 1759. It was again taken by surprise from the Grand Island, Erie co., N. Y., lies in the Niag-'English, in 1775, by a small party of Americans ara River, and is comprised in the town of Tonafrom Vermont, commanded by Ethan Allen, but wanda. It commences 6 miles below Buffalo, and was retaken two years afterwards by General extends to within 3 miles of the falls, being 9 Burgoyne, who bore upon it with his cannon miles in length, and in one place 6 miles in width from the top of Mount Defiance, a position The soil is very fertile, and well wooded with hitherto supposed to be inaccessible for any white and black oak, beech, maple, ash, &c. The such effective battery. Since the close of the navigation along its shores is good, and the seerevolutionary war this fortress has been suffered nery exceedingly beautiful. to go to decay. Lake George abounds with the Grand Island, Schooleraft co., Mn. A pretty finest fish, such as the delicious salmon trout, large island, lying in Lake Superior. weighing'from 5 to 20 pounds, the silver trout, Grand Island, La. A large island lying in the brook trout, pickerel, pike, and perch. In conse- Gulf of Mexico, between Vermilion and Cote quence of the extraordinary purity of the waters Blanche Bays. of this lake, the French formerly procured it for Grand Lake. This large body of water lies sacramental uses, on which account it was by partly in Washington co., Me., and partly in New them called Lac Sacrement. Brunswick, and is 90 miles N. E. from Bangor. IN THE UNITED STATES. 197 It contains many islands, receives the waters of Great Barn Island, N. Y. See Barn Island, numerous small lakes and rivers, and is the prin- Great. cipal source of the River St. Croix. There are Great Egg Harbor, N. Y. See Egg Harbor, several other lakes in this state of considerable Great. magnitude and beauty bearing the same name. Great Hog Neck, N. Y. This peninsula lies in Grand River, Me., rises in New Brunswick, and the town of Southampton, Suffolk co., between flows S. S. W. into St. John's River. Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays. It is conGrand River, 0. It rises in Portage and nected to Long Island by a narrow isthmus. Trumbull counties, flows N. through the W. part Great Island, N. H. See New Castle. of Ashtabula co., then it turns to the W., and Great Island, Ms., encloses Wellfleet Bay on crossing Lake co., falls into Lake Erie. the N. W. Grand River, As., flows S. E. into the Arkan- Great Island. N. Y. See Hempstead., sas. Navigable about 200 miles. Great Kills, N. Y., on the S. E. side of Staten Grand River, Mo., rises in Iowa and, flowing Island, extend some distance inland, receiving S. E., enters the Missouri 240 miles from its mouth. several small streams. It is boatable 100 miles. Great Marais Harbor. Houghton co., Mn. SitGrand River, Mn., is the largest river running uated on the N. W. coast of Keewaiwona Point. wholly in the state. Its two principal branches Great Meadow Hill, Rehoboth, Ms. Height unite in Jackson co., and, pursuing a winding 266 feet. N. W. course, it enters Lake Michigan at Grand Great Neck, North THempstead, Queen's co., Haven, Ottawa co. It is 270 miles long, and N. Y., lies between Cow and Little Neck Bays. about 60 rods wide at its mouth, admitting ves- It is about 4 miles long and 2 wide. Hewlett's sels drawing 12 feet of water. It is navigable Point is situated on the N. end. for steamboats 40 miles, to the Grand Rapids, Great Ohoopee River, Ga. This river rises in and 240 miles for bateaux. the S. E. part of Washington co., flows S., reGrand River, Ca. It rises in the W. part of ceiving many large branches, and empties into Na., flows S. W. into Ca., and unites with Green the Alatamaha in Tatnall co. River to form the Rio Colorado. Great Peconic Bay, N. Y. See Peconic Bay. Grand Road River, On.. It rises among the Great Pine River, As., has its rise in the S. part Blue Mts., flows N. E. and empties into the Lewis of Newton co.. and flows S. into the Arkansas. Fork of Columbia River, just above Salmon River. Great Rock Hill, Rehoboth, Ms. Height 248 ft. Grand Sachem of the Highlands, N. Y. See Great Salt Lake, Uh. This is the largest Beacon, New. sheet of water in the state, lying in the N. E. part, Grand Traverse Bay, Mn. This is a consid- W. from the Bear River Mts. It contains several erable inlet from Lake Michigan, towards the N. islands, and its waters are salter than those of part of the state. the ocean. Bear River flows into it from the Grand Traverse River, Mn., drains Kaleasca N. E., and Utah River, the outlet of Utah Lake, and Omena counties, and empties into Grand on the S. E. Traverse Bay. Great South Bay, N. Y., commences at the New Grant's Island, N. H., lies in Connecticut River, Inlet, 25 miles E. of the city of N. Y., and exopposite the town of Lyme, and contains 24 acres. tends 50 miles along the S. coast of Long Island. Grant River, Grant co., Wn. It flows in a gen- It is from 1 to 5 miles wide, and affords good eral southerly direction, and empties into the Mis- navigation. Its waters abound in fine shell and sissippi River. scale fish, and different kinds of wild water fowl Grass Lake lies in the town of Hammond, St. are found here in great numbers, affording pleasLawrence co., N. Y. ant and profitable employment for the sportsmen, Grass Point, Brown co., Wn., extends into the and an article of traffic for hundreds of people. S. part of Green Bay, opposite Point au Sable. Great South Beach, N. Y., encloses Great S. Grass River, N. Y., rises at the S. E. part of Bay. It is 40 miles long and half a mile wide. St. Lawrence co., flows N., and enters St. Law- On the W. end, near the Fire Islands, is a lightrence River at the- N. boundary of the state, op- house called the Fire Island light. posite Cornwall Island, Canada. Great Valley Creek, N. Y., a tributary of the Grassy Brook, Vt. See Brookline. Alleghany River, rises in Cattaraugus co. Gratiot, Fort, St. Clair co., Mn., consists of Great Works Stream, Me., an important tribua stockade, including a magazine. barracks, &c., tary of the Penobscot, which it enters on the E. for a garrison of one battalion, and was erected side, opposite the Indian settlement at Oldtown. in 1814. Great Works Stream, York co., Me., rises in Grave Creek, Marshall co., Va., rises in the E. North Berwick, and enters Salmon Fall River at part of the county, flows N. W., and empties into South Berwick. the Ohio River at Elizabeth. Green Bay, Wn., runs parallel with the N. W. Gravelly Point, Arenae co., Mn.,- extends into part of Lake Michigan, and is connected with Saginaw Bay, S. from Whitestone Point. it by a broad opening. It is 100 miles long, and Gravesend Bay, N. Y., is formed by a curve on from 15 to 30 broad. It receives Fox and Menothe W. end of Long Island, and enclosed by tmonee Rivers, and is navigable to its head for vesConey Island. On this bay is situated the well- sels of 200 tons. At its entrance is a succession known Bath House, a favorite resort during the of islands, extending 30 miles. summer months. Green Brier River, Va., rises in the N. E. part Gray's Harbor, On. A small bay situated be- of Pocahontas co., and flowing S. W. through tween Points Brown and Chickeeles, and receiv- Greenbrier and Monroe counties, enters the Kaing the waters of Chickeeles River. nawha at the passage through Laurel Ridge. Great Bay, Belknap co., N. 1H., lies between the Green or Tibbett's Island, Albany co., N. Y., lies towns of Sanbornton and Meredith, and is con- in the Hudson, opposite the city of Troy, to nected with Winnipisiogee Lake. which it is connected by bridges, and is attached 198 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., to the town of Watervliet. It is about 2 miles Grover's Island, on the coast of Ga., belongs to long, half a mile wide, and is crossed by the Rens- the U. S. government, and contains between 300 selaer and Saratoga Railroads. and 350 acres. Green Lake, N. Y., an extremely beautiful sheet Guadaloupe MVountains, Ts. A range running of water, lies in the town of Manlius, Onondaga N. W. and S. E. between Colorado and Grand co., and within a few rods of the Erie Canal. It Rivers. is about three fourths of a mile long, and quarter Guadaloupe River, Ts. A large stream flowing of a mile in width. It affords several kinds of S. E. into San Antonio River, which it enters excellent fish, and the water is so clear and trans- near its mouth. parent they can be plainly seen at the depth of Guests River, Va., rises in the Cumberland 50 feet with the naked eye. Its depth is 176 feet, Ridge, flows S. E., forming the boundary between and in several places the water is 60 feet deep Russell and Scott counties, and empties into within five feet of the shore. A small circular Clinch River. lake, whose depth has never been ascertained, Gull Island, Great and Little, Suffolk co., N. Y., lies about 20 rods N. of this. are attached to the town of Southold; they are Green Lake, Marquette co., WVn. It lies in the situated in what is called the Race, from the E. part of the county, and communicates on the swiftness of the current, and, had they not been N. with Neenah or Fox River. composed of solid rock, must have long since Green Lake, Ma. Situated near St. Croix Riv- disappeared. er, S. from Buried Eagle Lake. Gull Islands, Mn. Situated in Lake Michigan, Green Mountains, Vt. This range of moun- at the entrance of Green Bay. tains rises in Lower Canada. They pass nearly Gull Island, Mn. A small island lying in the through the centre of the state of Vt., from N. to N. part of Lake Michigan, W. from the Beaver S., and the westerly parts of the states of Ms. Islands. and Ct., and terminate near New Haven, on Long Gun Lake, Mn. A small sheet of water lying Island Sound. From their green appearance in the W. part of Barry co. they give the name to Vt., and decrease in height Gunpowder Balls RiZer, Baltimore co.. Md., as they approach the S. The north peak, in rises in the N. part of the county, flows S. E., and Mansfield, is the greatest elevation, being 4279 uniting with the Little Gunpowder Falls, empties feet above the surface of Lake Champlain. into Chesapeake Bay. Green Mountains, Ts. A branch of the Rocky Guyandot Biq River, Va., flows N. W., entering Mountain range, lying in the N. W. part of the the Ohio 327 miles below Pittsburg. It is navstate, between Arkansas River and Rio Grande. igable for canoes 60 miles. Green or Quodotchquoik River, Penobscot co., Guyandot Little River, Va., falls into the Ohio Me., is an important branch of the St. John's, in Ion. 810 12' W., and lat. 38~0 141 N. which it enters about 24 miles WT. from the New Gwinn's Island, Va. Situated in Chesapeake Brunswick boundary. Bay, off the N. E. coast of Matthews co. Green River, Vt., rises in the town of Eden, Gwinn's River, Baltimore co., Md. A small and falls into the Lamoille in Wolcott. branch of the Patapsco River, which it enters at Green River, N. Y., rises in Austerlitz, Colum- Baltimore. bia co., flows S. E., and enters the Housatonic River in Ms. Hackensack River, N. J., rises in Rockland Lake, Green River, Wayne co., Te., flows N. N. W. Rockland co.; N. Y., and after a S. course of about into Buffalo River. 40 miles, enters Newark Bay. The upper part Green River, Ky., rises in Lincoln co., and pur- of its course affords fine mill seats. The tide suing a W. N. W. course, enters the Ohio 200 meets it at the town of Htackensack, after which miles below Louisville, and 50 above the mouth its course to the bay is through a marsh. of Cumberland River. It is 200 yards wide at Hadley's Falls, N. Y., are in the Hudson, just its mouth, and is navigable for boats nearly 200 m. above the mouth of Sacandaga River, between Green River, Is., rises in Winnebago Swamp, the towns of Hadley and Luzerne. in the N. part of Bureau co., flows W. across Haivnakraus Kill, N. Y., rises in Albany co., Henry co., and empties into Rock River. flows E., and enters the Hudson near the village Green River, Ca. This large river rises among of Coeymans. the Wind River Mts., flows in a winding S. course, Hakah, or Root River, Ma. It rises a little and unites with Grand River to form the Rio above the sources of the Upper Iowa River, flows Colorado. in an E. direction, and empties into the Mississippi. Greenville Point, On. Situated N. N. W. from Halifax River, Orange co., Fa. This river runs Gray's Harbor. parallel with the Atlantic coast, receives several Greenwood C'enetery, N.Y. See Brooklyn. branches, the principal of which is Tomoco Gregory Cape, On., extends into the Pacific just Creek, and enters the Atlantic at Musquito Bar. below the mouth of Umpqua River. Hallett's Cove, N. Y. See Astoria. Grenadier Island, Jefferson co., N. Y., lies in Hall's Stream forms the N. W. boundary bethe E. part of Lake Ontario, and is attached to tween Canada and N. H., from its source to its the town of Lvme. junction with the Connecticut at Stewartstown, Grindstone Island, Jefferson co., N.Y., lies in N. H. the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the Ham Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of Green town of Clayton; it is one of the largest of the River. "Thousand Islands,' being 5 miles long and 2 Hammonasset River, Ct. This stream flows miles wide. S. E., forming part of the boundary between New Grive Cceur Lake. St. Louis co., Mo. A small Haven and Middlesex counties, and empties into sheet of water lying near the Missouri River. Long Island Sound. Grosse Point, Cook co., Is., juts into Lake IHammond's Bay, Mn. A curvature of Lake Michigan a little W. of N. from Chicago. Huron on the N. border of Presque Isle co. IN THE UNITED STATES. 199 Hampton Roads, Va. The local name given American coast is probably more dreaded by to a portion of the bay at the mouth of James sailors than any other. River, opposite the entrance of Nansemond and Haver's Island, Albany co., N Y., lies at the Elizabeth Rivers. A line drawn across, from mouth of the Mohawk River, and is attached to Old Point Comfort on the N. to Point Willoughby the town of Watervliet. on the S., may define the limit between these Haverstraw Bay, N. Y., lying opposite the town Roads and Chesapeake Bay. Within the mouth of Haverstraw, Rockland co., is formed by an of James River the limit is not so definite. The expansion of Hudson River. It is 6 miles long, water is sufficiently deep for the largest ships of and from 2 to 3 miles wide, extending from Telwar, where, by the erection of adequate defences, ler's to Verplank's Point. which have been reported to be entirely feasible, Haw River, N. C., rises in Rockingham co, they might ride in safety from the attack of an and flowing S. E., unites with Deep River,' in enemy's fleet. Chatham co., to form the N. W. branch of Cape Hannahatchee Creek, Stewart co., Ga., unites Fear River. with Hicheto Creek at its entrance into the Chat- Hawpee Creek, Macon co., Aa. This stream tahoochee. flows in a general westerly direction, and falls Harbor Hill lies in the town of North Hemp- into the Tallapoosa River. stead, Queen's co., N. Y. It is elevated 319 feet Hawse's Hill, Barre, Ms. Height 1285 feet. above the Atlantic, and is visible for 25 miles at Hay River, Wn. This river drains the E. sea, being the highest point of land on Long interior of St. Croix co., flows S. E., and enters Island. Red Cedar River, in Chippewa co. Harbor of New York. See New York Bay. HIazen's Notch, Vt. A remarkable passage Hardin's'Creek, Te., is formed in the W. part through the mountain, between the towns of of Wayne co., by the junction of two forks, flows Lowell and Mont(omery. N. W., and falls into the Tennessee in Hardin co. Head Harbor Island, Me., lies off Jones Port, Harqer's Creek, 0. A small stream that falls Washington co. into Sciota River at Circleville. Helderberg Hills, or _Iountains, N. Y., stretch Harlem River, N. Y., a creek or strait, running through the W. part of Albany co., into Schofrom East River, as it is called, to North River, harie co., where they unite with the Catskill and forming the northern boundary of the Island range. They consist of a series of limestones of of Manhattan, on which the city of New York is varied mineralogical character, upon a foundation built. The island is connected with the main of graywacke, and abound in fossil remains, land by three bridges, Harlem bridge, Macomb's and extensive caverns ornamented with stalacbridge, and King's bridge. There is also the tites and stalagmites. These mountains are very massive and beautiful structure of stone masonry, precipitous, and are from 400 to 500 feet in upon which the Croton aqueduct is carried over height. the Harlem Valley and River, a little more than Hell Gate, or Hurl Gate, a strait in the East a quarter of a mile in length. The width of the River, 8 miles from New York city, between the river itself, at this place, is 620 feet. The west- Islands of Manhattan and Parsell, on the N. W., ern part of this river, from King's bridge to the and Long Island, on the S. E. It is said that the. Hudson, was named by the Dutch Spuyten proper name of this strait is Horll Gatt, a Dutch Duyvel Creek. The whole length of Harlem term, signifying a whirlpool. Through this narRiver is 6 miles, and its width from one eighth to row pass the tides flow in and out, between the one fourth of a mile. harbor of New York and Long Island Sound. acrney Lake, Orange co., Fa., lies E. from At certain stages of the tide, the waters rush Lake Jessup, with which it is connected by an through here with a powerful current, and passoutlet. On its S. W. border is Fort Lane. ing over sunken rocks, are made to whirl and Harpeth River, Te., rises in Williamson co., roar with fearful violence. There is no great and pursues a N. W. course of 60 miles, to its difficulty, however, in navigating the strait with entrance into Cumberland River, 19 miles N. W. safety, under the guidance of a skilful pilot. of Nashville. It is boatable to Franklin. Ilell Gate, On. An E. branch of Bitter Root Harson's Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part River. rising among the Rocky Mts. of Lake St. Clair. Helley's Keys, Fa. These islands separate TagaEHart's Island, N. H., lies in Connecticut River, bona Bay from the Gulf of Mexico. in the town of Plainfield, and contains 19 acres. Hemlock Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in Hart's Island, Westchester co., N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the Long Island Sound, and is attached to the town town of Clayton. of Pelham. Hemlock Lake, N. Y., lies partly in Livingston, Hassencleaver Mountains, N.Y. This range of and partly in Ontario co. It is 6 miles long, and hills lies N. of the Mohawk Valley, extending 1 mile wide, discharging its waters into the outlet through part of Herkimer and Oneida counties. of Honeoye Lake. They are from 1000 to 1200 feet in height. Hempstead Bay, N. Y., lies in the town of Hatchee River, Te., rises in McNairy co., and Hempstead, Queen's co., is 6 miles long, from pursuing a N. W., W., and S. W. direction for 1 to 2 miles wide, and abounds with shell and 100 miles, enters the Mississippi at Randolph. scale fish, and wild water fowl. It is separated Hatchet Creek, Aa. A branch of the Coosa from the Atlantic by Long Beach. River, which it enters in Coosa co. Hempstead Plains, N. Y., an immense heath or Hatchet Hill, Southbridge, Ms. Height 1016 ft. barren, of more than 15,000 acres, is used merely Hatteras. Cape, N. C. A dangerous cape, in as a common pasturage of the town of Hemp350 151 N. lat., and 750 301 W. lon. It is on the stead, on which several thousands of cattle and S. W. end of a low, sandy, and rocky island, which sheep are annually fed, and is the site of the old encloses Pamlico Sound. The sea, in this place, Newmarket race course, where, in years past, is generally very rough, and this part of the immense sums of money have been lost and won. 200 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., The soil of these plains is good, and might be were garrisoned by six hundred men, were atmade fertile by cultivation. tacked Oct. 6, 1777, by a British force three thouHenderson Lake, N. Y., one of the head sources sand strong, under Sir Henry Clinton, and capof the Hudson, lies in the town of Newcomb, tured during the night. At the base of Sugar Essex co., near the Adirondack Iron Works. It Loaf Mountain, on the E. side of the river, is is elevated 1936 feet above the tide waters of the seen the site of the house where the traitor Arnold Hudson. lived. About a mile farther up, the garden and Henderson's River, Is. This river rises in the monument of Kosciusko are distinctly seen. N. W. part of Knox co., flows S. W., and empties The historical interest associated with West Point into the Mississippi in Henderson co. is familiar to every reader. Henlopen, Cape, De., is the S. W. extremity, at Highland Creek, Ky. This stream forms the the entrance of Delaware Bay. It is 18 miles S. boundary between Union and Henderson counW. of Cape May, the opposite point in N. lat. ties, and empties into the Ohio River. 36~ 47', and W. ion. 750 6t. There is a light- Hiqh Ridge, Williamsburg, Ms. Height 1480 ft. house on it. Hilliard's Knob, Rochester, Ms. Height 1120 ft. Henry, Cape, Va., is on the S. side of the Hillshoro' Inlet, Fa. A long, narrow inlet, exentrance into Chesapeake Bay, 12 miles S. Cape tending from the mouth of Hillsboro' River some Charles, in 360 581 N. lat., and 760 21' W. Ion. distance into St. Lucie co. Henry's Fbrk, On. It rises among the Rocky Hillsboro' River, Fa., rises in the E. part of OrMts., flows S. S. W., and empties into Lewis Fork ange co., flows S. W., and enters Tampa Bay at of Columbia River. the town of Tampa. Henry's River, N. C., rises in Burke co., flows Hlitchcock's Hill, Wales, Ms. Height 1190 feet. E., and unites with Jacob's River to form the Hockhocking River, 0., rises in Fairfield co., Little Catawba. winds through a hilly country 80 miles, in a S. E. Herring Bay, Md., sets up from Chesapeake direction, and enters the Ohio at Troy, 25 miles Bay, between Ann Arundel and Calvert counties. below Marietta. It is boatable 70 miles, except Hickman Creek, Ky., rises in Fayette co., and the lower falls and some mill dams. It has a fall flows S. VW. through Jessamine co., into the Ken- near its source of 40 feet. tucky River. Hog Island, N. Y., is situated in Hempstead Hickory Creek, Will co., Is., flows WV., and emp- Bay, Long Island. ties into Des Plaines River a little below Juliet. Hog Island, or Neck, in Oyster Bay, Queen's Hidden 1Wood River. Ma. An E. branch of the co., N. Y., is connected to Long Island by Oak Inyan Reakah, or River of the Rock. Neck. Higgins's Lake, Roscommon co., Mn., lies N. Hog Island, Northampton co., Va., lies in the from Houghton's Lake, with which it is connected Atlantic, N. E. from Prout's Island. by an outlet. Hog Island, Surry co., Va. A small island lyHigh Falls, Lewis co., N. Y., occur in the Black ing in James River. River just before it is entered by Black River Hog Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part of Canal. They are so called in distinction from Lake Michigan, E. from Garden Island. Long Falls, which occur in the same river, 40 Hog Neck, N. Y. See Great Hoqg Neck. miles below, in Jefferson co. The river has a Holeb Pond, Me., is a considerable body of wadescent of 60 or 70 feet, and is well worthy a ter lying in Franklin and Somerset counties. visit from the lovers of the picturesque. Hollow Creek, Barnwell district, S. C., enters Highlands, Matteawan or Fishkill Mts., N. Y. the Savannah River at the S. E. corner of EdgeThese mountains lie in the counties of Rockland, field district. Orange, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess, Holland Ilands, Md., lie in Chesapeake Bay, and are probably connected with the Alleghanies, N. from Smith Island and W. from Fishing Bay. as indicated by their geological formation. They Hollinger's Creek, Baldwin co., Aa. A tributary are 16 or 18 miles in breadth, and extend in a of Perdido River. N. E. and S. W. direction about 25 miles. They Holston River, Te. This river unites with the present some of the most romantic features of Clinch, in Roane co., to form the Tennessee. the scenery upon the North River, which is here With the exception of a fall of 7 feet, it is navicontracted to a narrow space, by its passage gable 70 miles. There are valuable salt works through the mountain pass. Anthony's Nose, near its source; also a fall of water of 40 feet. one of their lofty elevations on the eastern shore, IBolt's Hill, Andover, Ms. Height 423 feet. is a pile of rock rising to the height of 1128 feet Homochitto River, Mi. It runs S. W., and falls above the level of the river which washes its base. into the Mississippi above Fort Adams, between -Two miles above. is the Sug-ar Loaf Mountain, Adams and Wilkinson counties. which rears its summit to the height of 860 feet. Honeoye Creek, N. Y., an important mill stream, Crow's Nest and Butter Hill are on the W. side is formed by the outlets of Honeove, Canadice, of the river. They rise abruptly from the water's and IIemlock Lakes. It flows S. W., and enters edge, the latter 1520 feet, and the former nearly Genesee River in Monroe co. as high. Beacon Hill, on the E. side, sometimes Honeoye Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of called the " Grand Sachem," is the highest peak water lies mostly in the town of Richmond, of the Highlands, being elevated 1685 feet above Ontario co. It is 5 miles long and 1 mile wide, the Hudson. Several of the eminences in view and abounds in fine fish. from the river are celebrated in history for being Honey Creek, Sauk co., Wn. A small tributhe scenes of stirring events during the struggle tary of Wisconsin River. for American independence. The sites of Forts Honey Island, Holmes co., Mi. This is a large Clinton and Montgomery are on the W. side of island formed by an outlet of the Yazoo River. the river, from whence chevaux-de-frise, boom, Hoosick River, N. Y., a large and important and chains, were stretched -across to the base of mill stream, rises in Ms. and Vt., flows E., and Anthony's Nose, in 1777. These forts, which enters the Hudson in Rensselaer co. IN THE UNITED STATES. 201 Hood's Canal, On. A long, narrow channel best for navigation, in proportion to its length, of extending S. W. from Admiralty Inlet. any in the United States. Notwithstanding it Hood Mount, On. A high peak of the Cascade flows through a mountainous region, it is navigable range, situated S. from Columbia River. for small sloops, and for steamboats of large size, Hooper's Island, Md. Situated in Chesapeake to Troy, 166 miles from its mouth. The action Bay, off the S. W. coast of Dorchester co. of the tides at the mouth of the Hudson, coming Htoricon Lake, N. Y. See George, Lake. in as they do from the ocean through the Narrows, Horn Island, Mi., lies in Pascagoula Bay, off and from the Sound through the East River, is the coast of Jackson co. such as to carry the swell of the river upwards, it Horn Lake Creek, De Soto co., Mi. A small is said, at the rate of 15 to 25 miles an hour; so stream which flows through a lake of the same that swift-sailing vessels, leaving New York at name, and enters the Mississippi. new tide, with all things favorable, sometimes run Horse Head Creek, Johnson co., As., flows S., through to Albany with the same flood tide. The and empties into the Arkansas River. river has three large expansions, or bays, as they Horse Island, Barnstable co., Ms. This island are called - Tappan Bay, Haverstraw Bay, and a is situated in Wellfleet Bay, at the mouth of third between Fishkill and New Windsor. TapBlackish Creek. pan Bay, or Tappan Sea, as it was formerly called, Horse Race, N. Y. A name given to the Hud- commences at Piermont, about 20 miles from New son, just before it leaves the Highlands, at its York, and extends northward to Teller's Point, a lower entrance. The river here takes a sudden distance of 10 miles, with an average width of 3 turn of a mile to the E., and resumes its S. miles. In some places the width is full 5 miles. course at Caldwell's Landing. Haverstraw Bay is also from 2 to 3 miles wide, Hosmer's Ponds, Vt. See Craftsbury. and 6 miles long, terminating on the north at Hot Springs, Hot Spring co., As. There are Verplank's and Stony Points. The passage of the about fifty of these springs, which break out from Hudson through the Highlands is among the most the W. side of a mountain, and flow into a small romantic and sublime to be found any where upon creek, which, taking a S. course of 6 miles, emp- our navigable rivers. The Mohawk River, which ties into the Wachita River. The temperature comes, in from the west, at Waterford, about 10 of the springs is from 1100 to 150~ Fahren- miles north of Albany, is almost the only tributary heit. The cold Chalybeate Springs, situated 3 of the Hudson of any importance. Through armiles N. E. of the Hot Springs, are much fre- tificial channels, however, its navigable waters are quented by invalids. There are Sulphur Springs connected with the great lakes at the west, and in the same county, 30 miles N. W. from the with the St. Lawrence at the north. The great Hot Springs., Erie Canal unites the Hudson, at Albany, with Houghton's Lake, Roscommon co., Mn., lies in Lake Erie, at Buffalo, 364 miles distant, by the the W. interior of the county, and is one of the route of the canal. The Champlain Canal unites head sources of Maskegon River. the river at Albany with the southern extremity Houghton Lake, Hioughton co., Mn. Situated of Lake Champlain. The length of this canal is on Keewaiwona Point, N. E. from Portage Lake, 72 miles. From Albany to West Troy, 8 miles, with which it communicates. the Champlain and Erie Canals are in conjunction Housatonic River, Ms. and Ct. The sources with each other. By the Delaware and Hudson of this river are in the towns of Lanesboro' Canal, the Hudson is also united, at a point about and Windsor, Ms. The main stream is formed 90 miles from New York, with the Delaware, at Pittsfield, and thence passes S. into Ct. After at the N. W. corner of New Jersey. Through watering the county of Litchfield in that state, this communication immense quantities of coal it separates the counties of New Haven and from the Lackawana district in Pennsylvania are Fairfield, and meets the tide water at Derby, 14 transported to New York. During the season of miles above its entrance into Long Island Sound. navigation on the Hudson, numerous steamboats The source of this stream is more than 1000 feet leave New York every morning and evening for above the ocean, and in its course of nearly 1.50 the different places upon the shores of the river. miles, it affords numerous mill sites. The vol- From about the 20th of March to the 1st of ume of water is not very large, except in seasons December the bosom of this river presents the of freshet; but the scenery on the borders of the appearance of a great thoroughfare of travel. river is exceedingly beautiful; and the cataract Steamboats of the largest class, nowhere excelled at Canaan, Ct., where the water falls perpendicu- for comfort, elegance, and speed, run back and larly 60 feet, is well worthy the notice of travel- forth continually between New York and Albany lers. The Indian name of this river signifies or Troy; making the trip of 150 or 160 miles in over the mountains. from 10 to 12 hours running time, and touching Howland's or Superior Island, Cayuga co., N. Y., at all the principal places on the route, to land attached to the town of Conquest, is formed by and receive passengers. One of the most striking the dividing branches of Seneca River. and peculiar features of the scenery on the HudTHubbardton River, Vt. This is a good mill son is that of the Palisades, a designation given stream, rising from several small ponds in Sud- to a majestic range of columnar rock, varying in bury. It runs in a S.W. direction through Greg- height from 50 feet to 300 and even 400 feet, and ory's Pond, in Hubbardton, through Benson, and walling in the stream for about 20 miles from falls into East Bay in West Haven, after acourse Weehawken to Piermont. For a great part of about 20 miles. of the distance, on the western shore, they rise Hudson River, N. Y., has its sources in numerous almost perpendicularly from the water's edge. small streams which rise among the Adirondack The shores of the Hudson between New York Mountains, west of Lake Champlain. It pursues and Albany are studded with bustling towns, a straight course, almost directly south, for about and beautiful villas, and country seats; which, 300 miles, until it enters the Atlantic through the mingling with the bold and picturesque features harbor of New York. This river is one of the of the natural scenery, render the passage up and 26 202 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., down upon its waters one of the most inviting any It receives the waters of Lake Superior through where to be enjoyed. St. Mary's Strait, and those of Lake Michigan Humboldt Lake, Uh., lies E. from Pyramid through the Straits of Michilimackinac, and Lake, and receives the waters of Humboldt River. discharges its own waters, through the River Humboldt Lake, Ma. Situated E. from North St. Clair, into Lake Erie. The waters also of Red River. several small lakes are received from the N. W., Humboldt River. It rises in two large forks the principal of which are Lake Nipissing and among the Humboldt Mts, flows in a circuitous Lake Simcoe, which empty themselves, by rivers S. W. direction, and empties into Humboldt Lake. of a few miles' extent, into the Georgian Bay. Humboldt River Mountains, Uh., lie in the N. This bay, or lake, as it might be separately interior of the state, and run nearly N. and S. regarded, lies nearly in the form of an ellipse, Humphrey's Creek, Ballard co.. Ky., flows N. W., connected with the body of Lake Huron, and and empties into the Ohio. with Manitou Bay, at its N. W. extremity. It Humquolques River and Pond, Me., are situat- is 140 miles long by 70 miles wide, having an ed in Aroostook and Penobscot counties. The area of about 7000 square miles. Manitou Bay, river is a branch of Aroostook River. which is that section of the lake lying directly Hunger's Creek, Northampton co., Va. A small N. of the great chain of islands, is in length, from inlet from Chesapeake Bay. E. to W., 80 miles, with an average breadth of Hungry Bay, Jefferson co., N. Y., is a large ex- 20 miles. Its area is about 1600 square miles. panse of water in the E. part of Lake Ontario. Taken in its whole extent, as including the secBlack and Chaumont Rivers empty into it tions here described, with the islands between through bays of the same name. them, Lake Huron covers an area of nearly zHfnter's sland, Westchester co., N. Y., lies in 29,000 square miles. The number of islands in Long Island Sound, and is attached to the town Lake Huron is very great. Among them, the of Pelham. chain which has been already mentioned, retainHuntingq Islands, Beaufort'district, S. C. This ing their Indian name of Manitou (Great Spirit) group lies between St. Helena Sound and Broad Islands, includes all which are worthy of special River, and S. E. from St. Helena Island. notice. These are divided into the Great ManiHuntington Bay is situated in the town of Hunt- tou and Little Manitou Islands, besides which, ington, Suffolk co., N. Y., on the N. side of Long at the W. extremity of the chain, is one which is Island, between Eaton's and Lloyd's Necks. It called Drummond's Island. Great Manitou is is a safe harbor, and abounds with shell and scale much the largest of the series, being in length fish and wild fowl. about 90 miles, E. and W., and in breadth, in Huntington River. Vt., waters the towns of the widest part, about 30 miles. The boundary Lincoln, Starksborough, and Huntington, and between the United States and Canada passes joins Winooski River in Richmond. Its course along the middle of Huron Proper from the is very rapid. Length about 20 miles. outlet of St. Clair River 225 miles, and thence, Huron Bay, Houghton co., Mn., lies E. from between Drummond and Little Manitou Islands, Keewaiwona Bay, and communicates on the N. and over the W. end of Manitou Bay, to the inwith Lake Superior. flux of the N. branch of St. Mary's River. This Huron Islands, Mn. A small group lying in lake holds a very important position as a cornLake Superior, at the mouth of Huron Bay. mercial link in the chain of internal navigation. Huron, Lake. One of the five great lakes of The main lake opens a spacious communication North America, and the third of the chain, pro- from Lake Erie, both into Lake Superior and ceeding W., lying between Canada West and the Lake Michigan; and being connected with a United States. This extensive sheet of water series of smaller lakes and rivers, extending from is nearly divided, by the peninsula of Canada the S. E. angle of the Georgian Bay almost to West and by the chain of Manitou Islands in the N. W. angle of Lake Ontario, it affords great the N. part, forming, with this peninsula, almost facilities for completing a separate and much a continuous land barrier, into three sections, the shorter channel of transportation between the largest of which, lying S. of the islands, may be ports of Lake Ontario and those of Michigan called Lake Huron Proper, while that directly N. and Superior. An expenditure, comparatively of this range of islands has been denominated, moderate in improvements of this kind, might by Tanner, Manitou Bay, and that which is reduce the distance full one half between the nearly cut off by the peninsula and the N. pro- head of the River St. Lawrence and the head of jection of Great Maniton Island, lying to the Lake Huron. This is a matter which has long N. E., has, by the same authority, been named ago attracted attention, and which. in this age Lake Iroquois, and, by others, the Georgian Bay. of commercial enterprise, may not improbably A considerable arm of the lake, also, on the ere long be acted upon. S. W., stretching into the state of Michigan, has Huron River, O. This river rises in Richland received the name of Saginaw Bay. Irrespec- co., flows through Huron and Erie counties. and tive of these different sections, Huron Proper falls into Lake Erie at Huron. It is navigable lies nearly in the form of a crescent, stretching 6 or 7 miles. from the Straits of Michilimackinac to the head Huron River, Mn., rises in Oakland and Livof the River St. Clair, a distance, upon the middle ingston counties, and flows 90 miles, to its curve, of 260 miles. The greatest breadth, inde- entrance into Lake Erie, below the mouth of Dependent of the bays, is about 70 miles, and the troit River. This river and its branches afford superficial extent about 20,000 square miles. extensive water privileges. The depth of this portion of the lake is very Huron River, Houghton co., Mn. This small great, being at least 1000 feet deep towards the stream flows N., and empties into Lake Superior W. shore, which is its deepest part. Like all the E. from Huron Bay. other lakes, however, it is generally shallow near Hurricane Creek, Stewart co., Te., empties into the shores, though it has several fine harbors. the Tennessee River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 203 Hurricane River, Schoolcraft co., Mn. A Ter., and flows south into Arkansas River, 4 miles small stream in the N. E. part of the county, and above the mouth of Canadian River. There are emptying into Lake Superior. salt springs a few miles from its mouth. Hutchinson's Island, St. Lucie co., Fa. A large Independence River, N. Y., rises in Hamilton co., island lying between St. Lucra Sound and the flows W., and enters Black River in Lewis co. Atlantic Ocean. Indian Creek, S. C. A branch of the Sunoree River, which it enters in Newberry district. Ibberville River, La. This river leaves the Mis- Indian Creek, Te., formed in Wayne co., by the sissippi, of which it is an outlet, 14 miles below junction of Indian River and Rutherford's Creek, Baton Rouge, and flows 20 miles into Amite flows N.W., and enters the Tennessee in HarRiver. The Mississippi flows into it at high din co. flood only. Indian Creek. Is. This stream rises in the S. Illinois Creek, As. This stream rises in Van W. part of Clark co., and flows S. W., across Buren and Pope counties, flows S. S. XW., and Floyd and Harrison counties, into the Ohio empties into the Arkansas. River. Illinois River. The Illinois River has its entire Indian Fields, N. Y., are a part of the peninsula course within the state to which its name has been of Montauk, on the E. extremity of Long Island. given. Its upper tributaries take their rise in In- The surface is very rough, yet the soil is gendiana and Wisconsin. Those coming from Indi- erally good, affording fine pasturage. A remana are the Kankakee and the Iroquois; those nant of the Montauk tribe of Indians still resides from Wisconsin are the Des Plaines and the Fox here. Rivers. The two former unite, after flowing W. Indian Hut Island, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in a curve corresponding with the S. shore of in the St. Lawrence River, near the Thousand Lake Michigan, in the N. part of Iroquois coun- Islands, and is.attached to the town of Hammond. ty, Illinois; and thence their waters flow still W. Indian River, Me., is a small stream, watering until they unite with those of the Des Plaines the town of Addison, Washington co. coming from the N. After the confluence of the Indian River, N. Y. and Vt. This small stream Kankakee with the Des Plaines, the river takes rises in Rupert, Vt., waters the corner of Pawlet, the name of Illinois. From this point it flows and joins Pawlet River, in Granville, N. Y. - nearly W. to Hennepin, in Putnam co., or almost Another small stream of this name waters the to this place, receiving Fox River from the N., towns of Essex and Colchester, Vt., and empties at Ottawa, and Vermilion River from the S. E., into Colchester Bay. near the foot of the rapids. Its course then turns Indian Lake, Hamilton co., N. Y., is surto the S. and S. W., in which direction mainly rounded by a mountainous region of country, it flows as far as Naples, in Morgan co., receiving covered with deep forests of pine, spruce, birch, the Spoon River from the W., and the Sangamon and poplar, which, contrasted with the smooth from the E. From Naples it flows S. until it waters of the lake, present a scene of remarkable approaches within a few miles of the Mississippi, beauty. The mountain peaks attain an elevawhen it curves to the S. E., and afterwards to the tion of from 1500 to 2000 feet above the surroundE., and empties itself into the Mississippi, a few ing country. The lake is 4 miles long, 1 mile miles above the mouth of the Missouri. Its length, wide, and abounds in various kinds of fish. exclusive of its windings, is about 260 miles. It is Indian River, N. Y., the outlet of Indian Lake, navigable 210 miles, to the foot of the rapids, and, flows N. E., and enters the Hudson, in Essex co. in high water, 9 miles farther, to Ottawa. Below Indian River, N. Y. This stream rises in Lewis the rapids the character of the river approaches co., flows N. W., through Jefferson, and enters to that of a tortuous canal, occasionally widening Black Lake, in St. Lawrence co. The outlet of into swells which appear similar to lakes. Upon the lake flows into Oswegatchie River, which the W. shore of one of these beautiful expansions enters the St. Lawrence at Ogdensburg village. of the river the flourishing town of Peoria is sit- Indian River, Sussex co., De., drains the E. part uated. The navigable part of the river has a of the co., and empties into the Atlantic Ocean. gentle current, unbroken by rapids, and peculiarly Indian River, Fa. The length of this river, favorable to a safe and easy commerce by steam- from its head branches to Juniper Narrows, is boats. From its relative position the Illinois is a about 100 miles. Its width and depth are exriver of great importance as a connecting link in tremely variable. In some places it is 4 miles the chain of internal navigable waters. The I1- wide; in others, not 50 yards. The depth of linois Canal, of 100 miles in length, connects its water is greatest when the S. inlets are closed. navigable waters with those of Lake Michigan at It runs nearly parallel with the E. coast of the Chicago; thus opening a communication for com- state, its course being a little E. of S. merce between the St. Lawrence and the Missis- Indian Stream, Coos co., N. H., is the princisippi, and between the whole country bordering pal and most N. source of Connecticut River. It on the great lakes and the ports of New Orleans rises in the Highlands, near the N. border of the and the Atlantic. The valley of the Illinois in state, and pursuing a S. W. course, unites with its widest part, from the sources of the Sanga- the E. branch flowing from Connecticut Lake. mon River on the E., to the sources of the Spoon Inlet of Cayuga Lake, N. Y., has been rendered River on the W., is 120 miles in breadth. In the navigable for 1 mile S. of the lake, by the canal N. part, however, branching into two long, nar- commissioners. There is now a toll taken for all row arms, the mean breadth does not exceed 60 boats passing and repassing to Ithaca village. miles. In this portion it encircles the S. part of.Inonque River, Ts. A head branch of Brazos Lake Michigan for a distance of about 200 miles. River. The area included in this basin is about 24,000 Inquest Creek, Io., rises in Appanoose and square miles. Monroe counties, flows E. across Davis and a Illinois River, In. Ter., rising in Benton and corner of Van Buren co., and falls into the Des Washington counties, As., passes into the In. Moines River in Wapello co. 204 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Intpah River, Ma. A W. branch of the Mine- ing between them, and forming a safe anchorage sota, or St. Peter's River. on the N. W. side of it. These objects have been Inyan Reakah, or River of the Rock. It rises in attained, and the miniature fleet of the shoalers, Ma., flows S. W. across the N. W. angle of Iowa, riding at anchor in this artificial harbor, is no unand falls into the Tchankasndata, or Sioux River. pleasant sight. Smutty Nose and Malaga are Inyan Yankey, or Little Sioux River, Io. This connected by a sea wall, built at the expense of large river rises in a number of lakes, on the N. Mr.. Haley, "the King of the Shoals." This border of the state, flows in a S. direction, re- wall, 14 rods in length, 13 feet in height, and from ceiving numerous large tributaries, and empties 20 to 30 feet in width, effectually secures Haley's into the Missouri. Inlet and Wharf from the easterly storms, although Iowa River, Io., rises in the N. part of the state, the waves not unfrequently break over it in a and passes between 200 and 300 miles S. E. severe storm. There are a few spots of dry soil to the River Mississippi, in Louisa co. It is upon them under cultivation. The Shoals are a navigable from the Mississippi to Iowa City at pleasant resort for water parties, and their deall seasons. This is a beautiful stream, and its lightful, bracing air cannot be otherwise than waters are exceedingly clear. advantageous to those who are in want of pure Ipswich River, Essex co., Ms. See Ipswich. sea breezes. See Hayward's 1New England GazIron River, Mn. A small stream draining the etteer. W. part of the upper peninsula, and falling into Isle Presque River, Me., has its source in a pond Lake Superior. near the centre of Aroostook co.. and flows in a irondequoit Bay, Monroe co., N. Y., is 6 miles N. direction into Aroostook River. long, I mile wide, and communicates on the N. Israel's River, Coos co., N. H., is formed by with Lake Ontario. It abounds with the differ- cataracts which descend from the summits of ent kinds of fish peculiar to the lake. Mounts Adams and Jefferson, and running N. W. Irondequoit Creek, N. Y., a good mill stream, it passes through Randolph and Jefferson, falling rises in Ontario and Monroe counties, and flows into the Connecticut in Lancaster. This beautiN. into Irondequoit Bay. ful stream received its name from Israel Glines, Iroquois Point, Chippewa co., Mn., extends into a hunter, who frequented these regions long before the S. part of Tahquamenaw Bay. the settlement of the country. Irving Lake, Ma. Situated N. E. from Cass Istopoga, Lake, St. Lucie co., Fa., lies N. W. Lake, and connected on the S. with the Missis- from Lake Macaco, and connects by an outlet sippi River. with Kissimee River. Ischua Creek, N. Y., rises in Cattaraugus co., Itasca Lake, Ma. This small lake is the prinflows S. into Oil Creek, which enters the Alle- cipal source of the head branch of the Mississippi ghany River at Olean village. River. It connects with other smaller lakes, and Isinglass River, N. H., rises in ponds in Bar- contains Schoolcraft Island. rington and Strafford, and joins the Cocheco Iyanke Lake, Io. A small sheet of water situin Rochester. ated near the N. border of the state. Islands in Boston Harbor. See Boston. Iyedan Lake, or Lac qui Parle, Ma. An enIsle au Chats, N. Y., are two islands lying in the largement of the Minesota or St. Peter's River, St. Lawrence, between which the boundary line just above Intpah River. dividing the U. S. from Canada passes. The E. Izuzah River, Ma. A W. tributary of Minesota one belongs to the town of Louisville, St. Law- or St. Peter's River, which it enters just below rence co. Big Stone Lake. Isle au Gallop, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the town Jack's Fork, Mo. A tributary of Current Rivof Lisbon. er, which it enters from the W. near Chilton. Isle au Rapid, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in Jackson's Hill, Blandford, Ms. Height 1717 ft the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the Jackson's Lake, On. It lies S. E. from the town of Madrid. Three Tetons, peaks of the Rocky Mts., and is Isles of Shoals. These islands, 8 miles from the source of the Lewis Fork of Columbia River. the mouth of Portsmouth harbor, N. H., are seven Jackson's River, Va. This river rises in Warm in number, viz.: Hog, Smutty Nose, Star, Duck, Spring Mts., and unites with Cowpasture River White, Malaga, and Londoner Islands. Hog to form James River. Falling Springs, one of contains 350 acres of rock, and its greatest ele- its head branches, has a perpendicular fall of 200 vation is 57 feet above high water mark. Smutty feet. Nose contains about 250 acres of rock and soil - Jacob's River, N. C., rises in the S. part of Burke greatest elevation 45 feet. Star Island contains co., flows N. E., and unites with Henry's River to about 180 acres of rock and soil, and its height form the Little Catawba. is 55 feet. These islands, as a town, are called Jamaica Bay, N. Y., lies on the S. side of Long Gosport. Star and Smutty Nose are inhabited Island, and opens into the Atlantic by several by fishermen, who carry on considerable business inlets. It is navigable for vessels drawing but in their way, supplying Portsmouth and the little water, and contains several low, marshy neighboring towns with fresh fish, and sending islands. Fish and wild fowl are abundant. large quantities of cured fish to Boston and other Jamany, Lake, Leon co., Fa., lies a little E. of places. The celebrated dun fish are found here, N. from Tallahassee. which have heretofore been considered a distinct James Island, Colleton district, S. C. This species of the cod. They differ, however, from island extends from Charleston harbor on the the common cod only in the circumstance of N. E. to Stone Inlet on the S. W. their being. caught and cured in winter. Star James Island, Fa. This island lies between Island and Smutty Nose are connected by a sea Ocklockony River on the N., the Gulf of Mexico wall, built at the expense of government, for the on the E., St. George's Sound on the S., and purpose of breaking a strong S.:E. current pass- Crooked River on the W. IN THE UNITED STATES. 205 James River, Va., is formed by the conflu- through Greene and Taney counties~ and falls ence of Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, which into White River. rise in the Alleghany Mts., and run in S. W. Jefferson M[ount, On. This is an elevated peak courses, nearly parallel to each other, for about of the Cascade range, situated S. from Mount 50 miles, until they form a junction near the Hood. N. W. angle of Bottetourt co. The river here Jefrey's Creek, S. C., falls into the Great Pedee assumes a S. course for a few miles, and receives River in lon. 790 29' W. and lat. 340 8' N. Craig's Creek from the S. It then takes a more Jessup, Lake, Orange co., Fa., lies S. from Lake easterly direction, bearing first S. E., then N. E., Monroe, with which it is connected by an outlet. about 35 miles, to the W. base of the Blue Jessup's or Indian River, N. Y., rises in HamilRidge, where it receives the North River from ton co., and flows N. E. into Indian Lake. Augusta co. Here the river begins to break Jewell's Island, Me., lies in Casco Bay, off the through the Blue Ridge, and, being now a fine town of Cumlberland, Cimberland co., and about navigable stream, it traverses a gap in this moun- 10 miles E. of Portland: tain range about 15 miles N. E. of the Peaks of Jilico Creek. A small stream rising in the N. Otter. Its general course through the mountains part of Campbell co., Te., and flowing N. into the is S. E., in which course it continues for 30 miles Cumberland River, which it enters in Whitely co., farther, forming the dividing line between Am- Ky. herst co. on the N. and Bedford and Campbell Jocoe Forkc, On., rises among the Rocky Mts., counties on the S. Here, traversing another lat- flows W., and empties into Clark's Fork of the eral chain of mountains, the river is inflected to Columbia River. -the N. E., and pursues this course 40 miles, be- Joe's Pond, Vt. See Danville. tween Amherst and Nelson counties on the N., Joe's Rock Hill, Wrentham, Ms. Height 486 and Appomattox and Buckingham on the S. It feet. then assumes a course a little S. of E., which it John's River, N. H., a branch of the Connecticut, pursues in general about 70 miles, to the head has its principal source in Pondicherry Pond, in of tide water, separating Albemarle, Fluvanna, the town of Jefferson. Its other branches rise in Goochland, and Henrico counties on the left, Carroll, Whitefield, Dalton, and Lancaster. from Buckingham, Cumberland, Powhattan, and John's River, N. C., rises in the Blue Ridge, Chesterfield on the right. It receives the Appo- Burke co., and empties into the Catawba. mattox River from the S. at City Point, 34 miles John Day's River, On. A large stream rising below Richmond. This is the largest tributary among the Blue Mts., and flowing N. W. into of James River, being about 150 miles long, and Columbia River. navigable for large merchant vessels 20 miles, to Johnson's Creek, N. Y., rises in Niagara co., flows Petersburg, and for boats through nearly its N. E., and empties into Lake Ontario in Orwhole course. After meeting the tide, James leans co. River increases considerably in width, and con- Jonathan's Creek, Ky. A small branch of the tinues by comparative courses about 100 miles Tennessee River, which it enters in Marshall co. in a S. E. course, until it passes through Hamp- Jones Creek, Kent co., De. This stream rises ton Roads, and merges in Chesapeake Bay, in the N. W. part of the county, and flows S. E. between Old Point Comfort and Point Willough- into Delaware Bay. by. The whole distance from the farthest source Jones Creek, Ware co., Ga. This stream, which of James River in the Alleghany Mts., to its is one of the head branches of the Suwanee, flows mouth, following all the windings of the stream, through the W. part of Okefinokee Swamp, and is about 500 miles. Its comparative length unites with the Suwanuchee near Fort Gilmer. through -the centre of its valley is about 370 Jones Creek, McIntosh co., Ga. A branch of miles. A line drawn in a S. S. W. direction from the Alatamaha. Old Point Comfort to the Alleghany Mts. 225 Jones Falls Creek, Baltimore co., Md. A small miles, will pass very nearly through the centre branch of the Patapsco River, which it enters at of that portion of the valley of James River Baltimore. which lies E. of the mountains. Its broadest Johnson's Creek, Ky. A branch of Licking part, including those of its confluents, is W. of River, which it enters from the E. in Nicholas co. the mountains, where it has a width of 90 miles; Jldith, Point, R. I., is situated in the town of but the mean width of the entire valley is about South Kingston, 11 miles S. S. W. from Newport, 45 miles, and its area something over 10,100 in N. lat. 410~ 24, W. lon. 71~ 35. A light-house, square miles. Lynchburg on the S. side, and the tower of which is 35 feet high, was erected Richmond on the N., are the principal places here in 1810. The Point is about midway beon James River. The riveris navigable for ships tween Vineyard and Long Island Sounds, Monof large size as far as Jamestown. Vessels of tank, on Long Island, being about 30 miles S. W., 200 tons may go up to Warwick, and of 120 tons and Gay Head, on Martha's Vineyard, E. by S. to Rockets, the port of Richmond, 110 miles about 35 miles. from its mouth. Here are falls which entirely Juliet Lake, Houghton co., Mn. A small sheet obstruct ship navigation. A canal, however, of water lving in the N. W. part of the county. connects the tide waters below with the boatable Juniata River, Pa. This river is formed by the waters above the falls, at Richmond, which are Raystown and Franktown branches, which rise thence navigable for bateaux 220 miles. The at the foot of the Alleghany Mts. It unites with first English settlement in the United States was the Susquehanna 15 miles above Harrisburg. made on this river in 1608. It was on a point Its length is about 200 miles. The Pa. Canalruns of land projecting into the river from the north parallel with the Juniata and Franktown Rivers side, 32 miles from its mouth. A few ruins are to Hollidaysburg. all that now remain of this ancient and once Jykill Island and Sound, Ga. They are situated important place. at the.mouth of Turtle and Scilla Rivers, on the James River, Mo., pursues a S. S.-W. course S. E. shore of Glynn.co. 206 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Kaaterskill, N. Y. This river rises in Hunter, Kanhawa, as a physical section of the country, Greene co., among the Catskill Mts., flows N. W., is its most remarkable feature, having an altitude. and enters Catskill Creek in the town of Catskill. at the mouth of the river, of 525 feet above the It is formed by the outlets of two little lakes tide waters of the Atlantic, at the foot of the about a mile and a half in circumference. At mountains of 1585 feet, and at the sources of Pine Orchard, near the Mountain House, are a New River of about 2500 feet. The valley of series of beautiful falls, which are much visited the Great Kanhawa, proper, below the confluence by travellers. The water falls perpendicularly of the Gauley, lies between that of the Little 175 feet, and, after resting a moment on a ledge Kanhawa on the N. E. and that of Guyandot on of rock, falls 85 feet more, making a total descent the S. The most important enterprise of interof 260 feet. It then rushes through a dark ravine nal improvement in Va. is that undertaken by into the valley of the Catskill. the James River Navigation Company, first charKaatsberq Mountains.* See Catskill Mountains. tered in 1784, on the line of the James and KanKabitawi River, Ma. This river rises in two hawa Rivers, and the intervening space, with a forks S. W. from the source of Rum River, flows view to connect the commerce of the Ohio with S. W. for some distance, and then turning to the the Atlantic. A. portion of their outlay has been S. E., empties into the Mississippi. expended upon the Kanhawa, but the principal Kadikomeq Lake, Ma. Situated N. E. from part upon the more eastern sections of the route, Gayashk Lake, and connected through Pine River while much more remains to be done to complete with the Mississippi. all the improvements projected. Kagino Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated Kankakee River, Is. This stream rises in the near the centre of the county, at the head of one N. part of Ia., and, entering Is. in Will co., it reof the main branches of Bad River. ceives Iroquois Creek from the S., and unites Kalamazoo River, Mn. This river rises in with the Des Plaines to form Illinois River at Hillsdale co., and after a winding W. N. W. course Dresden. of 200 miles, through Calhoun, Kalamazoo, and Kanranzi River rises in Ma., flows S. of W., Allegan counties, enters Lake Michigan 41 miles and empties into the Inyan Rekah, or River of N. of St. Joseph River, and 29 S. of Grand River. the Rock. Its average depth for 8 miles from its mouth is Kansas River, In. Ter., has its source between 12 feet. At low water the bar at its mouth has the Platte and Arkansas Rivers, near the Rocky but 6 or 7 feet. It is navigable 38 miles, to Alle- Mts., and, receiving several large branches on the gan, for boats of 50 tons. The water power of N. side, it enters the Missouri at the W. boundary the river and its branches is extensive. of the state of Mo. It is 340 yards wide at its Kandiotta.Lake, Ma. One of the principal mouth. Its whole length is about 1200 miles, and sources of the Psihu or Wild Rice River. it is navigable 900. Kanhawa River, N. C. and Va. The Great Kaskaskia River, Is. This large branch rises in Kanhawa River has its most remote sources in Champaign co., and enters the Mississippi 7 miles Ashe co., N. C., between the Blue Ridge and the below Kaskaskia village, after a S. S. W. course main Appalachian chain, there denominated the of 300 miles. It is navigable to Vandalia, 150 Iron Mountain, though the river is not known as miles from its mouth, at high water. the. Kanhawa until after it leaves this state and Katahdin Mountain, Me., is situated in the E. traverses several counties in Virginia, having in part of Piscataquis co. its course broken through the Iron Mountain, and Kauwemin River, Fond du Lac co., Wn. A also the Western chain of the Alleghanies, and head branch of Milwaukie co. received from the N. E. the two important tribu- Kawakomik, or Clear Water River, Ma. A W. taries, the Green Brier and Gauley Rivers. Above tributary of the Mississippi, which it enters above the Gauley, which enters in Nicholas co., the river Crow River. is known as New River, and below as the Great Kayaderosseras Creek, N. Y., an important Kanhawa. Its course in N. C., and, so long as it mill stream, rises among the Kayaderosseras continues to traverse the region of the mountains, Mts., in Saratoga co., and flows S. E. into Sarain Va., is, in the main, N. and N. E. In Mont- toga Lake. gomery co. it turns to the N. W., and, breaking Kayaderosseras Mountains, N. Y., extend 60 through the western chain of the Alleghany miles in a S. W. direction, through Warren, Mts., continues this general course to its conflu- Saratoga, and Fulton counties. The height of ence with the Ohio. Besides the tributaries that this range between the Schroon branch of the have been mentioned above, it receives the Elk Hudson and Lake George is from 800 to 1200 feet, River from the N. and Coal River from the S., in Saratoga co. from 500 to 800 feet, and as it both entering it in Kanhawa co. It falls into the approaches the Mohawk, it gradually diminishes. Ohio at Point Pleasant, in Mason co., lat. 380 52' Kearsarge Mountain, Merrimack co., N. H., lies N. The entire length of the valley of the Great between the towns of Sutton and Salisbury, Kanhawa, from the point in the Alleghany Mts. extending into both towns. It is elevated 2461 where the river turns towards the Ohio, to its feet above the level of the sea, and is the highest mouth, is about 200 miles. The greatest breadth mountain in the county. Its summits are a bare from the sources of New River to those of Green mass of granite, but the sides are thickly wooded. Blier is about 180 miles, and the mean breadth The prospect from this mountain is. in a clear about 60, giving an area drained by this river of sky, very extensive and beautiful. about 10,800 square miles. The whole length of Keewaiwona Bay, Mn. This is a long, pointed the river from its sources in Ashe co., N. C., by bay, extending nearly to the S. border of Houghcomparative courses, is about 300 miles, and its ton co., between Point Abbaye on the E. and width, at its mouth, 500 yards. Following all the Keewaiwona Point on the W. windings of the stream, its length, of course, is Keewaiwona Point, Houghton co., Mn. A bold considerably greater than that here given. The promontory extending into Lake Superior W. comparative elevation of the valley of the Great from Keewaiwona Bay. It is drained by many IN THE UNITED STATES. 207 small streams, and has numerous bays, harbors, elevation of 216 feet in the whole. These dams and inlets on its coasts. are from 350 to 500 feet long; and the locks are Kenduskeag Stream, Penobscot co., Me., rises 178 feet in length by 38 feet in breadth. By in Dexter and Garland, winds in a S. E. direc- means of the facilities thus furnished, boats not tion through Corinth, Levant, and Dutton, and requiring more than 6 feet of water navigate the enters the Penobscot in the city of Bangor. It river at all seasons. The Kentucky River is is a beautiful and valuable mill stream, and has without direct falls, though the natural current many tributaries. is rapid, and the bed rocky. Kennebec River, Me. The first source of this Keowee River. This stream rises in Macon important river is Moosehead Lake, of which it co., N. C., flows S., and enters the Seneca River, is the outlet. From thence it passes in a S. W. of which it is the principal head branch, in Pickcourse nearly 20 miles, where it receives the ens district, S. C. waters of Dead River. It then proceeds S. to Kern Lake, Ca. A small sheet of water lying Starks, about 40 miles, where it receives the S. E. from Tulares Lake, with which it is conwaters of the Sandy. Here it changes its course, nected by an outlet. E., about 12 miles, passing Norridgewock and Kern River, Ca. This stream rises in the S. Skowhegan. It then again changes its course to part of the Sierra Nevada range, and flows S. W. the S. till it receives the waters of the Sebasti- into Kern Lake. cook, about 15 miles. It continues to descend Kettle Creek, Pa. It rises near the W. part of in nearly a S. course to Hallowell, about 20 Tioga co., flows S. S. W., and empties into the miles. Here it inclines to the E. a few miles, Susquehanna in Clinton co. and then, resuming a S. course, and passing Kewaunee River, Brown co., Wn. It rises near through Merrymeeting Bay, where it receives the S. part of Green Bay, and flows S. E. into the Androscoggin River, it passes Bath, and Lake Michigan. meets the ocean. The whole length of this Key Biscayune Bay, Fa. Situated off Dade river, from Moosehead Lake to the sea, is about co., and N. E. from Barnes Sound. It contains 150 miles. The tributaries already named are numerous islands, of which Key Biscayune and the most considerable; but there are many oth- Elliot's Key are the principal. ers that would be considered important rivers in Key West, or Thompson's Island, Monroe co., other sections of the country. The whole fall Fa. This island is 4 miles long, and 1 mile of this river is more than 1000 feet, and its wide. About a foot below the surface is a bed of hydraulic power, with that of its tributaries, is limestone, which extends under the whole island. incalculable. We are enabled to state that the On the N. W. part is an excellent harbor. average or mean time of the closing of this river Kiamishi River, In. Ter., rises in As, and falls by ice at Hallowell, for forty-five successive into Red River 6 miles below Fort Towson. years, was December 12, and of its opening, Kickapoo Creek, Is. It rises in the interior of April 3. The most remarkable years were 1792, McLean co., flows S. W., and empties into Salt when the river closed November 4, and opened Creek in Logan co. April 1 the following year, and 1831, when it Kickapoo River, Wn. This river rises in closed January 10, and opened April 13. Since Adams and Crawford counties, flows S. S. W., the year 1786, the Kennebec has not been ob- separating Crawford from Sauk co., and crossing structed by ice in any spring after the 20th of -the N. W. corner of Richland co., it reenters April. Crawford co., where it falls into the Wisconsin. Kent's IIill, Me., is situated in the W. part of Killbuck River, O. A northern branch of the Kennebec co. Muskingum. Kent Island, Queen Anne co., Md., lies in Killington Peak, Vt., is a summit of the Green Chesapeake Bay, opposite Annapolis. Length Mountains, in the S. part of Sherburne, and N. 12 miles. from Shrewsbury Peak. Kentucky River, Ky., rises by three principal Kill Van Kull, N. Y., a channel, lying between branches in the Cumberland Mts., denominated Staten Island and N. J. shore, is a continuation the North, Middle, and South Forks. These of Staten Island Sound. It extends from New unite in Estill co., and the river thence pursues a York Bay to Newark Bay, a distance of 4 or 5.circuitous course, but, in its lower part, generally miles. N. N. W., until it falls into the Ohio at Carrol-. Kinderhook Creek, N. Y. This large and imton, 534 miles below Pittsburg.'The general portant mill stream rises in the E. part of Renscourse is very nearly S. E. to N. W. The length selaer co., flows S. W., and enters the Hudson, of the valley drained by this river is about 175 near the village of Columbiaville, Columbia co. miles, with a mean width of about 40 miles, Kinebik, or Snake River, Ma. This stream giving an area of 7000 square miles. This val- rises in several lakes, flows S. E., and empties ley embraces part or the whole of nineteen coun- into the St. Croix River. ties, or a fraction over one sixth part of the Kingdom Coime Creek, Letcher co., Ky. A whole state of Kentucky. The distance from small head branch of the N. fork of Kentucky the mouth of the river to its forks, by the course River. of the stream, is about 260 miles; in a direct King's Creek. This small stream rises in the line, about 112 miles. The channel of the river, S. part of N. C., flows S. W., and enters Broad in its natural state, is navigable, in high water, River in York district, S. C. for steamboats of 300 tons, as far as Frankfort; King's Mountain, N. C., situated in the W. part and, in the same state of the water, steamboats of the state, 25 miles W. from Charlottenburg. might descend the river from 200 miles above. King's River. This stream rises in the W. part But the navigation has been improved by the con- of Newton co., As., flows N. N. W., and empties struction of seventeen dams between the mouth into White River in Barry co., Mo. of the river and the forks, with the corresponding Kingston Landing, N. Y., formerly called Conumber of locks, overcoming a difference of lumbus Point, is situated in Kingston, Ulster co, 208 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., on the W. side of Hudson River, 90 miles N. of Canals follow the Lackawaxen 25 miles to D1y the city of New York. berry Creek. Kinniconinek Creek, Lewis co., Ky. A branch La Crosse River, Crawford co., Wn. It flows of the Ohio River. S. W., and empties into the Mississippi below Kino Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. Situated in the Black River. N. W. part of the county, S. E. from Makwa Ladies' Island, Beaufort district, S. C. This Lake, with which it is connected by an outlet. island lies between Coosaw River on the N., St. Kip's Bay, N. Y., lies in East River, on the E. Helena and other islands on the E., and Port side of the Island of N. Y., and opposite the Royal Island on the W. mouth of Newtown Creek. La Fave River, As. A large stream rising Kishkaupa River, Wn. This stream drains the among the Washita Hills, Scott co., flowing E. S. W. part of Sheboygan co., and falls into Mil- through Yell and Perry counties, and emptying waukee River in Washington co. into the Arkansas River. Kissimee River, St. Lucie co., Fa., rises in a lake Lafayette, Fort, N. Y. See Fort Hamilton. of the same name, flows in a S. S. E. direction, Lafourche River, La. This outlet of the Misand falls into Lake Macaco. sissippi leaves the river on the S. side, above Kittatinny Mountains, or Blue Ridge. These Donaldsville, and flows in a S. E. course into the mountains extend through the N. part of N. J., Gulf of Mexico. Its length is 90 miles. cross the Delaware River at the Water Gap, pass La Mine, River, Mo., has its source in Lafaythrough the S. E. part of Pa., and the W. part of ette and Johnson counties, and flowing E. enters Md., through Va., the Carolinas, into Ga. the Missouri in Cooper co., 5 or 6 miles above Kittoctan Creek, London co., Va., rises in the Booneville. It is navigable for a considerable Blue Ridge of mountains, and flows N. E. into distance for keel boats. the Potomac River. Lanloille River, Vt. This river is formed in Klip's Hill, N. Y., is a branch of the Mayfield Greensborough. Its general course is N. W. It Mountains. It is sometimes called Anthony's passes through several towns, and falls into Lake Nose, in Montgomery co., where it crosses the Champlain at Milton, 12 miles N. from BurlingMohawk Valley. In it there is a remarkable ton. This river has numerous tributaries: it has cavern, called Mitchell's Cave, the walls of which several falls, which produce a valuable water are ornamented with incrustations and stalac- power. Its banks in many parts are very fertile. tites. It was discovered by Champlain in 1609. Knapp's Creek, Wn., drains the W. part of Lamprey River, N. H., rises in the town of Richland co., and falls into Wisconsin River. Northwood, on the W. of Saddleback Mountain. Knife River, Ma. It flows in a winding, S. It receives the waters of Jones's Pond, Pautuckdirection, and empties into the W. part of away, North, Little, and Piscassick Rivers, and Lake Superior. meets the tide two miles above the Great Bay. Knox Creek, Tazewell co., Va. A small trib- Laplot River, Vt. This stream rises in the utary of the Tug Fork of Sandy River. S. E. part of Hinesburg, and running in a N. W. Kooskoososky River, On. This large river rises direction through a corner of Charlotte, and among the mountains in the E. interior of the through Shelburne, falls into the head of Sheleo., flows W., and empties into Lewis Fork of burne Bay. It is about 15 miles in length, and Columbia River. affords several mill sites. Koweba Lake, Brown co., Wn. Situated in the Larguille River, As., has its source in the N. N. E. part of the state, near the Menomonee interior of Poinsett co., flows S. S. E., and enters River. the St. Francis on the boundary between St. Kushkuning River, Wn. It rises in the N. E. in- Francis and Phillips-counties. terior of Dane co., flows S. S. E., and empties into Laughery's Creek, Ia. This stream rises in two Long Lake, in the S. W. corner of Jefferson co. forks in Franklin and Decatur counties, flows S. S. E. across Ripley into Dearborn co., where La Bacca Bay, Ts. Situated W. from Mata- it turns to the N. E., and falls into the Ohio River. gorda Bay, at the mouth of La Bacca River. Laurel Mountains. These mountains, which La Bacca River, Ts. A small river flowing are a W. branch of the Alleghanies, extend S. E. into La Bacca Bay. through Pa. and Va. to Ky., and then, taking Lac Court Oreilles, Chippewa co., Wn. This the name of Cumberland Mts., divide Va. and lake is situated in the N. part of the county, and Ky., cross Te., and terminate in Aas. is the source of one of the head branches of Laurence Hill, Pa. This mountain lies beChippewa River. tween the Alleghany and Chestnut ridges, and Lac Vieux Desert. This lake lies partly in Mn., separates Somerset and Fayette counties. and partly in Brown and Portage counties, WVn., L'Eau Claire River, Chippewa co., Wn. This and is the head source of Wisconsin River. river, with its numerous branches, drains the Lackawanna River, Pa. This fine mill stream S. E. part of the county, and flows in a W. dirises in Wavne and Susquehanna counties, and rection into the Chippewa River. pursuing a S. and S. W. course 30 miles, enters Leech Lake, Ma. This large, irregularly shaped the Susquehanna at Pittston. body of water lies S. from Cass Lake, and is Lackawannock Mountains, Luzerne and Wayne connected on the E. with the Mississippi River, counties, Pa., extend between the sources of the by Leech Lake River. It receives the waters of Lackawaxen and Lackawannock Rivers. One of small lakes and rivers on every side. the N. peaks is called Moosuck Mountain. Leech's Stream, Vt., proceeds from a small pond Lackawaxen River, Pa. This river rises mostly in the N. part of Averill, and runs N. E. across in Wayne co., and flowing through a deep valley, the W. part of Canaan, and passes into Leech's enters the Delaware in Pike co. Its principal Pond, which is about two miles wide and three tributaries are the Dyberry, Middle, and Waullen- long, and lies partly in Canada and partly in Vt. paupack Creeks. The Delaware and Hudson From this pond the stream runs nearly E. about IN THE UNITED STATES. 209 three miles, then S. E. into Connecticut River. Little Bay de Noquet, Mn. Situated N. from Its mouth is nearly two rods wide. Green Bay and W. from Big Bay de Noquet. It Lee's Island, Fairfax co., Va., lies in the Poto- receives the waters of Esc6nawba, Rapid, and mac. several other rivers. Lehigh River, Pa. This river rises in the E. Little Beaver Creek, S. C., forms part of the part of Luzerne co., and, pursuing a winding boundary between Lexington and Orangeburg course of 100 miles, empties into the Delaware districts, and empties into the Congaree River. at Easton. The upper part of the river is a rapid Little Blue River, Mo., rises in the S. W. part stream, with many falls. A navigation is opened of Jackson co., flows N. E., and enters the Misby means of this river from Easton to Newhaven, souri E. from the Big Blue. a distance of 84J miles, of which 30. consist of Little Brazos River, Ts. It rises near the mouth pools, 394 of canals, 2~ of locks, and the re- of Big Creek, and flows S. E., nearly parallel mainder of sluices. with Brazos River, which it finally enters. Lemnonfair River, Vt., rises in Whiting and Or- Little Calf Pasture Creek, Va., rises in the N. well, runs through the E. part of Shoreham, part of Augusta co., flows S. S. W., and empties across the S. E. corner of Bridport, and joins into North River. Otter Creek in Weybridge. There are some mill Little Calliou Bayou, Terre Bonne parish, La., sites near its head, but it is, in general, a very rises near the source of the Grand Calliou, and sluggish, muddy stream. flows S. into the Gulf of Mexico. Lemonwier River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. Little Catawba River, N. C. This river rises in part of Adams co., flows S. E., and falls into the Catawba and Burke counties, flows S. E., and Wisconsin on the N. border of Sauk co. unites with the Catawba at the S. E. angle of Lewis Creek, Vt., a valuable mill stream, rises Lincoln co. near the N. line of Bristol, runs through the W. Little Chazy River. See Chazy River. part of Starksboro' and E. part of Monkton, Little Cedar Creek, Mn. A branch of the Methrough Hinesburg, and the S. E. corner of Char- nomonee River. lotte, and falls into Lake Champlain in Ferris- Little Delaware River, N. Y., has its source in burg, a short distance N. from the mouth of the town of Bovina, Delaware co., and flows W. Little Otter Creek. into the WV. branch of the Delaware. Lewis Lake, N. Y. This small sheet of water Little Eninandigo River, La Porte co., Wn. A lies in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton co. small stream flowing S. into the St. Croix River. Licking River, Ky., rises in Floyd co., and falls Little Falls, Herkimer co., N. Y. A rapid deinto the Ohio at Newport, opposite Cincinnati. scent in the Mohawk River of about 42 feet in It is navigable 70 miles. Its whole length is 180. the course of a mile, so named in distinction from Licking River, 0., is formed by three principal the larger falls, at Cohoes, in the same river, branches, which water Licking co. It affords about 2 miles from its mouth. A continuation extensive water power, particularly by a dam at of the chain of the Catsberg Mt. crosses the Moits entrance into the Muskingum. hawk here, through a gap of which the river has Liepers Creek, Maury co., Te. A small branch apparently worn a passage, having now, on either of Duck River. side, a rocky wall of 500 feet in height. The bed Lime Lake, N.Y., is a small lake situated in of the river is composed of hard primitive grathe town of Machias, Cattaraugus co. nitic rock, above which are extensive strata of Lime River, Brown co., Wn. The principal sandstone and blue limestone. The opposing branch of Oconto River, which it enters from cliffs here seem once to have been united, and to the N. W. have constituted the barrier of a lake extending Limestone Creek, Orangeburg district, S. C. A far to the west. The fall in the river consists of small tributary of the North Edisto River. two long rapids, separated by an interval of deep Link Creek, Sangamon co., Is. A branch of water, occupying each about a fourth of a mile. Sugar Creek. The upper rapids are the largest. Above them a Little Harbor and Piscataqua Harbor, N. H. See dam across the stream renders it placid, overPortsmouth. which the waters, separated by a small island, fall Little River, N. C. It rises in the W. part of in beautiful cascades into a deep pool beneath, Franklin co., flows S.E., and enters the Neuse whence the current rushes tumbling and foaming near Waynesboro', Wayne co. over ridges and masses of rock in its first descent, Little River, S. C. This river forms part of then flowing with comparative gentleness for a the boundary between N. C. and S. C., and emp- short distance until it is impelled with new impetuties into the Pedee. osity over the stony bed below. The Erie Canal Little River, Ga., empties into the Savannah, descends through this pass on the S. side of the 30 miles N. W. of Augusta. river, by five locks, in a deep cut through the Little River, Blount co., Te. This river rises solid rock, overcoming obstacles inferior to none among the mountains in the S. E. angle of the excepting the deep excavation at Lockport. county, and flows N. W. into Tennessee River. The village of Little Falls stands on the canal at Little River, Ky., empties into Cumberland this point, and enjoys advantages, from the exRiver, on the E. side. tensive water power here created, for carrying on Little River, Ia., a tributary of the Wabash, en- manufacturing operations to a very large extent. ters it above Vincennes. The Utica and Schenectady Railroad also passes Little River, Ts. A W. branch of the Brazos. through the chasm, on the N. side of the river. Little Androscoggin River, Me., has its sources in Boats were formerly transported round the falls ponds in the towns of Woodstock, Greenwood, by a canal on the N. side, which is now superand Norway, Oxford co., flows in a S. E. direc- seded by the Erie Canal, and is made to serve as tion across an angle of Cumberland co., and en- a feeder to it by being brought across the entire ters the Androscoggin opposite Lewiston. valley in an aqueduct of massive stone masonry, Little Au Sable. See Au Sable. supported upon three lofty arches, two of 50, and 27 210 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., one —the centre arch — of 70 feet span. Few Little Wisconsin River, Portage co., Wn. This spots can offer more to excite admiration, in river has its sources in several chains of small romantic features and stupendous achievements, lakes, flows S. S. E., and falls into the Wisconsin both of nature and of art. See Rockton. River. Little Genesee Creek, N. Y., rises in Alleghany Little Yadkin River. See Yadkin River. co., flows S. W., and enters Alleghany River in Livingston Creek, Ky. A small stream, forming Cattaraugus co. part of the boundary between Caldwell and CritLittle Hoosick Creek, N. Y., rises in Berlin, tenden counties, and emptying into the CumberRensselaer co., and flows N. into Hoosick River. land River. Little Kentucky River, Ky. It rises in the N. Lizard River, Io. This river rises in the N. part part of Shelly co., flows in a northerly direction, of the state, flows S. E., and empties into the and empties into the Ohio near the mouth of the Des Moines, a little above Boone River. Kentucky River. Lloyd's Neck, N. Y., lies in the town of Oyster Little Mfachias and Little Rivers. See Cutler, Me. Bay, Queen's co., on the N. side of Long Island. Little Maquetats Creek, Dubuque co., Io. It has Long Island Sound on the N., Huntington Little Missouri River, As. A small stream Bay on the E., Oyster Bay on the W., and a deep flowing E. by S., and emptying into the Wachita inlet, called Lloyd's Harbor, on the S. River. Lochahatchee River, St. Lucie co., Fa. This Little Neck lies in Huntington, Suffolk co.,N. Y., small stream flows in an E. direction, and reaches between Great and Little Cow Harbors. the ocean through Juniper Inlet. At its mouth Little Neck Bay, N. Y., lies mostly in the town is Fort Juniper. of Flushing, Queen's co., on the N. side of Long Lockwood's Folly, River, and Inlet, Brunswick Island. It is 3 miles long, 1 mile wide, and partly co., N. C. This is a small stream rising near the surrounded by fine country residences and farms. centre of the county, and passing through the Little Ossipee River, Me., has its source in a inlet into the ocean. pond in the W. part of Fork co., flows N. E., and Locust Creek, Vt., rises in Barnard, and falls enters the Saco in the town of Limington. into White River, at Bethel. It is mostly a rapid Little Otter Creek, Vt., rises in Monkton and little stream, and affords several good mill sites. New Haven, and falls into Lake Champlain in Locust Creek, Mo. A stream rising in the N. Ferrisburg, 3 miles N. from the mouth of Otter part of Putnam co., and flowing S. into Chariton Creek. This stream, towards its mouth, is wide co., where it enters Grand River. and sluggish, and runs through a tract of low, Long Bay, N. H., at the head of Winnipisiogee marshy ground. River, lies between Guilford and Meredith. The Little Pigeon Creek, Ia., flows S. W., separating waters of the Lake Winnipisiogee pass through Spencer and Warwick counties, and falls into the this bay into the river of that name. Ohio. Long Creek, As., takes its rise in the N. part of Little Prairie River, Ma. It rises in a small Newton co., flows N. E., and enters White River lake, and flows in a W. direction into West Sa- on the S. border of Taney co., Mo. vannah River. Long Cane Creek, Troup co., Ga., pursues a S. Little Rock River, Ma. A small stream falling W. course, and falls into the Chattahoochee. into the Minesota or St. Peter's River, near the Long Falls, Black River, N. Y. The first fall outlet of Minesota Lake. is at the village of Carthage, Jefferson co., where Little Rock River, Ma. A small stream flowing there is a descent of 60 feet in half a mile, below S. E. into the St. Croix River. which the river is navigable 4 miles: it then Little Saline, Mo. A branch of the Missouri descends about 100 feet in 2 miles, thence is River, which it enters in the N. part of Moni- navigable to the Great Bend, between Champion teau co. and Le Ray, a distance of 4 miles; then flows in Little Saluda River, Edgefield district, S. C. a succession of rapids to the villages of WaterThis stream receives numerous branches, flows in town and Brownville, from whence the rapids an E. direction, and falls into the Saluda. are made navigable, by locks and dams, to Black Little Snake Lake, On. A small sheet of water River Bay, which connects with Lake Ontario. on the S. border of the territory, and connecting See High Falls. by an outlet with Bear River. Long Island, Me., lies in Blue Hill Bay, oppoLittle Sequatchy Creek, Marion co., Te. A site Seaville. branch of Sequatchy River, which it enters Long Island, Va. A small island, lying at the near Jasper. mouth of York River. Little Sodus Bay, N. Y., is a deep body of water Long Island, N. Y., is the largest of the islands lying in the town of Sterling, Cayuga co., and on the coast of the Atlantic belonging to the U. connected on the N. with Lake Ontario. Sodus S. From Fort Hamilton, at the W. end, to MonCreek flows into it from the S. E. It is 2 miles tank Point, at the E. extremity, the length is long, 1 mile wide, and has a bar at the mouth. about 140 miles. The average width is only 10 Little Sugar Creek, Wn., rises in the S. W. part miles; although the most important portion of of Dade co., and flows S. E. across Green co., the island lying W. of Peconic Bay is from 12 into Sugar Creek. to 20 miles wide. It contains about 1500 square Little Thibeau River, Benton co., Mo. A trib- miles. It is separated from the continent, on the utary of Osage River, which it enters at Warsaw. N., by Long Island Sound, lying between the Little Tlamath Lake, On. Situated among the island, through its whole length, and the coast of Cascade Mts., N. E. from Tlamath Lake. Connecticut, and varying from 2 to 20 miles in Little Waraju River, Ma. It flows N. E., and width. It is bounded on the E. and S. by the empties into the Minesota, or St.. Francis River, Atlantic, and on the W. by the Narrows and hara little below the Waraju. bor of New York, and by the strait whichn conLittle TVachita River, Ts. A small W. tribu- nects the harbor with the Sound, called East tary of Red River. River, from half a mile to 2 miles wide. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 211 island belongs to the state of New York. It is northern coast of this sound, to the city of New divided into three counties - King's co. in the W., York, are here given. From Providence to Newwhich is the smallest in territory, but the largest port, 30 miles; to Point Judith, 11 = 41; to the in population; Queen's co. in the middle; and mouth of Stonington harbor, 27 =68; to the Suffolk co. in the E., which comprises two thirds mouth of New London harbor, 8 = 76; to the of the territory of the island. A rocky ridge, or mouth of Connecticut River, 13 —89; to the chain of hills, extends from the W. end to near mouth of New Haven harbor, 27=116; to Oyster Point, in the E. part, the highest eleva- Stratford Point, 10 126; to the mouth of tion of which is in N. Hempstead, 319 feet above Fairfield harbor, 6 = 132; to Norwalk, 8 = 140; the level of the tide. On the N. side of this to Greenwich, or Sawpits, 15= 155; to Throg's ridge, the land is rough and hilly; on the S. side, Point, 14=169; to Hurl Gate, 6 175; to level and sandy. Much of the central por- New York, 8 miles; making the distance from tion of the island is covered with wood, con- Providence to New York, by water, 183 miles. sisting of an extensive pine forest, in which the Long Lake, Me., lies in the N. part of Piscatadeer still roams at large. The whole island quis co., 210 miles N. by E. from Augusta. It is underlaid with granitic rock, which rises high is about 15 miles long and 2 wide, and supplies in the ridge, or Spine, as it is denominated, and Namjamskillecook River, which flows into Tembreaks out at Hurl Gate, and other places on the isconata Lake, the source-of Madawaska River. East River. The shores are much indented with Long Lake, N. Y., called Weechobadchonee-puss bays and inlets. Towards the E. side, the island (lake abounding in basswood) in the Indian divides into two parts; the S. of which is a prom- tongue, lies in the N. part of Hamilton co. It is ontory, over 30 miles in length, and not gener- situated in a wild, uncultivated part of the state, ally more than a mile wide, terminating in Mon- and is 18 miles long and from 1 to 2 miles wide, tauk Point. This constitutes the township of being one of the largest of the cluster of lakes East Hampton. The N. part, which is much in this vicinity. It flows N., and empties into shorter, terminates at Oyster Point, and consti- Racket River, although there is so little differtutes the township of Southold. The bay, ex- ence of level at its extremities that it might be tending up between these two portions of the made to flow S. into the Hudson. main island, is the Great Peconic Bay. In its Long Lake, Mn. Situated E. from Crooked bosom are included several islands, the most con- Lake, mostly in Wyandot co. It receives the siderable of which are Gardner's and Shelter waters of the Sheboygan and several other rivers. Islands. On the S. side of Long Island is Great Long Lake, Wn. Situated mostly in the S. W. South Bay, which is itself another sound in part of Jefferson co. It receives the waters of miniature, extending from Hempstead Bay, E., Rock River in the N. E., and discharges them at 50 miles, with a width of from 1 to 5 miles, and the S. W. extremity, on the N. border of Rock co. separated from the ocean by a narrow island, or Long Lake, Ma. A small sheet of water at the beach of stones and sand, with several inlets, in head of Chapah River. no part more than 3 miles broad. West of Long Pond, Me. See Bridgeton. this, upon the S. W. shore of the island, is Rock- Long or Runaway Pond, Vt. See Glover. away Beach, which extends for about 22 miles, Long Pond, Litchfield co., Ct. Situated in the and is much resorted to by the citizens of New town of Winchester, and connected on the N. E. York and Brooklyn for sea bathing, and the sea with Mad. a branch of Farmington River. breezes, so refreshing there in the hot season. Long Prairie River, Ma. A large river supFrom its vicinity to New York, there are many plied by a chain of lakes, and flowing N. E. into pleasant places of resort upon Long Island, Crow Wing River. which are much frequented, and many which are Long Sault Island, Lower, St. Lawrence co., occupied for rural residence. Williamsburg N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is and New Rochelle are pleasant places, where attached to the town of Massena. It is 5 miles many citizens doing business in New York per- long and 1 mile wide. Here are situated the manently reside. Flatbush, 5 miles from the city; Long Sault Rapids, 12 miles long, with a descent Flushing, 9 miles; Jamaica, 12 miles; and Hemp- of So0 feet, around which is a canal on the Canada stead, 24 miles, are all delightfully situated. side of the river. Fort Hamilton, at the Narrows, Gravesend Bay, Long Sault Island, Upper, St. Lawrence co., and Coney Island are favorite bathing-places. N. Y., lies in the St. Lawrence River, and is Greenwood Cemetery is situated in the S. part of attached to the town of Louisville. It is 3 miles Brooklyn, about 3 miles from the Fulton Ferry, in length and from 1 to 1A miles in width. containing about 242 acres, with a great variety Long Shoal River, N. C., flows through the E. of surface, tastefully laid out, to attract the part of Hyde co., and empties into Pamlico Sound. living to the resting-places of the dead. See Looking Glass River, Mn. This river drains Brooklyn and Williamsburq. the S. part of Shiawassee co., flows W. across Long Island, Charleston district, S. C. This Clinton into Ionia co., where it empties into island is one of a small group, lying N. E. from Grand River. Charleston harbor. Lookout, Cape, On., extends into the Pacific Long Island, -Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated S. about midway between Capes Foulweather and from the mouth of Tampa Bay. Disappointment. Long Island Sound. This inland sea washes Loon Lake. N. Y. This small body of water the whole S. boundary of Ct., and is formed by lies in Chester, Warren co. Long Island and the state of N. Y. It is navi- Loosahatchy River, Te., rises in the W. part of gable as far as Hurl Gate for vessels of any bur- Hardeman co., flows in a W. direction, and, unitden, and the passage to and from the sea around ing with Wolf Creek, empties into the MissisMontauk is remarkably easy at any time of tide, sippi a little above Memphis. and in all weather. See Judith, Point. Some of Loosaschoonah Creek, Mi., rises in Pontotoc co, the distances from Providence, and along the flows S. W., and enters the Yallabusha. 212 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Lost Lake, Antrim co., Mn. A long, narrow Macoupin Creek, Is. This stream rises iju the sheet of water lying W. from Great Traverse Bay. N. part of Macon co., and passing through a ferLoutre Island, Montgomery and Warren coun- tile country, enters the Illinois 26 miles above its ties, Mi. Situated in the Missouri, N. E. from junction with the Mississippi. the mouth of Gasconade River. McQuam Bay, Vt. A large open bay in the Lovewell's Pond, N. H. See Wakefield. W. part of Swanton. Low Point Landing, N. Y. See Carthage, McTiger Creek, Orangeburg district, S. C. A Dutchess co. head branch of the South Edisto River. Lower Montreal River, Houghton co., Mn. A M1ad River, N. H., rises among the mountains small stream draining the N. part of Keewaiwona in the N. E. part of Grafton co., and crossing the Point, and falling into Bete Gris Bay. S. E. part of Thornton, falls into the PemigewasLower Saranac Lake. See Saranac Lake. set at Campton. Lower Three Runs, Barnwell district, S. C.. Mad River, Vt. A rapid stream, which rises pursues a winding S. course, and falls into the in the highlands S. from Warren, and passing Savannah. through Waitsfield, falls into Winooski River at Lumber River rises in N. C., and flows S. E. Moretown. and S. S. W., forming the boundary between Mad River. 0., rises in Logan co., and, after a Marion and Harry counties, S. C., until its junc- course of 50 miles, enters the Miami on the E. tion with the Little Pedee. side, at Dayton. It affords extensive water power, Lya Hende, or River of the Lakes. This chain its current being rapid and broken. of lakes commences in the N. part of Io., and, Madamiscontis River, Me., has its source in a flowing in a N. direction into Ma., empties into large pond, flows S. E., and enters the Penobscot Chanjushka River. about 45 miles above Bangor. Lynhaven Bay or Harbor, Va., is situated in Madawaska River, Penobscot co., Me., is supChesapeake Bay between the mouth of James plied by Temisconata and other large lakes in River and Cape Henry, and receives the waters the N. part of the state, flows more than 100 of Lynhaven River. miles in a S. E. direction, and enters the St. John's River about 240 miles N.N.E. from Augusta. ~Maccason Creek, Va., rises in the S. E. part of This river and these lakes water a country of Russell co., and flows S. W. into Scott co., where great extent, and hardly surpassed in fertility by it falls into the N. fork of Holston River. any land on the globe. McCrady River, On. and Uh., rises in a lake in Madeline Island, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated the S. part of On., flows in a winding S. course, in Lake Superior, at the mouth of Chegowa and empties into Rhett Lake in Uh. wegon Bay. McGee's Creek, Pike co., Mi. A small branch Madison Barracks. See Sackett's Harbor. of the Bogue Chitto. Madison Fort, situated in the town of the same Machias River and Bay, Washington co., Me. name, Lee co., Io., was erected in 1808 as a deThe two head branches of the river are supplied fence against the Indians, who obliged the garriby several ponds near the centre of the county, son to burn the fort in 1813. A few ruins are and unite at Machias Port, affording extensive now to be seen. waterpower in their course. The bay lies at the Madunceunk River, Penobscot co., Me. This mouth of the river, between the towns of Cutler river enters the Penobscot on the W. side, about and Machias Port. It is 10 miles long, 4 or 5 6 miles above the Madamiscontis. wide at its mouth, and contains several coves, Magothy River, Ann Arundel co., Md. This harbors, and islands. little stream flows S. E. into Chesapeake Bay. Machias and Little Machias Rivers, Penobscot Mahanoy River, Pa. This river rises in Schuylco., Me., are important tributaries to the Aroos- kill co., and flowing through Northumberland took, which they enter near each other in Aroos- co., enters the Susquehanna 11 miles below Suntook co., about 30 miles W. N. W. from Mars Hill. bury. Its length is 50 miles. McIndoes Falls, Vt., a considerable fall in Con- Mahantango River, Pa., is an E. branch of the necticut River, at the head of boat navigation, Susquehanna, which it enters 18 miles below and opposite the S. E. corner of Barnet. Sunbury, in Northampton co. Mackinaw Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part Mahoning River, Pa. and 0. This river rises of Lake Huron, a little above the Straits of in Portage co., passes through Trumbull co., O., Mackinaw. and enters Beaver River in Beaver co., Pa. The Mackinaw River, Is., has its source in a prairie Pa. and 0. Canal follows the lower part of this near the centre of McLean co., and passing river. through Tazewell co., falls into the Illinois 3 Mahopack Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of miles below Pekin. It affords water power, and water lies in the town of Carmel, Putnam co. its borders are mostly fertile. It is about one mile in diameter, contains two or McKee's Creek, Is., waters the E. part of Mar- three small islands, and is much resorted to for quette co., and flows S. E. into the Illinois River. the fine fish with which it abounds. McKenny's Creek, As. This stream joins Red Maiden Creek, Pa., flows S. W., and falls into River at the N. W. extremity of Fayette co., takes the Schuylkill, 7 miles N. from Reading. a semicircular bend, and unites with the Sulphur,7lakwa Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. One of a Fork of the same river. chain of lakes situated at the head of Red Cedar Mackenzie's Fork, On. A head branch of the River. Willamette River. Mlalade River, On. This river rises S. E. from Macon's Islands, La. A group of small islands the source of Big Wood River, flows S. S. W, lying in Chandeleur Bay, off St. Bernard parish. and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Mlfacoquetais River, Io. It rises in the S. E. Malheureux Islands, St. Bernard parish, La. A part of Fayette co., flows S. E., and empties into small group lying at the mouth of Lake Borgne. the Mississippi River in Jackson co. Malheur River, On. This river has its source IN THE UNITED STATES. 213 in a chain of lakes, flows N.E., and empties into in Franklin co., and enters the Mississippi 20 Lewis Fork of Columbia River, nearly opposite miles below St. Louis. Length 200 miles. Pavette River. M1~argallaway River, Me. and N. H., has its Mamaroneck Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of source among the highlands which separate Me. White Plains, Westchester co., flows S., and en- from Canada, in the N. E. extremity of N. H., ters Long Island Sound at Mamaroneck village. about 30 miles N. from Erroll. After a southerl,*.Manataquot River, Ms., rises in Randolph, and course of nearly 20 miles on the W. border of after meandering through this town and receiving Me., it enters N. H., where it forms a junction the waters of Great and Little Ponds, meets the with the united streams of Dead and Diamond tide waters of Boston harbor at Braintree Land- Rivers. Thence, after a S. course of about 6 ing, on Weymouth Fore River, 10 miles from miles to Erroll, it receives the waters of UmbaBoston. gog Lake, and forms the Androscoggin River. Manatoulin Islands. A chain of islands lying AMaria Lake, N. Y. This small body of water in Lake Huron. They extend about 90 miles in lies in the town of Duanesburg, Schenectady co. length and 6 in breadth. Marquette Bay, Mn. A curvature in Lake M~landowish Lakes, Portage co., Wn. A chain Michigan extending between Little and Great of small lakes situated in the N. part of the Au Sable Points. county, at the head of Chippewa River. Marrah Tankah Lake, Ma. A large sheet of Manhattan Island. See New York City. water lying at the bend of the Minnesota or St. _Manhegin Island, Me.. lies off Muscongus Bay, Peter's River, S. E. from Minnesota Lake. Lincoln co., about 12 miles S. from the mouth Mars Hill, Aroostook co., Me., is situated about of St. George's River. There is a light-house on 1 mile W. of the Canada line, 200 miles N. N. E. the island, the tower of which is 30 feet high. from Augusta, and 80 miles N. W. from FrederickManistee River, Mn. This is a large river, ton, New Brunswick. The sides of this mountain rising in Antim and Otsego counties. It flows S. are rugged, and the approach to it difficult. It has through a part of Crawford, then S. W. through two spurs, one of which is elevated 1506 feet and Kalcasca, Wexford, and Manistee counties, into the other 1363 feet above the waters of the GooseLake Michigan. quill River. lManiteau Creek, Mo. A small stream rising in Marsh Creek. A small stream rising in the N. the S. part of Cooper co., and flowing E. into the part of Campbell co., Te., and flowing N. through Missouri River. a part of Whittey co., Kyv., into the Cumberland Manitosawin Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situ- River. ated at the head of one of the W. branches of Marsh Island, Terre Bonne parish, La., lies in Chippewa River. the Gulf of Mexico, S. from Atchafalaya and Manitou Island, Houghton co., Mn. Situated Four League Bays. On its N. W. extremity is in Lake Superior, off the extremity of Keewai- Point Au Fer. wona Point. Marsh River, Waldo co., Me., rises in the N. Manitowoc River, Wn. This river drains Cal- part of the county, flows E., and enters the Peumet and Manitowoc counties, and empties into nobscot above Orphan Island. Lake Michigan at the town of Manitowoc. Martha's Vineyard, Ms. See Dukes Co. Mllankato River, Iowa and Ma. It rises in many Martin's Creek, Harlan co., Ky. A small stream branches in the N. part of Iowa, flows N., and rising among the Cumberland Mts., and emptying falls into the Minesota or St. Francis River at into Cumberland River at the town of Mount the great bend opposite Marrah Tankah Lake. Pleasant. Manomet Hill, Plymouth, Ms. Height 394 ft. Martin Creek, Brown co., Wn. A head branch Manomin Lake, Ma., lies at the head of Mano- of East Twin River. min River. Maryland Point, Md. A projection formed by Manomin River, Ma. It rises in Manomin Lake, a bend of the Potomac, 12 miles S. W. from flows W., and empties into the Mississippi a little Port Tobacco. above Muddy River. Mary's Lake, N. Y., is a small body of water Manomin or TVild Rice River, Ma. It rises in situated in the town of Parish, Oswego co. the N. part of the territory, flows in a westerly Mary River, Ca. It flows S. W., and empties direction, and falls into North Red River. into Green River above Vermilion Creek. Manominikan Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. A Marrowbone Creek, Henry co., Va. A small W. small sheet of water through which Red River branch of Smith's River. passes. Mascomly Pond, N. II. A brief description of Mansfield Mountains, Vt., extend through the this lovely sheet of water is given under Entown of Mansfield, from N. to S. They belong to field. the Green Mountain range, and the Nose and Mascomy River, N. H., has its source S. of Chin, so called from their resemblance to the Smart's Mt., which lies in the towns of Lyme face of a man lying on his back, exhibit some of and Dorchester, and, running through Canaan, the loftiest summits in the state. falls into Mascomy Pond, in the town of Enfield. Manya Wakan River, Ma. It rises near the See Enfield. head of Long Prairie River, flows S., and empties Maskegon River, Mn. This river has its source into the Minesota or St. Peter's River a little be- in several small lakes in Mikenauk co., and enlow Iyedan or Qui Parle Lake. ters Lake Michigan 14 miles N. of Grand River. Maple River, Mn It rises in the interior of Length 175 miles. Shiawassee co., flows in a winding W. course, and Masonboro' Inlet, N. C. A passage among the empties into Grand River in Ionia co. islands on the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. Maple River, Ma. It flows E., and empties into Mason's Islands, Ct. A group of small islands the Shuyenn Oju River. lying at the mouth of Mystic River. Mararnec River, Mo., rises in Crawford and Massabesick Pond, N. H. See Chester. Washingt}on counties, unites with the Bon Homme Massachusetts Bay, Ms. The whole of this bay 214 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., is within the limits of Massachusetts. The exte- lies at the S. W. extremity of Lake Erie, is about rior bounds of this celebrated bay are Capes Cod 5 miles long and 2 wide. It receives the waters and Ann. The former is in N. lat. 42~ 6', and W. of Maumee and several smaller rivers. ion. 700 7; the latter in N. lat. 420 45', and W. Maumee River, O., is formed by the junction ion. 700 17'. Cape Ann bears from Cape Cod of Little St. Joseph's, St. Mary's, and Great and N. N. W. about40 miles. The lengthofthis bay is Little Anglaize Rivers. It rises in the N. E. about 60 miles, from N. W. to S. E.; its breadth is part of Ia., and, pursuing a N. E. course of about about 25 miles. Numerous bays and rivers of va- 100 miles through fertile borders, enters Lake rious sizes set in from this bay, and its whole coast Erie through Maumee Bay. For 50 miles fromn is lined with commodious harbors and pleasant its mouth it is 70 rods wide, and is navigable for commercial towns. This bay is noted for its steamboats and schooners 18 miles to Perrysdelightful scenery, and as containing the first burg. In the spring and fall it is boatable 18 settlements of the Pilgrim Fathers of New Eng- miles farther, to Fort Wayne. The Wabash and land. Erie Canal follows its banks. Massena Springs, N. Y., are situated about I Maurice River, Gloucester co., N. J. This mile S. of Massena village, on Racket River. river rises in Deptford and Franklin towns, and They are a good deal resorted to for the cure of in its upper part affords water power. It is cutaneous disorders. navigable 20 miles for vessels of 80 or 100 tons. Masserne or Ozark Mountains. This range Excellent oysters are taken at its entrance into commences in Mo., near the junction of Missouri Delaware Bay. and Mississippi Rivers, and runs in a S. W. direc- May, Cape, N. J., received its name from Cortion, through Mo., As., and In. Ter., into Texas. It nelius May, a Dutch navigator, who visited the is crossed by Arkansas and Red Rivers. Mount bay in 1623. It is situated on the N. E. side of Cerne, the highest peak, gives name to the range. Delaware Bay, in lat. 38~ 56' N., and ion. 740 56 Massie's Creek, O. This fine mill stream rises W. There is a light-house on the S. extremity. in Madison co., and, after a highly picturesque May River, S. C., falls into the Atlantic in Ion. course through a chasm 20 or 30 feet wide, and 80~ 55' W., lat. 32~ 15' N. 60 deep, falls into Little Miami River 4 miles Mayfield Mountains, N. Y., the S. termination above Xenia. of the Clinton or Adirondack range, lie in Alatagorda Bay, Ts. Situated at the mouth of Fulton and Montgomery counties. Klip's Hill, the Colorado River, and N. E. from Espiritu or, as sometimes called, Anthony's Nose, is the Santo Bay. S. peak. Af1atakeunk River, Penobscot co., Me., has its Miayfields River, Ky. This river rises in the S. source in small ponds, and flows in a N. direction W. part of Graves co., flows in a N. direction to into the Matawamkeag, near its junction with the McCraken co., where it takes a turn to the W., Penobscot. crosses Ballard co., and empties into the MisMatawamkeag River, Me., is one of the most sissippi. important tributaries of the Penobscot. It rises Mayo Rivers, North and South, Va. and N. C. in Aroostook co., flows through Matawamkeag These streams rise in the N. part of Patrick co., Lake, and enters the Penobscot about 60 miles flow S. E., uniting in the S. W. angle of Henry N. by E. from Bangor. co., and empty into Dan River, in Rockingham Matchapungo Inlet, Northampton co., Va., emp- co., N. C. ties into Broad Water Gulf, between Prout's and Meadow River, Me. A small stream flowing Hog Islands. into Casco Bay. iMate Creek, Logan co., Va. A small branch Mecock Bay, Suffolk co., N. Y., lies on the S. of the Tug Fork of Big Sandy River. side of Long Island. It is 4 miles long, and Matinac Island, Me., lies off St. George, Lin- from 1 to 2 miles wide. coln co. Medicine Creek, Mo. Its head branches rise Matinicus Islands, Me. This group of islands in Sullivan and Mercer counties, and flowing S., lies at the entrance of Penobscot Bay. Mar- it enters Grand River in Livingston co. shall's Island, the largest of the cluster, is a Medina River, Ts. The head stream of the plantation attached to Hancock co. The light River San Antonio. on Matinicus is about 15 miles S. by E. from LMegunticook River and Pond, Waldo co., Me. Thomaston. The river rises in the pond of the same name, Matomkin Island, Accomac co., Va. It lies off and enters the Penobscot at Camden, affording the Atlantic coast, between Wallops Island on excellent water power. The pond lies in the town the N. and Cedar Island on the S. of Lincolnville, is about 9 miles long, of an Mattapony River, Va. This river rises in irregular shape, and a very beautiful sheet of Spottsylvania co., and is formed by the union of water. Mat, Ta, Po, and Ny Rivers. It unites with the Meherin Rirver, Va., rises in Charlotte co., and Pamunky to form York River, at the S. E. ex- flowing S. of E., unites with the Nottaway, to tremity of King William co. form Chowan River, in N. C. Miattawomon Run, Md., rises on the boundary Meigs Creek, O., falls into the Muskingum, 20 between Prince George's and Charles counties, miles above Marietta. and flows S. of W. into the Potomac River. Meminis Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. This lake Matteawan or Fishkill Mountains, N. Y. See supplies one of the head branches of Namekagon lighlands. River. Matthias Point, King George co., Va. This is Memokage River, Ma., flows S. E. into the St. the N. E. extremity of the county, extending into Croix River. the Potomac River. Memoosic River, Mn., rises in the E. part of Mattimuskeet Lake, Hyde co., N. C. A large Lake co., flows N. W., and empties into Manistee sheet of water lying in the S. interior of the co. River, near its mouth. Maumee Bay, O. and Mn. This bay, which Memphremagog Lake,Vt. and Canada, is 30 miles IN THE UNITED STATES. 215 in length, and 2 or 3 miles wide. It lies mostly It'is connected with the Anglaize, a S. branch in Canada, only 7 or 8 miles of the S. end ex- of the Maumee, by a portage of 5 miles, and, altending into Vt. It is situated about half way though its course is rapid, it is navigable to a between Connecticut River and Lake Champlain, limited extent for 75 miles. and the part within Vt. lies between the towns of Michell's Cave, N. Y. See Klip's Hill. Derby and Newport. A bay extends S. into Or- Michemanetue Lake, Lenawee co., Mn. A small leans. These waters cover about 15 square miles sheet of water supplying the head branch of in Vt., and receive from this state Clyde, Barton, Tiffins River. and Black Rivers. The waters of the lake are Michiconi Lake, Portage co., Wn. Situated dischargcd to the N. by Magog Outlet into the S. E. from Flambeau Lake, with which its outlet River St. Francis, and through that into St. Pe- connects. ter's Lake, about 15 miles below the mouth of Michigamme Lake, Mn., lies in the N. interior the River Richelieu. of Marquette co., and is the source of Peshakeme Menan Islands. Grand Menan, belonging to the River. British, lies off the mouth of the St. Croix River, Michigan, Lake. One of the five great lakes, and Passamaquoddy Bay. On its S. side are a lying wholly in the United States, and the largnumber of small islands and harbors. The est body of water within its boundaries. It lies inhabitants are principally fishermen. Little or chiefly between the states of Mn. proper and Petit Menan, Washington co., Me., lies about 3 Wn., touching also Ia. and Is. in its S. part. miles S. S. E. from Goldsboro' harbor. On it is Its length is great in proportion to its breadth, a light-house, with a tower 25 feet in height. being 330 miles long, and, on an average, 60 Menee Creek, Wn., rises in the S. part of Mani- miles broad. It covers an area of 16,981 square towoc co., flows S. E. into Sheboygan co., and miles, or 10,868,000 acres, being inferior in size empties into Lake Michigan, a little above She- only to Lake Superior and Lake -Iuron. It boygan River. is between 410 38' 58"t and 460 N. lat., and beMenonionee River, Mn., has its source in a small tween 84~ 40' and 870 8' W. ion. Its surface is lake, and running E. by S. about 100 miles, enters elevated about 600 feet above tide water; but its Green Bay. It forms part of the boundary be- bottom is estimated to be, on an average, 900 tween Mn. and Wn. Ter. feet deep, so that, if there were a free channel Mequacumnecum River, Mn., drains the W. inte- sufficient to drain this lake into the ocean, there rior of Marquette co., flowing S. into the Wesa- would still remain a sea, in this position, nearly cota, or Brul6 River. as large as the lake now is. Its waters are disMequon River, Washington co., Wn. A small charged N. into Lake Huron through the Straits stream rising in Musquenoc Lake, and flowing of Michilimackinac, or Mackinac, from 4 to 8 S. E. into Milwaukee River. miles wide, and 40 miles long. It has Green Bay Mermentau River, La. This river drains the ex- on the N. W., which by itself is a large sheet of tensive prairies of the S. W. part of the state for water, 120 miles in length by 25 in width, cona distance of 200 miles. After passing through nected with the lake by a strait at its N. part. a lake of the same name, it falls into the Gulf of Into this bay are received also, through Fox Mexico, 200 miles W. of Mississippi River. It has River, the waters of the small lake Winnebago. but 3 feet of water on the bar at its mouth. The The principal rivers which flow into Lake Michcountry through which it flows is covered with igan, beginning at the S. or upper end, are the grass, with the exception of a narrow strip of two Calamicks and Riviere du Chemin, from Ia.. woodland, partly live oak, which skirts its borders. and, from the peninsula of Mn. proper, the St. Merritt's Island, Orange co., Fa. This island Joseph, Kalamazoo, Grand River, Maskegon, lies in Indian River, and occupies nearly the White River, Pent Water, Pere Marquette, Sandy, entire length of it. Monistic, Platt, Carp, Grand Traverse or Ottawa, Merrimac River. See Franklin, N. H. and some others of' less note. Grand Traverse JMerrymeeting Bay, Me., is about 5 miles above is the name applied to that part of the Ottawa Bath, at the junction of the Androscoggin and River which widens to a bay for a distance of 30 Kennebec Rivers. It is 10 or 12 miles in length, miles before it enters the lake. On the W. shore and contains Swan and other islands. the confluents of Lake Michigan are mere creeks, Merrymeeting Bay, N. H. See Alton. among which Manawakee. about 70 miles long, Moerrymeeting Pond, N. H. See New Durham. is the most important. Several rivers of considMeshoppen Creek, Pa., flows S. W., and enters erable importance, however, come in from the the Susquehanna, about 17 miles above Tunk- W. through Green Bay, among which are Fox hannock Creek. River and the Menomonee. The waters of Lake Metargamook Lake, Me., lies in the W. part of Michigan are pure and clear, and abound in Penobscot co. The E. branch of Penobscot excellent fish. There are many good harbors River passes through it. upon its shores, upon which commercial towns Mexico Bay, Oswego co., N. Y., lies in the E. are rapidly growing up. On the W. are Chicapart of Lake Ontario, opposite the mouth of go, Kenosha, Racine, Milwaukee, Washington, Salmon River. Sheboygan, and Manitoowoc, and Grand Haven, Mexico, Gulf of. This great gulf, situated S. Richmond, St. Joseph, and Michigan city on the of the U. S., is 1000 miles long and 600 broad, E. The relative position of this lake is most containing 660,000 square miles. It washes the advantageous for becoming the medium of an W. coast of Fa. and the S. coast of Aa., Mi., La., extensive commerce. Its longest diameter lies and Ts. in the direct line of communication between the Miami River, O., rises in Hardin co., and, after valley of the Mississippi and that of the other a S. W. course of 100 miles, affording extensive great lakes and of the St. Lawrence. It is naviwater power, falls into the Ohio in the S. W. gable for the largest vessels and steamboats, corner of the state. It receives many large which ply between Buffalo and Chicago, touchbranches, and is 200 yards wide at the mouth. ing at the several ports on the way. A grand 216 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., canal, constructed through part of its extent for M'insi Sagaiqoninq or Mille Lacs, Ma. This is a ship canal, and capable of being completed on a large, circular sheet of water, lying between that scale, connects the waters of Lake Michigan Mississippi and St. Croix Rivers, and connecting at Chicago with those of the River Illinois, the on the S. with Rum River. Mississippi, and the Gulf of Mexico. Mfisery River, Houghton co., Mn. A small Michilimackinac Strait. See Mackinaw. stream in the N. W. part of the county, flowing Middlebury River, Vt., rises in Hancock, passes into Lake Superior. through Ripton, and, flowing W., falls into Otter Mispillon Creek, Md. A small stream sepaCreek in the S. part of Middlebury. The length rating Kent and Sussex counties, and emptying of this stream is about 14 miles, and it affords into Delaware Bay. several mill sites. A'fissisco Bay, Vt. and Canada, is a large arm Middle Island Creek, Va. This stream rises in of Lake Champlain, which extends into Canada the E. part of Doddridge, flows N. W. and W., between Swanton and Highgate on the E. and and empties into the Ohio River opposite Middle Alburg on the W. Its width from E. to W., on Island. Canada line, is about 5 miles, and it extends 4 or Middle Three River, Io., rises in two forks in 5 miles into Canada. This bay covers an area Madison co., flows N. E. across Warren co. into of about 35 square miles. the Des Moines River. Missisco River, Vt., rises in Lowell, and, flowMiles's River, Vt., rises in Lunenburg, and, ing N. E. through a part of Westfield and Troy, pursuing a S. course into Concord, where it re- crosses the N. line of the state into Potton, in ceives the outlet of Miles's Pond, bends its course Canada, where it receives a large stream from B., and falls into Connecticut River by a mouth the N. E. After running several miles, it re7 or 8 yards wide. turns into Vt. about 1 mile W. from the N. E. Mill Brdok, Vt. See Windsor. corner of Richford. Thence it runs S. W. Mill Creek, Ia., has its source in the S. W. part through the corner of Berkshire, where it reof Hendricks co., flows in a winding S. W. direc- ceives Trout River, into Enosburg. It then tion, and empties into White River. passes through Sheldon and Highgate into SwanMill Creek, Mn. It rises in the E. part of La- ton, and, after performing a circuit of several peer co., flows S. of E., and empties into Black miles in that town, returns into Highgate, and, River in St. Clair co. running N. W., falls into Missisco Bay, near Mill Creek, Ca., rises among the Sierra Nevada, Canada line. This stream affords a considerable and flows S. W., into the Rio Sacramento. number of valuable mill sites, and besides its Mills River, Is., rises in the N. part of Jackson tributaries above mentioned, Black Creek and co., takes a semicircular bend, and empties into Taylor's Branch are the most important. The the Mississippi in Randolph co. length of this river, including its windings, is Mille Lacs, Chippewa co., Wn. This lake is about 75 miles, and it is navigable for vessels of the source of an E. branch of Red Cedar River. 50 tons' burden 6 miles to Swanton Falls, where M~iller's River, Vt., rises in Sheffield, waters a is hydraulic power of great value. part of Wheelock, and falls into the Passumpsic, Mississippi River. The largest and most imin Lyndon. It is generally a rapid stream, and portant river of the United States, or of North affords some good mill privileges, particularly in America. The import, in the Algonquin lanWheelock, where there is a considerable fall. guage, of the name -Missi Sepe, is Great River. Mi'lle's River, Ms. This is a fine mill stream, Whether we consider its great length, its mighty rising in ponds in Ashburnham and Winchendon; and numerous tributaries, the extent of country it has many tributaries, and passes through which it drains, or the distance to which it is Athol, Orange, and Wendell, and falls into the navigable, it well deserves the title which the Connecticut at Irving. Indians have given to it, "The Father of Millinoket Lake, Penobscot co., Me. This large Waters." If estimated by the criterion which is sheet of water receives many rivers, and is an now considered as determining the comparative important source of the W. branch of the Penob- importance of the great rivers, - the extent of scot. Its outlet, a river of the same name, con- the area drained by its waters, - it is the fifth, or nects it with Pemadumcook Lake near the great perhaps the fourth, in rank among the rivers of falls at Pemadumcook Outlet. the earth, and the third among the rivers of the Millstone Creek, N. J. This rapid stream rises American continent. The basin, or valley, of in Monmouth co., and flowing N. N. E., enters the the Mississippi extends from the Appalachian Raritan in Somerset co. The Delaware and chain of mountains on the E. to the Rocky Mts. Raritan Canal follows this stream a considera- on the W., and from the Gulf of Mexico on the S. ble distance. to the great lakes and the boundary between the Mill Tail Creek, Tyrrell co., N. C., flows N. W. United States and the British possessions on the into Alligator River. N. and N. W. This great basin is composed of Milwaukee Bay, Wn. A curvature of Lake two very unequal slopes, or inclined planes. One, Michigan in the E. part of Milwaukee co. the W., and most extensive, falling E. from the Milwaukee River, Wn. This large stream rises Rocky Mts., has a mean width of about 800 miles; in Sheboygan and Fond du Lac counties, flows the other, which declines from the Appalachian S. S. E. through Washington into Milwaukee Mts. W., has a mean width of about 400 miles. co., where it empties into Milwaukee Bay, at the The base line, or line of common depression, town of Milwaukee. follows the valley of the Illinois, and of the MisMini Skuyah or Salt Lake, Ma. A long, nar- sissippi below the point where the former unites row sheet of water, connecting by an outlet on with the latter. A line drawn from the Appathe S. with Tchan Sansan or River a Jaques. lachian chain, at the source of the Tennessee, to Minesota Lake, Ma. A small sheet of water, the source of the most N. W. tributary of the the outlet of which communicates with Minesota Mississippi, measures a distance of about 2000 or St. Peter's River. miles; and a line drawn nearly at right angles IN THE UNITED STATES. 217 to this, from the sources of the Red River, to those or the most inconsiderable variations in the surof the Wisconsin, measures about 1100 miles. face of the country, have been sufficient to divert The average width of the Mississippi basin is the current from an onward direction, and to give about 550 miles. The extent of surface included it oftentimes a very serpentine and circuitous in this vast area is about 1,100,000 square miles. course. The Mississippi meets with very few This exceeds the aggregate of all the valleys falls or rapids in its course. The Falls of St. drained by the rivers of the Atlantic slope, in- Anthony, about 2000 miles from its source, tercluding that of the River St. Lawrence. The minate the route of steamboat navigation. Down principal tributaries of the Mississippi are the these falls, the river, which is here about half a Red River, the Arkansas, the White, the Missou- mile wide, precipitates its waters in a.perpendicri, and the Yellowstone, from the W., and the ular descent of about 16 or 17 feet, making, with Ohio and Illinois from the E. These great riv- the descent of the rapids above and below, a fall ers, with many others of inferior magnitude, of about 40 feet. For a long distance below it is draining the different parts of the great basin a clear, placid, and beautiful stream, skirted with from which they come, unite with the Mississippi wide and fertile bottoms, or alluvial margins, proper, and pour their waters through its channel which are under water at the season of floods. into the Gulf of Mexico. Above the confluence A few miles below the mouth of the River Des of the Missouri with the Mississippi, the former, Moines, and about 100 miles above the entrance although denoted as a secondary to the latter, is of the Missouri, there are rapids of about 10 much the larger of the two. But the Mississippi, miles in extent, which at low water in the sumhaving been first explored, retains, through its mer occasion considerable impediment to the course, the name which it then received. Above navigation. Where the Missouri enters, the river the entrance of the Missouri, it is known in com- has a width of a mile and a half; but below this, mon parlance as the Upper Mississippi. The to the mouth of the Ohio, although the volume river is called the Mississippi proper, in distinc- of its waters is greatly increased by those of this tion from this great tributary, so much its supe- mighty tributary, the width of the stream is conrior; inasmuch as, from the natural features of siderably less. Its channel, however, has greater the entire basin denominated the valley of the depth, and its current a more accelerated and Mississippi, it would seem that the Missouri turbulent movement. At the lowest stages, 4 should bear the same name, or that it is better feet of water may be found from the rapids of entitled to be considered as the true Mississippi. Des Moines to the month of the Missouri. BeThe extreme source of the Mississippi was dis- low that point, to the mouth of the Ohio, there covered by Schoolcraft, July 13, 1832, to be the are 6 feet in the channel of the lowest places, at Itasca Lake, in 470 10' N. lat., and 940 54' W. low water. Between the mouth of the Ohio and ion., at an elevation of 1500 feet above the ocean, the St. Francis there are various shoals, where and 3160 miles from its entrance into the Gulf of pilots are often perplexed to find a sufficient Mexico. This is a beautiful sheet of water, of depth for their boats during low water. Below irregular shape, about 8 miles long, situated that point there is no difficulty at any season, among hills covered with pine forests, and fed except in finding the right channel. The river by springs. It has its outlet to the N., which is washes the entire western border of the state of about 10 or 12 feet wide, and from 12 to 18 inches Mississippi, which it separates from Arkansas deep, which, flowing N., passes through Lakes and Louisiana, for a distance, by the windings Irving and Traverse. It then turns E., and of the stream, of 530 miles. A large portion of passes through several small lakes to Lake Cass, its banks, in this section of its course, consists of which is about 16 miles long, and contains several inundated swamp covered with cypress, excepting islands. Thence it flows E. to Lake Winnipec, occasional elevated bluffs, which rise immediately and S. E. to Little Lake Winnipec, below which upon the borders of the river. Natchez, the it receives Leech Lake through an outlet, which largest and most commercial place in this state, was formerly supposed to be the source of the is situated on one of these bluffs, elevated 250 Mississippi. From this point the river expands feet above the surface of the river. About 500 to a hundred feet in width, and flows through a miles from its mouth, the Red River enters the low prairie country till it reaches the Falls of Mississippi from the W. This is the last of the Peckagama, where it descends about 20 feet over tributaries of any consequence which it receives. a rapid of 300 yards. These falls are about 685 Next to the Missouri and the Arkansas, it is the miles above the Falls of St. Anthony. All the largest which comes in from the W., and dissources of the Mississippi take their rise in lat. charges about as much water as the latter. Here 420 to 480 N., and the general course of the river the Mississippi carries its greatest volume of wais S., bearing E. in the upper part through about ter, as immediately below this it sends off, at 20 degrees of lat., to its entrance into the Gulf intervals, several large outlets, which make their of Mexico. By this rule of computation, the way in separate channels to the ocean. Three length of the valley of the Mississippi proper is miles below the mouth of Red River, the Atchabout 400 miles; but the extent of travel by the afalaya, or Chiaffalio Bayou, as it is called, passes course of the river is probably twice this number off on the W. side, which is supposed to carry of miles. It has indeed been estimated higher off as much water as the Red River brings in. than this; but the length of rivers extending far The Atchafalava has been supposed to be the into these remote and sparsely-settled regions of ancient bed of the Red River itself, by which it the country has been generally overrated. The continued its course to the ocean without forming gradual declivity of the Mississippi valley, how- a connection, as now, with the Mississippi. The ever, is so very slight, giving a fall to the waters latter has here effected a change in its course by of not more than five or six inches to the mile cutting through the isthmus of a large bend, in upon an average, and the soil through which its consequence of which its main channel does not channel is made is so tender and easily worn now pass by the mouth of the Red River. By away, that the smallest obstacles in the stream, these changes, it is probable there has been some 28 218 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., disturbance of the natural course of that river. let of La Fourche, at Donaldsonville; of 100 The Atchafalaya, inclining to the E. of S., enters feet and upwards opposite New Orleans; and of the bay of the same name in the Gulf of Mexico. 75 to 80 feet 3 miles above the main bars, at The outlet Plaquemine leaves the Mississippi its mouth. Comparing these elements with 128 miles below the outlet Atchafalaya. Thirty- those of the deepest lake of La., Lake Poncharone miles below the Plaquemine, and 81 above train, the bottom of which is not more than 18 New Orleans, is the outlet of La Fourche, which to 25 feet below the general level of the Delta, also communicates with the ocean. Below this the bed of the river is seen to be from 75 to 80 there are numerous small streams leaving the feet below the bottom of the lowest adjacent deMississippi at different points. On the E. side pression. With the exception of some changes the principal outlet is the Iberville, which passes which have been effected, both in and above the off a little below Baton Rouge, going through Delta, by the cutting off of the necks of isthmuses. Lakes Maurepas, Ponchartrain, and Borgne, into formed originally by almost circular bendings the Gulf of Mexico. In times of flood this out- in the river, the current of the Mississippi is as let carries off considerable water. Between this effectually and permanently confined to its chanoutlet on the E. and Atchafalaya on the W. is nel as that of any other river. In this phenomincluded what is called the Delta of the Missis- enon, such lakes as that of Fausse Riviere, (False sippi. At the distance of 105 miles below New River,) of which there are some six or seven, Orleans, by the course of the river, and of 90 either formed or forming, have had their origin. miles in a direct line, this majestic river enters This fine lake, in the parish of Point Coupee, the Gulf of Mexico by its several mouths, the 172 miles above New Orleans, was once a bend principal of which is the N.E. pass, called the of the Mississippi. In or about the year 1714, Balize, 290 7' 25" N. lat., and 89~ 10' W. Ion., the chalnge above described was effected, from and the S. W. pass, 290 8' N.- lat., and 890 25' which both the names Fausse Riviere and Point W. Ion. Most of the vessels enter and leave the Coupee (Point Cut Off) are derived. By cutting river by the Balize. The depth of water on the through this narrow neck of land, the Mississippi bar, at each of these passes, is from 12 to 17 feet, shortened its course upwards of 30 miles. Near but much greater immediately within and with- the new channel the old bed was rapidly filled out. The river is navigable for vessels of any with alluvion, but in all other parts it retained size, which are now for the most part taken up to its original form, and is now a lake, with a marNew Orleans by steam tow-boats, as the most gin possessing the usual fertility of the river expeditious and economical method of reaching banks, and occupied with farms and farm-houses. the city. Sailing vessels seldom go farther up From the extent of country drained by the Misthan Natchez, 322 miles above New Orleans, as sissippi, it necessarily follows that its spring floods the navigation of the river by steamboats is much are very great, and of very long continuance. more convenient. The Delta of the Mississippi, In a mean of ten years, it appears that the swell if we regard the effilux of the Atchafalaya as its commences on th6 Delta about the end of Febapex, and the Gulf of Mexico as its base, stretches riuary, and continues rising to the middle of June, over two degrees of latitude and three degrees when the waters begin to abate. This long and of longitude. The distance from the outlet of gradual discharge is occasioned by three causes, Atchafalaya to the mouths of the Mississippi is depending on the vast extent of the region from 220 miles. Its breadth varies from 10 miles to which the floods descend: first, varieties of tem100, and its area amounts to at least 12,000 square perature from a difference of latitude and an miles, or one fourth part of the state of Louis- increase of elevation; second, contrariety of diiana. The very trifling elevation of the Delta, rection in some of the streams which constitute by its acclivity from the ocean, is demonstrated the sources of the river; third, the time required by the fact, that in autumn, when the rivers are for the waters of the Upper Mississippi, of the reduced to their lowest mark, the tides of the Missouri, and of other distant regions, to traverse gulf, of only about 2 feet mean elevation, are the long distance from the sources to the mouths sensibly felt in the Atchafalaya and Iberville, at of this mighty river. The difference of latitude their effiux from the Mississippi, sometimes even from the mouths to the remotest sources of the causing the current to flow back from the former Mississippi is about 20 degrees, and the relative into the latter. From the physical characteristics elevation not less than 5000 feet. These elements of the Delta, it has been supposed by some ge- combined would give a winter climate to the ographdrs that the main channel of the Missis- sources of the Missouri or Mississippi, equal to sippiischangeable. Butthis mustbeamistaken that of Labrador, in lat. 610, on the Atlantic opinion. When the annual inundations occur, coast. Permanent snows cover the earth in winthe surface of the river is indeed above that of ter, over the Atlantic slope and Mississippi basin, the surrounding country; and the effect of the as low as lat. 310, the waters from which, ibis obaction of its powerful current in leaving a greater vious, cannot be simultaneously discharged. The deposit of alluvion upon its immediate banks general course of the flood being S., the spring than farther back, has been to give them a per- advances in a reverse direction, and releases in manent elevation above the general surface. succession the waters of the lower valley, then Nevertheless these superficial banks, which of those of the Ohio, and last those of the Missiscourse are liable to accretion or abrasion in the sippi proper and the Missouri. Rising, in lat. 420 lapse of time, are as nothing to the deep bed of to 50 N., and at an elevation of from 1200 to the stream, which, as in the case of all other riv- 5000 feet, the higher sources of the Mississippi ers, is the deepest valley of the region through are locked in ice and snow long after summer which it flows. That this is the character of the reigns on the Delta. Then the course of the main channel of the Mississippi is apparent from Missouri and Yellowstone Rivers is to the N. E. the soundings which have been made, showing a at first, for 500 or 600 miles, from which circumdepth at the head of the Delta, at the lowest stances, together with the slow movement of the water, of 75 to 80 feet; of 130 feet near the out- waters, it results that the waters of the upper IN THE UNITED STATES. 219 sources of the Mississippi do not reach the Delta which discharge themselves W., through the Cobefore the beginning of August, about 100 days lumbia River, into the Pacific Ocean. The three after the breaking up of winter, and more than principal streams which constitute the head a month after the inundation has been abating. waters of the Missouri are the Jefferson, the The average height of the floods, below the Madison, and the Gallatin, which unite at the mouth of the Missouri, is 15 feet. From the same point in lat. 450 101 N., and Ion. 1100 W. Missouri to the Ohio it rises 25 feet, and for a From their confluence at this point, the river great distance below the mouth of the Ohio it takes the name Missouri, and flows onward, rises 50 feet. Before reaching Natchez, the height receiving numerons tributaries in its course, of the floods begins to decline. At Baton Rouge through a distance of more than 3000 miles, to it seldom exceeds 30 feet, and at New Orleans its junction with the Mississippi, in lat. 380 51' 12. This gradual diminution in the flood, in the N., and lon. 90~ W. Its course is at first N. lower part, has been supposed by some to result and N. E., to the mouth of White Earth River, from the draining through the numerous effluxes lat. 470 25'; thence S. E., about 220 miles, to the of the river, conveying away such considerable Mandan villages, or Indian settlements. From portions of its waters by separate channels to the this point, the river takes a S. course, through a sea. So greatly does the quantity of snow and distance of several hundred miles; and then, rain differ in different years, that it is quite im- being inflected more to the E., it pursues this possible, even for those who have had the longest general direction to the Mississippi. Although it experience, to anticipate, with an approach to loses its name at its confluence with the Missiscertainty, the elevation which the flood will attain sippi, it is, before it reaches this point, much the in any given year. Some years the waters do longest and largest river of the two, and, physnot rise above their channels, and no inundation icallv considered, is entitled to be denominated takes place. As the banks of the river in the the principal, rather than the secondary. The Delta, from the cause above noticed, are higher Missouri is already a very large river, when it than the general level of the country, constituting approaches and passes the sources of its very an alluvial margin of from half a mile to a mile inferior rival. If it be ranked according to and a half wide, it becomes important to protect physical preeminence, as including the Mississome of the more valuable tracts in the rear from sippi from its confluence with that river to its the annual overflow of the river, from which they mouth, it has an entire length of about 4350 could not easily be drained. For this purpose miles, and is probably the longest river of the an artificial embankment has been raised at great earth. Ranking it as a secondary to the Missisexpense upon the margin of the river, called the sippi, and having reference to the area drained by Levee. On the E. side this embankment com- its channel, it is the largest river of that class in mences 60 miles above New Orleans, and extends the world. A direct line drawn along its valley, lown the river more than 130 miles. On the W. from its junction with the Mississippi River to side it commences 172 miles above New Orleans. the head of Maria's River, one of its most N. W. The vast trade of the valley of the Mississippi sources, is nearly 1400 miles in extent, and the centres at New Orleans. Vessels are often from width of the upper valley of the Missouri, as that 5 to 30 days ascending the river to this port, un- part is called which is above the confluence of less they employ the steam tow-boats, though the Yellowstone, is not less than 600 miles across they will often descend with a favorable wind in the sources, and has a mean of 300 miles in the 12 hours. Before the introduction of steam- general direction of the streams. The entire boats it required 8 or 10 weeks to go to the mouth valley, drained by the Missouri proper, includes of the Illinois. The use of steamboats has nearly an area of 523,000 square miles, or a surface more superseded all other vessels for ascending the than double that of the whole Atlantic slope of river. Boats of 40 tons ascend more than 2000 the United States. The upper valley of the Mismiles, to the Falls of St. Anthony. The passage souri presents a surface, on the W. side, broken from Cincinnati to New Orleans and back has by mountains, and gradually spreading into been made in 19 days. The first steamboat on plains, as the rivers descend in their courses. the western waters was built at Pittsburg in 1811, The whole face of the country, with partial exand there are now over 300 on the Mississippi ceptions along the rivers, is open prairie, exhibitand its tributaries, many of them of great bur- ing a strong resemblance to the steppes of Asia, den. By the opening of the Illinois Canal from in nearly the same latitude. The surface of the Chicago to the head of navigation in the Illinois lower valley is also extensively occupied with River, a connection has'been formed between the prairie, the alluvial and fertile soil on the rivers waters of the River St. Lawrence and the Mis- not having a very great breadth. The first sissippi, of sufficient draught to admit the passage large tributary of the Missouri is the Yellowof small vessels, laden with their cargoes of mer- stone. This river, 800 yards wide at its mouth, chandise. Some time in the autumn of 1849, the and probably the largest tributary of the Misfirst vessel was reported at New Orleans as hav- souri, enters it on the S. W. side, about 1800 ing arrived from the St. Lawrence, via the Wel- miles from its junction with the Mississippi. land Canal, the great lakes, the Illinois Canal The Yellowstone, at its junction, is as large as and River, and the Mississippi. Returning by the Missouri. Steamboats ascend to this point, the Atlantic coast, she might then have circum- and can ascend farther by either branch. After navigated the United States. their junction, the united waters of the YellowMississinewa River, Ia. and 0. This river rises stone and Missouri form a river as large in in the N. W. part of Dark co., O., flows N. W. volume, and as wide and deep, probably, as at into Ia., and empties into the Wabash River in its entrance into the Mississippi. Chienne River, Miami co. 400 yards wide at its mouth, enters the Missouri Mlissouri River. The sources of this great on the S. W. side, 1310 miles from its mouth: river take their rise in the Rocky Mts., and some White River, 300 yards wide, enters it on the of their springs are within a mile of other springs S. W. side, 1130 miles from its mouth; Big 220 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Sioux River, 110 yards wide, enters it 853 miles Stephen's for vessels drawing 5 or 6 feet of water, from its mouth, on the N. E. side; Platt Riv- by the Tombigbee branch, and to Claiborne by er, 600 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. the Alabama branch. The two branches unite in side, 600 miles from its mouth; Kansas River, 31~ 61 N. lat., and 11 5' W. Ion. from Washington. 233 yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 340 The river sometimes rises 50 or 60 feet in time of miles from its mouth; Grand River, 190 yards flood. wide, enters it on the N. E. side, 240 miles from Mob Jack Bay, Va. An arm of Chesapeake its mouth; La Mine River, 70 yards wide, enters Bay, lying between Matthews and Gloucester it 200 miles from its mouth; Osage River, 397 counties. yards wide, enters it on the S. W. side, 133 miles Moffet's River, Augusta co., Va. A small from its mouth; and Gasconade River enters it on stream flowing into Middle River, a branch of the S. W. side, 100 miles from its mouth. The the Shenandoah. largest of these tributaries are navigable from Mohawk River, N. H., rises among the moun100 to 800 miles. Through the whole course of tains of Dixville, and in its course through Colethe Missouri there is no serious obstruction to brook, receives some considerable branches from the navigation, except, perhaps, from the shallow- Stewartstown, and falls into the Connecticut. ness of the water, during the season of the Mohawk River, N.Y., the principal branch greatest drought, before arriving at Great Falls, of the Hudson River, rises in Oneida co., near about 260 miles from the Mississippi. The Mis- the source of Black River, and runs S. about 20.souri is over half a mile wide at its mouth, and miles, to Rome,' and thence nearly E. to the through the greater part of its course it is wider Hudson River, which it enters at Waterford, bethan this. It is a rapid and turbid stream, and tween Albany and Saratoga. Its whole length is generally carries along a powerful volume of about 135 miles. The river has many rapids, and water; but owing to its passing through a dry two large falls in its course. At Little Falls, it deand open country, and being subject to extensive scends over a stony bed, and through a remarkaevaporation, it becomes low at certain seasons, ble gorge in the mountain, 42 feet in the course hardly affording sufficient water for steamboat of a mile. At Cohoes Falls, about 2 miles fiom navigation. From much greater relative eleva- its mouth, it pours its waters down a perpendicution, from higher latitudes, and from the pecu- lar descent of about 70 feet. Three fourths of a liar courses of some of its tributaries, the flood mile below this point is a bridge over the river, in the Missouri is the latest in order, And does not from which a fine view of the cataract is obtained. reach the Mississippi proper until after the flood The Erie Canal now passes along, chiefly on the in that river, the Ohio, Arkansas, and Red Rivers S. bank of the Mohawk, nearly through its whole have in great part subsided. At the Great Falls, course; consequently the channel of the river distant about 2600 miles from the Mississippi, is but little used for navigation. The banks of the river descends, by a succession of rapids and the river are very level, and in some parts very falls, 375 feet, in about 16.h miles. The lower fertile, particularly in Herkimer co., though in and greatest of these falls has a perpendicular other parts they are poor and rocky. pitch of 87 feet, the second of 19 feet, the Molechunkamunk Lake, Me., lies about S0 miles third of 47 feet, and the fourth of 26 feet. N. by W. from Portland, and is one of the chain These falls, next to those of Niagara, are the of large lakes extending N. W. from Umbacgog grandest on the continent. At the distance of Lake, through Oxford and a part of Franklin 110 miles above these falls is a remarkable pas- co., and emptying into the Androscoggin River. sage of the river through the mountains, denomi- The borders of these lakes are thinly settled. nated the Gates of the Rocky Mts. The scenery but the soil is extremely fertile, and the scenery at this place is exceedingly grand. For a dis- equal in beauty to that of the celebrated Winnitance of about 6 miles, the rocks rise perpendicu- pisiogee. larly from the margin of the river to an eleva- M.Iolly's Pond, Vt. See Cabot. tion of 1200 feet. The river is compressed to Molumkus River, Me. This large stream rises the width of 150 yards, and for the first 3 miles, mostly in Aroostook co., flows in a S. direction, there is only one spot, and that only of a few and falls into the Matawamkeag about 8 miles yards, on which a man could stand between the from its mouth. water and these perpendicular walls of the Momsco Bay, Chippewa co., Mn. A branch of mountain. Nothing can be imagined more the Straits of St. Mary, opposite St. Joseph Island. gloomy and impressive than the passage through Mornsco River, Michilimackinac and Chippewa this deep chasm. counties, Mn., flows N. E., and empties into Mobile Bay, Aa. This bay is connected with Momsco Bay. the Gulf of Mexico by two straits, one on each MIongaup Creek, or River, N. Y., rises in the N. side of Dauphin Island. The strait on the W. part of Sullivan co., and flows S. into Delaware side will not admit vessels drawing more than 5 River. feet of water: that on the E. side, between the Monistique Lake, Mn. Situated on the S. borisland and Mobile Point, has 18 feet of water, der of Schoolcraft co. and the channel passes within a few yards of the Monistique River, Mn. This river and its nupoint. There is a bar across the upper end of merous branches drain the E. part of Schoolthe bay, which has only 11 feet of water. The craft co., and empty their waters into Lake length of the bay is 30 miles, its average width 12 Michigan. miles. MlMonk's Hill, Kingston, Ms. Height 313 feet. Mobile River, Aa. The Alabama and Tom- Monocacy River, Pa. and Md. This river rises bigbee unite, 40 miles above Mobile, to form this in Adams co., Pa., flows S. S. W., and empties river. A few miles below the junction it divides into the Potomac at the S. angle of Frederick into several channels. The main W. channel is co., Md. called the Mobile; the main E., which is widest Monody Creek, Pa., falls into the Swatara 12 and deepest, the Tensaw. It is navigable to St. miles W. from Lebanon. IN THE UNITED' STATES. 221 Monomoy Island, Barnstable co., Ms. A long, Moose River, Vt., is an E. branch of the Pasnarrow island, lying off the town of Chatham. sumpsic, and rises in Granby and East Haven. Monongahela River, Pa. This river has its Taking a S. W. course through Victory, Bradsource in Randolph co., Va., at the foot of the leyville, and a part of St. Johnsbury, it falls into Laurel Mts., and after flowing 300 miles in a N. the Passumpsic, opposite St. Johnsbury Plain. direction, unites with Alleghany River at Pitts- Length 24 miles. burg, to form the Ohio. It is crossed by a bridge Moose River, N. Y., rises in Hamilton co., flows at its mouth, where it is nearly 400 yards wide. W., and enters Black River, a short distance It is navigable for large boats 60 miles to Browns- above High Falls, in Lewis co. ville, and for small boats 200 miles from its Moose Head Lake, Me. This lake, the outlet of mouth. It is entered on its E. side by Cheat and which is the source of Kennebec River, lies in the Youghiogeny Rivers, its principal tributaries. county of Piscataquis. Its form is very irregular. 1Monroe, Lake, Orange co., Fa. A small lake Its length is between 40 and 50 miles, and its which is supplied by the waters of St. John's breadth, in the widest part, about 12 miles. The River. On its S. border is Fort Mellon.' tributaries are numerous, and flow from almost Montauk Point, N. Y., lies 140 miles E. from every direction. It contains a number of islands, the city of New York, and about 60 miles W. S. W. the largest of which is Sugar Island, containing from Gay Head light-house on Martha's Vine- 5440 acres, and Deer Island, containing 2000 yard, Ms. Near this place are high and rugged acres. These islands are fertile, as is the whole cliffs, against whose base the waves of the At- country surrounding the lake, except in some lantic dash with almost continued violence, any places where the banks are high and precipitous. thing like a perfect calm being of rare occur- The waters are deep, and abound in trout of an rence. There is a sublimity and wildness, as well extraordinary size. It is remarkable that the as solitariness, here, which leave a powerful im- territory surrounding this inland sea, possessing pression on the heart. In a storm, the scene in rich abundance all the necessary requirements which the ocean presents is awfully grand and for the uses and comforts of man, and within terrific. At this place are fine sea air and bath- three hundred miles of the capital of New Enging, and many resort here, during the summer land, should be left a wilderness garden, uninmonths, for health and pleasure. At the extrem- habited and almost unexplored, while thousands ity of this point is a light-house, one of the most of New England men are pressing to distant important beacons to mariners on the American regions, less healthful, and less productive, when coast. We copy the following beautiful lines, markets for surplus produce are considered. A descriptive of the place, written by Mrs. Sigour- steamboat plies up and down the lake, for the ney, the celebrated American poetess: — purpose of transporting passengers, more par" Ultima Thuile of this ancient isle, ticularly those who are engaged in felling timber, Against whose breast the everlasting surge, and for the purpose of towing the timber down Long travelling on, and ominous of wrath, to the Kennebec outlet. The lumber business Forever beats. Thou lift'st an eye of light on this lake is very extensive, and doubtless Unto the vexed and storm-tossed mariner, Guiding him safely to his home again. lucrative; but the time is not very distant when So teach us,'mid our own sore ills, to wear this and other sections of Maine will be as much The crown of mercy, and, with changeless valued for the fruits of the soil, and, under the Eye, look up to Heaven." wise system of geological exploration, adopted Montezuma or Cayuga Marshes, N. Y., extend by the legislature, for the quarries of slate, lime, 14 miles along the outlet of Cayuga Lake and granite, marble, and even coal, as they are now Seneca River. They are from 2 to 3 miles wide, for their forests of timber. This lake may be and in summer are covered with rank grass from divided into two bays. A little above the centre 3 to 4 feet high. of it is a narrow pass, of rather less than a mile Montgomery, Fort, N. Y. This old fortress, across. At this place, on the western side, is and that of Fort Clinton, both on the W. side of Mount Keneo, an elevation of 500 or 600 feet, the Hudson River, 6 miles below Wrest Point, projecting over the water. From this height a were memorable spots during the revolutionary picturesque view of the lake, its islands, and a war. boundless wilderness, is presented. Montreal River. This small river rises in small.Moosehillock Mountain, N. H., is a noble emilakes in La Pointe and Portage counties, flows nence, in the S. E. part of Benton, and ranks N. W. on the boundary between Wn. and Mn., among the highest mountains in New England. and falls into Lake Superior. Baker's River rises on its E. side. Moore's Creek, N. J., falls into the Delaware Mooseluckmaguntic Lake, Me., lies about 2 miles about 6 miles above Philadelphia. S. of Molechunkamunk Lake, into which it Moose Mountain, N. H., is the name of a peak empties. situated between Middleton and Brookfield, and Moreau Creek, Mo., is formed in Cole co., by also of a mountain in Hanover. See Brookfield the junction of its two forks, flows E., and and Hanover. enters the Missouri River, a little above the Moose Lake lies in the town of Wilmurt, Her- Osage. kimer co., N. Y., in an uncultivated and almost Morehouse Lake, N. Y., the head source of East uninhabited region of the state. Canada Creek, lies in the town of Morehouse, Moose River, Me. This large tributary to Hanlilton co. Moosehead Lake rises in the W. part of Somer- More's Ilill, Goshen, Ms. Height 1713 feet. set co., and in its course flows through Atieh, Moriah, Mount, N. H., an elevated peak of the Woods, Brassua, and several other ponds. White Mountains, situated in the S. part of ShelMoose River, N. H. This stream rises on the burne. N. side of the White Mts., near the town of Ran- Mormon Creek, Crawford co., Wn. A small dolph, through which it passes, and unites with branch of the Mississippi. the Androscoggin in Shelburne. Morrison's Island, Colleton district, S. C., lies 222 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., at the mouth of Charleston harbor, N. E. from S. E. part of Franklin co., and is elevated 4800 James Island. feet above the Atlantic. Mother Kill, Kent co., De. A small stream emp- Mount Tom, Woodstock, Vt., is an eminence tying into Delaware Bay, just below Jones Creek. of some height. Mowutain Ridge, N. Y., lies S. oi Lake Ontario, Mount Tom, Northampton, Ms. Height 1214 ft. and once, without doubt, formed its S. shore, of Mount Vernon, Fairfax co., Va. This town, which the Ridge.Road, or Alluvial Way, run- which contains the mansion and tomb of Genning parallel with the S. border of the lake, eral Washington, is situated on the W. side of and from 6 to 8 miles from it, is an important the Potomac, 6 miles below Alexandria. Many proof. Niagara River flows through the ridge. a pilgrimage has been made to the spot hallowed Mount Daniel, Webster, Ms. Height 785 feet. by the memory of the father of his country. Mount Defiance. N. Y., a high eminence, is sit- Mud Creek, N. Y., rises W. of Canandaigua uated in the S. part of the town of Ticonderoga, Lake, in Ontario co., flows N. E., and unites with Essex co., on the W. side of Lake Champlain, and the Canandaigua outlet in Wayne co. The overlooks the site of old Fort Ticonderoga. Gen- united streams then take the name of Clyde eral Burgoyne ascended this mountain with some River, which flows 20 miles in an E. direction, pieces of artillery in 1777, and obliged the Amer- and empties into Seneca River. icans to evacuate Fort Ticonderoga, which had Mud Creek, N. Y., rises in Yates co., flows S., been considered almost impregnable. Since then and enters Conhocton River in Steuben co. it has been thought useless as a military station, Mud Lake, N. Y. This small body of water and suffered to go to decay. On the summit of lies mostly in the town of Tyrone, Steuben co. this mountain are still to be seen the remains Mud Lakes, Uh. A chain of lakes lying N. of Burgoyne's Block House, which commands a from Pyramid Lake, with which they are conbeautiful and extensive view of Lake Champlain nected by outlets. and the surrounding country. Muddy Brook, Vt. This stream divides WilMount Desert Sound, Me., lies S. of the Island liston from Burlington, and falls into Winooski of Mt. Desert, from which Mt. Desert Rock lies River. about 20 miles S. Muddy Creek, York co., Pa. This stream Mount Emmons, N. Y. This isolated peak lies drains the S. E. part of the county, and empties mostly in the town of Gilman, Hamilton co., and into the Susquehanna River. is elevated about 4500 feet above the tide waters Muddy Creek, Is. A branch of the Little Waof the Hudson. bash River, which it enters in Clay co. Mount Esther, Whately, Ms. Height 995 feet. Muddy River, Ky., a S. tributary of Green Mount Grace, Warwick, Ms. Height 1628 feet. River, rises in Todd and Logan counties, and, Mount Hope and Mount Hope Bay. See Bris- flowing north, forms the boundary between Buttol, R. 1. ler and Muhlenburg counties. Mount Ida, N. Y. This fine eminence lies Muddy Lake and River, Ma. The lake lies N. about half a mile E. of Hudson River, within W. from the Minsi Sagaigoning or Mille Lacs, the city of Troy. and the river connects it with the Mississippi. Motlnt Independence, Vt., lies in the N. W. Mugget Hill, Charlton, Ms. Height 1012 feet. corner of the township of Orwell, and about 2 Mulberry Creek. Ga. A tributary of the Chattamiles S. E. from Ticonderoga Fort. It is inter- hoochee, which it enters in Harris co. esting on account of its connection with the Mulberry Creek, Aa. This is a branch of the early history of our country. Alabama River, which it enters on the N. side, Mount Lincoln, Pelham, Ms. Height 1248 feet. after forming the boundary between Autauga and Mount McIntyre, N. Y., a peak of the Adiron- Dallas counties. dack range, lies in Essex co., and is elevated Mulberry Creek, As. A pretty large stream, 5183 feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. which rises in the S. part of Newton co., and flows Mount Marcy, N. Y., the highest eminence of S. W. into the Arkansas. the Adirondack range, lies in the town of Keene, Mullet Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated at Essex co. It is elevated 5467 feet, or upwards the mouth of Tampa Bay. of a mile, above the tide waters of the Hudson, Mullet River, Wn., rises in a small lake in the and overlooks several other peaks of nearly the E. part of Fond du Lac co., and flows W. across same height. The view of these mountains, cov- Sheboygan co. into Sheboygan River. ered with a dense, luxuriant forest, as seen from Mullicas River, N. J., forms the boundary beLake Colden, is grand and picturesque in the tween Burlington and Atlantic counties, and enextreme. ters the Atlantic 9 miles E. of Leeds, through Mount Misery, N. Y., lies in the town of Brook- New Inlet. It is navigable 20 miles for vessels haven, Suffolk co., on the N. side of Long Island, of 60 tons. and commands a view of Long Island Sound Murderer's Creek, Orange co., N. Y., flows E., and the surrounding country. and enters the Hudson at the town of New Mount Nebo, situated in the town of Middle- Windsor. bury, Vt., is sometimes called Chipman's Hill. Murphy Islands, Charleston district, S. C., lie S. It rests on a base of about 2 miles by 1, and from the mouth of the Santee River. rises gradually 439 feet above the level of Otter Muscatauck River, Ia. The head branches of this Creek. A part of the village rests upon its river rise principally in Decatur and Ripley counS. declivity, and it affords some of the best ara- ties. Its two largest, called Vernon and Graham's ble land in the township. The scenery from its Fork, unite on the W. border of Scott co. It then summit is also very fine, commanding an exten- flows W., separating Jackson and Washington sive view of Lake Champlain and the surround- counties, and empties into the E. fork of White ing country. River. Mount Seward, N. Y. A lofty group of the Muscle Fork, Mo. A branch of the Chariton Adirondack range bears this name. It lies in the River, which it enters just below Keytesville. IN THE UNITED STATES. 223 Mzuscoot Creek, N. Y., rises in Putnam co., flows lying wholly within the state of R. I. It extends S., and enters Croton River, in Westchester co. from Point Judith on the W. to Seaconnet Rocks Muskeg River, La Pointe co., Wn. The most on the E., and terminates about 6 miles below W. branch of Bad River. Providence, at Bullock's Point. Taunton, ProvMluskeget Island, Nantucket co., Ms. Situated idence, Pawtuxet, and other rivers flow into it, off the N. W. extremity of Smith's Point. and on its borders are Newport, Bristol, Warren, Muskingum River, 0. This large river is and other flourishing towns. It contains many formed by two main branches, Tuscarawas and beautiful islands, the principal of which are ConWhite Woman's Rivers, which unite at Coshoc- nanicut, Prudence, Patience, Block, and Hope. ton. The Tuscarawas rises in Medina co., and a This bay is accessible at all seasons, is well proportage between them gave name to Portage town tected by forts, and affords some of the best and county. The Muskingum is navigable for harbors in the world. large bateaux to Coshocton, 100 miles. A canal, Narraguagus River and Bay, Washington co., with a dam and locks, affording great water Me. The river has its source in several ponds in power, is constructed around the falls at Zanes- Beddington, and flowing in a S. S. E. direction, ville. There is a slack water navigation from enters Narraguagus Bay between Harrington and Zanesville to Dresden, where a channel, 24 miles Steuben. The bay contains a number of islands, long, connects Muskingum River with the Ohio and communicates on the E. with Pleasant Bay. Canal. The river is 225 yards wide at its en- Narrows, N. Y. This great channel, through trance into the Ohio, at Marietta. which most of the vessels going or returning Musquewoc Lake, Washington co., Wn., lies in from distant voyages enter the harbor of New the N. W. interior of the county, at the head of York, lies between Long Island on the E. and Mequon River. Staten Island on the W. It is 8 miles S. of the Musquito Creek, Io. A, small branch of the city of N. Y., and communicates with the Lower Missouri, which it enters below Boyer's River. Bay, which here contracts to one mile in width Musquito Harbor, Me., lies in the S. part of Its shores are bold and commanding, and on them Gouldsboro', Hancock co. are situated the principal forts and batteries for Musquito South Lagoon, Fa. Situated in the E. the defence of the harbor and city. part of Orange co,, between Indian River and the Narrows, or Chimney Narrows, N. Y., situated Atlantic. on the Chemung River, near the village of CornMystic River, Ms. The head of this river is at ing, Steuben co., are formed by rocky cliffs on the beautiful town of Medford, 5 miles N. from the N. side of the river. They derive their name Boston. At the junction of this river with the from the rocks which, left bare by the action of Charles, near the city of Charlestown, the British the water, resemble rude chimneys. A road, ships of war lay at the battle of Bunker Hill. which is not without danger to the traveller, has been constructed along the narrow pass. Nahant, Ms. See Fashionable Resorts. Nashua River, N. H. and Ms. This beautiful Nahmayoo Bay, Brown co., Wn. Situated on stream rises in Worcester co., Ms., and is formed the E. part of Green, W. from Sturgeon Bay. of two branches, called the N. and S. branches. Nanmebin Lake, La Pointe co, Wn., is the source The N. branch is formed of two streams, one of one of the main branches of Bad River. from Ashburnham, the other from Wachuset Namejoy Bay, Charles co., Md. This is a small Ponds. The S. branch is composed of Still River, opening above Port Tobacco, on the E. side of issuing from the E. side of Wachuset Mountain, the Potomac. and a stream from Quinepoxet Pond, in Holden. Namekegon River, Wn. This river drains the These branches unite in Lancaster, whence the S. part of La Pointe, and, crossing the N. E. an- main river proceeds in a N. E. course to Harvard, gle of St. Croix co., falls into the St. Croix River, Shirley, Groton, and Pepperell, in Ms., and from of which it is a head branch. thence into N. H., through Hollis, and nearly NansemondRiver, Va., has its source in Dismal through the centre of Nashua, and falls into the Swamp, and enters Hampton Roads by a broad Merrimack on the border of Nashville. estuary. It is navigable for vessels of 100 tons Nash's Stream, N. H., originates in the vicinity to Suffolk, more than 20 miles. of Stratford, and falls into the Upper AmonooNantick River, New London co., Ct., flows in a suck, in the N. W. part of the town of Stark. S. direction, and empties into Long Island Sound. Nassau River, Fa., after an E. course on the S. Nanticoke Falls, Pa., are occasioned by the border of Nassau co., enters the Atlantic by Susquehanna River's piercing a mountain in the Nassau Inlet. N. part of Newport, 8 miles below Wilkesbarre. Natchang River, Ct., is the largest branch of A dam is erected here for feeding the North the Shetucket. It risesin Union and Woodstock, Branch Canal, which affords great water power, and enters the Shetucket near the boundary of and supplies a great quantity of surplus water. Chaplin and Mansfield. Nanticoke River, De. and Md. This river rises Natural Bridge, Va. See Fashionable Resorts. in Suffolk co., De., flows S. W., and after entering Natural Canal, in the town of Canton, St. Md., receives Marshy Hope River, which rises in Lawrence co., N. Y., connects the waters of OsKIent co., Md. The stream then enters, by a. wegatchie and Grass Rivers. It is very straight, broad estuary, Fishing Bay, a branch of Chesa- is 6 miles long, from 10 to 20 rods wide, and peake Bay. navigable at high water for boats of 10 tons. Nantucket Island, Ms. See Nantucket, county Naugatuck River, Ct. This important mill and town. stream is about 50 miles in length. It rises in Narmarcungawack River, N. H., rises in the town the N. part of Litchfield co., and after traversing of Success, and unites with the Androscoggin in a S. course nearly the whole length of that coun Milan. ty, it crosses the W. part of New Haven co., and Narraganset Bay, R. I. This delightful bay is falls into the beautiful Housatonic, at Derby. 28 miles in length, and from 3 to 12 in breadth, Nauneesha River, Wn. This stream flows S. E. 224 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., across the N. E. corner of Dane co., then turns with Pamlico Sound. It is boatable 200 miles, to the N. E.. crossing the N. W. corner of Jeffer- and navigable for vessels 12 miles above Newbern. son co.. and empties into the W. branch of Rock Neversink Hi9lands, Monmouth co., N. J River, in Dodge co. These highlands lie near the ocean, and are about Navidad River, Ts. The E. fork of La Bacca 300 or 400 feet high. They are mostly covered River, which it enters at the town of Texana. with wood, and, lying in a low country, although Navisoto River, Ts. A small stream flowing S. their height is not great, they have become a into Brazos River. noted landmark for sailors. Nawizi River, Ma. This river runs W. of the Neversink River, N. Y. This fine mill stream Wananri, and nearly parallel to it, and empties rises in Ulster co., flows through Sullivan co., into the Missouri. and empties into the Delaware at the village of Neal's Brook, Vt. It rises in several branches Port Jervis, Orange co. in Lunenburg, and, flowing S., falls into a pond New Inlet, N. C. The passage between Federal of the same name, which lies near the centre of Point and Smith's Island. Lunenburg, and is about one mile long and half a New River, Va., rises in the N. part of N. C., mile wide. The stream then continues its course and flowing into Va., is called the Great KanaS., meets a W. branch, and after running about wha, after passing through Peter's Mountain. half a mile farther, falls into Connecticut River New River, N. C., falls into New River Inlet, on by a mouth nearly two rods wide. She coast of the Atlantic, 45 miles W. S. W. of Nebish Island, Mn. Situated in St. Mary's Cape Lookout. Straits, S. from Sugar Island. New River, Beaufort district, S. C. This river Neches River, Ts. This river flows in a S. S. E. runs nearly parallel with the Savannah, and enters direction, and empties into Sabine Lake near the Tybee Sound by several mouths. mouth of Sabine River. New River, Ga. A small branch of the ChatNeddock, Cape, Me., is a rocky/bluff, situated tahoochee, which it enters in Heard co. about 3 miles N. of York harbor, and inhabited New River, La., rises in Ascension co., between by a few fishermen. Mississippi and Amite counties, and empties into Neepeeskunk Lake, Wn., lies in Winnebago and Lake Maurepas. Fond du Lac counties, and communicates on the Newaggen, Cape, Me. This cape extends from N. with Neenah or Fox River. the town of Boothbay about 5 miles into the Neil's Creek, Steuben co., N. Y., flows E. into sea, and forms the E. boundary of Sheepscot Bay. Conhocton River. Newfound Pond, N. H. See Bristol. Nekomenon River, Marquette co., Mn., flows E. Newfound River, N. H. See Bristol. into Lake Superior. Newichawannock River, N. H. See Piscataqua. Nemasket River, Ms. A fine mill stream. See New Point Comfoit, Va. The S. E. extremity Middleboro'. of Matthews co., between Chesapeake and Mob Nenelau River, Mn. It rises in Oscoda and Jack Bays. Alcona counties, flows N.E. across Alpena co., Newport Rivers, Ga. The N. River is navigain Thunder Bay River. ble to Riceboro', 20 miles. Its length is 25 miles. Neosho River, In. Ter. This river rises in the The S. River, a smaller stream, empties into St. dividing ridge between Arkansas and Kansas Catharine's Sound. Rivers, runs S. E. and E. through the Osage and Newtown Creek, N. Y. rises in Netown, Cherokee lands, and enters the Arkansas 3 or 4 Queen's co., flows W., and enters East River, miles S. of Fort Gibson. Its length is 240 miles. opposite the city of N. Y. NeponsetRiver, Ms. Thisis a noble millstream, _N/ewtown Creek, N. Y., a fine, rapid mill rising in Canton, Stoughton, and Sharon. It stream, rises in Erin, Chenango co., and enters receives Mother Brook, a tributary of Charles Chemung River, at the village of Elmira. River, and meets the tide water at Milton Mills; New Topsail Inlet, New Hanover co., N. C. and after meandering 4 or 5 miles through beau- Situated N. E. from Sandy Inlet. tiful meadow land, it meets Dorchester Bay at Nickojack Creek, Ga., issues from a remarkable the delightful villages of Neponset and Commer- cave, situated in the N. W. extremity of the cial Point, about 5 miles S. from Boston. This state. The cave is in Lookout Mt., is about 80 river is navigable for large vessels to the Lower feet wide, 50 feet high, and 1I miles in length. Falls in Dorchester and Milton. The creek is a powerful stream, being 60 feet Nescopeck Creek, Luzerne co., Pa., rises in the wide at the mouth of the cave. town of Hanover, and empties into the Susque- Niagara River discharges the waters of the hanna at Nescopeck Village, after a W. and great upper lakes, Superior, Michigan, Huron, N. W. course of 30 miles. and Erie, into Lake Ontario. It forms part of Nescopeck Mountain, Luzerne co., Pa. This the boundary of the United States and of the mountain is about 850 feet in height and 20 miles state of New York, and is about 35 miles in in length, running parallel to Wyoming Mt., on length. It partakes more of the character of a the N. side of Nescopeck Creek. strait, perhaps, than of a river. As it flows from Neshaming River, Pa., has its source in Hill- Lake Erie, it is about three fourths of a mile town, Bucks- co., and after a winding course of wide, and from 20 to 40 feet deep. Its current 35 miles, crossed by several fine bridges, enters for 3 miles is rapid, after which it becomes the Delaware 3 miles below Bristol. smooth and placid, resembling a prolongation of Nesaquake River, N. Y., rises in Smithtown, the lake, interspersed with low, wooded islands Suffolk co., and runs N. into Long Island Sound. until it reaches the rapids, about 20 miles beThe tide ascends it 5 miles, and it is navigable low Lake Erie, and three fourths of a mile that distance. above the falls. Five miles below Lake Erie, Neuse River, N. C. This river rises in Person the river begins to expand, or, perhaps, more and Orange counties, and after a course of about properly, to divide, flowing, in about equal vol300 miles, falls into a large estuary, connected ume, upon each side of Grand Island, which IN THE UNITED STATES. 225 is 9 miles long, and nearly the same in width Nipple Top. See Dial Mountain. in its widest part. At the foot of Grand Island.Nishnabatona River, Io. and Mo. It rises in is Navy Island, containing about 300 acres, the S. W. interior of Io., flows S. W., crossing which belongs to Canada, and was occupied by Mills co., Io., and Atchison co., Mo., and empties the Patriots, so called, in 1837-8. There are into the Missouri in Holt co. many other small islands in this section of the Noddaway River, Mo., rises in the S. W. part river, among which are Bird Island, between of In. Ter., and enters the Missouri in the N. W. Buffalo and Fort Erie; Squaw Island, opposite part of the state, after a course of 200 miles. to Black Rock, containing 131 acres; Strawberry Nodding's Point, Camden co., Ga., juts into Island, 100 acres; Beaver Island, 30 acres; Rat- Jykill Sound just above Dover Island. tlesnake Island, 48 acres; Tonawanta Island, 69 Nokay River, Ma. It rises in a chain of lakes, acres; Cayuga Island, 100 acres, about 4 miles flows S. W., and empties into the Mississippi, a above the falls; Buckhorn Island, 146 acres; little below Crow Wing River. and Goat or Iris Island, upon the very brink of Nolachucky River, N. C. and Te., has its source the cataract, containing 75 acres. The shores in Buncombe co., on the W. side of the Blue of the river are low, and nearly level, from Lake Ridge, and enters the French Broad River in Te. Erie to the falls, and are but little inhabited. Noland's Creek, Ts. It rises in the Cross TimBlack Creek and Chippewa Creek empty into it bers, and flows S. into Brazos River. from the Canada side, and Shojockety, Tona- Nolin Creek, Ky., rises in Hardin and Laure wanta, Cayuga, and Gill Creeks from the Ameri- counties, flows S. WV., forming the boundary becan side. All these are above the falls. Below tween Grayson and Hart counties, and falls into the termination of Grand and Navy Islands, the Green River, opposite Brownsville, Edmonson co. two channels are again united, and the river, be- Nonzan's Land Island, Dukes co., Ms. Situated ing compressed to a width of about two miles off the town of Chilmark, and directly S. from and a half, begins to flow on with an accelerated Gay Head. motion, in a gradually contracting channel, un- Nonesuch River, Me. A small stream which til it reaches the rapids, over which it is hurried, waters Scarboro', and falls into the sea. foaming and roaring, with irresistible velocity, Norley River, one of the head branches of the for about three fourths of a mile farther, to the Hiawassee, rises in Ga., flows N. N. W., and engreat Cataract of Niagara. Here its whole vol- ters the Hiawassee in Cherokee co., N. C. ume is precipitated over a perpendicular wall of Normanskill, N. Y., rises in Schenectady co., rock, into a chasm from 150 to 160 feet in depth, flows S. E., and falls into Hudson River in the to the surface of the stream below. Immediate- town of Bethlehem, Albany co. ly under the cataract the depth to which the North Fork, White River, drains Ozark co., channel has been excavated cannot, of course, be Mo., flows S. into As., and enters White River fathomed; but a short distance below, where the in the N. W. part of Izard co. river is compressed to less than one fourth of a North Island, Georgetown district, S. C. Sitmile in width, the current has been ascertained by uated at the entrance of Winyaw Bay. soundings to be about 250 feet deep. For a North River, Ms. The head of this river is at more particular description of this great natural Pembroke; it is very deep and narrow, and so phenomenon, the reader is referred to a separate exceedingly crooked that it meanders 18 miles in article, embracing many details which do not so its course from Pembroke to Scituate harbor, properly belong to an account of the river. The when the distance by land is less than 6 miles. general course of the river from Lake Erie to North River, N. Y. See Hiudson River. the falls is about N. W. by N. Below this point North River, N. C., forms the boundary between its general direction to Lake Ontario, 14 miles, Currituck and Camden counties, and empties into is about due N. For about half this distance, to Albemarle Sound. Lewiston, the river flows with concentrated vol- North River, St.John'sco.,Fa. Asmallstream ume, and with great velocity, in a descent of 104 running parallel with the sea-coast, and falling feet, between banks gradually increasing in into St. Augustine harbor. height from 150 to nearly 400 feet. These high Northern Fork, or Fall River, Io. It rises in the banks terminate abruptly just above Lewiston; N. W. part of Dubuque co., flows S. E., and empand the river thence flows on over an extensive ties into Macoquetais River in Jackson co. plain, with scarcely more than two feet declivity, North Newport River, Ga. This stream rises in through the whole remaining distance of seven some small lakes in the centre of the county, flows miles, to Lake Ontario. The river here becomes S. E., and falls into St. Catherine's Sound. wider, and of course more tranquil, and its clear North West Bay lies in the town of Westport, waters, flowing between even and regular banks, Essex co., N. Y., on the W. side of Lake Chamassume an appearance as lovely as it was before plain. majestic. Nearly opposite Lewiston is Queens- Norwalk River, Fairfield co., Ct., flows in a town, on the Canada side. To these places the S. direction into Long Island Sound. river is navigable for steamboats, and vessels Notipecago River, Mn. This is quite a large coming into it from Lake Ontario. The whole stream, having its sources in Oceana, Neewayga, descent of the river, from Lake Erie to Lake On- and Lake counties, and flowing W. across Mason tario, is 334 feet. See Fashionable Resorts. co. into Marquette Bay. Nicollet Lake, Ca. Uh. A large sheet of water Nottoway River, Va. and N. C., rises in Prince lying S. S. W. from the Great Salt Lake. Its. Edward co., Va., and after a course of 110 miles, principal outlet is Nicollet River. joins the Meherun in Gates co., N. C., to form Nidjikwe Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated Chowan River. E. from Meminis Lake, at the head of Nameke- Nowadaga Creek, Herkimer co., N. Y., rises gon River. in the town of Warren, flows N. across Danube, Nine Mile Creek, Onondaga co., N. Y., flows N. where it enters the Mohawk. mto Onondaga Lake. NVowaynin Bay, Brown co., Wn. An inlet from 29 226 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Lake Michigan, situated in the N. E. part of E'lorida, separating Madison and Jefferson counthe county. ties, and empties into Appalachee Bay. Nueces River, Ts. This large river rises in a Ocklawaha River, Fa. This river has its source lake, flows S. E., and empties into the Gulf of in Lake Griffin, flows N. and E., and enters St. Mexico through Corpus Christi Pass. John's River just above Lake George. Nulhegan River, Vt., rises in the towns of Aver- Ockmulgee River, Ga. This river, the main ill and Wenlock. The N. branch takes a S. branch of the Alatamaha, rises in Gwinnett and De course through Averill, Lewis, and a part of Kalb counties, and flowing 200 miles in a S. S. E. Bloomfield, and the W. branch flows in an direction, is joined by the Oconee on the S. border E. direction through Wenlock and a part of of Montgomery co., where they form the AlataBrunswick. They unite in Bloomfield, and flow- maha. It is navigable to Macon for steamboats. ing S. E., fall into the Connecticut just above the Oconee River, Ga. The head branches of this N. E. corner of Brunswick. The course of this river water Jackson co., and flowing. in a S. S. E. stream is generally rapid, except that part which direction, it unites with the Ockmulgee 280 miles runs through Wenlock and Brunswick. Through below Milledgeville, to which place it is navigable this and Clyde River the Indians formerly had for steamboats. their navigation from Lake Memphremagog to Oconto River, Brown co., Wn. It rises near Connecticut River. They had a carrying-place of the centre of the county, flows S. and E. into about 2 miles from the head of one river to that of Green Bay. the other. The Nulhegan waters about 120 square Ocracoke Inlet, N. C. This is a narrow pass miles, and is about 3 rods wide at the mouth. from the Atlantic Ocean to Pamlico Sound. There are 14 feet of water on the bar at low Oak Creek, Otsego co., N. Y., the outlet of tide, and at the side of the passage are dangerous Canaderga or Schuyler's Lake, flows S. through shoals. the town of Otsego, and falls into the Susque- Octaro Creek, Pa. and Md., separates Lancaster hanna River. and Chester counties, Pa., and falls into the SusOak Creek, Milwaukee co., Wn., drains the S. quehanna in Md., about 5 miles below the state part of the county, and empties into Lake Michi- line. gan. Qqeechee River, Ga., rises in Green co., 7 miles Oak Island, N. Y., lies S. of Long Island, in the N. W. of Greensboro', and flows into Ossabaw Great South Bay. Sound, 17 miles S. of Savannah, after a course Oak Neck, N. Y., is situated in the town of of more than 200 miles. It is navigable for Oyster Bay, Queen's co., on the N. side of Long sloops 30 or 40 miles from its mouth, and for Island. boats of 30 tons to Louisville, Jefferson co. Oakhill Landing, Livingston, Columbia co., N. Ogunquit River, York co.. Me., rises in two Y., is situated 5 miles S. of the city of Hudson, branches, and enters the Atlantic just above Cape on the E. side of Hudson River. Neddock. Oak Orchard Creek, N. Y., rises in Genesee co., Ohio River. The Ohio River, from the extent flows N., and enters Lake Ontario in Orleans co. of the area drained by its waters, the large facilObed's River, Morgan co., Te. A W. branch ities which it affords to internal commerce, and of Emery's River. its relative position in the heart of the country, Obed's River, Te., rises in two principal forks, connecting the largest maritime states with the which unite in Overton co. It then flows in a N. west, is second in importance only to the MisW. direction, and enters Cumberland River at sissippi. It is the great N. E. tributary of the Celina. " Father of Waters." Its general course is from Obion River, Te. A large extent of country is the N. E. to the S. W., making about 100 of lon. drained by this river and its tributaries. The prin- and 3~0 of lat.; and, flowing from the border of cipal head branches rise in Henry and Carroll N. Y. through Western Pa., it separates the states counties, and the river pursues a S. W. course of Va. and Ky., on the S., from O., Ia., and Is. until its entrance into the Mississippi. on the N. Physically considered, the River AlOblong Creek. N. Y., rises in Dutchess co., and leghany, which rises in Potter co., Pa., on the W. falls into Ten Mile River, which enters the Hou- slope of the Alleghany Mts., and which is navisatonic in the state of Connecticut. gable for boats of 100 tons for 270 miles above Occohannock Creek, Va., forms part of the boun- Pittsburg, is one river with the Ohio, although it dary between Northampton and Accomac coun- does not receive this name until it forms a juncties, and falls into Chesapeake Bay. tion with the Monongahela, another large tribuOccoquan River, Va. This stream rises in Fau- tary of the Ohio, coming down from the Allequier and Prince William counties, flows S. E., ghanies in the opposite direction. This river, separating Fairfax and Prince William counties, though a less important stream than the Alleghaand empties into the Potomac. ny, is about equal to it in width at their confluence, Ochee River, Wn. It rises in the S. E. part of and is navigable, at a good stage of water, for Columbia co., flows S. S. E., and empties into boats of a large size for about 100 miles from Nauneesha River in Dodge co. its mouth. The Ohio proper is formed by the Ocheyedan Lake, Io. Situated near the N. border confluence of these two rivers at Pittsburg, where of the state, at the head of Ocheyedan River. the elevation is 680 feet above tide water, and Ocheyedan River, Io. It rises in Ocheyedan and 380 feet above the point of junction with the another small lake, flows S. E., and falls into the Mississippi. Its average descent is not quite five Inyan Tankey or Little Sioux River. inches to the mile. Immediately below the juncOchapah Lake, Ma. Situated E. from Marxah tion the Ohio is 600 yards wide, and is a placid Tankah Lake, and connected with the Minesota and beautiful stream. The French called it La or St. Peter's River by Tchankaska River. Belle Riviere, the beautiful river. Its name, howOeilla River. This river rises in the S. part of ever, according to Heckewelder, is an abbreviation Georgia, flows in a S. S. W. direction through of the Indian word Ohiopekhanne, meaning a IN THE UNITED STATES. 227 very white stream, and alluding probably to the disappear, and are entirely lost long before reachwhite caps with which its gentle surface is cov- ing the mouth of the river. Many villages and ered in a high wind. The physical section of the farm-houses are passed through the whole course great Mississippi valley which is drained by the of the river; but as the bottom lands on its imOhio River, lies between lat. 340 121 and 420 27', mediate margin are liable to be overflowed, the and lon. 78~ 2' and 890 2t W. from the meridian inhabitants usually settle a little back, so that the of Greenwich. According to Darby and Dwight, buildings in view give no adequate impression who have minutely recorded the elements of of the population or improvements of the counthese calculations, the distance in a direct line try. The ordinary current in the Ohio is very from the sources of the Alleghany to the mouth gentle, not exceeding, at the medium height of of the Ohio is 680 statute miles. Yet this is not water, 2 or 3 miles an hour. In the lowest stages the longest, nor, in regard to the proportions of of the water, a floating substance would probably the area included, the most central line which not advance amile an hour. Like all the western can be drawn through the valley of the Ohio. rivers, the Ohio is subject to great elevations and Such a line, extended from the sources of Cat- depressions. The average range between high taraugus Creek in N. Y. to those of Bear Creek and low water is 50 feet. Its highest stage is in in Aa., the extreme distances reached by the March, and its lowest in September. It is liable, N. E. and the S. W. tributaries of the Ohio, gives however, to great and sudden elevations at other a length of 750 statute miles. If this be con- times through the year. It has been known to sidered as the transverse diameter, and another rise 12 feet in a single night. In 1832 an extraorline extending from the Blue Ridge, where the dinary flood was experienced, and on the 18th sources of the Great Kenhawa and those of the of February the waters flowed at 63 feet above Wetauga branch of the River Tennessee arise, to low water mark at Cincinnati. This of course the N. W. sources of the Wabash, a distance of inundated the lower parts of the city. From 450 statute miles, be taken as the conjugate di- Pittsburg to the mouth of the Ohio there are as ameter of an ellipse, to the regular form of many as 100 considerable islands, besides nuwhich the Ohio valley so nearly approaches, the merous sand-bars and tow-heads, as those low whole area amounts by calculation to over 200,000 sandy islands are called which are covered with square miles. The two opposing inclined planes willows, and are incapable of cultivation. Some of this valley are of unequal extent, about in the of the islands are very beautiful, and seem inratio of 2 to 3, the larger being that which falls viting as places of residence. Heavy forests to the S. W. from the Appalachian Mts., contain- cover a great portion of the banks, and limit the ing an area of 120,000 square miles. This also, prospect from the river; but they exhibit a declining from a mountainous outline, has a beautiful verdure, which is often exuberant with much more rapid declivity than its opposite. The blossoms. As a channel for navigation, few, if most elevated table lands from which the E. trib- any, of the rivers of the globe equal the Ohio. utaries of the Ohio flow have an altitude of 2200 The only direct cataract in the river is that at feet above the bed of the river; and there is no Louisville, which is now, for all the purposes of part, from the sources of the Alleghany to those navigation, obviated by a canal, which admits of the Tennessee, which has a less elevation than of the passage of the largest steamboats. The 700 or 800 feet. Of course the declivity in this river descends here, in its natural bed, 22A feet great inclined plane is much the most rapid as it in the course of 2 miles. Even over this the approaches its apex upon its mountainous border. boats are able to pass in high water. The average In this respect the opposite plain, or that on the time of the suspension of navigation on the Ohio N. W. side of the river, is directly the reverse. by the ice, in winter, is five weeks. One half of The more remote parts of this more gentle de- the rest of the year, on.an average, it is navigable clivity, lying near the borders of Lake Erie and by large steamboats in its whole course. The of Lake Michigan, are, to a great extent, level other half it can be navigated easily only by and marshy, and it is not until the waters run- boats of a smaller draught. Flat and keel boats ning towards the Ohio have travelled far on their descend the river at all seasons, but are liable in courses, that they gradually begin to descend periods of low water to frequent groundings upon more rapidly towards their recipient, as the face the sand-bars, and the necessity sometimes of of the country changes slowly from a level into lightening to get off the boat. Steamboats are hill and dale. The principal tributaries of the sometimes grounded on the bars, where they are Ohio on the E. side are the Monongahela, the compelled to wait in peril for the periodical rise Great Kenhawa, the Big Sandy, the Kentucky, of the river. It is reckoned that the Ohio and the Cumberland, and the Tennessee. Those on its tributaries have not less than 5000 miles of the W. side are the Muskingum, the Scioto, the navigable waters. The length of the principal Miami, and the Wabash. From the difference river from Pittsburg to its mouth, according to of feature above mentioned, in the two opposite the Western Pilot, is 959 miles, although the inclined planes, down which these tributaries de- distance in a direct course is only about 614 scend from the E. and from the W., it results miles. The following distances upon the river that the scenery upon those on the E. side, as are derived from the same authority: from Pittsthey are ascended towards their sources in the burg to Steubenville, O., 70 miles; to Wheeling, Appalachian chain, becomes more and more bold Va., 92; to Marietta, O., 174; to Gallipolis, O., and picturesque, while that upon the W. tributa- 2641; to Portsmouth, O., 349; to Maysville, ries, as you ascend their streams, becomes more Ky., 397; to Cincinnati, O., 455k: to Lawrenceand more tame and monotonous. The scenery burg, Ia., 479k; to Louisville, Ky., 587; to New upon the Ohio itself partakes of the peculiarity Albany, In., 591; to the mouth of the Cumberin this respect which belongs to its E. tributaries. land River, Ky., 900; mouth of Tennessee, Ky., Descending the river from Pittsburg, the scenery 911J; and to the confluence of the Ohio with along its banks and hills is highly picturesque the Mississippi, 959 miles. The commerce of and varied; but these fine features gradually the Ohio is connected with the Atlantic by a canal 228 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., and railroad, uniting Pittsburg and Philadelphia. Olympus, Mount, On. Situated in the N. W. A railroad is also in operation from Baltimore part of the state, S. from the Straits of Juan de as far as Cumberland, which is to cross the Al- Fuca. leghanies to Wheeling. Ompompanoosuck River, Vt., rises in the N. W. Olhiopyle Falls, Pa. This cataract is at the part of Vershire, and runs E. into West Fairlee.,head of boat navigation in Youghiogeny River, It then takes a S. E. course into Thetford, where where it passes Laurel Hill, 60 miles above its it receives a stream from Fairlee Lake. which is junction with the Monongahela. The river falls a large body of water lying partly in Fairlee and perpendicularly about 20 feet, and there is a total partly in Thetford. In the S. part of Thetford descent of 60 feet in the space of a mile. it receives a considerable stream from the W., Oil Creek, Pa., derives its name from a spring which originates in Tunbridge and Strafford, and on its bank, near the boundary between Venango it finally mingles with the Connecticut in the and Crawford counties, on the surface of which N. E. part of Norwich. The whole length of floats an oil valuable for medicinal purposes. the Ompompanoosuck is about 20 miles, and it The creek enters Alleghany River 8 miles E. of affords a number, of valuable mill sites. The Franklin. name, which is Indian, is said to signify a stream Oil Creek, Perry co., Ia. A small stream flow- where many onions are found. ing into Ohio River. One Hundred and Two River, Mo. This stream Oil Spring Creek, N. Y., rises in Alleghany and waters the S. interior of Nodowry co., flows S., Cattaraugus counties, and flows S. W. into the and empties in the Little Platte River in BuAlleghany River. chanan co. Oil Spring Reservation, N. Y. This is an In- Oneida Creek, N. Y., rises in Madison co., flows dian reservation of about 1 mile square, contain- N. W., dividing Madison and Oneida counties, ing a pool of water, the surface of which is cov- and empties into Oneida Lake. This river and ered with an oily substance much used for the its tributaries afford a number of good mill sites. cure of sores and chronic diseases in man and It is also a feeder to the Erie Canal. Vessels beast. It lies in the towns of Cuba and Hins- ascend it to the village of Oneida Castle, a disdale. See Oil Creek, Pa. tance of 3 miles. Okabena Lake, Ma. Situated in the S. part of Oneida Lake, N. Y., is bounded by Oneida, the territory W. from the Moingonan River. Madison, Onondaga, and Oswego counties. It Okaman Lake, Ma. It lies at the head of is 22 miles long, and from 4 to 6 wide. Wood, Leseur River, and S. E. from Ochopah Lake. Oneida, and Chittenango Creeks, besides several Okamenpiden Lake. Situated on the boundary smaller streams, flow into it. There is a fine of Io. and Ma. shelving beach on the E. end, which is much Okanoxubee River, Mi. and Aa. This river is resorted to for fishing with seines. White fish, formed in Mi. by the junction of the Noxubee pickerel, pike, perch, and catfish are taken in River, Dancing Rabbit, Horse Hunter, and other great quantities. creeks. It flows S. E. into Aa., and enters the Oneida River, N. Y., formed by the outlet of Tombigbee at Gainesville. Oneida Lake, flows 20 miles in a circuitous W. Okeechobee or Macaco Lake, Fa. This large direction, and unites with the Seneca River. The lake lies mostly in St. Lucie co., to the N. of the united streams then take the name of Oswego Everglades. It receives the waters of Kissimee River, which flows N. into Lake Ontario. River on the N., and Fish Eating Creek on the Onion River, Vt. See Winooski River. W., and contains several islands. Onion River, Sheboygan co., Wn. It rises in Okonagan River. This river rises principally in the W. interior of the county, flows S. E. nearly the British possessions, flows in a S. direction, to its S. border, and then flows N. N. E. until its and empties into Clark's Fork of Columbia River, entrance into Sheboygan River. in On. Onondaga Creek, Onondaga co., N. Y., flows Old Caney Creek, Ts., empties into the Gulf of N. into the lake of the same name. Mexico a little E. from Mattagorda Bay. Onondaga Lake lies in the N. part of Onondaga Old Field Point, N. Y., is situated in the town co., N. Y. It is 8 miles long, and from 2 to 4 of Brookhaven, Suffolk co., on the N. side of miles wide, and abounds in pickerel, pike, bass, Long Island. On it is located a light-house. and catfish. The number of salt springs on its Old Man's Kill, N. Y., rises in Plattekill, borders have led to the supposition that the waUlster co., flows E. through Marlboro' into the ter at the bottom of this lake was salt, but experHudson. iments to the contrary have since been made. Old Plantation Creek, Northampton co., Va. Onslow Bay, N. C., is a portion of the Atlantic A small inlet communicating with Chesapeake contained within the curve between Cape Fear Bay. and Cape Lookout. A chain of long, narrow Old Point Comfort, Elizabeth City co., Va. islands, with inlets between them, stretches along Situated between Chesapeake Bay on the E. and the shore, at a distance of 1 or 2 miles from it. Hampton Roads on the W. Ontario, Lake. One of the chain of the great Old Topsail Inlet, Carteret co., N. C. A pas- American lakes, lying between the state of New sage between the islands in the N. E. part of York and Canada. This is the easternmost and Onslow Bay. smallest in extent of the series. It is 190 miles Oliverian River, N. H., is formed of two branch- long, with an average width of 40 riles. Itsgreates, both having their sources in the town of Ben- est width is 55 miles. Its circumference is 480 ton: the E. branch from the W. side of Moose- miles. It is very deep in every part, varying from hillock Mountain, and the N. branch from Owl's 500 to 600 feet, so that its bottom is considerably Head Mountain. These branches unite near the below the surface of the Atlantic. Its surface is E. line of the town of Haverhill, and the main 334 feet below that of Lake Erie, from which, stream passes through the S. part of the town, through the Niagara River, or Strait, it receives the and falls into the Connecticut. waters of all the great upper lakes, at its western IN THE UNITED STATES. 229 end. Its outlet, at its N. E. extremity, is the River woollen factories, rises in Madison co., and falls St. Lawrence. A large number of creeks and rivers into the Mohawk at the village of Oriskany, Oneienter thelake on the S. side, the principal of which da co. are the Genesee, Oswego, and Black Rivers. The Orphan's Island, Penobscot co., Me. This beauprincipal bays are those of Quinte and Burling- tiful island, containing about 5000 acres of land. ton, in Canada; and Chaumont, Gerondiquot, and lies at the mouth of Penobscot River, and is 4 Braddock's, on the American shore. The Bay of miles in length. Its N. part lies opposite the Quinte is a considerable body of water, into which town of Bucksport, to which it is attached. It a river descends, forming the outlet of several divides the Penobscot into two branches, the W or small lakes. The shores of this lake are gen- main branch of which is called the " Narrows," erally rather low, and in some places marshy; on which side is a fort constructed by the U. S. in other parts, however, they are elevated, and the government. The other branch is called E. River. land is generally good. The " alluvial way," so The island derived its name from having been the called, is a remarkable ridge of land from 7 to 10 property of an orphan who inherited it as her part miles distant from the S. shore of the lake, and of the Waldo estate. extending in a course nearly parallel to it for a Osage River, Mo., has its source in In. Ter., long distance, having the appearance of being in flows into Mo., and after a winding course through some way formed by the action of the lake, at a fertile borders, falls into the Missouri 133 miles period when it may have been higher and spread above the Mississippi. It is 397 yards wide at its over more surface than at present. There is an mouth, and navigable for steamboats 200 miles. excellent road upon the summit of this ridge. Osakis River, Ma.. is supplied by numerous There are a number of good harbors, and several lakes, and flows W. into the Mississippi. places of increasing commerce and business, upon Ossabaw Island and Sound, Bryan co., Ga., are the shores of Lake Ontario, the most important situated at the mouth of Ogeechee River. The of which, on the Canada shore, are Toronto, island is flat and sandy, and 10 miles long; and Kingston, and Coburg; and on the New York the sound is an inlet between this island and shore, Oswego, Sackett's Harbor. and Port Gene- Warren Island., see. This lake is subject to violent storms and Ossipee Lake, N. H. See Ossipee. heavy swells; but it is safely navigated by steam- Ossipee Mountain, N. H. See Ossipee. boats, which are large and stanchly built. and by Oswegatchie River, N. Y., rises in Herkimer co., other vessels. By the Welland Canal, which and pursues a winding N. W. course until it enters connects this lake with Lake Erie on the W., the St. Lawrence at the village of Ogdensburg, vessels are carried around the Falls of Niagara, St. Lawrence co. and also around the rapids in the upper part of Oswego River, N. Y., furnishes the final outlet of the St. Lawrence. It is connected with the Erie the small lakes in the interior of the state of N. Y. Canal and the Hudson River by a canal from into Lake Ontario, into which it flows at the town Oswego; and much valuable trade to and from of Oswego, on the S. shore. The Oswego River New York passes by this channel through the flows directly from the outlet of the Oneida lake. Ontario has such a depth of water that Lake, and receives the waters of the other small even its harbors are seldom closed or much ob- lakes by the Seneca River, into which their sevstructed by ice. Daily lines of steamboats run eral outlets are discharged, and which unites with through the lake from Ogdensburg, on the River it about 24 miles from its mouth. Its course is St. Lawrence, to Lewiston, touching at all the in- about N. W. The lakes with which it is contermediate ports. Sackett'sHarbor, atthe mouth nected are, besides the Oneida, Fish, Cross, of Black River Bay, about 150 miles N. from Os- Otsego, Onondaga, Owasco, Skeneateles, Cananwego, is one of the best and most secure harbors daigua, Crooked, Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes. on Lake Ontario. It was an important naval and This river, for the greater part of its course, military station during the last war with Great serves the purpose of the Oswego Canal, conBritain. necting the Erie Canal at Syracuse with Lake Ontonagon River, Mn.'This large river drains Ontario, the falls of about 100 feet, 12 miles from the W. part of the upper peninsula. Its E. branch its mouth, being overcome by lockage. From rises in Marquette co., its middle and S. in small the foot of these falls the canal is carried along lakes near the border of Wn., and its W. in upon the E. bank of the river to its mouth, where Gogebic Lake. The main stream flows in a N. it descends by locks to the level of the lake. An N. W. direction, and empties into Lake Superior. immense water power is furnished by this canal Oostenaula River. Te. and Ga., rises in Te.. and for mills and manufacturing purposes at Oswego. unites with the Etowah in Floyd co., to form This river served in early times as the great Coosa River. channel of intercourse between the French, and Opequan River, Va. This river rises in the S. subsequently the English, in Canada, and the E. part of Frederick co., flows N. E., separating Six Nations of Indians in Western N. Y. It Clark and a part of Jefferson firom Frederick and was not, however, navigable from the lake, on Berkeley counties, and empties into the Potomac account of the falls at its mouth. River. Otego Creek, N. Y., rises in Burlington, Otsego Oquossak Lake, Oxford co., Me. This large co., and flows into the E. branch of the Susquesheet of water lies a few miles N.E. of the Moose- hanna. It affords good water power. luckmaguntic. It is irregular in its form, and con- Otisco Lake, N. Y. This beautiful sheet of tains many islands. water lies in the W. part of Onondaga co., surOrange Lake, Fa. This is an irregular. sheet rounded by romantic scenery, and is 5 miles long of water lying in Alahua and Marion counties. and 2 miles wide. Its outlet connects with the Ocklawaha, a branch Otsdavza Creek, N. Y.. rises in Laurens, Otsego of St. John's River. co.. and flows S. into the Susquehanna River. Oriskany Creek, N. Y., a very important mill Otsego Lake, N. Y. This beautiful body of stream, on which are situated extensive cotton and water lies in the N. part of Otsego co. It is 9 230 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., miles long, from 1 to 2 miles wide, and abounds ford and Bottetourt counties, 30 miles W. by N. with a variety of fish of fine flavor. At its outlet, of Lynchburg. They are a part of the Blue which is the source of Susquehanna River, lies Ridge, and the highest land in the state. The the flourishing village of Cooperstown. This E. peak is 3104, or, according to some statements, lake and vicinity is a favorite resort of the sports- 4260 feet high, and the W. 2946 feet. man and angler, and noted for pleasant scenery. Otter Tail Lake, Ma. The largest and most Otselic River, N. Y., rises in Madison co., flows N. of the chain of lakes supplying the head wathrough Chenango and Cortland counties, and ters of North Red River. enters Toughnioga River in Broome co. This Ottonwey River, Ma. It rises in several small stream affords good water power, and abounds lakes, flows S. S. W., and empties into the Misin fine trout. sissippi a little below Peterah River. Otsquaga Creek, N. Y., rises in Herkimer co., Ottowas Bay, Mn. A part of Saginaw Bay, flows N. E., and enters the Mohawk in Mont- bordering on Iosco and Arenac counties. gomery co. Overslaugh, N. Y., is situated in the Hudson Otta Quechee River, Vt., (called also Water River, 3 miles below the city of Albany, and Quechee and Quechee River,) rises in Sherburne, formerly consisted of a succession of bars or runs E. through the S. part of Bridgewater, thence flats, through which there were narrow channels, E. N. E. through Woodstock, into the S. part of affording but a small depth of water at low tide. Hartford, and thence S. E. through the N. E. cor- This obstruction, however, has been mostly rener of Hartland, into Connecticut River, about moved by the U. S. government, and the in2 miles above Quechee Falls. In Bridgewater it creased depth of water has much improved navreceives two considerable mill streams, namely, igation. North Branch, which rises in the N. part of this Owasco Lake, Cayuga co., N. Y., is I12 miles township, and South Branch, which rises in long and about I mile wide. Its waters are very Plymouth. In Woodstock it receives two other transparent, abounding with trout and other fish. fine mill streams: one, rising in the N. E. corner The banks are rugged and picturesque. of Bridgewater and S. E. corner of Barnard, falls Owasco Outlet, N. Y., commences in the town into Quechee River just below the N. village in of Auburn, 2 miles S. of the village, and falls Woodstock. Quechee River, in its course, re- into Seneca River in the town of Metz. This ceives numerous other tributaries. It is about 35 stream affords extensive water power, and many miles in length, and waters about 212 square of the fine mill sites are already occupied. miles. The name is of Indian origin, and is said Owawichah River, Ma. It flows S. W., and to signify quick whirling motion, probably given empties into the Missouri a little above Third on account of appearances at the falls. Cedar Island. Otter Creek, Vt., is the longest stream in the Owego Creek, N. Y., rises in Cortland and state. It rises in Mount Tabor, Peru, and Dor- Tompkins counties, and empties into the Susset, within a few rods of the head of the Batten- quehanna at the village of Owego, Tioga co. kill. In Dorset it turns suddenly towards the This creek passes several pleasant villages, and, N., and returns into Mount Tabor, running together with its tributaries, affords extensive through the W. part of this township and Wal- water privileges. * lingford, and through the central part of Claren- Owen's Lake and River, Ca. The lake is a don into Rutland; it then takes a N. W. course small sheet of water situated at the S. part of through Pittsford and Brandon, between Leicester the Sierra Nevada, and the river a stream emptyand Salisbury on the E., and Whiting and Corn- ing into it from the N. wall on the W., through Middlebury, between Owl's Head, Me. See East Thomaston. New Haven and Weymouth, through the N. E. Owyhee River, On. This river rises in the S. corner of Addison, between Waltham and Pan- part of the territory, takes a semicircular course, ton, and through Vergennes and Ferrisburg, into bending into Ca. for a short distance. and finally Lake Champlain. From the S. W. it receives in enters the Lewis Fork of Columbia River a little Ferrisburg a large creek, which rises in Bridport; below Big Wood River. in Weybridge, Lemonfair River; in Rutland, Oxbow Lake, N. Y., is a beautiful little sheet of Little West River, or Furnace Brook; and in water lying in the town of Lake Pleasant, Ham Mount Tabor, Mill River. From the E. it re- ilton co. Its waters abound with trout of a fine ceives New Haven, Middlebury, Leicester, and flavor. The outlet of this lake is a valuable mill Furnace Rivers, East Creek, Cold and Mill Riv- stream, emptying into Piseco Lake. ers. all of which are considerable mill streams. Oyster Bay, N. Y., a large and important body Otter Creek affords many excellent mill sites, of water, lies in the town of Oyster Bay, on the and is navigable 8 miles for the largest vessels on N. side of Long Island, and is connected with the lake. Its whole length is about 90 miles, Oyster Bay and Cold Spring harbors, all of which and it waters about 900 square miles. The allu- abound with shell and scale fish, and wild fowl. vial flats along this stream are very extensive Oyster Creek, Ts., falls into the Gulf of Mexico and fertile. It was named by the French Riviere N. E. from the mouth of Brazos River. aux Loutres, the River of Otters, long before any Oyster River, N.H. See Durham. settlements were made by the English in this state. Packard's M]ountain, New Salem, Ms. Height Otter Creek, N. Y., rises in Herkimer co., flows 1278 feet. W., and falls into Black River in Lewis co. Pacolet River, N. and S. C., has its source in Otter Creek, Ia. A small branch of the Wa- the Blue Ridge, N. C., and falls into Broad River bash River, which it enters in the N. part of at Pinckneyville, Union co., S. C. Vigo co. Paint Creek, O., rises in Madison co., and after Otter Creek, Is., flows S. W. through Macoupin a course of.60 miles enters the W. side of the co., and empties into Macoupin River. Sciota, 5 miles below Chillicothe. Otter, Peaks of, Va., are situated between Bed- Palala Creek, Ga., rises near the centre of IN THE UNITED STATES. 231 Stewart co., flows S. W., and falls into the Chat- a course of 200 miles. It is boatable 150 miles, tahoochee. and navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water Palisades, N. Y. This range of precipitous 60 miles. rocks extends about 20 miles along the W. bank Pascagoula Sound, Mi. and Aa., into which Pasof the Hudson. They first approach the imme- cagoula River empties, is separated from the Gulf diate borders of the river at Fort Lee, in N. J., of Mexico by several low, narrow islands. Its where they are from 300 to 500 feet in almost average breadth is 8 miles, and its length about perpendicular height, and extend N. to Piermont 55 miles. at the commencement of Tappan Bay. They Pasquotank River, N. C., rises in Lake Drumare appropriately named Palisades, meaning mond, in Dismal Swamp, and runs S. E. into Al"palings set out for an enclosure," as they will bemarle Sound. It is connected with Elizabeth probably restrain the waters of this noble river River by a canal, which forms a communication so long as the earth keeps its foundation. between Albemarle Sound and Hampton Roads. Palm Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated be- Passadumkeag River, Me. This fine mill stream tween Long Island on the N. W. and Clam Island rises in the N. E. part of Penobscot co., flows on the S. W. through the N part of Hancock co., then reenters Palmertown Mountains, N. Y. This range, Penobscot co., and receives Cold Stream 2 miles which runs parallel with the Kavaderosseras Mts., above its junction with the Penobscot. commences in the N. W. part of Washington co., Passage Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa., lies at the extends in a S. direction between Lakes George mouth of Tampa Bay, S. E. from Egmont Island. and Champlain, through a part of Warren, into Passaic River, N. J. This stream rises in Saratoga co. They rise to a height of from 1000 Mendham, Morris co., and though flowing through to 1200 feet in Washington and Warren counties. a mountainous country, pursues a winding and Palmetto Creek, Laurens co., Ga., flows S. E. somewhat sluggish course of about 70 miles to its into the Oconee River. entrance into Newark Bay. It has some falls Pamlico River, N. C., is a broad estuary leading which afford good water power, particularly the from Tar River into Pamlico Sound. It is from great falls at Paterson, where there is a perpen1 to 8 miles broad, deep enough to admit any yes- dicular fall of 50 feet, and a total descent of 70 sels which navigate the sound, and 40 miles long. feet, with a width of about 60, affording immense Pamlico Sound, N. C. This shallow body of water power. It is navigable for sloops to Acwater is 80 miles long, and from 8 to 30 miles quachunonck, 12 miles, and is bordered by marshwide. The principal entrance to it is Ocracoke es near its mouth. Inlet. The N. part is connected with Albemarle Passumpsic River, Vt., rises in a pond on the E. Sound. It is separated from the Atlantic by long, border of Westmore, and, running S. through sandy islands, hardly a mile wide, covered with Newark, passes into the W. corner of East Haven; bushes, the outer point of one of which is Cape thence it pursues nearly a S. course through Hatteras. Tar and Neuse Rivers flow into the Burke, Lyndon, St. Johnsbury, Waterford, and sound. The land around it is low, and in some Barnet, and falls into the Connecticut 1 mile beplaces marshy. low the foot of Fifteen Mile Falls. This river Pamunky River, Va. This river is formed by flows through much rich interval, is generally deep, the junction of N. and S. Anna Rivers, between and measures from 4 to 6 rods in width below Hanover and Caroline counties, and unites with St. Johnsbury Plain. It receives several large the Mattapony to form York River, between New branches in Lyndon, two in St. Johnsbury, and Kent and King William counties. one in Barnet. The name of this stream is said Panther Gap Creek, Bath co., Va. A small to be derived from the Indian phrase, Bas-soomstream, flowing in a S. W. direction into Cow sue, signifying a stream where there is much medPasture River. icine. Length about 34 miles. Panther River, Mo. A stream rising in the S. Pataguangomis River, Me., in the N. part of Pispart of Jackson co., and flowing S. E. into the cataquis co., is an enlargement of the Alliguash South Grand, a branch of Osage River. River. Papacton River, N. Y., the E. branch of the Patapsco River, Md. This fine mill stream rises Delaware, rises in the N. part of Delaware co., in Baltimore co., anid enters Chesapeake Bay, by flows S. W. into the town of Hancock, where it a broad estuary between North and Bodkin's unites with the Mohawk, or W. branch. Points. It is navigable for vessels drawing 18 Paradox Lake, lying in the town of Schroon, feet of water 14 miles, to Fell's Point. Essex co, N. Y., is 4 miles long, and from Patkasha River, Ma., flows E., and enters the half a mile to a mile wide. Tkere are many Tehan Sansan or River'i Jaques, a little below small lakes in the vicinity, which abound with Wamdushka River. trout and other fish. Patoka River, Ia., rises in Orange co., and purParis Island, Beaufort district, S. C., lies in sues a W. course until it enters the Wabash, opBroad River, between Port Royal and St. Helena posite Mount Carmel, Is., and 1 or 2 miles below Islands. the mouth of White River. Parker's Islands, N. H. See Hanover. Patsaliga River, Aa. This is one of the prinParker's Island, Md., lies in the Chesapeake, cipal branches of the Conecub River, which it about 15 miles S. from Annapolis. enters from the N. W. in Covington co. Parrott's Creek, Jackson co., Fa. A small trib- Patten's Creek, Ky., enters the Ohio in Ion. 85~ utary of the Choctawhatchie River. 50' W. and lat. 38~ 22' N. Partridge Lake, Brown co., Wn. Situated on Patterson's Creek, Va. It rises in the N. part the S. border of the county, and connected on the of Hardy co., among the Alleghanies, flows N. E. E. with Wolf River. across Hampshire co., and enters the N. branch Pascagoula River, Mi. Chickasawhay and Leaf of the Potomac. Rivers unite to form this river, which falls into Patterson Point, Michillimackinac co., Ma., enPascagoula Sound, in the Gulf of Mexico, after closes Elizabeth Bay on the W. 232 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Patuxent River, Md., forms the boundary be- Peconic River, N. Y., rises in the town of tween Montgomery and Anne Arundel counties, Brookhaven, Suffolk co., flows E. through Little and flowing S. E. 40 miles, it turns to the S.. and Peconic into Great Peconic Bay. flows 50 miles, nearly parallel with Chesapeake Pedee, Great, River, N. and S. C., rises at the Bay, which it enters on the W. side by a large es- foot of the Blue Ridge, Wilkes co., N. C., and tuary. It is navigable 50 miles, to Nottingham, bears the name of Yadkin River until it enters for vessels of 250 tons. S. C. It then flows in a S. direction until it Pauwaicun Lake, Winnebago co., Wn. A large unites with the Wacamaw, a little below Georgesheet of water, which receives the waters of town, and forms Winyaw Bay, which enters the Wolf River in the N., and communicates with Atlantic 12 miles below Georgetown. It is navNeenah or Fox River on the S. E. igable 200 miles for boats of 60 or 70 tons. Pawcatuck River. This river rises in the W.'Pedee, Little, River, rises in N. C., and, flowing part of R. I., where it receives Wood and Charles S. S. W., enters the Great Pedee, 32 miles above Rivers, two good mill streams, and empties into its mouth. Long Island Sound, between the towns of West- Pekatonica River, Wn. and Is., rises in Iowa erly, R. I., and Stonington, Ct. It is navigable 6 co., Wn., and, flowing S. and E., receives Sugar miles. Creek from the N., and falls into Rock River, Is., Pawlet River rises in Vt., flows W. and N. W. 6 miles below the N. boundary of the state. It through Washington co., N. Y., and falls into is navigable to Mineral Point, Wn., for flat boats. Wood Creek just before its entrance into Lake Pekende River, Ma., rises in a small lake, and, Champlain. This stream affords good water flowing W., empties into the Missouri River power, and on its banks are situated several opposite Prospect Island. pleasant villages. Pekushino River, Ma. It rises in a small lake Pawnis Deserted River, Ma. A small stream near the source of Rum River, flows S. W., and flowing S. W. into the Missouri River. empties into the Mississippi nearly opposite SagPawtuxet River, R. I., rises in the W. part of atagon or Spunk River. Providence co., and, with its branches, waters a Peloose or Flag River, On. A N. branch of large part of the state. It enters Narraganset Lewis Fork of Columbia River. Bay 5 miles below Providence, and is celebrated Pemadumcook Lake, or the Bamedumpkok, Pisfor its fine mill sites. cataquis co., Me. This lake lies a few miles N. Fayette River, On. It rises among the Salmon of Baker's Mt., is of an irregular shape, and River Mts., flows S. of W., and empties into contains many islands. The soil on the borders Lewis Fork of Columbia River. of the Pemadumcook and the numerous lakes Pea River, Aa., is the largest branch of Choc- connected with it is remarkably good. The tawhatchie River, which it enters near the S. bor- Jo-Mary Lakes, lying near, are beautiful sheets der of the state. in Dale co. of water, and are surrounded by some of the best Pea Patch Island. Situated in Delaware River, timber land in the state. The facilities for raftand contains the ruins of Fort D)elaware, which ing timber down the Penobscot through these was erected during the American war. lakes render this part of the state very valuable. Peabody River, N. H., rises in the E. pass of the Pemnigewasset River, N. H. This stream and White Mts.. near the head of Ellis's River, a the Winnipiseogee constitute the Merrimack. branch of the Saco, and passes N. into the An- The Pemigewasset is formed of three principal droscoggin. branches, having their sources in Woodstock, Peaked Aountain, Monson, Ms. Height 1239 ft. Franconia, and the Ungranted Lands S. W. from Pearl Island. A small island lying in the Gulf the White Mts. These branches unite in Woodof Mexico, at the mouth of the Mississippi. stock, from whence the main stream passes in a Pearl Lake, Avoyelles parish, La., discharges its S. direction, through Thornton, Campton, bewaters through the Bayou de Glaze into the tween Plymouth and Holderness; Bridgewater, Atchafalaya River. Bristol, and New Hampton; Hill and Franklin; Pearl River, Mi. and La. Its head branches at which latter town it unites with the Winnipisrise near the centre of Mississippi, and running eogee. S. it joins by several mouths the Rigolets, which Pemmaquid Point, Lincoln co., Me. This imforms a communication between Lakes Pon- portant point of land is situated between Muschartrain and Borgne. It forms the boundary congus Bay on the E. and Pemmaquid River on line between Mi. and La. from ]at. 31~ N. It is the W. It contains a light-house, which bears navigable for small craft to Jackson, the capital about 9 miles N. E. from Bantam Ledge, and 10 of Mi. Some efforts have been made to improve W. from St. George's Island. the navigation, which is obstructed by sand bars, Pendleton River, Ga., rises in Laurens co., Ga., shallows, and rafts of timber. flows S. W., separating Emanuel and Montgomery Pecan Creek, Ts. An E. branch of Colorado counties, and receiving Alligator, Tiger, Swift, River, which it enters just above the San Saba. and Wolf Creeks, and empties into the Great Peck's Beach, Cape May co., N. J. A long, Ohoopec in Tatnuall co. narrow island, lying S. from Great Egg Harbor. Pend Oreilles or Kulluspelm Lake, On. A large Peconic Bay, Great, lies on the E. end of Long sheet of water through which flows the Clarke Island, opposite Shelter Island, by which it is Fork of Columbia River. separated from Gardiner's Bay. It is 14 miles Penn's Creek, Pa. This stream rises in the N. long, from 4 to 5 miles wide, and is separated part of Huntingdon co., flows N. E. and E., and from Southold Harbor by Great Hog Neck. Its empties into the Susquehanna River in Union co. borders are somewhat irregular, and Robbins's Penobscot Bay, Me. This bay extends from Island is situated near its centre. Little Peconic Owl's Head on the W. to Burnt Coat Island on Bay extends inland 4 or 5 miles. Sloops navi- the E., a distance of 30 miles. At its mouth are gate it to the village of Riverhead, which is the Fox Islands, Deer Isle, Isle of Haut, and several shire town of Suffolk co. smaller ones. It extends inland to Belfast Bay IN THE UNITED STATES. 233 at the mouth of Penobscot River, a distance of pansion of Illinois River, extends 20 miles in a 20 miles N. from Owl's Head. This bay affords S. W. direction to Peoria village. It is much many varieties of fish, contains many good har- wider than the river, has a gravelly bottom, and bors, and on its borders are many large and very little current. ~ It is divided by the Narrows flourishing towns. into two parts, and abounds with various kinds Penobscot River, Me. This large and impor- of fish. taut river, with its numerous and extensive Pepacton River. See Delaware River. branches, waters a great portion of the state. It Pepin Lake. An expansion of the Mississippi pierces the county which bears its name, and River, 1 mile below the junction of the St. receives tributaries from Washington, Hancock, Croix, and 100 miles below St. Anthony's Falls. Waldo, Piscataquis, and Somerset counties. Be- It is 24 miles long, and from 2 to 4 miles wide. low the union of the E. and W. branches, the Pequannock Creek, N. J., rises in the Walkill Piscataquis and Matawamkeag are its largest and Wawavanda Mts., Sussex co., and flowing tributaries. From the junction of the two branch- S. E. and S. 27 miles, its rapid current affording es, or " the Forks," to tide water at Bangor, is good water power, falls into the Passaic. It is about 76 miles. The E. branch rises at the N. called Pompton River below Pompton village. in the Seboois Lakes, near Aroostook River, and Pequawkett River, N. H. This stream bears an on its passage to the junction, a distance of Indian name formerly applied to a tract of counabout 50 miles, it is properly called Seboois try now including Conway, N. H., Fryeburg, Me., River. The W. branch of the Penobscot rises and some of the adjacent towns. The riverrises in the high lands on the border of Lower Canada in two ponds in Eaton, and falls into the Saco. and the W. frontier of Me. It passes through Pequest Creek, N. J., is a large and rapid stream. the counties of Somerset and Piscataquis in an Its two head branches unite in Independence, E. direction, to its junction with the E. branch, Warren co., and after a course of 30 miles it enreceiving in its course the waters of Lakes Che- ters the Delaware at Belvidere village. suncook, Pemadumcook, Millinoket, and other Pequonoc Creek, New London co., Ct. A small large collections of water. This branch passes stream emptying into Long Island Sound, bewithin 3 miles of the N. border of Moose Head tween Mystic and Thames Rivers. Lake, the source of Kennebec River. The length Perch Lake, N. Y., rises in Orleans, Jefferson of this branch of the Penobscot, from its source co., flows S. W. into the village of Dexter, where to its union with the E. branch or Seboois River, it enters Black River. may be stated at about 140 miles, and the great- Perdido River, Aa. and Fa., rises in Baldwin est length of the river to Bangor, 215, and to the co., Aa., and flowing S. 40 miles, enters the Gulf ocean, 275 miles. Some of the most important of Mexico through a narrow and shallow bay. tributaries of this majestic river are noted under Perkiomen River, Pa., rises in Upper Milford, their distinctive names. A description of them at the foot of South Mt., flows S. about 30 miles, all, with their hydraulic powers and boatable receiving a number of tributaries, which with the capabilities, their rapid courses and beautiful main river afford good water power, and enters cataracts, their fertilizing qualities, and other the Schuylkill 6 miles above Norristown. peculiarities, would fill a volume. Indeed, these Perpetua, Cape, On. A small point of land streams, and the immense basin which they drain, situated on the Pacific coast, N. N. E. from Cape are so little known, that some years must elapse Gregory. before any thing like a fair delineation of the Perry's Peak, Richmond, Ms. Height 2089 ft. value and beauty of this interesting section of Peshtego River, Brown co., Wn. This large New England can be given. river rises in the N. W. interior of the county, Pensaukie River, Brown co., Wn. A small flows S. E., receiving numerous branches, and stream flowing in a N. of E. direction into Green falls into Green Bay a little below the mouth of Bay, which it enters S. from Oconto River. Menomonee River. Pensacola Bay, Fa., sets up from the Gulf of Peshakeme River, Mn. It rises in Michigamme Mexico, between Barancas Point and the W. end Lake, in the N. part of Marquette co., and flows of St. Rosa Island. The entrance to the bay, S. into the Wesacota or Brule River. between these points, is only about three fourths Peterah River, Ma. A small stream emptying of a mile wide, and is well defended by a fort on into the Mississippi E. from Rum River. Point Barancas. The bar has 22 feet of water at Petersburgq Mlountains, N. Y., are a range of not low tide. Extending in a N. E. direction, the very high hills extending S. from Washington, bay has a length in some parts of 28 miles, and through Rensselaer and a part of Columbia co. an average width of about 3 miles. About 11 Petite Jean Creek, As. A large stream rising miles from its mouth, it divides into three parts, in the W. part of Scott co., and flowing a little called Escambia Bay, Yellow Water Bay, and N. of E. into the Arkansas River, which it enters East Bay. Escambia Bay is on the W., and is so on the boundary between Perry and Yell counties. called from the name of the river, which it re- Pey or Elm River, Ma. A large stream flowceives from Florida. Yellow Water Bay also ing S.E., and emptying into the Tchan Sansan, receives the river of that name. East Bay, or River i Jaques, just below Tchanchicanah which is 7 miles long, admits frigates of the Lake. largest class to ride at anchor, and is en- Pharaoh Lake lies in the town of Schroon, tirely protected from all winds. The city of Essex co., N. Y. Pensacola is situated on the W. shore of the Phelps Lake, N. C. A sheet of water lying in principal bay, about 10 miles from the entrance the S. E. part of Washington co., and connected from the gulf. The harbor of Pensacola is good, by a creek with Albemarle Sound. being the deepest haven on the N. coast of the Philadelphia River, Vt. A small stream origiGulf of Mexico. The country around this bay nating in the S. part of Goshen, and running is generally low and barren. S. W. through Chittenden into Pittsford, where Peoria, Lake, Is. This lake, which is an ex- it unites with East Creek. 30 234 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Phillips River, N. H., a branch of the Upper Piscataqua River, N. H., the only large river Amonoosuck, rises in the towns of Dixville and whose course is entirely in this state, is formed by Columbia, and, after passing through Millsfield the junction of several small streams in a wide and and Dummer, unites with the main stream in the deep channel, hollowed out partly by them, and town of Stark. partly by the tide. The names of these streams, Pickerel Bay, Ma. Situated in the N. E. part beginning at the N. E., are Salmon Falls, Cocheco, of Leech Lake, N. W. from Leech Lake River. Bellamy Bank, Oyster, Lamprey, Squamscot, and Pierce Hole River, On. A head branch of Winnicut Rivers. The last five unite their Bitter Root River. waters in a large and irregular bay, between Pig River, Va., rises in the Blue Ridge, and Durham and Greenland. The waters of this bay after a course of 35 miles, falls into Roanoke meet those of Salmon Falls and Cocheco Rivers, River. at Hilton's Point, a few miles below Dover. AI Pigeon River, Te., falls into the French Broad, ter this junction, they proceed in a direct line to in Ion. 820 561 W., and lat. 35~ 46' N. the S. E., and join the ocean 2 or 3 miles below Pike River, Vt. See Berkshire. Portsmouth, embosoming several islands, and Pilot Mountain, N. H. See Kilkenny. forming one of the best harbors on the continent. Pilot Peak, Uh. A high mountain situated Few rivers make a more magnificent appearance between the Great Salt Lake on the E. and Hum- than this; yet the streams by which it is supplied boldt River Mts. on the W. are small. Salmon Falls furnishes more than all Pine Creek, Pa., rises in Potter co., and flows the rest. This stream is called Newichawannock, in a S. direction into the W. branch of Susque- from the falls in Berwick till it receives the wahanna River. It is navigable 60 miles to the line ters of the Cocheco, but the name of Piscataqua of Potter co. ought to be applied to the whole of Salmon Falls Pine Creek, Marshall co., Ia., flows N. W. across River. an angle of St. Joseph's co. into the Kankakee Piscataquis River, Me. This river rises in the River. S. W. part of Piscataquis co., flows 65 miles in Pine Creek, As., rises in Fulton co., flows S. W., an E. direction, and falls into the Penobscot in and enters White River at the town of Athens, Penobscot co. It receives many tributaries, of Izard co. which Sebec and Pleasant Rivers, and Seboois Pine Barren Creek, Aa., flows mostly in Wil- stream, are the principal. This river affords good cox co., and falls into the Alabama River. water power, and together with its branches waters Pinebog River, Huron co., Mn., flows N. into large tracts of country. Lake Huron. Piscataquog River, N. H., is formed from two Pine Log Creek, Washington co., Fa. A small principal branches, one from Francestown, the stream emptying into Choctawhatchee Bay. other from Henniker and Deering, which unite Pine Mountain Creek, Harris co., Ga. A small near the W. line of Goffstown. The main stream stream rising in the Pine Mts., and emptying into pursues a southerly course through Goffstown and the Chattahoochee River. the N. E. corner of Bedford, where it falls into Pine Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. A long, nar- the Merrimack. row island, lying in Charlotte harbor. Piscataway Creek, Prince George co., Md., rises Pine Lake, Barry co., Mn. Situated S. from near the centre of the county, and flows S. W. Gun Lake. into the Potomac River. Pine Lake, Chippewa co., Wn., lies between Pischous River, On. A W. branch of Clarke Birch and Red Cedar Lakes. Fork of Columbia River. Pine River, N. H. Asmall stream issuing from Piseco Lake, lying in Arietta, Hamilton co., a pond in the town of Wakefield, and passing N. Y., is 6 miles long, about 2 miles wide, and N. W. into Ossipee Lake. abounds with salmon and brook trout of a supePine River, Mn., rises by numerous head rior size and quality. The surrounding country branches in the S. part of Chippewa co., flows also affords great quantities of wild game, makS., and empties into Lake Huron E. from the ing the region a favorite resort of the angler and mouth of Carp River. sportsman. The outlet of the lake constitutes Pine River, Mn. It rises in the E. part of the W. branch of the Sacondaga, a tributary of Mecosta co., flows S. E. across an angle of Mont- the Hudson River. calm into Gratiot co., then N. E. into Midland Piskasau River, Boone co., Is. This stream co., where it enters Chippewa River. is a head branch of Rock River. Pine River, Arenac co., Mn., flows S. E. into Pistakee Lake, Is., lies in the N. W. part of Saginaw Bay. Lake co. Fox River passes through it. Pine River, Wn. It rises in the N. W. part of Pitt Mount, On. A high peak of the Cascade Sank co., and flows S. into the Wisconsin River. range, situated W. from Flamath Lake. Piney Creek, Ca. A small head branch of Placid Lake, N. Y., lying mostly in the town Grand River. of Keene. in the N. part of Essex co., and surPinnacle Creek, Logan co., Va. A head branch rounded by a wild and picturesque region of of Guyandotte River. country, is 4 miles long, and from 1 to 1A miles Pinos, Point, Ca., extends into the Pacific at wide. the city of Monterey. Plaisance Bay, Mn. Situated in the W. part Pintlala River, Aa., waters the E. part of of Lake Erie, opposite the town of Monroe, MonMontgomery co., and enters the S. side of Ala- roe co. bama River. Platt or Plott River, Vt. See Laplot. Pipe Creek, Iowa co., Wn., flows in a N. direc- Platte River, In. Ter., rises by two branches in tion into Wisconsin River. the Rocky Mts., which unite in the N. part of the Piscassick River, N. H., rises in the N. E. part territory, 400 miles from their source, and joins of Brentford, and passing through New Market, the Missouri 700 miles from the Mississippi, after falls into Lamprey River at Durham. an E. course of about 1600 miles. Its principal IN THE UNITED STATES. 235 branches are the Elkhorn, entering it near its Point au Betsie, Mn. The W. extremity of mouth, and the Loupfork, 90 miles above. It is Leelanau co., projecting into Lake Michigan. from 1 to 3 miles broad, and so shallow that, Point aux Grais. Arenae co., Mn. Situated excepting in floods, it is fordable in almost any near the mouth of Rifle River, and extending place. The number of islands, the shifting into Saginaw Bay. sands in its bed, and the rapidity of the current, Point Barro de Arena, Ca. Situated N. W. are effectual barriers to all navigation. from Point de los Reyes. Platte River, Little, a N. branch of the Mis- Point de los Reyes, Ca. Situated on the Pacific souri, which it enters 349 m. from the Mississippi. coast, N. W. from San Francisco Bay. Pleasant Lake, N. Y., is a beautiful sheet of Point de Tour, Mn. Situated at the E. entrance water, lying mostly in the town of Lake Pleas- of Big Bay de. Noquet. ant. Hamilton co. It is 3 miles long, from 1 to 1 Point de Tour, Mn. The S. E. extremity of miles wide, and abounds in fine fish of different Chippewa co., extending into Lake Huron. kinds. The surrounding country is a favorite Point no Point, Matthews co., Va., extends into resort of wild game, and is interspersed with Chesapeake Bay. small lakes, the waters of which are well stocked Point St. Ignace, Michilimackinac co., Mn. with fish. This is the S. extremity of the county, extendPleasant River, Washington co., Me. This ing into the Straits of Mackinaw opposite Fort river has its source in a pond in Beddington, and Point. flows in a N. E. direction into Pleasant River Point St. Vital, Chippewa co., Mn., extends Bay, which lies on the E. side of Naraguagus Bay. into Lake Huron W. from Point de Tour. Pleasant River, Piscataquis co., Me. This Pollopel's Island, N. Y. This mass of rock lies important mill stream is a tributary of the Pis- in the Hudson River, near its E. shore, 6 miles cataquis. It receives the two Ebeeme branches in above West Point, and opposite Breakneck Hill. the town of Milo, about 15 miles from its mouth. Ponzme de Terre River, Mo., rises in Greene co., Plum Creek, Is. A small branch of the Mis- and flows N. into Osagre River. sissippi River, which it enters in Carroll co. Pompton River, N. J., which is formed by the Plumn Creek, Delaware co., Io. A small branch junction of Pequannock. Ritgwood, and Ramapo of the Macoquetais River. Rivers, divides Passaic fiom Morris co., and falls Plum Island, Essex co., Ms. See Newburyport. into the Passaic. Its length is 8 miles. The Plum River, Ma. An E. tributary of North Morris Canal crosses it in a wooden aqueduct Red River. 286 feet long, 2 miles above its mouth. Plumbgut, N. Y., is the channel between Plumb Ponchartrain Lake, La., communicates with Island and Oyster Pond Point on the E. end of Lake Maurepas on the W., with Lake Borgne Long Island. through the Rigolets on the E., and with New Plaquemine Bayou, La., an outlet of the Missis- Orleans through St. John's Bayou and a canal sippi, is 117 miles above New Orleans, 8 miles on the S. The largest of its tributaries are Tanbelow the mouth of the Iberville, and 96 below gipaha and.Tchefuncte Rivers, which enter it on the effiux of Atchafalaya outlet, which it finally the N. side. It is 40 miles long, 25 miles broad, enters. The waters of the Mississippi only flow and 16 or 18 feet in the deepest parts, but not into it when that river is nearly at its greatest more than 9 feet near the shore. height. It is navigable at such times for vessels Pond River, Ky. A tributary of Green River, and steamboats. separating Muhlenburg and Hopkins counties. Pocomoke River and Bay. The river has its Pondicherry Mountain, N. H. See Jefferson. source in Dismal Swamp, on the boundary be- Ponquamgamook Lake, Piscataquis co., Me., lies tween De. and Md., and proceeds about 70 miles S. of Barnonenungemook Lake. in a S. W. direction to Pocomoke Bay, a branch Poplar Island lies in Chesapeake Bay, in Ion. of Chesapeake Bay. The river is navigable to 760 28' W., and lat. 380 451 N. It is about 10 Snowhill for vessels. miles in circumference. Pocotalico River, Kanawha co., Va., flows into Porcupine's Islands, Hancock co., Me., lie in the Great Kanawha about 40 miles fiom its Frenchman's Bay, off the town of Gouldsboro'. mouth. after a S. W. course of about 60 miles. Porpoise, Cape, York co., Me., is situated in N. Bituminous coal and iron ore are found on its lat. 430 22', WV. lon. 700 23t, and forms the N. E. borders. It is boatable 20 or 30 miles in high boundary of Kennebunk harbor. water. Portage Lake, Houghton co., Mn. This lake is Pocotaligo River, Sumpter district, S. C., rises very irregular in its shape, having several arms, in the W. part of the district, and flows S. E. one of which communicates with Keewaiwona into Black River. Bay, one with Houghton's Lake, and one extends Poestenkill, N. Y. This valuable mill stream N. W. almost to the opposite side of Keewairises in the towns of Grafton and Sand Lake, wona Point, on the head of which the lake is Rensselaer co., flows W. into the city of Troy, situated. where it'enters the Hudson. Portage Lake, Livingston and Washtenaw counPoinsett Lake, Ma. Situated W. from the ties, Mn. One of a number of small lakes supSioux River, with which it is connected by an plying the head waters of Huron River. outlet. Portage River, 0., drains Hancock co., and flowPoinsett Lake, Orange co., Fa. A small lake, ing N. E., enters Lake Erie at Port Clinton. It through which flow the waters of St. John's affords good water power, and flows through Black River. Swamp, an unhealthy region, but which would Poinsett River, Ca. A small head branch of make a very fertile country if suitably drained. the Rio Sacramento. Portage River, Mn. One of the head branches Pointe Seuil Choix, Mn., extends into Lake of Grand River, draining the N. E. part of JackMichigan, opposite the S. W. corner of School- son co. craft co Port Douglass, N. Y., is a convenient landing in 236 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Chesterfield, Essex co., on the W. side of Lake falls. The principal towns and cities on this river Champlain, and 8 miles E. of Keesville village. are Port Tobacco, Alexandria, Washington, Port Genesee, N. Y. See Charlotte. Georgetown, Harper's Ferry, and Cumberland. Port Neuf River, On. A small stream flowing Pottier's Point, Vt. This point is situated on W. and emptying into the Lewis Fork of Colum- the W. side of Shelburne, 2 miles 182 rods from bia River, a little below Fort Hall. the S. wharf in Burlington. It took its name Potato River, Midland co., Mn. A small stream from John Pottier, the first settler upon it, but is flowing E. into Saginaw Bay. often called Shelburne Point. Poteau River, As., rises in Scott co., flows W. Poultney River rises in Vt., flows in a W. direcand then N., mostly in the In. Ter., and falls into tion, forming the boundary between New York and the Arkansas at Fort Smith. Vermont for some distance, and falls into the head Potomac River forms the S. boundary of Mary- of Lake Champlain. land through its whole course, dividing it from Powder River, On., rises among the Blue Mts., Virginia. It rises by two main branches in the and flows N. E. into the Lewis Fork of Columbia Alleghany Mts., called the N. branch and the S. River. branch; and also receives numerous other streams Powell's Point, Currituck co., N. C. A point from the same elevated regions, which are among of land projecting into Albemarle Sound, between its more distant sources. The course of the two Currituck Sound on the E. and North River on main branches is N. E. at first, until the N. branch the W. passes Cumberland, where it is infleccted to the S. Powel's River, Va., has its source in Powel's E., and breaks through several ridges of elevated Mt., and, passing into Te., unites with Clinch lands into the valley of the S. branch, and forms River, 38 miles N. E. of Knoxville. It is boataa junction with it. The latter, if estimated by its ble nearly 100 miles. length, and the extent of the area drained into its Powow Hill, Salisbury, Ms. Height 328 feet. channel, must be regarded as the main branch, al- Powow River, N. H. and Ms., has its principal though it is to the N. branch that the name of the source in Great and Country Ponds, in Kingston, Potomac has been distinctively applied. The N. H., and passes over the S. W. part of E. Kingsriver now pursues a N. E. course, breaking through ton into South Hampton; thence into Amesbury, another mountain chain, until it reaches its most Ms., where it turns E. into South Hampton again, N. latitude at Hancock's Town, where it is again and returns into Amesbury, falling into the Merinflected to the S. E., which direction it generally rimack between Salisbury and Amesbury. There pursues to its entrance into Chesapeake Bay. are several falls in this river, those in Amesbury About 40 miles below Hancock's Town, the Po- being the most remarkable, the wtater falling 100 tomac, after receiving the Shenandoah from the feet in the distance of 50 rods. S., which brings in a volume of water nearly Prairie Creek, Io. A small head stream of the equal to that of the principal river, breaks through Macoquetais River, which it enters in Delaware co. the Blue Ridge at Harper's Ferry. The Shenan- Prairie Creek, Io. A S. branch of the Macodoah is the longest branch of the Potomac. Its quetais River, which it enters in Jackson co. remotest sources are in Augusta co., Va., and its Prairie River, Mn. This stream rises in a small general course is N., and nearly parallel to the lake in the N. E. part of Ia., flows N. W. across W. base of the Blue Ridge, for a distance of about Branch and St. Joseph's counties, Mn., and emp130 miles, till it unites with the Potomac, having ties into St. Joseph River. found this remarkable passage through the moun- Presque Isle River, Mn. This river rises in tains. The bold scenery at this pass has been many small lakes on the boundary between Mn. justly admired as among the finest natural curi- and Wn., flows N. N. W., and empties into Lake osities of the country. The level, at low water, Superior. at the junction of the two rivers, is 288 feet above Preston Lake, Ma. Situated near the Sioux tide water. The upper valley of the Potomac, River, and S. W. from Lake Poinsett. between the Blue Ridge and the Alleghany Mts., Presumpscut River, Cumberland co., Me., the including that of the Shenandoah, is in length outlet of Sebago Lake. falls into Casco Bay at about 160 miles, with a mean breadth of 50 miles, Falmouth, 6 miles N. of Portland. embracing an area of 8000 square miles. Having Prince's Bay, N. Y., lying on the S. E. side of passed the Blue Ridge, the Potomac continues S. Staten Island, is famous for its oysters, which E. about 50 miles to the lower falls, and the head are very abundant and of a fine quality. of tide water, at Georgetown. It soon attains the Profile Mountain, N. H. Dr. Jackson, in his dimensions of a large navigable river. It is a celebrated work on the Geology of New Hampmile and a quarter wide, and 18 feet deep at Al- shire, thus describes this curious specimen of the exandria, which is nearly 300 miles from the works of nature: "The profile is produced by ocean, and is navigable for ships of the line to the irregular jutting out of five blocks of granite, the navy yard at Washington. The circuitous giving the effect of the stern visage of an old course of its tide water channel renders the navi- man looking over the deep valley below, and gation of the Potomac Bay somewhat tedious, having so strong a likeness to a human face as though it is in all parts easy and safe. Its gen- to be regarded as an object of wonder and aderal course, for many miles, is nearly the same miration, worthy of a visit from travellers. It with that of the Chesapeake Bay, with which it has been declared to be one of the greatest natfinally unites, by a mouth 10 miles wide and 42 ural curiosities of the state. It is said thht the feet deep. Combining the two sections of the view of the profile is lost when the mountain Potomac valley, above and below the Blue Ridge, is approached, as it is also by a considerable the whole basin embraces an area of about 13,000 change in the point of view on the road, the square miles, which is a region of great interest, best spot to see it to advantage being where the both in physical and political geography. Its en- guide-board directs the traveller's attention to it." tire length is about 600 miles. Above tide water Prospect Hiu, Waltham, Ms. Height 482 feet. there are three points where are considerable Prospect Hill, Hingham, Ms. Height 243 feet. IN THE UNITED STATES. 237 Prospect HIll, Rowley, Ms. Height 264 feet. Quinepaick River, Ct. This stream rises in Prout's Island. Northampton co., Va. A pretty Bristol and Farmington, flows 30 miles in a S. large island lying off the Atlantic coast. direction, and enters Long Island Sound at New Proven's Mountain, West Springfield, Ms. Haven. Height 665 feet. Quissibis River, Me., rises in the N. E. part of Providence Lake, Carroll parish, La. A small the state, flows S., and enters the St. John's Rivsheet of water connecting by outlets with the er E. of Green River. Mississippi River and Swan Lake. Quoddy Head, or West Quoddy Head, Me., is Providence River, R. I. This river, or the head the W. entrance into Passamaquoddy Bay. It is waters of Narraganset, extends below the city in N. lat. 440 551, W. lon. 660 49', and has a lightof Providence to Field's Point, about 3 miles, or house 45 feet high. See Lubec and Eastport. to Bullock's Point, 5 miles. On the N., just below Providence, it receives the Seekonk or Rabbit Creek, Ma., empties into the Mississippi Pawtucket, and another stream or expanse of between Nokay and Muddy Rivers. water, into which the two small rivers, the Wan- Rabbit River, Allegan co., Mn., flows in a W. asquiatucket and Moshasick, flow, just above the direction, and falls into the Kalamazoo. town. Raccoon Creek, Crawford co., Wn., falls into the Provost Creek, N. Y. This stream rises in Mississippi a little above Bad Axe River. Albany co., flows S., and enters Catskill Creek Raccoon River, Io. This long river rises in the in Greene co. N. W. interior of the state, one of its head branchPrudence Island, R. I., is situated in Narragan- es communicating through a lake with Boyer's set Bay, and belongs to Newport co. River, a branch of the Missouri. It flows in a Psihu or IWild Rice River, Ma. This large S. E. direction, crossing Dallas co., and falling river rises in several lakes, and flows N. E. into into the Desmoines in Polk co. the North Red River. Racket Lake is situated on the table land of Ptan Ska Lake, Io. A small body of water Northern N. Y., in Hamilton co., and is elevated lying W. from Spirit Lake. 1731 feet above the level of the ocean. It is 14 Puckaway Lake, Marquette co., Wn. Situated miles long, from 2 to 5 wide, of an irregular in the S. part of the county, at the head of Nee- shape, and abounding with fish of uncommon nah or Fox River. size. It is surrounded by an uncultivated but Puerco River, New Mexico. This river rises interesting region, interspersed with numerous among the mountains in the N. W. part of the small lakes, the sources of rivers which flow in state, flows S. S. E. nearly parallel with the Rio every direction. Grande, which it enters at a great bend which Racket River, N. Y., rises in a number of lakes occurs above the Presidio de Rio Grande. in Hamilton co., flows in a N. direction through Puget Sound, On., is situated at the S. part of St. Lawrence co., and enters the St. Lawrence Admiralty Inlet, receives the waters of several River opposite the Island of Cornwall, in Canada. rivers, and contains many islands. Two other important rivers enter the St. LawPunmgockamock Lake, Piscataquis co., Me., lies rence, one on each side of this stream, within the S. E. of Bamonenungemook Lake, with which it distance of 6 miles. The length of the Racket is is connected by an outlet. 145 miles. Pumpkin Vine Creek, Ga. A tributary of the Raft River, On., flows N. and empties into Etowah, which it enters in Cass co. Lewis Fork of Columbia River, between Fall and Punepun Lake, Mn. Situated in the S. part Swamp Creeks of Charlevoix co. Ragged Mountains, N. H., so called from their Pungo River, N. C., separates Hyde and Beau- rough appearance, lie between Andover and Hill, fort counties, and empties into Pamlico Sound. extending in a chain about 10 miles from the Pushaw Lake, Penobscot co., Me., lies W. of Pemigewasset to the vicinity of Kearsarge. It is Oldtown Island, and is connected on the N. with a bleak and precipitous range, and is nearly 2000 Dead Stream. It is about 8 miles long and 1 feet high in its N. points. wide. Railcut Hill, Gloucester, Ms. Height 205 feet. Putnam Fort, N. Y. See West Point. Rainy River, Is., rises near the W. border of Ia., Pyramid Lake, Ca., Uh. A large body of water flows W. N. W., and joins the Illinois River in lying E. from the Sierra Nevada Mts. It re- Ion. 880 5' W., and lat. 410 20/ N. ceives the waters of the Mud Lakes on the N., Raisin River, Mn., derives its name from the and of Salmon Trout River on the S. E. numerous grape vines which formerly covered its Pyramid Point, Mn. The N. W. extremity of banks. It rises in the town of Wheatland, HillsLeelanau co. projecting into Lake Michigan. dale co., and after a circuitous course of 130 miles, it enters Lake Erie. 2J miles below Monroe. Its Quantuck Bay lies in the town of Southamp- entire length in a direct line is about 60 miles. ton, Suffolk co., N. Y., at the E. extremity of the Its current is rapid, and it is enclosed by high Great South Bay. Quogue Neck separates it on and beautiful banks. the E. from Shinnecock Bay. Ramapo River, N. Y. The head branches of Quechee River, Vt. See Otta Quechee. this stream rise in Orange co.; thence it flows in Quinebaug River, Ct. and Ms. This beautiful a S. direction through a part of Rockland co., mill stream rises in Mashapaug Pond, Union, and falls into the Passaic River, in N. J. It Ct., flows N. to Brimfield, Ms., then S. E. to abounds in fish, and affords many excellent mill Thompson, Ct., where it receives French River; sites. thence it flows about 30 miles in a S. direction Rancocus Creek, N. J., rises in Monmouth co., through a very fertile country, joins the She- and flows N. W. into the Delaware River. tucket near the city of Norwich, and takes the Rainer Mount, Oh. A high peak of the Cas name of that river to the Yantic. These three cade Mountains, situated N. E. from Mount St streams unite to form the Thames. Helen's. 238 MOUNTAINS,:RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Rapid Ann River, Va., rises in Madison co., in general course until it falls into the Mississippi in the Blue Ridge, and falls into the Rappahannock, lat. 310 1' N., and in lon. 910 42t W. from Green10 miles above Fredericksburg. wich. Its entire length is more than 1000 miles. Rapid River, Mn., drains the S. W'. part of From 1000 2t of Ion. W. from Greenwich, to Schooleraft co., and falls into the Little Bay de about lon. 940 32, it forms the. N. boundary of Noquet. Texas; it then traverses a small angle of ArkanRapids, or Wiqobimis River, St. Croix co., Wn. sas, and enters Louisiana, and traverses the whole It rises in a pretty large lake, and flows W. into N. half of the state diagonally to its junction the St. Croix River. with the Mississippi, through a comparative Rappahannock River, Va. This river rises in course within that state of 300 miles. The the Blue Ridge, and flowing S. E. 130 miles, en- greater part of its channel is through fertile praiters a large estuary from Chesapeake Bay, 25 ries of a reddish soil, which imparts its color to miles S. of the mouth of the Potomac. It has 4 the waters of the river. These prairies, especially fathoms of water to Hobbs's Hole, and is naviga- in the remoter regions, are the favorite range of ble to Fredericksburg, 110 miles, for vessels re- the buffalo, and other wild animals of that counquiring 10 feet of water. try. The shores of the river abound with grape Raritan River, N. J., is formed by two principal vines, which produce an abundance of delicious branches which unite in Somerset co., and empties fruit. Some distance below, where the river into Raritan Bay at Amboy. Sloops of 80 tons bends to the S. E., having entered Louisiana, it ascend the river to Brunswick, 17 miles, with 8 divides into numerous channels, almost losing its feet of water. character as a river, and spreading a maze of inRaspberry River, La Pointe co., Wn. A small terlocking watercourses, without any direct constream flowing N. E. into Chegowawegon Bay. tinuous channel, over an elliptical region of low Rattlesnake Island, N. Y. This island, consist- lands between the receding hills, varying in width ing of 50 acres of grass land, lies in the Niagara from 8 to 10 miles, and about 70 miles in length. River, 4 miles below Black Rock. This is what is called the " Raft," from its supRaw Creek, Fa. A small stream connecting posed correspondence with an obstruction in the Duln's Lake with the ocean, and forming a part Atchafalaya, occasioned by an accumulation of of the boundary between St. John's and Orange timber becoming stationary in its channel. But counties. it is affirmed by the best authorities, upon perRawley's Springs, Rockingham co., Va. This sonal observation, that there is nothing in comwatering-place is situated on Dry River, 12 miles mon between the two rivers, as it respects this N. W. of Harrisonburg. peculiarity, except the obstruction to the continuReaburn River, S. C., rises in the S. E. part of ity of their streams. That of Red River is not Greenville district, flows S., and, uniting with a "raft" in the literal sense, composed of timReedy River, enters the Saluda. ber, as in the case of the Atchafalaya, but is Red Creek, Mi. This stream rises in Marion rather supposed to be the remains of a lake which co., flows S. W., and empties into the Pascagoula formerly occupied this low ground, and has been River. gradually filling up with the debris from the rivRed Cedar Creek, Ma., flows S. E., and empties er's banks, until it is now a mere thicket of islands, into the St. Croix River between Memokage through which the waters, coming down from River and Reed Creek. above, slowly make their way to the former outReddy's River, Wilkes co., N. C., is a branch let of the lake. At Grand Ecor, 4 miles above of the Yadkin. Natchitoches, the whole volume of the river is Red Cedar Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. This is united; but it is soon again divided into several the most S. of a chain of lakes supplying the head channels, which afterwards unite in one, 30 or 40 waters of Red Cedar River. miles farther down, again to separate at the outRed Cedar Lake, Ma. Situated S. E. from let of the Bayou Rapide. The lower section of Muddy Lake, and connected by an outlet with the main channel is narrower than above the the Mississippi River. "Raft," as it is called, but it is increased in Red Cedar River, Chippewa co., Wn. This depth. After passing Alexandria, there are other river rises in a series of small lakes in the N. W. outlets, which convey away their waters into the part of the county, flows S. S. W., and empties Atchafalaya, thus diminishing somewhat the into Chippewa River. volume of the river. This river, but for the obRed Eye River, Ma. It rises in a lake, and structions above described, would be a fine naviflowing S. E. empties into Crow Wing, a little gable water for 400 miles from its mouth. Could above Long Prairie River. this impediment be overcome, much greater faRed Hill, N. H. See Moultonboro' and Centre cilities would be offered for the settlement and Harbor. profitable improvement of the extensive and ferRed Brush Hill, Wrentham, Ms. Height 456 ft. tile regions upon its banks. Red River, La. and As. The first large river Red River, Ca., rises among the Sierra Madre, which enters the Mississippi above its mouth, and flows N. W. into the Rio Colorado. coming down from the far S. W. It rises near Red Hill River, N. H., has its source in the the base of the Rocky Mts., in lat. 350 to 40~ N., town of Sandwich, and falls into the Winnipiseand lon. 250 to 32~ W. from Washington. Its ogee in Marlboro'. sources are between those of the N. fork of the Redfoot River, Te., rises in the N. E.,part of Arkansas River and those of the Rio Brazos of Obion co., flows S. W., and empties into Obion the Gulf of Mexico. Its course is very nearly E. River near its junction with the Mississippi. for more than half of its entire length, until it Red Pipestone Creek, Ma. An E. branch of the enters the S. W. corner of Arkansas, when it is Sioux River, which it enters just below Coteau inflected to the S.; and after flowing in this di- Percee Creek. rection about 100 miles, and crossing into Louis- Reed Creek, Ma. It flows S.E. into the St. iana, it bends to the S. E., and continues in this Croix River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 239 Reedy Creek, Va., rises in the E. part of Jack- Rivanna River, Va., flows S. E., and unites with son co., flows N., and empties into the Little James River at Columbia. It is boatable more Kanawha in Wirt co. than 20 miles. Reedy Island lies in the Delaware River, 50 Roanoke River, Va. and N. C. Staunton and miles below Philadelphia, and 20 miles from Bom- Dan Rivers, two large tributaries, unite near the bay Hook. Length 3 miles, width one fourth of S. border of Va. to form this river, which flows a mile. into the W. extremity of Albemarle Sound. It Reedy River, S. C. This stream rises in Green- is navigable for vessels of 45 tons, 75 miles, to ville district, flows S. S. E., and uniting with the the Great Falls at Halifax. A canal around the Reaburn, empties into the Saluda River. falls opens a boat navigation to the junction of Refugio River, Ts. A small stream entering Staunton and Dan Rivers, which are both naviEspiritu Santo Bay, just above the town of Re- gable some distance for boats. fugio. Robbins's Island, N. Y., belonging to the town Rehoboth Bay, Sussex co., De. Situated at the of Southold, Suffolk co., lies in Great Peconic Bay. mouth of Indian River, through which it corn- Roche Port River, Mo., rises in the S. E. part municates with the Atlantic. of Randolph co., and flows S. into the Missouri. Revel's Island, Va. A small island near the Rock City, situated in the town of Great Valcoast, in lon. 750 431 E., and lat. 37~ 351 N. ley, Cattaraugus co., N. Y., about 7 miles S. of Rhett Lake, Ca. Situated on the N. border of Ellicottville, is a great natural curiosity. It is the territory at the head of Tlamath River. approached by a ridge of gradual ascent, extendRiawaw River and Island, Colleton district, ing from the base to the summit of the hill, and S. C. This little river is properly an inlet, reach- terminating at an elevation of 600 feet. More ing from Stono Inlet to the mouth of the North than 100 acres are covered with vast fragments Edisto River. The island lies directly S. from of rock at this single spot, the imposing grandeur the river. of which declares thetn not unaptly named. The Richland Creek, Te., rises in the W. part of masses of rock, although detached from each Dickson co., and flows W. into Tennessee River. other, approach nearer and nearer towards the Richland Creek, Knox co., Ky. A small stream centre, and vary from 15 to 35 feet in height. emptying into the Cumberland River at Bar- Most of them are rectangular; some of them are boursville. separated but a few inches, while others have an Richland Creek, As., rises in the interior of interval of several yards between them. The Madison co., flows W., and enters White River removal of large masses from the midst of some in Washington co. groups has left spaces resembling fine courtRichmond Fort, N. Y. See Staten Island. yards. Richmond's Island, Cumberland co., Me., is a Rockaway Beach, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. part of the town of Cape Elizabeth. Rock Creek, D. C., flows between Georgetown Rifle River, Mn. It rises in the S. part of Os- and Washington city, and falls into the Potomac. coda co., flows S. S. E. through Ogemaw and Rock Creek, On. A small S. tributary of Lewis Arenac counties, and falls into Saginaw Bay. Fork of Columbia River. Rigolets River or Channel, La., connects Lakes' Rock Island. Situated in the Mississippi, near Ponchartrain and Borgne, and is 8 or 10 miles Rock River Rapids. It is 3A miles long, and in length. three fourths of a mile wide. The sides are of Rio Bosque, Ts. A W. tributary of Brazos perpendicular rock, 20 feet above the greatest River. height of water. Fort Armstrong is situated on Rio Colorado. This large river rises principally the S. border of the island. in On. and Na., flows S. W. across the entire Rock Island Rapids commence at Rock Island, length of Upper Ca., and empties into the N. part just above the mouth of Rock River, and extend of the Gulf of California. 15 miles up the Mississippi, with a descent of 21 Rio de Chama, New Mex., flows S. W. into the feet 10 inches. Ledges of rock extend across Rio Grande. the river in various places, greatly obstructing Rio de.Jemez, New Mex. It rises in the W. navigation at low water. The U.S. government part of the state, and flows S. W. into the Rio has done something for the improvement of these Grande. rapids. Rio de la Cosumnes, Ca., rises among the Sierra Rockland Lake lies in Clarkstown, Rockland Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Joaquin. co., N.Y. It is 5 miles in circumference, is eleRio de la Plumas. Ca. This large river rises vated nearly 200 feet above the level of the Hudin the N. part of the Sierra Nevada, flows S. W., son, and surrounded by high hills. Its waters, and empties into the Rio Sacramento. which are very pure, abound in fish of various Ridge Road, N. Y. See Alluvial Wlay. kinds, and great quantities of ice, procured here Rio Frio, Ts. It flows S. E. into the San Mig- during the winter season, are annually taken to uel, a tributary of Nueces River. the New York market. Rio Gila. This large river runs on the S. bor- Rock Mountain, De Kalb co., Ga. This isolated der of Ca., separating it from Mex., and empties peak rises 2226 feet above the stream at its base. into the Gulf of California at the mouth of Rio It is about 7 miles in circumference. Colorado. Rock River, Vt. This river rises in Franklin, Rio Grande. This river, which is also called and runs through Highgate into Missisco Bay. the Rio del Norte, and Rio Bravo, rises in the Rock River, Ca. A small W. branch of Green Green Mts. and the Sierra de Anahuac, flows River. S. E., separating Ts. from New Mex. and Mexi- Rock River, Wn. and Is. This river has its co, and empties into the Gulf of Mexico. source in a region of lakes and swamps. One Rio San Bueneventura, Ca. It rises among the of its principal heads, the Catfish, rises in a swamp Coast Mts., flows N. W., and empties into the a few miles S. of Fort Winnebago, and connects Pacific just above Monterey. the " Four Lakes." Rock River receives several 2.10 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., tributaries after it enters Is., and falls into the flows N. W., and empties into Green River in Mississippi 3 miles below Rock Island. Much Greene co. of the country through which it passes in Is. Russell Mountain, Me. There are two peaks of consists of fertile prairie, with some timber land. this name in Piscataquis co., one N. and the other Its channel is mostly lime and sandstone rock, S. of Moose Head Lake. and it has several rapids, which obstruct naviga- Russell's River, Mn. A small stream draining tion at low water. the S. E. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling Rocky Creek, Ca. An E. branch of Grand River. into Lake Superior. Rocky Comfort Creek; Ga., rises in Warren co., flows S. E., and enters the Ogechee in Jeffer- Sabbath Day Point, Warren co., N. Y., lies in son co. the town of Hague, on the W. side of Lake Rocky River, N. C., has numerous head branch- George, 24 miles N. of Caldwell village. It dees, which drain the whole of Cabarras co. The rives its name from the circumstance of some main stream flows S. and then W., separating English troops landing here on the Sabbath, durStanley from Union and Anson counties, and ing the old French war, and falling in a conflict empties into the Yadkin River. with a party of Indians. Rocky River, S. C., rises in the N. part of An- Sabine River, La. and Texas. This river rises derson co., flows S., and enters the Savannah in in Texas, in lat. 32~ 30' N., flows S. E. and S.. and Abbeville district. enters La. in Caddo parish, thence forming the Rodman River, Fond du Lac co., Wn. A head boundary be'ween La. and Texas. It is 300 miles branch of Milwaukie River. long, watering the most hilly parts of La. in the Rondout Creek, or River, N. Y., rises in Sullivan, upper part of its course, and in its lower part a flows W. through Ulster co., and enters the Hud- broad and sterile prairie. In low water it has but son near Rondout village. The Wallkill and 4 feet on the bar at its mouth. It passes through several smaller streams, all affording considerable Sabine Lake, which is 30 miles long and from.1 water power, are its tributaries. to 7 or 8 miles wide, before entering the Gulf of Ronkonkonma Lake, or Great Pond, N. Y., lies Mexico, but is little broader after leaving the lake in the towns of Brookhaven, Smithtown, and than when it entered it. Islip, Suffolk co., and near the centre of Long Sable, Cape, Monroe co., Fa. This is the S. W. Island. It is about a mile in diameter, of great extremity of the peninsula. On it is situated depth, and its transparent waters are filled with Fort Poinsett. perch and other small fish. Its situation, sur- Sable River, Mason co., Mn., empties into Marrounded as it is by immense forests of pine and quette Bay. other trees, is beautiful in the extreme. It is Sac River, Mo. This river rises in Lawrence within a mile or two of the Long Island Railroad, and Green counties, flows N.,' and enters Osage and distant about 50 miles from N. Y. city. River in St. Clair co. Rouge River, Mn. It rises principally in some Sac River, Wn. A small stream draining the small lakes in the S. part of Oakland co., flows S. N. E. part of Washington co., and emptying into E. across Wayne co., and falls into Detroit River. Lake Michigan at the town of Ozaukee. Rough Creek, Ky. This stream waters the W. Sacandaga River, N. Y., rises in several small part of Hardin co., flows S. W., and forming part lakes in Hamilton co., of which the largest are of the boundary between Daviess and Ohio coun- Piseco, Round, and Pleasant Lakes. Tile river ties, empties into Green River. then flows in a winding E. direction through the Round Island, Mn. Situated in the N. part of N. E. corner of Fulton co., and enters the Hudson Lake Huron, between Bois Blanc Island on the in the town of Hadley, opposite the village of LuS. E., and Mackinaw Island on the N. W. zerne, Saratoga co. Round Lake, N. Y., is a small body of water, Saco River, N. H. and Me., is one of the largest situated in the town of Malta, Saratoga co., and in New England, yet, being much broken in its abounding in perch, pickerel, and other kinds of course by falls, is not navigable to any considerafish. ble extent. It springs from three sources in the Round Lake, N. Y., is a handsome sheet of wa- White Mts.; the branch issuing from the S. W. ter, lying in the town of Lake Pleasant, Hamilton side of the mountains, near the Notch, is considco., and connected. by an outlet of half a mile in ered the main stream; next to this is the middle length, to Lake Pleasant. It is situated in a branch, which is the smallest; and beyond is the pleasant country, and its waters abound with fish. branch called Ellis's River, which rises on the N. Rouse's Point, N. Y., on the N. side of Sorel E. side of the mountains, and after a course of River, which runs into Lake Champlain, a little about 18 miles, unites with the main branch in the above lat. 450 N. Until the late treaty with Great town of Bartlett. Cutler's and New Rivers are Britain this point belonged to Canada. At this mountain torrents that discharge into the Ellis. place the railroad between Boston and -Ogdens- The Ammonoosuck, a branch of the Connecticut, burg crosses Lake Champlain. rises within about 2 rods of the Saco, flowing in an Royse Mountain, N. H., lies N. from Chatham. opposite direction. The whole length of Saco Rubicon Creek, Wn. It rises in the W. part of River is estimated to be 160 miles; running in its Washington co., and flows W. into Dodge co., general course S. S. E.. and discharging into the where it empties into the E. branch of Rock River. sea at Saco. The principal falls are, the Great Rum River, Ma. This river is supplied by Falls, at Hiram, where the water descends 72 feet: Minsi Sagaigoning or Mille Lace and several Steep Falls, at Limington, 20 feet; Salmon Falls, smaller lakes, and flows in a southerly direction at Hollis and Buxton, 30 feet; and Saco Falls into the Mississippi. 42 feet. The latter are about 4 miles from the Rush Creek, O., enters the Hockhocking about mouth of the river. The ordinary rise of the 7 miles below Lancaster. water. in the spring, is from 10 to 15 feet, but in Russell's Creek, Ky. Formed in Adair co. by great freshets it has been known, greatly to exceed the junction of Sulphur and Reynolds Creeks, that number. A long storm which occurred in IN THE UNITED STATES. 241 October, 1785, raised the river to an immense from Mn., and the Thames and others, from height, sweeping away mills and bridges, and in- Canada, flow into it. undating houses that stood in its vicinity. In St. Clair River or Strait. Mn., discharges the 1814, there was the greatest freshet known since waters of Lakes Superior, Michigan, and Huron, that of 1785. At such seasons the appearance of and connects the latter with Lake St. Clair. It Saco Falls is truly sublime. flows S., and enters the N. E. part of Lake St. Sacramento River, Ca. This river rises among Clair by six channels, the N. one of which, on the Sierra Nevada, flows in a S. direction, and the Mn. side, is theone navigated in ascending empties into San Francisco Bay at the mouth of and descending the river. It has few islands the Rio San Joaquin, or San Joaquin River. excepting those formed by its outlets. Its waters Sadaquada, or Saquoit Creek, Oneida co., N. Y. are clear and transparent, the navigation easy, This river rises in the town of Paris, and flows into and the scenery varied and beautiful. No rivers the Mohawk about 1 mile below Whitesboro' vil- flow into it on the E. side. Its principal tributalage. Itis one of the most important mill streams ries from Mn. are Black, Pine, and Belle Rivers. of its size in the state. On its banks are located It is 40 miles long, half a mile wide, and on an several large villages and manufacturing estab- average 50 feet deep, with a current of 3 miles lishments. an hour, and a descent of about 13 feet. Saddle Mountain, Adams, Ms. Height 3505 ft. St. Croix River. This river, which is also Saddle River, N. J., rises in the S. part of N. Y., sometimes called by the names of Passamaand enters the Passaic about 1 mile above Ac- quoddy, Schoodic, and Cheputnetecook, forms quackanock. It is a rapid stream, affording ex- the boundary line between the U. S. and New tensive water power. Its length is 18 miles. Brunswick, from the ocean to Grand Lake. The Saddleback Mountain, Franklin co., Me. This length of the river from Eastport to Grand Lake mountain is a few miles S. of Mount Abraham, is 82 miles, and it is navigable 28. There are and is elevated about 4000 feet above the level many elevations in this river, and consequently of the sea. many falls and rapids, affording great water Saddleback Mountain, N. I. This a peak of power. The mouth of the Schoodic, its W. the Blue Hill range. branch, is 166 feet above tide water at Calais, Saginaw Bay, Mn., on the W. side of Lake Hu- and the whole fall of the St. Croix is 444 feet ron, is 60 miles long and 30 wide, containing a to sea level. number of islands, the largest of which is Show- St. Croix Lake and River, Wn. The river rises angunk Island. It is navigable for vessels of any in two principal branches, in the dividing ridge burden, its numerous coves. protected by islands, between Lake Superior and Mississippi River, affording some of the best harbors on the lake. and, flowing S., receives many tributaries, and Saginaw River, Mn., one of the largest rivers in passing through St. Croix Lake, a long, narrow the state, is formed by the junction of Cass River body of water, it becomes contracted again to from the E., Flint and Shiawassee from the S.. the size of a river, just before its entrance into and Tittibawassee from the N. W. Its length the Mississippi, some distance below the Falls of from the mouth of Flint River, in a direct line. is St. Anthony. 25 miles, but some of its branches are 4 times that St. Francis River, Mo. and As. This river length. Its course is N. N. E. to its entrance into rises in St. Francis co., Mo., and, flowing S, Saginaw Bay. It is from 25 to 30 feet deep, but enters As., where it receives White Water River, the bar at its mouth has not generally more than a long branch which rises in Mo., and enters the 5 or 6 feet of water upon it, although an E. wind Mississippi in Phillips co. It passes through often raises it 3 feet higher. many lakes and swamps, yet its waters are reSt. Andrew's Bay and Sound are situated on markably clear, abounding in fine fish. It ig the S. coast of Fa. The main part of the bay ex- navigable nearly 200 miles at high water. tends N. 12 miles, but some of its branches extend St. Franfois River, or the Pecheenegamook, rises 30 miles. Its average width is from 2 to 5 miles. in Piscataquis co., on the border of Canada, It is easy of access, has 18 feet of water on the flows about 50 miles in a S. S. E. direction, rebar, and good anchorage within, sheltered from the ceiving several branches and the waters of a winds. An arm extends 20 miles parallel with number of lakes, and enters the St. John's near the coast and a mile from it. 10 miles from the the line of Penobscot co. sea, another branch, from 1 to 10 miles wide, ex- St. George River, Lincoln co., Me. This river tends E. 30 miles. rises in ponds in the towns of Montville, SearsSt. Andrew's Sound, Ga. This sound receives mont, and Belmont, Waldo co., and flows 40 the waters of Santilla River and some small miles in a S. direction into Muscongus Bay. It streams. It also contains Dover and other islands. meets the tide at Warren, 15 miles from the sea, St. Bernard River,'rs., flows S. E., and emp- to which place it is navigable. ties into the Gulf of Mexico just below the mouth St. Helena Island, Beaufort district, S. C., lies of Brazos River. between St. Helena Sound on the N. E. and St. Blas, Cape, Fa. This is a narrow point of Broad River on the S. W. land S. from St. Joseph's Bay. St. Helena Isle, Michilimackinac co., Mn. SitSt. Catharine's Island, Liberty co., Ga., lies off uated at the W. entrance of the Straits of Mackthe mouth of Newport River, between St. Cath- inaw. arine's on the N., and Sapel's Sound on the S., St. Helena Sound, S. C. This sound lies beand is 10 miles long and 5 broad. tween Colleton and Beaufort districts, receives St. Clair Lake, Mn., is connected to Lake Coosaw, Combahee, Ashepoo, and other rivers, Huron by St. Clair River, and to Lake Erie by and contains several islands. Detroit River. It is 24 miles long, 30 wide, 90 St. IIelen's Mount, On. An elevated peak of the in circumference, and 20 feet deep. Its banks are Cascade Mts., situated N. from Fort Vancouver. alluvial, have a slightly uneven surface, and are St. John's River rises in Canada and the N. elevated 20 feet above the water. Clinton River, part of Me. It receives the Madawaska, St. 31 242 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Francis, Aroostook, and many other important of Hillsdale co., flows S. W. across a corner of tributaries, from Me. It waters a large portion O. into la., where it joins the St. Mary's at Fort of its N. territory, and bears many valuable pro- Wayne, forming Maumee River. It affords exductions of that state to its mouth. " This river tensive water power. is 350 miles long. The tide flows up about 80 St. Joseph's River, Mn. This river rises in the miles. It is navigable for boats 200 miles, and N. E. part of Hillsdale co., flows E., and. after a for sloops of 50 tons 80 miles. This river and S. curve into Ia.. proceeds N. W. to its entrance its branches water a large tract of excellent into Lake Michigan. It is 250 miles long, folcountry. About 30 miles from its mouth cornm- lowing its course, but not more than 150 in a mences a fine level country of rich meadow direct line, being the second river in size in the lands, well clothed with timber. The river fur- state. Its tributaries are numerous, and its wanishes a great quantity of salmon, bass, and ter power extensive. It is navigable for keel sturgeon. About a mile above the city of St. boats to Lociport, 130 miles. At its mouth is a John's is the only entrance into this river. It is good harbor, and, by a pier, is sufficient for any about 80 or 100 yards wide, 400 yards long, number of vessels required by the lake navigacalled the falls of the river. It being narrow, tion. The bar at its mouth has 6 feet of water. and a ridge of rocks running across the bottom There is a good deal of wood land on its borders, of the channel, on which there are not above 17 and the soil is generally fertile. feet of water, it is not sufficiently spacious to St. Lawrence River. This great river forms discharge the fresh waters of the river above. the outlet of the chain of lakes, or inland seas, The common tides here rising above 20 feet, the lying between the United States and Canada. waters of the river at low water are about 20 feet It may be considered as descending from Lake higher than the waters of tRe sea; at high water Superior, and passing through Lakes Huron, the waters of the sea are about 5 feet higher than Erie, and Ontario, to the Gulf of St. Lawrence, a those of the river; so that at every tide there distance of 2000 miles; draining an area of over are two falls, one outwards and one inwards. 500,000 square miles in extent. Its course The only time of passing with safety is when the through the centre of these lakes and below, waters of the river and of the sea are level, which until it crosses 450 N. lat., forms the boundary is twice in a tide, and continues only about 20 between the United States and Canada. After minutes each time." By the late treaty between crossing 450 lat., the course of this majestic river the U. S. and Great Britain, the navigation of is wholly within the territory of Canada. In the this river is free to both nations. upper part of its course it loses its character as a St. John's River, Fa. This river rises in an river, when passing through the lakes; and even immense marsh, slightly elevated above the level when it passes from lake to lake, connecting and of the ocean, and flows N., nearly parallel with bearing along their waters, it is known by different the coast, until it turns to the E., and flows into names in different sections; as the St. Mary the Atlantic. It passes through Lake George in between Superior and Huron; the St. Clair and the upper part of its course, and afterwards re- the Detroit between Huron and Erie, having the ceives the Ocklawaha, a large tributary. Its small lake St. Clair in the intermediate course; entire length is about 250 miles. It often spreads and the Niagara between Erie and Ontario. from 3 to 5 miles in width, though in other From Lake Ontario to Montreal it is sometimes places it is not more than a quarter of a mile called the Iroquois, though it is more commonly wide. Vessels drawing 8 feet of water enter known as the St. Lawrence proper, from the Lake George and Dunn's Lake, 150 miles from outlet of Lake Ontario to its mouth. Below its mouth. It is only 1 mile wide at its entrance, Montreal the river varies in breadth from half a and it has 12 feetof water on the bar. There is a mile to three miles, and it passes through the light-house on the S. side of the river at its mouth. Lake St. Peter, 50 miles below Montreal, which St. John's River, Ca. It rises on the E. border is fiom 12 to 15 miles wide. Below Quebec the of the state, and flows WV. into the Rio Colorado. river increases rapidly in width, until it enters St. Joseph's Bay, Fa., is enclosed by Cape St. the gulf by a mouth nearly 100 miles across. Its Blas, a long, crooked peninsula. The bay is 20 average fall is about six inches to the mile, almiles long, and from 7 to 8 wide, with a broad though this is very unequally distributed, on entrance on the N. W., near Cape False, afford- account of the numerous rapids. and one stupening 17 feet of water on the bar. There is a dous cataract in its course. It receives many channel close to the peninsula, on the S. E. side tributaries, the most important of which, on the of the entrance, nearly as deep as the N. W. south side, is the Richelieu, which is the outlet of passage. The N. E. shore of the bay is inter- Lake Champlain, entering at the head of Lake St. sected by ponds and lagoons. There is a beauti- Peter; and, on the north. the Saguenay, 140 miles ful island, 2 miles from the S. E. coast, covered below Quebec; and the Ottawa, or Grand- River, with live oak, cedar, and palm-trees. which enters it a little above Montreal. The St. St. Joseph's Island, Mn. Situated N. of Lake Lawrence, with the chain of lakes which empty Huron, in the Straits of St. Mary, between their waters through its channel into the N. AtGeorge's IslanAl on the N. W. and l)rummond's lantic, constitutes one of the great commercial Island on the S. E. The S. W. passage. through thoroughfares of the North American continent. which the U. S. boundary passes, is called It is navigable for ships of the line 400 miles, to Muddy Lake. The length of the island is 20 Quebec, and for ships of 600 tons to Montreal, miles, and its greatest breadth 8 miles. On its and onward through a series of ship canals for S. extremity are the remains of an old British passing the falls and rapids into the lakes. In fort. addition to the more customary forms of steamSt..oseph, Lake, Tensas parish, La. A narrow, boats, of ships, and other sea-going vessels, and semicircular sheet of water, emptying into the of the craft usually employed in the navigation Mississippi. of large rivers, the waters of the St. Lawrence, St. Joseph's Rivet, Mn., waters the central part more than any other river, even of this forest IN THE UNITED STATES. 243 covered continent, are frequented by enormous a direct and independent communication betimber rafts, commonly borne along by-the force tween the vast and far north-west and the Atlanof the current alone, though sometimes acceler- tic Ocean. ated by spreading a sail, or by huge oars called St. Louis River, Ma. The heat branches of sweeps. These floating islands of timber, with this river rise in Dead Fish and Seven Beaver huts here and there rising upon their low surface Lakes; it then flows S. W. for some distance, for the accommodation of the raftmen, and also and finally flows S. E., forming the boundary beanother sort of craft with long, low hulls, no- tween Wn. and Ma. until its entrance into Lake where else known, and designed for the transpor- Superior. tation of timberof great length, contribute the St. Lucra Sound, St. Lucie co., Fa., extends more remarkable and picturesque features to the from Gilbert's Bar, parallel with the coast, to animating spectacle presented by the navigation Indian River. upon this noble river. The navigation is, of St. Mark's River, Fa., rises in a small pond, course, obstructed by the ice in winter, which in and after a S. W. course of 19 miles, unites with this high latitude continues, either bound or Wa.kully River at St. Mark's, to form the Apfloating, for several months. From Montreal to palachee. Boats requiring 4 feet of water asLake Ontario the navigation of the river is fre- cend its whole length. quently interrupted by falls and rapids, which St. Martin's River, Md., waters the N. E. part has occasioned the construction; at a heavy ex- of Worcester co., and. enters the Atlantic through pense, of a series of canals, with locks of suffi- Sinepuxent Bay, opposite Fenwick's Island. cient dimensions to admit the passage of the St. M-ary's River, St. Mary's co., Md. It rises largest steamboats, and of the vessels navigating near the mouth of the Patuxent River, and flows the St. Lawrence from Quebec to Montreal. The S. into the Potomac. line commences with the Lachine Canal, extend- St. Mary's River, Ga. and Fa. This river, ing from Montreal to the village of Lachine, which was formerly the boundary of the United round the rapids of the same name, a distance of States, rises in Okefinokee Swamp, in the S. 8 miles. From Lachine, the river, or a broad part of Ware co., Ga., and flowing S. for some expansion of it, called Lake St. Louis, is naviga- distance, it suddenly turns N., and finally takes ble to the cascades, at the mouth of the Ottawa an E. course until its entrance into the Atlantic. River. Here commences the Beauharnois Canal, It is 105 miles long, at low tide has 134 feet of which extends 16 miles, to a point opposite to water on the bar, and at common high tide 19j Coteau du Lac, surmounting the obstacles caused feet. It forms the only good harbor of the E. by the several rapids known as the Cascades, the coat of Fa. Cedars, and the Coteau du Lac, which make, in St. ary's River, 0. and Ia., rises in the S. all, a difference of elevation of about 60 feet. At part of Mercer co., O., flows N. W., and unites this point another expansion of the river is with St. Joseph's River to form the Maumee at entered, called Lake St. Franqois, which reaches Fort Wayne. to Cornwall, a distance of 40 miles, in 450 lat. St. Malry's Strait forms the outlet of Lake SuThe St. Lawrence Canal commences at this perior, and its connection with Lake Huron. It point, and extends to D)ickinson's Landing, 12 is about 70 miles long from Maple Isles, in Lake miles, passing the Long Sault Rapids, which Superior, to the passage between Drummond's have a total descent of about 50 feet. This and St. Joseph's Islands, into Lake Huron canal, which is a fair sample of all the other proper. The strait is naturally divided into two works, has 6 locks, of solid masonry, con- sections by the Falls of St. Mary, about 30 miles structed in the most durable manner, each 200 below Lake Superior. The upper section is feet long in the chamber, by 50 feet wide, with a chiefly free from islands, and gradually contracts depth of 10 feet. From Dickinson's Landing to in width to about half a mile at the point where Lake Ontario, steamers of a large class navigate it rushes down the falls. This part of the strait the river, though there are two or three rapids is navigable for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. below Ogdensburg. The Welland Canal, which The Falls of St. Mary consist of a rapid descent unites the waters of Lake Ontario and Lake over ledges of rocks, without any perpendicular Erie, by affording a navigable channel round the fall, for about three fourths of a mile. It is asFalls of Niagara, is a work of great magnitude. certained that the rocky barriers of this narrowest It is 42 miles long, 56 feet wide, and 16 feet part of the strait are gradually yielding to the deep; and the whole ascent from one lake to abrasion of the waters and the ice, and that the the other is 334 feet. To accomplish this ascent surface of Lake Superior is lowering. Below there are 22 locks, constructed of granite, with a the Falls the channel of the strait or river belift of from 12& to 14 feet. Those at each en- comes wider, and is soon divided into two by trance from the lakes are 185 feet long and 45 George's Island, which division is continu6d by feet wide. The others are 150 feet long and 46j St. Joseph's Islands below quite to the entrance feet wide. This canal has one deep cut through into Lake Huron. On the American side; the a mountain ridge, 45 feet deep, where an im- channel, which is again subdivided by Sugar mense quantity of earth and rocks was removed. Island. 20 miles long, and others of smaller size, This work was first completed, in 1829, at a cost forms the more direct entrance into Lake Huron. of $1,000,000; but in 1845 and 1846, it was en- by a passage between the westernmost of the larged and improved at a great additional ex- Manitou Islands and the promontory of the True pense. All the above-mentioned canals are on Detour, fiom the Michigan shore. The other the Canadian side of the river, and are the prod- channel, on the Canada side, terminates in the uct of British capital' and enterprise, designed Maniton Bay of Lake Huron, upon the N. side of to furnish a continuous ship navigation through- the Manitou Islands. The entire fall from the out the whole extent of the valley of the St. level of Lake Superior is 23 feet. Vessels with Lawrence, and the basin of the great lakes, to a draught of 6 feet may go up from Lake Huron the Falls of St. Mary, and to live to the Canadas to Sault de St. Mary at the foot of the Falls. 244 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., St. Michaels River, Talbot co.. Md., flows S. Connecticut at East Haddam, where it produces 10 miles towards Tread Haven Bay, then turns a beautiful cataract. N. W., and flows 6 miles to Chesapeake Bay, Salmon River, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., flows which it enters opposite the S. part of Kent W. through Oswego co., and enters Lake OntaIsland, by a broad estuary. rio, through Mexico Bay, at Port Ontario village. St. liichael River, Ca., flows N. W., and empties It has a tolerably good harbor at its mouth, and into Grand River. is boatable, at high water, 14 miles, to the falls St. Raphael River, Ca. flows S. W., and empties at Orwell. These falls may be classed among into Green River. the greatest natural curiosities of the country. St. Regis River, N. Y., rises in Franklin co., The current of the river is gentle for 6 miles or flows N. W., through a part of St. Lawrence co., more above, then follow 2 miles of rapids, and into Canada, Where it enters the St. Lawrence then it falls almost perpendicularly 107 feet. At River a few miles above the line. high water the sheet is 250 feet wide, but at St. Simon's Islands and Sound, Ga. This sound low water it contracts to half that width. The lies off Glynn co., between Alatarnaha Sound on banks are rooky precipices of from 70 to 90 feet the N., and Jykill Sound on the S. It contains in height above the falls, and about 200 feet beSt. Simon's, Little St. Simon's, Long, and some low them. The river below the falls abounds in other islands. salmon, trout, and other fine fish. Sakpam River, On. A small stream flowing Salmon River, N. Y. This stream rises in the W. into Admiralty Inlet. E. part of Franklin co., flows N. W. into Canada, Sal, Point, Ca. Situated on the Pacific coast, where it enters the St. Lawrence River. N. from Arguello Point. Salmon River, On. It rises among the Salmon Salamanic River, Ia. This stream is formed by Mts., in the E. part of the territory, flows N. of the junction of two branches near the centre of W., and empties into Lewis Fork of Columbia Jay co., flows N. W., and empties into the Wa- River. bash River in Wabash co. Salmon River Mountains, On.'A range extendSaline Bayou, Sevier co., As. A tributary of ing through the E. interior of the territory nearly Little Rock River. parallel with Salmon River. Saline Creek, Mo. This small stream falls into Salmon Trout River, Houghton co., Mn. A the Mississippi in the S. E. part of St. Genevieve small stream W. from Portage Lake, and flowco. Salt has been manufactured here from the ing N. into Lake Superior. salt springs, which are numerous on its banks. Salt Creek, Porter co., Ia. A small branch of Saline River, Is. This river is formed near the Calumic River. Equality, Gallatin co., by the union of N., S., tand Salt Lakes, Ts. Two small lakes lying N. W. Middle Forks, and falls into the Ohio 12 miles be- from the battle-ground of Palo Alto. low Shawneetown. There are several extensive Salt Lake, Ts. A small sheet of water supplysalt works on its borders. ing one of the head branches of Brazos River. Saline River, As., rises in the Masserne moun- Salt River, Ky. Its head waters drain Mercer tains, 20 miles S. W. of Little Rock, and falls co., and flowing N. into Anderson co. it turns W., into the Wachita, after a southerly course of 50 and enters the Ohio at West Point, 20 miles bemiles. low Louisville, between Jefferson and Meado Saline River, La., rises in Claiborne parish, and counties. It is 200 yards wide at its mouth, and flows S. W. into Black Lake, 8 miles N. E. of boatable 150 miles. On the S. side, 15 miles Natchitoches. Its length is 50 miles. from its mouth, it receives a branch nearly as Salkehatchie River, S. C. This stream rises in large as itself, called the Rolling Fork, which the interior of Barnwell district, flows S. E., and also receives a large branch in Nelson co., called unites with the Jackson branch to form the Com- Beechy Fork. Some of the most fertile parts bahee River. of the state are watered by this river and its Salmon Brook, Aroostook co., Me., rises in two branches. large forks, and flows S. into Aroostook River. Salt River, Mo., rises in Io., and flows S. S. E. Salmon Creek, N. Y. There are several streams to Ralls co., where it pursues a very winding N. of this name in the state, the most important of E. and S. W. course, until it enters the Missiswhich rise in Oswego, Wayne, and Monroe coun- sippi 85 miles above Missouri River. It is nayties, and empty into Lake Ontario. igable to a limited extent. Salmon Falls River, Me. and N. H. See Pis- Salt River, Mn., waters the N. E. part of Isacataqua. There is a remarkable fall in this river, bella co., flows E., and empties into Tittibawasee between the towns of Rochester and Lebanon, River in Midland co. Me. The river is confined between two rocks, Salt River, Ca. This is a large river flowing about 25 feet high, the breadth at the top of the S. W. into the Rio Gila. bank not exceeding 3 rods. It is called the Saltpetre Creek, Md., falls into Gunpowder Flume, is about 4 rods in length, and varies from River 12 miles E. N. E. from Baltimore. less than a foot to 2J feet in breadth; but the Saluda River, S. C. This large stream rises water has a subterraneous passage. In the rocks in the N. W. part of the state, flows S. E., separe many cavities, mostly cylindrical, from 1 to 7 arating Greenville, Laurens, and Newberry from feet in diameter, and from 1 to 4 in depth. Pickens, Anderson, Abbeville, and Edgefield disSalmon Falls River, N. H. See Piscataqua. tricts, crosses Lexington district, and unites with Salmon River, Penobscot co., Me., flows S. Broad River at Columbia to form the Congaree. about 30 miles, and enters the Penobscot about Samphire Islands, St. Bernard parish, La. A 4 miles below the junction of the E. and W. group of small islands lying N. from the Macons. branches of that river. Sampit Creek, Georgetown district, S. C. A Salmon River, Ct. This fine mill stream rises small stream which enters Winyaw Bay at in the high lands in Tolland co., flows S., receiv- Gebrgetown. ing many valuable tributaries, and enters the San Antonio River, Ts. It rises near the sources IN THE UNITED STATES. 245 of San Miguel River, flows S. E., and empties San Jacinto River, Ts. This.small river flows into Espiritu Santo Bay. S. E. into Galveston Bay. Sand Bay, Houghton co., Mn. Situated on San Joaquin River, Ca. It has its source in the N. W. coast of Keewaiwona Point, E. from Tulares Lake, and the Sierra Nevada, flows in a the mouth of Eagle River. N. W. direction through a fine valley, and empties Sand Creek, Marshall co., Is., enters the Illinois into San Francisco Bay. River a little above Macon. San Lewis Bar, or West Pass, Ts. The pasSandeham River, On. An E. tributary of the sage between Galveston Island and the main land. Willamette. San Marcos River, Ts. The head stream of Sand Hill River, Mla., flows W., and empties Guadaloupe River. into North Red, a little above Goose River. San Miguel River, Ts. A large E. branch of Sand Key, Fa. A long, narrow island, lying Nueces River. off the coast of Hillsboro' co. Sanpoila River, On. A small stream flowing Sand Point River, Ma., flows N. of E., and S. into Clarke Fork of Columbia River. empties into Lake Pepin. San Saba River, Ts. A W. branch of ColoraSandusky Bay, O., lies in Ottowa, Sandusky, do River, which it enters just below Pecan Creek. and Erie counties. It is 23 miles in length, Santa Clara River, Ca. A small stream rising with an average width of about 3 miles. San- among the Wahshatch Mts, and flowing S. into dusky River flows into it on the W., and on the Virgin River. E. it communicates with Lake Erie through a Santa Fe River, Fa. This river is formed by narrow strait. the junction of New and Sampson Rivers, flows Sandusky River, O., rises in Richland and in a winding W. direction, and, uniting with the Crawford countie.5flows N., 90 miles, through a Euchtuckne, enters the Suwannee. fertile country, and empties into Sandusky Bay. Santa Rosa Island, Santa Rosa co., Fa. This A portage of 4 miles connects it with Sciota long, narrow island extends from Choctawhatchee River, and though a rapid stream, it affords good Bay on the E. to Pensacola Bay on the W. navigation at high water. Santee River, S. C. This large river is formed Sandy Creek rises in Orleans co., N. Y., flows by the junction of the Congaree and Wataree, N. W., and enters Lake Ontario in the town of and, flowing S. E., enters the sea by two mouths, Clarkson, Monroe co. about 20 miles below Georgetown. Navigable Sandy Creek, N. Y., rises in Lewis co., flows at some seasons nearly'300 miles. W., and enters Lake Ontario in the town of Sanybel Island, Hillsboro' co., Fa. Situated S. Ellisburg, in Jefferson co. from Pine Island, at the mouth of Carlosahatchee Sandy Creek, Little, N. Y., rises in Jefferson co., River. flows S. W. into Oswego co., where it enters Sapelo Island, McIntosh co., Ga. Situated in Lake Ontario, through Sandy Creek Bay, at the Sapelo Sound, which also contains Black Bear town of the same name. and some other islands. Sandy Hook, Middletown, Monmouth co., N. J. Saranac Lake, Lower, N. Y., lying in the S. This is a sandy beach from half a mile to a mile part of Franklin co., is 7 miles long, 2 or 3 wide, wide, extending N. from Old Shrewsbury Inlet, and is connected on the W. with Round Lake and the S. extremity of the highlands of Never- and several other lakes and ponds. Its waters sink, for a distance of 6 miles. It encloses Sandy abound with fine fish. Hook Bay, which is 7 miles long and 6 wide. As Saranac Lake, Upper, Hamilton co., N. Y. the sand accumulates and extends the point N., This lake, which lies 3 or 4 miles W. of Lower a new light house has been erected on Flynn's Saranac Lake, is 10 miles long, from 2 to 3 wide, Knoll, half a mile N. of a former one. and is surrounded by numerous other lakes and Sandy Inlet, N. C. A passage among the ponds, which are the head sources of Saranac islands on the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. and Rapid Rivers. The lakes and outlets are Sandy Lake, Mn. This is an irregular sheet boatable to a considerable extent, and are well of water, situated N. from Minsi Sagaigoning or stocked with the fish peculiar to this part of the Mille Lacs, and connected by an outlet on the country. N. W. with Mississippi River. Saranac River, N. Y., rises in the Saranac Sandy River, Me., rises near Saddleback Lakes, in the S. part of Franklin co., flows N. E. Mountain, in Franklin co., flows in a winding across the corner of Essex co., and enters Lake S. E. direction into Somerset co., where it enters Champlain at Plattsburg, in Clinton co. This the Kennebec at Starks, 37 miles above Au- river rises within a mile of Racket River, and gusta. It has a number of branches, is about 45 might be rendered boatable a considerable pormiles in length, and affords excellent water tion of its length. It has been computed that power. by excavations and locks a continuous line of San Francisco Bay, Ca. This large bay re- navigation. 210 miles in length, might be formed ceives the waters of Sacramento, San Joaquin, through these two rivers. and other rivers, and is connected with the ocean Saratoga Lake, Saratoga co., N. Y. This beauby a narrow strait. tiful sheet of water is situated 4 miles S. E. of San Francisco River, Ca. A large stream Saratoga Springs village, and 5 miles E. of flowing S. into Salt River. Ballston Spa. It is 9 miles long, and about 2 Sanganmon River, Is., rises in Vermilion co., wide. It is much resorted to by pleasure parties, in a small lake, flows S. W., then N. W., and during the summer months, as the lake is ahunfinally W., until its junction with Illinois dantly stocked with fish of various kinds, and its River, between Cass and Mason counties. This shores abound with wild game. river and its numerous tributaries water the Saratoga Springs, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts most fertile and pleasant parts of the state. It Sassafras River, Md., forms the boundary beis navigable to the junction of the N. and S. fiarks tween Cecil and Kent counties, and empties into for small steamboats. Chesapeake Bay. 246 MOUNTAINS, RIV~ERS, LAKES, &c., Saugatuck River, Ct. See Westport. ter of these waters, which are very extensive, Savage Creek, Ky., runs on the boundary be- and of the surrounding country, which is very tween Greenup and Carter counties, and empties fertile and well wooded, may be expressed in into the Big Sandy River. nearly the same words as those applied to Moose Savannah River, Ga., is formed by the junction Head Lake. of Tugalo and Kiowee Rivers, in the S. E. part Schooley's Mountain, N. J., is a peak of the of Franklin co., 100 miles above Augusta, and chain which extends across the N. W. part of the flows S. E., forming the boundary between Ga. state. It crosses the N. W. part of Morris co., and S. C., until its entrance into the Atlantic, has a height of 600 feet above its base, and about through Tybee Sound, in 320 N. lat. The largest 1100 feet above the level of the ocean. A minvessels ascend to Five Fathom Hole, 13 miles eral spring near its top has rendered it quite celefrom the ocean, and 3 miles below Savannah. brated, and a turnpike road leading from New Large brigs come to the wharves in Savannah. York to Easton crosses it. Steamboats ascend to Augusta, 340 miles from Schroon Lake, N. Y., lies in Essex and Warren its mouth, and pole boats go 150 miles farther. counties. It is 10 miles long, from I to 2 wide, The tide flows 25 miles up the river. and abounds with fish. Deer and other wild Sauwkill Creek, Dutchess co., N. Y., rises in the game are found in the forests on its borders. town of Milan, flows W., and enters Hudson Schroon River, N. Y. This stream rises in River at the town of Redhook. Essex co., flows S., and unites with the main Saw Mill River, Westchester co., N. Y. This branch of the Hudson in Warren co. stream, on which are situated several factories Schuyler, Fort, N. Y. See -Throg's Point and and mills, flows in a S. W. direction, and enters Utica. the Hudson at the village of Yonkers. Schuyler's Lake, N. Y. See Canaderaga. Saxton's River, Vt., is formed in Grafton by Schuylkill River, Pa. The three principal the union of several streams from Windham, branches of this river rise in Schuylkill co., and and running in an E. direction about 10 miles, flowing S. E., it enters the Delaware 7 miles through the S. part of Rockingham, falls into below Philadelphia. It is about 140 miles long. Connecticut River in the N. E. corner of West- The most important of its tributaries are Tulpeminster, about 1 mile below Bellows Falls. hocken Creek, from the W., and Perkiomen Scantic River, Ct. See East Windsor. Creek, from the E. Vessels of from 300 to 400 Scapan Pond, Aroostook co., Me. This is a tons ascend to the W. wharves of Philadelphia, pretty large sheet of water, the outlet of which where its average depth at common tides is from flows into Aroostook River. 13 to 14 feet. By means of canals and pools, it is Scarboro' Creek, Brown.co., Wn. A branch of navigable 108 miles, from Falrmount Dam, above Kewanee River, which it enters from the S. W. Philadelphia, to Port Carbon, in Schuylkill co. Schlosser Landing, Niagara co., N. Y.. is situ- An immense quantity of coal is transported on it. ated on the E. side of Niagara River, in the town Sciota River, O.. rises in Hardin co., and, flowof Niagara, about a mile and a half above the ing through Marion and Delaware into Franklin Falls, and opposite Chippewa village, Canada. co., receives Whetstone or Olentangy River, just It has become famous as being the place where above Columbus, whence it flows nearly S. to its the steamboat Caroline was destroyed by the junction with the Ohio, at Portsmouth, where it British, D)ecember 29, 1837. It was suffered to is 150 yards wide. It flows about 160 miles be precipitated over the Falls, having been pre- through a very fertile country, and is navigable viously set on fire. 130, to the mouth of Little Sciota River. Schoharie Creek, N. Y., rises among the Cats- Scraqgy Neck Island, Barnstable co., Ms. Situkill Mts., in Greene co., flows N. through Scho- ated between Cataumut and Red Brook liarharie co., and enters the Mohawk in Montgomery bor. co. This large stream and its tributaries afford Scull Creek, Colleton' district, S. C. The E. extensive water power. and largest branch of Ashepoo River. Schoodic Lakes, Me. These lakes are about Scull's Creek. Emanuel co., Ga. A small tribtwelve in number, lying in the N. part of Wash- utary of the Ogeechee River. ington co., and from them issue the Schoodic, or Scupernong Creek, Wn. It rises in the S. W. W. branch of the St. Croix River. The most E. part of Waukesha co., and flows W. into Jefferof these lakes is called the Big Lake. The true son co., where it enters Rock River. Indian name is Gena-sau-ca-naw-gumn. It is of a Scultock Point, Me. A small cape situated in very irregular form, and about 9 miles in length. ion. 670 581 W., and lat. 440 181 N. It is connected by a very rapid stream, 3 miles Seaconnet Rocks, or Point, R. I. See Little long, with Grand Lake, whose Indian name is Compton. Wid-i-wau-cau-gum. This is a splendid sheet of Sebago Lake, Cumberland co., Me. This beauwater, 15 miles in length, is very deep, and the tiful lake receives the waters of Long and several water remarkably clear. It is well stocked with other ponds, and of Crooked River. It is 12 fish. Beyond this, on the S. W., is Pocumcus miles in length, and its greatest width is from Lake, 4 miles long, and the Waboosis, 3 miles Baldwin to Raymond, a distance of about 7 miles. long. In a W. direction lies the Sic-la-dob-sis, Its outlet is Presumpscut River, which empties 10 miles in extent. Farther N. is the Horse-shoe into Casco Bay. The Cumberland and Oxford Lake, so called from its form; also the Junior Canal passes from this lake to Portland. Lake, 6 miles long. Still farther on is the Scrag- Sebasticook River, Me., rises on the borders of gled Lake, of an irregular shale; also the Pleas- Penobscot and Piscataquis counties, flows S. W. ant Lake, 5 miles long, with some others of less and S. through a part of Somerset co., which it size. These are all connected by considerable- divides, for a short distance, from Waldo co.; sized streams, and, except between the Big and thence it flows S. W. through a part of Kennebec Grand Lakes, there is a continuous boat naviga- co., jnd enters Kennebec River, opposite Watertion of nearly 100 miles in extent. The charac- ville. This stream flows 50 miles through a beau IN THE UNITED STATES. 247 tiful country, receives several tributaries, and af- Lakes, until it meets that of the Oneida Lake; fords excellent water power. where, turning to the N. W., it becomes the OsSebec Pond, Piscataquis co., Me., lies in the wego River, and flows into Lake Ontario, at Ostowns of Setec, Foxcroft, and Bowerbank; it is wego. Its course is about 60 miles from Seneca surrounded by a beautiful and heavily timbered Lake, across Seneca, Cayuga, and Onondaga coun. country, is about 10 miles long, and averages ties, to its confluence with the Oswego. It is renabout a mile in width. Its outlet is a mill stream dered navigable by a canal and locks to the great about 10 miles in length. Eric Canal at Waterloo. There are falls in this Sebewa Creek, Eaton and Ionia counties, Mn., river at the village of Seneca Falls, 10 miles from flows N. into Grand River. the lake, and also at Waterloo. 4 miles higher up, Seboois Lakes and River, Penobscot co., Me. upon which, especially the former, a great water The lakes are of an irregular.form, about 15 miles power is obtained. in length. and varying from half a mile to a mile Seneca River, S. C., rises in the Blue Ridge, and a half in width. They lie near the Aroostook N. C., flows S. through Pickens and Anderson and Seboois River. Their outlet flows S. 50 districts, S. C., and enters the Tugaloo. It is about miles into the E. branch of the Penobscot. 50 miles long, and has numerous branches. Second Lake, Dane co., Wn. Situated between Sequatchy River, Te. This river rises in the N. Third Lake on the N. W., and First Lake on the interior of Bledsoe co., flows in a pretty direct S. S. E., with both of which it is connected by outlets. W. course, and empties into the Tennessee River in Second Embarras River, Ma. It rises in Dead the S. part of Marion co. Fish Lake, flows S. W., and empties into St. Louis Seven Beaver Lake, Ma. This sheet of water River. contains one or two islands, and is the source of Seneca Fort, Seneca co., O.. situated on the W. the head branch of St. Louis River. side of Sandusky River, in the town of the same Seven Mile Brook, Me., rises in Franklin and name. Somerset counties, flows about 35 miles in a S. Seneca Lake, N. Y., is the largest of that series E. direction, affording fine mill privileges to the of beautiful lakes lying in the interior of Western towns of Kingfield and New Portland, and enters New York. It is 40 miles long, and varies in the Kennebec at Anson, 40 miles N. E. from Auwidth from 2 to 4 miles. Its elongated diameter gusta. is nearly from N. to S. The elevation of its sur- Severn River, Anne Arundel co., Md., rises near face is 431 feet above tide water. About midway, the centre of the county, flows S. E., and empties upon the W. shore, it receives the outlet of into Chesapeake Bay just below Annapolis city. Crooked Lake, which lies about 6 miles to the S. Seymore's Hill, Sandisfield, Ms. Height 1698 W., elevated 265 feet above. Its own outlet is at its feet. N. E. angle, and flows E. about 12 miles to Cayu- Seymour Lake, Vt. See Morqan. ga Lake, affording a fine water power at Waterloo, Shade Creek, Pa., rises in Somerset co., in the and also at Seneca Falls. The while descent, in Alleghany Mts., and falls into Conemaugh River 12 miles, is about 80 feet. At the falls the water at Johnstown. descends 47 feet over 4 dams. Seneca Lake is Shade Mountains, Pa. This ridge of the Alvery deep, and consequently is never entirely leghany chain extends from Bedford co. through frozen over: 12 miles from its outlet, it has been Huntington into Mifflin co., a distance of 40 miles. ascertained to he 560 feet deep. The lands upon Shahwater Cape, On. Situated on the W. coast the shores of this lake are very picturesque and S. from Gray's Harbor. beautiful, being highest and boldest about the S. Shallot River arid Inlet, Brunswick co., N. C. end, and towards the N. less elevated, but undu- The river receives several small tributaries, and lating, and bountifully adorned with the fruits of passes through the inlet into the sea. cultivation, with here and there a remaining tract Shallow Lake, Me. This is one of a chain of of the primitive forest. The landscape gradually lakes lying in the W. part of Piscataquis co. rises, for several miles from the shores, by broad Shamokin Creek, Pa., after a course of 30 miles natural terraces, or successive ridges, running par- enters the E. side of the Susquehanna, 2 miles allel with the lake, over a considerable extent of below Sunbury. country. This lake is connected by a canal with Shanwapquam River, On. A head branch of Crooked Lake. Its outlet is also made navigable the Yakima River. by locks at Waterloo, connecting its commerce Shark River, Monmouth co., N. J. A small with that of the Erie Canal. It is connected also stream emptying into the Atlantic through Shark by railroad conveyance S. with the Susquehanna Inlet. River, at Owego, and with the Delaware River Sharon Springs. See Mineral Springs. and the Erie Railroad at Binghampton. Upon Sharp's Island, Md. Situated in Chesapeake the lake itself steamboats run regularly through Bay, at the mouth of Choptank River. from Geneva, near its foot, to Jefferson, at its Sharpshin Point, Vt. A high, rocky point, situhead. It is known that the water of this lake has ated on the N. side of Burlington Bay, 1 mile and a gradual rise and fall, through periods of several 217 rods from the S. wharf in Burlington. years; but the cause of this has never been as- Shaw's Creek, S. C. A branch of the South certained. Edisto River, with which it unites in Barnwell Seneca River N. Y., is the outlet of Seneca district. Lake, from the N. end of which it flows E. about Shawangunk Creek, or River, N. Y. This stream 12 miles, to the N. end of Cayuga Lake. Receiv- rises in Orange co., flows N. E., and enters the ing the waters from this lake, it turns N. until it Wallkill in Ulster co. meets with a stream formed by the outlet of Can- Shawangunk Mountains, N. Y. This range, andaigua Lake, and other small tributaries coming which is a continuation of the Alleghany chain, from the W.; after which it flows E. again, re- extends in a N. E. direction through Orange and seiving other tributaries successively from the Sullivan counties, and terminates at the town of outlets of Owasco, Skaneateles, and Onondaga New Paltz, in Ulster co. The E. declivity is par 248 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., tially cultivated, but the W. is rocky and precipi- Shooting Creek, Cherokee co., N. C., flows W. tous. They contain a fine lead mine. into the Hiawassee River. Sheboyvqan River, Wn., rises near Lake Winne- Shrewsbury River, Shrewsbury town, Monmouth bago, in Fond du Lac co., and passing through a co., N. J., a continuation of Sandy Hook Bay, small lake in the N. W. part of Sheboygan co., it flows about 5 miles, partly through a salt marsh, proceeds by a winding E. course to Lake Michigan. and averages about a mile and a half in width. Sheepscot River, Me., rises in the town of Pa- It receives Shrewsbury River proper, a stream 6 lermo, Waldo co., flows about 35 miles in a S. or 7 miles long. direction, and falls into Sheepscot Bay. This Sibley Lake, Ma., lies N. from Gayashk Lake, river is navigable, and affords valuable mill priv- with which it is connected. ileges. The tide meets it between Wiscasset and Sideling Creek. Md. A small branch of the Newcastle. Potomac, running on the E. side of Sideling Mt. Sheepscot Bay, Me., extends inland about 10 Sidelinqglountains. This rangetraverses Huntmiles between the towns of Boothbay and George- ington and Bedford counties, Pa., and Alleghany town. Its mouth is 3 miles wide, and bears N. E. co., Md. 6 miles fi'om Seguin light, at the mouth of the Siegas River, Me., flows S., and enters the St. Kennebec. John's W. of Grand River. Shegg's Creek, Ky. A small stream flowing Sierra Nevada, Ca. This large chain of mounthrough Barren co. into the Big Barren River. tains extends through the W. part of Ca., and Shelburne Bay, Vt. See Shelburne. contains some of the highest land in the Union. Shell Lake, St. Croix co., Wn. Situated in the It is the source of many large rivers, the prlnciN. E. part cf the county, at the head of Clam pal of which are the Rio Sacramento and Rio River. San Joaquin. Shenandoah River, Va. This river is formed in Sillinzan Lake, Ma. The most S. of a chain Warren co. by the junction of two branches. of lakes, connecting by an outlet with North Red The N. branch rises in Rockingham co., and the River. S. branch in Augusta co. The latter flows along Silver Bluff, S. C. This eminence extends the W. side of Blue Ridge, and nearly parallel about 2 miles along the Savannah, is about I mile with it, until its union with the N. branch, whence wide, and is elevated nearly 30 feet above the the main stream flows N. E. to its entrance into opposite shore. the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, just before its Silver Creek, Chatauque co., N. Y., rises in the passage through the Blue Ridge. town of Hanover, and flows N. W. into Lake Erie. Shepaug River, Ct. This stream rises in Go- Silver Creek, Burke co., N. C., flows N. N. E., shen, Litchfield co., flows S. through the towns and empties into the Catawba near Morgan. of Washington and Roxbury, and enters the Silver Creek, Clarke co., Ia. It flows in a S. Housatonic at Southbury. It receives several direction, forming part of the boundary between branches, and affords good water power. Clarke and I loyd counties, and empties into the Shetek Lake, Chippewa co., Wn. This is the Ohio River. most N. of a chain of lakes supplying the head Silver Lake, Wyoming co., N. Y., is 3 miles waters of Red Cedar River. long and three fourths of a mile wide. It is a Shetek Lake, Ma. This is one of a cluster of charming sheet of water, and is stocked with bass, lakes supplying the head waters of Moingonan pickerel, muscalonge, and other fish peculiar to River. Lake Erie, from whence they were brought. Shetucket River, Ct., rises by several branches Silver River, Ca. A small stream flowing S. W. in Tolland and Windham counties. It passes into St. John's River. between the towns of Lisbon and Franklin, and Sims's Stream, N. H., rises from several ponds joining the Quinnebaug at Norwich, flows into and springs among the mountains in the town the Thames. It receives several branches, the of Columbia, and falls into the Connecticut Rivpr. ocipal of which are the Natchang and Willi- er near the N. W. extremity of the town. mantic, and affords fine mill privileges. Sinepuxent Inlet, Worcester co., Md., situated Shickskinny Mountain, Pa., extends alone the in lat. 380 10t 30"' N., is the entrance into SineWV. side of Susquehanna River, which it crosses puxent Bay from the ocean. The bay is long and in Luzerne co. narrow, and Asaticque Island separates it from Shinnecock Bay, Suffolk co., N. Y., is a beautiful the Atlantic. body of water, lying in the town of Southamp- Sinnemahoning River, Pa., enters the W. branch ton. It is 10 miles long, and from 3 to 4 wide. of the Susquehanna in the S. W. part of LycoA narrow sand beach, evidently formed by the ming co. waves, separates it from the ocean. This bay Sinoogawnock River, N. H. See Israel's River. has long been celebrated for its shell fish. Clams Sioux River, Ma. This large river rises near of a superior quality are found here in great the sources of the Minesota or St. Peter's River, abundance, affording employment to a great many flows S. S. E., forming the boundary between lo. persons. and Ma., and empties into the Missouri. Shishib Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated in Sipsey River, Aa. This river rises in the W. the S. E. part of the county, between Weyekwa part of Walker co., and flows S. S. W. into the and Manitosawin Lakes. Tombigbee. Shitticook River, Aroostook co., Me., is the Siselin Lake, Otsego co., Mn. The waters of largest N. E. branch of the Matawamkeag. this lake connect by an outlet with a branch of Shoal Creek, Is., a tributary of Kaskaskia Riv- the Au Sable River. or, rises in Montgomery co. Six Mile Creek, Tompkins co., N. Y., flows Shoal River, Fa. One of the principal branch- N. W. to the village of Ithaca, where it enters es of the Yellow Water River, with which it joins Cayuga Lake. in Santa Rosa co. Skaneateles Lake, N. Y. This beautiful and Sholey's Fork, Ca. It flows S. into the Rio Gila. romantic sheet of water lies partly between Ca IN THE UNITED STATES. 249 yuga and Onondaga counties. It is 15 miles Souhegan River, N. H., originally Souhegenack. long, and from half a mile to a mile wide. Its The name of a river in Hillsboro' co., and the forN. shores are bordered by highly cultivated farms mer name of Amherst and Merrimack. The prinand country seats, while the S. banks are more cipal branch of this river originates from a pond rugged and picturesque. It is famous for its fine in Ashburnham, Ms. It passes N. through Ashtrout, which are taken in great numbers, weigh- by into New Ipswich, and through Mason, Miling from 5 to 10 pounds each. ford, Amherst, into the town of Merrimack, where Sk-ooawargurmish River, Mn., waters the W. part it unites with Merrimack River. In its course of Montmorenci co., and flows N. into Lake it receives several streams from Temple, LyndeHuron. boro', and Mount Vernon, and just before it falls Skootum Lake, Piscataquis co., Me. This is a into the Merrimack receives Babboosuck Brook, pretty large sheet of water, the outlet of which a stream issuing from Babboosuck Pond. See enters Piscataquis River. Amherst. Sk-unk River, Io. Otherwise called Chicaqua. South Bays, Vt. There are two bays of this Rises near the centre of the state; runs into the name, one at the;. end of Lake Champlain, near Mississippi parallel with the Des Moines, and dis- Whitehall, and the other at the S. end of Lake taut 20 to 30 miles from it N. Memphremagog, between Salem and Newport. Sleeping River, Mn. A small stream emptying South Bay, Washington co., N. Y. This bay into Lake Superior. lies between the towns of Dresden and Whitehall, Sleepy Creek, Va., rises in the N. part of Fred- and opens into Lake Champlain. It is 4 miles erick co., and runs N. E. into the Potomac. long, and half a mile wide. Slippery Rock Creek, Pa., rises in Mercer and South Bay, N. Y. See Great South Bay. Butler counties, and falls into Conquenessing South River, N. C. A large tributary of the Creek a little above its entrance into Big Beaver Cape Fear River. It rises in the N. E. part of River. Length 35 miles. Cumberland co., flows S. S. E., separating SampSmall Cape, Me., situated in the S. part of son and New Hanover from Cumberland, BlaPhipsburg, is the E. boundary of Casco Bay. den, and Brunswick counties. Smith Fork, Ca. One of the head branches of South Newport River, Ga. This river flows in Eagle River. an easterly direction, forming the boundary line Smith's Island, Northampton co., Va., lies in between Liberty and Mcintosh counties, and falls the Atlantic, N. E. from Cape Charles. into Sapelo Sound. Smith's Island, New Hanover co., N. C., is sit- South Three River, Io., rises in the N. part of uated at the mouth of Cape Fear River. Cape Clarke co., flows N. E. across Warren co., and Fear is the S. extremity of the island. A light- empties into the Desmoines. house stands on the W. side, overlooking the Sowadabscook River, Penobscot co., Me. This main channel. stream falls into the Penobscot at Hampden, 5 Smith's Point, Va. The E. extremity of miles below Bangor. Within 3 miles of its mouth Northumberland co., extending into Chesapeake it falls 120 feet, furnishing many valuable mill Bay. privileges. The main branch, which rises in Smith's River, Grafton co., N. H. This river Stetson, unites with the Harvey Stream'from rises from several ponds in Grafton and Orange, Levant, and the Kinsley Stream from Etna, both and after pursuing a winding E. course of from affording excellent mill sites, near the village in 12 to 18 miles, through Danbury and Alexan- Carmel. Below these the Sowadabscook is deep dria, falls into the Pemigewasset between Bristol and sluggish, from 15 to 25 yards in width, flowand Hill. ing through extensive meadows, and the Great Smithtown Bay, N. Y., lies in the town of Smith- and Little Ponds in Hermon, with very little detown, on the N. side of Long Island, and is a scent, to the head of the falls in Hampden. Near good harbor during easterly storms. It is a great the E. line of Carmel, this stream comes within resort of wild water fowl, and is stocked with about 20 rods of the Little Kenduskeag, a stream various kinds of fish. which flows through the N. E. part of Carmel, Snake Island, N. Y. See Rattlesnake Island. from Levant to Bangor; and the two streams Soda Lake, Caddo parish, La., lies S. from are united by a branch from 20 to 30 feet wide, Caddo Lake, with which it is connected. and 3 feet deep, called the " Cross." The KendusSodus Bay, or Great Sodus Bay, Wayne co., kear is so rapid that it rises and falls much quicker N. Y., is an irregular body of water, lying in the than the Sowadabscook. When the streams are towns of Sodus and Huron, and opening into rising, the current in the Cross sets towards the Lake Ontario on the N. It is navigable, and at Sowadabscook, and when falling towards the Kenits mouth have been constructed extensive piers duskeag. The country watered by the Sowadabsand light-houses. It is 5 miles long, and from 1 cook is generally rather level and free from hills, to 3 wide. though there are many swells of very fine farming Soldier River, Io. This stream rises in the N. land. W. interior of the state, near the source of Rac- Spafford's Lake, N. H. See Chesterfield. coou River, flows S. W., and empties into the Spanish Creek, Camden co., Ga. A small tribMissouri. utary of St. Mary's River. Soucook River, N. H., has its source in 3 ponds Spanish Lake, Natchitoches parish, La., lies S. in the S. part of Gilmanton, called Loon, Rocky, from Red River, into which it discharges its and Shellcamp Ponds. The river passes through waters. It receives several small streams, the Loudon, receiving several branches, and forms principal of which is Bayou Terre Blanche. the boundary between Concord and Pembroke, Speckled Mountain, Oxford co. Me., lies on the falling into the Merrimack below Garvin's Falls. N. II. line, partly in the town of Riley. ElevaSoudneunk Stream, Piscataquis co., Me., rises in tion about 4000 feet. a small lake, and flows S. into the W. branch of Spencer Mountain, Piscataquis co., Me., lies BE the Penobscot. of Moose Head Lake. 32 250 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Spesulia Island, Harford co., Md.. lies in Chesa- cing the city and the harbor of New York, with its peake Bay, just below Turkey Point. shipping, its fortifications, and its islands, BrookSpigqot River, N. H. and Ms., rises in Hemp- lyn, and the surrounding country on Long Island, stead, and passes through Salem, and into the Hoboken, and the adjacent portions of New JerMerrimack, between Methuen and l)racut, Ms., sey, is extremely rich and beautiful. On a hill nearly opposite Shawsheen River, which comes near the Narrows a telegraphic signal is erected, from the S. through Andover. communicating with the Marine Telegraph on Spipen River, On. A head branch of Yakima the Merchants' Exchange in Wall Street. The River. New York quarantine ground is on the N. shore Spirit Lake, Io. Situated in the west of the of this island, opposite to the villages of Tompstate at the head of Inyan Yankey or Little Sioux kinsville and Stapleton, to both of which places River. steamboats run several times a day, from the Split Cape, Me. See Addison. foot of Whitehall Street. New Brighton is a Spoon River, Is., is formed in Coffee co., by the pleasant village on the margin of the island, a union of several forks, and pursues a S. course little further W., where are many elegant resiuntil it enters the W. side of the Illinois. It af- dences, occupied by families from the city. The fords good water power. Sailor's Snug Harbor, a large and imposing ediSprague's Hill, Bridgewater, Ms. fice, is an asylum for superannuated seamen, sitSpring Creek, Ga., rises in the N. part of Early uated a short distance from New Brighton. The co., flows S., and falls into Flint River near its seat of justice for the county, embracing Staten junction with the Chattahoochee. Island, is at Richmond. Spring River, Mo. and Wes. Ter. The head Steer Creek, Gilmer co., Va. A S. branch of branches of this stream drain Lawrence co.; it the Little Kanawha River. then flows in a circuitous S. W. course into the Sterling Peak, Vt. See Sterling. Western Territory, where it enters Neosho River. Stevens's Branch, Vt. See Barre. Spring Garden Lake, Orange co., Fa., lies S. E. Stevens Creek, S. C. This stream rises in Abfrom Lake George, and empties into St. John's beville and Edgefield districts, receives many River. large branches, and empties into the Savannah in Spruce Hill, Bridgewater, Ms. Height 2588 Edgefield district. feet. Stevens's River, Vt. This fine mill stream Spuyten Duyvel Creek, N. Y. See Harlem River. rises in Peacham and Ryegate. It received its Sqalluck River, Me., rises in the N. part of the name in compliment to Captain Phineas Stevens, state, near the Canada line, and fiowsW. into the the brave defender of Charlestown, N. H. The Toladi. waters of this river are remarkably clear, and its Squam Lake, N. H. This beautiful sheet of banks luxuriant and romantic. It meanders water lies on the borders of Holderness, Sand. about 15 miles, and in its course through Barnet wich, Moultonboro', and Centre Harbor. It is receives Harvey's Lake, a pellucid sheet of water, about 6 miles long, and in its widest part 3 miles covering an area of 300 acres. This beautiful in width. It covers a surface of between 6000 and river mingles with the Connecticut at Barnet, 7000 acres, contains numerous islands, and is well where it makes a descent of 100 feet in the disstored with fish. This fine lake is but a short tance of 10 rods. distance from the celebrated "' Senter House," at Sting Bay Point, Va. The S. E. extremity of Centre Harbor. Middlesex co., at the mouth of the RappahanSquam River, N. H. See Holderness. nock River. Squamscot or Swamscot River, N. H., called also Stocton's Island, La Pointe co., Wn. SituatGreat or ExeterRiver. See Exeter. ed in the W. part of Lake Superior, S. from Squaw Island, Erie co., N. Y., lies in the Niagara Bartlett's Island. River, and is attached to the town of Black Rock. Stone Coal Creek, Lewis co.,Va., flows N.W., and It contains about 130 acres of land. enters the W. fork of the Monongahela at Weston. Squirrel River, Portage co., Wn. A small W. Stone's River, Te. An important stream rising branch of the Little Wisconsin River. in the E. part of Cannon co., and flowing N. Stanislaus River, Ca. It rises among the Sierra into the Cumberland River, which it enters N. Nevada, and flows S. W. into the Rio San Joa- E. firom Nashville. quin. Stone Inlet, Colleton district, S. C. The pasStanwix, Fort, N. Y. See Rome. sage between Riawaw and Folly Islands. Staten Island, N. Y., lies in the Bay of New Stony Island, Jefferson co., N. Y. This island Tork, about six miles S. of the city, and consti- lies in the E. part of Lake Ontario, and belongs tutes the county of Richmond, with four towns. to the town of Henderson. It is about 3 miles It has Newark Bay, and the channel called the long and 1 wide. "Kills," on the N.; New York harbor and the Stony Point, Monroe co., Mn., extends into Narrows, between the outer and inner bays of Lake Erie, E. from Plaisance Bay. New York, on the E.; Raritan Bay S.; and Strawberry Island, N. Y., lies in Niagara River, Staten Island Sound W. The centre of the about 1 mile below Black Rock, and is a great island is about 11 miles S. W. from the city. It resort of sportsmen, as it abounds in wild ducks, is 14 miles in length N. E. and S. W. and 8 and affords fine fishing grounds. It contains 100 miles wide in its broadest part. Its surface is acres of low ground, mostly covered with coarse agreeably diversified, with some good soil for grass. cultivation, and the advantage of nearness to Strawberry River, As. This river rises in the the market for the disposal of every kind of prod- interior of Fulton co., flows S. E. through Lawuct. The highest elevation is that of Richmond rence co., and falls into Big Black River in the Hill, from the summit of which, 307 feet above N. E. corner of Independence co. the level of the ocean, the prospect, which may Strong River, Mi., rises in Scott co., flows S. W, be enjoyed with little effort to obtain it, embra- and empties into Pearl River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 251 StumpInlet, N. C. Apassage among the islands Mississippi. It flows S., connecting with numeroff the S. E. coast of New Hanover co. ous small streams, and finally enters the Yazoo. Sturgeon Bay, Brown co., Wn. A long, narrow Sunklhaze Stream, Me., flows N. of W., and falls bay, communicating on the N. W. with Green into the Penobscot about 5 miles above Oldtown Bay, and extending S. E. nearly to Lake Mich- village. igan. Superior, Lake, the largest of the great lakes Sturgeon River, Mn. It rises in a number of of North America, and supposed to be the largest small lakes in the N. part of Marquette co., flows body of fresh water on the surface of the globe. W., and then N., into Houghton co., where it Its length is about 380 miles, its breadth 130 empties into Portage Lake. miles, and its circumference between 1400 and Success Pond, N. Y. See Lakeville. 1500 miles. It is surrounded mostly by a rocky, Suck Creek, Te., enters Tennessee River at the uneven, and sterile coast. It contains many conWhirl. siderable islands, the largest of which, in the N.W. Sucker's Fork, Scott co., Ia. A small branch part, is Isle Royal, about 100 miles long and 40 of Graham's Fork of the Muscatauck River. broad. Its waters abound with fish, particularly Sucker River, Mn., rises in a small lake in the trout, sturgeon, and white fish, which are caught N. E. part of Schoolcraft co., flows across a cor- at all seasons. The trout taken in this lake genner of Chippewa co., and empties into Lake erally weigh about 12 pounds, but many are Superior. larger than this, even up to 50 pounds. The Sudbury River, Ms. This river rises in Hop- elevation of the lake's surface above the ocean is kinton and vicinity, and after passing Framing- 641 feet, and the mean depth of its bottom 900 ham, Natick, Sudbury, Wayland, and Lincoln, feet. This lake is subject to as violent agitation joins the Assabet at Concord. from storms as the broad Atlantic, and its naviSugar Creek, Hickman co., Te., enters Dutch gation is quite as dangerous. The vessels which River from the N. E. navigate Lake Superior are confined within its Sugar Creek, Ia., rises in the S. part of Clinton own waters, as the Falls of St. Mary present a co., flows S. W. across Montgomery and Parke complete obstruction to communication by water counties, and empties into the Wabash. with the lakes below. This obstruction will Slugar Creek, Sangamon co., Is. A branch of doubtless be ultimately overcome, as it is possible the Sangamon River, which it enters E. from that this should be done by a ship canal, at a Sprinatield. comparatively moderate expense. More than 30 Sugar Creek, Is. This stream rises in McDon- rivers empty their waters into Lake Superior, ough co., and enters the Illinois in Schuyler co. which are all discharged by the outlet of St. Sugar Island, Mn. A large island situated in Mary's Strait. or River, into Lake Huron, towards the Straits of St. Mary, between the Montreal the E. The boundary line between the U. S. and Channel and Tahquamenaw Bay. the British possessions passes from its outlet Sugar River, N. H. This river rises from Sun- through the mildle of the E. section of this lake; apee Lake, passes through part of Wendell, the but towards the W. it is carried clear round to whole of Newport. and nearly through the centre the N. of Isle Royal, giving that island and the of Claremont, where it meets the Connecticut. whole body of the lake below it to the U.S.; Red Water Brook, in Claremont, is a branch of then, passing round the W. extremity of the Sugar River. island, it inclines S. to the entrance of Pigeon Sullivan's Island, Charleston district, S. C. A River, leaving the largest part of this section of small island lying at the mouth of Charleston the lake on the British side. The Pictured lRocks, harbor. so called, towards the E. end of Lake Superior, Summer Island, Mn., lies in Lake Michigan, S. are a great natural curiosity. They form a perfrom Point de Tour. pendicular wall 300 feet high, extending about 12 Sunmmner Lake, On. A small body of water miles along the shore of the lake. Upon the face lying N. E. from Tlamath Lake. of this wall are numerous indentations and proSunapee Lake, N. H., lies in the N. W. part of jections, from which they have received. their Hillsboro' co. and the N.E. part of Cheshire, in name, and at the base are many deep receding the towns of Wendell, New London, and New- caverns, into which the waves, especially when bury. It is 12 miles long and about 1 miles in lashed by storms, roll and reverberate with a width. Its outlet is on the W. side, through Sugar tremendous roar. At one place, at the height of River. Dr. Jackson, in his geological report, 70 feet, a considerable stream leaps out, ata single says that this lake is so near the summit level, burst from this lofty palisade of rocks, into the that a slight excavation would turn its waters lake, leaving a clear space for boats to pass beeither into the Connecticut or the Merrimack. It hind its descending column. At another place is elevated about 1080 feet above the sea level, four huge piers of the rock bear up a vast straand the descent of its outlet, Sugar River, to the tum or entablature of the same, with earth resting Connecticut, is very rapid. upon it, upon which are growing trees of spruce Suncook River, N. H. This river rises in a pond and pine, some of which stand 50 or 60 feet high. between Gilmanton and Gilford. near the sum- This is appropriately called the Doric Rock, from mit of one of the Suncook Mts., elevated 900 its remarkable resemblance to a work of art. In feet above its base. This stream passes through the region about the shores of Lake Superior, two other ponds at the foot of the mountains, and many valuable mines of copper and other ores thence through the S. E. part of Gilmanton, into have been discovered within a few years past, for Barnstead, where it receives several tributaries; the working of which companies have been formed thence through Pittsfield and Epsom, and be- among capitalists of our eastern cities, who, nottween Allenstown and Pembroke, into the Mer- withstanding the remoteness of the locality, and rimack. the want of many facilities of transportation Stan Flower River, Mi. This river is supplied which may hereafter he provided. are, with profit by two head branches, which are outlets of the I to themselves, bringing no small supply of this 252 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., valuable mineral wealth into the commerce of chester co., dividing the waters that flow E. into the country. Long Island Sound from those that flow W. into Suquinochee River, Sumpter co., Aa. This river Hudson River. has several large branches, and flows S. E. into Tahnecnah River, Iowa co., Wn., flows N. into the Tombigbee. Wisconsin River. Suwannee River, Fa., rises in Okefinokee Tahquamenaw Bay, Mn. This large bay is sitSwamp, Ga. The Allapahaw flows into it from uated between the Straits of St. Mary on the S. the N., and the Withlacoochee from the N. W. E., and Lake Superior on the N. W., and separates The banks in some places are 100 feet high, per- Canada from Michigan. pendicular, and of beautiful granite. Its bed is Tahquamenaw River, Mn. The numerous head rocky, and it enters into the Gulf of Mexico branches of this river rise in Michilimackinac and through numerous shallow channels. The bar Chippewa counties; the main stream then flows in at its mouth has not more than 5 feet of water, a N. E. direction, and falls into Tahquamenaw but above that it has 15 feet for 55 miles. Bay. Suwanuchee River, Ware co., Ga. One of the Ba'alcott Lake, Ma. The Moingonan River passes head branches of the Suwannee River, which it through this lake, which lies S. from Lake Shetek. enters near Fort Gilmer. Tallahala Creek, Mi., has its source in Jackson Swamp Creek, On., flows N. W., and enters co., flows S., receiving several large branches, and Lewis Fork of Bear River a little above Malade empties into Leaf River. River. Tallahatchie River, Mi. This is an important Swan Creek, Te., enters Duck River from the stream, which, with its branches, drains the prinS. in Hickman co. cipal part of the county whose name it bears. Swan Creek, Mo., iises in the S. W. part of Tallapoosa River, Ga. and Aa., rises in Carroll Wright co., flows S. W., and enters White River and Paulding counties, Ga., flows S. W. into Aa., at Forsyth, in Taney co. where it receives numerous small tributaries, and Swan Lake, Ma. The largest of a chain of joining with the Coosa between Montgomery and lakes at the head of Swan River. Autauga counties, forms the Alabama. Swan Point, Md. The S. W. extremity of Tallulah or Terrora River, Ga. It rises in Rabun Kent co., extending into Chesapeake Bay. co., flows S. E., separating Rabun and Habersham Swan River, Ma. It rises in Swan Lake, flows counties, and unites with the Chatuga to form the S. S. W., and empties into the Mississippi River. Tugaloo. Swatara River, Pa., flows S. W., and enters the Tamarac Creek, Crawford co., Wn. A small Susquehanna at Middleton. tributary of Trempaleau River, which it enters Sweet Springs, Monroe co., Va. This is one near its mouth. of the oldest watering-places in the state. There Tampa Bay, Fa., called Espiritu Santo by the are extensive accommodations, and the waters Spaniards, is the largest bay in the Gulf of Mexare efficacious in many complaints, resembling ico, being 40 miles long, and in one place 35 miles the Bristol Hot Wells, England. The spring is in width, and having from 15 to 20 feet of water so copious as to turn a mill 200 yards from its on the bar. It receives numerous tributaries, of source. which Hillsboro', Manate, Oyster, Indian, and Swift River, Me., flows S., and falls into the Alafia Rivers are the principal. The bay is easy Androscoggin at Mexico. of access, and affords fine anchorage. At its Swi/ft River, N. H., rises in the mountains N. W. mouth are numerous islands. Little Tampa Bay, of Albany, passes through that town with great lying in its N. W. part, is about 10 miles in diamrapidity, and falls into the Saco in Conway. Its eter, but very shallow. whole course is rapid, and in one place it falls 30 Tampa Creek, Ma. A W. tributary of Shayenn feet in the distance of 6 rods, through a channel Oju River. in the solid rock of about 12 feet wide, the sides Tangier Sound, Md. Situated in Chesapeake being from 10 to 30 feet perpendicular height. Bay, off the coast of Somerset co., and N. W. At the upper part of these falls are several holes, from Pocomoke Bay. It contains a number of worn perpendicularly into the rock, several feet islands, and receives the waters of Nanticoke, in depth, and from 6 inches to 2 feet in diameter. Wicomico, Manokin, and some other rivers. There is another small stream of the same name Tangipahao River, Mi. and La., rises in Pike in the town of Tamworth. and Amite counties, Mi., flows S. into La., then S. by E. to its entrance into Lake Ponchartrain, Table Mountain, Pendleton district, S. C. This its whole length being about 80 miles. remarkable mountain is elevated 3168 feet above Tankio River, Little and Great. These streams the surrounding country, and about 4000 ft. above rise in the S. part of Page co., Io., flow S. into sea level. One side of the eminence presents an Mo., and enter the Missouri River in Holt co., immense rocky precipice, at the bottom of which soon after their junction. is a dismal valley or gulf, of great depth, and Tanner's Creek, Ia., falls into the Ohio River 2 whitened by the bones of.various animals. miles below Lawrenceburg. Tayabona Bay, Fa., lies off the coast of Benton Tappan Bay, N. Y., an expansion of Hudson co., and receives several rivers, the principal of River, commences 22 miles N. of the city of New which are the Weekiwachee, the Pithlochastotoc, York, and extends to Teller's Point, a distance of and the Anclote. 10 or 12 miles. It is from 2 to 3 miles wide, and Tayhkanic Mountains, N. Y. This range, which is surrounded by a beautiful and highly-cultivated is a branch of the Green Mountains, commences country. in the E. part of Rensselaer co., extends S. paral- Tar River, N. C., rises in Person co., flows in a lel to the state line, sometimes entering Ms., winding S. E. direction, receives Fishing Creek, a through Columbia, into Dutchess co., a distance large branch from the N. in Edgecomb co., and of 50 miles, where it divides into two ridges, one below Washington expands into a broad estuary, of which extends through Putnam into West- which is called Pamlico River, and flows into IN THE UNITED STATES. 253 Pamlico Sound. Vessels drawing 9 feet of water Cumberland River. The valley of the Tennesnavigate it to Washington, and small steamboats see divides itself into two great sections, the to Tarboro'. Its length is about 180 miles. upper and the lower. The upper valley is that Tarquewac fMountain, Me., lies on the border of which is above the passage of the river through Piscataquis and Somerset counties. the Cumberland Mts., and is included between Taunton River, Ms. This river rises in Plym- the two parallel chains of the Appalachian sysouth co., and falls into Mount Hope Bay. The tem, which form a connection just below this pass. Taunton and its branches water the towns of This upper section is mountainous and much Abington, Hanson, Halifax, and Plympton, all elevated, embracing an area of about 24.000 the Bridgewaters, Raynham, Taunton, Berkley, square miles. The lower valley of the TennesI)ighton, Freetown, Fall River, Somerset, and see is composed of several physical sections, in Swansey. It is celebrated for the great hydraulic N. Alabama, W. Tennessee, and Kentucky, compower it affords, and for the number of alewives prising in all an area of 17,600 square miles. within its waters. Thus the whole valley of this large river embraces Taxpam River, On. It rises among the Cascade a superficial extent of 41,600 square miles. It Mts., and flows S. W. into Admiralty Inlet. is, therefore, by this standard of estimation, as Tchanchicanah Lake, Ma. An enlargement of well as from its comparative length, which is the Tchan Sansan or River i Jaques. near 1200 miles, and from the large volume of Tchiyaza Lakes, Io. A chain of small lakes, water which it carries, entitled to the first rank lying on the N. border of the state, and supplying among the tributaries of the Ohio. The difference the head branches of Lime Creek. in the relative height between the highest and the Tchocunna River, Ga., rises in Monroe co., flows lowest extremes of the upper and lower valleys in a S. E. direction 40 miles, and enters the Ock- of the Tennessee is not less than 1700 feet. The mulgee between Houston and Bibb counties. current of every branch of the river is very rapid, Teche River, La., rises near Red River, in Ra- though there are few, if any, direct falls in them, pides parish, and pursuing a winding S. S. E. and they generally admit of boat navigation course, it enters the outlet of Chetimaches Lake, nearly to their sources. The whole river has a in St. Mary's parish. It is about 180 miles long, mean fall of 2 feet to the mile. It is navigable, and 200 yards wide at the mouth. Its channel excepting at low water, for steamboats, from its is deep, and the tide ascends more than 100 miles. mouth to Florence, in Alabama, a distance of This river, like the Mississippi, is higher than 259 miles. Here are the Muscle Shoals, where the adjoining country, excepting its immediate the river expands to a width of several miles, banks. It is 20 feet deep, has 8 feet of water and is very shallow. A canal has been made on the bar, and is navigable to New Iberiaj 100 around these shoals 36 miles long, to admit the miles. passage of steamboats, and the navigation of the Telegraph Hill, Marshfield, Ms. Height 205 ft. river above is unobstructed for 250 miles, to the Telessas Lake, Piscataquis co., Me., lies S. E. pass of the Cumberland Mts. The river is here of Bamonenungemook Lake, with which it is compressed to a width of 70 feet, besides being connected. whirled around a projecting cliff, occasioning a Teller's Point, Westchester co., N. Y. This very difficult current for boats, whether ascendpeninsula lies on the E. side of Hudson River, ing or descending. The river above this point in the town of Cortland, just above the mouth is only favorable to navigation with the stream. of Croton River. It is about 2 miles long, and Tensas River, La., rises in Chicot co., As., flows separates Haverstraw and Tappan Bays. nearly parallel with the Mississippi, through Tellico River rises in the N. part of Cherokee Carroll and Madison counties, forms the boundary co., N. C., flows N. W. into Te., and empties into between Concordia and Cattahoola counties, and Tennessee River in Monroe co. falls into Wachita River. Temisconata Lake, Me. See Madawaska River. Tensaw River, Aa., the eastern outlet of Mobile Teneriffe Mountain, N. H. See Milton. River, leaves it 8 miles below the junction of Ten Mile Creek, or River, N. Y. and Ct. This Tombigbee and Alabama Rivers. It flows S. stream rises in the N. E. part of Dutchess co., past Blakely, and enters Mobile Bay by several flows S. and E. into Ct., where it falls into the mouths. It contains a considerable island a litHousatonic River. tle below where it leaves Mobile River. Tennessee River has its sources in the Alle- Tetedes Mort, Jackson co., Iowa. A small ghany Mts., in Tazewell and Wise counties, branch of the Mississippi. Virginia. Its principal head tributaries are the Tetos Pond, Me., is connected on the N. by an Holston and the Clinch Rivers, the former of outlet with Telessas Lake. which receives the French Broad River, and the Tewapa Tankyan Lake, Ma. Situated between latter Powell's River. The Holston and Clinch the forks of a river of the same name. unite at Kingston, in Roan co., Tennessee, and Tewapa Tankyan River, Ma. It rises in Warah thence the course of the main stream is about S. and Wamdushkati lakes, flows N. E., and empties W., until it crosses the boundary of Alabama, into Mankato River. near the N. E. corner of the state, and continuing Thames River, Ct. The Quinebaug, Shetucket, 50 or 60 miles in this direction, bends towards and Yantic Rivers unite near. Norwich to form the N. W., breaking through the Cumberland this stream, which is navigable from that place Mts., and traversing the entire N. end of Ala- to New London, a distance of 14 miles. The bama, until, cutting off a small corner of Missis- banks of this river are very picturesque and sippi, it emerges again into Tennessee, where it beautiful. immediately takes a course due N., crossing the Thimble Islands, New Haven co., Ct. A group state, and entering Kentucky, across the western of small islands lying off the town of Branford. point of which, bearing a little farther to the W., Third Lake, Dane co., Wn. Situated on the it flpws on to its confluence with the Ohio, which E. border of the city of Madison, S. E. from is only about 12 miles below the mouth of the Fourth Lake. 254 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Thirteen Mile Creek, Mason co., Va. An E. Tipsinah River, Ma. A N. E. tributary of the branch of the Great Kanawha. Minesota or Qui Parle River. Thomas Fork, On. A small stream flowing Ti Tanka-He Lake, Ma. An irregularly-shaped S. W. into Bear River. sheet of water, lying near St. Croix River, and Thompson's Creek, S. C., flows S. E., and enters S. firom Lake Poinsett. the Great Pedee below Chatham. Titicus Creek, or River, rises in Ct., flows W. Thousand Islands. This cluster of islands, be- into N. Y., and enters Croton River at the town longing partly to the Americans and partly to of West Salem, Westchester co. the British, lies in the St. Lawrence River, a lit- Tlamath Lake, On. A large sheet of water tle below Lake Ontario. Some of these islands situated in the S. part of the state, among the are fertile and possess good timber, but generally Cascade Mts. they are small and rocky. The river where they Tlarnath River, On. and Ca. This river rises are located is from 2 to 10 miles in width. In in Tlamath Lake, in On., and Rhett Lake, on the the distance of between 20 and 30 miles, the numn- N. border of Uh., flows W. for some distance ber of these islands is said to exceed 1500, and across Uh., then, turning to the N. W., crosses a passages amid them, up and down this magniti- corner of On., and discharges its waters into the cent outlet of the great lakes, present to the Pacific. traveller scenes of great sublimity and beauty. Tobacco River, Mn. A small stream draining Three Buttes, On. These are isolated peaks the E. part of Keewaiwona Point, and falling into situated between Lewis Fork and Malade River, Lake Superior. and N. W. from Fort Hall. Tobopekaliga Lake, Orange co., Fa. Situated Three Tetons, On. These peaks are a branch N. from Lake Kissimee, with which it is conof the Rocky Mts., and are situated at the head nected by an outlet. of the Lewi.s Fork of Columbia River. Toby's Creek, Pa., falls into the Alleghany Throg's Point, Westchester co., N. Y., is situated River about 20 miles below Franklin. It is in the S. E. part of the town of Westchester, 16 about 55 miles long, and is boatable for a large miles N. E. of New York city. It projects a mile part of its course. or two into East River, and is an important mil- Tombigbee River, Mi. and Aa., rises in Tishaitary position, on which has been erected by the mingo co., Mi., flows a little E. of S., receiving United States government a strong fortification, several branches, and passes into Aa. Sixty miles called Fort Schuyler, which, together with the below it receives from the E. the Black Warrior, fortification at the Narrows, is intended to de- a river nearly as large as itself, at Buffport, and, fend the city of New York from foreign in- proceeding 100 miles in a winding S. direction, vasion. it unites with the Alabama to form Mobile River. Thunder Bay, Mn. This large bay extends 45 miles above the Mobile Bay, and about 70 from Lake Huron into Alpena co., contains a miles from the Gulf of Mexico. It is navigable number of islands, and receives the waters of 9 months in the year to St. Stephen's for large several rivers. vessels, and to Columbus, Mi., for steamboats. Thunder Bay River, Mn. This river rises in Its entire length is nearly 500 miles. the N. part of Oscoda co., takes a winding N. E. Tomer Stream, Me., rises in the N. part of course through Montmorenci and Alpena counties, Washington co., and flows S. into the outlet of and falls into Thunder Bay. Schoodic Lakes. Tibbet's Island, N. Y. See Green Island. Tonihannack Creek, Rensselaer co., N. Y., rises Ticonderoqa Fort, Essex co., N. Y. This re- in the towns of Grafton and Pittstown, flows nowntd( fortification lies on the W. side of Lake N. W., and enters the Hoosick at Schaghticoke. Champlain. See Fashionable Resorts. Tompkins Fort, N. Y. See Staten Island. Tie Tie Creek, Ware co., Ga. A small stream Tom's River, N. J., rises in Monmouth co., and flowing through the W. part of Okefinokee empties into Barnegat Bay. Swamp, and emptying into Jones Creek. Tonauanda Creek, N. Y., has its source in the Tilfins River, O., rises in a lake in Mn., enters S. part of Wyoming co., flows N. through a part 0. in Williams co., and flows in a S. direction to of Genesee, thence it turns W., forming the Maumee River, which it enters one mile W. of boundary between Erie and Niagara counties, Defiance. It is navigable for small craft 50 and empties into Niagara River at Tonawanda miles, and affords good water power. village. It constitutes a part of Erie Canal for Timbalier Bay, La. This is a rather shallow a distance of 12 miles. bay, fioom 3 to 6 miles wide, extending N. W. Tonawanda Island, Niagara co., N. Y. This from the mouth of Bayvou La Fourche 30 miles, island lies in the Niagara River, opposite Tonand is bounded on the S. W. side by a long, low awanda village, and belongs to the town of peninsula. Wheatfield. It contains about 70 acres of highlyTimpanozu River, Ca., Uh. A small stream cultivated land. rising in the Timpanozu Mts., and flowing S. W. Tournois Creek, Clark co., As. This creek into Utah Lake. flows S. E., and empties into the Little Missouri Tinker's Creek, O. A tributary of the Cuya- near its junction with the Wachita. hoga. which it enters 12 miles above Cleveland. Tourtle River, On. A small N. tributary of Tiotghhnioqa River, N. Y. This fine mill stream Columbia River. rises in Onondaga co., flows S. through Cortland Town Creek, Brunswick co., N. C., flows S. IL co., and enters Chenango River at Chenango into the Cape Fear River. Forks village, in Broome co. Train Bay, Mn., washes the coast of SchoolTippecanoe River, Isa. Its head branches water craft co., W. from Grand Island. Noble and Kosciusko counties, and, after a wind- Transparent Lake lies in Hamilton and Herkiing course through Fulton. Pulaski, and White mer counties, N. Y. It is surrounded by wild and counties, it enters the Wabash in the N. part of picturesque scenery, and its waters, which, as-the Tippecanoe co. name indicates are remarkably clhar, abound in IN THE UNITED STATES. 255 salmon and brook trout of a superior size and Tupper's Lake, Franklin co., N. Y., lies in the quality. The lake is 5 miles long and 2 wide. S. W. part of the county, is 6 miles long and 2 Traverse Island, Mn. Situated in Lake Supe- wide, and abounds with trout and other fish. rior, at the mouth of Keewaiwona Bay. Turkey CGeek, Hardin co., Te., unites with Traverse Lake, Ma. This is a long, narrow Swift Creek. and falls into the Tennessee above body of water, containing -several islands, and Savannah. supplying the waters of Sioux Wood, a head Turkey Creek, Humphreys co., Te. A small branch of North Red River. branch of the Tennessee River, which it enters Trembleau Point, Essex co., N. Y., lies on the between White Oak and Richland Creeks. W. side of Lake Champlain, in the town of Ches- Turkey Point, Harford co., Md. It projects terfield. This is the N. termination of the Clinton into Chesapeake Bay. Mts., which extend from the Mohawk River to Turkey River, Io. This stream rises in the N. this place. E. part of the Neutral Ground, flows S. E. across Trempaleau River, Crawford co., Wn. It drains Winneshick, Fayette, and Clayton counties, and the N. W. part of the county, and falls into the falls into Mississippi River. Mississilppi River. Turtle Creek, Shelby co., O. A small E. branch Trench's Island, S. C. A large island lying S. of the Miami River. from Broad River, and belonging to Beaufort dis- Turtle Creek. Wn. It rises in the N. W. part trict. of Walworth co., flows S. W., and enters Rock Trenton Falls, N. Y. See Fashionable Resorts. River on the S. border of Rock co. Trinity River, Ts. This large river rises prin- Turtle or Meriumpticook River, Me., rises in a cipally in the forest called the Cross Timbers, large pond, and flows into the St. John, about 7 flows S. E.. and empties into Galveston Bay. miles S. W. of the Madawaska. Trough Creek, Pa., is formed in the town of Tuscaloosa River, Aa., generally called the Black Trough Creek by the union of N. and S. branches, Warrior, which is the English of Tuscaloosa, a and forcing a passage through Terrace Mt., it name given it by the Choctaw Indians, is formed enters the Raystown, a branch of Juniata River. by the junction of Locust Fork from the E., and Trout Islancd, Mn.. lies in the N. part of Lake Mulberry River from the W. The former rises in Michigan, N. from Little Beaver Island. Blount co., 20 miles S. of Tennessee River, and Trout Lake, Portage co., Wn. Situated in the the latter in Lawrence and Walker counties. They N. part of the county, E,. from the Mandowish unite on the boundary between Jefferson and Lakes, with which it is connected by an outlet. Tuscaloosa counties, and become the Black WarTrout River, Me., is a W. branch of the Mada- rior, which unites with the Tombigbee in the S. waska. part of Greene co. Steamboats ascend it to TusTrout River, Vt. This is a good mill stream, caloosa, 400 miles, by the course of the river, above formed in Montgomery by the junction of several Mobile. branches. It runs in a N. W. direction, and falls Tuscarora Creek, Niagara co., N. Y., rises in the into the Missisco, on the border of Enosburg and Tuscarora reservation, and flows N. E. into Lake Berkshire. Ontario. Trout River rises in Franklin co, N. Y., flows Tuscarora Creek, Pa., rises in Tell, Huntingdon N., and enters the Chateaugay River in Canada. qo., and enters the Juniata after a N. E. course of Tshatl Mount, Ca. This peak of the Cascade about 35 miles. range of mountains is situated near the head of Tuscarora Mountains, Schuylkill co., Pa., a the Rio Sacramento. W. continuation of Mauch Chunk Mt., lie on the Tshatl River, On. A large stream rising line between Rush and West Penn townships. among the Cascade Mts., and flowing W. into They abound in veins of anthracite coal. Tlamath River. Twaalfskill, N. Y. See Wilbur. Tunkhannock River, Pa., rises at the foot of Twelve Mile Creek, N. Y. rises in the S. part of Ararat Mt., in the town of Jackson, Susquehanna Yates co., and enters Conhocton River in Steuben co., flows S. W. through Wyoming co., and en- county. ters the Susquelanna on the N. side of Tunkhan- Twelve Mile Creek, Pickens district, S. C. An nock Mt., after a course of about 30 miles. eastern branch of Seneca River. Tuckaseegle River, N. C. The head branches Twelve Pole Creek, Va. This stream is formed rise in Haywood and Macon counties; the river in Wayne co., by the junction of the Caney and then runs N. W., dividing these two counties, Laurel Forks, and flows N. N. W. into the Ohio crosses the N. part of Macon co., and empties into River. the Tennessee River. Twenty Mile Creek rises in Chatauque co., N. Y., Tufis's lIill, New Braintree, Ms. Height 1179 flows S. W. into Pa., where it falls into Lake Erie. feet. Twenty-eiqht Mile Creek. S. C., empties into Tuqaloo River, Ga., one of the head branches Seneca River in Anderson district. of the Savannah, unites with the Keowee 48 Twentq-six Mile Creek, Anderson district, S. 0. miles N. W. from Petersburg. A branch of Seneca River. Tulares Lake, Ca. This large sheet of water, Twin Rivers, Wn. These rivers rise in the S. which lies between the Sierra Nevada and Coast E. part of Brown co., flow S. E. into Manitowoc Mts., is the principal source of the Rio San Joa- co., where they unite, and empty into Lake Michiquin. gan. Before their junction they are called East Tulip Bayou, As. A small stream fbrming the and West Twin Rivers. boundary between Hempstead and Wachita coun- Two-hearted River, Chippewa co., Mn. A small ties, and emptying into the Little Missouri. stream emptying into Lake Superior. Tallick Fork, On. A small stream flowing S. Tiwo Islands River. Ma. A small stream flowing W. into Bear River. S. S. E., and emptying into Lake Superior.'unbletee Fork, Ca. A small W. branch of Two Sisters' Creek, Erie co., N. Y., flows W. Grand River. into Lake Erie. 256 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Tybee Islands and Sound, Ga. Situated at the This small lake, which is the head source of Del mouth of the Savannah River. On the N. E. ex- aware River. lies in the town of Jefferson. tremity of Great Tybee Island is a light-house. Tyger River, S. C. A branch of Broad River, Valcour Island, N. Y., lies in Lake Champlain, which it enters on the boundary between Union a few miles S. of Plattsburg village. It is 2A and Newberry districts. miles long, and half a mile wide. Tygert's Creek, Ky. This stream drains the W. Valley Creek, Pa. A mill stream which unites part of Carter co., flows N. E., and empties into with the Schuylkill, about 20 miles N. N. W. the Ohio in Greenup co. from Philadelphia. Tygert's Valley River, Va. A b anch of the E. Vancouver Fort, On. Situated on the Colum fork of the Monongahela River. It flows through bia River, nearloy opposite the mouth of Willa Randolph and a part of Barbour co. mette River. Tymochtee Creek, O., enters the Sandusky from Van Schaick's Island, Albany co., N. Y., lies at the W., 8 miles below Upper Sandusky. the mouth of the Mohawk River, and is attached to the town of Watervliet. It is about a mile and Uinta River, Ca. A W. branch of Green River, a half long, and quarter of a mile wide. Tihe which it enters nearly opposite White River. Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroad crosses it. Ulcofanhatochee River, Ga. This river rises in Verdreitje Hook, N. Y. This promontory proGwinnett co., and flows S. into the Oconee, of jects into the Hudson River from the W. side, which it is a head branch. opposite Teller's Point, and separates Tappan Umahtilah River, On. It rises among the Blue and Haverstraw Bays. It is elevated 668 feet Mts., and flows N. of W. into Columbia River. above the river. Umbagog Lake. This large sheet of water lies Vermilion Bay, La., is situated S. of Lafayette mostly in Oxford co., Me. It extends about 300 co., at the mouth of Vermilion River, and conrods in width into the towns of Erroll and Cam- nected with the Gulf of Mexico by a strait called bridge, N. HI. It is about 18 miles long, and in Grand'Pass. It is connected with Cote Blanche some places 10 in width, nearly equalling Lake Bay on the E. It has only 5 feet of water on Winnipiseogee in size and beauty. Its waters flow the bar at its entrance, but has 10 or 12 within into the Androscoggin River by an outlet on the bar. the W. side. Vermilion Creek, Ca. An E. branch of Green RivUmpqua River, On. It rises among the Cas- er, which it enters above Yampah or Bear River. cade Mts., flowys W., and empties into the Pacific. Vermilion River, Is., rises in Livingston co., Unadilla River, N. Y., rises in Oneida co., flows and falls into the Illinois in La Salle co. BituS. S. W., forming the dividing line between Mad- minous coal, lime, and freestone are found on its ison, Otsego, and Chenango counties, and falls banks. The rapids and falls in the lower part into the Susquehanna River. This stream is 50 of its course afford good water power. miles in length, and affords extensive water Vermilion River, O., rises in the N. part of power. Richland co., and, flowing N., enters Lake Erie Unika _ Mountains. That portion of the Alle- 9 miles E. of Huron River. The harbor at its ghany range which lies S. E. of Tennessee River, mouth has been improved by the U. S. governand which separates Te. from N. C. ment. Union River, Hancock co., Me. This river Vermilion River, La., rises in the N. E. part of rises a few miles S. of the Passadumkeag. It Lafayette parish, and flows S. to its entrance meets the tide at Ellsworth, and flows S. into into Vermilion Bay. Blue Hill Bay. It is a beautiful stream, receiv- Vermilion River, Ma. It rises in Herhakah ing many tributaries, which water a great part of Lake, flows N. E., and empties into the Missisthe county. The river is upwards of 40 miles in sippi opposite the St. Croix River. length above Ellsworth, and affords much valua- Virgen River, Uh. This river rises in the ble water power. Wahsatch Mts., and flows' in a S. direction into Upatoic Creek, Ga. This small creek rises in the Rio Colorado. Marion co.. flows S. W., and enters the Chatta- Vlaie, or Fy, Fulton co., N. Y. This extensive hoochee in Muscogee co. marsh lies in the E. part of the county, and is Upper Iowa River. It rises in the S. part of annually submerged by the surplus waters of the Minesota Territory, flows S. of W., across Win- Sacandaga and other rivers, forming a sheet of neshiek and Allamakee counties, Io., and empties water extending several miles each way, and into Mississippi River. sometimes covering 20,000 acres of land. It is Upper St. Croix Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. It much resorted to by anglers and sportsmen. is situated near the head of Burnt Wood River, Vlaie, or the Vly, Schoharie co., N. Y. This and is onc of the head sources of the St. Croix. large swamp, or pond,.lies in the town of MiddleUpper Three River, Io. It rises in the W. inte- burg. A tributary of Schoharie Creek flows rior of the state, flows in a S. E. direction, cross- from it on the N., while Catskill Creek flows ing Madison and Warren counties, and empties from it on the S. into the Desmoines River on the S. border of Vlaman's Kill, N. Y., rises in Albany co., flows Polk co. S. E., and enters the Hudson at the town of Upper Three Runs, Barnwell district, S. C. Bethlehem. This stream has several branches, the principal of Volga River, Io., rises in the interior of Fayette which are Cedar and Tinker's Creeks. It flows co., flows S. of E., and enters Turkey River in S. W., and falls into the Savannah River. Clayton co. Utah Lake, Ca., Uh. Situated S. E. from the Great Salt Lake, with which it is connected by Wabash River, Ia., rises in Darke co., O., flows Utah River. Timpanozee, Utah, and many other N. W. into-Huntington co., Ia., where it receives rivers, flow into it from the E. Little River, which rises near the junction of Utsayantha Lake, or Pond, Schoharie co., N. Y. the head branches of Maumee River. It then IN THE UNITED STATES. 25'7 crosses the state in a S. W. direction, receiving the Sierra Nevada, takes a semicircular course, Eel and Tippecanoe Rivers on the N., and Sala- and empties into the N. part of Walker's Lake. manie and Missisinewa Rivers on the S. side, and Walnut Creek, O., waters Fairfield co., and a little below Terre Haute it takes a more S. flowing S. W. 30 miles, enters the Sciota 6 miles direction, forming the boundary between Ia. and above Circleville. Is., until its entrance into the Ohio, 68 miles Walnut Hill, Charlemont, Ms. Height1888 ft. above the mouth of Cumberland River, and 127 Wallabout Bay, N. Y., lies in the N. E. part of miles above the Mississippi. It is the largest N. the city of Brooklyn. The U. S. navy yard is tributary of the Ohio, and the second in size in situated here. Here were the British prison its whole course. It connects Lake Erie with ships moored(' during the revolutionary war, on the Ohio River by means of the Wabash and board of which it is said 11.500 American prisonErie Canal. Steamboats ascend it to Lafayette. ers perished, and were buried on the beach near by. Wabesipinicon River, Io. This large river Wtallagq-as-queqamook Lake, Piscataquis co., Me., rises in the E. part of the neutral ground, flows is one of the numerous lakes through which A1S. E. across Buchanan, Linn, Jones, a corner liguash River passes. of Cedar, into Clinton co., and then flows E., TWallkill River, N. Y. This large and imporseparating Clinton and Scott counties, until its tant mill stream rises in N.J., flows in a N. dientrance into the Mississippi.. rection into N. Y., crosses Orange and Ulster Waccamaw Lake, N. C. A small sheet of counties, and empties into the Rondout, a tribuwater lying in Brunswick and Columbus coun- tary of the Hudson. ties, and emptying by an outlet into Waccamaw Walloomsack River, Vt. and N. Y., is a small River. stream formed in Bennington, Vt., by the union Waccaimaw River, N. and S. C. This river of several branches which rise in Glastenbury, rises in the S. part of N. C., flows S. W., and Woodford, and Pownal. It takes a N. W. direcenters Winyaw Bay in Georgetown district, S. C. tion, leaves the state near the N. W. corner of Wachita River, As. and La., rises in Hot Spring Bennington, and unites with the Hoosick nearly co., receives Little Missouri River on the S. bor- on the line between Washington and Rensselaer der of Clarke co.. and Saline River on the S. counties, N. Y. Between this stream and the extremity of Bradley co. It then enters La., Hoosick was fought the Bennington battle. and, receiving numerous large branches, flows S. Walloostook River, Me., is the W. or main branch by E., until its junction with Black, a tributary of the St. John's. It rises in the N. part of Somof Red River. erset co., flows N. E., receiving the waters of many Wachuset Mountain, Princeton, Ms. Height rivers, lakes, and ponds, and after traversing a 2018 feet. large extent of fertile and heavily-timbered counWading River, Burlington co., N. J. This try, unites with the St. Francois. See St. John's stream, with its branches, drains the S. part of the River, under Fundy, Bay. county, and falls into Little Egg Harbor River. Wallops Island, Accoinac co., Va., lies at the IWahlah-Wahlah River, On. It rises mostly S. entrance of Sinepuxent Bay. among the Blue Mts., flows N. W., and empties Wamdushka River, Ma. A large W. tributary into Columbia River. of the Tchan Sansan, or River k Jaques. WTahsatch 3Mountains, Uh. A range extending Wananri River, Ma. This large stream flows from Utah River S. S. W. to the head branches S. E., and empties into the Missouri a little W. of Virgen River. from Bon Homme Island. Wait's River, Vt. The main branch of this Wando River, Charleston district, S. C. This river rises in Harris's Gore, and runs S. E. along river receives several small branches, and empties the W. line of Topsham. Another branch, called into Charleston harbor. Jail Branch, rises in Washington, and, running Wangoizbaug Pond, Tolland co., Ct. Situated N. E., joins the main branch in the S. W. part in the town of Coventry, and connected by an of Topsham. Another stream rises in the N. outlet on the S. E. with the Willamantic part of Topsham, and, running S., unites with River. the main stream near the N. E corner of Corinth. Wapacan Creek, Is., unites with Mason Creek Another stream, called the South Branch, rises in Grundy co., and flows N. into the Illinois. near the middle of Washington, and, pursuing a Wappinger's Creek, Dutchess co., N. Y., enters S. E. course, joins the river at Bradford. Wait's the Hudson below New Hamburg. It is a large River and its branches are lively streams, and and important mill stream. afford a number of very good mill privileges. ~azraju River, Ma. It rises near the source Wakasasse Bay, Fa. This curvature extends of the Moingonan, and flows in an E. direction nearly the entire length of Levy co., and receives until its entrance into the Minesota or St. Franthe waters of several rivers. cis River. 147akasasse River, Fa. A small stream flowing Ware River, Ms. Branches of this powerful into the bay of the same name. mill stream rise in Hubbardston, Barre, and Wakatomica River, O., flows S. E. into the Oakham. It passes through Hardwick, New Muskingum, 13 miles above Zanesville. Braintree, and Ware, and joins the Chicopee at Waihonding River, O., formerly called White Palmer. Woman River, one of the main branches of the War Eagle Creek. As., rises in the S. part of Muskinglum, is formed by the junction of Mo- Madison co., flows N. W., and enters White River hiccan and Vernon Rivers. It receives Kilbuck in.Benton co. Creek from the N, and unites with the Tusca- Warner River, N. H. See Warner. rawas opposite Coshocton. Warsaw Islands and Sound, Ga., lie off ChatlVal/ler's Lake, Uh., lies S. E. from Pyramid ham co., between Tybce and Ossabaw Sounds. Lake, end receives the waters of Walker's River Washa, Lake, La. This sheet of water lies S. from the N. from the Mississippi River and from LakePonWValker's River, Uh. This stream rises among chartxain. It receives the waters of several other 33 258 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., lakes, which it discharges through two large in the N. E. part of Newbury. This is generally outlets into Barataria Bay. a rapid stream, furnishing many excellent mill Washington, Fort, N.Y. The site of this old privileges. fortification lies on New York or Manhattan Wesacota or BrulM River, Wn. This river rises Island, 10 miles N. from the City Hall. in a small lake in the N. part of the state, and its Waske River and Bay, Chippewa co., Mn. The waters form the boundary between Wn. and Mn., river flows in a N. E. direction, and empties into and, taking the name of Menomonee in the lower the bay, which communicates on the N. with part of its course, flows into Green Bay. Tahquamenaw Bay. West Bay, La. A large bay lying off PlaqueWassataquoik River, Me. This stream rises in mine parish, opposite Bay Ronde. Piscataquis co., between Mts. Washington and West Canada Creek, N. Y. This fine rapid mill Katahdin, and flows S. E. into the E. branch of stream rises in Hamilton co., and enters the Mothe Penobscot. hawk River about a mile below Herkimer village. Wassawa or Yellow Lake, St. Croix co., Wn. The celebrated Trenton Falls, where there is a Situated in the N. part of the county, and con- descent of more than 300 feet in 4 miles, are nected on the N. W. with St. Croix River. situated on this stream, about 20 miles above its Wassesha or Vermilion River, Ma. This large mouth. river runs between the Sioux and Tchan Sansan West Creek, or River, N. Y., rises in Ontario co., or River i Jaques, and empties into the Missouri. flows S. W., and enters Canandaigua Lake in Wataree River, N. C. and S. C., waters Burke Yates co. co., N. C., but is called the Catawba until it en- West Island, Bristol co., Ms. Situated off the ters S. C., where it is. called the Wataree, until town of Fairhaven, E. from Sconticut Neck. its junction with the Congaree, near the middle West or Wantasticook River, Vt. This river of the state. rises in Weston, runs S. into Londonderry, and Watatick Hill, Ashburnham, Ms. Height near the S. line of this township receives Win1847 feet. hall River. It then takes a S. E. course through Watauga River, N. C. and Te., has its source in Jamaica, Townshend. Newfane, and DummersAshe co., N. C., flows N. W. into Te., and enters ton, and unites with the Connecticut in the N. E. the S. fork of Holston River in Sullivan co. part of Brattleboro'. In Jamaica it receives Bald lVatchoag Pond, R. I. Situated in the S. part Mountain branch, which rises in Stratton, anothof Washington co. er large branch from Wardsboro', and Meadow Waterbury River, Vt., rises in Morristown, and branch, which rises in Windham. In Newfane it runs S. through the W. part of Stowe and Wa- receives South and Smith's branches. This river terbury, into Winooski River. In Stowe it re- and its branches drain about 440 square miles. ceives one considerable branch from the E., which The main stream affords but few mill sites, but rises in Worcester, and two from the W., which there are a great number on its tributaries. rise in Mansfield. It also receives several branch- Westerloo Island, N. Y., lies in the Hudson River, es from the W. in Waterbury, which originate in just below the city of Albany, and is attached to Bolton. The whole length of the stream is about the town of Bethlehem. It is 2 miles long and 10 miles, and it affords a number of good mill one quarter of a mile wide. The land is very sites. fertile, being composed of rich alluvial deposits. Water Quechee River, Vt. See Otta Quechee. Opposite the lower end of the island is the bar Watkins Point, Md. The S. W. extremity of or shoal called Overslaugh, which forms the Somerset co., extending into Tangier Sound. principal obstruction to the navigation oft the Watonwan River, Ma. A large W. branch of Hudson. the Mankato, which it enters above Tewapa West Feather River, Arenac co., Mn. A small Tankyan River. stream flowing into Saginaw Bay. Wazi Oju River, Ma. A large stream draining Westfield or Agawam River, Ms. This romanthe S. E. part of the territory, and emptying into tic stream rises in the N. part of Berkshire co., the Mississippi. traverses the towns of Plainfield, Cummington, Wells's Island, Jefferson co., N.Y., is one of Goshen, Worthington, Chesterfield, Norwich, the largest of the "' Thousand Islands " lying in Montgomery, Russell, and Westfield, and meets the St. Lawrence River, and is attached to the the Connecticut at West Springfield. town of Clayton. It was here that the British West Koycreek, Alleghany co., N. Y. This steamer Sir Robert Peel was burnt during the stream rises in the N. W. part of the county, and Canada revolution. flows S. E. into Genesee River. It affords good Wells River, Vt., has its source in Kettle Pond, water power. which lies in Groton and Marshfield. It runs West River Mountain, N. H. See Chesterfield nearly S. E. about 2 miles, and falls into Long and Hinsdale. Pond in Groton, which is about 2 miles long and West Quoddy Head, Me. See Quoddy Head. 100 rods wide. From this pond it continues its West Savannah River, Ma. It rises near the S. E. course half a mile, and falls into another source of the E. Savannah, flows S. W.. and pond, which is about half a mile long and a quarter empties into Sandy Lake. of a mile wide. It then runs a mile and a half, Weyekwa Lake, La Pointe co., Wn. Situated and meets the South Branch, which rises near between Namebin and Shishib Lakes, and conthe S. W. corner of the town, and runs nearly E. nected to the latter by an outlet. to its junction with the main stream; it then Wheeling Creek, Va. and Pa., waters Washingruns E. S. E. about 1 mile, and receives the North ton and Greene counties, Pa., and enters the Ohio Branch, which rises near the N. E. corner of the in Ohio co., Va., just below Wheeling. town. Continuing the same course, it passes Wheelwright's Pond, N. H. See Lee. through the N. W. part of Ryegate into Newbury, Whetstone Brook, Vt., is a small mill stream, and running near the line between Newbury and which rises in Marlboro', and runs nearly E. Ryegate about 4 miles, falls into the Connecticut through Brattleboro' into Connecticut River IN THE UNITED STATES. 259 Whetstone or Olentangy River, O., rises in Rich- miles, to its junction with the Big Black River land co., and empties into the Sciota, just above in Independence co. Below this point its general Columbus. course is nearly S., being a very little E., to its Whiskey Island, Mn., lies in the N. part of junction with the Mississippi. Big Black River, Lake Michigan, N. W. from Great Beaver Island. which is the principal tributary of the White White Cap Mountain, Me. See Andover. River, rises in Reynolds co., in the S. E. part of White Creek, Vt. and N. Y., originates in Ru- Missouri, and flows nearly S., through Wayne pert, Vt., and taking a S. W. course, unites with co., to the boundary of Arkansas, after crossing the Battenkill, in Washington co., N. Y. which it bends towards the S. W. to the point Whiteface Mountain lies in the N. W. part of of its confluence with White River. After Big Essex co., N. Y. It is surrounded by picturesque Black River, two or three lesser tributaries enter scenery, Placid Lake and several other small the White River in Arkansas. Near its mouth sheets of water lying at its base on the W. It is the river divides into two parts, the smaller of elevated 4855 feet above the Atlantic. which diverges, and forms a connection with the William Henry, Fort. See Caldwell. Arkansas, while the other pursues a course to the White Fish Point, Chippewa co., Mn., separates Mississippi. The entire comparative course of Tahquamenaw Bay from Lake Superior, and re- White River is about 350 miles, measured through ceives the waters of several rivers. the centre of the valley which it drains. The Whitehead, Lincoln co., Me. A small island, form of this fine valley is triangular, having an off the town of St. George, containing a light and area of about 30,000 square mites; and the river tower 30 feet high. The light bears 9 miles S. is navigable by both its great branches far above W. from Owl's Head. their junction. White Mountains, N. H. See Fashionable Re- White River, Mn., rises in the E. part of Neesorts, 4-c. waygo co., flows S. W. across Oceana co., and White River, Vt. This river rises in Granville, empties into Lake Michigan. and taking a S. E. course through corners of White River, Ca. It rises in the Wahsatch Hancock, Rochester, and Pittsfield, enters Stock- Mts., and flows S. W. into Green River. bridge. It then turns to the N. E., and, after White Oak Creek, Te. A small stream which running through the S. E. corner of Bethel, into enters the Tennessee River on the S. border of Royalton, bears to the S. E., through Sharon and Stewart co. Hartford, and falls into the Connecticut about 5 White Oak Creek, Mi. and Te. A small branch miles above the mouth of Otta Quechee River. of the Tennessee River. On account of its proximity to the Otta Quechee, White Oak River, Te. A small tributary of White River receives no large tributaries from the Tennessee River. Its principal branches are the S. Broad Brook and Locust Creek are the Hurricane and Mud Creeks. most important. From the N. it receives three Whitestone Point, Mn. Situated in the N. E. large branches, called the First, the Second, and part of Arenac co., extending into Saginaw Bay. the Third Branch. The First Branch rises in White Water River, Mo. and As. The head Washington, and running through Chelsea and branches of this large stream drain Cape GiTunbridge, unites with White River in the E. rardeau co.; it then flows S. S. W., and enters the part of Royalton. The Second Branch rises in St. Francis River in Mississippi co., As. Williamstown,. and running southerly through Wichaniwa or St. Francis River, Ma. A large Brookfield and Randolph, enters White River, a stream flowing S. W. into the Kabitawi River. little W. of the centre of Royalton. The Third Wild Branch, Vt. This stream rises in Eden, Branch originates in Roxbury, runs through the runs through the western part of Craftsbury, and corner of Granville, through Braintree and the unites with the River Lamoille in Wolcott. corner of Randolph, and joins White River at Wild Cat Creek, Ia. A branch of the Wabash Bethel village. Each of these streams is about River, which it enters at the town of Lafayette in 20 miles in length, and on each are several good Tippecanoe co. mill sites, particularly on the last-mentioned Willamette River, On. This river rises among one, at Bethel village. White River is the largest the Cascade Mts., flows in a winding N. direction stream in' Vt. on the E. side of the mountains. through a fertile valley, and empties into the Its length is about 55 miles, and it waters about Columbia River nearly opposite Fort Vancouver. 680 square miles. It affords good water power. White River, Ia., is formed between Daviess Williams Fork, Ca. A N. branch of the Rio Gila. and Knox counties by the junction of the E. and Willianms River, Vt., is formed in Chester by W. forks. The E. rises in Johnson co., receives the union of three branches, which originate in many branches, and is navigable 150 miles. The the towns of Ludlow, Andover, Windham, and W. fork rises in Randolph co., is increased by Grafton. These branches unite about a mile and many tributaries, and is navigable in high water a half below the two villages in Chester, and their to Indianapolis for steamboats, and for flat boats united waters, after running 15 miles in a S. E. much further. The lower part of the river is 200 direction, fall into Connecticut River in Rockingyards wide, and its length to its entrance into the ham, 3 miles above Bellows Falls. Along this Wabash is 30 miles. river is some fine interval, and it affords several WThite River. A large stream of Arkansas and good mill privileges. Missouri, which rises in the N. E. section of the Willimantic River, Ct. See Windham. former state, in the ridge called the Black Moun- Willoughby Lake, Vt. See Westmore. tains, which divides its sources from those of the Willoughby River, Vt., issues from Willoughby Arkansas. Its course is N. E. at first, about 60 Lake, in Westmore, runs through the S. part of miles, crossing into the S. E. corner of Missouri, Brownington, and unites with Barton River in after which it bends to the S. E., and descends the N. part of Barton. again into Arkansas, pursuing this general di- Willow River, Huron co., Mn. A small stream rection through a comparative distance of 120 flowing N. into Lake Huron. 260 MOUNTAINS, RIVERS, LAKES, &c., Willow River, St. Croix co., Wn. A small to Burlington, is said to be the best passage across stream flowing into St. Croix River, just above the mountains in that direction: it is highly picLower St. Croix Lake. turesque and delightful. The Indians in former Wilson's Creek, S. C., empties into the Saluda times. on their trading excursions between Canada River in Edgrefield district. and the Connecticut River, passed up and down Wilson's Creek, Ky. This small stream flows this stream in their bark canoes; and as wild onS. W., forming the boundary between Bullit ions were found on its banks, they called it Wiand Nelson counties, and empties into the Rolling nooski, which, in their beautiful and expressive lanFork of Salt River. guage, signifies onion. Winchels M3ountain, Granville, Ms. Height Winyaw Bay. S. C.. extends into Georgetown 1362 feet. district, 14 miles from the Atlantic, and is 2 miles Winhall River, Vt., is a small mill stream wide. Large vessels ascend to Georgetown, and which originates in Winlhall, and after running Great Pedee, Black, and Wacamaw Rivers flow easterly through the corner of Jamaica, unites into it. with West River in the S. part of Londonderry. JVinyaw Point, Georgetown district, S. C. The Wind Lake, Wn. A small sheet of water on S. extremity of North Island. the N. border of Racine co. Wissakude or Burnt Wood River, La Pointe Windmill Point, Vt. See Alburg. co., Wn. It rises in a lake near the centre of the WTindmill Point, Va. The S. E. extremity of co., flows N. N. W., and empties into Lake SupeLancaster co., extending into Chesapeake Bay, rior. just above the mouth of the Rappahannock River. Wisconsin River, Wn., has its sources in several Winnebaqo Lake lies in the E. part of Wiscon- small lakes near the N. boundary of Wisconsin, sin, about 30 miles W. of Lake Michigan, having between those of the Montreal and Menomonee its S. half in Fond du Lac co., and the N. between Rivers. It is one of the most important tributaCalumet and Winnebago counties. It is about 30 ries of the Upper Mississippi. Fromn its rise it miles in length from N. to S., and from 2 to 10 flows S., about 200 miles, through the centre of miles in breadth. It discharges its waters N., Wisconsin, till it reaches the borders of the settled through Fox River. into Green Bay. portion of the state near Fort Winnebago, where Wi ibiqoshish Lake, Ma. A large sheet of wa- it bends to the S. W., and continues in that genter lying N. E. from Cass Lake, with which it is eral course about 100 miles to the Mississippi, into connected by the Mississippi River. which it empties at Prairie du Chien. Its naviWinnicut, or Winniconett River, N. H., a branch gation is much obstructed by shoals and bars, of the Piscataqua, rises in a swamp between except at high stages of the water. As the state Hampton and New Hampton, and passes N. into becomes settled, and its rich resources of wealth the Great Bay, at Greenland. are more fully developed, this river will doubtless Winnipiseogee Lake, N. H. See Fashionable be improved as an important channel of internal Resorts, 4-c. commerce. Winnipiseogee Islands. See Lake WVinnipiseogee. Witakantu River, Ma. It rises in Washtey Winnipiseogee River, N. H., issues from the S. W. Lake, flows S. E., and empties into Minesota or arm of the lake of that name, to which it is the St. Peter's River. principal outlet. It thence passes through two Wiyo Pahah ~Wakan, or East Medicine Knoll bays, between Meredith and Gilmanton, entering River, Ma. This is a pretty large stream, flowing the Great B1ay in,the N. E. part of Sanbornton. S. E., and emptying into the Missouri a little From thence it passes through two other bays, above Owawichah River. forming the boundary between Sanbornton on the Wolf Creek, Mi. and Te., rises in the N. part N. W., and Gilmnanton and Northtield on the S. of Tippah co., Mi., flows N. WV. into Te., and E., and unites with the Peimigewasset in Frank- uniting with the Loosahatchy River, enters the lin. The stream is rapid in its course, affording Mississippi just above Memphis. much good mill power. It has a fall of 232 feet Wolf River, Mi., rises in Marion co., and flows from the lake to its junction with the other branch in a S. direction into the Bay of St. Louis. of the Merrimack, this name being given to the Wonasquatucket River, Providence co., R. I. confluent stream. This stream rises in Smithfield, runs between N. WVinooski Falls, Vt. See Winooski River. Providence and Johnston, and forms the head of Winooski River, Vt. This is one of the largest Providence River. It affords great water power, and most valuable rivers in the state. It is and numerous manufacturing establishments are about 70 miles in length, and in its course fertil- located on its banks. izes large tracts of land, and produces a great hy- Wood Creek, Oneida co., N. Y. This is a deep draulic power. This stream rises in Caledonia and sluggish stream, rising in the town of Romne, co.; it passes nearly through the centre of the and emptying into the E. end of Oneida Lake. counties of Washington and Chittenden, and af- Before the completion of the Erie Canal there ter passing "; Winooski City," it falls into Cham- was a short portage at Rome village, between this plain Lake five miles N. from Burlington village. river and the Mohawk, over which much merWinooski River has numerous tributaries, and is chandise was transported. It now constitutes a one of the most romantic streams in the coun- part of the Oneida Lake Canal, which, in contry. The channels which have been worn in the nection with the lake and Oneida River, forms a rocks by its ceaseless current are objects of great complete water navigation from the Erie to the admiration. In its passage through the moun- Oswego Canal. tains are found fissures through solid rocks from Wood Creek rises in Washington co., N. Y, 30 to 100 feet in depth, with smooth, perdendicu- flows N., and enters Lake Champlain at Whitehall lar sides, 60 or 70 feet in width. In many places. village. This stream affords some good mill on this stream are natural hridges, curious cav- sites, and constitutes a part of the Champlain erns, and delightful waterfalls. The road near Canal for a considerable portion of its length. the banks of this stream, from Connecticut River Wood River, R. I. See 11opkinton. IN THE UNITED STATES. 261 Woonsocket Falls. R. I. See Smithfidld. ington co., Aa.. flows S. W. through the W. part Worton Point, Kent co., Md., projects into of Fa., and enters a branch of Pensacola Bay. Chesapeake Bay. Yocomico River, Va. A branch of the Potomac, Wyakoming River and Lake. La Pointe co., Wn. separating Northumberland and Westmoreland The river has its source in the lake, and flows W. counties. into St. Croix River, of which it is a head branch. Yocum Creek, Harlan co., Ky. This stream Wynant's Kill, Rensselaer co., N. Y. This rises among the Cumberland Mts., and flows N. stream, on which are situated many extensive W. into the Clover Fork of Cumberland River. manufacturing establishments, rises in the town Yocanoocany Creek, Mi. This stream rises in of Sand Lake, and is the outlet to a number of Choctaw co., flows S. W., and enters Pearl River small lakes. in Lake co. Wge River, Md., forms the boundary between York River, Va., is formed at the S. E. extremTalbot and Queen Anne counties, and falls into ity of King William co., by the junction of Pathe E. side of Chesapeake Bay. munkey and Mattapony Rivers. Its lower part forms a bay, generally 2 or 3 miles wide, through Yadkin River, N. C., rises in the E. side of the which it enters Chesapeake Bay between York Blue Ridge, flows E. and S. E. into Montgomery and Gloucester counties. It forms the best co., where it passes through the Narrows, being harbor in Va., at Yorktown, where it is concontracted by mountains on each side, from 200 tracted to a mile in width, and large vessels asyards' width to about 30. It then flows into cend 20 miles above. Its entire length is about S. C., and in its lower part takes the name of 120 miles. Great Pedee, until it enters Winyaw Bay. Youghiogeny River, Va., Md., and Pa., rises Yakuna River, On. It rises among the Cas- in Alleghany co., Md., enters Pa., and procade Mts., flows S. E., and empties into Clarke ceeding in a N. N. W. direction, crosses the Fork near its junction with Lewis Fork of the Laurel Hills and Chestnut Ridge, and falls into Columbia River. the Monongahela. 18 miles S. E. of Pittsburg. Ymrnpah or Bear River, Ca. It rises on the At the Ohiopyle Falls, 30 miles from its mouth, border of Na., flows W., and empties into Green it has a perpendicular descent of 20 feet, presentRiver. ing a beautiful and grand appearance. It is navYantic River, New London co., Ct. This river igable to the falls. rises in the N. W. part of the county, and, flow- Yslas de Santa Barbara. Two small islands, ing S. E., meets Quinebaug and Shetucket Riv- situated in the Pacific Ocean, W. from the Ysla ers at Norwich, where the three rivers fall with de Santa Catalina. great rapidity into the Thames, producing valu- Ysla de Santa Catalina. Situated in the Paable water power. See Norwich. cific Ocean. N. from the Ysla de San Clemente. Yazoo River, Mi., is formed in Carroll co., by Ysla de Santa Rosa. Situated in the Pacific, the junction of the Tallahatchee and Yalabusha off the coast of California, and S. W. from the Rivers, and, flowing S. S. W., enters the Missis- Ysla de Santa Cruz. fiippi 12 miles above the Walnut Hills. Sun Y.sla de Santa Cruz. Situated in the Pacific Flower River, a considerable branch, flows into Ocean, off the S. W. coast of California, and S. it from the N. It is 200 yards wide at the mouth, from the town of Santa Barbara. and large boats ascend 50 miles at high water. Ysla de San Clemnente. This island is situated Yellow Lake, St. Lawrence co., N. Y., lies in the Pacific Ocean, off the S. W. coast of Upper mostly in the town of Rossie, is 4 miles long, and California. half a mile wide. Ysla de San Miguel. A small island lying in Yellow River, Ia. It rises in the N. W. part the Pacific, W. from Ysla de Santa Rosa. of Kosciusko co., and flows S. W. into English Ysla de San Nicolas. Situated in the Pacific Lake. Ocean, off the S. W. coast of California, and S. Yellow River, Io., drains Winneshiek and Alla- from the Ysla de Santa Cruz. makee counties, and falls into the Mississippi Ysla del Padre, Ts. This is a long, narrow River. island, lying in the Gulf of Mexico, and separated Yellow River, Wn. This large river rises in a from the main land by the Laguna de Santander. lake in the N. interior of Portage co., flows S. W., and falls into the Chippewa just above Zappapoic River, Huron co., Mn., flows in a Chippewa Falls. circuitous, E:. course, into Lake Huron. Yellow Dog River, Houghton co., Mn., flows Zimnlmerman's Creek, N. Y., rises in the town of N. E. into Lake Superior. Stratford, Fulton co., flows S., and enters MoYellow lWater River, Aa. and Fa., rises in Coy- hawk River in Montgomery co. Date of.............. - 1 L a t. ano. No~ States and Terri- D Became a Latitudinal and longitudinal limits. Area in Lat and Ion. NO. S tories. stanTe fis Bcamte or Laiuiasadlniuinll. are Pop. to State debts, Militia in Capitals of states of capitals. o.Satesnstate or - square sq. mile. 1850 1850. and territories.,..'o me rt. North latitude. West longitude. __ N. lat. W. on. No. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!___ __ n. 1. Alabama, 1736 1819 300 0loto 350 00' 850 00' to 88~ 30' 61,000 15.21 $8,540,000 45,000 Montgomery, 320 30' 860 25'1 1. 2. Arkansas, 1685 1839 33 00 36 30 89 30 " 94 30 52,000 4.01 3,862,000 30,000 Little Rock, 34 40 92 12 2. 3. California, 1768 1850 32 00 "42 00 114 30" 124 30 158,500 500,000.... Vallejo, 38 05 12220 3. W C 4. Connecticut, 1635 Orig. mem. 41 00 "42 00 71 45" 72 37 4,750 79.83 none. 60,000 Hartford, 41 44 72 40 4. ~ t 5. Delaware, 1627 do. 38 27 39 50 74 50 "79 40 2,100 43.64 none. 10,000 Dover, 39 10 75 30 5.' 6. Dist. Columbia, 1790 38 53 77 01 50 861.45 1,500,000 1,500 Washington, 38 53 77 01 6. t 7. Florida, 1539 1845 25 00 "31 00 80 00" 87 35 59,000 1.47 none. 15,000 Tallahassee, 30 28 84 36 7.' 8. Georgia, 1733 Orig. mem. 30 22 "35 00 80 50" 85 40 58,000 15.68 1,828,000 60,000 Milledgeville, 33 07 83 19 8. ~ 9. Illinois, 1673 1818 37 00 "42 30 87 30, 91 35 55,400 15.37 16,627,000 90,000 Springfield, 39 48 89 33 9. H 10. Indiana, 1702 1816 37 47 "41 50 84 45" 88 00 34,000 29.23 12,000,000 60,000 Indianapolis, 39 55 86 05 10. 7.. H 11. Indian Ter.,.. 1789 34 00 "41 00..... 150,000............ 11. 12. Iowa, 1833 1846 40 30 "43 30 90 30 " 96 30 51,000 3.77 55,000 Iowa City, 41 42 91 40 12. 13. Kentucky, 1774 1792 36 30 "39 10 82 00 " 89 30 37,680 26.07 4,500,000 90,000 Frankfort, 38 14 84 40 13. 14. Louisiana, 1710 1812. 29 00 "33 00 88 40' 94 25 46,430 11.02 1,400,000 45,000 Baton Rouge, 14. 15. Maine, 1623 1820 43 05 47 20 66 50 70 55 32,630 19.44 855,000 50,000 Augusta, 44 18 69 50 15., 16. Maryland, 1634 Orig. mem. 38 00 "39 44 75 10" 79 20 14,000 62.31 10,500,000 50,000 Annapolis, 38 58 76 29 16. -. U/ H 17. Massachusetts, 1620 do. 41 23 "42 52 69 48" 73 17 7,500 126.11 1,085,000 110,000 Boston, 42 21 71 04 17. 3 H H 18. Michigan, 1670 1836 41 40 "47 20 82 25" 90 30 56,000 7.07 2,800,000 65,000 Lansing, 42 46 84 40 18. n~ o 19. Minesota, 1820 1849 43 30,,49 00 90 00" 103 00 150,000.07........ St. Paul, 19. 20. Mississippi, 1716 1817 30 10 "35 00 88 10 " 91 35 47,150 12.86 2,270,000 40,000 Jackson, 32 23 90 08 20. 21. Missouri, 1764 1821 36 00 "40 36 89 00" 95 45 67,380 10.12 956,000 65,000 Jefferson City, 38 36 92 08 21. I H 22. Nebraska,.... 38 00 49 00 95 00 114 00 300,000....22.'. 23. N. Hampshire, 1623 Orig. mem. 42 40 "45 16 70 35 " 72 27 8,000 34.26 none. 30,000 Concord, 43 12 71 29 23. 24. New Jersey, 1625 do. 38 58 "41 21 73 58" 75 29 6,850 60.04 67,600 40,000 Trenton, 40 14 74 46 24. o H 25. New Mexico, 1590 1850 32 00 "38 00 103 00 "116 00 200,000.28........ Santa Fe, 35 40 10835 25. 26. New York, 162 Orig. ~em. 0 30 "~ 00 7~ ~" 79,00~. 26. New York, 1612 Oig. mem. 40 30 45 00 71 56 " 79 50 46,000 67.66 20,000,000 210,000 Albany, 42 39 73 44 26..27. North Carolina, 1650 do. 33 50 "36 30 75 45 84 30 50,000 19.30 none. 80,000 Raleigh, 35 47 78 48 27. 28. Ohio, 1788 1802 38 24 "42 00 80 34" 84 42 44,000 49.55 19,000,000 190,000 Columbus, 39 57 83 03 28.' 29. Oregon, 1808.. 42 00 "49 00 108 00 "124 00 340,000.03........ Salem, 29.. 29 30. Pennsylvania, 1682 Orig. mem. 39 42 "42 15 74 44 " 80 34 47,000 50.25 40,500,000 290,000 Harrisburg, 40 16 76 50 30. 31. Rhode Island, 1636 do. 41 20 "42 00 71 05" 71 45 1,350 108.05 none. 15,000 Providence, 41 50 71 25 31. 32. South Carolina, 1670 do. 32 02 35 10 78 24" 83 30 30,000 27.28 2,250,000 60,000 Columbia, 33 57 81 07 32. 33. Tennessee, 1768 1796 35 00 "36 40 81 40" 90 00 44,000 21.98 3,500,000 90,000 Nashville, 36 09 86 49 23. 34. Texas, 1690 1845 26 00 "36 30 93 35 "105 00 320,000.89 5,500,000 20,000 Austin, 29 50 95 19 34.' 35. Utah, 1848 1850 37 00 "42 00 107 00" 120 00 180,000.. 35. 36. Vermont, 1724 1791 42 44 "45 00 71 23" 76 25 9,050 30.07 none. 30,000 Montpelier, 44 17 72 36 36. 37. Virginia, 1607 Orig. mem. 36 30 "40 43 76 55" 83 40 61,350 23.17 9,500,000 125,000 Richmond, 37 32 77 27 37. 38. Wisconsin, 1670 1847 42 30 "45 55 87 00 " 92 54 53,900 5.65 none. 35,000 Madison, 43 03 89 30:8. DESCRIPTIONS of COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c. THIS chapter is intended to include all the places, whether actually incorporated or not as cities, towns, or villages, which, from the number of their inhabitants, and their natural or artificial resources, might seem worthy of notice. Such, however, is the rapid growth of many parts of our country, that no doubt there are numerous places, recently sprung up, quite as well worthy of mention as many of those contained in this chapter, but of which no particular information has reached us, and which must therefore be looked for in the list of Post Offices. Townships not contained in this chapter may be found in the census tables. As the full returns of the census of 1850 have not yet been printed, and probably never will be, and as they have been already discovered, like those of the census of 1840, to be full of errors, we have not attempted to state the number of factories, sawmills, gristmills, stores, schools, or churches in each place, or the amount of capital employed in trade or manufactures, or the amount of production, minute details as to which it is impossible to obtain correct information, and so liable to change, that the correct returns of to-day may be absolutely false to-morrow. It has been thought best to devote the space at our command to things more permanent in their nature, and of more general concern, without going into details of little or no interest to strangers, and with which the inhabitants of each place are already better acquainted than we can pretend to be: yet the importance of water power to the development of our resources is so great, that, when aware of its existence, we have taken care to mention it, and such application of it to use as we know to be made. The general results by states of the statistical returns of the late census will be found brought together in our statistical tables, which general results, as the errors in particular places may serve in part to counterbalance each other, may, perhaps, be more reliable than the particular statements from which they are compiled. The tables in relation to commerce and navigation are more trustworthy, having been compiled from the annual reports of the treasury department. Special details as to population, banks, colleges, and places of fashionable resort will be found in separate chapters, as well as a general description of the states individually, and of the mountains, rivers, lakes, and other geographical objects. The letters c. h. are used to denote the shire town of a county. What in the other states are called counties, are known in South Carolina as districts, and in Louisiana as parishes. For the list of abbreviations of states, see pages 4 and 167. Aaronsburg, Pa., Centre co. A considerable Abbyville, O., York township, Medina co. village near Penn's Creek, at the E. extremity of On Rocky River, 118 miles from Columbus, and Penn's Valley, 32 miles from Bellefonte and 89 25 from Cleveland. N. W. from Harrisburg. Aberdeen, 0., Brown co. On the Ohio River, opAbbeville, Aa., c. h., Henry co. On Yattayab- posite Maysville, 122 miles S. W. from Columbus. ba Creek, 211 miles S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Abingdon, Va., c. h., Washington co. BeAbbeville District, S. C., W. part. Surface tween the two forks of Holston River. about 7 agreeably diversified, well watered, and fertile; miles distant from each, and 304 S. W. from lies between the Savannah and Saluda; drained Richmond. principally by branches of the Savannah. Abington, Ia., Wayne co. On the W. side of AbbeviUe, S. C., c. h., Abbeville district. Sit- the E. fork of White River, 72 miles E. from uated on a branch of Little River. Besides the Indianapolis. county building, this place has an arsenal and Abington, Ms., Plymouth co. Pleasantly sitmagazine. 97 miles W. from Columbia. uated on the highest lands between Narraganset Abbott, Me., Piscataquis co. On Piscataquis Bay and Boston Harbor. There are two large River, 76 miles N. by E. from Augusta intervales of about 500 acres each, surrounded by 264 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., high lands, mostly covered with water in the win- and Thorn Apple Rivers. 158 miles N. W. ter, and beautifully green in the summer. At the from Detroit. E. part is a beautiful range of elevated land, Adair'County, Ki., c. h. at Columbia, South comprising over 2000 acres, called Beech Hill. central. Watered by Greene River and its No large rivers water the town, though Beaver branches. Soil fertile. Creek, Streame's and IIersey's River, and Adair County, MIc., c. h. at Hopkinsville. N. French's Stream afford some good mill privi- E. part. Watered by Chariton River, which leges. A part of Accord Pond is in this town. flows S. through it. The soil is strong and good, though rocky; it Adams, Ms., Berkshire co. A flourishinag agriis better for grazing than tillage. The surface cultural township, comprising the two villages is rough and broken. The meadow land abounds of North and South Adams. The Hoosack River in peat, and some parts of the upland in blue passes through it, and affords a great water slate. Some bog iron ore is found. The territo- power. There is a valuable quarry of marbtlo. ry of this town is large, and it contains several Traces of old Fort Massachusetts are still found. handsome and growing villages. The original Saddle Mountain. the summit of which is called population, strictly of the Pilgrim family, is rap- Gray Lock, the highest of Massachusetts mounidly increasing, many residents in the town doing tains, lies chiefly in this town. The natural business in Boston. The Old Colony Railroad bridge on Hudson's Brook is a curiosity. The passes through the whole length of the town. waters have worn a passage from 30 to 60 feet Distances, about 18 miles from Boston and deep, and 30 rods in length, through a body of Plymouth. Manufactures, boots and shoes very white marble, or limestone, and formed a bridge extensively, and of iron, particularly of nails, of that material, 50 feet above the surface of the tacks, and brads, made by machinery. The cast- water. There are two limestone caves, one of ing of bells was introduced here before the revo- which contains several apartments which have lution, and early in the revolutionary war the been explored. Manufactures, cottons, woollens, casting of shot and cannon. leather, iron, hardware, cabinet wares, marble, Abington, Pa., Montgomery co. There is a &c. A railroad from Pittsfield to this place conwater power here which operates one or more nects with the Western Railroad. 120 m. W. mills. 100 miles E. from Harrisburg. N. W. from Boston, and 40 E. from Troy, N. Y. Abington, Pa., Wyoming co. On the S. branch Adams, Mn. A township of Hillsdale co. 93 of Tunkhannock Creek, 151 miles N. E. from miles S. W. from Detroit. Harrisburg. Adams, township. Jefferson co., N. Y. Watered Aboite, Ia., Allen co. 120 miles N. N. E. from by Sandy and Stony Creeks. The surface is Indianapolis. slightly uneven, the soil a rich, sandy loam. Accomac County, Va., c. h. at Accomac. On There is water power on Sandy Creek. The the E. shore of Chesapeake Bay. Bounded N. village is 12 miles S. from Watertown, and 162 by Md., S, by Northampton co. It is divided N. W. from Albany. into Accomac and St. George's parishes. It also Adams's Basin, N. Y., Monroe co. On the Erie comprises several islands lying in Chesapeake Canal, 230 miles W. from Albany. Bay. Soil sandy. Adams County, Ia., c. h. at I)ecatur. On the Accomac, Va., c. h., Accomac co. 193 miles E. E. border, on both sides of the St. Mary's, by N. from Richmond. which passes through its N. E. corner. Acquackanonck, N. J., Passaic co. On the Pas- Adams County, Is., c. h. at Quincy. On the saic River, at the head of sloop navigation. Sur- Mississippi River, which separates it from Mo. face rolling on the E., and hilly and mountainous Watered by affluents of the Mississippi and Illion the W.; soil mostly fertile. 13 miles N. W. nois Rivers. from New York, and 79 N. E. fiom Trenton. Adams County, Mi., c. h. at Natchez. In the Manufactures, cotton, leather, and malt liquor. S. W. angle, on the Mississippi. Surface someActon, Me., York co. An interior town, near what hilly, except on the borders of the rivers; the head waters of Salmon River, by which it is soil mostly fertile. divided on the W. from N. H. 15 miles W. from Adams County, 0., c. h. at West Union. The Alfred, 107 S. W. from Augusta. Ohio River divides it from Kentucky. The soil Acton, Ms., Middlesex co. Watered by a is various, and the land uneven and hilly. Iron branch of Assabet River, and contains several ore is found in some of the hills along Brush ponds; the largest of which is Nagog Pond, cov- Creek. ering 600 acres, and 47 feet in depth; 21 miles Adams County, Pa., S. part, c. h. at Gettys, N. W. from Boston. The railroad from Boston burg. Uneven, but fertile. Watered by tributato Fitchburg passes through the west village. ries of the Potomac and Susquehanna. The centre is pleasant, having a large common, Adams County, Wn. New, central part. The well shaded with trees, and surrounded by neat Wisconsin passes through it from N. to S. buildings, and good mowing and tillage land. Adamns's Mills, 0., Muskingum co. On the A monument has lately been erected here, (partly Ohio Canal, 6 miles N. E. from Dresden and 61 at the expense of the state,) in honor of Isaac E. from Columbus. Davis, a,citizen of the town, the first person killed Adamsville, 0., Muskingum co., is a small town in the skirmish with the British at Concord 12 miles E. from Zanesville and 20 W. from Bridge, the commencement of the battle of Lex- Cambridge. ington. Manufactures, boots, shoes, blinds, and Addison, Me., Washington co. 135 miles E. by sashes. N. from Augusta. Addison Point or Cape Split, Acworth, N. H., Sullivan co. On Cold River off which are several islands, is the principal harand. Cold Pond. Soil good. Beryls of large bor and place of trade. size are found here. 13 miles S. from Newport, Addison, Pa., Somerset co. On the Yioughiogand 44 W. from Concord. heny River, 153 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. Ada, Mn., Kent co. At the junction of Grand Addison County, Vt., c. h. at Middlebury. W IN THE UNITED STATES. 265 part; on Lake Champlain. Large quantities of several small streams pass through this place white and beautifully variegated marble are found There are a number of hills and mountains; the in this county. It is well watered by Otter Creek, highest, Cllocorua. is visible from a great extent Mad and White Rivers; and by Lake Chainm- of country. The soil is fertile. 64 miles N. by plain, which affords many navigable privileges. E. from Concord, and 67 N. by N. W. from The soil is good, particularly in those towns be- Dover. low the mountains, and bordering the lake and Albany County, N. Y., c. h. at Albany. On the rivers. W;. branch of the Hudson at the head of navigaAddison, Vt.. Addison co. On the E. side of tion. Uneven, and in the S. W. part hilly and Lake Champlain, and nearly opposite to Crown mountainous. On the river the soil is good, but Point, N. Y. The French commenced a settle- in the interior sandy and unproductive. Its N. ment here in 1731. The English came here about E. corner is traversed by the Erie and Champlain 1770. 40 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, and canals and by the Albany and Schenectady, and 12 W. N. W. from Middlebury. Troy and Schenectady Railroads. Addison, Steuben co., N. Y. Watered by Albany, N. Y. City, capital of the state, and the Camisteo River and Tuscarora Creek. The sur- seat of justice of the county of the same name. face is uneven and the soil not remarkably fertile. Situated on the W. bank of the Hudson River, Grindstones are made from the sandstone fur- 145 miles N. from New York. It is connectAd nished in this town. 18 miles S. from the village with New York, Boston, and Buffalo, by continuof Bath, and 225 W. by S. from Albany, N. Y. ous lines of railroad. and by railroad and steam Adell, Io., c. h. Dallas co. 80 miles W. of navigation with Montreal. The population in Iowa city, on Raccoon River, a tributary of the 1830 was 24.238; 1840, 33,721; 1850, 50,763. Des Moines. Albany was settled by the Dutch in 1623, who Adelprhia, O., Colerain township, Ross co. On built a fort there, and called the place Fort Orthe north fork of Salt Creek; 40 miles S. E. from ange. This settlement was afterwards called Columbuds and 16 N. E. from Chillicothe. Beaver Wyck, and then Williamstadt. On the Adrian, Mn., c. h. Lenawee co. Opposite the capture of New York by the English in 1664, junction of Beaver Creek with Raisin River; S. Albany received its present name, in honor of W. fiom Detroit, 67 miles. One of the most flour- James, Duke of York and Albany, afterwards ishin. towns in the state. The Michigan South- James II., in whose reign the original city charern Railroad, between Monroe on Lake Erie and ter was granted by Governor Dongan, July 22, Chicago, Is., passes through it, and another rail- 1686. The charter has been materially altered road comes in here from Toledo, on the Maumee. by recent acts of the legislature. The city is di67 miles S. W. from Detroit, and 38 miles W. vided into ten wards; it has a comnmandingc situfrom Monroe. ation, and when viewed from the water appears Aid, 0., Lawrence co. A township on the to great advantage. On the margin of the river waters of Symmes Creek, 15 miles from Bur- is a flat, alluvial tract, extending from 15 to 100 lington. yards back. firom which the ground rises abruptly, Air, Pa. A township of Bedford co., drained and in the course of a mile attains an elevation by Big Cove. a tributary of the Potomac. Moun- of 220 feet, beyond which it is level. The view tainous, with fertile valleys. fiom the highest parts of the city is extensive Akron, O.. Summit co. On the Portage summit and picturesque. To the N. are seen the city of of the Ohio Canal, in a beautiful and fertile coun- Troy and the adjacent villages, and in the distry. It possesses agreat hydraulic power, and is a tance the hills of Vermont; to the E. the beautiplace of much trade and manufacture. Here the ful country lying on the opposite side of the HudPennsylvania and Ohio Canal intersects the Ohio son; and to the S. the Helderbergs and Catskill Canal. Near this place is an abundance of bitu- Mountains. Originally the city was not laid out minous coal. It is 16 miles S. W. from Ravenna, with much regularity, and some of the streets and 110 E. from Columbus. are narrow; but those in the newer and more Alabama, N. Y., Genesee co. On the Tona- elevated parts of the city are wide and regular. wanda Creek, which sends a feeder across the N. State Street, the principal street in the early W. part of the town into the Erie Canal. On times, as fiom its relative situation it still must this creek, near the feedelr, are falls of about 30 be,, running W. from the river, and intersecting feet. The soil is clay and gravelly loam, produ- many of the streets, is from 150 to 170 feet wide. cing fine wheat. 12 miles N. W. from Batavia It has a steep ascent, at the head of which is the villa.oe, and 257 W. from Albany. Capitol, on the opposite side of the public square. Alrachua County. Fa;., c. h. at Newmansville. In This square is formed by the Capitol and Acadethe N. central part of the peninsula, between the my Parks, which are enclosed by substantial Suwanee and the St.Johns. It contains several iron fences, with a street running between them, ponds and prairies, and affords excellent pastur- and laid out with walks and ornamental trees. age. Surface rolling. Fronting upon this square is the Capitol, occuAlamance County, N. C. N. central. New; tak- pied by the legislature. the state courts, and an en firom tile N. W. part of Orange. Watered by extensive and valuable library, which is a fine'he Haw, which passes through it from N. W. to edifice 115 feet long bv 96 broad, of two stories, S. E. upon a basement of 10 feet elevation, having a Albany, Ky., c. h. Clinton co. On Spring portico of the Ionict order, with columns 3 feet Creek, a branch of Cumberland River, 126 miles 8 inches in diameter, and 33 feet high. It is from Frankfort. built of the Nyack freestone, and cost about Allany, Me., Oxford co. At the source of $125,000. The Albany Academy is built of the Crooked River, which empties into Sebago Lake. same material, and fronts on the square north of 17 miles W. by N. from Paris, and 58 W. from the State House; cost, $100.000. It is furnished Augusta. with able instructors, and has about 300 pupils. Albany, N. H., Carroll co. Swift River and On the opposite side of the square, fronting W. 34 266 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., upon the Academy Park, are the State Hall, ports of Albany and West Troy, the receipts of built for the accommodation of the public offices, the four articles of flour, wheat, corn, and wool, and the City Hall, a splendid edifice with a gild- in 1850, were as follows, viz.: Flour, 3,256,077 ed dome. Both of these buildings are of marble. barrels; wheat, 3,670,754 bushels; corn, 3,228,The other public buildings area Medical College, 056 bushels; wool, 11,986,000 pounds. The on Eagle Street, a few rods S. of the square; same year there were shipped for the west, 390,a Female Academy on North Pearl Street, having 864 tons of merchandise, amounting in value to annually from 300 to 350 pupils; the Exchange, $83,968,350; of which value $26,884,964 was a large granite building at the foot of State from New York; $22,896,178 from Albany; and Street, occupied for stores, offices of professional $34,187,208 from West Troy. By the report of men, and the Post Office; and between thirty the auditor of the canal department for 1850, it and forty churches of the various denominations. appears that the increase in the amount of merAmong the finest of the church edifices is the chandise transported up and down on the Erie Baptist Church, on North Pearl Street. The old Canal during that year, as compared with 1840, State Hall, on the S. side of State Street, former- was, in value, $69,350,183. From facts like these, ly occupied for the state offices, has been fitted showing the vast amount, and the rapidly inup for the reception of the Geological Cabinet, creasing development of the resources of our formed under the direction of the state geologi- western country, viewed in connection with the cal surveys, and for the accommodation of the fact that its settlement and cultivation are only meetings of the State Agricultural Society. The yet in their commencement, it may be seen how Poorhouse, in the S. W. part of the city, has little occasion there is for any of our Atlantic commodious buildings, and 150 acres of land cities to fear the consequences of a rivalry cultivated by the inmates. The Albany Orphan among themselves as to their facilities for obtainAsylum supports from 80 to 100 female children. ing the western trade. This trade is destined to The St. Joseph's Roman Catholic Asylum sup- such advances in the future as will abundantly ports 40 females. There are in the city over 100 employ the means which every mart upon our streets and alleys; 11 public squares; 3 markets; seaboard may provide for its accommodation. 15 or 20 principal hotels; 10 public school build- Connected with Albany are many interesting ings. with houses for the teachers; and a state ar- recollections of our national history. Here was senal. The branches of manufacture are numer- held the first General Congress, to make arrangeous, employing a capital of nearly $2,000,000. ments for the national defence; and here, upon This city is indebted for much of its present pros- the 4th of July, 1754, Franklin and other patriperity to the advantages for trade which it de- ots " signed the first plan of American Union, and rives from the Erie and Champlain Canals, which proclaimed to the colonies that they were one terminate here, connecting with Lake Erie and people, fit to govern, and able to protect themLake Champlain, and bringing the immense selves." produce of the W. and N. to the navigable Albany, Pa. A southern township of Bradford waters of the Hudson at this point. A capacious co., watered by Tonawanda and the branches of basin, a mile and a quarter in length, is formed Mahoopeny Creek. Surface hilly, soil gravelly by enclosing a portion of the river directly in front loam. of the city, with a pier, upon which extensive Albany, Pa. A northern township of Berks co. warehouses are erected, designed for the recep- Surface hilly, soil sterile. tion of boats from these canals, and their accom- Albany, Vt., Orleans co. Surface uneven; wamodation in lading and unlading. The shipping tered by Black River and several of its branches. on the river also finds a safe harbor here. A There are likewise several considerable ponds, the great number of steamboats for carrying passen- most important of which, Great Hosmer's Pond, gers and merchandise, and towboats for expedit- is partly in Craftsbury. The soil is generally ing the trips of sailing vessels, ply between Al- sandy, or gravelly, with some good intervale land. bany and New York. A sand bar about 3 miles 37 miles N. by E. from Montpelier. below the city frequently impedes the passage of Albemarle, N. C., c. h. Stanley co. 146 miles large vessels in dry seasons. A ferry here con- from Raleigh. nects the two termini of the railroads from the Albemarle County, Va., c. h. Charlottesville. E. and the W. There is likewise another ferry Eastern central, bounded W. by the Blue Ridge. for the ordinary travel; so that the scene present- It is chiefly watered by the head branches of the ed at this point, when the river and canals are Rivanna River. Surface and soil much diveropen for navigation, is one of great activity. A sified. company has been chartered by the legislature Albia, Ia., c. h. Noble co. for the purpose of constructing a tunnel under Albion, lo., c. h. Monroe co. 80 miles S. W. the Hudson River, connecting the railroads on from Iowa city. each side, to be completed within five years from Albion, Is., c. h. Edwards co. The situation 1852, the date of the act. The communication is high and healthy. 160 miles from Springfield, with New York, when the river is closed, has and 40 S. W. from Vincennes. been maintained extensively by the railroads Albion, Me., Kennebec co. This fine farming through Connecticut. Aroad is completed now, town lies on the stage road from Augusta to however, along the E. bank of the Hudson itself, Bangor. 24 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 44 which establishes a most direct and rapid com- S. W. from Bangor. munication with New York at all seasons of the Albion, N. Y., c. h. Orleans co. In the town year. In the year 1850, there arrived at the of Barre, on the Erie Canal. 250 miles W. by N. udson River, by the Erie Canal, 1,554,675 tons from Albany. of merchandise, which exceeds the amount for Albion, N.Y. A township of Oswego co. Wa1840 by 1,087,360 tons, thus showing not only tered by Salmon River and Creek. Surface unduthe greatness of the present commerce by this lating, soil good; producing white pine, hemlock, canal, but the rapid ratio of its increase. At the maple, and beech timber. 25 miles E. from IN THE UNITED STATES. 267 Oswego village, and 147 miles N. W. from Al- ually rising from the river, and is laid out with bany. much regularity, the streets crossing each other Alburg, Vt., Grand Isle co. It is bounded by at right angles. It has a number of churches, the waters of Lake Champlain, except on the among which are two Presbyterian, two Episconorth. The soil is good and finely timbered. pal, two Methodist, one Baptist, and one Roman It has a mineral spring, of some repute for the Catholic. There are two banks, with a capital cure of scrofulous diseases. 10 miles N. from of $1,000,000. The termination of the ChesaNorth Hero, and 79 N. W. from Montpelier. peake and Ohio Canal is at this place. The Alden, N. Y., a township of Erie co. Watered principal trade of Alexandria is in flour, wheat, by Cayuga and Ellicott's Creeks. The surface Indian corn, and tobacco. Population in 1850, is undulating, and the soil adapted to grass and 8,795. grains. 18 miles E. from Buffalo, and 272~S. by Alford, Ms., Berkshire co. A mountainous W. from Albany. township, on the line of the state of N. Y. The Alexander, Me., Washington co. In this town valleys produce some grain; considerable porare some ponds, which, with the large pond in tions of the rough parts of the town are good Baring and Alexander, produce a large stream pasture land. 190 miles W. from Boston, and which empties into Cobscook Bay. 25 miles N. 19 S. by W. from Pittsfield. by W. from Machias. Alfred, Me., c. h. York co. A good farming Alexander County, N. C. New, taken from town, well furnished with water power by MonIredell. W. central part. sum River. 35 miles S. from Portland, and 86 Alexandersville, O., Miami township, Montgom S. W. from Augusta. ery co. Located on the Miami Canal. The re- Alfred, N. Y., Alleghany co. Hilly, and the mains of ancient fortifications are found here. soil adapted for grazing. The New York and Distant 18 miles W. from Xenia, and 73 from Erie Railroad passes through this town. 12 miles Columbus. S. E. from Angelica, and 244 miles S. of W. from Alexander County, Is., c. h. at Unity. In the S. Albany. angle of the state, between the Mississippi and Algiers, La., Orleans parish. On the right bank Ohio. Drained by Sexton's, Cash, and Clear of the Mississippi River, opposite New Orleans. Creeks. Soil fertile, about one third consisting The river here is rather less than half a mile of alluvion. The S. part is liable to inundation. wide, and curves in such a manner that much the Alexander, N. Y., Genesee co. On both sides greatest force and rapidity. of the current is of Tonawanda Creek, which flows nearly N. thrown upon the New Orleans side. From this through it. The surface is slightly uneven, and circumstance, as well as from the greater elevathe soil clay loam. well adapted to the growth of tion of the ground on which Algiers is built, grain and grass. 8 miles S. of Batavia village, rendering it secure from the overflow of this and 247 miles N. of W. from Albany, on the rail- river, even at the highest stages of the water, it road from Albany to Buffalo. has some natural advantages over New Orleans Alexandria, Ky., c. h. Campbell co. 85 miles for commercial purposes. In 1844, Thaver and from Frankfort. Company commenced the erection of warehouses Alexandria, La., c. h. Rapides parish. On Red of the first class at this place, for the reception River, just below the rapids, 291 miles N. W. and transmission of merchandise, which now eOfrom New Orleans. tend about 2000 feet on the river, and are doing a Alexandria, N. H., Grafton co. A small part heavy amount of business. Commodious wharves of Newfound Lake lies in this town. On Fowl- have been built, and floating docks for repairing er's and Smith's Rivers, and other small streams, vessels, and this port is now connected with the are fine intervale lands. Settled, Dec. 1769, by port of New Orleans as a port of entry and deJonathan, John M., and William Corliss. 34 miles livery. This place is rapidly building up, and is N. W. from Concord, and 40 S. E. from Haverhill. destined to become an important mart of comAlexandria, N. Y., Jefferson co. This town, merce. Among other establishments for mannsituated on the St. Lawrence River, comprises facturing purposes is an extensive iron foundery, several of the " Thousand Islands," and contains covering more than 300 square feet of ground. It Clear, Crystal, and Butterfield Lakes. The sur- is in contemplation by the government to estabface is gently undulating, and the soil clay and lish a navy yard and a naval depot at Algiers. marly loam. 20 miles N. from Watertown and This is the southern termiius of the Opelousas 190 N. W. from Albany. Railroad, which extends through Attakappas to Alexandria County, Va., c. h. at Alexandria. Opelousas. The favorable position of Algiers, On the S. side of the Potomac. opposite the Dis- in reference to this great line of internal commutrict of Columbia. It is connected by a bridge nication, in connection with its fine facilities for of more than a mile in length, with Washington navigation and commerce, on the Mississippi City. Surface uneven, soil light. River, cannot fail of making it, at no distant day, Alexandria, Va. City and shire town of Alex- one of the most prosperous and important places andria co., situated on the W. side of the River on the banks of the " Father of Waters." Potomac, 7 miles S. from Washington city. Allamnakee County, Io. In the N. E. corner. This city was included in that part of the Dis- Alleghany County, Md., c. h. at Cumberland. W. trict of Columbia ceded to the United States by extremity of the state. Watered by the Potomac Virginia, as a location for the seat of govern- and Youghiogeny Rivers. Surface rough and ment. But recently it has been ceded back again, mountainous, being crossed by the main chain with all that portion of the territory lying on the of the Alleghany Mountains; much of the soil, west side of the Potomac, and now belongs, as at however, is fertile. The great national road, first, to the jurisdiction of Virginia. The river, built by the government, commences at Cumberopposite the city, has a sufficient depth to admit land and crosses the mountain west. The Chesvessels of the largest class to come to its wharves. apeake and Ohio Canal extends to CumberThe place is pleasantly situiated on ground grad- land, and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad tray 268 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., erses the country east and west. This county Allen County, Ky., c. h. at Scottsville. On the contains the famous Frostburg coal-field. S. border of the state. Watered by the sources Allegan County, Mn., c. h. at Allegan. S. W. of Big Barren River. a branch of Green River. part of the state, on Lake Michigan. Watered Surface level; soil of a tolerabllv good quality. by Kalamazoo, Black, and Rabbit Rivers. Sur- Allen, N. Y., Alleghany co. Several small afface undulating, soil sandy on the borders of the fluents of the Genesee flow through this town, lake, rich alluvion on the rivers, and elsewhere the surface of which is undulating, and the soil a mixture of sand and clay. clay and sandy loam. 7 miles N. from Angelica, Allegan. Mn., c. h. Allegan co. On both sides and 261 S. of W. firom Albany. of the Kalamazoo River. It has an elevated sur- Allen County, O., c. h. at Lima. On the sumface, a dry, sandy soil, and good water power. mit Between the lake and the Ohio River. Very 161 miles W. by N. from Detroit. fertile. The Miami Canal passes through it. Alleghany County, N. Y., c. h. at Angelica. On Allen, Pa. A south-east township of Cumberthe S. W. border of the state. Watered by land co. 18 miles W. S. W. from Harrisburg. Black, Dike, Caneadea, Cold, and Campen's Allen, Pa. A west township of Northampton Creeks, beside other smaller tributaries of' the co. The Lehigh River and Canal bound it on Genesee which flows nearly through the centre of the W. the county. The surface on the E. and W. consists Allenstown, N. H.. Merrimac co. Watered by of ranges of table land, elevated from 1500 to Snncook River. The land is mostly ordinary, 2500 feet above the tide waters of the Iudson. though there are some fine farms, also a large The soil in the Genesee valley is very fertile, growth of oak and pine timber. 11 miles S. E. and the uplands are well adapted to grazing. from Concord, 38 W. from Portsmouth. This county contains several beds of bog iron Allentown, Pa., (also called Northanmpton.) c. h. ore. In the W. part is an oil spring which yields Lehigh co. 87 miles E. N. E. from Harrislarge quantities of Seneca oil. It is crossed by burg. the Genesee Valley Canal and the New York Alliqator, Fa., c. h. Columbia co. 110 miles S. and Erie Railroad. E. by E. from Tallahassee. Alleghann County, Pa., c. h. at Pittsburg The Almond, N. Y. A western township of AlleAlleghanv and Monongahela Rivers unite near ghany co., on the head branches of Canisteo the centre of this county, to form the Ohio. Sur- River, a tributary of the Susquehanna. The face hilly, soil fertile. Abounds in coal. surface is rather hilly; the soil mostly clay loam, Alleyghny, Pa. A southern township of Arm- and good. 14 miles E. from Angelica, and 240 strong co.; in. the angle between the Alleghany S. of W. from Albany. and the Kiskiminitas. Surface hilly, soil rather Alna, Me., Lincoln co. On Sheepscot River. unproductive. 10 miles from Wiscasset, 54 N. E. from Portland, Alleghany, Pa. A northern township of West- and 20 S. S. E from Augusta. moreland, in the southern angle between the Alsace, Pa., Berks co. On the E. side of SchuylAlleghany and the Kiskiminitas. The water kill River; watered also by Roush's Creek. The power is considerable, and is improved for oper- surface is mountainous, but the soil, under good ating several flouring mills, saw mills, &c. cultivation, is productive. Alleqhany, Pa., Blair co. Watered by the Alstead, N. H. Cheshire co. Watered by Cold Beaverdam, a branch of the Susquehanna River. River, and branches of the Ashuelot. It contains Surface mountainous; soil in the valleys rich. Warren's and other ponds. 12 miles S. E. from Alleghany, )Pa. An eastern township of Somer- Charlestown, 56 W. by S. from Concord. set co., on the dividing ridge between the waters Altamnont, Te., c. h. Grundy co. of the Susquehanna and Youghiogeny. Surface Alton, Ill., city, Madison co. Situated on the very hilly; soil, gravel. east bank of the Mississippi, 82 miles W. by S. Alleghany, Pa., a northern township of, Venan- from Springfield, the capital of the state. This go co.. on the N. bank of the Alleghany. Sur- place has an excellent steamboat landing, and is face hilly; soil gravelly. advantageously situated for trade. It extends Alleqhany City, Pa. A suburb of Pittsburg; along the river about 2 miles; and back, from see Pittsburg. half a mile to a mile. The streets, which are Alleghany, Pa., a central township of Cambria laid out with regularity, are from 60 to 180 feet co., on the height of land between the head wide. The place has had a rapid growth. There waters of the W. branch of the Susquehanna are churches here of the Presbyterian, Baptist, and the Kiskiminitas. Methodist, Episeppal, Evangelical, Lutheran, and Alleghany County, Va., c. h. at Covington. Cen- Unitarian denominations. Two or three weekly tral, in the valley district, bounded W. by the newspapers are published here. There are sevAlleghany Mountains, which separate it from eral large commission houses, a great number of Greenbrier co. Watered by Cow Pasture and stores, a flouring mill, a brewery, saw mills, &c. Jackson's Rivers, head branches of the James. Quite a number of steamboats doing business on The passage of Jackson's River through Waite's the Mississippi, Missouri, and Illinois Rivers, are Mountain is a great curiosity. One of its tribu- owned here. The surrounding country is rich taries, also, has a fall of 180 feet in a short dis- in fine timber, limestone, and bituminous coal. tance. The soil is fertile on the streams, and on Alton, N. H., Belknap co. On Merrymeeting Rich Patch Mountain; elsewhere the land is Bay of Winnipiseogee Lake. Soil hard and sterile. Surface elevated and mountainous. rocky, hut productive if well cultivated. Its Allen County, Ia., c. h. at Fort Wayne. Wa- timber, oak, beech, maple, and pine. Principal tered by St. Joseph's and St. Mary's Rivers, elevations, Mount Major and Prospect Hill. which unite at Fort Wayne to fbrm the Maumee. Half Moon Pond, between Alton and Barnstead, Surface level, consisting partly of wet prairies; is 300 rods long, 150 wide. soil fertile. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes Amnoskeag, N. H., Hillsboro' co. A village through this county. in Goffstown, on the Merrimac River, which here IN THE UNITED STATES. 269 falls 54 feet in a mile and a half, furnishing a Amherst County, Va., c. h. at Amherst. S. great water power. There are some manufacto- central, in the N. angle between the Blue Ridge ries at Amoskeag4 but the greatest part of the and James River. Surface elevated, and agreewater is carried in canals to Manchester. a little ably diversified; soil tolerably good. Wheat and distance below. 17 miles S. by E. from Concord. tobacco are the principal-products. Ambo?, N. Y. An E. township of Oswego Amherst, Va., c. h. Amherst co. 15 miles N. co., drained by Salmon and Scriba Creeks, and N. El from Lynchburg, and 115 W. from Richcontains several small lakes. Surface level; mond. soil a rich loam, producing abundant crops of Amite County, Mi., c. h. at Liberty. In the S. grass and grain. 30 miles E. from Oswego vil- W. angle of the state, bordering on Louisiana. lage, and 137 N. WV. from Albany. Watered by Amite River and its branches. SurAmelia County, Va., c. h. at Amelia. E. central. face uneven; soil of good quality, especially on The Appomattox River runs along the N. and the borders of the streams. Chief products, cotN. E. boundary, and its branches drain this coun- ton and corn. ty. Surface pleasantly diversified; soil rather Amity, Me., Aroostook co. Township No. 10, unproductive. The principal agricultural pro- first range of townships from the E. line of the ductions are wheat, corn, cotton, and tobacco. state. About 100 miles N. E. from Banor. Amenia, N. Y. An eastern township of Dutch- Amity, N. Y., Alleghany co. On the Geness co., on the Ms. border, watered by Wassaic esee River, which flows in a N. direction. nearand Ten Mile Creeks, branches of the Housa- ly through the centre of the township. Surfice tonic River. It contains two considerable ponds, high and rolling on the outskirts; soil various; and some mineral springs, and affords magnetic the uplands being adapted to grazing, and the iron ore and marble of good quality. The sur- borders of the rivers to the growth of grass and face is much diversified; the Taghkanic and grain. 6 miles S. of Angelica, and 255 S. of W. Fishkill Mountains crossing parts of the town.'from Albany. 20 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 70 S. S. Amity, O.. Pike township, Knox co. Fertile W. fi'om Albany. and healthy. 8 miles N. E. of Mt. Vernon, 53 Americus, Ga., c. h. Sumpter co. 104 miles from Columbus, and 85 from Cleveland. S. S. W. from Milledgeville. Amity, Pa., Erie co. A hilly township, with a Ames, 0. A township of Athens co., on Fed- soil of gravelly loam. eral Creek. a few miles N. E. from Athens, c. h. Amiity, Pa., Berks co. On the Schuylkill. The Amesbury, Ms., Essex co. On the N. side Reading Railroad passes through it. of Merrimac River, separated from Salisbury by Amsterdam. N. Y., Montgomery co. TownPowow River, a stream navigable for some dis- ship and village on the Mohawk River, Erie tance for vessels of 300 tons. A pond, covering Canal, and Schenectady and Utica Railroad. about 1000 acres, back of the town, 90 feet above Watered by Several small streams, the principal of the sea, serves as a reservoir for a constant and which is the Chuctanunda Creek. A fine quality extensive water power. That part of the town of building stone is quarried here The surface called " The Mills " is at the lower falls of the is uneven, but the soil is fertile and easily tilled, Powow. The river here is about2 rods in widthl, consisting of clay loam and rich mould. The and is crossed by several bridges. The views village contains manufactures of carpets, scythes, from Whittier, Bear, and Pond Hills are delight- &c. 31 miles W. from Albany. ful. At the W. end of the town are two flour- Amwell, N. J., Hunterdon co. Watered by the ishing villages, with a small stream, noted for south branch of the Raritan River and its tribnsalmon. 40 miles N. E. from Boston, and 6 taries. Surface uneven; soil fertile in smne parts. miles N. W. from Newburyport. with which it Amwell, Pa., Washington co. Surface hilly, communicates by the Salisbury Branch Railroad. abounding with coal, and watered by the branches Celebrated for its flannels, and other woollen of Ten Mile Creek. Soil loam. goods. Anamosa, Io., c. h. Jones co. Amherst. Me., Hancock co. On the head wa- Ancram, N. Y. A S. E. township of Columbia ters of Union River. 25 miles E. from Bangor. co., drained by Ancram and Punch Creeks Amherst, Ms., IHampshire co. Comprises 4 Surface hilly, soil gravelly loam and clay, upon handsome villages —the centre village, where a foundation of slate and limestone. 21 milei the college is located, and the N., the E, and S. S. E. from the city of Hudson. villages. The town is watered by 2 good mill Andalusia, Aa., c. h. Covington co. streams, which form Mill River. The college is Anderson, Ia., c. h. Howard co. situated on elevated ground, in the centre village, Anderson Courdt, Ky., c. h. at Lawrenceburg surrounded by a fertile country, and command- Watered by Salt River and its head branches, and ing a prospect of one of the mnost picturesque on the E. by the Kentucky. Surface rough. sections of the state. 82 miles W. from Bos- Anderson, 0. An E. township of Hamilton ton. and 7 E. by N. from Northampton. See co., between the Ohio River and the Little Colleges. Miami. Almherst, N. H., c. h. Hillsboro' co. On Sou- Anderson District, S. C., c. h. at Anderson. In heganl River, a tributary of the Merrimac. The the N. W. part of the state. Watered by head soil is excellent. There is a celebrated mineral branches of the Savannah and Saluda Rivers. spring here. 29 miles S. from Concord, and 40 Anderson, S. C., c. h. Anderson district. 127 E from Keene. miles N. W. fiom Columbia. Amlherst, N. Y., Erie co. Tonawanda Creek Anderson County, Te., c. h. at Clinton. N. E. bounds this township on the N. and Ellicott's central. Watered by Clinch River. Rough, but Creek flows through it. The surface is uneven, fertile. and the soil of an indifferent quality. 10 miles Anderson County, Ts., c. h. at Plenitude. 13. N. E. from the city of Buffalo, and 283 N. of W. part. On the upper branch of the Trinity. from Albany. Andes, N. Y., township. Delaware co. Watered 270 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., by Temper's Kill and the Papacton branch of the stands on the W. side of the Severn, 2 mile. Delaware River. Surface hilly; soil adapted to from its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, 28 miles grazing. 87 miles S. W. from Albany. S. S. E. from Baltimore, and 40 miles E. N. E. Andover, Me., Oxford co. Watered by Ellis's from the city of Washington. Annapolis was River. About 30 miles N. W. from Paris, and established as the seat of government in 1699. 61 W. N. W. from Augusta. The state house is a venerable building, in which Andover, Ms., Essex co. A large town of ten the American Congress held some of its sessions miles square, bounded N. by the Merrimac, and during the revolutionary war; and in the senate watered by the Shawsheen, which affords many chamber of which, Washington, at the close of water privileges. There are large villages in the the war, resigned his commission. It is a spaN. and S. parts of the town, some 3 miles distant cious. and elegant building for the period of its from each other, and several smaller villages. erection. The state library, in one of its apartMost of the soil is arable, and much of it ments, contains 15,000volumes. The cityis reghighly cultivated. Among the manufactures are ularly laid out, with streets diverging from the flannels, linen, yarn, and shoe thread. The vari- state house, and also from another point, at ous literary institutions are its principal attrac- which is located the Episcopal Church, as from tion. Phillips Academy has now been in ex- two centres. The city is pleasant and healthy istence nearly 70 years. It has ample endow- as a place of residence, but as a place of business ments, convenient buildings, a chemical and it has fallen behind in consequence of the flourphilosophical apparatus, which cost over $2000, ishing state of Baltimore. Annapolis is the seat a valuable library of 700 volumes. From the of St. John's College, a branch of the University commencement of its operations to 1845, 4437 of Maryland. See Colleges. individuals have enjoyed its advantages. This Annisquam, Ms., Essex co. 34 miles from Bosinstitution was incorporated several years before ton; the north village of the town of Gloucester, any other academy in New England, and is still having a separate harbor of its own, formed by deservedly conspicuous among them all. Its Annisquam River, and opening into Ipswich funds enable the trustees to secure the permanent Bay. services of distinguished teachers, without making Ann Arbor, Mn., Washtenaw co. This flourany but the most moderate charges for tuition, ishing place, on both sides of the Huron River, while large numbers receive their entire tuition is regularly laid out, partly on the river and partfree. The Theological Seminary. See Theologi- ly on elevated ground a short distance S. of it. cal Institutes. The Abbot Female Academy. This It is handsomely built, and is the seat of the academy is beautifully located, in the same vil- Michigan University. See Colleges. It is on the lage with the other literary institutions; it pre- Michigan Central Railroad, 42 miles W. from sents the additional attractions of a valuable Detroit.' philosophical apparatus, and cabinet of minerals, Ann Arundel County, Md., c. h. at Annapolis. and a select library of modern works, together Central, on the W. shore of Chesapeake Bay. with a beautiful building, and grounds tastefully Surface rolling; soil tolerably fertile. It is arranged and adorned. Many of the most valu- watered on its N. border by the Patapsco, and able publications of the day are issued from the on its S. W. border by the Patuxent River. Andover press. Its learned Quarterly, the Bib- Annsville, N. Y., Oneida co. Fish Creek and liotheca Sacra, has a large circulation across the its tributaries water this township, the surface Atlantic. of which is undulating, and the soil mostly gravAndover, N. H., Merrimac co. The Black elly lodm. 25 miles N. W. from the city of UtiWater is.the principal stream. There are six ca, and 118 miles from Albany. ponds. The Ragged Mountains are on the N., Annville, Pa., Lebanon co. Swatara Creek, the Kearsage on the W. Soil of good quality. and tributaries of it, flow through this township, 21 miles N. W. from Concord. The Northern affording good waterpower. Surface level; soil Railroad passes through the centre. gravel and calcareous loam. The Union Canal Andover, N. Y., a township of Alleghany co. passes through it. Dyke Creek, a tributary of the Genesee River, Anson, Me., Somerset co. At the junction of flows through this town. Its surface is uneven; Seven Mile Brook with the Kennebec, on the soil, clay loam. 15 miles S. E. from Angelica, western side of that river. Here are fine farms and 266 S. of W. from Albany. and good husbandry. 112 miles N. from PortAndover, Vt., Windsor co. Markham and land, 40 N. W. from Augusta. Terrible Mountains lie in the western part. Anson County, N. C., c. h. at Wadesboro'. The land is uneven, and the soil hard. 20 miles On the S. border and S. bank of the Yadkin, by S. W. from Windsor, and 68 S. from Montpelier. which and its tributaries it is watered. Andrew County, Mo., c. h. at Savannah. Prin- Antes, Pa. A northern township of Blair co., cipal streams, Platte and Nodaway Rivers. The on the height of land between the Juniata and Missouri also touches the S. W. corner. the W. branch of the Susquehanna. 116 miles Angelica, N. Y., c. h. Alleghany co. Town- W. from Harrisburg. ship and village on Angelica Creek. The sur- Antrim, N. H., Hillsboro' co. On Contooface is rolling; the soil mostly fertile, consisting cook River. Hilly, but productive. 30 miles S. of clay loam and sandy alluvion. 262 miles W. W. from Concord. from Albany. Antrim, Pa., Franklin co. Conecheague Creek Angelina Countlt, Ts., c. h. at Marion. In the and its branches water this township, the surface E. part of the state. Drained by the Angelina, of which is level, and the soil calcareous loam. the E. fork of the Neches. Antwerp, N. Y., Jefferson co. Oswegatchie Angola, In., c. h. Steuben co. 174 miles N. N. River waters this township on the N. and Indian E. from Indianapolis. River on the S. The former here makes a bend Annapolis, Md., city, port of entry, capital of' called the "Oxbow." The surface is hilly; the the state, and seat of justice of Ann Arundel co., soil good, clay loam, well adapted to the growth IN THE UNITED STATES. 271 of grass. 20 miles N. E. from the village of intervales. West and Red Mountains extend Watertown, and 164 N. W. from Albany. through the W. part. There are marble quarries Appalachicola, Fa., c. h. and port of entry, here, and a curious cavern. 15 miles N. from Franklin co. 135 miles S. W. from Tallahassee, Bennington, and 106 S. W. from Montpelier. situated on a bluff at the mouth of the river of Armagh, Pa., Mifflin co. A northern township. the same name. It is regularly laid outs and oc- Armstrong County, Pa., c. h. at Kittanning. W. cupies an area of one square mile. On Front central. The Alleghany passes through it from Street there are a number of blocks of large N. to S., and the Kiskiminitas washes its S. W. brick stores, with granite fronts. The remaining border. Surface pleasantly diversified. portion of the town is built mostly of wood. Armstrong, Pa. A western township of Indiana Appalachicola is a considerable mart for cotton. co. Watered by Crooked Creek. Surface level; The river is navigated by steamboats and other soil,clay and gravel. boats, and the harbor generally contains a num- Aroostook County, Me., c. h. at Houlton, is in the ber of large vessels, lading and unlading at the N. E. and N. part of the state. Watered by the wharves. Upper St. John's and its southern tributaries. Appleton, Me., Waldo co., 35 miles E. by S. Mostly unsettled. Soil, a limestone formation, from Augusta, between the head waters of the favorable to wheat. Muskingus and St. George's. Arrow Rock, Mo., Saline co. Situated on a Appanose co., Io., c. h. at Antreville. On the high bluff on the S. side of the Missouri River. S. border of the state. It has a good landing, and is surrounded by a Appling County, Ga., c. h. at Holmesville. S. E. fertile country. 72 miles N. W. from Jefferson central. Watered by the head branches of Satil- city. la River. Surface level. Soil light and sandy. Ascension Parish, La., c. h. at Donaldsonville. Applinqgville, Ga., c. h. Columbia co. On Southern part, on both sides of the Mississippi. Great Kiokee Creek, 111 miles S. S. E. from It has on the N. the Amite, with which the Milledgeville. Manshace pass from the Mississippi communiAppomattox County, Va., c. h. at Clover Hill. cates. The La Fourche, another outlet of the In the S. central part of the state, with the James Mississippi, leaves that river at Donaldsonville, River on its N. W. border. in this parish. Level, and, except the lands on Aquia, Va., Stafford co. On Aquia Creek. the immediate banks of the rivers, annually inThe railroad to Fredericksburg and Richmond undated. commences here, and connects with Washington Ashe County, N. C., c. h. at Jeffersonton. In by steamboat. the N. W. corner. Watered by the head branches Arcadia, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Mud of the Holston and Great Kanawha Rivers. Creek, and contains large quarries of gypsum. Surface elevated and rough, being a table land The surface is hilly; the soil sandy and calca- between Bald Mt. and the Blue Ridge; soil tolreous loam. 5 miles W. from Lyons village, and erably good. 190 N. W. from Albany. Ashboro', N. C., c. h. Randolph co. 72 miles Archer, 0., Harrison co. A township watered W. from Raleigh. by Stillwater River and its branches. Distant Ashburnham, Ms., Worcester co. On the height from Cadiz a few miles N. of land between the Connecticut and Merrimac Argyle, Me., Penobscot co., is a new town, but Rivers. It is watered by large ponds, which fertile and flourishing. It produces the best of furnish good mill seats. There is much good wheat. 89 miles N. E. from Augusta. land both for grass and grain. 54 miles N. W. Arqyle, N Y. Washington co. Surface un- from Boston, and 4 N. W. from Fitchburg. even; soil gravelly loam, and sandy. It is equi- As4ford, Ct., Windham co. Watered by sevdistant from Salem and Sandy Hill, and 46 miles eral small tributaries of the Yantic. The sur-'N. E. from Albany. face is rough and stony, but excellent for grazArietta, N. Y., Hamilton co. This township is ing. 31 miles E. from Hartford, 14 N. W. from large, and contains several lakes and numerous Brooklyn. small streams. The southern part only is par- Ashford, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by tially settled. 72 miles N. W. from Albany, and Cattaraugus Creek and its tributaries. Surface 8 miles W. from the village of Lake Pleasant. slightly uneven; soil, clay loam. 300 miles W. Arkadelphia, As., c. h. Clark co. On the Wa- from Albany. chitta, 100 miles S. W. of Little Rock. Ashland, Ms., Middlesex co. On head streams Arkansas County, As., c. h. at Arkansas Post. of Concord River which afford water power. S. E. part, in the angle between the White and The Worcester Railroad passes through the Arkansas Rivers. Surface mostly level, com- centre of the town. 25 miles W. S. W. from prising the S. part of Grand Prairie, the soil of Boston. which is very fertile. Ashland County, O., c. h. at Ashland. N. part. Arkansas Post, As., c. h. Arkansas co. On the Drained by branches of the Mohican Creek, a N. bank of Arkansas River, on a high bluff, 50 tributary of the Muskingum. miles firom the Mississippi. It was founded by Ashland O., c. h. Ashland co. 30 miles N. E. the French in 1685. 117 miles S. E. from Little from Columbus. Rock. Ashley County, As., c. h. at Hamburg. (New.) Arkwright, N. Y., Chautauque co. A high and Ashby, Ms., Middlesex co., is on elevated land, hilly township, with a soil adapted to the growth bordering on Rindge, N. H. Branches of the of grass or grain. 346 miles W. from Albany. Squamacook rise here, and pass to the Nashua. Arlington, Vt., Bennington co. Watered by It is varied with hills and vales, and is rich in Green River, Mill, and Warm Brooks, and Roar- agricultural products and fine scenery. 42 miles ing Branch, which form excellent mill sites, and W. N. W. from Boston, and 25 N. W. from Confall into the Batten Kill in the N. part of the cord, N. H. town. On the streams are large bodies of rich Ashtabula County, O., c. h. at Jefferson. In the 272 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., IN. E. corner of the state, on the southern shore manufactured from the water of wells sunk deep of Lake Erie. The soil is various, but generally into the earth for that purpose. The Hocking good. Grand River, Ashtabula. and Conneaut River enters the county at its extreme northCreeks are the most important streams; these western angle, and flows S. E. diagonally over afford a valuable water power. They flow north- the whole territory, falling into the Ohio River westwardly into Lake Erie; the land, which is at its extreme south-western angle. T-le southmostly level, descends in that direction. The ern border declines to the southward, and is first settlers of this county emigrated from New watered by several creeks which run into the England, and they and their descendants are re- Ohio. There are many good mill sites on the markable for thrift and intelligence. Hocking River and its branches. Two townAshtabula, 0. Township and borough, Ashta- ships in this county, containing 46,080 acres, bula co., on Ashtabula River, near its mouth, were granted by the United States Congress for and 191 miles N. E. from Columbus. the endowment of a state university, which has Ashville, Aa., c. h. St. Clair co. On the S. E. since been established at Athens, the chief town side of Canoe Creek, 90 miles N. E. from Tus- of the county. caloosa. Athens, O., c. h. Athens co. 72 miles S. E. Ashville, N. C., c. h. Buncombe co. On French from Columbus. Situated on a peninsula formed Broad River, 256 miles W. from Raleigh. by a curve in the Hockhocking River. It is well Assu)rption Parish, La., c. h. at Assumption. built, generally of brick, and presents a neat and S. central, on the S. side of the Mississippi. The picturesque appearance. The Ohio University Bayou La Fourche runs S. through it. is located here, the buildings of which are on a Assumption, La., c. h. Assumption Parish. On slight eminence in the south part of the village. Bayou La Fourche, 89 miles W. from New (See Colleyes.) There is likewise an acadenvy in Orleans. the place. The township to which it belong('s is Astoria, N. Y., Queen's co., lies at Hallett's the northernmost of the two gianted by Congress Cove, just below Hurl Gate. It contains a fe- for the support of the university. There are in male seminary, -and manufactories of carpets, the place a number of stores and mechanical esturpentine, and other articles. It is connected tablishments, and an active business is done. with New York by a ferry. It is distant 6 miles Athens, Pa., Bradford co. Beautifully situated N. E. at the junction of the Chemung and SusquehanAsylum, Pa., Bradford co. Watered by the na Rivers. Surface a gently-undulating plain, Susqueha:nna River, on which are the Wyalusing environed by mountains. Falls, and by Duval's, Sugar, and Tonawanda Athens, Pa. An eastern township of CrawCreeks. 145 miles N. from Harrisburg. ford co. Atchison County, Mo., c. ii. at Linden. In the Athens, Te., c. h. McMinn co. On Eastanalla N. W. corner of the state. Watered by sev- Creek, 15 miles from its entrance into the Teneral confluents of the Missouri, which flow S. nessee, and 154 S. I. from Nashville. through it. Athens, Vt., Windham co. A good township Athens, Aa., c. h.Limestone co. About 1 mile of land, particularly for grazing. 10 miles from W. from Swan Creek, and 154 miles N. by E. Bellows Falls, and 98 S. from Montpelier. from Tuscaloosa. Athol, Ms.. Worcester co. On Miller's River, Athens, Ga., c. h. Clarke co. Situated on the a fine stream which affords great water power. W. bank of the Oconce River, the seat of the The surface is uneven; soil strong and producGeorgia University. (See Colleges.) 75 miles N. tive. There are a number of handsome villages by XV. from Milledgeville; connected with Au- in the town, and many large farms. 70 miles gusta by railroad. W. N. W. from Boston, and 28 N. W. from Athens. Ky., Fayette co. On ita small branch of Worcester. The Vermont and Massachusetts Kentiucky River, 34 miles S. E. fiom Frankfort. Railroad passes through the principal village. Athens, Me., Somerset co. Watered by a branch Athol, N. Y., Warren co. A large township of Kennebec River. 18 miles N. N. E. from Nor- on the head waters of the Hudson River, watered ridgewock, 45 miles N. from Augusta. by several of its tributaries. The W. part is Athens, N. Y., Greene co. On the Hudson sterile, and chiefly valuable for its timber. 71 River, opposite the city of Hudson. The surface miles N. from Albany. in the W. part is hilly, but it becomes more level Atkinson, Me., Piscataquis co. On Piscataquis near the Hudson. Soil generally fertile. being a River. 132 miles N. E. from Portland. mixture of clay, sand, and loam. There is in Atkinson, N. H., Rockingham co. It has an this town aquarryof graywacke slate, from which uneven surface, but superior soil. Tile apple large quantities of flagging stone are sent to has been much cultivatd,. and the finest fi'uit is market. It is 29 miles S. from Albany, and 5 produced. One of the oldest academies in the N. fi-om Catskill village. state is here. 30 miles S. W. from Portsmouth, Athens County, 0., c. h. at Athens. On the S. and 36 S. E. from Concord. E. it touches the Ohio River, and the Hock- Atlantic County, N. J., c. h. at May's Landing, ing flows through it from N. W. to S. E. This S. E. part. It embraces numerous islands, and county is very irregular in its form. Its mean its sea-shore is indented by many bays. Soil breadth firom N. E. to S. W. is about 20 miles, chiefly light and sandy. and its length; upon the longest line that can be Attala County, Mi., c. h. at Kosciusko. Central. drawn over it, is 40 miles. It contains an area Watered by the Big Black, which separates it of 740 square miles. The surface is broken and from Holmes co., and by head branches of Pearl hilly, but the soil is good. Lime, freestone, and River. Surface level; soil tolerably good. clay for brick, furnish abundant materials for Atica, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Tonbuilding. The county contains bituminous coal awanda Creek and its tributaries. Surface unin ablundance, and in several localities iron ore dulating; soil well adapted to the growth of is found. Salt of an excellent quality has been grass and grain. 250 miles W. from Albany. IN TIIE UNITED STATES. 273 Attleboro', Ms., Bristol co. In the N. W. at night they go to occupy each his solitary cell. corner of the county. It possesses a fine water This system. as distinguished from the old methpower. Ten Mile River runs the whole length od of placing several prisoners in the same apartof the town, and puts in operation several cotton ments for lodging, with opportunity of unremills, and a calico printing establishment. There strained intercourse on the one hand, and from are a large number of smaller manufactures, that of solitary confinement in their separate such as boots and shoes, combs, carpenter's tools, cells, by day as well as by night, on the other, is clocks, straw bonnets. and jewelry. The Boston what has obtained the name of the "Auburn and Providence Railroad passes through it. 30 system of prison discipline," in consequence of miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 12 N. from its having been first set in operation here, and Providence, R. I. the prison being constructed with special refAuburn, Ia., c. h. De Kalb co. 153 miles N. N. erence to its application. The chief peculiarity E. from Indianapolis. of structure is in the arrangement of the cells. Auburn, Me., Cumberland co. Taken from Mi- The cells are in a body, or block, extending not, in 1842. 30 miles N. from Portland. On through the centre of each wing of the prison the Androscoggin. A flourishing town. buildings, ranged in tiers of four stories high, Auburn, Ms., Worcester co. There are a num- with galleries or stagings passing by the doors. ber of flourishing villages here; the principal are The space between this block of cells and the Stoneville and I)rury Mills, large manufactur- walls of the prison is 10 feet wide from top to ing places. French River passes through it; bottom, thus forming, as it were, a prison within also the Norwich and Worcester Railroad. 45 a prison. The cells are 7 feet long, 7 feet high, miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 5 S. by W. and 3. feet wide, sufficiently lighted while dayfrom Worcester. light continues, and well warmed and ventilated Auburn, N. 11., Rockingham co., contains from the intermediate area. The earnings of the some fine swells of land. 5 miles E. from Auburn prison for the year 1850, were $68,737-31; Manchester. Taken from Chester in 1845. the expenditures, $71,166-07. There is usually Auburn, N. Y., c. h. Cayuga co. 173 miles WV. a balance in favor of the establishment. The from Albany, and 152 miles E. from Buffalo. surplus in 1849 was $10,837'80. This prison was This is one of the most, beautiful and thriving commenced in 1816. There is at Auburn a Theinland towns in the state. It is situated on both ological Seminary, of the Presbyterian Church, sides of the stream which forms the outlet of the connected with the New School General AssemOwasco Lake, about a mile and a half S. of the bly. The buildings are pleasantly situated in the body of the lake. There is a fine hydraulic N. part of the village. The principal edifice is power upon the stream where it passes through of stone, composed of a centre building and two the town, which is largely improved for mills wings, four stories high, connected by intermediand manufacturing purposes. The entire fall is ate sections of three stories above the baseabout 100 feet, and the amount of water dis- ments, the whole presenting a front of 200 feet. charged from the lake is large and little afrectcd (See Theological Seminaries.) The other public by the variations of flood or drought. A large buildings in Auburn are the court house and cotton factory, several flouring mills, saw.mills, jail, the Auburn Academy, the Auburn Female sash and blind factories, planing mills, iron Seminary, and churches of the Presbyterian, founderies, and other works are carried by this Episcopal. Methodist, Baptist, Universali-t, and water power. Auburn is pleasantly laid out, Roman Catholic denominations. Auburn was setthough with less regularity than is commonly tiled in 1793. Incorporated as a village in 1815, aimed at in modern towns. The streets are ren- and as a town in 1823. Population in 1850, 9548. erally straight, but seldom parallel, and conse- Audrain County, Mo., c. h. at Mexico. N. E. quently intersecting each other, for the most part central, in the N. angle between the Mississippi at every variety of acute and obtuse angles. and Missouri. Watered by the S. fork of Salt The principal streets are wide, well paved, or. River. Surface level; soil fertile. Inacadamized, and built up in some sections with Auglaize County, O., c. h. at Wappaukonetta. handsome ranges of stores, dwellings, and public In the N. W. part of the state, on thile head wahouses, of brick or dressed limestone, some of ters of the Auglaize River. them four stories high, which would not dis- Augusta, Io., Des Moines co. A neat and credit the streets of our largest commercial cities. flourishing village, on the N. side of Skunk River. The state prison located at Auburn has been re- A large flouringr mill is in operation here. garded, in its system of discipline, as a model for Augusta, Ga. City, and seat of justice of Richsuch institutions. It is located in the N. W. part mend co., on the S. W. side of the Slvannah of the village, enclosing a square of 500 feet on River, 96 miles N. E. from Milledgeville, and a side, by a stone wall from 16 to 40 feet high. 120 miles N. W. from Savannah, with which it The buildings form three sides of a square, 276 connects by steamboat navigation. This city feet in front, the wings running back 242 feet, is regularly laid out and well built. The streets with a width of 45 feet. In the area formed by are wide, and intersect each other at right angles. the main prison buildings is a grass plot, laid out Many of them are beautifully shaded with trees. with gravel walks. In the rear of this is the in- The city is built chiefly of brick, and many of terior enclosure. occupied by the workshops of the houses are spacious and elegant. The printhe prisoners, built against the outer wall of the cipal public buildings are the city hall, market prison yard. The outlet of the Owasco passes house, court house, a jail, a theatre, a hospital, a by the S. side of this enclosure, and is made to female asylum, an arsenal, and several handsome turn a wheel without the wall, the shaft of which, churches. Some of the public buildings are passing thrlough, gives motion to the machinery costly and elegant. Many of the blocks of stores within. The prisoners labor in the shops ly day are large and substantial, and the whole place under the direction of the overseers, in the presence has much of the aspect of a large commercial of each other, but without any communication, and mart. It has long been a very flourishing place 35 274 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., of business, and has perhaps as much trade as short distance is a large boarding house connected any other place of its population in the country. with the institution. It has a fund of about The country back of Augusta is very rich, and a $10,000, and a well-furnished laboratory and ligreat amount of cotton, tobacco, and other pro- brary. - There are excellent public houses in duce is brought here and sent down the river. Augusta, the chief of which are the Augusta There are 10 or 12 large commission houses en- House, near the state house, and the Mansion gaged in foreign trade, with a capital of about House. — About half a mile above the village, $250,000. Augusta enjoys excellent facilities for a massive dam has been erected across the Kencommercial intercourse with the interior by the nebec, with locks, for the purpose of improving several railroads which centre here, and others the navigation of the river above, and of creating connected with them. Charleston and Savan- a water power of great capacity. The length of nah, Milledgeville and Macon, Fort Gaines on this dam, exclusive of the stone abutments and the Chattahoochee, Athens in Te., Montgomery, lock, is 584 feet, and the height 15 feet above the capital of Alabama, and other important ordinary high water mark, forming a pond of places are connected by railroad with Au- the average depth of 16 feet, and 16j miles in gusta. extent. The immense body of water, and the Augusta, Ky., c. h. Bracken co. 73 miles N. great and unfailing supply thus brought into apE. from Frankfort. plication for manufacturing purposes, are almost Augusta, Me., c. h. Kennebec co. City, and cap- unsurpassed. The first cost of this great work ital of the state. Situated at the head of sloop was about $300,000. This water power is alnavigation on the Kennebec River, 43 miles from ready used to a very considerable extent in prothe sea. It was first settled in 1771, and incor- pelling various kinds of machinery. Several porated as atown in 1797. Population in 1820 saw mills, a large flouring establishment, sash, 2475; 1830,3980; 1840, 5314; 1850, 8231. Au- door, and blind manufactories, machine shops, gusta lies on both sides of the Kennebec, rising and a cotton factory, with 10,000 spindles, are each way by an easy ascent from the river. The in successful operation. -Augusta presents adbridge, uniting the E. and WV. parts of the town, is vantages for manufacturing establishments equal, a fine structure, 520 feet in lenoth. built in 1799, at if not superior, to any in New England. It is a cost of $28,000. The town is well laid out, located in the heart of a large and powerful state, neatly built, and contains many handsome struc- rapidly increasing in population and wealth, tures. surrounded by a fertile country, rich in every There are nine or ten churches of the vari- necessary agricultural product, and stored with ous denominations. The state house in Augusta granite, clay, lumber, lime, iron ore, and every is a spacious and elegant structure. located upon a building material. The facilities afforded here beautiful eminence about half a mile from the vil- for transportation are of inestimable value to a lage, on the road towards Hallowell, and com- large manufacturing town. Cotton and other mands an extensive and very delightful prospect. raw materials, and manufactured goods, may be It is built of hammered granite, or rather gneiss, transported by water to and from the very doors of a white color, and very much resembles marble of the mills. The great Eastern Railroad from at a distance. The material of which it was built Boston and Portland passes througl this town, was quarried near the spot on which it stands. In in its course to Bangor. Steamboats pass from front is an extensive common, adorned with trees Augusta to Boston in eleven hours. A steamtastefully arranged, which, when grown into boat plies daily on the river above the dam to shades, will afford a delightful promenade.- Waterville. This place cannot fail of' becoming, The United States arsenal buildings are situated at no distant day, the site of very.extensive and upon the E. bank of the river, in view of- the profitable manufacturing operations. village, and are chiefly constructed of stone, and Augusta, Mi., c. h. Perry co. On Leaf River, present a very fine appearance. The grounds 173 miles S. E. from Jackson. are extensive, beautifully arranged, and sur- Augusta, N. Y., Oneida co. The W. part of rounded by a costly iron fence. There are at this township is watered by Oneida Creek and present about 2000 stand of arms deposited here, its tributaries, and the S. E. part by Oriskany besides cannon and other munitions of war. — Creek, which has a fall of 30 feet, affording a fine The state insane hospital, a splendid granite -edi- hydraulic power. The Chenango Canal also fice, an honor to the state and to humanity, occu- passes through the town. Surface rolling; soil pies a plat of elevated ground of sevent'y acres, tolerably good. 110 miles N. of W. from Albaon the east side of the river. Its situation is un- ny, and 18 S. W. from the city of Utica. rivalled for the beauty of its scenery. It is much Augusta, Pa., Northumberland co. Watered admired for its external architecture and internal by Great and Little Shamokin Creeks. Surface arrangement. The centre building and wings diversified; soil, gravel, red shale, and alluvion. are 262 feet long; the centre building being 82 65 miles N. from Harrisburg. feet in length, 46 feet wide, 4 stories high, be- Augusta Countl/, Va., c. h. at Staunton. Besides the basement and attic, having a chapel in tween the Blue Ridge and the central ridge of the attic 80 by 40. The wings are 90 feet long the Alleghanies. Watered by branches of James in front, and 100 in the rear, 38 feet wide, and 3 and Shenandoah Rivers. Surface uneven and stories high, divided into 126 rooms, 120 of which mountainous; soil fertile, yielding large crops are designed for patients, with halls between the of wheat. rooms 12 feet wide running the entire length of Auraria, Ga., Lumpkin co. On the ridge beeach wing, and communicating with the dining tween Chestatee and Etowah Rivers. in the best rooms in the centre building.- The Cony Fe- part of the gold district, 135 miles N. N. W. from male Academy was incorporated in 1818, owing Milledgeville. its origin to the liberality of Hon. Daniel Cony. Aurelius, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by The building is a commodious and handsome Owasco outlet, and several streams flowing into edifice upon the east side of the river. At a Cayuga Lake, which bounds it on the W. Sur IN THE UNITED STATES. 275 face undulating; soil good. 5 miles W. from River, and also watered by the outlet of Conesus the village of Auburn, and 178 from Albany. Lake and some other small streams. The surAureliuts, 0. A township of Washington co. face of the W. part is hilly, but on the E. it is The surface is hilly, but has a rich soil, covered more level. Soil fertile, especially on the borwith timber. 20 miles N. from Marietta. ders of the streams, producing grass and grain in Aurora, Me., Hancock co. 106 miles E. from great abundance. There are several celebrated Augusta. mineral springs in this town. (See Watering Aurora, N. Y., Erie co. Drained by Seneca Places, p. 263.) 8 miles N. from the village of and Cazenovia Creeks. Its surface is undulating; Genesee, and 220 W. from Albany. soil clay and gravelly loam. 276 miles W. from Avon, 0., Loraine co., borders on Lake Erie, Albany, and 15 S. E. from the city of Buffalo. and is watered by French Creek, which passes Aurora, N. Y., Ledyard, Cayuga co. Pleas- through the centre of the township. 17 miles antly situated on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake. W. from Cleveland. It has a flourishing academy, and three or four Avoyelles Parish, La., c. h. at Marksville. churches. Steamboats stop here daily, which Central. On both sides of Red River, touching the connect with railroads at each end of the lake. Mississippi on the S. E. corner. The parts bor170 miles W. from Albany. dering on the rivers are so low as to be liable to Aurora, O., Portage co., is a township situated inundation, but the W. part, being more elevated, on the road from Warren, Trumbull co., to is fit for cultivation, and tolerably fertile. CotCleveland, Cunyahoga co., 28 miles from the for- ton is the principal product. mer, and 25 from the latter place, and 131 N. E. from Columbus. The railroad from Cleveland Babylon, N. Y., Suffolk co. A pleasant sumto the Ohio River passes through it. mer retreat near South Bay. 185 miles S. E. Aun Sable, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side of from Albany. the Great Au Sable River: the Little Au Sable Bachelder, Me., Oxford co. Between two mounpasses through it. Surface undulating., and on tains on the line of New Hampshire, 60 miles the WV. hilly. 15 miles S. from the village of W. from Augusta. Plattsburg, and 140 N. of Albany. Bad Axe County, Wn. On the Mississippi. Au Sable Forks, N. Y., Essex co. At the Drained by Bad Axe River. Taken from Crawjunction, on the E. and W. forks of Au Sable ford in 1851. River. Here is a forge, rolling mill, and nail Baileyville, Me., Washington co. On the line factory. 154 miles from Albany. of N. Brunswick, 80 miles E. N. E. from Bangor. Aztsterlitz, N. Y., Columbia co. On the Ms. Bainbridge. Ga., c. h. Decatur co. On the E. border. Hilly and mountainous. Watered by side of Flint River, 188 miles S. S. W. from several small tributaries of the Housatonic. The Milledgeville. soil is a gravel and clay loam. 30 miles S. S. E. Bainbridqe, Ia., Putnam co. Near the Walnut from Albany, and 14 N. E. from Hudson. fork of Eel River, and 38 miles W. from IndianAustin County, Ts., c. h. at Belleville. S. cen- apolis. tral, on the Brazos. Bainbridge, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by Azstin, Ts. Capital of the state. Situated on the Susquehanna River and its tributaries. the E. bank of the River Colorado, about 200 m. The surface is hilly, the soil of good quality. from, Matokgorda Bay. through which the river 110 miles W. by S. from Albany. empties into the Gulf of Mexico. The town Baker County, Ga., c. h. at Newton. In the S. is pleasantly located, on ground elevated about W. corner of the state. Watered by Flint River, 40 feet above the river. It derives importance which flows southerly through it, and its W. from having become the seat of government of tributary, the Itchawaynochaway. Soil sandy, this new state, which, in connection with its nat- but well adapted to cotton. ural advantages for trade and commerce, will Bakersfield, Vt., Franklin co. Somewhat give an impulse to its prosperity for years to come. broken, but not mountainous. Timbered prinAusti, town, O. A township of Mahoning co., cipally with hard wood. The soil is in general 160 miles N. E. from Columbus. warm and productive. Watered by Black Creek, Autauga County, Aa., c. h. at Kingston. Cen- and several other small branches of the Missisco tral. Bounded on the S. and E. by the Coosa, River. 30 miles N. E. from Burlington, and 38 and watered by many small tributaries of that N. N. W. from Montpelier. river. Surface broken; soil good, and on the Balcony Falls, Va., Rockbridge co. On the borders of the rivers very fertile. James River. at the passage of the Blue Ridge. Averill, Vt., Essex co. On the Canada line. It This is the W. terminus of the James River has several large ponds, and is watered by a Canal. A dam is thrown across the river for branch of Nulhegan River. The soil is cold and the purpose of feeding the canal. The scenery broken. 30 miles N. from Guildhall, and 60 N. here is bold and picturesque. 197 miles W. from E. from Montpelier. Richmond. Avon, Ct., Hartford co., lies between two Baldwin County, Aa., c. h. at Blakely. Bemountainous ridges, and has considerable rich tween the Perdido on the E., which separates it level land on the borders of Farmington River. from Florida, the Gulf of Mexico on the S., The view from Monte Video, on Talcott Moun- and Mobile Bay on the W. Level near the tain, nearly 1000 feet above the waters of the Gulf of Mexico, but more uneven in the inteConnecticut, is quite enchanting. 9 miles W. N. rior. Soil tolerably good on tle margins of the W. from Hartford. streams. Avon, Me., Franklin co. Watered by some of Baldwin County, Ga., c. h. at Milledgeville. the head branches of Sandy River. 35 miles Surface uneven. Drained by the Oconee River, W. by N. from Norridgewock, and 50 N. N. W. which flows S. E. through the middle of it. Soil from Augusta. generally good, and on the borders of the streams Avon, N. Y., Livingston co. On Genesee fertile. 276 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Baldwin, Me., Cumberland co. Between Se- Monument Streets, is a handsome building, conbago Pond and Saco River. structed of brick and marble, 145 feet long, 65 Baldwinsville, Ms., a village of Templeton, wide, and 2 stories high. The building is eleWorcester co. On the Vt. and Mass. Railroad. vated 10 or 12 feet above the level of the adja64 miles W. by N. from Boston. cent streets, and is approached by steps in the Baldwinsville, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the fiont and rear. Above the steps is a colonnade, N. side of Seneca River, and possessing a good with Tuscan pillars supporting a plain entablature water power, which is improved for iron works, above. The building is crowned with a cupola machine shops, fiouring mills, the manufacture of imposing appearance. Its interior arrangeof woollens, &c. There is here a flourishing ments are such as to render it one of the finest academy. Boats from the Oswego Canal are court houses in the country. The state penibrought through the Seneca River to this village. tentiary, on the corner of Forrest and Madison 145 miles W. by N. from Albany. Streets, consists of a centre building, and two Ballard County, Ky., c. h. at Columbus. In wings, a little separated from it, on the E. and the N. W. corner, in the angle at the junction of W.; of which the first is occupied by the keeper's the Ohio and Mississippi. Drained by May- family, officers, and guards; the E. wing, having field's Creek and its branches. 320 dormitories, by the male prisoners; and the Ballston Spa, N. Y., c. h. Saratoga co. See Fash- W. wing by the females. Besides these buildionable Resorts. ings, there are ranges of workshops extending Ballston, N. Y., Saratoga co. Surface slightly 250 feet in length and 25 in breadth, in which uneven; soil mostly gravelly loam. 4 miles S. the prisoners work by day. By night they are of Ballston Spa, and 26 N. from Albany. confined in their separate cells. Near to the Baltimore County, Md., c. h. at Baltimore city. state penitentiary is the county prison, two N. part, stretching from Chesapeake Bay to the stories high, with a basement and an attic, surPennsylvania line. Watered by Gunpowder mounted by a neat cupola, and adorned by towers and Patapsco Rivers. ~Surface hilly. at both the ends. Among the church edifices, Baltinzore, Md. City, port of entry, and the two most distinguished for architectural eleseat of Justice of Baltimore co. Situated on gance are the Roman Catholic Cathedral, corner the Patapsco River, about 14 miles from its of Cathedral and Mulberry Streets, and the entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and about 200 Unitarian Church, corner of Charles and Frankmiles from the ocean by ship channel. It lies 40 lin Streets. The cathedral is a cruciform build. miles N. E. from Washington, and 97 S.' W. ing, 190 feet in length, and at the transept 177 from Philadelphia. The pop1thlation in 1790 was feet in breadth. Its height, from the foundation 13,503; in 1800, 26,514; in 1810, 35,583; in to the top of the cross upon the dome, is 127 1820, 62,738; in 1830, 80,625; in 1840, 102,313; feet. The building is lighted from the dome by in 1850, 169,012. The city is favorably located windows not visible below. At the W. end of on the N. side of a bay which is formed by the the building two tall towers arise, which are Patapsco River; having an area, over which it crowned with Saracenic cupolas, resembling the is compactly built, of abont two miles on the minarets of a Mahometan mosque. It was bay, E. and W., and a mile and a half N. and S. originally designed to place an elegant Ionic As laid out, it includes a plot of 4 miles portico between these towers; but this part of square. The ground is slightly uneven, having the design remains unexecuted by reason of the many gentle elevations; which give the city a great expense of the edifice. This church has fine drainage, and affords many commanding sites one of the largest organs in the United States, for public edifices and private dwellings, espe- having 6000 pipes and 36 stops. It contains cially towards the N. and E. The highest of two splendid paintings, the one, the descent from these elevations, is that on which the Wash- the cross, presented by Louis XVI., and the ington Monument is erected, the base of which other, St. Louis burying his officers and soldiers is 150 feet above the harbor. The streets are slain before Tunis, presented by Charles X. of laid out with much regularity, generally straight, France. The Unitarian Church, which is also and crossing each other at right angles, having a much admired for the beauty of its architecture, width of from 50 to 100 feet. The principal is 108 feet in length and 78 feet in width. It promenade is Baltimore Street, 86 feet wide has a colonnade in front consisting of four Tusand 2 miles long, running E. and W. through can columns and two, pilasters. From this porthe centre of the city. A small river, called tico the building is entered through five bronze Jones's Falls, empties into the harbor, passing doors, in imitation of those of the Vatican at through the city, and dividing it into two nearly Rome, three leading into the body of the house equal parts on the E. and W. Over this stream and two into the. galleries. The interior is are three elegant and substantial stone bridges, square, supporting a dome 55 feet in diameter. and four of wood, by which the different parts of The summit of the cupola is 80 feet high. The the city are conveniently united. The houses organ in this church contains 1400 pipes and 22 are generally built of brick, with a basement of stops. St. Paul's Church, Episcopal, with its granite or marble, the materials for which are lofty tower and steeple, the First Presbyterian obtained from the vicinity; and they evince a Church, with two towers, and the First Baptist state of general prosperity and substantial wealth, Church, with its Ionic portico and dome, are without ostentation or display. Among the pub- prominent buildings of the city. Among the tic buildings, the city hall, on Holliday Street, commercial institutions, the Exchange, between is a plain edifice, three stories high, with a portico Water and Gay Streets, is a splendid building, supported by four massive columns; a substan- 225 feet long, and 141 feet deep, and three stories tial and convenient structure, without much pre- high above the basement. On the E. and W. tension to architectural beauty, occupied by the fronts, the building is adorned with colonnades:ity council and several public offices. The of six Ionic columns each, the shafts of which are tourt house, on the corner of Washington and single blocks of Italian marble finely wrought IN TIIE UNITED STATES. 277 The edifice is surmounted with a dome 115 feet are public fountains, supplied by springs, enabove the street. The Merchants' Room, in the closed by circular iron railings, and covered by Exchange, is 53 feet square. The Custom House small open temples, consisting of columns supis entered from Water Street. It has an exten- porting a dome, which answer both a useful and sive saloon divided by colonnaelcs into three apart- an ornamental purpose. But the chief supply ments. The desks of the officers are ranged is by means of an aqueduct, in which water is between the columns, and the central area is brought fiom Jones's Falls, a distance of about occupied by persons doing business with the half a mile, into a reservoir in Calvert Street, department. The Collector's Room is at the and thence distributed to every part of the city. upper end of the hall. The buildings of the Baltimore enjoys great facilities both for foreign Maryland University are situated in Lombard and domestic trade. The harbor is very fine, conStreet, and those of St. Mary's College upon sisting of three parts. The entrance tothe outer the corner of Franklin and Green streets. A harbor, between Fort Mellenry and the Lazaretnumber of the public schools have handsome to, is no more than about 600 yards in width, and convenient edifices. A fine building of with 22 feet of water. This width gradually inGothic architecture has been erected for the creases, with the same depth of water, for a mile accommodation of the institution known as and a quarter, where it is again contracted to McKim's Free School. Among the lenevolent one fourth of a mile, and forms the entrance to institutions, the Hospital is provided with a spa- the second or middle harbor, over a channel of cious and commodious building in theN. W. sub- about 12 feet of water. Above this, which is urbs of the city, which was erected at a cost of called Fell's Point, the harbor again expands $150,000. It commands a fine view of the city into an ellipse, half a mile in width and a mile and surrounding country. On account of the long, having a depth of 15 feet. Tlme third or number of monuments which it contains, Bal- inner harbor, called the Basin, has a depth of 10 timore has obtained the name of the "Monu- feet, and extends nearly into the middle of the mental City." The Washington Monument, at city. Vessels of 500 or 600 tons can lie at the the intersection of Charles and Monument Streets,,wharves near Fell's Point, and those of 200 tons is a most imposing structure. This is a column or more can come into the city through the inner of the I)oric order, 20 feet in diameter at the harbor. A marine telegraph is located on Fedbase and 14 at the top, rising 180 feet from a eral ltill, which communicates with a signal on base 20 feet high, anrd bearing a statue of' the Chesapeake Bay. to give notice of the apWashington which is 13 fieet in height. The proach of vessels through the bay. In respect whole is constructed of white marble.' There is to domestic commerce, this city possesses distinan ascent to the top of the column by a wirdingr guishedl advantages. By its natural position it staircase within the shaft, where a most com- must necessarily draw to itself most of the trade manding view of the city and its environs is of Maryland, one half of that of the great state obtained. The Battle Monunlent, at the corner of Peninsylvania. and no inconsiderable portion of Calvert and Fayette Streets. is a handsome of that of the Western States. And then, by the structure of fine wllite marble. erected to corn- means which its own enterprise has provided, memorate the bravery of those who fiell in de- these natural advantages are greatly increased. fending the city from the attack of the British It has lines of steam packets running to Philaon the 12th of September, 1814. The base is ldelphia and Norfolk, and of sailing packets to Egyptian, in the form of a truncated pyramid, New York, and to other large ports on the Atlanrisiig about 20 feet from the ground. having tic coast. The communication of Baltimore on each front an Egyptian doorway, with the with the surrounding country is now greatly fawinged globe and other Egylptian symbols. uIn- cilitated and extended by railroads. One chain der the shadow of a deep overllanging cornice. connects the city with P'hiladelphia and New Above this base rises the column, in the form of a York. The Baltimore and Susquehanna RailRoman faisces, on the bands of wvhich are in- road extends to York, in Penlnsylvania. and thence scribed, in letters of gold, tile names of those who by another route connects the city with Philadelfell in the battle. The column is sulrmounted phia. The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which by a female figure, emblematical of the city of is designed to connect the city with Wheeling, Baltimore, saved by the event of this engatre- on the Ohio River, is in operation as far as Cumment. The British force which invaded the city berland, near the foot of the Alleghany Mounin this attack consisted of about 12,000 troops. andl tains, and when carried through to Wheeling, a squadron of 40 or 50 vessels. Fort Mellcnrv will open the most direct and speedy communiat the entrance of the harbor fiomn Patapsco B13a, cation between the valley of the Mississippi and was bombarded by sixteen ships from the squilt- the Atlantic coast. A branch from this road ron for twenty-four hours. These. baing reptilsed, connects the city with Washington, a distance of drew off. The troops, to the nulmber of 9000 about 40 miles, and thence extends by an almost men, landed at North Point. anrid plroeceded to continuous route to New Orleans. As a market within six miles of the city, where they were for tobacco, Baltimore is second to no other, and met, on the 12th of September, by the Baltimore hats been reckoned the greatest flour market in brigade, under General Stryker, consisting of the world. The manufactures of this city ale not 3,200 men. In the severe )battle which en-tied less important to its prosperity than its comthe British commander, General Ross. was kill.d. merce. A great amount of water power exists The Americans retreated towtards the citV, and in the vicinity, which has been male extensivewere slowly followed on the next day lvy the ly available for manufacturing purposes. Upon enemy; but fearing lest their own retreat should Jones's Falls, the small. stream which passes be cut off, which was contemplated. they halstilv thlrough the city, there is a succession of mill returned on board their fleet, and left, thle Chesa- sites, which are improved for manufacturing purpeake. - Baltinlore is well stpplied with ptre atnid poses. Tile Patapsco Rliver, thouhll not large, wholesome water. In ditffrent parts of the city i has a fall of about 800 feet, through a distance 278 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, of 30 miles out of Baltimore, affording numer- width, and affords good anchorage. The tide here ous and valuable situations for mills and facto- generally rises about 17 feet. Ship building is ries. There are, within 20 miles of the city. 60 extensively pursued at this place; but commerce or more flouring mills; also numerous manufac- in lumber, of all the various kinds in use, is the tories of cotton and woollen fabrics, of powder, principal occupation of the inhabitants. An paper, iron, copper, glass, steam engines and other immense amount of that article is annually raftmachinery, chemicals, tobacco, &c. The literary ed down the rivers, and transported to almost all and scientific institutions of Baltimore are var- parts of the world. Bangor is the greatest depot ous and respectable. The Maryland Institute, for lumber on the continent of America. —On established for the promotion of the mechanic the Penobscot River, and its tributary streams, arts, has a fine chemical laboratory, and philo- above Bangor, are between 300 and 400 saw sophical apparatus. The Maryland Academy mills, capable of cutting an immense amount of of Sciences and Literature has its library lumber annually; all of which, except what is and collections in the Atheneum buildings. used in building, must be shipped at the harbor There is also the City Library, the Apprentices' of Bangor. The value of the boards, timber, Library, and the Exchange Reading Rooms. The clapboards, shingles, oars, scantling, wood, &c., Maryland University, and St. Mary's College, shipped.at this port, varies from one to two milwhich latter institution is under the direction of lions of dollars annually. A large number of the Roman Catholics, are located in this city. vessels are annually employed, during the season For the particulars of these institutions, the read- of navigation, in freighting lumber, timber, &c., er is referred to the article on Colleges in this to various places, besides others engaged in forwork. The charitable and benevolent institu- eign commerce and in the fisheries. — Bangor tions of the city are also numerous, among which, was incorporated as a town in 1791, and in 1834 besides the Hospital, already noticed, there are it became a city. -The site of this city is pleasthe Almshouse, several orphan asylums, a City ant, commanding fine views of the rivers and Dispensary, and various other associations for the adjoining country. The buildings, both the relief of poverty and distress. There are in public and private, are constructed with neatness the city something over 40 churches of different and taste, and some in a style of superior eledenominations. The Roman Catholics, by whom gance. There are several handsome church ediBaltimore was originally settled, are the most fices and other public buildings. The public numerous. They have six church edifices, in- houses are excellent, among which is the Bangor eluding their great cathedral. The Methodists House. The Custom House is a new and beautihave 9; the Episcopalians 5; the Presbyterians ful buildingof granite. The buildings of the The5; the Baptists 4; the Unitarians 1; besides ological Seminary are beautifullysituated in the those of the Lutherans, German Reformed, and most elevated part of the city. Conveyances for Friends. travellers from the city are frequent and comfortBaltimore was first laid out as a town in 1729. able both by land and water. A railroad is in It contained only 50 houses in 1765. In 1797 it operation to Oldtown, 12 miles, and steamboats was chartered as a city. Owing to its eminent ply to and from Portland and Boston during the natural advantages, it has had a rapid growth in season of navigation, which generally continues population and in wealth. The municipal gov- eight or nine months in the year. The great ernment is vested in a mayor and city council. Eastern Railroad from Boston has reached WaterThe mayor is elected for two years, by twelve ville, and will soon be extended to Bangor; and electors, one from each ward, chosen by the at no very distant period, doubtless, to the BI-itish people. province of New Brunswick. Excursions to this Baltimore, O., Fairfield co. On the Ohio Ca- queen city of the east are becoming quite fashnal, which intersects the village. There is a ionable in the summer months. - Bangor is on considerable water power here applied to the one of the noblest rivers in the Northern States Sfouring business, the manufacture of woollen — the product of an almost countless number cloths, &c. 32 miles S. W. from Columbus. of tributary streams. Bangror is seated at the Bangor, Me., city and seat of justice of Penob- natural outlet of these mighty waters, as the scot co., is at the head of navigation on the W. mart of one of the most extensive and one of side of Penobscot River, where it is entered by the richest alluvial basins east of the Ohio valley. the Kenduskeag, 30 miles N. by E. from Bel- It is true that this section of country is in a high fast Bay, and about 60 miles from the open sea. degree of latitude, and that the icy chains of It is 66 miles E.N.E. from Augusta. - The first winter are felt with greater force and for a longer settlement in this place, by the whites, was made period than in more southern climes. But this in the winter of 1769-70. In 1772, the planta- seeming disadvantage is more than coml)ensated tion, Kenduskeag, as it was then called, consisted by the unrivalled purity of the air and water - of twelve families. In 1790, the population of two of the indispensable requisites of health and Bangor was 169; in 1800, 277; in 1810, 850; in longevity. There is probably no portion of 1820,1221; in 1830, 2868; in 1840, 8627; and in country in the world where the great staples of 1850, 14,432.- The compact part of the popula- wheat, beef; and wool can be prodlced with tion is on both sides of Kenduskeag stream, which greater facility, where surplus produce can find is about 190 yds. in width at its mouth, over which a market at less expense, or where the industriare three bridges, and on which, at the foot of ous agriculturist can reap a more sure reward. the falls, about a mile firom the city, are numerous On a comparison of the present population of mills. The bridge across the Penobscot, 100 this immense territory, extending from tide water rods above the mouth of the Kenduskeag, to the to Madawaska, with that of older settlements of pleasant town of Brewer, is about 440 yards in a less fertile soil, of less navigable facilities, and length. It cost $50,000. The basin at and be- in nearly as high a degree of latitude. the mind low the mouth of the Kenduskeag, where the is favorably impressed with the fiatterilng prosvessels lie to receive their cargoes, is 90 rods in pects of the valley of the Penobscot, and of Ban IN THE UNITED STATES. 279 gor, which must ever possess superior advantages lage, at the village at Stevens's mills, and at as a mart of trade. Passumpsic village. 11 miles S. from Danville, Bangor, N. Y., Franklin co. Drained by Little and 36 E. from Montpelier. The Passumpsie Salmon River, and some branches of the Salmon. Railroad passes through this town, affording railThe surface is level; the soil good. 220 miles road connection with New York, Boston, &c. N. N. W. from Albany. Barnstable County, Ms. c. h. at Barnstable. Barbour Coluntq, Aa., c. h. at Clayton. In the This county includes the whole of Cape Cod. S. E. angle separated by the Chattahoochee from The whole length of the cape is 65 miles, and Georgia. Sulface rolling; soil fertile on the the average breadth about 5 miles. Below the margins of the streams. town of Barnstable the county is quite sandy, so Barbour County, Va., c. h. at Philippa. In the much so that the people are generally dependent N. W. part. Uneven and rough. Watered by on Boston and other towns for a large proportion the E. fork of Monongahela, which flows through of their meats and breadstuffs. This deficit is it from S. to N. amply compensated by the unrivalled privileges Barboulrsville, Ky., c. h. Knox co. 130 miles enjoyed, and well improved by them, in the cod, S. E. from Frankfort. mackerel, and other fisheries. This county has Barcelona, N. Y., Westfield, Chautanque co. but little wood, but it is well stored with peat, Port of entry, and a place of considerable trade. and an abundance of pure, soft water. Situated on Lake Erie, 51 miles S. W. from Buf- Barnstable, Ms., c. h. Barnstable co. Pleasfalo, and 343 W. from Albany. antly located at the head of Cape Cod. Its harBardstown, Ky., c. h. Nelson co. On the E. bor is formed by Sandy Neck, and is good for side of Beech Fork, a branch of Salt River. vessels of 8 feet draught of water. From this Cotton and woollen cloths are manufactured here place packets constantly ply to Boston, and, in to some extent, steam power being employed. the summer months, steamboats run between this St. Joseph's College (Roman Catholic) is lo- place, Plymouth, and Boston. There are a cated here, which has one handsome four-story number of pleasant villages in the town. West building. (See Colleqes.) This is one of the hand- Barnstable village is 4 m. from the court house. somest towns of the west, and contains an en- Hyannis is 6 S from it, and has become, by an terprising, intelligent, and remarkably moral expensive breakwater, a most important harbor, population. 40 miles S. E. from Louisville, and perfectly safe from all winds. Oysterville, Cen50 S. W. firom Frankfort. treville, and Cotuit, are on the south side of the Baring, Me., Washington co. Bounded N. by cape, and have good harbors for small vessels. the St. Croix River, E. by Calais, and W. by a This town has numerous ponds, a valuable large and beautiful pond which empties into the cranberry meadow, some fine upland, and extenSt. Croix. 209 miles N. E. by E. from Augusta. sive salt marshes. 65 miles S. E. from Boston. Barker, N. Y., Broome co. Tioughnioga Riv- Barnstead, N. H.. Belknap co. Not mountainer and some of its tributaries water this town. ons, but has large swells of land, good for grazIts surface is uneven; its soil well adapted to ing. Soil easy of cultivation and productive. grazing. 12 miles S. from Binghampton, and 20 miles N. E. from Concord. 135 S. W. from Albany. Barnsville, Ga., Pike co. On the Western RailBarkharmpstead, Ct., Litchfield co. Watered road. 40 miles from Macon, and 65 W. from bybranches of Farmington River. The soil is Milledgeville. more particularly adapted to grazing. First Barnwell District, S. C., c. h. at Barnwell. settled 1746. Incorporated 1779. Granite, iron S. part, between the South Edisto and Savanore, and limestone are found here. The hilly part nah Rivers. It is drained by the Combahee and of the town presents some fine scenery. lHitchcock- Salkahatchie Rivers, and contains several sulville, N. of the centre of the town, is a flourishing phur springs. The Hamburg and Charleston manufacturing village, with great water privileges. Railroad crosses the N. part. Barnard, Vt., Windsor co. It is watered by Barnwell, S. C., c. h. Barnwell district. On Broad Brook and Locust Creek. In the centre Turkey Creek, near the great Salkahatchie Rivis the village, and a beautiful pond. The sur- er. 100 miles S. by W. from Columbia. face is hilly, and the soil well adapted to grazing. Barre, Ms., Worcester co. Surface elevated. 21 miles N. W. from Windsor, and 37 S. from Soil good. Drained by several head branches of Montpelier. the Ware River. A busy town, with a variety Barnesville, O., Warren township, Belmont co. of miscellaneous manufactures. 60 miles W. by 55 miles N. from Marietta, and 100 E. fiom Co- S. from Boston. lumbus. Barre, N. Y., c. h. Orleans co. On the Erie Barnesville, O., Belmont co. A place of ac- Canal. Drained byseveral small streams. Surtive business, where stcam is applied for man- face undulating; soil suitable for the growth of ufacturingpurposes. 30 miles S. W. by W. from grass and grain. 257 miles N. of W. from Wheeling, and 101 miles E. from Columbus. Albany. Btrnet, Vt., Caledonia co. On Connecticut Barre, Vt., Washington co. One of the best River, at the Fifteen Mile Falls, and opposite farming towns in the state. It is well watered Lyman, N. H. It has a good soil, and. is an cx- by Stevens and Jail branches of Winooski Rivcellent farming town, with slate and iron ore. er. Inexhaustible quantities of excellent granite It has a great water power on Passumpsic and are found here. 6 miles S. E. from Montpelier. Stevens Rivers. On the latter are falls of 100 The Vermont Central Railroad passes through feet in the distance of ten rods. There are a num- the town. ber of pleasant and fertile islands in the river, Barren County, Ky., c. h. at Glasgow. S. cenbetween this place and Lyman. The head of tral. Watered by Little Barren and the Beaver boat navigation on Connecticut River is at the branch of Big Barren River, a tributary of lower village in this town, viz., McIndoes's Falls. Green. Surface slightly uneven; soil of mediThe principal places of business are at this vil- um quality. 280 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Barrington, N. H., Strafford co. The surface Bates County, Mo., c. h. at Batesville. On both broken and rocky; the soil chiefly a gravelly sides of Osage River. Mostly prairie. loam. There are no less than 13 ponds of con- Batesville, As., c. h. Independence co. 140 siderable magnitude in this place, from whence miles S. W. from Little Rock. issue streams. On Isinglass River is a fall of Bath, Is., c. h. Mason co..30 feet. Two miles from the centre of the town Bath County, Ky., c. h. at Owingsville. Lickis a remarkable cavern, called the Devil's Den. ing River washes its north-eastern border. Granite and iron ore are plenty. 20 miles N. W. Bath, Me., city, Lincoln co., lies on the W. firom Portsmouth, and 30 E. from Concord. bank of the Kennebec River, 12 miles from the Barrington, N. Y., Yates co. This town lies sea, 31 miles S. from Augusta, and 32 N. E. from E. of Crooked Lake, and is drained by a num- Portland. The population in 1830, was 3773; ber of small streams. The surface is undulat- in 1840, 5141; in 1850, 3020. —An attempt was in(. and the soil good. 193 miles W. from made by a missionary to settle this place, and Albany. preach to the fishermen as early as 1670. But Barrinzqton, R. I., Bristol co. This small town the Indians would not permit it. The first peris well watered by Palmer's River, and by an manent settlement was made in 1756. The town inlet of Warren River, over which is a bridge. is built on a gentle declivity, and extends from The soil of the town is of a fertile sandy loam, a mile and a half to two miles along the river, and quite productive. Large quantities of sea- and nearly a mile back. It is handsomely laid weed are collected on its shores. A large tract in out, and contains several elegant church ediBarrington, called the "Cove," now covered with fices, and other buildings, public and private, water to a considerable depth, is supposed to which are an ornament to the place. - The prinhave once been a forest, as timber and fuel are cipal business of Bath is commerce, trade, and obtained from its bottom. Some salt is made ship building, particularly the latter, for which it in this town, and shell and other fish are abun- is admirably well located. This place ranks as dant. 8 miles E. N. E. from Providence. the third in the United States in respect to this Barry County, Mn., c. h. at Hastings. S. W. important interest. The tonnage of the district central. Watered chieflyby Thorn Apple Riv- of Bath including the waters of the Kennebec er. Surface undulating and broken; soil fertile. River, in 1850 was 103,795. This place is noted Barry C(ounty, Mo., c. h. at McDonald. In the for its accomplished shipmasters and fine sailors. S. W. corner, bordering on Arkansas. Surface — The harbor of Bath is seldom obstructed by hilly; soil mostly good. ice. Regular lines of steamboats ply between Parry, Pa. A N. W. township of Schuylkill co. this place and Portland and Boston, about three Watered by Deep Creek, a branch of the Susque- fourths of the year. A branch railroad connects hanna River. Surface mountainous, with fertile it with the Portland and Augusta Railroad at valleys. 76 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. Brunswick, about 8 miles distant. Bart, Pa. A S. E. township of Lancaster co. Bath, N. C., Beaufort co. 143 miles E. by S. Watered by a head branch of Octarara Creek. from Raleigh, on the Pamlico River. 55 miles E. from Harrisburg. Bath, N. H., Grafton co. On the ConnectiBartholomew County, Ia. c. h. at Columbus. S. cut. The Green Mountains on the W. and the E. central. Soil very fertile. The E. branch of White Mountains on the E. effectually shield it White River flowv S. through the middle of it. from high winds and long storms. The AmIt is also traversed by the Madison and Indian- monoosuc River waters the S. E. part, furnishapolis Railroad. ing fine water privileges; it has a convenient fall Bartlett, N. H., Coos co., lies at the foot of at the lower village. The soil on the hills is a the White Mountains, on the E. side. The Saco reddish loam; in the valleys it is alluvial. 80 River meanders through it. miles N. W. from Concord. Bartlett, Pa. A township of Jefferson co., on Bath, N. Y., c. h. Steuben co. Watered by both sides of Union River. Conhocton River and some of its branches. The Barton, N. Y., Tioga co. Situated partly be- surface is hilly, but embraces much good tillable tween the Susquehanna and Chenmung Rivcers, land. 216 miles W. by S. from Albany. and watered by Cayuta Creek. Surface hilly; Bath County, Va., c. h. at Bath. Central. soil rather sterile, except the valleys, which are Watered by Cowpasture, Jackson, and the head very fertile. 15 miles W. from Oswego, and 181 branches of James Rivers. Surface rough and miles S. W. from Albany. elevated; soil tolerably fertile. Barton, Vt., Orleans co. Watered by Barton Bath, Va., c. h. Bath co. 164 miles W. N. W. River. A thriving town, with a good hydraulic from Richmond. Here are two springs, useful in power. 42 miles N. E. from Montpelier. rheumatic and other complaints; one the Warm, Baskingridge, N. J., Somerset co. A beautiful the other the Hot Spring. and healthy place, lying on high ground. 46 Baton Rouge, La. Capital of the state, and miles N. by E. from Trenton. seat of justice of East Baton Rouge Parish. Bastrop County, Ts., c. h. at Bastrop. Situated Situated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 117 on both sides of the Colorado. miles above New Orleanis. It consists chiefly Bastrop, Ts., c. h. Bastrop co. On E. bank of of one street, which is built on a gentle swell of the Colorado, 40 miles S. E. from Austin. land, 40 or 50 feet above high-water mark. The Batavia, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by Ton- seat of government has lately been established at awanda Creek, which winds through the town. this place. It contains foul or five churches of The surface is level; the soil fertile. The rail- different denominations, a court house, jail, penroad from Albany to Buffalo passes through it. itentiary, and U. S. barracks, which are fine 285 miles W. from Albany. buildings, standing on elevated ground, a short Batavia, O., c. h. Clermont co. On the N. distance E. of the town. This is the seat of bank of the E. fork of Little Miami River, 96 Baton Rouge College. (See Colleges.) As it'is miles S. W. from Columbus. only since December, 1849, that Baton Rouge IN THE UNITED STATES. 281 became the capital of the state, no account of the its W. border. 15 miles N. W. from Boston, and public buildings can be given at present. 5 N. E. from Concord. Baton Rouge, East, Parish, La., c. h. at Baton Bedford, N. H., Hillshoro' co. On the MerRouge. On the E. bank of the Mississippi, be- rimac. It has considerable intervale land. tween that river and the Amite. It contains the A remarkable gulf and precipice are within its first land in ascending the Mississippi which is limits. A brook passes over the precipice, and elevated above inundation. falls about 200 ft. within the distance of 100 yds. Baton Rouge, West, Parish, La., c. h. at West Here are found several excavations in solid Baton Rouge. On the W. bank of the Missis- stone, large enough to contain many persons. sippi, between that river and the Atchafalaya 8 miles N. E. from Amherst, 21 S. fiom Concord. Bayou. Surface level; soil very fertile on the The Nashua and Concord Railroad passes on borders of the streams; the remainder is liable the opposite side of the Merrimac. to inundation. Bedjbrd, N. Y., c. h. Westchester co. Half Battle Creek, Mn., Calhoun co. Situated at the shire town with White Plains, which lies 15 miles mouth of Battle Creek, which possesses a great S. Watered by Croton River, and several other water power. 12 miles W. from Marshall. The streams. The surface is hilly and broken, and Northeril Michigan Railroad passes through it. the soil light and stony. 109 miles S. from AlBayoL C(dicot,,La.. c. h. St. Landry. 250 miles bany. W. N. W. from New Orleans. Bedford County, Pa., c. h. at Bedford. On the Beardstown, Is., Cass co. On the E. side of S. border. Watered by tributaries of the Juniata Illinois River. 48 m. W. by N. from Springfield. and Potomac Rivers. Surface mountainous, Beattqstown, N. J.. Mansfield, Warren co. On with fertile valleys. Iron ore and bituminous Musconetkong Creek, at the western base of coal are found here. Schooley's Mountain. 58 miles N. from Tren- Bedford, Pa., Bedford co. On the Rovstown ton. branch of the Juniata River, and is celebrated Beau.fort County, N. C., c.h. at Washington. for its mineral springs. A central county, on both sides of Pamlico Bedford County, Te., c. h. at Shelbyville. S. River and Sound. Surface low, and at times' central. On the head waters of Duck River. inundated. Cotton and rice are the principal Surface undulating,; soil fertile. productions. Bedford County, Va.. c. h. at Liberty. S. cenBeaufi, t, N. C., c. h. at Carteret co. Port of tral. Between the James River and the Roanoke. entry, on the Atlantic, 11 miles N. W. fiom Cape Bounded W. by the Peaks of Otter, in the Lookout. It has an excellent harbor, admitting Blue Ridge, separating it from Botetourt co. vessels requiring 14 feet of water. It is protected The interior is drained by Goose and Otter by Fort Macon, on Bogue Point, at the mouth Creeks. Surface elevated; soil fertile, yielding afthe harbor. 168 miles S. E. from Raleigh. fine crops of tobacco, Indian corn, and oats. Bealfbrt District. S. C., c. h. at Coosawatchie. Bedalinster, N. J., Somerset co. A hilly town, In the S. angle of the,tate. Watered in the in- with a fertile soil, composed of lime, clay, and terior by the Coosawatchie and some other riv- red shale. 8 miles N. W. from Somerville. ers. It embraces Hilton Head, St. Helena, Port Bed/linster, Pa. A central township of Bucks co. Royal, and several other islands. Beeknian, N. Y., Dutchess co. Drained by Beaufort, S. C., Beaufort co. A port of entry the Fishkill and several other streams. The on Port Royal Island, on the W. bank of Port surface is hilly, and the soil rich, gravelly loam. Royal River. A bar prevents the entrance of 14 miles S. E. fromn Poughkeepsie, and 87 miles vessels drawing more than 11 feet. 75 miles S. fiom Albany. W. fiom Charleston. 146 S. fiom Columbia. Beekmantouwn, N. Y., Clinton co. Watered by Beaver C(ountq, Pa., c. h. at Beaver. On the several small tributaries of Lake Champlain, W. border. on both sides of the Ohio and Beaver and containing Chazy and Chateaugay Lakes. It Rivers. It has an uneven surface, but a fertile extends across the county a distance of 37 miles. soil. On the E. it is level or slightly uneven; on the Beaver, Pa., c. h. Beaver co. On the Ohio W. hilly and mountainous. 8 miles N. from River, at the mouth of Big Beaver River. It Plattsburg, and 70 N. friom Albany. stands on an extensive plain, and is handsomely Belair, Md.. c. h. Haiford co. 53 miles N. built. by E. fiom Annapolis. Beaver, Pa. A N. W. township of Crawford co. Belchertozon, Ms.. Hampshire co. Soil exBeaver, Pa. A S. W. township of Union co. cellent, and well improved. Separated from Beaver Islands, Mn., Michilimackinac co. A Ware by Swift River on the N. 75 miles W. Mormon settlement on the islands of the same from Boston, and 17 N. E. from Springfield. name. in the N. part of Lake Michigan. Belfast, Me., port o'f entry and shire town of Beccaria, Pa. A S. township of Clearfield co. WValdo co., is beautitilly situated on Belfast Becket, Ms., Berkshire co. It is mountainous, Bay, on the W. side of Penobscot River. It lies broken, and rocky, but well wooded. The soil 40 miles E. from Augusta, 30 S. from Bangor, is lhard and cold. 15 miles E. S. E. from Lenox, 30 N. from Thomaston, and, across Belfitst Bay, and 65 EIB. from Albany. 12 W. from Castine. The town was incorpoBetf/brd, I;., c. h. Lawrence co. About 3 miles rated in 1773, but not permanently settled until N. finom the E. fork of White River, and 71 miles about the year 1785. There is considerable good S. W. from Indianapolis. land in Belfast. In 1837, it produced 3492 Bed/brd, Ky., c. h1. Trimble co. 1 mile from bushels of excellent wheat. The Paasaggassathis village is a mineral spring impregnated with wakeag River winds along near the centre of the salts and sulphur, which attracts numerous visit- town, and adds much to the appearance of the ors. 41 miles S. W. by W. from Frankbtrt. place. The harbor is very good, being guarded Bed/brd, Ms., Middlesex co. The Shawsheen by Long and Sears's Islands, and has anchorage River rises in this town. and the Concord passes for a great number of vessels of the largest class. 36 282 COIJNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., — The proximity of Belfast to the sea, its site and Jefferson, and by Monroe on the S. Its in relation to Penobscot River, and its excellent greatest length, on the northern line, is.30 miles, harbor, which was never known to have been ob- and its breadth 20, having an area of 520 square structcd by ice but twice, (1780, 1815,) give it miles. The high table land between the valleys peculiar advantages for foreign commerce, the of the Ohio and the Muskingurm Rivers divides this coasting trade, and the fisheries. Considerable county into two nearly equal sections. Small ship building is carried on at this place. The creeks flow eastward into the Ohio, and westward tonnage of the district of Belfast in 1850 was the Will's and Stillwater branches of the Mlus44,335 tons. The principal exports are lumber kingum flow into that river. The whole surface and fish. Population, 1810, 1259; 1820, 2026; of this county is uneven, consisting of a series of 1830, 3077: 1840, 4186; 1850, 5052. Belfast, hills, with deep, narrow intcrvening valleys. Yet although irregularly built, is a pleasant town, and the soil is almost uniformly productive; suitable on account of its fine open harbor is an impor- for grazing and for the culture of wheat and corn. tant winter mart of the trade of Penobscot River. St. Clairville is the chief town. Belftast, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by the Bellvute, Is., c. h. Jac'kon co. Genesee River, and some of its tributaries. The Belvidere, Is., c. h. Boone co. On the E. head Genesce Valley Canal leaves the river at this waters of Rock River. place. Surface uneven; soil, sandy loam. 262 Belvidere, N. J., c. h. Warren co. At the juncmiles W. from Albany. tion of Pequest River with the Delawlu;-. 57 m. Belfitst, Pa. An eastern township of Bedford N. N. W. from Trenton. Tile Pequest has a fall county. here of about 50 ft. within a mile from its mouth, Belknap Count., N. H., c. h. at Gilford. Cen- affording a heavy water power. There is also a tral. On the south side of Lake Winnipiseogee. fall of about 22 feet in the Delaware. and these It has nmany other beautiful lakes and ponds two privileges together are greater than any within its limits. Some of the lands are high, others in the state. A fine bridge here crosses and present a great variety of picturesque scenery. the Delaware. Though roug1h and uneven, and in some parts Belvidere, Vt., Lamoillc co. A considerable rocky, the soil is generally productive. The part is mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. streams are numerous, rapid, and durable, and Watered by two branches of the River Lamoille. have a great hydraulic power. 18 miles N. W. from Hyde Park, and 45 N. W. Bell Countq,'rs., c. h. at Bellton. from Montpelier. Bellefontaine, O., c. h. Lofgan co. On the rail- Bellows' Falls, Vt., Windham co., lies 98 miles road fromrn Cincinnati to Sandusky city, and 69 S. by E. from Montpelier. See Rockinlh(am, Vt. miles N. W. from Columbus. Benicia, Ca., Salano co. On the strait beBellelonte, An., c. h. Jackson co. On Paint tween San Pablo and Saisum Bays, about 40 m. Rock River, about 2 miles W. from Tennessee N. E. from San Francisco. Ships of the largest River, and 166 miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. size can lie here close to the town, which is laid Bellefonte, Pa., c. h. Centre co. On Spring out on a handsome slope towards the hills. It Creek, a branch of Bald Eagle River. 85 miles W. is a port of entry, with an arsenal, navy station, from Harrisburg. A place of extensive trade in and docks of the Pacific Steam Packet Co. for the iron business. Connected with West Branch refitting their steamers. Canal by Bald Eagfle and Spring Creek Canal. Bennington, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Taken from Belleville, Is., c. h. St. Clhair co. 13 miles E. S. Greenfield, Francestown, Deering, and Hancock, E. from St. Louis. and 100 S. by W. from Spring- in 1842. field. Steam power is employed in some large Bennington, N. Y., Wyoming co. Drained by flouring mills, and there are various other mannu- the Cayuga and Tonawanda Creeks. The surfactures. face is rolling, the soil fertile, consisting of a Belleville, N. J., Essex co. On the W. side of moist clay. 256 miles W. from Albany. Passaic River. It has fine water power, and cot- Bennington County, Vt. Bennington and Mianton and woollen, paper, dyeing and printing, and chester, shire towns. In the S. W. the low flouring mills. lands are excellent, hut the largest portion Belleville,'rs., c. h. Austin co. of the county is mountainous, and fit only for Bellinghamln, Ms., Norfolk co. Soil light and grazing. Many streams rise in the mountains, sandy. It is watered by Charles River, and has and descend to the ocean, some by the Hudson a good hydraulic power. The factory villages and some by the Connecticut, affording a great lie at the N. part of the town, 4 miles from the hydraulic power. Iron ores of good quality are centre village. 28 miles. S. W. from Boston, and found in this'county, and large quantities of beau18 S. W. from 1)cldham, wvith which it is con- tiful white marble. nected by the Norfolk County Railroad. Bennington, Vt. Half shire town of BenningBelmont, Me., Waldo co. Watered by the ton co. The other is Manchester, 25 m. distant. Paasaggassawakear, which rises in a pond of that Of good alluvial soil, delightfully enriched by name, and empties at Belfast, about 6 miles N. evergreen mountains. It abounds in iron ore, It is 34 miles E. fiom Augusta. manganese, ochre, and marble. The streams Belnmont, N. Y., Franklin co. Chateau(av and are numerous, and afford excellent mill sites. Trout Rivers flow through this town, and it con- 120 miles S. W. by S. froml Montpelier. The mantains several small lakes. The surface is hilly, ufacture of a new species of earthen ware, or and in sonimec parts mountainous. 10 miles S. E. rather stone ware, of a fine qdality, has recently from Malone, and 2t)2 from Albany. been commenced here. It is froni a mixture Belmont Coumnty, O., iti the eastern part of the of flint, quartz, and tildspar, which unites, with state, having the Ol1io River on its eastern boun- much lightness and beautv, the advantages of dary, separating it fromn Ohio co. in Virginia. On great general strength, anid especially the ability the W., on thre N. W., anid on the N. E., it is to stand fire, which is an important recommendabounded by the counties of' Guernsey, Harrison, tion. The patent of the rmanufacturers is for the I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~mmficuesi o h IN THE UNITED STATES. 283 enamel, or the burning in of the colors, which reous loam. 14 miles N. W. from Batavia, and produces a brilliant, glossy surface, impervious to 299, by railroad, N. of W. from Albany. The the action of all acids, and to till outside appliances. Rochester and Buffalo Railroad passes through it. Bensalem, Pa. A S. township of Bucks co. Berkley, Ms., Bristol co.. was formerly a part Benson, Vt., Rutland co. On Lake Cham- of Dighton, from which it is separated by Taunplain. The waters are generally brackish and ton River. The noted "l)ighton Rock" is in unpleasant. 75 miles S. W. from Montpelier. the limits of the town of Berkley. A part of Benton County. Aa., c. h. at Jacksonville. N. Assenet Bay is also within the town. 37 miles E. part, between the Coosa and the state of Geor- S. from Boston, and 18 E. from Providence. gia. Drained by the Tallapoosa and branches Berkley County, Va., c. h. at Martinsburg. On of the Coosa Rivers. Surface mostly level, soil the N. border, in the valley. Drained by afflufertile. ents of the Potomac, which washes its N. border. Benton County, As., c. h. at Bentonville. In Surface rough and broken. the N. W. corner, on the height of land between Berkeley Sprinrqs, Va., Morgan co. 180 miles waters of the White River and those of the Neosho. N. N. W. from Richmond, in the village of Bath. Benton, As., c. h. Sabine co. On the Sabine Fork Berks County, Pa., c. h. at Reading. In the S. of the Wachita. 24 miles S. WV. from Little Rock. E. part. Watered by the Schuyllkill River, which Benton, Is., c. h. Franklin co. 151 miles S. S. flows through it. Surface mostly mountainous; E. from Springfield. soil productive. It is crossed by the Schuylkill Benton County, Fa. On the Gulf coast of the and Union Canals, and the Reading Railload. peninsula, S. of the Withlacoochee River. Berkshire County, Ms., c. h. at Lenox. On the Benton County, Ga., c. h. at Oxford. On the W. border. It is rough and hilly in many parts, W. border N. of the Wabash. but affords considerable fine land. Berkshire is Benton County, lo.. c. h. at Vinton. E. central. the most elevated county in the state. On the Benton, Ky., c. h. Marshall co. E. side lie the Green Mountains, which shut it Benton (ounty, Mi. On the E. side of the away from the rest of Mas.sachusetts. and on the Mississippi. In the N. part of the state. W. are the Taghkanic Mountains, which sepaBenton, Me., Kennebec co. 25 miles W. from rate it from the state of New York. The HouAugusta. satonic and Hoosic are its chief rivers. This Benton, Mi., c. h. Yazoo co. Nearly equidis- county possesses, in rich and inexhaustible tant between Big Black and Yazoo Rivers. 50 abundance, iron, marble, and lime. It is well miles N. W. from Jackson. wooded, and has much water power. Benton, Mo., c. h. Scott co. 222 miles S. E. Berkshire Valley, N. J., Jefferson, Morris co. from Jefferson City. Watered by a branch of Rockaway River, which Benton County, Mo., c. h. at Warsaw. S. W. affords a water power, on which are several central. On both banks of the Osage River, forges. 12 miles N. W. from Morristown, and which flows through it from W. to E. Surface 17 N. from Trenton. uneven; soil very fertile. Berlcshire, N. Y., Tiora co. Drained by E. and Benton, N. H., Grafton co. It is watered by W. Owego Creeks. The surface is hilly, hut the branches of Oliverinn Brook and Wild Amo- soil mostly very productive. 13 miles N. from noosuck Rivers. Moosehillock and Owl-head Owego village, and 168 W. by S. fiom Albany. Mountains lie within its limits. It presents a Berkshire, 0., 23 miles N. by E. fi'om Corough and mountainous aspect, and the soil in lumbus. some parts is not capable of cultivation. It was Berkshire, Vt., Franklin co. Missisco River formerly called Coventry. 70 m. W. N. W. from runs through the S. E. corner, on-which is some Concord, and 12 E. S. E. from Haverhill. fine intervale. Pike River passes through the Benton, N. Y., Yates co. The surface of this town, affording some of the finest mill sites in town consists of broad plains and g entle swells. the country. The soil is various, but generally The soil is mostly clay, and sandy and gravelly good; surface is diversified with gentle swells loam. 207 miles W. from Albany. and vales. 50 miles N. W. firom Montpclier, Benton County, O., c. h. at Marysville. In the and 22 N. E. by E. from St. Albans. valley of the Willamette. Berlin, Ct., Hartford eo. The villages of Benton County, Te., c. h. at Camden. W. part. Worthington and New Britain are very pleasant. Watered by the Tennessee River, which runs The first manufacture of tin ware in this counalong its E. boundary, and by some of its branches. try was commenced at this place, about the Suface level; soil fe;rtile. year 1770, by Edward Patterson, a native of Bentonville, Te., c. h. Polk co. On Four-mile Ireland. Branch, 174 miles S. E. from Nashville. Berlin, Me., Oxford co..100 miles N. from Bergen County, N. J., c. h. at Hackensack. In Portland. the N. E. corner, between the Hudson on the E. Berlin, Ms., Worcester co. Watered by North and the N. Y. boundary on the W. Watered by Creek, a branch of the Assabet. 31 miles W. the Hackensack and Saddle Rivers. The sur- by N. from Boston. face in the central part is generally level, or Berlin, N. II.. Coos co. The Androscoggin undulating; the W. is mountainous, and on the and Amnonoosuc(k Rivers pass through it; also E. is the lofty trap ridge, known as the Palisades, the railroad from Portland to.1Montreal. The extending its whole width on the Hudson. The Androscoggin in this town descends mnore than soil. in the valleys especially, is productive. 200 feet in a mile or two, and the prinlcipal fall, Bergen, N. J.. c. h. Hudson co. The surface is worn through the solid rock, is a great c'uriosity. partly hilly, and the soil, in other parts, somewhat 140 miles N. from Concord, a/nd 98 fi omr Portland marshy, but fertile. 56 miles N. E. from Trenton. by the railroad. Berqen, N. Y., Genesee co. Black Creek wa- Berlin, N. Y.. Rensselaer co. Little IToosic ters this town, the surface of which is level, and and Kindterhook Creeks, andl the Poestenkill, the soil clay, in some parts, and in others calca- flow through this town. The surface is moun 284 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tainous; Taghkanic Mountain extending into the from Dyberry Creek, and 165 miles N. E. from E. and Peterhoro' into the W. part, the soil in Harrisburg. There are glass works here, and the valley between being quite fertile. 18 miles other manufactures. E. from Troy. and 24 E. by N. from Albany. Bethel, Ct., Fairfield co. A pleasant and flourBerlin, O. A post town, 89 miles from Co- isbing village, in the town of l)anbury, and about lutabus. 3 miles N. W. from the centre of that town. Berlin, Pa. An E. township of Wayne co., on Bethel, Me., Oxford co. 61 miles N. W. from the Delaware. Portland. A fine farming town. Berlin, Vt., Washington co. Watered by Bethel, N. Y., Sullivan co. The Mongoup and Winooski and Dog, Rivers, and Stevens's Branch, several other small tributaries of the Delaware furnishing good mill sites. The land is some- flow through this town, which also contains sevwhat broken, but of strong soil, and good for til- eral small lakes. The surface is hilly; the soil lage. 4 miles S. from Montpelier. gravelly loam. 121 miles S. S. W. from Albany. Bernallio Cotanty, N. M., c. h. at Albuquerque. Bethel, Pa. A southern township of Bedford On the Rio del Norte, S. of Santa Fe. co. Watered by Great Conoloway Creek and its Bernard, N. J. A N. town of Somerset co. branches, tributaries of the Potomac. Surface Hilly and mountainous, with a fertile soil. It mountainous; soil calcareous loam. contains the village of Brackinridge. Bethel, Pa. The westernmost township of Bernardston, Ms., Franklin co. A township Berks co. Drained by a head branch of the of superior land, considerably elevated, between Swatara. The Blue Ridge bounds it on the N. Fall and Connecticut Rivers. Bald and West 52 miles E. from Harrisburg. Mountains afford delightful scenery; the former Bethel, Pa. A southern township of Delaware is 630 feet above the waters of the Connecticut, co. Watered by Naaman's, a branch of Chester 96 miles W. bv N. from Boston, and 7 miles N. Creek. Surface level; soil clay. from Greenfieli, on the railroad from Greenfield Bethel, Pa. A N. E. township of Lebanon to Brattleboro'. co. Between two head branches of Swatara Berne, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by Foxes Creek. Mountainous in the N., and level in the Creek on the W., and two large ponds on the S. Soil mostly gravel. E. It is crossed by the Ilelderberg Hills, which Bethel, Vt., Windsor co. Watered by branches contain several curious caverns. The soil in the of White River, and possesses good mill sites. valleys is very fertile, consisting of calcareous Excellent soapstone is found here in great quanloam. 16 miles W. from Albany. tities. The surface is broken and mountainous, Berne. Pa. In the centre of Berks co., on the but the soil is warm, and good for grazing. ConW. bank of the Schuylkill, and divided into Up- siderable business is done at both villages, E. and per and Lower townships. W.; the latter is the largest. 31 miles S. by W. Berrien C(ounty, Mn., c. h. at St. Joseph. In from Montpelier, and 30 N. W. fiom Windsor. the S. W. border, on both sides of the St. Jo- The Vermont Central Railroad passes through seph's, at its entrance into Lake Michigan. St. this town. Joseph's, Pawpaw, and Salien Rivers afford fine Bethlem, Ct., Litchfield co. Hilly, with a hydraulic power. Surface rolling; soil various, gravelly loam, and fit for grazing and the growth but mostly productive. Crossed by the Michigan of rye. Watered by Pomperaug River, a branch Central Railroad. of the Housatonic. 33 miles W. S. W. from Berrien Sp)rinS, Mn., c. h. Berrien co. On the Hartford. W. bank of thIe St. Joseph River, 15 miles from Bethlehem, N. H., Grafton co. Drained by its mouth, and 192 miles S. W. from Detroit. Great Amonoosuck River and one of its branches. Bertie County, N. C., c. h. at Windsor. N. E. Round and Peaked Mountains are in this town. part, between the toanoke, on the S., and Albe- The soil produces good crops of grass and grain. marle Sound, where it receives the Chowan on There is plenty of pine timber and sugar maple. the E. Level, an(r somewhat marshy. Iron ore is found. 100 miles N. W. frQom ConBerwick, Me., York co. 93 miles S. W. from cord. Augusta, on Salmon River, E. side. On the Bethlehem, N. J., Hunterdon co. Hilly and railroad from Boston to Portland. mountainous on the N. Soil red clay, slate, and Berwick, Pa. An eastern township of Adams loam. 40 miles N. by W. from Trenton. co. Watered by Conewago and Beaver Creeks, Bethlehem, N. Y., Albany co. On the Hudson tributaries of the Susquehanna. Surface level; River, and watered by Normanskill, Vlamanskill, soil red shale. 41 miles S. W. from Harrisburg. and Coevmans Creek. 5 miles S. from Albany. Berwick, Pa., Columbia co. At Nescopeck Bethlehem, O. Post town on the Ohio Canal. Falls, on the N. side of the Susquehanna Bethlehem, Pa., Northampton co. 48 miles W. River. 28 miles S! W. from Wilkesbarre, and 97 by N. from Philadelphia, and 93 E. from HarrisN. by E. firomn arrisburg. burg. Situated on the N. bank of the Lehigh Bethlnry,, Ct., New Haven co. Some portions River, at the mouth of Manokicy Creek. The are good land and well cultivated, but a larg-e ground, rising gradually both from the river and part is mountainous, and fit only for the growth the creek, affords a commanding and beautiful site of wood. Beacon Mountain, between Bethany for the village. The place was settled by the and Naiugatn.ck River, presents some wild and Moravians, under Count Zinzendorf, and has long picturesqlue features. been celebrated for its excellent female school, Belhanq, Mo., c. h. Ilarrison co. 200 miles conducted by persons of that sect, to which many N. W. from Jetcfir;on City. ladies firom the Middle States have resorted for Bethany, N. Y, Gnlesee co. Drained by Ton- education. It contains a large stone church, in awanla amid Black Creeks. Surftlce somewhat the (Gothic style of archllitccture. with a tower nncven; soil. sandy lobal and clay. 291 miles. rising from the centre surmounted by a dome. It W. from Albatny. is 142 feet long and 68 ftet wi(le. In the burying Bethulnq, Pa)., c. h. Wayne co. 1 mile W. ground, which is laid out with much neatness and IN THE UNITED STATES. 285 taste, the heads of all the graves lie towards the place, and unites with the Erie Canal at Utica. north. There is a good water power, improved The great Erie Railroad passes through it, and exfor carrying flouringo mills, grist mills, saw mills, tends to Dunkirk, on Lake Erie, 244 miles W. It &c. A bridge 400 feet in length crosses the is also at the head of boat navigation on the SusLehigh. quehanna River. These various facilities afford to Beverly Farms, Ms. A village in the E. part of this flourishing place peculiar advantages for the town of Beverly, Essex co. business. No place in the state, perhaps, at Beverly, Ms, Essex co. United to Salem by present, exceeds this in rapid and permanent a bridge across the North River, 1500 feet in growth; and it must become an important inlength. It has a pleasant village at the N. part land town. Binghampton is surrounded by a of the town. The business is much associated rich agricultural and grazing country, which here with that of Salem. The people are noted for finds a ready market for its abundant products. their enterprise in commerce and the fisheries. There is likewise an extensive water powrer on From the elevated grounds in this town much the Chenango, which is employed,for manufacdelightful scenery is presented. A part of the turing and mechanical purposes. Steam, also, beLtlful Wenham Pond lies within its limits. is extensively used. There are large flouring 16 miles N. fiom Boston, by the railload. mills, saw mills, plaster mills, tanneries, clothBeverly, Va., c. ih. Randolph co. On the E. dressing establishments, and a variety of other fork of the Monongahela River, 205 miles N. W. manufacturing operations. The Erie Railroad from Richmond. Built on three parallel streets, Company have established here a large machine in the midst of a well-cultivated and thickly- shop and car factory. A bridge here crosses the settled district. Susquehanna, and another the Chenango. The Bexar County, Ts., c. h. at San Antonio. Bexar place, which was formerly called Chenanqo Point, includes all the western part of the state, most received its present name in honor of William of which is unsettled, and much of it incapable Bingham, Esq., of Philadelphia, a respected beneof settlement. factor of the village in its infant state. Bibb Countq, Aa., c. h. at Centreville. Central. Birdsall, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by On both sides of the Cahawba. Black Creek and some other streams. Surface Bibb County, Ga., c. h. at Macon. Central. On slightly uneven; soil clay loam. 260 miles W. both sides of the Ocmulgee. Soil red loam and by S. from Albany. sand. Birnai7ghamn, Pa. A western township of DelBiddeford, Me., York co. On the S. side of aware co. the Saco, at its mouth, and connected with the Black Brook, N. Y., Clinton co., contains sevtown of Saco by a bridge. 15 miles S. W. from eral small lakes, and is drained by Saranac, Au Portland. The falls of the Saco River at this Sable and Little Au Sable Rivers, and Black place create an immense water power, upon which Brook. The surface is hilly and mountainous, large factories have been recently erected; and it abounding with iron ore. 20 miles S. from has become, along with Saco, the seat of exten- Plattsburg, and 154 N. from Albany. sive manufactures. Blackford County, Ia., c. h. at Blackford. N. E. Bienville Parish, La. N. W. central. Drained central. Watered by Salamanic River, a tribuby tributaries of the Red River, which run S. tary of the Wabash, and several small creeks. through it. Soil mostly fertile. Big Beaver, Pa. A northern township of Bea- Black Hawk County, Io., c. h. at Astor Falls. ver co., on the W. side of the Beaver River. E. central. On both sides of the Cedar Fork of Big Flats, N. Y., Chemung co. Chemung the Iowa. River gives name to this town, through which it Black Lick, Pa. A southern township of Indipasses, as do somne of its tributaries. The navi- ana county, on the Kiskiminitas and Pennsylvania gable feeder of the Chemung Canal and the New Canal. York and Erie Railroad also pass through it. Black Rock, N. Y. A town of Erie co. Drained Surface hilly, except on the borders of Chemung by Buffalo Creek and other small streams flowRiver; soil fertile, especially in the valleys. 203 ing into the Niagara River. It embraces Squaw miles S. W. from Albany. and Strawberry Islands, each containing about Billerica, Ms., Middlesex co. Watered by the 100 acres of land. The line between the U. S. Concord and Shawsheen Rivers, and has a pleas- and Canada bounds this town on the W. Surant village, on high ground, near the centre. face mostly undulating; soil alluvial. It environs Soil good, and well improved. Billerica Mills the city of Buffalo on three sides, from the cenvillage is near the Lowell Railroad, 22 miles tre of which it is distant about 3 miles, and from from Boston. Albany W. 325 miles. Bilozi, Mi., Harrison co. Situated on Biloxi Black Rock, N. Y., Erie co. This village, in Bay, 227 miles S. E. from Jackson. Site of an the town of Black Rock, situated at the foot of early French settlement. Lake Erie, may be considered as a suburb of the Bingham, Me., Somerset co. On the E. bank city of Buffalo, from which it is not more than of Kennebec River. 118 miles N. N. E. from two and a half miles distant, and with which it Portland. is connected by a railroad. At this point the Bingham, Pa. A N. E. township of Potter co., Erie Canal enters Lake Erie. An immense mole on the New York line. or pier projects into Niagara River. at once formBinghampton, N. Y., c. h. Broome co. At the ing a harbor for the port and turning water from junction of the Chenango River with the Sus- the river into the canal. The canal is supplied quehanna. 145 miles S. W. from Albany, and by this means with water for nearly half its entire 225 miles by the Erie Railroad, N. W. from New distance; and by means of the same mole a large York. It belongs to the township of Chenan- water power is obtained At Black Rock, which go, and was incorporated as a village in 1813. is used for flouring mills and other purposes. The Chenango Canal runs northerly from this Blackstone, Ms., Worcester co. Blackstone 286 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., River runs through it on the S., and Mill River Bloomfield, Ct., Hartford co. It was incorpo. on the E. Thelreare four villages. The township rated into a town in 1825. Has a fine soil, cultiis broken and uneven. with rather a thin soil. vated with great industry, producing large crops The Providence and Worcester Railroad passes of grass and grain, with an abundance of choice through the south-western part of the town. - fruit. 6 miles N. by W. from Hartford. 39 miles S. W. from Boston, and 18 N. W. from Bloomfield, Me., Somerset co. On Kennebec Providence, R. I. River, 33 miles N. from Augusta. A fine townBl/den County, N. C., c. h. at Elizabeth. In ship of land. the S. angle, on both sides of Cape Fear River. Bloomfield, Ia., c. h. Greene co. On the E. Bladensburg, Md., Prince George co. 34 miles side of the W. branch of White River, 74 miles W. from Annapolis, and 6 N. E. from Washing- S. W. from Indianapolis. ton. It is a little S. of the railroad from Wash- Bloomfield, Io., c. h. Davis co. 30 miles S. W. ington to Baltimore. Celebrated for the battle from Iowa city. in 1814, which preceded the capture of Wash- Bloomfield, N. J., Essex co. 54 miles N. E. ington. from Trenton, and 4 N. from Newark. Blair County, Pa., c. h. at Hollidaysburg. A Bloomnfield, Vt., Essex co. The W. and S. parts little S. ot' the centre of the state, on the eastern are watered by Bulhegan River. 86 miles N. E. slope of the main chain of the Alleghanies, the from Montpelier. crest of which forms its western boundary. Blooming Grove, N. Y., Orange co. Murderer's Watered by the UpperJuniata and its heads. Creek and its branches water this town. The surBlairsville, Ga., c. h. Marion co. 118 miles fitce is hilly, Scunnemunk Mountain, a peak of N. N. W. of Milledgeville. the Highlands, covering the S. E. part. The soil Blairsville, Pa., Indiana co., is at the junction is very fertile. 12 miles S. from Newburg, and of Black Lick Creek with Kiskiminitas River, about 100 S. from Albany. 171 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg, on the Bloomington, Is., c. h. McLean co. 73 miles N. Pennsvlvania and Ohio Canal. N. E. fiom Springfield. Beautifully situated on Blakleley, Aa., c. h. Baldwin co. Opposite to the margin of the prairie, with a delightful country Mobile. It has a good harbor, and the situation around it. is healthy and pleasant, but the attempt to make Bloomington, Ia., c. h. Monroe co. 49 miles S. it rival Mobile has not succeeded. W. from Indianapolis. The seat of the Indiana Blakeley, Ga., c. h. Early co. 203 miles S. W. University. See Colleges. from Milledgeville. Bloomington, Mo., c. h. Macon co. 90 miles W. Blakely. Pa. A N. E. township of Luzerne co., of N. fromn Jefferson City. on both sides of the Lackawannock River. Bloomsburg, N. J., Warren and Huntingdon Blanchard, Me., Piscataquis co. 116 miles counties. On both sides of Musconetcong Creek, from Augusta. and 43 miles N. N. W. from Trenton. Blandqford, Ms., Hampden co. A mountainous Bloomsburg, Pa., Columbia co. On the W. side township, of good grazing land. Branches of of the E. branch of the Susquehanna River, at the Westfield River rise here, and give it a good junction of Fishing Creek. 87 miles N. by E. water power. The Western Railroad passes from Harrisburg. through Chester village, at the north part. From Blossburg, Pa., Tioga co. Situated near the Boston 119 miles, and from Springfield 21 miles. celebrated Blossburg coal mine, 133 miles N. N. Bland:ille, Ky., c. h. Ballard co. 350 miles W. W. from Harrisburg. Connected by railroad with of S. from Lexington. Corning, N. Y., from which there is lake and caBleecker, N. Y.. Fulton co., contains Fish and nal navigation to Albany. Caroga Lakes, and is drained by Caroga Creek Blount County, Aa., c. h. at Blountsville. N. and some small branches of Sacondaga River. central. Surface uneven, watered by the head Hilly and mountainous, mostly covered with for- branches of the Black Warrior River; soil rather ests. 55 miles N. W. from Albany. sterile. Blenheiml, N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by Biount County, Te., c. h. at Marysville, shire Schoharie Creek, and some of its tributaries. town. On the E. border, between the Tennessee Hilly and mountainous, and abounds in geologi- River and the N. C. line. Surface uneven and cal curiosities, the most important of which are mountainous; soil fertile. the "Bear's Ladder," composed of globular Blountsville, Aa., c. h. Blount co. On the W. masses of graywacke, and Mineral Hill, a large side of the Locust Fork of Black River. 104 mass of red sandstone. There is also here an miles N. E. from Tuscaloosa. extensive slate quarry, 53 m. S. W. from Albany. Blountsville, Te., c.' h. Sullivan co. 288 miles Bledsoe Cou'ltuy, Te. S. E. central. On the E. by N. from Nashville. height of land between the waters of the Cumber- Blue Hill, Me., Hancock co. At the head of a land and Tennessee. Watered by Sequatchie bay of the same name. 12 miles E. from Cas River, and has a somewhat mountainous sur- tine. and 78 from Augusta. face. Blue Sulphur Springs, Va., Greenbrier co. 227 Blissfield, Mn., Lenawee co. On the N. bank miles N. by W. from Richmond. See Fashionof Raisin River. 71 miles S. W. from Detroit. able Resorts, p. The Erie and Kalamazoo Railroad passes Bluffton, Ia., c. h. Wells co. 90 miles N. E. through it. from Indianapolis. Blockley, Pa. A suburb of Philadelphia. Bemuff Prairie, La., c. h. Franklin. 200 miles Bloonl, Pa. A central township of Columbia W. by N. fiom Baton Rouge. co., at the junction of the Susquehanna River and Boqgs, Pa. A central township of Centre co Fishing Creek. Surface level; soil sandy and On the main ridge of the Alleghanies. Soil. calcareous loam. 85 miles N. by E, from Har- slate and gravellylimestone. risburg. It contains the village of Blooms- Bolivar, As., c. h. Poinsett co. 14 miles N. E. bury. from Little Rock. IN THE UNITED STATES. 287 Bolirar County, Mi., c. h. at Bolivar. On the even. The Coal River, a southern tributary of Mississippi, opposite the mouth of the Arkansas. the Kenhawa, runs on its eastern border, and Watered by Sunflower River. the Little Coal N. through it. Bolivar, N. Y., Allehllany co. On the Penn- Booneville, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by sylvania border. High and uneven. 275 miles Black River and the head waters of the Mofrom Albany. hawk. 28 miles N. from Utica, and 123 W. Bolivar, 0., Tuscarawas co. On thXeW. side from Albany. of the Tusca]rawas River, and on the Ohio Canal. Boonville, As., c. h. Scott co. 120 miles W. 118 miles N. E. fiom Columbus. by N. from Little Rock. Bolicar, Te., c. h. Hardceman co. Near the Boonville, Ia., c. h. Warwick co., lies between Big Hatchee River, on the S. side. 162 miles S. Pigeon and Cypress Creeks'. 173 miles S. S. W. WV. from Nashville. from Indianapolis. Bolton, Ct., Tolland co. The soil is a coarse, Boonville, Ky., c. h. Owsley co. hard, gravelly loam, fit only for grazing. The Boonville, Mo., c. h. Cooper co. On the S. Bolton stone quarry is quite noted. "The bank of Missouri River. 50 miles N. W. from stone is a species of slate, of a brilliant light gray Jefferson City. color, composed of mica and quartz, and is ex- Bordentown, N. J., Chesterfield, Burlington co. cellent for flagging and other purposes. It is On the E. bank of the Delaware. 27 miles N. extensively used in the principal cities of the from Philadelphia, and 7 miles S. E. from TrenUnited States. For strength it exceeds any ton. Built on an elevated plain 65 feet above other known in this country, and the demand for the river, upon which it has a commanding and it is rapidly increasing." 16 miles E. from Hart- beautiful situation. The Camden and Amboy ford. The Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill Railroad passes, by a viaduct, under some of its Railroad passes through this place. principal streets. The Delaware and Raritan Bolton, Ms. On the height of land between Canal here connects with the Delaware at the Concord and Nashua Rivers. A good farming head of steamboat navigation. Bordentown is town. The hills contain limestone, and lime a favorite resort, in the summer season, for peois made here. 31 miles W. by N. from Bos- ple from Philadelphia. The village is very neat, ton. and enjoys a salubrious climate. The extensive Bolton, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded -on the grounds and mansion formerly occupied by E. by Lake George, and contains several small Joseph Bonaparte, ex-king of Spain, are among lakes. The Schroon branch of the Hudson River the most conspicuous and attractive objects of waters the W. part. Tlhe surface is hilly, and in the place. One of the most magnificent river some parts mountainous, and the soil not remark- views any where to be enjoyed in the counably good. 72 miles N. fiom Albany. try is afforded here. The Delaware, as seen Bolton, Vt., Chittenden co. On the western from the brow of the hill on which the town range of the Green Mountains. Mountainous is situated, winds its way through a level counand broken, and but a small part of it capable of try, spread out for many miles under the eye being settled. Winooski River runs through it, of the spectator, until it disappears behind profromn E. to W.; also the Vermont Central Rail- jecting headlands. road. 19 miles S. E. from Burlington, and 19 N. Boothbaly, Me., Lincoln co. On the coast beW. from Montpelier. tween Sheepscot and I)amariscotta, Rivers, alBomba.y, N. Y., Franklin co. Little Salmon most surrounded by water. 34 miles S. S. E. and St. Regis Rivers water this town, the surface frcm Augusta, and 60 E. N. E. from Portland. of which is mostly level. 15 miles N. E. from Boscawen, N. H., Merrimac co. On the W. Malone, and 226 N from Albany. side of Merrimac River. The town is watered Bond County. Is., c. h. at Greenville. S. W. cen- by the Blackwater, an important stream. Of a tral. Watered by Shoal Creek, a branch of the deep, productive soil, affording many excellent Kaskaskia River. farms. The surface very level. The principal Bonnet Carre, La., c. h. St. John Baptist village on the E. section of the town is a street parish. In a bend of the Mississippi River, nearly two miles in length, very straight and called Bonnet Carre. (square bonnet.) 38 miles level. There is another village on a pleasant W. from New Orleans. eminence near the west meeting house. 8 miles Boone County, Is.. c. h. at Belvidere. On the N. W. from Concord, with which it communinorthern border. Watered by the Kankekee and cates by two railroads. its tributaries, the E. head waters of Rock River. Boston, Ms. Seaport and capital of the state. Surface undulating; soil very fertile. Situated at the W. extremity of Massachusetts Boone County, Ia., c. h. at Lebanon. Central. Bay, into which empty Charles and Mystic RivWatered by Sugar and Racoon Creeks. Surface ers. By age and commerci.al importance, Boston mostly level, consisting partly of prairie; soil is the metropolis of New England. - The popvery fertile. ulation of Boston, in 1700, was 7000; in 1722, Boone County, Io., c. h. at Boonboro'. Central. 10,567: in 1765, 15,520; in 1790, 18.038; in The Des Moines passes through it from N. 1800, 24,937; in 1810, 33,250; in 1820, 43,298 to S. in 1830, 61,391; in 1840, 93,470; and in 1850, Boone County, Ky., c. h. at Burlington. The 136,884. Owing to the almost insular situation northernmost county in the state, in a bend of of Boston, and its limited extent, its population, the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Great Mi- as compared with that of other large cities of the ami. The Ohio River bounds this county on the Union, does not fairly represent its relative imN. Surface uneven; soil fertile. portance. While the population of East Boston, Boone Colnty, Mo., c. h. at Columbia. Cen- on an island adjacent in the harbor, and of South tral. On the N. bank of the Missouri. Rock Boston, on a contiguous point of the main land and Cedar Creeks drain this county. of Dorchester, is included in that of the city Boone County, Va. West part. Rough and un- proper, because these new suburbs are embraced 288 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., within its chartered limits, yet all its ancient en- amended." - " Boston," says Wrood, " is two miles virons upon the main land, embracing Charles- N. E. of Roxbury. Its situation is very pleasant, town, Chelsea, Roxburyv, Dorchester, Brookline, being a peninsula hemmed in on the S. side by and Cambridge, with a large margin still more the bay of Roxbury, and on the N. side with remote, to which the railroads, like arteries from Charles River, the marshes on the back side bea great heart, carry a daily and hourly circula- ing.not half of a quarter of a mile over; so that tion of life —all the towns and villages of this a little fencing will secure their cattle from the broad area, occupied to a great extent by a pop- wolves..... It being a neck, and bare ulation whose business and means of wealth are of wood, they are not troubled with these great within the city, and who really constitute a com- annoyances, wolves, rattlesnakes, and mosquitoes. ponent part of its people, being associated with Those that live here upon their cattle must be it in all its commercial, manufacturing, literary, constrained to take farms in the country, or else and social relations, as much as the inhabitants they cannot subsist, the place being too small to of Greenwich, Manhattanville, and LIaerlem with contain many, and fittest for such as can trade New York, or those of the districts contiguous into England for such commodities as the counto Philadelphia with that city, have hitherto re- try wants, being the chief place for shipping and mained distinct towns; three of them, indeed, merchandise. This neck of land is not above being now flourishing cities; and this large over- four miles in compass, in form almost square, flow of population is consequently never repre- having on the S. side, at one corner, a great sented in any statement of the population of Bos- broad hill, whereon is planted a fort, which can ton. The peninsula on which Boston proper command any ship as she sails into the harbor is built is connected with the main land of Rox- within the still bay. On the N. side is another bury on the S., from which it extends. in a direc- hill, equal in bigness, whereon stands a windmill. tion a little E. of N., about 3 miles, having an To the N. W. is a high mountain, with three litaverage breadth of about a mile. The isthmus, tle rising hills on the top of it, wherefore it is or Neck, as it is commonly called, is something called the Tramount. From the top of this mounover a mile in length. and is nearly all included tain a man may overlook all the islands which within the limits of Boston. It was originally lie within the bay, and descry such ships as are on quite narrow, and so low that parts of it were the sea-coast. This town, though it be neither frequently overflowed by the highest courses of the greatest nor the richest, yet is the most noted the tides. The waters of the harbor, flowing up and frequented, being the centre of the plantainto the bay of Roxbury, on the E. side of the tions, where the monthly courts are kept. Here Neck, and those of the Charles River, spread- likewise dwells the governor. This place hath ing out over the flats upon the W., formed a broad very good land, affording rich cornfields and but shallow cove upon that side, between the fruitfuil gardens, having likewise sweet and pleasisthmus and the main land of Brookline. Until ant springs. The inhabitants of this place, for 1786, 156 years after the settlement of Boston, their enlargement, have taken to themselves farm the only passage into the town was over the Neck. houses in a place called Muddy River, [BrookIt has been much elevated in being improved line,] two miles from the town, where there is and built upon, and additions to its width are good ground, large timber, and store of marsh continually made by filling up the flats, especial- land and meadow. In this place they keep their ly ppon the W. side. There are now four broad swine and other cattle in the summer, whilst the avenues passing over the Neck from Roxbury to corn is in the ground at Boston, and bring them the city: Harrison Avenue, Washington StrEet, to town in the winter." Suffolk Street, and the Tremont Road. - The The original conformation of the ground was main body of the peninsula, which was thus near- such that the N. part of the peninsula was almost ly surrounded by the waters of the harbor and severed from the other by the coves or indenof Charles River, comprised within its natural tations of the shore which ran in around the limits about 700 acres of land. In three points it base of Copp's Hill on the S., both fiom the harswelled into hills of considerable elevation; one bor on the E., and from Charles River on the being on its S. E. angle, and presenting a bold opposite side, so as nearly to meet at their exbarrier to the waters of the ship channel; anoth- treme points. When the tides were highest, this er being at its N. extremity, looking off towards part of Boston, and the central part, which would Chelsea and Charlestown; and the third, which also be nearly or quite cut off from the continent was more central, with a very much broader by the flowing of the waters across the Neck, base, extending its N. and W. slopes nearly presented the appearance of two islands, rather to the banks of Charles River. This was the than that of a peninsula. The tide ran up on most elevated of the hills, being 138k feet the E. to where Dock Square now is, and in a above the level of the sea; and its summit northerly direction almost to Hanover Street at was cleft into three conical peaks. which, being a point a little E. of Union Street. From near the original centre of the town, led at first Charles River, on the opposite side, a broad to the adoption of the name of Tremont, or cove came up to a point only a few rods N. W. Trimountain, for the town itself. This name, of Hanover Street, leaving but a narrow neck however, was soon dismissed for its present of land for the connection between the centre name, which it received on the 7th of Septem- and the north enid of the town. By the erection ber, 1630, in honor of the Rev. John Cotton, the of a causeway where Causeway Street now is, second minister of the first church, who came this cove was subsequently converted into a cafrom Boston, in England. The Indian name of pacious mill pond, and by means of a short canal the peninsula was Shawmut.-There is extant cut through the neck by which its waters were a very accurate description of Boston in 1633, separated from the harbor, they were made availby William Wood, the author of New England able for a tide mill at this place. This was long Prospect, which Snow, a writer of high authori- known as Mill Creek, and constituted the dividty on this subject, remarks, "could hardly be ing line between the centre and the north end. IN THE UNITED STATES. 289 That part of the map of Boston which exhibits is now the centre of the city, the business of the an equilateral triangle, as included between town commenced, and the most influential charCharlestown, Merrimac, and Causeway Streets, acters dwelt. The first house of worship stood having its apex in Haymarket Square, covers the near the corner of State and Devonshire Streets; principal part of the area which was occupied the first store was on the N. corner of State by this mill pond; having been converted into and Washington Streets; the first market place solid land with the materials obtained by the was where the Old State House now stands. levelling of Beacon Hill and the eminences W. The residence of Governor Winthrop was on of it, excepting the creek, which was kept open the E. side of Washington Street, a little N. to connect the river with the harbor as long as of the Old South meeting house. Subsequently the navigation upon the Middlesex Canal was a the growth of trade and commerce occasioned matter of consideration. This improvement was a larger proportionate increase of population at commenced about 1804, and when completed, it the north end, which became " for many years had added to the area of the city about 43 acres. the most populous and elegant portion of the And here it may be remarked that the area of the town." peninsula, which in its natural condition cornm- The principal thoroughfares through Boston, prised, as above stated, only about 700 acres, has from the centre outwards, connecting with the been enlarged by continued encroachments upon different avenues to the city' are as follows: To the sea, until it contains fully double this num- Roxburv, over the Neck, either by Washington ber of acres at the present time. The city is Street or Tremont Street; to the Western Railnow extending its limits in this manner more road, by Washington, Summer, and Kingston rapidly than at any former period. The quan- Streets i to the Old Colony Railroad, by Washtity of land made, and in the process of being ington, Summer, and South Streets; to South made, by improvements recently undertaken by Boston, over the new bridge, by Washington, the city at the south end, is estimated at over Summer, and Sea Streets; to the Eastern Rail2,000,000 square feet. By the railroads in this road, and the Ferry to East Boston, by North direction entire hills of gravel are being removed Market and Commercial Streets; to the north from their bases in the vicinity of Boston, to form end, and the Ferry to Chelsea, by Hanover the foundations of a new and beautiful extension Street; to the Charles River Bridge leading to of this flourishing city. It is not improbable Charlestown, by Union and Charlestown Streets; that the whole of the bays on each side of the to the Boston and Maine Railroad, the FitchNeck may, at some period not far distant, dis- burg Railroad, and the Warren Bridge, leading appear before the march of human enterprise, also to Charlestown, by Union and Haverhill and that the city may be otherwise extended Streets; to the LoweU Railroad, by Court, Green, much into the area of Roxbury and Dorchester. Leverett, and Lowell Streets; to Canal Bridge, - Some knowledge of the natural structure of frequently called Craigie's Bridge, leading to the ground on which Boston is built is necessary East Cambridge, by Court, Green, and Leverett to explain the great irregularity of the plan upon Streets; to the West Boston Bridge, leading to which its streets and thoroughfares have grown Old Cambridge, by Court and Cambridge Streets; up. The high hills in different quarters of the to the Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, leading to town, with the coves, and creeks, and marshes, Brookline and Brighton, by Beacon Street; to thrusting themselves up between them on all the Providence Railroad, by Tremont and Boylsides, would necessarily control the choice of ston Streets, or for pedestrians, over the Common. sites for building, and the location and courses The numerous avenues to Boston mentioned of the principal streets, in a place thus springing in the foregoing paragraph constitute an interup in the poverty and infancy of the country. esting and characteristic feature of the city. There is a similar irregularity in the lower part They have been constructed at different periods, of the city of New York. Even in Philadelphia, as the business of the city, and its more conventhe situation of which upon a gently:swelling ient connection with the surrounding country, replain admitted of the most uniform arrangement quired, and at an almost incalculable outlay of exof the streets which could possibly be desired, pense. The first of the bridges was the Charles the operation of this principle is illustrated, in River Bridge, leading to Charlestown, which was the case of Dock Street, in the oldest part of the open for travel on the anniversary of the battle city, which follows the winding course of an an- of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1786. It is 1503 feet in cient creek running into the Delaware. This length, and cost $50,000. The next was the bridge seems the more remarkable there from being al- to Old Cambridge, opened Nov. 23, 1793. Its most a solitary exception to the general plan. length is 2758 feet, with an abutment and causeBut in Boston it would have been perhaps im- way 3432 feet long, making a total length of 6190 possible for the founders of the city, even if they feet. Cost, $76,667. The old bridge to South could have anticipated its future growth and Boston from the Neck, at Dover Street, opened greatness, with the means they had at command, in 1805, is 1550 feet long, and cost about $50,000. to have caused it to be built up on any outline Craigie's Bridge, opened in 1809, is 2796 feet in materially different from that which it received length. A lateral bridge extends from this to As an example, an order dated March 30, 1640, Prison Point, Charlestown, 1820 feet in length. provides for a road between certain points,' two The new bridge to South Boston, 500 feet long, rods in breadth, as directly as the land will bear." and the Warren Bridge, to Charlestown, 1390 The first settlement of the town in 1630, and feet long, were both completed in 1828. The its most populous part as late as 1650, was on only other avenue to Boston, for ordinary travel, Washington Street, between State and Eliot is the Western Avenue, or Mill Dam, leading Streets, including the cross streets on either side, from the foot of Beacon Street to Sewall's Point, which had all begun to be occupied; and Elm in Brookline. This avenue is upon a substanStreet, the upper part of Hanover Street, and tial dam, extended across the western bay, about Sudbury Street, on the N. side. Here, in what a mile and a half in length, and from 60 to 100 37 290 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., feet in width. This dam encloses about 600 Rivers, Harbors, &c., p. 173. In confirmation of acres of flats, over which the tide formerly flowed what is there stated in regard to its freedom from from seven to ten feet deep. A partition dam obstruction by ice, it may here be added. that dudivides this enclosure, and forms, by the aid of ring the uncommonly severe winter of 1851-2, flood and ebb gates, a full and a receiving basin; when New York and other southern harbors were thereby creating at all times a vast hydraulic completely ice-bound, Boston Harbor, by the aid power for the propulsion of machinery. The of a little steamer, was kept free for the passage of partition dam also forms a fine avenue from the ships, and the ferry boats running across to Chelsea main dam to Roxbury. This great undertaking and East Boston were not impeded a single day. was commenced in 1818, and opened for travel While the first inhabitants of Boston depended July 2, 1821. It cost about $700,000. The chiefly upon the productions of their farms and proprietors of the Western Avenue claim a per- gardens for subsistence, they were obliged by petual franchise; but all the other avenues have their narrow premises to seek for privileges ineither become already, or will, at a given date, the adjacent territory, for wood, pasturage, and hereafter become, the property of the state, and tillage. In this way it came about that the prinfree for the use of the public. The various rail- cipal islands in the harbor were annexed to roads are carried over into the city upon bridges Boston rather than to other adjoining towns. built expressly for their accommodation. There Conant's Island, since called Governor's Island, are besides steam ferry boats which ply coit- was granted t6 Governor Winthrop, for a nominal tinually between Boston and East Boston, and rent, in 1632, and thus became a possession of between Boston and Chelsea. Boston. Before the end of 1636, Noddle's Island, There are two rapidly-increasing sections of Deer Island, Long Island, Spectacle Island, and the city, which have sprung up upon points of Hog Island are recorded in the colony records land separated from the peninsula by portions as having been granted to sundry inhabitants of of the harbor. One of these is South Boston, Boston. It is probable that the others which which was set off from Dorchester, by legislative now belong to the city, making the number twenenactment, March 6, 1804. The territory is ty or more in all, were, in a similar manner, ocbounded South by Dorchester Bay, and spreads casionally granted afterwards; as upon these out about two miles on the south of Boston islands, together with the shores of Chelsea, harbor, above the forts. It contains about Brookline, and other places, portions of land 600 acres, and is laid out into regular streets were allotted to every family in Boston, accordand squares. In about the centre of this tract, ing to its numbers and its wants. and about two miles from the City Hall, are the The want of ample room upon the peninsula memorable " Dorchester Heights," famous in for the growth of the city, especially before the revolutionary history, which rear their heads one relief afforded by the railroads, led to such a hundred and thirty feet above the sea, furnishing crowded occupancy of the limited area, that the from their summits a magnificent view of Bos- streets are in many parts narrower than would ton, its harbor, and the surrounding country. have been preferred, and, with one noble excepOne of these heights is now occupied by a capa- tion,- that of the Common. —very little space has cious reservoir of the Boston Water Works. been afforded in the older sections of the city for The natural situation and surface of this part of public squares and pleasure grounds. In the Boston are highly picturesque and beautiful. newer portions, which are building up on the East Boston is on the margin of one of the Neck, some spacious squares have been reserved larger islands in the harbor, formerly known as for public grounds, which are handsomely enNoddle's Island. The original proprietor of this closed with iron fences, ornamented with trees, island, in 1630, was Samuel Maverick, who lived and with beautiful fountains in the centre. Two upon it as his homestead; at the same time that of these are Blackstone Square and Franklin John Blackstone owned and occupied the pen- Square, lying on opposite sides of Washington insula of Boston. The island contains about Street. Louisburg Square, in the western part 660 acres of arable land, and a large body of of the city, extending from Mount Vernon Street flats. It was purchased by an incorporated com- to Pineckney Street, and Pemberton Square, near pany in 1832, for the purpose of laying out a the centre, opening into Tremont Street opposite section of the city there. It lies about 660 yards the union of Court Street with Cornhill, are small north-east from Old Boston, and about the same but beautiful grounds, surrounded by some of the distance from Charlestown. Portions of its sur- most stately private residences in the city. The face are beautifully elevated, and are crowned summit of Fort Hill, anciently occupied by a with buildings enjoying a fine prospect of the fortification, has also been kept open for a public city and shipping opposite. The Cunard line ground, and affords a delightful promenade, with of steam ships from Liverpool have their wharf a lovely view of the harbor. here; and here the extensive wharves and ware- "Prior to 1640," says Snow in his History of houses of the Grand Junction Railroad have been Boston, "mention is frequently made of Tower established. East Boston is becoming a place Fi'elds, in the Boston records; and they seem of extensive business, especially in the various to have been enclosed by a general fence." The branches of manufacture and ship-building. following vote was passed on the 30th of March, Among the principal establishments at East 1640: "Henceforth, there shall be no land Boston is a very extensive steam flouring' mill, granted either for house-plot or garden, out of in which fiom 350,000 to 400,000 bushels of wheat the open lot or common field which is left beare annually converted into the finest flour. There tween the Sentry Hill and Mr. Colburn's end, is likewise at East Boston an immense sugar except three or four lots to make up the street," refinery, the buildings of which make an imposing &c. This was the origin of the Boston Common; appearance. which, scanty as their precincts were, the fathers For a particular account of Boston IIarbor, the of the city, with a wise and disinterested care reader is referred to the description of Mountains, for the public welfare, secured to the enjoyment IN THE UNITED STATES. 291 of all future generations of its inhabitants. This out fanciful decorations or other ostentatious Common, extending over about forty-eight acres display. The material mostly used for private of ground, with its splendid malls surrounding residences is brick. with the Quincy,granite the whole border, shaded with majestic elms, for the basement stories and foundations. A some of which are over a hundred years old, style of building with circular or swelled fronts and its numerous cross paths beautifully graded, prevails in Boston, among houses of the first bevelled, and adorned with variegated trees, is class, which imparts an air of graceful elegance considered-as one of the most delightful prome- to the external structure, and admits of a beaunades in the world. One of its greatest charms tiful finishing within. The Boston houses are is in the diversified natural surface which it pre- distinguished for the variety and perfection of sents; and one of the most gratifying proofs of their interior accommodations and means of the good taste of the Bostonians is seen in the comfort, in which respect many dwellings of the care which has been taken to obliterate as little most wealthy surpass those of all other cities in as possible, by any artificial embellishments, the country. A very massive, and at the same those lineaments of nature which are universally time beautiful, style of building is adopted for pleasing. This beautiful ground is enclosed by the largest class of stores, warehouses, and blocks a costly iron fence one mile and two hundred upon the wharves, for which the Quincy granand seventeen yards in length, with elegant ite is made use of, either finely hammered or. granite gateways at two of the opposite angles. merely split and Jointed, according to the design Near the centre is a beautiful little pond, out of of the structure or the degree of architectural the midst of which a fountain, supplied from the symmetry intended. Boston Water Works, sends up its massive and Among the public buildings most worthy of graceful jet d'eau from 80 to 90 feet into the air. notice, the State House may first be mentioned, The fountain also displays, at will, many other as occupying the most elevated and commanding pleasing forms, having an affluent supply of wa- situation, and giving character to the distant ter, and a head which presses upon it like one of view of Boston, from whatever direction it is nature's illimitable forces. This extensive and approached. This fine building stands on Beabeautiful public ground is an inestimable boon con Hill, fronting the malls and Common, at to the citizens of Boston. Its position, partly on an elevation of 110 feet above the sea. The the north-western declivity of Beacon Hill, with site was purchased from the estate of JOHN a public garden of about 25 acres lying still be- HANCOCK, the patriot, and is termed, in the deed, yond it, keeping its whole western margin open " Governor Hancock's pasture." The venerable to Charles River and to the distant landscape as mansion of Governor Hancock is hard by, and far as the eye can reach, secures the free ingress is the only relic of.the olden time which mainof the most exhilarating and healthful influences tains its ground on Beacon Street against the of the climate to the very centre of the city. As march of modern improvements. The corner a field for military parades, civic processions, and stone of the State House was laid on the 4th of grand commemorative banquets, the Common July, 1795, by the venerable SAMUEL ADAMS, has been honorably distinguished. On the an- who succeeded Hancock as governor of the nual gala day of the republic, it presents, in commonwealth. The edifice is 73 feet in front pleasant weather, a most joyous and sublime and 61 feet deep. The height to the lantern spectacle. The people of the city, and of the upon the top of the dome is 110 feet. The dome country for many miles around, the native born itself is 50 feet in diameter and 30 feet in height. and the adopted citizen, young men and maid- It consists externally of a basement story and of ens, old men and children, here meet as in a a principal story 30 feet high. The centre begrand levee, under the mutual restraints of self- tween the wings is 94 feet in length, the front of respect, courtesy, and decorum, and in the con- which, on, the basement, is formed of arches adscious enjoyment of a dignity and happiness vanced 14 feet from the walls, and supporting a which fall to the lot of the populace of no other colonnade of Corinthian columns above, of the country on the globe. It is seldom that any un- same extent. The Hall of the Representatives seemly rudeness or vulgarity offends the eye or is in the centre of the principal story, the Senate ear on these public occasions; especially since Chamber occupies the east wing, and the Chamintoxicating liquors have been excluded from ber of the Governor and Council the west wing. the refreshment stands upon the streets. It is Upon the first floor are the offices of the secestimated that not less than 100,000 persons rotary, treasurer, and board of education, the have been present at the usual display of fire- state library, &c. In a recess built for the works in the evening; and yet, within a half purpose, in the rear of the lower hall of enhour after the entertainment is over, this vast trance, stands the beautiful statue of Washington multitude will have retired, without disorder, by Chantrev, presented to the state in 1827, by leaving the Common and its vicinity to its ac- the Washington Monument Association. customed silence and repose. The view from the top of the State House is Some of the most elegant streets in Boston very extensive, and probably combines a greater are those which front upon the Common; viz., variety of interesting features than any other view Beacon, Park, Tremont, and Boylston Streets. in the United States. The whole city lies as on Beacon Street, especially, for grandeur of eleva- a map immediately under the observer's eye. On tion, extent and beauty of prospect, and the the N. and W. the county of Middlesex, with its splendor of its long line of palace residences, cities. towns, and villas, the venerable halls of culminating with the State House on the summnit Harvard, the sacred field and towering monument of the hill, will compare to advantage with the of Bunker Hill; on the S. the county of Norfolk, most celebrated streets and terraces in the Euro- with its granite hills and luxuriant vales. studded pean cities. with towns, and spires, and farm houses; and on Other parts of the city, also, are built with the E. the harbor and the ocean, with a hundred great elegance, though almost invariably with- islands, traversed by the ships of every clime. all 292 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., conspire to render this the most enchanting scene furnished markets in the country. Besides the this side of the Bay of Naples. retail, a large wholesale business is here carried The pld State House still stands in State on, not only for the city, but for a wide circle of Street, at its upper end, and seen from below pre- towns in its vicinity, which by the numerous railsents a fine specimen of the architecture of a roads are brought within a few hours of Boston. former age. On this spot was the seat of govern- On each side of this beautiful building( are two ment in Massachusetts for 140 years: two buildings broad streets, one 65 and the other 102 feet in having been destroyed by fire before the present width, having each a range of spacious warehouses venerable edifice was erected. The first was built with granite fronts, facing the market. There are in 1659, the second in 1714, and the present in several other markets in the city. Besides those 1748. Since the removal of the Capitol to Beacon in East Boston and South Boston, there are Hill, in 1798, the old State House has been used Boylston Market, Beach Street Market, and Wilsome time for a City Hall and Post Office, and liams Market, in Dover Street; also Blackstone more recently for stores and offices for men of Market, in the street of the same name. The business. two last named were opened in 1852. Over One of the first objects of interest for which Boylston Market is a public hall, 100 feet in the stranger inquires in Boston is Faneuil Hall, length by 48 in width. This building is at the - the " Cradle of Liberty "- celebrated in Amer- corner of Washington and Boylston Streets, nearican history as the forum of that patriotic elo- ly opposite the site of the old Liberty Tree, of quence which made a monarch tremble on his revolutionary renown. throne, inspired an unprepared and unassisted The City Hall is centrally located, on an open people to achieve their independence, and sounded plot of ground between Court Square and School out those maxims of political truth and wisdom Street, having the Stone Chapel Cemetery on the which have extended their influence over the hab- west, extending to Tremont Street. The edifice itable globe. This noble edifice, the gift of Peter is of granite, and consists of an octagon centre, Faneuil, Esq., to the town in 1742, is situated in with wings on the E. and W. sides. The entire Dock Square, is 100 feet long by 80 feet wide, length of the building is 140 feet. and three stories high. The great hall is 76 feet The Court House, in Court Square, between square, and 28 feet high, with deep galleries on the City Hall and Court Street, for the accommo3 sides, and capable of containing about 5500 per- dation of all the courts of law for the city, counsons standing. It is appropriately decorated with ty, state, and the United States, is a stately the busts and portraits of the fathers of Amer- edifice, of hewn granite, in length 175 feet 10 ican liberty who once thundered within its walls, inches, in width 53 feet 10 inches, and in height -HANCOCK, SAMUEL and JOHN ADAMS, —- and 57 feet 3 inches. A Doric portico adorns each of of others, as of WASHINGTON and KNOX, who its N. and S. fronts, having four fluted granite thundered upon the field of battle. The portrait columns, 4 feet 5 inches in diameter, and 25 feet of Washington is the original full length picture 4 inches high, of a single piece, weighing 25 tons by Stuart. To these are added a beautiful pic- each. Excepting these two fine porticoes, this ture, in full size, by Sargent, of Faneuil, the building is plain in the exterior. munificent donor. The building was materially The Merchants' Exchange, on the south side enlarged, by additions to its width and height, in of State Street, is a magnificent structure, com1805. It is interesting to notice the unfading pleted in 1842. Its front, on State Street, is 76 power of the patriotic associations of this memo- feet; its height, 70 feet; and its depth, to Lindall rable hall upon the minds of the Boston populace. Street, 250 feet, covering 13,000 feet of land. Its It is enough for the purposes of the popular filont is entirely of Quincy granite, with four orator, on any topic connected with social or civil pilasters and two antaes, each of a single stonG right, if his auditors breathe within its sacred walls. 45 feet in height, and weighing, on an average, Faneuil Hall Market, situated immediately E. 55 tons. The great central hall, for the Merof Faneuil Hall, is one of the most costly and chants' Exchange and newspaper reading room, superb of the public buildings. It extends on is truly a splendid room. Its dimensions are 80 Dock Square 5351 feet, and is 50 feet in width. by 58 feet, having 18 beautiful columns supportThe centre part of the building, 74 by 55 feet on ing the dome, 20 feet in height, in fine imitation the ground, rises to the height of 77 feet, and is of Sienna marble, with Corinthian capitals. The surmounted by a beautiful dome. The wings in front is occupied by banks, insurance offices, &c., their entire extent are 30 feet high, with two sto- and the basement for the Post Office. There is ries above the basement. Upon each end is a also a hotel in the building. The cost of the portico, with four columns, of the Grecian Doric structure, exclusive of the site, was $175,000. orider, 3J feet in diameter at the base, and 20 The Custom House, in Boston, is one of the feet 9 inches high, to the capital; each column most magnificent and elaborately finished buildbeing one solid shaft of Quincy granite, of which ings in the United States. It was commenced in material, finely hammered, the whole building is 1837, and not entirely completed until 1849. constructed. The first story is occupied for the The whole cost, including the site, was about market, having its stalls on each side of a grand $1,076,000. It is situated between Long Wharf corridor, through the whole length of the building. and Central Wharf, fronting west upon ComnmerThe upper story is one vast hall, so constructed as cial Street, and east upon the harbor. It is in to be divided into several compartments for ware- the form of a Greek cross, surmounted, over the rooms, or all thrown into one, for large sales, transept, by a dome, which, like the whole roof fairs, or exhibitions of mechanical or agricultural of the building, is entirely of granite tile, to the products. This upper hall is called Quincy Hall, skylight. Its foundations rest on 3000 piles, in honor of Hon. Josiah Quincy the elder, under driven in the most effective manner. The length whose mayoralty it was built. The edifice, ex- is 140 feet, and its width 75 feet. Its width at elusive of the land, cost $150j000. Faneuil Hall the centre, including the projections of the cross, Market is one of the most extensive and richly- is 95 feet; the porticoes upon these projections IN THE UNITED STATES. 293 being 10 feet in front, on each side, with a breadth is an easy descending grade, of only three quarof 67 feet. The exterior of the building is purely ters of an inch to a foot, by a seven feet pasGrecian Doric, not an exact copy from any an- sage on the northerly side of the building. cient model, but an adaptation to suit the pur- There is another passage, of about the same poses of the structure, which is characteristically width, on the southerly side, from, and on a level Grecian in all its parts. It consists of a portico with, Tremont Street; also a centre passage, on each side, of six fluted columns. and an order twelve and a half feet wide, designed as the prinof slightly engaged columns round the entire cipal entrance, but all to be thrown open, when walls, 20 in number, resting on a high 9tylobite required, for outlets to the main hall, which is in or basement. The columns are 5 feet 4 inches in the upper story, and is about 73 by 130 feet, and diameter, and 32 feet high; the shaft being in 45 feet high, with galleries on three sides, with one piece. and each weighing about 42 tons. eight distinct flights of stairs, (four on each side,) Upon these rest a fiull entablature, and pediments at different points, together with independent above the porticoes. The top of the dome is 95 flights of stairs from the anterooms to the lower feet from the ground. The interior arrangement floor, making in all over 50 feet in width of stairis adapted with great perfection to the purposes way downward from the floor of the hall. of the building. The grand cross-shaped rotun- In a recess at the end of the hall, concealed by da, in the centre, for the transaction of the gen- a wire gauze screen, painted in imitation of paneral business of the collector's department, is a el work, stands the largest organ in America, splendid room, 63 feet in its greatest length, 59 built by E. & G. G. Hook, of Boston. It has feet wide, and 62 feet high to the skylight. The four sets of keys, and two octaves and two notes ceiling of the dome is supported by 12 marble of pedals. The swell organ extends throurh columns, 3 feet in diameter, and 29 feet high, the entire compass from C C up to A, 58 notes. ornamented with highly-wrought Corinthian cap- It is enclosed in a double box, 11 feet high, 9 itals. The numerous other compartments, from feet deep, and 12 feet wide, and contains 15 stops the cellar to the attic story, are constructed and and 834 pipes. The great organ contains 15 arranged with such convenience for the facilities stops, including a metal double open diapason of business as can hardly be surpassed. The to 16 feet C, five unison stops, two principals, 13 building was designed by A. B. Young, A. M., ranks of chorus, and two reeds, making 1334 architect, of Boston, and erected under his super- pipes. The choir organ contains 10 stops and vision throughout. 568 pipes. The solo, or fourth manual, contains The new City Prison, near the foot of Cam- six stops and 276 pipes. There are eight pedal bridge Street: presents an imposing appearance stops, among them a 32 feet tone, and a 16 feet on approaching the city over Cambridge Bridge. reed, making 216 pipes. There are also nine coupIt consists of a centre octagonal building, with ling stops, and four composition pedals. Exfour wings radiating from the centre. Three of treme height of the organ, 45 feet; width, 36 feet. these wings enclose the cells of the prison, which Total number of pipes, 3010; stops, 70, two only is constructed upon the Auburn plan. The west of which are divided. wing is appropriated to the jailer's family, his Between the main hall and the lower floor in office, and those of the other officers, the hospital the second story, there are thirteen rooms, averand chapel; and the centre to the great kitchen, aging about 16 feet in width, and from 32 to 38 scullery, laundry, ward room, and other general feet in length. The walls throughout, from purposes of the establishment. The exterior is openings under the basement floor to the attic, are entirely of Quincy granite, formed with split vaulted for purposes of ventilation, and plasashlar, in courses, having the cornices and other tered directly upon the brick, thus preventing the projecting portions hammered or dressed; the dampness usual in solid brick walls, and the whole d(esign, in a successful manner, combining usual danger of fire spreading from one apartsymmetry with strength. ment to another, behind the furring, at the same The Masonic Temple, on Tremont Street, time improving the halls for sound. fronting the Common, is also a beautiful build- The Boston Music Hall, completed in 1852, ing, completed in 1832. It is 804 feet in length, has one front entrance on Winter Street, and an60 feet in width, and 52 feet in height. The otherin BumsteadPlace. Theinterior of the hall towels upon the two front corners rise 90 feet is 130 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 65 feet high. from the ground. It has. a gallery at one end, and two rows of balThe Boston Museum, on Tremont, near Court conies on either side. A series of Corinthian Street, and the Howard Athenaeum, on Howard pilasters, rising from above the upper balcony, Street, are also beautiful specimens of architec- support a groined cove, in which are the semitural taste. These are both occupied, in part, circular windows which light the hall. The ceilfor dramatic performances. ing within the coving is divided into diamondThe Massachusetts Horticultural Society have shaped panels. The front of the galleries is of a beautiful hall in School Street, opposite the light cast-iron work. The gas lights are arranged City Hall, in which weekly exhibitions of fruits along the top of the main cornice, with suppleand flowers, of great luxuriance, are held, during mentary gas lights on the fiont of the galleries. the appropriate season. The hall will contain 3000 persons, and has corThe Ti-emont Temple, opposite the Tremont ridors on either side, with 42 doors communicatHouse, burnt down in 1852, but since rebuilt, ing with the hall. The architect was Mr. George has four stores in front, and in the rear two Snell, of Boston. rooms, each 16 by 32 feet, and a vestry 32 The literary, charitable, and humane instituby 73 feet, 13 feet high, well lighted and venti- tions of Boston are numerous and well endowed; lated. and the buildings with which many of them are Still farther in the rear is a hall or chapel, 53 furnished, are among the handsomest ornaments by 73 feet, and 25 feet high, capable of seating of the city. The Boston Athenaeum, incorpofrom 800 to 900 persons, the entrance to which rated in 1807, has a library of about 50,000 vol 294 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., umes, which, in value as well as in size, is hardly Scollay, the three proprietors of the Tontine. surpassed by any other in the country. Its reg- This library has over 12,000 volumes. ulations are framed with the design that it shall The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, answer the highest purposes of a public library. founded in 1780, is next in age to the American Besides the bound volumes above enumerated, it Philosophical Society at Philadelphia, which is possesses 20,000, or more, unbound pamphlets, the oldest of the scientific associations of the between 400 and 500 volumes of engravings, country. Its library, of 8000 volumes, contains and the most valuable collection of coins in this a valuable collection of the memoilrs and triansacpart of the country. It has lately received an tions of learned societies, and other scientific important accession to its treasures in the pur- publications. It is kept in the N. wing of the chase of about 450 volumes, and from 800 to Atheneum, on the lower floor. 1000 pamphlets, which once formed a part of the The Mechanics' Apprentices Library Associalibrary of Washington. This important acqui- tion, in Boston, claims the distinction of being sition was secured to the Athenseum through the the first of its kind established in the world. It liberality of about 100 gentlemen of Boston, Sa- is due to the wise suggestion and philanthropic lem, and Cambridge. There are also connected energy of Mr. William Wood, now residing in with the Athenaeum a fine sculpture gallery and Canandaigua, N. Y.; whose exertions have been a gallery of paintings. In the latter is to be seen extended, with the like success, to most of our Belshazzar's Feast, the great historical picture of large cities, and even to the cities of the old Washington Allston, which, although many years world. Lord Brougham remarks, that, "Alander his hand, was never entirely finished; also, though the remote origin of these institutions a valuable series of sketches by this great artist. may be traced to Dr. Franklin, Mr. Wood has Hon. James Perkins gave for the use of the the merit of establishing them on their present Athenaeum, in 1821, his own costly mansion in plan, and adapting them peculiarly to the instrucPearl Street, which was occupied until it became tion of mechanics and apprentices. He founded necessary, in 1849, to change the location. The the first in Boston, in 1820." The library conbeautiful building which it now occupies is on tains about 4000 volumes, and was the gift of Beacon Street, a short distance east of the State the Boston public to the apprentices of the city. House, a situation most highly eligible for such It was originally intrusted to the care of the an institution. The edifice is elegant, spacious, Massachusetts Charitable Mechanics Association, and convenient. The front is in thelater Italian a society of established reputation, founded in style of architecture, resembling some of the 1795. This society, which is still prosperous, works of Palladio in its general arrangement; has handsome funds, which have been recently constructed of the Patterson freestone, of a light invested in the Revere Hotel. Its income is emgray color. The length is 100 feet, and the height ployed for relieving the distresses of unfortunate 60. The main entrance opens into a pillared members and their families, and to stimulate, by and panelled rotunda, from which the staircases premiums, inventions, and improvements in the conduct above. The sculpture gallery, 80 feet mechanic arts. For this purpose it provides for by 40, is on the first floor. The library occupies those frequent and extensive exhibitions of the the second story, which is divided into three products of manufacturing skill and industry rooms, two in front and one large hall in the which have been so highly successful in Boston. rear, 109 feet by 40. This hall is beautifully fin- In 1828, the Apprentices' Association was organished in the Italian style, and admirably fitted for ized as distinct from that of the Mechanics, and the purposes of its design. The picture gallery the library committed to their entire control. is in the upper story, divided into six apartments, The Mercantile Library Association, of Boseach lighted by a skylight. An annual exhibi- ton, instituted in 1820, is a large and useful tion of paintings is open here, during the winter society, composed of merchants' clerks and and spring. others, which has a library of over 7000 volumes, The Massachusetts Historical Society, founded and maintains an able and popular course of in 1790, occupies a suit of rooms in the granite lectures. Their hall is on the corner of Brombuilding, on Tremont Street, between the Stone field and Province Streets. Chapel Cemetery and the Boston Museum. It Efforts are now making to establish a free has a valuable library of 7000 bound volumes, City Library, and several handsome donations besides 450 volumes of manuscripts, and a large have been already made for that purpose. collection of pamphlets, maps, charts, coins, and But the most munificent foundation of this other interesting relics of antiquity. The mannu- character, in Boston, is that of the Lowell Instiscripts of the historian Hubbard; of the first tute, established by the princely liberality of Gov. Winthrop, 11 vols.; of Gov. Hutchinson; JOHN LOWELL, Jr., Esq. By a legacy amountof the first Gov. Trumbull, of Connecticut, 23 ing to about $250,000, this gentleman has vols.; and the manuscript of Washington's Fare- provided for the maintenance of public lectures, well Address to the Officers of the American of the highest order, which are to be free to all Army, are in possession of this society. One of the citizens, on the great subjects of' natural and its rooms is adorned with the portraits of about revealed religion; on the literature and eloquence 70 distinguished personages, mostly the worthies of the English and other languages; on the various of New England. This society has issued a sciences in their application to the arts, and other series of Historical Collections, in all amounting relations of utility to man; and on such other to 30 volumes. subjects as the wants and taste of the age may The library of the Boston Library Society, demand. The Lowell Institute, by its ample founded in 1792, occupies a hall over the centre income, is able to command the services of men of the Tontine Buildings, as formerly denomi- of the highest talent in the country, and to nated, in Franklin Place. This hall was a furnish them with the fullest means for illusdonation to the society by Bulfinch, (the archi- trating the subjects of their various discourses. tect of the Capitol at Washington,) Vaughan, and The lectures are given on Tuesday and Friday IN THE UNITED STATES. 295 evenings, in a spacious audience room, fitted up The establishment, consisting externally of a for the purpose, and leased by the Institute, in group of five elegant buildings, makes a fine apthe rear of the Marlboro' Hotel. None of its in- pearance from whatever direction it is viewed. come can be expended in the erection of buildings. As an example of the noble manner in which There are other literary societies in Boston such institutions are sustained by the Boston which we cannot speak of in detail. Such are merchants, it may be stated that, in 1843, Hon. the Boston Society of Natural History: the William Appleton gave $10,000 "for the purAmerican Statistical Association; the New Eng- pose of affording aid to such patients in the land Historical and Genealogical Society; the McLean Asylum as, firom straitened means, American Oriental Society; and the Boston Ly- might be compelled to leave the institution withceum. All these have valuable libraries, cabinets, out a perfect cure;" and, in 1850, the same and collections. The Handel and Haydn Society, gentleman contributed the further sum of $20,000 the:doston Academy of Music, and the Musical "for the purpose of erecting two additional ediEducation Society, are well-conducted and effi- fices, sufficiently large to accommodate eight cient associations for the cultivation of musical males and eight females, with such conveniences science and Christian psalmody. and facilities as shall enable each to have not Among the numerous charitable and humane only the care, attention, and comforts, but the institutions of the city are the Boston Lunatic luxuries and retirement which they have been acHospital, and the Houses of Industry and Refor- customed to enjoy at home." mation, each of which has a commodious and The Perkins Institution and Massachusetts handsome edifice, located at South Boston; the Asylum for the Blind is another of the great Quarantine Hospital, delightfully situated on eleemosynary institutions originated by Boston Rainsford's Island; the New Almshouse, on liberality. It was first opened as an experiment, Deer Island, for which a most splendid, capa- in 1832, under the superintendence of Dr. Samuel cious, and well-constructed building has been G. Howe. In 1833, Col. Thomas H. Perkins erected, which is in the form of a Latin cross, made a donation of his valuable mansion house having its four wings, three stories high above in Pearl Street, other gentlemen in Boston the basement, radiating from a central building $50,000, the ladies $14,000, and the legislature four stories high; the Boston Eye and Ear $6,000 annually, for its permanent establishment. Infirmary, with a beautiful structure lately erect- It now receives from the state $9000 annually. ed in the W. part of the city; the Boston Its average number of pupils is about 100, who Female Asylum, founded in 1800, for assisting, are from many different states of the Union. instructing, and employing female orphan chil- The rapid growth of the institution having rendren, for which a new and substantial brick dered its removal necessary, the estate in Pearl building, with ample grounds and some peculiar Street was exchanged for the present large and arrangements for warming and ventilating, has beautiful edifice at South Boston, formerly known been provided at the south end; also the New as the Mount Washington House. To this splenEngland Female Medical College, established by did building, five stories high, and from its lovely the exertions of Samuel Gregory, for the qualifi- eminence overlooking the city, harbor, and surcation of females to nurse and attend upon the sick rounding region, many conveniences have since of their own sex. Besides these there are sev- been added, making the establishment, in respect eral societies for the benefit of seamen; among to its accommodations, all that can be desired. which are the Boston Port Society, and the Bos- It is open to the public on the afternoon of the ton Seaman's Friend Society, which has provided first Saturday in each month. an excellent Home for Sailors. Several of our national societies for religious The Massachusetts General Hospital, situated and benevolent purposes have their seat of operon an open plot of ground of four acres, on the ations in the metropolis of New England. banks of Charles River, at the W. part of Among these are the American Board of Comthe city, is one of the noblest, best endowed, and missioners for Foreign Missions, the American best furnished institutions of the kind in the Baptist Missionary Union, the American Educacountry. This beautiful edifice is of Chelmsford tion Society, the American Peace Society, the granite, 274 feet in length by 54 in breadth, with American Unitarian Association, the Prison Disa portico in front of eight Ionic columns. Con- cipline Society, and the old Society for Propnected with the building in the rear is a kitchen agating the Gospel among the Indians and'others and laundry of the most approved construction. in North America. Several others, though not The whole interior arrangement is according to national in their organization, are truly such in the most perfect system. The premises are deco- the extent of their operations; such as the Masrated with ornamental trees and shrubs, and laid sachusetts Home Missionary Society, the Amerout in gravel walks for those patients who are ican Tract Society of Boston, and the Massaable to enjoy exercise in the open air. This in- chusetts Sabbath School Society. stitution has found many munificent patrons in There are upwards of one hundred churches Massachusetts. Its capital, now yielding income, in Boston, of the different denominations; 98 of exclusive of the large amount invested in the whichlhave their regular places of worship. Of buildings, grounds, &c., is $171,119. It has these, the Unitarian Congregationalists have 22; several other sources of income, making its whole Orthodox Congregationalists, 14; Baptists, 13; receipts, in 1850, $38,517. The number of pa- Methodists, 12; Episcopalians, 11; Roman Cathticnts received the same year was 746. olics, 11; Universalists, 6; Presbyterians, Swe The McLean Asylum for the Insane, so called denborgians. and several other denominations, from JoHN MCLEAN, Esq., an eminent merchant one each. Most of the church edifices are venof Boston, and a liberal benefactor of the General erable and costly structures, which contribute in Hospital, is a branch of that institution, having a no small degree to beautify. the city. Several separate location on a delightful eminence in have lofty spires, which have a fine appearance Somerville, about 1 mile N. W. of the city. on an approach to the city by land or water. 296 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., That of the Park Street Meeting House, north of grammar schools, 22; with a corps of 370 teachthe Common, rises to the height of 218 feet ers, whose'salaries amount to $183,898. The above the pavement, and is one of the most beau- buildings for the use of the high and grammar tiful examples of this description of architecture schools are the most perfect in their kind, and in in the country. The Gothic style, in dark colored their style of architecture at once neat and ornasandstone, has been adopted, with fine effect, in mental. Their cost, with that of the primary the erection of several of the more recent struc- school houses, including the ground, up to May tures. 1, 1851, is estimated at $1,210,110. About one The oldest church edifice in Boston, still quarter part of the population of Boston is kept standing, is that of Christ Church, (Episcopal) at school throughout the year, at an annual at the north end, built in 1723. In the steeple expense to the city of about $250,000; which, of this church is a peal of eight bells, on each including the heavy investments for buildings, of which is an inscription. Two of these are as apparatus, &c., involves an outlay for this in-porfollows: " We are the first ring of bells cast for tant public interest without a parallel in the the British Empire in North America. A. R., world's history. It is, however, a part of the 1744." " God preserve the Church of England. encomium due to the merit of the public schools 1744." The initials A. R. are those of the of Boston, that many of her sister cities are now founder. emulating her wisdom and liberality in this parThe Old South Meeting House, on Washington ticular. Street, is the next building in age, having suc- As a branch of the same enlightened philanceeded to two others of wood on the same spot. thropy, the Boston Farm School for Indigent It was opened for worship April 26,1730. There Boys, on Thompson's Island, should be menis great historical interest connected with this tioned; the object of which is "the education sacred edifice. " Here was delivered, in defiance and reformation of boys who, from loss of parof the threats of authority, and in presence of ents or other causes, are exposed to extraormarshalled soldiery, Warren's fearless oration, dinary temptations, and in danger of becoming on the anniversary of the massacre of the 5th of vicious and dangerous, or useless members of March, 1770. Here were repeatedly held the society." This institution, with 140 acres of land meetings of oppressed freemen, which called and suitable buildings, can accommodate 300 forth those peals of patriotic eloquence which boys, who are to be trained with a view to promoved the whole country, and shook the British mote at once their physical, mental, and moral throne." When the British troops occupied Bos- welfare. This is virtually the Boston' College ton, the whole interior of the Old South, except for Orphans." It has been in operation since the sounding board and the east gallery, was 1835. There are likewise the House of Correcdismantled by them, and converted into a circus tion, and the House of Industry and Reformation, for their dragoons. About two feet of earth was at South Boston, the latter designed for juvenile spread upon the floor for their horses to exercise delinquents, and having a branch at the hospital upon. Large portions of the invaluable histor- on Deer Island, in which excellent schools are ical library, collected by its former pastor, Rev. maintained. The State Reform School, at WestThomas Prince, they used for kindling their boro', also receives a large number of this class fires. This desecration of the Old South excited of children from the city. universal indignation. Happily, the interior was The institution of the Franklin medals, awardafterwards fully restored in its former style, with ed annually in the Boston schools, was founded its two tiers of galleries, &c., and has been care- by Dr. Franklin. The following is from the fully preserved to this day, at once a venerated clause in his will, in which he makes the bequest, specimen of the elegance of ancient times, and a and defines its object:sacred shrine of patriotic and religious memories. "I was born in Boston, New England, and In keeping with these associations, the Old South owe my first instructions in literature to the free has long been the place where the annual elec- grammar schools established there. I therefore tion sermon is delivered before the governor and give one hundred pounds sterling to my execuGeneral Court. tors, to be by them, the survivors or survivor of The public schools of Boston, next to her them, paid over to the managers or directors of religious institutions, and in harmony with them, the free schools in my native town of Boston have, from the first, been her most cherished to be by them put out to interest, and so contin care. The records of the town afford evidence, ued at interest forever, which interest annually as early as 1635, of the establishment of a " Free shall be laid out in silver medals, and given as School." From that hour to the present, Boston, honorary rewards annually by the directors of in this respect, has held an honorable pream- the said fiee schools. for the encouragement of inence. The system of the public schools has scholarship in the said schools," &c. To the here been brought to a high degree of complete- proceeds of this benefaction the city adds an anness and perfection. It comprises schools of four nual sum sufficient to procure six silver medals, different grades, viz.: 1. The Primary Schools, which are inscribed "Tlhe Gift of Franklin." each taught by one female teacher, for children The first pupil of the Boston schools, who rebetween 4 and 8 years of age. 2. The English ceived the Franklin medal, was Dr. Jhn C. Grammar and Writing Schools, into which all Warren, in 1792. the children pass from the primary schools. Since Boston, by its railroads, has become a 3. The English High School. 4. The Latin great centre of business and travel for a larre Grammar School. The two last are exclusively portion of the country, its hotels and houses for boys. A public high school for girls is, per- of public entertainment have become an imhaps, a desideratum; though the deficiency is portant feature of the city. Among the most supplied, to a great extent, by excellent private celebrated are the Tremont House, on the corner schools in the city. The number of primary of Tremont and Beacon Streets; the United schools, in 1851, was 188; and of the English States Hotel, opposite the Western Railroad IN THE UNITED STATES. 297 Station; the American House, on Hanover Street, reservoir in Brookline is a beautiful structure, of the Revere House, on Bowdoin Square; the irregular, elliptical shape, including, with the emQuincy House, on Brattle Square; the Winthrop bankment and the necessary margin, 38 acres. House, on Tremont Street, opposite the south The surface of the water covers about 22k acres. end of the Common; and the Adams House, on It is capable of containing about 100,000,000 galWashington Street. These are all large and Ions of water -a quantity sufficient for the city splendid establishments, conducted upon a most fort two weeks, at 7,000,000 gallons a day. The perfect system; and some of them have obtained gate house is a handsome structure of granite a high celebrity in foreign lands. There are masonry, with a roof of iron. numerous hotels besides of great excellence, From the Brookline reservoir the water is though less extensive than the above. brought into the city, over the Neck, in two iron The total value of real and personal estate pipes, one 30 and the other 36 inches in diameter. assessed for taxation in Boston, in 1851, was The first discharges into a central reservoir on $187,947,000. There were in 1852, twelve indi- Beacon Hill, a short distance in the rear of the vidual citizens estimated to be worth a million State House. From the other, branches are conor more, and twenty more estimated to be worth ducted directly to most parts of the city. half a million and upwards. The Beacon Hill reservoir is a massive strucBoston was.,originally selected as a place of ture of granite stone masonry, nearly 200 feet residence for its abundance of pure water; and it square, occupying the entire area, east and west, is supposed that, on this account, the name Shaw- between Temple and Hancock Streets, and exmut, signifying Living Fountains, had been given tending from Derne Street on the north to the rear to the peninsula by the Indians. For many years, of Mount Vernon Street on the south. Its height however, previous to the construction of the great to the top of the coping, on Derne Street, is 58 aqueduct by which it is now so richly supplied, feet 9 inches; this, by the declivity of the ground, the wants of the city, in this important particular, being its loftiest wall. The whole substructure had increased beyond its internal resources. A supporting the basin, or reservoir, rests on arches company was incorporated, as early as 1795, for of immense strength, 141 feet span. The depth the purpose of introducing into the city the water of the basin is 15 feet and 8 inches, and its caof Jamaica Pond, in Roxbury. In 1845, this pacity 2,678,961 wine gallons. This reservoir is company had laid about 15 miles of pipe, convey- intended to supply the city, for a short time, in ing the water to nearly 3000 of the 10,370 houses any possible contingency of the connection with which the city then contained. The elevation of the Brookline reservoir being interrupted. this pond, however, was too low to bring the water There are also distributing reservoirs at South into the higher portions of the city; and its ca- Boston and at East Boston. The reservoir at pacity was quite insufficient for the supply of the South Boston is on Telegraph Hill, one of the portions reached. For 20 years previous to 1845, old " Dorchester Heights." It is supplied by a various comnnmissions had been constituted, at dif- 20 inch pipe, fiom the main in Trenmont Street, ferent times, to examine the waters in the neigh- through Dover Street, and over the south bridge. borhood, for the purpose of selecting one to be Its capacity is 7,508,246 gallons. The water is introduced into the city. At length, in 1845, carried to East Boston by a 20 inch pipe, cornLong Pond, or LAKE COCHITUATE, as it has mencing at Haymarket Square. and crossing since been named, was selected for this purpose, Charles River on the lower side of Warren Bridge, which lies in the towns of Framingham, Natick, thence over Mystic River by Chelsea Bridge, and and Wayland, about 20 miles west of Boston. thence across Chelsea Creek by a flexible pipe to This beautiful body of water covers an area of the reservoir on Eagle Hill. This reservoir is 30 659 acres, and is in some places 70 feet deep. It feet deep, and contains 5,591,816 wine gallons. drains an area of 11,400 acres, and will supply, The cost of introducing the water into East Bosaccording to the lowest estimate, 10,000,000 gal- ton was $306,980. The entire length of pipe laid Ions of water daily. Its elevation above the level from the commencement of the Boston Water of spring tide at Boston is 124i feet. It is di- Works, in all parts of the city, in Brookline, vided into two sections by adam. The northerly Roxbury, South Boston, Charlestown, Chelsea, section, from which the aqueduct is taken, con- and East Boston, up to January 1, 1852, was a tains about 200 acres; and the other, which is fraction over 100 miles. The entire cost of the held in reserve, to be drawn upon as wanted, con- aqueduct, up to January 1, 1852, was $5,185,711. tains about 459 acres. The gate house is in An analysis of the water of Lake Cochituate, Wayland, near the Natick line. The water is by Professor Benjamin Silliman, Jr., gave the folconveyed, through a conduit of brick masonry, lowing results:from this point 14k miles to the reservoir in Brookline, which is 4~ miles distant from the cen- Chloride of sodium,.....0323 tre of the city. This conduit is, in section, an Chloride of potassium,..0380 egg-shaped oval, the largest end down, 6 feet 4 Chloride of calcium,...0308 inches in height, and 5 feet in width, in its inte- Chloride of magnesium,....0764 rior dlimnensions, and of two bricks in thickness, Sulphate of magnesia,...1020 laid ini hydraulic cement. It has a descent of 2k Alumina,.......0800 inches to the mile. The conduit is interrupted at Carbonate of lime,..2380 the crossing of Charles River, over which the Carbonate of magnesia,....0630 water is carried in two 30 inch iron pipes, on a Silica,..0300 bridge of granite masonry, constructed in a hand- Carbonate of soda, equivalent to crenate some style of architecture, with three arches of 30 and nitrate of do., and loss,...5295 feet span. Some of the excavations for the conduit were over 50 feet in depth; and it is carried 1.2200 through two tunnels in ledges of the hardest rock, one 1140, and the other 2410 feet in length The Carbonic acid in one gall. in cubicinches, 10.719 38 298 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., This water is remarkable for the very small merce of Boston, so interesting on other acquantity of solid matter which it contains, and its counts, reveals the early development of many great freedom from foreign substances. Indeed, of those great sources of wealth which have Professor Silliman remarks, it is "almost good made it one of the richest cities of this country. enough for any chemical purpose whatever." "A It has been the mother of the maritime interest water," he adds, " which will dissolve nitrate of in America, has continued the training of " many silver without cloudiness. and will produce no a master, besides common seamen," not only for precipitate with a salt of baryta, must be allowed, her own, but for the other great ports of the on all hands, to be very pure, although not abso- country. and is now a chief mart for the exporlutely so." tation of " bread and fish," in exchange for the As a commercial port, and also as a place of commodities of Europe. internal trade, especially since the completion of But as other considerations besides the faciliher great lines of railroad communication, Boston ties of trade had an influence, and even a conpossesses preeminent advantages. Previous to trolling influence, in the original settlement of the revolution, and for a long time afterwards, Boston, its situation was not selected upon the this was the most extensive mart of foreign com- principle which has generally governed the lomerce in the country; and, even to this day, cation of our large cities, viz., the confluence of Boston has more than one half of the East India some large navigable river with the sea, thus trade carried on from the United States. and of uniting the greatest natural advantages for forthe Russia trade three quarters. She has also an eign and internal traffic. Consequently, for a extensive trade with the Mediterranean the West time after the vast resources of the country west Indies, South America, and every part of the of the Alleghany Mountains began to be largely commercial world. In 1851, the arrivals from developed, and to seek a channel to the foreign foreign ports were 2877, of which 75 were from market, the trade of Boston suffered, relatively, the Cape of Good Hope and beyond. Besides from the want of better communication with the these, a large number of the foreign vessels, be- more remote interior, and her ships had to seek longing to Boston, arrive and discharge their freight in the southern ports. But, happily, in her merchandise at New York, for the advantages of large accumulations of capital, and in the in. a more central and extensive market. domitable enterprise of her citizens, she found The foreign commerce of this country may be the means of completely obviating this natural said to be controlled by the cities of Boston and disadvantage, through the construction of the New York. The aggregate value of their imports several great lines of railroad by which she has amounts to about $185,000,000, of which about become connected with the most distant sec$35,000,000 comes direct to Boston. The im- tions of the country lying east, west, north, and mense wealth of these two cities, amounting in south. This great achievement of science, inthe aggregate to $500,000,000, enables them al- dustry, and art has effected a most surprising most entirely to command those great branches advancement in the commercial prosperity and of commerce which require a heavy capital for prospects of Boston. Her internal trade, which their operations. The East India and Pacific was formerly limited to the coast, and to the trade, without including the vessels bound to space circumscribed by the nearest ranges of eleCalifornia, employs, at the present time, 338 vated mountains, is now opened to the farthest ships and barks, which, with the exception of a boundaries of the valleys of the Mississippi and few vessels owned in Salem, is controlled entirely the St. Lawrence; and her merchants now think by Boston and New York; New York having a as lightly of extending their traffic beyond the majority of the China trade, and Boston control- Rocky Mountains to Oregon and California, as ling nearly all the trade with Calcutta, Manilla, they once did of reaching the opposite slopes of Batavia. Sumatra, the Cape of Good Hope, Chili, the Green Mountain and Alleghany ranges. and Peru. There are now seven great lines of railroad " Those," says an early historian of Boston, diverging in different directions from Boston, " who were formerly forced to fetch most of the most of which are annually increasing in extent. bread they ate, and beer they drank,.a thousand It will give some idea of the magnitude to which leagues by sea, are, through the blessing of the this interest has grown, when it is stated that the Lord, so increased, that they have not only fed aggregate distance travelled to and from Boston their elder sisters, Virginia, Barbadoes, and many daily, upon the railroads now in operation, disof the Summer Islands, that were preferred be- regarding many of the shorter trips of the nufore them for fruitfulness, but also the grand merous accommodation trains around the city, is mother of us all, even the fertile isle of Great over 12,000 miles, and that the number of perBritain. Beside, Portugal hath had many a sons arriving and departing daily is upwards of mouthful of bread and fish from us in exchange 10,000. Another route is now nearly completed, for their Madeira liquor, and also Spain; nor to meet the great Erie Railroad, by the way of could it be imagined that this wilderness should Hartford, Ct., and Fishkill on the Hudson River. turn a mart for merchants in so short a space. But the greatest further improvement now in Many a fair ship had her framing and finishing progress is the extension of the Fitchburg Railhere, besides lesser vessels, barks, and ketches. road beyond its present terminus at Greenfield, Many a master, besides common seamen, had by tunnelling the Hoosic Mountain, and passing their first learning in this colony. Boston, to the city of Troy on the Hudson River oppoCharlestown, Salem, and Ipswich, our maritime site the Erie Canal. As the highest grade on towns, begin to increase roundly, especially Bos- this road between the Connecticut and Hudson ton, the which, of a poor country village, in Rivers is only 31 feet to the mile, and the distwice seven years, is become like unto a small tance between the two cities only about 175 city, and is in election to become a mayor town miles. this improvement, when completed, cansuddenly, chiefly increased by trade by sea." not failtogive to Boston a large increase of the This quaint and lively sketch of the infant com- almost boundless commerce of the west. IN THE UNITED STATES. 299 By our tables of latitude and longitude, it will tember, 1851, the day of the grand festival held be seen that Albany, Buffalo, Detroit, and Chicago by the city for celebrating the completion of the lie within a fraction of the same degree of lati- last of the great lines of railroad centring here, tude with Boston; and as these four places' are by which the River St. Lawrence, at its two most the chief depositories of the immense produce of important points, the port of Ogdensburg and the the west, and as the great marts for this produce city of Montreal, one the outlet of the commerce in Europe —Liverpool, Havre, St. Petersburg, of the great lakes, and the other the head of and other ports - lie some degrees N. of Boston, it ship navigation entering the British provinces by must be evident that every variation to the S. of that mighty river, became connected with the port this line of communication will by so much of Boston. This was a proud day for the New increase the distance on this great channel of England metropolis, which, after years of incredicommercial intercourse. And the capitalists of ble enterprise and expenditure, saw the completion Boston, aware of this fact, are expending large of that magnificent scheme of internal commusums of money in the extension of these improve- nication by which the most distant sections of ments. To say nothing of several enterprises our country, and the neighboring provinces of more remote, or in their more incipient stages, Great Britain, became commercially annexed to we learn from authentic sources, that probably her domain. As was natural, the highest public one third of the entire line from Albany to Buffa- functionaries, and many of the wealthy merchants lo; one half of the Vermont.Central, the Rutland, and others from Canada, were present, by invitaand the Canada roads; two-thirds of the Og- tion, to unite in the festivities of the occasion. densburg, connecting the Vermont Central with No maritime port ill this country enjoys finer Lake Ontario; and two thirds of the Michigan advantages than Boston in respect to the capaCentral, extending from Detroit to Chicago, are ciousness and security of its harbor, and'the owned in Boston. unobstructed ingress and egress of shipping to its As a mart for our domestic manufactures, Bos- wharves at all seasons of the year. Of Boston ton, from these various facilities, possesses great harbor we have given a particular description on advantages; and especially as the metropolis of page 173, to which the reader is referred. For New England, which is already, and seems des- statistics of the commerce, banks, &c., see Statined to be more and mde, the great manufactur- tistical tables. ing district for the countrv. The first settlement of Boston, was in 1630, There is probably no place in the world better when John Winthrop, the first governor of Masprovided than Boston with the necessary accom- sachusetts, and the company of immigrants with modations for her extensive commerce. The him, having arrived and tarried for a short time whole margin of the city on the E. and N. is lined at Charlestown, removed their location to the pewith about 200 docks and wharves, affording ninsula. There was one solitaryinhabitant there altogether an extent of wharfage of over 5 miles. at an earlier date, the Rev. William Blackstone, Some of these wharves are among the most stu- of whom Mather speaks as " a godly Episcopapendous structures of this description in the lian," who in 1626 had built a cottage near what country. Long Wharf. at the foot of State Street, is now called Spring Street, in the western part of extends into the harbor 1800 feet, having upon it the city. In 1634, fifty acres of land were set off aline of 76 spacious warehouses. Central Wharf. to Mr. Blackstone, which was about one twelfth S. of this, is 1379 feet long, with a uniform range part of the peninsula, he being " the first Euroof warehouses running the whole length, 50 feet pean inhabitant." Not long afterwards, when he wide and four stories high. Between these two wished to remove, the town purchased all his wharves, on Commercial Street, stands the Cus- " right and title to the peninsula of Shawmut" tom House. South of Central Wharf is India for ~30, each freeholder paying six shillings, and Wharf, 930 feet long, with a range of 39 warehouses some of them more. Mr. Blackstone afterwards in the centre. Among the most extensive wharves settled in Rhode Island. In 1673, the first wharf towards the northern part of the city are Granite was built. In 1677, the court appointed John or Commercial Wharf, Lewis's Wharf, and the Hayward postmaster, "to take in and convey Eastern Railroad Wharf. On each of these is a letters according, to direction," whichwas the first range of massive granite warehouses, unequalled commencement of the post office system in Amerbv any thing of the kind in the United States. ica. In 1690, the first paper money was issued. On the Eastern Railroad Wharf there are two In 1701, the representatives of Boston were insuch ranges, and the avenue to the railroad sta- structed by the town to use their influence to tion passes between them. That on the south obtain the abolition of slavery —one of the earside is occupied by an extensive flouring mill, liest movements in the world on this subject. in which 2500 bushels of wheat daily are mann- April 17, 1704, the first number of the Boston factured into the finest flour. South of these News Letter, the earliest newspaper in America, are other important wharves; among these is was published by John Campbell. The year Russia Wharf, formerly Griffin's Wharf, where 1706 is rendered memorable in the annals of that memorable demonstration of the spirit of Boston by the birth of Benjamin Franklin. resistance to British oppression was given, in the October 1, 1768, after the disaffection of the colpresence of several of her ships of war lyving be- onists with the British government had become fore the city - the emptying of about 340 chests serious, two regiments of British troops were and half chests of tea into the ocean. One of the landed at Boston, who took up their quarters in greatest accommodations recently provided is the old State House. March 5, 1770, the Boston that at the termination of the Grand Junction massacre occurred, by the firing of the troops Railroad at East Boston, by which all the railroads upon the citizens, and killing three persons and coming to the city are immediately connected with mortally wounding three others. March 31, 1774, a system of warehouses and wharves, where the Boston port bill was passed in the British vessels are laden and unladen. This important Parliament, shutting the port of Boston and improvement was opened on the 17th of Sep- producing great distress among the citizens. 300 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., May 14, the town voted to discontinue all com- now assailed; amidst alternating sunshine and merce with Great Britain. On the 17th of June, storm; with the axe of a native foe at its root, 1775, the memorable battle of Bunker Hill was and the lightning of a foreign power at times fought. March 17, 1776, the British were com- scathing its top, or withering its branches; it pelled to evacuate Boston, and the American grew, it flourished, it stands- may it ever troops, under General Washington, entered it in stand- the honor of the field." triumph. Independence having been established, and peace declared in 1783, Boston, with other cities of the Union, entered upon a rapid career As GOD WAS WITH OUR FATHERS, SO MAY of commercial enterprise and prosperity. HE BE WITI US. Boston continued a town, and its affairs were Boston Corner, Ms. This tract, in the S. W. administered by selectmen, like other towns in corner of the state, though politically attached Massachusetts, until February 23, 1822. At this to the township of Mount Washington, is cut time the population was about 45,000. The off from it by a mountain 2000 feet in height. intention to make Boston a city had occasion- Boston. N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Cauquaga ally been entertained since 1651; but the people Creek and other small streams. The surface is had not hitherto felt the necessity of a more effi- undulating; the soilgood. 18 miles S. E. from cient municipality than that of the town. They Buffalo, and 289 W. from Albany. had continued in a remarkable degree, notwith- Bastrop County, Ts., c. h. at Bastrop. South standing the admixture of foreign elements, central. On the Colorado. to justify the early encomium of Winthrop: Botetourt County, Va., c. h. at Fineastle. South "They were generally of that understanding central. Between the Blue Ridg&6 on the E. and moderation, as that they would be easily and the main branch of the Alleghanies on the guided in their way by any rule from Scripture W. The Upper James River flows through it. or sound reason." Surface elevated and mountainous. The city is divided into 12 wards, and is gov- Bound Brook, N. J., Somerset co. 33 miles N. erned by a mayor, 8 aldermen, and 48 common E. from Trenton. On the Delaware and Raritan councilmen, 4 from each ward. The mayor and Canal. aldermen constitute one board, and the com- Bourbon County, Ky.,'c. h. at Paris. N. E. mon councilmen another, who hold their sessions central. The S. branch of Licking River waters separately, excepting when they meet in joint this county. Soil very productive. ballot. Two persons besides from each ward are Bovina, N. Y., Delaware co. The surface is chosen to act with the mayor and president of hilly, and is watered by Little Delaware River. the common council, as a school committee; Soil adapted for grazing. 69 miles S. W. from and one fiom each ward to constitute a board of Albany. overseers of the poor. The term of all these Bow, N. H., Merrimac co. Soil uneven and offices is one year. hard, but productive. Turkey River empties into In bringing this article to a conclusion we the Merrimac at Turkey Falls. About a mile may adopt the words of Hon. JOSIAH QUINCY, below are Garvin's Falls. Bow Canal is situlate president of Harvard University, in his ad- ated on the Merrimac, 3 miles below Concord; dress delivered at the close of the second cen- the fall it overcomes is 25 feet; length a quarter tury from the settlement of the city: - of a mile. 7 miles S. E. from Concord. On "As our thoughts course along the events of the Concord and Nashua Railroad. past times, from the first settlement of Boston, Bowdoin, Me., Lincoln co. An interior town. they trace the strong features of its charac-. 37 miles N. N. E. from Portland. ter indelibly impressed upon its acts and in Bowdoinham, Me., Lincoln co. On the west its history —clear conceptions of duty; bold side of Kennebec River. Here is considerable vindications of right; readiness to incur dan- business in the lumber trade and ship building. gers and meet sacrifices in the maintenance of 12 miles N. from Bath. liberty, civil and religious. Early selected as Bowie County, Ts., c. h. at De Kalb. In the the place of chief settlement of New England, N. E. corner between Red River and Caddo it has through every subsequent period, main- Lake. tained its relative ascendency. In the arts of Bowling Green, Ia., c. h. Clay co. On Eel, a peace and in the energies of war, in the virtues branch of White River. 60 miles S. by W. from of prosperity and adversity, in wisdom to plan Indianapolis. and vigor to execute, in extensiveness of enter- Bowling Green, Ky., Warren co. On Big Barprise, success in accumulating wealth and lib- ren, a branch of Green River, and accessible erality in its distribution, its inhabitants, if not by steamboats of 200 tons at all seasons. 144 unrivalled, have not been surpassed by any simi- miles S. W. friom Frankfort. The principal exlar society of men. Through good report and port is tobacco. evil report, its influence has at all times been Boydton, Va., Mecklenburg co. 109 miles S. so distinctly seen and acknowledged in events, S. W. from Richmond. Seat of Randolph Maand been so decisive on the destinies of the con College, the buildings of which are about 1 region of which it was the head, that the inhab- mile W. of the village. See Colleges. itants of the adjoining colonies of a foreign na- Boyle County, Ky., c. h. at Danville, Central. tion early gave the name of this place to the Watered by branches of Salt and Dick's Rivers. whole country; and at this day among their Soil very productive. descendants the people of the whole United Boylston, Ms., Worcester co. Hilly and broStates are distinguished by the name of " Bos- ken, but the soil is strong and productive. It is tonians." Amidst perils and obstructions, on watered by the S. branch of Nashua River. 40 the bleak side of the mountain on which it was miles W. from Boston, and 7 N. from Worcester. first cast, the seedling oak, self-rooted, shot upward Boylston, N. Y., Oswego co. Little Sandy and with a determined vigor. Now slighted and Trout Creeks water this town, which has a some IN THE UNITED STATES. 301 what rough surface, but a productive soil. 140 nished by John Hayward, Esq., of this town, in miles N. WV. from Albany. 1752, for the erection of King's Chapel, in BosBoxboro', Ms., Middlesex co. Soil mostly light, ton. There are several villages in the town. and the surface broken and hilly. Good lime- The Old Colony Railroad passes through the stone is found here. There is a pleasant village centre. 10 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 12 in Boxboro', through which the Boston and E. by S. from Dedham. Fitchburg Railroad passes. 27 miles N. W. from The town is well watered by Monatiquot Riv. Boston, and 7 N. W. from Concord. er, on which are several manufacturing establishBoxford, Ms., Essex co. 25 miles N. from ments. Boston, and 12 S. W. from Newburyport. The farm of Hon. Benjamin V. French, a naBozrah, Ct., New London co. The soil is a tive of this town, and a retired merchant, at gravelly loam, rich and fertile. It is watered by Mount Monatiquot, deserves to be noted as a Yantic River, on which are two pleasant and remarkable instance of the agricultural and horflourishing villages, Bozrahville and Fitchville. ticultural improvements effected of late years Bracken County, Ky., c. h. at Augusta. N. E. in the vicinity of Boston. Commencing in 1818 part of the state, on the Ohio River. Surface with a worn-out piece of land, Mr. French now broken; soil fertile. has on his place over 400 varieties of the apple, as Bradbury County, As., c. h at Warren. In the many of the pear, and about 100 each of plums and S. E. corner, bordering on Louisiana. Saline cherries, besides every variety of other fruit which Fork of the Wachita runs S. through it. can be cultivated in this climate, whether for the Bradford, Me., Penobscot co. 87 miles N. E. field or garden. It is his object to try all kinds, from Augusta. with the view of selecting the best, which he Bradford, Ms., Essex co. On the S. side of thinks will soon be reduced to about 30 varieties Merrimac River. United to Haverhill by a of the apple, 20 of the pear, and about the same bridge 680 feet in length, and a railroad viaduct. number of plums and cherries, by which the The surface of the town is pleasantly diversified, worthless kinds so generally now growing will be and the soil various. Much of the land is of a superseded. This selection will include quite a superior quality. The Bradford Academy is on number of native American varieties, new specian elevated spot, about 100 rods from Haver- mens of which are constantly brought forward hill, and commands a beautiful view. 16 miles by the zeal of our intelligent horticulturists, N. E. from Lowell, and 31 N. from Boston by who well deserve to be ranked among public the Boston and Maine Railroad. benefactors. In 1851, Mr. French exhibited, at Bradford, N. H., Merrimac co. Many parts the Horticultural Rooms in Boston, 230 choice of the town are hilly, although most of it lies in specimens of as many different varieties of the a valley. Near the Sunapee Mountain is an apple and pear, for which he received a splenextensive plain, more than a mile long and half did piece of plate. a mile wide. 28 miles W. from Concord. Braintree, Vt., Orange co. Watered by the Bradford, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by third branch of White River, and Ayers's and Mud Creek and its tributaries. The surface is Mill Brooks, its tributaries. Between Ayers's uneven; soil of good quality. 12 miles E. from Brook and the third branch is a large swell of Bath, and 204 S. of W. from Albany. land called" Quaker Hill." Between the third Bradford County, Pa., c. h. at Tonawanda. In branch and the head of White River is a considthe N. E. angle bordering on N. Y. Watered erable mountain, which renders that part incapaby the Chemung and the N. branch of the Sus- ble of settlement. 21 miles S. from Montpelier, quehanna Rivers, and by Tonawanda and Sugar and 14 W. by S. from Chelsea. The Vermont Creeks. Surface partlf mountainous. In the Central Railroad passes through this town. S. part is much good land. Branch County, Mn., c. h. at Branch. On the Bradford, Pa. A northern township of McKean southern border of the state. Undulating, and co., on the New York frontier. watered by branches of the St. Joseph's River. Bradford, Vt., Orange co. The surface is Soil fertile sandy loam. somewhat broken. A strip of intervale skirts Branch, Mn., c. h. Branch co. On the W. Connecticut River, which bounds the town on branch of Coldwater River. 113 miles W. S. W. the E., and there is much good land in other from Detroit. parts. 30 miles S. S.E. from Montpelier, and 11 Branciforte County, Ca., c. h. at Santa Cruz, S. S. E. from Chelsea. on the N. coast of Monterey Bay. Bradley, Me., Penobscot co. 12 miles E. N. E. Brandenburg, Ky., c. h. Mead co. On the Ohio from Bangor. River. 94 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. Bradley County, Te., c. h. at Cleveland. In the Brando,, Mi., c. h. Rankin co. S. E. corner, bordering on Georgia. Surface Brandon, N. Y., Franklin co. A large and mountainous; soil, fertile on the borders of the mostly uncultivated town, covered with dense streams. forests, and interspersed on the S. part with nuBradleyvale, Vt., Caledonia co. Watered by merous lakes. It is drained by Saranac, St. Regis, Moose River. Has a fine water power and much and Racket Rivers. 10 miles S. W. from Magood land. 12 miles easterly from St. Johnsbury. lone, and 215 N. N. W. from Albany. Brady,, Mn. Watered by Portage River. 146 Brandon, Vt., Rutland co. Watered by Otter miles WV. from Detroit. Creek, Mill River, and Spring Pond, on which Braintree, Ms., Norfolk co. The surface is streams are good mill sites. Some of the land is variegated by hill and dale, presenting many de- level. with rather a light soil, but that on Otter lightful views of Boston, its harbor, and the Creek is excellent. Bog iron ore is found here; adjacent country. The soil is a strong, gravelly also, abundance of marble. There are two culoam, and very productive. Excellent granite rious limestone caverns in this town. 60 miles abounds here. The first ever used in this coun- N. W. from Windsor, and 40 S. W. from Monttry, for the purpose of building houses, was fur- pelier. The Rutland Railroad passes through it. '302 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Brandt, N. Y., Erie co. On the borders of Lake Brazos Santiago, Ts., Cameron co. A port a Erie; bounded partly on the S. by Cattaraugus little N. of the mouth of the Rio Grande. Creek. Hilly. 20 miles S. from Buffalo, and Brazos County, Ts., c. h. at Boonville. E. 348 W. firom Albany. central, in the angle between the Brazos and Brandywine, Pa., Chester co. Brandywine and Navasota. Beaver Creeks water this town. Breaknock, Pa. A N. E. township of LanBrlanford, Ct., New Haven co. An uneven caster co. Watered by Big and Little Muddy township, of strong soil, on Long Island Sound. Rivers. Has a hilly surface and gravelly soil. Thimble Islands and Indian Islands lie within the Breathitt County, Ky., c. h. at Breathitt. Surlimits of the town. face hilly and mountainous. and watered by the Brasher, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. St. Regis and N. and'Middle Forks of the Kentucky River. Deer Rivers water this town, the surface of which Soil good on the borders of the streams. is rolling, and a large part of the soil swampy, Breckenbridge County, Ky., c. h. at Hardensburg. abounding with bog iron ore. 30 miles N. E. from On the Ohio, about the middle of its course along Canton, and 250 N. N. W. from Albany. the state. Brasher Falls, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The Bremen, Me., Lincoln co. On Muscongus Bay, falls of Deer River, at this place, afford extensive about 40 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 15 E. S. water power. E. from Wiscasset. Brattleboro', Vt., Windham co., lies in the Brentwood, N. H., Rockingham co. The soil S. E. section of the state, having Connecticut is better for grass than grain. Exeter River, and River for its E. boundary. It is 96 miles S. other smaller streams, water this town. Pickfrom Montpelier, and 90 miles W. from Boston. pocket Falls, on Exeter River, afford an excellent The surface of the town is diversified by hills, water power. Vitriol, combined with sulphur, valleys, and plains. It has a good soil, which is is found here. 32 miles S. E. from Concord, and generally well improved. The town and vicinity 4 E. from Exeter. are noted for their salubrious air, pure water, Brewer, Me., Penobscot co. On Penobscot and fine mountain scenery. It is intersected by River, opposite Bangor. West River, Whetstone Brook, and numerous Brewster, Ms., Barnstable co. Barnstable Bay smaller streams. There are many sites for water is on the N. of this town. From three ponds in the power on the larger streams unoccupied, and in- town, covering about 1000 acres, a never-failing viting to enterprise. stream issues. Peat of good quality abounds At the S. E. section of the town is the site of here. Some parts of the soil are light and sandy, the once famous military post Fort Dummer, others clay and loam. There is a convenient nothing of which is now retained but the name, breakwater for the accommodation of packets Dummer Meadows. Here, in 1742, the first and other small vessels, where they lie in safety English settlement in Vermont was effected. at any season of the year. 78 miles S. E. from There are in Brattleboro' two villages, the E. Boston, and 13 E. from Barnstable. and the WT. The W. village is near the geograph- Bridgeton, Me., Cumberland co. On the borical centre of the town. Here is a flourishing der of Long Pond, near the head of navigation. academy, and one or two meeting houses. The Bridgeton, N. J., c. h. Cumberland co. It E. village, which is the part of the town com- is situated on the Cohansic Creek, 40 miles S. S. monly known as Brattleboro', is on Connecticut E. of Philadelphia. The creek is navigable River, at the mouth of Whetstone Brook, which to the town for vessels of 101 tons, and it is conaffords a convenient landing-place for river craft. sequently a port of entry for the district of W. Brattleboro' is here connected with Hinsdale, on Jersey. There are several manufacturing estabthe New Hampshire side, by a handsome covered lishments which, with the shipping, give activity bridge spanning the Connecticut River. This to the business of the place. village is the general business mart for the sur- Bridgewater, Ms., Plymouth co., contains some rounding towns. It is a place of much enterprise of the best lands in Plymouth co. Taunton Rivand prosperity, and combines, in a remarkable de- er washes the southern border of the town. The gree, the characteristics of taste and elegant culture chief village is very pleasant, and is the seat of with those of natural wildness and rural beauty. considerable business. It lies 27 miles S. by E. In this village is located one of the most exten- from Boston, and 20 W. by N. from Plymouth. sive water-cure establishments in the country, One of the State Normal Schools for teachers is under the care of Dr. Wesselhoeft. The tbun- here. dance, purity, and even temperature of the waters Bridgewater, N. H., Grafton co. 30 miles N. issuing here from natural springs in the hillsides, W. from Concord. the invigorating air and romantic scenery, render Bridgewater, N. J., Somerset co. Surface level this place peculiarly well adapted to the purposes or undulating, except on the N. E., where it is of such an institution. mountainous. The railroad connection is now complete from Bridgewater, N. Y., Oneida co. Unadilla River Brattleboro' with all the southern, eastern, and has its source in this town. The surface is hilly northern railroads. and broken, yet well adapted to grazing, and in Braxton County, Va., c. h. at Braxton. N. some parts to the growth of grain. 15 miles S. W. central, on both sides of Elk River, a N. from Utica, and 110 W. from Albany. tributary of the Kenhawa. Bridgewater, Vt., Windsor co. Surface uneven, Braxton, Va., c, h. Braxton co. On the N. and in some parts rough and stony. Along the side of Elk River. 321 miles W. N. W. from Quechee River are tracts of valuable intervale, Richmond. and there are many good farms in other parts. Brazoria, Ts., c. h. Brazoria co. The summits of the hills are, in general, covered Brazoria County, Ts., c. h. at Brazoria. On the with spruce and hemlock; the timber, on other Gulf coast, on both sides of the mouth of the parts, is mostly maple, beech, and birch. There Brazos. is an inexhaustible quarry of soapstone situated IN THE UNITED STATES. 303 nearly in the centre of, the town. There is a Brighton, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by small village on the river, near the S. E. corner Genesee River. The surface is slightly uneven, of the town. This town is watered by Otta the soil sandy or clay loam. 3 miles E. from Quechee River, and by several considerable Rochester, and 255 miles N. W. from Albany. branches, These streams afford numerous mill Brighton, Pa., Beaver co. On the W. side of privileges. 45 miles S. from Montpelier, and 17 the Big Beaver, about 4 miles from the Ohio N. W. from Windsor. River, and 231 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. Bridgeport, Ct. City and town, Fairfield co. 75 It is connected with New Brighton on the oppomiles S. S. W. from Hartford; 17 miles S. W. site side of the Big Beaver by a bridge. The from New Haven, and 62 miles N. E. from the water power at this place is extensive, and is imcity of New York. It is on the W. side of an arm proved for flouring mills, the manufacture of of Long Island Sound, into which the Pequanock cottons, &c. River enters. The township contains about 10 Briqhton, Vt., Essex co. Watered chiefly by square miles of excellent land, and was separated Ferren's River, and other head branches of Clyde from Stratford in 1821. The city has had a River. Some of the head branches of the Pasrapid and prosperous growth. It was incorpo- sumpsic and Nulhegan Rivers originate here. rated as a city in 1836. It is chiefly built on a A very good township of land, and contains plain, elevated a few feet above high-water mark, much excellent white pine timber, with several and is handsomely laid out and neatly built. fine mill sites. 70 miles N. E. from MontThere is a terrace of about 50 feet ascent at the pelier. N. side of the city, above which there is a surface Brimfield, Ms., Hampden co. A fine farming of about half a mile square, on which are a num- town, with a good soil, and is well watered by ber of beautiful private mansions, delightfully Quinnebang River. 19 miles E. by N. from situated for the prospect of the city and of the Springfield, and 70 W. by S. from Boston. Sound, which lie spread out before them. There Bristol, Ct., Hartford co. 20 miles W. by S. are five or six handsome church edifices, belong- from Hartford, and 28 miles N. from New Haven. ing to different denominations. Some of the It is watered by streams which flow into the hotels are spacious and elegant buildings. Farmington River. The surface of the town is A large business is done at Bridgeport in the uneven and hilly. -The soil, which is a gravcoasting trade, and something in foreign com- elly loam, is considerably fertile, producing all merce. Some vessels are employed in whaling kinds of grain, grass, and fruit common to this and other fisheries. The harbor is safe; but the climate. But the great business of Bristol, for entrance of large vessels drawing more than which it has become celebrated far and near, is 13 feet of water is impeded by the bar at its the manufacture of clocks, which are made in mouth. A steamboat plies daily between Bridge- every variety of form and kind, whether of wood port and New York. This is the S. terminus of or brass, and are sent into all parts of this counthe Housatonic Railroad, which connects at try, and even to other countries. The number West Stockbridge, Mass., with the Western Rail- of clocks produced in a single year has someroad fiom Boston to Albany, and with another times amounted to 100,000; as many as 16 or to Hudson, N. Y. The New York and New 18 manufactories being engaged in this business. Haven Railroad, which is part of a continuous A g6od deal is also done in the manufacture of route to Boston, passes through this place. The buttons, and a variety of other articles. Naugatuck Railroad also comes in here. There are churches here of the Congregational, Bridport, Vt., Addison co. Level, and the soil Baptist, Methodist, and Episcopaldenominations. generally is a brittle marl, or clay. The hills The Congregational house of worship is situated are a loam and red slaty sandstone. A range on the summit of a circular hill, around the base of shelly blue slate extends through the town, of which the principal part of the village is lying generally a little below the surface. This built along the stream which furnishes the power town is poorly watered, there being no durable for the manufactories. mill streams, and the springs and ground gener- Bristol is on the route of the railroad now in ally being impregnated with Epsom salts. For process 5f construction from Hartford to Fishfamily use rain water is generally employed. kill, N. Y., which is already in operation as far as There are several landing-places for goods on to this place. This railroad intersects the Canal the lake shore. Lake Champlain forms the west- Railroad at Plainville, and, as it proceeds western boundary of this town; across this lake to ward, will successively connect with the NaugaCrown Point is 2 miles. 12 miles W. by S. from tuck, the Housatonic, the Haerlem, and the HudMiddlebury, and 45 S. W. from Montpelier. son River Railroads; and terminate opposite NewBrier Creek, Pa. An easterly township of Co- burg, from which a branch is opened to the great lumbia co. 94 miles N. from Harrisburg. Erie Railroad. Brighton, Me., Somerset co. 50 miles N. from Bristol County, Ms., Taunton and New Bedford, Augusta. shire towns. In the S. part, bordering on R. l. Brighton, Ms., Middlesex co. 5 miles S. W. by Taunton and Pawtucket are its chief rivers. W. from Boston. Washed by Charles River on The surface is somewhat broken, but generally the W. and N. The soil is excellent, and highly level; soil mostly inferior quality. It has a cultivated. Winship's gardens are noted through- maritime coast of considerable extent, indented out the country for their nurseries of fruit-trees with numerous headlands, small bays, and harand shrubbery, and for their grand display of bors. This county gives rise to many streams plants and flowers of every variety. J. Breck & that fall into Massachusetts and Narraganset Co.'s garden, and horticultural and seed estab- Bays, and its water power is abundant in almost lishment, and Warren's gardens, attract much at- every town. It abounds in excellent iron ore. tention. Brighton is the largest cattle market Bristol, Me., Lincoln co. On the Damariscotin New England. The Boston and Worcester ta and Pemaquid Rivers. 60 miles N. E. from Railroad passes through it. Portland, and 32 S. E. from Augusta. 30t1 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Brtstol, N. H., Grafton co. A hilly township, Considerable capital also is employed in ship bhut has a good soil. Newfound Pond, 6 miles in building. length, and from 2 to 3 miles in width, lies in this No place in the country, perhaps, with the extown and Hebron. 30 miles N. W. from Concord. ception of Newport, suffered more in the war of Bristol, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Mud the revolution than Bristol. During the three Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven, the years that Rhode Island was in possession of the soil various, some parts being very fertile. It is British, the town was exposed to the constant about 9 miles S. W. from Canandaigua, and incursions of the enemy. It was bombarded by 232 W. from Albany. a British squadron in 1775. In May, 1778, the Bristol, Pa. A township of Philadelphia co. meeting house and all the most valuable dwellWatered by Tacony Creek. ings were burnt. Bristol, Pa., Bucks co. Township and village Few places can appear more eligible than on the WV. bank of the Delaware River. 20 miles Bristol and its environs to the inhabitants of our N. from Philadelphia, and 115 E. by S. from crowded cities, as a retreat, in the summer Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal communi- months, from the excitements, din, and heat, cates with the Delaware River by a branch to this which, without such annual respite, become to place, which is a great channel for the trans- them so irksome and exhausting. portation of coal, and various kinds of merchan- Bristol Count~y, R. I., c. h. at Bristol. E. part. dise. That portion of the state between the two main Bristol, R. I. Port of entry and shire town of branches of Narraganset Bay. Bristol co.; the Pocanoket of the Indians. It is Bristol, Vt., Addison co. About one third of equidistant from Providence and Newport, being this town lies entirely W. of the Green Moun15 miles from each. This town is beautifully tains, and is very level, rich, and productive. The situated on a kind of peninsula or tongue of land remainder is broken, and a considerable part inextending S. from Warren into Narraganset Bay. capable of cultivation. The village is near the The arm-of the bay on the E. side, running up centre of the town. upon New Haven River. imtowards Fall River, is called Mount Hope Bay. mediately after it passes the notch in the mounIt is 6 miles long, but averages less than a mile tain. 25 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 11 and a half in width. On the height of land be- N. from Middlebury. tween these two bays, is Mount Hope, once the Broadalbin, N. Y., Fulton co. A good grazing residence of the celebrated King Philip. The township. 42 miles N. W. from Albany. soil of this town is a deep, gravelly loam, very Broadtop, Pa. A northern township of Bedfertile and productive. Great quantities of onions, ford co. carrots, beets, and potatoes are raised here for Broken Straw, Pa. A central township of exportatiomn Most of the gardens are made to Warren co. yield two crops of different vegetables annually. Brooke County, Va., c. h. at Wellsburg. In It is supposed that as many as one third of the the N. W. corner, between the state of Ohio and population are employed in horticulture. the Ohio River. Surface uneven, and watered Bristol was settled in 1680. About three bv several small creeks flowing into the Ohio fourths of the inhabitants live in a compact and River; soil fertile. Iron ore and bituminous beautiful village, which is delightfully situated at coal are found in this county. the western border of the township, on the navi- Brookfied, Ct., Fairfield co. The surface is gable waters of the Narraganset. The site is somewhat broken, but the soil is strong, and well well elevated above the shore, and, ascending adapted to the culture of grain. The rocks in gradually as it recedes, affords to the inhabitants many parts of the town are limestone, and afford a fine view of the lovely bosom of the bay, and marble. The N. E. boundary is washed by the in return presents the town to those passing by Housatonic River, and Still River passes nearly it on the water, as an object of picturesque and through its centre. quiet beauty. The main street, which extends Brookfield, Ms., Worcester co., is divided into the whole length of the village, contains the three parishes - North, South, and West Brookhandsomest buildings, and is ornamented with field. The Western Railroad passes through the beautiful shade trees. On this street are the entire width of the town. East Brookfield lies, Congregational and Episcopal houses of worship. by the railroad, 64 miles W. from Boston. South The oth6r meeting houses and public buildings and West Brookfield lie 5 miles farther W. are likewise pleasantly situated. Brooklfield, N. H., Carroll co. Soil good. Cook's The harbor of Bristol is easy of access, safe, Pond is the source of the west branch of Salmon and deep enough for vessels of almost any size. Falls River. 650 miles N. E. from Concord. The commerce of the place is much less than it Brookfield, N. Y., Madison co. Unadilla River, was 30 years ago, but is now on the increase. and some of its branches, water this town, the Some large freighting ships are owned here, a surface of which is hilly. 83 miles WV. from Alconsiderable number of coasting vessels are em- bany. ployed, and the West India trade is beginning Brookfield, Pa. A N. W. township of Tioga co. to be carried on quite extensively. The port of 174 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. Bristol collects as much revenue as any port in Brookfield, Orange co., Vt. Nearly on the the state, and has 13,000 tons of shipping regis- height of land between White and Winooski Rivtered or enrolled. A steamboat which plies daily ers. Parts of it are broken; but it is mostly fit between Providence and Fall River stops at this for cultivation, and is very productive, particuplace. To Fall River the distance is 8 miles. larly in grass. It is well watered with springs Of late years, the capitalists of Bristol have and brooks, but has no very good mill privileges. introduced manufacturing enterprise to consider- The principal stream is the second branch of able extent. There are two large cotton mills, White River. Around the bottom of a small two planing mills, besides saw mills and grain pond, in the W. part of the town, is an inexmills, an iron foundery, &c, all driven by steam. haustible quantity of marl, from which good IN THE UNITED STATES. 305 lime is manufactured. 40 miles N. by W. from corporated limits, is 6 miles, N. E. and S. W., Windsor, and 16 S. from Montpelier. and its greatest breadth 4 miles. The whole of Brookhaven, N. Y., Suffolk co. As to territory, this extensive area has been laid out into'streets, one of the largest towns in the state, extending though many of them have not yet been opened across Long Island, and embracing the islands and regulated. The city, generally, is laid out opposite, in South Bay. Its N. and S. shores are with order and symmetry of plan; and the indented by numerous bays and inlets abounding streets, excepting Fulton Street, the oldest in the with a great variety of fish and fowl. Surface city, are straight, and, almost without any other mostly level; soil consists of black mould, and exception, they cross each other at right angles. in some parts of pure sand. 70 miles E. from They are generally from 50 to 60 feet wide, and New York. several of them have a still greater width. Many Brookline, Ms., Norfolk co. This delightful of the streets are shaded with beautiful trees, town is connected with Boston by the MillDam which impart to portions of the city, in the across Charles River Bay, and by a branch of summer season, a peculiar air of pleasantness the Worcester Railroad. It is remarkable for and comfort. No city in the country, perhaps, its varied surface, high state of cultivation, ele- is better built than Brooklyn. The houses are gant country seats and gardens, excellent roads, very generally marked by chasteness and eleand for its rich and picturesque scenery. 4 miles gance of design, and many of them are splendid S. W. from Boston, and 5 N. E. from Dedham. specimens of architectural beauty. Brookline, N. H., Hillsboro' co. 7 miles S. W. Of the public buildings the most prominent is from Amherst, and 40 S. W. from Concord. the new City Hall, situated on a triangular piece Brookline, Vt., Windham co. A deep valley of ground between Fulton, Court, and Joraleruns the whole length of the township, and along man Streets. This noble building is constructed the whole of the E. line of the town is a consid- of Westchester marble, 162 feet long by 102 feet erable elevation. During a violent freshet, a bed wide, and 75 feet in height to the top of the corof porcelain clay was laid open. The soil is better nice. The crown of the cupola, with which it is adapted to the production of grass than grain. surmounted, is 153 feet from the pavement. In 35 miles S. from Windsor, and 18 N. from Brat- the eastern part of the city, near Fort Green, is tleboro'. the Jail, which is a substantial building erected Brooklyn. Ct., c. h.Windham co. Finely watered- in 1837. Thle Lyceum, at the corner of Washby Quinnebaug River and Blackwell's Stream. ington and Concord Streets, a fine granite ediThe land is uneven, and somewhat stony, but fice; the Savings Bank, an elegant structure at the soil is strong. 30 miles E from Hartford, the corner of Fulton and Concord Streets; the 44 W. fiom Providence. Brooklvn Female Academy, a spacious building Brooklyn, Me., Hancock co. New. Taken on Joraleman Street; the City Library, containfrom Sedgewick in 1849. ing a large collection of valuable literary and Brooklyn, N. Y. City and seat of justice of scientific works; a new and elegant Athenaeum, Kings co., on the W. end of Long Island, sep- and the Brooklyn Orphan Asylum, are each of arated by the East River from the S. part of the them buildings which are ornamental to the city of New York. Population in 1810, 4402; city. in 1820, 7175; in 1830, 15,396; in 1840, 36,233; The more thickly-settled parts of Brooklyn in 1850, 96,838. During the last twenty years, have no public squares or open grounds. Such, since the habitable part of New York has been however, is the commanding width of many of extending, and becoming more and more remote its avenues, the high and airy location of its site from the seat of business, the population of in general, and its almost rural aspect, in many Brooklyn has increased with unexampled rapid- parts, from the abundance of the trees with which ity. It is connected with New York, in the very the streets are bordered, that the absence of such district where the heaviest commerce lies, by a open pleasure grounds is less to be regretted than number of steam ferries, which are from 700 to it otherwise must have been. Provision has been 750 yards wide, and are crossed in four or five made, however, in the newer parts of the city, for minutes by boats which ply continually between some public squares. the two cities. Except on rare occasions, in the Brooklyn contains about 50 churches, several winter, when the ice opposes an obstruction to of which are splendid edifices recently constructthe free passage of the boats, these ferries bring ed. Among these is the Episcopal " Church of the cities virtually nearer to each other than the Holy Trinity," on Clinton Street, a fine would be done by bridges, or even by a contin- specimen of the Gothic architecture, erected by uous connection on terra firma. The greatest the munificence of an individual citizen of Brookthoroughfare among these is the Fulton Ferry, lyn. at a cost of about $150,000. The Congrefrom Fulton Street in New York to Fulton Street gational' Church of the Pilgrims," not far from in Brooklyn. the same locality, is a fine edifice, of dark gray The ground on which Brooklyn is built is granite, in the characteristic English style of the considerably more elevated than that of New period of Cromwell. In the base of the princiYork, especially towards its southern extremity. pal tower of this church, about 8 feet from the "Brooklyn Heights," so called, memorable in ground, is placed an angular fragment, of considrevolutionary history, presents a bold front to erable size, from the rock on which the Pilgrim the sea, rising abruptly to an elevation of 70 feet Fathers landed at Plymouth. above tide water. affording a view of the city and The United States Navy Yard, at Brooklyn, harbor of New York, the islands in the bay, and is situated on the S. side of Wallabout Bay, particularly Governor's Island, with its noble which makes up with a broad curve from the East fortifications, Staten Island, and the New Jersey River, at the N. E. part of the city. From this shore, all combining to furnish a prospect which point a ferry runs directly across to the foot of is scarcely surpassed by any in this country. Walnut Street, New York. About 40 acres of The greatest length of Brooklyn, within its in- ground are included in these premises. There 39 '306 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., are two large ship houses for the protection of are continually going on, and every year adds naval vessels of the largest class when building, new beauty to this interesting place. together with extensive workshops, and every The first settlement of Brooklyn was made at requisite for a great naval depot. There is con- the Wallabout Bay, by George JInsen Rapelje, nected with this establishment an important liter- in 1625. The earliest deed for lands on record is ary institution, called the United States Naval to Thomas Besker, in 1639. October 18, 1667, Lyceum, formed in 1833 by officers of the service Governor Nicholls granted a patent " to certain connected with the port. It contains a miner- inhabitants of the town Breukelen, for and in bealogical and geological cabinet, and a fine collec- half of themselves and their associates. the freetion of curiosities of a miscellaneous character. holders and inhabitants, for all the lands in the The government has constructed a dry dock here town not taken up in severalty." This patent similar to that in the United States Navy Yard was confirmed by Governor Dongan in 1686. In at Charlestown, Ms. On the opposite side of the 1670, license was gi.4en by Governor Lovelace Wallabout, about half a mile E. of the Navy to the inhabitants to purchase the Indian title. Yard, is the Marine Hospital, situated upon a With Brooklyn and its immediate neighborhood commanding elevation, and surrounded by about is connected the memory of the bloody battle of 30 acres of land under high cultivation. In this Aucust 27, 1776, in which the Americans were bay are always one or more large naval vessels defeated, occasioning the withdrawal of the army lying in ordinary. These mark the spot where from Long Island into New York. lay the Jersey and other British ships, during the Brooklyn was incorporated as a village in 1816. revolutionary war, made use of as prison ships, In April, 1834. the whole territory of the town for the confinement of those American soldiers was incorporated under the name of the " City whom they had taken prisoners in battle, in which of Brooklyn." It is divided into nine wards; and it is said that as many as 11,500 prisoners perished the powers of the corporation are vested in a in the course of the war, from bad air, close con- mayor and a board of aldermen, com posed of two finement, and ill treatment. These unhappy men from each ward, all elected by the people. were buried upon the shore, with little care but to Brooklyn, Pa. A southern township of Susput their bodies out of sight. In 1808, the bones quehannaco. 171 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. of these sufferers were collected, as far as could Brooks, Me., Waldo co., 11 miles N. N. W. from then be done, and placed in 13 coffins, correspond- Belfast, and 45 N. E. from Augusta. ing with the old 13 states, and honorably interred Brooksville, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side of in a commemorative tomb erected for the pur- Penobscot Bay, opposite to Islesboro' and Castine. pose, not far from the Navy Yard. Brookville, Ia., c. h. Franklin co. 75 miles S. F. The harbor of Brooklyn is extensive, and is from Indianapolis. capable of being very largely improved by adding Brookville, Ry., c. h. Bracken co. to the number of its docks and slips. Vessels of Broome County, N. Y., c. h. at Chenango. On the largest class can come up to its piers, to dis- the S. border. The surface is hilly, the valleys charge or receive their cargoes. The Atlantic bordering the streams large and fertile, but the Dock is a very extensive basin for the reception soil for the most part better adapted to grazing of shipping, about a mile below the South Ferry, than the raising of grain. It is watered by tho constructed by a company incorporated in 1840, Susquehanna, Chenango, and Tioughnioga at a cost of about $1,000,000. The basin within Rivers, and by Nanticoke Creek. It contains the piers covers 42j acres, with sufficient depth several sulphur and salt springs. The Chenango of water for the largest ships. The outside pier Canal and New York and Erie Railroad pass extends 3000 feet on Buttermilk Channel. The through this county. piers are furnished with spacious stone ware- Broome, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by houses. The terminus of the Long Island Rail- Schoharie and Catskill Creeks. The surface is road is located near the landing fiom the South hilly and mountainous; soil indifferent, except Ferry, which connects with New York at the S. in the valleys, where it is fertile. 38 miles S. W. E. corner of the Battery. Fromn the station, the from Albany. road is carried, by a long tunnel, under a number Brown C'ounty, Is., c. h. at Mount Sterling. of the most important of the streets of Brooklyn., On the W. bank of the Illinois River. Drained by which it has to cross in its route. McKee's and Crooked Creeks. Surface slightly Greenwood Cemetery, in the S. part of Brook- uneven; soil productive. lyn, about three miles from Fulton Ferry, is an Brown County, Ia., c. h. at Nashville. S. cenextensive and beautiful ground provided by the tral part of the state. Watered hy Salt Creek cities of New York and Brooklyn for the burial and its branches. Surface undulating and hilly; of their dead. It may be approached either by soil fertile. this ferry, from whichhourly carriages run to the Brown County, 0. In the S. W. angle, borentrance for a trifling charge, or by another at dering on the Ohio River. On the N. it is the Battery, which passes round and lands its watered by Eagle, Red Oak, Straight, and White passengers on the S. side, in the near vicinity. Oak Creeks, besides the Ohio River and the E. Greenwood contains 250 acres of ground, one fork of Little Miami. The soil is fertile and half or more of which is covered with wood of good. the natural forest. The grounds have a varied Brown, Pa., Lycoming co. Pine Creek and its surface of hill, and valley, and plain. From some branches water this town. Surface mountainous; of the open elevations extensive views are ob- soil varied. tained of the ocean, and of the cities of Brooklyn Brown County, Wn., c. h. Depere. In the E. and New York. The whole cemetery is tray- part of the state, including Green Bay. Surface ersed by about 15 miles of winding avenues and diversified; soil of good quality. paths, leading through each shaded recess, and to Brown field, Me., Oxford co. 81 miles S. R every spot at once hallowed and adorned by the from Augusta. memorials of the dead. Great improvements Brownstown, Ia., c. h. Jackson co. On the E. IN THE UNITED STATES. 307 fork of White River. 71 miles S. from Indian- Connecticut River, and has some excellent mill apolis. sites, on the waters of Nullegan River and Brownstown, MIn., Wayne co. At the entrance Wheeler and Paul's Streams. 83 miles N. E. of Huron River into Lake Erie. from Montpelier. Browutsville, Ky., c. h. Edmonson co. 130 miles Brutus, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Branch S. W. from Lexington. and Cold Spring Creeks, tributaries of Seneca Brownville, Me., Piscataquis co. 20 miles N. River. The Erie Canal passes through it. The from Dover. A good township of land. land is hilly; the soil consists of clay and sandy Brownlsille, O., Licking co. On the national loam. 7 miles N. from Auburn, and 181, by road, 40 miles E. from Columbus. railroad, W. by N. from Albany, Brownsville, Pa., Fayette co. On the E. bank Bryan County, Ga., c. h. at Bryan. In the eastof the Monongahela River, at the mouth of Red- ern angle, bordering on the Atlantic, and bounded stone Creek. 191 miles E. by S. from Harris- N. by the Ogeechee. burg. The national road passes through it, Bryan, O., c. h. Williams co. 150 miles N. constitutes its principal street. and is carried W. from Columbus. over the Monongahela by a fine bridge. Buchanan C'ounty, Io., c. h. at Independence. Brownscille. N. Y., Jefferson co. On the bor- In the eastern part of the state. The Wapisapders of Lake Ontario. Was settled in 1799 by incon flows through it from N. W. to S. E. Major General Jacob Brown. Surface level; soil Buchanan County, Mo., c. h. at Sparta. In the highly fertile. 164 miles N. W. from Albany. N. W. angle of the state, bordering on the MisBrownsville, Te., c. h. Cameron co. souri River. Drained by the Little Platte Brunswick, Ga., c. h. Glynn co. On Turtle River. Creek, about 14 miles above the bar, and 8 miles Bucks County, Pa., c. h. at Doylestown. Boundabove the light-house on St. Simon's Island. It ed N. E. and E. by the Delaware River. separathas a fine, spacious harbor, with 13 feet of water ing it from New Jersey, S. by the l)elaware on the bar at lowest tides. 233 miles S. E. from River and Philadelphia co., W. by Montgomery Milledgeville. A canal is in progress to connect co., and N. W. by Lehigh co. Watered by Neshit with the Alatamaha River. aming and Tolinton Creeks, and the head branches Brun1swick, Me., Cumberland co. 33 miles S. of Perkiomen Creek. Surface diversified; soil from Augusta, and 27 miles N. by E. from Port- of different qualities. There is one localily of land. Brunswick is on the S. side of the An- plumbago in this county. droscoggin River, with Topshaln directly op- Buckfield, Me., Oxford co. This town is finely posite, with which it is connected by a substantial watered by a branch of Androscoggin River. It bridge. It lies at the head of tide water, the An- is bounded on the W. by Paris, and is 34 miles droscogmin being navigable to the foot of the falls W. by S. from Augusta, and 50 N. by W. from at this place. Brunswick is handsomely laid out Portland. The soil of this town is very good. and well built, principally on two wide streets Buckingham, Pa., Wayne co. Situated on the running parallel to each other, and united by W. bank of the Delaware River. cross streets at right angles. The buildings of Buckingham, Pa., Bucks co. Soil a mixture of Bowdoin College are situated on an elevated clay, loam, and gravel. 104 miles E. by N. from plain at one extremity of the village, having in Harrisburg. the rear a handsome grove of evergreens. The Buckingham County, Va., c. h. at Maysville. college buildings and the professors' houses are Central. The James River runs on its N. and arranged in good taste, and make a pleasing ap- W., and the Appomattox on its S. border. pearance. See Colleges. Buckingham, Va., c. h. Buckingham co. 79 By the falls on the Androscoggin at this place, miles W. from Richmond. Brunswick possesses a great water power. Vast Buckland. Ms., Franklin co. This town is quantities of timber and logs are floated down separated from Charlemont, of which it formerly the river, to be sawn into boards at the numerous was a part, by Deerfield River. It has a good mills which are in operation here. Cottons and mill stream, Clesson's River, which passes through woollens are manufactured to some extent. Much the town. The surface is uneven, but the soil more of this extensive privilege remains to be strong, and well adapted for grazing. 100 miles improved. Possessing such an exhaustless water W. by N. from Boston, and 10 W. from Greenpower, and being at the same time situated on field. navigable waters, with its river coming down Buckland, Va.,Prince Williamco. On Broad about 140 miles, through the heart of a fertile Run, 11 miles N. from Richmond. Situation and healthy country, Brunswick has peculiar ad- elevated and romantic. Two or three flouring vantages for becoming a large manufacturing mills are in operation here. town. This place is now connected, by railroad, Bucksport, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side with Augusta, Portland, and Bath. of Penobscot River. 15 miles below Bangor, and Brunlswick County, N. C., c. h. at Smithville. In 61 N. E. from Augusta. It has a fine harbor for the southernmost corner, between the Cape Fear vessels of the largest class. River, Atlantic Ocean, and the S. C. boundary. Bucksville, Ky., c. h. Cumberland co. Surface low and marshy; soil sterile. Bucksville, Horry district, S. C., takes its name Brunswick, N, Y., Rensselaer co. The Poes- from its founder, Henry Buck; is situated on tenkill and its tributaries water this town. The the W. side of the Wacamaw River, about 5 surface is hilly, and there is a great variety of miles above its junction with the Peedee, and soil. 4 miles E.4from Troy. about 30 miles from Georgetown; has good Brunswick County, Va., c. h. at Lawrenceville. navigable water, for vessels of 200 or 300 tons, On the S. E. border. The Meherrin River flows and a large business in lumber and naval stores. nearly through the centre of this county, and the Bucyrus, O., c. h. Crawford co. On the left Roanoke touches the S. W. corner. bank of Sandusky River. 46 miles from SanBrunswick, Vt., Essex co. On the W. side of dusky City, and 60 from Columbus. 308 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Buffalo, N. Y., city, port of entry, and capital through solid rock, and entering the river through of Erie co.. stands at the eastern extremity of the pier, 12 feet below the surface; and through Lake Erie, near its outlet through the Niagara this, water is conveyed to a well under the bank, River, and at the mouth of a creek, called Buf- from which it is elevated by forcing pumps into falo Creek, which empties into the lake at this the reservoir on Prospect Hill, about a mile from point. It is 327 miles W. from Albany, by rail- the centre of the town. From thence it is conroad, and 363 miles by the Erie Canal. It is veyed in pipes to its place of destination. The distant W. from Rochester 73 miles; S. S. E water is as pure as the best well water. Niagara Falls, 22 miles; and S. W. from Mon- Buffalo has a most ample and secure harbor treal, 427 miles. Population, in 1810, 1508; for the boats and shipping which navigate the 1820, 2095; 1830, 8653; 1840, 18,213; 1850, lakes. It is a kind of~hatural dock,formed by 42,261. Since the completion of the Erie the mouth of the creek, which here enters the Canal, and the chain of railroads connect- lake, and which has, for the distance of a mile ing Buffalo with Albany, New York, and Bos- from its entrance, 12 or 14 feet of water. A bar ton, its position, at the eastern termination of at its mouth, which originally obstructed the pasthe commerce through the great lakes, Erie, sage of ves.sels from the lake, has been in a great Huron, and Michigan, gives it a most command- measure removed, and prevented from further ing advantage for business. It is the gateway accumulation by the erection of a mole and pier, between the east and the west; and, although which serves to direct and strengthen the action other channels for this commerce will lie opened, of the current in such a manner as to effect this yet, as the vast resources of the west have object. This work was built by the joint contriscarcely begun to be developed, the traffic which butions of the U. S. government and the citizens is destined to pour through this communication of Buffalo. At the extremity of the pier is a must be immensely increased beyond what it has light-house, constructed of dressed limestone, 20 ever yet been. The ground on which the city is feet in diameter and 46 feet high. The harbor is built rises gradually from the creek, which protected from all winds, and is so spacious that passes through its southern district, and becomes, it might well accommodate several hundred at the distance of 2 miles, an extended and ele- steamboats and lake vessels. Several other imvate4 plain, 50 feet or more above the lake; fur- portant improvements have been made, or are nishing a most commanding view of the bosom now in a course of construction, by which the of the lake and harbor, of the Erie Canal, of facilities afforded by this port and harbor for the Niagara River, and the Canada shore. From the transshipment of merchandise between the lake same feature of its situation, the place itself pre- and the canal are rendered in the highest degree sents a most beautiful appearance, as it is eligible and convenient. It is proposed also, in approached upon the lake. The city is laid out, order to render the harbor more easily accessible with much regularity, into streets which are broad from the lake, especially in severe winds and and straight, and usually intersecting each other storms, to construct a ship canal across the isthat right angles. Main Street, which is more than mus to the creek, at a point near the upper end 2 miles in length and 120 feet,broad, is built on of the harbor. This port is not generally open both sides, through a good part of its extent, for navigation till about the middle of May. By with fine and lofty blocks of stores, dwellings, means of the strong westerly winds which prevail and hotels, which present an imposing appear- upon the lake at the breaking up of the ice in the ance. Many of the streets are paved and lighted. spring, the floating ice is liable to be accumulated There are 3 public squares, Washington, Frank- at Buffalo, so as to obstruct the access to the harlin, and Niagara, which are planted with trees, bor sometimes for several weeks after the broad adding much to the beauty and health of the city. lake is navigable. The commerce of the lakes The houses are generally built with neatness and to this port employs from 50 to 60 steamboats, good taste. The public buildings are a court many of which are spacious and elegant, and house, jail, county clerk's office, and 2 market about 300 schooners and other vessels. The houses, in the upper story of one of which are largest vessels are generally schooners, because the chamber of the common council and the city they are more easily managed on the lakes than offices. There are about 20 churches in the city, square-rigged vessels. The value of property of which 3 are Presbyterian, 2 Episcopal, I Bap- sent E. from Buffalo by the Eric Canal in 1850 tist, 1 Methodist, 3 German Protestant, I Uni- was $20,991,462, being an increase from 1840 tarian, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Universalist, I of $14,790,633. The tolls on the Erie Canal reBethel, and 2 African. Some of the church ceived at Buffalo in 1850 amounted to $703,498. edifices are handsome specimens of architecture. Buffalo is connected, by canals and railroads, and There are an orphan asylum, a theatre, and a the lakes, with all the great commercial places in number of spacious and elegant hotels. The the country. Among the articles imlportecd into Young Men's Literary Associatiori has a well- Buffalo during the year ending December 31, selected library of 3500 volumes, and sustains an 1851, were 1,323,784 barrels of flour; 4,212.979 able course of lectures in the winter. There is bushels of wheat; 6,146,519 bushels of corn; 1 academy, which furnishes instruction to from and 12,507,421 pounds of wool. The estimated 60 to 100 students. The common schools of value of property received at this port from the.Buffalo are under the management of the city W. in 1850 was $35,000,000. council, and are made free to the children of Buffalo was originally laid out by the Holland every class of the citizens, without charge for Land Company in 1801; but its progress was tuition. slow until after it was fixed upon as a military Buffalo is well supplied with water from the post in 1812. The very next year, the place Niagara River, by an aqueduct which has lately was almost totally destroyed by a conflagration, been completed. The water is taken from the which consumed every building excepting two. river, at Black Rock, by a tunnel 300 feet long, This mischief was done, it being in the time of and 6 feet square, under the canal, and excavated the war with Great Britain, by a party of the IN THE UNITED STATES. 309 British soldiers and the Indians. After the war Bureau County, Is., c. h. at Princeton. North was ended, Congress made an appropriation of central. On the W. bank of the Illinois. Sur$80,000 towards remunerating the citizens of face mostly level, and in parts marshy. Buffalo for their losses by this disaster. In 1817 Burke County, Ga., c. h. at Waynesboro'. On the place had grown again to contain more than the E. border, separated by the Savannah River 100 houses, many of which were of brick, and from S. C. Drained by Brier Creek and other some large and elegant. The largest number branches of the Savannah River. had been erected the previous year. It was in- Burke County, N. C., c.-h. at Morgantown. corporated as a village in 1822. But the West part, at the E. foot of the Blue Ridge. commencement of the rapid growth and pros- Drained by Catawba River and tributaries. Surperity of Buffalo dates from the time when the face rather elevated; soil mostly fertile. Erie Canal was completed, in 1825. Four years Burke, Vt., Caledonia co. A mountain, 3500 from this time it contained 400 dwellings, and feet in height, divides this town from Victory, more than 2000 inhabitants. It was incorporated on the E. Branches of Passumpsic River pass as a city April 20, 1832. The city is divided through it, and afford a good water power. Oilinto 5 wards, and is governed by a mayor and stone (novaculite) is found in an island in common council, elected annually by the peo- Memphremagog Lake. The soil of the town is ple. In April, 1833, a company was incorporated good, and abounds with hard wood and everfor the election of a marine hospital. In May, greens. The settlement was commenced, about 1834, an incorporation was established for the the year 1790, by Lemuel and Ira Walter, Seth construction of a marine railway, with dry or Spencer, and others, from Connecticut, and the S. wet docks, for repairing vessels. In April, 1835, part of this state. The town was organized Dethe Sailor's and Boatman's Friend Society was in- cember 5. 1796. 20 miles N. E. from Danville, corporated, for the purpose of promoting the moral and 50 N. E. from Montpelier. and relicgious welfare of that numerous class of per- Burksville, Ky., c. h. Cumberland co. On the sons engaged in navigating these inland waters. W. bank of Cumberland River. 124 miles W. The importance of such a form of philanthropic by S. from Frankfort. effort, in the port of Buffalo, may be inferred Burleston County, Ts. East central. In the from the fact, that it has, besides the operations angle between,the Brazos and the Yagua. on the Erie Canal, an uninterrupted extent of Burlington. Ct., Hartford co. An agricultural lake navigation of 1500 miles, with a coast of township, with a light soil, gravelly loam, pleas-3000 miles. The first vessel bearing the Ameri- antly diversified by hills and vales. It is watered can flag upon Lake Erie was the sloop Detroit, by Farmington River, and was taken from Brisof 70 tons, built in 1796. The first steamboat, tol in 1806. This town has been noted for the " Walk-in-the-Water," of 342 tons, low pressure equality of its inhabitants in regard to propengine, was built at Black Rock, near Buffalo, ertv. in 1818. In 1843, the Buffalo Commercial Ad- Burlinqton, Io. Shire town of Des Moines co. vertiser collected and published as complete a On the W. bank of the Mississippi, 88 miles S. list as could be obtained of all the steamers by E. from Iowa City, and 259 N. by W. from which had been built for the lake navigation up St. Louis. This place was the first capital of the to that date; it being a quarter of a century from state. It. is finely located on the river, and surthe time when the first steamer was launched rounded by hills of gradual acclivity, affording upon Lake Erie. The whole number given in many commanding sites for buildings. The the list is 105; making an aggregate of 27,000 town is regularly laid out, and neatly built, tons' burden, at a total cost of $3,510,000. having several commodious brick churches, and Buffalo, Pa. A township of Armstrong co. many handsome private residences. It is adBuffalo, Pa. A township of Butler co. Great vantageously situated for becoming a commercial and Little Buffalo and Thorn Creeks water this emporium for a large and important section of town. country. Its trade is already extensive, and it Bufftlo, Pa. A township of Perry co., on the has numerous mechanical and manufacturing W. bank of the Susquehanna River, above the establishments. There are two or three printentrance of the Juniata. Surface hilly; soil ing offices here, which issue weekly newspapers. slate. The town was laid out in 1834. The seat of Buffalo, Pa. A township of Union co. government was removed to Iowa City in 1839. Buffalo, Pa. A township of Washington co. This was once the residence of the celebrated 217 miles W. from Harrisburg. Indian chief Black Hawk, and here his bones Bullitt County, Ky., c. h. at Shepherdsville. repose. Towards the N. border of the state. Surface un- Burlington, Ky., c. h. Boone co. 82 miles N even on the N. E.; soil fertile. by E. from Frankfort. Bullock County, Ga., c. h. at Statesboro'. In the Burlington, Me., Penobscot co. 37 miles N.E S. E. angle. Bounded N. by Burke and Scri- from Bangor. It is watered by a branch of ven counties, E. by Effingham co., S. by Bryan the Passadumkeag, and parts of several large and Tatnall, and W. by Tatnall and Emanuel ponds. counties. It has the Ogeechee River on its E., Burlington, Ms., Middlesex co. The surface is and the Cannouchee on its W. bdtundary. uneven; soil light and sandy. It is good land Bull Skin, Pa. A northern township of Fay- for hops and rye. A branch of the Shawsheen ette co. and Vine Brook water the town. Burlington Buncombe County, N. C., c. h. at Ashville. On was formerly a part of Woburn. 3 miles N. W. the W. border. The Nolachucky and French from the Woburn depot on the Lowell Railroad. Broad River and tributaries water this county. 10 miles from Boston. Surface rough and elevated, being situated be- Burlington County, N. J., c. h. at Mount Holly twecn two ridges of the Alleghany Mountains; South central. Extending from the Delaware soil well adapted to grazing. to the Atlantic. Drained by Crosswick's, Assun 310 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., pink, Black's, Craft's, Assiscunk, Rancocus, and As connected with Burlington may be menPensauken Creeks, branches of the Delaware tioned the village of Winooski Falls, which is River. Soil principally alluvial. situated on both sides of the Winooski River, Burlington City, N. J., Burlington co. A port about 2 miles N. E. of the town. The portion of entry on the E. bank of the Delaware, en- of the village which is on the N. side of the river circled by a small stream so as to form an island. is in Colchester. A substantial covered bridge It is regularly laid, out with streets intersecting connects the two sides of the river. The water each other at right angles. The bank of the power at these falls is sufficient for propelling river is a beautiful grassy plain, bordered by ele- almost any amount of machinery. Several large gant dwellings. The Camden and Amboy Rail- manufacturing establishments have been erected road passes through it. here, consisting of cotton and woollen mills, a Burlibtlon, N. Y., Otsego co. This town is foundery and machine shop, an extensive flour watered by Butternut and Wharton Creeks. Its mill, saw mills, &c. Some of these minanufacsurface is rolling, and soil good. 12 miles W. tories were consumed by fire in the winter of from Cooperstown, and 72 from Albany. 1851-2. Burlinqton, O., c. h. Lawrence co. On the N. The harbor of Burlington is the best on Lake bank of the Ohio River, at the southern extrem- Champlain, and a larger number of the vessels ity of the state. Sawing and various manufac- employed in the lake navigation are owned here tures are carried on by steam power. than in any other place. The government has Burlington, Pa., Bradford co. Sugar Creek and erected a substantial breakwater here for the proits branches water this town. Surface hilly; soil tection of the harbor from the west winds. gravelly loam. 144 miles N. from Harrisburg. On Juniper Island, 4 miles from the harbor, B13ulinyton, Vt. Port of entry on Lake Cham- a light-house is erected. A great amount of plain. and shire town of Chittenden co. 38 miles goods are landed at the wharves ini Burlington, W. N. W. from Montpelier. Population in 1830, and the mercantile traffic of the place is large, 3525; 1840, 4271; 1850, 7505. This beautiful and must continue to increase. Steamboats stop town is the largest in the state, and one of the here on their daily trips from Whitehall, N. Y., most delightful for situation in the United States. to St. John's in Canada, whence there is daily It is built on the E. shore of the lake, about op- steam communication to Montreal. Railroads posite its widest part, where it makes up between extend from Burlington E. to Boston, 248 miles; two points in a kind of bay with a regularly- W. to Ogdensburg, 163 miles; S. to Whitehall, curving shore. The site of the town rises grad- 91 miles; and N. to Montreal, 91 miles, with the ually as it recedes from the water for a distance exception of 9 miles by steamboat from La of a mile or more, until it attains an elevation of Prairie. 281 feet from the surface of the lake. Over the Burnham, Me., Waldo co. 37 miles N. E. whole extent of this fair declivity the town is from Augusta, and about 30 N. W. from Belfast. spread, presenting a fine appearance as it is ap- It is bounded S. W. by Scbasticook River, and proached or passed upon water. The view of E. bvy Troy. Incorporated 1824. the lake, and of the near and distant scenery, Burns, N. Y., Alleohany co. Drained by Cauwhich is had from the more elevated parts of seraga Creek. Surface uneven; soil of good the place, from the windows and roofs of the quality. 237 miles W. from Albanvy. dwellings, and especially from the dome of the Burnside, Pa. A township of Clearfield co. 156 university, which stands on the height of land, miles N. W. fiom Harrisburg. presents features of natural loveliness and gran- Burnsville, N. C., c. h. Yancey co. 200 miles deur not surpassed by those of any other situa- W. fiom Raleigh. tion occupied by a populous town in the United Burrillcille, Providence co. This town was takStates. The lake is here about 10 miles wide, en from Gloucester in 1806. It is finely watered and lies in view, to the N. and S., almost as far by Branch River, with many branches; one as the eye can reach. Beyond its western shore branch of which rises in Alum Pond, partly in rise the Adirondack Mountains of New York, this town and partly in Douglas, Mass. This to the height, in some parts of their majestic river is an important tributary to the Blackstone. outline, of 5000 and 6000 feet. The eastern ho- Manufacturing villages are scattered over this rizon, likewise, is bounded by the Green Moun- large town in almost every direction. The face tain range, with its two most elevated summits, of the tovwn is rough, but the soil is adapted to 4000 feet high. grazing, and produces large quantities of beef, The streets are regularly laid out, running pork, butter. cheese, &c. IIerring and Eddv's from the lake shore E., with others running N. Ponds are pleasant sheets of water. and S., intersecting them at right angles, and Burton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Allegcrany dividing the whole surface into regular squares. River and some of its tributaries water this town. There is a public square near the centre, on The surface is uneven, and there is quite a variwhich is situated the Court House, and around it ety of soil. The New York and Erie lRailroad some of the principal hotels, stores, banks, offices, passes through it. 15 miles S. E. from Ellicott&c. The town is handsomely built throughout, ville, and 300 S. of W. from Albany. and there are a number of elegant private man- Bushkill, Pa., Northampton co. Busshklill Creek sions with beautiful grounds and gardens. Sev- waters this town. The surface is hilly, and the eral of the church edifices are fine specimens of soil tolerably fertile. architectural taste. The finest are the Calvin- Bushuell's Basis, N. Y., Monroe co. On the istic Congregational Church, after a pure Grecian Erie Canal. 217 miles W. by N. from Albany. model; the Unitarian Congregational Church, Bushwick, N. Y., King's co. Watered by Newof brick, with a lofty spire; and the Episcopal town Creek. Surface hilly; soil, with good culChurch, which is of stone, in the Gothic style. tivation, productive. 3 miles E. from tie city For a notice of the University of Vermont, of Brooklyn, and 148 S. from. Albany. which is located here, see Colleges. Bushkirk's Bridge, N. Y., Cambridge, Wash IN THE UNITED STATES. 311 ingtotn co. On Hoosic River. 29 miles N. by Byron, Me., Oxford co. New; taken from E. from Albany. Barnard. Busti, N.Y., Chautauque co. Chautauque Lake Byron, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by Black and its outlet bounds this town on the N., which Creek. This town contains several sulphur is watered by several small streams flowing into springs. ~ Surface level; soil generally producthe lake. Surface hilly, and soil good. 324 tive. 10 miles N.E. from Batavia, and 277 N. miles S. of W. from Albany. of W. from Albany. Butler Colunty, Aa., c. h. at Greenville. Bounded N. by Lowndes, E. by Pike and Coffee, Cabarrus County, N. C., c. h. at Concord. S. S. by Covington and Conecuh, and W. by Con- central. Watered by Rocky, a branch of the ecuh, Monroe, and Wilcox counties. Watered YadkinRiver. Surface mountainous and broken; by branches of Conecuh River. Surface undu- soilfertile. lating; soil of pretty good quality. Cabell County, Va., c. h. at Barboursville. W. Butler, Aa., c. h. Choctaw co. 80 miles S. of part, on the Ohio River. Drained by Guyandott W. from Columbia. and Big Sandy Rivers. Surface mountainButler County, Ky., c. h. Morgantown. Bounded ous and broken; soil mostly of an indifferent N. by Ohio and Grayson counties, E. by Ed- quality. monson, S. by Warren and Logan, and W. by Cabot, Vt., Caledonia co. This town lies on Muhlenburg county. Green River waters this the height of land between Winooski and Conneccounty. ticut Rivers. " The Plain" is delightfully situButler County, Mo. On the S. E. border. The ated, having the Green and White Mountains in Big Black River runs through it, and the St. prospect. Several branches of the Winooski water Francis along its eastern border. A large part this town, and afford it some waterpower. Hero of it is subject to annual inundation. is Jo and Molly's Pond, and a sulphur spring. Butler, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by some The surface is broken and hard, but good for small streams flowing, into Lake Ontario. The sheep. This is the birthplace of the late Zerah surface is rolling, the soil gravelly blam. 13 Colburn, the celebrated mathematician. The setmiles N. E. from Lyons, and 170 N. of W. from tlement of this town was commenced on what Albany. is called Cabot Plain, in April, 1785, by James Butler County, 0., c. h. at Hamilton. In the Bruce, Edmund Chapman, Jonathan Heath, and S. W. corner. It is a very valuable farming Benjamin Webster, with their families. 10 miles county, and is abundantly supplied with water S. W. from Danville, and 20 N. E. fronm Montby the Great Miami River and several creeks. pelier. The Miami Canal and the Miami and White- Caddo Parish, La., c. h. at Shreveport. In the water cross it; also two railroads running N. N. W. corner. Red River runs along its E. border, from Cincinnati. and Caddo Lake lies in the N. part. Surface Butler C(ounty, Pa., c. h. at Butler. Western mostly level; soil of medium quality. part. Watered by Slippery Rock and Connc- Cadiz, Ky., c. h. Trigg co. On a beautiful quenessing Creeks, branches of Beaver River. eminence on the bank of Little River. 9 miles The Alleghany River touches the N. E. and S. E. from Cumberland River. corners. Surface uneven; soil well suited to Cadiz, O., c. h. Harrison co. Situated 114 grain and grazing. miles E. N. E. from Columbus, and about 25 Butler, Pa. A township of Butler co. miles westerly either from Wheeling or SteubenButler, lPa., c. h. Butler co. On Connequenes- ville, on the Ohio River. It is a flourishing insing Creek. 203 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. land town, with a handsome village, remarkably The place contains an academy, well endowed. well built and city like in its appearance' BeButler. Pa. A township of Luzerne co. sides the county buildings, which are of brick, it Butts County, Ca., c. h. at Butts City. Between contains several handsome churches, of which the the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. principal are the Presbyterian, the Methodist, and Butternuts, N. Y.,.Otsego co. Butternut Creek the Associate Reformedt. This town was laid out and Unadilla River drain this town. The sur- in 1803, when its site, like most of the surroundface is for the most part hilly. 25 miles S. W. ing country, was a forest; and its location was from Cooperstown, and about 90 W. from Al- determined by the connection here of two public bany th. roads, fiom different sectfbns of Pennsylvania and Butts County, Ga., c. h. at Jackson. Central. Virginia, toward Central Ohio, which, before the Buxton, Me., York co. This town is bounded construction of the national road, afforded the on the S. W. by Saco River, and N. by Gorham. chief thoroughfares of western stage travel in this At this place the Saco falls about 80 feet, and direction. produces a great hydraulic power, which is partly Cahaba, Aa., c. h. Dallas co. On the right improved for manufacturing establishments. It bank of the Alabama River, immediately below lies 8 miles N. W. from Saco, and 18 W. from the mouth of the Cahaba. about 50 miles W. Portland. from Montgomery, and 140 N. by E. from MoBy/berry, Pa., Philadelphia co. Pogussing Creek bile. It has communication with these places by waters this town. Soil sandy loam. 113 miles steamboats plying constantly on the river. E. by S. fi-om Harrisburg. Cairo. Is., Alexander co. Situated at the juncByfield, Ms., Essex co. A parish in the tion of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, 266 miles towns of Newbury and Rowley, watered by S. from Springfield, 522 S. E. from Cincinnati, Parker River, which affords good hydraulic and about 1000, by the course of the river, N. power. 35 miles N. by E. from Boston. There from New Orleans. From a survey of the great is an ancient academy here. physical features of the western country, in conByraim, N. J.. Sussex co. The Musconetcong nection with a prospective estimate of the imRiver bounds this town on the S. The surface mense resources of wealth which are to be rapid. is broken by South Mountain. ly developed there, the locality of this place ap 312 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., pears to possess the most remarkable advantages will doubtless be completed within the time fixed for becoming, at some future period, the seat by Congress. of one of the largest and most important cities in Thus it will be seen that much, very much, is North America. Being near the geographical to be anticipated for the future growth of Cairo. centre of the great Mississippi basin, and at a Having, as computed, " upwards of 20,000 miles point which the Creator, by the convergency of its of river navigation" on the Mississippi, Ohio, great navigable channels, seems to have pointed and Missouri, and their tributaries, all centring out for its social and commercial centre, it can- here, with a navigable channel open to New Ornot fail, unless from local difficulties it should leans at all seasons, and being'at the terminus prove impracticable to found a city here, of being of the great Central Railroad of Illinois, which at length the commercial emporium of the west. is to form the most direct and rapid route of Its only disadvantage is in the too slight elevation communication between the South-Western and of the delta on which the place is built, above Northern States," and about midway between the rivers, by the junction of which it is formed, the great lakes and the Gulf of Mexico, between which exposes it in its natural state to be over- which an entire communication by railroad, flowed by their waters at the period of their high- through this place, will ultimately be completed, est floods. This has hitherto prevented Cairo it is evident that the local disadvantages above from realizing in any considerable degree the referred to cannot long oppose an insuperable magnificent results which its projectors have an- obstacle to the causes so powerfully conspiring ticipated. But it is intended ultimately to obvi- to render Cairo a great centre of intercourse, ate this disadvantage entirely by raising a levee, or traffic, and exchange for one of the most extenartificial embankment, similar to that before the sive and productive regions of the world. city of New Orleans, by which the inundation Calais, Me., Washington co. This great mart of the delta shall be prevented. Considerable of lumber, and of the commerce of a large secprogress has been made by the " Cairo City Coin- tion of country, lies at the head of navigation on pany" towards the accomplishment of this neces- the Schoodic, or St. Croix River, nearly opposite sary improvement; and their operations, which St. Stephens, N. B. A bridge across the river were for a time suspended for the want of pecu- connects the British with the American sides. niary encouragement, are again resumed, and At Milltown, about 2 miles above the bridge, will doubtless be prosecuted to completion, under 40 or 50 saw mills are in constant operation. A the impulse likely to be given to their enterprise railroad passes from Calais, through Milltown, to by the success of other schemes of internal im- Baring. Calais was incorporated as a city in provement. 1850, and has become one of the most flourishing The " Cairo City Property" embraces in all places of business in the state. 204 miles from about 9500 acres on this delta between the Mis- Augusta, and 28 above Eastport. sissippi and Ohio Rivers, with the levees, work- Calais, Vt., Washington co. This township is shops, founderies, saw mills, dwellings, hotel, and watered by two branches of the Winooski River. other buildings on the premises. 1200 acres They unite near the S. line of the town, afembraced within the proposed corporate limits fording in their course a great number of valuaof Cairo, are wholly enclosed by levees, raised ble privileges. It is also well watered with springs above the highest known floods; and the enclo- and brooks. The soil is a warm loam, easily sure for nearly 4000 acres, including the above, is cultivated, and well adapted to all kinds of grain. partly completed. The surface is somewhat uneven. The timber One of the correlative enterprises of internal on the streams is mostly hemlock, spruce, and improvement, upon which those interested in the pine; on the higher lands, maple, beech, &c. prosperity of Cairo depend for encouragement, The N. line of the township intersects two is the incorporation of a company by the state considerable ponds. There are several other of Illinois for building a railroad from Cairo, small but beautiful ponds lying within the townthrough the centre of the state, to Peru, at the ship, abounding in fish. Long Pond lies in the southern terminus of the Illinois and Michigan N. W. part of the town. In one autumn, 2000 Canal; and thence, by branches diverging N. E. pounds of trout were taken from this pond. There and N. W., to Chicago. on Lake Michigan, and are several springs in the town whose waters are to Galena and Dubuque, on the Upper Mississippi. quitf brackish. The settlement was commenced A long portion of this road is now in process of in the spring of 1787, by Francis West, from construction. For the furtherance of this impor- Plymouth co., Ms. The first permanent settlers, tant enterprise Congress, by an act passed in 1850, however, were Abijah, Asa, and P. Wheelock. has granted to the state of Illinois the right of 8 miles N. from Montpelier. way for the construction of this road through all Calave-as County, Ca., c. h. at Double Springs, the public lands where it may pass; and also otherwise called Pleasant Valley. In the moun"every alternate section of land designated by tains E. of the San Joaquin, between Dry even numbers, for six sections in width on each Creek of the Moquelumne and the Stanislaus side of said road and branches," to be sold for River. the purpose of its construction. The grants are Calcasieu Parish, La., c. h. at Lisbon. In the made on the conditions that the work shall be S. W. corner, between the Gulf of Mexico and begun and carried on simultaneously from both the Sabine River and Lake, which separate it from ends of the route, and that the whole shall be Texas. Watered by the Mermenton, Calcasieu, completed within 10 years from the date of their and Sabine Rivers and Lakes. enactment. Similar grants are made, by the Caldwell County, Ky., c. h. at Princeton. W. same act, to the states of Mississippi and Ala- part. Watered by the Tenesa and Cumberland bama, for the construction of a railroad south, Rivers. It has a generally level surface, and ferfrom Cairo to Mobile, on the Gulf of Mexico. tile soil. The construction of the Illinois Central Railroad Caldwell Parish, La., c. h. at Columbia. N. E has been undertaken with spirit by the state, and central. Drained by the Washita River. Sur IN THE UNITED STATES. 313 face flat and alluvial on the E., and hilly on S. E. part. Between Patuxent River and Chesa. the W. peake Bay. Surface undulating. Caldwell County, Mo., c. h. at Far West. N. W. Cambria County, Pa., c. h. at Ebensburg. S. part. Drained by Shoal Creek, which affords W. central. Between the Laurel Ridge and the good water power. Surface mostly level; soil Alleghanies. Watered by the W. branch of the fertile. Susquehanna and the head branches of KiskiCaldu'ell County, N. C., c. h. at Lenoir. W. minitas or Connemaugh River. Surface rough art of the state. At the E. foot of the Blue and mountainous; soil tolerably good. Ridge. Watered by Yadkin River. Surface Cambria, N. Y., Niagara co. Mostly level. broken; the Blue Ridge lying on its N. border. Watered by several small streams. 7 miles W. On the liorders of the river, however, are broad from Lockport, and 283 N. of W. from Albany. and fertile fiats. Cambria, Pa., Cambria co. Watered by Black Caldwell, N. Y., c. h. Warren co. Watered by Lick Creek and the N. branch of Little Conneseveral small streams flowing into Lake George, maugh River. Surface hilly; soil sand and clay. which bounds it on the E. The surface is hilly Cambridge, Me., Somerset co. and mountainous, the Palmertown ridge crossing Cambridqe, Md., c. h. Dorchester co. On the the S. E. part. Many interesting events, both of S. side of Choptank River, 12 miles firom its enthe old French war and of the revolution, are asso- trance into Chesapeake Bay. 61 miles S. E. ciated with some of the localities in this town. from Annapolis. (See Lake George, p. 195.) 62 miles N. from Canbridge. Ms. City and one of the seats of Albany. justice of Middlesex co. This is the seat of Caldwell, N. J., Essex co. Watered by Deep Cambridge University, the oldest and best enand Green Brooks, branches of the Passaic, and dowed of the colleges in the United States. It good mill streams. Surface, except on the mar- may be divided into three parts -Old Camgins of the streams, rolling and mountainous. bridge, where the college is situated, about 3 Caldwell County, Ts., c. h. at Lockhart. Cen- miles W. from Boston; Cambridgeport, a flourtral part of the state. On the upper waters of ishing village, about midway between Boston and the Guadaloupe River. Old Cambridge; and East Cambridge, where Caledonia, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by the county buildings are located, immediately Genesee River and an excellent mill stream, rising connected with Boston by Cragie's Bridgre over from a spring in this town. Surface somewhat Charles River; also with the city of Charlesuneven; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles N. from town by a bridge. Population in 1790, 2115; Genesee, and 228 N. of W. from Albany. 1800, 2453; 1810, 2323; 1820, 3295; 1830, 6072; Caledonia County, Vt., c. h. at Danville. N. E. 1840, 8409; 1850, 15,215. part. The eastern range of the Green Mountains Cambridge is one of the oldest towns in New extends through the western part of the county. England. It was incorporated in 1630, by the It is watered by many fine streams, but the Con- name of Newtown. It took the name of Camnecticut, on its S. E. border, and the Passumpsic, bridge in 1638. It has ever been closely conare its chief rivers. A large part of the county is nected with Boston in all its literary, intellectual, high and good land; that along the rivers is ex- and political relations; and, were it not for mucellent. There are some sulphur springs in this nicipal distinctions, might be considered as vircounty; limestone and granite are abundant. The tually an integral part of the metropolis. Old Passumpsic Railroad connects it with Boston Cambridge especially constitutes one of the very and New York. beautiful suburbs of Boston. (For a notice of Calhoun County, Fa., c. h. at St. Joseph. W. the university, the reader is referred to Colleges.) part. At the mouth of the Appalachicola River. The university buildings are pleasantly, though Surface mostly level; soil sandy. somewhat irregularly, situated. Some have quite Calhoun County, Is., c. h. at Gilead. In the a venerable appearance; and others, which angle formed by the junction of the Illinois and are newer, particularly the library building, Mississippi. The surface consists of table land, are among the finest specimens of architecture with strips of alluvion. in the country. A large proportion of the Calhoun County, Mn., c. h. at Marshall. This houses in Old Cambridge are of the most elecounty was incorporated in 1833, and is bounded gant description, being built and located, even N. by Barry and Eaton, E. by Jackson, S. by Hills- when they are not very costly, with a just regard dale county and Branch, and W. by Kalamazoo to the principles of taste. They are often emcounty. Watered by St. Joseph's and Kalamazoo bowered in the most beautiful trees and shrubRivers, which afford extensive water power. Sur- bery. There are several handsome houses of pubface undulating, containing large quarries of lic worship in the vicinity of the College Green. sandstone; soil fertile, sandy loam. Cambridgeport, as its name implies, is a more Calhoun Cbunty, Ts. Onl the coast between crowded and bustling mart of business. There La Vacca Bay and the River Guadaloupe. are, however, many very pretty streets here, and Calaway County, Mo., c. h. at Fulton. East many elegant and costly houses. There are central. On the N. bank of the Missouri River. several handsome meeting houses, the townDrained by Big and Little Au Vase Creeks. house, and other public buildings. Surface undulating; soil fertile. East Cambridge, formerly known as LechCallaway County, Ky., c. h. at Wadesboro'. W. mere's Point, opposite the N. W. part of Boston, part. In the W. angle between the state of Ten- is also a business part of the city, and has risen nessee and the Tennessee River. It is crossed into consequence within a few years. It conthrough the middle by Clark's River. tains six or eight places of worship, the court Calumet County, Wn., c. h. at Calumet. E. part. house, jail, and house of correction. Ihere are On the N. E. shore of Lake Winnebago. Drained the extensive glass works of the New England by the head branches of the Manitoowa River. Glass Company; also soap, candle, and brush Calvert County, Md., c. h. at Prince Frederic. factories, and a great variety of other manufac' 40 814 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., turing and mechanical operations. Charles From the first settlement of the country, CamRiver winds its course along the S. border of bridge has been a place of great importance. Cambrid(ge, affording convenient facilities for At the commencement of the revolution, and navigation to each section of the town. during the year 1775, the head-quarters of the The Mount Auburn Cemetery lies about a American army were in this town, and hero mile W. of the university, in the towns of Wa- Washington entered upon his duties as comrn tertown and Cambridge. This beautiful rural mander-in-chief. His quarters were at the Cracemetery, the first of the kind in the country, was gie House, situated on the street between the dedicated September 24, 1831. It contains about college and Mount Auburn. Our admired poet, 100 acres of land, covered with a natural growth Longfellow, the present proprietor, displays good of trees, the highest part of which is 125 feet taste by preserving as nearly as possible the above the river, laid out with winding gravelled original external appearance of the house. The walks, and emblellished with every variety of Washington Elm, on the westerly side of Camshrub and flower. Numerous monuments, of bridge Common, is also an object of interest, as costly material and exquisite workmanship, are under its branches Washington was stationed already erected, constituting this a magnificent while his commission was proclaimed to the resting-place of the dead. It is surrounded by army of twenty thousand men dirawn up on the an iron fence, with an imposing granite gateway, Common; and here he drew that sword which, in the Egyptian style; and not far from the en- turning every way, like the sword of the angel, trance is a chapel, of granite, for the celebration became salvation to his country, and terror and of burial services. Our readers will be pleased confusion to her adversaries. to see the following short extract fi-om the ad- Canzbridge, N. H., Coos co. This town has an dress of the late JUDGE STORY at the setting uneven surface, and is watered by several streams apart of this hallowed spot to the purpose for which rise here and fall into the Andloscoggin. which it is now used:- 143 miles N. E. from Concord, and 35 N. E. from "Nature," he says, "seems to point it out with Lancaster. significant energy, as the favorite retirement for Camlbridge, N. Y., Washington co. Watered the dead. There are around us all the varied by lloosic River and its tributaries. Surface features of her beauty and grandeur - the forest- generally level, soil mostly gravelly, and sandy crowned heighllt, the abrupt acclivity,. the shel- loam. 12 miles S. from Salemrn, and 34 N. E. tered valley, the deep glen, the grassy glade, from Albany. and the silent grove. Here are the lofty oak, Clambridle, O., c. h. Guernsey co. On the nathe beech, that' wreathes its old, fantastic roots so tional road, on Wills Creek. 48 miles W. from high,' the rustling pine, and the drooping willow, Wheeling, and 78 E. from Columbus. - the tree that sheds its pale leaves with every Camabridye, Vt., Lamoille co. Lamoille River autumn, a fit emblem of our own transitory passes through the town, and receives, in its bloom; and the evergreen, with its perennial course, North Branch, Brewster's River, and shoots, instructing us that' the wintry blast of Seymour's Brook. These streams afford numerdeath kills not the buds of virtue.' Here is the ous mill privileges. The surface is uneven, and thick shrubbery, to protect and conceal the new- in some places rough. The land is, however, made grave; and there is the wild flower creep- generally good, and on the river are about 6000 ing along the narrow path, and planting its seeds acres of valuable intervale. A branch of Dead in the upturned earth. All around us there Creek rises in this town, and another branch of breathes a solemn calm, as if we were in the said creek runs across the N. W. corner of the bosom of a wilderness, broken only by the breeze town. The town is well watered, and produces as it murmurs through the tops of the forest, or timber of various kinds. There are three small by the notes of the warbler, pouring forth his villages. The first settler was John Spofford; matin or his evening son'r. he came into the town in 1783, from Piermont, "Asccnd but a few steps, and what a change N. H. 18 miles W. from IIydepark, and 40 N. of scenery to surprise and delight us! We seen, W. from Montpelier. as it were, in an instant, to pass from the con- Cailbridgeport, Ms., Middlesex co. See Camfines of death to the bright and balmy regions of bridge, Ms. life. Below us flows the winding Charles, with Camden, As., c. h. Washington co. 90 miles its rippling current, like the stream of time W. of S. from Little Rock. hastening to the ocean of eternity. In the dis- Camden County, Ga., c. h. at Jeffersonton. In tance, the city —at once the object of our ad- the S. E. corner. Santilla River flows through miration and our love —rears its proud emi- the interior, and St. Mary's River along the S. nences, its glittering spires. its lofty towers, its border of this county, which embraces Cumbergraceful mansions, its curling smoke, its crowd- land Island, lying in the Atlantic. ed haunts of business and pleasure, which speak Camden, Me., Waldo co. On the W. side of to the eye, and yet leave a noiseless loneliness on Penobscot Bay. 10 miles N. from Thomaston, the ear. Again we turn, and the walls of our and 40 E. S. E. from Augusta. It has two fine venerablle university rise before us, with many a harbors, but its chief business is the manufacture recollection of happy days passed there, in the of lime, of which about 200,000 casks are annninterchange of study and friendship, and many a ally shipped to all ports of the United States. grateful thought of the affluence of its learning, The litne is used for making cement of a supewhich has adorned and nourished the literature rior. quality. The Megunticook River affords an of our country. Again we turn, and the culti- extensive water power. vated farm, the neat cottage, the village church, Ca.mden County, N. C.. c. h. at Joneshurg. In the sparkliung lake, the rich valley, and the dis- the N. E. corner, on Albemarle Sound, between tant hills, are before us through opening vistas; Pasquotank and North Rivers. Surface los and and we breathe amidst the fresh and varied marsl-hv. labors of man." Cialden, N. C., c. h. Camden co. On the R IN THE UNITED STATES. 315 side of Pasquotank River. 219 miles E. N. E. 1825, Lafayette laid the corner stone of a monufrom Raleigh, otherwise called Jonesburg. ment here to the memory of Baron de Kalb, of Camden County, N. J., c. h. at Camden. S. W. revolutionary celebrity, which stands at the foot part. Washed by the Delaware on the W. of De Kalb Street, and is of fine white marble. evel, and soil light. In the near vicinity of this town is a large Camden, N. J. City and port of entry, Glouces- mound, supposed to indicate the site of one of ter co. Situated on the E. side of the Del- the ancient towns of the Catawba Indians. aware River, opposite Philadelphia. The city Camden County, Mo. Southein central., Wawas incorporated in 1828, extending'about 2 tered by the Osage and several large tributaries. miles on the river, and about a mile and a half Cameron, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by back. It consists of three distinct villages, each Canisteo River, and several small streams. The connected with Philadelphia by a ferry. The surface is hilly, the soil generally good. 7 miles upper of these is known as Cooper's Point, and S. from Bath, and 221 S. of W. fiom Albany. the lower as Kaighn's Point, or South Camden. Cameron County, Ts., c. h. at Brownsville. In Camden proper is that part of the city included the S. E. angle, between the Lower Del Norte and in the central village, which is the largest of the the Gulf coast. three. Cooper's Point, however, was first settled, Camillus, N. Y., Onondaga co. The surface and the ferry from Philadelphia to this point was is rolling, and is watered by Nine Mile Creek. established as early as 1695. Much of the terri- It lies 7 miles W. from Syracuse, and 141 N. W. tory included within the chartered limits of from Albany. Camden is yet occupied with gardens and fruit Campbell County. Ga., c. h. at Campbellton. N. orchards, for the supply of the Philadelphia W. part on both sides the Chattahoochee. Surmarket. There are several public gardens, which face undulating; soil productive. are places of resort for the citizens of Philadel- Campbell County, Ky., c. h. at Newport. Northphia, in the summer, for recreation. ernmost part, in the angle between the Licking Windmill, or Clark's Island, lies in the river and Ohio. Surface uneven; soil productive. between Philadelphia and Camden proper, having Campbell, N. Y., Steuben co. Conhocton River, the deepest channel on the Philadelphia side. Mead's Creek, and several small streams water Vessels of the largest class can come up only to this town. Surface hilly, soil clay and marly Kaighn's Point, and those of 150 tons only to loam. 10 miles S. E. from Bath, and 209 W. by Camden proper. Clark's Island and the bar S. from Albany. running from it interposed, in its natural condi- Campbell County, Te.. c. h. at Jacksboro'. East tion, an obstacle to the direct passage of the ferrvy part on the N. border. Watered by the Tennessee boats to Camden. This proved so serious an and several branches of the Curnlmberlnd River. inconvenience that, in 1837, a channel was cut Surface broken by the Cumberland Mountains. through it at a cost of about $40,000. The ter- Campbell County, Va., c. h. at Calmpbell co. minus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad, South central. Between the James River and the making a part of one of the routes from Phil- Roanoke. It has a rough surflcme, but fertile soil. adelphia to New York, is at Camden; and also Campbell, Va.. c. h. Campbell co. 125 miles that of another railroad, running a few miles W. S. W. frorq Richmond. south, to Woodbury, the shire town of the county. Campbellton, Ga., c. h. Campbell co. On both The growth of Camden, as a place of business, sides of the Chattahoochee River. 102 miles N. has been considerable for a few years past. W. from Milledgeville. There are now 18 or 20 respectable mercantile Campton, N.-H., Grafton co. The surface is houses, several lumber yards, and numerous broken and uneven. Besides Pemigewasset mechanical and manufacturing establishments. River. this town is watered by Mad, Beebe, West There are churches in the city of the Episcopal, Branch, and Bog Brook Rivers. The land in Baptist, and Methodist denominations, and of' the valleys is good, and there is some intervale. the Friends. The remains of barracks built here The high land is good for grazing. Tile forest by the British, during their occupancy of Phil- trees are mostly deciduous. Iron ore is fbound in adelphia. in the war of the resolution, are still some parts. From the circumstance of the first risible near the upper ferry. proprietors' building a camp, when they went to Camden, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Fish survey Campton and Rumnle, this town derives Creek and its branches. The surface is generally its name. First settlers, two families named Fox Hilly; the soil easily cultivated, and very fertile and Taylor, in 1765. in some parts. 35 miles N. W. from Utica, and Canaan, Ct., Litchfield co. First settled in 127 W. by N. from Albany. 1738. Incorporated, 1739. The town lies on Camden, S. C.. seat of justice of Kershaw the E. side of Housatoniic River, opposite Salisdistrict. On the E. bank of Wateree River. 33 bury. A ledge of limestone rocks crosses the miles N. E. from Columbia. The river is navi- river at this place, about 30 rods in length. causgable to this place for flat boats of 60 or 70 tons. ing a perpendicular fall of 60 feet. The river is The soil of the surrounding country is fertile, rapid, both above and below this beautifrul catabut liable to be overflowed. Cotton and corn ract. The whole descent of the river, in Canaan, are abundantly produced. The place is well is about 130 feet, "nobly arranged and distribbuilt; some of the church edifices, of which uted, and comprehending a remalrkable variety there are four or five, are elegant. Its trade is of beauty and grandeurl." The township is considerable. The De Kall) mills, and a cotton mnountainduls, with some marl)le land along the factory, are in the suburbs of the village. streams. Limestone and iron ore are abt:lldant. This place is celebrated, in revolutionary his- Canaan, Me., Somerset co. A good flaming tory, as the scene of two important battles: that town on the E. side of Kennebec Rlivcr. 34 miles of August 16. 1780, between General Gates and N. from Augusta. Lord Cornwvallis; and that of April 23, 1781, Canaan, N. H., Grafton co. Heart Pond, so between General Greene and Lord Rawdon. In called from its figure, is situated in the centre 316 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., of the town, upon a swell of land so elevated, that chase, survey, and settlement of this part of West. at a distance it presents the appearance of a sheet ern New York. The system which he conceived, of water on a hill. It is 400 rods in length, and of surveying lands by townships, and numbering 200 in width, and is surrounded by a ridge or them in ranges, from a given line, became the mound. It is from 4 to 5 feet high, and is found model for surveying all the public lands of the to have been produced by the drifting of the United States. Canandaigua, for example, was ice, when breaking up in the spring. Besides township number ten in the third range. Cananthis, there are Goose, Clarks', Mud, and Bear daigua village also was laid out by Messrs. Phelps Ponds. The soil is fertile, and the land capable of and Gorham, who lived and died here, and by their cultivation. It derives its name from Canaan in liberal benefactions in founding the classical acadConnecticut. First settlers, 1776, George Harris, emy above mentioned, have left behind them Thomas Miner, Joshua Harris, Samuel Jones, and an honorable memorial to all succeeding generSamuel Meacham. 16 miles E. from Dartmouth ations. College, and 52 N. W. from Concord by railroad. Candia, N. H., Rockingham co. 15 miles from Canaan, N. Y., Columbia co. Some of the Concord, on the height of land between the Merbranches of Kinderhook Creek water this town. rimac and the ocean. Siteelevated; soil hlard. Surface hilly and mountainous. 20 miles N. E. Candor, N. Y., Tioga co. Watered by Cattofrom Hudson, and 24 S. E. from Albany. tong and West Owego Creeks. Hilly; soil mostly Canaan, Pa., Wayne co. Some branches of rich loam. 8 miles N. from Owego, and 177 S. the Lackawaxen water this town, and the Car- W. from Albany. bondale and Honesdale Railroad traverses it. Caneadea, N. Y., Alleghany co. On each side Surface somewhat mountainous; soil loam and of Genesee River, and watered by several of its gravel. N. E. from Harrisburg 159 miles. small tributaries. The E. and W. parts of the Canaan, Vt., Essex co. Canaan lies opposite town are hilly, becoming more level on thp borStewartsown, N. H. The north-east corner of the ders of the river. Soil clay and sandy loam. town is the most easterly land in Vermont. Feb- 267 miles W. from Albany. ruary 26, 1782, it received a new charter, and Oc- Canisteo, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Cantober 23, 1801, the town of Norfolk was annexed isteo River and some of its tributaries. The to it. The Connecticut River bounds it on the E. surface is very uneven; soil good, the valley of Willard's Brook, &c., afford good mill privileges. the Canisteo consisting of rich alluvial flats. 241 There is some fine intervale on the Connecticut, miles S. W. from Albany. and much good land in other parts. 35 miles N. Cannon County, Te., c. h. at Woodbury. Cenfrom Guildhall, and 103 N. E. from Montpelier. tral. Surface hilly, and watered by some tributaCanadice, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by ries of Cumberland River; soil fertile. Honeoye, Canadice, and Hemlock Lakes. The Canterbury, Ct.. Windham co. The first setsurface is quite hilly; the soil fertile in some por- tlers of this town were principally from Dortions. 18 miles S. W. from Canandaigua, and 216 chester, Ms., and its neighborhood. They came WV. from Albanv. here about the year 1690. The soil of the town Canajoharie, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the is a gravelly loam, generally fertile and producS. side of the Mohawk River, and watered by tive. The Quinnebaug is here a large and beauBowman's and Otsquake Creeks.'Surface hilly; tiful stream. It annually overflows its banks. and soil strong sandy loam. 10 miles W. from Fonda, fertilizes a large tract upon its borders. There is and 55 N. of W. from Albany. fine fishing in Bates's Pond. Canandaigua, N. Y. Shire town of Ontario co. Canterbury, N. H.. Merrimac co. On. Merrimac This township contains a considerable portion of River. Uneven. Soil generally good. In the Canandaigua Lake. Its surface is diversified with S. E. part is a village of Shakers. hills and plains; the soil is fertile, and generally Canton, Ct., Hartford co. First settled 1740; under high cultivation. incorporated 1806; taken from Simsbury. ColThe village of Canandaigua, incorporated in linsville is the principal village in the town. This 1815, is pleasantly situated at the outlet of the village presents a beautiful appearance, and is a lake, 224 miles by railroad W. from Albany, and noble specimen of individual enterprise. The soil 104 E. from Buffalo. The ground on which it is of Canton is coarse and stony, and the surface built descends gently towards the lake, presenting hilly. Farmington River passes through its S. a fine view of the water from the village. Two W. corner. In Collinsville is an extensive axe parallel streets, which run N. and S., and are manufactory, with machinery of unsurpassed excrossed at right angles by several others, constitute cellence. the principal streets; having a fine public square Canton, Me., Oxford co. Incorporated 1821. It at the centre, on which are located the court lies on both sides of the Androscoggin River, 32 house and other public buildings. miles W. N. W. from Augusta, and 24 N. E. from There is a classical academy at Canandaigua, in Paris. which a very thorough course of studies is pur- Canton, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was forsued; also the Ontario Female Seminary, founded merly the first parish in the old town of Stoughin 1825, which enjoys a high reputation. There ton. The Indian name was Punkapog. The are churches of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Meth- natural scenery of this town is beatifully diversiodist, and Baptist denominations. A state ar- fled and picturesque. Punkapog Pond is a beausenal is located here. Many of the mansions of tiful little lake, and affords fine fishing. Blue the citizens are large and elegant, and are sur- Hill, 630 feet above the level of the sea, and rounded by beautifill trees and gardens, giving an the highest land near the sea-coast of Ms. is partly air of superior wealth and refinement to the place. in this town and partly in Milton. From its The first land office in Westertn New York for summit there is a magnificent view of the methe sale of lands to settlers was opened at Canan- tropolis and its harbor. of the ocean and the surdaigna, in 1789, by Oliver Phelps, who, with Na- rounding country. The E. branch of Neponset thaniel Gorham, was a leading pioneer in the pur- River, and several large ponds and reservoirs, ~-~Y~- U~ —--— r ~~~IV H~~UIL6 rVUVV In IN THE UNITED STATES. 317 give this town an extensive water power. The Albany. Steam power is made use of for several railroad bridge over one of the ponds and river at manufactures. this place is conceded to be the most elegant and Carbon County, Pa., c. h. at Mauch Chunk. E. massive structure of masonry in the United part. Uneven and mountainous. Embraces the States. It cost the company $93,000. It is 615 valley of the Lehigh, in the middle part of its ftet in length, connected at intervals by buttresses course, which river passes through it fiom N. to 54 feet thick, extending transversely across the S. The Lehigh coal comes from this county, walls, and projecting 4 feet beyond their faces. which includes the N. E. portion of the southern Their elevation is crowned by segment arches anthracite coal field. that support the coping, surmounted by a para- Carbondale, Pa., Luzerne co. On Lackawana pet wall 3 feet 8 inches high. Near the bottom Creek. 35 miles N. E. from Wilkesbarre, and are 6 large arches, for the passage of water, and 160 N. N. E. from Harrisburg. This flourishing in another place is an arch still larger, through place has sprung into existence within a few which passes a town road. From the top of the years, in consequence of its location in' the great viaduct to the bottom of the pond, the distance anthracite coal region. The Lackawana coal is about 70 feet. A branch railroad to Stough- mine is situated in the acclivity of a hill, and preton, 4 miles distant, enters the Boston and Prov- sents a front of pure coal 20 feet thick. The coal, idence Railroad near the viaduct. The Fowl when quarried, is carried up several inclined Meadows, a large portion of which are in Canton, planes, by stationary steam. engines, to an elevaextend 7 miles in length, with varying breadth; tion 850 feet above the mine, whence it descends they contain excellent peat. 14 miles S. by W. again by a railway, 16 miles in length, to the canal from Boston, and 6 S. E. from Dedham. at Honesdale. Thence it goes to New York and Canton, Mi., c. h. Madison co. 23 miles N. by Philadelphia. Hundreds of thousands of tons of E. from Jackson. coal are mined here, and sent to market, annually. Canton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by The place has five or six churches, and quite a Grass and Oswegatchie Rivers, which are con- number of stores. About a mile from the village, nected at this place by a natural canal 5 miles in on Fall Brook, is a beautiful cascade of about 80 length. The surface is mostly level; soil strong feet descent. clay loam. Lead ore, and a fine white marble, Cardington, 0., Marion co. About 18 miles S. are found here. 206 miles N. W. from Al- E. from the seat of justice. bany. Carlinville, Is., c. h. Macoupin co. On the N. Canton, Q., c. h. Stark co. In a fertile tract of side of Lake Fork of Macoupin River. 39 miles land, on the forks of Nimishillen Creek. 120 miles' S. S. W. from Springfield. N. E. from Columbus, on the Ohio and Pennsyl- Carlisle, Is., c. h. Clinton co. vania Railroad, and having railroad communica- Carlisle, Ky., c. h. Nicholas co. On a small tion with Cleveland, Pittsburg, and Columbus. branch of Licking River. E. N. E. from FrankCanton, Pa., Bradford co. The Tonawanda fort 53 miles. Creek and its branches water this township, the Carlisle, Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly a surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly district of Concord. It is watered, on its E. loam. 136 miles N. from Harrisburg. boundary, by Concord River. The soil is not Canton Pa., Washington co. Watered by very productive, and its surface is rough and Chartier's Creek and its branches. Surface some- rocky. 5 miles N. from Concord, and 21 N. W. what undulating; soil loam. Coal abounds. from Boston. Cape Elizabeth, Me., Cumberland co. On the Carlisle, N. Y., Schoharie co. The surface of S. E. shore of Casco Bay, adjoining Portland. this town is hilly, abounding in caverns containOne of the oldest towns in the state. It con- ing large quantities of aragonite, and sulphate of tains a pond, which, upon being drained, dis- barytes. 8 miles N. W. from Schoharie, and 36 closed a bed of peat, from which is made, by car- W. firom Albany. bonization, the celebrated deodorizing powder. Carlisle, Pa., c. h. Cumberland co. 15 miles The inhabitants are generally farmers. W. by S. from Harrisburg, on the Cumberland Cape Girardeau, Mo., Cape Girardeau co. On Valley Railroad, which extends from Harrishurg the W. bank of the Mississippi River, 10 miles through this place to Chambersburg. It is regufrom Jackson, and 207 S. E. from Jefferson City. larly laid out, with a spacious public square in A place of considerable trade. the centre, and wide streets crossing each other Cape Girardeau County, Mo., c. h. at Jackson. at right angles. Itis well built, mnostly with brick S. E. part, on the Mississippi. The head branches and stone. It has 9 or.10 churches. Dickinson of White River water this county, and iron and College is located here, and its buildings occupy other minerals are found here. a commanding situation in the W. part of the Cape Island, N. J., Cape May co. This favor- village. (See Colleges.) About half a mile from ite watering-place is on the sea-shore, at the S. the village are the United States barracks, built extremity of the state, 108 miles S. from Tren- in 1777, chiefly by the Hessians captured at Trenton. It has several large hotels and boarding ton. The government have established a cavalry houses, and is much frequented in the summer school here. About 4 miles N. are the Carlisle season. See Fashionable Resorts. Springs, at which there are good accommodations C(ape May County, N. J., c. h. at Cape May. for visitors. The locality is retired, and surAt the S. B. extremity. Watered on the N. by rounded with the beautiful scenery of the Blue Tuckahoe River, and contains several salt lakes, Mountain. formed by inlets from the sea. Surface level; Carlisle Springs, Pa., Cumberland co. So called soil alluvial. from the sulphur springs existing here. 19 miles Cape Macy, N. J., c. h. Cape May co. 93 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. S. from Trenton. Carmel, Me., Penobscot co. 71 miles from Aun Cape Vinlcent, N. Y., Jefferson co. On the S. gusta. See Sowadabscook Stream. side of St. Lawrence River. 190 miles N. W. from Carmdel, N. Y., c. h. Putnam co. It contains 318 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., several small lakes, from which flow the head Connewango and Stillwater Creeks. Surfiace hil. waters of Croton River. Surface hilly; soil very ly; soil sandy. 336 miles W. by S. from Albany. fertile. 106 miles S. from Albany, Carroll County, O., c. h. at Carrollton. E. part. Carmi, Ia., c. h. White co. On the W. bank of On the height of land between the Muskingum Little. Wabash River. 181 miles S. E. from and Ohio. The canal, fiom Bolivar to the Ohio Springfield. River, passes through its N. W. corner. Carnesville, Ga., c. h. Franklin co. On Ste- Carroll, Pa. A township of Cambria co. phen's Creek. I I miles N. from Milledgeville. Carroll, Pa. A township of Perry co. Caroline County, Md., c. h. at Denton On the Carroll, Pa. A township of Washington co. E. shore, bordering on Delaware. The Chop- Carroll, Pa. A township of York co. tank River waters this county, the W. branch Carroll County, Te., c. h. at Huntingdlon. W. forming its W. boundary. part, on the height of land between the Tennessee Caroline, N. Y., Tompkins co. West Owego and Mississippi. and Six Mile Creeks water this town, the surface Carroll County, Va. New; taken fiom Grayson. of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly and calca- On the S. W. border, in the valley between the reous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Ithaca, and 156 Blue Ridge and the Iron Mountain. S. W. firom Albany. Carrollton, Aa., c. h. Pickens co. On the W. Caroline Couqnlt/, Va., c. h. at Bowling Green. bank of Lubbub Creek. 42 miles W. from TusE. part between the Rappahannock and the caloosa. North River. Watered by the Mattapony and its Carrollton, Ga., c. h. Carroll co. On the S branches. Surface hilly and broken; soil diver- fork of Tallapoosa River. 131 miles W. N. W. sified. from Milledgeville. Carroll County, As., c. h. at Carrollton, shire Carrollton, Is., c. h. Greene co. On the b6rders town. In the N. W. corner bordering on Mis- of Spring Prairie. 69 miles S. W. from Spriugsouri. Watered by branches of the White and field. Steam poweris applied to operate flouring Little Red Rivers. mills and saw mills. The surrounding country Carroll County, Ga., c. h. at Carrollton. On is beautiful. the W. border, extending from the Alabama line Carrollton, Ky., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. to the Chattahoochee. Watered by the head bank of the Ohio. at the mouth of Kentucky branches of the Tallapoosa River. Surface high River. 46 miles N. N. W. from Frankfort. and broken. Carrollton, Mo., c. h. Carroll co. On ~Waconda Carroll County, Is., c. h. at Savanna. In the N. Creek. 6 miles N. of Missouri River, and 124 N. W. angle on the Mississippi. Surface undulating, W. from Jefferson City. and drained by Plum and Rush Creeks; soil pro- Carrollton, Mi., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. side ductive. of Big Sandy Creek. 92 miles N. by E. from Carroll C'ounty, Ia., c. h. at Delphi. N. W. Jackson. central. It is traversed by the Wabash River and Carrollton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. On the Rock, Deer, and Wildcat Creek, and also by Pennsylvania border. the Wabash and Erie Canal. Surface mostly Carrollton, O., c. h. Carroll co. 125 miles N. E level. from Columbus. Carroll County, Ky., c. h. at Carrollton, shire Carter County, Ky., c. h. at Grayson. N. E. town. N. part on the Mississippi, at the mouth part. Drained by the Little Sandy and Tygart's of Carroll River. The surface is level, and the Creek. Hilly. soil very rich. Carter County, Te., c. h. at Elizabethtown. In Carroll Parish, La., c. h. at Providence. In the the N. E. corner. Mountainous. Drained by N. E. corner. Traversed by Bayou Boceuff, Bayou the Watoga and the S. fork of Hoalston. Macon, and the Tensas River.. Carteret County, N. C., c. h. at Beaufort. On Carroll, Me., Penobscot co. the coast, S. of Pamlico Sound. It comprises Carroll County, Md., c. h. at Westminster. several islands, on one of which is Cape Lookout. Bounded N. by Pa., E. by Baltimore co., S. by Soil sandy and marshy. Ann, and W. by Frederick co. It has a fertile Carthage, Is., c. h. Hancock co. Situated besoil. Watered by Patapsco and Monococy tween Bear, and Long Creeks. 9 miles from the Rivers. Mississippi River, and 106 W. N. W. from Cirroll County, Mi., c. h. at Carrollton. N. Springfield. There is coal in abundance in the W. central. Between the upper waters of the vicinity. Big Black and the Yallabusha Fork of the Carthage, Mi., c. h. Leake co. 60 miles N. E. Yazoo. from Jackson. Carroll County, Mo., c. h. at Carrollton. N. Carthaqe, Mo., c. h. Jasper co. 160 miles S. W. W. central. In the W. angle between the Grand from Jefferson City. River and the Missouri. Carthage, Me., Franklin co. Incorporated 1826. Carroll County, N. H., c. h. at Ossipee. E. central. 46 miles from Augusta, and 73 from Portland. On the N. side of Winnipiseogee Lake, and pre- See Barnard, Me. sents very beautiful scenery. The surface and Carthage, N. C., c. h. Moore co. 70 miles S. soil, and its hydraulic power, are much the same W. from Raleigh. as those of Belknap co. Carthage, N. Y., Jefferson co. On the Black Carroll, N. H. A township in Coos co., lying River. 152 miles N.W. from Albany. There is at the base of the White Mountains. Its surface extensive water power on the Long Falls, comis uneven, and its appearance dreary. This town- mencing at this place, below which the river is not ship was granted in 1772 to Sir Thomas Went- navigable. Above, boats run up 40 miles, to High worth, Rev. Samuel Langdon, and 81 others. Falls, where the Black -River Canal begins 120 miles N. from Concord, and 18 S. E. from There are large iron works at this place. Lancaster. Carthage, O., Hamilton co. 8 miles N. from Carroll, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by Cincinnati, and 116 S. W. from Columbu& IN THE UNITED STATES. 319 Large public meetings, agricultural fairs, &c., are Caswell County, N. C., c. h. at Yanceyville. frequently held here, on account of the central On the N. border. ])an River winds along its position of the place in the county. N. boundary. Soil fertile. Carthage, Te., c. h. Smith co. 52 miles E. Catahoola, Parish. c. h. at Harrisonburg. E. cenfrom Nashville. tral. On both sides of the Washita. Carthage, Ts., c. h. Panola co. Catawissa, Pa., Columbia co. At the junction Carver, Ms., Plymouth co. 8 miles S. WV.from of the Susquehanna River and Catawissa Creelk Plymouth, and 38 S. E. from Boston. Soil sandy 81 miles N. N. E. from' Harrisburg. and poor. Noted for its iron castings. This Catskill, N. Y., c. h. Greene co. On the Hudtown has a number of beautiful ponds, and is re- son River. It is watered by the Catskill and sorted to by sportsmen for fishing and fowling. some of its branches. The surface is hilly in the Casco, Me., Cumberland co. An interior town- W. part. The soil.consists of clay, sand, and ship, taken from Raymond. loam. 34 miles S. from Albany. Casey County, Ky., c. h. Liberty. S. central. Cattarauguls County, N. Y., c. h. at EllicottWatered by the head branches of Green, and the ville. Bordering on Pennsylvania. It is waRolling Fork of Salt River. tered by Great Valley, Oil, and Cattaraugus Cass Count]y, Ga., c. h. at Cassville. N. E. part. Creeks, and the Alleghany River. Surface eleWatered by Etowvah River and Sulacoe Creek. vated; soil good, and well adapted to grazing. Hilly and mountainous; soil very rich on the This county contains bog iron ore, some salt and borders of the streams. sulphur springs, and one oil spring. The GcneCass County, Is., c. h. at Virginia. W. central. see Valley Canal crosses its S. E. angle, terminatIn the S. angle between the Illinois and Sanga- ing at Olean, on the Alleghany River. Its southmon. Drained bv several creeks flowing into the ern part is traversed by the Erie Railroad. Illinois. The surface is slightly uneven; the soil Catawba County, N. C., c. h. at Newton. New; very productive. taken from Lewiston. On the southern borCass County, Ia., c. h. at Logansport. N. cen- der. tral. Watered by the Wabash and Eel Rivers, Cavendish, Vt., Windsor co. The soil is good, which afford fine mill privileges. Surface mostly and easy to cultivate. Black River and Twenty level. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses Mile Stream are the principal waters. Along this county. these streams are some small tracts of fine interCass County, Mn., c. h. at Cassopolis. In the vale. The greatest curiosity in the town, and S. W. corner, bordering on Indiana. Undulating; perhaps the greatest of the kind in the state, is soil very fertile. at the falls on Black River, which are situated Cass County, Mo., formerly called Van Bu- between Dutton's Village and White's Mills. ren, c. h. at Harrisonville. On the W. border. Here the channel of the river has been worn down Drained by the Osage, which passes through it 100 feet, and rocks of very large size have been from W. to E. undermined and thrown down, one upon another. Cass County, Ts., c. h. at Lindin. Holes are worn into the rocks, of various dimenCassopolis, Mn., c. h. Cass co. sions and forms. Hanks's Mountain, which sepaCassville, Ga., c. h. Cass co. 144 miles N. W. rates Baltimore from this town, derives its name from Milledgeville. from Colonel Hanks, who, during the French and Castine, Me., Hancock co., occupies a peninsula, Indian wars, encamped thereon for the night, with with a good harbor, on the E. shore of Penobscot a small regular force. There are two villages, viz., Bay. Duttonsville and Proctorsville. Near the latter Castleton, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On the E. village are large quarries of soapstone and serpenbank of Hudson River. 8 miles S. by E. from tine. The settlement of this place was commenced Albany. in 1769, by Captain John Coffin. 10 miles S. W. Castleton, Vt., Rutland co. This is a flourish- from Windsor, and 60 S. from Montpelier: The ing town, watered by a river of the same name. Rutland and Burlington Railroad passes through The surface is rough and hilly, but there is some the town. rich land. Mill streams abound in Castleton. Cayuga County, N. Y., c. h. at Auburn. XV. Lake Bombazine, seven miles in length and two central part. Extends from Lake Erie S. along in breadth, is chiefly in this town. It is stored the E. shore of Seneca Lake. It contains with fish, and has an island near its centre of Owasco Lake, and includes the upper W. shore exquisite beauty. The village of Castleton is of Skeneatales Lake. It is crossed by the Erie elevated and neatly built. It was incorporated Canal and by the Rochester and Syracuse Railin 1847. There is considerable variety in the road. The soil is very fertile, yielding large crops soil and surface. The rocks are chiefly argilla- of grain of different kinds. There are several ceous. The soil of the plains is sandy and light; important sulphur and saline springs, and also a on the hills it is slaty, gravel, loam, and vegeta- chalybeate spring in the county. ble mould. Castleton River, and its tributary Cayuga, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the N. E. shore brooks, furnish considerable water power. Being of Cayuga Lake. 162 miles W. by N. from Alincreased by many abundant springs along its bany. A bridge for travel here crosses the lake, bed, its waters are very pure and cool in summer, over a mile in length, and another for the Rochand seldom fiozen in winter. The first dwelling ester and Syracuse Railroad, still longer. A house was erected in August, 1769, of which Colo- steamboat plies between Cayuga and Ithaca, at nel Lee and his servant were the sole inhabitants the head of the lake, 40 miles distant. the following winter. In 1770, Ephraim Buel, Cayuta, N. Y., Chemung co. Watered by CaEleazer Bartholomew, and Zadock Remington, yuta Creek and some of its branches. Surface with their families, settled in this town, and were hilly and broken. 188 miles S. W. from Alsoon followed by Colonels Bird and Lee. 11 miles bany. W. from Rutland, and 72 S. W. from Montpelier. Cazenovia, N. Y., Madison co., is watered by Castor, Mo., Madison co. Chittenango Creek and Cazenovia Lake. The 320 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., surface is elevated and uneven; soil fertile, and nois, Sangamon, and Vermilion Rivers. Surface adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 118 1 undulating; soil of good quality. miles N. of W. from Albany. Champeign County, 0., c. h. at Urbana. W. Cecil County, Md., c. h. at Elkton. On the central. It takes its name from the level, face of eastern shore, at the extreme N. The in- the country; is wealthy and fertile. Mad River, terior is watered by Elk River. Surface undu- Duck, Nettle, Chapman's, King's, and Stony lating; soil tolerably fertile. Crossed by the Creeks, are themostimportant streams. The CinChesapeake and Delaware Canal, and by the cinnati and Sandusky Railroad passes through it. Newcastle and Frenchtown and Philadelphia and Champion, N. Y., Jefferson co. Black River Baltimore Railroads. and some of its tributaries water this town. SurCecil, Pa., Washington con Miller's branch of face hilly; soil very fertile. 148 miles N. W. Chartier's Creek waters this town, which has a fiom Albany. diversified surface and loamy soil. Coal is Champlain, N. Y., Clinton co. On the shore of found here in large quantities. Lake Champlain, on each side of Chazy River, Cedar Bluf, Aa., c. h. Cherokee co. and bounded on the N. by Canada. The surCedar County, Io., c. h. at Tipton. face on the E. is level, on the W. hilly. Soil Cedar County, Mo. S. W. part. The Sac, a generally fertile. The Ogdensburg Railroad passes tributary of the Osage River, flows N. through it. through the centre of this town, which lies 4 miles Cedar Rapids, Io., Linn co. On Cedar River, W. of Rouse's Point, on Lake Champlain. 15 the northern fork of the Iowa. miles N. from Plattsburg, and 188 N. from A1Celina, O., c. h. Mercer co. bany. Centre, Pa., a township of Butler co. On the Chanceford, Pa., York co. 47 miles S. S. E. height of land between the Alleghany and Beaver. from Harrisburg. Centre, Pa., Perry co. 36 miles N. W. from Chapel Hill, N. C., Orange co. On New Hope, Harrisburg. a branch of Cape Fear River. Seat of the UniCentre, Pa., Greene co. Ten Mile Creek and versity of North Carolina. (See Colle qyes.) The its branches water this town, which has a hilly locality is elevated and healthy, the soil fertile, surface and loamy soil. and the water good. 28 miles N. W. from RaCentre, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Yellow leigh. and Twolick Creeks, branches of Black River. Chaplin, Ct., Windham co. Taken from MansSurface hilly; soil clay and loam. field, Hampton, and Windham, in 1832. It is Centre, Pa., Union co. Watered by Penn's watered by Neachaug River, which passes nearly and Little Mahonialy, or Middle Creeks. Sur- through its centre. The town is small, but the face various. soil is good, and populated by industrious farmCentre County, Pa., c. h. at Bellefonte. Central. ers, who, by their practice of keeping a large numWatered by the W. branch of the Susquehanna ber of sheep, seem to be convinced of the fact that River, and by Bald Eagle and Penn's Creeks. wool is one of the most important staples of New The surface is rough and mountainous, and iron England. ore is found here; soil productive on the margins Chapman, Pa., Union co. The Mahantango of the streams. Creek waters this town, affording good mill privCentre Harbor, N. H., Belknap co. Between ileges. Surface hilly; soil alluvial and gravelly. Winnipiseogee and Squam Lakes. Soil mostly 42 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. a rich loam. 37 miles from Concord, with which Chapman, Pa. A township of Clinton co. it is connected by railroad. Chardon, O., c. h. Geauga co. Situated about Centreville, Aa., c. h. Bibb co. On the E. side 600 feet above Lake Erie, on the elevated land beof Catawba River, at the lower falls. 38 miles tween the head waters of Grand, Cuyahoga, and S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Chagrin Rivers. 168 miles N. E. from ColumCentreville, Ia., c. h. Wayne co. On the E. side bus, and 28 E. by N. from Cleveland. of Whitewater River, 62 miles E. from Indian- Chariton: Io., c. h. Lucas co. 100 miles S. W. apolis. from Iowa City. Centreville, Md., c. h. Queen Ann co. 39 miles Chariton County, Mo., c. h. at Keytesville. N. E. by N. from Annapolis. central. The Missouri River runs along its S., Centreville, Mn., c. h. St. Joseph co. On Prai- and Grand River along its W. boundary, while rie River, 139 miles W. S. W. from Detroit. One Chariton River flows through the interior. of the branches of the University of Michigan is Charlemont, Ms., Franklin co. This was forestablished here. merly a frontier town, in which many Indian agCeres, Pa., McKean co. Tunangwant, Sugar, gressions were committed. The traces of Hanks's, Willow, and Kenjua Creeks water this town, the Taylor's, and Rice's garrisons are still to be seen. surface of which is rolling, and the soil loam and Mount Peak, and other lofty elevations, with the gravel. Deerfield meandering through the town, give to C'hamnbers County, Aa., c. h. at Chambers. On Charlemont much delightful scenery. Although the E. border. The Chattahoochee River forms the general features of the town are rough and part of its E. boundary. Surface undulating; cragged, it contains large tracts of valuable land. soil productive. It has a great water power. 15 miles W. from Chambersburg, Pa., c. h. Franklin co. Watered Greenfield, and 105 W. N. W. from Boston. by Conecocheague and Falling Spring Creeks, Charles County, Md., c. h. at Port Tobacco. tributaries of the Potomac River. S. W. from On the western shore, near the southern extremnHarrisburg 45 miles. A large and prosperous ity, between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers. place, having a good water power improved for Surface broken; soil tolerably fertile. propelling cotton and woollen factories, flouring Charles City County, Va., c. h. at Charles City. mills, paper mills, &c. E. part. In the western angle between the Chaimpaign County, Is., c. h. at Urbana. E. Chickahominy and James Rivers. Surface unda -entral. Watered by Embarras, Kaskaskia, Illi- lating. IN THE UNITED STATES. 321 Charles City, Va., c. h. Charles City co. Sit- buildings are the City Hall, Exchange, custom uated N. of James River. 45 miles S. E. by E. house, court house, jail, state citadel, and two from Richmond. arsenals, a college, a medical college, an alms(Charleston, Me., Penobscot co. At the source house, an orphan asylum, a theatre, seven or of Pushaw Lake. 73 miles N. W. from Augusta. eight banks, and about 25 churches. Some of Charleston, N. Y., Montgomery co. Watered the churches are elegant buildings. The City by several small branches of the Mohawk River. Hotel, among the public houses, is a splendid The surface is hilly; the soil mostly sandy loam. establishment, erected at a cost of $150,000. The 43 miles N. W. from Albany. city has a fine library, comprising nearly 20,000 Charleston, Pa. A township of,Tioga co. 146 volumes. There is also a library with 10,001) miles N. from Harrisburg. volumes, belonging to the Apprentices' AssociaCharleston District, S. C., c. h. at Charleston. tion, which sustains an annual course of scientific On the Atlantic. Drained by Cooper and Ashley lectures. The means of education provided by Rivers. Surface low, and liable to inundation. the city are good. There is one high school, and The South Carolina Railroad passes through it, five public free schools; the whole under the diand a canal unites the Cooper and Santee Rivers. rection of a board of commissioners. The LitCharleston, S. C. City and port of entry. erary and Philosophical Society is a highly reSituated on a point of land between the Ashley spectable institution, having a fine collection of and Cooper Rivers, at their junction, 6 miles objects in natural history. inland from the Atlantic coast. Population in The trade of Charleston is extensive. The 1790, 16,359; 1800, 18,712; 1810, 24,711; 1820, harbor is spacious and convenient, though some24,780; 1830, 30,289; 1840, 29,261; 1850, what obstructed by the bar at its mouth. Over 43,000, including in this number the population this bar there are four principal channels, having of St. Philip's Parish, which is a continuation of a depth of water;, at high tide, varying, in the the city north, but, till within a few years past, different channels, from 17 feet to 10 feet; and not included in its chartered limits. Charleston at low tide, from 10 to 6 feet. After entering is the largest city on the Atlantic coast south the harbor, the channel, which is deep, passes of Baltimore. The harbor, which is formed very near the S. end of Sullivan's Island, upon by the confluence of Ashley and Cooper Rivers, which Fort Moultrie is situated. Opposite to is about 2 miles wide, and extends between 6 this point, upon a sand bar, is another fort, called and 7 miles, a little S. of E., to the ocean. Ash- Fort Sumpter, which stands close upon the chanley River, opposite the city, is 2100 yards wide, nel. The position of these fortifications is very and Cooper River 1400 yards wide, and both effective for the defence of the city. Charleston are from 30 to 42 feet deep. The ground on possesses great facilities for trade with the intewhich the city is built is elevated 8 or 9 rior. It is connected by a canal with the Santee feet above high-water mark, at ordinary flood River, which is thcence navigable to Columbia, tides. A violent easterly wind, however, concur- and by a railroad with the Savannah River at ring with a high course of tides, has sometimes Augusta. The length of this road is 136 miles. caused parts of the city to be inundated, which A branch extends from Branchville, 62 miles, to was the case in 1728, 1752, and 1797. The tide Columbia. Thus Charleston commands the inrises here about 6A feet, andf flows in and out ternal trade not only of most of its own state, with a strong current, which is supposed to con- but likewise much of that of North Carolina and tribute to the salubrity of the city. The place Georgia.' There are several lines of packets conis considered as more healthy than any other necting Charleston with the city of New York; part of the low country in the Southern States, and numerous steamboats running to Savannah, and is much resorted to by the planters during Beaufort, Georgetown, Columbia, St. Augustine, the sickly months. The city is about 2 miles and other places. in length, and over a mile in breadth, and is The exports of Charleston are of great imporlaid out with considerable regularity. The streets, tance, consisting of rice and tobacco in considerfor the most part, run parallel to each other, able amount, but particularly of upland and from E. to W., extending from river to river, sea-island cotton. The upland cotton in this reand are crossed by others at right angles. Many gion of country is of the finest quality. The seaof them are paved. The houses are, many of island cotton is grown on the islands in this them, of brick, and an ordinance of the city neighborhood, and is remarkable for its fineness, now requires that all within its corporate lim- and for its staple, or length of fibre. its, to be hereafter constructed, be of this mate- This city was first settled in 1680. About 10 rial. Many are of wood, neatly painted white, years later a colony of French refugees, exiled and having piazzas beautifully ornamented with from their native land in consequence of the vines. Those in the outer extremities have beau- revocation of the edict of Nantz, settled in Carotiful yards and gardens connected with them. lina, and some of them in Charleston. These Every spot in the vicinity, capable of improve- were the Huguenots, or French Protestants, who ment. is occupied with plantations in a high state fled from religious persecution similar to that of cultivation. The growth of Charleston has which brought the Puritans to New England. been less rapid than that of most cities of the From this noble stock have descended many of United States. It has frequently suffered by dis- the families of Charleston. Its inhabitants have astrous fires. In 1796, one third of this city was always been celebrated for their intelligence, destroyed, at a loss estimated at $2,500,000. In their polished manners, and unaffected hospital1837, 1200 houses were burned, being one fifth ity. During the revolutionary war, the defences part of the city, covering 145 acres of ground, of this city, on Sullivan's Island, sustained a at a loss estimated at $5,000,000. Nevertheless, violent assault from a British squadron, consistthe city has advanced in prosperity, and contains ing of 9 ships of war, carrying 250 guns, and all those institutions which mark a thriving and triumphantly repulsed them, by the bravery of a wealthy commercial city. The principal public garrison of 400 men, under the command of 41 322 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Colonel Moultrie. The garrison lost only 10 through different sections of the city. Streets also men in the conflict, and had but 22 wounded; diverge from Market Square on either side of the while the British suffered a loss of nearly 200 in main street. The streets are generally wide and killed and wounded. This was on the 28th of airy, and many of them are pleasantly shaded June, 1776. On the 17th of May, 1780, the with trees of a recent growth. It is neatly built, British having again attacked the city by sea and contains many elegant public and private and land, it was surrendered into their hands, edifices. Many of the merchants and other busibut was evacuated by them in 1782. ness men of Boston reside here. The population Charleston, Va., c. h. Jefferson co. 168 miles in 1850, was 17,216. N. from Richmond. Charlestown is memorable for its sacrifices in Charleston, Vt., Orleans co. The principal the cause of American independence. Bunker stream in this town is Clyde River. There are Hill is celebrated as the spot where the first regsome falls of consequence on this stream, particu- ular battle was fought, on the 17th of June, 1775, larly the Great Falls, where the descent is more between the provincial and the British troops, in than 100 feet in 40 rods, but its current is gener- the war of the revolution. In this battle, the ally slow. The alluvial flats along this stream British had 1054 men slain, among whom was a are extensive, but generally too low and wet for large number of commissioned officers. The cultivation. In the S. E. part of the township Americans, whose whole force did not exceed 1500 are 1000 acres of bog meadow, in a body, upon men, had 145 killed and 304 wounded. Among this river. There are several considerable ponds. the former was MAJOR GENERAL WARREN, at Echo Pond, the most important, is in the north- that time president of the Colonial Congress; who, ern part, and was named by General J. Whitelaw, in the true spirit of heroic patriotism which had on account of the succession of echoes which are long animated his course, bravely volunteered to usually heard when any sound is produced in its serve his country in this eminent post of danger. vicinity. It is a mile and a half long, and half a Early in the action, Charlestown was set on fire mile wide. The other pond of most consequence by the enemy. and a general conflagration ensued. is called Pension Pond. These ponds abound in On the site of the battle, and near the spot where fish. There are 2 small villages situated upon Warren fell, a grand commemorative monument Clyde River, about 6 miles apart, designated has been erected; which is an obelisk of hewn as East Charleston and West Charleston. The granite, 30 feet square at the base, 15 feet square soil is a rich loam, and produces good crops. 54 at the top, and 221 feet in height. Its foundamiles N. E. from Montpelier. tions, which are 62 feet above the level of the Charilestown, Ia., c. h. Clarke co. 100 miles S. sea, are laid 12 feet under ground, and 50 feet S. E. from Indianapolis. square. The corner stone was laid by the veneraCharlestown. City and seaport of Massachu- ble Marquis de Lafayette, on the 17th of June, setts; situated on the N. side of Charles Riv- 1825, when an address was delivered by Hon. er, at its mouth, opposite Boston. It is built on Daniel Webster. The work was completed July a peninsula, extending about one mile in a south- 23.1842, and on the 17th of June, 1843, its comeasterly direction, between the estuary formed by pletion and the anniversary of the battle was the mouth of the Mystic River on the N. E., commemorated in a splendid manner. An adand Charles River and the harbor of Boston dress was delivered, on the ground, as before, by on the S. and S. E. It is connected with Hon. Daniel Webster, in presence of the PresiSomerville by a narrow neck of land, and with dent of the United States, several of the heads of Boston, Chelsea, and Malden by bridges. The department, and an immense concourse of citisettlement of Charlestown was earlier by two zens. The monument is ascended within by a years than that of Boston. In the year 1628, as circular flight of 294 steps, to the chamber immethe early history informs us, "Six or seven diately beneath the apex, from the windows of persons, with the consent of Governor Endicott, which a view is had almost equal to that from the travelled from Naumkeag (Salem) through the State Iouse in Boston. In this chamber are seen woods westward, and came to a neck of land be- two brass cannon, named Hancock and Adams, tween Mystic and Charles Rivers, called Mishaw- which were used in the battle; on each of which um. It was full of Indians; and with the uncon- is the following inscription:strained consent of their chief, they settled there." The way for such a favorable reception had been "SACRED TO LIBERTY. prepared befobre them by the usefulness to the In- "This is one of the four cannons, which condians of one white person, Thomas Walford, a stituted the whole train of field artillery possessed blacksmith, who had built a cottage on the pen- by the British colonies of North America, at insula. Governor Winthrop, and the company the commencement of the war, on the 19th of who came into the colony with him, in 1630, first April, 1775. This cannon and its fellow, belongsettled at Charlestown, but soon after removed ing to a number of citizens of Boston, were used over the river to the peninsula of Boston. The in many engagements during the war. The other place was named in honor of Charles I., the reign- two, the property of the government of Massaing sovereign of England at that time. The nat- chusetts, were taken by the enemy. - By order of ural surface of the peninsula of Charlestown is the United States, in Congress assembled, May uneven, rising on the E. into the two hills called 19, 1788." Bunker Hill and Breed's Hill.; and the summits The monument stands in the centre of a square and slopes of these elevations have afforded beau- on Bunker Htill, containing nearly six acres, and tiful sites for the laying out of portions of the city. enclosed by a massive iron fence. The natural There is one great thoroughfare running from surface of the ground is in part preserved, upon Market Square, near the point where the bridges which some lineaments of the old breastwork are come over from Boston, over the whole length of still discernible — a soil which will be ever dear the peninsula to the neck; and from this on either to the bosom of the patriot, and to the friends of side streets are laid out at various angles leading liberty throughout the world. IN THE UNITED STATES. 323 The following touching and truly eloquent a ropewalk of granite 1300 feet long, various apostrophe to the monument is from the opening mechanic shops, storehouses, dwelling houses for of the address of Louis KossuTH, on the occa- the officers, marine barracks, and naval stores sion of the reception given to him in Monument to the value of $2,000,000. More or less ships Square, by the authorities of Charlestown: - of war are at all times lying here in ordinary, "My voice shrinks from the task to mingle and two line of battle ships, the Vermont and with the awful pathos of that majestic orator! the Virginia, have been on the stocks in the shipSilent like the grave, and yet melodious like the houses for many years, ready to be got to sea at song of immortality upon the lips of cherubim; any time in a few months, when required. Con-a senseless, cold granite, and yet warm with' nected with the navy yard, and under the generinspiration like a patriot's heart; -immovable al direction of the commandant, are a naval maglike the past, and yet stirring like the future which azine, and the finely-situated naval hospital, at never stops; — it looks like a prophet and speaks Chelsea. like an oracle. And thus it speaks: — Charlestown contains also the state prison, "'The day I commemorate is the rod with founded in 1800, which is situated at Prison Point, which the hand of the Lord has opened the well near Charles River, in the W. part of the city. of liberty. Its waters will flow. Every new This penitentiary, having been essentially imdrop of martyr blood will increase the tide. Des- proved and extended in 1826, and again in 1850, pots may dam its flool, but never stop it. The is one of the best-arranged and most successfullyhigher its dam, the higher the tide. It will over- administered institutions of the kind in the counflow or break through. Bow, and adore, and try. The buildings are in the form of a cross, hope!' having four wings, united to a central octagonal'Such are the words that come to my ears; building, three of which, for the convicts, are caand I bow, - I adore, - I hope. In bowing, my pable of any required extension, without disturbeyes meet the soil of Bunker Hill -that awful ing the central arrangements, or the unity of aropening scene of the eventful drama, to which chitectural design. The interior arrangement Lexington and Concord had been the preface. and discipline of this prison are upon what is The spirits of the past rise before my eyes. known as the " Auburn plan." All the spirits of that most eventful victory, under The McLean Asylum was formerly in Charlesthe name of defeat- I see them all. The eyes town; but by a division of the town, to constitute of my soul are familiar with the spirits of the the new town of Somerville, the site of that instimartyrs of liberty. But those I see around me tution falls within the latter place. For a notice have no sad, ghastly look; they bear no gushing of this excellent asylum, the reader is referred to wounds crying for revenge to the Almighty God; our account of the Massachusetts State Hospital, the smile of eternal bliss is playing around their under Boston. lips, and though dwellers of heaven, they like to The merchandise depot of the Fitchburg Railvisit the place where their blood was spilt. It road is located in Charlestown, near the Warren was not spilt in vain. Their fatherland is free; Bridge. This is a large establishment, and desand there is a joy in that thought adding ever a tined to be yet much more extended. new charm even to the happiness of blessed souls. Charlestown is the proper seat of the ice As the fabulous divinities of ancient Greece like trade, which has now become a staple of New to rest from the charms of heaven on Mount England. The Charlestown Branch Railroad, Olympus, so must the spirit of Warren like to running to Fresh Pond, in Cambridge and Warest on the top of this monument here. tertown, a distance of about 3 miles, was first " Martyrs of my country! how long will it vet constructed for conveying the " ice crop " from be till a like joy will thrill through your departed this pond to the wharves in Charlestown, whence souls. When will the smile of that joy play it is exported in quantities, averaging 50,000 tons around your lips? How long will yet the gush a year, to the southern ports of the United States, of your wounds cry for revenge - your father- the West Indies, South America, England, and land still bleeding, down-trodden, oppressed? the East Indies. Almighty Father of mankind, let the day of thy Charlestown was established'as a city in 1847. mercy be not too far! " It has rapidly advanced in business and populaThe United States Navy Yard is the next object tion within a few years past. It is intimately of interest to the visitor in Charlestown. This is united with Boston by its situation, and consesituated at the foot of Bunker Hill, on a point of quently, in its various commercial and manufaeland E. of the centre of the town, extending turing interests and pursuits. along the harbor, from the mouth of Charles River Charlestowon, N. H., Sullivan co. The only to the mouth of Mystic River. The site, including rivers are the Connecticut and Little Sugar Rivabout 100 acres of ground, was purchased by the ers. In the former, there are 3 islands, the largest, government in 1800, at the cost of about $40,000. Sartwell's Island, is 10 acres, and is well cultiOn the side next the town, the yard is protected vated. The others are 6 acres each, and have a by a wall of stone masonry, 16 feet high. On rich, loamy soil. The soil is extremely various. the harbor, several wharves, and a dry dock, have Cheshire Bridge connects this town with Springbeen constructed, with a strong sea wall through- field, Vt. Captain Phinehas Stevens was among out the remainder of the line. The dry dock the first settlers. In 1747, he defended the fortso is itself a stupendous work, which cost the gov- gallantly from the French and Indians, that Sir ernment about $675,000. It is built of beautifully Charles Knowles presented him with an elegant hammered granite, in the most workmanlike sword, and from this circumstance the township, and substantial manner; is 341 feet long, 80 feet when it was incorporated, in 1753, took the name wide, and 30 feet deep. It was completed in 1833, of Charlestown. Bog iron ore and other minerand the first vessel which was received into it was als are found here. First settlers, several famithe frigate Constitution. lies by the names of Parker, Farnsworth, and There are in this yard four large shiphouses, Sartwell, from Groton, Ms. 51 miles W. from 324 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Concord. and 20 S. E. from Windsor, Vt. A Moore's Creek, 2 miles from its junction with railroad from Boston to Burlington, Vt., now Rivanna River, and 85 N. W. from Richmond. passes through this delightful town. This is the seat of the University of Virginia. Charlestown, Pa., Chester co. A township on (See Colleges.) The place has a considerable water the Susquehanna River. 82 miles E. from Har- power, on which there are flour and other mills risburg. Connected with Richmond by the Central Rail. Charlestown, R. I., Washington co., lies on the road. sea, opposite to Block Island. It has five large Charlton, Ms., Worcester co. The lands in ponds, which cover an area of seven square miles. this town are elevated and rough, but the soil is Charlestown and Conaquetogue Ponds are salt strong and rich, and well adapted for agricultural water, and Fosquissett, Watchaug, and Cochum- purposes. Many small streams rise in the highpaug are fresh water. These waters afford a lands, and form the head branches of the Quingreat variety of fish. Near the sea, the land is nebaug, by which the south-western part of the arable, but the interior of the town is more fit town is watered. The water power is good. for the growth of wood. This town contains the Charlton was taken from Oxford in 1754. 13 graves of the remnant of the tribe of the once miles S. W. from Worcester, and 57 W. S. W. powerful and dreaded Narraganset Indians. They from Boston, by the Western Railroad. possessed a considerable tract of land in this Charlton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Watered by town, but owing to a dislike to agricultural pur- Aelplas; Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk Rivsuits, and by intermarriages with the whites and er. Surface undulating; soil mostly productive. negroes, their race as a distinct people has long 8 miles W. from Ballston Spa, and 24 miles since become extinct. Charles River passes N. W. from Albany. through the town, and gives it mill privileges. Chartiers, Pa., Washington co., situated on Charlcestown lies about 8 miles WX. S. W. from the N. side of Chartier's Creek, is a hilly town, South Kingston, and 40 S. W. from Providence. with a loamy soil. Coal is found here in large Charloe, O., c. h. Paulding co. 137 miles N. W. quantities. from Columbus. Chateaugay, N. Y., Franklin co. Chateaugay Charlotte. Me., Washington co. Incorporated River and its tributaries water this town, which 1825. About 25 miles N. W. from Machias, and is bounded on the N. by Canada. The surface 184 E. by N. from Augusta. is hilly; soil clay and sandy loam. 200 miles N. Charlotte, N. C., c. h. Mecklenburg co. On from Albany. the E. side of Sugar Creek, a branch of Catawba Chatham, Ct., Middlesex co. The township River, and 158 miles S. W. from Raleigh. Near of Chatham embraces the greater part of Middle this place are rich gold mines, and a branch mint Haddam parish, the parish of East Hampton, and is established here. a part of the parish of West Chester. It lies Charlotte, N. Y., Chautauque co. Drained by opposite to Middletown, fromn which it was taken Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries. Surface in 1767. Chatham is watered by Salmon and undulating; soil adapted to the growth of grass Pine Brooks, and several ponds. and grain. 13 miles E. from Mayville, and 320 Chatham, County, Ga., c. h. at Savannah. In S. of W. from Albany. the southern angle, between the Savannah River Charlotte, N. Y., Monroe co. At the mouth of and the Atlantic. Surface low and level. Rice, Genesee River, 7 miles below Rochester, some- sugar, and cotton are the chief productions. times called Port Genesee. W. N. W. from Chatham, Ms., Barnstable co. The soil is Albany 224 miles. The steamboats between rather better than is generally found on this part Lewiston and Oswego stop here. of Cape Cod. Its surface consists of sand hills. Charlotte, Te., c. h. Dickson co. 35 miles W. with narrow valleys between them, ponds, and from Nashville. swamps. The harbor of Chatham, after being Charlotte, Vt., Chittenden co. This township closed by a beach 25 feet high, covered with beach is pleasantly situated on the lake shore, and is grass, and a mile in length, has lately been watered by the River Laplott and Lewis Creek. opened again, in consequence of a violent storm. In the western part of the town the soil is excel- 30 handsome ponds supply this town with soft lent. There are no elevations which deserve the and pure water. The village is elevated and name of mountain, but a range of considerable pleasant. In a fair day, Nantucket can be seen hills runs through the centre of the town. 49 without a glass, 20 miles. Its Indian name was miles W. from Montpelier, and 11 S. from Bur- Manamoyit. It was first settled about 1665. lington. The Burlington and Rutland Railroad Chatham lies on the S. side of the cape, 20 miles passes through it. In August, 1849, nearly the E. from Barnstable. entire skeleton of a whale was found in this' Chatham County, N. C., c. h. at Pittsboro'. town, embedded in blue clay, 8 feet below the Central. Watered by the Cape Fear River, and surface. The locality is 60 feet above Lake by the Haw and Deep, its head branches. SurChamplain, 150 feet above the sea, and more than face undulating; soil fertile, yielding good crops 150 miles from the nearest part of the present of wheat, cotton, and tobacco. ocean. The animal was 13 feet long, and was Chatham, N. H., Carroll co. On the E. side ascertained to belong to the living genus beluga. of the White Mountains, and adjoining the line Charlotte County, Va., c. h. at Charlotte. S. E. which divides this state from Maine. There central. Watered by Little Roanoke River. Soil are several ponds here, and some considerable rich, yielding large quantities of grain, tobacco, streams. The surface is mountainous and rocky. and fruit. Between Chatham and Jackson, Carter's MounCharlotte, Va., c. h. Charlotte co., (formerly tain rises so high as to prevent the opening of a called Marysville,) lies 3 miles from Little road; so that to have intercourse with the rest Roanoke River, and one and a half miles from of the county, the inhabitants are obliged to pass Ward's Fork. W. S. W. from Richmond 98 miles. through part of the state of Maine. Chatham Charlottesville, Va., c. h. Albemarle co. On was granted to Peter Livius and others, February IN THE UNITED STATES. 325 7, 1767. 92 miles N. E. from Concord, and 40 of the Merrimac, and is very pleasant; it conN. from Ossipee. tains a depot on the Nashua Railroad, 4 miles Chatham, N. J., Morris co. The Passaic River W. friom Lowell, and 30 N. W. from Boston. waters this town. Surface uneven, Long Hill Chelsea, Ms., Suffolk co. This town was forlying in the S. part. 56 miles N. N. E. from Chelsea, Me., Kennebec co. A new town, formed Trentop. in 1850 from a part of Hallowell. Chatham, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by Chelsea, Ms., Suffolk co. This town was forKinderhook Creek. The surface is hilly, and merly a part of Boston, and now forms a part there is a great variety of soils. 22 miles S. E. of the county of Suffolk. For nearly a century from Albany, and 16 N. E. fiom Hudson. of the difficulties attending getting to and from Chatham, Pa., Tioga co. Surface undulating; Boston. At the time of its incorporation, it soil well adapted to grazing. required, with a team, a journey of more than Chattahoochee, Fa., Gadsden co. On the E. side 20 miles, although the distance across the water of the Appalachicola River. 45 miles W. firom was less than one and a half miles. Since Tallahassee. There is here a United States arsenal. the steam ferry and other avenues have been Chattanoogqa, Te., Hamilton co. 141 miles S. opened, the town has grown rapidly. It contained, E. fiom Nashville. The railroad from the in 1852, about 7500 inhabitants. A new and northern boundary of Georgia to Nashville (con- delightful village has sprung up in the vicinity necting with Decatur, Augusta, Macon, and of the ferry, since 1830, containing over 1200 Savannah) crosses the Tennessee at this point. buildings, erected on spacious streets, with sideChattooga County, Ga., c. h. at Summerville, walks, lamps, &c., giving the place the appearIn the N. W. corner of the state, bordering on ance of a city, with the pleasant, shaded walks Alabama. Surface mountainous; soil rich on the of a suburban park. borders of the streams. The surface of the town is broken into several Chaumont, N. Y., Jefferson co. At the head beautiful eminences. affording delightful views of of Chaumont Bay, on the E. end of Lake On- Boston,Charlestown, Bunker Hill, Medford, Lynn, tario. Has a fine harbor, and derives good Nahant, and Boston Harbor. Powder Horn Hill, water power from Chaumont River. Blue lime- about 2 miles from the ferry, is 220 feet in height. stone, for building, is found here. 178 miles N. The principal manufactures of Chelsea are of W. from Albany. leather, steam engines, steam boilers, salamander Chautauque County, N. Y., c. h. at Chautauque. safes, iron castings, boots and shoes, bricks, and The most W. county in the state. Bounded N. other articles. There are ship yards and boat by Lake Erie, and S. and W. by Pennsylvania. builders' shops. Watered by Chautauque, Cassadaga, and Bear The United States Marine Hospital and the Lakes, and by Chautanque, Canadawa, French, Naval Hospital, in this town, are on large plots Silver, Cassadaga, and Connewango Creeks, and of ground, in delightful and airy situations, and the outlet to Chautauque Lake. The surface is afford comfortable retreats for sick and disabled hilly, a ridge extending parallel to the lake, and seamen of the navy and merchant service. at a distance of from five to eight miles from it, Winnesimet Ferry, leading from the foot of which is elevated in some places to the height of Hanover Street, in Boston, to this town, is prob1400 feet. The soil is fertile, especially along ably the oldest establishment of the kind in the borders of the lake and principal streams. America. The first grant was given to Thomas There are several gas springs in this county, Williams, in 1631. The distance across Charles some giving forth carburetted and others sul- River is about a mile and a third. The average phuretted hydrogen gas. The most remarkable number of passengers daily crossing the ferry is localities of the former are at Fredonia, West- over 3000. field, and Van Buren Harbor. Bog iron ore, Chelsea, Vt., Orange co. This is the shire alum, copperas, and shell marl are also found in town, and is a township of good land, with a considerable quantities. pleasant village in the centre. It is watered by Chautauque, N. Y., c. h. Chautauque co. It is the head branches of White River, and has a good watered by Chautauque Lake on the E., and by hydraulic power. This town was formerly called Chautauque Creek and its branches on the W. Turnersburg. Improvements were commenced The surface is high and uneven; the soil fertile, here in the spring of 1784, by Thomas and Samproducing large crops of grass and grain. 336 uel Morse, and Asa Bond, who, the next spring, miles W. from Albany. brought in their families from Winchester, N. H. Chazy, N. Y., Clinton co. On the W. shore of 20 miles S. by E. from Montpelier. Lake Champlain. Watered by Chazy and Little Chemunq County, N. Y., c. h. at Elmira. BoundChazy Rivers. The surface is hilly on the W., ed N. by Tompkins, and E. by Tioga co., S. by but grows level as it approaches the lake. The the state of Pa., and W. by Steuben co. Wasoil is mostly good, and in some parts very fertile. tered by Chemung River, Cayuta and Newtown 10 miles N. from Plattsburg, and 176 N. from Al- Creeks, and the inlet of Seneca Lake. Surface banv. On the Plattsburg and Montreal Railroad. hilly and broken; soil fertile along the borders Chelmsford, Ms., Middlesex co. Chelmsford of the streams, and of good quality on the uplands. was granted, in 1663, to some persons in Woburn The Chemung Canal runs through this county, and Concord, and comprised the territory of connecting Seneca Lake with the Chemung River, Westford and Lowell. Its Indian name was and there is a navigable feeder extending into Pawtucket. There is a great variety of soil in Steuben co. It is also crossed by the New York thq town; some of it is good and productive, but and Erie Railroad. a large part is broken, sandy, and swampy. Chemung, N. Y., Chemung co. On the CheThis place is noted for its beautiful granite and mung River, along the valley of which are fine limestone. Middlesex village, at the head of alluvial flats. The rest of the surface is hilly and Middlesex Canal, is a pleasant place. The broken. In the S. E. part, near the bank of the village of North Chelmsford lies on the banks river, is a remarkable elevation called " Spanish 326 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Hill," which rises 110 feet above the plain; upon the ground gradually rises into hills and mounthe summit of which are vestiges of fortifica- tains. The township is excellent for grazing tions, which perfectly command the bend of the Extensive and valuable dairies are kept, and the river, and display much skill in their construe- Cheshire cheese has acquired a wide and merited tion. 198 miles S. W. from Albany. celebrity. The famous mammoth cheese, presentClhenango Coutnty, N. Y., c. h. at Norwich. S. ed to President Jefferson, January 1, 1802, concentral. Watered by the Chenango, Unadilla, tributed much to bring this town into notice. and Susquehanna Rivers. and Canasawacta and On a given day, the dairy women sent their curds Geneganslette Creeks. Broken and hilly, but to one place. The quantity was too great to be the valleys are extensive and fertile, yielding large pressed, even in a cider mill; so that, in addition crops of grain. The uplands are well suited to to the intended present, three additional cheeses grazing. There are two or three sulphur springs were made, weighing 70 pounds each. The mainin this county, considered very efficacious in cuta- moth cheese weighed about 1450 pounds. Mr. neous disorders. The Chenango Canal runs Jefferson sent back a piece of this to the inhabthrough the valley of the Chenango River, and itants to satisfy them of its excellence; he also nearly through the centre of the county. sent pieces of it, it is said, to the governors of Chenango, N. Y., c. h. Broome co. At the junc- the several states. From the W. village, or tion of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Part " Four Corners," to South Adams is about 4 miles. of the surface is hilly. The valleys, which are Cheshire County, N. H., c. h. at Keene. In the S from one to two miles wide, consist of rich allu- W. corner. The length of this county is 31 miles, vion, which yields large crops of grass and grain. its greatest breadth 26 miles, and its least 15. It 145 miles W. by S. from Albany. is bounded N. by the county of Sullivan, E. by Chenango, Pa., Beaver co. 238 miles W. by N. Hillsboro' co., S. by the state of Ms., and W. by from Harrisburg. Vt., from which it is separated by the ConnectiChenango Forks, N.Y., Broome co. Onthe Che- cut River. Ashuelot River waters this county. nango Canal, at the junction of Tioughnioga and Spofford's Lake, a beautiful collection of water, 8 Chenango Rivers. 127 milesW. S.W. from Albany. miles in circumference. is situated in Chesterfield. Chepachet, R. I., Providence co. On Chepachet There is an island of about 8 acres in the lake. River, 16 miles W. by N. from Providence, in The Grand Monadnock is the highest mountain. the town of Gloucester. Bellows' Falls, on Connecticut River, at Walpole, Cheraw, S. C., Chesterfield district. On the is regarded as a great natural curiosity. W. bank of Great Pedee River. 110 miles above Chest,- Pa., Clearfield co. The W. branch of Georgetown, and 93 miles N. E. from Columbia. the Susquehanna River waters this town, which The river is navigable for steamboats to this has a hilly and rough surface, and loamy soil. place. The cotton and other trade here is of con- 150 miles N. W. fromn Harrisburg. siderable importance. Chester, Ct., Middlesex co. On the W. side of Cherokee County, Aa., c. h. at Jefferson. On Connecticut River. 31 miles S. by E. from Hartthe E. border north. Uneven and hilly; fertile ford. It has great water power, and some manon the margins of the streams. ufactories. Cherokee County, Ga., c. h. at Canton. In the N. Chester, Is.. Randolph co. On the E. bank of W. angle. Watered by the Etowah River and the Mississippi River, 2 miles below the mouth tributaries. Surface rough and hilly; soil rich of the Kaskaskia, and 149 miles S. E. from on the borders of the streams. Springfield. Cherry Creek, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered Chester,Me., Penobscot co. Incorporated in 1834. by Conewango Creek and some of its branches. Chester, Ms., Hampden co. This town conThe surface is somewhat uneven; the soil clay and tains two flourishing villages, both of which are sandv loam. 320 miles W. by S. from Albany. on the Western Railload. Chester village, on Cherokee County, N. C., c. h. at Murphy. In the N. branch of Westfield River, is 119 miles the westernmost extremity of the state. Hilly W. from Boston, by the railroad. Factory viland mountainous, but fertile on the borders of lage lies 7 miles W. from Chester, and is watered the streams. by the western branch of the Westfield River. Cherokee County, Ts., c. h. at Rusk. It has good mill privileges. Chester is a mounCherryfield, Me., Washington co. At the head tainous township, but has good land for grazing. of tide waters on both sides of the Narraguagus. Chester. N. H., Rockinfgham co. A branch of Cherry, Pa. A township of Butler co. Exeter River, called "The Branch," is the prinCherry, Pa. A township of Lycoming co. 130 cipal stream. Massabesick Pond, containing miles N. from Harrisburg. 1500 acres, is the largest body of fiesh water in Cherry Tree, Pa., Venango co. 230 miles N. the county. The remains of an Indian settleW. by W. from Harrisburg. ment, on an island in this pond, may still be Cherry Valley, N. Y., Otsego co. Cherry Val- seen. The soil is fertile. In this town are two ley Creek and some other small streams water caves: one is situated in Mine Hill; the entrance this town, the surface of which is hilly, and the is 5 feet high, and 2j wide; the other is in the soil good. 52 miles N. of W. from Albany. westerly side of Rattlesnake Hill, in a ledge of Cheshire, Ct., New Haven co. Taken from coarse granite, nearly 40 feet high; one entrance Wallingford in 1780. The Quinnipiac River and to which is 11 feet high and 4 broad. Native Canal Railroad pass through the town. Cheshire sulphur is found. Granite and gneiss are the has an uneven, but good soil, with a very pleas- prevailing rocks. This is a pleasant town, and ant village, and an Episcopal academy. Agricul- is the principal place of business in the county. ture is the chief occupation of the inhabitants. It commands an extensive prospect, embracing a Cheshire, Ms., Berkshire co. This town was view of the ocean 20 miles distant. First settlers, first settled in 1767. The centre of it, through Samuel Ingalls, Jonathan Goodhue, and many which the S. branch of the Hoosic runs, is a others. 17 miles W. S. W. from Exeter, and 23 rich and fertile valley. To the E. and W. of this, S. E. from Concord. IN THE UNITED STATES.. 327 Chester, N. J., Burlington co. Rancocus, Pen- of the town issues a stream, called Partridge's sauken, and Pompeston Creeks, and the Swedes Brook. West River Mountain lies in this town branch of the Delaware River, water this town. and Hinsdale. Chesterfield has three villages: Surface level; soil sandy, but productive. 9 the principal is situated near the centre of the miles S. W. from Mount Holly. town, 3 miles E. from Connecticut River. 11 Chester, N. J., Morris co. Black River, and miles S. W. from Keene, by which it is connected some streams flowing into the W. branch of the by railroad, and 62 S. W. from Concord. Raritan, water this town. Surface undulating, Chesteifield, N. Y., Essex co. On the shore of with the exception of one isolated mountain; Lake Champlain, and watered by the Au Sable soil loamy. 50 miles N. by E. fiom Trenton. River and several small lakes, the principal of Chester, N. Y., Warren co. Watered by the which are Auger and Butternut. The surface is Hudson River and some of its branches. by hilly and mountainous; soil, mostly sandy loam. Schroon Lake, which lies on its N. E. boundary. Chesterfield, N. J., Burlington co. Situated on and by two small lakes contained within its limits. the E. side of the Delaware River. and drained The surface is hilly and mountainous; the soil is by Crosswick's and Black Creeks. Surface level; productive in the valleys. 18 miles N. W. from soil a mixture of sand, clay, and loam. Caldwell, and 1'80 miles N. from Albany. Chesterfield District, S. C., c. h. at Chesterfield. Chester, N. Y.. Orange co. 102 miles S. by W. On the northern border, between Lynch's Creek from Albany. Situated on the Erie Railroad. and the Great Pedee. Drained through the centre An extensive cattle market. by Black Creek. Sterile, except on the margins Chester County, Pa., c. h. at Westchester. In of the streams. the S. E. corner of the state. Watered by Bran- Chesterfield, S. C., c. h. Chesterfield district. On dywine and French Creeks and the head branches Thompson's Creek. a branch of Great Pedee of Elk River. Surface hilly and mountainous in River. 105 miles N. N. E. from Columbia. the W. portion; soil diversified, but mostly pro- Chesterfield County, Va., c. h. Chesterfield. E. ductive. The Columbia and Philadelphia Rail- central. In the W. angle. between the Apporoad traverses this county. mattox and James Rivers. Surface uneven. The Chester, Pa., c. h. Delaware co. This place, Richmond and Petersburg and the Richmond and called Upland until 1701, is, perhaps, the oldest Danville Railroads pass through it. settlement in the state, having been founded long Chesterfield, Va., c. h. Chesterfield co. On the before the grant of William Penn. It lies on the N. branch of Swift Creek, a tributary of the ApW. bank of the Delaware River, 94 miles E. S. E. pomattox. 10 miles S. by W. from Richmond. from Harrisburg, and 14 S. W. from Philadelphia. Chestertown, Md., Kent co. On the W. side of Chester, Pa., Wayne co. A township on the Chester River, 30 miles above its mouth. 54 W. bank of the Delaware River. miles N. E. from Annapolis. A branch of the Chester District, S. C., c. h. at Chesterville, shire Maryland University is located here, called town. N. W. part. Surface pleasantly varied. Washington College. See Colleges. Chester, S. C., c. h. Chester district. On' the di- Chesterville, Me., Franklin co. An excellent viding ridge between the waters of Broad and Wa- township, on Wilson's Stream. 24 miles N. E. teree Rivers. 57 miles N. by W. from Columbia. from Augusta. Chester, Vt., Windsor co. Williams River is Chestnut Hill, Pa., Monroe co. Head's Creek formed in this township, by the union of three con- waters this town. Surface hilly in some parts. siderable branches. The surface is considerahlv Chestnut Hill. Pa., Philadelphia co. 9 miles diversified with hills and valleys, but the. soil is W. from Philadelphia, in Germantown. A generally good. The timber is mostly hard pleasant place of summer resort for the citizens wood, with some hemlock, spruce, and pine. of Philadelphia. There are a variety of minerals found here. Chicago. City, lake port, and shire town of There are two villages, called the North and Cook co., Is. Population in 1850, 30,000. South village. The settlement was commenced This place is situated on the W. shore, and toin 1764, by people from Woodstock, Ct., and wards the S. end of Lake Michigan, at the point Worcester and Maiden, Ms. 16 miles S. W. where the river of the same name enters the lake. from Windsor, and 79 S. from Montpelier. The The northern and southern branches of this river Rutland Railroad between Boston and Burling- unite about three quarters of a nlile back from the ton passes through this handsome town. lake, forming a harbor from 50 to 75 yards wide, Chesterfield, Ms., Hampshire co. This is a and from 15 to 25 feet deep. At its mouth it. mountainous township, having the N. branch of spreads out into a bay, with about 9 feet depth of the Westfield River passing through its whole water. The city is built on both sides of this extent. The soil is rough, but excellent for bay and harbor, on a site which is almost as level grazing. Beryl and emeralds are found here. as a floor, but sufficiently elevated to be secure The Westfield River, at this place, has worn into from the highest floods. Piers have been conthe solid rock, in places, nearly 30 feet in depth, structed, extending into the lake from both sides and may be traced from the bridge nearly 60 of the mouth of the river, to prevent the formas. rods, appearing as if cut out by human hands. 11 tion of a bar from the accumulation of sand miles W. N. W. from Northampton, and 101 W. These works were built by the'United States N. W. from Boston. and also the light-house, and the fortification Chesteifield,d N. H., Cheshire co. The land is named Fort Dearborn, which are upon a strip of mostly upland, well adapted for grazing and In- land between the city and the lake shore, belong. dian corn. Cat's Bane Brook is a stream of great ing to the government. importance. Spofford's Lake is a beautiful col- This place has had a rapid growth, and froir lection of water; it contain 526 acres. and is fed its position in the great line of communication by springs in its bosom. Its waters are clear and between the E. and W., is destined to become a pure, its bed being a white sand. There is an large city. In 1832 it contained only 5 small island in this lake, of 6 acres. From the E. side stores, and 250 inhabitants. Only 4 vessels had 328 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., arrived during the year before. In 1836, 4 years head waters of the Yalabusha River and Oktiblater, the arrivals of brigs, ships, and schooners beha Creek water this county. amounted to 407, besides 49 steamboats. Chickopee, Ms., Hampden co. A large manuThe Illinois and Michigan Canal unites the facturing village, on the Chickopee River, lately head of navigable waters in the Illinois River a part of Springfield. There are extensive cotwith Lake Michigan at Chicago. This great in- ton factories here, also manufactories of paper, ternal improvement was projected, and in part iron castings, arms, machinery, &c. constructed, to be a ship canal for the largest Chicot Countq, As., c. h. Columbia. In the S. class of vessels which navigate the lakes. For a E. corner, on the Mississippi. Bartholomew and distance of 30 miles from a point in the Chicago Bceuf Bayous and Macon River traverse this River, 5. miles W. of the city, it was excavated, county. Surface low and level; soil greatly through indurated clay and compact limestone, diversified. to the depth of from 18 to 20 feet. Beyond this Chictawaqa, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Cathe canal is only 6 feet deep. Its width at the yuga and Cazenove Creeks. SWrface undulating; top is 60 feet, and its entire length 96J miles, be- soil fertile. 6 miles E. from Buffalo, and 278 sides a navigable feeder of about 4 miles, from W. from Albany. Fox River. This is one of the best constructed Chili, N. Y., Monroe co. On the W. side of works of the kind in the country, opening an Genesee River, and drained by Black Creek. extensive channel of trade to the W., and estab- Surface undulating; soil very productive. 10 lishing an uninterrupted water communication miles S. W. from Rochester, and 230 W. by N. between the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. from Albany. Another improvement, still more important in Chillicothe, Mo., c. h. Livingston co. On a its results to the prosperity of Chicago, is that of prairie, about 3. miles from the junction of the E. the great Illinois Central Railroad, which is now and W. forks of Grand River. in process of construction between this place and Chillicothe City, O., c. h. Ross co. A handsome Cairo, at the junction of the Mississippi and Ohio and flourishing place on the W. bank of the Scioto Rivers. This railroad will constitute the most and on the Ohio Canal. direct and expeditious channel of communication Chillisquaque, Pa., Northumberland co. 65 between the North-Western and the Southern miles N. from Harrisburg. States, and between the commerce of the great Chillitecaux, Mo., c. h. Dunklin co. lakes and the Gulf of Mexico. Especially will Chilmark, Ms., Dukes co. This township comthis be the case when its route shall be extended, prises the westerly part of the island of Martha's as now contemplated,, through Mississippi and Vineyard; also a range of smaller islands, called Alabama to She city of Mobile; for which exten- the Elizabeth Islands, and the island of No Man's sion, as well as for the road through Illinois, Land. Congress has voted a munificent appropriation Chilo, O., Franklin township, Clermont co., from the public lands. Such an important line wasformerly called Mechanicsburg. It is on the of communication, whether by this extension to N. bank of the Ohio River. 113 miles SW. from Mobile, or by the river, as at present, to New Columbus. Orleans, open throughout at all seasons of the China, Me., Kennebec co. 20 miles N. E. from year, must bring an incalculable amount of busi- Augusta. A fine agricultural township on Twelve ness into Chicago, while it opens to the Atlantic Mile Pond, the outlet of which into the Kennebec cities of the N. a new available access to the vast affords excellent mill privileges. resources of the western trade. China, Mn., St. Clair co. 51 miles N. N. E. The streets of Chicago are laid out in straight from Detroit. lines, intersecting each other at right angles. China, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Clear They are of good width, and some of them are Creek, one of the head branches of Cattaraugus planked; stone pavements not being used to any Creek. The surface is gently undulating on the great extent. The largest buildings are of brick. S., and still more uneven on the N. The soil is The place is well supplied, from the region about suitable for the growth of grass. 20 miles S. W. Green Bay, with pine timber, another important from Wyoming, and 271 W. from Albany. material for building; and the transportation of Chippewa County, Mn., c. h. at Sault de St. this valuable description of lumber through the Marie. Bounded N. by Lake Superior and St. canal into the northern parts of Illinois and other Mary's Straits, E. by the North Channel and sections of the west, where it is a desideratum, Lake Huron, S. by Michilimackinac county, and makes a profitable part of the business of Chica- W. by Schoolcraft county. go. The city is supplied with water by an aque- Chippewa County, Wn. N. WV. part of the state. duct from the lake., It has six or seven churches, Drained by the Chippewa and its branches. some of which are fine edifices, situated on a Chippe2wa, Pa., Beaver co. 7 miles N. W. public square. Some of the public houses are from Beaver. extensive establishments, affording accommoda- Chittenango, N. Y., Madison co. 1 mile S. from tions equal to the best hotels in our eastern cities. the Erie Canal, and near the railroad. 120 miles Chichester, N. H., Merrimac co. The soil is W. N. W. from Albany. There is a sulphur good, and there is little waste land. The E. part spring one mile S. of the village. of the town is watered by Suncook River. In Cthittenden County, Vt., c. h. at Burlington. various parts traces of Indian settlements are to Bordering on Lake Champlain. Its soil varies be seen. Pinkfield Pond is in Chichester, from from rich alluvial meadows to light and sandy which flows a stream S. W. into the Suncook. plains. The beautiful Champlain, washing its First settler, Paul Merrill, in 1753. 8 miles E. western boundary, gives it great facilities for from Concord. trade. Lamoille River passes through its N. W. Chickasaw County, Mi., c.h. at Houston. N.E. corner, and Winooski River pierces its centre. part. On the height of land between the waters These streams, with several others of smaller of the Yazoo and those of the Tombigbee. The size, afford the county a good water power. The IN THE UNITED STATES.'329 railroads which intersect this county in various north from the river, 66 feet in width, and at indirections, its fine mill privileges, and good soil, tervals of 396 feet, and are crossed at right angles render this a highly interesting section of the state. by seven others, the same distance apart; exceptChittenden, Vt., Rutland co. The N. W. part ing Water and Front Streets, which are somewhat of this town is watered by Philadelphia River, nearer, and Second and Third Streets, which, on the eastern part by Tweed River, and the south- account of the original shape of the ground, were western part by East Creek. Near Philadelphia located farther apart. To this original plan River is a mineral spring, and among the moun- other streets have been added, particularly on the tains are some caverns. Iron ore of good quality N. and W. The corporate limits of the city is found here in abundance, and also manganese. include about four square miles. The central The settlement was commenced about the close part is compactly and finely built, with spacious of the revolutionary war, but much of it, being warehouses, large stores, and handsome dwellings. mountainous, remains unsettled. 12 miles N. by One of the squares was originally reserved for E. from Rutland, and 40 S. W. from Montpelier. the public buildings, and several of the first ediChoconut, Pa., Susquehanna co. 189 miles N. fices designed for public uses were erected upon N. E. from Harrisburg. it. Among the public buildings of Cincinnati are Choctaw County, Aa., c. h. at Butler. S. W. part, the court house on Main Street. a spacious buildbetween the Tombigbee and the Mississippi line. ing 56 by 60 feet. and 120 feet high to the top of Choctaw County, Mi., c. h. at Greensboro'. N. the dome; the edifice for the Franklin and Lafaycentral. Watered by the head branches of Black ette Banks. on Third Street, which has a splendid River. Doric portico of a beautiful gray freestone; the Chowan County, N. C., c. h. at Edenton. In the First Presbyterlian Church, on Main Street, 68 N. E. corner of the state, bounded S. and W. by feet front by 85 feet deep, cornered with turrets, Albemarle Sound. Surface level; soil fertile. and crowned with a cupola; the Second PresbyChristian County, Is., c. h. at Edinburg. S. terian Church, of agreeable architecture without, central. Watered by the S. branch of the San- and beautiful within; and many other church gamon River. Surface level; soil fertile. edifices which are ornamental to the city. There Christian County, Ky., c. h. at Hopkinsville. S. are likewise the Cincinnati College, the Medical W. part. On the height of land between.the College, Mechanics' Institute, Catholic AthenveGreen and Tennessee Rivers. Watered by Trade- um, 4 market houses, - one of which is 500 feet water, Pond, and Little Rivers. Soil mostly fer- long,-two museums, a theatre, a hospital, a tile. lunatic asylum, &c. There are many extensive Christiana, De. A township of Newcastle co. and fine blocks of stores, especially on Front and The village called Christiana Bridge is on Chris- Main Streets. The open area at the Landing is tiana Creek. 9 miles S. W. from Wilmington. substantially paved to low-water mark, and is Christiana, 0.. Madison township, Butler co. supplied with floating wharves, adapted to the A village 14 miles N. E. from Hamilton. great rise and fall of the river, which has a mean Cicero, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered on the annual range of about 50 feet, with about 10 feet N. E. by Oneida Lake, and on the E. by Chitte- more in extraordinary floods. Many of the nango Creek. Surface generally level; soil of a streets are well paved, and several of them are medium quality. 10 miles N. E. from Syracuse, handsomely shaded with trees. A large proporand 143 N. W. from Albany. tion of the houses is of stone or brick, fromn two Cincinnati, 0. City, port of entry, and seat of to four stories high. Though the climate of Cinjustice of Hamilton co. Situated in the south- cinnati is more variable than that on the Atlanwestern part of the state, on the N. side of the Ohio tic coast in the same latitude, yet few places in River, opposite to the mouth of Licking River, the country are more healthy than this city. The which comes in here from Kentucky. It is 116 inhabitants are from nearly every state in the miles S. W. from Columbus, the capital of the Union, and from many European nations. The state, and 494 above the month of the Ohio. The Germans make nearly one third of the population. rapid growth of Cincinnati has been remarkable. This city is hardly excelled by any other in The population in 1800 was 750; in 1810, 2540; the Union in respect to the literary advantages it in 1820, 9642; in 1830, 24,831; in 1840, 46,338; affords. The common free schools are of a high in 1850, 115,338. order, embracing ten school districts, with fine The city lies in a valley, about 12 miles ii cir- brick edifices three stories high, and furnished cumference, bounded by hills gently rising to the with various apparatus. Besides these, there are height of 300 feet, and affording fr-om their sum- numerous private schools. There are also pubmits and declivities beautiful views of the river, lie high schools, male and female, in which inand of the city upon its banks, with the flourish- struction is given to a great number of pupils. ingtowns of Newport and Covington upon the There is a college, with which is connected the opposite side. The city itself is built on what celebrated Astronomical Observatory-v established was originally two successive table lands, or through the exertions of Professor Mitchell, and "bottoms" of the river, at different elevations; by the enlightened liberality of the citizens. The the one being fiom 40 to 60 feet above the other; Roman Catholics have a college here, called St. which, in grading, have been reduced more nearly Xavier College. The Medical College of Ohio, to a gradual ascent of from 5 to 10 degrees from chartered in 1825, is located here. Lane Theothe river. The plan of the city was originally logical Seminary, an institution belonging to the laid out with great regularity, and has been in a NeCw School Presbyterians, is located at Walnut good degree preserved. An open atrea upon the 11ills, two miles friom the centre of the city. Thebank of the river, with about 1000 feet fiont, and Old School Preslvyterians have also an institution embracing 10 acres, is reserved for the' Land- here, more rec-ently established, for the instruction ing;" which is of great importance to the busi- of theological students. The Mechanics' Iustiness of the city, and usually presents a scene of tute was chartered in 1828, for the improvement great activity. The seven principal streets run of mechanics in scientific knowledge by means 42 330 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., of popular lectures, a library, reading room, &c. works were projected and carried on by individ. It has fine buildings, and apparatus which has ual enterprise until 1839, when they were purcost about $10,000. The Young Men's Mercan- chased by the city. tile Library Association has a valuable library On the 28th of December, 1788, but a little and reading rooms in the Cincinnati College more than sixty years ago, the first company of edifice, on Walnut Street. Although intended civilized men landed on the north bank of the for the particular benefit of young men, its ad- Ohio, opposite the mouth of Licking River, to vantages are open to every respectable citizen. commence the settlement of a town. Their first Besides this, there is an Apprentices' Library As- log cabin was built on a spot which is now on sociation, which has a handsome collection of Front Street, a little east of Main Street. In books, in every department of literature and January, 1789, they proceeded to lay off their science, appropriate to the objects of such an in- town, which was then covered with a dense forstitution. All minors brought up to laborious est; the lower bottom bearing huge sycamore employments have. under certain regulations, and sugar maple trees, and the upper, beech and free access to this library, from which about 500 oak. The streets were run, and the corners volumes are drawn out weekly. In 1831, a Col- marked upon the trees. To their projected city lege of Teachers was established, having for its they gave the name of Losantiville, which was object the elevation of the qualifications of teach- afterwards changed to Cincinnati. In 1802, it ers, and the advancement of the interests of was incorporated as a town, with a population schools at the west, which holds an annual meet- of less than 1000 inhabitants. Thus recent is ing at Cincinnati in October. The charitable the origin, and thus rapid has been the growth, institutions required by the wants of a large city of this beautiful city, which long since obtained have been liberally fiurnished in Cincinnati. the name of "the Queen City of the West." Among these are the Orphan Asylum, in Elm Cincinnatus, N. Y., Cortland co. Surface hilly; Street, a fine four story building, with ample soil fertile. 15 miles S. E. from Cortland, and grounds; two Orphan Asylums of the Roman 131 S. W. from Albany. Catholics, for the different sexes; and the State Circleville, O. See Appendix, No. 8. Commercial Hospital and Lunatic Asylum, in- Circleville, Va., c. h. London co. corporated in 1821, with accommodations for 250 City Point, Va., Prince George co. A port of patients. Among the most extensive establish- entry on a point formed by the junction of James ments of the city for business are the pork and Appomattox Rivers. 33 miles S. E. from houses, which are located on the Miami Canal. Richmond. Large ships come up to this place, Cincinnati is the greatest market in the Union for and it is connected with Petersburg by railroad. this important article of supplies. The number of Clackamas County, On., c. h. at Oregon city. hogs slaughtered here, during the season of pack- In the lower valley of the Willamette. ing, in the fall and winter of 1851-2, was 352,000. Claiborne, Aa., c. h. Monroe co. On the E. Cincinnati, for a city of such recent origin, side of Alabama River, at the head of schooner possesses great facilities for communication with navigation. 138 miles S. from Tuscaloosa. the surrounding country, by canals, McAdamized Claiborne Parish, La., c. h. at Overton, shire roads, and railroads. The Miami Canal con- town. In the N. W. angle, bordering on Arkannects the city with the Wabash and Erie Canal, sas. Watered by Red River and branches of the at Defiance. The Whitewater Canal extends Wachita, and by Bistineau and Bodeau Lakes. into Indiana, and commands much of the trade The soil on the borders of the streams is of good of its eastern section. The improvements upon quality. the Licking River, by dams and locks, have ren- Claiborne County, Mi., c. h. at Port Gibson. dered that stream navigable for steamboats of In the S. E. angle, bordering on the Mississippi. 150 tons, for a distance of more than 200 miles Bavou Pierre waters this county. Surface someinto Kentucky. Two railroads are now in op- what uneven; soil, excepton the margins of some eration, which connect the city with Sandusky of the streams, of an indifferent quality. and with Cleveland, on Lake Erie. The into- Claiborne County, Te., c. h, Tazewell, shire rior and capital of Indiana is connected with the town. On the northern border. Bounded N. by Ohio River by a railroad at Madison, about 80 Ky. and Va., E. by Hawkins co.. S. by Granger,.miles below Cincinnati. These are great and and W. by Campbell co. Watered by Powells useful works, upon the structure of which many and Clinch Rivers, head branches of the Ten. millions of dollars have been expended. The nessee. Surface mountainous. trade of the country from the Ohio River to the Clappville, Ms., Worcester co. A manufacLakes, north and south, and from the Scioto to turing village at the head of Quinnebaug River. the Wabash Rivers, east and west, comes chiefly 50 miles W. by S. from Boston, in the town of to Cincinnati. The same is true of the trade of Leicester. Kentucky for a great distance each way upon Claremont, N. H., Sullivan co. This beautithe Ohio. The manufactures of Cincinnati are ful town is watered by Connecticut and Sugar also extensive. The surplus water from the Rivers, besides numerous brooks and rivulets. canals furnishes no inconsiderable power, which It is a fine undulating tract of territory, covered has been thoroughly applied to use; and much with a rich gravelly loam. The hills are sloping is added by the steam engine, which is available acclivities, crowned with elegant summits. The here at a reasonable expense. A steam engine intervales on the rivers are rich and luxuriant. supplies a large part of the city with water, for In this town are fine beds of iron ore and limedrinking and culinary uses. It is forced up from stone. It received its name from the country the Ohio River, into reservoirs upon a hill 700 seat of Lord Clive, an English general. The feet high; and thence it is carried by iron pipes beautiful location of Claremont, its immense under the bed of Deer Creek, to the intersection water power, and its facilities of transportation of Broadway and Third Street, where its dis- by steam, render it a desirable location for mantribution through the city commences. These ufacturinlg. Some valuable minerals are found IN THE UNITED STATES. 331 here. 12 miles N. from Charlestown, and 47 nongahela River. 253 miles N. W. from RichN. N. W. from Concord. A railroad from Boston mond. to Burlington, Vt., passes through this town, Clarkson, N. Y.. Monroe co. On the shore of Clarence, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ran- Lake Ontario. Watered by Sandy and Little som's and Tonawanda Creeks. Surface undu- Salmon Creeks. The surface is generally level; lating; soil adapted to the growth of grain. 16 the soil sandy and gravelly loam. 16 miles N. miles N. E. from Buffalo, and 265 N. W. from W. from Rochester, and 233 N. W. from AlAlbany. bany. Clarendon, N. Y., Orleans co. The surface of Clarkstown, N. Y., c. h. Rockland co. On the this town is high and broken. The soil consists W. bank of the Hudson River. and contains a of calcareous loam. 10 miles S. E. from Albion, small lake, the waters of which flow into the and 248 N. W. from Albany. Hackensack River. Surface mostly hilly; soil Clarendon, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek passes fertile in the valleys. 248 miles S. from Albany. through the town; this, with its branches, Mill Clarksville, Aa., c. h. Clarke co. 134 miles S. and Cold Rivers, and Furnace Brook, supply the from Tuscaloosa. town with water. The E. part of the town Clarksville. Ga., c. h. Habersham co. 138 miles borders on the Green Mountains, but the princi- N. from Milledgeville. pal elevations are the range of hills between Clarksville, N. H. Coos co. On theE. bank of Otter Creek and Furnace Brook, and between Connecticut River. The soil is hard. 156 miles the latter and Ira Brook, on the west line-of the N. fiom Concord. town. The alluvial flats on Otter Creek are Clarksville, Ts., c. h. Red River co. very productive. The uplands are a gravelly Clarksville, Te., c. h. Montgomery co. At the loam. Marble is found here. There are two small junction of Red and Cumberland Rivers. 45 villages, one in the eastern and the other in the miles N. W. from Nashville. western part. Clarendon Springs, celebrated in Clarke County, Aa., c. h. at Clarkesville S. W. cutaneous and scrofulous diseases, are situated part of the state. In the angle formed by the near Furnace Brook and Clarendon Cave, on junction of the Alabama and Tombighee Rivers. the south-easterly side of a mountain, in the Surface uneven; soil generally rather sterile. westerly part of the town. The healing ingre- Clarke County, As., c. h. at Greenville. S. W. dient in the springs is nitrogen in chemical com- central. In the W. angle, at the junction of the bination. The water is cold, transparent, and Washita and Little Missouri Rivers. Surface free firom any mineral taste; the supply from hilly and mountainous; soil sterile, except on the the spring is abundant. It has become a fash- borders of the streams. ionalle resort. The settlement was commenced Clarke County, Ga, c. h. at Watkinsville. N. in 1768, byElkanah Cook. The first settlers were E. central. On the upper waters of the Ocomostly from Rhode Island. 85 miles S. W. from nee River. The Athens Branch Railroad conMontpelier, and 7 S. from Rutland. The great nects the N. part with Augusta. southern railroad passes through this town. Clarke County, Is., c. h. at Marshall. On the C(larendon Springs, Vt., Clarendon, Rutland E. frontier, on the Wabash. Fox and Crane co. 70 miles S. S. W. from Montpclier. See Creeks, and the N. branch of Embarrass River, Clarendon, Vt. water this county. Clarion County, Pa., c. h. at Clarion. N. cen- Clarke County, Ia., c. h. at Charleston. On tral. Watered by the Alleghany and Clarion the S. E. border. On the Ohio River. Surface or Toby's Rivers and Red Bank Creek. Surface undulating, and watered by some small branches rough, and abounding with iron on the N., but of the Ohio. more level and fertile on the S. Clarke County, Io., c. h. at Oceola. Southern part. Clarion, Pa., c. h. Clarion co. Watered by Clarke County, Ky., c. h. at Winchester. N. E. Piney, Licking, and Mill Creeks, and Laurel central. The Kentucky River runs along its S. Run, branches of the Clarion River. Surface border. somewhat hilly; soil loamy. 184 miles W. N. W. Clarke County, Mi., c. h. at Quitman. On the from Harrisburg. S. E. border. Surface mostly level, and drained Clark County, O., c. h. at Springfield. S. W. by the Chickasaw River and branches. central. It was organized in 1818, and has a Clarke County, Mo., c. h. at Waterloo. In the very fertile, well-cultivated soil, abundantly sup- N. E. corner between the Mississippi and Des plied with water by Mad River, Buck and Bea- Moines. Fox and Wyaconda Rivers traverse ver Creeks, and several springs This county is in this county. a very flourishing condition, and has the national Clarke County. On., c. h. at Columbia city. road crossing it from E. to W. The Cincinnati Clarke County, Va., c. h. at Berryville, in the and Sandusky Railroad passes through it. N. of the valley. The Shenandoah Riverwaters Clarksbtrq, Ky., c. h. Lewis co. On Salt Lick this county. Surface varied, having the Blue Creek. 4 miles S. from the Ohio River, and 107 Ridge olt the E.; soil very fertile. E. N. E. from Frankfort. Clarkesville, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by Clarksburg, Ms., Berkshire co. The soil is hard Dodge's Creek and some other small streams. and stony. About two thirds of it lie on the The surface is high and undulating, being mostly Hoosic and Bald Mountains, which is cold and covered with a dense pine forest. 278 miles S. rocky, but covered with valuable timber. Be- W. from Albany, and 15 from Angelica. tween the mountains the soil is good for grazing. Clatsop County, On. At the mouth of the The town is well watered by Haosic River and Oregon. Hudson's Brook. It was first settled by persons Claverack, N. Y., Columbia co. Claverack of the names of Ketchum, from Long Island, Creek waters this town. The surface is hilly in and Clark, from R. I., in 1769. 25 miles N. parts, and the soil generally productive. 4 miles from Pittsfield, and 120 W. N. W. from Boston. E. from Hudson, and 34 S. from Albany. Clarksburg, Va., c. h. Harrison co. On Mo- Clay County, Is., c. h. at Maysville. S. E. cen 332 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tral. Watered by the Little Wabash River. Sur- 1825, about 500; in 1830, 1000; in 1840, 6071; face level; soil productive. in 1850, 17,054. It is 130 miles N. WV. from Clay County, Ia., c. h. at Bowling Green. S. Pittsburg, 146 N. E. from Columbus, 200 S. W. W. central. Watered by the Eel River and its from Buffalo, 130 E. from Detroit. tributaries. Land mostly productive. It is situated on a gravelly plain, elevated Clta County, Ky., c. h. at Manchester. S. E. about 80 feet above the lake, of which it has a part. Watered by the S. fork of Kentucky River. commanding prospect. The streets, which cross Soil mostly of an indifferent quality. each other at right angles, are 80 feet wide, and Clay County, Mo., c. h. at Liberty. W. part, Main Street 120. The location is dry and healthy, on the N. bank of the Missouri. Fishing River and there are many fine buildings. Near the and abranch of the Little Platte cross this county. centre is a public square of 10 acres, neatly Surface undulating; soil very fertile. enclosed and shaded with trees. Clay, N. Y., Onondaga co. At the junction of The harbor at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, Oneida and Seneca Rivers. Surface undulating; since its improvement, by piers on each side exsoil mostly fertile. 151 miles from Albany, and tending into the water, is one of the best on Lake 10 N. from Syracuse. Erie, and its position at the northern terminus of Clay, O., Knox co., is a flourishing agricul- the Ohio Canal, and the fertile country and entural township. terprising population by which it is surrounded, Clayton, Aa., c. h. Barbour co. 179 miles S. E. have given it a very rapid growth, which as yet from Tuscaloosa. is but just commencing. Clayton, Ga., c. h. Rabun co. At the south- It is already the second commercial town in ern base of the Blue Ridge. 181 miles N. from Ohio, and bids fair even to rival Cincinnati. BeMilledgeville. sides its intercourse with the interior of the state Clayton County, Iowa, c. h. at Prairie La Porte. by the Ohio Canal, and its extensive lake comIn the N. E. corner, on the Mississippi. Drained merce, it communicates by the Ohio and Pennby Turkey River. The soil on Turkey River is sylvania Canal with Pittsburg, and by the New very fertile, and there are many good mill sites. York and Welland Canals with the Atlantic Lead ore is found in this county. coast. To these facilities for transportation have Clayton, N. Y., Jefferson co. Bounded on the lately been added a system of railroads, affording N. W. by the St. Lawrence River, and watered communication with Cincinnati, Detroit, Pittsby Chaumont River and French Creek. The burg, and Buffalo, and through these two latter surface is undulating, and the soil productive. places with Philadelphia, New York, and Bps172 miles N. W. from Albany, and 12 miles N. ton. Ohio,City, on the opposite side of the Cuyfrom Watertown. ahoga, is a growing suburb. See Ohio City. Clearfield County, Pa., c. h. at Clearfield. W. Clifton Park, N. Y., Saratoga co. On the Mocentral. Head branches of the W. fork of the hawk River. Surface undulating; soil a sandy Susquehanna River water this county. Surface loam, of tolerably good quality. 22 miles N. rough and mountainous, being situated between from Albany. the Main and Laurel ridge of the Alleghanies. Clinch County, Ga. South part, taken from Soil mostly sterile. Ware. Only 673 inhabitants in 1850, and nc Clearfield, Pa. A township of Cambria co. post office. Surface undulating; soil gravel and clay. Clinton, Ct., Middlesex co. 51 miles S. by E. Clearfield, Pa., c. h. Clearfield co. On the S. from Hartford. bank of the W. fork of Susquehanna River, near Clinton, Ga., c. h. Jones co. 26 miles W. from the mouth of Clearfield Creek, and 126 miles N. Milledgeville. W. from Harrisburg. Clinton County, Is., c. h. at Carlyle. South Cleaveland County, N. C., c. h. at Shelby. On central. Surface undulating, and watered by the southern border. West middle. Broad River Kaskaskia River; soil productive. waters this county. Clinton County, Ia., c. h. at Frankfort. N. W. Cleareland, Te., c. h. Bradley co. 156 miles central. Watered by tributaries of Wildcat and S. E. by E. from Nashville. Sugar Creeks. Soil productive, with the excepClermont, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by tion of " Twelve Mile Prairie." Ancram or RoeliffJansen's Creek. The surface Clinton, Ia., Vermilion co. On the Wabash undulating; soil clay and gravelly loam of good River. 82 miles W. from Indianapolis. quality. 43 miles S. from Albany. Clinton County, Io., c. h. at De Witt. The Clernmont County, O., c. h. at Batavia. In the easternmost county in the state. In the N. anjle, south-western corner, on the Ohio. In some parts between the Wabisipinicon River and the Misthe land is wet, and not good for cultivation; but sissippi. it is generally fertile, and is watered by the East (Clinton County, Ky., c. h. at Albany. On the Fork River. southern border E. Surface diversified, and waCleveland, O. City and port of entry and c. h. tered by several small tributaries of the CumberCuyahoga co. On Lake Erie, at the mouth of land River; soil fertile. Cuyahoga River. It derives its name from Gen- Clinton, Me., Kennebec co. A fine township eral Moses Cleveland. an agent of the Connecti- on the W. bank of the Kennebec. The Schbascut land company, who accompanied the first ticook also passes through it, and at the falls surveying party to the Connecticut Reserve, and affords fine water power. 24 miles N. by E. under whose direction the town was first surveyed from Augusta. in 1796. The Indian title to the land it occupies Clinton, Ms., Worcester co. A new manufachad been extinguished two years before; but on turing town on the Nashua, set off mostly from the opposite side of the Cuyahoga River the In- Lancaster. dians retained their title till 1805. Cleveland Clinton County, Mn., c. h. at De Witt. Cenwas incorporated as a village in 1814, and as a tral. Watered by Maple and Lookingglass city in 1836. Population in 1799, one family; in Rivers and branches. Surface level; soil fertile IN THE UNITED STATES. 333 Clinton, Mi., Hinds co. 10 miles W. by N. of Kanawha River, at the mouth of Coal River, from Jackson. The seat of Mississippi College. which affords hydraulic power. 325 miles N. (See Colleges.) It has likewise a female seminary. W. from Richmond. Clinton County, Mo., c. h. at Plattsburg. N. Coatesville, Pa., Chester co. OA the W. branch W. part. Watered by tributaries of Little Platte.of Brandywine Creek. 62 miles E. S. E. from River. Surface level; soil very productive. Harrisburg. There is a mineral spring here of Clinton, N. C., c. h. Sampson co. On a branch some celebrity. of Black River. 94 miles S. S. E. from Raleigh. Cobb County, Ga.,ec. h. at Marietta. N. W. Clinton County, N.J. In Lebanon, Bethlehem, part on the N. bank of the Chattahoochee. and Kingwood townships, on the S. branch of Watered by the Chattahoochee River and its Raritan River. 37 miles N. by W. from Tren- branches and some tributaries of the Coosa. ton. The surrounding country is fertile, and Cobleskill: N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by there is a good water power. the Cobleskill. This town contains a mill Clinton County, N. Y., c. h. at Plattsburg. stream which issues from a natural well of unBounded N. by Canada, E. by Lake Champlain. known depth, then disappears and pursues a subIts principal rivers are the Saranac, Chazy, and terraneous passage for 7 miles. The surface of Great and Little Au Sable, all excellent mill the town is rather hilly, and the soil in the valstreams. The surface is elevated and hilly on leys fertile. 45 miles W. from Albany. the S., but more level on the N. and E. parts. Cochecton, N. Y., Sullivan co. Bounded on Soil greatly diversified. Bog and magnetic iron the W. by Delaware River, and is also watered ores of excellent quality, and peat, are found by Collicoon and Ten Mile Creeks. The surface here in great abundance. There is also in this is hilly; soil principally gravelly loam. 134 county one sulphur and one carbonated spring. miles S. W. from Albany. Traversed by the Ogdensburg, and by the Platts- Cocke County, Te., c. h. at Newport. E. part burg and Montreal Railroad. separated from Haywood county, N. C., by the Clinton, N. Y., Oneida co. Seat of Hamilton Smoky Mountains. It is watered by the French College. On both sides of Oriskany Creek. 9 Broad and its tributary the Big Pigeon, both miles S. W. from Utica, and 99 miles W. N. W. S. W. tributaries of the Tennessee. Elevated, from Albany. See Colleges. broken, and uneven. Clinton, N. Y., Dutchess co. Surface hilly, and Coeyrnans, N. Y., Albany co. On the W. side watered only by some small streams. The soil of the Hudson River, and drained by Coeymans is gravelly loam. 10 miles N. from Poughkeep- Creek and some other streams. The surface is sie, and 75 S. from Albany. uneven, and there is a variety of soil. 12 miles Clinton County, O., c. h. at Wilmington. S. S. from Albany. W. part. On the height of land between the Coffee County, Aa., c. h. at Wellborn. On the Scioto and Little Miami. southern border. Watered by P ea River, a Clinton County, Pa., c. h. at Lock Haven. North branch of the Choctawhatchie, which passes central. Watered by the W. branch of the Sus- through it from N. to S. quehanna River. Surface mountainous; soil Coffee County, Te., c. h. at Manchester. S. very fertile on the streams. central. Surface undulating, and watered by the Clinton, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded on the head branches of Duck River; soil productive. N. E. and S. E. by the Susquehanna River. 6 Coffeeville, Mi., c. h. Yalobusha co. miles S. E. from Williamsport. Cohasset, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was, till Clinton, Pa. A township of Wayne co. 1770, a precinct of Hingham, and was called Clinton, Te., c. h. Anderson co. 175 miles E. Conohasset, an Indian name, signifying a fishing from Nashville. promontory. It contains some excellent soil, Clintonville, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side though it is. for the most part, rocky and difficult of Au Sable River. 10 miles W. from Port of cultivation. The Cohasset River flowsthrough Kent, on Lake Champlain, and 153 miles Nfirom a part of the town into the harbor. In the southAlbany. The best iron ore is obtained in this westerly part of the town, there is a fresh pond, vicinity in great abundance, and there are exten- of 90 acres, abounding with pike, and other fish sive iron works here, with a large capital invest- common to fresh water. The Indian Pot, so ed in the business. called, is considered quite a curiosity. It is sitClover Hill, Va., c. h. Appomattox co. uated near the base of a large mass of solid rock, Clyde Mills, Mn., St. Clair co. Situated at the near what was once the sea-shore. Its cavity is head of steamboat navigation on Black River, 12 as round, smooth, and regular as a well-formed miles from its mouth, and 67 N. E. from Detroit. seething pot, and will hold about 12 pailfuls. On Clyde, N. Y., Wayne co. On Clyde River the same mass of rock is another excavation, and the Erie Canal. 174 miles W. by N. from called the Indian Well. This is about 10 feet Albany. Here is a large hydraulic power, deep, half of it circular and half semicircular. and extensive operations are carried on in the The Cohasset Rocks, so disastrous to mariners, lie flouring business, in the manufacture of glass, off this town. The situation of this town is deleather, &c. lightful and romantic, and being easy of access by Cyqmner, N. Y., Chautauque co. Broken Straw the South Shore Railroad, it attracts many visitCreek and its branches water the S. part of this ors in the summer season. 21 miles from Boston. town. Surface rolling; soil suitable.for grass. Cohoes, N. Y., Albany co. On the S. W. 353 miles W. by S. from Albany. side of the Mohawk River, a short distance Coahoma County, Mi., c. h. at Delta. On the below the falls of the same name, and near the W. border N. On the Mississippi. Sunflower junction of the Erie and Champlain Canals. River waters this county. Surface level, and at The Erie Canal passes through the village. It certain seasons inundated. is a manufacturing place, and as such possesses Coal, Pa. A township of Northumberland co. remarkable advantages, not only from the imCoalsmouth, Va., Kanawha co. On the S. side mense extent of the hydraulic power created by 334 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., these falls in the Mohawk, but also from its rela- ington, at the head of Cold Spring Harbor. tive position in the vicinity of such cities as Al- 186 miles S. byE. from Albany. This place has bany and Troy, and its extensive facilities of considerable shipping, and also manufactories of communication, by the canals, the lHudson River, woollens and other goods. and the railroads, with all parts of the country. Cold Water, Mn., c. h. Branch co. Watered north, south, cast, and west. by Cold Water River and its branches. 110 The falls are in full view from the village, and miles W. S. W. from Detroit. On the Southare seen with special advantage from a bridge, ern Michigan Railroad. 800 feet long, just below, pouring down from a Colebrook, Ct., Litchfield co. An elevated height of 70 feet or more, between rocky walls of township, of a hard, gravelly soil, and uneven surcoresponding elevation, and on one of the sides face, on the line of Massachusetts. The E. part rising above the cataract 100 feet still higher. of the town is watered by Farimington River. On the water power here developed, there are The village is very pleasant, having Mount Pisalready erected several large manufacturing gah in the rear. establishments, among which are cotton mills, Colebrook, N. H., Coos co., is watered by the flouring mills, iron works, brass founderies, &c.; Mohawk River and Beaver Brook. The soil is and an almost incalculable capacity of further rich; intervales of good quality stretch along the application exists. The village contains 6 or 7 Connecticut. First settlers, Sir George Colechurches, some 20 stores, and a numerous popula- brook and others. 35 miles N. from Lancaster, tion. It is often visited to obtain a view of the and 140 N. from Concord. falls and of the romantic scenery connected with Colebrookdale, Pa., Berks co. 73 miles E. from them. It lies 8 miles N. from Albany, and about Harrisburg. the same distance W. by N. from Troy. Cole County, Mo., c. h. at Jefferson City. CenC(ohultah Springs, Ga., Murray co. At the base tral. In the W. angle, at the junction of the of Cohultah Mountain, and derives its name Osage with the Missouri River. from the valuable mineral springs within its Colerain, Pa. A township of Bedford co. limits. 12 miles N. from Spring Place. Colerain, Pa., Lancaster co. 69 miles S. E. Colchester, Ct., New London co. This is a from Harrisburg. pleasant town; the site of Bacon Academy. Coleraine, Ms., Franklin co., was first settled The surface of the town is uneven, with a strong about the year 1746. Part of the settlers were gravelly soil. Excellent iron ore is found here. Irish Presbyterians. This town was named in 23 miles S. E. from Hartford. honor of Lord Coleraine, of Ireland. It is finely Colchester, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by watered by two branches of North River, a tributhe Papacton branch of the Delaware. Surface tary stream of Deerfield River. The surface of hilly and mountainous; soil favorable to the this town is somewhat rough and uneven, yet it growth of grass. 101 miles S. W. from Albany. contains much fine land. 9 miles N. W. from C(olchester, Vt., Chittenden co. There are two Greenfield, and 99 W. N. W. from Boston. small ponds in this town; the largest contains Coles County, Is., c. h. at Charleston. E. part, about 60 acres. The principal streams are the S. Watered by the Kaskaskia, Embarrass, and River Lamoille, Mallet's Creek, Indian Creek, the head branches of the Little Wabash River. and Winooski River. The soil in the N. and N. Surface slightly uneven; soil of good quality. W. parts is a variety of gravel and loam. In the This county contains many fine mill sites. middle part of the town is a large tract of pine Colesville, N. Y., Broome co. On both sides of plain, mostly covered with pitch pine and small the Susquehanna River. The surface is mostly oaks. On the bank of the Winooski River are hilly, and the soil of the valleys consists of rich large tracts of intervale. The rocks in the N. alluvion. 127 miles S. W. from Albany. and E. parts are mostly composed of lime and Colleton District, S. C., c. h. at Waterboro'. In slate; red sandstone is found in abundance near the S. angle on the Atlantic Ocean. Watered Mallet's Bay. Iron ore is found here. The by the Edisto and Combahee Rivers. Surface settlement was commenced in 1774, at the Lower level; soil fertile. Falls, on Winooski River, by Ira Allen and Re- Collikoon, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by member Baker. 36 miles N. W. from Montpelier, Collikoon Creek and branches. and 6 N. from Burlington. Winooski village lies Collins County, Ts., c. h. at McKinney. N. E. in Burlington and Colchester. part, on the head waters of Trinity. Colden, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Cazenove Collins, N. Y., Erie co. Situated on the N. Creek and some other small streams. The sur- side of Cattaraugus Creek, and watered by a face is hilly, and the soil, although rather moist number of small streams. The surface is unand cold, is suitable for grass. 20 miles S. E. even, and the soil various. 24 miles S. from from Buffalo, and 287 from Albany. Buffalo, and 295 W. from Albany. Cold Spring, N. Y., Putnam co. Picturesquely Collinsville, Ct., Hartford co. On both sides of situated among the Highlands, on the E. side of Farmington River. 15 miles W. by N. from HartHudson River, I mile above West Point, and 100 ford, in the town of Canton. S. from Albany. Various and extensive opera- Colorado County, Ts., c. h. at Columbus. S. tions in manufactures are carried on here; the central. On both sides of the Colorado. principal of which are in iron and brass, steam Colurnbia, Ct., Tolland co. Taken from Lebboilers, and locomotive engines. anon in 1800. Watered by a branch of the Cold Spring, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. On both Willimantic. The surface is uneven; the soil sides of the Alleghany River, into which Cold hard and gravelly, but excellent for grazing. Spring Creek flows. The valleys are extensive, Columbia County, Fa., c. h. at Lancaster. N. E. and the rest of the surface hilly. 308 miles S. part. Watered by the Suwanne River, which of W. from Albany. bounds it on the W., by St. Mary's River, and by Cold Sprinq Harbor, N.Y., Queen's and Suffolk Randolph Lake, a sheet of water 7 miles long counties, in the towns of Oyster Bay and Hunt- and 5 wide. Gadsden's Spring, celebrated for IN THE UNITED STATES. 335 its medicinal properties, is situated on the bank elevated plain, about a mile back from the river, of Little Suwanee River. It is 60 feet across, from which there is a handsome and extensive and 35 or 40 deep. The soil is mostly poor. prospect in all directions. It is laid out with Columbia County, Ga, c. h. at Applington. E. regularity, the streets crossing each other at right central. Bordering on the Savannah. It has angles, 100 or 150 feet in width, and many of an undulating surface and rich soil. them ornamented with trees. Columbia, Ky., c. h. Adair co. The state house, near the centre of the city, Columbia, La., c. h. Caldwell co. 273 miles N. is a plain edifice of wood, 170 feet long, 60 feet W. from New Orleans. wide, and two stories high. The other public Columbia, Me., Washington co. At the head buildings are a court house and jail, a town hall, of tide water on the W. side of Pleasant River. a market house, an academy, and a female sem120 miles E. by N. from Augusta. inary, a large lunatic hospital, and churches of Columbia, Mi., c. h. Marion co. On the E. the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Bapbank of Pearl River. 113 miles S. S. E. from tist, and Roman Catholic denominations. The Jackson. edifice of the Presbyterian Church is an elegant Columbia, Mo.. c. h. Boone co. building, with two lofty spires. The buildings Columbia, N. C., c. h. Tyrrell co. On the E. of the South Carolina College, which is situated side of Scoupernony Creek, a little E. of its en- here, are handsomely located upon a lot of 25 trance into Albemarle Sound, and 200 miles E. acres, enclosed by a wall of brick. The buildfrom Raleigh. ings, which are of brick, consist of two for Coltnumbia, N. C., c. h. Tyrrell co. 200 miles E. students, 200 feet long, 25 feet wide, and three from Raleigh. stories high, a building for the library and other Columbia, N. H., Coos co. This town lies on rooms for the use of the college, upon the top of the E. bank of Connecticut River. The surface which is an astronomical observatory. The is uneven, the mountains of Stratford lying along president's house is situated at the head of the the S. From these a number of streams descend opening between the two college buildings, which into the Connecticut. There are also several are placed opposite to each other. There is also small ponds here; on the borders of one, called a theological seminary at Columbia, founded in Lime, vast quantities of shells are found, from 1831. which a species of lime is made. Lime Pond is Columbia is a place of considerable business, 100 rods long, 80 wide, and of an irregular cllip- A railroad extends to Branchville, 60 miles, tical shape. Its bottom is covered, to the depth where it connects with the Charleston and Auof 6 feet, with white calcareous marl. It was gusta Railload. A steamboat also plies between first granted in 1770. 30 miles N. from Lancas- Columbia and Charleston. The Saluda Canal, ter, and 143 N. from Concord. about six miles long, built for the purpose of C(olumbia C(ounty, N. Y., c. h. at Hudson. On avoiding the falls in the Congaree, passes through the E. border S, between the Hudson and the the city, and boats of large draught ascend to Massachusetts line. Kinderhook, Claverack, this place. Copake, and Ancram or Roeliff Jansen's Creeks Columbia, Te., c. h. Maury co. On the S. bank water this county. Surface hilly on the E.; soil of Duck River. Jackson College is located here. greatly diversified. The Hudson and Berkshire (See Colleges.) 42 miles S. S. W. from Nashville. and the Hudson River Railroads cross this county. Columbia, Va., c. h. Fluvanna co. On the N. Columbia, N. Y., Herkimer co. Some of the bank of James River, at the mouth of the Rihead branches of the Susquehanna and Unadilla vanna, and 50 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Rivers, and a few small tributaries pf the Mohawk, Colunmbia County, Wn., c. h. at Decorra. S. water this town. The surface is hilly; the soil central part. Includes the carrying place from sandy and calcareous loam. 75 miles N. W. the water of Fox to the Wisconsin. from Albany. Columbiana, Aa., c. h. Shelby co. Columbia City. On., c. h. Clark co. Columbiana County, 0., New Lisbon, shire town. Columbia County, Pa., c. h. at Ianville. N. E. Situated in the N. E. section of the state, on the central. The E. branch of the Susquehanna Pennsylvania state line, having Mahoning co. River and Big Roaring, Fishing, and Catawissa on the N.. Jefferson co. on the S., and Stark Creeks water this county. Surface rough and and Carroll counties on the W. and S. W. It is uneven; soil productive. 30 miles in length from E. to W., and 25 miles Columbia, Pa. A township of Bradford co. in average breadth frotn N. to S. A portion of Columbia. Pa., Lancaster co. On the E. bank its S. E. boundary is on the Ohio River, about of the Susquehanna River. 30 miles S. E. from 40 miles below Pittsburg. The Sandy and BeaHarrisburg. It is connected with Havre de ver Canal, connecting the Ohio Canal with the Grace, at the mouth of the Susquehanna, by a Ohio River, in the direction of Pittsburg, travcanal, and with Philadelphia by railroad. A erses the centre of this county. The railroad bridge here crosses the Susquehanna, a mile and between Cleveland and Pittsburg, Pa., also passes 390 feet in length, resting on stone piers. An near to tle whole extentof its northern boundary. aqueduct supplies the place with water for do- Most of the S. part of the county is broken and mestic and other purposes. The trade with Phil- hilly, and has a light, but productive soil. The adelphia and Baltirnore is large in lumber, coal, central and northern parts are more level, and iron. &c. have a soil which, under good cultivation, yields Columbia, S. C. City, capital of the state, and the most abundant returns for the labor beseat of justice of Richland co. 73 miles N. E. stowed. Extensive quarries of lime and sandfrom Augusta, and 120 miles N. N. W. from stone are found in almost every part of the Charleston. Situated on the E. side of the Con- county, and the hills and valleys contain inexgaree River, immediately below the confluence haustible beds of clay and deposits of bituof the Broad and Saluda Rivers, which unite to minous coal. The principal streams are the form the Congaree. The city stands upon an Little Beaver and its branches. Owing to its 336 COUNTIES CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., elevation, the fall on these streams, in their de- 6048; in 1850, 16,634. It is situated on the E. scent towards the Ohio, is great; furnishing an bank of the Scioto, upon ground rising gradually amount of water power, available for mills and from the river, and affording an eligible site for manufacturing purposes, which is equalled by a large city. This spot was selected by the legthat of few other parts of the western country. islature as the seat of government in 1812, The staple commodities are wheat, horses, and while it was yet a wilderness, and is designated sheep. Population in 1850, about 6000. in the act as "the high bank of Scioto River, Columbus, Ga. City, and seat of justice of opposite Franklinton." It is laid out, as all Muscogee- co. Situated on the eastern bank towns established in such a manner are usually of the Chattahoochee River, at the head of steam- laid out, with the most entire regularity; the boat navigation, 375 miles above. Appalachicola, streets crossing. each other at right angles, and at the month of the bay, and 124 miles W. S. forming spacious squares, which are often divided W. from Milledgeville, the capital of the state. into lesser squares by alleys, or narrower streets, There is a succession of falls, or rapids, in the intersecting each other in the middle. Broad river immediately above Columbus, over which it' Street, which extends from the bridge, over which descends about 110 feet in the distance of 4 miles. the national road passes the Scioto, to the eastThe city stands on a fine elevation above the ern limits of the city, is 120 feet wide, and High level of the river, and covers about 1200 acres Street, at right angles with this, which is the of ground. It was laid out in 1828, and has had principal seat of business, is 100 feet wide. The a rapid growth. The two principal streets, run- other streets are 88 feet in width. A substantial ning N. and S, are 165 feet wide. Six others, quay has been constructed along the margin of parallel to these, are 132 feet wide. These are the river, 1300 feet long, which affords every faintersected at right angles by 12 others, 99 feet cility for loading and unloading goods, produce, in width. Many of the buildings of the city, and other articles transported upon the river; or both public and private, are large and elegant. through the Ohio Canal, which passes 11 miles The court hpuse is one of the finest in the state. S. of this point, and is connected with the Scioto It is of brick, 60 by 90 feet on the ground, and at Columbus by a canal, or feeder, of that length. two stories high, having a fine Grecian Doric In the centre of the town is a public square of portico on each front. Some of the church edi- 10 acres, handsomely enclosed, designed originfices are handsome buildings. The Planters and ally for the public buildings. It has Broad Street Mechanics Bank is a beautiful building, modelled on the N. side, and High Street on the W. Upon after the Temple of the Winds, at Athens, hav- the S. W. corner of this square, frontingr towards ing an elegant portico of six fluted columns. theW., stands the State House. which is a brick ediThe Oglethorpe House, a fine hotel, is the largest filce, 75 feet long by 50 feet wide, tawo stories high, building in the city, excepting the cotton ware- and surmounted with a handsome cupola, from house. This warchouse is one of the'most capa- the balcony of which a beautiful view of the city cious, substantial, and convenient in the state. and the surrounding country is obtained. The It stands on the bank of the river, is built of winding course of the river, the pleasant town brick, fire proof, 133 feet long, and 148 feet wide, of Franklinton, on its opposite bank, and many covering an acre and three quarters of ground. features of the more distant prospect, give a The exportation of cotton from Columbus is a varied and pleasing interest to this viaw. The large business. Steamboats ply between this representatives' hall is on the lower floor of the place and New Orleans, and the number running state house, and the senate chamber is irnmedito different points upon the river is fifteen or ately above. The public offices are in a separate twenty. Boats drawing five feet of water can building, 100 feet long by 25 feet wide, standing come up to the city at all seasons. A fine bridge directly N. of the State House. In the same here crosses the Chattahoochee, which cost line, a little farther N., is the Court House, for $30,000. Population in 1840, 3114; in 1850, 6000. the United States District Court. There are Columbus, In., c. h. Bartholomew co. On the many elegant private dwellings in Columbus; E. side of the E. fork of White River, 41 miles but the general style of building is characterized S. S. E. from Indianapolis. rather by neatness than display. The churches Columbus, Ky., c. h. Hickman co. of the different denominations are numerous, Columbus, Mi.. c. h. Lowndes co. On the E. and many of them well sustained. The First bank of the Tomrbigbee, at the head of steamboat Presbyterian Church in Columbus was organized navigation, and is elevated 120 feet above the in 1818, and their neat brick edifice stands near river. A United States land office is here. 141 the S. E. corner of the public square. The Bapmiles N. E. from Jackson. tist Church is a large and handsome building at Columbus C(outty, N. C., c. h. at Whitesville. the corner of Third and Rich Streets, and the In the southern angle, bordering on South Caro- Episcopal Church is a stone edifice on Broad lina. Watered by the Little Pedee and Wac- Street, opposite the public square. camaw Rivers. Surface level, and partly The several state institutions, located at Comarshy. lumbus, do honor to the state, while they greatly Columtbus, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by adorn the city. The Ohio Lunatic Asyluml octhe Unadilla River and some of its branches. capies an open area, about 1 mile E. of the State The surface is hilly; soil clay and sandy loam. House, and is a truly noble structure. The 14 miles N. E. friomr Norwich, and 83 W. from buildings present a front of 376 feet, with wings Albany. on the right and left projecting 11 feet forward, Columbus, O. City, capital of the state, and and running back 218 feet, thus forming a spaseat of justice of Franklin co. 140 miles S. W. cious court in the rear. They cover an acre of from Clevelaud, and 125 N. E. from Cincinnati. ground, and contain 440 rooms. About 30 acres It is on the saline parallel of latitude with Phila- of land are attached to the establishment, formdelphia, 450 miles W., and on the same meridian ing a quiet and ample retreat for such patients with l)etroit, 175 miles S. Population in 1840, as are able to enjoy it. The cost of erecting IN THE UNITED STATES. 337 the buildings of the Lunatic Asylum was over water the town, and the Fitchburg Railroad passes $150,000. through it. It was here that the first British life The Ohio Deaf and Dumb Asylum is located was taken in the war of the revolution. 20 miles about one third of a mile E. of the State House, W. N. W. from Boston, and 30 N. E. froni on grounds which are handsomely laid out, and Worcester. adorned with shrubbery. Its site was selected Concord, N. C., c. h. Cabarras co. On the E. in 1829, and it went into operation as soon as side of Big Coldwater Creek, a branch of Rocky the necessary arrangements could be made. The River. 139 miles W. S. W. from Raleigh. buildings are of brick, and cost, with the grounds, Concord, N. H., c. h. Merrimac co. The capital about $25,000. of the state. Population in 1840, 4897; in 1850, The Ohio Institution for the Education of the 8584. It lies on both sides of the Merrimac River, Blind is another of these noble institutions, lo- and contains an area of about 41,000 acres. There cated at Columbus. It is situated on the national are five ponds in' Concord, the largest of which road, about three quarters of a mile easterly are Turkey Pond, in the S. W., and Long Pond, from the State House. The edifice is a large in the N. W. parts of the town, on the streams and handsome structure, of brick, with a beautiful passing from which are some valuable mills and lawn in front. The institution was established privileges. The Contoocook River enters the W. in 1837, and is in a flourishing condition. corner of the town, and uniting with the Merrimac The state penitentiary, which is situated on on the N. W. line, forms, at its junction, the island the eastern bank of the Scioto, about half a mile celebrated in history, where Mrs. Dustin made a N. from the State House, is the largest and most desperate escape from a party of Indians, who imposing of the public edifices at Columbus. were carrying her into captivity, in 1698. On The main building is constructed of hewn lime- the borders of the Merrimac, which is the prinstone, and consists of a centre building, 56 feet cipal river of this region, are rich, well-cultivated front, and four stories high, with two wings each, intervale lands. The business between Boston 200 feet long, and three stories high; presenting and Concord was formerly conducted by means an entire front of 456 feet in extent. With the of the Middlesex canal and locks, on the Merprison yard in the rear, upon the three sides of rimac River; but since the construction of the which are the long ranges of workshops for the railroads, the canal has been abandoned. The prisoners, the buildings of the penitentiary en- great increase notwithstanding, both of travel and close a hollow square of 6 acres. The centre trade, between these two places, is one of the building of the main edifice, as seen in front, best proofs of the superiority of railroad transcontains the house of the warden, the office, and portation. Concord is rapidly increasing in busithe guard rooms; and each of the wings contains ness, wealth, and population, by the extension of 350 cells for prisoners, arranged in 5 tiers, and numerous railroads to various points. The exposed through the whole line to the observa- Concord Railroad has a splendid depot, from tion of the officers from the guard rooms. A which start the trains running N., S., E., and railroad, about two miles long, has been laid W.; they also have an extensive freight dedown from the prison to a stone quarry, where pot 300 feet in length. In connection with a portion of the convicts are employed in getting these buildings, they have a large engine house, out stone. The discipline of this prison is excel- machine shop, repair shop, paint shop, and car lent. The prisoners attend divine service on the house, with extensive wood sheds. In the centre Sabbath, and enjoy the privileges of a Sabbath of the building is a large and commodious hall, school, and the use of an excellent library, com- accommodating from 1500 to 2000 people. The prising several hundred volumes. They have buildings belonging to the Northern Railroad are Bibles in their cells, unite in exercises of sa- not so extensive as those of the Concord; they cred music, and are permitted, occasionally, to have a large machine shop, a repair shop, and one hear temperance addresses, &c., in the chapel. of the best engine houses in New England. The Their labor yields to the state, after defraying Boston, Concord, and Montreal, the Concord and the expenses of the prison, a surplus of $16,000 Claremont, and Portsmouth and Concord Railor $18,000 annually. roads are more or less dependent upon the two On the 10th of February, 1816, Columbus was former roads for various accommodations. incorporated as a borough. Its present city char- The main village is situated on the westerly ter was granted March 3, 1834. The mayor is side of the Merrimac River, and extends over a elected for two years. The city is divided into surface of about two miles in length, and from a five wards, each of which elects four members half to three fourths in width. Many of the streets of the city council, who hold their offices for are handsomely laid out, and are beautifully four years, one in each ward being elected annu- adorned by shrubbery of various kinds. On Main ally. All other officers are elected annually. Street, six rods in width, is situated the State Columbus, Pa. A township of Warren co. House, in the centre of a beautiful common, with Comal County, Ts., c. h. at New Braumfels. S. a thrifty growth of maple and elm trees. central. On the head waters of the Guada- Much of the mercantile business of the place loupe. is done on Main Street, which runs N. and S. oncord, Me., Somerset co. from the State House, nearly a mile each way. Concord, Ms., Middlesex co. This is one of All of the public houses, and a large proportion the shire towns, and is situated on a river of the of the manufactories and shops, may here be found. same name. This was the first inland settlement Near the northern extremity of State Street, two in the colony of Massachusetts Bay, and derives miles in length, also a very handsome street, is its name from the harmony in which it was pur- situated the Methodist Biblical Institute, a theochased of the natives. Its Indian title was Mus- logical school, commenced in 1847, and now in ketaquid. The surface is quite level; the soil, successful operation. The state prison is located in some parts, is sandy, but generally it is moist on this street. On the westerly side of the Conand fertile. The Concord and Assabet Rivers cord and Claremont Railroad is a very extensive 43 338 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., iron foundery, with several mills and shops, Conesville, N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by with various kinds of machinery, propelled by the Manor Kill, a branch of Schoharie Creek. steam power. There are also several establish- Hilly; the soil sandy loam. 42 miles S. W. from ments for the manufacture of coaches and other Albany. vehicles. Some are very distinguished for their Conewago, Pa. A township of Adams co. superior skill and workmanship, and employ a Conewago, Pa. A township of York co. large amount of labor and capital. In the. Con- Conequenessinzq, Pa., Butler co. Conequenessing, cord portion of Fishers ville, near the junction of Breackneck and Yellow Creeks water this town. the Contoocook River with the Merrimac, six Surface undulating; soil clay, gravel, and loam. miles N. of the main village, about half of Conestoga, Pa., Lancaster co. 5 miles S. from which is in Concord and the other half in Bos- Lancaster. cawen, there are a large cotton factory, various Conhocton, N. Y., Steuben co. Conhocton River other manufacturing establishments, and sites and some of its branches water this town, the surfor two other factories equal to the one already face of which is hilly, and the soil moist clay completed. This village, on both sides the Con- loam, favorable to the growth of grass. 225 miles toocook, has grown up rapidly, and is still increas- W. from Albany. ing. It is traversed by the Northern and Clare- Conklin, N. Y., Broome co. The Susquehanmont Railroads, which afford great facilities for na River flows through this town. The surface transportation. is rather hilly, with the exception of a deep valThe W. village, better known as the West Par- ley on the banks of the river. 5 miles S. E. ish, is situated about half way between Fishers- from Binghampton, and 152 S. W. from Albany. ville and the main village. Here are manufac- Gonneaut, Pa., Erie co. Surface hilly; watered tured some of the finest flannels and blankets in by Conneaut Lake and Creek; soil loam and the country. The Concord and Claremont Rail- gravel. road passes through this place. Conneaut, Pa., Crawford co. This town has an The E. village, situated on the easterly side of undulating surface and gravelly soil. the Merrimac River, distant about 2 miles from the Conneaut, 0., Ashtabula co. Township and State House, is a very thrifty and growing place, town, formerly called Salem. On the shore of connected with the main village by Federal Lake Erie, at the mouth of Conneaut Creek. Bridge; also by the Boston, Concord, and Mon- Connellsville, Pa., Fayette co. 180 miles W. by treal Railroad. S. from Harrisburg. Concord, N. Y., Erie co. Situated on the N. Conneinaugh, Pa. A township of Somerset co. side of Cattaraugus Creek, and watered by sev- Connersville, Ia., c. h. Fayette co. On the eral small streams. The surface is quite hilly, W. side of Whitewater River. 60 miles E. S. E. the soil favorable to the growth of grass. 282 from Indianapolis. miles W. from Albany, and 25 S. from Buffalo. Connewanyo, N. Y., Cattaraugas co. Watered Concord, Pa., Delaware co. Watered by Paint- by Connewango and Little Connewango Creeks. er's Creek, which affords good hydraulic power. The surface is high and broken; the soil fertile. 20 miles W. from Philadelphia. 302 miles W. by S. from Albany. Concord, Pa., Franklin co. At the head of Connewango, Pa., Warren co. Bounded on the Tuscarora Creek. 12 miles W. from Harrisburg. S. by the Alleghany River, and drained by ConeConcord, Pa., Erie co. Watered by branches wago Creek. Surface uneven; soil fertile, esof French and Broken Straw Creeks. Surface pecially in the S. part. hilly, and well suited to grazing. Conquest, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the N. side Concord, Vt., Essex co. Hall's Pond, lying of Seneca River, in which is Howland's Island, near the centre of the town, is about a mile long, belonging to this town. It also contains Duck and about 100 rods wide. Miles's Pondis about Lake. The surface is rolling; the soil sandy the same size, and lies near the N. E. corner of and clay loam. 162 miles N. W. from Albany, the town. This town is watered by Moose and and 15 N. from Auburn. Connecticut Rivers, also by several small streams. Constable, N. Y., Franklin co. Trout River The surface is uneven, and in the N. E. parts waters this town, which is bounded by Canada very stony. It is an excellent grazing township, on the N. The surface is level; soil sandy loam. and has some good tillage land. The first set- 218 miles N. N. W from Albany, and 6 N. from tlement was commenced in 1788, by Joseph Ball. Malone. 24 miles S. W. from Guildhall, and 44 N. E. by Constantia, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by E. from Montpelier. Scriba's Creek and other small streams flowing Concordia Parish, La., c. h. at Vidalia, E. part, into Oneida Lake, which bounds it on the S. between the Washita and the Mississippi. Sur- The surface is level; soil sandy. 30 miles S. E. face flat, and mostly liable to inundation; soil from Oswego, and 140 N. of W. from Albany. extremely fertile, producing large crops of cotton. Constantine, Mn., St Joseph co. On St. Joseph Conecuh County, Aa., c. h. at Sparta. On the River, at the mouth of Fall River, 149 miles S. border. Watered by Conecuh River and its W. S. W. from Detroit. A place of extensive tributaries. business, having excellent water power. SteamConemaugh, Pa., Cambria co. Situated at the boats pass the mouth of the St. Joseph. junction of Conemaugh River and Stone Creek. Contoocook Village, N. H. In the town of HopHilly; soil of clay and calcareous loam. kinton, Merrimac co. On Contoocook River, Conemaugh, Pa.,Indiana co. Watered by Black- which affords extensive hydraulic power. W. leg's Creek and Conemaugh River. Surface hilly; from Concord 10 miles. soil a rich loam. Salt is found here on the banks Contra Costa County, Ca., c. h. at Martinez. of the Conemaugh. In the south angle, between San Francisco Bay:Coneseus, N. Y., Livingston co. Between Cone- and the outlet of the Sacramento. seus and Hemlock Lakes. Hilly; the soil hardly Conway County, As., c. h. at Lewisburg, of the medium quality. 221 miles W. from Albany. Central. On the N. bank of the Arkansas. IN THE UNITED STATES. 339 Surface uneven, and drained by Cadron and Point Coosa County, Aa., c. h. at Rockford. E. cenRemove Creeks. tral. between the Tallapoosa and Coosa. Drained Conway, Ms., Franklin co. South and Bear by Hatchet, Paint, and Wawakee Creeks, branches Rivers, tributaries of Deerfield River, give to of the Coosa. Surface varied; soil productive. Conway an excellent water power. The surface Copake, N. Y., Columbia co. Drained by Anis uneven, and in sdme parts quite elevated; the cram Creek, which flows through several small soil is strong. The village, in the centre of the lakes. The E. part of the town is hilly, and on town, is located in a small valley, between Beal's the W. is a broad valley, the soil of which is very and Billing's Hills; it is very neatand picturesque. fertile. 17 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 47 S. 8 miles S. WV. from Greenfield, and 98 W. N. S. E. from Albany. W. from Boston. Copenhaqen, N. Y., Lewis co. On Deer River, Conway, N. H., Carroll co. Swift, Pequaukett which, half a mile below this place, has a nearly Rivers, and another stream, discharge themselves perpendicular descent of 175 feet. 149 miles N. into Saco River, in this town. Saco River here W. from Albany. is from 10 to 12 rods wide. and about 2 feet Copiah County, Mi., c. h. at Gallatin. In the S. deep; its current rapid, and broken by falls. W. part of the state, on the W. side of Pearl Walker's, and Little Pequaukett Ponds are in this River. Bayou Pierre and the head branches town. There is a detached block of granite on of Homochito River traverse this county the southern side of Pine Hill, the largest per- Copper Harbor, Mn., Houghton co. In lat. 470 haps in the state. There is a sulphur spring on 28' and Ion. 880 45', near the extremity of Keethe bank of Cold Brook. The land, when well waiwona Point, which projects nearly into the cultivated, produces large crops of corn and rye. middle of Lake Superior from its southern shore. Daniel Foster, in 1765, obtained a grant of this It is a tolerably safe retreat for small vessels and township, on condition that each grantee should steamboats, and is of importance on that account, pay a rent of one ear of Indian corn annually, but it is not sufficiently near to the working mines for the space of ten years, if demanded. Con- to be supported by any business population. A way is a great resort for travellers from the S. E. post office, and a tavern, with a few humble to the White Mountains, for whom there are dwellings, is all that this place can boast of. good accommodations. See Fashionable Resorts. This harbor was well known to the French misSettled in 1764,'8 and'9. 76 miles N. N. E. from sionaries 230 years ago, and the green silicate of Concord. copper or chrvsocolla, which formed the outcrop Conwayboro', S. C., c. h. Horry district. On of the black oxide of copper vein, was described the W. bank of Waccamaw River, at the head of by those missionaries in a work published in steamboat navigation, and 196 miles E. by S. Paris. in 1626. In 1845, this mine was opened by from Columbia. the Boston and Pittsburg Mining Company, but Cook County, Is., c. h. Chicago. In the N. E. it was soon exhausted of its ore, the lode having corner of the state, on Lake Michigan. Calu- been cut off by a bed of fine-grained red sandmet, Chicago, and Des Plaines Rivers water this stone, as had been predicted it would be by the county. Surfate undulating, and in parts marshy. geologist who first surveyed the mining regions Cook County, Ts. New. of Keewaiwona Point. The mine was therefore Coolbaugh's, Pa., Monroe co. 138 miles N. E. soon after abandoned, and no more black oxide from Harrisburg. of copper has been found there. Cool Spring, Pa., Mercer co. Watered by Cool The rocks at Copper Harbor are a coarse conSpring and Otter Creeks, branches of Neshanock glomerate, a pudding stone, fine red sandstone River. I. N. W. from Harrisburg 175 miles. and trap rocks, mostly of an amygdaloidal struc Cooper County, Mo., c. h. at Booneville. Central. ture, the latter skirting the coast, and forming On the S. bank of the Missouri. Watered by La the capes and headlands. Copper Harbor is now Mine and Little Saline Rivers and Mqnitou Creek. distinguished from other places on KeewaiwoSurface undulating; soil of excellent quality. na Point for the absence of copper, which is so Cooper, Me., Washington co. Denny's River, abundant at Eagle River, and Eagle Harbor, 18 emptying into Meddybemps Lake, and both dis- or 20 miles to the westward of it. charging into the River St. Croix at Baring, water Corinna, Me., Somerset co. Situated 53 miles the N. part of this town. It lies 164 miles E. N. E. W. N. W. from Augusta, and about 35, N. W from Augusta, and about 36 miles N. from Machias. from Norridgewock. Incorporated 1816. Cooperstown, N.Y., c.h. Otsego co. Beautifully Corinth, Me., Penobscot co. 81 miles N. by W. located on a plain at the outlet of Otsego Lake. from Augusta. Watered by the Kenduskeag. A 69 miles W. from Albany. There is here a very fine township. fine water power. Corinth, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated on the Coos County, N. H., c. h. at Lancaster. N. part W. side of the Hudson River. The surface is rollof the state. Coos is the largest county in N.H., ing; soil sandy. 16 miles N. from Ballston Spa, and within its limits are situated most of the un- and 49 N. from Albany. granted lands. Large portions are mountainous Corinth, Vt., Orange co. The surface is genand cannot be cultivated. It is 76 miles in length, erally very uneven and broken, and the elevations and about 20 in width. Besides the stupendous abrupt; yet the land is, in almost every part, suspile of the White Mountains, in this county, there ceptible of cultivation. The soil consists of a are several other mountains of no inconsider- dark loam, mixed with some sand. Some minerable height. Three of the principal rivers in New als are found here. This township is well waEngland, the Connecticut, Androscoggin, and tered by Wait's River and several of its branches. Saco, take their rise in this county. Umbagog On North Branch, in the N. E. corner of the Lake, the source of the Androscoggin, lies partly town, is East Village, first settled in 1777, by in this county, though most of it is in Maine. Lake Ezekiel Colby and family. 20 miles S. E. from Connecticut is situated N. of lat. 45~, and is one Montpelier, and 10 N. E. from Chelsea. The of the sources of Connecticut River. Central and Passumpsic Railroads pass near. 340 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Corning, N. Y., Steuben co. An important and several small streams. This town was the place on the S. side of Chemung River, 213 miles theatre of many exciting scenes during the revo W. S. W. from Albany. The Erie Railroad lutionary war. The surface is hilly, and in parts passes through this place. A canal connects it mountainous; a peak of the Highlands, called with Seneca Lake, and a railroad with Bloss- the lower "Anthony's Nose," being situated in burg, in Pa. the N. W. part. 110 miles S. from Albany, and Cornish, Me., York co. Bounded N. by the 16 N. W. from White Plains. Saco and Great Ossipee Rivers. 83 miles S. W. Cortland County, N. Y., c. h. at Cortlandville. from Augusta, 32 W. by N. from Portland, and 25 Central. It was formed from Onondago co. in N. from Alfred. Incorporated 1794. Cornish pro- 1808. Watered by Tioughnioga and Ostelic duces good crops of wheat and some wool. Rivers, which, with their branches, afford much Cornish, N. H., Sullivan co. Connecticut River valuable water power. Surface elevated and waters the W. part of this town, and a bridge hilly, with broad fertile valleys; soil mostly of connects Cornish with Windsor, Vt. The soil is excellent quality. Iron ore and marl are found fertile. The town is hilly, except that part which in small quantities, and there are two or three lies on the river. Blow-me-down and Bryant's sulphur and brine springs. Brooks are the only streams of any magnitude. Cortlandville, N. Y., c. h. Cortland co. WaFirst settlers, emigrants from Massachusestts, in tered by Tioughnioga River, and some of its 1765. 17 miles N. from Charlestown, and 60 N. branches. The surface is undulating; the soil W. by W. from Concord. The Sullivan Rail- very fertile. 140 miles W. from Albany. road here connects with a road to Burlington by Corunna, Mn., c. h. Shiawassee co. On Shiacrossing a bridge to Windsor. wassee River, which affords good hydraulic Corn Planter, Pa., Venango co. 217 miles W. power. N. W. from Detroit 79 miles. Coal, N. W. from Harrisburg. sandstone, and lime are found near this place. Corneille, Me., Somerset co. This town is well Corydon, Ia., c. h. Harrison co. On the E. bank watered by the Wessaranset River, a branch of of Indian Creek, a branch of the Ohio River. the Kennebec. There is much choice land in 126 miles S. from Indianapolis. Cornville. Coshocton County, O., c. h. at Coshocton. E. Cornwall, Ct., Litchfield co. This mountainous central. Many mounds and burial-places are township lies on the E. side of Housatonic River. found here. The land is uneven, but rich and The scenery about the south village is very beauti- fertile, and is well watered by Walhonding and ful. The mountains and lofty hills which rise Killbuck Rivers, and several creeks. The Ohio immediately on almost every side, shutting out, Canal crosses the county. Three salt wells are in a sense, the most of the world from this ap- found here, and iron and lead ore, and stone parently retired spot, present a bold and most coal. striking feature in the landscape. This village Coshocton, 0., seat of justice of Coshocton co. is the place where a Foreign Mission School for 30 miles N. from Zanesville, and 83 E. N. E. educating youth was established in 1818. 38 from Columbus. It is at the junction of the miles W. from Hartford. Tuscarawas and Walhonding Rivers, which here Cornwall, Vt., Addison co. This is a hand- unite and form the Muskingum. Steamboats some township of land, and the surface is gener- come up here occasionally in high water. The ally level. Lemonfair River crosses the N. W. ground on which the town is built rises beauticorner, and Otter Creek washes a part of the east- fully from the river, by four natural terraces, each ern boundary. In the S. part of the town is about 9 feet above the other; the first three of a quarry of excellent dark blue limestone, and which are about 400 feet in width, and the last near the centre of the town is a bed of hydraulic about 1000. The public square, on which the cement, or native lime. Beautiful calcareous county buildings are located, is about 60 rods spar is found in the western part. Along Otter back from the Muskingum, and contains 4 acres, Creek is a large swamp, covering several thou- neatly enclosed, and planted with trees. The sand acres. The settlement was commenced in streets are laid out at right angles with each 1774. Distances,50miles S.W.fromMontpelier, other, dividing the town plot into 36 blocks, and 36 S. from Burlington. which are more or less built upon. There are Cornwall, N. Y., Orange co. Situated on the four or five churches in the place, one or two W. bank of the Hudson River, 100 miles S. from printing offices, and several manufacturing estabAlbany. The surface of this town, being chiefly lishments. A bridge across the Muskingum conwithin the Hiohlands, is hilly, and in a great part nects this place with Roscoe, on the Ohio and mountainous, including in its area those well- Erie Canal, at the point where the Walhonding known summits Bare Mountain, Crow's Nest, and Canal unites with it. Butter Hill. The physical features of this whole Cossawago, Pa. A township of Crawford co. region are highly interesting and romantic. There Cotton Gin Port, Mi., Monroe co. On the E. are several localities in this town of interest in side of the Tombigbee River, just below the juncour revolutionary history; such are West Point, tion of the E. and W. branches. 180 miles N.E. and the sites of the old forts Putnam, Clinton, from Jackson. and Montgomery. The two former are situated Council Bluffs, Io., on the Missouri River, at West Point, and the latter on an eminence in where the Pottawatamie agency was, is the great the S. part of the town, near the Hudson. The crossing-place on the Missouri for emigrants by landing for Cornwall is at the village bearing the the northern route for Utah, Oregon, and Calisame name, 4 miles S. of Newburg, at the north- fornia. Council Bluffs Indian sub-agency is on ern termination of the Highlands. See West the opposite side of the river. Fort Calhoun, Point. often designated on maps as Council Bluffs, was Corpus Christi, Ts., c. h. Nueces co. situated 28 miles above, on the Nebraska side. Cortland, N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. The route by Council Bluffs is destined by nature side of the Hudson. Watered by Croton River for the great thoroughfare to the Pacific. This IN THE UNITED STATES. 341 was the road selected by "nature's civil engineers," ties of crossing the river by steam ferry boats, the buffalo and the elk, for their western travel. which is here about 600 yards wide, to make their The Indians followed them in the same trail; residence in Covington; and this tendency will then the traders; next the settlers came. The doubtless much increase hereafter with the growth estimation in which this route is held may well of Cincinnati, and the greater difficulty and exbe judged by any one who will take the trouble pense of obtaining residences near the centre of to look over the volume of recommendations business. It has, moreover, a large business of firom emigrants, traders, and Indian agents. its own, consisting of various manufacturing esCoventry, Ct., Tolland co. The Wangombog, tablishments, and large operations in pork. a beautiful pond, and the Skungamug, Hop, and The principal public buildings of Covington Willimantic Rivers, give Coventry a good water are a spacious City Hall, two female academies, power. This town was first settled in 1700. the Western Baptist Theological Seminary, and The surface is uneven, and the soil a gravelly several handsome church edifices. The Metholoam. 18 miles E. from Hartford. dists and Roman Catholics have each two churches Coventry, N. Y., Chenango co. Drained by here; and the Presbyterians, Baptists, EpiscoHarper's and Kelsey's Creeks, branches of the palians, and the Reformed, or Christian Baptists, Susquehanna River. The surface is hilly; soil one each. The Theological Seminary is a wellsandy loam, suitable for the growth of grass. 16 endowed institution, and is now in a flourishing miles S. from Norwich, and 117 S. W. from Albany. condition. It is under the patronage of the WestCoventry, Pa., Chester co. On the Tioga River. ern Baptist Education Society. The buildings Surface hilly, abounding with coal and iron; soil are pleasantly located in the centre of a square clay and gravelly loam. containing 10 acres, upon elevated ground, over6oventry, R. I., Kent co. This is a very large looking Cincinnati and the surrounding villages. township, extending to the N. line of Connecti- When the plan of construction is fully carried cut, and admirably watered by numerous ponds, out, there will be two theological buildings, like and by Flat River, an important branch of the the one which is now erected, 120 feet long by 46 Pawtucket. Coventry has long been noted for feet deep, four stories high, with a large and elethe number and variety of its manufactures, par- gant chapel between them. Covington is rapidly ticularly of cotton and wool. The soil of the increasing, and is destined, probably, to be the town is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. largest city in Kentucky. Population in 1840, There are a number of pleasant villages in Cov- 2026; in 1850, about 10,000. Newport, with 7000 entry, all of which are flourishing. both in manu- inhabitants, adjoins it on the opposite side of the facturing and trade. 10 miles S. W. from Provi- Licking, making in fact one town. denuce. Covington, La., c. h. St. Tammany parish. On Coventry, Vt., Orleans co. Barton and Black a small river which flows into Lake PontcharRivers run northerly through this town into train. 45 miles N. from New Orleans. MBemphremagog Lake. There are good mill Covington County, Mi., c. h. at Williamsburg. privileges in this town on Black River, and like- S. central. Watered by branches of Leaf, a wise on some of the smaller streams. The other tributary of the Pascagoula River. Soil mostly waters are the S. bay of Lake Memphremagog, of indifferent quality. and two small ponds. The soil is generally good. Covington, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by Its timber is mostly maple and beech. The Allen's Creek. The surface is rolling, the soil western part of the town is somewhat broken, but fertile. 241 miles W. from Albany. not mountainous. The village is situated at the Covington, Pa., Luzerne co. The Lehigh Rivet falls in Black River, in the S. W. part of the forms the S. E. and S. boundary of this town. town, and is in a flourishing state. The first Covington, Va., c. h. Alleghany co. Among settlement commenced about the year 1800. 4 the mountains, on Jackson's River, near the miles N. from Irasburg, and 46 N. E. from junction of Pott's Creek. 196 miles W. from Montpelier. Richmond. Covert, N. Y., Seneca co. On the W. side of Cowdensport, Pa., c. h. Potter co. Seneca Lake, and watered by several small Coweta County, Ga., c.h. at Newman. W. censtreams flowing into the lake. The surface is tral. Between the head waters of Flint River high and level; the soil fertile. 177 miles W. and the Chattahoochee. from Albany. Cowpens, S. C., Spartanburg district. This Covington County, Aa., c. h. at Montezuma. On place, which lies between Pacolet and Broad the S. border. Watered by Conecuh, Yellow Rivers, is famous for the battle of Cowpens, Water, and Pea Rivers. Soil rather sterile. which was fought in its vicinity, January 11, Covington., Ga., c. h. Newton co. About 3 miles 1781. 117 miles N. W. from Columbia. E. from Yellow River, a branch of Ockmulgee Coxsackie, N. Y., Greene co. On the W. bank River, and 61 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. of the Hudson River, and watered by several The site of Emery College. See Colleqes. small streams. The surface of the E. part is Covington, Ia., c. h. Fountain co. On the E. level, and the W. hilly. 22 miles S. from Albany. bank of the Wabash. 74 miles W. N. W. from G Craftsbury, Vt., Orleans co. This township is Indianapolis. well watered by Black River, which is formed Covilngton, Ky. City, Kenton co. Situated on here, and by its several branches, which afford the S. bank of the Ohio, at the mouth of Lickingo numerous mill privileges. The Indian name of River, directly opposite Cincinnati. 85 miles S. this river was Elligosigo. Wild Branch passes E. from Frankfort. It is built upon a beautiful through the W. part of this township. There plain, several miles in extent, and the streets are are five natural ponds, viz., Elligo, Great Hosmer, so laid out as to correspond with those of Cincin- Little Hosmer, and two smaller ponds. The nati, and appear a continuation of them, with geology of this town is in many respects interestonly the river interposed. Many persons doing ing, and, in some, peculiar. Few areas of the business in Cincinnati are induced, by the facili- same space. in a region of primary rocks, furnish 342 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., so many varieties in situt. Near the centre of the Crawfordsville, Ga., c. h. Talliaferro co., lies township, on an elevated plain, is situated the between Ogeechee and Little Rivers. 62 miles centre village. Craftsbury Academy is located N. by E. from Milledgeville. here. The first settlement was commenced in Crawfordsville, Ia., c. h. Montgomery co. On the the summer of 1788, by Colonel Ebenezer Crafts. S. side of Sugar Creek, and is the seat of Wabash 12 miles S. from Irasburg, and 31 N. E. from College. (See Colleges.) 45 miles N. W. by W. Montpelier. from Indianapolis. Cranberry, Pa., Butler co. Glade Run, and Creek, Pa. A township of Washington co. Breakneck, and Brush Creeks water this town. Crittenden County, As., c. h. at Marion. On Surface undulating; soil clay and loam. the EB. border, between the Mississippi and the Cranberry, Pa., Venango co. Bounded on the St. Francis. Surface level, and in parts liable to N. and W. by the Alleghany River. 207 miles inundation. Soil very fertile in the more elevatW. N. W. from Harrisburg. ed portions. Cranston. R. I., Providence co. The soil of Crittenden County, Ky., c. h. at Salem, W. part. this town is more favorable for the production of On the Ohio River. The Cumberland River fruits and vegetables than for grain. Some parts forms its S. W. boundary. Surface level; soil of the town are very fertile, but considerable of productive. the land is rough and uneven. Providence mar- Croghan, N. Y., Lewis co. Surface hilly and ket is supplied with a considerable amount of the mountainous; soil fertile in the valleys. 141 products of the town. The water power of the miles N. W. from Albany. Pawtuxet and Powchasset is constant and Cromwell, Pa. A township of Huntington co. abundant. Cranston is a very pleasant town, Cromwell, Ct., Middlesex co. On the W. side and its proximity to Providence (only 5 miles S. of Connecticut River, 13 miles S. from Hartford. W.) gives it peculiar privileges. A new town, which embraces that part of Craven County, N. C., c. h. at New Berne. E. Middletown formerly known as Upper Middlemiddle. On Pamlico Sound. Neuse River tray- town. It contains a handsome village, lying on erses this county, the surface of which is level an elevated site from which there is a lovely and in parts marshy, and the soil mostly fertile. view of the river and the surrounding fertile Crawford, Aa., c. h. Russell co. country. Crawford County, As., c. h. at Van Buren. On Crown Point, Ia., c. h. Lake co. On Robinson's the W. border. on both sides of the Arkansas. Prairie, 15 miles S. from Lake Michigan, and 158 Surface diversified. miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. Crawford County, Ga., c. h. at Knoxville. W. Crown Point, N. Y., Essex co. On the W. central. Flint River and a branch of the Ock- border of Lake Champlain. Watered by Putmulgee water this county. Soil sandy and rather nam's Creek, and some other small streams. sterile. The surface is level on the E., and mountainous Crawford County, Is., c. h. at Palestine. On on the W. This town was the scene of importhe E. border, on the Wabash River. Watered tant events during the French and revolutionary by the Wabash and Embarrass Rivers and their wars. On a neck of land, in the N. E. part of branches. The surface consists partly of rich the town, are situated the ruins of the fort of prairies. Crown Point. 105 miles N. N. E. from AlCrawford County, Ia., c. h. at Fredonia. S. bany. part. Touches the Ohio River. Watered on the Croydon, N. EI., Sullivan co. The N. branch S. E. by Blue River. Surface rough and hilly. of Sugar River waters this town. The soil is Crawford, Me., Washington co. Incorporated moist and rocky, and produces valuable crops. 1828. This is a good township of land, and was Croydon Mountain is of considerable elevation, formerly called Adams. A large pond in Craw- on which are two small ponds. First settlers, ford and a part of another are the sources of a Samuel Chase and others, in 1763. 44 miles branch of East Machias River. 30 miles N. N. N. W. from Concord, and 8 N. from Newfrom Machias, and 140 E. N. E. from Augusta. port. Crawford County, Mo., c. h. at Steelville. S. Cuba, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Oil E. central. The head branches of Maramec Creek, and contains a small lake. Near the W,. River water this county. Surface diversified and boundary is located the Oil Spring Reservation. abounding with iron ore; soil various. A spring, Surface high and undulating on the E.; soil discharging 30,000 cubic feet of water per minute, mostly productive. The Genesee Valley Canal propels the Maramec iron works. and New York and Erie Railroad cross this town. Crawford, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by 12 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 274 from AlShawangunk River. The surface is hilly; soil bany. clay and sandy loam. 18 miles W. from New- Cullorna, Ca., c. h. El Dorado co. On the S. fork burg, and 94 S. S. W. from Albany. of the American River, 45 miles from Sacramento Crawford County, O., c. h. at Bucyrus. N. city. in the immediate vicinity of the spot where central. Watered by Sandusky River, Broken gold was first discovered. Sword and Tvmochtee Creeks. Culpepper County, Va.. c. h. at Fairfax. N. part. Crawford County, Pa., c. h. at Meadville. In On the upper waters of the Rappahannock. Surthe N. W. corner, bordering on Ohio. Watered face agreeably diversified, and soil rich. by Shenango and French Creeks and their Culpepper, Va., c. h. Culpepper co. 9S miles branches. Iron ore is found in this county, and N. N. W. from Richmond. a creek affording bituminous oil. Cumberland County, Is., c. h. at Grcenup. Eastern Crawford County, Wn., c. h. at Prairie du Chien. part. Watered by the branches of the Embarrass, In the N. angle between the Wisconsin and the a tributary of the Wabash. Mississippi. The rivers afford excellent water Cumnberland Co., Ky., c. h. at Burkesville. On power. Surface hilly; soil fertile along the bor- the southern border. On both sides of Cumberlers of the streams. land River. Surface uneven; soil fertile. IN THE UNITED STATES.'343 Cumberland County, Me., c. h. at Portland. In Cushing, Me., Lincoln co. Situated on St. the S. W. part of the state, between Casco Bay George's River, opposite to the town of St. on the S. E. and the River Kennebec on the N. George. 45 miles N. E. from Augusta, and E. Fertile, and under good cultivation. Several about 12 miles S. from Warren. This place was railroads pass through it. settled by emigrants from Ireland, as early as Cumberland, Me., Cumberland co. Set off from 1733. the westerly part of Yarmouth in 1821. 54 Cussawaqo, Pa., Crawford co. 246 miles N. miles S. W. from Augusta, and 10 N. from W. by W. from Harrisburg. Portland. Cumberland is pleasantly situated on Cfuthbert, Ga., c. h. Randolph co. 153 miles S. Casco Bay, and enjoys many navigable facilities. W. from Milledgeville. Cumberland, Md., c. h. Alleghany co. On the Cutler, Me., Washington co. Bounded S. by N. bank of the Potomac River, at the junction of the Atlantic Ocean. and about 20 miles S. W. Wills Creek, and 166 miles W. N. W. from from West Quoddy Head. It contains Little Annapolis. The Cumberland or national road, Machias Bay and Little River, and is bounded and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad pass through W. by Machias Bay. Cutler has a good harbor. it, and the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal terminates 164 miles E. by N. from Augusta. here. Coal abounds in the neighborhood, and is Cuyahoga Falls, O., Summit co. So named largely exported down the Potomac. from the falls in the Cuyahoga River, on which Cumberland County, N. C., c. h. at Fayetteville. the place is situated, being about 40 miles S. of S. E. central. Onboth sides of Cape Fear River. Cleveland, and 128 N. E. from Columbus. This Surface undulating, and watered by the Cape place was laid out in 1837, and had so rapid a Fear River and branches; soil light and thin. growth that in 1840 it was the rival of Akron Cumberland County, N. J., c. h. at Bridgetown. for the county seat, from which it is 4 miles S. part. On Delaware Bay. Drained by Mau- distant. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Canal rice and Tuckahoe Rivers, and Stow and Cohan- passes through this place, and enters the Ohio sey Creeks. A salt marsh of from half a mile Canal at Akron. The falls afford an excellent to a mile in width borders on Delaware Bay. water power, which is already employed to opSoil rather light, but fertile in parts. Iron ore erate several large paper mills, flour mills, and and marl are found in this county. other manufactories; and is available for further Cumberland County, Pa., c. h. at Carlisle. S. E. application to a large extent. central. Watered by Conedogwinet and Yellow The falls themselves present many wild and Breeches Creeks, branches of the Susquehanna romantic features for the admiration of the lorRiver. Surface somewhat hilly; soil very rich. ers of nature. The Cuyahoga has a descent Iron ore is found here. here, in the course of a little more than 2 miles, Cumberland, Pa., Adams co. Between Marsh of about 200 feet, over stratified rocks, which, and Rock Creeks, and drained by Bear and for a portion of the distance, are worn away, or Willoughby Runs. were originally separated by some convulsion of Cumberland, Pa., Green co. Watered by Muddy nature, into a chasm of nearly that depth. The Creek, a branch of the Monongahela River. Sur- ravine thus formed, with the rapids and casface level; soil loamy. I miles E. from Waynes- cades of the river passing through it, exhibits burg. many points of bold and picturesque scenery. Cumberland Valley, Pa., Bedford co. Between The Indian name for these falls was Coppacaw, Evits and Will's Mountains, and watered by which signifies, it is said, shedding tears. Evits Creek. Cuyahoga County, O., c. h. Cleveland. N. E. Cunmberland, R.I., Providence co. Pawtucket, part on the shore of Lake Erie. The Cuyahoga, Mill, and Peter's Rivers, and Abbot's Run, af- Rocky, and Chagrin Rivers are the principal ford the town a good hydraulic power. 8 miles ones, and they all run northwardly into Lake from Providence. Erie. The county takes its name from the prinCumberland County, Va., c. h. at Cumberland. cipal river. E. central. Between the Appomattox and James Cynthiana, Ky., c. h. Harrison co. On the 1. Rivers. Surface somewhat hilly, and drained side of the S. fork of Licking River. 37 miles by Willis River; soil fertile. N. E. from Frankfort. Cumberland, Va., c. h. Cumberland co. On an elevated position between Appomattox and Wil- Dade County, Fa., c. h. at Key Biscayune lis Rivers. 52 miles W. by S. from Richmond. Bounded N. by Lake Okeechobee, E. by St. Lucie Cumminag, Ga., c. h. Forsyth co. 9 miles W. county, S. E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and from Chattahoochee River, and 109 N. W. from W. by Monroe county. This county comprises Milledgeville. several keys, or islands, lying off its coast; and Cummings, Pa. Township, Lycoming co. 111 in the N. part is a tract of land called the Evermiles N. from Harrisburg. glades, covered with water from one to six feet Cummington, Ms., Hampshire co. On the range deep, and dotted with fertile islands and cypress of the Green Mountains, but with a strong and swamps. The Everglades were a celebrated reproductive soil. Westfield River passes through treat of the Seminole Indians during the Florida it, receiving many tributaries, which, with the war. Soil fertile in parts, and especially along main river, afford much water power. 110 miles the sea-coast. W. fiom Boston. Dade County, Ga., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded Currituck County, N. C., c. h. at Currituck. On N. by Tennessee, E. and S. by Walker co., the N. E. shore. This county comprises Roanoke and W. by Alabama. Lookout Creek, a branch Island, and is divided into two parts by Curri- of the Tennessee River, waters it. Surface tuck Sound. Surface level, and in parts marshy. mountainous; soil fertile in the valleys. Currituck, N. C., c. h. Currituck co. On the Dade County, Mo., c. h. at Greenfield. BoundW. side of Currituck Sound. 242 miles E. N.E. ed N. by Cedar co., E. by Polk and Green from Raleigh. counties, S. by Lawrence, and W. by Jasper 344 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., co. Watered by Pomme de Terre River and its Dana, Ms., Worcester co. This is a small tributaries. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile. town, taken from Greenwich, Hardwick, and PeDadeville, Aa., c. h. Tallapoosa co. 6 miles E. tersham, in 1801. There is some good land in from Tallapoosa River, 37 miles N. E. from We- the town, but much of it is fit only for pasturage. tumpka, and 140 E. S. E. from Tuscaloosa. Swift River and one of its tributaries, Fever Dahkotah County, Ma., c. h. at Fort Snelling. Branch, pass through, its northern and western In the angle between the Minnesota and Mis- section. 30 miles N. W. from Worcester, and 70 sissippi. W. by N. from Boston. Dahlonega, Ga., c. h. Lumpkin co. Between Danbury, Ct., Fairfield co. Danbury, the PahChestatee and Etowah Rivers. 140 miles N. N. quioque of the Indians, is one of the shire towns, W. from Milledgeville. Thesiteof a branchmint. and was first settled in 1684. The soil of the Dale County, Aa., c. h. at Daleville. Bounded town is good, and agreeably diversified by hills N: by Pike, E. by Henry co., S. by Florida, and valleys. The borough, or village, is very and W. by Coffee co. Watered by tributaries pleasantly situated in a valley, and is memorable of the Choctawhatchee River. Surface mostly for its sacrifices in the revolutionary war. It was level; and soil sterile, with the exception of some nearly destroyed by the British, with a large fertile swamps bordering the river. amount of continental stores, April, 1777. Dallas County, Aa., c. h. at Cahaba. Bounded Danbury, N. H., Grafton co. Danbury lies in N. by Perry co., E. by Autauga and Lowndes the form of a diamond; it is hilly, although there counties, S. by Wilcox, and W. by Marengo are some intervales. In the N. E. part there is a co. Watered by the Alabama and Cahaba large hill. The eastern section is watered by Rivers, which form a junction in this county. Smith's River. The first settlement was made Surface slightly uneven; soil rich on the borders in 1771. 16 miles S. by W. from Plymouth, and of the streams. 29 N. from Concord, by railroad. The Northern Dallas County, As., c. h. at Princeton. S. Railroad passes through the town. central. Between the Wachita and its Sabine Danby, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by CatFork. totong Creek and its branches. The surface is Dallas County, Io., c. h. at Adell. S. central hilly; soil gravelly loam. 8 miles S. from Ithaca, part. and 172 S. of W. from Albany. Dallas County, Mo., c. h. at Buffalo. S. W. Danby, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek runs central. Watered by the Mianqua, (a tributary nearly on the line between this township and of the Osage,) which flows N. through it. Mount Tabor, but there are no streams of much Dallas, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by Harvey's consequence within the township. The most Lake, lying in this town, and by its outlet, and considerable are Mill River and Flower Branch. some other streams, affording hydraulic power. These and a branch of Otter Creek, in the northSurface broken and mountainous; soil slate, eastern part, are all sufficient for mills. The gravel, and loam. 133 miles N. E. from Harris- surface is uneven, and some parts mountainous. burg. South and Spruce Mountains are the principal Dallas County, Ts., c. h. at Dallas. In the N. elevations. The soil is well adapted to the proE. angle, on the upper waters of the Sabine. duction of grass. There are several caverns in Dallas, Me., Franklin co. New. this township; also several marble quarries in the L)alton, Ms., Berkshire co. Dalton began to S. E. part, and specimens of galena have been be settled about the year 1755. It is a good found. In the western part of the township is a grazing, mountain town, finely watered by the spring, nearly sufficient to carry a mill where it Housatonic River. The village in the centre issues from the foot of the mountain. The setof the town is curiously and very pleasantly tlementwas commenced in 1765. Distances, 17 situated. It is in the valley of the Housatonic, miles S. from Rutland, and 68 S. S. W. from and encircled on three sides by that beautiful Montpelier. stream. The Western Railroad passes through it. Dandridge, Te., c. h. Jefferson co. On the N. 5 miles E. from Pittsfield, and 146 W. from Boston. bank of French Broad River. 229 miles E. ~Dalton, N. H., Coos co. On Connecticut from Nashville. River. The Great or Fifteen Mile Falls com- Dane County, Wn., c. h. at Madison. Bounded mence in Dalton, and rush tumultuously along N. by Sank and Portage counties, E. by Dodge its N. W. boundary. The town is also watered and Jefferson, S. by Rock and Green, and W. by by John's River and several large brooks. The Iowa co. Watered by the Four Lakes, fine western and southern parts are hilly. On the sheets of water, and by their outlets. Surface borders of John's River the white pine abounds. level; soil very productive. The soil on the highlands is good, and well Danielsville, Ga., c. h. Madison co. 91 miles N. adapted to grazing. Blake's Pond lies at the S. from Milledgeville. E. corner; it was named for a famous hunter. Dansville, N. Y., Livingston co. On CanaseraNear Slate Hill is a mineral spring; it deposits ga Creek. 238 miles W. from Albany. There a thin crust of iron ore. This town was named is a fall here of 60 feet in a mile and a half. from Hon. Tristham Dalton, a grantee. First Connected with the Genesee Valley Canal by settlers, Moses Blake and Walter Blass. 125 a branch which has its terminus here. miles N. by W. from Concord, and 8 S. by W. Dansville, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by from Lancaster. Canaseraga Creek, and some tributaries of CanDamariscotta, Me., Lincoln co. On the outlet isteo River. The surface is somewhat uneven; of Damariscotta Pond, formed in 1847 from parts the soil clay and gravelly loam. 20 miles N. W. of Bristol and Nobleboro'. 30 miles S. E. from from Bath, and 234 W. from Albany. Augusta. Danube, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by NoDamascus, Pa., Wayne co. On the W. bank wadaga Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, of the Delaware River. 190 miles N. N. E. from which bounds it on the N. The surface is unduHarrisburg. lating, and the soil very fertile in the valley of IN THE UNITED STATES. 345 the Mohawk. 12 miles E. from Herkimer, and in honor of Paul D. Philips, who endowed it 70 N. W. from Albany. with $4000. In 1785, or'6, the settlement was Danvers, Ms., Essex co. This ancient town commenced by about 50 emigrants from N. HL adjoins Salem on the N. W., and was formerly a and Ms., who entered on the land as "squatpart of it. It was incorporated in 1756. There ters." 30 miles N. E. from Montpelier are 3 villages here - South Danvers, one at the Danville, Va., Pittsylvania co. On Dan River, New Mills, and another at the Plains. This town which affords good water power. S. W. by W. is well watered by Ipswich River and the sea, from Richmond, 164 miles. The river is navigaand possesses a good water power, both salt and ble, for boats, to the falls of the Roanoke. Danfresh. The town presents a varied surface, and ville is the centre of a lucrative trade. from the high grounds are obtained some of the D)arby, Pa., Delaware co. On Darby Creek, most picturesque views of sea and shore to be and is divided into two parts, the Upper and found in Massachusetts Bay. Danvers is abun- Lower. 95 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. dantly supplied with fine sienite, clay, and never- Darien, Ct., Fairfield co. A township of good failing s4rings of soft and pure water. It was soil. 42 miles S. W. from New Haven. in the family of Mr. Parris, of this place, that Darien, Ga., c. h. McIntosh co. Situated on witchcraft first made its appearance in this coun- the northern and principal channel of the Alatry, in 1692. South Danvers is 2 miles from tamaha River, 12 miles above the bar, at its Salem, and 14 N. E. from Boston. Danvers is entrance into Alatamaha Sound, on the Atlanvery largely concerned in the production of tic coast. The bar has 14 feet of water at low leather, boots, and shoes, the annual product ex- tide. The place is situated on a high, sandy bluff, ceeding two millions of dollars. There are also on the N. side of the channel. Upon the Oconee manufactures of iron, wool, &c. branch of the river there is steamboat navigation Ddnville, As., c. h. Yell co. 185 miles, to Milledgeville, the capital of the Danville, Is., c. h. Vermilion co., occupies an state; and upon the Ockmulgee branch to Macon; elevated position on the N. side of Vermilion thus bringing a considerable trade from the cenRiver, near the junction of the N. fork. 130 miles tral portions of the state to the port of Darien. The E. by N. from Springfield. population and business of the place have much inDanville, Ia., c. h. Hendricks co. On the W. creased since 1810, when there were only about side of White Lick Creek. 20 miles W. from 200 inhabitants. It has a custom house, a bank, Indianapolis. an academy, besides the county buildings, Danville, Ky., Boyle co. The seat of Centre churches, and many handsome private residences. College and of the Kentucky Asylum for the Darien, N. Y., Genesee co. Hilly. Drained Deaf and Dumb. On a small branch of Dick's by Ellicott's Creek. The soil consists of clay River. 41 miles S. by W. from Frankfort. See and calcareous loam. 256 miles W. from Albany. Colleges. Darke County, 0., c. h. Greenville. Situated Danville, Me., Cumberland co. This town, for* in the western part of the state, having Mermerly called Pejepsco, was set off from the W. cer co. on the N., Shelby and Miami on the part of Yarmouth in 1802. It lies 32 miles S. W. E., Preble on the S., and the boundary between from Augusta, and 29 N. from Portland. Farm- Ohio and Indiana on the W. It is 34 by 21 ing is the principal business. miles in extent. There is in this county a conDanville, Mo., c. h. Montgomery co. 47 miles siderable proportion of prairie land. The prinN. E. from Jefferson City. cipal streams which drain it are Stillwater and Danville, N. H., Rockingham co. This town Greenville Creeks. was formerly a part of Kingston, and known by Near the N. E. corner of this county is the the name of Hawke. The soil is uneven; but battle ground where the army under St. Clair, in good. Acchusnut River passes over the N. W. 1791, suffered a disastrous defeat in an engagecorner. Long Pond lies in the E. part, and Cub ment with the Indians. The object of the camPond on the W. side. 33 miles S. E. from Con- paign was the establishment of a line of military cord, and 10 S. W. from Exeter. posts through that country, for the purpose of Danville, O., Knox co. 65 miles N. E. from keeping the Indians in check, and preventing Columbus. In the midst of a fine agricultural future hostilities. Fort Recovery was erected by country. General Wayne, in 1793, upon the site of this Danville, Pa., c. h. Montour co. battle, and this fort, the next year, sustained a Danville, Vt., c. h. Caledonia co. The eastern desperate attack from the Indians, in which they part of this township is elevated about 200, and the were repulsed with severe loss. western about 800 feet above Connecticut River. Greenville, the present county seat, is also a The soil is free from stone, easily cultivated, and place of much note in the history of the negotiais perhaps equal, in richness and adaptation to tions with the Indians which followed these agriculture, to any in the state. It is watered by events. Here, on the 3d of August, 1795, General numerous streams of pure water, which rise in Wayne concluded a treaty of peace with the the higher lands of Wheelock, Walden, and chiefs and representatives of 12of their mostpowCabot. Joe's Pond lies mostly in the western erful tribes, who had become determined, notpart of the township, and covers about 1000 acres. withstanding the untoward influence of the BritIt discharges its waters into the Passumpsic by ish agents, to make a permanent peace with the Merrill's River. At its outlet, a large, never- " Thirteen IFires," as they called the thirteen fedfailing sheet of water falls over a limestone ledge, eral states. This was also the theatre of another 75 feet in 12 rods. In the N. part of the town treaty with the Indians in 1814, which was negoare Sleeper's LRiver and the Branch. Danville tiated on the same spot of ground, with the Wyvillage is pleasantly situated, nearly in the cen- andots, Delawares, Shawnees, Senecas, and Miatre of the township, on elevated land, in the mies, by General William Henry Harrison and midst of a beautiful farming country. Philips Governor Lewis Cass, commissioners of the UniAcademy was incorporated in 1840, and named ted States. 44 346 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Darlington District, S. C., c. h. at Darlington. E. by Martin, and S. and W. by the two forks of Bounded N. E. by the Great Pedee River, sepa- White River, separating it from Dubois, Pike, rating it from Marlboro' co., S. E. by Marion co., and Knox counties. Drained by the tributaries S.W. by Lynches Creek, separating it from Sump- of White River. Surface level or undulating, ter co., and N. W. by Chesterfield co. Surface consisting partly of prairies; soil mostly fertile. slightly uneven; soil rather poor, except on the Daviess County, Ky., c. h. at Owenboro'. Boundborders of the streams, where it is very productive. ed N. by the Ohiio River, separating it from Isa., Darlington, S. C., c. h. Darlington district. Sit- E. by Hancock and Ohio counties, and S. and uated a little W. of Black Creek, a branch of Great W. by Green River, separating it from MuhlenPedee River, and 129 miles E. S. E. from Co- burg, Madison, and Henderson counties. Drained lumbia. by small branches of Ohio and Greene Rivers. Darrtown, O., Butler co. 109 miles S. W. by Daviess County, Mo., c. h. at Gallatin. Bounded W. fiom Columbia. In the neighborhood of this N. by Harrison co., E. by Grundy and Livingsplace is a mineral spring of some note. ton, S. by Caldwell, and W. by De Kalb and Dartimouth, Ms., Bristol co. Dartmouth lies Gentry counties. Surface undulating, and waon Buzzard's Bay, near its mouth, and has a tered by the W. fork of Grand River; soil fertile. number of small inlets from the bay and some Davis County, Io., c. h. at Bloomfield. On good harbors. It has some small streams, the the southern border, E. principal of which is the Pamansat. Its Indian Day, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacandaga River name was Apeniganset. The surface is uneven, passes through this town. The surface is mounbut the soil is good for agricultural purposes. tainous, the Kayaderasseras range extending There are three villages in the town - Smith's across it. The valley of the Sacandaga contains Mills, North Dartmouth, and South Dartmouth; the most fertile soil. 55 miles N. from Albany, the latter is called Padan Aram, and is situated and 25 N. W. from Ballston Spa. at the head of Apeniganset Bay. Vast quanti- Dayton, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by ties of fish, principally menhaden, are taken in Connewango Creek and some of its tributaries. Buzzard's Bay, and brought to this town, for the The surface is undulating; the soil favorable to purpose of manuring the land. 5 miles S. W. the growth of grass and grain. 302 miles W. from New Bedford, and 60 from Boston. from Albany, and 20 N. W. from Ellicottville. Dauphin County, Pa., c. h. at Harrisburg. Dayton, 0. City and seat of justice of MontBounded N. by Northumberland and Schuyler gomery co. On the Great Miami River, at the -counties, E. by Lebanon, S. by York, and W. by mouth of Mad River, 50 miles N. from Cincinthe Susquehanna River, separating it from Perry nati, and 68 W. by S. from Columbus. The co. Drained by Mahantango, Powell's, and Miami Canal from Cincinnati to Lake Erie passes SwataraCreeks. Surfacehillyand mountainous; through this place. Population in 1810, 383; soil fertile. The Pennsylvania Canal and the #820, 1139; 1830, 2954; 1840, 6067; 1850,10,996. Union Canal traverse this county. Dayton is one of the largest places in the interior Davenport, Io., c. h. Scott co. On the W. side of the state. There is a large water power withof the Mississippi River, at the foot of the Lower in its corporate limits, and a still greater within Rapids, opposite the flourishing village of Rock the immediate vicinity. The principal mannIsland, in Is. Important as the only feasible factories in operation here are cotton andwoollen point to bridge the Mississippi. It is the seat of factories, flouring mills, saw mills, oil mills, paper iowa College. mills, iron founderies, and machine shops, and Davenport, N. Y., Delaware co. Charlotte shops for the manufacture of clocks, scythes, River, and some of its tributaries, water this town. gun barrels, flooring machines, &c. The amount The surface is hilly; soil argillaceous loam. 14 of capital invested in these various operations is miles N. from Delhi, and 63 W. from Albany. large. By the assessment of 1846, Dayton was Davidson County, N. C., c. h. at Lexington. the second city in the state in the amount of taxBounded N. by Stokes county, E. by Guilford able property. Its progress was very gradual and Randolph, S. by Montgomery and Rowan, from its settlement in 1796 to 1812, when the war and W. by Rowan and Davie counties. Drained with Great Britain, making it a thoroughfare for by several small streams flowing into the Yadkin troops and military stores on their way to the River, which traverses the W. part of this county. frontier, gave a great impulse to its prosperity. Sulface undulating; soil productive. The construction of the Miami Canal has seDavidson College, N. C., Mecklenburg co. The cured to it, of late years, a rapid and healthful seat of Davidson College. 150 miles W. by S. increase. from Raleigh. See Colleges. ~ The court house in Dayton is the most costly Davidson County, Te., c. h. at Nashville. and elegant in Ohio, being constructed of cut Bounded N. by Robertson co., E. by Sumner and stone, upon a beautiful Grecian model, surWilson, S. by Rutherford and Williamson, and mounted by a handsome cupola. It cost between W. by Dickson co. Watered by Cumberland $60,000 and $70,000. The other public buildRiver, which passes through the county from E. ings are a jail, of stone, a city hall, two acadeto W., and by Harpeth, White's, Stone's, and mies, several banks, and a number of church Poplar Creeks. Surface slightly uneven; soil edifices, which are elegant specimens of archiof good quality. tecture. Many of the private residences are Davie County, N. C., c. h. at Mocksville. Bound- tasteful, and beautifully situated. The Cooper ed N. by Surry co., E. by the Yadkin River, sepa- Female Academy has a spacious edifice, three rating it from Davidson co., S. by Rowan co., and stories high, for its accommodation. There are W. by Iredell co. Surface undulating, and drained nine turnpike roads centring at Dayton, and by the branches of the Yadkin River; soil ex- connecting it with different parts of the country, tremely fertile. Deanfield, Me., Hancock co. Between PassaDavies County, Ia. c. h. at Washington. In- dumkeag River and Olammon Stream. corporated in 1816. Bounded N. by Green co., Dearborn County, Ia, c. h. at Lawrenceville. IN THE UNITED STATES. 347 Incorporated in 1802. Bounded N. by Franklin the Connecticut at this place, and spreads out co., E. by Ohio., S. by Ohio co., and W. by Rip- a large body of fine alluvial land, in the centre ley county. It is watered by Great Miami and of the town, encircling a village of greatbeauty. Whitewater Rivers, and several small creeks. This is said to be the oldest town in the county, Surface rough and hilly, with fertile bottom lands and was called by the Indians Pocumtuck. It on the borders of the streams. was granted by the General Court to a company Dearbornville, Mn., Dearborn, Wayne co. On at Dedham, in 1669; and a settlement was cornthe S. branch of Rouge River. 10 miles W. from menced in 1670. From the mountains in this Detroit. A United States arsenal is located here. vicinity delightful views are obtained. Deerfield Deblois, Me., Washington co. On the upper Mountain, which separates the Connecticut River waters of the Narraguagus. 50 miles S. E. from from the Deerfield Meadows, is 700 feet above Bangor. the plain. Sugar Loaf Mountain, which forms Decatur County, Ga., c. h. at Bainbridge. Wa- the southern termination of the L)eerfield Mountered by the Chattahoochee River, separating it tain, rears its conical peak of red sandstone 500 from Fa. and' Aa. on the W. Surface somewhat feet above the river. Just at the foot of the uneven; soil rather barren. Sugar Loaf, at Bloody Brook. a company of Decatur, Ga., c. h. De Kalb co. 90 miles N. young men, from the county of Essex, were W. from Milledgeville. Situation elevated and slain by an ambush of Indians, during Philip's healthy. It is the point of junction of the lines war, in 1675. A monument has been erected to of railroad from Augusta, and from Savannah, their memory. Deerfield extends for several via Macon, and the united line which runs across miles along the banks of the Connecticut, and the northern boundary of the state by Chitta- is traversed through its entire length by the nooga to Nashville, in Te. Connecticut River Railroad, which crosses the Decatur County, Ia., c. h. at Greensburg. In- Deerfield River by a remarkable viaduct. South corporated 1821. Bounded N. by Rush co., E. Deerfield, or Bloody Brook, is a thriving village, by Franklin, S. by Ripley and Jennings, and W. in which are a variety of miscellaneous manuby Bartholomew and Shelby counties. It is wa- factures. In the village of Cheapside, north of tered by Flat Rock, Clifty, and Sand Creeks, all Deerfield River and adjoining Greenfield, is mill streams. Surface slightly undulating; soil a manufactory of cutlery. The railroad from productive. Greenfield to Boston passes through this vilDecatur, Ia., c. h. Adams co. On the S. W. lage. 90 miles W. by N. from Boston. and 4 S. side of Wabash River. 132 miles N. E. from In- from Greenfield. dianapolis. Deerfield, N. H., Rockingham co. This town Decatur County, Io., c. h. at Decatur. On the has a number of ponds which afford fish. Moulsouthern border, middle. ton's is noted for having no visible inlet; also on Decatur, Mi., c. h. Newton co. At the head of account of having been sounded without discovChickasawha River. 76 miles from Jackson. ering any bottom. A branch of Lamprey River Decatur, N. Y., Otsego co. Elk Creek and some passes through Deerfield. The surface is uneven; other small streams water this town. The sur- soil durable and fertile, though hard to cultivate. face is elevated and hilly; soil sandy loam. 64 The Luckaway, Saddleback, and Fort Mountains, miles W. ftom Albany, and 12 S. E. from Coo- are the principal elevations. In the W. part of the perstown. town is a natural formation in a ridge of rocks, Decatur, Pa., Mifflin co. Watered by Jack's designated " Indian Camp." On the E. side of Creek, a tributary of the Juniata River. Surface this camp is a natural flight of steps. Deerfield mountainous; soil gravel and slate. 14 miles was once a place of resort for deer. While the N. E. fiom Lewistown. petition for the town was pending, a Mr. BatchDecatur County, Te. New. Western part of elder killed a deer, and, presenting it to Governthe state. or Wentworth, obtained the act under the nane Dedham, Me., Hancock co., adjoins Ellsworth. of Deer-field. First settlers, John Robertson, JaUnion River passes through its N. W. corner. cob Smith, Isaac Shephard, Benjamin Batchelder, Dedlam, Ms., Norfolk co. This is the shire and others, in 1756. Distances, 18 miles E. S. town of the county, and has a varied surface and E. from Concord, and 30 W. by N. from Portsgood soil.'The court house in this town is a mouth. beautiful building. It has a Doric portico, with Deerfield, N. J., Cumberland co. Cohansey four granite columns on each front. This town Creek, and Muddy Run, a branch of Maurice Rivis finely watered by Charles River, on its western er, water this town. Surface level; soil chiefly border, by Neponset River on the E., and by clay and gravel. Mother Brook, so called- a canal or raceway Deerfield, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by the for a mill of about 3 miles in length, passing Mohawk, and a few small streams. The surface from the Charles to the Neponset. This was the is rather hilly; the soil very productive in the valfirst canal made in the United States. It was ley of the Mohawk. 4 miles N. from Utica, and commenced and accomplished within ten years 94 N. W. from Albany. after the first settlement of Boston. Dedham Deeifteld, Pa., Tioga co. Watered by Cowais noted for its good hydraulic power. Dedham nesque Creek and Marsh, a branch of Crooked village is very pleasant. A branch railroad from Creek. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. the village meets the Boston and Providence Deer Isle, Me., Hancock co., comprises three Railroad. 10 miles S. W. from Boston, and 35 principal islands, Deer, Little Deer, and Isle of N. W. from Plymouth. Haut, containing 17,000 acres. They have good Deep River, Ct.. Middlesex co. A village of harbors, and are well located for the shore fishing. Sayl)rook, on Connecticut River, at the mouth of 75 miles E. by S. from Augusta. Deep River..33 miles S. by E. from Hartford. Deering, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town Deerfield, Ms., Franklin co., lies on the W. is diversified, well watered, and its soil is favorabank of Connecticut River. Deerfield River meets ble for agriculture. There are three ponds, Dud 348 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ley's, Pecker's, and Fulton's. The name was and Linn, and W. by Buchanan co. Watered given it by Governor John Wentworth, in honor by Macoquetais River and its branches. Surface of his wife, whose maiden name was Deering. undulating; soil fertile. First settlers, Alexander Robinson and William Delaware, N. J., Hunterdon co. On the E. side McKean, in 1765. 25 miles S. W. from Concord, of the Delaware River, and drained by Wickand 22 N. W. from Amherst. hecheoke Creek. Deerpark, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by Del- Delaware County, N. Y., c. h. at Delhi. Bounded aware, Neversink, and Bashkill Rivers. The on the N. by Otsego and Schoharie, E. by Schosurface is mountainous on the E., and level on harie and Greene, S. by Ulster and Sullivan, and the W., towards the Delaware. The soil is very W. by Chenango and Broome counties, and the fertile. 38 miles W. from Newburg, and 108 state of Pennsylvania. It was incorporated S. W. from Albany. from Ulster and Otsego counties in 1797. WaDefiance County, 0., c. h. at Defiance. In the tered by the Delaware, Susquehanna, and CharN. W. angle of the state, including the junction lotte Rivers, and the Beaverkill. Surface rough of the Maumee and the Anglaize. Traversed by and hilly, soil fertile, especially in the valleys. the Wabash and Miami Canals. Level and fertile. Bog iron and copper ores are found in small Defiance, O., c. h. Defiance co. Very pret- quantities, in several places, and there are a numtily located at the junction of the Auglaize with ber of mineral springs in this county. the Maumee Rivers, on the Wabash and Erie Delaware County, 0., c. h. at Delaware. Bounded Canal. It has great local advantages, having N. by Marion, E. by Knox and Licking counties, the benefit of the navigation of the Maumee, An- S. by Franklin,- and W. by Union co. The glaize, and Tiffin Rivers. It is also a central land is valuable for farming and grazing, and is point to several state roads. 50 miles W. from well watered by the Scioto and Olentangy RivPerrysburg, and 80 E. from Fort Wayne. ers, and Alun and Walnut Creeks. De Kalb Cozunty, Aa., c. h. at Lebanon. Bounded Delaware, 0., c. h. Delaware co. It was laid N. E. by Georiga, E. by Cherokee co., S. W. out by Moses Byxbe, Esq., in 1808. On the by St. Clair and Blount counties, W. by Mar- western bank of Olentangy River, on rolling shall, and N. W. by Jackson co. Surface land. A handsome bridge crosses this river, mostly uneven, and drained by Will's Creek, a leading from one of the principal streets. A branch of the Coosa River. very valuable white sulphur spring is found here, De Kalb County, Ga.. c. h. at Decatur. Bounded the waters of which are remarkable for their N. by Forsyth co., E. by Gwinnett and New- clearness and abundance. Several chalybeate ton, S. by Henry and Fayette, and W. by Camp- springs are also found. The medicinal virtues bell and Cobb counties. Drained by branches of of these springs cause the town to be much visthe Chattahoochee and Ockmulgee Rivers. The ited by travellers. It lies 70 miles N. from ChilChattahoochee flows along its N. W. boundary. licothe, and 24 N. from Columbus. Surface elevated table land. The Georgia Rail- Delaware County, Pa., c. h. at Chester. Bounded road passes through this county. N. by Chester co., E. by Philadelphia co. and De Kalb County, Is., c. h. at Sycamore. In the the Delaware River, separating it from New northern part of the state. Watered by Kish- Jersey, S. by Delaware, and W. by Chester waukee Creek and a small river. co. Watered by Darby, Ridley, and Chester De Kalb County, Ia., c. h. at Auburn. Incor- Creeks, all fine mill streams. Surface unduporated in 1835. Bounded N. by Steuben co., lating; soil fertile. E. by Ohio, S. by Allen, and W. by Noble co. Delaware, Pa., Mercer co. The Chenango and It is watered by St. Joseph's, a branch of Man- Lackawannock Creeks water this town. Surface mee River, and by several creeks. uneven; soil clay and loam. 7 miles N. W. from De Kalb, Mi., c. h. Kemper co. 2 miles S. Mercer. from Sararnochee Creek, and 106 E. N. E. from Delaware, Pa., Pike co. Watered by DingJackson. man's and Bushkill Creeks. Surface rough and De Kalb County, Mo., c. h. at Marysville. In broken; soil gravelly loam. 148 miles N. E. the N. W. angle, on the height of land between from Harrisburg. the Platte and Grand Rivers. Delhi, Ia., c. h. Delaware co. De Kalb, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Osgewatchie Delhi, N. Y., c. h. Delaware co. Watered by River and some of its tributaries water this town. several branches of the Mohawks, or W. branch The surface is hilly, and marble and iron ore are of the Delaware. The soil is productive in the found here. The soil is of rather an indifferent valleys. 77 miles S. W. from Albany. quality. 10 miles S. W. from Canton, and 193 Delphi, Ia., c. h. Carroll co. On the E side N. W. from Albany, of Wabash River, at the mouth of Deer Creek. De Kalb County, Te., c. h. at Smithville. In 66 miles N. N. W. from Indianapolis. There is the central part of the state. Hilly and broken. a curious spring near this place, the water of Delaware City, De., Newcastle co. On the W. which is of a reddish color. bank of the Delaware River, at the mouth of the Demopolis, Aa., Marengo co. On the E. bank Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. 35 miles N. of Tombigbee River, a little below the mouth from Dover. of the Black Warrior River. 64 miles S. S. W5. Delaware County, Ia., c. h. at Muncietown. from Tuscaloosa. Site of a land office. Bounded N. by Grant and Blackford counties, Denmark, Me., Oxford co. Incorporated in E. by Jay and Randolph, S. by Henry, and W. 1807. It lies 85 miles S. W. by W. from Auby Madison co. Surface mostly level, and wa- gusta, about 28 S. W. from Paris, and 47 N. W. tered by the Mississinewa and the W. fork of from Portland. Denmark is finely watered by White River, and by Bell and Buck Creeks. Soil Saco River and several beautiful ponds. The productive. principal business of the inhabitants is agriculDelaware County, Io., c. h. at Delhi. Bounded tural, for which they have a fertile soil. N. byClayton co., E. by Dubuque, S. by Jones Denmark, N. Y., Lewis co. Deer Creek and IN THE UNITED STATES. 349 Black River water this town. The surface is bered, principally with rock maple and other somewhat hilly; the soil very productive. 15 hard wood. Cedar swamps of from one to ten miles N. from Martinsburg, and 141 N. W. from acres are found in various parts. The soil is ferAlbanv. tile and abundantly productive. The River Clyde Dennis, Ms., Barnstable co. Dennis extends passes through the S. part of the township, afacross Cape Cod, and is bounded' on the E. by fording numerous mill sites. Salem Pond, through Brewster and Harwich. Its southern boundary which Clyde River passes, lies partly in this town, is Yarmouth, nearly six miles of which is Bass and is 4 miles long and 3 broad. Hinman's River, one of the most important streams on the Pond, near the centre of the town, is one mile cape. The Indian name of Dennis was Nobs- and a half long, and three quarters of a mile cusset. The first salt produced by solar evap- broad, and empties into Salem Pond. The first oration, in this country, was made in this town, settlement was made in 1795, by Alexander Morby John Sears and others, in 1776. There are gan, Henry Burrell, and the Hon. Timothy Hinpleasant villages in the town, on both sides of man. 12 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 52 N. the cape, and near them several fine fresh water E. from Montpelier. ponds. From Scargo Hill, the highest land in Derry, N. H., Rockingham co. A fine grazing the town or county, and a noted landmark for township with a handsome village, taken from sailors, a magnificent ocean scene is presented. Londonderry in 1828. The soil is productive; I)ennis suffered severely in the awful gale of the inhabitants remarkable for their industry, October, 1841: 26 of its finest young men were general wealth, and longevity. 18 miles W. S. buried in the ocean in a day; 18 of whom, all W. from Exeter, and 25 S. E. from Concord. school-fellows, left their nearest kindred within a Derry, Pa., Columbia co. The surface of this quarter of a mile of each other! The town town is level; soil calcareous loam and clay. was named in honor of its first minister, the Derry, Pa., Dauphin co. Surface varied; soil Rev. Josiah Dennis, who was settled in 1627. slate and calcareous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Dennis, N. J., Cape May co. Dennis Creek, Harrisburg. which flows into Delaware Bay, bounds this Derry, Pa., Mifflin co. Kishcoquilla Creek town on the S. W. The N. portion consists of waters this town. sandy plains. 85 miles S. from Trenton. De Ruyter, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by Denton, Md., c. h. Caroline co. On the E. the E. branch of the Tioughnioga River. The bank of Choptank River. 65 miles E. from An- surface is elevated and hilly; the soil sandy napolis. loam and clay. 14 miles S. W. from MorrisDenton County, Ts., c. h. at Alton. On the ville, and 122 W. from Albany. northern border. Between the head waters of Desha County, As., c. h. at Belleville. Bounded the Sabine and the Red River. N. by Jefferson, Arkansas, and Phillips counties, De Pere, Wn., c. h. Brown co. 153 miles N. E. by the Mississippi River, S. by Chicot and E. from.Madison. Bradley counties, and W. by Dallas co. The ArDe Peyster,'N. Y., St. Lawrence co. On the kansas and White Rivers drain this county. E. side of Black Lake, and watered by the Os- Surface level, and in parts liable to inundation; wegatchie and some of its branches. The sur- soil fertile. face is somewhat uneven; the soil arable and pro- Des Moines County, Iowa, c. h. at Burlington. ductive. 12 miles W. from Canton, and 180 N. Bounded N. by Louisa co., E. by the Mississippi W. from Albany. River, separating it from Illinois, S. by Skunk Deposit, N. Y., Tompkins, Delaware co. On River, separating it from Lee co., and W. by the N. bank of Delaware River, 118 miles W. S. Henry co. Drained by Flint River and its W. from Albanv. This is a great depot for lum- branches. Soil fertile. her, which is taken down the Delaware to various De Soto Parish. La., c. h. at Mansfield. On markets. the western border,'between Red River and the Deptford, N. J., Gloucester co. Big Timber Sabine. Creek and some branches of Egg Harbor River De Soto County, Mi., c. h. at Hernando. Bounded water this town, which has a level, sandy sur- N. by Tennessee, E. by Marshall co., S. by Poface. nola, and W. by Tunic co., and the Mississippi Derby, Ct., New Haven co. The Indian name River. Drained by Cold Water River and its of this town was Paugasset. It was purchased tributaries. of the Indians and incorporated in 1675. The Detroit, Mn., c. h. Wayne co. City and port surface of the town is uneven, with some fertile of entry. On the W. side of Detroit River or meadow on the banks of the rivers. Derby is wa- Strait, 7 miles below the outlet of Lake St. Clair, tered by the Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers. and 18 miles above Lake Erie. It is 132 miles The Landing is on the east side of the Housa- E. from Lansing, the capital of the state. Poputonic, just below the junction of that river with lation in 1810, 770; in 1820, 1442; in 1830, 2222; the Naugatuck. Vessels of 10 feet draught of in 1840, 9102; in 1850, 21,028. water can pass to the Landing. The ground on which Detroit is built has a Derby was the birth place of the Hon. David gentle ascent from the river as far back as to Humphreys, a poet, an aid to Washington, and the main street, and thence, westward, it is level. a minister to Spain, distinguished for his efforts The plan of the city is rectangular, extending for the introduction of Merino sheep and the along the river more than a mile, and nearly a manufacture of broadcloths. He died at New mile back. The principal street running through Haven, February 21, 1818, aged 66. the most dense portion of it, parallel with the Derby, Vt., Orleans co. The surface is very course of the river, is Jefferson Avenue. Leadlevel. There are some plains of several hundred ing from the river, at right angles with this, is acres' extent; and where the land rises, the eleva- Woodward Avenue. These streets are 200 feet tionc are gradual and moderate, and hardly de- wide. There are several streets or avenues, serve the name of hills. The land is well tim- which are 120 feet in width, and the other streets 350 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., are 60 feet wide, generally crossing each other new charter of incorporation. The city has twice at right angles. There are several public squares, been extensively devastated by fire; first in 1805, the principal of which are the Campus Mar- when it was nearly destroyed; and afterwards in tius, in the central part of the city; and the 1837, when there was also a great destruction Grand Circus, in which five of the great ave- of property. nues meet. The wholesale stores, and the ware- De Witt, Io., c. h. Clinton co. houses for heavy goods, are mostly located on De Witt County, Is., c. h. at Clinton. CenAtwater Street on the river, and on Woodbridge tral part. Street, between this and Jefferson Avenue. On De Witt, N. Y., Onondaga co. The surface Jefferson Avenue are located the principal dry of this town is ratler uneven, and there is a goods and fancy stores, with the public and pri- cavern within its limits which has been explored vate offices. This is truly an elegant street, for the distance of 100 rods. In this vicinity also compactly built, and imposing in its appear- are immense quarries of water lime, which is ance. exported in large quantities. 5 miles E. from Among the public buildings deserving of par- Syracuse, and 142 N. of W. from Albany. ticular notice, is the building lately occupied as De Witt County, Ts. S. central. On both sides the state house, built of brick, having a hand- of the Guadalupe. some Ionic portico, and a dome 140 feet high. Dexter, Me., Penobscot co. This town was The view from the top of this building is at first settled in 1801. Incorporated 1815. It lies once extensive and beautiful; embracing, with 67 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 35 N. W. from the entire city, the strait above and below, en- Bangor. Dexter is a valuable township of land. livened with shipping and steamboats, Lake St. The farmers reap a rich reward for their labors. Clair, and a wide extent of cultivated country In this town is a pond covering 500 acres, at the around the city and on the Canada shore. The outlet of which are mills and a beautiful village. City Hall is a neat brick edifice, 100 feet by 50, Dexter, Mn., Washtenaw co. At the mouth which cost $20,000. The lower story is occu- of Mill Creek, which affords extensive water pied as a market, and the upper for the city power. The railroad between Detroit and Chicourts. The Michigan Bank has a costly and cago passes through it. beautiful edifice of polished stone, in the Grecian Dexter, N. Y., Brownville, Jefferson co. On style, two stories high above the basement. Sev- the N. side of Black River, at its mouth. It has eral of the churches have beautiful buildings, extensive hydraulic privileges. The navigation among which is St. Paul's, Episcopal, in the of Lake Ontario comes up to the place. Gothic style; the First Presbyterian Church, Diana, N. Y., Lewis co. The S. part of this with a Grecian portico of six Doric columns; a town was set off in 1841 to form a part of the Baptist Church of the Grecian Ionic order; and town of Croghan. It is watered by the OsweSt. Ann's Cathedral, of hewn granite, 116 by 60 gatchie and Indian Rivers. The surface is hilly; feet, with two towers in front, and surmounted the soil suitable for grass. 154 miles N. W. from by an octagonal dome 30 feet in diameter and from Albany, and 25 N. from Martinsburg. 30 feet high. Dickinson, N. Y., Franklin co. This large Among the higher literary institutions of the town, 40 miles in length, is watered by the head city are the Historical Society, founded in 1829; branches of Racket and St. Regis Rivers, and by the State Literary Institute, founded in 1838; numerous lakes. The soil is various, and the the State Medical Society; the Young Men's S. part of the town mostly a wilderness. 15 Society for Moral and Intellectual Improvement, miles S. W. from Malone, and 154 N. N. W. from founded in 1832; a Young Ladies' Seminary; Albany. a Young Ladies' Institute; the St. Clair Semi- Dici'nson, Pa., Cumberland co. Yellow Breeches nary for Young Ladies, (Roman Catholic;) and Creek waters this town. Surface hilly, affording several high schools for boys. iron ore; soil calcareous loam. Detroit is advantageously located for trade, Dickson County, Te., c. h. at Charlotte. Boundand is fast becoming a great commercial em- ed N. by Steward and Montgomery counties, E. porium. The navigation of the river and lake by Davidson and Williamson, S. by Hickman, is open about eight months in the year. The and W. by Humphreys counties. Its surface is Michigan Central Railroad now opens a direct elevated table land, sending its streams E. into and speedy communication through the most the Cumberland, and W. into the Tennessee populous portion of the state to the opposite River. The soil is of tolerably good quality. side of the peninsula; and thence, by a few Dighton, Ms., Bristol co. Was formerly a part hours' water passage, to Chicago, Milwaukee, and of Taunton, and lies on the W. side of Taunthe far west. Other routes of railroad commu- ton River. Sureganset River affords it a good nication are in the process of construction. water power. The noted "Dighton Rock," on Though the history of Detroit, as a place of which are curious inscriptions, lies in the limits any considerable population and trade, is recent, of the town of Berkley, formerly a part of Digh. corresponding to that of the whole western coun- ton. try, yet as a place of military importance it has Dinwiddie County, Va. S. E. part. Watered had an early antiquity among the towns now by the Nottaway and tributaries, and on the N. belonging to the United States. It was founded by the Appomattox. Surface gently rolling. by the French in 1683. In 1760 it fell into the Dinwiddie, Va., c. h. Dinwiddie co. On Stony hands of the British. In 1784 it became by Creek. 37 miles S. by W. from Richmond. treaty a possession of the United States, which Dix, N. Y., Chemung co. Catharine's Creek maintained a garrison there from 1796 until with- waters the E. part of this town. The surface is in a few years past. It was first incorporated as hilly; soil gravelly loam. 16 miles N. from Ela city in 1802. In the war of 1812, Detroit was mira, and 185 S. of W. from Albany. captured by the British, and recaptured by the Dixfield, Me., Oxford co. This is a good farmAmericans the next year. In 1815 it received a ing town on the N. bank of the Androscoggin IN THE UNITED STATES. 351 River. 42 miles N. W. by W. from Augusta, parts of the United States. A party from this and 25 N. by E. from Paris. Incorporated 1803. town, in 1635, crossed the trackless wilderness by Dixmoot, Me., Penobscot co. On the height a journey of fourteen days, and settled Hartford, of land between the Kennebec and Penobscot. on Connecticut River. In 1695, another party 44 miles N. E. from Augusta. emigrated from this place, and settled DorchesDixville, N. H., Coos co., comprises 31,023 ter, in South Carolina, and afterwards Midway, acres of uneven land. Numerous streams me- in Georgia. ander through it. In this town is the celebrated The soil of Dorchester is encumbered with Dixville Notch, which may be regarded as one rocks, but is very fertile, and under a high state of the most remarkable exhibitions of natural of cultivation. It is exceedingly productive, parscenery in the state. Near this Notch is a curi- ticularly of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. Its ous ravine, called the Flume. First settler, surface is greatly variegated, presenting a conColonel Timothy Dix, Jr. 40 miles N. N. E. tinual succession of picturesque and delightful fiom Lancaster, and 146 N. N. E. from Concord. views of the country, city, and sea. Its hill tops Dodge County, Mi. On the N. border, middle. and valleys are decked with farm houses and On head waters of Charitan River and Loenst tasteful villas, and nowhere can be found the and Maritime Creeks. union of town and country enjoyments more Dodgqe County, Wn., c. h. at Hustis. Bounded complete. N. by Marquette and Fond Du Lac counties, E. Dorchester is literally a town of villages. by Fond Du Lac and Washington, S. by Wanu- Travel its fine roads which way you will, villages, kesha and Jefferson, and W. by Dane and Por- villas, and country seats, ever changing, ever tage counties. Watered by Rock and Beaverdam beautiful, are presented to view. A part of the Rivei-s, and Rubicon Creek. Surface level, and town has already been annexed to Boston, and in parts swampy. should fire and water continue to make steam, old Doddridge County, Va., c. h. at West Union. Shawmut, now crowded almost to suffocation, N. W. part. On the height of land between the will, ere the lapse of many years, sue for another Monongahela and Ohio. Watered by tributaries bit of Mattapan. of the latter. Hilly and rough. The beautiful Neponset washes the whole of Donaldsonville, La., Ascension parish. On the the southern border of the town, and besides its S. side of the Mississippi River, just below La navigable privileges, affords a large and valuable Fourche Outlet, and 73 miles W. by N. from water power. VThe first water mill in America New Orleans. Formerly the state capital. was erected in this town, in 1633; and here, about Donegal, Pa., Butler co. Bear Creek and some the same time, the cod fishery, the boast of New branches of Conequenessing Creek water this England, was first commenced. The manufactown. Surface hilly and uneven, containing iron tures of Dorchester consist of cotton goods, boots, ore and anthracite coal; soil sand, gravel, and shoes, hats, paper, cabinet, block tin, and tin clay. wares, leather, wearing apparel, soap, candles, Donegal, Pa., Washington co. Bush and Cas- chocolate, and playing cards, the aggregate tleman's Runs and the Dutch Fork of Buffalo amount of which, in one year, was about half a Creek water this town. Surface hilly; soil loam. million of dollars. Coal abounds here. The most important villages for trade in DorDonegal, Pa., Westmoreland co. 160 miles W. chester are those connected with the tide water. from Harrisburg. Milton Mills, a handsome village, partly in DorDonephan, Mo., c. h. Ripley co. chester and partly in Milton, 6 miles S. by W. Dooley County, Ga., c. h. at Vienna. Bounded from Boston, at the head of navigation on the N. by Macon and Houston counties, E. by Pulaski Neponset, and at the lower falls of that river, and Irwin, S. by Irwin and Lee counties, and W. contains many manufacturing establishments, by Flint River, separating it from Sumpter co. and commodious wharves for lumber, coal, &c. Surface elevated, and drained by branches of Neponset village is very pleasantly situated on Ockmulgee and Flint Rivers. the margin of Dorchester Bay, and near the Dorchester County, Md., c. h. at Cambridge. mouth of Neponset River, on the great road leadBounded N. by Talbot and Caroline counties, ing to Quincy and Plymouth. It is a place of E. by De., S. E. and S. by Nanticoke River and considerable trade, and some navigation. It has Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Chesapeake Bay. steadily increased in business, population, and Choptank River waters it on the N. and N. W. wealth; and being located on good navigable Surface level; soil productive. waters, within 5 miles of the city, it must soon Dorchester, Ms., Norfolk co. This ancient and become an important outport of the crowded respectable town lies on Dorchester Bay, in Bos- metropolis. This village includes a beautiful ton Harbor, 5 miles S. from Boston. It was peninsula, or neck of land, called Pine Neck. In first settled by a company of Puritans from Eng- consequence of the Old Colony Railroad passing land. These Pilgrims landed from the ship Mary over it, a flourishing settlement has commenced and John, at Nantasket, on the 11th June, 1630; on this neck of land, which, by the enterprise of and on the 17th day of that month they located its occupants, promises to become an important themselves at the Indian Mattapan, and called it place of business. Already a number of wharves Dorchester, it honor of their pious and learned and storehouses have been erected here; also a friend, the Rev. John White, of Dorchester, in meeting house, a public hall, and several large England. establishments for mechanical operations. NeThe town included most of the territory of the ponset, as well as Commercial Point, and other towns of Milton, Canton, Stoughton, Sharon, and harbors in Norfolk co., has become a port of that part of Boston on which stand the celebrated delivery, dependent upon the principal harbor of Dorchester Heights. Boston. By extending the Dorchester and MilDorchester has furnished pioneers for the set- ton Railroad a mile and a half to the Providence tlement of several important places, in different Railroad, Neponset soon will become a large de 352 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., pository of all kinds of building materials, fuel, and Stephen Murch. 23 miles S. by E. from and of the raw materials for manufacturing pur- Haverhill, and 40 N. W. from Concord. poses, for a wide extent of country. The Old Dorr, Is., c. h. McHenry co. Colony Railroad passes by this and the villages Dorr County, Wn. New. Taken from Brown of Commercial Point and Harrison Square, two in 1851, places exceedingly pleasant both for business and Dorset, Vt., Bennington co. There are no conresidence. siderable streams in this township. Otter Creek, The first settlers of Dorchester came a regu- Battenkill and one of its branches, and Pawlet larly organized church, with its pastor and officers. River, afford some mill privileges. This townThey soon erected a house of public worship; but ship is considerably mountainous. Equinox it is a singular fact that "none can tell the pre- Mountain lies partly in the S. W. corner. In cise spot where the first meeting house was located, this township are several remarkable caverns. nor does a single stone remain to designate the The first settlement was made in 1768. 26 miles site of the original burying-ground." The ear- N. from Bennington, and 91 S. S. W. from liest date in the present ancient cemetery that can Montpelier. be distinctly traced is 1644. Double Springs, otherwise called Pleasant ValOn the 24th of June, 1852, a new rural ceme- ley, Ca., c. h. Mariposa co. tery, lying partly in Dorchester and partly in West Douglas, Ms., Worcester co., was named in Roxbury, was consecrated by religious services. honor of Dr. William Douglas, of Boston, a It is named Mount Hope Cemetery, and is upon Scotch gentleman of some eminence, a benefacthe same plan as the cemetery at Mount Auburn. tor to the town, and the author of a history of The grounds include an area of 85 acres, embra- New England. Douglas was first settled about cing every variety of hill and dale, forest, glade, the year 1722, and at first was called Sherburne, &c., now sought for in places of this description. from which place the first settlers came. The It is already laid out extensively with avenues town is diversified by hills and valleys, the former and paths, beautifully fitting it for its purpose. affording much wood, and the latter a fine soil It is about 5 miles distant from Boston, and is for cultivation. Mumford River passes through approachable by many excellent roads from the the E. village, on which are fine tracts of intercity, on which omnibuses are running, and also vale, and good mill seats. The town abounds very conveniently by the Providence Railroad. with springs and small streams. The centre Among the first settlers of Dorchester was village lies 16 miles S. from Worcester. The E. George Minot, a ruling elder of the church for village is 2 miles N. E. from the centre, and 42 thirty years. He erected a dwelling house in that S. W. by W. from Boston. part of Dorchester where the pleasant village of Douglass, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Manna Neponset now stands. That house is now stand- tawny Creek, which affords mill privileges. Suring, and is doubtless one of the oldest houses in face undulating; soil of pretty good quality. the country. It is in good repair, and has ever Douglass, Pa., Montgomery co. Perkiomen remained in possession of Mr. Minot's lineal de- and Swamp Creeks, good mill streams, water this scendants. Mr. Minot died December 24, 1671, town. Surface hilly; soil red shale. aged 78. This house is even more celebrated for Dover, De. Capital of the state, and seat of the female heroism displayed within its walls, justice of Kent co. Pleasantly situated on elethan for its antiquity. A party of Narraganset vated ground between two principal branches of Indians, hunting on the borders of Neponset Jones's Creek, 10 miles above its entrance into River, stopped at Elder Minot's house, and de- the W. side Delaware Bay. The town is laid manded food and drink. On being refused, they out with much regularity, having a large public threatened vengeance, and the sachem, or chief square in the centre, and wide streets intersecting of the party, left an Indian in ambush to watch each other at right angles. The state house an opportunity to effect it. Soon after, in the stands on the E. side of the square, and other absence of all the family, except a young woman public buildings are around it. There is at and two small children, the Indian attacked the Dover a beautiful monument in honor of Colonel house, and fired at the young woman, but missed John Haslett, who fell in the battle of Princeton. his mark. The girl placed the children under Dover lies 50 miles S. from Wilmington, and 120 two brass kettles, and bade them be silent. She from Washington. then loaded Mr. Minot's gun, and shot the Indian Dove', Me., c. h. Piscataquis. On Piscataquis in the shoulder. He again attacked the house, River. 77 miles N. by E. from Augusta. and in attempting to enter the window, the girl Dover, Ms., Norfolk co., was taken from Dedthrew a shovelful of live coals into his face, and ham in 1784. This town is bounded N. by lodged them in his blanket. On this the Indian Charles River. The surface is uneven, and a fled. The next day he was found dead in the large part covered with wood. Pine Hill, in woods. The Indian's name was Chickataubut, Dover and Medfield, 400 feet above Charles but not the Narraganset sachem of that name. River, affords an extensive prospect. 5 miles V. The government of Massachusetts Bay presented from Dedham, and 14 S. S. W. from Boston. this brave young woman with a silver wristband, Dover, N. H., shire town of Strafford co. 40 on which her name was engraved, with this miles E. from Concord, 66 N. from Boston, and motto — " She slew the Narraganset hunter." 44 S. from Portland, Me. Population in 1820, Dorchester, N. H., Grafton co. Dorchester is 2871; in 1830, 5449; 1840, 6458; 1850, 8186. situated on the highlands between Connecticut This is one of the most interesting and imand Merrimac Rivers. The principal streams are portant towns in New Hampshire. It is situthe. S branch of Baker's River, a branch of Mas- ated at the head of navigation on the Cocheco comy and Rocky Branch. There are two ponds, River, about 12 miles from the ocean, in the both in the W. part of the town. The soil in midst of a peculiarly rich and fertile country, some parts is very fertile. The highlands are on the N. W. and S. There are falls in the river uneven and rocky. First settlers, Benjamin Rice at this place of about 32 feet descent, which con IN THE UNITED STATES. 353 stitute one of the most valuable water privileges whom and the inhabitants some unfortunate in New England. Passing over this town in any jealousies and suspicions were excited. The direction the traveller finds no rugged mountains people experienced many sufferings from their nor extensive barren plains, but ascending occa- repeated attacks. sionally some gentle elevation, his eye meets Dover is easily approached by the Boston and some new and pleasing feature of the landscape Maine Railroad, which is the upper or inland -a winding stream, a well-cultivated farm, or a route between Boston and Portland, Me. It is distant village. In the S. part of the town there also connected by the Cocheco Railroad with is a neck of land about 2 miles long, and half a Alton Bay on Lake Winnipiseogee, which opens mile in breadth, lying between the Piscataqua a direct, expeditious, and delightful route from River on the.one side, and the Bellamy River, Boston to the White Mountains. Another railcommonly called by the inhabitants Back River, road extends N. from Dover. passing by Great on the other. The travelled road, from which Falls, and reaching to Milton, 15 miles, intended the land gradually descends on either hand to the to furnish a still more direct route to the mounrivers, commands a very extensive, variegated, tains. and delightful prospect of bays and their adja- Dover, N. J., Monmouth co. Watered by Tom's cent shores, of streams, fields, and distant moun- and Forked Rivers and branches of Cedar and tains. On this neck of land the first settlement Rancocus Creeks, affording water power. Surof the town was commenced in 1623, by a face mostly level, and soil sandy. 24 miles S. from company in England, whose design was to plant Freehold. a colony and establish fisheries along the Piscat- Dover, N. J., Randolph, Morris co. On both aqua River. For several years this spot em- sides of Rockaway River. 63 miles N. from braced the principal part of the population of Trenton. It is on the line of the Morris Canal. the town. Here the first meeting house in Dover Dover, N. Y., Dutchess co. On both sides of was erected, and afterwards surrounded with an Ten Mile Creek. The surface is somewhat intrenchment and flankarts, the remains of which mountainous; the soil gravelly loam of good are still visible. In process of time the business quality. Iron ore is found in this town, and and population began to centre around the falls, there are extensive quarries of white and colored 4 miles N. of the neck, where the beautiful village marble. 93 miles S. S. W. from Albany, and 20 of Dover now is. Subsequently, when this fine E. from Poughkeepsie. water power began to be improved for manufac- Dover, 0., Dover township, Tuscarawas co turing purposes, a vigorous impulse was given to This is a flourishing town, and is situated on a the prosperity of the place. level plain 35 feet above the water on the Ohio The Cocheco Manufacturing Company have Canal, on which it lies. The streets cross each now in operation here 4 large cotton mills, which other at right angles. A covered bridge, 346 feet manufacture about 7,000,000 yards of print cloths long, and built in 1833, crosses the canal and per annum; also, 1 large printery, capable of river. It is 110 miles N. E. from Columbus, and turning out 7000 pieces of prints per week. 93 S. from Cleveland by the canal. They have also an extensive machine shop. Dover, Pa., York co. The surface of this town This company employs about 1500 persons, 1000 is hilly; soil red shale. of whom are females. The Bellamy mills, on Dover, Te., c. h. Stewart co. On the S. side of Bellamy River, about a mile and a half from the the Cumberland River. 75 miles W. N. W. from village, consist of saw mills, and mills for the Nashville. manufacture of machinery, railroad cars, car- Dover, Vt., Windham co. This town wa9 a riages, and axles; and near them are two or part of Wardsboro' until 1810. The land is three flannel manufactories. On this river, also, high and uneven, more fit for pasturage than tilis a paper manufactory. A company at Dover lage. It is the source of several branches of have in successful operation machinery for the West and a branch of Deerfield River. Serpenknitting of drawers and shirts. Besides the tine and chlorite slate are found here. Although above, a variety of smaller articles of manufac- this township is quite mountainous, yet the soil ture are produced. is warm, sweet, and productive. 12 miles N. W. These two rivers, the Cocheco or Quocheco, from Brattleboro', and 120 S. by W.'from Montand the Bellamy or Black River, are the prin- pelier. cipal streams in Dover. They take a S. E. Downe, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded E. course through the town, and unite with other by Maurice River, and S. by Delaware Bay. It streams to form the Piscataqua, which separates is also watered by Dividing and other small Dover on the E. from Elliot, Me. creeks. The land bordering on the bay and Dover is well built, the houses being generally Maurice River is flat and marshy. 14 miles S. neat, and some of them elegant. The houses of E. from Bridgeton. worship, the court house, and other public build- Downingtown, Pa., Chester co. On the W. bank ings are handsome, and the factories massive and of the E. fork of Brandywine Creek. 67 miles imposing in their structure. E. S. E. from Harrisburg. The battle of BranA Congregational church was organized here dywine was fought 12 miles below this place, in 1638; and their minister, a Mr. Leverich, was September.11, 1777. probably the first ordained pastor who preached Doylestown, 0., Wayne co., is situated on the the gospel in New Hampshire. Rev. Dr. Bel- road leading from Wooster to Akron, 16 miles knap, the historian of New Hampshire, was from the former, and 13 from the latter place, ordained as pastor of this church in 1767. and 36 miles S. from Cleveland. A society of Friends was established here at Doylestown, Pa., c. h. Bucks co. 100 miles E. an early period, and at one time comprised about from Harrisburg. The situation is elevated and one third of the population. commanding. This town, at its first settlement, was greatly Dracut, Mass., Middlesex co. Dracut is united exposed to invasions from the Indians, between to Lowell by two handsome bridges over4Merri45 354 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., mac River. The town is pleasantly situated on Dublin, and near the centre of the town is Breed's the N. side, on the line *of New Hampshire, Mountain. The land-is better for grazing than with a tolerable soil, and some water power by tillage. First settlers, 1762, John Alexander, Beaver River. The proximity of this town to Henry Strongman, and William Strong. 10 Lowell gives it a favorable market for the fruits miles E. by S. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from and vegetables which it plentifully yields. There Concord. is some fine scenery in the town, particularly Dublin, 0., Washington, Franklin co. On around Pawtucket Falls, when the river is high. elevated ground, on the W. bank of Scioto River, 27 miles N. from Boston, and 16 N. by E. from on which there is water power. 12 miles N. N. Concord. W. from Columbus. Drayton, Ga., c. h. Dooly co. On Pennehatchie Dublin, Pa., Bedford co. Watered by Wooden Creek, about 1 mile from its entrance into Bridge and Little Augwick Creeks and the head Flint River, and 98 miles S. S. W. from Mil- branches of Licking Creek. Surface level; soil ledgeville. calcareous loam. 25 miles E. from Bedford. Dresden, Is., Grundy co. At the junction of Dublin, Pa., Huntingdon co. Shade and LitKankakee and Des Plaines Rivers, 153 miles N. tie Augwick Creeks drain this town. Surface N. E. from Springfield. The Illinois Canal mountainous; soil clay. 21 miles S. E. from passes through it. Huntingdon. Dresden, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. bank Dubois County, Ia., c. h. at Jasper. Incorporated of Kennebec River, 14 miles S. from Augusta. in 1817. Bounded N. by Davies and Martin Dresden, N. Y., Washington co. Situated be- counties, E. by Orange and Crawford, S. by tween Lakes George and Champlain. The surface Perry and Spencer, and W. by Pike counties. is hilly and mountainous, Palmertown Mountain Watered by Strait River, by the E. fork of extending through the town, rising, in some White River, and by Patoka and Huntley's places, to the height of 1200 feet above the level Creeks. Surface hilly and undulating; soil ferof Lake Champlain. The land is unfit for culti- tile. vation, and mostly covered with forests. 28 Dubuque County, Io., c. h. at Dubuque. Boundmiles from Sandy Hill, and 78 N. N. E. from ed N. by Clayton co., N. E. by the Mississippi Albany. River, separating it from Wisconsin, and on Dresden, O., Jefferson township, Muskingum the E. from Illinois: S. by Jackson and Jones co. A thriving town on Wakatom-aka Creek, counties, and W. by Delaware co. Drained on a side cut of the Ohio and Erie Canal, near by Turkey and Little Macoquetais Rivers and their union with the Muskingum River. branches, and by some small creeks flowing into Dresden, Te., c. h. Weakley co. On one of the the Mississippi. head branches of Obion River. W. by N. from Dubuque, Io., shire town of Dubuque co. SituNashville 122 miles. ated on the W. bank of the Mississippi River, Drew County, As., c. h. at Monticello. about 80 miles N. E. from Iowa City, 454 miles Dromore, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded S. W. above St. Louis, and 338 below the Falls of St. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by Con- Anthony. It is 24 miles, by the Mississippi and ewago Creek, which affords hydraulic power. Fevre Rivers, from Galena. Dubuque, like GaSurface undulating; soil clay. S. E. from Lan- lena, is celebrated for its lead mines, the ore caster 15 miles. being found in abundance within its corporate j)ryden, N. Y., Tompkins co. Fall Creek and limits, and for many miles around. This is, insome other small streams water this town. The deed, the commercial centre of the lead region. surface is uneven; the soil productive, consisting Dubuque was originally settled by a French of gravelly loam. 10 miles E. from Ithaca, and half-breed of that name, who purchased his title 160 W. from Albany. from the Indians. The town is built on a fine Duane, N. Y., Franklin co. Situated in the table prairie, with picturesque bluffs in the rear, northern part of the state, about 200 miles from some of which are adorned with princely manAlbany. A considerable part of this town is yet sions. The place is laid out with regularity, covered with the native forest. The surface is and handsomely built. Among the churches, of uneven and hilly, with several small lakes. The which there are several of the various denomiprincipal settlement is in the northern part. The nations, there is a large stone Roman Catholic town has become celebrated for its superior cathedral. Its spacious brick warehouses, its iron ore, or "native steel ore,?' as it has been many stores and mechanic shops, its numerous called, which is capable of being cast from the steamboats lading and unlading at the quays, ore into the finest edged tools. -At Duane and the bustling activity of business in its streets, there are a blasting furnace and a scythe man- sufficiently indicate that this place is now the ufactory. great commercial emporium of the country of Duanesburg, N. Y., Schenectady co. Watered the Upper Mississippi. The Illinois Central by Schoharie Creek and some other small streams. Railroad from Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio, The surface is elevated and hilly; the soil'clay will have its northern terminus on the opposite loam. 12 miles S. W. from Schenectady, and side of the river, which will open a communi21 N. W. from Albany. cation, at all seasons of the year, to the Gulf of Dublin. Ga., c. h. Laurens co. On the W. side Mexico. There will soon be a continuous railof the Oconee River. 79 miles S. S. E. from road route from this place to Chicago, and thence Milledgeville. to New York and Boston. Dublin, N. H., Cheshire co. On the height of Dudley, Ms., Worcester co. This town was land between Connecticut and Merrimac Rivers. granted by the legislature in 1660. The grantees Its streams are small. Centre Pond is in the bought it of the Pegan tribe of Indians. Quinnemiddle of the town; it is one mile in length, and baug River on the W. and French on the E. give about the same in breadth. A large portion of to Dudley an excellent water power. The town the Grand Monadnock lies in the N. W. part of was named in honor of Paul and William Dud IN THE UNITED STATES. 355 ley, of Roxbury, who were among the first pro- terminus of the Erie Railroad, extending from prietors. It is a pleasant town, with a good soil, Piermont, on the Hudson River, 24 miles from and a surface variegated by hills and vales, New York, to this place, a distance of 445 miles, smiling ponds, and constant streams. There are or 469 from New York. There is also a contin3 villages here, Dudley Hill, Tufts, and Merino. uous railroad route to Jersey City, opposite New The Indian name of a large pond in the town is York, leaving the Erie Railroad 18 miles W. of Chabanakongkomam. 55 miles S. W. from Piermont, and passing through Patterson, N. J.; Boston. on which the distance between Dunkirk and New Dukes County, Ms., c. h. at Edgartown. This York is only 460 miles. county is formed of the islands of Martha's Vine- From its position in reference to this great yard, Chappequiddick, Elizabeth Islands, and channel of communication, Dunkirk is destined No-Man's Land. The latter of which is the S. to take a rank among the most important places on extremity of Massachusetts. These islands were Lake Erie. It has one of the best harbors on the discovered by Bartholomew Gosnold, in 1602. lake, for the improvement of which the United He landed at No-Man's Land, which he called States government has expended large sums of Martha's Vineyard, passed round Gay Head, money. It is extremely valuable as an anchoranchored in the Vineyard Sound, and landed on age and port of refuge, and is often resorted to Cuttahunk, which he called Elizabeth Island, a for that purpose. Itis frequently open several name since extended to the whole group to which days, and even weeks, earlier in the spring than it belongs. A small rocky islet in the midst of a the harbor of Buffalo. A railroad along the pond of fresh water on this island, was selected lake shore, in continuation of the great western as the site of a settlement, and a stockhouse was route, from Boston, via Troy, Albany, and Buferected on it -- the first house built by the English falo, will make Dunkirk a new thoroughfare beon the shores of New England. Gosnold could tween the North-Western States and the two most not induce any of his men to remain, yet the important ports on the Atlantic. Distance from commencement of efforts for colonizing New Dunkirk to Boston, by the railroads now in operEngland dates from his voyage. ation, 572 miles; and by the contemplated route Dumfries, Va., Prince William co. On the N. via Troy and the tunnel through the Hoosic side of Quantico Creek, a tributary of Potomac Mountain. 545 miles. River, and 86 miles N. by E. from Richmond. Duklin County, Mo., c. h. at Chillitecunx. In The best winter harbor on the Potomac is about the extreme S. E. Between St. Francis and 24 miles below this place. White Water Rivers, and largely subject to overDummer, N. H., Coos co., comprises 23,040 flow. acres. - It is watered by the Amonoosuck and Dunstable, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was Androscoggin. This town is rough in its sur- taken from Dunstable, now Nashua, N. H., in face, and cold in its soil. First settlers, Mark 1741. The Nashua River passes the W. border H. Wentworth, Nathaniel Haven, and others, in of the town, but gives it no important water 1773. Distances 140 miles N. by E. from Con- power. The soil is sandy. 12 miles W. N. W. cord, and 30 N. by E. from Lancaster. from Lowell, and 33 N. W. from Boston. Dummerston, Vt., Windham co. This town- Dunstable, Pa., Clinton co. The W. branch of ship is watered by West River and several small the Susquehanna River bounds this town on the streams, affording a considerable number of good S. E. and S. The surface is mountainous, consites for mills. The surface is broken. The taining coal; soil sterile. rocks which' constitute Black Mountain, near Du Page County, Is., c. h. at Napierville. Boundthe centre of the town, are an immense body of ed N. and E. by Cook co., S. by Will, and W. by granite. A range of argillaceous slate passes Kendall and Kane counties. Des Planes River through it. Primitive limestone occurs in beds. and Du Page Creek water this county. This is one of the oldest towns in the state. 90 Duplin County, N. C., c. h, at Keenansville. miles S. from Montpelier, and 8 S. E. from New- Bounded N. by Wayne county, E. by Lenoir, fane. The Connecticut River Railroad passes Jones, and Onslow, S. by New Hanover, and W. through this town. by Sampson co. Surface level, and drained by Dunbar, Pa., Fayette co. This town is bound- Cape Fear River and branches; soil productive. ed on the E. by the Youghiogeny River, and Durham, Ct., Middlesex co. This town was drained by Dunbar Run, a mill stream. Sur- first settled in 1698. Its Indian name was Coface undulating; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles ginchaug. Agriculture is the principal employN. E. from Union. ment of the people of Durham, for which they Dunbarton, N. H., Merrimac co. The situation have rather an uneven but fertile soil. "' This of this town is elevated, though there are but town has been distinguished many years for a few hills. The air is clear, the water good, and very fine breed of cattle. Two oxen, presented the town very healthy. The soil is good, and by some of the inhabitants to General Washingwell suited for corn, wheat, and orcharding. Ar- ton, furnished a dinner for all the officers of the senic is found here. The inhabitants are mostly American army at Valley Forge, and all their descendants of Scotch-Irish, so called, from the servants." north of Ireland. It was first called Starkstown, Durham, Me., Cumberland co. A good townin honor of the principal proprietor. Its present ship of land on the S. side of Androscoggin River. name is derived from Dunbarton, in Scotland, 25 miles N. from Portland, and 31 S. W. from from whence Stark emigrated. First settlers, Augusta. 1749, Joseph Putney, James Rogers, William Durham, N. H., Strafford co. The situation of Putney, and Obadiah Foster. 10 miles S. W. this town upon the Piscataqua and its branches from Concord, and 20 N. from Amherst. is very favorable, both as to water power and Dunkirk, N. Y., Chautauque co. An incorporat- transportation. Oyster and Lamprey are the ed village in Pomfret, situated on Lake Erie, 44 two branches; the latter flows over several falls. miles S. W. from Buffalo. This is the western Upon both sides of Oyster River a deep argilla 356 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ceous loam prevails, which is favorable to the commenced about the year 1786. 11 miles W. production of grasses. Extensive ledges of gran- from Montpelier. ite are found here. A large block of it, weighing Dyer County, Te., c. h. at Dyersburg. Bounded 60 or 70 tons, was formerly poised so exactly N. by Obion co., E. by Gibson, S. by Lauder. between two stones, as to be visibly moved by dale. and W. by the Mississippi River. Drained the wind. It was dislodged from this position by Obion and Forked Deer Rivers. Surface by the curiosity of some visitors. Durham was uneven, with the exception of the flats on the originally a part of Dover. Oyster River was so border of the Mississippi. called from the abundance of oysters found in it. 32 miles E. by S. from Concord, and 11 W. N. W. Eagle, N. Y., Alleghany co. Caneadea and from Portsmouth. Wiskay Creeks water this town. The surface is Durham, N. Y., Greene co. Drained by the undulating; the soil favorable to the growth Catskill and some of its tributaries. The sur- of grass and grain. 264 miles W. by S. from face is hilly and uneven; soil clay and gravelly Albany. loam. 20 miles N. W. from Catskill, and 34 Eagle Harbor, Mn., Houghton co. This vilS. W. from Albany. lage, on Keewaiwona Point, has sprung up in Durham, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded E. by the the immediate neighborhood of several important Delaware River, and drained by Cook's or Dun- mines of copper and silver. The village takes ham Creek, a mill stream. In this town is the its name from that of the little harbor in the Devil's Hole, a large cave, at the bottom of bosom of which it is seated. The first house which is a basin of pure water, 20 feet wide, and erected at this place was put up by Colonel Charles having a subterranean outlet. 20 miles N. E. Gratiot, for the accommodation of the pioneer from Doylestown. miners employed by the Lake Superior Copper Durhanville, N. Y., Oneida co. On both sides Company in 1844; and it was at this place that of Oneida Creek. 125 miles W. N. W. from the first search for native copper commenced. Albany. That year some of the veins yielded a promising Dutchess County, N. Y., c. h. at Poughkeepsie. return of copper; but the ground was not found Bounded by Columbia co. on the N., by the to be so favorable for mining purposes as that state of Connecticut on the E., by Putnam co. of Eagle River, a few miles farther to the weston the S., and by the Hudson River on the W. ward. There are now wrought, near Eagle HarIt was incorporated in 1683. Wappinger's, Fish- bor, several very valuable mines; among them, kill, and Ten Mile Creeks drain the surface, the North-West, Copper Falls, and North-Westwhich is somewhat hilly and uneven. Soil chiefly ern mines are most conspicuous. This harbor is fertile. It is rich in mineral productions, the the nearest safe shelter for small vessels that principal of which are iron, marble, and lead. the miners can avail themselves of, and hence its Peat and marl are also abundant, and there are importance. Good hotels and comfortable acone or two remarkable gas springs. commodations now invite the traveller to this Duval County, Fa., c. h. at Jacksonville. Bound- spot, which seven or eight years ago was an uned N. by Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. broken wilderness. by St. John's and Alachua counties, and W. by By means of gib nets an abundance of large Alachua and Columbia counties. Watered by the lake trout and of white fish is caught off this Nassau, St. John's, and Black Rivers. harbor. Trout may also be taken by trolling Duxbury, Ms., Plymouth co. This is an im- with a long line from a sail boat. Siskowit, a portant maritime town. The harbor is formed fat species of salmon, are also occasionally caught by a peninsula called the Gurnet, jutting out in a at this place, but they are not abundant, their S. E. direction from Marshfield on the N., of range being limited to the coast of Isle Royale, about 6 miles in length. The soil of Duxbury 40 miles N. of Keewaiwona Point, a few rarely is generally unproductive; yet there are some straying across this part of the lake. fertile spots. Its Indian name was Mattakeeset. The climate of Eagle Harbor is like that of KeeThere is an apple-tree here noted for its age, waiwona Point, generally much milder than that size, and fruitfulness. It is upwards of 100 years of the Sault St. Marie, on account of its being old. It is 40 feet in height, and its circumfer- nearly surrounded by the deep waters of Lake ence, 8 inches from the ground, is 16 feet. Its Superior, which preserve an invariable temperafruit, in 1 year, has made 10 barrels of cider, ture of about 39J degrees Fahrenheit, and thus besides 30 bushels for the cellar. The village moderate the heat of the air in both summer and in Duxbury is pleasantly located on elevated winter. Potatoes and some early garden plants ground, in full view of the sea. Beyond it, thrive on Keewaiwona Point, but Indian corn about 2 miles distant, is " Standish Hill," part rarely ripens there. Oats, barley, and summer of the farm of the renowned Captain Miles Stan- wheat do very well. dish, the military hero of New England. 6 miles Eagle River Settlement, Mn., Houghton co. N. from Plymouth, and 30 S. E. from Boston. Eagle River is 8 miles W. of Eagle Harbor, in Duxbury, Vt., Washington co. The south and lat. 470 23' 28v' N. The stream enters the lake western parts of this township are mountainous, over a sandy bar, and the bay offers no shelter and incapable of settlement. Nearly all the in- for vessels, so that it is only practicable to take nabitants are confined to the margin of Wi- on board the steamers' cargoes of copper during nooski River, and the north-eaStern parts of the good weather. In case of storms, the vessels township. This township is watered by Winoos- run to Eagle Harbor for shelter. ki River, which forms the northern boundary, by Owing to the discovery of the most valuable Duxbury branch, on which is a considerable mines of copper and silver near this river, a consettlement, and several small branches of Mad siderable village has sprung up at its mouth, and River. The natural bridge over Winooski River a numerous population of miners and persons is between this town and Waterbury, and near it connected with the mines reside at the mining are some curious caverns. The settlement was stations up the river, at the Phoenix Cliff and IN THE UNITED STATES. 357 North American mines, which are from one to Earl, Pa., Berks co. Manatawny Creek waters four miles from the mouth of the stream, and this town, the surface of which is broken by upon its borders. South Mountain. The Phoenix, formerly called the Lake Supe- Earl, Pa., CLancaster co. Watered by Conesrior mine, was the first mine wrought for native tago and Muddy Creeks. Surface undulating; copper and silver on Lake Superior. It was soil gravel and red shale. 13 miles N. W. from not wrought properly at first, owing to want Lancaster. of experience in this new kind of mining, but Early County, Ga., c. h. at Blakely. Bounded has since been carried on with the most prom- N. by Randolph co., E. by Baker, S. by Deising success. The Cliff mine, 3 miles from the catur co., and W. by the Chattahoochee River, Phoenix, was the first mine that was opened in separating it from Ga. Surface level, and a truly scientific manner, and has proved the drained by Spring, a branch of Flint, River; soil model mine of the country, and.has given most fertile. profitable returns to the stockholders. About East Avon, N. Y., Livingston co. 2 miles E. 150 men are employed at this mine in extracting from Avon Springs, and 218 W. from Albany. metallic copper and silver from the rocks. This The surrounding country is highly cultivated, mine is one of the wonders of the world, and is and the situation of the place is commanding. unparalleled in its produce; masses of solid native East Bethlehenl, Pa., Washington co. The copper, of from 10 to 100 tons, being extracted by Monongahela River bounds this town on the E., mining operations from regular veins of the metal. and Ten Mile Creek on the S. Surface hilly, The copper is mixed with variable proportions of and abounding with coal mines; soil loamy. 197 silver, which is always found free from any alloy, miles W. from Harrisburg. and often occurs embedded in the solid copper, East Bloomfield, N. Y., Ontario co. Drained as if welded to it only at the points of contact. by Mud Creek and some other small streams. This mine produces, on an average, 900 tons of The surface is undulating; the soil fertile. 8 fine copper, and about $5000 worth of pure sil- miles W. from Canandaigua, and 203 W. by N. ver per annum. The stock is owned mostly in from Albany. Boston and Pittsburg, and is held at a good rate, East Bradford, Pa., Chester co. Valley Creek. but little of it being offered at the brokers' board. and its branches water this town, affording hyThe North American Company have a mine draulic power, and Brandywine River forms its nearly as valuable as the Cliff, within a half mile S. W. boundary. Surface hilly; soil calcareous of that celebrated mine, and the works are ad- loam. mirably constructed, and mining is carried on East Bridgewater, Ms., Plymouth co. Beaver with success, both copper and silver being found and Satucket, branches of Taunton River, afford there native. this town a good water power. The settlement Copper Falls mine, which is 4 miles to the E. of this part of Old Bridgewater was not comof Eagle River, is situated on a small stream menced much before 1685. There are two called Copper Brook, and has been wrought with pleasant villages in the town, at which considerpromising success, but not to the extent of those able business is transacted. A branch of the already mentioned. A considerable corps of Old Colony Railroad, from South Abington to miners are there employed in searching for copl Bridgewater, passes near the village of Joppa, 6 per, and a regular mine has been constructed, and miles from the former, 2 from the latter, and 26 native copper and silver have been raised and from Boston. sent to market. East Cambridge, Ms., Middlesex co. See CamAll the mines we have named were discovered bridge, Ms. in 1844 and 1845, and are situated in amyg- Eastchester, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered daloidal trap rocks, near their junction with by Bronx River and Hutchinson's Creek. The sandstone rocks. The veins cross the "country," surface is hilly and somewhat rocky; but the or traverse the line of direction of the trappean soil is for the most part very productive. I0 miles masses and stratified rocks. Hence they are S. from White Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. called true veins. Stone hammers used by the East Cocalico, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by aboriginal inhabitants, in old pits, have disclosed Cocalico Creek. the interesting fact that these lodes of native East Deer, Pa., Alleghany co. Located on the copper were known probably for thousands of W. side of the Alleghany River. years before the white men set foot upon this East Donegal, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by continent. All the tools indicate that the mines Little Chicques Creek and its branches. were wrought by savages, who employed fire to East Fallowfield, Pa., Chester co. Watered by cause the rock to crumble away fiom the copper, the W. branch of Brandywine Creek. and then broke off masses of the metal. Few of East Feliciana Parish, La., c. h. at Clinton. these excavations are deeper than 6 or 8 feet, but The state of Mi. bounds this parish on the N they are of considerable extent. Aged trees Watered by Arite River, and Comite and growing upon the surface soil of these pits prove Thompson's Creeks. Soil fertile on the streams that the mining operations were carried on many Eastford, Ct., Windham co. Taken from centuries ago. Ashford. On a head stream cf the Yantic. 14 The soil on Eagle River is good, and produces m. N. W. from Brooklyn, and 31 E. from Hartford oats and potatoes in abundance, and some fine East Goshen, Pa., Chester co. Watered by esculents and garden vegetables; but the season Chester and Ridley Creeks. Surface mostly is short, and tender crops often are overtaken by level; soil rich sandy loam. 18 miles W. from frost. Philadelphia. There are a good tavern, and store, and post East Greenwich, R. I., Kent co. This is the office at the mouth of Eagle River. Some fish shire town, and is pleasantly located on Narra are taken, but the place is not regarded as good ganset Bay. It was incorporated in 1667, and fishing ground. comprises an excellent harbor for ships of 500 358 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tons' burden. A number of vessels are owned Williston, under the name of the Williston Semihere, and the coasting trade and fisheries give nary. employment to many of the inhabitants. The East Hamnpton, N. Y., Suffolk co. Situated on town is watered by Maskachug and Hunt's the E. extremity of Long Island. 114 miles E. Rivers, on which are cotton mills and other from New York city, and 267 E. S. E. from Almanufactories. The soil of the town is rather bany. This town, including land and water, rough and stony, but it yields good crops of embraces a large area, being about 23 miles in corn, barley, and potatoes. East Greenwich length, over the narrow strip running up from is noted for excellent fruit and cider. Montauk Point to its western boundary, and The Kentish Guards was established here in about 12 miles in breadth, on a line fiom the 1774, and proved a nursery of distinguished offi- northern extremity of Gardiner's Island, which cers, of which the celebrated General Nathaniel is connected with it, directly across the town to Greene was one. Across the bay, to Bristol, is the ocean. The village is built principally on a about 8 miles. 14 miles S. from Providence. single street, a mile and a half long. and about East Haddam, Ct., Middlesex co. A town of three fourths of a mile from the southern shore. considerable trade and manufacturing enterprise, The town was settled in 1649, by 30 families from on the E. side of the Connecticut, and at the out- Lynn, and the neighboring towns, in Massachulet of Salmon River. The soil is hilly and rocky, setts. There is a small remnant of the Montauk and more fit for grazing than tillage. Consider- Indians still remaining, upon a reservation of able business is done here in the shad fishery. 1000 acres, held by them under the conditions of It is supposed that more leather is made in this their sale of the Montauk tract to the whites, than in any other town in the state. This place about 180 years ago. See Moontaul Point, p. 221. has fine water privileges, both for navigation and East Hanover, Pa., Lebanon co. 21 miles E. manufactures. A short distance from the centre from Harrisburg. of the town is a pond covering 1000 acres. On East Hartford, Ct., Hartford co. This town is the river formed by the outlet of this pond, the situated opposite to Hartford, and connected with water is precipitated over rocks nearly 70 feet per- it by a bridge across Connecticut River. The pendicular. The scenery around these falls is soil of the town is generally fertile, but the allubeautiful, and worthy of particular notice. vial meadows on the border of the river, of which Leesville, on Salmon River, and Mechanics- there is a large tract, is of a superior quality. ville, on Moodus River, a branch of Salmon The agricultural products of this town are very River, are very flourishing settlements. considerable. Hackanum River furnishes the This place, the Indian Mackimoodus, is re- town with a good water power, on which are valmarkable for frequent slight shocks of earth- uable manufacturing establishments, particularly quakes, producing singular noises, which the of paper. East Hartford is noted for its manInlians attributed to the anger of their gods ufactures in former years. The first powder mill towards the white men. It is said that some in this country, it is said, was erected here, in valuable geological discoveries have recently 1775. This is a very pleasant town. The main been made in this quarter. The town was first street, which is very long and wide, is delightsettled in 1685, but not incorporated until 1724. fully shaded by stately elms. East Hartford was Eastham, Ms., Barnstable co., lies on both taken fiom Hartford in 1784. sides of Cape Cod, which, at this place, is about East Haven, Ct., New Haven co. This town 3 miles across. It is the ancient Nausat of was taken from New Haven in 1785, and is conthe Indians, and was purchased of the natives by nected with New Haven by a bridge. It has the people at Plymouth, prior to its grant by good navigable privileges, and is watered by the court, in 1644. A settlement commenced Quinnipiac River. This was a great resort for the the year the grant was made. The soil of this Indians in former years. On Grave Hill were town was formerly considered as unproductive as an Indian fort and cemetery. Bones of Indians any on the cape; but by good management it has of a large size, and domestic and warlike implebeen made to furnish a supply of breadstuffs for ments for savage use, have been found here. its own inhabitants, and some for exportation. The Indian Well, in a granite rock, on an island There is a pear tree in this town celebrated for in Stony River, is a curiosity. East Haven is its longevity. It was brought from England by pleasantly located, and commands a fine prospect Thomas Prince, who was elected governor of the of Long Island Sound. colony in 1634. Its fruit is said to be fair and East Haven, Vt., Essex co. The land in this good, and yields about 15 bushels annually. 22 township is high, but much of it is very suitable miles E. N. E. from Barnstable, and 66 S. E.. by for grazing. Passumpsic River crosses the W. E. from Boston, by water. corner, and the head of Moose River waters the Easthampton, Ms., Hampshire co. This is a eastern part, each being about two rods wide, and pleasant town, on the W. side of Connecticut affording good mill sites. There were five or six River, 5 miles S. from Northampton, of which it families in this town as early as 1814. 24 miles was formerly a part. The Hampshire and Hamp- N. W. from Guildhall, and 69 N. E. from Montden Canal passes through this town, but has pelier. been abandoned, and a railroad substituted East Hemlpfeld, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered for it. The Mount Tom range of mountains on the E. by Little Conestoga Creek. Surface commences here, and extends into the state of principally level. 38 miles E. S. E. from HarConnecticut. The highest part of the range is risburg. in this town. and is 1214 feet above the river. East Huntingdon, Pa., Westmoreland co. WaA large part of the lands in Easthampton are tered by branches of Jacob's Creek. fertile and productive. There is here a flour- East Kingston, N. H., Rockingham co. The ishing and richly-endowed English and classical soil is of an excellent quality, and well adapted seminary, founded and endowed at an expense to grain and grass. Powow River crosses the S. of $50,000, the munificence of the Hon. Salfiuel W. part of this town. First settlers, William IN THE UNITED STATES. 359 and Abraham Smith. 42 miles S. E. by E. from ware, the Morris, and the Lehigh Canals form a Concord, and 20 S. S. W. from Portsmouth, and junction at Easton; and railroads meet here from by railroad 5 miles S. from Exeter. Philadelphia, via Trenton, from Jersey City, opEast Lebanon, 0., Wayne co. This village is posite New York, and from Belvidere, an impor90 miles N. E. from Columbus, and 5 from tant town a few miles to the N. The manufacGreenville. tures of this place are of considerable imporEast Lymne, Ct., New London co. On the tance. About a mile above Easton, on the right coast. between the Rivers Thames and Connecti- bank of the Lehigh, a manufacturing village has cut. The New Haven and New London Railroad sprung up, called South Easton, which contains passes through it. Surface diversified; soil gen- large mills for the manufacture of cotton goods, erally good. nails, rifles, steel, and various other articles. East Livermore, Me., Kennebec co. On the E. Eastown, Pa., Chester co. Surface slightly unbank of the Androscoggin. 23 miles W. from even, and drained by Darby Creek; soil sandy Augusta. loam. East Machias, Me., Washington co. On both East Penn, Pa., Northampton co. Watered by sides of East Machias River 149 miles E. by Mahoning and Lizard Creeks, branches of the N. from Augusta. It has a great water power, Lehigh River. Surface mountainous, the Lehigh and is largely engaged in the lumber trade. Water Gap, through Blue Mountain, being in the S. East Marlboro', Pa., Chester co. Watered by part. Soil red shale and gravel. The streams afRedelay Creek and Pocopsen, a branch of Bran- ford water power. 91 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. dywine Creek. Surface gently sloping; soil East Pennsboro', Pa., Cumberland co. Drained sandy loam. 28 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. by Conedogwinit Creek, a mill stream flowing East Montpelier, Vt., Washington co. This into the Susquehanna River, which bounds the town was incorporated November 9, 1848, and town on the E. 10 miles N. E. from Carlisle, and comprises the northern and eastern part of the about the same distance N. W. from Harrisburg. fertile and -leasant town of Montpelier. East Pikdeland, Pa., Chester co. Watered by East Nantmeal, Pa., Chester co. The N. and Stony, French, and Pickering Creeks, all mill S. forks of French Creek water this town, the streams flowing into the Schuylkill River. surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly. Eastport, Me., Washington co., includes four 65 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. islands, on the chief of which, called Moose IslEast Nottingham, Pa., Chester co. Watered by and, the town is built. It has a fine harbor, and Elk and Little Elk Creeks. Surface slightly has been noted for smuggling adventures, being uneven; soil sandy loam. situated on the W. shore of Passamaquoddy Bay Easton, Md., Talbot co. On Tread Haven The tide is very rapid, and rises 25 feet. Two Creek. 13 miles from Chesapeake Bay, and near long bridges connect Moose Island with the main the head of a large estuary. S. E. from Annapo- land. It has still considerable trade in lumber. lis 45 miles. East Rockhill, Pa., Bucks co. Surface hilly; Easton, Ct., Fairfield co. Taken from the E. soil gravel. part of Weston. 10 m.N. W. from Bridgeport. East Union, 0., Wayne co., is a flourishing Easton, Ms., Bristol co. There are two pleas- township, a few miles E. from Wooster. ant villages here, both well watered by branches Eastville, Va., c. h. Northampton co. On the of Taunton River. From the W. village it is S. side of King's Creek, a small stream which about 10 miles to Taunton, and 24 to Boston. empties into Chesapeake Bay, through a considEaston, N. Y., Washington co. On the E. erable estuary. E. from Richmond 151 miles. border of the Hudson River, and watered by the East Whiteland, Pa., Chester co. Surface level; Battenkill, one of its tributaries, The surface is soil rich calcareous loam. slightly uneven; the soil generally clay and sandy East Windsor, Ct., Hartford co. First settled loam. Limestone and water lime of superior qual- 1680. Taken from Windsor, 1768. This is an exity are found here. 26 m. N. N. W. from Albany. cellent township of land. Its extensive meadEaston, Pa., seat of justice of Northampton co. ows on-the E. side of Connecticut River are of unOn the W. side of Delaware River, at the junc- common fertility and beauty. Scantic River, a tion of the Lehigh, 58 miles N. from Philadelphia, considerable mill stream, passes through the N and 106 E. N. E. from Harrisburg. Population part of the town, and gives it the name of Scantic. in 1820, 2370; 1830, 3529; 1840, 4865; 1850, The village of Wapping is in the S. E. section of 9000. The town is built on a point of land the town. The principal street, about a mile back bounded and shaped by the Delaware and Lehigh of the river, is the village, running the whole Rivers, and by Bushkill Creek. It is regularly laid length of the town, wide, neatly built, and beauout, with streets crossing each other at right an- tifully shaded. gles, and a public square in the centre. The East Windsor Hill, Ct., in South Windsor, court house, standing upon this square, was built Hartford co. 11 miles N. E. from Hartford. The in 1758. The part of the town lying near the Theological Institute of Connecticut is located Delaware, though well elevated above the river, here. There is a rich and delightful prospect is level; but the ground rises gradually as it re- from the buildings, which are seen at a distance cedes to the W., forming a fine acclivity for that in different directions. part of the town which is the most handsomely East Windsor, N. J., Mercer co. Watered by built, and in which are the principal churches Millstone River, and Assunpink and Miry Runs. and other public buildings. Still more elevated, Surfaice level; soil sandy and rather sterile. 20 in the rear of the town, are the buildings of La- miles S. W. from New Brunswick. fayette College, which are handsomely located, Eaton County, Mn., c. h. at Charlotte. Incorand command a beautiful prospect of the sur- porated in 1837. Bounded N.byloniaand Clin rounding country. (See Colleges.) The fine bridge ton counties, E. by Ingham, S. by Jackson and at this point, over the Delaware, 500 feet long, Calhoun, and W. by Barry co. Watered by Grand was built at an expense of $80,000. The Dela- and Thornapple Rivers and Battle Creek. Sur 360 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., face undulating, containing quarries of sandstone principally mica and chlorite slate. The settleand limestone; soil very rich. ment was commenced in 1800, by Thomas H. Eaton, N. H., Carroll co. The soil is moder- Parker, Isaac Brown, and Moses Wentworth. ately good, and the plains furnish excellent 10 miles N. E. from Hydepark, and 30 N. from pine timber. There are several ponds in this Montpelier. town. Six Mile Pond is one; it is 4 miles long, Edenton, N. C., c. h. Chowan co. At the head and from half a mile to a mile in width. Good of Edenton Bay, near the mouth of Chowan iron ore is found here, and near Snell's Pond a River. 66 miles S. from Norfolk, and 182 E. by vein of zinc and lead ores. 64 miles N. E. from N. from Raleigh. Concord, and 55 N. N. E. from Dover. Edgar County, Is., p. h. at Paris. Bounded N. Eaton, N. Y., c. h. Madison co. It is wa- by Milton county, E. by Indiana, S. by Clark, tered by the head branch of Chenango River. and W. by Coles county. Watered by Little The surface is rolling; soil fertile loam, particu- Embarrass River, and Big, Brulette's, and Clear larly favorable to the growth of grass. 100 miles Creeks. Soil mostly fertile. W. from Albany. Edgartown, Ms., Dukes co. This is the.shire Eaton, O., c. h. Preble co., and is located on the town, and a port of entry, comprising the eastern E. bank of St. Clair's Creek. At this place the part of the island of Martha's Vineyard and creek has a fall of about 20 feet in 80 rods, which Chappequiddick. The harbor is safe, easy of acadds to the importance of the town. It was laid cess, and is considered one of the best on the out in 1806, and is 80 miles N. from Cincinnati, American coast. The surface of the town is and 95 W. from Columbus. generally plain, with a few elevated spots, rising Eaton, Pa., Wyoming co. Bounded on the N. from 60 to 120 feet above the sea. Near the E. and E. by the Susquehanna River, and drained middle of the island is a pond of fresh water, in by Bowman's Creek, one of its tributaries. Sur- size of about 20 by 10 rods, and from 5 to 6 feet face broken by the Alleghany Mountains. One in depth. This pond has never been known to peak, called the Knob, rises 1150 feet above the be dry. As the island contains few streams Susquehanna River. 143 miles N. E. by N. from for a water power, windmills supply their place Harrisburg. for all domestic purposes. A great variety of Eatonton, Ga., c. h. Putnam co. fish are taken, both from the sea and fresh water Ebensburg, Pa., c. h. Cambria co., occupies an ponds. Chappequiddick Island lies on the E. elevated position on the Alleghany ridge. 139 side of the town, and forms Edgartown Harbor. miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. The surface of the island is varied by some Eckford, Mn., Calhoun co. Soil fertile, and moderate elevations; its soil is light, but generwell suited to grain. 101 miles W.from Detroit. ally productive. 25 miles W. S. W. from NanEconomy, Pa., Beaver co. On the E. side of the tucket, and 30 S. E. by E. from New Bedford. Ohio River. This town is settled by a community Edgecomb, Me., Lincoln co. Between the Damof Swabians, and was founded by Mr. George ariscotta and Sheepscot Rivers, opposite WisRapp, who acted as their temporal and spiritual casset, 26 miles S. S. E. fram Augusta. Advanleader. 217 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. tageously situated for navigation and the fisheries. Eddington, Me., Penobscot co. This town lies Edgecombe Cotunty, N. C., c. h. at Tarboro'. on the E. side of Penobscot River, 6 miles above, Bounded N. by Halifax co., E. by Martin and Pitt, and N. N. E. from Bangor, and 70 N. E. by E. S. by Wayne, and W. by Nash co. Watered by from Augusta. The village is pleasantly situated Neuse River, and by Tar River and its branches. at the " Bend " of the river. The soil of the town Surface level; soil of tolerably good quality. is good, and well wooded. Edgefield District, S. C., c. h. at Edgefield. Eddyville, Ky., c. h. Caldwell co. On the E. Bounded N. E. by the Saluda River, separating side of Cumberland River. 237 miles W. S. W. it from Newberry district, E. and S. E. by Lexfrom Frankfort. ington, Orange, and Barnwell districts, S. W. by Eden, Me., Hancock co. On the N. part of the the Savannah River, separating it from Georgia, Island of Mount Desert. 92 miles E. from Au- and N. W. by Abbeville district. Drained by gusta. It has a good soil, good harbors, and Little Saluda River and Stephens' Creek. Surgreat conveniences for the shore fishery. face slightly uneven; soil well suited to the Eden, N. Y., Erie co. Cauquaga and BigTwo growth of cotton. Sisters Creeks flow through this town into Lake Edqemont, Pa., Delaware co. Surface hilly, Erie. The surface is undulating, the soil remark- and watered by Ridley Creek; soil loam. 87 ably fertile. 14 miles S. from Buffalo, and 287 miles E. S. E. from Harrisburg. W. from Albany. Edinburgh, Me., Penobscot co. Incorporated Eden, Vt., Lamoille co. The streams in this 1835. township are numerous. Wild Branch and Green Edinburgh, N. Y., Saratoga co. Sacondaga River rise in the eastern part. They are both River, and some of its tributaries, flow through this considerable mill streams. The Branch, which town. The surface is slightly uneven on the W, is the outlet of North Pond, runs across the N. and hilly and mountainous on the E., the KayW. corner of Hyde Park, and falls into the La- aderosseras or Grecnfield Mountain stretching moille, at Johnson. North Pond is 2 miles long, across it. The soil of the W. part is fertile, parand of very unequal width. The township is con- ticularly in the valley of the Sacondafa. 20 miles siderably mountainous. Mount Norris and Had- N. W. from Ballston Spa, and 50 N. fiom Albany. ley Mountain lie on the N. line of the township, Ednmeston, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by and partly in Lowell. Belvidere Mountain lies Wharton's Creek and the Unadilla River. The partly in the N. W. ccOner. In the western part surface is hilly; the soil sandy loam. 15 miles of Eden is some good tillage land. The eastern W. from Cooperstown, and 77 from Albany. part, being the dividing ridge between the waters Edmonds, Me., Washington co. Situated beof Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog, is tween Cobscook Bay and E. Machias. moist and cold, but good for grazing. Rocks, Edmonson County, Ky., c. h. at Brownsville. IN THE UNITED STATES. 361 Bounded N. by Grayson co., E. by Hart, S. vicinity. 13 miles W. from Syracuse, and 149 by Warrcn, and W. by Butler. Watered by Green W. by N. from Albany. River and its tributaries, and Nolin and Bear El Dorado County, Ca., c. h. at Antonia. In Creeks. Soil productive. the mountains E. of the Sacramento, between Edwards County, Is., c. h. at Albion. Bounded Dry Creek of the Moquelumne and Middle Fork N. by Richland co., E. by Bon Pas Creek, of American River. separating it from Wabash co., S. by White, and Elizabeth, As,, c. h. Jackson co. On the E. W. by Wayne co. Watered on the W. by the side of White River, at the head of steamboat Little Wabash River. Surface undulating; soil navigation, and- a little below the mouth of Big productive. Black River. 118 miles N. E. from Little Rock. Edwards, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Situated at Elizabeth City, N. C., c. h. Pasquotank co. On the junction of the E. and W. branches of the Pasquotank River, 20 miles from its mouth, and Oswegatchie River. The surface is uneven; the has a water communication with Norfolk, Va., soil favorable to the growth of grass. 24 miles by means of the Pasquotank River, Dismal S. from Canton village, and 194 N. W. from Al- Swamp Canal, and Elizabeth River. 215 miles bany. E. by N. from Raleigh. It trades with the West Edwardsville, Is., c. h. Addison co. Indies in pine lumber. Effinqharn County, Ga., c. h. at Springfield. Elizabeth, N. J., Essex co. Bounded on the Bounded N. by Scriven co., E. by the Savannah E. by Newark Bay and Staten Island Sound, River, separating it from South Carolina, S. by and is drained by Bound and Morss Brooks. Chatham co., and W. by the Ogeechee River, sep- Soil rich, and partly marshy: arating it from Bryan and Bullock counties. Elizabeth, Pa., Alleghany co. On the E. side Effingham County, Is., c. h. at Ewington. of the Monongahela River, 14 miles S. from Bounded N. by Shelby co., E. by Jasper, S. Pittsburg, and 192 W. from Harrisburg. Many by Clay, and W. by Fayette co. Drained by steamboats are built here, and by a slack water the Little Wabash River and its branches. Sur- navigation boats of a large class come up to this face slightly uneven; soil fertile on the margins place. There are manufactures of glass ware, of the streams, but at very high flood liable to woollen goods, flour, &c. inundation. Elizabeth, Pa., Lancaster co. Between Trout E.ffinham, N. H., Carroll co. There are several Creek on the E., and Hammer Creek on the W., mountains, of considerable elevation, in this town. and is drained by Middle and Seglock Creeks. Ossipee River passes through it, over which is a Surface hilly; soil gravel and red shale. toll bridge. Its former name was Leavitt Town. Elizabeth City County, Va., c. h. at Hampton. There is a large pond near the Ossipee River, and This is one of the eight shires into which VirProvince Pond lies between Effingham and Wake- ginia was divided in 1634. It is bounded N. field. 60 miles N. E. from Concord, and 5 N. by York co., E. by Chesapeake Bay, S. by from Ossipee. Hampton Roads, and W. by Isle of Wight co. Egg harbor, Great, N. J., Atlantic co. The It has a level surface, and good soil. surface of this town is level, and for several miles Elizabethport, N. J., Essex co. On Staten Islfrom the shore marshy; the remainder is dry and and Sound, near the junction of Newark Bay, and sandy. 47 miles N. E. from Trenton. A railroad from Eqg. Harbor, Little, Burlington co., N. J. Bass this place connects with Easton, Pa., on the DelRiver, and other streams flowing into Little Egg, aware River. There is daily communication, by Harbor, drain this town. Surface level and sandy. steamboats, with New York city. 35 miles S. E. from Mount Holly. Elizabethtown, Is., c. h. Hardin co. 219 miles Egremont, Ms., Berkshire co. Part of this S. S. E. from Springfield. township is mountainous, rough, and cragged; Elizabethtown, N. C., c. h. Bladen co. On the some parts are undulating, some level, and most W. side of Cape Fear River. 40 miles above of the land is fit for the plough or grazing. Green Wilmington, and 99 S. from Raleigh. River passes through the N. E. corner of the Elizabethtown, N. J., seat of justice of Essex town, and with several brooks and ponds, affords co. On Elizabethtown Creek, 2J miles from its it a water power sufficient for domestic uses. entrance into Staten Island Sound. This beauThis town was first settled by the Dutch, and tiful place is regularly laid out. with broad streets, afterwards by the English, about the year 1730. and has many fine buildings, among which are 140 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 25 S. by the Court House, the First and Second PresbyW. from Pittsfield. terian, and the Episcopal Churches. This was Elba, N. Y., Genesee co. Oak Orchard Creek the third settlement made in New Jersey, and waters this town, the surface of which is undulat- for many years was the largest and most flouring, and the soil somewhat sandy. 7 miles ishing place in the province. The first public N. from Batavia, and 250 W. by N. from Al- buildings of the jurisdiction of East Jersey, bany. were here, and the first General Assembly met Elbert County, Ga., c. h. at Elberton. Bounded here from 1668 to 1682. The First Presbyterian N. by Franklin co., E. by the Savannah River, Church is the oldest congregation in the state separating it firom South Carolina, and S. and W. organized for worship in the English language. by Broad River, separating it from Lincoln, During the revolution this town was greatly harWilkes, Ogletl-i3rpe, and Madison counties. Sur- assed, and its church edifice, standing where the face hilly; soil mostly productive. noble building of the First Presbyterian Church Elbertoti, Ga., c. h. Elbert co. 111 miles N. N. now stands, was fired by the torch of a refugee, E. from Milledgeville. and burned to the ground. The College of New Elbridge, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Jersey, afterwards located at Princeton, comthe outlet of Skaneateles Lake. The surface is menced its existence here. The building in slightly uneven, and the soil fertile. Indian an- which its first exercises were held was also tiquities of considerable interest are found in this burned down during the war. 46 362 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Vessels of 30 tons come up to Elizabethtown, miles N. from Plattsburg, and 188 N. N. E. and vessels of 300 tons to Elizabethport, at the from Albany. mouth of the creek. From this port a railroad, Ellery, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the N. side passing through Elizabethtown, extends 26 miles, of Chautauque Lake. Drained by several small to Somerville. Elizabethtown is on the New creeks. The surface is undulating; the soil good. Jersey Railroad, between New York and Phila- 342 miles S. by W. from Albany. delphia, 15 miles from the former, 72 from the Ellicott, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the N. latter, and 42 N. E. from Trenton. side of Chautauque Lake. Watered by CassaElizabethtown, N. Y., c. h. Essex co. Watered daga Creek and the outlet of the lake. The by Boquet River and some of its branches. The surface is undulating, the soil sandy loam. 330 surface is broken by the Clinton range of moun- miles W. by S. from Albany, and 18 S. E. from tains, which passes through it from N. to S., Maysville. some of the peaks being elevated about 1500 feet Ellicott's Mills, Md., Anne Arundel co. On above the surrounding plains. Excellent iron Patapsco River. 40 miles N. W. from Annapoore is found here in large quantities. 126 miles lis. There are numerous mills and manufactoN. from Albany. ries here, amidst much romantic scenery. Elizabethtown, Te., c. h. Carter co. On Wau- Ellicottville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watauga, a branch of Holston River. 301 miles E. tered by Great Valley Creek and some of its from Nashville. In the vicinity are large iron branches. The surface is mostly undulating, works. the soil well adapted to the growth of grass and Elk, Pa., Warren co. Located between the grain. 292 miles W. by S. from Albany. Alleghany River on the E. and S., and Cone- Ellington, Ct., Tolland co. Ellington was wango Creek on the W. The soil on the streams taken from East Windsor in 1786, and was that iq very fertile. part of East Windsor called the Great Marsh. Elk County, Pa., c. h. at Ridgeway. On the The soil is light and dry, but considerably ferheight of land between the eastern and western tile. It is generally level, but the eastern part is waters. N. central part. Watered on the E. by hilly and mountainous. The scenery in this Susquehanna Creek and its tributaries, flowing town embraces considerable variety, and is uninto the W. branch of the Susquehanna, and on commonly interesting and beautiful. The Elthe W. by the sources of Clarion River, a tribu- lington School, for boys, situated in a very neat tary of the Alleghany. Hilly, but fertile in the village, is in high repute. 12 miles N. E. from valleys. Thinly peopled. Hartford. Elk Creek, Pa., Venango co. The Six Mile Ellington, N. Y., Chautauque co. Clear Creek Run, and Canoe, Beaver, and Dyer Paint Creeks, flows nearly through the centre of this town. water this town. Surface level; soil loam. 122 The surface is undulating; the soil sandy loam. miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. 20 miles E. from Maysville, and 320 S. of W. Elk Creek, Pa., Erie co. Drained by Cussa- from Albany. wago and Conneaut Creeks. On the margin Elliot, Me., York co. On Salmon Falls River. of the latter salt springs are found. Surface A good farming town. 108 miles S. W. from hilly; soil gravelly loam. 256 miles S. W. from Augusta. Erie, and 16 N. W. from Harrisburg. Elliotsville, Me., Somerset co. This place is Elkhart County, Ia., c. h. at Goshen. Bounded 81 miles from Augusta. N. by Michigan, E. by La Grange and Noble Ellisburg, N. Y., Jefferson co. The N. and S. counties, S. by Kosciusko, and W. by St. Joseph branches of Sandy Creek flow through this co. St. Joseph and Elkhart Rivers and their town, affording excellent hydraulic power. The branches water this county, the surface of which surface is level; the soil fertile loam. 20 miles is a mixture of woodland arid prairie. S. W. from Watertown, and 166 N. W. from Elkhorn, Wn., c. h. Walworth co. 68 miles Albany. S. E. from Madison. Ellsworth, Me., c. h. Hancock co. On both Elkland, Pa., Tioga co. Watered by Cowa- sides of Union River, at the head of navigation. nesque and Crooked Creeks, branches of Tioga The soil is good, and the situation convenient River. Surface hilly; soil gravel, clay, and loam. for ship building, which is largely carried on here, 170 miles N. from Harrisburg. many ships employed in the freighting business Elk Ridge Landing, Md., Anne Arundel co. being owned by the inhabitants. There are On the S. side of Patapsco River, at the head of some manufactures, and a good deal of trade. tide water. 7 miles W. S. W. from Baltimore, 81 miles E. by N. from Augusta. and 30 N. N. W. from Annapolis. Connected by Ellsworth, N. H., Grafton co. This town is railroads with Baltimore and Washington; also mountainous. The principal elevation is Carr's with Cumberland, on the route to Ohio. The Mountain. A small stream issues from West Patapsco is crossed at this place by a splendid Branch Pond, and runs into the Pemigewasset, viaduct of granite, 700 feet long, with 8 arches. at Campton. The soil, though in some parts There are here extensive iron works. sterile, produces grain. Maple sugar is made Elkton, Ky., c. h. Todd co. On the E. side of here. 59 miles'N. N. W. from Concord, and Elk Creek, a branch of Red River. 187 miles about 12 N. from Plymouth. S. W. from Frankfort. Ellsworth, 0., Trumbull co. This township Elkton, Md., c. h. Cecil co. Situated at the is bounded by Jackson on the N., Canfield E., junction of the two main branches of Elk River, Salem S., and Berlin W. It is the first in the at the head of tide water. On the railroad, 44 4th range of townships in the Connecticut Westmiles from Philadelphia. ern Reservation. It is 181 miles N. E. fiom Ellejay, Ga., c. h. Gilmer co. 170 miles N. W. Columbus, and 15 S. from Warren. from Milledgeville. Elmira, N. Y., c. h. Chemung co. On the N. Ellenbryg. N. Y., Clinton co. English River side of Chemung River, and drained by Newton's and some other streams water this town. 25 Creek, one of its tributaries. The surface is IN THE UNITED STATES. 363 rather hilly, and the soil extremely fertile in the covered with trees. Along the western bank, valleys. 198 miles W. by S. from Albany. between the pond and Montcalm, extends the Elmore, Vt., Lamoille co. Fordway or Elmore turnpike road, the whole distance through a Mountain lies in the N. W. part of the town- beautiful village, shaded to the north, on either ship, and is a considerable elevation. The re- side, by a growth of trees. Mascomy River maining part of the surface is accessible, and not empties into this pond. On the W. hank is a very uneven. It is mostly timbered with hard Shakers' settlement. Copper and other valuawood, and the soil is of a middling quality. A ble minerals are found here. Mountain Pond, part of the waters of this township pass off into on the summit of Montcalm, is 200 rods long, the River Lamoille, and a part into Winooski and 100 wide. First settlers, Nathaniel Bicknell, River. Mead's Pond lies in the north-western Jonathan Paddleford, and Elisha Bingham. 10 part, and covers about 300 acres. There are miles S. E. from Dartmouth College, and 42 N. three other small ponds within the township. W. from Concord. J Iron ore is found in abundance. The settlement Enfield, N. Y., Tompkins co. The surface of was commenced in July, 1790. 8 miles S. from this town is undulating, and watered by a few Hydepark, and 37 N. from Montpelier. small streams. The soil is a productive loam. 5 El Passo County, Ts. Western part. miles W. from Ithaca, and 175 W. from Albany. Elsinboro'. N. J., Salem co. Alloway's and Enosburq, Vt., Franklin co. The surface is Salem. Creeks water this town, the surface of pleasantly diversified with hills and valleys; but which is level and marshy, and the soil rich the soil is better adapted to grass than grain. It is loam. 3 miles N. E. from Salem. well watered bv Missisco and Trout Rivers, and Elyria, O., c. h. Lorain co., was named from two other considerable streams. These streams the Hon. Heman Ely, who laid it out. It is a well- afford numerous and excellent mill privileges. built place, situated between the branches of Black The settlement was commenced in the spring of River, distant from Columbus 130 miles N. E. 1797, by emigrants mostly from other townships Elyton, Aa., c. h. Jefferson co. At the head of in the State. 85 miles N. by W. from MontpeCatoochee or Valley Creek. 54 miles. N. I. lier, and 37 N. E. from Burlington. from Tuscaloosa. Ephratah, N. Y., Fulton co. Zimmerman's Emanuel County, Ga., c. h. at Swainsboro', and Garoga Creeks water this town, the surface Bounded N. by Washington, Jefferson, and Burke of which is uneven, and the soil sandy loam. It counties, E. by Bullock co., S. by Tatnall and is located 6 miles W. from Johnstown village, and Montgomery, and W. by Laurens co. Surface 51 N. W. from Albany. level, and watered by Ogeechee, Cannonchee, and Ephratah, Pa., Lancaster co. This town was Ohoopee Rivers and their branches. Soil sandy settled by a religious sect called Tunkers, or and barren. Dunkers. (See Hayward's Book of Religions.) Embden, Me., Somerset co. A fine township, Eping, N. H., Rockingham co. This town with two villages on the W. side of Kennebec was formerly a part of Exeter. The soil in genRiver. 46 miles N. N. W. from Augusta. eral is very good. Lamprey River, at the W., reEminence, Mo., c. h. Shannon co. ceives the Patuckaway, and runs through the Emmaus, Pa.. Lehigh co. A Moravian village, whole length of the town. Another river runs at the foot of South Mountain. 87 miles E. by through the N. part, and from that circumstance N. from Harrisburg. is called North River. 29 miles S. E. from ConEmmettsburg, Md., Frederick co. 80 miles N. cord, and 20 W. from Portsmouth. W. from Annapolis. The site of Mount St. Epsomn, N. H., Merrimac co. The surface of Mary's College, and St. Joseph's Female Insti- the town is generally uneven. The principal tute. (See Colleges.) eminences are called McCoy's Fort, Nat's and Enfield, Ct., Hartford co. This town was first Nottingham Mountains. The soil is in general settled, 1681, by emigrants from Salem, Ms. It good. Great and Little Suncook are the only formerly belonged to Massachusetts. and was streams deserving the name of rivers. Here are a part of Springfield. The first bridge across 3 ponds, Chestnut, Round, and Odiorne's. Brown Connecticut River was built in 1808, connecting oxides, sulphuret of iron, varieties of quartz, Enfield with Suffield. The surface is generally feldspar, and schorl are found here. Terra de level, and the soil moist and fertile. The street senna is found here; it constitutes a very handwhere most of the inhabitants reside is very pleas- some and durable paint for cabinet work. First ant, wide, and well shaded. The village near the settlers, Theodore Atkinson and others. 12 miles river was commenced about 1831.' It is watered E. from Concord. by Scantic River. 18 miles N. from Hartford. Equality, Is., c. h. Gallatin co. On the N. Enfield, Me., Penobscot co. Incorporated 1835. side of. Saline Creek. 187 miles S. S. E. from Enjfield, Ms., Hampshire co. This town was Springfield. Salt is made here. formerly part of Belchertown and Greenwich, Erie County, N. Y., c. h. at Buffalo. Bounded and lies between them. Two branches of Swift on the N. by Niagara, E. by Genesee and WyoRiver meet in this town, and give it a water ming, S. by Cattaraugus co., and W. by Lake power, which adds much to its beauty and wealth. Erie. It is watered by the Niagara River and There are two pleasant villages here, and several Buffalo, Cayuga, Cattaraugus, Cazenove, Seneca, eminences from which fine views may be had of Ellicott's, Cauquaga, and Tonawanda Creeks. this section of country. 15 miles E. from Nortlf- The surface is somewhat hilly in the S., but is ampton, and 71 W. from Boston. mostly level or gently undulating. The soil is Enfield, N. H., Grafton co. The surface of this generally fertile, yielding large crops of grass town is diversified, and watered by ponds and and grain, and abundance of fruit. There are streams, stored with fish. Mascomy Pond is a no minerals of great value in this county. It beautiful collection of water, four miles in length, contains several Indian reservations, which are and of various breadth, interspersed with islands, mostly inhabited by the Seneca tribe. The and checkered with inlets. Its eastern banks are Erie Canal here communicates with the lake, 364 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLACES, &c., and a branch extends into the city of Buffalo. ritory of this town was called " Erving's Grant." The Buffalo and Niagara Falls Railroad is part- It is watered on its S. side by Miller's River, a ly, and the Buffalo and Black Rock Railroad beautiful mill stream, and Connecticut River wholly, within this county. washes its N. W. corner. There is much eleErie County, O., c. h. at Sandusky city. N. Atted land in the town, affording excellent paspart on Sandusky Bay and Lake Erie. Drained turage. 10 miles E. by N. from Greenfield, and by Huron and Vermilion Rivers. Level and 80 W. N. W. from Boston, with which it is confertile. The W. part crossed by three railroads nected by railroad. running from Sandusky city S. S. W. and W. Erwin, N. Y., Steuben co. Situated at the Erie, O., Sandusky co. Located on the N. junction of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers. The side of Portage River, near Lake Erie. It was surface is hilly. 20 miles S. E. from Bath, and organized in 1833, and settled by the Canadian 210 W. by S. from Albany. French. 16 miles N. E. from Lower Sandusky. Escambia County, Fa., c. h. at Pensacola. It Erie County, Pa., c. h. at Erie. Bounded N. is bounded N. by Alabama, E. by Escambia Rivby Lake Erie and New York, E. by Warren co., er, separating it from Santa Rosa co., S. by S. by Crawford co., and W. by Ohio. Surface the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Perdido River, undulating, and watered by Conneaut, Elk, Wal- separating it from Alabama. The surface, near nut, and other creeks flowing into Lake Erie, and the coast, is level, but in the interior more eleFrench Creek, flowing into the Alleghany River. vated. The soil is mostly sterile. Soil mostly sand and clay, well suited to the Esopus, N. Y., Ulster co. On the W. bank of growth of grass. the Hudson. Watered bv Wallkill and Rondout Erie, Pa., shire town of Erie co. On the shore Rivers. The surface is rather hilly; the soil of Lake Erie, 272 miles N. W. from Harrisburg, mostly sandy clay and loam. 7 miles S. from 90 miles, on the lake, S. W. from Buffalo, N. Y., Kingston, and 68 S. from Albany. and 94 N. E. from Cleveland, O. Erie is built Essex, Ct., Middlesex co. On Connecticut upon a bluff pleasantly overlooking Presque Isle River, 7 miles from its mouth, in the town Bay, the peninsula of which forms it, and the qf Saybrook. 37 miles S. by E. from Hartford. broad expanse of the lake beyond. The site is It has considerable shipping and trade, and level, and the town is regularly laid out with broad something is done at ship building. and handsome streets. The public buildings Essex County, Ms. Salem, Ipswich, and Neware generally fine specimens of architecture, and buryport, shire towns. This county is bounded many of the private residences are elegant, mak- N. W. by Rockingham co., N. H., S. W. by Miding this one of the p'leasantest places in Penn- dlesex co.; S. by Suffolk co., E. and N. E. by sylvania. The Reed Hotel, after the plan of the the Atlantic Ocean, and S. E. by MassachuAstor House, in New York, is a splendid estab- setts Bay. There is much good land in this lishment. The town contains the usual county county, but its surface is rocky and uneven. buildings; a splendid Doric temple, of marble, It has an extensive sea-coast, indented with nuformerly used by a branch of the U. S. Bank of merous bays, inlets, and capacious harbors. It Pa., now by the Erie Bank; an academy; and is more densely populated than any county of several churches of different denominations. its size in the U. S. It has great wealth, and its This place has good, commercial advantages, commerce and fisheries are unrivalled by any being on one of the best harbors of Lake Erie, section of country, of its extent, on the globe. which is generally free from ice a month earlier It has many beautiful ponds, and commanding than that of Buffalo; and being connected, by a elevations, and its seaboard is the delight of canal, with the Ohio River, at the mouth of the every beholder. The principal rivers are the Beaver, and thence by the river with Pittsburg, Merrimac, Ipswich, and the Shawsheen. and, by the Pennsylvania Canal, with Philadelphia. Essex, Ms., Essex co. This was formerly a The canal basin, connected with the harbor at part of Ipswich, and is watered by a little river Erie, is 2000 feet long by 1000 feet wide. It is called Chebacco, which empties into Squam connected by railroad with Buffalo on the E., Bay, and gives it some mill privileges, and naviand with Cleveland on the W. gable accommodations. Essex is a pleasant, During the war of 1812, Erie was an impor- flourishing town, and contains many fine farms. tant military and naval station. Here, with It is a great place for building small vessels emmost incredible despatch, was built the fleet with ployed in the fisheries. which Commodore Perry gained his victory on Essex County, N. J., c. h. at Newark. BoundLake Erie, on the 10th of September, 1813. ed N. by PassAaic and Bergen counties, E. by Scarcely 70 days from the time the timber was Bergen and Richmond, S. by Middlesex, and standing in the forest, the whole squadron, con- W. by Somerset and Morris counties. Watered sisting of 3 brigs,. 5 schooners, and 1 sloop, was by the Passaic, Rahway, and some other rivers, ready for action. which afford fine water power. Surface mounErin, N. Y., Chemung co. Watered by Cayu- tainous: soil mostly red shale. ta Creek and some other small streams. The Essex County, N. Y., c. h. at Elizabethtown. surface is hilly; the soil hardly of medium Bounded on the N. by Clinton co, E. by Lake quality. 8 miles E. from Elmira, and 190 W. Champlain, S. by Warren, and NW. by Frankby S. from Albany. lin and Hamilton counties. It contains sevErrol, N. H., Coos co. This town is situated eral small lakes, and is watered by Au Sable, on the W. of Umbagog Lake. Several streams Boquet, Saranac, and several smaller rivers, and unite here with the Androscoggin. The surface the head waters of the Hudson. The surface is is rough; the soil cold and hard to till. First hilly and mountainous, much the highest peaks settlers, Timothy Ruggles and others, February in the state occurring in this county. Mount 28, 1774. Distances.30milesN.N.E.fromiLan- Marcy, in the town of Keene, is elevated 5467 caster, and 108 from Concord. feet above the level of the ocean. The soil is Erving, Ms., Franklin co. Until 1838, the ter- fertile on the borders of the lake, but sterile in IN THE UNITED STATES. 365 the interior. Its principal riches are its mineral Erie. Watered by Big and Little Sister Creeks productions, in which it surpasses any county in and some other small streams. The surface the state. Iron ore of different kinds, graphite, and is hilly; the soil very productive. 16 miles marble are among the most important deposits. S. from Buffalo, and 293 W. from Albany. Essex. N. Y., Essex co. On the W. border of Evansville, Ia., c. h. Vanderburg co. On the Lake Champlain. Watered by Boquet River. N. bank of the Ohio River, at the great North The surface is hilly; soil good on the E. part. Bend, below the mouth of Green River, and 172 10 miles N. E. from Elizabethtown, and 135 N. miles S. W. by W. from Indianapolis. N. E. from Albany. Eveshain, N. J., Burlington co. Watered by Essex County, Vt., c. hat Guildhall. This coun- Rancocus and Haines's Creeks and the head ty is bounded N. by Canada, E. and S. by Con- branches of Little Egg Harbor. Surface level; necticut River, which separates it from Coos soil chiefly good sandy loam. 34 miles S. from co., N. H., S. W. by Caledonia co., and W. Trenton. by Orleans co. This county is the least popu- Exeter, Me., Penobscot co. A good farming lous in the state, with the exception of Grand town. 65 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. Isle co. The settlements are mostly confined Exeter, N. H., Rockingham co. The compact to the towns lying along Connecticut River. part of the town lies about the falls, which sepThe county is in general very uneven, and the arate the fresh from the tide water of a branch of soil rocky and unproductive. It comprehends the Piscataqua, known by the name of Exeter that part of the country called Upper Coos, which River. Above the falls, this stream assumes the lies on the west side of Connecticut River. Nul- name of Great River. At the falls are several began River is the principal stream, which is large manufacturing establishments, and mewholly within the county. This and several chanical operations are largely carried on in smaller tributaries of the Connecticut water the the town. The soil is good, though various. eastern parts. Passumpsic, Moose, and Clyde Phillips Academy, in Exeter, was founded by Rivers, and several streams, water the other parts. the liberal donations of John Phillips, LL. D., Essex co. presents a great variety of magnifi- in 1781. Exeter has at all periods of its hiscent scenery. tory possessed eminent and useful men. Some Essex, Vt., Chittenden co. There are no of the first lawyers and jurists, antiquarians and mountains, and but few hills in this township. scholars, have received their early education at The S. and W. parts are timbered principally its literary institution. The village is handsome, with pine. The soil is dry and sandy, but pro- and affords a pleasant place of residence. The duces good rye and corn. The remaining part Maine Railroad passes through it. First setof the township is timbered with hard wood, and tiers, John Wheelwright and others, in 1638. 40 is more natural to grass. Winooski River wash- miles S. E. by E. from Concord, and 14 S. W. es the S. boundary. In this river are two falls. from Portsmouth. The lower, called Hubbell's Falls, afford several Exeter, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by Canavaluable mill privileges. Brown's River, Ste- deraga Lake, Butternut and Wharton's Creeks, ven's, Alder, and Crooked Brooks are considerable and several other small streams. The surface is streams. On Winooski River are beautiful tracts elevated and hilly; soil well adapted to grazing. of intervale. The first permanent settlement 10 miles N. W. from Cooperstown, and 78 W. was made in 1783, by Messrs. Smiths, Winchels, from Albany. and Willard. The settlers were principally from Exeter, Pa., Berks co. Drained by Manokesy Salisbury, Ct. 7 miles N. E. from Burling- and Roush Creeks, tributaries of the Schuylkill ton. The Vermont Central Railroad passes River. Surface hilly or undulating; soil tolerathrough the town. bly fertile. Essex Countq, Va., c. h. at Tappahannock. Exeter, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Gardne:'s Bounded N. and E. by the Rappahannock River, Creek and Cascade Run, tributaries of the Susseparating it from King George, Westmoreland, quehanna River, which bounds it on the N. E., and Richmond counties, S. by Middlesex co., and is traversed by the Shawney Mountains, on and W. by King and Queen, and Caroline coun- the E. side of which are found beds of anthracite ties. Surface rather uneven; soil fertile on the coal. The soil is very fertile. The S. part of streams, but elsewhere sandy and sterile. this town was the scene of the celebrated battle Estill County, Ky., c. h. at Irvine. Bounded N. of Wyoming, fought in 1778. 129 miles N. N. by a branch of the Kentucky River, separating it E. from Harrisburg. from Clark co., E. by Montgomery and Owsley Exeter, R. I., Washington co. This is an agricounties, and S. and W. by Madison co. Drain- cultural and manufacturing town. The town is ed by the Kentucky River and its tributaries. very large, being 12 by 5 miles. The surface is Estillville, Va., c. h. Scott co. On Moccassin much diversified by hills and valleys; the soil is Creek, a branch of Clinch River. W. by S. from a gravelly loam, and very productive of all the Richmond 344 miles. varieties common to the climate. The products Etna, Me., Penobscot co. A farming town. of the dairy are considerable. Branches of Wood 63 miles N. E. from Augusta. River give this town a good water power. 24 Euqene, Ia., Vermilion co. On the S. side of miles S. W. from Providence. Big Vermilion River, 1l miles from the Wabash River, and 85 miles W. from Indianapolis. The Fabius, Mo., Marion co. river is navigable for steamboats to this place. Fabius, N. Y., Onondaga co. This town is Eutaw, Aa.., c. h. Greene co. drained by the head branches of Tioughnioga Eulalia, Pa., Potter co. The E. branch of Sin- River. The surface is hilly; the soil favorable nemahoning River and its tributaries water this to the growth of grass. Remains of ancient fortifitown. Surface hilly; soil vegetable mould and cations are found here. 20 miles S. E. from Syraloam. 187 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. cuse, and 121 W. from Albany. Evans, N. Y., Erie co. On the border of Lake Fairfax, Vt., Franklin co. The surface is 366 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILL.AGES, &c., somewhat uneven, and the soil light and easily ing on Delaware Bay. 12 miles S. by W. from cultivated, producing good corn and rye. Its Trenton. principal streams are the River Lamoille, Brown's Fairfield, N. Y., Herkimer co. Drained by River, Parmelee's and Stone's Brooks, all of West Canada Creek. The surface is hilly, and which afford good mill privileges. The great somewhat rocky; the soil fertile, and well adaptfalls, in the Lamoille, 88 feet in 30 rods, are situ- ed to grass. 10 miles N. from Herkimer, and 81 ated in the S. E. part of the town. In this town N. W. from Albany. are 2 pleasant villages. Broadstreet Spafford Fairfield, Me., Somerset co. On the W. side of and his two sons, Nathan and Asa, came into Kennebec River, watered by a small stream runthis township from Piermont, N. H., in 1783. ning into the Kennebec, and by a branch of WaThey soon after removed their families here. 37 terville River. This is a fertile township of land, miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 S. E. from with a pleasant village. 26 miles N. from AugusSt. Albans. ta, to which the Kennebec is navigable. Fairfax County, Va., c. h. at Fairfax. Bound-, Fairfield, O., Greene co. On a spacious plain ed N. E. and S. E. by the Potomac River, sepa- surrounded by hills on the S. E. side of Mad Rivrating it from Maryland, E. by the District er. 57 miles W. by S. from Columbus. of Columbia, S. W. by Ocoquan River, separ- Fairfield, Pa., Westmoreland co. Drained by ating it from Prince William co., and N. W. streams flowing into Conemaugh River, which by Loudon co. The interior is watered by Dif- bounds it on the N. E. Surface mostly level; ficult Creek, a branch of the Potomac. Surface soil calcareous loam. rough and hilly; soil mostly of poor quality. Fairfield District, S. C., c. h. at Winnsboro'. Fairfax, Va., c. h. Fairfax co. 121 miles N. Bounded N. by Chester district, E. by Lancaster from Richmond. and Kershaw districts, S. by Richland district, and IPairfield County, Ct. Fairfield and Danbury W. by Broad River, separating it from Lexingare the shire towns. This county is bounded N. ton, Newberry, and Union counties. Watered by by Litchfield co., N. E. and E. by Housatonic Wa-teree, Little, and Broad Rivers. Soil very River, S. E. and S. by Long Island Sound, productive. and W. by the state of New York. This is a fine Fairfield, Vt., Franklin co. Black Creek and farming section of country, agreeably diversified Fairfield River cross this to.wnship, and afford in regard to surface, with a strong fertile soil, good mill privileges. Smithfield Pond, in the and possesses great natural agricultural resources. westerly part of the town, is about 3 miles long and Fairfield co. extends nearly 40 miles on Long 1 broad. The township was originally covered Island Sound, and enjoys great facilities for navi- with hard wood. The surface is uneven, but very gation and the fisheries. The beautiful Housa- little of it is so broken as to be unfit for cultivatonic washes its N. E. boundary, and the Sauga- tion. The soil is generally good. The first settuck, Norwalk, Mill. Pequonoc, and other rivers tler of this town was Mr. Joseph Wheeler. He afford it an ample water power. It contains moved into it with his family in March, 1788. 45 many villages of superior beauty, and abounds miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 27 N. N. E. in scenery of an interesting character. First set- from Burlington. tied 1639.'Fairfield County, O., c. h. at Lancaster, situFairfield, Ct., Fairfield co. This is the shire ated a little S. E. of the centre of the state, on town, and comprises three parishes, Fairfield, the the height of land between the Muskingum and seat of justice, Green's Farms, and Greenfield. Scioto Rivers, having Licking co. on the N., Its Indian name was Unquowa. The surface of Perry on the E., Hocking on the S. E. and S., the town is undulating and very pleasant. The and Pickaway and Franklin on the W. The prinsoil is fertile, well cultivated, and productive of cipal streams are the head waters of the Hockwheat and rye, and a great variety of fruits and hocking River, which runs S. E. into the Ohio vegetables for New York market. Black Rock The western and northern parts are mostly level, Harbor is safe and easy of entrance for vessels and the soil highly fertile. The middle and eastdrawing 19 feet of water at common tides. There ern portions are more undulating, but still with a is but little water power in Fairfield, except that good soil; while the southern becomes hilly and produced by the tide. broken,,with a thin soil, composed, in many places, In the year 1637, the tract of country which of sand and gravel. The staple productions of now forms the town of Fairfield was discovered the county are wheat and the various grains, by Captain Mason and the troops of Massachu- potatoes, and tobacco. setts and Connecticut under his command, when Among the physical features of this county is they pursued the Pequots to the swamp in this one which is worthy of notice, consisting of town bearing the name of "Pequot Swamp." abrupt, precipitous, and conical ledges of rock, This is the spot made memorable by the great covered with little or no vegetation, interspersed fight that took place there between those troops in a promiscuous manner in every direction. and the Pequots, terminating in the almost en- One of these, about a mile N. E. from Lancaster, tire destruction of that once powerful and warlike is very remarkable, rising to the height of about nation of savages. There are no Indian marks 200 feet. A writer on the geology of the state left by which this swamp can be traced as the says, " What is properly called the sandstone place of their extermination, except a mound of formation terminates, near Lancaster, in immense earth in the centre of it, considered as a place of detached mural precipices, like the remains of safety, evidently the effect of art, with a raised ancient islands. One of these, called Mount footpath leading from it to the surrounding high Pleasant, seated on the border of a large plain, grounds. 21 miles S. W. from New, Haven, affords, from its top, a fine view of the adjacent on the New Haven and New York Railroad. country. The base is a mile and a half in cirFairfield, N. J.. Cumberland co. Watered by cumference, while the apex is only about 30 by Cohansey, Nantuxet, and Cedar Creeks. Sur- 100 yards, resembling, at a distance, a huge pyrface level and sandy, with a marshy strip border- amid. These lofty towers of sandstone are like IN THE UNITED STATES. 367 so many monuments to point out the boundaries Fairlee, Vt., Orange co. This is a rough and of that ancient Western Mediterranean which once mountainous township, with very little produccovered the present rich prairies of Ohio." Mount tive land, on the W. side of Connecticut River, Pleasant is tolerably easy of ascent from the N. E., and connected with Orford, N. H., by a bridge and is much resorted to by tourists and parties across that river. Fairlee Pond is 2 miles in of pleasure for the extensive prospect of the sur- length, and about three fourths of a mile wide. rounding country which it commands. Lancaster The settlement was commenced in 1766, by Mr. is supplied from this mountain with abundance Baldwin. Distances 17 miles E. S. E. from Chelof building stone and sand. sea, and 31 S. E. from Montpelier. The main trunk of the Ohio Canal traverses Fairview, Pa., Erie co. On Lake Erie, and the N. W. section of this county, and the Hock- drained by Walnut and Elk Creeks. Surface hocking Canal, which is a branch from the same, hilly; soil gravelly loam. 267 miles N. W. from passing S. E. through Lancaster to Logan, on Harrisburg. the Hockhocking River, opens a channel of Fairview, Pa., York co. Surface somewhat transportation directly through the centre of the hilly, and watered by Yellow Breeches, Fishing, county. and Newberry Creeks; soil gravel and calcareous Fairfield co. was constituted, by proclama- loam. 17 miles N. W. from York. tion of Governor St. Clair, December 9, 1800. Fairview, O., Guernsey co. 105 miles E. from Lancaster, which had been laid out, in the fall of Columbus. the same year, by Ebenezer Zane, was designated Fall River, Ms., Bristol co. Port of entry. as the county seat; and, as the tide of emigra- 54 miles, by railroad, S. from Boston, 18 S. E. tion was at this time setting in with great force, from Providence, R. I., and 18 N. N. E. from the town experienced a rapid growth. It is re- Newport. Populationin 1810,1296; 1820,1594; lated of the early inhabitants, that, in the absence 1830, 4158; 1840, 6738; 1850, 11,522. of temperance statutes, they met and enacted the This flourishing town lies at the head of the following: " That any person of the town found eastern arm of the Narraganset Bay, called intoxicated should, for every such offence, dig a Mount Hope Bay, where it receives the Taunton stump out of the streets, or else suffer personal River. It has taken its name from another river chastisement "- a law which either in the keep- which here falls into the bay from the E., by a ing or breaking must happily have enured to the descent over its rocky bed, in less than half a benefit of the town. mile, of over 130 feet. This river forms the outFairhaven, Ms., Bristol co. Previous to 1812, let of Watuppa Ponds, which lie about 2 miles this town was a part of New Bedford. The vil- E. of the village. The area of these ponds is lages of Fairhaven and Bedford, at the head of about 5000 acres; and their principal supply for Buzzard's Bay, were laid out about the year 1764, the fine water power which they create is from on opposite sides of the Acushnet River, which perpetual internal springs. The town of Fall expands between the two villages, and forms a River is almost without a parallel in respect to safe and commodious harbor of nearly a mile in the union of an extensive hydraulic power, with breadth. At Acushnet village, in this town, is a a position immediately upon navigable waters. good water power. Fairhaven is connected with The river, for almost its entire length, flows from New Bedford by a bridge across the Acushnet; the ponds upon a granite bed, and for much of also by a steam ferry. This is, indeed, a fair the distance it is confined between high granite haven; from the circumstance of its beauty it banks. This water power, therefore, has all, or was thus justly named. nearly all, to be occupied between these banks; Fair Haven, Vt., Rutland co. The surface of and the wheels, upon which it is brought to act, the township consists of swells and vales. The are placed directly in the bed of the river. The soil is various, consisting of gravel, sand, and wholeof this fall is now occupied by large manmarl Along the rivers the soil is alluvial, and ufacturing establishments, generally occupying very productive. There is a variety of timber. each a separate dam, and some of them extendThe principal streams are Poultney and Castle- ing entirely across the river. from bank to bank; ton Rivers. About one mile above Fair Haven and so rapidly do they succeed each other, that village, Castleton River receives the waters of there is scarcely left between the buildings sufLake Bombazine, and one mile W. of the village, ficient room for light and air. it joins Poultney River, and, after running 3 miles It is a characteristic of this river, that while it farther, falls into the lake. Between the junc- affords an almost uniform and constant supply tion of these streams and the lake are two con- of water, it is never subject to excess; and theresiderable falls. The settlement commenced in fore no injury or inconvenience has ever been 1779, by people from Connecticut and Massa- experienced from so peculiar a location of the chusetts. 16 miles W. from Rutland. mills. The great business of Fall River, and Fairmount, Va., c. h. Marion co. On the Mo- that mainly which has given to it its present nongahela and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. importance, is manufacturing. The hydraulic Fairport, O., Painesville township, Lake co., power of the river, although comparatively the was called Grandon for a short time after it was volume of water is not large, is, nevertheless, laid out. The town is situated on the southern owing to the steadiness of the supply and the shore of Lake Erie, also on the E. bank of Grand certainty with which it can be controlled, availRiver, at its mouth. Considerable business is car- able to a much greater ex-tent than usual. Steam ried on here. There is an excellent harbor, and it power has also been introduced and applied to is a regular place of landing and embarkation for the carrying on of some large operations. passengers between the western country and the The principal manufactures are of cotton, state of New York. Distances 170 miles N. E. wool, and iron, with the printing of calico and from Columbus, and 32 N. E. from Cleveland. thd making of machinery. From 50,000 to This is the port of Painesville, and connected 75,000 spindles are employed in the cotton manwith it by a railroad 3 miles long. ufacture. The calico printing works turn out 368 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., about 300,000 yards a week. At the woollen most important points in New England are factory, satinets and cassimeres are made in brought into easy communication with each large quantity. The machine shop employs over other. 100 hands, and turns out machinery of the best Falls, Pa., Bucks co. On the Delaware River, quality, and of every description, but principally opposite Trenton, and drained by Scott's and for the cotton manufactories. But the largest Penn's Creeks. Surface undulating; soil loam establishment, and that which excites the most and sand. curiosity here, is one for the manufacture of iron. Falls, Pa., Wyoming eo. Bounded W. by the These works are operated wholly by steam, and Susquehanna River, and drained by Buttermilk employ between 400 and 500 hands, working up Falls Creek, which has a perpendicular descent into nails, hoops, rods, castings, &c., from 10,000 of 30 feet. Surface uneven or mountainous; to 12,000 tons of iron annually. Fall River has soil well adapted to grass and grain. 153 miles also its full share of shop manufactures. There S. E. from Harrisburg. is likewise a manufactory of sperm oil and Falls County, Ts. New. candles. Fallsburg, N. Y., Sullivan co. Neversink The interests of navigation at this place are River and some of the head branches of Rondout also considerable. The harbor has a sufficient Creek water this town. The surface is hilly; depth of water for ships of the largest class, and soil mostly gravelly loam. 8 miles N. from is capacious enough almost to accommodate the Monticello, and 108 S. W. from Albany. ships of the whole world. It is one of the places FJllston, Pa., Beaver co. Situated on the W. which was formerly examined, and received fa- bank of Beaver River, and has good mill privivorable consideration, by the government, as an leges. 829 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. eligible site for a naval depot, especially with a Falmouth, Kv., c. h. Pendleton co. At the juncview of constructing a dry dock under the old tion of the main branch of Licking River with its system. A number of vessels from this port are S. W. fork. 60 miles N. E. from Frankfort. engaged in the whale fishery. Those owned Falmnouth, Me. See Appendix, No. 4. here, and engaged in the coasting trade. are nu- Falmouth, Ms., Barnstable co. It is a pleasant merous; besides a large number, some of them town on Vineyard Sound. Two streams afford of a large class, which are employed to bring the town water power; also 40 ponds, some of lumber, coal, iron, and other articles consumed fresh and some of salt water, which are well by the manufacturers and others in the place. stocked with fish. The scenery around some of Fall River is well built. The surface being these ponds is delightful; one of them is of elevated and uneven, affords fine situations for sufficient depth of water for ships of any class. dwellings; and, for a manufacturing town, the The Indian name of this place was Saccanesset. location is pleasant and healthy. The churches, Wood's Hole, in this town, lies about 4 miles S. 10 or 12 in number, are all of them neat, well W. from Falmouth village. It is a good harbor, situated, and commodious. Several of them are and is much fiequented by vessels, and by invalarge and elegant. lids in search of sea air and bathing. 22 miles S. This place has within its immediate vicinity W. from Barnstable, and 70 S. S. E. from Boston. an abundance of fine granite, equal in quality to Falmouth, Va., Stafford co. On the N. side of any in the country. This granite is extensively the Rappahannock River, just below the falls, wrought, giving employment to numerous per- and 64 miles N. from Richmond. There are sons. The immense fortifications at Newport large flouring establishments here. have been mainly constructed with granite ob- Fannet, Pa., Franklin co. Tuscarora Creek tained at this place. It is also extensively used waters this town. Surface mountainous, having for building purposes in the village. Some very Tuscarora Mountain on its W. border; soil calextensive granite buildings, particularly one for careous loam and slate. 16 miles N. from Chama market and town hall, have been erected of bersburg. this material, which would suffer but little in Fannin County, Ts., c. h. at Bonham. On the comparison with buildings for like purposes in north-eastern border of the state. the city of Boston. Farmnersville, La., c. h. Union parish. On the Fall River was formerly a part of Freetowh, N. side of Bayou d'Arbonne. 333 miles N. W. and was incorporated by its present name about from New Orleans. the year 1802. Soon after, the name was changed Farmersville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained to Troy, and by this name the place was desig- by the head waters of Genesee River. Elevated nated for about 30 years. But the village, which and hilly. 274 miles W. from Albany. continues to be called Fall River, becoming at Farmnville, Va.. Prince Edward co. On the S. length the point of chief importance, this name side of Appomattox River. 70 miles W. S. W. was again given to the town, by act of the legis- from Richmond. A large capital and many lature. hands are employed in the manufacture of toOn Sunday, July 2, 1843. this place was visit- bacco. The river is navigable for steamboats to ed by one of the most destructive fires, in pro- Petersburg. portion to its size, which has ever occurred in Farminqdale, Me., Kennebec co. Formed in this country. About 200 buildings, including 1852, from parts of Gardiner, West Gardiner, and 1 factory, 1 large hotel, and 3 churches, were Hallowell. consumed. The energy and resources of the Farmington, Ct., Hartford co. The first setcitizens have been evinced by the rapidity with tlers of this town were from Hartford, being which the place rose from its ashes, and attained emigrants from the neighborhood of Boston, an increase even upon its former extent. Ms. They located themselves, in 1640, on the Fall River is on one of the great daily routes, luxuriant meadows of the Tunlxis, or Farmingby railroad and steamboat, between Boston and ton River, 10 miles W. from Hartford. The New York, and is variously connected with that township was purchased of the Tunxis Indians, beautiful network of railroads by which all the a numerous and warlike tribe. At its incorpo IN THE UNITED STATES. 369 ration, in 1645, the township comprised 15 miles the N. E. angle. Watered by Turkey River and square; since which the pleasant towns of South- its branches. ington, Berlin, Bristol, Burlington, and Avon Fayette County, Ky., c. h. at Lexington. have been taken from the original territory of Bounded N. by Scott and Harrison counties, E. Farmington. by Bourbon and Clark, S. by the Kentucky Farmington River rises in the highlands in the River, separating it from Madison co., and W. N. part of Berkshire co., Ms., and after meander- by Jessamine co. Surface an elevated table ing delightfully through the towns of New Hart- land, watered by the head branches of Elkhorn ford and Burlington, in a S. E. direction, it River and other streams flowing into the Kenchanges its course at Farmington to the N., and tucky. Soil of excellent quality. passing Avon and Simsbury to the border of Fayette, Me., Kennebec co. A good township Granby, it again turns abruptly to the E., and of land. 17 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. meets the Connecticut at Windsor. This is a Fayette, Mi., c. h. Jefferson co. 80 miles S. W. beautiful and fertilizing stream, and gives to the from Jackson, and 25 N. E. from Natchez. towns through which it passes, but particularly Fayette, Mo., c. h. Howard co. On the E. side to Farmington, large tracts of rich alluvial of Bonne Femme Creek. 61 miles N. W. from meadows. Jefferson City. Fayette College is located here. Farmington village is a delightful place, on an See Colleges. elevated plain, surrounded by high hills. It is Fayette, N. Y., Seneca co. Bounded on the connected with New Haven by railroad. E. by Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lake. Seneca Round Hill, in the meadows, near the village, River and some of its branches water the town is a natural curiosity. It rises abruptly to the on the N. The surface is level; soil fertile. 178 height of 60 feet, is nearly circular in its form, miles W. from Albany. and covers 12 acres. Fayette County, O., c. h. at Washington. ClinFarmington, Io., Van Buren co. On the Des ton and Green counties bound it on the W., PickMoines River. Iron ore, coal, and building stone away and Ross on the E., Highland on the S., abound in this vicinity. and Madison co. on the N. The land' is level, Farmington, Me., See Appendix, No. 6. and of a good quality, and is watered by Deer Farmington, Mo., c. h. St. Francis co. S. E. and Paint Creeks. Emigrants from Virginia rom Jefferson City 139 miles. and Kentucky settled here about the year 1805. Farmington, N. H. See Appendix, No. 8. Fayette County, Pa., c. h. at Union. Bounded Farmington, N. Y., Ontario co. Mud Creek N. by Westmoreland co., E. by Somerset co., S. by and a small branch of Canandaigua outlet water Virginia, and W. by the Monongahela River, this town. The surface is level, and the soil fer- separating it from Greene and Washington countile, but difficult to till. The Auburn and Roch- ties. Drained by the Youghiogeny River, and ester Railroad crosses the S. W. angle. 7 miles Dunlap, Brown's, Redstone, and Cook's Creeks. N. from Canandaigua. At the Ohiopile Falls the Youghiogeny River Fauquier County, Va., c. h. at Warrenton. descends 60 feet within the space of a mile. Bounded N. by Warren, Clarke, and Loudon The surface of this county is partly mountaincounties, E. by Prince William, S. by Stafford ous, Laurel Hill and the Chestnut Ridge lying and Culpepper, and W. by Rappahannock co. in the E. part. The soil is fertile. Watered by the Ocoquan and the head branches Fayette, Pa., Alleghany co. Watered by of the Rappahannock River. Surface agreeably branches of Chartier's Creek. Surface hilly, diversified; soil tolerably fertile. abounding with coal; soil loam. 214 miles W. Fayette County, Aa., c. h. at Fayette Court from Harrisburg. House. Bounded N. by Marion and Walker Fayette County, Te., c. h. at Somerville. Boundcounties, E. by Walker, S. by Tuscaloosa and ed N. by Tipton and Haywood counties, E. by Pickens counties, and W. by Mississippi. Sipsey Hardeman co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by and Battahatchy Rivers and Luxapatilla Creek Shelby co. Watered by Loosahatchy and Wolf water this county. Surface slightly uneven; soil Rivers. Soil fertile. A railroad extends from fertile. La Grange, in this county, to Memphis, on the Fayette Court House, Aa., c. h. Fayette co. 2 Mississippi River, and a side branch extends to miles W. from Sipsey River, and 40 N. W. from Somerville. Tuscaloosa. Fayette County, Ts., c. h. at La Grange. S. Fayette County, Ga., c. h. at Fayetteville. central. On both banks of the Colorado. Bounded N. by De Kalb co., E. by Henry, S. by Fayette County, Va., c. h. at Fayetteville. Pike, and W. by Flint River, separating it from Bounded N. by Nicholas co., E. by Greenbrier, Coweta. and partly from Campbell co. The sur- S. by Mercer and Logan, and W. by Logan and face is level, and soil fertile. Kanawha counties. Watered by New and GanFayette County, Is., c. h. at Vandalia. Bounded ley, head branches of the Great Kanawha River, N. by Montgomery and Shelby counties, E. by and by Clear and March, branches of Coal Effingham and Clay, S. by Marion and Clinton River. The surface is mountainous, and on New counties, and W. by Bond and Montgomery River, 2 miles from Fayetteville, is a projection counties. Watered by Kaskaskia River and its called Long Point, the top of which, consisting tributaries. Surface level, consisting partly of of a flat rock covering 2 acres, is elevated 1500 feet prairies, and on the borders of the Kaskaskia, above the water of the river. At another place, liable to inundation. a perpendicular rock, called Hawk's Nest, or MarFayette County, Ia., c. h. at Connersville. shall's ]illar, rises 1100 feet above the surface of Bounded N. by Henry and Wayne counties, E. the same river. Some interesting remains of by Union, S. by Franklin, and W. by Rush co. ancient fortifications are also found in this county. Watered by White River and its head branches, Fayetteville, As., c. h. Washington co. Situated which afford extensive hydraulic power. on the N. W. side of White River. 19,6. miles Fayette County, Io., c. h. at West Union. In N. W. from Little Rock. 47 370 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Fayetteville, Ga., c. h. Fayette co. On a branch Fincastle, Va., c. h. Botetourt co. On the S. E. of Flint River. 85 miles W. N. W. from Mil- slope of Catawba valley, 175 miles W. from ledgeville. Richmond. Fayetteville, N. C., seat of justice of Cumber- Findlay, Pa., Alleghany co. Watered by Monland co. On the W. side of Cape Fear River, ture's Run, and branches of Racoon Creek. Surat the head of' uninterrupted boat navigation, face hilly; soil loam. 15 m. N. W. from Pittsburg. 60 miles S. from Raleigh. The town is pleasantly Finley, 0., c. h. Hancock co. situated about a mile from the river, and is reg- Fishing Creek, Pa., Columbia co. Drained by ularly laid out, with streets 100 feet in width. Fishing Creek. Surface mountainous; soil gravel An arsenal of construction has been established and clay. 101 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. here by the government. There is a good water Fishkill, N. Y., Dutchess co. This is one of power, on which, besides the shops of the arsenal, the largest and wealthiest inland towns in the there are a number of cotton factories, flouring state. It is situated on the E. bank of the Hudmills, grist mills, and saw mills. It has an ac- son River, and drained by the Fishkill and Waptive trade in grain, flour, naval stores, and tobacco. pinger's Creek. The surface is undulating on the A considerable portion of this place was de- N., and on the S. hilly and mountainous. There stroyed by fire in 1831. An appeal was made, are several quarries of iron ore, marble, and black with much success, to the sympathies of the peo- lead. The soil is uncommonly fertile. 10 miles ple throughout the United States, and about S. from Poughkeepsie, and 88 S. from Albany. $90,000 were contributed for the relief of the Fishkill Landinlg, N. Y., in Fishkill, Dutchess sufferers. co. On the Hudson River, at the mouth of FishFayetteville, O., Perry township, Brown co. 25 kill Creek, 90 miles S. from Albany. A steam miles N. from Georgetown. ferry connects this place with Newburg, on the F'ayetteville, Te., c. h. Lincoln co. On the N. opposite side of the Hudson. side of Elk River. 86 miles S. firom Nashville. Fishkill, N. Y., King's co. The surface of this Fayetteville. Vt., c. h. Windham co. In the town is mostly level; the soil productive when town of Newfane. 115 miles S. from Montpelier. properly tilled. 4 miles S. E. from Brooklyn, Fayetteville, Va., c. h. Fayette co. 2 miles W. and 149 S. from Albany. from New River, a little above its junction with Fitchburg, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly a Gauley River, and 289 miles W. from Richmond. part of Lunenburg. A large branch of the Fayston, Vt., Washington co. Fayston is gen- Nashua, and two smaller streams, pass through erally too mountainous to be much cultivated. the town, and afford it an extensive and conAlong the borders of some of the branches of' stant water power. Over the Nashua are a Mad River, which rises here, is some arable land. large number of dams, and the river in the The town was settled in 1798, by Lynde Wait, course of two miles puts in motion a number of Esq. 16 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, and cotton and other factories. This is a very flour25 S. E. from Burlington. ishing and growing town, having received a Fenner, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by Chitte- great impulse since the completion of the railnango and Canaseraga Creeks. The surface is roads by which it is connected with Boston, undulating; soil of good quality. 8 miles N. W. Worcester, Lowell, and the valley of the Confrom Morrisville, and 115 W. by N. from Albany. necticut. Near the principal village is an imFentress County, Te., c. h. Jamestown. Bounded mense quarry of excellent granite. The surface N. by Kentucky, E. by Campbell co., S. by Mor- is uneven; the soil strong and fertile. In some gan and Putnam, and W. by Overton co. Wa- parts the hills are large, high, and steep. Rolltered by Obey's River and White Oak Creek, stone and Pearl Hills are the principal ones. 49 branches of Cumberland River. miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 24 N. from Ferdinand, Vt., Essex co. This town was Worcester. chartered in 1761. Paul's Stream affords it a Fitzwilliam, N. H., Cheshire co. Camp and good water power, but the land is so mountain- Priest Brooks are the principal streams. South ous, rocky, cold, and swampy, that people do not Pond,'230 rods long, and of various width; Slip's choose to cultivate it. Pond, 200 rods long and 100 wide; Rockwood's Ferguson, Pa., Centre co. Spring Creek and Pond, and Collin's Pond, are the only natural its branches water this town. Surface mountain- collections of waters. The surface is hilly; soil ous, and abounding with iron ore; soil calcareous rocky, and suitable for grazing and tillage. There loam in the valleys. 11 miles S. from Bellefonte. is very valuable meadow land found here. Near Ferrisbury, Vt., Addison co. This township is the centre of the town is a large hill, noted for watered principally by Otter, Little Otter, and its romantic prospect. Gap Mountain, on which Lewis Creeks. In Little Otter Creek are 4, and are found various stones suitable for whetstones, in Lewis Creek 3 commodious falls, on which lies partly in this town. First settlers. James mills and other machinery are erected. Lake Reed, John Fassett, Benjamin Bigelow, and Champlain is on the western boundary. In this others, in 1760. 13 miles S. E. from Keene, and township is one of the best harbors on the lake, 60 S. W. from Concord. The Cheshire Railroad called Basin Harbor. The surface of the north passes through it. eastern part is somewhat hilly. The remaining Flatbush, N. Y., King's co., L. I. 8 miles S. E. parts, especially the western, are remarkably from New York city. The seat of justice for level. No township in the state has afforded King's co. was here until 1832, when it was remore or better timber for market than this. The moved to the city of Brooklyn. It is a small but soil is various.'It is a good grazing township. pleasant town, containing two churches, and an A part of this town was annexed to Panton in academy of long-established reputation. The 1847. The first permanent settlement was made Dutch Reformed Church is of gray stone, with in 1784 and 1785, by emigrants from Bennington, tower, bell, and spire. From its vicinity to New in this state, and from Connecticut. 16 miles N. York, this is a pleasant place of resort in the W. from Middlebury, and 34 W. from Montpelier. warm season. Prospect Hill, half a mile N. W. IN THE UNITED STATES. 371 of the village, about 200 feet in height, overlooks terior location, Florence is well situated for busifour of the adjacent towns, and affords an exten- ness. sive prospect out to sea. Florence, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by tribNear the N. W. boundary is the battle ground utaries of Fish Creek. The surface is slightly where the battle of Long Island was fought in uneven. 33 miles N. W. from Utica, and 127 1776. under the immediate command of Generals from Albany. Putnam and Sullivan; which, issuing unfavor-'Florida, Ms., Berkshire co., comprises a part ably for the Americans, led to the masterly retreat of Zoar, an unincorporated district. This townof the troops, under Washington, from Long ship is situated on the height of the Green MounIsland. tain range; its surface is broken, and its climate Flatlands, N. Y., King's co., embraces Barren severe. Hoosic Mountain, 1448 feet above Deerand some other small, marshy islands. The sur- field River, which washes its eastern boundary, ~face is level; soil productive, when properly cul- and other mountains in the town, offer to the betivated. 8 miles S. E. from Brooklyn, and 153 holder some of the finest Alpine scenery in the S. from Albany. state. 125 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 22 Fleming County, Ky., c. h. at Flemingsburg. N. N. E. from Pittsfield. Bounded N. by J4ason and Lewis counties, E. by Florida, N. Y., Montgomery co. The Mohawk Carter, S. by Morgan and Licking River, separ- River and Schoharie Creek water this town. Surating it from Bath co., and W. by Nicholas co. face undulating; soil favorable to the growth of Surface mountainous in the E. and S. portions; wheat. 8 miles S. E. from Fonda, and 34 N. W. soil fertile, being based upon limestone. from Albany. Fleming, N. Y., Cayuga co. On the W. border Floyd County, Ga., c. h. at Rome. Bounded N. of Owasco Lake. Drained by Crane Brook and by Chatooga and Walker counties, E. by Murray some other small streams. The surface is undu- and Cass, S. by Paulding co., and W. by Aa. lating; soil clay loam of good quality. 4 miles The Oostanaula and Etowah unite to form the S. from Auburn, and 160 W. from Albany. Coosa, in this county, which is also watered by CeFlemingsburg, Ky., c. h. Fleming co. On Stock- dar and Chatooga Creeks. Surface uneven; soil ton Run, 1 mile from its junction with Fleming rich on the borders of the streams. Creek, and 95 miles E. by N. from Frankfort. Floyd County, Ia., c. h. at New Albany. InFlemington, N. J., c. h. of Hunterdon co. This corporated in 1819, and bounded N. by Washingtown, 25 miles N. by W. from Trenton, is very ton and Scott counties, E. by Clark co., S. E. by pleasantly situated on an undulating plain, one the Ohio River, separating it from Ky., and S. mile N. of which is a high eminence which over- and W. by Harrison co. Watered by Silver, and looks the village and surrounding country, and the head branches of Indian Creek. Surface affords a delightful view of it. The village is hilly; soil rich. mostly built on one street, which has many hand- Floyd County, Ky., c. h. at Prestonburg. Boundsome dwellings, and is marked by a general ap- ed N. by Morgan and Johnson counties, E. by pearance of neatness and thrift. The court house Pike, S. by Letcher, and W. by Perry and Breais a spacious stone building, with a Doric portico, thitt. Watered by the head branches of Kentucky in the basement of which is the county prison. and Licking, and the W. fork of Big Sandy RivThere are two copper mines near this place. The er. Surface high and hilly. soil of the surrounding country is red shale, and Floyd, N. Y., Oneida co. On the N. side of tolerably productive. the Mohawk. Watered on the E. by Nine Mile Fletcher, Vt., Franklin co. The River La- Creek. The surface is rolling; the soil fertile, moille just touches upon the southern extremity and particularly suitable for grass. 8 miles N of this township. Metcalf Pond is about one mile from Utica, and 100 N. W. from Albany. long from N. to S., and one third of a mile wide Floyd County, Va., c. h. at Jacksonville. Boundfrom E. to W. It discharges its waters at the S. ed N. by Montgomery, E. by Franklin. S. by end, forming one of the head branches of Black Patrick and Carroll, and W. by Pulaski co. SurCreek. This stream, Fairfield River, and Stone's face mnountainous, and watered by Little River Brook are the principal waters. The surface of and its tributaries; soil suitable for grazing. this township is considerably broken. The town Floyd, Va., c. h. Floyd co. 215 miles W. S. W was chartered to Moses Rolinson, John Fay, and from Richmond. others, in 1781. The settlement was commenced Flushing, N. Y., Queen's co. Bounded on the in 1784. 22 miles N. N. W. from Montpelier, and N. by Long Island Sound. Flushing and Little about 18 S. E. from St. Albans. Neck Bays, with the streams flowing into them, Florence, Aa. Shire town of Lauderdale co. also water this town. The surface is mostly level; On the N. side of the River Tennessee, imme- soil well tilled and productive. 6 miles W. from diately below the Muscle Shoals. It is situated North Hempstead, and 156 S. from Albany. On an elevated plain, 100 feet above the river. Fluvanna County, Va., c. h. at Palmyra. InThe streets are 100 feet wide, and cross each other corporated in 1777, and bounded N. by Albeat right angles. Except when the water is-low, marle and Louisa counties, E. by Goochland co, steamboats ascend from the Ohio to this place; so S. by James River, separating it from Cumberthat it carries on some trade with New Orleans. land and Buckingham counties, and W. by AlbeAbove Florence, there is a railroad from Tuscum- marle co. It is traversed by the Ravenna Rivet bia, nearly opposite, on the river, to Decatur, a Surface mostly rough; soil good on the rivers. distance of 46 miles, to avoid the shoals; above Gold is found in this region. which the river is again navigable as far as Knox- Fonda, N. Y., c. h. Montgomery co. On the ville, Te. At Chattanooga, near the S. border of N. side of Mohawk River, and on the railroad Tennessee, the boats connect with an extensive from Albany to Buffalo, 42 miles W. from Albarailroad route through the N. part of Georgia to ny. This is a prosperous manufacturing place. Augusta, and thence to Charleston, S. C., a dis- Fond du Lac County, Wn., c. h. at Fond du tance, in the whole, of about 440 miles. For an in- Lac. Bounded N. by Winnebago and Cal 872 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., umet counties, E. by Sheboygan, S. by Washing- a small village here connected with the Fort, ton and Dodge, and W. by Marquette co. Wa- which enjoys a fine view of the lower bay and of tered on the N. E. by Lake Winnebago, and the ocean, and is one of the many places of redrained by Rock and Milwaukee Rivers, and sort for the people of New York in the summer Crocodile and Martin's Creeks. Surface mostly season. See New York. level, and in parts swampy. Fort Madison, Io., Lee co., on the W. bank Fond du Lac, Wn., Fond du Lac co. At the of the Mississippi River, contains the ruins of a head of Winnebago Lake. 98 miles N. E. from fortification, now hardly visible, erected in 1808, Madison. as a defence against the Indians, who compelled Fordham, N. Y., Westchester co. On the line the garrison to burn the fort in 1813. of the Haerlem Railroad, 124 miles from New Fort Miller, N. Y., Washington co. On the York City Hall. The site of St. John's College. E. side of the Hudson River, where is a descent See Colleges. of about 20 feet, also a dam for feeding the Forest County, Pa. New. Had but 561 in- Champlain Canal. habitants by the census of 1850. Fort Plain, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. Foreurg, N. Y., Sullivan co. Drained by bank of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. Nevers tfk River and some other streams. The Fort Smith, As., Crawford co. 165 miles W. surface is hilly; soil sandy loam. 8 miles S. from N. W. from Little Rock, and 66 miles S. E. from Monticello, and 127 S. S. W. from Albany. Fort Gibson. This place is situated on the S. Forks, Pa., Northampton co. Located near the side of the Arkansas River, at the entrance of the junction of the Delaware and Lehigh Rivers, and Poiteau, a small river from the S., on the exdrained by Bushkill Creek and its branches. Sur- treme W. border of the state. It is the site of an face level; soil loam. extensive fortification, erected by the governForsyth, Ga., c. h. Monroe co. A little S. from ment for the protection of their western frontier the Towelagge, a branch of Ockmulgee River, and settlements. 55 miles W. from Milledgeville. Connected with Fort Wayne, la., c. h. Allen co. In a fertile Macon by railroad, 45 miles distant. region, on the S. side of Maumee River, and on Forsyth County, Ga., c. h. at Cumming. Bound- the Wabash and Erie Canal. 131 miles N. N. ed N. by Lumpkin co., E. and S. by the Chat- E. from Indianapolis. tahoochee River, separating it from Hall and Foster, R. I., Providence co. This is a large agGwinnett counties, and W. by Cherokee co. ricultural and manufacturing town, finely watered Drained by Chattahoochee and Etowah Rivers by Hemlock Brook, Ponongansett and Moosup and branches. Rivers. The surface of the town, in many parts, Forsyth, Mo., c. h. Taney co. On the E. side is rough and uneven, but the soil is well calculated of White River, at the mouth of Swan Creek, for the productions of the dairy. In the western and 201 miles S. from Jefferson City. part are extensive forests of valuable timber. Forsyth County, N. C. New. There are a number of pleasant villages on the Fort Ann, N. Y., Washington co. Bounded borders of the numerous streams. First settled by Lake George on the N. W., and is watered by in 1717; incorporated in 1781. Foster was named Wood Creek; the Champlain Canal also passes in compliment to the Hon. Theodore Foster, through this town. Surface diversified with hills, formerly a senator of the United States. 15 mountains, valleys, and plains; soil varied as miles S. W. from Providence. the surface. 12 miles N. from Sandy Hill, and Fountain County, Ia., c. h. at Covington. In60 N. N. E. from Albany. corporated in 1825. Bounded E. by Tippecanoe Fort Bend County, Ts., c. h. at Richmond. In and Montgomery counties, S. by Park co., and the S. middle part of the state, on both banks W. and N. by the Wabash River, separating it of the Brazos. from Vermilion and Warren counties. Drained Fort Covington, N. Y., Franklin co. Salmon by Coal and Shawnee Creeks, branches of the and Little Salmon Rivers water this town, the Wabash River, and good mill streams. Surface surface of which is level, and the soil of good slightly uneven; soil of excellent quality. The quality. The Canada line bounds it on the N. Wabash and Erie Canal traverses this county. 14 miles N. W. from Malone, and 223 N. N. W. Fowler, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Drained by the from Albany. Oswegatchie River and some of its tributaries. Fort Des Moines, Io., c. h. Polk co. At the The surface is slightly uneven; soil mostly good. junction of Racoon and Des Moines. It is a 22 miles S. from Canton, and 186 N. W. from beautiful place, at the head of navigation of the Albany. Des Moines River, within 30 miles of the geo- Foxboro', Ms., Norfolk co. In this town are a graphical centre of the state, of which it will number of pleasant ponds, and several small probably be the capital at no distant day. The streams which empty into Taunton River. These valley of the Des Moines is unsurpassed in fer. all produce considerable water power. The Bostility, and Fort Des Moines is already the seat of ton and Providence Railroad passes through the a large inland trade. 120 miles W. from Iowa town. The depot is 21 miles S. S. W. from City. Boston, and 19J N. by E. from Providence. Fort Edward, N. Y., Washington co. On the Foxcroft, Me., Piscataquis co. On the N. side E. bank of the Hudson. Drained by the Moose- of Piscataquis River, opposite Dover. 77 miles kill and some other small streams. The surface N. N. E. from Augusta. is somewhat undulating; soil of good quality. Foxville, Va., Fauquier co. On the Rappahan4 miles S. from Sandy Hill, and 47 N. N. E. nock River. 30 miles above Fredericksburg, and from Albany. 116 miles N. by W. from Richmond. Here is a Fort Hamilton, -N. Y., King's co. Situated white sulphur spring, and a quarry of slate. The at the western extremity of Long Island, on manufactures are considerable. the E. side of the Narrows, through which is the Framingham, Ms., Middlesex co. This beaumain entrance into New York Harbor. There is tiful town is distinguished for its agricultural, IN THE UNITED STATES. 373 manufacturing, and mechanical progress. The Frankfort, Ia., c. h. Clinton co. On the S. soil is various, but generally strong and fertile. fork of Wildcat Creek, N. N. W. from IndianapThe surface is not very uneven, though there olis, 42 miles. are several elevated -and pleasant hills. Nobscot Frankfort, Ky., c. h. at Franklin co. Capital of and Bare Hills command extensive and rich views. the state. In the S. and S. E. parts are several pleasant Frankfort, Me., Waldo co. An excellent townponds. The principal stream is Sudbury River. ship with two villages on the W. side of PenobSaxonville, in this town, is one of the most beau- scot River. It is the highest point to which vestiful and flourishing villages in New England. sels can ascend during the icy season of the year. Long Pond, which supplies Boston with water, 12 miles below Bangor. lies partly in this town. The Framingham Frankfort, N. Y., Herkimer co. Situated 7 Academy, in the centre village, is a useful and miles W. from Herkimer, and 87 W. N. W. from popular seminary. 21 miles W. from Boston, Albany. The surface on the S. is broken and and 23 E. from Worcester. hilly, but upon the N., in the valley of the MoFrancestown, N. H., Hiilsboro' co. The two S. hawk, are fertile meadows. The principal village branches of the Piscataquog rise in this town. is situated on the S. side of this river, on the Pleasant and Haunted Ponds are considerable line of the Erie Canal. There are manufactocollections of water. The land is uneven, and ries here for making cotton and woollen goods, in many parts stony, but the soil is warm and and machinery, under a company incorporated in moist. The highest land is Crotched Mountain, 1834, with a capital of $200,000. the summits of which are more than 600 feet Frankfort, O., Wells township, Guernsey, lies above the level of the Common, in the centre of on the old road leading from Zanesville to the town. One of the summits is covered with Wheeling, in Virginia, about 15 miles E. from wood; the other is almost a solid ledge of rocks. Cambridge. There is in the easterly part of this town a very Frankfort, 0., Concord township, Ross co, extensive and valuable quarry of soapstone, re- This town is pleasantly located on the N. fork of sembling, when polished, verd antique marble. Paint Creek, on elevated land, and occupies the In the N. part good black lead, and in the S. same spot of the old Indian town of Chillicothe. rock crystal have been found. Garret and soap- Near here are several large mounds. stone are also found here. The local situation Franklin County, Aa., Russellville, shire town. of this town is very eligible for business. It Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separatderived its name from Frances, the wife of the ing it from Lauderdale co., E. by Lawrence co', last Governor Wentworth. 12 miles N. W. from S. by Marion co., and W. by Mississippi. SurAmherst, and 28 S. W. from Concord. face hilly, and drained by Cedar, Bear, Little Franconia, N. H., Grafton co. This town is Bear, and Spring Creeks; soil fertile. mountainous. Its streams are branches of the Franklin County, As., c. h. at Ozark. BoundLower Amonoosuck River. Here are several ed N. by Washington and Madison counties, E. ponds; one of which, called Ferrin's, is the source by Johnson, S. by Scott, and W. by Crawford co. of the middle branch of Pemigewasset River. The Arkansas River traverses the middle of The mountains adjoining the Notch are called this county, from E. to W. Surface rough and Mounts Lafayette and Jackson. On the latter is hilly; soil fertile on the borders of the streams. the celebrated "Profile," or "Old Man of the Franklin, Ct., New London co. Shetucket Mountain." It is situated on a peak of solid River separates this town from Lisbon. The surrock, 1000 feet high, and almost perpendicular.'face of Franklin is uneven; the soil a gravelly On this peak, Nature, in her wildest mood, ex- loam, more fit for grazing than tillage. There is hibits the profile of the human face. See Fashion- a woollen factory on Beaver Brook, a branch of able Resorts. The village in this place, lying in a the Shetucket; but the chief business of the peohollow, is remarkable for its cold weather. It ple is rearing sheep, and other agricultural purowes its rise and prosperity to the discovery and suits. 34 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. working of a rich vein of granular magnetic iron Franklin County, Fa., c. h. at Appalachicola. ore. First settlers, Captain Artemas Knight, Incorporated in 1832. Bounded N. and E. by Lemuel Barnett, Zebedee Applebee, and others, Gadsden co., S. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. in 1774. 28 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 by Calhoun co. The Appalachicola River forms N. from Concord. part of its W. boundary. The land is low and Franconia, Pa., Montgomery co. This town swampy, interspersed with numerous ponds. Soil is watered by Indian, Pike, and Shippack Creeks, very fertile on the margins of the rivers. This and the N. E. branch of the Perkiomen Creek. county embraces the islands of St. George and Surface level; soil red shale. 88 miles E. from St. Vincent. Harrisburg. Franklin County, Ga., c. h. at Carnesville. This Frankford, N. Y., Sussex co. Papakating county was incorporated in 1788, and is bounded Creek, a branch of the Wallkill River, waters N. E. by the Tugaloo, a head branch of the Sathis town. Surface hilly on the W., but else- vannah River, separating it from S. C., S. E. and S. where level; soil very productive, being based by Elbert and Madison counties, and W. by Hall upon lime and slate. and Habersham counties. Drained by the N. Frankford, Pa., Cumberland co. Watered by fork of Broad River. Surface hilly; soil proConedogwinit Creek and its branches. Blue ductive. Mountain lies partly in the N. part of this town, Franklin County, Is., c. h. at Frankfort. This and McClure's Gap on the E. boundary; it county was incorporated in 1818, and is bounded has also a sulphur spring near the centre. N. by Jefferson co., E. by Hamilton and GalFrankford, Pa., Oxford, Philadelphia co. On latin, S. by Williamson, and W. by Jackson and Taconv Creek, which affords water power. 5 Perry counties. Watered by Big Muddy River miles N. E. from Philadelphia, and 104 E. by S. and its tributaries, and the S. fork of Saline from Harrisburg. Creek. Soil of good quality. 374 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Franklin County, Ian, c. h. at Brookville. Bound- E. by Lawrence and Pike, S. by Amite and Wiled N. by Fayette and Union counties, E. by Ohio, kinson, and W. by Adams co. Watered by tribuS. by Dearborn and Ripley counties, and W. taries of the Homochitto and the head branches by Decatur co. Drained by branches of the. of Amite River. Surface undulating; soil sterWhite Water River, which afford fine mill privi- ile, except on the margins of the rivers. leges. Surface levelor undulating; soil fertile. Franklin County, Mo., c. h. at Union. The The White Water Canal crosses this county.'Missouri River bounds this county on the N., Franklin, Ia., c. h. Johnson co.. occupies a separating it from Warren and St; Charles counhigh bluff, on the E. side of Young's Creek, ties. St. Louis and Jefferson counties bound it 20 miles S. from Indianapolis. on the E., Washington and Crawford on the S., Franklin County, Ky., c. h. at Frankfort. Bound- and Gasconade on the W. Drained by the Maed N. by Henry and Owen counties, E. by Scott, ramec and Bourbeuse Rivers, the latter being a S. by Woodford and Anderson, and W. by Shelby good mill stream, and by some smaller tributaries co. Surface hilly, and watered by Kentucky and of the Missouri. Surface undulating; soil mostly Elkhorn Rivers; soil fertile. fertile. Franklin, Ky., c. h. Simpson co. On the W. Franklin County, N. C., c. h. at Louisburg. side of Drake's Creek, a branch of Barren River. Bounded N. by Warren co., E. and S. E. by 164 miles S. W. from Frankfort. Nash, S. W. by Wake, and WV. by Granville co. Franklin Parish, La., c. h. at Winnsboro'. N. Tar river traverses the middle of this county, E. central. Between Bayou Bceuf of Red River, and Fishing Creek forms part of its N. boundary. and Bayou Macon, the W. branch of the Tensas. Surface level; soil productive. Franklin, La., c. h. St. Mary's parish. Located Franklin, N. H., Merrimac co., is a place of on the W. side of the Bayou Teche. 144 miles considerable and increasing business. The juncW. by S. from New Orleans. tion of the Winnipiseogee and Pemigewasset Franklin County, Me., c. h. at Farmington. In Rivers, in this town, form the Merrimac, creating the W. part of the state, including the height of on both streams an extensive and valuable water land between the Androscoggin and Kennebec. power. Undulating, with mountainous tracts, with nu- A famous peat bog is in this town. Plumbago, merous ponds and mill streams. Soil generally &c., has been found here. The Northern Railgood. The northern part bordering on Canada road passes through the centre. This town was is still unsettled. taken from the towns of Salisbury, Andover, Franklin, Me., Hancock co. At the head of Sanbornton, and Northfield. 19 miles N. by N. W. Taunton Bay, the most northerly part of French- from Concord by the Northern Railroad. man's Bay. 15 miles E. from Ellsworth. The descent of the Winnipiseogee branch, from Franklin County, Ms., c. h. at Greenfield. This the lake to its junction with the Pemigewasset, was a part of Hampshire co. until 1811. The is 232 feet. The confluent stream bears the name surface is elevated; the Green Mountain range of Merrimac, and pursues a S. course, 78 miles, intersects it fiom N. to S., presenting some of the to Chelmsford, Ms.; thence an E. course, 35 wildest and most picturesque scenery in the miles, to the sea at Newburyport. On the N. state. The soil is exceedingly fertile; its rich line of Concord, the Contoocook discharges its alluvial valleys produce the finest crops of grain waters into the Merrimac. The Soucook beand grass, while its mountain sides afford rich comes a tributary in Pembroke, and the Suncook pasturage. Few sections of our country equal between Pembroke and Allenstown. The Pisthe county of Franklin in the extent and value cataquog unites in Bedford; the Souhegan in of its hydraulic power. The noble Connecticut Merrimac; and a beautiful river, called Nashua. pierces its centre from N. to S., the romantic and in Nashua. The tributaries which enter in Maspowerful Deerfield pours its volume of water sachusetts are the Concord at Lowell, the Spiggot from the W., while Miller's River comes in from at Methuen, the Shawsheen at Andover, and the E., with its rapid current, joins the two former the Powow, between Amesbury and Salisbury. near the heart of the county, and passes to the The principal tributaries are on the W. side of ocean. These rivers, combined with their nu- the river, all, except the Concord, rising in the merous tributaries, watering every section of the highlands between the Connecticut and Merricounty, produce a water power of great extent mac. There are numerous falls in this river, the and usefulness. most noted of which are Garven's in Concord, Franklin, Ms., Norfolk co. Charles River and Bow Falls in Hooksett, Amoskeag Falls in Goffsseveral of its branches meander through this town and Manchester, Pawtucket Falls at Low-town, and give to it fine mill seats and a con- ell, and the falls at Lawrence. The river was stant flow of water. This town was a part of formerly much used for boat navigation, in conWrentham until 1778. There are in the town junction with the Middlesex Canal, aided by some very pleasant villages, and some eminences canals round the principal falls; but since the from which are fine views of the surrounding introduction of railroads, this method of transcountry. This town was named in honor of the portation has been abandoned, and the water is celebrated Dr. Franklin. Soon after its incorpo- now employed solely for propelling machinery. ration, a hint was given to the doctor, then in Already upon the banks of this river have risen France, that a present of a bell would be accept- the flourishing and fast-growing cities of Manable to the town for the honor conferred. The chester, Lowell, and Lawrence, and there is still doctor sent the town some valuable books, and a large amount of water power unemployed. observed that he presumed the people of Frank- The Lake Winnipiseogee, the outlet from which lin were more fond of sense than sound. 27 is under the control of the water power compamiles S. W. from Boston, and 17 S. W. from nies, furnishes an inexhaustible reservoir for keepDedham. ing up the supply of water in the driest seasons. Franklin County, Mi., c. h. at Meadville. See Pemigewasset River. Bounded N. by Jefferson and Copiah counties, The Merrimac, whose fountains are nearly on IN THE UNITED STATES. 375 a level with the Connecticut, being much shorter thing has since been taken from its area, in conin its course, has a far more rapid descent to the stituting the surrounding counties, reducing it to sea than the latter river. Hence the intervales its present limits. The Ohio Canal passes across on its borders are less extensive, and the scenery the S. E. corner of the county, and a branch less beautiful, than on the Connecticut. It is, from it is brought to the centre at Columbus. however, a majestic river. Its width varies from The national road passes through it from E. to 50 to 120 rods. The tide flows up to Haverhill, W. This tract was once the residence of the a distance of 16 miles from the sea, and the Wyandot Indians, who had a large town on the mouth of the river forms the harbor of Newbury- site of the city of Columbus, and cultivated export, the bar of which prevents the entrance of tensive fields of corn on the river bottoms on the vessels drawing more than 15 or 16 feet of water. opposite side of the Scioto. The name Merrimnac signifies, in the Indian lan- Franklin, O., a township of Portage co., in the guage, a sturgeon, a species of fish which abounds N. part of the state. The Cuyahoga River passes in the tide water. diagonally through it, affording much valuable Franklin, N. J., Gloucester co. Drained by water power, which is improved for manufacturbranches of Maurice and Great Egg Harbor ing purposes at the two villages of Franklin Rivers, and by Raccoon Creek. Surface level; Mills and Carthage. The Mahoning Canal soil mostly sandy and poor. 15 miles S. E. from passes through the township, falling into the Woodbury. Cuyahoga for a part of the distance. Brady's Franklin, N. J., Bergen co. The surface of Pond, so called, is a small but beautiful sheet this town is undulating; the soil mostly fertile, of water, about 2J miles from Franklin Mills, being composed of gravel, sand, and loam, based from the fine white sand on the shores of which upon sandstone. 13 miles N. W. from Hack- glass is manufactured. About 30 miles S. E. ensack. from Cleveland. Franklin, N. J., Somerset co. Millstone and Franklin Mills, 0., Portage co. At the falls Raritan Rivers, and Six Mile Run water this of Cuyahoga River, and on the Pennsylvania town. Surface somewhat uneven, and on the and Ohio Canal. At these falls there is a great S. W. hilly. 7 miles S. E. from Somerville. water power. Much business is done here. 134 Franklin, N. J., Warren co. Watered by Po- miles N. E. from Columbus. hatcong and Musconetcong Creeks. Franklin County, Pa., c. h. at Chambersburg. Franklin County, N.Y., c. h. at Malone. Formed Incorporated in 1784. Bounded N. by Perry from Clinton co. in 1808. Bounded N. by Lower and Cumberland counties, E. by Adams co., S. Canada, E. by Clinton and Essex, S. by Essex by Maryland, and W. by Bedford co. It is and Hamilton, and W. by St. Lawrence co. Wa- drained by Conecocheague and Conedogwinit tered by numerous lakes and ponds, the prin- Creeks and their branches, affording great hycipal of which are the Upper and Lower Saranac draulic power. South and Tuscarora or Cove Lakes, and by Chateaugay, Salmon, Trout, Deer, Mountains are the only considerable elevations, St. Regis, and Racket Rivers, flowing into the Soil very fertile, being based upon limestone. St. Lawrence, which washes its N. W. corner, White marble is found here, and iron ore is and also by the Saranac, flowing into Lake abundant. Champlain. Surface chiefly level on the N., but Franklin, Pa., c. h. Venango co. On the S. hilly and mountainous in the middle and S. side of French Creek, at its junction with AlleThe soil is diversified, but much of it very fertile. ghany River. Steamboats come up to this place The mountains abound in the best of iron ore, and from the Ohio. There is a communication by:he surface is heavily timbered in some parts. river and canal to Lake Erie. 210 miles W. N. Franklin, N. Y., Delaware co. Oleout Creek W. from Harrisburg. and its branches water this town. The soil is Franklin, Pa., York co. Drained by a branch fertile loam. 12 miles W. from Delhi, and 93 of Bermudian Creek. 4 miles S. from Har S. W. from Albany. risburg. Franklin, N. Y., Franklin co. Drained by Franklin, Pa., Adams co. Conewago and Salmon and Saranac Rivers and some of their Conecocheague Creeks, and some branches of tributaries. It also contains several small lakes. Marsh Creek, water this town. Surface level; The surface is hilly and mountainous; soil vari- soil red shale. ons. 25 miles S. E. from Malone, 187 N. from Franklin, Pa., Fayette co. Watered by thl Albany. Youghiogeny River and Redstone Creek. It has Franklin County, O., c. h. Columbus. Situ- a hilly surface and loamy soil. 9 miles N. from ated nearly in the centre of the state, having Union. Delaware co. on the N., portions of Licking and Franklin, Pa., Greene co. Ten Mile Creek Fairfield on the E., Pickaway on the S., and and its branches water this town. Surface unMadison on the W. It is 23 miles square. The dulating; soil loam. surface is generally level, and in many parts low Franklin, Pa., Huntingdon co. Watered on and wet, better adapted to grazing than to rais- the S. boundary by the W. branch of the Little ing grain. The county is drained, however, by Juniata River, and drained by Warrior's Run and several streams, upon the banks of which is much Spruce Creek. Surface mountainous; soil cal arable land and many finely-cultivated farms. careous loam. The Scioto River passes through the centre of Franklin County, Te., c. h. at Winchester. Boundthe county, from N. to S. The Whetstone River, ed N. by Bedford and Coffee counties, E. by Marion and other small streams and creeks, running co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Lincoln co. Wanearly in the same direction, drain other portions tered by Duck River, and Rock, Elk, and Paint of the county. Creeks. Surface rough and uneven, having CumnThis county was first settled in 1797. It was berland Mountain on its S. E. border; soil fertile. constituted a county, being taken from the then Franklin, Te., c. h. Williamson co. On the S. existing county of Ross, March 30, 1803. Some- side of Harpeth River. 18 miles S. from Nashville. 376 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Franklin County, Vt., c. h. at St. Albans. This and Back Creeks, branches of the Potomac, rise county is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by Or- here. The surface is much diversified, being mounleans co., S. E. and S. by Lamoille co., 9. by tainous on the W.; the soil is mostly very fertile. Chittenden co., and W. by Lake Champlain. The Fredericksburg, Va. City, and seat of justice Missisco River passes through the northern part of Spottsylvania co. Situated in a pleasant valley of the county, and the Lamoille its most southern on the S. W.,side of Rappahannock River, 62 section. Although the surface is somewhat miles E. by N. from Richmond, and 56 S. S. W. broken, and in some parts mountainous, yet the from the city of Washington. It is at the head soil is productive of wheat and grass. In this of tide water on the river, about 150 miles from county marble and iron ore, of excellent qualities, itW mouth, and just below the falls, from which it are found. derives a good water power. The Rappahannock Franklin, Vt., Franklin co. The River Rocher, is navigable for vessels of 140 tons to the foot of or Rock River, rises in this township, and falls these falls, and vessels come up and lie at the into Missisco Bay in Highgate. It is also wa- wharves, within a few yards of the public waretcred by several small branches of Missisco and houses. A canal is partly completed to extend Pike Rivers. A large pond lies near the centre, from this point to Fox's Mills on the river, 35 3 miles long and about 1 wide. The settlement miles above. was commenced in 1789, by emigrants mostly Fredericksburg is regularly laid out, and comfrpm Massachusetts. 60 miles N. W. from Mont- pactly built. The principal public buildings are pelier, and 17 N. N. E. from St. Albans. a court house, a market house, an orphan asylum, Franklin County, Va., c. h. Rocky Mount. and churches of the Episcopal, Presbyterian, Bounded N. by Roanoke and Bedford counties, Methodist, and Baptist denominations. Many E. by Pittsylvania, S. by Henry and Patrick, and of the buildings are of brick; others are of stone, W. by Floyd and Montgomery counties. Watered from the extensive quarries in the vicinity. This by streams flowing into Staunton River, which city possesses a prosperous trade, which is chiefly forms its N. E. boundary. in the various kinds of grain, flour, and tobacco. Franklinville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained Gold is among the valuable exports of this port, by Ishua and Great Valley Creeks. The surface considerable quantities of which are mined in is undulating; soil very fertile loam.. 8 miles E. this region of country. Fredericksburg was from Ellicottville, and 279 W. by S. from Albany. founded in 1727, and named in honor of Prince Frankstown, Pa., Huntingdon co. This town Frederick, the father of George III. is watered by the Frankstown branch of the Ju- Fredericktown, 0., Knox co. A thriving vilniata River, which passes through the Franks- lage on the W. bank of Vernon River, and surtown Gap of Dunning's Mountain, and by Beaver rounded by fertile and beautiful land. Dam Creek. 116 miles W. from Harrisburg. Fredonia, Ia., c. h. Crawford co., occupies a Frederica, Ga., Glynn co. On the W. side of high bluff on the N. side of the Ohio River, at St. Simon's Island, and contains the ruins of a the Great Horseshoe Bend, and 122 miles &. fort built by General Oglethorpe in 1736. S. E. from Indianapolis. from Milledgeville 229 miles. Fredonia, N. Y., Chautauque co. 2 miles I. Frederick County, Md., c. h. at Frederick. from Lake Erie, and 323 W. by S. from Albany. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Carroll co., An inflammable spring at this place furnishes gas S. by Montgomery co. and the Potomac River, for lighting the streets and dwellings. separating it from Virginia, and W. by Washing- Freedom, N. H., Carroll co. Freedom is an ton co. Surface mostly level, and drained by uneven township, but has some good farms. It Mionococy River and Cotoctin Creek and their is bounded in part by the Ossipee Lake and branches. Soil chiefly fertile, being well adapted River. This town was formerly called North to grazing and the growth of grain. Effiingham. 60 miles N. N. E. from Concord. Frederick, Md. City, and seat of justice of Freedom, Me., Waldo co. A good township of Frederick co. Situated on Carroll Creek, 3 miles land. 25 miles N. E. from Augusta. above its entrance into Monococy Creek, 43 miles Freedom, N. Y., Cattaraugus co., contains sevW. from Annapolis, and 61 W. by N. from Balti- eral small lakes, and is drained by Clear Creek more. It lies on the old travelled road between and some other small streams. The surface is Baltimore and Wheeling, and a short distance N. chiefly level; soil fertile, and well adapted to of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, with which grass. 269 miles W. from Albany. it is connected by a branch 3 miles long at a Freedom, Pa., Beaver co. On the E. bank of point near the Monococy Viaduct. Frederick is the Ohio. 2 miles from the mouth of Beaver laid out with regularity, in broad streets crossing River, and 224 W. by N. from Harrisburg. Here each other at right angles, and contains a number are large manufactories of steam engines and of elegant public and private buildings, among boilers, and steamboats of the largest size are which are the edifices of 12 or 14 churches of dif- built. ferent denominations. The buildings are mostly Freehold, N. J., c. h. Monmouth co. Soil good of stone or brick. Many of the streets are paved. sandy loam. The battle of Monmouth was fought The trade of this place is quite extensive, render- in this town, June 28, 1778. 35 miles S. E. from ing it one of the most important towns in the Trenton. state. Freehold, Upper, N. J., Monmouth co. Fertile Frederick, Pa., Montgomery -co. 77 miles E. in the W., sandy and sterile in the S. E. from Harrisburg. Freeman. Me., Franklin co. 62 miles N. W. Frederick County, Va., c. h. at Winchester. from Augusta. Bounded N. by Hampshire, Morgan, and Berke- Freeport, Me. See Appendix, No. 5. ley counties, E. by Clarke, S. by Warren and Freeport, Is., c. h. Stephenson co. On PeekaShenandoah, and W. by Hardy and Hampshire tonica River. 200 miles N. from Springfield. counties. The Shenandoah River bounds this Freeport, 0., Harrison co., lies on Big Stillk county on the S. and S. E., and Opequan, Sleepy, water Creek, 100 miles from Columbus. There IN THE UNITED STATES. 377 Is a railroad from this place to Bridgeport, on ki co. Surface level, and watered by the Tipthe Ohio River. pecanoe River. Freeport, Pa., Armstrong co. At the junction Fulton County, Ky., c. h. at Hickman. In the of Buffalo Creek with Alleghany River. 196 S. W. corner of the state. Level. miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. The Penn- Fulton, Mi., c. h. Itawamba co. On the E. fork of sylvania Canal here crosses the creek by an Tombigbee River. 210 miles N. E. from Jackson. aqueduct. Fulton County, N. Y., c. h. at Johnstown. This Freestone County, Ts. New. county is bounded on the N. by Hamilton co, Freetown, Ms., Bristol co. Its Indian name E. by Saratoga, S. by Montgomery, and W. by was Assonet, and it was first settled in 1659. Herkimer co. It was incorporated from MontThis town lies on the E. side of Taunton River. gomery co. in 1838. The surface is hilly and The New Bedford and Taunton Railroad passes mountainous, being crossed by the "Klips," or about 3 miles N. E. from Assonet village, at the Mayfield Mountains, a branch of the Clinton or head of a small bay of that name, and the prin- Adirondack range. It is drained by the Sacancipal place of business in the town. Assonet daga River, and numerous tributaries of the MoRiver falls into the bay at the village, which, hawk and West Canada Creek. The soil is with the bay and Taunton River, affords the vil- generally strong and productive. lage good mill seats and navigable facilities. Fulton, N. Y., Oswego co. On the E. side of The soil is light. It is the seat of various man- Oswego River. 190 miles W. N. W. from A1ufactures in iron, leather, and cabinet furniture. bany. The river here has a fall of about 20 feet, 12 miles N. N. W. from New Bedford, and 43 producing a good water power. S. from Boston. Fulton, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by Fremont, Ca., c. h. Yolo co. On the W. bank Schoharie Creek and some of its branches, on of the Sacramento, opposite the mouth of Feather one of which there is a fall of 100 feet. The surRiver. face is rather hilly; the soil fertile in the valleys. Fremont, Io., c. h. Benton co. 9 miles S. W. from Schoharie, and 42 W. from Freemont County, Io., c. h. at Sidney. In the Albany. S. W. corner of the state. Fulton, 0., Hamilton co. Situated on the Freemont, O., c. h. Sandusky co. Connected by Ohio River, above and adjoining Cincinnati. railroad with Sandusky City. The township lies in the form of a crescent, folFrench Creek, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered lowing the bend of the river about two miles and by a creek of the same name. The surface is a half, and extending inland only about half a hilly; soil favorable to the growth of grass. 18 mile to the top of the river hill. The town is miles S. W. from Mayville, and 355 W. by S. built principally on one street, being separated from Albany. only by an interval of about a mile between its French Creek, Pa., Mercer co. French and western limits and the suburbs of Cincinnati Sandy Creeks drain this town, the surface of There are extensive lumber yards in Fulton, and which is level, and the soil clay and loam of in- several steam saw mills, by which a profitable different quality. 223 miles W. N. W. from business is done. But the greatest business of Harrisburg. the place is that of steamboat building. A large Ftiendship, Me., Lincoln co. On the coast, at proportion of the Cincinnati built boats are the the head of Muscongus Bay. 48 miles $. E. from product of the yards in this industrious village. Augusta. The turnpike through this town is a great Friendship, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by thoroughfare of travel, and of transportation by Campan's Creek, a branch of the Genesee River. wagons, to and from the city. The Little Miami Surface undulating; soil argillaceous mould, Railroad, and the Cincinnati, Columbus, and Sanvielding large crops of grass. 10 miles S. W. dusky Railroad, both enter Cincinnati through from Angelica, and 266 W. from Albany. this town. Population in 1840, 1506; in 18509, Frostburg, Md., Alleghany co. 176 miles N. 3223. W. from Annapolis. Hereabouts are extensive Fulton County, 0. New. Taken from the W. beds of semi-bituminous coal, largely wrought, part of Lucas. On the N. W. border of the state and connected by railroad with the Chesapeake Noble County, 0. New. a;nd Ohio Canal, and Baltimore and Ohio Rail- Fulton County, Pa. New. Taken from Bedroad at Cumberland. ford, E. part. On the S. line of the state, in Fryeburg, Me., Oxford co. On both sides of the a valley between two ranges of the Alleghanies. Saco, which, from its very winding course, runs Watered by tributaries of the Potomac. between 30 and 40 miles in its limits. The Fultonville, N. Y., Montgomery co. On the S. principal village is in a plain, surrounded by side of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal ofty hills. Lovewell's Pond, famous in the 43 miles W. N. W. from Albany. history of the Indian wars, lies a short distance from the village. 75 miles W. N. W. from Gadsden County, Fa., c. h. Quincy. Georgia Augusta. bounds this county on the N., the Ocklockony Fulton County, As., c. h. at Pilot Hill. River separating it from Leon and Wakulla Fulton County, Is., c. h. at Lewiston. Bounded counties on the E., the Gulf of Mexico and N. by Knox co., E. by Peoria co., S. E. and S. by Franklin co. on the S., and the Appalachicola the Illinois River, separating it from Mason co., River, separating it from Washington and Jackand W. by Schuyler, McDonough, and Warren son counties, on the W. Surface mostly low, aounties. Drained by Spoon River and Copperas and in parts marshy; the soil bordering on Creek. Surface undulating, consisting partly of some of the streams is of good quality. Dog prairies; soil very fertile. Island, lying off the coast, belongs to this county. Fulton County, Ia., c. h. at Rochester, shire Gaines, N. Y., Orleans co. Drained by some town. Bounded N. by Marshal co., E. by Kos- small tributaries of Oak Orchard Creek. The ciuako and Miami, S. by Cass, and W. by Pulas- surface is chiefly level; the soil of good quality 48 378 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 3 miles N. from Albion, and 254 W. by N. from water. In the northern part the land is good, Albany. but elsewhere it is hilly, and has a poor soil. Gainesboro', Te., c. h. Jackson co. On the S. Gallopolis, O., c. h. Gallopolis co., meaning FrencA side of Cumberland River. 73 miles E. N. E. city, because settled by French, is situated pleasfrom Nashville. antly on a western eminence of the Ohio River. Gainesville, Ga., c. h. Hall co. 3 miles E. from It is remarkable for containing within its bounds the Chattahoochee River, and 118 N. N. W. from a large semi-globular mound, 18 or 20 rods in Milledgeville. circumference at its base. From Columbus it Gainesville, N. Y., Wyoming co. Allen's is distant 102 miles S. E. Creek and a branch of the Genesee River water Galloway, N. J., Atlantic co. Nacote Creek this town. The surface is somewhat hilly and drains this town. Surface level, the S. part conuneven; soil very favorable to the growth of sisting of a sandy salt marsh. grass. 7 miles S. from Warsaw, and 248 W. Galveston,Ts. City. 200miles S.E.from Ausfrom Albany. tin, the capital of the state. Situated on the eastern Galen, N. Y., Wayne co. Clyde River and the extremity of an island upon the S. side of GalErie Canal pass through this town. The surface veston Bay, near the entrance to the bay from is hilly; soil sandy loam. 5 miles E. from Lyons, the Gulf of Mexico. This flourishing city, the and 172 W. by N. from Albany. commercial metropolis of the state to which it Galena, Is. City, and seat of justice of Jo. belongs, is now beginning to take rank among Daviess co. 180 miles W. from Chicago, and the places of first importance in this respect upon 230 N. W. from Springfield. Pleasantly situated the southern coast of the United States. The on Fever River, about 5 miles, by the course of harbor is one of the best on the Gulf coast, havthe river, above its confluence with the Missis- ing about 14 feet of water on the bar at low tide. sippi; though not more than 24 miles from the It enjoys the best facilities for communication Mississippi in a direct line. The Fever River, with the interior, and with all the principal places which has the resemblance of a canal, 100 feet on the coast.'There are regular lines of steamwide, is navigable to Galena for large steamboats boats plying between Galveston and New Orleans, at all stages of the water. This is the commer- also to other ports along the coast, and up the cial emporium of the great lead region lying in bay and river to Houston, from which it is disNorthern Illinois and Wisconsin. The city was tant about 80 miles. This city, settled no longer laid out in 1826. It has a court house, jail, ago than 1837, has rapidly increased in trade and an academy, and churches of the Presbyterian, population; and, from the superiority of its harMethodist, Baptist, Episcopalian, and Roman bor, and the enterprising spirit of its capitalists Catholic denominations. The Galena and Chi- and merchants, is destined to attain an early preo cago Union Railroad, under contract to be finished eminence in wealth and influence. in 1852, will terminate at Galena. This will Galveston County, Ts., c. h. at Galveston. In bring Galena within 72 hours of Boston and New S. E. angle, on the coast. York. The Illinois Central Railroad, when built, Galway, N. Y., Saratoga co. Chuctenunda will connect with the Chicago and Galena road; and a branch of Kayaderosseras Creek water this thus opening a railroad communication S. to town. Surface hilly; soil clay loam. 12 miles the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Illinois. W. from Ballston Spa, and 36 N. W. from AlPopulation in 1840, 1500; in 1850, 6000. bany. Gallatin County, Is., c. h. at Equality. Incor- Gambier, O., Knox co. Pleasant. 56 miles porated in 1812, and bounded N. by Hamilton N. E. from Columbus. Kenyon College is sittm and White counties, E. by the Wabash and ated here. See Colleges. Ohio Rivers, separating it from Kentucky, S. Gardiner, Me., Kennebec co. On the W. side by Hardin and Pope, and W. by William and of the Kennebec River, at the head of ship naviFranklin counties. Soil chiefly sandy, and un- gation. 4 miles below Hallowell, and 6 below derlaid with slate. Salt springs are found here. Augusta. It was incorporated in 1802, and Gallatin County, Ky., c. h. at Warsaw. Bound- named after Dr. S. Gardiner, one of the proprieed N. by the Ohio River, separating it from tors of the old Plymouth patent. The CobbesseIndiana, and by Boone co., E. by Grant co., S. contee,which enters the Kennebec at this place, fur. by Owen, and W. by Carroll co. It has an un- nishes an extensive water power, which is largely dulating surface and fertile soil. employed in sawing timber, and for some other Gallatin, Mo., c. h. Daviess co. On the W. fork purposes. The business part of the city is full of Grand River. 189 miles N. W. from Jefferson of activity and enterprise. The buildings, some City. of them very handsome, on a gentle rise from the Gallatin, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by river, are beautifully located, and command a Charlotte Lake and Roeliff Jansen's and Dove fine prospect. Gardiner is one of the largest and Creeks. The surface is rather hilly; soil various. most thrifty places in the state. It is connected 15 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 44 S. from Al1 by railroad with Augusta, Bath, and Portland. bany. Population in 1850, 8231. Gallatin, Te., c. h. Sumner co. 3 miles N. from Gardner, Ms., Worcester co., took its name the Cumberland River, and 26 N. E. from Nash- in memory of Colonel Thomas Gardner, of Camville. bridge, who fell in the battle of Bunker Hill. Gallia County, O., c. h. at Gallopolis. Athens It was formerly parts of Westminister, Ashburnand Meigs counties bound it on the N., the Ohio ham, Winchendon, and Templeton. The face of River on the E., and Lawrence and Jackson the town is uneven; but though rocky, the soil is counties on the S. and W. It was settled in 1790, strong and fertile, producing in abundance all by people from France, from which circumstance the grasses and grains common to the climate. it derives its name, France anciently being called Bakersville and Gardnerville are pleasant vii. Gaul. The Ohio River, Racoon Creek, and lages. The former lies near a delightful pond. several smaller streams supply this county with Otter River, a branch of Miller's River, several IN THE UNITED STATES. 379 nmaller streams, and some springs, give the town and Livingston, S. by Wyoming, and W. by Erie good mill privileges, and produce much good counties The surface is undulating, and watered meadow. 10 miles W. from Fitchburg, and 60 by Allen's, Black, and Tonawanda Creeks. On W. by N. from Boston, by the Fitchburg Railroad. each side of the last-named stream is an Indian Garland, Me., Penobscot co. On the head wa- reservation lying mostly in this county. The soil ters of the Kenduskeag. 74 miles N. E.. by N. is chiefly rich, sandy and gravelly loam, pecufrom Augusta, and 27 N. W. from Bangor. liarly adapted to the growth of wheat. The Garrard County, Ky., c. h. at Lancaster. Bound- Tonawanda Railroad crosses the W. part of this ed N. by the Kentucky River, separating it from county to Batavia. Jessamine co., E. by Paint Lick Creek, separat- Genesee Falls, N. Y., Wyoming co. Incorpoing it from Madison co., S. by Laurel and rated in 1846. Situated at the falls of the GeneRock counties, and W. by Dicks River, sep- see River, and contains some of the most beauarating it from Lincoln and Doyle counties. tiful and romantic scenery in the W. part of the The soil is very fertile. state. Gasconade County, Mo., c. h. at Hermon. Genesee, N. Y., Alleghany co. Swan and LitBounded N. by Grand River, separating it from tle Genesee Creeks water this town, the surface Montgomery co., E. by Franklin and Crawford of which is elevated and broken; the soil sandy counties, S. by Crawford, and W. by Osage co. loam. 20 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 280 Drained by Gasconade and Bourbeuse Rivers, W. by S. from Albany. and their branches. Surface mostly rough and Geneseo, N. Y., c. h. Livingston co. Watered by uneven; soil very fertile on the streams. Iron some small tributaries of the Genesee River. are, sulphur, saltpetre, limestone, and other min- The surface is diversified; the soil remarkably erals are found here. rich and fertile in the valley of the Genesee. 226 Gaston County, N. C. New. Taken from Lin- miles W. from Albany. coln. On the southern border of the state. In- Geneva, N. Y., in Seneca township, Ontario eludes the height of land between the Yadkin and co. Beautifully situated at the N. W. extremity Catawba. of Seneca Lake. 199 miles W. from Albany, and Gaston, N. C., Northampton co. On the N. 126 E. from Buffalo. The ground on which it is side of the Roanoke River, 87 miles N. E. from built rises gradually from the lake shore, until Raleigh. The railroad from Petersburg to Ra- it attains to an elevation of about 100 feet. The leigh crosses the Roanoke here. business part of the place lies at the foot of this Gates County, N. C., c. h. at Gatesville. Bound- declivity, near to the lake shore. That which is ed N. by Virginia, E. by Camden and Pasquo- chiefly occupied for residences by the inhabitants tank counties, S. by Perquimans and Chowan, lies upon the more elevated ridge, and the plain and W. by Chowan and Blackwater Rivers, above it, parallel to the border of the lake; af, separating it from Hertford co. fording a fine view of this lovely sheet of water, Gates, N. Y., Monroe co. Surface undulating; which is one of the largest and most beautiful soil chiefly sandy. 3 miles W. from Rochester, lakes of New York, and is here about two miles and 220 W. by N. from Albany. wide. The land W. of the village rises in a sue. Gauley Bridge, Va., Nicholas co. At the falls cession of terraces, as though formed at different of the Great Kanawha River, and junction of periods by the lake shore, when this body of wathe Gauley, 277 miles W. from Richmond. The ter may have been more elevated, and covered Kanawha is navigable to this place, where it has more ground than it now does. These slopes a fall of 22 feet perpendicular, giving a great are highly cultivated, and ornamented here and water power. there with handsome buildings. The village Geauga County, 0., c. h. at Chardon. Bound- itself, in its natural situation, in the picturesque ed N. by Lake Erie, E. by Ashtabula and Trum- and charming scenery which surrounds it, and bull counties, S. by Portage, and W. by Cuya- in the accessories which art, culture, and wealth hoga co. The name of this county signifies have added to its embellishments, combines alGrand, in the Indian language, and that is the most every feature of attractiveness that can be name of the principal river; there are several desired as a place of residence. smaller ones besides. The soil is good, well wa- The following, from the notes of a traveller tered, and covered with timber. Iron is found in through this part of the country in 1800, while great abundance. it will add something to our description, illusGeddes, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the Erie trates the taste and judgment which were exerCanal, 2 miles W. of Syracuse, in the township cised in laying out the place: " Geneva," he says, of Salina, incorporated as a village in 1832. It "is divided into upper and lower town. The is pleasantly situated at the head of Onondaga first establishments were on the margin of the Lake. The village has grown up rapidly, in con- lake, as best adapted to business; but Captain sequence of the discovery at this place of saline Williamson, struck with the peculiar beauty of springs, from which large quantities of salt are the elevated plain which crowns the high bank made by solar evaporation. See Salina. of the lake, and the many advantages which it Genesee County, Mn., c. h. at Flint. Bounded possesses as a site for a town, began here to lay N. by Saginaw and Tuscola counties, E. by La- out his building lots parallel with and facing the pier, S. by Oakland and Livingston, and W. by lake. These lots are three quarters of an acre Shiawassee co. Watered by Flint and Shia- deep, and half an acre in front. One article in wassee Rivers, the former affording good hy- the agreement with Captain Williamson is, that draulic power. Surface undulating; soil rich no buildings shall be erected on the east side of sandy loam. the street, that the view of the lake may be kept Genesee County, N. Y., c. h. at Batavia. Taken open. Those who purchase a lot have also the from Ontario county in 1802, and itself divid- option of purchasing such land as lies between ed in 1841, the S. part forming Wyoming co. their lot and the lake, —a convenience and adBounded on the N. by Orleans, E. by Monroe vantage which I suppose few will forego, — the 380 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., quantity not being great, and consisting princi- that and the Sheepscot. It has an excellent pally of the declivity of the bank, which, for the harbor. 46 miles S. from Augusta. most part, is not so steep as to unfit it for pastur- Georgetown, Ms., Essex co. On a branch of age or gardens." Parker River. 31 miles N. by E. from Boston, This wise forecast of the proprietor, not to with which it connects by railroad. Noted for mention any thing else, has secured to Geneva the manufacture or boots and shoes. one of its most beautiful ornaments, in those ter- (eorgetown, Mo., c. h. Pettis co. On the B. raced gardens, or hanging gardens, as they have side of the S. fork of La Mine River. 67 miles sometimes been called, which, in the south part W. from Jefferson City. of the upper street, extend, in front of the dwell- Georgetown, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by ings, quite down to the margin of the lake. Few the head branches of Ostelic River. The surface places in this country afford such beautiful situa- is hilly; soil favorable to the growth of grass. tions for residences as this-part of Geneva. 10 miles S. W. from Morrisville, and 108 W. The village was incorporated in 1812. It has from Albany. from 15 to 20 streets, a beautiful public square Georgetown, 0., c. h. Brown co. 1 mile from enclosed, and many large and elegant buildings. White Oak Creek, about 7 from the Ohio River, The buildings of Geneva College are situated on and 107 S. S. W. from Columbus. the summit of the elevation which rises from the Georgetown District, S. C., c. h. at Georgetown. lake, at the southern extremity of Main Street, Bounded N. by Williamsburg and Horrv disa site rarely surpassed for all the purposes of tricts, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Charleston such an institution. The buildings are three in district, and W. by Williamsburg district. Wanumber, besides a building on the same street tered by Great Pedee and Waccamaw Rivers, for the medical department. See Colleges. and the Santee River, which flows along its S. There are churches in Geneva of the Presbyte- boundary. Surface level, and in parts marshy; rian, Dutch Reformed, Associate Reformed, Epis- soil fertile. copal, Methodist, Baptist, Universalist, and Ro- Georgetown, S. C., c. h. Georgetown district. man Catholic denominations. There are several A port of entry on the W. side of Winyaw Bay, excellent hotels, banking and insurance offices, at the mouth of Sampit Creek, and 152 miles numerous stores, a steam flouring mill, furnaces, E. S. E. from Columbia. Vessels drawing 11 breweries, and many other mechanic and manu- feet of water come into the harbor, and it receives facturing establishments. the trade of an extensive back country by the A steamboat plies regularly upon the lake, rivers flowing into Winyaw Bay. running up and down daily to Jefferson, at its Georgia, Vt., Franklin co. On Lake Chamsouthern extremity. At that end the lake is con- plain. 40 miles N. W. from Montpelier. nected by a canal with Crooked Lake, and thence German, N. Y., Chenango co. Surface hilly. by the Chemung Canal and feeder with the rail- 126 miles from Albany. road at Corning, leading to Blossburg, Pa. By German Flats, N. Y., Herkimer co. On -the this channel of communication a large quantity S. side of the Mohawk River. The surface is of coal from the Blossburg mines passes through undulating, except on the borders of the river, Geneva to market. The Cayuga and Seneca where are extensive alluvial flats. The Erie Canal unites the waters of the lake at Geneva Canal passes through this town. 3 miles S. from with Cayuga Lake, and with the Erie Canal at Herkimer village, and 83 N. W. from Albany. Montezuma, a distance of 20 miles. The railroad Germanton, N. C., c. h. Stokes co. On the. from Albany to Buffalo passes through the N. side of the Town Fork of Dan River. 123 miles part of the village, near the canal basin. Such N. W. from Raleigh. are the facilities of business and travel by which Germantown, N. Y., Columbia co. The surface this beautiful spot is rendered accessible from all of this town is undulating; soil clay loam of parts of the country. See Seneca Lake. good quality. 10 miles S. from Hudson, and 39 Gentry, Mo., c. h. Gentry co. from Albany. Gentry County, Mo., c. h. at Gentry. On the Germantown, Pa., Philadelphia co. Watered N. W. border of the state, on the head waters of by Wissihickon and Wingohocking Creeks. SurGrand River. face hilly; soil alluvial and loamy. A battle Georgetown, D. C. City and port of entry. On took place here in October, 1777, in which 700 the N. E. side of the Potomac, 200 miles from its Americans and 500 British were killed. 6 miles mouth, and 2 E. of Washington, from which it N. W. from Philadelphia, and 104 E. S. E. from is separated by Rock Creek. It is the seat of Harrisburg. Washington College, and has also a nunnery, Germany, Pa., Adams co. Watered by Piney attached to which is a private academy. George- and the head branches of Conewago CreelL town is situated at the head of navigation, on Surface level; soil gravel and calcareous loam. the Potomac, and communicates with the interior 10 miles S. E. from Gettysburg. by the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal. It has con- Gerry, N. Y., Chautauque co. Cassadaga siderable trade and navigation, but has been Creek and some of its branches flow through nearly stationary for the past 30 years. Popu- this town. Surface undulating; spil gravelly lation in 1850, 8366. loam. 13 miles E. from Maysville, and 326 W. Georgetown, De., c. h. Sussex co. Between by S. from Albany. the sources of Nanticoke and Indian Rivers. 41 Gettysburg, Pa., seat of justice of Adams co. miles E. of S. from Dover. 35 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg, 52 N. W. Georgetown, Ky., c. h. Scott co. On the N. from Baltimore, and 114 W. from Philadelphia. branch of Elkhorn River. 17 miles E. from It is situated on elevated ground, in the midst Frankfort. Georgetown College is here. See of a fertile and well-cultivated country, and at Coleges. the intersection of several important turnpike Georgetown, Me., Lincoln co., comprises two roads' It is a plain town, but neatly and well islands at the mouth of the Kennebec, between built. The public buildings, besides the usual IN THE UNITED STATES. 381 county buildings, are a bank, an academy, the N. into Lake Winnipiseogee, are the principal edifices of the Pennsylvania College, and of the streams. There are two islands in the lake, betheological seminary of the German Lutheran longing to Gilford, one of which has been conchurch, and churches of the Presbyterian, Lu- nected to the main land by a bridge 30 rods in theran, Seceders', and Methodist denominations. length. Four bridges across the Winnipiseogee These buildings are all of brick, except the connect the town with Meredith. First settlers, county prison. Considerable business is done James Ames and S. S. Gilman. The Concord here in the various mechanical pursuits. The and Montreal Railroad passes through this town. place was formerly celebrated for the manufac- 25 miles from Concord. ture of carriages of all kinds, but this branch Gill, Ms., Franklin co. Gill was taken from of business has very much declined with the Greenfield in 1793, and is separated from it by changes in the mode of travelling. For an ac- Fall River, a good mill stream. It is opposite to count of the college and theological seminary at Montague, which lies on the E. side of ConnectiGettysburg, see Colleges. cut River, and between which and Gill are Ghent, N. Y., Columbia co. Drained by Clav- Turner's Falls, alike celebrated for their beauty erack Creek. The surface is somewhat uneven; and magnitude. The town was named in com*oil gravelly loam. 8 miles N. E. from Hudson, pliment to Moses Gill, lieutenant-governor of and 26 S. E. from Albany. the state. The Connecticut at this place turns Gibson County, Ia., c. h. at Princeton. Incor- abruptly in its course, and spreads out a large porated in 1813. Bounded N. by White River, tract of intervale of great value. Around this separating it from Knox co., E. by Pike and town are lofty elevations, from which splendid Warrick counties, S. by Vanderburg and Posey, landscapes are obtained. 5 miles N. E. from and W. by the Wabash River, separating it Greenfield. from Illinois. Surface undulating, and drained Gillespie County, Ts., c. h. at Fredericksburg. by Patoka and Big Pigeon Creeks. A central county. Gibson, Pa., Susquehanna co. This is a hilly Gilmer County, Ga., c. h.,at Ellijay. Bounded town, drained by Tunkhannock and Lackawan- N. by Tennessee and North Carolina, E. by nock Creeks. Soil gravel and clay. 177 miles Union and Lumpkin counties, S. by Cherokee, N. N. E. from Harrisburg. and W. by Cass and Murray counties. The Gibson County, Te., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded Coosawatee and Aquokee Rivers and their N. by Obion and Weakley counties, E. by Car- branches water this county. roll, S. by Madison and Haywood, and W. by Gilmer County, Va., c. h. at Glenville. In the Dyer co. Surface undulating, and watered by W. part of the state. Rough and hilly. Drained branches of Obion and Forked Deer Creeks. by the Little Kenhawa and its confluents, which Soil fertile. pass through it from E. to W. Gilead, Me., Oxford co. Between two moun- Gilmanton, N. H., Belknap co. Besides the tains, on both sides of Androscoggin River. Winnipiseogee, this town is watered by the SunThere is some good land on the river, but the cook and Soucook Rivers. The Suncook rises chief part of the township is fit only for grazing. in a pond near the top of one of the Suncook The expense of transportation of fuel down the Mountains, elevated 900 feet above its base. mountains, in a slippery time, is very trifling. The water of this pond falls into another at the Gilead lies 71 miles W. from Augusta, and 25 foot of the mountain, of 1 mile in length and half S. S. W. from Paris. Incorporated 1804. a mile wide. Passing from this it falls into an Gilead, O., Wood co. On the S. E. bank of other, covering about 500 acres, from which it meMaumee River. 136 miles N. N. W. from Co- anders through the town. This town is hilly and lumbus. There is great water power obtainable rocky; soil hard, but fruitful. There are several here. The river is navigable for small steam- mineral springs here. An academy was foundboats above this place to Fort Wayne, though ed here October 13, 1762. Porcupine Hill, in lbetween this and Perrysburg below it is not navi- this town, exhibits a romantic precipice. First gablet The Maumee Canal passes by it. settlers, Benjamin and John Mudgett, Orlando Giles County, Te., c.h.atPulaski. Bounded N. Weed, and others, in 1771. 20 miles N. N. E. by Maury and Mlarshall counties, E. by Lincoln from Concord, and 8 S. S. W. from Gilford. co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Lawrence co. Wa- Gilman, N. Y., Hamilton co. This town contered by Richland and some other branches of Elk tains several small lakes. Mount Emmons is Creek. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile. situated in the N. part. A large part of the town Giles County, Va., c. h. at Parisburg. Incorpo- is wilderness. 6 miles E. from Lake Pleasant, rated in 1806. Bounded N. by Botetourt and and 68N. W. from Albany. Monroe counties, E. by Montgomery, S. by Pu- Gilsum, N. H., Cheshire co., is a small townlaski, Wythe, and Tazewell, and W. by Mercer ship, 10 miles E. frornthe Connecticut. The soil co. Watered by New River, on the banks of is fertile, and produces good crops of grass and which are some celebrated white sulphur grain. Ashuelot River affords a good water springs. The surface is elevated and mountain- power. Gilsum was granted to Messrs. Gilbert, ous; soil rocky and sterile on the high lands, but Sumner, and others. From the combination of fertile in the valleys. the first syllable of the names of those men, it Giles, Va., c. h. Giles co. On the S. bank of derives its name. First settlers, Josiah Kilburn, New River, just above its passage through Peter's Pelatiah Pease, Obadiah Wilcox, Ebenezer DewMountain, and 240 miles W. by S. from Rich- ey, and Jonathan Adams, in 1764. 80 miles S. mond. W. by W. from Concord, and about 9 N. from Gilford, N. H., c. h. Belknap co. The soil is Keene. generally productive. There are two ponds here, Glasgow, Ky., c. h. Barren co. A little E. of Little and Chattleboro'. Gunstock and Miles the Beaver branch of Green River, and 123 Rivers, rising in Suncook Mountains, and flowing miles S. W. from Frankfort. 382 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, ac., Glastenbury, Ct., Hartford co. This town, pre- ing station as early as 1624. Gloucester Harbor vious to its incorporation in 1690, had been at- is capacious, easy of access at any season of the tached to Wethersfield. It lies on the E. side of year, and of sufficient depth of water for the larConnecticut River, opposite to Wethersfield. It gest merchantmen. Nautical men pronounce it has some fine land on Connecticut River; and the one of the best harbors on the coast. Until the river road, through its entire extent, from East incorporation of Rockport in 1840, this town Hartford to Portland, is one thickly-settled and comprised the whole of Cape Ann, which was pleasant street. The face of the uplands is named by Prince Charles out of respect for his rough, but generally productive. About a mile mother. There are a number of small islands at and a half from Connecticut River, and 8 miles its eastern extremity, on one of which, Thatcher's from Chatham Freestone Quarry, in a romantic Island, are two light-houses. The village of spot between the hills, is a beautiful village con- Anisquam, or Squam, lies on the N. side of the nected with the Hartford Manufacturing Com- cape; it has a safe harbor. Near this village is a pany. Roaring Brook, at this place, passes beach of between 2 and 3 miles in length, comthrough a very narrow defile, affording a great posed of white sand, which is much used, and and constant water power. From the hills makes a beautiful appearance as you approach the around this village a great variety of delightful shore. The village of Gloucester Harbor is scenery is observable. beautifully located on the S. side of the cape, 32 " In the eastern part of the town there is a pond miles N. E. from Boston by water, 14 from Saof about a mile in circumference, called Diamond lem, and 28 from Boston by land, with both Pond, from the circumstance of there being small which places it is connected by railroad. Gloupebbles or stones around its margin having a cester is rapidly becoming a fashionable resort peculiar brilliancy. Near the centre of the town in summer months. The sea views from the there is a mineral spring, which, though it has village are very extensive. The cod and acquired no celebrity abroad, has been thought, mackerel fisheries, particularly the latter, are by men of science who have examined it, to pos- extensively carried on from this town, which sess valuable medicinal qualities; and for more takes the lead in this business. It has also an than 100 vears has been known by the name of extensive trade with the southern ports, with the' Pool of Neipseic.' Surinam, and with the British provinces. Eastbury is an ancient ecclesiastical parish, Gloucester County, N. J., c. h. at Woodbury. embracing the eastern portion-of the town. Bounded N. E. by Camden, S. E. by Atlantic, S. Glastonbury, Vt., Bennington co. This is a W. by Salem co., and N. W. by the Delaware township of mountainous land, more fit for the River, separating it from Pennsylvania. Drained residence of wild beasts than human beings. Its by Cooper's, Mantua, Big Timber, and Racoon waters flow both into Deerfield River and Wal- Creeks, and the head branches of Great Egg loom's Creek. The town was chartered in 1761. Harbor River. The soil is sandy and unprodue9 imiles N. E. from Bennington, and 25 N. W. tive, except on the borders of the Delaware, from Brattleboro'. where it is very fertile. Glen Cove, N. Y., Queen's co. On the E. side Gloucester, N. J., Gloucester co. Cooper's and af Hempstead Harbor, at the head of Glen Cove. Big Timber Creeks drain this town. Surface 176 miles S. by E. from Albany. A place of re- level; soil sand and loam, the N. part yielding sort from New York city in the summer months. good harvests of vegetables and fruit. 10 miles Glenn, N. Y., Montgomery co. Bounded on S. E. from Woodbury. the N. by the Mohawk River, and E. by Scho- Gloucester, R. I., Providence co. The surface harie Creek. The surface is hilly; soil mostly of the town is somewhat broken by hills, but the clay loam. 3 miles S. from Fonda, and 44 N. soil is well adapted to agricultural purposes, parW. from Albany. ticularly to grazing. Gloucester furnishes large Glenburn, Me., Penobscot co. Formerly called supplies of various products for market. There Dutton. On both sides of the great bend of the are fine forests in'several parts of the town, and Kenduskeag, which affords water power. Soil large quantities of ship and other timber are congood. 10 miles N. N. W. from Bangor. veyed to Providence and other places. The CheGlenn's Falls, N. Y., Warren co. On the N. pachet and some smaller streams give Gloucester side of the Hudson River, 54 miles N. from Al- a good water power. bany. The falls here have a descent of 50 feet, Gloucester County, Va., c. h. at Gloucester. Inaffording a great water power, which is improved corporated in 1652, and bounded N. by Middlesex for mills and manufactories of various kinds. co., E. by Matthews co. and Chesapeake Bay, S. The scenery at the falls is very picturesque. A W. by York River, separating it from York and bridge, 500 feet in length, crosses the Hudson at James City counties, and N. W. by King and this point, affording a fine view of the water Queen co. tumbling over the rocks. An abundance of the Gloucester, Va., c. h. Gloucester co. 85 miles finest black marble is found here. E. from Richmond. Glenville, N. Y., Schenectady co. On the N. Gkover, Vt., Orleans co. This town is hilly, side of the Mohawk River. Watered on the E. and the soil is more fit for grazing than tillage. by Aelplass Creek. The surface is rather hilly; There are in the town branches of Barton's, Passoil sandy loam. 4 miles W. from Schenectady. sumpsic, Lamoille, and Black Rivers, and several Glenville, Va., c. h. Gilmer co. On the Little ponds. The settlement was commenced about Kenhawa. about 40 miles S. W. from. the Ohio. the year 1797, by Ralph Parker, James Vance, Gloucester, Ms., Essex co., is an important Samuel Cook, and Samuel Conant. 10 miles maritime town. The Indians called it Winga- S. E. from Irasburg, and 38 N. E. from Monersheek. This was the first spot inhabited by pelier. English settlers on the N. side of Massachusetts Glynn County, Ga., c. h. at Brunswick. Bounded Bay, its harbor having been improved as a fish- N. by the Alatamaha River, separating it from IN THE UNITED STATES. 383 McIntosh co., E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by Creek, and some small tributaries of CanandaiScilla River, separating it from Camden co., and gua Lake. The surface is gently undulating; W. by Wayne co. Drained by Turtle River and soil fertile. 8 miles S. E. from Canandaigua, and Buffalo Creek, its main branch. Surface flat, and 187 W. from Albany. in some parts marshy. St. Simon's and Jykill Goshen, Ct., Litchfield co. First settled 1738; Islands belong to this county. incorporated 1749. Ivy Mountain, in Goshen, Gnadenhutten, O., Tuscarawas co. Some Mo- is considered the most elevated point of land in ravian missionaries first established this town. It the state; its summit presents an extensive and lies on the eastern bank of Tuscarawas River. 50 delightful prospect. " Goshen is the most elemiles N. E. from Zanesville, and 90 E. by N. from vated township in the state, but not generally Columbus. Lock No. 17 of the Ohio and Erie mountainous; the surface being undulating, afCanal is one mile above this town, on the W. side fording an interesting diversity of hills and vales. oa the river. The soil is a gravelly loam, deep, strong, and ferGoffstown, N. H. Hillsboro' co. Piscataquog tile, admirably adapted for grazing. This is one is the principal river. Large quantities of lum- of the best towns for the dairy business in the ber are floated down this river to the Merrimac. state. Large quantities of cheese are annually There are two considerable elevations in the made, the fame of which is widely and justly town, named by the Indians Un-can-nu-nuc. On celebrated, and the inhabitants are generally in the rivers are tracts of valuable intervale. Back prosperous circumstances. In neatness, in and from them are extensive plains, producing abun- about their dwellings, and in the appearance of dant crops. The village of Amoskeag is in this general comfort and prosperity, they are not extown, on the W. side of Merrimac River, opposite ceeded, if equalled, by any town in the state." Manchester, to which it is connected by a bridge. 32 miles W. from Hartford. At this place are the celebrated Amoskeag Falls. Goshen, Ia., c. h. Elkhart co. On the E. side of Amoskeag is a place of considerable business, Elkhart River. 152 miles N. by E. from Indianand must eventually become the mart of large apolis. manufacturing operations. 12 miles N. by E. Goshen, Ms., Hampshire co., is a small mounfrom Amherst, and 15 S. from Concord. tainous township, from which several branches of Golawnsville, Va., Caroline co. 33 miles N. from the Westfield River take their rise. There is much Richmond. In the neighborhood of this place fine timber land in the town. Although the surare two mineral springs. face is rough, the soil is excellent for grazing. 12 Golconda, Is., c. h. Pope co. On the S. side of miles N. W. from Northampton, and 102 W. from Lusk Creek. 215 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. Boston. Goldsboro', Me. See Appendix, No. 7. Goshen, N. H., Sullivan co. From Sunapee Goliad County, Ts., c. h. at Goliad. Southern Mountain, in the E. part of this town, spring many part. On both sides of the St. Antonio. small streams, which unite in forming Sugar RivGonzales County, Ts., c. h. at Gonzales. S. cen- er. Rand's Pond is in the N. E. part of the town. tral. On both sides the Guadalupe. The soil is good for grass. The crops of the first Gonzales, Ts., c. h. Gonzales co. settlers were sometimes entirely destroyed by earGoochland County, Va., c. h. at Goochland. ly frosts. At a certain time of scarcity, Captain Bounded N. by Louisa and Hanover counties, E. Rand went to Walpole after grain, and being deby Henrico, S. by the James River, separating it tained by a violent snow storm, his family were from Powhatan and 0Cmberland counties, and obliged to live, without provision, for 6 days, durW. by Fluvanna co. Drained by Tuckahoe, Do- ing which time Mrs. Rand sustained one of his ver, and Byrd Creeks, and several other small children, 5 years old, by the milk from her breast, streams, affording hydraulic power. The surface having a short time before buried her infant child. is diversified, and much of the soil of good qual- First settlers, Captain Benjamin Rand, William ity. Coal of superior quality and gold exist here. Lang, and Daniel Grindle in 1769. From Concord Goochland, Va., c. h. Goochland co. 1 mile N. 42 miles W. by N., and about 10 S. E. from Newfrom James River, and 30 W. N. W. from Rich- port. mond. Goshen, N. Y., c. h. Orange co. It is watered Goodhope, O., Hocking co. A township in the by a few small streams, and contains the northern part of the county. "Drowned Lands," lying on the banks of the Gordon County, Ga. New. In the N. W. angle. Wallkill. The surface is hilly in some parts, with Gordonsville, Va., Orange co. At the E. base of extensive flats in others. The soil is favorable to South-West Mountain, on a head branch of North the growth of grass, and this vicinity is celebrated Anna River, N. W. from Richmond 74, and S. for its fine dairies. 104 miles S. S. W. from AlW. by W. from Fredericksburg 50 miles. The bany. Louisa Railroad passes through it. Goshen, Vt., Addison co. Leicester and PhilaGorham, Me., Cumberland co. 9 miles W. N. delphia Rivers supply this town with mill priviW. from Portland, and 63 S. W. from Augusta. leges. The lands along the rivers are very good, The Cumberland and Oxford Canal passes but in general they are too mountainous for profthrough it. The soil is superior, and it has man- itable cultivation. Some minerals are found in ufactures of cottons, woollens, leather, stoves, and this town. A part of Goshen was annexed to gunpowder. Connected with Portland by railroad. Rochester, in 1847. No permanent settlement Gorham, N. H., Coos co., is a rough and unpro- was commenced here till 1800. 31 miles S. W. ductive township, lying on the northerly base of from Montpelier. the White Mountains. Several streams descend Gosport, N. H., Rockingham co. See Isle of from the mountains through this town into the Shoals. Androscoggin. It was formerly called Shelburne Gouverneur, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered Addition. 96 miles N. E. from Concord, and 20 by the Oswegatchie River, which makes a great E. from Lancaster. bend in this vicinity. The surface is generally Gorham, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Flint level; soil mostly of a good quality. 18 miles 384 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., S. W. from Canton, and 180 N. W. from Al- It is 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 18 N. bany. from Newfane. The Rutland Railroad passes Craflon, Me., Oxford co. A new town. In- through this town. corporated in 1852. Granby, Ct., Hartford co. 16 miles N. N. W. Grafton, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly an from Hartford. It was formed from Simsbury, Indian reservation, and until 1735 was called in 1786, and comprises that part of it which conHassanamisco. The surface is uneven, and in tained the famous Simsbury mine, the old state most parts rocky. The most prominent hills are prison of Connecticut. This cavern once occuChestnut, near the centre, George, on the E., and pied as a prison is again worked, as formerly, as Brigham Hill, on the W. part of the town. The a copper mine. soil is moist, strong, and very productive of all Granby, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly the sorts of grain and grass. This is one of the best second parish of South Hadley. From a pond in townships of land in the county. Grafton has an the N. E. corner of the town originates a pleasant hydraulic power of great extent and value. The stream, passing the foot of Mt. Holyoke on the Blackstone River and Canal pass through the S., and empties into the Connecticut at South southern section of the town. The Quinsiga- Hadley. The surface is pleasant, and the soil promond, the outlet of a pond of that name, in ductive. There is a pleasant village near its cenShrewsbury, passes from N. to S. through the tre. 85 miles W. by S. from Boston, and 12 N town, with a descent of between 50 and 60 feet. by E. from Springfield. On this stream, in the N. part of the town, is New Granby, N. Y., Oswego co. Oswego River, and England Village; and at its junction with the some other small streams, water this town, the Blackstone, at the S. part of the town, is the vil- surface of which is undulating, and the soil sandy lage of Farnumsville. These villages are distant loam. 15 miles S. from Oswego, and 158 W. by from each other about 4 miles; they possess an N. from Albany. abundant water power, and are very neat and Granby, Vt., Essex co. Granby is nearly allied flourishing manufacturing villages. The central to Ferdinand, both in location and the character village is on elevated ground, and very pleasant. of the soil; it lies the next town S. of it. This It lies 3 miles S. E. from New England Village, town was settled a few years previous to 1800. through which the Millbury Branch Railroad 12 miles W. from Guildhall, and 68 N. E. from passes. From New England Village, about a Montpelier. mile from the Grafton depot, on the Boston and Granger, N. Y., Alleghany co. Drained by the Worcester Railroad, to Worcester, is 7 miles N. Genesee River and several small tributaries W., and to Boston 37 miles E. N.'E. Surface undulating; soil sandy and clay loam. 10 Grafton County, N. H. Haverhill and Plym- miles N. from Angelica, and 250 W from Albany. outh, county towns. It is 58 miles in length, Granger County, Te., c. h. at Rutledge. Boundand its greatest breadth is 30 miles. Bounded N. ed N.. by Clinch River, separating it from Claiby the county of Coos and the Connecticut River, borne co., E. by Hawkins co., S. by Holston RivE. by Coos, Carroll, and Belknap, S. by Merrimac er, separating it from Jefferson co., and W. by and Sullivan, and W. by the state of Vermont Knox and Anderson counties. Surface rough and and Connecticut River. Grafton co. is watered hilly; soil of superior quality on the margins of by Connecticut, Pemigewasset, Lower Amonoo- the rivers. suck Rivers, and many smaller streams. Squam Grand Gulf, Mi., Claiborne co. On a bend in and Newfound Lakes are the largest collec- the Mississippi River, called Grand Gulf. 360 tions of water. There are numerous elevations, miles by river above New Orleans, and 65 miles the principal of which are Gardner's, Peaked, S. by W. from Jackson. Moosehillock, Cushman's, Blue Mount, Carr's, Grand Haven, Mn., Ottawa co. On Grand RivMorse, and Cardigan. A large portion of this er, 80 rods from its entrance into Michigan Lake. county is mountainous and hilly, but it is produc- Steamboats touch here. 213 miles W. by N. from tive. The first settlement was made at Lebanon. Detroit. It received its name in honor of Augustus Henry Gi-and Isle County, Vt., c. h. at North Hero. Fitzroy. Duke of Grafton. This county comprises a group of islands in Grafton, N. H., Grafton co., is watered by Lake Champlain, and a point of land jutting into branches of Smith's and Mascomy Rivers, also by the N. part of that lake, on the S. side of the CanHeard's River. There are 5 ponds. The largest is ada line, on which Alburg is situated. Most of frojn 200 to 300 acres, and is called Grafton. Two the land is level, and excellent for grazing and tilare named Mud Ponds. The surface is hilly, and lage. Grand Isle has no considerable streams, but in some parts mountainous; the soil rocky. In its navigable facilities are very great. It was first this town is a remarkable ledge, called the Pin- settled about thdclose of the revolutionary war. nacle. At Glass Hill, a valuable quarry of isin- Grand Isle, Vt., Grand Isle co. The soil is very glass or mica is found. First settlers, Captain fertile; it produces fine crops of grain, and an Joseph Hoyt, and Captain Alexander Pixly and abundance of fruit and cider. Marble, limestone, wife, in 1772. rock crystals, &c., are found here. Grand Isle Grafton, N. Y., Rensselaer co. The Poeston contains the only water mill in the county. This is Kill, and some other small streams, water this a fine place for fishing and fowling. The settletown. The surface is hilly; soil clay loam. 14 ment was commenced about the year 1783, by miles E. from Troy, and 20 N. E. from Albany. emigrants from New Hampshire and the southGrafton, Vt., Windham co. Grafton is finely ern part of Vermont. 50 miles N. W. from Mont. watered by Saxton's River, which is formed in pelier, and 18 N. by W. from Burlington. the town by the union of several streams, and by Grant County, Ia., c. h. at Marion. Incorpoa branch of Williams River. Soapstone of an rated in 1831, and is bounded N. by Wabash and excellent quality is very abundant in this place Huntington counties, E. by Wells and Blackford, This town contains two pleasant and flourishing S. by Delaware and Madison, and W. by Rich villages, and a great variety of mineral treasure. ardville and Miami counties. The surface ia IN THE UNITED STATES. 385 level, and drained by the Missisinewa and its by W. from Portland, and 44 S. W. from Augasbranches. ta. Incorporated 1778. Gray is a pleasant town, Grant County, Ky., c. h. at Williamstown. and a place of considerable trade and some mannBounded N. by Boone and Kenton counties, E. by factures. Pendleton, S. by Pendleton and Owen, W. by Grayson County, Ky., c. h. at Mayfield. Bounded Owen and Gallatin. Watered by Eagle Creek, a N. by a branch of Green River. separating it from branch of the Kentucky River. Breckenbridge co., E. by Hardin. Laurel, and Hart, Grant County, Wn., c. h. at Lancaster. Bound- S. by Edmonson and Butler, and W. by Ohio co. ed N. by the Wisconsin River, separating it from Grayson, Ky., c. h. Carter co., lies half a mile Crawford and Richland counties, E. by Iowa and W. from Little Sandy River, and 128 miles E. La Fayette counties, S. by Illinois, and S. W. and from Frankfort. W. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Grayson County, Ts. On the northern border, Iowa. Drained by Blue, Platte, and Grant Rivers. on Red River, opposite the mouth of the Lower The soil is very fertile, and lead ore abundant. Wachita. Grantham, N. H., Sullivan co. There are 7 or, Grayson CountL, Va., c. h. at Greenville. Bound8 ponds here, the largest of which is called East- ed N. by Smythe and Wythe counties, E. by Carman's, and contains nearly 300 acres; another roll co., S. by N. C., and W. by Washington co. contains nearly 200. Croydon Mountain is in Drained by New River and its branches. Surface this town; on its summit is a natural pond, of elevated and mountainous. about 80 acres. On the E. side is a medicinal Grayson, Va., c. h. Grayson co. On the S. bank spring, visited by hundreds in the summer season. of New River, 261 miles S. from Richmond. The soil is productive, especially on the W. of Great Barrington, Ms., Berkshire co. This large the mountain, and is most favorable for wheat. and ancient town was the seat of the county First settlers, William Symmes and 63 others. courts from 1761 to 1787, and was once known by 12 miles S. E. from Dartmouth College, and 40 the name of Housatonnock. It is finely watered N. W. from Concord. by the Housatonic, Williams, and Green Rivers. Granville, Ms., Hampden co., is quite moun- Near the N. W. corner of the town lies Long Pond, tainous. In the valleys are some tracts of good whose outlet, joined with Seeknonk Brook, makes land for cultivation, and the highlands produce a good mill stream. The surface is uneven; some good pasturage. Valley Branch and Hubbard', parts are mountainous, and unfit for cultivation. river unite in this town. and form an important But the greater part of the township is under cultributary to Farmington River. This township tivation, and its soil is strong and fertile on the was sold to James Cornish, in 1686, by Toto, an banks of the rivers and brooks. Good iron ore Indian chief, for a gun and 16 brass buttons. It is found in the town, and beautiful variegated was first settled in 1738. G-anville East village marble. There are many mountains in this towu, is neatly located on elevated ground, 17milesW. which render its general features highly pieS. W. from Springfield, and 115 W. S. W. from turesque and romantic. Monument Mountain has Boston. a greater interest than the rest, on account of a Granville County, N. C., Oxford shire town. beautiful Indian maiden having thrown herself Bounded N. by Va., E. by Warren and Franklin from a cliff of it, through the influence of a pascounties, S. by Wake, and W. by Orange and sionate love for a cousin, whom the religion of Person counties. Drained by Tar, and branches the natives would not allow her to marry. By of Neuse and Roanoke' Rivers. the Housatonic and Western Railroad, it is 50 Granville, N. Y., Washington co. Watered by miles to Albany, and 174 to Boston. Pawlet River. The surface is uneven; soil of Great Bend, Pa., Susquehanna co. At the juncgood quality. 16 miles N. from Salem, and 63 tion of Salt Lick Creek with the Susquehanna N. E. from Albany. River. 191 miles N. E. of Harrisburg. Granville, Pa., Bradford co. 147 miles N.E. Great Crossings, Ky., Scott co. On the S. side from Harrisburg. of Elkhorn Creek, 15 miles N. E. from Frankfort. Granville, Pa., Mifflin co. The Choctaw Academy is here, sustained by the Granville, Vt., Addison co. White River is United States out of the Indian annuities for the formed here, by the union of several considerable instruction of Indians. branches. One of these has a fall of 100 feet. Great Falls, N. H., Strafford co. In the town A considerable part of the surface of the town- of Somersworth. 34 miles E. from Concord. A ship is mountainous. The settlement was com- large and beautiful manufacturing village. See menced soon after the close of the revolution, by Somersworth. Reuben King and others. 22 miles S. W. from Great Valley, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered Montpelier, and 16 S. E. from Middlebury. by the Alleghany River, and Great Valley and Graves County, Ky., c. h. at Mayfield. Bound- Tunangwant Creeks. The surface is somewhat ed N. by McCraken co., E. by Marshall and Cal- diversified; soil various. Rock City, a great natloway counties, S. by Tennessee, and W. by Hick- ural curiosity, is situated in the N. W. part of this man and Ballard counties. Surface level, and town. It is crossed by the New York and Erie drained by Mayfield Creek; soil productive. Railroad. 6 miles S. from Ellicottville, and 299 Gravesend, N. Y., King's co. Surface level and W. by S. from Albany. marshy, broken near the shore by some barren Greece, N. Y., Monroe co. Bounded on the N. sand hills. Coney Island, which forms a part of by Lake Ontario, E. by the Genesee River, and the town, is much resorted to for sea bathing and watered by several small streams. The surface fishing during the summer. 8 miles S. from is undulating; soil mostly sandy. 6 miles N. Brooklyn, and 153 from Albany. from the city of Rochester, and 255 N. of W. Gray, Me., Cumberland co. This is a fine farm- from Albany. ing town, watered by branches of North Yarmouth Greene County, Aa., c. h. at Eutaw. Bounded and Presumpscut Rivers, and containing a large N. by Pickens and Tuscaloosa, E. by Perry, S. part of Little Sebago Pond. It lies 17 miles N. by Marengo co., and W. by the Tombigbee River, 49 386 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., separating it from Sumpter co. - Surfape hilljy Mad River, and numerous small streams, furnish tnd drained by the Black Warrior or Tuscaloosa it with an abundant supply of water., It is setRiver. Soil bordering on the rivers very fertile. tied mostly by farmers, and is a very prosperous, Greene County, As., c. h. at Gainsville. Bound- healthy county. ed N. by Missouri, E. by St. Francis River, sepa- Greene County, Pa., c. h. at Wayneshurg. Boundrating it from Missouri and Mississippi co., S. ed N. by Washington co., E. by the Monongahela by Poinsett co., and W. by Lawrence and Ran- River, separating it from Fayette co., and S. and dolph counties. Surface level, and watered on W. by Virginia. Drained by Ten Mile, Drunkthe W. by Cache River and its branches. ard's, Fish, and Wheeling Creeks. Surface rough Greene County, Ga., c. h. at Greensboro'. Bound- and mountainous; soil fertile. ed N. by Clarke and Oglethorpe counties, E. by Greene County, Te., c. h. at Greenville. BoundTaliaferro, S. by Hancock co., and W. by the ed N. by Hawkins and Sullivan counties, E. by Oconee River, separating it from Putnam and Washington co., S. by North Carolina and Union Morgan counties. Surface slightly uneven; soil co., and W. by Jefferson co. Watered by Nofertile. lachucky River and Licking Creek. Surface Greene County, Is., c. h. at Carrollton. Incor- high and much diversified. porated in 1821. Bounded N. by Scott and Mor- Greene County, Va., c. h. at Stanardsville. gan counties, E. by Macoupin, S. by Jersey co., Bounded N. E. by Madison, S. E. by Orange, and W. by the Illinois River, separating it from S. W. by Albemarle, and N. W. by Rockingham Calhoun and Pike counties. Surface mostly co. Surface hilly; soil productive. level, and drained by creeks flowing into the Greene County, Wn., c. h. at Monroe, Bounded Illinois River. Soil fertile. N. by Dane and E. by Rock co., S. by Illinois, Greene County, Ia., c. h. at Bloomfield. Bounded and -W. by Lafayette co. Drained by PeckatonN. by Clay and Owen counties, E. by Monroe akee River and Sugar Creek. A considerable and Lawrence, S. by Martin and Davies, and W. part of the surface is prairie land. Copper and by Sullivan co. Drained by Eel River, the W. lead ores are found here. fork of White River, and Richland Creek. Sur- Greenbrier County, Va., c. h. at Lewisburg. face mostly level; soil fertile. Bounded N. by Nicholas and Pocahontas counGreene County, Ky., c. h. at Greensburg. Bound- ties, E. by Alleghany, S. by Monroe, and W. by ed N. by Laurel and Marion counties, E. by Ca- Fayette co. Watered by Greenbrier and the sey and Adair, S. by Adair and Barren, and W. branches of Gauley River. Surface rough, eleby Hart co. Surface undulating, and watered vated, and mountainous. by Green River and its branches; soil fertile. Greenbush, township and village, N. Y., RensGreene, Me., Kennebec co. Greene has several selaer co. On the E. side of the Hudson, oppoponds, but no good mill privileges. It lies on site Albany. The village is the terminus of the the E. side of Androscoggin River. 6 miles Western Railroad from Boston to Albany, with above Lewiston, and 22 S. W. from Augusta. which it connects by ferry. There is alsq a railIt is an excellent farming town. Incorporated road communication with the city of New York in 1788. and with Troy. The township is hilly, with a Greene County, Mi., c. h. at Leakesville. Bound- soil of clay loam, gravel, and sand. ed N. by Wayne co., E. by Alabama, S. by Jack- Greenburg, N. Y., Westchester co. On the -E. son, and W. by Perry co. Drained by Pascagoula side of the Hudson, and watered by Bronx and River and its branches. Soil sandy and sterile. Saw Mill Rivers. The surface is hilly; soil of Greene County, Mo., c. h. at Springfield. Bound- good quality. 5 miles W. from White Plains, ed N. by Polk and Dallas counties, E. by Wright. and 130 S. from Albany. S. by Taney, and W. by Lawrence and Dade Green Castle, Ia., c. h. Putnam co. On high counties. Watered by branches of Osage and table land. 1 mile E. from the Walnut Fork White Rivers. Surface hilly; soil chiefly fertile. of Eel River, and 47 miles W. from Indianapolis. Greene, N. J., Sussex co. Watered by branches Greenfield, Ia., c. h. Hancock co. Half a mile of Pequest Creek, and by Hunt's and Grass W. from Brandywine Creek, and 20 miles E. from Ponds. Surface hilly and mountainous. 7 miles Indianapolis. S. W. from Newton. Greenfield, Me., Itaicock co. This town was Greene County, N. Y., c. h. at Catskill. Taken incorporated in 1834. It was No. 38 on the from Albany and Ulster counties in 1800. It is Bingham Purchase. bounded N. by Albany co., E. by the Hudson Greenfield, Ms., c. h. Franklin co., is deRiver, S. by Ulster, and W. by Delaware and lightfully situated on the W., bank of ConSchoharie counties. Watered by Catskill, Cox- necticut River. It was formerly a part of sackie and Schoharie Creeks. Surface hilly and Deerfield, and was taken from it in 1753. Premountainous on the S. and W., being coveredhby vious to that time it was called Green River. the Catskill Mountains, the highest peaks of Fall River passes the eastern border of the town which are in this county. The soil of the moun- from the N., and falls into the Connecticut; tains is sterile, that of the lower lands and val- Green River also, from the N., passes through leys very fertile. the town, and meets the Deerfield. These rivers Greene, N. Y., Chenango co. Chenango River afford the town a fine hydraulic power. The and some of its branches water this town, the surface is generally plain; it has some rising surface of which is hilly, and the soil mostly of grounds, but none abrupt. There are large intergood quality. 20 miles S. W. from Norwich, vales on Green River, of superior excellence. and 126 from Albany. The other lands produce good crops of grain, Green County, 0., c. h. at Xenia. Clark co. and afford excellent pasturage. The village of bounds it on the N., Fayette on the E., Clinton Greenfield is situated on an elevated plain, on and Warren on the S., and Montgomery co. on the margin of Green River, and surrounded by the W. Yellow Springs, a fashionable watering- beautiful intervale. The Greenfield Institute, a place, is found in this county. Little Miami and seminary for young ladies, is in this town. 90 IN THE UNITED STATES. 387 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 41 N. from uneven, but the, elevations are not generally Springfield. abrupt. The land is well timbered; the soil of Greenfield, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Contoocook a middling quality. The River Lamoille is formed River forms part of the W. boundary, and sepa- by the union of several streams in this town. rates this town from Hancock. The soil is fer- Caspian Lake, or Lake Beautiful, lies in the S. tile. The hills afford excellent pasturage; the part, and discharges its waters to the E. into the valleys and plains are favorable for grain. Hops Lamoille, affording a number of valuable mill are raised in great abundance. Part of Crotched privileges, around which has grown up a beautiand Lyndeboro' Mountains are -in this town. ful little village. This pond is about 3 miles There are 5 ponds: the largest is about I mile long and 1 J broad. Elligo Pond, lying mostly in length and half of a mile in width. First set- in the western part of Greensboro', is about 1 tiers, Captain Alexander Parker, Major A. Whit- mile long, and forms the head waters of Black temore, Simeon Fletcher, and others, in 1771. River. These ponds produce abundance of fine 14 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and 38 S. W. trout. There are several other small ponds in from Concord. the north part of the town, which, at present, Greenfield, N. Y., Saratoga co. Drained by form the head waters of the Lamoille. The first Kayaderosseras Creek. The surface is broken settlement was begun in the spring of 1789, when by ridges of the Kayaderosseras and Palmerton Messrs. Ahbel and Aaron Shepard removed, Mountains. The soil is generally fertile. 10 with their families, from Newbury to this place. miles N. from Ballston Spa, and 40 N. from 15 miles S. from Irasburg, and 27 N. E. from Albany. Montpelier. Greenfield, O., Highland co. Situated on ele- Greensville County, Va., c. h. at Hicksford. Invated land, on the W. bank of Paint Creek, and corporated from Brunswick co. in 1784. Bounded is considered a healthy place. Near the town N. by Dinwiddie and Sussex counties, E. by limestone quarries are found. 17 miles from Sussex and Southampton, S. by North Carolina, Hillsboro', and 55 S. by W. from Columbus. and W. by Brunswick co. Watered by NottoGreenfield, Pa., Bedford co. This town is way, Brunswick, and Meherin Rivers. drained by Bob's and Dunning's Creeks, and the Greenup County, Ky., c. h. at Greenupsburg. Frankstown branch of the Juniata River. Sur- Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from face hilly and broken, having some spurs of the Ohio, E. by the Big Sandy, separating it from Alleghany range on the N.E., Dunning's Moun- Virginia, S. by Carter co., and W. by Lewis tain on the E., and the Alleghany on the W. co. Surface hilly, and watered by Little Sandy Soil loam and clay. 23 miles N. from Bedford. and Tyger's Creeks. The soil bordering the Greenfield, Pa., Erie co. Watered by the N. streams is fertile, and coal and iron ore abound fork of French Creek. 352 miles N. from Har- among the hills. risburg. Greenup, Ky., c. h. Greenup co. Greenfield, Pa., Luzerne co. On the S. bank Greenville, Aa., c. h. Butler co. On the W. of the Susquehanna River, and drained by Elk- side of Sepulgah River. 141 miles S. S. E. from wood Brook and the branches of Tunkhannock Tuscaloosa. and Lackawannock Rivers. Soil fertile, and Greenville, Ga., c. h. Meriwether co. 102 miles well adapted to grazing. 30 miles N. E. from W. from Milledgeville. Wilkesbarre. Greenville, Is., c. h. Bond co. On the E. fork Greenland, N. H., Rockingham co. The soil of Shoal Creek. 74 miles S. from Springfield. is remarkably good. The orchards, farms, and Greenville, Ky., c. h. Muhlenburg co. On a gardens are valuable. 5 miles W. S. W. from branch of Green River. 105 miles W. S. W. Portsmouth, and 45 E. S. E. from Concord. The from Frankfort. Eastern Railroad passes through this town. Greenville, Mi., c. h. Washington co. Greenport, N. Y., Suffolk co. It is near the Greenville, N. C., c. h. Pitt co. On the S. side N. E. end of Long Island. There is a railroad of Tar River, 35 miles from its mouth, and 102 from this place to Brooklyn, opposite New York. miles E. by S. from Raleigh. It has a good harbor, and is engaged in the Greenville. N. Y., Greene co. Drained by Prowhaling and coasting trade. 246 miles S. E. veost and Catskill Creeks. The surface is broken from Albany. and hilly; soil clay loam, suitable for grass. 15 Greenport, N. Y., Columbia co. The Hudson miles N. W. from Catskill, and 26 S. W. from River waters this town, the surface of which is Albany. hilly, and the soil clay, gravel, and loam. It Greenville, O., c. h. Dark co. On a creek of partly environs the city of Hudson. 30 miles the same name, just below its junction with Mud from Albany. Creek, on the site of old Fort Greenville, where Greensboro', Ga., c. h. Greene co. 44 miles N. General Wayne concluded the Indian treaty of by E. firom Milledgeville. August 3, 1795, which insured tranquillity on the Greensboro', Ia., c. h. Decatur co. western frontier. It is 93 miles W. from ColumGreensboro', Ky., c. h. Greene co. 89 miles bus, and 7.5 N. from Cincinnati. S. S. W. from Frankfort. Greenville, S. C., c. h. Greenville district, lies Greensboro', La., c. h. St. Helena. near the source of Reedy River. 107 miles W. Greensboro', Mi., c. h. Choctaw co. Watered N. W. from Columbia. by a head branch of Big Black River. 110 miles Greenville District, S. C. N. W. part. Drained N. E. from Jackson. by branches of the Saluda, which washes it on Greensboro', N. C., Guilford co., lies between the W. It contains the sources of many of the the N. and S. forks of Buffalo Creek. 82 miles north-western tributaries of the Congaree. Soil W. N. W. from Raleigh. undulating and fertile. Greensburg, Pa., c. h. Westmoreland co. 168 Greenville. Te., c. h. Greene co., is theseat of miles W. from Harrisburg. Greenville College, and lies 258 miles E. from Greensboro', Vt., Orleans co. The surface is Nashville. See Colleges. 388 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Greenwich, Ct., Fairfield co. The settlement Greig, N. Y., Lewis co. Drained by Otter and of this town commenced in 1640. It was incor- Fish Creeks, and Moose River, all tributaries of porated by Stuyvesant, the Dutch governor at Black River. The surface is broken and hilly; New York, in 1665. It comprises three parishes soil various. 12 miles S. E. from Martinsburg, or villages - West Greenwich, Greenwich on the and 123 N. W. from Albany. E., and Stanwich on the N. West Greenwich, Grigqgstown, N. J., Somerset co. It is on the on Horse Neck, so called from a peninsula on E. side of Millstone River. 20 miles N. N. the Sound formerly used as a horse pasture, is E. from Trenton. The Delaware and Raritan the largest and most important part of the town. Canal passes here. A copper mine has been Greenwich is watered by Byram River, the boun- wrought in the vicinity. dary line between the town and the state of New Griggsville, Is., Pike co. Near Illinois River. 4 York, and the most southern part of New Eng- miles W. from Phillips Ferry, and 61 miles W. land. At the outlet of Byram River, on the from Springfield. New York side, is a place called Sawpits, a noted Grimes County, Ts. landing-place on the Sound, 28 miles N. E. from Griswold, Ct., New London co. This town New York. Miannus Creek and other smaller was taken from Preston in 1815, and is separated streams water the town. from Lisbon by Quinnebaug River. The Po"' Putnam's Hill is situated in West Greenwich, chaug, a sluggish stream, passes through the about 5 miles W. from Stamford, on the main town. The principal village, which is very neat road to New York. This place is celebrated for and pretty, containing about 900 inhabitants, is the daring exploit of General Putnam, who de- called Jewett City. The city lies on the E. side scended this precipice when pursued by the Brit- of the Quinnebaug, at this place a very powerish dragoons." ful stream. This little city is said to be very Greenwich is a rough and uneven township, prosperous in its manufacturing and commerwith a productive soil. It presents some wild cial concerns. Surface hilly; soil a gravelly scenery along the road, and many beautiful views loam. 46 miles E. S. E. from Hartford. of Long Island Sound. Groton, Ct., New London co., lies at the Greenwich, Ms., Hampshire co. There are mouth of the River Thames, in the harbor of New some elevated lands in this town, and the surface London, and opposite to that city, on the E. generally is rugged and uneven, hut the soil is The lands are generally hilly and rocky, with strong and fertile. Two branches of Swift River some fertile tracts on the margin of the Thames. water the town abundantly. Its Indian name There are several villages - Groton Bank, oppowas Quabin. The first settlers were from the site New London, Portersville, on Mystic River, north of Ireland. 20 miles E. N. E. from North- and Pequonnuck. The Pequonnuck and Mystic ampton, and 73 from Boston. Rivers pass through the town, and empty into Greenwich, N. J., Cumberland co. Newport, Long Island Sound. Previous to its incorporaStow, Mill, Cohansey, and Pine Mount Creeks tion, in 1705, Groton was a part of New London. water this town, the surface of which is level, On Groton Heights is Fort Griswold, one of and the soil of excellent quality. 73 miles S. S. the defences of New London Harbor. A granite W. from Trenton. monument, placed 130 feet above tide water, and Greenwich, N. J., Gloucester co. Mantua, Re- 127 feet high, commemorates Colonel Ledyard paupo, Clonmel, Raccoon, and Crab Creeks and the other brave defenders of this place, massadrain this town. 7 miles S. W. from Woodbury. cred in 1781, after its surrender to the traitor Greenwich, N. J., Warren co. On the E. side Arnold. of the Delaware River, and drained by Lopat- Groton, Ms., Middlesex co. This beautiful cong, Pohatcong, and Musconetcong Creeks, and town, watered by the Nashua, is pleasantly vacrossed by the Morris Canal. Surface hilly, riegated; the soil is fertile, and excedingly procontaining marble, soapstone, and iron; soil fer- ductive. There are valuable paper mills in the tile. South Mountain lies in this town. 10 town, and a fine quarry of soapstone. The vilmiles S. from Belvidere. lage, in the centre of the town, is handsomely Greenwich, N. Y., Washington co. On the E. situated on one principal street, which runs from bank of the Hudson. Watered on the S. by the S. E. to N. W. It is on an extensive and regular Battenkill. The surface is rather hilly; soil fer- swell of land, and commands delightful views of tile, gravelly loam. 10 miles W. from Salem, the surrounding country. The Groton Academy, and 35 N. N. E. from Albany. in this place, was incorporated in 1793. 32 miles Greenwich, Pa., Berks co. Saconcy, Mill, and N. W. from Boston, 14 W. by S. from Lowell, and other small creeks, affording water power, drain 34 N. from the depot of the railroads which pass this town. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. through the S. part of the town, affording com18 miles N. E. from Reading. munication with Boston, Lowell, Worcester, and Greenwood, Me., Oxford co. A township of Nashua. good land. 58 miles W. by S. from Augusta. Groton, N. H., Grafton co. Baker's River and Greenwood, N. Y., Steuben co. Bennett's Creek several small streams, which fall into Newfound waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, Lake, water this town. There is but one pond and the soil well adapted to grass. 30 miles of any consequence lying wholly in this town. S. W. from Bath, and 251 from Albany. First settlers, James Pould, Captain E. Mellen, Greenwood, Pa., Columbia co. Drained by Jonas Hobart, Phineas Bennett, and Samuel branches of Fishing Creek. 92 miles N. N. E. Farley, in 1779. Groton was granted, in 1776, from Harrisburg. to George Abbott and others, by the name of Greenwood, Pa.,Perry co. 10 miles N.E. from Cockermouth. 10 miles S. W. from Plymouth, Bloomfield. and 45 N. W. from Concord. Gregg, Pa., Centre co. Drained by Sinking Groton, N.Y., Tompkins co. Watered by Fall Creek. Surface mountainous; soil calcareous Creek and some other small streams. The surloam. face is undulating; soil gravelly loam of good IN THE UNITED STATES. 389 quality 13 miles N. E. from Ithaca, and 160 Bounded N. by Rockingham, E. by Orangre, S. by W. from Albany. Randolph, and W. by Davidson and Stokes Grotol, Vt.. Caledonia co. On Wells River, counties. Watered by the head branches of and some of its branches, which afford mill privi- Deep and Haw Rivers. Here was fought, in 1781, leges. The surface is uneven, rough, and stony. the celebrated battle of Guilford Court House. 16 miles E. by S. from Montpelier. Guilford, N. Y., Chenango co. Bounded on Grove, N. Y., Alleghany co., is watered by the E. by Unadilla River. The surface is hilly Cashaque and Canaseraga Creeks. Surface an- and broken; soil generally productive. 10 miles dulating; soil chiefly sandy loam. 13 miles N. S. E. from Norwich, and 105 W. by S. from Alfrom Angelica, and 257 W. from Albany. ban-. Groveland, Ms. Incorporated in 1852. Taken duilford. Pa., Franklin co. Bounded on the from Bradford. W. by the E. branch of Conecocheague Creek, Groveland, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered on and drained by several mill streams. Surface the N. E. by Coneseus Lake, and S. by Canase- level; soil based upon limestone and slate. 6 raga Creek. The surface is high and uneven; miles S. E. from Chambersburg. soil various. 6 miles S. from Geneseo, and 232 Guilford, Vt., Windharn co. The soil is warm W. from Albany. and fertile. There are in this town good mill Grundy County, Is., c. h. at Morris. Bounded sites on Green River, and branches of Broad N. by Kendall co., E. by Will, S. by Livingston, Brook, a medicinal spring, and various kinds of and W. by Lasalle co. Surface level, and watered minerals. This town was chartered April 2, by the Illinois River and its branches; soil of 1754, to 54 proprietors, principally of Massachuexcellent quality. setts. The first settlement was made by Micah Grundy County, Mo., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded Rice and family, in September, 1761. 50 miles N. by Mercer co., E. by Sullivan and Linn, S. by S. from Windsor, and 31 S. E. from Bennington. Livingston, and W. by Davies and Harrison Gtyqandotte, Va., Cabell co. On the point of counties. This county consists mostly of fertile land at the junction of Ohio and Guyandotte Rivprairie land, and is watered by the E. fork of ers, 359 miles W. N. W. from Richmond. Grand River, Medicine and Muddy Creeks. Gwynned, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by Grundy County, Te., c. h. at Altamonta. Wissahickon and Towamensing Creeks. SurGuadalupe County, Ts., c. h. at Sequin. S. cen- face undulating; soil sandy loam. 95 miles E. tral. On the Upper Guadalupe. from Harrisburg. Guernsey County, O., c. h. at Cambridge. Tus- Gwinnett County, Ga., c. h. at Lawrenceville. carawas bounds it on the N., Belmont on the E., Bounded N. E. by Hall and Jackson counties, S. Morgan on the S., and Muskingum and Co- E. by Walton and Newton, S. W. by De Kalb, shocton counties on the W. It was settled by and N. W. by the Chattahoochee River, separatsome emigrants from the Island of Guernsey, ing it from Forsyth co. Drained by branches of from which place it derives its name. The land Chattahoochee, Ockmulgee, and Oconee Rivers. is of good quality, but hilly, and is watered by Wills Creek and its branches; it has a variety Habersham County, Ga., c. h. at Clarksville. of soil. Bounded N. by Union co., N. E. by South CarGuilderland, N. Y., Albany co. Drained on olina, S. E. and S. by Franklin and Hall counthe E. by Norman's Kill. The surface is mostly ties, and W. by Lumpkin co. Watered on the level; soil sandy, and rather sterile. 10 miles N. E. boundary by the Turoree, a branch of W. from Albany. Tugaloo River, and drained by the head branches Guildhall, Vt., c. h. Essex co. On the W. side of the Chatahoochee River. Surface mounof Connecticut River, and is united to Lancaster, tainous. N. H., by two bridges across the river. The town Hackensack, N. J., Bergen co. On the W. side or is watered by several small streams, and the sur- Hackensack River. 76 miles N. E. from Trenton. face is quite uneven and stony, except a tract Haddam. Ct., Middlesex co. Incorporated. of intervale on the river. Cow and Burnside 1668. This is one of the county towns, and lies Mountains are considerable elevations. There on both sides of Connecticut River. Haddam is a pleasant village in the N. E. part of the town. Society, on the W. side, is the largest part of the The settlement was commenced in 1764. 68 town, and is the seat of justice. That part of miles N. E. from Montpelier. Haddam on the E. side is called Haddam Neck. Gui/ford, Ct., New Haven co. This town, the There is but little alluvial land in Haddam Menunkatuc of the Indians, was first settled in The principal part of the township is hilly and 1639. The town was settled by a party of Non- stony, with considerable forests There are conformists from England, at the head of which valuable quarries of flagging stone on both sides was the Rev. Henry Whitfield. Guilford borough of the river. There are many vessels built at was incorporated in 1815. It is handsomely lo- Haddam. The timber in this quarter of the cated, two miles from Long Island Sound, on a county is well adapted for that purpose. Tha tract of alluvial plain, and near a small stream village of Haddam is pleasant, and has a good called the Menunkatuc. Guilford is a place of prospect of the river. 23 miles S. from Hartford resort for sea air and bathing. The accommoda- Hadley, Ms., Hampshire co., is a pleasant towr, tions are very good. The scenery in the vicinity on the E. bank of Connecticut River, and united of Sachem's Head is wild and picturesque. The to Northampton by a handsome bridge, 108C soil of Guilford is well adapted to agricultural feet in length. The village is situated on a pursuits. 16 miles E. from New Haven. peninsula formed by a bend of the river. It hat Guilford, Me., Piscataquis co. Watered by the a wide street of about a mile in length, well built Piscata uis and some of its upper branches. 71 and shaded by beautiful elms. Hadley contains miles -. E. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from extensive tracts of the finest land in the state Bangor. Its meadows, which are annually overflowed b) Guilford County, N. C., c. h. at Greensboro'. the river, are very fertile, and exceedingly pro 390 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ductive. Two small streams afford the town but there are no mountains worthy of notice. some water power. Its Indian name was Nor- On the margin of North River is a cavern, called nottock. Hadley was / retreat for the celebrated Woodward's Cave. or Dun's Den. The soil is Goffe and Whalley, two of the judges who con- generally of a good quality, well adapted to the demned Charles I. 88 miles W. from Boston. production of grass. The settlement was cornHJadley, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated at the menced in 1761, by Abner Rice, from Worcester junction of Sacandaga and Hudson Rivers. A co., Ms. 125 miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 branch of the Kayaderosseras Mountains crosses S. from Newfane. this town. 26 miles N. from Ballston Spa, and Halifax County. Va., c. h. at Halifax. Bounded 56 N. E. from Albanv. N. by Staunton River, separating it from CampHaerlem, N. Y., New York co. 74 miles N. bell and Charlotte counties, E. by Mecklenburg from New York. See New York City. co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by PittsylvaHagerstown, Md., c. h. Washington co. On the nia co. Watered by Dan and Bannister Rivers W. bank of Antietam Creek. 101 miles N. W. and their tributaries. Soil fertile. from Annapolis, and 26 N. W. from Frederick. Halifax, Va., c. h. Halifax co. On the S. side Hague, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the E. of Bannister River. 127 miles S. W. from by Lake George: The surface is broken by the Richmond. Kayaderosseras Mountains, which cover a large Hall County, Ga., c. h. at Gainesville. Bounded part of the town. 28 miles N. from Caldwell, N. by Habersham co., E. by Habersham and and 90 N. N. E. from Albany. Jackson, S. by Gwinnett, and W\. by Forsyth and Hains, Pa., Centre co. Watered by 2 small Lumpkin counties. Watered on the W. border creeks, which disappear among the crevices of by the Chattahoochee River, and N. W. by its Limestone Rock. Surface mountainous; soil two head branches, the Sooque and Chestatee. calcareous loam in the valleys. 19 miles E. from Surface hilly and mountainous; soil very fertile Bellefonte. in some portions. Half Moon, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on Hallowell, Me., Kennebec co. This city is situthe E. by the Hudson River. The surface is atedon both sides of the Kennebec River, between mostly level; soil sandy loam and clay of good Augusta and Gardiner, 2 miles below the former. quality. 15 miles S. E. from Ballston Spa, and and 4 miles above the latter. The houses are 18 N. from Albany. mostly on the W. side of the river. The streets Half Moon, Pa., Centre co. Bald Eagle Creek run parallel with the river, and the ground ascends and Half Moon Run water this town. Surface 200 feet from the lower street or business part of mountainous, a ridge of the Alleghany Moun- the city. On this street are numerous stores. contains forming the W. boundary; soil calcareous structed principally of brick. Most of the dwellloam in the valleys. 99 miles N. W. from Har- ing houses are on the back, or elevated streets; risburg. they are built, as are the churches, with good taste, Halifax, Ms., Plymouth co. Halifax was for- and being surrounded by beautiful groves, make merly part of Plympton, Middleboro', and Pem- a fine appearance. The varied views of the river, broke. Its Indian name was Monponsit. Two of the neighboring towns, and of a fertile country branches of Taunton River, the.Winetuxet and of hills and vales, presented from the high grounds another, give this town a water power. There on each side of the village, furnish an exhibition are 2 villages in the town, and several ponds, of scenery of uncommon beauty. Hallowell is which cover about 1700 acres. The Monponsit, about 3 miles in width, and extended back, on each a small part of which lies in Hanson, is a beau- side of the river, 5 miles, but the part on the tiful sheet of water. more than 2 miles long, and eastern bank became, in 1850. the town of Chelsea. half a mile wide. Pickerel have been taken Incorporated in 1771, and then included all the terfrom this pond weighing more than 7 pounds ritory of Augusta, and a part of Gardiner. From each. The Old Colony Railroad passes through this place the brave but traitorous Arnold marched the town. 28 miles S. S. E. from Boston, and 9 on an expedition against Canada, in 1776. N. W. from Plymouth. There are 6 or 7 churches in Hallowell, of as Halifax County, N. C., c. h. a.t Halifax. Bounded many different denominations. There exists a N. and E. by the Roanoke River, separating it flourishing academy here, which has held a preemfrom Northampton and Bertie counties, S. by inent rank ever since it was incorporated, in 1791. Edgecombe and Nash, and W. by Warren co. About 4 miles from the village, and on the E. Watered by Roanoke River and Fishing Creek side of the river, is the " Togus Mineral Spring," and branches. Soil fertile. which, within a few years past, has become much Halifax, N. C., c. h. Halifax co. Situated on frequented by invalids and others seeking health, the W. bank of Roanoke River, at the head of or amusement and relaxation. The waters, sloop navigation, and 6 miles below the great which are impregnated with sulphur, have been falls. 80 miles N. E. from Raleigh. A canal found very efficacious. A spacious house of enround the falls renders the river navigable for tertainment has been erected near the spring, boats 130 miles above this place. which is often thronged in the summer months. Halifax, Pa., Dauphin co. Located on the E. The principal public house, in the centre of Halbank of the Susquehanna River, and drained by lowell, is the Hallowell House, which is a large Armstrong Creek. Surface hilly, having Peter's and elegant granite building, furnishing every Mountain on the S.; soil red shale. 23 miles desirable accommodation. N. from -Harrisburg. Steamboats ply from this place to Portland and Halifax, Vt., Windham co. This township is Boston during the season of navigation. The watered by North and Green Rivers. They are Eastern Railroad, from Boston and Portland, ooth large and commodious mill streams. In extends through it as far as Augusta. A. numthe branch of North River is a succession of cas- ber of vessels, owned here, are engagetd in the cades, extending about 100 rods. The falls are freighting business, and others run as packets from 15 to 20 feet each. The surface is uneven, to various places. Vessels drawing 9 feet of IN THE UNITED STATES. 391 water can come to the wharves, in the centre of Creek. In the N. part is a swamp of some size. the village. The granite quarries at Hallowell Soil of rather poor quality. have been worked for twenty years or more, with Hanmilton County. Ia., c. h. at Noblesville. It is great success. The granite is of a light color, bounded N. by Richardville, E. by Madison, S. and easily wrought. In some years $100,000 by HIancock and Marion, and W. by Boone co. worth of it have been transported. The Hall Drained by the W. fork of White River and its of Justice, in New York, familiarly known as branches. The surface consists partly of prairies. "the Tombs," is constructed of this stone. Hamilton, Ms., Essex co., was formerly a part As Hallowell and Augusta are so closely united of Ipswich. and called Ipswich Hamlet. Ipsin all their various interests and pursuits, what wich River passes its western and northern borwe have said of the favorable position of Au- der, and Miles's River, running N., passes into it. gusta, and of its future prospects, is applicable The town was named in honor of Alexander here. With common success in our national Hamilton. The people of this town are mostly affairs, and with a continuation of that spirit of agriculturists, and they cultivate an excellent enterprise, every day manifested on the banks soil, with a pleasant surface. Hamilton lies, by of the Kennebec, it is safe to predict that within the Eastern Railroad, 20 miles N. by E. from a very few years there will be a contiluous vil- Boston, and 14 S. from Newburyport. lage from the Kennebec dam to the mouth of Hamilton, Mi., c. h. Monroe co. About a mile the Cobbessecontee, at Gardiner. Population in E. from Tombigbee River, and 156 miles N. E. 1820, 2919; 1850, 4769. from Jackson. Hamburg, As.. c. h. Ashley co. Hamilton, N. J., Atlantic co. This town is Hamburg, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Smokes, watered by Great Egg Harbor. Surface level; Hush, and Cayuga Creeks, tributaries of Lake soil sandy. 30 miles S. E. from Woodbury. Erie, which bounds it on the W. The surface is Hamilton County, N. Y., c. h. at Lake Pleasant. undulating; soil fertile, yielding large crops of Incorporated in 1838. Bounded N. by St. Lawgrass, grain, and fruit. 8 miles S. from the city rence and Franklin, E. by Essex and Warren, S. of Buffalo, and 281 W. from Albany. by Fulton, and W. by Herkimer co. Its princiHamburg, Pa., Berks co. Near the Schuyl- pal lakes are Indian, Racket, Long, Piseco, and kill Water Gap. 68 miles E. N. E. from Harris- Lake' Pleasant; its rivers, Indian, Sacandaga, burg. Moose, and Racket. Surface elevated, and in Hamburg, S. C., Edgefield district. On the E. parts hilly and mountainous; soil fertile along side of Savannah River, opposite Augusta, Ga., the borders of the rivers and lakes. with which it is connected by a bridge 1000 feet Hamilton, N. Y., Madison co. Drained by the long. It is divided into the upper and lower head branches of Chenango River. The surface towns. The upper is on an abrupt acclivity, 60 is somewhat hilly; soil fertile, calcareous loam. or 70 feet in height, and the lower part, where 10 miles S. E. from Morrisville, and 96 W. from most of the business is done, is on the bank of Albany. the river. It is regularly laid out, handsomely Hamilton County, O., c. h. at Cincinnati. It is built, and has a large business. 79 miles S. W. bounded N. by Butler, E. by Clermont co., S. by from Columbia. the Ohio River, and W. by the state of Indiana. Hamdel, Ct., New Haven co. This town was It is a small but populous county, and is watered taken from New Haven in 1786. It is situated by the Little and Big Miamies and Whitewater between the E. afid W. Rock ranges of moun- Rivers, Mill and Deer Creeks, and their branches. taias, the southern terminus of the Green Moun- The land is of a good quality, and well adapted tain range. The soil in many parts is easy of for the cultivation of grain. cultivation, but in general it is more adapted to Hamilton, O., c. h. Butler co. On the S. E. grazing than tillage. Minerals are found here, bank of the Great Miami River. 102 miles among which are specimens of very pure copper. W. S. W. from Columbus. Connected with Mill River affords numerous sites for water Cincinnati by the Miami Canal, which passes works. Whitneysville, about 2 miles from New through it. A large and flourishing place. Haven, is admirably located for manufacturing Hamilton, 0., Franklin co. On the E. side of operations. Mount Carmel, a noted elevation, 8 the Scioto River, S. of, and adjoining, Montmiles N. from New Haven, affords an extensive gomery. It is a rich farming township. The prospect. Columbus lateral canal and the stage road to Bamden, N. Y., Delaware co. Drained by the Chillicothe pass through it from N. to S. W. branch of the Delaware River. A broken Hamilton, Pa., Adams co. Bounded N. and and mountainous town, with quite a variety of W. by Conewago Creek, and drained by Beaver soil. 7 miles S. from Delhi village, and 85 Run. Surface level; soil reddish gravel and S. W. from Albany. flint. 12 miles N. E. from Gettysburg. Hamilton County, Fa., c. h. at Jasper. Bound- Hamilton Ban, Pa., Adams co. Bounded E. ed N. by Georgia, E. and S. by the Little Su- by Marsh Creek, and N. by its S. branch, and is wannee River, separating it from Columbia co., drained by Toms and Middle Creeks and Muddy and W. by the Withlacoochee River, separating Run. Surface level; soil calcareous loam and it from Madison co. Watered, through the in- gravel. Iron and copper ores and a few mineral terior, by the Allapahaw River. Soil fertile. springs are found here. Hamilton, Ga., c. h. Harris co. At the W. ex- Hamilton, Pa., Monroe co. Drained by McMitremity of Oak Mountain. 126 miles W. S. W. chael, Cherry, and Pokon Creeks, branches of from Milledgeville. the Delaware River. Surface much diversified; Hamilton County, Is., c. h. at McLeansboro'. soil gravelly. Incorporated in 1821, and bounded N. by Wayne Hamilton, Pa., Franklin co. Watered by the co., E. by White, S. by Gallatin, and W. by main branch of Conecocheague Creek and its Franklin and Jefferson counties. Drained by tributary Black Creek. Surface hilly; soil calbranches of Little Wabash River and Saline careous loam and slate. 392 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Hamilton, Pa., McKean co. strong soil of an uneven surface. The village is Hamilton County, Te., c. h. at Dallas. Bound- pleasantly situated on high ground. Hampton ed N. by Bledsoe and Rhea counties, E. by has good mill seats on a branch of Shetucket Bradley co., S. by Georgia, and W. by Marion River. 35 miles E. of Hartford. co. Watered by the Tennessee River and sev- Hampton. N. I., Rockingham co. The soil is eral small tributaries, the largest of which is well adapted to tillage and mowing, and about Chickamauga Creek. one fifth of the territory is a salt marsh. HampHammond, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded ton is pleasantly situated; many eminences afford on the W. by the St. Lawrence River, and wa- romantic views of the ocean, Isle of Shoals, and tered on the E. by Black Lake. The surface is sea-coast from Cape Ann to Portsmouth. Its level; soil very productive. 26 miles S. W. beaches have long been the resort of invalids and from Canton, and 184 N. W. from Albany. parties of pleasure. Boar's Head is an abrupt Hampden, Me., Penobscot co. On the W. eminence, extending into the sea. The Indian bank of Penobscot River, below and adjoining name of this town was Winnicumet. First setBangor. A flourishing town, 62 miles E. N. E. tiers, emigrants from the county of Norfolk. 10 from Augusta. miles S. W. from Portsmouth, and 46 S. E. from Hampden County, Ms., c. h. Springfield. This Concord. county, until 1812, was the southern part of Hampton Falls, N. H., Rockingham co. The Hampshire co. It is bounded N. by Hampshire soil is generally good. This town was originally co., E. by Worcester co., S. by Tolland and a part of Hampton. First settlers, see Hampton. Hartford counties, Ct., and W. by Berkshire co. 50 miles S. E. from Concord, and 6 S. E. from Connecticut River passes from N. to S. through the Exeter. centre of the county; the Westfield from the W., Hampton, N. Y., Washington co. Separated the Chickopee from the E., with the Quinnebaug on the N. from the state of Vermont by Poultney and other rivers in different parts of the county, River. The surface is somewhat hilly; the valafford it an immense water power. The West- leys fertile. 26 miles N. from Salem, and 73 N. ern Railroad and Connecticut River Railroad E. from Albany. pass each other in this county, nearly at right Hampton, Va., c. h. Elizabeth City co. Situated angles. With these facilities, the county of on the W. side of Hampton River, about 1 mile Hampden takes a high stand among the manu- from its mouth, and 94 miles E. S. E. from Richfacturing and agricultural districts in New Eng- mond. land. Some parts of this county are mountain- Hamptonburg, N. Y., Orange co. Bounded on ous, but the principal part is rather undulating' the W. by the Wallkill, and watered by Murderthan hilly. Its highlands produce excellent food er's Creek. The surface is undulating; soil very for cattle, and its intervale lands are very supe- fertile. 4 miles N. E. from Goshen, and 100 S. S. rior in fertility and production. W. from Albany. Hampshire County, Ms., c. h. at Northampton. Hancock County, Ga., c. h. at Sparta. Bounded This ancient county, although its limits have N. by Greene and Taliaferro counties, E. by the been greatly reduced by the erection of Frank- Ogeechee River, separating it from Warren co., S. lin and Hampden counties, is still increasing by Washington and Milledgeville counties, and in agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing W. by the Oconee River, separating it from Putstrength. Located in the centre of the alluvial nam co. Drained by branches of the Oconee and basin of the noble Connecticut, blessed with a Ogeechee Rivers. rich and variegated soil, and great water power, Hancock County, Is., c. h. at Carthage. Incorthis must ever remain one of the most independ- porated in 1825, and bounded N. by Henderson ent counties in New England. The Western co., E. by McDonough and Schuyler, S. by MarRailroad passes the western boundary of the quette and Adams, and W. by the Mississippi county, and a series of railroads, extends from River, separating it from Mississippi and Iowa. its centre to Long Island Sound. This county Watered by Bear and Crooked Creeks and is bounded S. by Hampden, W. by Berkshire, N. branches, the former a tributary of the Mississipby Franklin, and E. by Worcester counties. pi, and the latter of the Illinois River. Soil rich Hiampshire County, Va., c. h. at Romney. It is in the W. part. bounded N. by the N. branch and main stream Hancock County, Ia., c. h. at Greenfield. Incorof the Potomac River, separating it from Mary- porated in 1828, and bounded N. by Hamilton land, E. by Morgan and Frederick counties, and and Madison counties, E. by Henry and Rush, S. S. and W. by Hardin co. Drained by the S. by Shelby, and W. by Marion. Watered by Blue branch and some other tributaries of the Potomac River and Sugar and Brandywine Creeks, good River.' Surface mountainous, particularly in mill streams. Surface mostly level; soil fertile. the E. part; but the soil in the valleys is of ex- Hancock County, Ky., c. h. at Hawesville. cellent quality. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it Hampstead, N. H., Rockingham co. This town from Indiana, E. by Breckenridge co., S. by Graylies partly on the height of land between Merri- son and Ohio counties, and W. by Owen co. mac and Piscataqua Rivers. Wash, Argly, and Watered on the S. boundary by Rough Creek, a Island Ponds are in this town. In Island is a branch of Green River, and W. by Blackford's valuable farm, containing 300 acres. This town River. Surface hilly, containing coal and iron was granted by Governor Benning Wentworth, ore. and named by him after a village 5 miles N. of Hancock County, Me., c. h. at Ellsworth. E. London, England. First settlers, Messrs. Emer- part of the state bordering on Penobscot Bay and son, Ford, Heath, and others, in 1728. 30 miles River, and the coast to the eastward, which is S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. W. from Exeter. deeply indented with many islands and excellent Hampton, Ct., Windham co. This town was harbors. Union River flows S. through the midr taken from Windham and Pomfret in 1786. The die of it. people are generally agriculturists, with a good Hancock, Me., Aroostook co. IN THE UNITED STATES. 393 Hancock, Me., Hancock co. On the head waters and affords it a good water power. The surface of Frenchman's Bay. 85 miles E. from Augusta. is quite level, with gentle swells, affording white Hancock, Md., Washington co. On the N. oak and pine timber; the soil is diluvial, and bank of the Potomac River. 125 miles N. W. with good management is made quite productive. from Annapolis. The anchors of our favorite ship, "Old IronHancock, Ms., Berkshire co., is a -mountainous sides," were made in this place.;' Hanover Four town; and in some parts of it the mountains Corners," a handsome village on the banks of are so abrupt that the inhabitants, in passing the river, is quite a business place, and lies 22 from one end of it to the other, are obliged to miles S. E. from Boston, and 14 N. W. from travel out of the town, and even through a part Plymouth. The Old Colony Railroad passes of the state of New York. Although the surface near it. of the town in many parts is too rough for culti- Hanover, SN. H., Grafton co. The Connecticut vation, yet there is much good grazing on the River separates Hanover from Norwich, Vt., to sides of the mountains. There is a narrow val- which place it is connected by a bridge across ley in Hancock, about 7 miles in length, of great the river. This is the principal stream; there beauty and fertility. Here are some of the best are, besides, Mink, Slate, and Goose Pond farms in the county, and here are seated, in a Brooks. In the Connecticut River are several delightful village, a family of more than 200 islands; the largest is called Parker's. The surShakers. 10 miles N. W. from Pittsfield, whence face is diversified, well improved, and the greatest to Boston is 151 miles, by the railroad. part suitable for farms. There is but a small Hancock County, Mi., c. h. at Shieldsboro'. proportion of waste land, less, perhaps, than in Bounded N. by Marion co.. E. by Harrison, S. any other town in the county. It is estimated by the Gulf of Mexico and Lake Borgne, and that nearly one half is under improvement. W. by Pearl River, separating it from Louisiana. Moose Mountain is a considerable elevation, exSurface undulating on the N., and level on the tending across the town from N. to S. The prinS.; soil of poor quality. cipal village is in the S. W. corner of the town, Hancock, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The soil is on a beautiful and extensive plain, half a mile various, but generally productive. The land is from Connecticut River, and 180 feet above the diversified, and affords many good farms. Con- level of its waters. Vegetable substances are toocook and its branches furnish this town with found in this plain from 50 to 80 feet deep. water. There are two ponds here, which furnish Most of the houses of the villages are built a variety of fish. This town was named after round a square, level area of 12 acres, upon Governor Hancock, of Boston, who was one of which, also, the buildings of the college front, the original proprietors. First settler, John making together a very handsome appearance. Grimes, in May, 1764. 36 miles S. W. from See Colleges. First settlers, Colonel Edward FreeConcord, and 22 N. WX. from Amherst. man, Benjamin Davis, Benjamin Rice, Gideon Hancock, N. Y., Delaware co. A large town, Smith, and Asa Parker, in 1765. 69 miles N. situated at the junction of the Papacton branch from Concord, and 30 S. firom Haverhill. with the main stream of the Delaware River. Hanover, N. J., Burlington co. Watered by The surface is broken and mountainous. 24 Black's, Crosswick's, and a branch of Rancocus miles S. from Delhi, and 129 S. W. from Albany. Creeks. Surface level; soil sand and sandy Hancock County, O., c. h. at Findlay. Seneca loam. 12 miles N. E. from Mount Holly. and Crawford counties bound it on the E., Wood Hanover, N. J., Morris co. Watered by Whipon the N., Hardin on the S., and Putnam co. on pany and Parsipany Rivers, flowing into the the W. It has a good soil, which is well watered Rockaway, which bounds it on the N. Surface by tributaries from Blanchard's River. hilly on the N. W.; soil clay, gravel, and loam Hancock, Vt., Addison co. Emerson's branch 5 miles N. from Morristown, and 57 N. N. E. from of White River, the sixth branch of the same, and Trenton. Leicester River, all rise near the S. W. corner of Hanover, N. Y., Chautauque co. Bounded on this township. Middlebury River also heads in the N. by Lake Erie and Cattaraugus Creek, and the western part. These streams afford several is drained by Silver and Black Walnut Creeks. very good mill privileges. The whole of the The surface of the S. part is elevated and hilly; township lies upon the Green Mountains, but the soil in the valleys and on the borders of the the principal ridge is on the western side. The lake is rich alluvion. This vicinity is celebrated surface of Hancock is high and broken, and but for its large forest trees. 26 miles N. E. from a small portion of it suitable for tillage; it, how- Maysville, and 315 W. by S. from Albany. ever, produces good grass. The settlement was Hanover, Pa., Northampton co. Bounded on commenced in the year 1778. 15 miles S. E. the S. E. by Manokissy Creek. Surface level; from Middlebury, and 30 S. W. from Montpelier. soil fertile calcareous loam. Hancock County, Aa. New. Hanover, Pa., Washington co. Drained by Hancock County, Te. New. Taken from Clai- Herman's and Indian Creeks, branches of the borne. On the N. E. border of the state. Ohio River. Surface hilly, abounding with coal; Hancock County, Va. New. Taken from soil loam. 22 miles N. W. from Washington. Brooke. In the extreme N. W. corner of the Hanover County, Va., c. h. at Hanover. Boundstate, between the Ohio and the Pennsylvania ed N. and E. by North Anna River, separating it line. from Caroline and King William counties, S. by Hannibal, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by New Kent and Henrico counties, and W. by several small creeks, which flow into Lake On- Goochland and Louisa counties. Watered on tario. The surface is undulating; soil fertile. the S. by a branch of James River. Surface 12 miles S. from Oswego, and 168 N. W. from hilly; soil much diversified. Albany.' Hanover, Va., c. h. Hanover co., occupies an Hanover, Ms., Plymouth co. The North River elevated position near Pamunky River, and 20 separates this town from Pembroke, on the S., miles N. from Richmond. 50 394 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Hanover, Pa., Beaver co. Drained by Big and in the county. It was settled in 1736, and was first Little Traviss, branches of Raccoon Creek. Sur- called Lambstown, from the name of one of its face undulating; soil calcareous loam. first proprietors. Its Indian name was WomHanover, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded W. by bemesisecook. There are a number of small Beaver Creek, and drained by Manaday Creek streams in the town. Ware River washes its E. and Bow Run, branches of Swatara Creek. Sur- and S. boundaries, and 2 large ponds, one of face undulating; soil argillaceous loam and which is called Pottabong, 2 miles in length, is sandstone. 15 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. well stored with fish. From Furnace village, in Hanover, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Nanti- Hardwick, to the Brookfield depot, on the Western coke and Soloman's Creeks, mill streams flow- Railroad, is about 8 miles S.; from thence to Bosing into the Susquehanna River, which bounds it ton is 67 miles. on the N. W. Surface mountainous, abounding Hardwick, N. J., Warren co. Pelinskill, Beaver with anthracite coal. Brook, and the Bear branch of Pequest Creek Hanover, Pa., Lehigh co. Drained by Cale- water this town, the surface of which is hilly, and soque Creek, a branch of the Lehigh River. the soil fertile. 15 miles N. E. from Belvidere. Surface level; soil rich calcareous loam. Hardwick, Vt., Caledonia co. Hardwick is Hanson, Ms., Plymouth co., was taken from finely watered by Lamoille River, which gives the Pembroke in 1820. There are several large and town valuable mill sites. The soil is generally handsome ponds in the town, and several small very good, and produces a variety of exports. streams, which give it some water power. Part There are in this town 3 small villages, called the of Monponset Pond lies in Hanson, from which, Street, or Hazen's Road. Stevensville, and Laand other ponds in the town, a variety of fish are moilleville; the latter is the largest. There is a taken. In these ponds are large beds of bog iron mineral spring in the S. part of the town. About ore. 24_ miles S. E. from Boston, and 12{ N. the year 1790, the first permanent settlement was W. from Plymouth by the Old Colony Railroad. made, by several families of the name of Norris, Harbor Creek, Pa., Erie co. Drained by a num- from New Hampshire. 12 miles N. W. from ber of small streams flowing into Lake Eric, Danville, and 28 N. E. from Montpelier. which bounds it on the N. 6 miles N. E. from Hardy County, Va., c. h. at Moorefield. BoundErie, and 219 N. W. from Harrisburg. ed N. by the N. branch of the Potomac River, Hardemnan County, Te., c. h. at Bolivar. Bound- separating it from Maryland, and by Hampshire ed N. by Haywood and Madison counties, E. by co., E. by Frederick and Shenandoah counties, S. McNairy co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Fayette by Rockingham and Pendleton counties, and W. co. Watered by the Big Hatchy River and its by Randolph co. Watered by the N. and S. tributaries. Surface mostly level; soil sandy and branches of the Potomac River, and by streams sterile. flowing into them. Some of the land bordering Hardin County, Is., c. h. at Elizabethtown. the streams is fertile, but the greater part is rough, Bounded N. and N. E. by Gallatin co., S. E. and rocky, and sterile. S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken- Hardyston, N. J., Sussex co. Watered by the tucky, and W. by Pope co. Drained by Big Wallkill River, and two of its branches rising in Creek, a mill stream flowing into the Ohio River. ponds in this town. Surface mountainous, being Surface rough and elevated. Iron and lead are crossed by the Hamburg or Wallkill Mountains. abundant. Hanford County, Md., c. h. at Belair. Bounded Hardin, Is., c. h. Calhoun co. N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Susquehanna Hardin County, Ky., c. h. at Elizabethtown. River and Chesapeake Bay, separating it from Bounded N. by the Ohio River from Indiana, E. Cecil co., S. by Chesapeake Bay, and W. by Balby the Rolling Fork of Salt River, separating it timore co. Watered by Deer Creek, Binum's from Jefferson and Bullitt counties, S by Laurel and Winter's Runs, and the Little Falls of Gunand Grayson, and W. by Breckenridge and powder. Some of these streams afford good Meade counties. Drained by branches of Green mill sites. The soil is diversified, and on Deer River. Creek the scenery is very beautiful and singular, Hardin County, O., c. h. at Kenton. Bounded the banks being formed of perpendicular rock N. by Hancock, E. by Crawford and Marion, S. from 200 to 300 feet in height. Limestone, iron, by Union and Logan, and W. by Allen counties. and chromate of iron are abundant in some porIt was organized in 1833, and has much valuable tions of this county. land, which is watered by the Scibto, Miami, and Hartford, Pa., Susquehanna co.'Watered by Tymochtee Rivers, and Blanchard's and Hoy Martin's, Partner's, and Van Winkle's Creeks, Creeks. all mill streams, and branches of Tunkhannock Hardin, O.. c. h. Shelby co. 85 miles W. N. Creek. N. E. from Harrisburg 175 miles. W. from Columbus. Harlan County, Ky., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. Hardinsburg, Ky., c. h. Breckenridge co. Half Bounded N. by Perry and Letcher counties, E. a mile E. from Hardin's Creek. 10 miles from and S. by Virginia, and W. by Knox co. Wathe Ohio River, and 115 W. S. W. from Frankfort. tered by the Cumberland River and its branches. Hardin County, Te., c. h. at Savannah. Bound- Surface very high, and broken by the Laurel ed N. by Henderson and Perry counties, E. by Ridge on the N. W., and the Cumberland MounWayne co., S. by Alabama and Mississippi, and W. tains on the E. and S. by McNairy co. Watered by White Oak River, Ilarlan, Ky., c. h. Harlan co. Swift Creek, and other small streams flowing into Harnar, 0., Washington co. It is on the the Tennessee River, which traverses this county site of old Fort Harmar, on the S. bank of the from N. to S. Muskingum River. 164 miles E. S. E. from CoHardwick, Ms., Worcester co. Although the lumbus. The first fortification erected by the face of this town is rough. it has no very high Americans in Ohio. lands, and its soil is deep, loamy, moist, and very Harmony, Me., Somerset co. A fertile towmfertile. This is one of the best grazing townships ship, 53 miles N. by E. from Augusta. IN THE UNITED STATES. 395 Harmony, N. J., Warren co. 58 miles N. by part. Touches Galveston Bay. Watered by W. from Trenton. San Jacinto and Buffalo Bayou. Harmony, N. Y., Chautauque co. Bounded on Harrisburg, N. Y., Lewis co. Drained by'he N. E. by Chautauque Lake, and drained by Deer Creek, and has a productive soil. 12 miles Goose and Little Broken Straw Creeks. The N. W. from Martinsburg, and 140 from Albany. surface is rolling; soil sandy loam and clay. 10 Harrisburg, capital of the state of Pennsylmiles S. from Maysville, and 338 W. by S. from vania, and seat of justice for Dauphin co., is Albany. situated on the E. bank of the Susquehanna Harmony, Pa., Susquehanna co. The Susque- River, about 100 miles N. W. by W. from Philahanna River, and Starucca and Conewanta delphia. Population in 1800, 1472; in 1810, Creeks, its tributaries, water this town. Sur- 2287; in 1820, 2990; in 1830, 4311; in 1840, face hilly, having Oquaga Mountain on the 6020; in 1850, 8000. The town is built on a N. W. peninsula formed by the Susquehanna on the W. Harper's Ferry, Va., Jefferson co. At the pas- side, and Paxton Creek on the E. The northern sage of Potomac River through the Blue Ridge. part of the site is a gently-swelling hill, while the 173 miles N. fiom Richmond. See Fashiona- southern gradually sinks to a level plain, extendble Resorts. ing towards the junction of the creek with the Harpersfield, N. Y., Delaware co. Delaware river. It is regularly laid out, with several and Charlotte Rivers water this town, the surface streets running parallel to the river, and others of which is hilly and broken, and the soil rich crossing them at right angles. The situation loam. 18 miles N. E. from Delhi, and 62 S. W. commands a fine view of the river and of the from Albany. surrounding country. The Pennsylvania Canal Harpswell, Me., Cumberland co., comprises a passes along the vale of the Paxton Creek, E. of promontory in Casco Bay, and several islands the town. surrounding it. The soil is fertile, and in sum- The Susquehanna is here divided into two mer the town is resorted to by invalids and par- channels by an island called Foster Island; and ties of pleasure. 22 miles N. E. from Portland a fine bridge, nearly a mile in length, including by water, and 4 S. E. from Brunswick. the crossing of the island, connects Harrisburg, Harwich, Ms., Barnstable co. This town is from the foot of Market Street, with Cumberland situated upon the S. side of the cape. and formerly co., on the opposite side of the river. This bridge included the town of Brewster, from which it was was finished in 1817, at a cost of $192,000. Anseparated in 1803. It was settled by emigrants other bridge over the Susquehanna, built in 1837 from Eastham and Plymouth in 1647. Harwich for the Cumberland Valley Railroad, but having is most abundantly supplied with pure fresh also a way for ordinary travel, enters the town water, having within its limits no less than 8 two squares below. This is an immense strucponds, of from 1 to 6 miles in circumference, be- ture, nearly 4000 feet in length, having 23 spans, sides a considerable number of inferior ones. averaging 173 feet, and two arched viaducts, one Long Pond, which divides Brewster from Har- 53 and the other 84 feet wide. The railroad wich, is the source of Herring River. It is 3 track passes upon the top of the bridge, and a miles long, and abounds with fish, and is on an double carriage way is beneath. The cost of this elevation of 10 feet above the sea. All these bridge was but a little short of $100,000. This ponds are of the greatest purity. The surface is railroad connects Harrisburg with Chambersgently undulating, more level than that of other burg, 56 miles, W. by S., and there unites with towns on the cape, and is mostly covered with the Franklin Railroad, extending to Hagerstown, oak and pine wood. The soil is light, and well in Maryland. Harrisburg is also connected by adapted to fruit trees. Harwich contains 3 hand- lines of railroad commtunication with Philadelsome and thriving villages. The academy in the phia on the E., and with Pittsburg on the W. It central village is a beautiful specimen of archi- is brought into connection with a large portion tecture, of the Doric order. 30 miles N. from of the interior of the state, as well as of the adNantucket Harbor, from which island it is sepa- joining states, and of the west, by the great Pennrated by the " Shoals " and the Vineyard Sound sylvania Canal, with its various branches. Channel. 14 miles E. fiom Barnstable. The State House at Halrrisburg is a building Harrietstown, N. Y., Franklin co. This town of imposing appearance, having the advantage contains Lower Saranac and several other small of a fine situation in the most elevated part of lakes, which are the sources of Racket and Sar- the town, facing towards the river, to which the anac Rivers. It was incorporated from Duane ground gradually descends. The edifice consists in 1841, and a large part of it is a wilderness. of a main building, and two wings which were 35 miles S. from Malone, and 190 N. by W. from intended to be connected with the centre by walls, Albany. and are so placed that their porticoes are all in a Harrington, N. J., Bergen co. Bounded on the range upon the front. The main building is 180 E. by Hudson River, and drained by the Hack- feet front by 80 feet deep, and two stories high. ensack and its branches. Along the Hudson ex- The chambers of the legislature are in the lower tend the Palisades, which are here elevated 400 story, and the upper is appropriated to the Govfeet. The surface elsewhere is level, and the ernor's room, and two rooms for the state library, soil rich loam. which contains about 10,000 volumes. The Harris County, Ga., c. h. at Hamilton. Bound- wings are appropriated to the public offices. ed N. by Troup, E. by Talbot, S. by Muscogee The front of the main building is decorated co., and W. by the Chattahoochee River, separat- with a circular portico of six Ionic columns, 4 ing it from Alabama. Drained by Long, Flat feet in diameter and 36 feet high. The edifice is Shoal, Mulberry, Pine, and other creeks flowing surmounted by a beautiful dome, the top of which into the Chattahoochee. Pine Mountain trav- is 108 feet from the ground. From the cupola is erses the N. part of this county. presented one of the finest prospects in the state. Harris County, Ts., c. h. at Houston. S. E. The other public edifices are the Court House, 396 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., formerly occupied as a State House; the Ma- head branches of Middle Island Creek. Surface sonic Hall, which is a large and handsome build- uneven; soil fertile. ing; two Banks; the new Penitentiary, which is Harrisonburg, La., c. h. Catahoola parish. On one of the most substantial and elegant buildings the W. side of Ouchitta River. 236 miles N. W. in the state, built in the style of a Norman castle; from New Orleans. the Lancasterian School House, a large two-story Harrisonville, Is., c. h. Monroe co. On the E. brick edifice, erected by the state; and several bank of the Mississippi River. 127 miles S. S. handsome church edifices. Of religious denomi- W. from Springfield. nations in Harrisburg there are the Lutheran, Harrisonville, Mo., c. h. Cass co. Presbyterian, Episcopalian, German Reformed, Harrodsburg, Ky., c. h. Mercer co. On a small Methodist, Baptist, Unitarian, and Roman Cath- branch of Salt River, 8 miles S. from Kentucky olic. River, and is the seat of Bacon College. S. from There is an aqueduct for supplying the town Frankfort 31 miles. See Harrodsburg Springs, with water from the Susquehanna River, called and Colleges. the Mount Airy Waterworks. The water is Hart County, Ky., c. h. at Mumfordsville. forced into the reservoir by a steam engine, and Bounded N. by Laurel co., E. by Greene, S. by distributed over the town in iron pipes. The Barren, and W. by Edmonson. Surface level, reservoir is on a hill N. of the capital, 90 feet and watered by Green River and Bacon Creek; above the river, and will contain 1,532,195 gallons. soil of excellent quality. These works cost about $120,000. Hartford County, Ct., c. h. at Hartford. This Harrisburg was laid out, to be the shire town county is bounded N. by Hampden co., Ms., of Dauphin co., in 1785. The original proprietor E. by Tolland co., S. by the counties of Midof the soil was John Harris, from whotn the town dlesex and New Haven, and W. by the counis named. The ground on which the Capitol now ty of Litchfield. This is considered the most stands was given by him for the public use. It important and valuable county in the state, in was established as the seat of government for the regard to the variety and richness of its soil, and state February 21, 1810. the high state of culture it has attained. It Harrison County, Ia., c. h. at Corydon. Bound- was constituted in 1666, since which, Tolland ed N. by Washington co., E. by Floyd, S. E. and co. and parts of Middlesex, Windham, LitchS. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken- field, and New London have been detached. Its tucky, and W. by Crawford co. Drained by present limits comprise an area of about 727 Blue River, and Big and Little Indian and Bucks square miles. Besides the Connecticut, which Creeks. Surface hilly or uneven; soil tolerably traverses its whole length, the Farmington, Hackgood, and on the streams quite rich. anum, Podunk, Scantic, and other streams, water Harrison County, Ky., c. h. at Cynthiana. the county in almost every direction. On these Bounded N. by Pendleton and Bracken counties, streams important manufacturing establishments E. by Nicholas, S. by Bourbon, and W. by Scott have sprung up, and unite with the agricultural co. Watered on the N. E. by Licking River, and interest and river trade in rendering this county drained by its S. fork and branches. Soil mostly the centre of a large and flourishing business. fertile. Hartford, Ct., city, c. h. Hartford co. On the Harrison, Me., Cumberland co. Crooked River W. side of Connecticut River, 50 miles above passes the E. side of this town, and the waters its mouth, at the head of steamboat and coasting of Long Pond are its western boundary. This navigation. The river is navigable as far as is a good township of land. Incorporated 1805. Hartford by steamboats of 1000 tons' burden, Harrison has Otisfield on the E., and is 75 miles and other coasting and sea-going vessels of light W. S. W. from Augusta, and 45 N. W. from draught. It is 34 miles N. N.E. from New Haven, Portland. 44 N. W. from New London, 73 W. from ProviHarrison County, Mi., c. h. at Mississippi City. dence, R. I., 124 W. S. W. from Boston, 128 S. E. Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Jackson, S. by from Albany, and 118 N. E. from New York. It the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Hancock co. is one of the capitals of the state, the legislaDrained by Wolf and Red Rivers, and the Beloxi ture meeting here and at New Haven alterand its branches. Surface level; soil sandy. nately, in May of each year, the odd years at Harrison, N.J., Hudson co. Situated between Hartford and the even years at New Haven. the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers. Has a The state offices and records are kept at Ilartlevel and marshy surface. ford. The corporate limits of the city extend Harrison, N. Y., Westchester co. Drained by along the river from N. to S., over a mile, and Mamaroneck Creek and Blind Brook. The sur- from the river W. three fourths of a mile, emface is generally level, and the soil productive. bracing about 700 acres. In 1810, the popula3 miles E. from White Plains, and 134 S. from tion was 3955; in 1820, 4726; in 1830, 7076; Albany. in 1840, 9468; in 1850, 17,966. It is pleasantly Harrison County, O., c. h. at Cadiz, is bounded situated upon a gently-rising eminence, sloping on the N. by Carroll, Tuscarawas, and Jefferson, eastwardly to Connecticut River, and broken E. by Jefferson, S. by Belmont and Guernsey, into graceful undulations on its western limits. and W. by Tuscarawas.. The land is elevated, It contains 73 streets and lanes, a portion of and has no large streams of water. them running nearly parallel to the river, and Harrison County, Ts., c. h. at Morchall. Near others generally crossing them E. and W. Main the E. border, on the Upper Sabine. Street, which extends from N. to S. quite through Harrison, Te., c. h. Hamilton co. the city, and divides it into nearly equal divisHarrison County, Va., c. h. at Clarksburg. ions, is the great thoroughfare, and the seat of Bounded N. by Tyler and Marion counties, E. the principal retail trade. It is broad and nearly by Barbour, S. by Lewis, and W. by Ritchie and straight, and for more than a mile presents an Tyler counties. Drained by the W. fork of the almost unbroken range of brick and stone ediMonongahela River and its branches, and by the fices, many of which are elegant. On this street IN THE UNITED STATES. 397 are the principal public buildings and churches. cal antiquities, besides some 5000 volumes, and State Street, also a broad avenue extending from multitudes of ancient documents, pamphlets, and Main Street E. to Connecticut River, contains manuscripts. This building derives its name many elegant buildings, and is the seat of an from the late Daniel Wadsworth, Esq., who active business. Near its junction with Main gave the site upon which it stands. Street, it divides into two branches, enclosing Trinity College is situated on a gentle emithe State House and the Public Square. Com- nence in the S. W. part of the city. See Colleges. merce Street runs along the bank of the river, The American Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb is connected by a branch track with the several is in the immediate vicinity of the city, though railroads entering the city, and has a large and outside of the corporate limits, as is also the commodious freight depot upon the wharf, at the Retreat for the Insane. The Asylum was the terminus of the branch track, substantially built first institution for the instruction of deaf mutes of brown freestone and brick. Asylum Street, ever established in this country. It was founded extending W. from Main Street to the general iu 1817, chiefly through the instrumentality of railroad depot, is compactly occupied by large the late Rev. Thomas H. Gallaudet, LL. D., its brick and freestone edifices, and is the seat of a first principal, who visited Europe for the purvery extensive and heavy business, chiefly in pose of obtaining the requisite information. On cotton and woollen domestic fabrics. The city, his return in 1816, he was accompanied by Mr. as a whole, is substantially and compactly built, Laurent Clerc, a deaf mute, who had been a sucof brick and stone, and exhibits a larger number cessful teacher for several years in Paris, under of elegant edifices and more elaborate architect- the Abbe Sicard. He was at once secured as an ure than most cities of its size. associate instructor with Mr. Gallaudet, and the Hartford Bridge, which connects the city with institution rose rapidly into public favor and East Hartford from the foot of Morgan Street, confidence —the number of 7 deaf mutes, with is a substantial wooden structure, 1000 feet in which it commenced, soon increasing to 140, length. from all sections of the Union. Congress, in Among the public buildings, the State House 1819, granted to the Asylum a township of land is conspicuous. It stands in the centre of the in Alabama, which has since been invested in a city, enclosed in a beautiful park surrounded permanent fund. The main building was erectby an ornamental iron railing, and adorned with ed in 1820. It is 130 by 50 feet, and 4 stories fine shade trees. It is built of stone and brick; high. Several other buildings, workshops, &c., order Roman Doric, length 114 feet, width 76 have been since erected. The number of pupils feet, height of walls 54 feet, with two porticoes averages about 200. This institution is an ornaeach 38 by 17 feet. On the basement a hall ex- ment to the city, the state, and the country, and tends through the building from E. to W., having an enduring monument of the Christian philanon the N. side a court room, and on the S. the thropy and wisdom of its now departed founder. public offices of the comptroller, treasurer, and The Retreat for the Insane, but little less school commissioner, and the governor's room. interesting in the scale of human benevolence, On the second floor, on the N. side of a cor- stands on a commanding but easy eminence responding hall, is the House of Representatives half a mile S. W. of the city. The site is admichamber, on the S. the Senate chamber, and in rably chosen, overlooking one of the most serene the western portico the office of the state secre- and lovely landscapes which can any where be tary. In the Senate chamber is one of the best found. In one direction, the eye embraces the original paintings of Washington ever executed, city, with its spires, turrets, and towers; in others, painted by Stewart. The State House was extensive views of the Connecticut Valley and erected in 1792. The cupola of this building River, with its floating burden of steamers and commands one of the richest and most exten- other vessels; in others still, a number of thrivsive landscape views in the country, embracing ing farming villages, embowered amid orchards the scenery of the Connecticut River with its and deep foliage, from whence the numerous broad alluvial valley, crowned with luxuriant white cottages and farm houses seem to peep vegetation for many miles in every direction, and forth; and in the immediate foreground the terminating only with the far distant blue high- scenery is enriched by the ornamental and tastelands. ful lawns and gardens of the institution, embraThe City Hall, on Market Square, is an ele- cing some 17 acres, beautifully adorned with gant structure of Grecian architecture; the base- shrubbery and trees, and diversified with serpenment occupied as a city market, the second floor tine walks and carriage ways. The main buildas the city and police court rooms and other ing is about 410 feet long, consisting of a centre public offices, and the third floor as the public building 50 feet square, 3 stories above the basecity hall. ment, flanked with wings extending N. and S. Wadsworth Athenaeum, standing on the W. 2 and 3 stories high, 144 by 30 feet, and termiside of Main Street, is a noble building, of light- nating with two angular end buildings or halls, gray granite, in the castellated Gothic style of one at each end, 120 by 36 feet. The males architecture, devoted to historical and literary occupy the north, and the females the south purposes. The north compartment is occupied wings and halls, exclusively, except such patients, by the " Young Men's Institute," the basement of both sexes, as have separate attendants, and as lecture rooms, and the seconq floor for their rooms in the centre building. The institution library, containing some 10,000 volumes; the accommodates 200 patients, and is considered a centre compartment contains a gallery of paint- model one of its highly-beneficent class. It was ings, and other rooms devoted also to the fine founded in 1822. arts and sculpture; the south compartment is The celebrated "Charter Oak" is among the appropriated to the use of the Connecticut His- objects of interest in Hartford. The original torical Society, and contains in its archives a charter which it concealed and saved is still in a large and highly interesting collection of histori- good state of preservation, in the office of the 398 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., state secretary. Within the ample scope of the supported partly from the public fund, and partcapital C with which the manuscript charter cornm- ly by a general tax on property. mences, there is a spirited likeness of Charles 11., A project is on foot for bringing to Hartford executed by the original scribe, entirely with a the water of the Connecticut from Enfield, 12 pen. miles above, where the river has a rapid of 32 There were, in 1852, 21 churches of the various feet descent, as well to supply the city with water denominations, and one Jewish synagogue. as for hydraulic use. This would give to the city There are 2 savings institutions, with a joint immense advantages for manufacturing purcapital and deposits of over $2,000,000; 5 fire poses. See Windsor Locks. insurance companies, with an aggregate capital Hartford, Ky., c. h. Ohio co. On the S. side of $1,750,000; 5 life insurance companies, with of Rough Creek, near the junction of Mead an aggregate original and accumulated capital Creek, and 154 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. of $2,138,100. The railroads which centre here, Hartford, Me., Oxford co. This excellent and whose stock is to a great extent owned in the township is watered by ponds and small streams. city, are the Hartford, New Haven, and Spring- It lies 31 miles W. from Augusta, and 15 N. E. field, and the Hartford, Providence, and Fishkill; from Paris. the former connecting at New Haven with the Hartford, N. Y., Washington co. Drained by New York and New Haven Railroad, and at some small branches of Wood Creek. The surSpringfield with the Connecticut River Rail- face is mostly hilly; soil clay and sandy loam. road, and the Western Railroad between Boston 14 miles N. from SMlem, and 56 N. N. E. from and Albany. The junction or main depot of Albany. these roads is an elegant structure of brown free- Hartford, Vt., Windsor co. Hartford is wastone, in the Italian Campenilli style of archi- tered by White and Quechee Rivers, which are tecture; length from N. to S. 360 feet; width, the only streams of consequence. They both fronting S. on Asylum Street, 94 feet; cost, afford very valuable privileges for mills. The $60,000. For Banks, See Banks. surface is broken, but the soil is rich and warm. There are also 18 other incorporated com- The timber is principally white pine, beech, mapanies, having an aggregate capital of about ple, and birch. The gulf formed by the passage $2,000,000, engaged in manufacturing and com- of Quechee River, through a considerable hill, is mercial enterprises, besides a vast number of a curiosity. There are several villages in the heavy manufacturing and mechanical establish- town; the largest are White River village and ments, unincorporated, among which the pistol Quechee village. The former is pleasantly situfactory of Samuel Colt, Esq., for the manufac- ated on the banks of White River, about I mile ture of his world-renowned "revolver," Sharp's from its mouth. The river is here crossed by a celebrated rifle factory, Tracey and Fales's ex- handsome bridge. Quechee village is situated tensive car factory, and Woodruff and Beach's around a considerable fall in Otta-Quechee Rivmammoth iron foundery, stand conspicuous. The er, about 5 miles from its mouth. The first amount of articles manufactured within the city, settlers were Elijah, Solomon, and Benajah for the year ending June 1, 1850, as appears Strong. They emigrated from Lebanon, Ct., from the last census returns, was $3,619,389; and came into this township with their families and from the rapid increase of this interest in in 1764. 42 miles S. S.E. from Montpelier, and the city it is now (1852) estimated at one quarter 14 N. from Windsor. The railroad from Boston more. The book trade is also very extensive. to Burlington, via Montpelier, crosses the ConThe city is divided into six wards, and is necticut here, and is crossed by the road up and der the corporate government of a mayor, down the river. chosen once in two years, six aldermen, twenty- Hartland, Ct., Hartford co. It lies in a mounfour common councilmen, a clerk, treasurer, au- tainous part of' the state; most of the land is ditor, collector, judge, and two sheriffs, chosen cold, and fit only for grazing. A branch of annually. The Court of Common Council, Farmington River passes through the town, and which is the municipal legislative body, is com- forms what is called Hartland Hollow, a deep posed of the mayor, aldermen, and councilmen, ravine, presenting some bold and picturesque who meet in one assembly semi-monthly. scenery. 22 miles N. W. from Hartford. The Indian name of Hartford was Suckiaug. Hartland, Me., Somerset co. A good townIt was first settled by the English in the autumn ship. 42 miles N. by E. from Augusta. of 1635, who gave it the name of Newtown, 1Hartland, N. Y., Niagara co. It is drained by after the town of that name in Massachusetts, Johnson's and Eighteen Mile Creek. The sur(now Cambridge,) from whence they migrated. face is level; soil calcareous and sandy loam. In February, 1637, the General Court gave it 8 miles N. E. from Lockport, and 272 W. by N. the present name of Hartford, in honor of Mr. from Albany. Stone, one of the principal settlers, who was Hartland, Vt., Windsor co. This is a rich born in Hartford, England. The Dutch had, farming township. Surface pleasantly diversihowever, explored the river, and had erected a fled with hills and valleys. Connecticut River rude fort on what is still called "Dutch Point," washes the eastern boundary, and at Quechee in the S. E. part of the city, prior to 1633. It Falls, on this stream, are several mills. Quechee was incorporated as a city in 1784. River runs across the N. E. corner, and Lull's Besides its college, it has the best system of Brook through the southern part of the town, public schools in the state, entirely free to every and afford some of the best mill privileges in the resident pupil, embracing every grade from the state. A valuable bed of paint has been discovlittle "'i Primnary," up to the noble " Free High ered here. The settlement of the township was School,"' furnished with an. ample scientific and commenced in May, 1763, by Timothy Lull. philosophical apparatus, and prepared to advance from Dummerston, Vt. 50 miles S. S. E. from students of either sex to a high grade of scien- Montpelier, and 9 N. from Windsor. The Con tifical or classical educational attainment; all necticut River Railroad passes through the town. IN THE UNITED STATES. 399 Hartsville. Mo., c. h. Wright co. On the N. latter are celebrated for their beautiful scenery side of Wood's Fork of Gasconade River. and fine fish. These ponds cover an area of 780 Hartwick: N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehan- acres. At the N. part of the town, on the brow na River and Otsego Creek water this town, the of a hill, is a large rock called the " Corner surface of which is hilly, and the soil sandy loam, Stone," located at the corner of 4 towns. 16 very fertile in the valleys. 5 miles S. W. from miles N. E. from Lowell, and 32 N. from Boston, Cooperstown village, and 75 W. from Albany. by the Boston and Maine Railroad. In the E. part of the town, on the bank of the Haverhill, N. H., Grafton co. This is one of Susquehanna, 73 miles W. from Albany, is the the shire towns, and is watered by Oliverian and seat of a literary and theological seminary under Hazen Brooks. The soil is suited to every spethe care of the Lutherans. See Theological Schools. cies of cultivation common to the climate. There Harvard, Ms., Worcester co., was taken from is a quarry of granite suitable for mill stones Stow, Lancaster, and Groton in 1732, and re- and buildings, and a bed of iron ore, on the W. ceived its name in honor of the founder of Har- side of Benton, bordering this town. The prinvard College. The town has a warm. strong, cipal village is called Haverhill Corner; in it is and fertile soil, but its surface is somewhat a beautiful common, of an oblong square; the rocky and broken by hills. The Nashua washes situation is elevated, overlooking the adjacent its western boundary. The town is also watered country for many miles. There is also another by a small stream called Still River,- and some village, on a street nearly a mile in length, ponds. Bare Hill Pond, a fine sheet of water, 3 straight and very level. Several of the early miles in circumference, containing 2 small islands settlers were from Newbury and Haverhill, Ms., and affording some water power, lies a little to from which latter place this town derived its the eastward of Still River village. Hell Pond, name. Fine crystals are found here. First so called from its great depth, 90 feet, and Rob- settler, Captain John Hazen, in 1764. Distances bins's Pond lie at the N. part of the town. 31 miles N. W. from Plymouth, and 99 N. N. W. These ponds contain fine perch and pickerel. from Concord, by railroad. It also has railroad A fine blue slate is found here. Still River vil- connection with New York, Montreal, and Boston. lage, in Harvard, lies 6 miles W. from the Little- Haverstraw, N. Y., Rockland co. Watered by ton depot, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and 31 2 or 3 small tributaries of the Hudson River, miles from Boston. A society of Shakers reside which bounds it on the E. Stony Point, an imin the N. part of the town. portant military post during the revolutionary Harwinton, Ct., Litchfield co. Har-win-ton war, is in this town. The surface is hilly and derived its name fi-om 3 syllables taken from the mountainous, being partly covered by the Dunnames of Hartford, Windsor, and Farmington. derberg Mountain. The soil in the valleys is It was first settled in 1731, incorporated 1737. chiefly clay loam of good quality. 7 miles N. Harwinton is situated on high ground, abounding from New City, and 116 S. from Albany. with granite rocks, and more fit for grazing than Havre de Grace, Md., Hartford co. On the W. tillage. bank of Susquehanna River, at its entrance into Hastings, N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by Chesapeake Bay. It is on the railroad between Salmon Creek and several small tributaries of Wilmington and Baltimore, and at the terminaOneida Lake. The surface is level; soil favor- tion of the Susqdtehanna Canal. able to the growth of grass. 20 miles S. E. from Hawkins County, Te., c. h. at Rogersville. It Oswego, and 150 N. W. from Albany. is bounded by Virginia, E. by Sullivan co., S. Hatfield, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly by Greene and Jefferson, and W. by Grainger a part of the town of Hadley. It lies on the W. and Claiborne counties. Surface mountainous, side of Connecticut River. The surface is level, and drained by Holston and Clinch Rivers and with a soil of an excellent quality, a good part branches. of which is choice intervale. Haydensville, at Hawley, Ms., Franklin co. This town lies on the S. W. part of the town, is a neat village, the Green Mountain range, and is the source watered by Mill River. 5 miles N. from North- of some of the head waters of Deerfield River. ampton. The surface is rough, but the soil good. There Hatfield, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by is good iron ore in the town. 14 miles W. by S. Neshaming and Towamensing Creeks. Surface from Greenfield, and 104 W. by N. from Boston. undulating; soil sandy loam. Haywcood County, N. C., c. h. at Waynesville. Havana, Is., c. h. Mason co., occupies a high, On the western border. A highly-elevated tract; sandy ridge on the E. bank of Illinois River, in its lowest portions 1500 feet above the ocean. opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and 45 miles Separated from Tennessee by the Smoky ridge. N. N. W. from Springfield. Touches the Blue Ridge on the S. Drained by Ilaverford, Pa., I)elaware co. Watered by the Big Pigeon branch of the French Broad, one Cobb's and Parby Creeks. Surface hilly; soil of the south-eastern tributaries of the Tennessee. rich sandy loam. 95 miles S. E. from Harrisburg. Among the inhabitants are 710 Cherokee Indians. Haverhill, Ms., Essex co., is a town of uncom- HIaywood County, Te., c. h. at Brownsville. mon beauty. It is situated on the N. side of W. part watered by the Forked Deer and Merrimac River, over which are two handsome Hatchee, tributaries of the Mississippi, which bridges. It is at the head of navigation on the flow through it. Flat and fertile. Merrimac River. Little River and other streams Hlays Countq, Ts., c. h. at San Marcus. give Haverhill a fine hydraulic power. The soil is Heard County, Ga., c.h. at Franklin. Bounded very good and highly cultivated. From " Gold- N. by Carroll co., E. by Coweta, S. by Troup, en Hill," and " Silver's Hill," two of the most and W. by Alabama. The Chattahoochee River commanding eminences in the town, the land- traverses this county. Surface level; soil tolerascape scenery is delightful. Near the centre of blv good. the town are Plug, Round, and Great Ponds; Heath, Ms., Franklin co. Heath is a monnand, in the W. parish, Creek Pond. The two tainous township. Some of the head waters of 400 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the W. branch of Deerfield River flow through Bounded N. by Pike co., E. by Clark and Washit. 13 miles N. W. by W. from Greenfield, and ita, S. by Lafayette, and W. by Sevier co. Wa103 N. W. by W. from Boston. tered on the N. E. by the Little Missouri and Heatlhsville, Va., c. h. Northumberland co. Near branches, and W. by Red River. Soil mostly poor. the head of Coan River. 98 miles E. by N. from Hempstead, L. I., Queen's co., N. Y. Situated Richmond. 22 miles E. from the city of New York, and 167 Hebron, Ct., Tolland co. Hop River, a branch miles S. by E. from Albany. The township is of the Willimantic, waters this town. The vil- large, extending across Long Island, including lage of Hebron, with its Gothic church, is pleas- several villages, and an extensive heath of 15,000 ant and commands a good prospect. The sur- acres, called Hempstead Plains, which lies unface of the town is hilly, but fertile. North Pond, tilled, and is occupied as a common pasturage in the S. part of the town, is a handsome sheet ground. The surface is level, and the soil light, of water. Hebron was first settled 1704; incor- but capable of being rendered highly productive porated 1707. 20 miles S. E. from Hartford. by cultivation. It is drained by several streams Hebron, Me., Oxford co. This is a good farm- running S. into Hempstead Bay, Jamaica Bay, ing town, lying S. E. from Paris about 7 miles, and and the Atlantic. There are several islands be42 W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1792. longing to this town, the largest of which are Hebron, N. H., Grafton co. A considerable Hog Island and Great Island, near the Atlantic part of Newfound Lake lies in the S. E. part of shore. On the same shore are Rockaway Beach this town. It has no river, nor any important and Long Beach, which are places of much restreams. Nearly one half of the town was in- sort from the cities of New York and Brooklyn cluded in the grant of Cockermouth, now Gro- during the summer months. ton. The remaining part was taken from The principal village, and that which bears the Plymouth. 9 miles S. W. from Plymouth, and name of the town, is delightfully situated on the 40 N. W. from Concord. southern margin of the great Hempstead Plains. Hebron, N. Y., Washington co. Watered by It contains a Presbyterian, an Episcopal, and a Black Creek. The surface is hilly; soil sandy Methodist church, an academy and a female loam, yielding good crops of grass and grain. seminary. - A branch railroad, 2 miles long, con8 miles N. from Salem, and 52 N. E. from Albany. nects this place with the Long Island Railroad. Hebron, O., Licking co. At the intersection of It is a most agreeable and healthful place of resithe Ohio Canal with the national road. It is 9 dence in the summer season. miles from Newark, and 27 from Colutmbus. North Hempstead is another village in this Hector, N. Y., Tompkins co. On the S. E. town, situated at the head of Hempstead Harbor, border of Seneca Lake. Drained by several on the N. side of Long Island. where there is a small creeks. The surfaceis high and somewhat small population, and considerable business in uneven; soil suitable for grass. 14 miles W. manufacturing, and in sloop navigation on the from Ithaca village, and 186 W. from Albany. Sound. Heidelburg, Pa., Berks co. Tulpehocken, Spring, Henderson County, Ky., c. h. at Henderson. and Cacoosing Creeks water this town. Surface Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from hilly in some portions; soil rich calcareous loam Indiana, E. by Owen co., S. by Madison, and W. and gravel, well suited to the growth of grass by Union. Green River traverses the N. E. part and grain. of this county, and forms a part of the E. bounHeidelbug,. Pa.. Lebanon co. Drained on the dary. Canoe River waters the central portions, N. E. by Mill, a branch -of Tulpehocken Creek, and Highland Creek waters its S. W. border. and on the S. W. by Hammer Creek, a branch of Henderson, Ky., c. h. Henderson co. On the the Conestoga River, both mill streams. Surface S. bank of the Ohio River, 44 miles above the level; soil good. mouth of the Wabash, and 197 miles from Fra'nkHeidelburg, Pa., Lehigh co. Bounded on the fort. E. by the Lehigh River, and drained by Trout and Henderson County, N. C., c. h. at HendersonJordan's Creeks. The Blue Ridge crosses the ville. Bounded N. by Buncomnbe, and E. by N. part of this town, and at the N. E. extremity Rutherford co., S. by South Carolina, and W. by is the Lehigh Water Gap. Soil gravelly. Macon and Haywood counties. Watered by Heidelbury, Pa., York co. Codorus and Ham- French Broad River and tributaries. Surface mer Creeks water this town, the surface of which mountainous; soil good, and particularly well is level, and the soil a rich calcareous loam. 15 adapted to grazing. miles S. V. from York. Henderson, N. Y., Jefferson co. This town Helena, As., c. h. Philips co. On the W. bank comprises Stony, Gallop, and Little Gallop of Mississippi River. 122 miles E. from Little Islands, in Lake Ontario. It is drained by Stony Rock. and Little Stony Creeks. The surface is level; Hellam, Pa., York co. Bounded N. W. by Co- soil rich sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from Wadorus Creek, and N. E. by the Susquehanna Riv- tertown, and 162 N. W. from Albany. er, and drained by Grist Creek. Surface level; Henderson, Pa., Huntingdon co. The Juniata soil fertile, being based upon limestone. 29 miles River forms the S. W. and W. boundary of this S. from Harrisburg. town. Heimlock, Pa., Columbia co. Mahoning, Great Henderson County, Te., c. h. at Lexington. and Little Fishing, and Hemlock Creeks drain Bounded N. by Carroll, E. by Perry, S. by Hardin this town, and along its S. border run the Sus- and McNairy, and W. by Madison co. Drained quehanna River and State Canal. Surface va- by Big Sandy River, the head branches of Beech ried; soil clay and loam. River, and the S. fork of Forked Deer River. Hempfield, Pa., Westmoreland co. Bush, and Surface mostly level; soil fertile, yielding good Big and Little Sewickly Creeks water this town. crops of grass. grain, and grapes. Surface hilly; soil gravel and loam. Henderson County, Ts., c. h. at Buffalo. In the Hempstead County, As., c. h. at Washington. N. E. angle. On the upper waters of Trinity. IN THE UNITED STATES. 401 Henderson County, Is., c. h. at Oquaka. On the Bounded N. by Washington and Louisa counties, N. W. border. Washed by the Mississippi. E. by Des Moines, S. by Lee, and W. by Van BuElendersonville, N. C., c. h. Henderson co. On ren and Jefferson counties. Watered by CheFrench Broad River. 490 miles W. of Raleigh. cauque or Skunk River and its branches, and Hendricks County, Ia.,c. h. at Danville. Bound- Big Brush and Little Cedar Creeks. Surface ed N. by Boone, E. by Marion, S. by Morgan, high and rolling; soil very fertile. and W. by Putnam and Montgomery counties. Henry County, Ky., c. h. at New Castle. BoundDrained by Eel River, and White Lick and ed N. by Carroll co., E. by Owen and Franklin, S. Mud Creeks, affording good- hydraulic power. by Shelby, and W. by Oldham and Trimble counSurface undulating; soil fertile. ties. The Kentucky River forms its N. E. bounHennepin, Is., Putnam co. On the E. bank of dary, and its branches, with those of the Little Illinois River, at the great bend, and on the bor- Kentucky, drain the surface of this county. der of De Pru prairie. N. from Springfield 118 Henry County, Mo., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded miles. At a moderate stage of water, steamboats N. by Johnson co., E. by Benton, S. by St. Clair, go up to this place. and W. by Bates and Van Buren counties. Henniker, N. H., Merrimac co. Few places af- Drained by Grand, a branch of Osage River. ford better prospects for the successful operation Henry County, O., c. h. at Napoleon. This counof water machinery than this town. Contoocook tv is in the north-western part of the state, and is River passes through its centre. There are sev- well watered by several small streams and the eral ponds of considerable size. LongPond is the Maumee River, which passes through its centre largest, being between 1 and 2 miles in length, from W. to E. In some parts, the soil is very and from 40 to 80 rods wide. Craney Hill is the rich and productive. It is a flourishing county, principal elevation. It is mostly in a state of and has the Wabash and Erie Canal passing cultivation. The soil of the hills is favorable for through it. wheat; the valleys produce good crops of corn. Henry County, Te., c. h. at Paris. Bounded N. Henniker received its present name: from Gov- by Kentucky, E. by the Tennessee River, sepaernor Wentworth, in honorof his friend Henniker, rating it from Steward co., and by Benton co., S. probably John Henniker, Esq., a merchant in by Carroll, and W. by Weakley co. Drained by London, and a member of the British Parliament. the Big and Little Sandy Rivers, and the middle First settler, James Peters, in 1761. Distances, and S. forks of Obion River. 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 15 W. from Henry County, Va., c. h. at Martinsville. BoundConcord. ed N. by Franklin, E. by Pittsylvania co., S. by Henrico County, Va., c. h. at Richmond. Bound- North Carolina, and W. by Patrick co. Drained ed N. and N. E. by the Chickahominy River, sep- by Smith's and Mary's, and branches of Dan arating it from Hanover and New Kent counties, River. S. E. by Charles City co., S. and S. W. by James Henry Clay, Pa., Fayette co. The YioughRiver, separating it from Chesterfield co., and N. iogeny River and branches water this town. SurW. by Goochland co. Surface undulating; soil face mountainous; soil gravel. various. Hepburn, Pa., Lycoming co. Watered on its Henrietta, Mn., Jackson co. boundaries by Plunket's, Loyalsock, and LvcoHenrietta, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered on the ming Creeks. Surface hilly and mountainous; W. by the Genesee River. The surface is roll- soil gravel and slate. 9 miles N. from Williamsing; soil very fertile. 10 miles S. from Roches- port. ter, and 228 W. by N. from Albany. Herculaneum, Mo., Jefferson co. On the W..Henrietta, O., Lorain co. This township is bank of Mississippi River. 30 miles below St. situated on the great E. and W. mail road. 35 Louis, and 160 miles from Jefferson City. A miles W. from Cleveland, and 133 N. E. from great mart of the surrounding lead region. There Columbus. are several shot factories here. Henry County, Aa., c. h. at Abbeville. Bound- Hereford, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Perkioed N. by Barbour co., E. by the Chattahoochee men Creek and its W. branch. On the N. E. is River, separating it from Georgia, S. by Florida, Shroub's Mountain. 80 miles E. from Harrisand W. by Dale co. Soil sterile, and watered burg. by branches of the Chattahoochee River. Herkimer County, N. Y., c. h. at Herkimer. Henry County, Ga., c. h. at McDonough. Bound- This county was incorporated in 1791, but has ed N. by De Kalb, E. by Newton and Butts, S. since been enlarged. It is bounded N. by St. by Pike, and W. by Fayette co. The Ockmulgee Lawrence, E. by Hamilton, Fulton, and MontRiver forms its N. E. boundary. Drained by gomery, S. by Otsego, and W. by Oneida and branches of Ockmulgee and Flint Rivers. Lewis counties. It contains numerous lakes and Henry County, Is., c. h. at Morriston. Bound- ponds, whch are the sources of Black, Moose, Ined N. by Whitesides, E. by Bureau, S. E. by dependence, and Beaver, Rivers, and West CanaStark, S. by Knox, and W. by Mercer and Rock da Creek. The Mohawk Rives also crosses its Island counties. Watered by Rock, Green, and S. part. Surface hilly and mountainous, being Edwards Rivers. The N. part of this county is traversed by Adirondack range; soil extremely low and marshy, but in some portions the soil is fertile in the valley of the Mohawk, and in the fertile. N. parts well adapted to the growth of grass. Henry County, Ia., c. h. at New Castle. Bound- This county affords iron ore, gypsum, lead, and ed N. by Delaware co., E. by Randolph and in the vicinity of Little Falls are found most Wayne, S. by Fayette and Rush, and W. by exquisite specimens of rock crystal. The Utica Hancock and Madison counties. Drained by and Schenectady Railroad here follows the N., Flat Rock and Blue Rivers and Fall Creek, af- and the Erie Canal the S. shores of the Mohawk fording some water power. Surface slightly un- River. even in some parts, but mostly level. Herkimer, N. Y., c. h. Herkimer co. On the Henry County, Io., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. N. bank of the Mohawk River, and watered 51 402 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., by West Canada Creek. The surface is hilly on well watered by permanent springs and the head the N., and the soil extremely fertile along the waters of Paint, Brush, and Whiteoak Creeks, vallev of the Mohawk. 80 msiles N. W. from and the E. fork of Little Miami. Albany. Highland County, Va., c. h. at Monterey. NorthHermon, Me., Penobscot co. A good township ern central part. On elevated table land, rough of land, 7 miles W. from Bangor. A large pond and sterile, containing the interlocking head and the Sowadabscook River water its S. W. springs of the Potomac, (S. branch,) and of the corner. Incorporated 1814. James River. Hermon, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The surface Hill, N. H., Grafton co. Watered by Pemigeof this town is rolling, and drained by a few wasset and Smith's Rivers, and several small small streams; the soil clay loam, favorable to streams. Eagle Pond is the only one of note. the growth of grass. 15 miles S. from Canton, Ragged Mountain is of considerable elevation. and 199 N. W. from Albany. The soil in some parts is rich and fertile; it is genHernando, Mi., c. h. De Soto co. 18 miles E. erally good. At the S. E. section is a flourishing of Mississippi River, and 202 from Jackson. village, situated on a spacious street, 1 mile in Herrick, Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by the length. This town was granted, September 14. head branches of Lackawannock River. Surface 1753, to 87 proprietors, who held their first meethilly, Elk Mountain lying in the S. W. part; soil ing at Chester. As most of the inhabitants beclay and gravel. 20 miles S. E. from Montrose. longed to that place, it was called New Chester, Hertford County, N. C., c. h. at Winton. Bounded until January, 1837. First settlers: Captain N. and E. by the Chowan River, separating it Cushing Favor and Carr Huse, Esq., settled in from Gates and Chowan counties, S. by Bertie, 1768. 24 miles N. N. W. from Concord, and 44 and W. by Northampton co. Drained by branches S. S. E. from Haverhill. of the Chowan River. Hillsboro' County, Fa., c. h. at Tampa. Bounded Hertford, N. C., c. h. Pcrquimans co. On the N. by Benton, E. by Musqueto, S. by Munroe S. side of Perquimans River, near its entrance co., and W. by the Gulf of Mexico. Watered into Perquimans Bay. 194 miles N. E. by E. from in the N. interior by Tampa Bay, and drained Raleigh. by Hillsboro', Alafia, and Asterual Rivers. Soil Heuvelton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. On Os- various, being very fertile in some parts. wegatchie River. 7 miles from Ogdensburg, and Hillsboro', Is., c. h. Montgomery co. 64 miles 203 N. W. from Albany. S. from Springfield. Hickman County, Ky., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded Hillsboro', Mi., c. h. Scott co. N. by Ballard, E. by Graves co., S. by Ten- Hillsboro', Mo., c. h. Jefferson co. On the E. nessee, and W. by the Mississippi River, separat- side of Big River. 132 miles E. from Jefferson ing it from Missouri. Watered by Little Obion City. River and branches, and Bayou Desha Creek. Hillsboro', N. C., c. h. Orange co. On the Eno, Hickman County, Te., c. h. at Centreville. a branch of Neuse River. 40 miles N. W. from Bounded N. by Dickson co., E. by Williamson Raleigh. and Maury, S. by Lawrence and Wayne, and W. Hillsboro' County, N. H., c. h. at Amherst. by Perry and Humphrey counties. Watered by Merrimac co. is on the N., Rockingham on the Duck River and its tributaries. E., the state of Massachusetts on the S., and Hickory County, Mo., c. h. at Hermitage. S. W. Cheshire co. on the W. The surface is generally central. Pomme de Terre River, a tributary of uneven, though there are but few lofty mountains. the Osage, runs N. through it. Lyndeboro', Unconconock, and Crotched are of Hicksford, Va., c. h. Greenville co. On the considerable altitude. This county is well waS. W. of Meherin River, 62 miles S. from Rich- tered by Merrimac, Nashua, Souhegan, and Pismond. The Petersburg Railroad here crosses cataquog Rivers. Massabesick Lake lies on the the Meherin, on a magnificent stone viaduct. E. boundary of Manchester. There are numerHigh Falls, N. Y., Ulster co. On Rondout ous ponds here; the largest are Gregg's, PleasCreek, 69 miles S. from Albany. It has a good ant, Babboosuck, and Potanipo. This county water power. The Delaware and Hudson Canal possesses many advantages for manufacturing passes here. establishments. Its settlement was made at Highgate, Vt., Franklin co. The Missisco River Nashua, lately Dunstable, some years before the passes through the township. About 6 miles war with King Philip, in 1665. It received its above Swanton Falls is a fall in the river of about name from the Earl of Hillsboro', one of the 40 feet, affording some excellent mill privileges. privy council of George III. Rock River is in the N. part of the township. Hillsboro', N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town is The soil is mostly sandy, and covered with pine, well watered by Contoocook and Hillsboro' Rivexcept along the course of the Missisco River, ers, which streams form a junction on the S. where the timber is hemlock, ash, &c., and in the line of the town. The land is uneven, but affords S. E. corner, which constitutes a part of what is many good farms. Fine plumbago is found here. called Hog Island, and is marshy. Bog iron ore Four pleasant villages are in this town. The is found in great abundance. The first settlers largest is called Hillsboro' Bridge, is situated on were Germans, mostly soldiers who had served both sides of Contoocook River, and has conin the British army during the revolution, but siderable trade. First settlers, Jas. M'Calley, the time of their settlement is not known. The Sam. Gibson, Robt. M'Clure. Jas. Lyon, and town was chartered in 1763. 70 miles N. MW. others, in 1741. 23 miles N. W. from Amherst, from Montpelier, and 12 N. from St. Albans. and 30 W. S. W. from Concord. Highland County, O., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Clinton Hillsboro', N. J., Somerset co. Bounded N. by and Fayette counties bound it on the N., Ross the S. branch of the Raritan, and E. by Millstone and Pike on the E., Adams and Brown on the S., River, and drained by Roy's Brook, a branch of and Brown co. on the W. It takes its name Millstone River. Surface level on the E., and from its elevated position, and has rolling land, billy on the W; soil red shale and clay loam. IN THE UNITED STATES. 403 Hillsboro', O., c. h. Highland co. Near the rounding country. 12 miles S. E. from Boston source of Rocky Fork of Paint Creek, and is by water, and 14 by land, over the South Shore noted for its elevated and healthy situation. 62 Railroad. miles S. W. from Columbus, and 36 W. by S. Hinsdale, Ms., Berkshire co. This town lies from Chillicothe. on the west side of the Green Mountain range, Hillsboro', Pa., Washington co. 203 miles W. and is watered by a branch of Housatonic River. from Harrisburg. On the national road on the On the banks of this stream and its tributaries is high land, 1002 feet above the Ohio River at excellent meadow land. This town was formerly Wheeling. a part of old Partridgefield, now Peru, and was Hillsdale County, Mn., c. h. at Jonesville. In- first settled about the year 1762. It was named corporated in 1835. Bounded N. by Calhoun after the worthy and Rev. Theodore Hinsdale, and Jackson counties, E. by Lenawee co., S. by who came and gathered a church in 1795. 143 Ohio, and W. by Branch co. Drained by St. miles W. from Boston, and 8 E. by S. from PittsJoseph River, of Lake Michigan, St. Joseph, a field. branch of Maumee River, Hog and Sandy Rivers, Hinsdale, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by Little St. Joseph, Goose and Tiffin's Creeks, and Ischua and Olean Creeks, and contains a small the S. branch of the Kalamazoo River. Surface lake, called the Reservoir. The surface is hilly; high and undulating; soil fertile sandy loam. soil favorable to the growth of grass. 15 miles This county contains iron ore, and sandstone S. E. from Ellicottville, and 281 W. by S. from suitable for grindstones. Albany. Hillsdale, Mn., c. h. Hillsdale co. This village Hinsdale. N. H., Cheshire co. This town is is on the outlet of St. Joseph, or Baubese Lake, well watered with springs and rivulets of the near the mouth of French Creek, on the Southern purest water. The Connecticut washes its westMichigan Railroad, and 98 miles W. S. W. from ern border, and the Ashuelet runs through the Detroit. It has extensive water power. centre, forming a junction with the Connecticut Hillsdale, N. Y., Columbia co. Copake and a little below the bend called Cooper's Point. Ancram Creeks water this town, which is partly Kilburn and Ash Swamp Brooks are found here. covered by the Taghkanic Mountain. The soil There are several islands in the Connecticat in consists chiefly of clay and gravelly loam. 13 this town. On the N. line of Hinsdale is West miles E. from Hudson, and 43 S. E. from Albany. River Mountain; in it are found iron ore and Hilltown, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by branches some other minerals. S. of Ashuelet is Stebbin's of Nishaminy Creek. 100 miles E. from Har- Hill, a tract of excellent land. On the point of risburg. a hill not far from the Connecticut River are to Hinds County, Mi., c. h. at Raymond. Bounded be seen the remains of an Indian fortification. N. by Madison co., E. by Pearl River, separating Hinsdale was originally a part of Northfield, and it from Franklin co., S. by Copiah, and W. by received its name from Colonel Ebenezer HinsClaiborne and Warren counties. The Big Black dale, one of the principal inhabitants. 75 miles River forms the N. W. boundary. Surface level; S. W. by W. from Concord, and about 15 S. W. soil mostly fertile. from Keene, with which it is connected by a Hinesburg, Vt., Chittenden co. There is in the railroad. N. part of the town a high ridge of rough land, Hiram, Me., Oxford co. This town lies on called Richard Mountain. The W. part has gen- both sides of a branch of Saco River, 86 miles erally a level surface, interspersed with small W. S. W. from Augusta, and 40 S. W. from hillocks. In the eastern part the land is hilly Paris. The township is fertile, and productive of and broken, containing, however, a good share wool and wheat. Incorporated 1807. of feasible, fertile, and valuable land. The for- Hiram, 0., Portage co., is a fertile, well-culests consist of hard timber, generally. There tivated township, having Geauga on the N. It is were some beaver meadows, one of which con- 148 miles N. E. from Columbus. tained between 100 and 200 acres. The princi- Hitchcockville, Ct., Litchfield co. On the W. pal streams are Lewis Creek, Laplat River, and branch of Farmington River, which affords good Pond Brook, which afford an abundant water water power. N. W. from Hartford 26 miles. power. The first inhabitants were a Mr. Isaac An enterprising manufacturing place. Lawrence and family, from Canaan, Ct. Thev Hoboken, N. J., Hudson co. This fine summer came here before the revolutionary war, left resort lies on the W. bank of Hudson River, when the war commenced, and returned in 1783. opposite New York city, and 60 miles N. E. from 12 miles S. S. E. from Burlington, and 36 W. Trenton. See Fashionable Resorts. from Montpelier. The Rutland Railroad passes Hocking County, O., c. h. at Logan. Fairfield through this town. and Perry counties bound it on the N., Athens on Hinesville, Ga., c. h. Liberty co. 14 miles the E., Jackson on the S., and Ross co. on the N. E. from Riceboro', and 196 S. E. from Mil- W. Part of the land is hilly and broken, but ledgeville. that which lies on the Hockhocking River is ferHingham, Ms., Plymouth co. Hingham is a tile and valuable. The head waters of Raccoon pleasant town on Boston Harbor. It was first and Salt Creeks are found here. The county settled in 1633, and named after a town in Eng- was established in 1818. land. This town is remarkable for the health Holmesville, Ga., c. h. Appling co. 177 miles and longevity of its inhabitants. There is a S. S. E. from Milledgeville. well-endowed academy here, named, from its Holmesville, Mi., c. h. Pike co. On the W. side founder, Derby Academy. An elegant steam of Bogue Chitto River. 87 miles S. from Jackpacket plies between Hingham and Boston for 9 son. months of the year. The passage among the Honeybrook, Pa., Chester co. Drained by islands is truly delightful. Turkey, Baker's, branches of Brandywine River. Surface gently Otis, Pleasant, and Squirrel Hills present ex- sloping; soil sandy loam. 38 miles N. W. from tensive and delightful views of the bay and sur- Philadelphia. 404 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Hodydon, Me., Aroostookco. Incorporated 1832. tivated. A number of small streams give the 179 miles from Augusta. town some water power, and Winthrop's Pond Iolden, Me., Oxford co. A new town. Taken some pleasant scenery. This town was formerly from Brewer in 1852. the western parish of Sherburne. It was first Holden, Ms., Worcester-co., was formerly a settled in 1710, and named, at its incorporation part of Worcester, and was called North Worces- in 1724, after Thomas Hollis, of London, a patron ter until 1740. The surface of this town is of Harvard College. 20 miles S. from Concord, broken by hills; the soil is very good, producing and 23 S. W. by S. from Boston. a variety of hard wood and some pine. There Holmes County, Fa.. New. are several beautiful ponds in the town, some of Holmes County, Mi., c. h. at Lexington. Boundwhich are the sources of Quinepoxet River, and ed N. by Carroll co., E. by the Big Black River, which, united, form the S. branch of the Nashua. separating it from Attala co., S. by Yazoo co., and These waters, with branches of the Blackstone, W. by the Yazoo River, separating it from Washgive the town a good hydraulic power. 6 miles ington co. N. N. W. from Worcester, and 50 from Boston. Holmes, Mi., c. h. Pike co. Holderness, N. H., Grafton co. The soil is Holmes Hole, Ms., Dukes co. A safe and hard, and not easily cultivated, but when subdued spacious harbor on the N. side of Martha's Vineis quite productive. The Pemigewasset and yard, in the town of Tisbury, much resorted to by Squam Rivers, and several other streams, fertilize ships passing between New York and the eastthe soil. There are three ponds here; also beau- ward. There is a sufficient depth of water for tiful scenery and fine fishing. First settler, vessels of the largest class. S. S. E. from BosWilliam Piper, in 1763. 6 miles N. E. from ton 89 miles. Plymouth. The Concord and Montreal Railroad Holmes County, O., c. h. at Millersburg. Wayne passes through the town. 36 miles from Concord. co. bounds it on the N., Stark and Tuscarawas Holland, Ms., Hampden co. This is a small, on the E., Coshocton on the S., and Knox and mountainous, well-watered town, and was for- Richland on the W. The soil is good. It was merly a part of Brimfield. The Quinebaug organized in January, 1825, and is watered by River passes nearly through the centre of the the Killbuck, Lake Fork of Mohican, Paint town, and receives the waters of Mill and Stevens's Creek, Salt Creek, Martin's Run, Double Eyes Brooks. Gould and Holland Ponds are hand- Fork, Honey Run, Casey's Run, Indian Creek, some sheets of water, and add much to the high- Rush Run, Shrimlin's Run, Wolf Creek, and land scenery of the town. The soil is strong. Crab Apple. Iron ore and coal stone abound. 23 miles E. by S. from Springfield, and 70 S. XVW. Holmesville, Ga., c. h. Appling co. by W. from Boston. Holyoke, Ms., Hampden co. Situated on the Holland, N. Y., Erie co. Drained by Cazenove right bank of Connecticut River, 9 miles above and Seneca Creeks. The surface is elevated; Springfield, and 107 miles W. from Boston. soil sandy loam and moist clay. 24 miles S. E. This flourishing place has been created from from Buffalo, and 281 W. from Albany. nothing, within a few years past, by the enterHolley, N. Y., Orleans co. The Erie Canal prise of a number of capitalists, who projected, passes over Sandy Creek at this place, by means and have brought to an advanced stage of its of an embankment 75 feet above the bed of the execution, a magnificent scheme for the founding stream. W. N. VW. from Albany 240 miles. of a manufacturing city on the falls in the ConHollidaysburg, Pa., c. h. Blair co. The termi- necticut at this spot, long known as the " Hadley nation of the eastern section of the Pennsylvania Falls." The village of South Hadley Falls, in Canal. the town of South Hadley, is on the opposite side Holland, Vt., Orleans co. This is an excellent of the river, where some application of this intownship of land, producing in great abundance comparable privilege has been in use, for manuall the varieties common to the climate. There facturing purposes, for several years. It was not, is a large pond situated in the N. E. part of the however, until 1848, that any thing was done of town, and several small ponds. The streams are all which is now to be seen on the Holyoke side. small, part flowing N. into Canada, and part S. Up to that time, this spot, which lay within the into Clyde River. The settlement was com- precincts of the rural parish of Ireland, in the menced in 1800, by Edmund Eliot and Joseph N. part of West Springfield, was one of the Conal. 18 miles N. E. from Irasburg, and 58 most retired and quiet spots on the banks of the N. E. from Montpelier. Connecticut. The Hadley Falls Company, actHollis, Me., York co. This town lies on the ing under a charter granted by the Massachusetts W. bank of Saco River, and contains numerous legislature, April 28, 1848, with an authorized mill sites. It lies 30 miles N. from York. It is capital of $4,000,000, has here developed the most bounded on the W. by Waterboro', and on the extensive water power which has ever been N. by Limington and Buxton. Quantities of brought into operation in the United States. lumber of various kinds, and wood, annually pass This company owns about 1200 acres of land, to market from this place'by the Saco River. and by the erection of a dam 30 feet in height, Hollis, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Nashua and and placed at the head of natural rapids, comNisitissit Rivers water this town. There are four mands a head and fall of about 60 feet within the ponds, named Flint's, Penichork, Long, and distance of three fourths of a mile. The power Rocky Ponds. There is a pleasant village near which is thus rendered available for manufacturthe centre of the town. The original name of ing purposes is estimated to be sufficient to drive Hollis was Nisitissit, its Indian name. It has a 1,250,000 spindles for No. 14 cotton yarn, with variety of soils. First settler, Captain Peter looms and preparatory machinery. So that 56 Powers, in 1731. 8 miles S. from Amherst, and mills of the first class, each containing 18,500 38 S. from Concord. spindles, may be supplied with land and water Holliston, Ms., Middlesex co. The surface is power, besides machine shops and other works. pleasantly diversified; the soil good and well cul- The dam across the Connecticut River is 1018 IN THE UNITED STATES. 405 feet in length between the abutments, and 30 feet ~ Harrisburg. At the junction of the Lackawaxen high. Through suitable guard gates the water Railroad with the Delaware Canal. is admitted to the canals, which are 140 feet wide Hooksett, N. H., Merrimac co. The River Merand 15 feet deep. The power being divided be- rimac passes through this town. Hooksett Falls tween two levels, the whole water may be used are here; the descent of water is about 16 feet in twice. The length of the two canals, when fully 30 rods. From an eminence called the Pinnacle extended, will be about 7000 feet each, with a there is a delightful landscape. There is a pleasraceway of the same dimensions; and every 1000 ant village on the W. side of the river. Over feet of the canals will supply convenient location the river, at this place, are two bridges, one of for four mills. which is for the Concord Railroad. Hooksett The Hadley Falls Company have erected two Canal is in this town. It is a quarter of a mile large mills, each 268 feet long, 68 feet wide, and in length. 8 miles S. S. E. from Concord, and 9 5 stories in height; one of which contains about N. from Manchester by the Concord Railroad. 19,000 spindles, with looms for the manufacture It is already a flourishing manufacturing place, of heavy cotton goods; and the other about though much of the water power remains unem30,000 spindles, with looms for the manufacture ployed. of fine lawns and muslins. Their machine shop Hoosic, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Drained by is 448 feet long, 60 feet wide, and 3 stories high, Hoosic River and some of its branches. The besides a large furnace and blacksmith's shop, and surface is hilly; soil well adapted to grazing. 22 is filled with machinery and tools of the best miles N. E. from Troy, and 28 N. E. from Albany. description. A large number of brick boarding Hoosic Falls, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On both houses of the first class, offices, storehouses, &c., sides of Hoosic River, which falls 40 feet at this have been erected by the company, besides nu- place, affording fine privileges. N. E. from Almerous dwelling houses and stores by the increas- bany 35 miles. ing population of the place. Bope, Me., Waldo co. A good township. 44 On a finely-elevated portion of the plot, lying miles E. S. E. from Augusta. W. of the canals and mills, and exempt from all Hope, N. J., Warren co. Watered by a branch annoyance by the business operations of the of Beaver Brook. 66 miles N. by W. from Trenplace, is that portion of the town which is occu- ton. pied with dwellings, hotels, churches, and other Hope, N. Y., Hamilton co. The Sacandaga public buildings. This is laid out, with beautiful River flows through this town, the surface of regularity, into public squares and streets, at right which is somewhat hilly, and the soil rather angles with each other. A hotel has been erected sterile, except in the valley of the Sacandaga. 162 feet in length, and 4 stories high, well ar- 15 miles S. E. from Lake Pleasant, and 60 N. N. ranged and conveniently situated for the accom- W. from Albany. modation of visitors; and houses, stores, churches, Hopewell, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded on and buildings of every description required by the E. and S. by Cohansey Creek, and drained the inhabitants, are being rapidly multiplied. by Mount's and Mill branches of Cohansey The town is supplied with water for the use of Creek. Surface undulating; soil clay loam. the inhabitants, from a reservoir constructed on Hopewell, N. Y., Ontario co. The outlet of the most elevated ground, into which the water Canandaigua Lake and some of its tributaries is raised by a forcing pump, operated by a water water this town. Surface rolling; soil clay loam wheel at the dam. The reservoir has a capacity upon a basis of lime. 5 miles E. from Canandaiof two and a half millions of gallons. gua, and 190 E. by N. from Albany. The Connecticut River Railroad passes through Hopewella, Cumberland co. A hilly town, the place, and the greatest part of it is built at with a slaty soil. 21 miles W. from Carlisle. such an elevation as to allow the avenues of the Hopewell. Pa., Bedford co. Watered by the town to pass beneath; thus avoiding the danger Rayston branch of the Juniata River and its and inconvenience of a railroad on the same grade tributaries, Surface mountainous, containing with the streets. A continuous railroad com- abundance of bituminous coal; soil calcareous munication is open through this place to Mon- loam in the valleys. 15 miles N. E. from Bedtreal on the N. and New York on the S., to Boston ford, and 104 W. from Harrisburg. on the E., and to the great lakes on the W. Ilopewell, Pa., Huntingdon co. A mountain. The great amount of water power here avail- ous town; soil calcareous loam in the valleys able, the convenience of its development and 13 miles S. W. from Huntingdon. application, and the admirable situation of the Hopewell, Pa., Washington co. Brushy Run, town, are advantages which render Holyoke one and Buffalo and Cross Creeks, water this town. of the most desirable locations for the establish- Surface hilly; soil loam. 12 miles N. W. from ment of manufactures in the country. Washington. Homer, La., c. h. at Claiborne. Hopewell, Pa., York co. Watered by the head Homer, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by branches of Deer Creek. Surface undulating; Tioughnioga River and some of its branches. soil a rich loam. 14 miles S. E. from York. The surface is level; soil fertile sandy and clay Hopkins County, Ky., c. h. at Madisonville. W. loam. 5 miles N. from Cortland, and 141 W. part of the state. Has the Green River on its from Albany. northern border. Honeoye Falls, N. Y., Monroe co. On Honeoye Hopkins County, Ts., c. h. at Tarrant. Creek, which has a perpendicular descent of 30 Hopkinsville, Ky., c. h. Christian co.. On the feet in the centre of the village. W. by N. from E. side of Little River. 204 miles S. W. from Albany 214 miles. Here are numerous manu- Frankfort. factures, and an extensive quarry of fine building Hopkinton, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was stone. first settled about 1710, and named in honor of Honesdale, Pa., Wayne co. A flourishing place Edward Hopkins, a donor to the funds of Harvard on Lackawaxen Creek. 172 miles N. E. from University. Its Indan name was Maguncook. 406 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., The soil is very good, and the surface variegated Houlton, Me., c. h. Aroostook co. About 90 and elevated. Branches of the Charles, the Con- miles W. of N. from Calais, with which it is concord, and the Blackstone rise in this town, and, nected by a good road,'and 120 N. N. E. from although their streams here are not large, they Bangor. It is on the boundary of New Brunsafford the town a good water power. The min- wick, and is a U. S. military station. The diseral springs in this town have become celebrated. tance to Fredericton, N. B., is 75 miles W. N. W. They contain carbonic acid, and carbonate of The land is fertile, and the town thriving. lime and iron. These are 3 in number, each dif- Houma, La., c. h. Terre Bonne parish. On the fering in its properties from the other. They are W. side of Bayou Terre Bonne. 132 miles S. situated near White Hall Pond, which abounds W. from New Orleans. in fine fish of various kinds. 30 miles W'. S. W. Houndsfield, N. Y., Jefferson co. Bounded on from Boston, and 14 E. by S. from Worcester. the N. by Black River, and W. by Lake Ontario. Hlopkinton, N. H., Merrimac co. Contoocook Surface mostly level; soil clay and sandy loam. River and its branches, Warner and Blackwater, 6 miles W. from Watertown, and 160 N. W pass through the town. On these streams are from Albany. valuable intervale and meadow land. The prin- Houston County, Ga., c. h. at Perry. Bounded cipal village is 7 miles from the State House in N. by Bibb co., E. by the Ockmulgee River, sepConcord. In the W. part of the town is a thriv- arating it from Twiggs co., and by Pulaski co., ing village, on Contoocook River, known as Hill's S. by Dooley, and W. by Macon and Crawford Bridge or Contoocookville, where is a valuable counties. Drained by branches of the Ockmulwater power. First settlers, emigrants from gee River. Hopkinton, Ms., in 1740. 28 miles N. from Am- Houston, Mi., c. h. Chickasaw co. On the head herst, and 7 W. from Concord. branches of Octibbeha Creek. 145 miles N. E. Hopkinton, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered from Jackson. by the Racket and St. Regis Rivers. The sur- Houston, Mo., c. h. Texas co. face and soil are extremely varied, the S. part Houston County, Ts., c. h. at Crockett. E. cenbeing the most level, and having the best soil. tral, between Trinity and Neches Rivers. 25 m. E. from Canton, and 234 N.W. from Albany. Houston, Ts., c. h. Harris co. This flourishing Hopkinton, R. I., Washington co. Wood River, place is situated on the Buffalo Bayou, which a valuable mill stream, passes through this town. opens into the N. W. arm of Galveston Bay, and The soil of the town is generally well adapted about 80 miles from the city of Galveston, with for grazing and the cultivation of grain. It pro- which it is connected by regular steam communiduces large quantities of fruit and excellent cider. cation. Being in the centre of an extensive cotShad and alewives are taken in Paucatuck River. ton-growing region, it has a large and increasing There are several ponds within the town. Con- business as a depot for this important article of siderable wood and timber are sent to market commerce. from this place. Howard County, Ia., c. h. at Kohomo. Hopkinton City, at the S. part of the town, on Howard County, Mo., c. h. at Fayette. Bounded the Tommaquag branch of Charles River, is very N. by Chariton and Randolph counties, E. by pleasant and flourishing. Boone co., S. and W. by the Missouri River, Horicon, N. Y., Warren co. On the E. side of separating it from Cooper and Saline counties. the Hudson. Watered on the N. by Schroon Drained by Great Manitou and Bonne Femme Lake, which lies mostly in this town. It con- Rivers, and Salt Creek. tains also Brant, and several other small lakes. Howard, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by sevThe surface is hilly and mountainous, a large eral small branches of Canisteo and Conhocton part being waste. 28 miles N. from Caldwell, Rivers. Surface undulating; soil clay loam, well and 90 N. from Albany. adapted to the growth of grass and grain. 10 Hornby, N. Y.. Steuben co. Drained by Mead's miles W. from Bath village, and 228 W. by S. Creek and some smaller streams. Surface hilly; from Albany. soil well adapted to grazing. 18 miles S. E. Howard, Pa., Centre co. Watered by Bald from Bath, and 196 W. by S. from Albany. Eagle Creek and its branches, and by Marsh and Hornellsville, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Beach Creeks. The main ridge of the Alleghany Canisteo River and some of its branches. The Mountains passes through this town. Soil calsurface is somewhat hilly and broken. 20 miles careous loam in the valleys. 97 miles N. W. W. from Bath, and 236 W. by S. from Albany. from Harrisburg. Horry District S. C., c. h. at Conwaysboro'. Howell, Mn., c. h. Livingston co. 51 miles W. Little Pedee forms its W. boundary, and the by N. from Detroit. Waccamaw, a branch of the Great Pedee, drains Howell, N. J., Monmouth co. Drained by the S. and E. portions. Surface level; soil sandy Shark, Mettecunk, and Manasquan Rivers. Surand wet. face level; soil chiefly sandy loam and clay. Horslnam, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by Howland, Me., Penobscot co. This is a large Pennypack and a branch of Neshaminy Creek. township of good land, in which the Piscataquis Surface level; soil calcareous loam. 118 miles and Seboois Rivers form a junction. At the E. from Harrisburg. mouth of the former, about 50 rods from the PeHot Springs County, As., c. h. at Hot Springs. nobscot, are several saw mills. The banks of the Bounded N. by Perry co., E. by Saline, S. by river are low and very beautiful. Howland was Dallas and Clark, and W. by Montgomery. Sur- incorporated in 1826. It lies 117 miles N. E. from face rough and hilly. Watered by the Wachita Augusta, and 34 N. from Bangor. River and branches. Hubbardston, Ms., Worcester co. Formerly Houghton County, Mn., includes the mining a part of Rutland, named after Thomas Hubdistrict on Keewaiwona Point, projecting into bard, of Boston, a principal proprietor. HubLake Superior. The principal settlement is at bardston is pleasantly situated on the height Eagle River. of ground between Connecticut River and the IN THE UNITED STATES. 407 sea, and about 1000 feet above them. The surface columns. The material used for the front is the is varied by hills and valleys, commanding wide Stockbridge marble; and for the other parts the and beautiful prospects. There is probably no blue limestone of the neighborhood, which furtown in New England, so elevated, which pos- nishes here a fine material for ornamental arsesses so great a water power. There are chitecture. There are a number of handsome springs, brooks, and rivers in almost every church edifices, of which the Presbyterians, the direction. Meadow and Cannevstone Brooks, Episcopalians, the Methodists, the Baptists, and Burnshirt and Otter Rivers, are good mill streams. the Universalists have one each. There are 2 There is some choice meadow land in the town, markets, 2 banks, an academy, a female seminaand the soil is generally good. About a mile ry, and 3 or 4 extensive public houses, besides and a half S. E. firom the handsome village, near others of less note. The city is well supplied the centre of the town, lies Great Asnaconcomick with pure water, which is brought in iron pipes Pond, covering about 300 acres. About a mile from a fountain at the foot of Becraft's MounN. E. from this is Moose Horn Pond, circular in tain, 2 miles distant. form, and around which there are appearances Hudson was founded in 1784, by a company of an ancient wall. 20 miles N. N. W. from of 30 enterprising emigrants from Providence, Worcester, and 52 W. by N. from Boston, by R. I., and from Nantucket and Martha's Vinethe old road. yard, in Massachusetts. It had a rapid growth, Hubbardston, Vt., Rutland co. 50 miles S. W. and great prosperity in business, for many years, from Montpelier, and 10 N. WV. from Rutland. until the interests of commerce, and especially Hudson, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The land is of the whale fishery, in which it had a large easy of cultivation. On the Merrimac are fine capital invested, experienced a check; after intervales, of a deep, rich soil. Distant from the which its prosperity declined for a time, until its river, the land is hilly and broken. There are 2 enterprise had found new channels to some exponds, Little Massabesick and Otternick. The tent. It is now rising again by a gradual and Merrimac River forms its western boundary, and healthful advancement. on its banks the first settlements were made. The construction of the Hudson and Berkshire This town was formerly called Nottingham West. Railroad, which connects this place with the First settlers, Messrs. Blodgett, Winn, Lovewell, Western Railroad between Boston and Albany, Colburn, Hill, Greely, Cross, Cumings, Pollard, 34 miles long, has opened new facilities of travel Marsh, and Merrill. 17 miles S. E. from Am- and trade to this pleasant city. The resources herst, and 40 S. from Concord. of Berkshire co., in iron, lime, and marble, are Hudson, N. Y. City and seat of justice for Co- abundant, and are in demand in all the Atlantic lumbia co. Situated on the E. bank of Hudson cities. By this road an eligible route of travel River, on fine navigable waters, 116 miles N. is opened from New York to the New Lebanon from. New York city, and 29 S. from Albany. Springs, and to many of the most important Population in 1820, 2900; in 1830, 5392; in places in Massachusetts. Hudson was incorpo 1840, 5672; in 1850, 6289. The ground on rated as a city in 1785, the year after its settle which the city stands is elevated about 60 feet ment was commenced, with a mayor, aldermen above the river, terminating in a bold promon- and recorder; but the charter has been repeated tory in fiont, upon the brow of which a beautiful ly amended since that time. public ground has been laid out, and ornamented Hull, Ms., Plymouth co. This town comprises with trees and shrubs, commanding a fine view the peninsula of Nantasket, which forms the S. of the river, of Athens opposite, and of the dis- E. side of Boston Harbor. It extends N. by W. tant landscape, extending to the Catskill Moun- from Cohasset, nearly 5 miles, and is celebrated tains on the N. and W. Upon either side of for its beautiful beach 4 miles in length, and for this promontory, which is formed of a silicious its shell fish and sea fowl. The town lies beslate rock, the river makes up, and forms the two tween two hills of fine land, near Point Alderton, considerable bays called South Bay and North opposite Boston light-house. On one of the hills Bay, and which have a sufficient depth of water in this place is a well, 90 feet deep, which is frefor large vessels. Around the margins of these quently almost full of water. Hull was a mart bays, and at the foot of the promontory along of commerce, and the residence of eminent men, the river bank, are the quays, which are carried six years before Boston bore its present name, and out on a line with the base of the hill. four years before Salem became a town. The From the promenade on the lofty bank of the steamer which plies between Boston and Hingriver, the city extends back, by a gradual ascent, ham stops at this place. 9 miles E. S. E. from about one mile, to a smoothly rounded hill, called Boston by water, and 21 by land. Prospect Hill, about 200 feet high, which com- Hume, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by the mands an entire view of the place. The streets Genesee River and some of its branches. Surare straight, and cross each other at right angles. face undulating; soil clay loam, producing large The central and principal street, running S. E. crops of grass and grain. 14 N. from Angelica, from the promenade, is Warren Street, which is and 26 W. from Albany. closely and handsomely built upon, and near Humphrey, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Five its upper end, upon the N. side, has an extensive Mile Run and Great Valley Creek water this public square. The court house in Hudson is town, the surface of which is undulating, and the a spacious and handsome structure, situated on soil suitable for grass. 8 miles S. E. from Ellia small public square near the centre of the S. cottville, and 300 W. by S. from Albany. side of the city. This building, including the Humphreys County, Te., c. h. at Reynoldsburg. wings, presents a front of 116 feet. The main Bounded N. by Steward, E. by Dickson and edifice, 40 feet by 60, and 60 feet high, is sur- Hickman, S. by Perry co., and W. by the Tennesmounted by a dome 40 feet high, towering above see River, separating it from Benton co. Drained the other buildings of the city. The front en- by Duck Creek and its branches. trance is decorated by a portico with 6 Ionic Hunt County, Ts., c. h. at Grenville. 408 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Hunter, N. Y., Greene co. Drained by some costly. Among the public buildings, it contains of the head branches of Schoharie Creek. The a court house of Grecian architecture, which cost surface is mountainous, being covered by the $45,000; a banking house of hewn stone, with an Catskill range of mountains. The highest peak, Ionic portico, built at a cost of $80,000; a handcalled Round Top, is elevated 3804 feet above some market house; a U. S. land office; an acadthe Hudson. Soil mostly sterile. 18 miles W. emy; and several churches. The streets are from Catskill, and 55 S. W. from Albany. McAdamized, and kept remarkably clean. The Hunterdon County, N. J.. c. h. at Flemington. town is abundantly supplied with pure and cool Bounded N. by Warren and Morris counties, water from a spring, which breaks out at the foot E. by Somerset, S. by Mercer co., and W. by the of a rock with force sufficient to drive a forcing Delaware River, separating it from Pennsylva- pump for elevating and distributing it to all the nia. Drained by the S. branch of the Raritan dwellings. A fine McAdamized road, commenand its tributaries, and by small creeks flowing cing 4 miles N. of the town, passes through it, into the Delaware. Surface mountainous in the and extends to the Tennessee River. N. and level in the S. portions; soil mostly of Hurley, N. Y., Ulster co. Esopus Creek waexcellent quality. ters this town, the surface of which is hilly, and Huntinqdon County, Pa., c. h. at Huntingdon. the soil fertile. 6 miles W. from Kingstown vilIncorporated in 1787, and bounded N. by Cen- lage, and 60 S. S. W. from Albany. tre co., E. by Mifflin, Juniata, and Perry, S. by Huron, N. Y., Wayne co. Bounded on the N. Bedford, and W. by Blair co. Watered by the by Lake Ontario. Port Bay lies wholly, and main and Raystown branch of the Juniata River. East and Sodus Bays partly, within this town. The Pennsylvania Canal runs parallel to the Ju- Surface level; soil sandy and gravelly loam. 14 niata River through this county. Surface moun- miles N. from Lyons, and 195 N.W. from Albany. tainous in some parts; soil mostly fertile. Iron Huron County, O., c. h. at Norwalk. It is ore, lead, bituminous coal, alum, and salt exist here. bounded N. by Lake Erie, is very fertile, and is Huntingdon, Pa., c. h. Huntingdon co. On watered by the Huron and Vermilion Rivers, La the W. side of the Frankstown branch, at its en- Chapelle, Old Woman's, Pipe, and Cold Creeks. trance into Juniata River, and 92 miles W. N. W. Sandusky Bay is on the northern boundary, and from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania Canal and it has two excellent harbors on the shore of Lake the Pennsylvania Railroad pass through it. Erie. Emigrants from Connecticut and other Huntingdon, Pa., Adams co. Bounded W. by N. E. States were the first settlers. All the tract Bermudian Creek. Surface level; soil gravel and called fire land lies within this county. The railcalcareous loam. 12 miles N. E. from Gettsyburg. road from Cincinnati to Lake Erie passes through iHuntingdon, Pa., Luzerne co. North Mountain the county, and it is a rising, prosperous region. lies in the N., and Knob Mountain in the S. E. Huron County, Mn., includes the projection bepart of this town. The rest of the surface is un- tween Saginaw Bay and Lake Huron. dulating, and the soil fertile. Huron, O., Huron co. The situation of this Huntingdon, Te., c. h. Carroll co. On the S. town causes it to be a place of great importance; fork of Obion River. 98 miles W. from Nashville. it is located on the shore of Lake Erie, at the Huntinqton, Ct., Fairfield co. This is a town- mouth of Huron River, anud has an excellent arship of uneven surface, but well adapted to agri- tificial harbor. Commercial business is carried cultural purposes, to which the inhabitants are on here to a large extent; it has improved rapidprincipally devoted. ly for a few years past. 47 miles W. from CleveHuntington County, Ia., c. h. at Huntington. In- land, and 120 from Columbus. corporated in 1832, and is bounded N. by Whit- Hyannis, Ms., Barnstable co., in the town of ley co., E. by Allen and Wells, S. by Grant, and Barnstable. 5 miles S. E. from Barnstable court W. by Wabash. Watered bv the Wabash and house, and 77 S. E. from Boston. its branchcs, Salmaina and Little Rivers. The Hyde County, N. C., c. h. at Lake Landing. Wabash and Erie Canal also traverses this coun- Bounded N. by Washington and Tyrrell counties, ty. Surface level or undalating'. E. and S. by Pamlico Sound, and W. by BeauHuntington, Ia., c. h. Huntington co. On the N. fort co. Surface flat and marshy. side of Wabash River. 105 miles N. N. E. from Hyde Park, N. Y., Dutchess co. On the E. Indianapolis. bank of the Hudson. Watered by Crum Elbow Huntington, N. Y., Suffolk co. A large town, Creek and some other small streams. The surextending across the widest part of Long Island, face is somewhat hilly and uneven, and the soil and including Oak Island Beach. It is indented of a good quality along the border of the river. by several large bays on the N., and watered on 6 miles N. from Poughkeepsie village, and 68 S. the S. by some small streams flowing into the Great from Albany. South Bay. The surface is somewhat hilly; the Hydepark, Vt., c. h. Lamoille co. The Lasoil various. 35 miles W. from Riverhead, and moille, Green, and other rivers give this town 198 S. S. E. from Albany. a great water power. The soil is generally of Huntersville, Va., c. h. Pocahontas co. On a good quality, and easily cultivated. There Knapp's Creek, 6 miles from its mouth, at an ele- are in the N. E. part of the town 12 ponds, vation of 1800 feet above the Atlantic. W. N. containing from 1 to 50 acres, besides severW. from Richmond 190 miles. al smaller ones. Some of them have names, Huntsville, Aa., shire town of Madison co. such as Great, Clear, George's, Zack's, Mud About 180 miles N. by W. from Montgomery, Pond. Hydepark village is situated in the S. W. and 150 N. by E. from Tuscaloosa. It is a neat part of the town, on a beautiful elevated plain. and thriving place, situated in the northern part This town has a valuable water power, and of the state, about 10 miles N. of the Tennessee is surrounded by a country rich in agricultural River, and 30 miles from the railroad at Decatur, and mineral productions. The settlement was which runs to Tuscumbia. It is principally built commenced by John McDaniel, Esq., who reof brick, and many of the houses are elegant and moved his family here July 4, 1787. He emi IN THE UNITED STATES. 409 grated from Northfield, N. H. The town was Independence, N. J., Warren co. Watered by named Hyde's Park in the charter, as a compli- Pequest Creek, and its tributary Bacon Creek. ment to Captain Jedediah Hyde, the first named Surface hilly on the E. and W., with a valley bein that instrument. 27 miles N. from Montpelier. tween. 14 miles N. E. from Belvidere. Independence, N. Y., Alleghany co. Cryder's Iberville Parish, La., c. h. at Plaquemine. and Independence Creeks water this town, the Bounded N. by Point Coupee, East and West surface of which is elevated and rolling; soil Baton Rouge parishes, E. and S. E. by Ascension clay loam. 20 miles S. E. from Angelica, and parish, and S. and W. by the Atchafalaya River, 258 W. by S. from Albany. separating it from St. Martin's and St. Landry Independence, Va., c. h. Grayson co. parishes. Drained by outlets of the Mississippi Indian Key, Fa., Dade co. This village is sitRiver, which flows through the E. part. Surface uated on a pleasant island containing about 7 level, and too low for cultivation, except on the acres. The foundation is entire Madrepore rock, borders of the streams, where the soil is fertile. but it has been covered with rich mould fromthe lberville, La., c. h. Iberville parish. 92 miles channel, and is cultivated with good success. It W. N. W. from New Orleans. lies 75 miles N. E. from Key West, and 75 S. W. Independence County, As., c. h. at Batesville. from Cape Florida. Bounded N. E. by Lawrence co., E. by Big Black Indian River, Fa., St. Lucie co. The only post and White Rivers, separating it from Jackson co., office in the county is here. S. by White co.. W. by Van Buren, and N. W. Indian Springs, Ga., Butts co. This favorite by Izard co. White River crosses this county watering-place is situated 10 miles W. from the from N. W. to S. E. Ockmulgee River, at the confluence of two small Independence, Ia., c. h. Buchanan. streams, which form one of its tributaries. W. -Independence, Ky., c. h. Kenton co. 82 miles from Milledgeville 52 miles. The waters are N. N. E. from Frankfort. impregnated with sulphur, and are efficacious in Independence, Mo., c. h. Jackson co. It is cutaneous complaints. situated 6 miles S. from the Missouri River, Indiana, Pa., c. Ih. Indiana co. 155 miles W. near the W. boundary of the state, 134 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. from Jefferson City, the capital, and 264 miles, Indiana County, Pa., c. h. at Indiana. Bounded by the nearest land route, W. from St. Louis. N. by Jefferson, E. by Clearfield and Cambria, The distance from St. Louis, by the river, is about S. by Westmoreland, and W. by Armstrong co. 370 miles. This is the place of departure for Drained by the head waters of the W. branch of the Santa Fe traders, and a point from which the Susquehanna and by branches of Conemany of the emigrants to California start on maugh River. Surface hilly, containing abuntheir overland route, through the S. pass in the dance of coal and salt, and small quantities of iron Rocky Mountains; and many of their supplies, ore. The soil is mostly very fertile, being comof course, are obtained here. posed of loam, gravel, sand and clay. The distances from St. Louis, by Independence, Indiana, Pa., Alleghany co. Drained by Deer, on this entire route, to Astoria, at the mouth of Long, Squaw, and Pine Creeks. Surface hilly; the Columbia River, on the Pacific Ocean, as soil loam. 10 miles N. E. from Pittsburg. given in Appleton's United States Traveller's Indianapolis, capital of the state of Indiana, Guide, published in 1850, are as follows: - and seat of justice for Marion co. It is situated ST. LOUIS, Miles. Miles. very near the geographical centre of the state, To JEFFERSON CITY, 156 on the E. side of the W. fork of White River, INDEPENDENCE, 214 370 which is navigable, except at low water, for steamKansas River Landing, 12 382 boats from the Ohio and Wabash Rivers to this By Land. place. The ground on which it is built, together Kansas River Crossing, 75 457 with the suburbs, embracing, all together, four Platt River, 220 677 sections of land, according to the government Forks of River, 15 692 surveys, was secured to the state of Indiana by Chimney Rock, 155 847 a compact with the United States, in 1820, when Scott's Bluff, 22 869 it was covered with a dense forest, as a permaFort Laramie, 60 929 nent seat of government. In the spring of 1821, Red Butter, 155 1084 the town was laid out and surveyed by commisRock Independence, 50 1134 sioners appointed for that purpose. The original South Pass, (Fremont's,) 110- 1244 plat of the town, which is on an extended plain, Green River, 69 1313 was a mile square; but it has since been extended Beer Springs, 191 1504 in different directions beyond these limits. It Fort Hall, 50 1554 was laid out into regular four-acre squares, each American Falls, 22 1576 to contain 12 lots; and these squares were dividFishing Falls' 125 1701 ed through the middle by alleys, from E. to Lewis River Crossing, 40 1741 W., 30 feet wide, and from N. to S. 15 feet Fort Boisse, 130 1871 wide. The streets, in general, were laid out 90 Burnt River, 70 1941 feet in width. Washington Street, which passes Grand Rond, 68 2009 through the centre, and is the great business Fort Wala Wala, 90 2099 street, is 120 feet in width. Through this street Umatilla River, 25 2124 the great national road passes. Near the centre John Day's River, 70 2194 of the town a square has been appropriated, as a Falls River, 20 2214 site for the mansion of the governor of the state. The Dalles, 26 2234 In the centre of this square stands the Governor's Cascades, 45 2279 House, on ground slightly elevated, 60 feet square, Fort Vancouver, 55 2334 and having four elegant fronts. A circular street, ASTORIA, 100 2434 80 feet wide, encompasses this enclosure, and four 52 410 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, ViLLAGES, &c., streets extend from it diagonally, towards the and is every way worthy of being the capitol of four corners of the city. The streets, with the a great and wealthy state, such as Iowa in the exception of these four, all intersect each other at future must become. It is 120 feet long by 60 right angles. They bear the names of the differ- feet wide, and two stories high above the baseent states of the Union. ment. It is of the Grecian Doric order of archiThe State House at Indianapolis is beautifully tecture, and is surmounted with a dome resting located, in the centre of one of the 40 acre squares, on 22 Corinthian columns. Among the other handsomely laid out and enclosed. It is one of public buildings are the court house and jail, the most splendid buildings in the west. It is and academy, and seven very handsome church 180 feet long, 80 feet wide, and 40 feet high, to edifices. The location is a beautiful and healthy the top of the cornice, and is surmounted with a one. By an act of the Iowa legislature, the handsome dome. It is on the model of the Par- State University is to be located here. thenon at Athens, with the omission of the col- The Davenport and Council Bluffs, and the unins on the sides; for which pilasters, 13 in Dubuque and Keokuk Railroads will pass through number, are substituted. On each front there is Iowa City. Steamboats frequently ascend the a beautiful portico, with 10 Doric columns. The river to this place. About a mile above the city two halls for the legislature are in the second there is an excellent water power, which is imstory, to which the entrance is through a hall and proved to drive a large merchant and custom rotunda in the centre. The Court House, which flouring mill, a saw mill, and other machinery. was formerly occupied as the State House, is also Iowa County, Io., c. h. at Marengo. S. E. part. a handsome building. Some of the church edi- Watered by the Iowa and branches. fices are large and of fine appearance. Iowa County, Wn.,. c. h. at Mineral Point Indianapolis is the centre of a number of stage Bounded N. by the Wisconsin River, separating routes from different sections of the west, and it from Richland and Sauk counties, E. by Dane is fast becoming a place of extensive business. co., S. by Lafayette, and W. by Grant co. The It is connected by railroad with Madison, on the N. part is drained by small tributaries of the Ohio River, a distance of 86 miles; being by Wisconsin, and the S. part by Pekatonokee and this route about 150 miles from Cincinnati, and Fever Rivers. There are some fertile prairies in about the same distance from Louisville, Ky. this county, and lead and copper ores abound. The railroad will soon be completed to connect it Ipswich, Ms., Essex co. This town was bought with Peru, on the Wabash and Erie Canal. by John Winthrop, Jr. in 1638, of an Indian sagIndianola, Ia., c. h. Warren co. amore, named Masconnomet, for 20 pounds. It Industry, Me., Franklin co. This town borders was first settled in 1633, and named after the N. W. on Sandy River, and is a valuable tract of town of Ipswich, in England. Its Indian name land. It lies 32 miles N. W. from Augusta, and was Agawam, signifying a fishing station. Ipswich is bounded S. W. by Farmington. Industry was is one of the shire towns of the county, a port of incorporated in 1803: it has a pleasant village. entry, and a place long noted for its enterprise in Ingham County, Mn., c. h. at Vevay. Incorpo- commerce and manufactures. Ipswich River passrated in 1838. Bounded N. by Clinton and es through the town, and flows into a bay of the Shiawassbe counties, E. by Livingston, S. by same name. The river affords a good water powJackson, and W. by Eaton co. Watered by Pine, er, and at its mouth is an excellent harbor. The Swampy, and Portage Lakes, and Red Cedar, surface is pleasantly interspersed with hills and Willow, Mud, and Sycamore Creeks. Surface vales; the soil is of a good quality. The village mostly level, and soil fertile. of Ipswich is very pleasant. It lies on both sides Ionia County, Mn., c. h. at Ionia. Bounded N. of the river, which is crossed by a stone bridge, by Montcalm, E. by Clinton, S. by Eaton and with two arches, built in 1764, at a cost of 1000 Barry, and WV. by Kent co. Drained by Grand pounds. The Ipswich Female Seminary is situRiver and its tributaries. Surface slightly undu- ated in the centre of the village. Distances, 25 lating; soil of excellent quality. miles E. from Lowell, and 25 from Boston by the Ionia, Mn., c. h. Ionia co. On both sides of Eastern Railroad. Grand River. 136 miles WV. N. W. from Detroit. Zra, N. Y., Cayvuga co. The surface of this town Iowa City, Io. Capital of the state, and seat is undulating, and watered by a few small streams; of justice of Johnson co. It stands on the E. soil mostly sandy loam of good quality. 20 miles bank of Iowa River, 88 miles N. by W. from Bur- N. from Auburn, and 160 W. by N. from Albany. lington, and 50 miles W. from Davenport, these Ira, Vt., Rutland co. This township is eletowns being on the Mississippi. This place was vated; it contains good land for rearing cattle. hunting ground for the Indian until 1839, when Castleton River and Ira Brook wash a part of the it was selected by the legislature to be the seat town, but afford no valuable mill privileges. The of government. Within one year from that town was organized in 1779. From Montpelier time it contained between 500 and 700 in- 40 miles S. W.. and 8 S. XV. from Rutland. habitants, with two hotels, stores, mechanics' Irasburg, Vt., Orleans co. Irasburg is someshops, &c., and it has continued ever since rapidly what diversified with gentle hills and valleys. to increase. The first plateau from the river, The soil is easy to cultivate, and, in general, proabout 100 yards in width, is reserved as a public duces good crops. Black River passes through promenade. There is then an elevation of about the township in a north-easterly direction, and 12 feet, and a second elevation of about 18 feet, Barton River just touches upon the eastern corupon which the city is built. Upon the brow of ner. Nearly in the centre of the township is a this second natural terrace, Capitol Street is laid small village. The settlement was commenced a out, 120 feet in width, and is intersected at right little previous to the year 1800. Distance from angles by Iowa Avenue, of the same width. The Montpelier, 42 miles N. E. State House, on Capitol Street, and fronting Iowa Iredell County, N. C., c. h. at Statesville. BoundAvenue, is an elegant building, constructed of ed N. by Wilkes and Surry counties, E. by Davie'birdseye marble," at a cost of about $120,000; and Rowan, S. by Mecklenburg, and W. by Ca IN THE UNITED STATES. 411 tawba and Caldwell counties. Watered on the S. alluvial flats, containing about 3000 acres. Back W. border by Catawba River, and drained by of these flats the hills rise gradually, on three branches of the South Yadkin. sides, to an elevation of about 500 feet, exhibiting Irondequoit, N. Y., Monroe co. Bounded on some of the most magnificent scenery, especially the N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Irondequoit Bay, as the landscape presents itself to the eye upon and W. by the Genesee River. The surface is the lake. Back of the hills the surface is unduchiefly level; soil gravelly and sandy loam. 5 lating, and the soil of excellent quality. Several miles N. from the city of Rochester, and 220 W. considerable streams, which drain the township, by N. from Albany. pour their waters over the hills in their course Iroquois County, Is., c. h. at Montgomery. towards the lake; and bv their beautiful cascades Bounded N. by Will co., E. by Indiana, and S. and and stupendous cataracts, add much to the picW. by Vermilion co. Watered by the Iroquois turesque features of the scenery. The largest of River and branches, Kankakee River, and Sugar these are the Cascadilla, Fall Creek, and Six and Spring Creeks. Much of the land is fertile Mile Creek. The Cascadilla, in one place, tumprairie. bles over a succession of ledges, in the form of a Irvine, Ky., c. h. Estill co. On the N. side of gigantic stairway, through a descent of 100 feet. Kentucky River. 68 miles S. E. from Frankfort. Near the N. end of the village, Fall Creek deIrwin County, Ga., c. h. at Irwinville. Bounded scends over rocks, within a distance of one mile, N. by Dooly, Pulaski, and Telfair, E. by Telfair 438 feet; in the course of which the whole sheet and Ware, S. by Lowndes, and W. by Baker and of water is at once precipitated over a perpendicLee counties. Watered by the head branches of ular fall of 116 feet. Santilla, Alapahaw, Withlacoochee, and Oclock- The village of Ithaca, founded about 1800, by ony Rivers; the Ockmulgee River also runs along Simeon De Witt, surveyor general of the state, its N. E. boundary. and incorporated in 1821, is very beautifully sitIrwin, Pa., Venango co. This is a level town, uated, about a mile and a half above the head watered by Scrub Grass Creek; soil loam. 12 of the lake. Small vessels and steamboats can miles S. W. from Franklin. come up to the village by the Cayuga Inlet. It Irwinsville, Ga., c. h. Irwin co. On the E. side of lies partly on the alluvial plain, and partly on the Alapahaw River. 105 miles S. from Milledgeville. rising acclivities behind it. It is handsomely laid Irwinton, Ga., c. h. Wilkinson co. 4 miles W. out, having two or three fine avenues running from the Oconee River, between Commissioner's from the lake to and through the village, and and Big Sandy Creeks, and 20 miles S. from Mil- forming a part of the streets, which are numerous, ledgeville. and cross each other at right angles. The houses Isle La Motte, Vt., Grand Isle co. An island are tastefully and neatly built; and many of the in Lake Champlain, in the western part of the streets are lined with beautiful shade trees, formcounty. It was chartered by this name to Ben- ing vistas which open charming views of the adjamin Wait and others, October 27, 1789. The jacent hills. That portion of the place which settlement was commenced about the year 1785, lies upon the hill commands a fine view of the and the town was organized about the year 1790. lake, the valley, the inlet, and the surrounding There are no streams on the island. A marsh country, which is highly cultivated. extends. across it, which abounds with excellent Within the chartered limits of Ithaca, there excedar. The rocks are limestone. 28 miles N. W. ists hydraulic power equal to any in the state, for from Burlington, and 13 nearly W. from St. Al- extent and facility of application. The water bans. power on Fall Creek alone, it is said, is capable Isle of Wight County, Va., c. h. at Isle of Wight. of operating 133,000 spindles, at all seasons of the Bounded on the N. by Surry, and on the E. by year. There are at present on this and the other Nansemond counties, on the N. E. by James Riv- streams which pass by Ithaca into the lake, sever, separating it from Warwick, and W. by Black- eral large manufacturing establishments, among water River, separating it from Southampton. which are cotton and woollen mills, flouring mills, Islesboro', Me., Waldo co., comprises several isl- furnaces and machine shops, plaster mills, and ands in Penobscot Bay. 56 miles E. from Augusta. mills for the manufacture of paper, sashes and Islip, N. Y., Suffolk co. Washed on the S. by blinds, oil, tobacco, &c. the Great South Bay. Surface level; soil light This place is very advantageously situated for and sandy. 28 miles W. from Riverhead, and trade. By means of Cayuga Lake, and the Cayu197 S. S. E. from Albany. ga and Seneca Canal, it communicates with the Issaquena County, Mi., c. h. at Tallulah. New. Erie Canal. A beautiful steamboat for conveying Italy, N. Y., Yates co. Watered by Flint passengers, runs daily on the lake, from Ithaca to Creek, and on the N. W. by Canandaigua Lake. Cayuga Bridge, a distance of 42 miles, where it Surface somewhat hilly; soil clay loam upon a meets the railroad from Albany to Buffalo. A basis of slate. 15 miles W. from Penn Yan, and railroad extends S. 29 miles to Owego, on the 198 from Albany. Susquehanna River, where it intersects the Great Itasca County, Ma., includes the sources of the Erie Railroad, and thus opens a continuous railMississippi. road communication from Ithaca to Jersey City, itawamba County, Mi., c. h. at Fulton. Bounded opposite New York. N. by Tishamingo co., E. by Alabama, S. by Mon- Izard County, As., c. h. at Athens. Bounded roe co., and W. by Pontotoc. Surface slightly N. by Fulton co., E. and S. by Lawrence, Indeuneven, and watered by the, head branches of the pendence, and Van Buren, and W. by Searcy co. Tombigbee River; soil fertile. Watered by White River and its tributaries, and Ithaca, N. Y., shire town of Tompkins co., lies by some streams flowing into the Big Black. at the head of Cayuga Lake, 170 miles W. by S. from Albany, and 277 miles, by railroad, N. W. Jacinto, Mi., c. h. Tishamingo co. At the head from New York. The lake extends S. into the of Tuscumbia Creek. 233 miles N. N.E. from town about 2 miles. Around its head are fine Jackson. 412 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Jacksboro', Te. c. h Campbell co. Jackson, Mn., c. h. Jackson co. On Grand Jackson Coutnty, Aa., c. h. at Bellefonte. Bound- River, which affords a good hydraulic power. ed N. by Tennessee, E. by De Kalb co., S. by 79 miles W. from Detroit. Marshall, and W. by Madison. Tennessee River Jackson County, Mi., c. h. at Jackson. Bounded flows near its E. and on its S. border, and Flint N. by Greene co., E. by Alabama, S. by the Gulf River on its S. W. It is also watered by Rac- of Mexico, and W. by Harrison and Perry councoon Creek and Paint Rock Creek and branches. ties. It is well watered by the Pascagoula River Surface mountainous. and branches, but the soil is sterile, producing Jackson County, As., c. h. at Elizabeth. Bound- little but pine trees and cotton. ed N. by Lawrence, E. by Poinsett, S. by St. Jackson, Mi., capital of the state, and seat of Francis co., and W. by White and Big Black justice of Hinds co. It stands on the W. side Rivers, separating it from White and Independ- of Pearl River, which is navigable for boats to ence counties. Cache River runs nearly through this place It is about 45 miles E. of Vicksburg, the centre of this county. on the Mississippi River, with which point it is Jackson County, Fa., c. h. at Marianna. Bound- connected by a railroad. The town is regularly ed N. by Alabama, E. by the Chattahoochee and laid out, upon a level spot about half a mile square, Appalachicola Rivers, separating it from Georgia and distant about a quarter of a mile from the and Gadsden co., S. by Washington co., and W. river. The State House is an elegant structure, by the Choctawhatchee River, separating it from which is said to have cost $600,000. Besides Walton co. Drained by Spring, Holmes, and this the State Penitentiary, a large and handSandy Creeks. Surface somewhat uneven on the some building, the Governor's House, the United W., but elsewhere level; soil rich on the margins States land office, the Court House, the Methodof the streams, and of excellent quality in some ist and Baptist Churches, are public buildings other portions. which are ornamental to the place. A railroad Jackson County, Ga., c. h. at Jefferson. Bounded extends E. to Brandon 14 miles. N. E. by Madison co., S. E. by Clarke, S. W. Jackson County, Mo., c. h. at Independence. by Gwinnett, and N. W. by Hall. Branches of Bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating it Oconee and Appalachee Rivers traverse its surface. from Clay co., E. by Lafayette and Johnson, S. Jackson, Ga., c. h. Butts co. A few miles W. by Van Buren co., and W. by Indian territory. from Ockmulgee River, and 67 miles W. from Surface undulating, and drained by Big and LitMilledgeville. tle Blue Rivers, and Fire Prairie Creek; soil Jackson County, Is., c. h. at Brownsville. Ir. productive. corporated in 1816, and bounded N. by Perry, E. Jackson, Mo., c. h. Cape Girardeau co. 10 miles by Franklin and Williamson, S. by Union co., W. from Mississippi River, on a branch of Whiteand W. by the Mississippi River, separating it water River. from Missouri, and by Randolph co. Drained Jackson, N. C., c. h. Northampton co. 108 miles by Muddy River and its branches, on the bor- N. E. from Raleigh. der of which, near Brownsville, salt is found. Jackson, N. H., Coos co. On the E. side of the The N. E. portions are partly prairie land. White Mountains. The surface is uneven, but Jackson County, Ia., c. h. at Brownstown. In- the soil rich and productive. Ellis's River is the corporated in 1815, and bounded N. by Brown principal stream. The principal elevations are and Bartholomew counties, E. by Jennings, S. by Black, Baldface, and Thorn Mountains. JackWashington, and W. by Lawrence co. Surface son was formerly called Adams. Excellent tin undulating, and drained by Muscatauck River ore is found in this town. First settler, Benjaand the Driftwood Fork of White River, and Salt min Copp, in 1779. 90 miles N. E. from Concord, and White Creeks. Soil fertile. and 40 S. E. from Lancaster. J.ackson County, Io., c. h. at Bellevue. Bounded Jackson, N. Y., Washington co. The surface N. by Dubuque co., E. by the Mississippi River, of this town is somewhat hilly; soil clay and S. by Clinton, and W. by Jones co. The Maco- sandy loam. 5 miles S. from Salem, and 42 quetais River and branches drain the surface, N. E. from Albany. which is rich in mineral products, the chief of Jackson County, 0., c. h. at Jackson. Hockwhich are iron, tin, copper, zinc, gypsum, and ing and Athens bound it on the N., Athens and porcelain clay. The water in this county is re- Gallier on the E., Lawrence and Scioto on the markably pure, and the soil very fertile. S., and Pike and Ross counties on the W. It Jackson, Ky., c. h. Breathitt co. was established in February, 1816. The land is Jackson Parish, La. Northern central. On well adapted for farming, although it is hilly and the height of land between the Wachita and uneven. Little Raccoon, Little Scioto, Salt and Dugdemona. Symmes Creek, are the most important streams. Jackson, La., c. h. East Feliciana parish. On the Millstone grit and stone coal are found in great E. side of Thompson's Creek, and is the seat of plenty. Iron ore is also found in some parts. Louisiana College. 124 miles N. W. from New Jackson, 0., c. h. Jackson co. 63 miles S. S. Orleans. E. from Columbus, and 28 S. E. from Chillicothe. Jackson, Me., Waldo co. An interior township Jackson, Pa., Cambria co. Surface undulating; of good land. 49 miles N. E. from Augusta. soil calcareous loam and clay. Jackson County, Mn., c. h. at Jackson. This Jackson, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by branches county was incorporated in 1832, and is bounded of Fishing Creek. N. by Eaton and Ingham counties, E. by Wash- Jackson, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by Powtenaw, S. by Lenawee and Hillsdale, and W. by ell's and Armstrong's Creeks, branches of the Calhoun co. Grand River and branches, Kala- Susquehanna River. Surface diversified with mazoo and Raisin Rivers, and Portage, Goose, hills and valleys, having Berry Mountain on the and Sandstone Creeks,, besides several small N., and Peter's on the S.; soil gravelly on the lakes, water the surface, which is chiefly undu- hills, and sandy loam in the valleys..ating. Limestone abounds here. Soil fertile. Jackson, Pa., Lebanon co. Tulpehocken and IN THE UNITED STATES. 413 Swatara Creeks water this town, and the Union Course. 8 miles E. from Brooklyn, and 158 S Canal crosses it from E. to W. Surface level; from Albany. soil calcareous loam. 7 miles E. from Lebanon. Jamaica, Vt., Windham co. West River passes Jackson, Pa., Susquehanna co. Lackawannock through this township, and, together with its triband Tunkhannock Creeks water this town, the utaries, affords excellent mill privileges. The surface of which is hilly; soil gravel and clay. surface is broken and mountainous, and the ele181 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. vations rocky; but the soil is in general warm.Jackson, Pa., Tioga co. Surface hilly, and and productive. A range of primitive limestone watered by Seely's and Mill Creeks; soil loam passes through the township. There is a pleasant and gravel. and flourishing village near the centre of the Jackson County, Te., c. h. at Gainesboro'. town. The settlement was commenced in 1780, Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Overton co., S. by people from Mendon, Ms., and its vicinity. by Putnam, and W. by Smith and Macon coun- 90 miles S. from Montpelier, and 14 N. W. from ties. Cumberland River and its branches water Newfane. this county. James City County, Va., c. h. at Williamsburg. Jackson, Te., c. h. Madison co. On the N. side Bounded N. E. by York River, separating it from of Forked Deer River. 134 miles W. S. W. Gloucester co., S. E. by York co., S. and W. by from Nashville. James and Chickahominy Rivers, separating it Jackson County, Ts., c. h. at Texana. On La from Surry and Charles City counties, and N. W. Vacca River. by New Kent co. Jackson County, Va., c. h. at Ripley. Bounded Jamestown, N. Y., Chautauque co. On the N. E. by Wood co., S. E. by Kanawha, S. W. by S. E. end of Chautauque Lake, at its outlet. 331 Mason, and N. W. by the Ohio River. Big Sand miles W. by S. from Albany. A manufacturing and Big Mill Creeks, and a tributary of Little place, in the shops of which are produced almost Kanawha River, drain this county. every variety of fabrics, wares, agricultural imJackson, Va., c. h. Jackson co. 336 miles plements, and household utensils. A steamboat W. N. W. from Richmond. runs to Maysville, 21 miles, at the western end Jacksonboro', Ga., c. h. Scriven co. On the W. of the lake. side of Brier Creek. 116 miles E. S. E. from Jamestown, R. I., Newport co. This town comMilledgeville. prises Connanicut, a beautiful island in NarraJacksonville, Aa., c. h. Benton co. 2 miles E. ganset Bay, about 8 miles in length; its average from Tallasseehatchee Creek, and 139 E. N. E. breadth is about a mile. The soil is a rich loam, from Tuscaloosa. and peculiarly adapted for grazing, and the proJacksonville, Fa., c. h. Duvall co. On the N. W. duction of Indian corn and barley. The inhabbank of St. John's River. 252 miles E. from itants of this island are remarkable for their in. Tallahassee. dustry and agricultural skill, which, united with Jacksonville, Is., c. h. Morgan co. 33 miles W. the fertility of the soil and the location of the from Springfield, in the midst of a fertile prairie, island, renders it a delightful place. The disthe seat of Illinois College. See Colleges. One tance from the town or island to Newport and of the largest inland towns in the state, and con- South Kingston is about a mile each way; to nected with the Illinois River and with Spring- each of those places a ferry is established. The field by railroad. island was purchased of the Indians in 1657. Jaffrey, N. H., Cheshire co. The Grand Mo- Jamestown, Va., James City co. This is the nadnock lies in the N. W. part of this town, and oldest English settlement in the United States. in Dublin. Innumerable streams of water issue having been made in 1608. It was located on a from it; the largest rises 100 rods from the sum- point of land extending into James River, 32 mit, and descends in a S. E. direction. The soil miles above its mouth, and is now in ruins, conof Jaffrey is uneven, affording numerous mead- taining the remains of a church steeple and graveows and rich pastures. There are several ponds yard, some ancient fortifications, and 2 or 3 old in Jaffrey. Out of 3 issue streams sufficient to houses. 8 miles S. W. from Williamsburg, and carry mills. In the largest, which is 400 rods 65 E. S. E. from Richmond. long, and 140 wide, is an island comprising about Janesville, Wn., c. h. Rock co. On Rock River. 10 acres. About 1i miles S. E. from the moun- A flourishing place, 30 miles S. W. from Madison. tain is the "Monadnock Mineral Spring." It Jasper County, Ga., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded preserves so uniform a temperature as never to N. by Newton and Morgan counties, E. by Puthave been known to freeze. The spring is slightly nam, S. by Jones co., and W. by the Ockmulgee impregnated with carbonate of iron and sulphate River. of soda, and where it issues from the earth yellow Jasper County, Is., c. h. at Newton. Bounded ochre is thrown out. Jaffrey received its name N. by Cumberland, E. by Crawford, S. by Richfrom George Jaffrey, Esq., of Portsmouth, one land, and W. by Clay and Effingham counties. of the original proprietors. First settlers, Mr. Surface flat, and rather low, two thirds being Grant and John J)avison, in 1758. 46 miles prairie. Embarrass River drains this county. S. W. by S. from Concord, and about 15 S. E. Jasper County, Ia., c. h. at Rensselaer. Bounded from Keene. N. by the Kankakee River, separating it from Jamaica Plains, Ms., in the town of West Rox- Lake and Porter counties, E. by Stark, Pulaski, bury, Norfolk co. 3j miles S. W. from Boston, and White counties, S. by Benton co., and W. by railroad. Has many beautiful country seats. by Illinois. Drained by the Iroquois River, and Jamaica, N. Y., Queen's co. This town con- Pine and Sugar Creeks. tains the greater part of Jamaica Bay, into which Jasper, Ia., c. h. Dubois co. On the N. W. flows several small streams. The surface is hilly side of Patoka Creek. 124 miles S. S. W. from on the N., and on the S. are extensive salt Indianapolis. marshes. The soil is chiefly sandy loam of good Jasper County, Io., c. h. at Newton. S. centraL quality. Its W. part contains the Union Race Jasper County, Mi., c. h. at Paulding. Bounded 414 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., N. by Newton co., E. by Clarke, S. by Jones, Jefferson County, Fa., c. h. at Monticello. and W. by Smith. Drained by tributaries of Bounded N. by Georgia, E. by Oscilla River, sepaLeaf River. rating it from Madison co., S. by Appalachee Jasper County, Mo., Jasper shire town. Bounded Bay, and W. by Wakulla and Leon counties. N. by Bates co., E. by Cedar, Dade, and Law- Mickasuky Lake lies in the W. part, and its outrence, S. by Newton co., and W. by Indian terri- let, united with several other streams, and afford tory. Surface undulating, and watered by a ing some water power, sinks into the earth, and branch of Neosho River; soil fertile. disappears 2 miles S. E. from the lake. Soil ferJasper, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Ben- tile in many portions. nett's and Tuscarora Creeks. Surface undulat- Jefferson County, Ga., c. h. at Louisville. ing; soil gravelly loam and clay. 18 miles Bounded N. and E. by Warren, Richmond, and S. W. from Bath, and 240 W. by S. from Albany. Burke counties, S. by a branch of Ogeechee Jasper, Te., c. h. Marion co. On the W. side of River, separating it from Emanuel co., and W. Sequatchy River. 114 miles S. E. from Nashville. by Washington co. Brier Creek runs on its N. Jasper County, Ts., c. h. at Jasper. On the E. border, and Ogeechee River and branches. middle E. border, between the Sabine and Naches. Reedy and Mill Creeks, drain the interior. Java, N. Y., Wyoming co. Drained by Sen- Jefferson, Ga., c. h. Jackson co. On the W. eca and the head branches of Cattaraugus Creek. side of Oconee River. 95 miles N. from MilThe surface is rolling; soil clay loam. 15 miles ledgeville. S. W. from Warsaw, and 263 W. from Albany. Jefferson County, Is., c. h. at Mount Vernon. Jay County, Ia., c. h. at Jay. Bounded N. by Bounded N. by Marion, E. by Wayne and HamWells and Adams counties, E. by Ohio, S. by ilton, S. by Franklin, and W. by Berry and Randolph, and W. by Delaware and Blackford Washington counties. Branches of Big Muddy counties. Drained by Salamie River Soil chief- and Little Wabash water this county, of which ly fertile. one third of the surface is prairie, and the soil Jay, Ia., c. h. Jay co. On the N. side of Salamie tolerably fertile. River. 100 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. Jefferson County, Ia., c. h. at Madison. IncorJay, Me., Franklin co. Jay lies at a bend of porated in 1809, and bounded N. by Jennings Androscoggin River, 29 miles W. by N. from and Ripley, E. by Switzerland co., S. by the Augusta, and 12 S. S. W. from Farmington. Ohio River and Clark co., and W. by Scott co. Jay, N. Y., Essex co. The E. branch of the Surface diversified and drained by branches of Au gable River waters this town, the surface of Muscatauck River, by Indian Kentucky, ant which is broken by the Adirondack range of Big and Lewis Creeks. Soil fertile. mountains. Along the borders of the river are Jefferson County, Io., c. h. at Fairfield. Incorsome extensive and fertile plains. 18 miles N. porated in 1839, and bounded N. by Keokuck and from Elizabeth, and 153 N. from Albany. Washington counties, E. by Henry, S. by Van Jay, Vt., Orleans co. A part of this town is Buren, and W. by Warello co. Drained by very mountainous — Jay's Peak, lying in the S. Checauque or Skunk River and tributaries. Soil W. part; the other part is good arable land, and fertile. Limestone and anthracite coal are found would produce good crops if well cultivated. A here. number of streams issue from the mountain, and Jefferson County, Ky., c. h. at Louisville. produce an ample water power. Previous to the Bounded N. by Oldham co., E. by Shelby, S. by last war with Great Britain, 5 or 6 families had Bullitt co., and W. by Salt River, separating it settled in this township, but during the war they from Hardin co., and the Ohio River, separating nearly all left it. A few families have since re- it from Indiana. Floyd's Fork and Pond Creek, turned, and the settlement has been advancing. branches of Salt River, water this county, opposite 16 miles N. W. from Irasburg, and 50 N. from which are the rapids of the Ohio, having a canal Montpelier. around them. Jefferson City, Mo. Capital of the state, and Jefferson Parish, La., c. h. at Lafayette. seat of justice of Cole co. 130 miles WV. of St. Bounded N. by the Mississippi River, separating Louis. It is situated on the S. side of the Mis- it from Orleans parish, E. by Plaquemine parish, souri River. about 9 miles above the mouth of S. by Barrataria Bay, and W. by La Fourche InOsage River. The distance to St. Louis by terior and St. Charles parishes. The surface is steamboat is 154 miles. It is built on elevated mostly too low for cultivation, except on the and uneven ground, offering many handsome borders of the rivers. situations for private residence. The public build- Jefferson, Me., Lincoln co. Jefferson lies at ings are the State House, a spacious and elegant the head of Damariscotta River, and embraces a house for the governor, the state penitentiary, large body of water. It is otherwise watered by an academy, and churches of various denomina- several ponds, producing streams for mill seats, tions. The place is rapidly growing in popula- which give to Jefferson great facilities for sawing tion, business, and wealth. and transporting lumber. This is a flourishing Jefferson County, Aa., c. h. at Elyton. Bounded town in its trade and agricultural pursuits. It is N. by Blount co., E. and S. by St. Clair and Shel- bounded N. by Washington, and S. by Newby, and W. by Tuscaloosa and Walker counties. castle. 28 miles E. S. E. from Augusta. Drained by Locust Fork of Black Warrior River Jefferson County, Mi., c. h. at Fayette. This and its tributaries. county is bounded N. by Claiborne, E. by Copiah, Jefferson County, As., c. h. at Pine Bluffs. S. by Franklin and Adams counties, and W. by Bounded N. by Pulaski, E. by Arkansaw, S. by the Mississippi River, separating it from LouisDesha and Dallas, and W. by Dallas and Saline iana. Drained by Bayou Pierre and Homochitto counties. The Arkansas River flows nearly Rivers, and Fairchild's and Cole's Creeks and through the centre of this county, which is also branches. Soil poor in the E., but fertile in the watered by branches of Bayou, Bartholomew, and W. portions. Saline Rivers. Jefferson County, Mo., c. h. at Hillsboro'. IN THE UNITED STATES. 415 Bounded N. by St. Louis co., E. by the Missis- Mile Creek. Surface undulating; soil loam. sippi River, S. by St. Genevieve and Francois, 204 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. and W. by Washington and Franklin counties. Jefferson County, Te., c. h. at Dandridge. Drained by Big River and Joachim Creek. Sur- Bounded N. by Hawkins co., E. by Greene and face rough and hilly; soil diversified. Minerals of Union, S. by Sevier co., and W. by Holston River, different kinds and mineral springs are abundant. separating it from Grainger co. The French Jefferson Barracks, Mo., St. Louis co. This Broad River runs on its S. W. border. Surface U. S. military station lies 142 miles E. from rough and uneven; soil rich in some portions. Jefferson Citv. Jefferson County, Ts., c. h. at Beaumont. In Jefferson, N. C.. c. h. Ashe co. On the W. side the S. E. corner. of New River. 202 miles W. N. W. from Raleigh. Jefferson County, Va., c. h. at Charleston. Jefferson, N. H., Coos co. Pondicherry Pond, Bounded N. E. by the Potomac River, separating in this town, is about 200 rods in diameter. Pon- it from Maryland, S. E. by Shenandoah River, dicherry Bay is about 200 rods wide and 100 separating it from Loudon co., S. W. by Clarke, long. Around the base of Mount Plinyis excel- and N. W. by Berkely co. Watered on the W. lent grazing and tillage land, and on its S. W. boundary by Opequan Creek. Surface rough and side are several fine farms, which command a hilly; soil various. delightful view of the White Mountains. Israel's Jefferson County, Wn., c. h. at Jefferson. River passes through Jefferson, and here receives Bounded N. by Dodge, E. by Waukesha, S. by a considerable branch. First settlers, Colonel Walworth and Rock, and W. by Dane co. Joseph Whipple, Samuel Hart, and others, in Drained by Rock River. Surface marshy in 1773. 98 miles N. from Concord, and 10 S. E. some portions. from Lancaster. Jeffersonton, Ga., c. h. Camden co. On the S. Jefferson, N. J., Morris co. This town is drained bank of St. Illa River, at the head of navigaby Rockaway River, a good mill stream, and tion. 270 miles S. S. E. from Milledgeville. contains Hurd's Pond, which is 1& miles long Jeffersonton, Va., Culpepper co. On the W. and 1 mile wide, and enters Hopatcong Lake, side of Rappahannock River. 112 miles N. N. which is from 3 to 4 miles long and 1 mile wide, W. from Richmond. Lee's Sulphur Springs are covering about 3000 acres. This lake is a feeder to near this place. the Morris Canal. Iron ore abounds in the moun- Jeffersonville, Ia., Clark co. On the N. bank of tains. 15 miles N. W. from Morristown. Ohio River, just above the rapids, and opposite Jefferson County, N. Y., c. h. at Watertown. Louisville, Ky. S. by E. from Indianapolis 117 Incorporated in 1805. Bounded on the N. by St. miles, with which it is connected by railroad. Lawrence, E. by Lewis, S. by Oswego co., and W. Jenner, Pa., Somerset co. Surface undulating, by Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, and and drained by Beaver Dam Run, on the borders is watered by Black, Chaumont, and Perch Riv- of which coal is found; soil clay. 12 miles N. ers, and Sandy and Stony Creeks, besides several W. from Somerset. small lakes. The surface is generally level, or Jennings County, Ia., c. h. at Vernon. Incorposlightly uneven, and the soil mostly a rich sandy rated in 1816, and bounded N. by Bartholomew loam. This county is one of the richest in the and Decatur, E. by Ripley, S. by Jefferson and state in mineral productions, containing immense Scott, and W. by Jackson co. Watered by Graquantities of iron ore, besides several localities of ham's and the N. fork of Muscatauck River and lead and copper. Sand Creek, which afford valuable hydraulic Jefferson, N. Y., Schoharie co. Drained by power. Surface hilly; soil calcareous loam. the branches of Schoharie Creek, and some of The Madison and Indianapolis Railroad passes the head branches of the Delaware River. Sur- through this co. face hilly and mountainous; soil sandy loam of Jericho, Vt., Chittenden co. Jericho is watered indifferent quality, except in the valleys. 20 miles with springs and brooks. Winooski River washes S. W. from Schoharie village, and 57 from Albany. the S. W. boundary, and Brown's River, Little Jefferson County, O., c. h. at Steubenville, is River, and Mill Brook are within its limits. The bounded N. by Carroll and Columbiana counties, soil and timber are various in different parts. It E. by the Ohio River, S. by Belmont, and W. by is a good farming town, and well adapted to raisHIarrison and Carroll counties. It has a fertile ing most kinds of grain and grass. There is a soil, which produces fine crops of wheat, and is village at the centre of the town, and another at watered by Yellow, Cross, and Short Creeks. the corner, in the W. part of the town. The setJelferson, O., Scioto co., borders on the Scioto tlement of Jericho was commenced in 1774, by River, and is a township well adapted to raising Messrs. Messenger, Rood, and Brown, with their grain and timber. In the early settling of the families, from the western part of Massachusetts. country, a sycamore tree, on the farm of Abra- 25 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 12 E. from ham Miller, admitted at one time within the hol- Burlington. low of the trunk 14 horses, all mounted. Jersey County, Is., c. h. at Jerseyville. Bounded Jefferson, O., c.h.Ashtabulaco. 10 milesfrom N. by Greene and E. by Macoupin co., S. by Lake Erie, nnd 204 N. E. from Columbus. Madison co. and the Mississippi River, separating Jefferson County, Pa., c. h. at Brookville. It is it from Missouri, and W. by the Illinois River, bounded N. and N. E. by Warren and Elk coun- separating it from Calhoun co. Watered on the ties, E. by Clearfield, S. by Indiana, and W. by N. by a branch of the Illinois River. Armstrong and Clarion counties. Watered by Jersey City, N. J. City and seat of justice for Toby's and Clarion Rivers, Manoning and Big Hudson co., situated on the W. bank of Hudson and Little Sandy Creeks. Surface hilly, abound- River, opposite the city of New York. The ing with iron and coal; soil mostly fertile in the ground on which it is built projects into the river, valleys. having a bay both N. and S. of it. This peninJefferson, Pa., Greene co. On the W. side of sula, or point of land, w~ called by the Indians the Monongahela River, and watered by Ten Arese-heck, by the Dut, sometimes, Areseck 416 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Houck, and afterwards Paulus-Hoeck, from which Jo. Daviess County, Is., c. h. at Galena. Named comes Powzles Hook. From a remote period, this from an officer who fell in the battle of Tippecaterritory belonged to the Van Vorst family. In noe. The county is bounded N. by Wn., E. by 1804 the title was conveyed to the' Association Stephenson co., S. by Carroll co., and W. by the of the Jersey Company," which received an act Mississippi River, separating itfrom Iowa. Surof incorporation that year, and on the 28th of face undulating or hilly, and drained by Fever January, 1820, an act was passed to incorporate River and Rush's, Apple, and Pine Creeks:; soil the " City of Jersey," under which, with various productive. Lead and copper ores are abundant. alterations and amendments, it still continues Johnson County, N. C., c. h. at Smithfield. with a city government. At the time of its in- Bounded N. E. by the Moccason River, sepacorporation it was a mere village, with about 300 rating it from Nash co., E. by Wayne co., S. by inhabitants. Since that time various causes have Sampson, S. W. by Cumberland, and N. W. by contributed rapidly to increase the business and Wake co. Watered by the Neuse River and its population of the place. This is now the prin- tributaries. cipal starting-point of the great line of southern Johnson County, As., c. h. at Clarksville. Boundtravel. The New Jersey Railroad commences ed N. by Newton co., E. by Pope, S. by Yell, and here, which connects with other railroads to W. by Franklin co. Watered by the Arkansas Philadelphia. The Ramapo Railroad also com- River and some of its branches. Surface rough mences here, uniting with and making a con- and hilly; soil fertile on the borders of the streams. tinuous line with the Erie Railroad. This Johnson County, Is., c. h. at Vienna. Incorpoalso is the terminus of the Morris Canal, which, rated in 1812, and bounded N. by Williamson after a circuitous route of 101 miles, and a total co., E. by Pope, S. by Massac and Alexander, rise and fall of 1669 feet, unites the waters of and W. by Union co. It is well watered. Surthe Delaware with the harbor of New York. face generally level; the soil in some parts fertile, The city, though small, is well laid out, with but, being low, is rather unhealthy. wide and convenient streets, crossing each other Johnson County, Ia., c. h. at Franklin. Incorpoat right angles, and has many handsome build- rated in 1822, and bounded N. by Marion, E. by ings. It contains five or six churches, of differ- Shelby, S. by Bartholomew and Brown, and W. ent denominations; a high school for boys, and by Morgan co. Surface undulating, and drained a female academy, both of which have an ex- by Sugar, Young's, Stott's, and Indian Creeks. cellent reputation. Several branches of manu- Soil of excellent quality. The Madison and Infacture are carried on in Jersey City and its sub- dianapolis Railroad passes through it. urbs, upon an extensive scale. There is a pot- Johnson County, Io, c. h. at Iowa City. tery, where the beautiful Delft ware is made; a Bounded N. by Linn co., E. by Cedar and Musflint glass factory, employing not less than 100 catine, S. by Louisa and Washington, and W. hands; a ropewalk, a starch factory, two or three by Iowa co. Surface uneven, and watered by iron founderies, and two or three steam mills for Iowa River and branches; soil fertile. the manufacture of carpets. Being closely con- Johnson County, Ky., c. h. at Paintville. In the nected with the city of New York, with which it E. part of the state. Drained by affluents of has communication by steam ferry boats every the W. fork of Big Sandy, which flo-,3 through 15 minutes, it is, in fact, though in a different its eastern border from S. to N. Hilly. state, a suburb of that city. It is connected Johnson County, Mo., c. h. at Warrensburg. with the collection district of New York, as a Bounded N. by Lafayette, E. by Pettis, S. by port of entry, together with all that part of New Henry, and XV. by Van Buren and Jackson Jersey lying N. and E. of Elizabethtown and counties. Watered by Blackwater River and its Staten Island. The British line of ocean steam- branches, and a branch of La Maine River. ers, running between New York and Liverpool, Johnson County, Te., c. h. at Taylorsville have established their dock at Jersey City. Bounded N. by Virginia., E. and S. E. by North Population in 1840, 3050; in 1850, 6856. Carolina, S. W. and W. by Carter and Sulli Jersey Shore, Pa., Mifflin, Lycoming co. On van counties. Watered by Watauga, a tributhe N. side of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. tary of Holston River and its branches. It con99 miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. This place sists mostly of valley land, having mountain is on the western branch of the Pennsylvania ridges on its N. W. and S. E. borders. Canal, and has considerable business. Johnson, Vt., Lamoille co. The River La Jerusalem, N. Y., Yates co. Watered by a part moille enters this township near the S. E. corner, of Crooked Lake and a small stream flowing into and running westerly about 2 miles, through a its W. branch. Bluff Point lies in this town, rich tract of intervale, falls over a ledge of rocks the surface of which is rather hilly, and the soil about 15 feet in height into a basin below. This is productive. 5 miles W. from Penn Yan, and called McConnell's Falls. Thence it runs north 192 from Albany. westerly over a bed of rocks about 100 rods, narJessamine County, Ky., c. h. at Nicholasville. rowing its channel and increasing its velocity,when Bounded N. and E. by Fayette co., S. and S. W. it forms a whirlpool, and sinks under a barrier by the Kentucky River, separating it from Madi- of rocks which extend across the river. The son and Garrard counties, and W. by Woodford arch is of solid rock, about 8 feet wide. The co. Drained by Jessamine, Hickman, and surface of this township is uneven; the soil is a branches of Clear Creek. Surface somewhat dark or yellow loam mixed with a light sand, is uneven; soil productive. easily tilled, and very productive. In the northJewett City, Ct., in the town of Griswold, New eastern part, soapstone has been discovered. London co. On the E. side of Quinebaug, at its The village in Johnson is very pleasant. It was junction with Patchaug River, and on the Nor- first settled in 1784, by a revolutionary hero of wich and Worcester Railroad. 47 miles E. by the name of Samuel Eaton. 5 miles N. W. from S. from Hartford. Therm is a fine water power Hydepark, and 32 N. W. from Montpelier. here, and an active busisss in manufacturing. Johnston, R. I., Providence co. This town IN THE UNITED STATES. 417 lies 5 miles W. from Providence, from which Jordan's Saline, Ts., c. h. Vanzant co. it was taken in 1759. It is pleasantly varie- Juniata County, Pa., c. h. at Mifflin. Incorpogated by hills and vales, with a soil adapted rated in 1831, and bounded N. by Mifflin and to the culture of corn and barley, and partic- Union counties, E. and S. by Northumberland larly to all sorts of vegetables and fruits, of and Perry, and W. by Huntingdon and Mifflin. which large quantities are annually sent to Prov- Surface hilly and mountainous, and watered by idence market. The quarries of freestone in Juniata River, Licking, and Tuscarora Creeks; Johnston are valuable; they supply the wants, soil fertile in the valleys. not only of the city and immediate vicinity, but Juniata, Pa., Perry co. Raccoon, Buffalo, and distant places, with that useful material. The Little Buffalo Creeks water this town. Surface Wonasquatucket and Pochasset Rivers, with their mountainous; soil, in the valleys, slate, gravel, tributary streams, give this town a good hydraulic and calcareous loam. 39 miles W. N. W, from power. Beautiful manufacturing villages are scat- Harrisburg. tered along the banks of these waters, present- Junius, N. Y., Seneca co. The surface of this ing to the eye of the traveller the pleasant union town is diversified, and the soil very fertile in of our agricultural and manufacturing interests. some portions. 8 miles N. from Waterloo, and Johnstown, N. Y., Fulton co. Garoga and Cay- 173 W. by N. from Albany. udutta Creeks water this shire town. The surface is hilly; soil argillaceous loam. 45 miles Kalamazoo County, Mn., c. h. at Kalamazoo. N. W. from Albany. Incorporated in 1830, and is bounded N. by AlleJohnstown, Pa., Conemaugh, Cambria co. At gan and Barry counties, E. by Calhoun, S. by the entrance of Stony Creek into Little Cone- St. Joseph, and W. by Van Buren co. Surface maugh River. 150 miles W. from Harrisburg. level, or slightly uneven, and drained by KalamaThis is the western terminus of the Portage Rail- zoo and Portage River, and Four Mile, Bear, and road, running to Hollidaysburg. It connects Gull Creeks; soil rich black loam. here with the W. division of the Pennsylvania Kalamazoo, Mn., shire town of Kalamazoo co. Canal, which has a large basin in the centre of 143 miles W. from Detroit, and about 132 E. by the village. S. from Lansing, the capital of the state. It is a Jones County, Ga., c. h. at Clinton. Bounded flourishing place, on the great route of the Michi' N. by Jasper and Putnam counties, E. by Bald- gan Central Railroad, between Detroit and Chiwin and Wilkinson, S. by Twiggs, and W. by cago. The village contains a court house, jail, a Bibb and Monroe. The Ockmulgee River runs branch of the Bank of Michigan, a branch of the on its W. border. Drained by Cedar Creek and Michigan University, the Huron Literary Instiits branches, a tributary of the Oconee River, and tute, and churches of several denominations. An Falling and Walnut Creeks, tributaries of the active business is done here, by one flouring mill, Ockmulgee River. several saw mills, distilleries, and tanneries, and Jones County, Io., c. h. at Edinburg. Bounded by a considerable number of mercantile estabN. by Delaware and Dubuque counties, E. by lishments. Jackson, S. by Cedar, and W. by Linn. Wa- Kalida, 0., c. h. Putnam co. tered by Wapsipinecon and Makoqueta Rivers Kanawha County, Va., c. h. at Kanawha Court and branches. Surface slightly undulating, com- House, otherwise called Charleston. Bounded N. prising extensive prairies; soil fertile. by Jackson and Lewis counties, E. by Braxton Jones County, Mi., c. h. at Ellisville. Bound- and Nicholas, S. by Fayette and Logan, and W. ed N. by Smith and Jasper counties, E. by by Cabell and Mason. Watered by Kanawha Wayne, S. by Perry, and W. by Covington. Wa- River and its branches, Elk and Coal Rivers, tered by branches of Leaf River. and numerous creeks. This county contains Jones County, N. C., c. h. at Trenton. Bounded valuable saline springs and large quantities of N. and E. by Craven co., S. by Carteret and coal. Onslow, and W. by Duplin and Lenoir counties. Kanawha,Va., c. h. Kanawha co.. otherwise called Trent River and its branches water this county. Charleston. On the N. bank of Great Kanawha Surface level, and marshy in many parts. River, at its junction with Elk River. 313 miles Jonesboro',. Is, c. h. Union co. W. N. W. from Richmond. The river is here 300 Jonesboro', Me., Washington co. This town yards wide and 20 feet deep, and is navigable has Chandler's River and the head of English- for steamboats to this place. There are large man's Bay on the E., Jonesport on the S., and steam flouring mills and other mills here. the town of Addison on the W. Incorporated Kanawha Saline, Va., Kanawha co. On the 1809. It lies 134 miles E. by N. from Augusta, N. W. side of Kanawha River. 307 miles W. N. and 12 S. W. from Machias. W. from Richmond. This village is connected Jonesboro', Te., c. h. Washington co. On Little with the salt trade in the vicinity. Limestone Creek, I mile from its source, and 283 Kane County, Is., c. h. at Geneva. Formed from miles E. from Nashville. De Kalb, in 1836. Bounded N. by McHeni.;., Jonesport, Me., Washington co., includes the E. by Cook and Du Page, S. by Kendall, and promontory and several islands on the W. side of W. by De Kalb. Fox River and its branches Englishman's Bay. It has an excellent harbor. afford hydraulic power. 138 miles E. by N. from Augusta, and 16 S. W. Kanesville, Io., c. h. Potawatomie co. Foundfrom Machias. ed by the Mormons after their expulsion from Jonesville, Mn., Hillsdale co. On the E. bank Illinois, and the point from which they despatch of St. Joseph River, of Lake Michigan. 92 miles their emigrant trains to the Great Salt Lake W.S.W. from Detroit. The Michigan Southern valley. It was formerly the seat of a Catholic Railroad passes through it. mission.;Jonesville, Va., c. h. Lee co. On a branch of Karthaus, Pa., Clearfield co. On the N. bank PIqell's River. 384 miles W. by S. from Rich- of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. 114 miles mond. N. W. from Harrisburg. Salt springs in the 53 418 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., vicinity, iron works, and coal give this place Pennsylvania, S. by Lauderdale co., and W. by eonsiderable trade. Neshoba. The Sookanitchie and a branch of Kaskaskia, Is., c. h. Randolph co. On the Oktibbeha River water this county. river of the same name, 11 miles from its junc- Kendall County, Is., c. h. at Yorkville. The surtion with the Mississippi, and 142 S. from face is undulating, and watered by Fox River. Springfield. This is one of the oldest places Kenduskeag, Me., Penobscot co. A new town, in the valley of the Mississippi, having been taken from Levant in 1852. 10 miles N. W. from settled by the French in 1683. It contained as Bangor. many as 100 families when it was ceded to Great Kendall, N. Y., Orleans co. On the shore of Britain in 1763. In the early times of the coun- Lake Ontario. 250 miles W. by N. from Albany. try this was a place of great importance. A Kennebec County, Me., c. h. at Augusta. Southmore beautiful site for a town can hardly be im- eastern central, extending from the Androscoggin agined. It is on an extensive plain, in the centre across the Kennebec, which flows S. through the of a gently-sloping basin, drained by a fine navi- middle of it. Surface undulating; soil excellent. gable stream, and surrounded by a country of Kennebec, Me., Kennebec co. A new town, fertility and beauty unsurpassed. The Kaskaskia, formed from parts of Hallowell, Augusta, Redat this point, approaches within about 6 miles of field, &c., in 1850. the Mississippi, and afterwards recedes again; so Kennebunk, Me., York co. On the S. W. side that the territory of this town occupies a sort of of Kennebunk River, which affords some water neck between the two rivers. The Roman Cath- power. It is a port of entry, but the harbor is olics have a nunnery here, and a church, and barred, and its commerce, once considerable, has the inhabitants are mostly of the French descent greatly declined. 80 miles S. W. from Augusto this day. ta, and 25 S. W. from Portland. Kaufman County, Ts., c. h. at Kaufman. In Kennebunk Port, Me., York co. On Kennebunk the N. E. angle of the state. On the head River opposite Kennebunk, and distant from it 4 waters of the Sabine. miles N. E. Keating, Pa., McKean co. Traversed by the Kennet, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Red Clay Alleghany River and its tributary, Potato Creek. Creek. Surface hilly; soil rich calcareous loam. Surface hilly and uneven, with broad, fertile al- 28 miles S. W. from Philadelphia. luvial bottoms. Kenosha County, Wn., c. h. at Kenosha. In the Keene, N. H., c. h. Cheshire co., is one of the S. E. corner of the state. most flourishing towns in the state. The soil is Kenosha, Wn., c. h. Kenosha co. Formerly called various and generally good. Ashuelot River has Southport. A flourishing place, with consideraits source in a pond in Washington, and dis- ble trade. charges itself into the Connecticut at Hins- Kensington, N.H., Rockingham co. This town dale, 20 miles distant from Keene. The principal has no streams of any note; its surface is pretty village is situated on a fiat, E. of the Ashuelot, even. There is much good land fit for grazing nearly equidistant from that and the upland. It and tillage. It is a pleasant place, and was foris particularly entitled to notice for the extent, merly a part of Hampton. 44 miles S. E. from width, and uniform level of its streets. The Concord, and 6 S. of Exeter. main street, extending one mile in a straight line, Kent, Ct., Litchfield co. First settled 1738; is almost a perfect level, and is well ornamented incorporated 1739. This is a mountainous townwith trees. Keene has ever been an important ship, with some fine land on the banks of the site for inland trade; but since the construction Housatonic, which passes through its western of the Cheshire Railroad, great additions to its border. Good iron ore is found here. The Houbusiness must be the consequence. First set- satonic, calm and still, winding gracefully at the tiers, Jeremiah Hall, Elisha Root, Nathaniel foot of a high and rugged mountain, renders the Rockwood, Josiah Fisher, and Nathan Blake, in scenery from the neat and quiet village highly 1734. From Concord, by stage, 55 miles, and picturesque and beautiful. about four hours' ride from Boston by rail- " There is in this town," says Dr. Trumbull, road.;"convincing evidence that it was a grand seat of Keene, N. Y., Essex co. This large town is the native inhabitants of this country, before Inwatered by the E. and W. branches of the Au dians, who more lately inhabited it, had any resSable River, which afford immense water power, idence in it. There are arrow heads, stone pots, also by Placid and several smaller lakes. The and a sort of knives, and various kinds of utenhighest peaks of the Adirondack Mountains are sils, frequently found by the English, of such in this town, Mount Marcy being elevated 5467 curious workmanship as exceeds all the skill of feet above the tide waters of the Hudson. Iron any Indians since the English came into this counore is found among these mountains in great try, and became acquainted with them. These quantities. 12 miles W. from Elizabeth, and 138, were not only found when the town was first setN. from Albany. tled. but they are still found on the sides of HouKeesville, N. Y., Essex and Clinton counties. satonic River." 50 miles W. from Hartford. On both sides of Au Sable River, in the towns of Kent County, De., c. h. at Dover. Bounded N. Au Sable and Chesterfield. 4 miles W. from by New Castle co., E. by Delaware Bay, S. by Lake Champlain. Here is an extensive water Sussex co., and W. by Maryland. Surface slightpower, on which are large manufactories of ly uneven, and drained by Jones, Little Duck, iron. and Mother Kill Creeks; soil fertile. Kelly, Pa., Union co. Buffalo Creek and its Kent County, Md., c. h. at Chester. Bounded branches water this town, the surface of which is N. by an arm of Chesapeake Bay, separating it slightly uneven, and the soil calcareous loam. 9 from Cecil co., E. by Delaware, S. by Chester miles N. from New Berlin. River, separating it from Queen Anne co., and Keenper Count.y, Mi., c. h. at De Kalb. Bound- W. by Chesapeake Bay. Surface somewhat uned N. by Winston and Noxubee counties, E. by even; soil diversified. IN THE UNITED STATES. 419 Kent County,. Mn., c. h. at Grand Rapids. of a slate rock, soft, and easily wrought; also of Bounded N. byNeewaggo and Meecoosta counties, a slate rock composed of granular quartz, almost E. by Montcalm and lonia, S. by Barry and Al- white. A rich bed of porcelain clay is found on legan, and W. by Ottawa co. Grand River and Mashentuck Hill. said to equal French or Chinese its branches water this county, affording good wa- clay. 45 miles E. from Hartford. ter power. Surface hilly or uneven; soil rich vege- Killingworth, Ct., Middlesex co. This town, table loam. It contains limestone and salt springs. the Indian Hammonnasset, was first settled in Kent, N. Y., Putnam co. Croton River waters 1663. It lieis on Long Island Sound, with a harthis town, the surface of which is hilly and moun- bor for small vessels. Many vessels are built at tainous, and the soil favorable to the growth of this place. There are 1000 acres of good salt grass. 4 miles N. from Carmel, and 101 S. from meadow in Killingworth, and the soil of the upAlbany. lands, although hard and uneven, is rendered Kent County, R. I., c. h. at East Greenwich. productive by industry and skilful management. Extending from Narraganset Bay to the Con- The village is very pleasant, with a wide street a necticut line. E. part level; W. part rough and mile and a half in length, crossed about midway hilly; fertile. Traversed by the Stonington Rail- by Indian River, a small stream which enters the road. harbor. Killingworth is a healthful, interesting Kenton County, Ky., c. h. at Independence. place. 38 miles S. E. from Hartford. Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Kilmarnock, Me., Piscataquis co. This town is Ohio, E. by the Licking, separating it from Camp- well watered by Piscataquis River and the outlet bell co., S. by Pendleton and Grant counties, and of Scootum Lake. It lies 103 miles N. E. from W. by Boone co. Surface slightly uneven; soil Augusta, and 22 N. N. E. from Dover. Incorfertile. porated 1824. Kenton, O., c. h. Hardin co. On the W. side of Kinderhook, N. Y., Columbia co. About 18 Scioto River. 71 miles N. W. of Columbus. miles S. bv E. from Albany. The surface of this Keokuck County, Io., c. h. at Lancaster. In the township is agreeably diversified, with a soil of S. E. part of the state. Skunk River flows sandy loam and clay, generally fertile and well through it from W. to E. cultivated. It is drained by Kinderhook Creek, Keokuck, Io., Lee co. On the W. side of Mis- which is a large and important mill stream. sissippi River, just below the lower rapids. The village of Kinderhook is delightfully sitKeosauqua, Io., c. h. Van Buren co. uated on a plain, 5 miles E. of the Hudson, and KershawDistrict, S.C., c.h. at Camden. Bound- 20 S. from Albany. It was incorporated as a ed N. by Lancaster co., E. by Chesterfield and village in 1838. No place in the vicinity of the Darlington, S. by Sumpter and Richland, and Hudson exceeds this for the beauty of its location W. by Fairfield co. Watered by Wateree River and salubrity of its climate. This is the birthand branches, and Lynch and Little Lynch place and residence of Ex-President Van Buren. Creeks. The soil of the uplands is sandy, but His country seat is handsomely situated, about 2 productive, while that bordering on the rivers is miles S. of the village. remarkably fertile. Kings County, N. Y., c. h. at Brooklyn. It is Keytesville, Mo., c. h. Chariton co. 2 miles W. bounded on the N. by the East River and New from Grand Chariton River, and 15 miles from its York Harbor, E. by Queens co., S. by the Atlanmouth. N. W. from Jefferson City 91 miles. tic Ocean, and W. by New York Bay and the Key West, Fa., c. h. Monroe co. On the N. W. " Narrows." Surface chiefly level; soil very proend of Key West, or Thompson's Island, which ductive when well tilled. It is watered by a few is one of the Florida keys. The island is about small streams, and contains a number of bays, of 4 miles in length by I mile in width. This place which Gravesend and Jamaica are the principal. has a good harbor, admitting vessels requiring 27 The Long Island Railroad crosses the N. part of feet of water. The village was incorporated in this county. 1829, and has considerable trade. Salt is manu- King and Queen County, Va., c. h. at King and factured here in large quantities by solar evapo- Queen. Bounded N. W. by Caroline, N. E. by ration. Many of the inhabitants are employed Essex and Middlesex, S. E. by Gloucester, and as "wreckers," in saving the effects of the nu- S. W. by New Kent and King William counmerous vessels which are wrecked every year on ties. Piankatank and Mattapony Rivers, branchthe Florida Reef. For services thus rendered, es of York River, form the N. E. and S.W. bounthese persons receive from 80,000 to 100,000 dol- daries. lars annually. The entire island rests upon a King and Queen, Va., c.h. King and Queen co. bed of limestone, which is but a foot or two be- On a plain three quarters of a mile from Mattaneath the surface. pony River, and 53 E. N. E. from Richmond. Kilkenny, N. H., Coos co. This place was King George County, Va., c. h. at King George. granted in 1744. It is a poor town. 120 miles N. Incorporated in 1720, and bounded N. and N. E. from Concord, and about 15 N. E. from Lancaster. by the Potomac River, separating it from MaryKillbuck, O., Holmes co. A township on Kill- land, E. by Westmoreland co., S. by the Rappabuck Creek, adjoining Coshocton co., S. from hannock, separating it from Essex and Caroline Millersburg. counties, and W. by Stafford co. Surface hilly; Killingly, Ct., Windham co. This town is soil diversified. rough and hilly, but there is a great deal of beauty King George, Va., c. h. King George co. about it, and its history is full of romantic stories King field, Me., Franklin co. A fine farming relating to the first settlers and the red men. township, E. of Mount Abraham, and watered by The town is well watered by the Quinebaug and Seven Mile Brook and one of its tributaries. It its branches. There are three villages, Pleasant lies 55 miles N. W. by N. from Augusta, and 25 Valley, Daysville, and Danielsonville, all pleas- N. from Farmington. Incorporated 1808. ant and flourishing manufacturing places. Kil- Kingsbury, Me. Piscataquis co. 70 miles E. lingly contains excellent quarries of freestone, and of N. from Augusta. 420 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Kingsbury, N. Y., Washington co. Half shire on the N. E., separating it from King and town with Salem. Watered by the Hudson Queen co., and the Pamunky on the S. W., sepRiver and a branch of Wood Creek. The surface arating it from New Kent and Hanover counis mostly level; soil generally fertile. 55 miles ties. Caroline co. bounds it on the N. W. N. from Albany. Drained by tributaries of Mattapony and PaKing's Bridge, N. Y., New York co. At the munky Rivers. N. end of Manhattan Island, near a bridge cross- King William, Va., c. h. King William co. 38 ing Spuyten Duval Creek, which connects the miles N. E. by E. from Richmond. East and North Rivers. N. from City Hall 13 Kingwood, N. J., Hunterdon co. Watered by miles, and S. from Albany 136. The Hudson Loakatong Creek. Surface hilly and undulatRiver Railroad passes through it. ing; soil fertile, consisting of red shale, clay, Kingsessing, Pa., Philadelphia co. This town and loam. 29 miles N. W. from Trenton. comprises several islands lying in the Delaware Kinston, N. C., c. h. Lenoir co. River, which bounds it on the S. E. The Schuyl- Kirby, Vt., Caledonia co. There are some kill River also runs on its E., and Darby Creek tracts of good land in Kirby, but the township on its W. border. Mud Island, in the Delaware, is generally either wet and cold or too mounwas the site of Fort Mifflin, which made an ob- tainous for cultivation. It has a number of stinate defence against the British in 1777. Bor- springs, brooks, and a good fish pond. The dering on the Schuylkill is a fine botanical garden, settlement was commenced about the year 1799, founded by the celebrated naturalist Bartram. by Phineas Page and Theophilus Grant. 15 The surface of the town is level; soil alluvial. miles N. E. from Danville, and 45 N. E. from 7 miles S. W. from Philadelphia, and 98 E. by S. Montpelier. from Harrisburg. Kirkland, Me., Penobscot co. 15 miles N. N.W. Kingston, Aa., c. h. Autauga co. On the W. from Bangor. side of Autauga Creek. 86 miles from Tusca- Kirkland, N. Y., Oneida co. Oriskany Creek loosa. waters this town, the surface of which is varied, Kingston, Ms., Plymouth co., was formerly a and the soil fertile calcareous loam. 10 miles part of Plymouth, and set off and called Jones's S. W. from Utica, and 105 W. by N. from A1River Parish, in 1717. The harbor of Kingston, bany. in common with that of Duxbury, lies within the Kirksville, Mi., c. h. Adair co. Gurnet, which forms the northern boundary of Kiskiminitas, Pa., Armstrong co. Bounded Plymouth Harbor. Jones's River, a small stream, on the S. E. by the Kiskiminitas or Conethe outlet of several ponds, gives the town good maugh River. Salt is found in this town, and mill privileges. Monk's Hill, near the line of the Pennsylvania Canal traverses a part of it. Plymouth, commands delightful views on every 187 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. side. The village, which is elevated, presents fine Kittaning, ]Pa., c. h. Armstrong co. On the views of the harbor and sea. 4j miles N. N. W. Alleghany River. 187 miles W. N. W. from from Plymouth, and 331 S. E. from Boston by the Harrisburg. Old Colony Railroad. Kittery, Me., York co. A seaport town on the Kingston, Mo., c. h. Caldwell co. N. E. bank of the Piscataqua River, being the Kingston, N. H., Rockingham co. There are extreme south.western boundary of the state, on several ponds in this town. The largest, Great the Atlantic, adjoining York on the N. E., and Pond, contains upwards of 300 acres, with an Elliot on the N. W. It is one of the earliest island of 10 or 12 acres, covered with wood. settlements in the province, or state, and had its There are no high hills; Great Hill and Rock- share of trial and suffering with others of their rimmon Hill are the highest. The soil is gener- days, from repeated incursions of the Indians. ally loamy. First settled in 1694. 38 miles S. The river, or inlet, called Spruce Creek, affords E.from Concord, and 6 S. from the railroad depot a convenient harbor for vessels usually employed at Exeter. in the coasting trade and fishery, and formerly Kingston, N. J., Middlesex and Somerset coun- considerable trade was carried on with the West ties. On Millstone Creek, midway between Indies from this place; but at present there is Philadelphia and New York, and 14 miles N. E. little done in the way of navigation, except in from Trenton. The Delaware and Raritan Ca- ship building and the fishery. Kittery is divided nal passes through it. from Portsmouth, N. H., by the Piscataqua. A Kingston, N. Y., c. h. Ulster co. Bounded on bridge connects it with that place. Another the E. by the Hudson, and watered by Esopus bridge connects it with Badger's Island, on which Creek. Surface rolling; soil fertile sandy loam is the United States navy yard. Kittery lies 50 upon a basis of lime and slate. 58 miles S. S. W. miles S. W. from Portland. from Albany. This is a landing place for visit- Knowlton, N. J., Warren co. Paulin's Kill, Beaors to the Catskill Mountains. ver Brook, and Shawpocussing Creek water this Kingston, Pa., Luzerne co. Bounded on the town, and on its N. border lies Blue Mountain, S. E. by the Susquehanna River. Surface un- where is the celebrated Water Gap. Surface even; soil productive. 127 miles N. E. from hilly; soil calcareous loam in the valleys, and Harrisburg. slaty in the elevated portions. 66 miles N. by Kingston, R. I., c. h. Washington co. 32 miles W. from Trenton. S. by W. from Providence. Knox County, Is., c. h. at Knoxville. Bounded Kingston, Te., c. h. Roane -co. At the june- N. by Henry, E. by Stark and Peoria, S. by Fultion of Clinch and Tennessee Rivers. 143 miles ton, and W. by Warren and Mercer counties. E. by S. from Nashville. Watered by Spoon and Henderson Rivers and Kingstree, S. C.. c. h. Williamsburg district. On branches. A large part of the surface is prairie; Black River. 105 miles E. S. E. from Columbia. soil fertile.. King William County, Va., c. h. at King Wil- Knox County, Ia., c. h. at Vincennes. Incorpoliam. This county lies between Mattapony River rated in 1802, and bounded N. by Sullivan and IN THE UNITED STATES. 421 Greene counties, E. and S. by White River, sepa- The N. W. part is drained by tributaries of the rating it from Daviess and Pike counties, and Osage. W. by the Wabash, separating it from Illinois. Lacon, Is., c. h. Marshall co. On the E. side Soil very fertile. of Illinois River. 99 miles N. from Springfield. Knox County, Ky., c. h. at Barbourville. It is La Crosse County, Wn. On the Mississippi. bounded N. by Laurel and Clay counties. E. by Drained by the La Crosse. Harlan co., S. by Tennessee, and W. by Whitely Lafayette County, As., c. h. at Lewisville. Waco. The Cumberland River traverses this county tered by Red River and tributaries. S. W. corner. from E. to W., and with its branches waters the Lafacyette, Ia., c. h. Tippecanoe co. On the surface. E. side of Wabash River, at the head of steamKnox, Me., Waldo co. 32 miles N. E. by E. boat navigation. The Wabash Canal connects from Augusta. A good farming town. this growing place with Lake Erie. 10 miles Knox County, Mo., c. h. at Edina. In the N. below the mouth of Tippecannoe River, and 70 E. angle of the state, crossed by the North, Middle, N. W. from Indianapolis. and South Fabius, and the N. fork of Salt River. Lafayette Parish, La., c. h. at Vermilionville. Knox, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by the Boz- Bounded N. by St. Landry co., E. by St. Marakill and a branch of Foxes Creek. Surface tin's and St. Mary's counties, S. by Vermilion broken and hilly, being partly covered by the Bay, and W. by Vermilion co. Surface fiat, HIelderberg limestone ridge, in which there is and mostly too wet for agriculture. quite a large cavern. Soil mostly productive. Lafayette. La., city and seat of justice of Jef18 miles W. from Albany. ferson parish. This city borders on the MissisKnox County, O., c. h. at Mount Vernon. Rich- sippi River, and is a suburb of the city of New land bounds it on the N., Coshocton and Holmes Orleans. It is crossed by the New Orleans and on the E., Licking on the S., and Delaware and Carrollton Railroad, and lies 2 miles W. by S. Marion counties on the W. The eastern part is from New Orleans. uneven, and the soil rather poor; the western is Lafayette County, Mi., c. h. at Oxford. Boundlevel, and both are watered by fine streams. The ed N. by Tallahatchie River, separating it from central part has a pleasant variety of hills and Marshall co., E. by Pontotoc co., S. by Chickasaw vales, and the beautiful Vernon River, with its and Yalabusha, and W. by Ponola co. Watered streams, waters the whole of it. In this and the by Tallahatchie and Yocanapuafa Rivers and western part is found a vegetable mould, based branches. Surface undulating; soil productive. upon yellow clay mixed with sand. Lafayette County, Mo., c. h. at Lexington. Knox County, Te., c. h. at Knoxville. Bounded Bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating it N. by Anderson and Grainger counties, E. by Se- from Bay and Carroll counties, E. by Saline co., vier, S. by Blount, and W. by Roane. Watered S. by Johnson, and W. by Jackson co. Drained by the Tennessee River, and Holston and French by several mill streams flowing into the MisBroad Rivers, its head branches, and by Beaver souri. Surface slightly undulating; soil rich. Creek, a branch of Clinch River. Surface mostly Lafayette, N. Y., Onondaga co. Onondaga mountainous; soil very fertile on the streams. Creek waters this town, the surface of which is Knoxville, Te. City and seat of justice of hilly, and the soil clay loam. 10 miles S. from Knox co. This fine city is located on the N. Syracuse village, and 134 N. of W. from Albany. bank of Holston River, at the head of steamboat Lafayette, 0., Williams co. Pleasantly situnavigation, and 4 miles below the entrance of ated on Beaver Creek; the land is rolling, and French Broad River. It is laid out with regu- of an excellent quality. 22 miles from Napoleon, larity, and handsomely built. The court house and 21 from Defiance. is a fine building. This is the seat of East Ten- Lafayette, O., Deer Creek township, Madison nessee College. (See Colleges.) There are also co., is located on the national road, about 21! two academies here, one for males and one for fe- miles W. from Columbus. males. A railroad route from Charleston, S. C, Lafayette County, Wn. On the southern border through Augusta, Ga., has nearly reached this of the state. Watered by the head streams of place. 183 miles E. by S. from Nashville. the Pictonica. Knoxville, Ga., c. h. Crawford co. 50 miles S. La Fourche, Interior Parish, La., c. h. at W. by W. from Milledgeville. Thibodeauxville. Bounded N. by Assumption, Knoxville, Is., c. h. Knox co. On an elevated St. James, and St. John Baptist parishes, E. by prairie. 100 miles W.N. W. from Springfield. St. Charles and Jefferson parishes, S. by the Kohomo, Ia., c. h. Howard co. Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Terrebonne parish. Kortright, N. Y., Delaware co. The surface Watered by the Bayou La Fourche and other is hilly and mountainous; soil fertile loam, streams.'the surface is fiat, and mostly too wet yielding large crops of grass. 15 milesN. from for cultivation, except on the borders of the Delhi, and 68 S. W. from Albany. streams, where the soil is rich, producing sugar Kosciusko County, la., c. h. at Warsaw. Tippe- and cotton. eanoe River And other streams afford hydraulic Lagada, Te., Wilson co. 30 miles E. from power. Nashville. Kosciusko, Mi., c. h. Attala co. 67 miles N. E. La Grange, Aa., Franklin co. On high ground. from Jackson. 16 miles S. from Tennessee River, and 136 N. by W. from Tuscaloosa. Site of La Grange ColLackawannock, Pa., Mercer co. Uneven. 6 lege. See Colleges. miles S. W. from Mercer. La Grange, Ga., c. h. Troup co. 6 miles E. Lackawaxen, Pa., Pike co. Watered by the from Chattahoochee River, on one of its small Delaware River and Lackawaxen and other tributaries. 121 miles W. from Milledgeville. Creeks. 182 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. La Grange County, Ia., c. h. at Lima. It is La Clerk County, Mo. S. central. Crossed bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Steuben co., from S. to N. by the head waters of Gasconade. S. by Noble, and W. by Elkhart co. Watered 4422 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., by Pigeon, Fawn, and Little Elkhart Rivers, neatly built on an alluvial plain, shaded by elms, and several small lakes. Surface undulating, surrounded by hills, and watered by a large and consisting of prairies on the N.; the soil is fertile. placid stream. The N. and S. branches of the La Grange, Ia., c. h. La Grange co. Nashua meet near the centre of the town, and La Grangqe, Me., Penobscot co. This town produce a valuable water power. George Hill, is watered by Birch Stream and its branches. on the westerly side of the town, comprises some 95 miles N. E. from Augusta. good farms. Turner's, Spectacle, Fort, Sandy, La Grange, N. Y., Dutchess co. Sprout and and other ponds, add much to the scenery of Wappinger's Creeks water this town, the surface this delightful town. 34 miles W. N. W. from of which is somewhat hilly and uneven, and the Boston, and 25 S. W. from Lowell. A railroad soil productive gravelly loam. 7 miles E. from passes in the neighborhood. Poughkeepsie, and 80 S. from Albany. Lancaster, N. H., c. h. Coos co. On the southLake County, Is., c. h. at Little Fort. Bounded eastern bank of Connecticut River, which forms N. by Wisconsin, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by and washes its N. W. boundary, a distance of ten Cook, and W. by McHenry co. Watered by miles. Besides this the town is watered by IsDes Plaines and Fox Rivers. Surface undu- rael's River, and several brooks. Across this lating, being mostly prairie land. river a bridge and several dams are thrown, Lake County, Ia., c.h. at Crown Point. Bounded forming a valuable water power. There are N. by Lake Michigan, E. by Porter co., S. by several ponds; the largest is called Martin the Kankakee River, separating it from Jasper Meadow Pond, from Martin, a hunter. This co., and W. by Illinois. Drained by Deep communicates with Little Pond. Lancaster is River and Cedar and Eagle Creeks. Surface situated near lofty mountains, but is not itself mostly level, and in parts marshy; along the mountainous. There are 3 hills in the S. lake is a ridge of bluffs and sand hills. part, called Martin Meadow Hills. The soil Lake County, O., c. h. at Painesville. N. E. along the Connecticut is alluvial, the meadows part of the state. Has Lake Erie on the N. W. extending back nearly three fourths of a' mile. Watered by Grand and Chagrin Rivers. The village lies on a street extending from the Lake Pleasant, N. Y., c. h. Hamilton co. This bridge across Israel's River northwardly. It is is a large township, about 50 miles in length. It pleasant, and is the site of considerable trade. is watered by Sacandaga and Indian Rivers, and First settlers, Captain David Page, Emmons other branches of the Hudson. It also contains Stockwell, and Edward Bucknam, in 1763. 95 Lakes Emmons and Pleasant, and Round Lake, miles N. from Concord, and about 40 N. E. from besides several smaller ones. The surface is Haverhill. greatly diversified, being mostly a wilderness. Lancaster, N. Y., Erie co. Seneca, Ellicott's, 72 miles N. W. from Albany. and Cayuga Creeks water this town. The surLake Providence, La., Carroll parish. The sheet face is undulating; soil fertile, yielding large of water from which this village takes its name crops of grass and grain. 12 miles E. from Bufwas formerly the bed of the Mississippi River, falo, and 272 W. from Albany. and its outlet, flowing to the S., now forms Tensas Lancaster, 0., c. h. Fairfield co. This town was River. 366 miles N. N. W. from New Orleans. laid out in 1800. It is a thriving place, pleasantLamar, Pa., Clinton co. Watered by Big ly located near the source of Hocking River, in a Fishing and Cedar Creeks. Surface mountain- fertile valley, surrounded by very valuable land. ous; soil calcareous loam in the valleys. This town is connected with the Ohio Canal by the Lamar County, Ts. In the N. E. angle of the Lancaster Canal. 8 miles distant: it is also constate, bordering on Arkansas. nected with it by the Hocking Canal. 34 miles N. Lamnoille County, Vt., c. h. at Hydepark. This E. from Chillicothe, and 28 S. E. from Columbus. county was established in 1836. It is bounded Lancaster County, Pa., c. h. at Lancaster. It is N. bv Franklin and Orleans counties, E. by Or- bounded N. by Dauphin, Lebanon, and Berks leans and Caledonia counties, S. by Washing- counties, S. E. by Chester co., and S. W. by the ton co., and W. by Chittenden and a part of Susquehanna River, separating it from York co. Franklin counties. This county lies on the This was the 4th county formed in the state, GreensMountain Range, and is the source of and is admirably located, the Susquehanna Rirmany streams. The River Lamoille passes nearly er running more than 40 miles on its border. It through its centre, and, with its tributaries, gives is also drained by Conestoga, Pecquea, Conethe county a great hydraulic power. The eleva- wago, and other creeks, affording fine water tion of the county renders the soil more adapted power. Iron ore and sulphate of magnesia, or for grazing than for tillage; yet there are large epsom salts, are the principal minerals. tracts of excellent meadow bordering its streams. Lancaster, Pa. City, and seat of justice for Lampeter, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded S. E. Lancaster co. Situated near the right bank of by Pecquea Creek, N. W. by Conestoga River, the Conestoga Creek, 12 miles E. of where it and drained by Mill Creek, a branch of Cones- empties into the Susquehanna, at Columbia. It toga River. is 70 miles W. from Philadelphia,dnd 37 miles Lancaster, Io., c. h. Keokuck co. S. E. from Harrisburg, the capital of the state. Lancaster, Ky., c. h. Garrard co. Located a Population in 1820, 6663; in 1830, 7704; in few miles E. from Dick's River, and 57 miles S. 1840, 8417; in 1850, 12,382. by E. from Frankfort. This place was for many years the seat of Lancaster, Mo., c. h. Schuyler co. government of Pennsylvania, until the capital Lancaster, Ms., Worcester co. This is the was removed to Harrisburg, in 1812. Itwas first Weshakim, or Washoway, of the Indians, and is chartered as a borough in 1754, and incorpothe oldest town in the county. Lancaster lies rated as a city in 1818. It is located on elevated on both sides of Nashua River, and has a re- ground, about a mile and a half W. of the creek, markably fine alluvial soil, in a high state of and is handsomely laid out with broad streets, cultivation. The village is very beautiful; it is crossing each other at right angles, which are IN THE UNITED STATES. 423 chiefly paved and curbed, and are neatly kept. dividual enterprise, in 1799, was a work of which, The two principal streets are King and Queen at that early period, the state might have been Streets, at the intersection of which, in the cen- proud, and which contributed, in no small meastre of the city, is a handsome square, containing ure, to the prosperity of the place. Then folthe court house. Many buildings still remain lowed, in 1829, the improvements for rendering in the ancient style, as built by the German the Conestoga Creek navigable from Lancaster settlers, which are principally one story brick to the Susquehanna River, a distance.of 18 houses, with wide roofs and dormer windows; miles, which was accomplished by means of a but the houses of more recent date are lofty, and series of 9 locks, creating slack water pools, at a many of them elegant, with every modern con- cost of about $75,000. By means of this work, venience and embellishment. Besides the pecu- in connection with a tide water canal to Port liarities above mentioned, which had their origin Deposit, a navigable communication was opened in the fashions of the olden time, a stranger is to Baltimore. In 1834, the Philadelphia and struck with the number and character of the Columbia Railroad, passing by Lancaster, was tavern signs which are hung out in the principal opened; and, in 1838, the railroad from Lancasstreets, and which, as one writer remarks, "form ter to Harrisburg, since extended to Pittsburg, a sort of out-door picture gallery," in which "' may and in another direction to Hagarstown, in Mabe seen half the kings of Europe- the king of ryland. Prussia, of Sweden, and the prince of Orange; A college was established at Lancaster in then the warriors - Washington, Lafayette, 1787, called "Franklin College," for which spaJackson, Napoleon, William Tell, and a whole cious buildings were erected; but it afterwards army of others; and then the statesmen - Jef- declined to the rank of an academy or high ferson, Franklin, and others; and then comes the school. Red Lion of England, leading a long procession Lancaster District, S. C., c. h. at Lancaster. of lions, bears, stags, bulls, horses, eagles, swans, Bounded N. by North Carolina, E. by Lynche's black, white, dun, and red; not to mention the Creek, separating it from Chester district, S. by inanimate emblems, the globe, the cross-keys, Kershaw district, and W. by Catawba River, the plough, the wheat sheaf, the compass and separating it from Chester district. Drained by square, and the hickory tree." These numerous branches of Catawba River and Lynche's Creek. inns were formerly much more in demand than Lancaster, S. C., c. h. Lancaster district. On a at present; when the whole business of trans- small branch of Catawba River. 72 miles N. N. portation was carried on in wagons, over the E. from Columbia. great Western Turnpike, passing through this Lancaster County, Va., c. h. at Heathville. It place from Pittsburg to Philadelphia. is bounded N. by Richmond co., E. by NorthumLancaster is an illustration of the change berland co. and Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. made in the prospects of many an inland town by the Rappahannock River, separating it from in our country by the introduction of railroads. Middlesex co. When spoken of by Governor Pownal, who vis- Lancaster, Va., c. h. Lancaster co. 38 miles ited it in 1754, as already a " growing town," with E. by N. from Richmond. fair promise of increase, some one, in alluding Landgrove, Vt., Bennington co. This town is to this opinion, remarked, that "from its local on elevated land, at the N. E. corner of the coun*ituation, remote from water, Lancaster was not, ty. Some of the head branches of West River nor could it ever possibly become, a place of busi- have their sources here. The lands are too rough ness." Such, until recent times, would have and high for much improvement. The settlement been the natural conclusion from the fact that a was commenced by William Utley and family, place had not been located upon a large navi- in June, 1769, emigrants from Ashford, Ct. 33 gable river. But the era of internal improve- miles N. E. from Bennington, and 70 S. from ments, especially the construction of railroads, Montpelier. has changed all this. Speaking of Lancaster as Landaff, N. H., Grafton co. Wild and Great it now appears, a descriptive author observes, Amonoosuck Rivers pass through this town. "This place well deserves the title of a city; Landaff Mountain, Cobble and Bald Hills are there is nothing rural in its aspect. The streets, the principal elevations. The farmers here are laid off at right angles, are paved and lighted; very industrious, and the soil well rewards them the houses, generally of brick, are compactly ar- for their labor. The town of Landaff was ranged; and those of modern date are lofty and granted, in 1764, to James Avery and others. well built;... the place is supplied with wa- 12 miles N. E. from Haverhill, and 95 N. by W. ter by an artificial basin and waterworks; stores, from Concord. taverns, and shops abound in every quarter; Lanesboro', Ms., Berkshire co., was incorporailroad cars, stages, canal boats, and wagons rated on the 20th of June, 1765, and then includare constantly arriving or departing; and all ed a large part of the present town of Cheshire. together there is that rattle and din that remind The soil is of an excellent quality, mostly clay one of city life." loam. The S. branch of the Hoosic rises in the Among the manufactories of this place are S. E. corner of the town, the W. branch of the two for cotton fabrics, which employ about 900 Housatonic passes by the centre and runs through persons. Lanesboro',-Pond into Pittsfield. This pond is Lancaster has had the benefit of every species partly in the latter town. It abounds with fish. of internal improvement in the order in which The scenery, from various points, is picturesque they have arisen. The turnpike from this place and delightful. This town affords iron ore, and to Philadelphia, completed in 1794, at a cost of extensive beds of beautiful white and clouded $465.000. paved at first with stone, and since marble, and graphic slate. There is in LanesMcAdamized, was the first road of the kind boro' a large rock, so equally balanced upon built in the United States. The splendid stone another that it can be easily moved. The setbridge over the Conestoga Creek, built by in- tlement of this town commenced in 1754. 5 424 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., miles N. from Pittsfield, from which, by the place. In a population of about 400, there are Western Railroad, is 151 miles to Boston. three regularly-organized churches -a PresbyLangdon, N. H., Sullivan co. The principal terian, a Cumberland Presbyterian, and a Baptist. village is 3 miles E. from Connecticut River, and 6 Larue County, Ky. Central part. Washed on from Bellows Falls. A branch of Cold River the N. by the Rolling Fork of Salt River. passes S. W. through the town, and unites with La Salle County, Is., c. h. at Ottawa. Incorpothe main branch, near the S. line. Langdon was rated in 1831. Bounded N. by Lee and De Kalb named in honor of Governor Langdon. First counties, E. byKendall and Grundy, S. by Livsettlers, Seth Walker, Nathaniel Rice, and Jona- ingston and Woodford, and W. by Putnam and than Williard, in 1773. 18 miles S. S. W. from Bureau counties. Drained by Illinois, Fox, and Newport, and 56 W. by S. from Concord. Vermilion Rivers; and their branches, which Lanier, Ga., c. h. Macon co. On the W. side afford water power. Land mostly fertile prairie. of Flint River. 76 miles S. W. from Milledge- The Illinois and Michigan Railroad traverses ville. this county. Lanier, O., Preble co., was named for a citi- La Salle, Is., La Salle co., at the head of navizen of the county, Alexander C. Lanier, Esq. gation on the Illinois River, 213 miles from its The township was organized in 1811, and has mouth, where the Illinois and Michigan Canal terwell-cultivated, well-watered lands. minates by a conjunction with the river. This is a Lansinq, Mn. Capital of the state. Situated on new place, created entirely by its being made the Grand River, about 55 miles N. from Jackson, terminus of the canal, and is destined from this which is on the Michigan Central Railroad, and circumstance to become a place of considerable 132 miles W. by N. from Detroit. via Jackson. importance. Steamboats on the river, and canal In 1847 the place upon which it stands was boats from the lake, are continually arriving and covered with a thick forest. Now there are departing; and a number of steamers are almost about 400 buildings, including several large always lading and unlading at the wharves. The hotels. Both steam and water power are used distance on the canal, from this place to Chicafor driving several flouring mills and saw mills. go, on Lake Michigan, is 102 miles. The state house is finely situated upon an emi- Latimore, Pa., Adams co. This is a level town, nence about 50 feet above the river, overlooking watered by Bermudian Creek and branches. Soil the town. It is a large and handsome edifice, red shale. About two miles S. from the village and is surrounded by an ample enclosure, to be are York Sulphur Springs. 15 miles N. E. from tastefully laid out and ornamented. Many things, Gettysburg. in a town so recent, must be yet rough and in- Lauderdale County, Aa., c. h. at Florence. complete; but their outline is sufficiently de- Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Limestone co., veloped to indicate the beauty which will speedi- and S. and W. by the Tennessee River, separating ly adorn the new capital of this rich and enter- it from Lawrence and Franklin counties and Misprising state. sissippi. Drained by Blackwater, Shoal, SecLansing, N. Y., Tompkins co. Drained by ond, Cypress, and other creeks flowing into the Salmon Creek and its branches. Surface hilly; Tennessee. Surface uneven; soil of excellent soil productive. 8 miles N. from Ithaca, and 166 quality. A canal here extends around the MusW. from Albany. cle Shoals in the Tennessee River. Lansingburg, N. Y., Rensselaer co. On the E. Lauderdale County, Mi.. c. h. at Marion. Boundbank of the Hudson; the surface is hilly, ex- ed N. by Kemper co., E. by Alabama, S. by Clarke, cept on the border of the river, where is an ex- and W. by Newton co. Watered by Oktibbeha tensive plain; the soil mostly gravelly and clay River and branches. loam, of good quality. 3 miles N. from Troy, Lauderdale County, Te., c. h. at Ripley. Boundand 9 N. N. E. from Albany. ed N. by Dyer co., E. by Gibson, S. by HayLapeer County, Mn., c. h. at Lapeer. Bounded wood and Tipton counties, and W. by the MisN. by Tuscarora and Sanilac counties, E. by St. sissippi River. Soil very fertile, and watered by Clair, S. by Macomb and Oakland, and W. by Forked Deer and Big Hatchee Rivers and Coal Genesee co. Watered by Flint River and Creek. branches, Belle River and Mill Creek. Surface Laurel County, Ky., c. h. at Loudon. Bounded slightly uneven; soil fertile. N. by Madison co., E. by Clay, S. by Knox and Lapeer, Mn., c. h. at Lapeer co. Situated Whitely, and W. by Rockcastle Creek, a head at the junction of Flint River and Farmer's branch of Cumberland River. In the S. E. part Creek. 61 miles N. from Detroit. of the state. Watered by several tributaries of La Pointe County, Wn. In the N. W. corner the; Cumberland, namely, South Fork, Little of the state, on the S. shore of Lake Superior. Rockcastle, and Laurel Creeks. The surface is La Porte County, Ia., c. h. at La Porte. Bound- hilly. ed N. W. by Lake Michigan, N. by Michigan, E. Laurens County, Ga., c. h. at Dublin. Bounded by St. Joseph co., S. by Stark, and W. by Porter N.E. by Emanuel, S. E. by Montgomery, S. W. by co. Drained by Kankakee, Little Kankakee, Pulaski, and N. W. by Wilkinson and Washingand Gallien Rivers and Trail Creek. ton counties. Laredo, Ts., c. h. Webb co. Laurens, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by OteLarissa, Ts., Cherokee co. This pleasant and go Creek. The surface is elevated and hilly; thriving town is situated in Eastern Texas, 25 soil rich sandy loam. 15 miles S. W. from miles N. from Rusk, in the same county, and 30 Cooperstown, and 84 W. from Albany. miles E. from Palestine, in Anderson co., It is Laurens District, S. C., c. h. at Laurensville. decidedly the most prosperous inland village in Bounded N. E. by Ellnoree River, separating it Eastern Texas. It is situated in the centre of from Spartanburg and Union districts, S. E. by a large body of fertile lands, well watered and Newberry district, S. W. by Saluda River, sepadensely populated by thrifty farmers, The state rating it from Abbeville district, and N. W. by of society is one of the chief attractions of the Greenville district. IN THE UNITED STATES. 425 Laurens, S. C., c.-h. Laurens district. On the sites. The following manufacturing companies ridge which separates the waters of Ennoree are in operation: — and Saluda Rivers. 70 miles N. W. by W. from Atlantic Cotton Mills. Capital, $1,800,000. Columbia. Manufacture coarse sheetings and shirtings. Lausanne, Pa., Northampton co. Watered by 45,000 spindles, 1200 looms, employ 1000 operLehigh River and Laurel Run. Surface moun- atives, and consume 13,000 bales of cotton per tainous; soil gravelly and sterile. The Beaver annum. Meadow coal mine is in Spring Mountain, in this Bay State Mills. Capital, $1,800,000. Manutown. 100 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. facture woollen goods of all kinds. 98 sets of La Vacca County, Ts. S. central part of the cards, 379 broad, 213 narrow looms, employ 2100 state. operatives. Amount of wool consumed equal to Lawrence County, Aa., c. h. atMoulton. Bound- 12,000 lbs. American fleece per day. ed by the Tennessee River, separating it from Essex Company's Machine Shop. Make steam Lauderdale co., E. by Morgan, S. by Walker, engines, locomotives, cotton and woollen maand W. bv Franklin co. Watered by Big Nance chinery of all kinds; employ 500 to 800 hands. and Townl Creeks and branches, and by the head Charter Paper Company. Manufacture printed branches of Black Warrior River. paper hangings. Lawrence County, As., c. h. at Jackson. Bound- Besides these concerns, there is a mill of the ed N. by Missouri and Randolph co., E. by Cache Plymouth Duck Company, which contains about River, separating it from Greene co., S. by Jack- 5000 spindles. son and Independence, and W. by Izard and Ful- The Pacific Mills, for the manufacture of fine ton counties. Drained by Big Black, Current, lawns and barege de laines for printing. 50,000 and Strawberry Rivers. Surface level in the E. spindles, 1000 looms. and uneven in the W. portions. The Essex Company are still the owners of Lawrence County, Ky., c. h. at Louisa. Bound- the principal part of the land and water power. ed N. by Carter co., E. by Big Sandy River, sep- Capital, $1,500.000. arating it from Virginia, S. by Johnson, and W. The Lawrence Gas Light Company furnish by Morgan co. Little Sandy River and Blane's gas for lighting the mills and public buildings. Creek drain this county, affording important wa- Present capital, $55,000. ter power. Soil fertile. Other smaller manufactures, of various kinds, Lawrence County, Is., c. h. at Lawrenceville. are in operation, the most prominent of which Incorporated in 1821. Bounded N. by Crawford are a steam saw mill, card factory, file shop, a co., E. by the Wabash River, separating it from piano-forte factory, a carriage factory, and a steam Indiana, S. by Wabash co., and W. by Richland planing mill. co. Watered by Fox and Embarrass Rivers and The school department consists of 1 high Raccoon Creek. The land is excellent in some school, 2 grammar, 2 mixed, 6 middle, and portions, but that on the borders of the streams is 7 primary schools. 28 teachers are employed, liable to inundation. and 1700 scholars are enrolled. Annual. cost Lawrence County, Ia., c. h. at Bedford. Bound- $10,000. The Town Hall is a handsome brick ed N. by Monroe, E. by Jackson and Washing- edifice, 121 feet by 64 feet, and 55 feet high, ton, S. by Orange, and W. by Martin and Greene containing the town offices on the lower floor, counties. White river, Salt, Guthrie's, Leather- and the town hall above, with seats for 1500 wood and Beaver Creeks water the surface, people. which is mostly hilly. The streams afford wa- Ten religious societies have been organized; ter power. seven of which have built handsome churches. Lawrence, Ms., Essex co. 26 miles N. J W. A reservoir has been constructed, at a height of from Boston. Population, 1850, 8500. Pro- 150 feet above the level of water in the canal, jected by the Essex Company, in 1844, and in- containing 1,395,000 gallons, to supply water in corporated as a town in 1847. It contains 1980 case of fire. This reservoir is kept filled by the acres on the S. side of Merrimac River, taken force pumps of the different mills. from Andover, and 2050 acres on the north side, Six lines of railway diverge from this place taken from Methuen. The Essex Company was to Boston, Salem, Newburyport, Dover, Portland, organized in April, 1845, and the following offi- Manchester, N. H., and Lowell, affording unsurcers constituted its first board: Hon. Abbott Law- passed facilities for intercourse and business. rence, president; Messrs. Patrick T. Jackson, A common, of 18 acres, in the centre of the William Sturgis, Nathan Appleton, John A. town, has been presented to it by the Essex Lowell, and Ignatius Sargent, directors; and Company, and trees have been planted, and walks Charles S. Storrow, treasurer and chief engineer. laid out, for the benefit of future inhabitants. The Essex Company have created a water power, A generous donation of 4 acres of land, in the by the erection of a stone dam, laid in cement, centre of the town, has been made by the Hon. 35 feet.thick at base, 12 feet 6 inches at crest, 900 Daniel A. White, of Salem, the proceeds to be feet long between abutments, with wings respec- applied to the maintenance of a course of public tively 324 feet and 405 feet, giving an effective lectures, and also of a public library, for the head and fall of 28 feet for the whole Merrimac benefit of the citizens. River, and a water power equal to that at Low- This town received its name in honor of the ell, which is about 10 miles above, on the same Lawrence family, well-known merchants of Bosriver. Cost of dam, $250,000. From this dam ton, originally from Groton, to whose intelligence they convey water for manufacturing purposes, and enterprise the progress of Massachusetts in by a canal on the N. side of the river, 5330 feet manufactures has been greatly indebted. The in length, 100 feet wide at the upper end, 60 feet Hon. Abbott Lawrence, one of its members, has wide at the lower end, and 12 feet deep in the ably represented the country at the court of St. centre. This canal is parallel with the river, at James, and, as well as his elder brother, Amos, a distance of 400 feet, giving that space for mill the founder of the family, has been greatly dis. 54 426 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tinguished for a liberal, philanthropic, and public- of the Buffalo Fork of White River. 95 miles spirited employment of his ample income. N. by W. from Little Rock. Lawrence County, Mi., c. h. at Monticello. Lebanon, Ct., New London co. First settled Bounded N. by Copiah and Simpson counties, about 1700. The surface of the town is uneven E. by Covington, S. by Marion and Pike, and — moderately hilly. The soil is of a chocolate W. by Franklin co. Soil various, and watered by color; — a rich deep mould, very fertile, and well Pearl River and branches, and the head branches adapted for grass. Husbandry is the principal of Homochitto River. business of the inhabitants. The village is on a Lawrence County, Mo., c. h. at Mount Vernon. street more than a mile in length, wide, pleasant, In the S. W. angle of the state, on the height of and interesting. 30 miles S. E. from Hartford. land between the Sac, Neosho, and White Rivers. Lebanon, Is., St. Clair co. 71 miles from SpringLawrence, N. J., Mercer co. Assunpink Creek field. The seat of McKendree College. See Codand Stony Brook drain this town. Surface undu- leges. lating; soil clay and loam. 6 miles N. E. from Lebanon, Ia., c. h. Boone co. 25 miles N. W. Trenton. from Indianapolis. Lawrence, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Drained Lebanon, Ky., c. h. Marion co. On a small by Deer and St. Regis Rivers. Surface uneven; branch of Salt River. S. W. by S. from Franksoil of gdod quality. 25 miles N. E. from Can- fort 59 miles. ton, and 230 N. N. W. from Albany. Lebanon, Me., York co. This town is bounded Lawrence County, 0., c. h. at Burlington. Jack- W. by Salmon Fall River, on the line of New son co. bounds it on the N., Gallia on the E., Scio- Hampshire. It is a large agricultural township, to on the W., and the Ohio River on the S., which, with some trade and manufactures. It lies 50 with Symmes and Indian Guyandot Creeks, are miles S. W. by W. from Portland, and is boundthe principal streams. The land is barren and ed S. E. by North Berwick. hilly. Irish and Dutch emigrants from Pennsyl- Lebanon, N. H., Grafton co. The Connecticut vania and Virginia first settled here about the and Mascomy Rivers water this town, and afford year 1800. 42 miles of this county are bounded many valuable mill sites. The principal village by the Ohio River. The land near it is good and is situated on a plain at the head of the falls of productive. Iron ore and stone coal are found Mascomy River. It is a pleasant village, and has here in great abundance. There has also been become an important place in consequence of the found a valuable bed of clay for stone ware. Northern Railroad passing through it. Olcott's Lawrence County, Pa., c. h. at New Castle. On Falls, in the Connecticut, in this town, afford a the western border of the state. Watered by great water power, —40 feet fall in one mile. Chenango Creek. (the E. branch of Beaver River,) These have been locked and canalled by the which passes through it from N. to S. Hilly. White River Company. Lyman's Bridge conLawrence County, Te., c. h. at Lawrenceboro'. nects this town with Hartford, Vt. A medicinal Bounded N. by Hickman and Maury counties, spring, a lead mine, and a vein of iron ore have E. by Giles co., S. by Alabama, and W. by Wayne been discovered here. Lebanon was the first co., Shoal Creek and its branches, some branches town settled on Connecticut River to the north of of Sugar Creek and Buffalo River, drain this Charlestown. First settlers, Wm. Downer, Wmin. county. Dana, Levi Hyde, Charles Hill, Silas Waterman, Lawrenceburg, Ia., c. h. Dearborn co. On the and Nathaniel Porter. 4 miles S. from DartN. bank of Ohio River, 1 mile below the mouth of mouth College, and 65 N. W. from Concord by Great Miami river, and 86 miles S. E. from In- the Northern Railroad. dianapolis. Lebanon, N. J., Hunterdon co. The south Lawrenceburg, Te., c.h. Lawrence co. On the branch of Raritan River and Spruce Run waE. side of Shoal Creek. 75 miles S. S. W. from ter this town. Surface hilly and mountainous; Nashville. soil rich clay and loam. 40 miles N. by W. from Lawrenceville, Ga., c. h. Gwinnett co. Near the Trenton. sources of Yellow River. 84 miles N. W. from Lebanon, N. Y., Madison co. Chenango River Milledgeville. and some of its branches water this town. The Lawrenceville, Is., c. h. Lawrence co. surface is hilly; soil clay loam. 10 miles S. from Lawrenceville, Va., c. h. Brunswick co. Wa- Morrisville, and 103 W. from Albany. tered by a branch of Meherin River. S. S. W. Lebanon, O., c. h. Warren co. Between two from Richmond 73 miles. branches of Turtle Creek, on a branch of Little Lawsville Centre, Pa., Susquehanna co. On Miami River, and 85 miles W. S. W. from CoSnake Creek. 187 miles N. N. E. from Har- lumbus. risburg. On a branch of the creek is a salt Lebanon County, Pa., c. h. at Lebanon. Boundspring. ed N. E. by Schuylkill and Berks counties, S. E. Leacock, Pa., Lancaster co. Pecquea Creek by Lancaster, and S. W. and N. W. by Dauphin forms the S. E., and Conestoga River the W. co. Drained by Swatara Creek and branches. boundary of this town, which is also watered by Surface slightly uneven; soil rich. The Union Mill Creek. Surface level; soil clay and calca- Canal passes through this county. reous loam. Distant 44 miles E. S. E. from Har- Lebanon, Pa., Wayne co. Watered by branches risburg. of Dyberry Creek. Surface hilly; soil gravelly Leake County, Mi., c. h. at Carthage. Bounded loam. N. by Atala co., E. by Neshoba, S. by Scott, and Lebanon, Te., c. h. Wilson co. On a branch of W. by Madison. Watered by Pearl River and Cumberland River. 32 miles E. from Nashville. tributaries. Cumberland University is located here. (See Lebanon, Aa., c. h. De Kalb co. On the N. Colleges.) There is a large steam cotton factory side of Big Wills Creek. 112 miles N. E. from near this place. Tuscalgosa. Lebanon, Va., c. h. Russell co. On a branch of Lebanon, As., c. h. Searcey co. On the S. side Clinch River. 325 miles W. by S. from Richmond. IN THE UNITED STATES. 427 Ledyard, Ct.. New London co. This town was this town. 31 miles E. S. E. from Concord, and taken from Groton in 1836. It was formerly 12 S. W. from Dover. called North Groton. There is a pretty village, Lee, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by Canada of some thirty houses, at Gale's Ferry, on the and Fish Creeks. Surface undulating; soil Thames. This town was named in honor of two sandy loam and clay. 22 miles N. W. from brothers, natives of Groton - Colonel Ledyard, Utica, and 115 from Albany. the brave defender of Groton Heights, in 1781, Lee County, Va., c. h. at Jonesville. Bounded and John Ledyard, the celebrated traveller, who E. by Russell and Scott counties, -S. by Tendied at Cairo, in Egypt, in 1789, aged 38. John nessee, and W. and N. by Kentucky. This counLedyard was probably as distinguished a travel- ty is situated in the valley between Cumberland ler as can be found on record. 7 miles N. by E. and Powell's Mountains, and is drained by Powfrom New London. ell's River and branches. Ledyard, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the Leeds, Me., Kennebec co. This is a large and W. by Cayuga Lake, and watered by several flourishing agricultural town, finely watered by a small streams flowing into it. Surface rolling; large and beautiful pond. The outlet of this soil fertile clay loam and marl. 12 miles S. W. pond into the Androscoggin gives the town a from Auburn, and 168 W. fiom Albany. good water power, for saw mills and other manuLee County, Ga., c. h. at Starkville. Bounded factories. The villages in Leeds are very neat N. by Sumpter co., E. by Dooly, S. by Irwin and and pleasant. The soil is fertile and productive. Baker, and W. by Randolph co. Flint River and Leeds was incorporated in 1802. It lies 30 miles branches water this county. W. S. W. from Augusta. Lee County, Is., c. h. at Dixon. Bounded N. Leesburg, Va., c. h. Loudon co. On an eleby Ogle co., E. by De Kalb, S. by Lasalle and vated plain at the base of Kittoctan Mountains. Bureau, and W. by Whitesides. Drained by 1& miles N. from the Potomac River, and 153 N. Rock, Green. and Bureau Rivers. from Richmond. Lee County, Iowa. c. h. at Fort Madison. In- Lehigh County, Pa., c. h. at Allentown. Boundcorporated in 1837. Bounded N. by Henry and ed N. E. by the Lehigh River, separating it from Des Moines counties, E. and S. E. by the Mis- Northampton co., S. E. by Bucks co.. S. W. by sissippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. W. Berks, and N. W. by Carbon. It lies mostly in by Des Moines River, separating it from Missouri, the valley between South and Blue or Kittany and W. by Van Buren co. Skunk River runs Mountains. Surface diversified, and watered by on its N. E. border, and Sugar, Half breed, and branches of the Lehigh River; soil very fertile in Lost Creeks drain the interior. Surface undulat- some portions. ing; soil productive. Lehigh, Pa., Northampton co. Bounded W. Lee, Me., Penobscot co. It lies 120milesN. E. by the Lehigh River, and drained by Indian from Augusta. Creek. In the N. W. corner of this town is the Lee, Ms., Berkshire co., was settled by Mr. Lehigh Water Gap. Surface hilly in parts; soil Isaac Davis, in 1760. The town was named for calcareous loam and gravel. General Lee, of the revolutionary army. It pre- Lehigh Gap, Pa., Carbon co. At the passage sents a diversified appearance, and forms part of Lehigh River through Blue Mountain. 104 of the intervale between the Taconic and Green miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. The chasm Mountain ranges. The Green Mountain range through which the river here passes is 1200 feet runs partly within the eastern limits of the town; deep, and the scenery of the most romantic dethese mountains are for the most part of gentle scription. acclivity, and are cultivated, in some places, quite Lehighton, Pa., Carbon co. On an elevated to their summits. From the base of these moun- table land, on the W. bank of Lehigh River, half tains the surface is rather uneven, occasionally a mile above Mahoning Creek, and 96 miles N. rising into hills of considerable height, but gen- E. by E. from Harrisburg, at the point of juncerally descending, until it reaches the plain upon tion of the Lehigh Canal with the railroad leadthe banks of the Housatonic. At the N. E. ing to the coal miles. The old Moravian vilcorner of the town enters the Housatonic, and it lage of Gnadenhutten stood about three quarters passes out at the S. W. corner, dividing the town of a mile from this place, near the mouth of into two nearly equal parts. It receives, in its the Mahoning Creek, and an old church is still passage, the waters of Washington Mountain, standing on the spot. Scott's Pond, Greenwater Pond, and Goose Pond, Lehman, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by' iaralso, on the summit of the mountain, the waters vey's, Bowman's, and Mahoopeny Creeks, all of Hop Brook, as well as several other streams fine mill streams, and by Lehman's Lake, and of less size. On each side of the Housatonic are its outlet Lehman's Creek. Surface uneven. 121 exten4ive plains of rich alluvial land. The soil miles N. N. W. from Harrisburg. of the uplands is a loam, interspersed with gravel Leicester, Ms., Worcester co., was first settled and stones. Limestone and white and clouded about the year 1713. It was at first called Strawmarble are found here. This is one of the most berry Hill. Its Indian name was Towtaid. This flourishing towns in the county or state; its vil- town is situated on the height of land between lages are neat and handsome. 10 miles S. from the ocean and Connecticut River, and is famed Pittsfield. for its hills. These hills are of a strong, deep Lee, N. H., Stafford co. In the N. part of this soil, rather cold and wet, but well adapted to the town lies Wheelwright's Pond, containing about cultivation of the various grains, grasses, and 165 acres, and forming the principal source of fruits common to the climate. The most noted Oyster River. This pond is memorable for the elevations are Strawberry, Indian, Bald, Moose, battle which was fought near it, in 1690, between and Cary's Hills, and Mount Pleasant. The a scouting party of Indians and two companies town is watered by springs, rivulets, and several of rangers, under Captains Floyd and Wiswall. large brooks, which take their rise in this town, Lamprey, Little, North, and Oyster Rivers water and empty into the Chicopee, the Quinebaug, and 428 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the Blackstone. These, with the aid of several intersecting each other nearly at right angles. large reservoirs which have been constructed, Lenox has fine mountain air, and is surrounded afford valuable mill sites. The village on Straw- by equally fine mountain scenery. 6 miles S. berry Hill, near the centre of the town, is very from Pittsfield, and 157 W. from Boston, by pleasant, and commands delightful views for Pittsfield and the Western Railroad. many miles around. Here is situated an Lenox, N. Y., Madison co. Partly bounded on academy, founded in 1784. Clappville, a busy, the N. by Oneida Lake, and is watered by pleasant village, on the Western Railroad, lies 4 Cowasalon and Oneida Creeks. The surface is miles S. from Strawberry Hill village, and 53 level, or slightly uneven; the soil mostly fertile. W. S. W. from Boston. 12 miles N. from Morrisville, and 125 W. by N. Leicester, N. Y., Livingston co. On the W. from Albany. side of the Genesee River. The surface on the Lenox, Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by W. is elevated, sloping towards the river; soil of Tunkhannock Creek and branches. Surface good quality. 5 miles W. from Genesee, and 232 hilly soil gravel and clay. 170 miles,N. N. from Albany. W. from Harrisburg. Leicester, Vt., Addison co. Leicester is wa- Leominster, Ms., Worcester co., was formerly a tered by a river of its own name, by Otter Creek, part of the town of Lancaster. The first house and by a part of Lake Dunmore. These waters was built by Gorham Haughton, in 1725. The are too sluggish to afford the town much water surface is rather plain than hilly; the greatest power. The soil is of a sandy loam, interspersed elevation is Wauhnoosnook Hill, in the westerly with some flats of clay. Along the rivers the part of the town. The soil is clayey, and gensoil is rich and productive. The highlands are erally of a good quality. The town is well hard and fit for grazing. There are in this town watered in every part by springs and rivulets. several beautiful ponds, which abound in trout The Wauhnoosnook, a branch of the Nashua and other fish. The first settlement was com- River, and the N. branch of the Nashua promenced in 1773, by Jeremiah Parker, from Mas- duce fine mill privileges. A rich alum rock has sachusetts. 36 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and been found in this town. The village in the 10 S. by E. from Middlebury. The Rutland centre of the town makes a fine appearance. It Railroad passes through this town. lies about a mile and a half S. from the FitchLeminigton, Vt., Essex co. This is a mountain- burg Railroad; from thence to Boston is 43 ous township, on the W. side of Connecticut miles. River, with a small portion of intervale. There Leon County, Fa., c. h. at Tallahassee. Bounded are several brooks in the town, and a beautiful N. by Georgia. Some of the land is fertile. cascade of 50 feet. There is a mountain in the Leon, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Conewango town called the "Monadnock of Vermont." Creek waters this town, the surface of which is Generally not adapted to cultivation. 25 miles elevated, but chiefly level, and the soil produc N. from Guildhall, and 64 N. E. from Montpelier. tive. 310 miles W. by S. from Albany. Lempster, N. H., Sullivan co. The surface is Leon County, Ts., c. h. at Leona. E. central uneven, and the eastern part mountainous. The part of the state, between the Navasota and Trinsoil is moist, and better suited for grass than ity Rivers. grain. The town is well watered, although its Leonardtown, Md., c. h. St. Mary's co. On a streams are small. One branch of Sugar, and small branch of the Potomac. 87 miles S. from the S. and W. branches of Cold River, afford Annapolis. conveniences for water machinery. Near the Le Ray, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by InW. boundary line is a pond, 320 rods long, and dian and Black Rivers. Surface undulating; 80 wide. Sand Pond lies in this town and Mar- soil easily cultivated and very productive. 158 low. First settlers, emigrants from Connecticut, miles N. W. from Albany. in 1770. 42 miles W. from Concord, and about Le Roy, N. Y., Genesee co. Drained by Allen's 12 S. E. from Newport. Creek. Mostly a level town, with a fertile soil, Lenaiwee County, Mn., c. h. at Adrian. Bound- yielding large crops of grain. 10 miles E. from ed N. by Jackson and Washtenaw counties, E. Batavia, and 234 N. of W. from Albany. by Monroe co., S. by Ohio, and W. by Hillsdale Letcher County, Ky., c. h. at Whitesburg. co. Surface slightly undulating, and watered by Taken mostly from Perry co., and incorporated Raisin and Ottawa Rivers; soil fertile, consist- in 1842. Bounded N. and N. E. by Perry and ing of sand and argillaceous loam. Iron ore is Floyd counties, S. E. and S. by Virginia, and W. found here. by the head branch of Kentucky River, separatLenoir County, N. C., c. h. at Kingston. Bound- ing it from Harlan and Perry counties. ed N. by Greene co., E. by Pitt and Craven, S. Letterkenny, Pa., Franklin co. Surface chiefly by Jones, and W. by Duplin and Wayne counties. level, and watered by Conedogwinit and Raccoon Watered by Neuse River and tributaries. Creeks. Soil slaty. Blue Mountain covers the Lenoir, N. C., c. h. Caldwell co. On the S. W. part of this town, which lies 7 miles N. W. side of Yadkin River, near its head. from Chambersburg. Lenox, Ms., c. h. Berkshire co. It was first set- Levant, Me., Penobscot co. A fertile township tled in 1750, and received the family name of the on the Kenduskeag. 10 miles N. W. from Duke of Richmond. The land in the N. and W. Bangor. parts is hilly, in some parts stony, and in some Leverett, Ms., Franklin co., was formerly a part broken. The soil is more favorable to grass than of Sunderland. The surface is somewhat moungrain. The town abounds in limestone, also tainous; the soil is strong and well adapted for various kinds of marble, and an abundance of pasturage. The town is watered by Roaring iron ore. The Housatonic passes through the Brook, and several small streams. Roaring town from N. to S., and furnishes a small water Brook is a rapid stream, on which is a cascade, power. The centre of the town is very hand- and some wild scenery. 10 miles S. E. from some. It is built upon a hill, on two streets, Greenfield, and 80 W. by N. from Boston. IN THE UNITED STATES. 429 Lewis County, Ky., c. h. Clarksburg. Bounded extending from E. to W. 15 miles W. from N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio, E. Lockport, and 10 by railroad from Niagara Falls. by Greenup co., S. by Craven and Fleming, and Lewistown, Pa.. c. h. Mifflin co. On the N. side W. by Mason co. Drained by Salt Lick and of Juniata River, at the entrance of KishcoKinniconick Creeks, branches of the Ohio River. quillas Creek. 57 miles`N. W. from Harrisburg. Lewis County, Mo., c. h. at Waterloo. Bounded A large and handsome place, with streets crossN. by Clark co., E. by the Mississippi River, S. ing each other at right angles. The Pennsylby Marion and Shelbv counties, and W. by Knox vania Canal passes here. co. Drained by Fabius and Wyaconda Rivers. Lewisville, As., c. h. Fayette co. A few miles Surface undulating; soil excellent. E. of Red River. Lewis County, N. Y., c. h. at Martinsburg. Lexington, Ga., c. h. Oglethorpe co. 70 miles Bounded on the N. by Jefferson and St. Law- N. from Milledgeville. rence, E. by Herkimer, S. by Oneida, and W. by Lexington, Ia., c. h. Scott co. 11 miles W. from Oswego and Jefferson counties. It is watered by the Ohio River, on the head branches of the Mus Black, Beaver, Independence, Moose, Indian, catauck Fork of White River. S. by E. from Oswegatchie, and Salmon Rivers, and Salmon Indianapolis 89 miles. and Fish Creeks. Surface hilly and broken; soil Lexington, Ky., city, and seat of justice forFay diversified, being very fertile on the borders of ette co., is situated on the Town Fork of Elkhorn Black River. Iron ore and galena are mined to River, 24 miles E. S. E. from Frankfort, and 74 a considerable extent. miles E. from Louisville. Population 7000. Lewis, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by Boquet It is one of the handsomest places in KenRiver and its branches. The surface is diversified tucky, and was formerly the capital of the state. with hills and mountains; the soil tolerably The city is laid out two miles square, with broad good. 10 miles N. from Elizabeth, and 141 from streets intersecting each other at right angles, Albany. many of them paved and well built. The maiwn Lewis County, On. N. of the Oregon River. street is about a mile and a half in length, with a Lewis County, Te., c. h. at Newburg. New. width of 80 feet. There are upon this street many Lewis, Vt., Essex co. Lewis is an uninhabited splendid buildings. In the centre of the city is township in the N. part of Essex co. It was a public square, upon which is a market house, chartered June 29, 1762. It is mountainous, and richly supplied from the surrounding country. has no streams of consequence excepting the N. The district of country in which Lexington is branch of Nulhegan River, which crosses the N. situated is highly fertile and beautiful. Few towns E. corner. have in this respect a more delightful location Lewis County, Va., c. h. at Weston. Bounded than this. It has also, within itself, an air of neatN. by Ritchie, Harrison, and Barbour counties. ness, opulence, and repose, which is grateful to E. by Randolph, S. by Braxton and Kanawha, the eye and to the heart of a stranger. The and W. by Wood co. Watered by the Little churches and public edifices are built mostly of Kanawha River and branches, and by the W. brick, as are a great number of the stores and and branches of the E. fork of the Monongahela private dwellings. Besides the court house and River. Surface rough and broken. county prison, the city contains the buildings of Lewisboro', N. Y., Westchester co. Watered on several literary and philanthropic institutions, the W. by Croton River and some of its branch- which are highly ornamental in their architectues. Surface rather broken; soil clay and sandy ral effect, as well as indicative of intelligence and loam. 18 miles N. from White Plains, and 119 refinement in the citizens. Transylvania UniverS. from Albany. sity was established here by the legislature of Lewisburg, Pa., Union co. On the W. bank of Kentucky, in 1798, and continued, until within a Susquehanna River, just below the entrance of few years, to be a state institution. It has lately Buffalo Creek, on the West Branch Canal, and passed into the hands of the Methodist Episcopal 67 miles N. from Harrisburg. A place of much church. The " Transylvania Seminary," which manufacturing business. preceded the university, and which, with the KenLewisburg, Te., c. h. Marshall co. 54 miles S. tucky Academy, was merged in that institution of Nashville. when the state took it up, was established by the Lewisburg, Va., c. h. Greenbrier co. 9 miles legislature of Virginia in 1780, and was the first W. from the White Sulphur Springs, and 214 literary institution of the kind established in the miles W. from Richmond. Here are the cele- west. The university has a medical department, brated White Sulphur Springs of Virginia. See whose graduates are more numerous than those Mineral Springs. of any other institution in the country, excepting Lewiston, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. side of two in Philadelphia. The University Hall and the Androscoggin, which here descends 47 feet if the Medical Hall are both beautiful buildings. the distance of 12 or 15 rods, producing a great The Lunatic Asylum, at Lexington, is one of the water power, which is already availed of for cot- noblest institutions in the state. The buildings ton factories, and which promises to render Lew- are very extensive and commodious, with grounds iston one of the great manufacturing towns of embracing 30 acres, handsomely improved and New England. The Waterville Railroad, branch- ornamented. Another handsome edifice is that ing from the Portland and Atlantic, passes through of the Masonic Hall. In the vicinity of the city it. The town extends along the river 13 miles, are numerous country seats, including that of and at the foot of the falls is connected with Mi- our late distinguished statesman Henry Clay. not by a bridge 1000 feet long. 33 miles W. of Ashland, as the late domicile of Mr. Clay is N. from Portland. named, is on the turnpike road leading to Lewiston, N. Y., Niagara co. On the Niagara Richmond, a mile and a half S. E. of the court River, opposite Queenstown, U. C., at the head house in Lexington. The house is a spacious of navigation, 7 miles from Lake Ontario. The brick mansion, with wings, surrounded with lawns surface is level, with the exception of a high ridge and pleasure grounds, which are planted with 430 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., almost every variety of American shrubbery and Edgefield and Newberry districts. Drained by forest trees. The whole estate consists of 500 or Saluda, which unites with Broad River on the 600 acres of the best land in Kentucky, upon W. border of this district to form the Congaree. which its distinguished proprietor, as a recreation The E. fork of Edisto River also runs on its S. amidst the cares of public life, bestowed much skil- W. border. ful and successful husbandry. Lexington, S. C., c. h. Lexington district. On In the year 1775, a party of hunters, while a small branch of Saluda River. 12 miles W. temporarily encamped on one of the branches of from Columbia. the Elkhorn, received intelligence of the first Lexington, Va.. Rockbridge co. 146 miles W. blood shed in the war of the revolution, at the of Richmond, on an elevated bank of the W. side battle of Lexington. As expressive of their deep of North River, the seat of Washington College, interest in this event. they gave this name, ever and of the Virginia Military Institute. See Colafter to be memorable in their country's history, to leges. the place of their encampment. Upon this spot Leyden, Ms., Franklin co., is a mountainous has arisen one of the most beautiful cities west of township, on the line of the state. It was forthe Alleghany Mountains. The settlement com- merly a part of Bernardston. Two branches of menced about four years later, by the erection of Deerfield River, Green River, and Budington a block house, and three rows of cabins, the two Creek pass through the town, on which are good outer serving as the walls of the fortification. It sites for mills. There is some good arable land was first incorporated by Virginia, in 1782. It in the town, but the greater, part is fit only for received its charter as a city from the legislature grazing. On Green River is a narrow, rocky pasof Kentucky, in 1831. A railroad, by way of sage, called the " Glen," a curious place, much Frankfort, connects Lexington with Louisville, admired for its romantic scenery. Distances, 9 on the Ohio River, thus establishing an easy cor- miles N. by W. from Greenfield, and about 100 munication with the great channels of business W. N. W. from Boston. and travel in the west. Several fine McAdam- Leyden, N. Y., Lewis co. Black and Moose ized roads diverge from this city towards different Rivers water this town, the surface of which is sections of the state. hilly, and the soil productive. 15 miles S. from In 1798, 9 years before Fulton's experiment Martinsburg, and 116 N. W. from Albany. upon the Hudson, a Mr. West, an ingenious me- Liberty County, Ga., c. h. at Hinesville. Boundchanic of Lexington, having constructed a steam- ed N. and N. E. by Bryan co., S. E. by the Atlanboat upon a small scale, tried it in the presence tic Ocean, S. by Mcintosh co. and the Alatamaha of hundreds of persons, upon the Town Fork of River, separating it from Wayne co., and W. by the Elkhorn, which had been dammed up for the Tatnall co. Surface level, and watered by Little purpose; when it is said to have " moved through Cannonchee River and Taylor's Creek. the water with great velocity." This is believed Liberty, Ia., c. h. Union co. On the E. side of by many to have been the first successful illus- Silver Creek. 72 miles E. by S. from Indiantration of the application of steam to navigation. apolis. Several of the identical parts of Mr. West'S'min- Liberty, Me., Waldo co. 29 miles E. from Auiature engine are now to be seen in the museum gusta, and 18 W. S. W. from Bangor. of the Adelphi Society, in the Transylvania Uni- Liberty, Mi., c. h. Amite co. On the E. side of versity. the W. fork of Amite River. 101 miles S. S. Lexington, Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly a W. from Jackson. part of Cambridge, and is watered by several Liberty, Mo., c. h, Clay co. 159 miles W. N. branches of the Shawsheen River. The surface W. from Jefferson City. is varied by hills and valleys, and the soil is ren- Liberty, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by the dered productive by the industry and skill of its Callicoon and other small tributaries of the Delproprietors. There is considerable woodland in aware River, which bounds this town on the S. the town, and extensive meadows. Lexington W. Surface mountainous; soil mostly gravelly will ever be an interesting place, as here the first loam. 15 miles N. W. from Monticello, and 128 blood was shed in the cause of American inde- S. W. from Albany. pendence. A monument is erected on the village Liberty, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by Chilgreen, and on the site of the battle. 11 miles by isquaque and Mahoning Creeks. Surface mostly railroad'N. W. from Boston, and 15 S. S. E. from level; soil clay. Lowell. Liberty, Pa., Tioga co. The surface of this Lexington, Mi., c. h. Holmes co. On the N. town is hilly; soil clay and gravel. 123 miles side of a branch of Yazoo River. 62 miles N. N. by W. from Harrisburg. from Jackson. Liberty County, Ts., c. h. at Liberty. In the S. Lexington, Mo., c. h. Lafayette co. 1 mile S. E. angle of the state. On Galveston Bay and from the Missouri River, and 132 W. N. W. from both banks of the Trinity. Jefferson City. Liberty, Va., c. h. Bedford co. On a branch of Lexington, N. C., c. h. Davidson co. It is on Otter River. W. by S. from Richmond 142 miles. the W. side of Abbott's Creek, a branch of Yad- Licking County, O., c. I. at Newark. Bounded kin River. 117 miles W. from Raleigh. N. by Knox, E. by Muskingum, S. by Perry and Lexington, N. Y., Greene co. Watered by Scho- Fairfield, and W. by Franklin and Delaware harie Creek and some of its head branches. The counties The soil is fertile, and is finely watered surface is broken by the Catskill range of moun- by Licking Creek, which runs through every tains. 28 miles W. from Catskill, and 50 S. W. part of the county. Emigrants from Pennsylfrom Albany. vania and Virginia settled here in 1800, and they Lexington District, S. C., c. h. at Lexington. were soon followed by people from New England. Bounded N. and E. by Broad and Congaree Riv- Large beds of iron ore are found here. ers, separating it from Fairfield and Richland Ligonier, Pa., Westmoreland co. This town districts, S. by Orangeburg district, and W. by lies in a valley watered by Loyahanna Creek and IN THE UNITED STATES. 431 branches. Soil calcareous loam. 149 miles W. Lincoln County, Mo., c. h. at Troy. Bounded from Harrisburg. N. W. and N. by Pike co., E. by the Mississippi Lima, N. Y., Livingston co. Honeoye Creek River, S. by St. Charles and Warren counties, and one of its branches water this town. Surface and W. by Montgomery co. Watered by Cuivre rolling; soil fertile. 12 miles N. E. from Gene- River and branches. seo, and 213 N. of W. from Albany. Lincoln Count, N. C., c. h. at Lincolnton. Lima, O., c. h. Allen co. On Ottawa River, Bounded N. by Catawba co., E. by Great Catawba 20 miles from its mouth, and 100 miles N. W. River, separating it from Iredeil and Mecklenby W. from Columbus. burg counties, S. by South Carolina, and W. by Limerick, Me., York co. Little Ossipee River Cleaveland co. Drained by Little Catawba waters this town. It lies 28 miles W. from Port- River and branches, Dutchman's Creek, and land, 85 S. W. from Augusta, and 15 N. by W. Buffalo Creek, a branch of Broad River. from Alfred. This is a good farming town, with Lincoln, N. H., Grafton co., is a mountainous a pleasant village, and an academy, incorporated township. The middle branch- of the Pemigein 1812. The town was incorporated in 1787. wasset passes through the town. Bog, Fish, and Limerick, Pa., Montgomery co. Bounded S. Loon Ponds are here. There are many elevaby the Schuylkill River. 78 miles E. from Har- tions, of which Kinsman's Mountain is the risburg. largest. In the N. part of the town are two Limestone County, Aa., c. h. at Athens. Bound- large gulfs, made by an extraordinary discharge ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Madison co., S. by the of water from the clouds, in 1774. The numerTennessee River, separating it from Morgan and ous " slips " from the mountain commence near Lawrence counties, and W. by Lauderdale co. the summit, and proceed to its base, forcing a Elk River and its branches, Swan River, and passage through all obstructions. The soil here Piney and Limestone Creeks drain this county. is poor. Wild animals are very numerous. Limestone, Pa., Columbia co. A level town, First settlers: this town was granted, in 1764, watered by Chilisquaque Creek and Limestone to James Avery and others. 80 miles N. from Run. Soil calcareous loam. 10 miles N. W. Concord, and about 20 E. from Haverhill. from Danville. Lincoln County, Te., c. h. at Fayetteville. Limestone County, Ts., c. h. at Springfield. A Bounded N. by Marshall and Bedford counties, central county. Between the Brazos and Trinity E. by Franklin co., S. by Alabama.. and W. by Rivers. Giles co. Watered by Elk River and branches. Linington, Me., York co. This town is bound- Lincoln, Vt., Addison co. Lincoln is considered on the S. by Limerick, and is watered by Saco ably uneven. The western part is watered by River on the S. and W. The town has a good New Haven River, which is formed here; and soil, very productive of hay, wheat, and other several small branches of Mad River rise in the grain. It lies 28 miles W. N. W. from Portland. eastern part. The timber is principally hard Lincoln County, Ga., c. h. at Lincolnton. wood, with some tracts of spruce. The settleBounded N. by Broad River, separating it from meqt was commenced about the year 1790. The Elbert co., E. by the Savannah River, separating first settlers were mostly Quakers. 21 miles S. W. it from South Carolina by Little River, sepa- from Montpelier, and 15 N. E. from Middlebury. rating it from Columbia co., and W. by Wilkes co. Lincolnton, N. C., c. h. Lincoln co. On the Drained by Fishing and Soap Creeks, branches E. side of Little Catawba River. 172 miles W. of the Savannah. by S. from Raleigh. Lincoln County, Ky., c. h. at Stanford. Bounded Lincolnville, Me., Waldo co. On the W. side N. by Doyle, E. by Garrard and Rockeastle, S. of Penobscot Bay. 10 miles S. from Belfast and by Pulaski, and W. by Casey co. Watered by 51 E. from Augusta. Dick's River and branches, and the head branches Linden, An., c. h. Marengo co. 8 miles E. from of Green River. Surface elevated table land. Tombigbee River, on the S. side of Chickasaw Lincoln County, Me., Topsham, Wiscasset, and Bogue Creek. S. by W. from Tuscaloosa 80 miles. Warren shire towns. In the S. W. part of the Lindley, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Tioga state. Bounded S. by the Androscoggin and the River. Surface hilly; soil sandy loam and clay. coast between the Kennebec and the Penobscot, The Corning and Blossburg Railroad passes comprising many rivers, inlets, and excellent har- through the centre of this town. 25 miles S. E. bors. The Kennebec, Muscongus, Damariscotta, from Bath. and 221 from Albany. Sheepscot, and St. George's Rivers flow S. Linklean, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by through it. The soil is tolerably fertile, but some tributaries of Ostelic River. Surface slightcommerce and the fisheries chiefly engross atten- ly uneven; soil argillaceous loam. 18 miles N. W. tion. The Kennebec Railroad passes N. and S. from Norwich, and 110 W. from Albany. through it. Linn County, Io., c. h. at Marion. Incorporated Lincoln, Me.. Penobscot co. A large township in 1837. Bounded N. by Buchanan and Delaon the E. side of the Penobscot, at the mouth of ware, E. by Jones, S. by Johnson, and W. by Matanawcook, where is a pleasant village. 45 Benton co. Watered by Wabesipinica River, miles N. by E. from Bangor. Buffalo Creek, and the Cedar Fork of Iowa River. Lincoln, Ms., Middlesex co. Though rough, it Surface slightly undulating; soil excellent. contains some of the best farms in the county. Linn County, Mo., c. h. at Linneus. Bounded Flint's or Sandy Pond, containing about 197 N. by Sullivan, E. by Macon, S. by Chariton, acres. derived its name from its being situated and W. by Livingston and Grundy counties on the farm of Ephraim Flint, one of the ori- Watered by Locust and Yellow Creeks. ginal owners of Lincoln. It is a favorite resort Linn, Mo., c. h. Osage co. for pickerel. From the depot of the Fitchburg Linneus, Mo., c. h. Linn co. Railroad, in this town, to the centre village, Lisbon, Ct., New London co. This town is 7 is about a mile and a half; to Boston 161 miles N. from Norwich, from which it was taken miles. in 1786. It is watered by Quinebaug and She 432 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tucket Rivers, which unite in the S. part of the this town is a mineral spring " which is saturated town. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, with iron and sulphur." A law school of great with some alluvial meadow. This is an excellent respectability was established in this town, by farming town. the Hon. Tapping Reeve, in 1784. 30 miles W. Lisbon, Me., Lincoln co. On the E. side of from Hartford. the Androscoggin, 6 miles below Lewiston Falls. Litchfield, Ky., c. h. Grayson co. 109 miles There are also falls here, called the Five Miles S. W. by W. from Frankfort. Falls. There are some manufactures of cotton Litchfield, Me., Kennebec co. A good farming and wool, and many saw mills. 30 miles S. township. 16 miles S. S. W. from Augusta. S. E. from Augusta. Litchfield, N. H., Hillsboro' co., is a small, ferLisbon. N. H., Grafton co., is watered by Amo- tile township on the E. bank of Merrimac River. noosuck River and several smaller streams. Here It has an excellent soil. There are 2 ferries — are several ponds; the most noted is called Mink, Thornton's, on the post road from Amherst to and affords mill sites at its outlet. The meadows Portsmouth, and Read's, 3 miles above. This on Amonoosuck are generally very productive; town was originally known by the Indian name the plain land has a light, thin Soil, requiring con- of Natticott, and by the English one of Brenson's siderable manure to make it productive; and the Farm. 8 miles E. from Amherst, and 30 S. by E. uplands have a strong, good soil, which affords from Concord. The Concord Railroad passes many good farms. Blueberry Mountain is the on the opposite bank of the river, where there is principal elevation. Large quantities of iron ore a station. and of limestone are found here. Franconia Litchfield, N. Y., Herkimer co. Drained by Iron Works receive their supply of ore from this one of the head branches of the Unadilla, and town. This town was called Concord until several small tributaries of the Mohawk River. 1824. First settlers: Lisbon was granted, in Surface hilly; soil calcareous loam. 10 miles 1763, to Joseph Burt and others. 20 miles N. E. S. W. from Herkimer, and 83 N. W. from Albany. from Haverhill, and 95 N. W. from Concord. Litchfield, Pa., Bradford co. Surface hilly. and Lisbon, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded on drained by branches of Wepassining Creek; soil the N. W. by the St. Lawrence River; and wa- gravelly loam. 156 miles N. from Harrisburg. tered by Grass River and several small streams. Little Compton, R. I., Newport co. This very Surface undulating; soil fertile and heavily tim- pleasant town, the Indian Seaconnet, lies on the bered. Isle au Gallope, lying in the St. Law- ocean, at the eastern entrance into Narraganset rence, belongs to this town. 10 miles N. W. Bay. The soil of the town is uncommonly fertile. from Canton, and 211 from Albany. Seaconnet Rocks, at the south-eastern extremity Lisle, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Tiough- of the town, where a breakwater has been erected nioga River and some of its branches. Surface by government, are well known to sailors, and undulating; soil well adapted for grazing. 18 memorable as the place where a treaty was made miles N. from Binghampton, and 140 S. of W. between the English and the queen of the powerfrom Albany. ful Seaconnet tribe in 1674. That tribe is now Litchfield County, Ct., c. h. at Litchfield. extinct. Seaconnet Rocks are their only monuThis is the largest and most elevated county in ment. Little Compton is becoming celebrated the state. The surface is hilly, and in some as a place of resort, in summer months, for sea parts mountainous; the soil is chiefly a gravelly air and bathing, and very justly so, for very few loam, under good cultivation, and very produc- parts of our coast exhibit a more interesting tive of butter, cheese, beef, and pork. It abounds location.. 9 miles E. by N. from Newport. in iron ore, which is extensively manufactured. Little Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. A branch of This county is watered by numerous ponds, by Little Beaver Creek waters this town. Surface the beautiful Housatonic, and by many rivers undulating; soil rich calcareous loam. rising in the high grounds. The streams give a Little Falls, N. J., Passaic co. The Passaic valuable water power, and flourishing manufac- River has a fall of 33 feet at this place, affording turing establishments are found in almost every great hydraulic power. The Morris Canal passes town. Litchfield county was incorporated in here. 79 miles N. E. by E. from Trenton. 1751. It is bounded N. by Berkshire co., Ms., E. Little Rock, As. Capital of the state, and seat by Hartford and New Haven counties, S. by the of justice of Pulaski co. On the S. side of the counties of New Haven and Fairfield, and WN. by Arkansas River, about 150 miles from its mouth, the state of New York. where it enters the Mississippi. The river is Litchfield, Ct., c. h. Litchfield co. This navigable for steamboats to this place at all town, the Indian Bantam, is elevated, and its stages of the water. The town is built upon a surface presents a diversity of hills and valleys. high bluff, from 150 to 200 feet above the river. Bantam was first settled in 1720, and incorpora- It is said to be the first place above the mouth ted by its present name in 1734. The soil is of the river in which rocks are found. It is;aid a gravelly loam, deep, strong, and admirably out upon a regular plan, and contains tne state adapted for grazing. Great Pond is a beautiful house, court house, jail, and other public offices sheet of water; it comprises an area of 900 acres, for the state and county, a United States arsenal, and is the largest pond in the state. The wa- a United States land office, a penitentiary, and ters of the Naugatuck, Shepung, and Bantam churches of all the principal denominations. give the town a good water power. This place was laid out and settled in 1820. Litchfield village, on " Litchfield Hill," is a Littleton, N. H., Grafton co. Littleton extends delightful place. It is situated on an elevated on the Connecticut River about 14 miles. There plain, surrounded by interesting scenery, and are 3 bridges over the river. The beautiful Conaffords extensive prospects. In the W. part of necticut, in passing down the rapids called Fifthe town, Mount Tom rears a front of 700 feet teen Mile Falls, extending the whole length of above the Naugatuck, presenting a panoramic Littleton, runs in foaming waves for miles tolandscape of great beauty and vast extent. Near gether, which renders it impossible to ascend or IN THE UNITED STATES. 433 descend with boats in safety. The Amonoosuck Rivers. Surface slightly undulating; soil fertile. waters the S. part, having on its banks small Iron ore is found in the S. E., and salt in the tracts of excellent intervale. The principal vil- central portions. lage is on this river, and is called Glynville. Livingston County, Mo., c. h. at Chillicothe. Raspberry, Black, Palmer's, and Iron Mountains Bounded N. by Grundy, E. by Linn and Chariton, are the most prominent elevations. Near Amo- S. by Carroll, and W. by Caldwell and Daviess noosuck River is a mineral spring, the water of counties. Watered by Grand River and tribuwhich is said to be similar to the Congress Spring taries. Surface level; soil of fine quality. at Saratoga. Hone slate is found here in great Livingston, N. J., Essex co. Bounded on the abundance and purity. Littleton is an important W. by Passaic River. and drained by small point for travellers passing from the Connecticut streams flowing into it. Surface mountainous River to and from the White Mountains. First and uneven, except on the border of the Passaic. settler, Captain Nathan Caswell, about 1774. 30 9 miles N. W. from Newark, and 58 N. E. from miles N. by E. from Haverhill, and 100 N. N. W. Trenton. from Concord. Livingston County, N. Y., c. h. at Geneseo. Littleton, Ms., Middlesex co. This township Formed from Ontario and Genesee counties in was granted in 1714, and named for George Lit- 1821. It is bounded N. by Monroe, E. by Ontleton, a member of the British parliament. Its tario, S. by Alleghany and Steuben, and W. by Indian name was Nashobah. The surface is pleas- Genesee and Wyoming counties, and watered by antly variegated, containing a number of beauti- Genesee River, Canaseraga Creek, and Coneseus ful ponds; the soil is nrot very strong. There are and Hemlock Lakes, with their outlets. Surface 2 pleasant villages in the town. The Fitchburg much diversified; soil mostly of good quality, Railroad passes through the town. 13 miles N. W. and in the Genesee valley very fertile. Gypsum from Concord, and 31& N. W. fiom Boston. and bog iron ore exist here in large quantities, Livermore, Me., Oxford co. A good township and the Avon Sulphur Springs have long been of land on both sides of the Androscoggin, with celebrated. The Genesee Valley Canal and a 3 pleasant villages and falls on the river, produ- side branch pass through this county. cing a large water power. 25 miles W. from Livingston, N. Y., Columbia co. On the E. Augusta. side of the Hudson, and watered by Ancram or Liverpool, N. Y., Onondaga co. On the E. side Roeliff Jansen's Creek. The surface is varied; of Onandaga Lake, in the township of Salina, 5 soil gravel, clay, and loam, based upon lime and miles N. of Syracuse. Incorporated as a village slate. 10 miles S. from Hudson.. in 1830. The principal business of the village Livingston, Te., c. h. Overton co. 100 miles E. is the manufacture of fine salt from the saline by N. from Nashville. springs situated here, and belonging to the state, Livonia, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by from which vast quantities are produced. See the outlet of Hemlock Lake and a few small Salina. The Oswego Canal passes through this streams flowing W. into Coneseus Lake. Surface place. 136 miles W. by N. from Albany. slightly uneven; soil productive. 8 miles E. Liverpool, O., Medina co. 125 miles N. E. by N. from Geneseo, and 217 W. from Albany. from Columbus. A flourishing place, with salt Locke, N. Y.. Cayuga co. Watered by the springs, a petroleum spring, and iron ore. inlet of Owasco Lake. The surface is hilly; Liverpool, Pa., Perry co. Bounded E. by the soil gravelly loam, based upon slate. 20 miles Susquehanna River, and watered by a small S. from Auburn, and 153 W. from Albany. creek flowing into it. Surface hilly; soil slate Lockhaven, Pa., c. h. Clinton co. On the S. and gravel on the hills, and calcareous loam in side of Susquehanna River. 107 miles N. W. the valleys. 29 miles N. by W. from Harrisburg. by N. from Harrisburg. Livingston, Aa., c. h. Sumpter co. On the N. Lockport, Is., Will co. On the Illinois and side of Sucarnachee River. 68 miles S.-W. from Michigan Canal. 34 miles WV. from Chicago, Tuscaloosa. and 170 N. E. by N. from Springfield. It is at Livingston County, Is., c. h. at Pontiac. Bounded the termination of the lake level, and here the N. by Lasalle and Grundy counties, E. and S. by canal has a fall of 20 feet, by two locks. From Vermilion and McLean, and W. by Woodford the surplus water of the canal, and likewise of the co. Watered by Vermilion River and tributa- Des Plaines River, which has a fall of 15 feet at ries. Surface slightly undulating; soil fertile. this place, a large amount of hydraulic power is Livingston County, Ky., c. h. at Salem. obtained. Bounded E. by Crittenden and Caldwell, S. by Lockport, N. Y., c. h. Niagara co. It is watered Marshall and McCracken counties, and W. and by Tonawanda and a branch of Eighteen Mile N. by the Ohio River, separating it from Illinois. Creek. The surface is hilly;.soil sandy and calTennessee River runs on its S. border, and Cum- careous loam. This town contains several large berland River passes through it. Surface mostly quarries of fine building stone. 277 miles W. level; soil fertile. by N. from Albany. Livingston Parish, La., c. h. at Springfield. Lodi, N. J., Bergen co. This town is bounded Bounded N. by St. Helena parish, E. by St. E. and S. E. by the Hackensack, and W. and Tammany, S. by St. John Baptist and Ascen- S. W. by the Passaic River. Surface level. 5 sion, and V. by East Baton Rouge parish. Wa- miles S. W. from Hackensack. tered on its S. E. border by Lakes Maurepas and ~ Lodi, N. Y., Seneca co. On the E. shore of Pontchartrain, and on its S. and W. by Amite Seneca Lake. Watered by several streams flowRiver, flowing into Lake Maurepas. Drained by ing into Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. Surface small rivers flowing into the lakes. rolling; soil clay loam, based upon lime and Livingston County, Mn., c. h. at Howell.' Bounded slate. 20 miles S. from Waterloo, and 175 W N. by Shiawassee and Genesee counties, E. by from Albany. Oakland, S. by Washtenaw, and W. by Ingham Logan County, Is., c. h. at Postville. Bounded co. Watered by Shiawassee, Cedar, and Huron N. by Tazewell and De Witt counties, E. by De 55 434 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Witt and Macon, S. by Sangamon, and W. by arrival performed religious services under an Menard and Mason counties. Drained by Sugar oak, on the E. shore of Beaver Pond. They inCreek and other branches of Sangamon River. troduced the culture of the potato, a vegetable Surface level, including much prairie land. till then unknown. in New England; also the Logan County, Ky., c. h. at Russelville. Bounded manufacture of linen cloth. In 1828 part of this N. by Muhleaburg and Butler counties, E. by town was taken to form Derry. 26 miles S. S. FE Simpson co., S. by Tennessee, and W. by Todd from Concord, and 35 S. W. from Portsmouth. co. Watered by branches of Green and Cum- Londonderry, Pa., Chester co. Surface level, berland Rivers. Surface table land. and watered by Doe Run, a branch of BrandyLogan County, O., c. h. at Bellefontaine. Hardin wine River, and by the head branches of Elk and co. bounds it on the N., Union on the E., Cham- White Clay Creeks. Soil sandy loam. paign on the S., and Shelby on the W. Miami Londonderry, Pa., Dauphin co. Watered by and Mad Rivers, Boques, Mill, and Darby Creeks Conewago and Spring Creeks, the latter affordrise here, and water the land, which is level and ing water power. Surface somewhat hilly; soil fertile. This county was named for General gravel and calcareous loam. 14 miles S. E. from Logan, of Kentucky, and was organized in 1818. Harrisburg. The first settlers came from North Carolina, Londonderry, Pa., Lebanon co. Bounded N. Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, about the year by Swatara Creek, and drained by Conewago 1806. and Quitapahilla Creeks and Klinger's Run. SurLogan, O., c. h. Hocking co. On the N. bank face hilly on the N. and S., but more level in of Hockhocking River, 1 mile below the Great the central portions. Soil gravel and calcareous Falls. It was laid out in 1816, and is 46 miles loam. 8 miles S. W. from Lebanon. S. E. from Columbus, and 18 S. E. from Lan- Londonderry, Vt., Windham co. West River caster. passes through this town, and receives several Logan, Pa., Clinton co. Watered by Big Fish- tributaries in it. The land on the streams is rich ing Creek. Surface mountainous; soil calcare- and fertile; the uplands are good for grazing, ous loam in the valleys. 20 miles N. E. from except those parts that are mountainous. There Bellefontaine. are in this town 2 pleasant villages. The settleLogan County, Va., c. h. at Logan. Bounded ment was commenced in 1774, by people from N. by Cabell and Kanawha counties, E. by Fay- Londonderry, N. H. 28 miles S. W. from Windette and Mercer, S. by Tazewell, and W. by the sor, and 30 N. E. from Bennington. Tug Fork of Sandy River, separating it from London Grove, Pa., Chester co. Watered by Kentucky, and by Wayne co. Drained by Guy- White Clay Creek and branches. Surface unandotte and Coal Rivers. Surface rough and dulating; soil calcareous loam. 71 miles E. by uneven. S. from Harrisburg. Logan, Va., c. h. Logan co. On the E. side of Long Branch, N. J., Shrewsbury, Monmouth Guvandotte River. 351 miles W. from Richmond. co. A long beach, on the Atlantic, 50 miles E. Logansport, Ia. City, and seat of justice of Cass from Trenton, a place of fashionable resort for co. Situated on the Wabash River, at the junc- persons seeking the recreations of sea air and tion of Eel River. 68 miles N. of Indianapolis. bathing. The Wabash and Erie Canal passes through it, Long Lake, N. Y., Hamilton co. The territory giving it a fine advantage of position for busi- of this large town is mostly a wilderness, waness. It has a valuable water power, on which tered by numerous streams and lakes. The surare several flouring mills and saw mills. The face is somewhat uneven; soil tolerably fertile. site of the town is on ground gradually rising 35 miles N. from Lake Pleasant, and 100 N. W. from the junction of the rivers, where it is about from Albany. 10 feet above high-water mark, for the distance Longmeadow, Ms., Hampden co. This town of 100 rods, to an elevation of 30 or 40 feet, was formerly the second parish of Springfield. which is about the altitude of the highest bluffs It was first settled about 1644, and derived its along the Wabash River. Bridges here cross name from the long meadow within the town. both the Wabash and Eel Rivers. The town Its Indian name was Massacsick. Longmeadow contains a court house, jail, an academy, and is finely located on the eastern bank of Connectichurches of the leading Christian denominations. cut River, and has some rich meadow land. The It promises to become one of the principal towns town is watered by some, small streams. The in northern Indiana. village is delightfully situated about a mile London, 0., c. h. Madison co. 27 miles W. by from the river; it is built on one wide, level street, S. from Columbus. beautifully shaded by tall native elms. The Londonderry, N. H., Rockingham co., adjoins Hartford and Springfield Railroad passes through the E. line of the county of Hillsboro'. This here, about 21 miles from Hartford: to Springtown has a very fertile soil, and contains but field it is 4 miles, and from Springfield to Boslittle waste land. The principal stream is Beaver ton, by the Western Railroad, it is 98 miles. River, issuing from Beaver Pond, a beautiful Long Swamp, Pa.. Berks co. Drained by Litbody of water, nearly circular in form, and about tle Lehigh River. Surface hilly; soil gravel and 300 rods in diameter. 3 miles N. W. from this calcareous loam. 72 miles E. by N. from Harrispond are 3 other small ponds, Scoby's, Upper, burg. and Lower Shields. Small streams issuing from Lorain County, 0., is bounded N. by Lake these unite and fall into Beaver River, on which Erie, E. by Cuyahoga and Medina counties, S. are extensive and valuable meadows. There are by Wayne -and Richland, and W. by Huron co. several other ponds in the town. Londonderry The branches of Black River and Beaver Creek -was settled in 1719, by a colony of Presbyterians rise in the county. It was organized in 1824, and from the vicinity of the city of Londonderry, in' has a rich, productive soil. The fall in Black the north of Ireland. 16 families, accompanied River furnishes the county with an immense waby Rev. James McGregor, on the day of their ter power. IN THE UNITED STATES. 435 Lorraine, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by The Marine Hospital is a fine building, erected Sandy Creek and its branches. Surface hilly; ih 1820, by a grant of $40,000 from the state; a soil sandy loam and clay. 15 miles S. from Wa- donation for the site, containing about 7A acres of tertown, and 145 N. W. from Albany. ground, having been made by two noble-minded Los Angelos County, Ca., c. h. at Puebla de Los citizens. The establishment is well endowed, Angelos. In the S. part of the state. admirably regulated, and abundantly sufficient Los Angelos, Ca., c. h. Los Angelos co. Former for all the purposes of its design. There is in Mexican capital of California. Louisville a Medical Institute, which is well furLoudon, N. H., Merrimac co. Suncook River nished with books and apparatus, and has been passes through Loudon, furnishing valuable mill in very successful operation for a number of privileges. There is some good intervale on its years. There is here a school for the blind, enborders. Loudon was originally a part of Can- dowed by the state. There are two orphan asvterbury, and lies on the E. side of Merrimac Riv- lums, and a Magdalen asylum; a city workhouse, er. First settlers, Abraham and Jethro Batchel- a hospital, a prison, several markets, and banking der and Moses Ordway. About 10 miles N. E. houses. It has several spacious hotels. which are from the state house in Concord. among the best in the country. Some of the Loudon County, Va., c. h. at Leesburg. Bound- church edifices are fine specimens of architecture, ed N. E. by the Potomac River, separating it from of which there are in the city 3 Presbyterian, 6 Maryland, S. E. by Fairfax co., S. W. by Prince Methodist, 4 Baptist, I Campbellite Baptist, 2 William and Fauquier, and N. W. by Clarke and Episcopal, 2 Roman Catholic, 1 Friends, 1 UniJefferson counties. Drained by Killoctan and tarian, 1 Universalist, several colored churches, Goose Creeks, and branches, which afford good I free church, and a Jews' synagogue. The water power. Surface mountainous, the Blue Mercantile Library Association has a library of Ridge lying on the N. W. border. Soil of vari- between 4000 and 5000 volumes. The Kentucky ous qualities. Historical Society has accumulated a large and Louisa County, Io., c. h. at Wappello. Bound- valuable collection of books, pamphlets, and maned N. by Johnson and Muscatine counties, E. by uscript documents, connected with the settlement the Mississippi River, separating it from Illinois, and history of the state. An Agricultural and S. by Des Moines and Henry, and W. by Wash- a Horticultural Society have been organized. ington co. Drained by Iowa River and branches, The system of free schools was introduced which afford hydraulic power. Soil of fine quali- into Louisville earlier than any where else ty, especially on the borders of the rivers. west of the mountains; and the city is well Louisa, Ky., c. h. Lawrence co. Located on provided with the means of education, which the W. side of Big Sandy River. 158 miles E. are open to children of every age, and of all from Frankfort. classes. Large banking facilities have been Louisa County, Va., c. h. at Louisa Court provided. House. Bounded N. and N. E. by Pamunky The principal business of Louisville is foreign River, separating it from Orange and Spottsylva- and domestic commerce. It is extensively renia counties, S. E. by Hanover, S. W. by Gooch- sorted to by merchants from the river towns land and Fluvanna, and N. W. by Albemarle co. above and below, and from the interior of the Louisburg, N. C., c. h. Franklin co. On the N. adjacent states, as an eligible wholesale market side of Tar River. 36 miles N. E. from Raleigh. for dry goods and groceries; In this commerce Louisville, As., c. h. Lafayette co. are employed more than 300 steamboats, besides Louisville, Ga., c. h. Jefferson co. On Rocky boats of other descriptions with which the western Comfort Creek, just above its junction with rivers are navigated. The import and export Ogeechee River, and 53 miles E. from Milledge- trade of Louisville, in 1850, amounted to near ville. $50,000,000. The exports consist of tobacco, bagLouisville, Ky. City, port of entry, and seat ging, and bale rope, pork, lard, bacon, flour, whisof justice of Jefferson co. It is 52 miles W. by key, feathers, flaxseed, beeswax, and live stock; to N. from Frankfort, the capital of the state. The which should be added steam engines, sugar mills, population in 1800 was 800; 1810, 1357; 1820, and various kinds of machinery manufactured 4012; 1830, 10,336; 1840, 21,210; 1850, 43,000. here. There are several large founderies and maLouisville is situated on the S. side of the Ohio chine shops, in which engines and machinery of River, at the head of the rapids. Opposite to the the best description are produced. Many steamcity the river is a mile wide, and for many miles boats of the largest class, every year, are built above spreads out into a most beautiful sheet of at Louisville and the adjoining towns, and furwater. The city is built on a gradual ascent from nished with engines from these establishments. the river, about 75 feet above low-water mark, Two extensive steam bagging factories are in with streets running parallel to the river, nearly full operation, and several ropewalks, converting E. and W., from 60 to 120 feet wide, intersected tons of raw hemp daily into bagging, cordage, at right angles by streets running up from the and bale rope. There are manufactories of cotriver, which are uniformly 60 feet wide. The ton and woollen; a number of fiouring mills, areas enclosed by the intersecting streets are breweries, and distilleries. White lead, linseed 420 feet square; which, however, are in most in- and lard oil, starch and hydraulic cement, tobacstances subdivided by narrower streets and alleys. co, snuff, cigars, &c., are manufactured here in The public buildings of Louisville are, many of large quantities. The book trade, printing, bindthem, of the most convenient and elegant con- ing, and paper making, are carried on with great struction. The City Hall, for the accommodation energy and success. All, or nearly all, these of the municipal courts and offices, is a spacious branches of manufacture are rapidly extending and magnificent building. The city and county their business. prison is constructed on the most approved mod- The city is abundantly supplied with excellent el of modern improvements, combining health, water, and gas works have been established for convenience, and security. lighting the city 436 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., The greatest falls in the Ohio River are those rods in width, through which there are sluicejust below this city; which are caused by a bed of ways, which will admit the passage of a common limestone extending across the river, over which sail boat. The scenery of the mountains and the waters pour with a broken and irregular ascending lands in the vicinity is rural and beaucurrent, for a distance of 2 miles, making a de- tiful." scent of 22 feet, and, excepting one or two months Lovington, Va., c. h. Nelson co. 105 miles W. during the period of the highest flood, entirely by N. from Richmond. intercepting the passage of loaded boats up and Lowell, Me., Penobscot co. Formerly called down the river. To overcome this obstruction to Huntsville. Incorporated by its present name the important commerce of the Ohio, the Louis- in 1838. 30 miles E. of N. from Bangor. ville and Portland Canal was constructed, ex- Lowell, Ms. City, and one of the seats of justending firom the city to Portland, a village lying tice of Middlesex co. Situated on the Merrimac at the foot of the falls, which was formerly the River, at the point where it receives the Concord port at which the boats and shipping from below River. 26 miles N. WV. from Boston, 45 N. N.E. -were obliged to stop and discharge their cargoes. from Worcester, 13 S. W. from Lawrence, and The length of the canal is between 2 and 3 miles, 50 S. S. E. from Concord, N. H. The rapid 50 feet wide at the surface, and overcoming 22& growth of this city, the variety and richness of feet of fall by 4 locks, sufficiently capacious to ad- its manufactures, and the peculiar character of mit steamboats of the largest size. Almost the its population, have rendered it an object of entire line is excavated out of the solid limestone interest and inquiry throughout the world. In rock, to the average depth of 10 feet. This great these respects, it stands unrivalled in this country, and useful work was finally completed in 1833, and is well entitled to the appellation of the in a most thorough and substantial style of exe- " Manchester of America." cution. The cost was $1,000,000. The United The township was taken from Chelmsford in States are stockholders to the amount of $290,000. 1826, and embraces a territory, including the vilThe amount of business done upon this river is so lage of Belvidere, on the opposite side of the great, that this large outlay has proved a most Concord River, which has since been annexed to judicious and profitable investment. In 1843, Lowell from the corner of Tewksbury, of about the tolls received, since the canal began to be 5 square miles. The number of inhabitants on used in 1830, had amounted to $1,225,350. It is this territory in 1820 was less than 200; and believed that these falls may be made available the whole valuation of property did not exceed for the purpose of obtaining an incalculable $100,000. The first purchases, with a view to amount of water power; and that, at some future the establishment of manufactoties here, were period, Louisville may become one of the great- made in 1821. The Merrimac Company, which est manufacturing cities in the Union. was the first incorporated, was established in In 1778, a fort was built at this place, and a 1822, with a capital of $1,500,000; and the first settlement commenced. For several years the cloth woven was in one of their mills, in 1823. inhabitants were harassed by Indian hostilities. There are now 12 incorporated companies in LowIn 1780, the legislature of Virginia authorized ell, employing a capital of nearly $14,000,000, the laying out of a town at the falls of the Ohio, besides about $500,000 more of other manufacto which they gave the name of Louisville, in turing and mechanical investments, which is emhonor of Louis XVI., of France, the first ally of ployed by individual enterprise. The population the republic. The next year a fort was built, and in 1830 was 6477; in 1840, 20,796; in 1850, the place was made secure against the assaults of 33,385; and at the present time, (1852,) not less the Indians. For many years, owing to the mias- than 35,000. mata arising from several surrounding swamps All the principal water privileges at Lowell and ponds, Louisville continued to be exceedingly are owned by a company called' The Proprieunhealthy. But, in 1823, these local causes were tors of the Locks and Canals on Merrimac effectually removed; since which time, it is be- River." This company was incorporated in lieved that no large city in the country has been 1792, for the purpose of constructing a canal more uniformly healthy than Louisville. from the head of Pawtucket Falls, so called, Louisville, Mi., c. h. Winston co. On the head in the Merrimac River, to the Concord River: branches of Pearl River. N. E. from Jackson 92 near its junction with the Merrimac, for the miles. purpose of affording a passage to boats and Louisville, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded rafts navigating the river. This canal is a mile on the N. W. by the St. Lawrence, and watered and a half long, 60 feet wide, and 6 or 8 feet S. by Grass River. Several islands lying in the deep. It is still used to some extent for the St. Lawrence River belong to this town. The purpose originally intended. But when the desurface is undulating; soil fertile loam, based sign was entertained of applying the immense upon limestone. 20 miles N. from Canton, and water power thus created to manufacturing pur231 N. W. from Albany. poses, this company, having secured the title to Lovell, Me., Oxford co. This town embraces a considerable area on the south side of the Kezer Pond, a large sheet of water., and other river, sold out to other companies the sites for ponds whose outlet is into the Saco, at Frye- mills, agreeing to furnish them with a certain burg. Lovell lies 10 miles N. from Fryeburg, amount of water for a stipulated annual rent. 20 W. S. W. from Paris, and 67 W. S. W. from They also erected an extensive shop for the Augusta. Incorporated 1800. "In this town manufacture of machinery, from which, in as are Lovell's Falls, a great natural curiosi- short a time as three months, they can furnish ty. Where the water makes over into the tre- the machinery complete for a cotton mill of mendous basin below, it falls perpendicularly 6000 spindles; and in the same time, if required, 40 feet. Above the falls, there is a chain of they also build the mill itself, to the orders of a 8 ponds, partly in Lovell and partly in Water- new company, and furnish it ready to be operford, connected by small natural dams, 1 or 2 ated. The facilities thus afforded contributed IN THE UNITED STATES. 437 rapidly to build up the place, and the energy and for general intelligence, sobriety and correct deforesight of these enterprising capitalists were portment largely rewarded. For nothing, perhaps, does Lowell deserve This old canal having, of late years, proved more credit than for her liberal provision for the in some degree insufficient, a new one was con- public schools. This wise policy was early structed in 1847, of great capacity and superior adopted, and has perseveringly enlarged its opworkmanship, costing $640,000. This canal is erations with the growth of the city. From nearly 1 mile in length, averaging 100 feet wide $1200. the amount appropriated for the support and 15 feet deep; and for size, solidity, and the of the public schools in 1827, the annual approcompleteness of all its arrangements. is said to priation in 1850 had risen to $43,000. These exceed any thing of the kind in the United States. schools consist of a high school, 10 grammar The whole number of mills belonging to the schools, and 46 primary schools. The total ex12 manufacturing corporations of Lowell, on penditures of the city for 1850 was $178,614. - the 1st of January, 1851, was 50; containing The place where Lowell stands was known 325,500 spindles and 9906 looms; the number in the early annals of the country as one of the of males employed, 3702; females, 8274; pounds best fishing grounds of -the Indians in all New of cotton consumed per week, 575,400; pounds England. The "Apostle Eliot " speaks of one of wool consumed per week, 69,000; making of or two excursions which he made to " Pawtucket cotton cloth, per week, 2,190,000 yards; of Falls," to become acquainted with the tribes of woollen cloth, 20,477 yards; and of carpeting, Indians from the interior, and to teach them the 15,000 yards. The average wages earned by principles of Christianity. They continued even males, clear of board, is 80 cents per day; and to a late day, after the country around began to by females, clear of board, $2 per week.- be settled, to retain their title to a right at this These mills are all now lighted with gas, and fishing ground. There. are still evident marks, warmed by steam. Besides these there are ex- it is said, of a trench which once enclosed a tensive powder mills, paper mills, and mills for large area, about the junction of Merrimac and making batting, the Lowell bleachery, a foun- Concord Rivers, which was expressly reserved dery and planing mill, with a variety of other for the use of the Indians. How altered now manufactures, carried on by individual proprie- the scene! How different the enterprise, which tors of large means, which together employ as brings such multitudes to sojourn at these falls! many as 1500 hands. Lowell must be considered as a magnificent The public buildings of Lowell are a Court and most successful experiment of an American House, City Hall, Market House, a Hospital, a manufacturing city, upon which our countrymen Mechanics' Hall, the houses for public worship, look with pride and foreigners with admiration. which are generally handsome, and the edifices To its founders, a few Boston capitalists, befor the public schools. The Mechanics' Hall longs the credit of establishing a wise system of was erected by an association of mechanics, in- means to produce at once the most successful corporated as early as 1825. It is a spacious pecuniary, social, and moral results; in a great and expensive building, in the heart of the city, measure precluding the evils of ignorance, degrafurnished with a fine library and reading room, dation, and vice, which were once thought insepwith philosophical apparatus and a mineralogi- arable from large manufacturing towns. No cal cabinet. Courses of lectures, literary and community, for the period of its existence, has scientific, are delivered here. There is also a enjoyed more of the substantial comforts of life, valuable library of 7000 volumes belonging to or possesses better intellectual and moral advanthe city, which is open to all persons for the tages, than Lowell. It has become an honor to small fee of fifty cents per annum. The Hospi- the state in which it is located, and a model to tal was established in 1839, by the several manu- the manufacturing cities springing up around it, facturing companies, for the convenience and and in other parts of the land. May this great comfort of persons employed by them, when and industrious city always continue to be worsick; where, for a very small price, an experi- thy of the title given it by the Hon. Edward enced physician and nurses are provided. Everett, in his Memoirs of FRANcIs C. LOWELL, Perhaps nothing has contributed more to en- from whom it derives its name -" The noble courage industry, frugality, and thrift. among the City of the Arts." operatives, than the Institutions for Savings, of Lowell, Vt., Orleans co. The Missisco River which there are now two in Lowell. The labor- originates in a small pond, nearly on the line ers are the principal depositors in these banks, between this township and Eden, and taking a the greater part being females. The number northerly course, and receiving a number of of depositors November 1, 1851, was 6224; and considerable tributaries, enters Westfield neat the amount of deposits $812,598.63. its S. E. corner. Although encompassed by The fire department in this city is very effi- mountains on all sides, except the N. E., mucL eient and well organized. A reservoir of great of the township is handsome land, easy to till capacity has been constructed on the high ground and generally productive. At the grist mill in Belvidere, for the purpose of furnishing a near the centre of Lowell, the whole river passes ready supply of water to any part of the city in through a hole in the solid rock. This natural case of fires. The water is carried into the res- bridge is situated at the foot of a fall in the rivet ervoir by forcing pumps from the Lowell Ma- of about 10 feet. The first permanent settle chine Shop, and thence distributed through pipes ment was made in 1806, by Major William to the hydrants in the city. Caldwell. 9 miles S. W. from Irasburg, and The number of churches in Lowell of all de- 40 N. from Montpelier. nominations is 23. The population, although so Lower Chichester, Pa., Delaware co. Surface largely composed of young persons but recently level, and watered by Hook, a branch of Naaremoved from the counsels and restraints of the man's Creek; soil loam. parental roof, is superior to that of most cities, Lower Dublin, Pa., Philadelphia co. Penny 438 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., pack Creek and Saw Mill Run flow through of access, and never obstructed by ice. The this town, affording water power. Surface gently principal village occupies a point of land jutting uneven; soil sandy loam. into the harbor, and makes a fine appearance. Lower JMacungy, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface level; It is largely engaged in navigation, and has a soil calcareous loam. thriving business. 3 miles S. from Eastport, 31 Lower Mahantango, Pa., Schuylkill co. Deep S. E. from Calais, and 173 E. by N. from Augusta. and Swatara Creeks water this town, which is Lucas County, Io., c. h. at Chariton. Southern crossed by Broad and Sharp's Mountains. Soil central. red shale, and fertile in the valleys. Anthracite Lucas County, O., c. h. at Maumee City. Sitcoal exists here. 55 miles N. E. from Harris- uated in the N. W. part of the state, having burg. the Maumee River for its S. E. boundary, and Lower Makefield, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded on for its N. boundary the state line, dividing it the E. by Delaware River. Surface undulating; from Michigan. It has been recently constituted soil clay and sandy loam. a county, being a part of the former territory of Lower Merion, Pa., Montgomery co. Schuyl- Wood and Henry counties. The surface is genkill River and Mill and, Cobb's Creeks water this erally level, a portion of it covered by the Black town, which has an undulating surface and rich, Swamp, and a portion of the northern part dry loamy soil. It lies 93 miles E. from Harrisburg. and sandy. In this county, not far from the Lower Nazareth, Pa., Northampton co. Wa- present locality of Maumee City, was fought, tered by Manookisy Creek. Surface level; soil August 20, 1794, the "Battle of the Fallen Timcalcareous loam. bers," in which the Americans, under General Lower Oxford, Pa., Chester co. Drained by Wayne and General Scott, gained an important branches of Octarara and Elk Creeks. Surface victory over the Indians, assisted by Canadian somewhat uneven; soil loam. militia and volunteers. This part of the MauLower Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Beaver and mee valley was also the theatre of important Paxton's Creeks water this town, and Blue operations in the war of 1812. This county is Mountain lies on its N. border. 6 miles N. E. at present but sparsely settled, but is destined, at from Harrisburg. no distant day, to become populous and wealthy. Lower Providence, Pa., Montgomery co. Per- Ludlow, Ms., Hampden co. This was formerly kiomen Creek, on the borders of which lead is a part of Springfield, and called Stony Hill. found, and Shippack Creek, water this town. The town is watered by branches of Chicopee Surface hilly; soil red shale. River, and by that river itself, at the S. part of Lower Salford, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered the town, where is situated a flourishing manuby branches of Perkiomen and Shippack Creeks. facturing village. The surface of the town is Surface undulating; soil loam and red shale. pleasant, with some elevations on its eastern Lower Saucon, Pa., Northampton co. Watered section. The soil is good and productive. The by Lehigh River and Saucon Creek and branches. North Wilbraham depot, on the Western RailSurface hilly; soil gravel and calcareous loam. road, is near the village in Ludlow. 9 miles 99 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. from Springfield, and 89 from Boston. Lower St. Clair, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded Ludlow, Vt., Windsor co. Black River passes on the N. by Monongahela and Ohio Rivers, and through the centre of the town, and has manyvalundrained by Chartier's Creek and Saw Mill River. able mill sites. In the upper part of its course it Surface hilly; soil loam. Coal is abundant. widens into 4 large basins, the largest in Ludlow Lower Swatara, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded being nearly circular, and 1 mile in diameter, S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained known as the Ludlow and Plymouth Ponds. In by Spring and other creeks. Surface hilly; soil the N. W. corner of the town is the " Tinev Pond,' slate and calcareous loam. 5 miles S. E. from several hundred feet above the level of the river, Harrisburg. and nearly half a mile in diameter. There is Low Hill, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface hilly; soil another large collection of water in the western gravel. 88 miles E. N. E. from Harrisburg. part of the town, and several extensive bogs upon Lowndes County, Aa., c. h. at Haynesville. It both sides of the river. The soil upon the river is bounded N. by Alabama River, separating it is alluvial, and throughout the town is fertile. from Autauga co., E. by Montgomery and Pike The prevailing rock is mica slate. The settlecounties, S. by Butler, and W. by Wilcox and ment was commenced in 1784-5, by emigrants Dallas counties. Drained by branches of Ala- from Massachusetts. 61 miles S. from Montpebama River. lier, and 18 S. W. from Windsor. Lowndes County, Ga., c. h. at Troupsville. It Ludlowville, N. Y., Tompkins co. On Salmon is bounded N. by Irwin co., E. by Ware, S. by Creek, which has a fall of nearly 100 feet at this Indiana, and W. by Thomas and Baker counties. place. W. by S. from Albany 172 miles. Alapaha and Withlacoochee Rivers, branches of Lumberland, N. Y., Sullivan co. Bounded on the Suwannee, flow through this county. the S. W. by the Delaware River, and watered by Lowndes County, Mi., c. h. at Columbus. It is Mongoup River and several other tributaries of bounded N. by Monroe co., E. by Alabama, S. the Delaware. The surface is hilly, and heavily by Noxubee, and W. by Oktibbeha co. Wa- timbered; soil gravelly loam. 12 miles S. W. tered by Tombigbee River and branches. Sur- from Monticello, and 125 from Albany. face undulating; soil productive. Lumberton, N. C., c. h. Robeson co. On the E. Lowville, N. Y., Lewis co. On the W. side of bank of Lumber River. 91 miles S. by W. from Black River. Surface rolling; soil good, and, Raleigh. on the banks of the river, very fertile. 7 miles N. Lumpkin County, Ga., c. h. at Dahlonega. It from Martinsburg, and 132 N. W. from Albany. is bounded N. by Union, E. by Habersham and Lubec, Me., Washington co. In the N. E. cor- Hall, S. by Forsyth. and W. by Cherokee and ner of the state, at the entrance of Passama- Gilmer counties. Watered by Etowah and Chesquoddy Bay. It has an excellent harbor, easy tatee Rivers and branches. Surface hilly; soil IN THE UNITED STATES, 439 very rich on the streams. Gold dust of a superior Lycoming, Pa., Lycoming co. Watered by quality is found here. Lycoming Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna Lunenburg, Ms., Worcester co. This was River. Surface mostly mountainous; soil rich originally a part of " Turkey Hills," or Fitch- calcareous loam in the valleys. burg, and was so called in compliment to George Lykens, Pa., Dauphin co. Wiconisco, Little, II., or to his title of Duke of Lunenburg. Many and Mahantango Creeks water this town. Surof the first settlers were emigrants from Scot- face mountainous, containing coal; soil red shale. land and Ireland. The soil is fertile. Though 26 miles N. from Harrisburg. the land is generally high, yet by reason of its Lyman, Me., York co. This is a pleasant town, cohesive texture, and having a clayey stratum watered by several ponds, which empty, some within a few feet of its surface, it retains moisture into the Saco, and others into the Kennebunk sufficient for vegetation through the whole sum- and Mousum. It lies 87 miles S. W. from Au-. mer, unless in seasons of severe drought. There gusta, 5 E. from Alfred, and 6 N. N. W. from are 3 handsome ponds, but the town is singularly Kennebunk. destitute of water power. Lunenburg is a flour- Lyman, N. H., Grafton co., is situated on Conishing town, with a pleasant village near its cen- necticut River. Lyman's Mountain is in this tre. This village is 5 miles N. W. from Shirley town: from it the N. W. branch of Burnham's depot, on the Fitchburg Railroad, and 37 from River has its source. There are several ponds Boston. in the E. part of Lyman, through the largest of Lunenburg, Vt., Essex co. On the W. side of which Burnham's River has its course. The Connecticut River, and watered by Neal's Branch lower bar of Fifteen Mile Falls is in this town. and Pond, and Catbow Branch, good mill Carleton's Falls are several miles below; and streams. Some of the land is very good, but the below these is Stevens's Ferry, which communi. most of it is stony. It is good for grazing. cates with Barnet. The scenery in this town is This town was probably settled as early as 1770. wild and romantic. Lyman was granted, in 1761, 13 miles S. from Guildhall, and 55 N. E. by E. to a number of proprietors, of whom was Daniel from Montpelier. Lyman, from whom it probably received its name Lunenburg County, Va., c. h. at Lewistown. It 13 miles N. from Haverhill, and 100 N. E. from is bounded N. by Nottoway River, separating it Concord. from Prince Edward and Nottoway counties, E. Lyme, Ct., New London co. Lyme is situated by Dinwiddie and Brunswick counties, S. by at the mouth of Connecticut River, on the E. Meherin River, separating it from Mecklenburg, side, opposite to Saybrook. It is a pleasant co., and W. by Charlotte co. Drained by small town, generally of good soil, but greatly diversistreams flowing into Nottoway and Meherin fled in regard to surface; some parts are mounRivers. tainous and rocky, while others are level, with Lunenburg, Va., c. h. Lunenburg co. 78 miles large tracts of salt meadow. The town is watered S. W. from Richmond. by several streams and ponds, and the shores on Lurqan, Pa., Franklin co. Watered by the N. the sound and river are indented by small bays and S. branches of Conedogwinit Creek. Sur- and harbors, which afford the town some navigaface mostly slaty valley land. 13 miles N. from ble privileges. There are several neat villages in Chambersburg. the town. Incorporated 1667. Its Indian name Luray, Va., c. h. Page co. It is situated was Nehantic. Among the first settlers was Mat. on Ilawksbil! Creek. 130 miles N. W. from thew Griswold, the ancestor of two governors, and Richmond. of a numerous and highly respected family in the Luzerne, N. Y., Warren co. On the E. side of state. 40 miles S. E. from Hartford. the Hudson River, and watered by a chain of Lyme, N. H., Grafton co. The soil here is small lakes extending from Lake George to the similar to that of other towns on Connecticut Hudson. It is a hilly town, the E. part being River, with this difference, that there is a less covered by the Palmertown Hills. 6 miles S. W. proportion of intervale, and a less difference befrom Caldwell, and 55 N. from Albany. tween that directly adjoining the river and the Luzerne County, Pa.. c. h. at Wilkesbarre. other parts of the town. Three small streams Bounded N. by Wyoming and Susquehanna pass through the town. There are two small counties, E. by Wayne and Monroe, S. by Car- ponds; the largest is called Port's. Here is an bon and Schuylkill, and W. by Northumberland, elevation called Smart's Mountain. The town Columbia, and Lycoming counties. Watered by received its name from Lyme, Ct. First settlers, Susquehanna and Lehigh Rivers. The surface Walter Fairfield, John and William Sloan, and is much diversified, and anthracite coal is abun- others, from Connecticut. 20 miles S. from dant; soil fertile in the valleys. Haverhill, and 55 N. W. from Concord. Luzerne, Pa., Fayette co. In the great bend of Lyme, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by Chau the Monongahela River, which bounds it N. and mont and St. Lawrence Rivers, and comprises W. It is also watered by Dunlap's Creek. Sur- Fox and Grenadier Islands, lying in Lake Onface level; soil calcareous loam. 12 miles N. W. tario, which bounds the town on the S. Surface from Uniontown. slightly uneven; soil fertile sandy and marly Lycoming County, Pa., c. h. at Williamsport. loam. 12 miles W. from Watertown, and 172 Bounded N. by Tioga and Bradford counties, E. N. W. from Albany. by Wyoming and Luzerne, S. by Columbia, Lynchburg, Va., Campbell co. On the S. side of Northumberland, and Union, and W. by Clinton James River, 20 miles below its passage through co. Watered by the W. branch of the Susque- the Blue Ridge, and 116 W. from Richmond. The hanna and its tributaries. A canal passes James River and Kanawha Canal is in operation through this county, and unites with the Penn- between this place and Richmond, with five packsylvania Canal at the mouth of the Juniata. et boats for passengers, leaving and arriving every Surface rough and mountainous; soil fertile in day except Sundays. The town is handsomely the valleys. situated, on gropnd ascending from the river in 440 COUNTIES, CITIES. TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the midst of bold and beautiful scenery, within with a splendid beach, extends four miles into the view of the Blue Ridge and the Peaks of Otter. ocean, at the extremity of which is the celebrated It was incorporated in 1805, and has risen to the watering-place Nahant. See Fashionable Resorts. rank of a flourishing commercial mart. The On another projection of this romantic shore, is buildings, both public and private, are substan- Phillips's Point, which also is a place of fashionatial and elegant, indicative of the wealth, intelli- ble resort in the summer season. A mineral gence, and taste of the inhabitants. Seven or spring in the N. part of the town is also a place of eight of the prevailing religious denominations much celebrity. have churches here. There are six or seven The city is neatly built, on wide and pleasant large hotels, a large cotton factory, an iron streets, and is one of the most flourishing and foundery, several extensive flouring mills, and beautiful places in New England. The populaabout thirty tobacco factories, in which from tion in 1790 was 2291; 1800, 2837; 1810, 4087; 35,000 to 40,000 boxes of tobacco are manufac- 1820, 4515; 1830, 6138; 1840, 9367; 1850, 14,257. tured annually. Lynchburg has an extensive There are in Lvnn 15 churches of various detrade with the N., the N. W., and S. parts of Vir- nominations, nine or ten principal school houses, ginia, and with the adjacent parts of Ohio, Ken- an academy, banks, insurance offices, and a large tucky, Tennessee, and North Carolina. A bridge number of literary, social, and beneficent socrosses the James River in front of the town; cieties. This place has risen to wealth and imand by a dam, some distance above, water is portance by the industry and enterprise of its taken out of the river, and raised, by machinery, people in the manufacture of shoes, for which through an ascending pipe 2000 feet long, to an it has been longer celebrated than any other elevation 253 feet above the stream, for the sup- town in the country. The manufacture of ladies' ply of the inhabitants. A water power is also shoes was commenced here before the revolutioncreated by this dam which is capable of extensive ary war. Previous to the war, the market for application to manufacturing purposes. Lynn shoes was principally confined to New Lyndeboro', N. H., Hillsboro' co. This is an England, except that a few were sent to Philaelevated township, having a considerable moun- delphia. Many individuals with small capital tain, which divides it from E. to W. There is carried on the business in their own families; below the mountain a plain, where there is a fathers, sons, apprentices, with one or two joursmall village, pleasantly situated near Piscata- neymen perhaps, all in one small shop, forming quog River. The soil, though stony, is deep and the whole establishment. After the revolution, strong, and excellent for grazing. The streams the business assumed a different aspect. Enterare small. In 1753, Benjamin Lynde, Esq., of prising individuals embarked in it on a more Salem, purchased a large part of the township enlarged scale, building large shops, and emand adjoining lands. From him the place took ploying a great number of journeymen. Master the name of Lyndeboro'. First settlers: the workmen exported their shoes to the south, and earliest names were Putnam, Chamberlain, and to other parts of the country, so that the shoes Cram. 10 miles W. N. W. from Amherst, and from Lynn soon took the place of the English 30 S. S. W. from Concord. and other imported shoes. Lyndon, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained by There are in Lynn upwards of 130 principal Ischua and Oil Creeks. Surface undulating; shoe manufacturers and merchants, giving emsoil sandy loam and clay. 18 miles E. from ployment in this species of industry to about Ellicottville, and 274 S. of W. from Albany. 10,000 persons, of both sexes. More than Lyndon, Vt., Caledonia co. Lyndon is one of 3,000,000 pairs of ladies' and misses' shoes are the best townships in the state; its surface is un- made there annually. From 300,000 to 400,000 dulating, with a soil of rich loam, free from pairs besides are purchased from other towns for stone, and easy to cultivate. It is well watered the trade, making an annual business, in this by the Passumpsic and some of its tributaries. article alone, of nearly $2,500,000. Two important falls of that river are in the town, The other principal business of Lynn is the one of 65 feet in the distance of 30 rods, the other cod and mackerel fishery, which is often very of 18 feet. These are called Great and Little productive. Falls, and afford a water power of great extent. From the eminences back of the city a most Agaric mineral, used for chalk, and a good sub- enchanting prospect is presented to the eye, comstitute for Spanish white, is found here. The prehending the harbors of Boston and Salem, principal village is very pleasant, and the seat of with their numerous islands; the spires and considerable business. The settlement was com- domes of those cities, and nearly the whole commenced by Daniel Cahorn, Jr., in 1788. 14 miles pass of Massachusetts Bay, with the Blue Hills N. E. from Danville, and 44 N. E. from Mont- and the outline of Cape Cod stretching along pelier. the southern horizon. Jutting out into the sea, a Lynn, Ms., Essex co. This city lies on the N. few furlongs on the S., appear the rugged cliffs shore of Massachusetts Bay, 9 miles, by the of Nahant, and the hard, polished beach leading to Eastern Railroad, N. N. E. from Boston, and 5 it, like a narrow footpath of sand upon the waters. miles S. from Salem. It extends 6 miles on the Lynn County, On. In the valley of the Willasea, this portion of the township being a plane, mette. bounded on the N. by a chain of hold, rocky Lynnsfield, Ms., Essex co. This was formerly hills, chiefly composed of porphyry. Beyond this the N. parish of Lynn, and called Lynn End. rocky barrier lies an extensive tract of woodland, The town is watered by Ipswich and Saugus into which Lynn extends about 5 miles. Its In- Rivers and two very handsome ponds. The surdian name was Saugus. It is surrounded al- face is uneven, but the soil is strong and fertile. most by water, having the River Saugus on the Lynnfield contains large tracts of woodland, and W., the harbor on the S., the ocean on the S. E., no town, so near the city, presents more wild and and a chain of large ponds, called the " Lakes of romantic scenery. 13 miles N. from Boston, and Lynn," on the N. From the S. side a peninsula, 8 W. by N. from Salem. IN THE UNITED STATES. 441 Lyons, Mn., Ionia co. On both sides of Grand Creek and branches, and by Elk Creek. Surface River, 100 miles from its mouth, and at the head hilly; soil gravelly loam. 9 miles S. from Eric, of steamboat navigation. The river has a fall at and 265 N. W. by W. from Harrisburg this place, affording good hydraulic power. 134 Machias, Me., c. h. Washington co. On Mamiles W. N. W. from Detroit. chias River. It contains numerous saw mills, and Lyons, N. Y., c. h. Wayne co. At the june- has an extensive trade in lumber. It is also a tion of Mud Creek and the Canandaigua outlet, place where ship building is largelycarried on, which form Clyde River. Surface hilly; soil and the falls of the river above the tide water fertile sandy and calcareous loam. 171 miles afford considerable water power. It formerly N. of W. from Albany. included Machias Port and East Machias. 143 Lysander, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded on miles E. N. E. from Augusta. the S. by Seneca River. Surface chiefly level. Machias Port, Me., Washington co. 146 miles and soil of good quality. 15 miles N. W. from E. N. E. from Augusta, and 3 S. of Machias. It Syracuse, and 158 from Albany. has an excellent harbor, and a great number of saw mills. McArthurstown, O., c. h. Vinton co. 71 miles Mackinac County, Mn., c. h. at Mackinac. This S. E. from Columbus. county embraces the whole upper peninsula of McConnelsville, 0., c. h. Morgan co. On the E. Michigan lying beyond the Straits of Mackinac, bank of Muskingum River, on a pleasant spot, and between parts of Lakes Michigan and Supefrom 10 to 30 feet above high water. 75 miles S. rior, containing about 13,500 square miles, and E. from Columbus, and 38 N. W. from Marietta. likewise several islands in the straits, which are McCraken County, Ky., c. h. at Paducah. about 40 miles long, between Lake Michigan Bounded N. by the Ohio River, separating it and Lake Huron, and 4 miles wide, in the narfrom Illinois, E. by Marshall, S. by Graves, and rowest part. Mackinac Island is elevated about W. by Ballard co. Drained by Clark's River 300 feet above the lake. A settlement was comand branches. Surface level; soil fertile. menced here in 1764. The interior is yet, to a McDonald, Mo., c. h. Barry co. On the N. great extent, a wilderness. side of a small branch of White River. 200 miles Mackinac, Mn., c. h. Mackinac co. This vilS. W. from Jefferson City. lage, 300 miles N. N. W. from Detroit, occupies McDonald County, Mo. In the S. W. corner the S. E. extremity of an island of the same of the state. Watered by branches of Elk River, name, at the W. extremity of Lake Huron. It a tributary of the Neosho. has a fine, spacious harbor, is the centre of an McDonough, Ga., c. h. Henry co. Between extensive fur trade, and exports large quantities Towelagga and South Ockmulgee Rivers. 65 of fish. Fort Mackinac stands on a rocky emimiles W. N. W. from Milledgeville. nence, 150 feet above the village, commanding McDonough County, Is., c. h. at Macomb. Incor- the passage of the straits. This has lon(g been a porated in 1829. Bounded N. by Henderson and station of the Roman Catholic missions. The Warren counties, E. by Fulton, S. by Schuyler, and Protestant mission of the A. B. C. F. M. have W. by Hancock co. Watered by Crooked River also established schools here. and branches. Most of the land is fertile prairie. McLean County, Is., c. h. at Bloomington. McDozwell County, N. C., c. h. at Marion. In Bounded N. by Woodford and Livingston counthe W. part of the state. On the eastern slope ties, E. by Vermilion and Champaign, S. by of the Blue Ridge. Contains the westernmost Platt, De Witt, and Logan, and W. by Tazesources of the Catawba. well co. Watered by Mackinaw River and 1McHenry County, Is.,, c. h.. at McHenry. Kickapoo and Salt Creeks. Surface slightly unBounded N. by Wn., E. by Lake co., S. by dulating, a large part being prairie; soil fertile. Kane and De Kalb, and WV. by Boone co. McLeansboro', Is., c. h. Hamilton co. On a Watered by Des Plaines and Fox Rivers and head branch of the N. fork of Salina Creek. S. S. branches, and the N. branch of Chicago River. E. from Springfield 156 miles. The soil on the E. side of Fox River is clay, and on McMinn County, Te., c. h. at Athens. Hiwassee the W. rich sandy loam. Limestone is abundant. River and its branches water this county. McIndoes Falls, Vt. In the town of Barnet, McAMinnville, Te., c. h. Warren co. 75 miles S. Caledonia co. At the head of navigation on the E. from Nashville. Connecticut, and on the Passumpsic Railroad. 46 McNairy County, Te., c. h. at Purdy. Bounded miles E. by N. from Montpelier. N. by Madison and Henderson, and E. by Hardin AMcIntosh County, Ga., c. h. at Darien. Bounded co., S. by Mississippi, and W. by Hardeman co. N. W. and N. E. by Liberty co., S. E. by the At- Drained by tributaries of Big Hatchee. lantic Ocean, and S. W. by the Alatamaha River, MicNutt, Mi., c. h. Sunflower co. separating it from Glynn and Wayne counties. Macomb County, Mn., c. h. at Mount Clemens South Newport River runs on its N. E. border, Incorporated in 1818. Bounded N. by Lapeer and Sapelo River, Jones and Doctor's Creeks and St. Clair counties, E. by St. Clair co. and drain the interior. Surface level; soil produc- Lake St. Clair, S. by Wayne, and W. by Oakland tive. Sapelo, Black Bend, Wolf, and several co. Drained by Clinton River and its branches other islands, belong to this county. Surface level in the E., but more hilly and unMIcKean County, Pa., c. h. at Smithport. In- even in the W. portions. Soil mostly very fertile, corporated in 1804. Bounded N. by New York, and well adapted to grass and grain. Saline B. bv Potter and Clinton counties, S. by Elk, springs are found here. and WV. by Warren co. Watered by Alleghany Macon County, Aa., c. h. at Tuskegee. Bounded River and branches, and by Sinnemahoning N. by Tallapoosa and Chambers, E. by Russell, Creek, a head branch of the W. fork of the Sus- S. by Barbour and Pike, and W. by Montgomery quehanna. Surface hilly, abounding with iron, co. Watered by Tallapoosa River and branches, eoal, and salt; soil suitable for grazing. and by branches of Chattahoochee and ChoctawMlcKean, Pa., Erie co. Watered by Walnut hatchie Rivers. 56 442 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Macon County, Ga., c. h. at Lanier. Bounded Madbury, N. H., Strafford co. 36 miles E. S N. by Talbot and Crawford counties, E. by Hous- E. from Concord. ton, S. by Dooly and Sumpter, and W. by Mari- Madison County, Aa., c. h. at Huntsville. Bound. on co. Flint River traverses this county from ed N. by Tennessee, E. by Jackson co., S. by the N. to S., and with its branches waters the sur- Tennessee River, separating it from Marshall face. and Morgan counties, and W. by Limestone co. Macon, Ga. City, and seat of justice of Bibb Watered by Flint River and other branches of co., at the head of steam navigation on the the Tennessee. Surface somewhat hilly; soil Ockmulgee River, 30 miles S. W. from Milledge- very fertile. ville. The town is built on both sides of the Madison County, As., c. h. at Sevierville. It is river, over which there is a bridge, about 400 bounded N. by Missouri, E. by Carroll and Newfeet in length. This place has had a very rapid ton, S. by Franklin, and W. by Washington and growth since 1822, when there was but a single Benton counties. Watered by White River and cabin on the site where it now stands. By its branches. population it now ranks among the largest places Madison, Ct., New Haven co. This town was in the state. Besides the county buildings, which taken from Guilford in 1826. The soil is stony, are large and handsome, there is an elegant mar- and naturally hard to cultivate; but it is made ket house, and 5 or 6 churches. A great amount quite productive by the use of whitefish, ploughed of cotton is shipped from this place, employing 8 in. These fish appear in the Sound about the or 10 steamboats on the Ockmulgee, besides tow 1st of June, and continue 3 or 4 months. They boats and pole boats. There are 10 or 12 foreign are taken in great quantities, and are considered commission houses, with a large capital em- an excellent manure. They were first thus used ployed, and many stores occupied with an exten- about the year 1798. This place has a small sive retail trade. This city is connected by rail- harbor and some navigation. Ship building is roads with Savannah, 191 miles; Augusta, 165 the most important mechanical pursuit. 18 miles miles, and Charleston, 300 miles; with Mont- E. by S. from New Haven. gomery, on the navigable waters of the Alabama, Madison County, Fa., c. h. Madison. Bounded 276 miles; and with other important points on N. by Georgia, E. by Suwanee River, separating the Chattahoochee and Tennessee Rivers. it from Columbia, Alachua, and Levy counties, Macon County, Is., c. h. at Decatur. Bounded S. and S. W. by the Gulf of Mexico, and W. by N. by De Witt, E. by Platt and Moultrie, S. by Oscilla River, separating it from Jefferson co. Shelby and Christian, and W. by Christian, San- This county contains numerous small lakes, gamon, and Logan counties. Watered by Kas- and has good water. Surface undulating; soil kiskia River, by the N. fork of Sangamon River, sterile in the central portions, but fertile elsewhere and by Salt Creek. The surface is chiefly level, Madison, Fa., c. h. Madison co. and soil fertile. Madison County, Ga., c. h. at Danielsville. It is Macon County, Mo., c. h. at Bloomington. bounded N. by Franklin, E. by Elbert, S. by OgleBounded N. by Adair and Knox, E. by Shelby, thorpe and Clarke, and W. by Jackson co. S. by Randolph and Chariton, and W. by Linn Madison, Ga., c. h. Morgan co. 41 miles N. N. co. Chariton and East Chariton Rivers, and the W. from Milledgeville. branches of Salt River, water this county. Madison County, Is., c. h. Edwardsville. It is Macon County, N. C., c. h. at Franklin. Bounded bounded N. by Jersey, Macoupin, and MontgomN. by Tennessee, E. by Haywood and Henderson ery counties, E. by Bond and Clinton, S. by St. counties, S. by South Carolina and Georgia, and Clair co., and W. by the Mississippi River, sepW. by Cherokee co. Watered by the head arating it from Missouri. Drained by Cahokia, branches of Tennessee River. Surface elevated, Silver, and Wood Creeks, and their branches. and in parts mountainous. Madison County, Ia., c. h. at Andersontown. Macoupin County, Is., c. h. Carlinville. Incor- Bounded N. by Grant, E. by Delaware, S. by porated in 1829. Bounded N. by Morgan and Hancock, and W. by Hamilton and Richardville Sangamon counties, E. by Montgomery, S. by counties. Watered by White River and its tribMadison, and W. by Jersey and Greene counties. utaries, which afford hydraulic power. Surface Watered by Macoupin Creek and branches, and level; soil productive. by the head branches of Cahokia and Wood Madison, Ia. City, and seat of justice of JefCreeks. Surface gently undulating; soil mostly ferson co. On the N. side of the Ohio River. 86 of excellent quality. miles S. from Indianapolis, 92 W. from CincinMacungy, Pa., Lehigh co. Surface level, and nati, and 41 E. from Louisville. This place is watered by Jordan and Little Lehigh Creeks. well situated on a bend of the river, above the Soil fertile calcareous loam. 83 miles E. N. E. reach of the highest floods. In the rear of the from Harrisburg. city the hills rise abruptly to the height of 250 Madawaska Plantation, Me. Aroostook co. feet. This is the S. terminus of the Madison On the St. John's, opposite the mouth of the and Indianapolis Railroad, which extends by Madawaska. branches in different directions beyond IndianMadbury, N. H., Strafford co. The soil is geu- apolis, N. and W. Madison is handsomely built, erallv productive. In some parts of the town, mostly with brick. The streets are broad and bog iron ore and red and yellow ochre have been straight, and several of them are paved. The found. Bellamy Bank River is the only stream principal public buildings are a court house, of any magnitude, and Barbadoes Pond the only jail, a branch of the State Bank, and 5 or 6 considerable body of water. This pond lies be- church edifices. It is a place of much enterprise tween Dover and Madbury, and is 120 rods and success in business. Large manufacturing long and 50 wide. Madbury was formerly a operations are carried on here by steam power, part of Dover. 36 miles E. S. E. from Con- among which are iron founderies, cotton factocord, and about 3 miles from the railroad depot ries, a steam-engine factory, flouring mills, oil at Dover. mills, &c. A great business is done here in the IN THE UNITED STATES. 443 slaughtering and packing of hogs, which are kie, and 90 miles N.E. from Galena, Illinois. It driven in large droves' from the interior. The is pleasantly situated between two small lakes, advantages for commerce which this place pos- which constitute the third and fourth of the chain sesses must secure to it, as the resources of the denominated " the Four Lakes," which are among state are more and more developed, a steady in- the sources of the Rock River. There is a regucrease of prosperity and wealth. lar and gentle descent each way from the site on Madison County, lo., c. h. at Winterset. S. which the town is built to the lakes on either side, central part of the state. affording a delightful prospect of the water. The Madison County, Ky., c. h. at Richmond. It is town is regularly laid out, with a handsome cenbounded N. by Kentucky River, separating it tral square, 914 feet on a side, and streets interfrom Jessamine and Fayette counties, E. by secting each other at right angles. The first Estill co., S. by Laurel, and W. by Rockcastle improvements here were made by the general and Garrard counties. Drained by branches of government, when Wisconsin was organized as a the Kentucky River. territory. Having selected this spot as the terMadison Parish, La., c. h. at Richmond. It is ritorial seat of government, appropriations were bounded N. by Carroll parish, E. by the Missis- made for laying out the town, enclosing the pubsippi River, separating it from Missouri, S. by lic square, and erecting a capital in its centre. Tensas parish, and W. by the Bayou Macon, This handsome edifice is of stone, two stories separating it from Franklin and Carroll parishes. high above the basement, surmounted with a Drained by Roundaway Bayou. dome, which can be seen at the distance of 10 Madison, Me., Somerset co. On the E. side miles in every direction. In 1837, the contractor of Kennebec River. 34 miles N. from Augusta. with the government for building the capital, with Madison County, Mi., c. h. at Canton. Bound- 40 men and 5 females, started from Milwaukie, ed N. by Atal, and E. by Leake co., S. E. by and cut their way through the wilderness in a tePearl River, serrating it from Franklin co., S. dious journey of 11 days, to commence their unby Hinds co., and W. by the Big Black River, dertaking. The growth of the place has been separating it from Yazoo co. rapid, and its prosperity substantial. It has now M1aditon County, Mo., c. h. at Fredericktown. churches for several of the principal religious deBounded N. by Francois, E. by Cape Girardeau, S. nominations. many handsome hotels, stores, and by Wayne, and W. by Reynolds co. Watered by public buildings, and is a great thoroughfare of St. Francis and Whitewater Rivers and branches. travel between important points on Lake Michigan Madison County, N. Y., c. h. at Eaton. Formed and Green Bay on the E. and N., and the Upper from Chenango co. in 1806. It is bounded on Mississippi on the W. the N. by Onei]a, E. by Oneida and Otsego, S. Madison Springs, Ga., Madison co. 99 miles by Chenango, and W. by Onondaga co. Wa- N. from Milledgeville. The chalybeate waters here tered by Oneida Lake, which lies on the N. are efficacious in the cure of many complaints; boundary, and by the streams flowing into it, and good accommodations are provided to render and S. by the head branches of Unadilla, Che- a residence at the springs agreeable. nango, Ostelic, and Tioughnioga Rivers. Surface Madisonville, Ky., c. h. Hopkins co. On high rather level in the N. parts, but more hilly in the land between Green and Tradewater Rivers. 127 S., being crossed by an elevated ridge. Soil fer- miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. tile, especially in the valleys. Gypsum and wa- Madisonville, La., St. Tammany parish. A seater limestone are the most important mineral port on Chefonte River, a northern tributary of productions, and marl and bog iron ore are found Lake Pontchartrain. 35 miles N. from New Orin several places. Near Chittenango village are leans. 2 celebrated sulphur springs. The Erie Canal, Madrid, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by and Syracuse and Utica Railroad pass through Grass River and several small streams flowing the N. part of this county. into the St. Lawrence, which bounds it on the N. Madison County, O., c. h. at London. Union W. The Isle au Rapid Plat and some smaller bounds it on the N., Franklin and Pickaway on Islands are attached to this town. Surface slightthe E., Fayette on the S., and Greene, Clark, and ly undulating; soil fertile loam. 12 miles N. Champaign counties on the W. It was settled from Canton, and 227 N. N. W. from Albany. in the year 1815; the land is excellent for grazing, lMahaska, Io., c. h. at Askaloosa. S. central. and is watered bv Darby and Deer Creeks. Mahoning County, 0., c.h. at Enfield. On the Madison, Pa., Columbia co. Watered by Lit- N. E. border. The N. E. corner is traversed by tle Fishing and Mahoning Creeks. Surface quite the W. fork of Beaver Riveri and the Ohio and uneven; soil loam and clay. 10 miles N. from Pennsylvania Canal. Danville. Mahoning, Pa., Mercer co. Bounded S. by the Madison County, Te., c. h. at Jackson. Bounded Susquehanna River, and drained by Mahoning N. by Gibson and Carroll, E. by Henderson, Creek. Surface varied; soil gravel and clay. S. by McNairy and Hardeman, and W. by Hay- Mahoning, Pa., Indiana co. Watered by Great wood co. Drained by the S. fork of Forked and Little Mahoning Creeks, and on the borders Deer and its branches. of the latter iron ore is found. Surface hilly; Madison County, Va., c. h. at Madison. Bound- soil clay. 173 miles W. by N. from Harrisburg. ad N. E. and E. by Rappahannock and Culpep- Maiden Creek, Pa., Berks co. Watered by the per, S. E. by Orange, S. W. by Madison, and N. Schuylkill River and its tributary, Maiden Creek. W. by Page co. Watered by Robertson's, and Surface level; soil calcareous loam. 60 miles B. other branches of Rapid Ann Rivers. Surface from Harrisburg. somewhat uneven; soil of medium quality. Maidstone, Vt., Essex co. Watered by Paul's Madison, Va., c. h. Madison co. 97 miles N. Stream and Maidstone Lake. The settlement W. from Richmond. here is mostly confined to the margin of ConnecMadison, Wn. Capital of the state, and seat ticut River, along which a road passes through of justice of Dane co., 80 miles W. from Milwau- the township. The settlement was probably com 444 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., menced about the year 1770. 3 miles N. from on the E. side of Merrimac River, on which it is Guildhall, and 71 N. E. from Montpelier. bounded, 9 miles; it is otherwise bounded N. by Malden, Ms., Middlesex co. This town is con- Hooksett, E. by Chester, and S. by Litchfield. nected with Charlestown by a bridge across Mys- Massabesick Lake lies at the E. of the town. tic River, of 2420 feet in length, built in 1787. It is a fine sheet of water, with many islands, and It was formerly a part of Charlestown, and called presenting some of the finest prospects in this Mystic Side. Malden has a rich soil, varied sur- part of the state. This lake or pond is divided face, and good water power. There are two de- into two nearly equal parts by a narrow strait lightful and flourishing villages in the town. crossed by a bridge; each of these parts is about through both of which the Maine railroad passes. 3 miles long by I mile wide. Its outlet, the Cohas 5 miles from Boston. Brook, is a fine mill stream, and the only conMalden, N. Y., Ulster co. On the W. bank of siderable stream rising in the town. Hudson River, 43 miles S. by W. from' Albany. The soil of a considerable part of the town is Leather and flagging stone pavements are export- light and sandy. The intervales on the river are ed from this place in large quantities. inconsiderable, but of easy cultivation and proMalone, N. Y., c. h. Franklin co. It is bounded on ductive, and the swells afford some fine farms. the N. by Canada, and is drained by Salmon and The Amoskeag Falls, between Manchester and Trout Rivers. The Ogdensburg Railroad passes Goffstown, are the largest on the Merrimac. At through it. 61 miles E. from Ogdensburg, and an ordinary stage of the water, the fall to the 212 miles N. N. W. from Albany. foot of the locks is 47 feet, and the whole fall in Malta, N. Y., Saratoga co. Drained by the the distance of a mile is 54 feet. A permanent outlet of Round and Ballston or Long Lakes, stone dam is erected across the river at the head and by Anthony's Kill. Saratoga Lake also lies of the falls, and on the E. side, guard gates of on the N. E. boundary. Surface undulating; soil most substantial masonry are constructed, through clay loam and sand. 6 miles S. E. from Balls- which the water passes into a s01cious basin conton Spa, and 24 N. from Albany. nected with the upper canal for the use of the Mamakating, N. Y., Sullivan co. Watered by mills, and with the Amoskeag Canal for purBashe's Kill, nearly parallel to which runs the poses of navigation. Delaware and Hudson Canal. The surface is The upper canal is 4950 feet long, 75 feet wide hilly and mountainous, Shawangunk Mountain at the basin, from which it is gradually narrowed lying in the E., and a high ridge in the W. part. to 45 feet, is 10 feet deep, and walled throughout 12 miles E. from Monticello, and 101 S. S. W. with stone. The lower canal, which occupies the from Albany. place of the Amoskeag Canal, is 7500 feet long, Mamaroneck, N. Y., Westchester co. Bounded of a size and depth corresponding with the upper on the S. by Long Island Sound, and drained by canal, and constructed in a similar manner. The Mamaroneck Creek. Surface hilly; soil clay fall from the upper into the lower canal is 20 and sandy loam. 7 miles S. from White Plains, feet, and from the latter into the river varies from and 138 S. from Albany. 20 to 30 feet. The water power is estimated by Manayunk, Pa., Philadelphia co. On the competent engineers to be sufficient to drive E. bank of the Schuylkill River. 7 miles N. 216,000 spindles, with all the machinery to comN. W. from Philadelphia, and 99 miles E. by S. plete the manufacture of the cloth. The rapid from Harrisburg. The waste water of the Schuyl- fall of the river below prevents any obstruction kill Canal makes a large water power. The from back water. Norristown Railroad passes through this place. There are now in operation at this place 7 There is a large amount of manufacturing and large cotton mills, 4 owned and operated by other business done here. the Amoskeag Manufacturing Company, and 3 Manchester, Ct., Hartford co. An important by the Stark Mills Corporation, containing 105,000 manufacturing town on the Hockanum. The spindles and 3000 looms, employing 640 males first cotton mill in this state was built here in and 3500 females, consuming annually 36,000 1794. The face of the town is uneven, but the bales cotton, 635,000 pounds potato starch, soil, a sandy and gravelly loam, is quite produc- 31,000 gallons sperm oil, 6700 cords wood, 1200 tive. 9 miles E. from Hartford. tons anthracite coal, and producing 39,500,000 Manchester, Ky., c. h. Clay co. On the W. side yards of sheeting, shirting, ticking, deniins, meof Goose Creek, a branch of Kentucky River, and rino stripes, and cotton flannel. 119 miles S. E. from Frankfort. There are connected with these mills an exManchester, Ms., Essex co. This town was for- tensive blue dyeing establishment, long ranges merly a part of Salem, called Jeffrey's Creek, of cotton warehouses and buildings for repair and was settled by William Jeffrey, as early as shops and counting houses, numerous blocks of 1628. The surface of the town is rocky, but boarding houses for the operatives, containing pleasantly diversified; the soil is various, but 166 tenements, all of which buildings are built of generally good. Massachusetts Bay is on bricks in the most substantial manner, with slated the S. of this town. The harbor here is well roofs, and well adapted for the purposes for protected. The village is pleasantly situated on which they are used. a southern declivity towards the harbor. Man- There is a large machine shop and foundery chester is celebrated for producing the magnolia, owned by the Amoskeag Manufacturing Coma beautiful flowering tree, rarely found in New pany, in which are employed 500 hands, and conEngland. It is about a dozen feet in height, with sumes 350 tons bar iron and steel, 400 tons andeep-green leaves and white flowers. It possesses thracite coal, 3000 tons pig iron, 30,000 bushels a delicious fragrance, and flowers about the first charcoal, and can furnish annually 25 locomoof July. 8 miles N. E. from Salem, and 22 N. E. tives and the machinery necessary for a 25,000 from Boston. The railroad between Beverly and spindle mill. There are blocks of houses conGloucester passes through the town. taining 66 tenements for the help employed in the Manchester, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town lies shop and foundery, and more in contemplation. IN THE UNITED STATES. 445 The mousseline de laine works owned by the 58 miles from Boston and 17 from Concord. It Manchester Print Works Corporation include two is also connected by railroad with the Boston large mills, print works, dye house, and bleach and Maine Railroad, direct to Lawrence, Ms., 27 house, with the necessary appurtenances. These miles, and thence to Salem, Ms., 23 miles, where mills contain 48,000 spindles, 1230 looms, and to- it is connected with the Eastern Railroad. gether with the print works connected therewith Manchester, N. J., Passaic co. Incorporated in give employment to 600 males and 1150 females, 1836. It is watered by Ramapo, Pompton, and and consume annually about 600,000 pounds of Passaic Rivers, which afford extensive water privcotton, 1,100,000 pounds of wool, 4000 cords of ileges. Surface hilly and mountainous. wood, 1000 tons of coal, 10,000 gallons of olive Manchester, N. Y., Ontario co. Drained by the oil, 8000 gallons of sperm oil, 6000 gallons of Canandaigua outlet. Clifton Springs, situated in whale oil, 60,000 pounds of oil soap, and 60,000 the E. part of this town, are quite celebrated. 8 pounds of starch, and produce about 10,000,000 miles N. E. from Canandaigua. yards of mousseline de laines and fine prints, that Manchesiter, Te.. c. h. Coffee co. On the head are celebrated for the brilliancy of their colors waters of Duck River. 68 m. S. E. from Nashville. and the taste displayed in the patterns. Manchester, Vt., Bennington co. One of the Since the beginning of the year 1839, a large county towns. Situated between the Green Mounvillage has grown up near the mills, in which are tains on the E., and Equinox Mountain on the 8 meeting houses erected at an expense of W. There are two neat villages in this valley. more than $50,000, for the use of the Congrega- The town is watered by the Battenkill and its tionalists, Baptists, Universalists, Methodists, branches, and affords good mill sites. The soil Freewill Baptists, Episcopalians, and Unitarians. along the watercourses is good, but the principal Several of these are large and handsome buildings. part of the town is better for grazing than tillage. 9 school houses afford accommodations for 15 Here are large quarries of beautiful marble, and schools, and upwards of 900 scholars. There are a curious cavern; also a variety of minerals. 25 4 large hotels, 75 stores, and more than 400 pri- miles N. by E. from Bennington, and about 40 vate dwellings. A town house 90 by 68 feet, 2 W. from Bellows Falls, across the mountains. stories high, with a spacious town hall, cupola, Manchester, Va., Chesterfield co. On the S. clock, bell, &c., erected in 1841, at an expense of side of James River, opposite Richmond. There $23,000, was destroyed by fire in August, 1842, are numerous manufactories here, among which and is now rebuilt. are those of cotton seed oil, tobacco, and flour. The village is beautifully situated on a plain Alanhattanville, N. Y., New York co. On the about 90 feet above the river. the boarding E. side of Hudson River, and has a good landing. houses of the corporations occupying the slope 8 miles N. from the City Hall, New York. The towards the canals. It is laid out upon a plan New York Lunatic Asylum is located near this vilat once neat and convenient. The principal lage. There is an extensive white lead factory here. street is 100 feet wide, and extends more than a The Hudson River Railroad passes through it. mile N. and S., and from 60 to 100 rods distant Manheim, N. Y., Herkimer co. Bounded on the from the river; 10 other streets intersect this at S. by the Mohawk River, and drained by East right angles, and 4 others run parallel to it. These Canada Creek, one of its tributaries. This is a streets are about 50 feet wide. Four large hilly town, with a fertile soil. 10 miles E. from squares have been laid out for public use. some Herkimer, and 70 N. W. from Albany. of which are enclosed and planted with trees. Manheim, Pa., Lancaster co. Watered by Great A public cemetery, called the Valley, contain- Conestoga on its E., and Little Conestoga Creek ing 20 acres, at a short distance from the village, on its S. W. border. Moravia Creek also traverses is a beautiful spot. It is intersected by a deep its N. E. corner. Surface undulating; soil calvalley and a running stream, and is laid out with careous loam and clay. 33 miles E. S. E. from winding paths and avenues. It is always a place Harrisburg. of great resort, and of just pride to the citizens. Manheim, Pa., York co. Watered by Hammer, An Athenaeum was established in January, a branch of Codorus Creek. Surface undulating; 1844, which has a library of 2200 volumes, and soil rich loam. 16 miles S. W. from York. a reading room for periodicals and newspapers; Manheim, Pa., Schuylkill co. Watered by the and a law library has been commenced, which has Schuylkill and tributaries; gravelly and barren. now about 400 volumes. Manitowoc County, Mn., c. h. at Manitowoc. On Two free bridges across the Merrimac connect the W. shore of Lake Michigan, opposite Lake this town with Goffstown and Bedford. These Winnebago. are new and handsome structures, erected at an Manlius, N. Y., Onondaga co. Chittenango and expense of more than $28,000. Limestone Creeks water this town, the surface of The villages of Piscataquog and Amoskeag, on which is somewhat rolling, and the soil uncomthe IV. side of the river, are connected by these monly fertile. 10 miles E. from Syracuse, by bridges with Manchester, and, in fact, constitute railroad, and 120 N. of W. from Albany. with it but one place of business. Mannington, N. J., Salem co. Surface level, At the mouth of the Cohas is a thriving vil- and watered by Salem River and Mannington lage growing up around the mills on that stream. Creek; soil rich loam. 6 miles N. E. from Salem. The growth of the city of Manchester is Manny, La., c. h. Sabine parish. 30 miles S. unrivalled by any place in this country except W. fi-om Natchitoches. Lowell, and is a magnificent specimen of the en- Mlanor, Pa., Lancaster co. Drained by streams terprise and skill of the New England people. flowing into Conestoga River, which forms its S. The population within the limits in 1838 was E. boundary. 6 miles S. W. from Lancaster. about 50; in 1848, it contained 12,000 inhabi- Mansfield, Ct., Tolland co. Mansfield, the Intants; in 1850, 13,933. Manchester was incor- dian Arawbesetuck, was taken from Windham in porated as a city in 1846. 1703. The face of the town is uneven, and some Manchester is on the great Northern Railroad, of the hills have considerable elevation. The 446 COUNTIE., CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., town is watered by Willimantic River, and the Marcellus, N. Y., Onondaga co. Drained by Natchaug and its tributaries - Mount Hope and Nine Mile Creek. A hilly town, with a fertile Fenton. A larger quantity of silk is manufac- soil. 10 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and 140 N. tured here than in any other place in the United of W. from Albany. States. This branch of industry was introduced Marcy, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Nine into the country by Dr. Aspinwall, of this place, Mile Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, which above 70 years since, who established the rais- forms its S. boundary. Surface hilly, the Hassening of silk worms in New Haven, Long Island, cleaver Mountain partly covering it; soil chiefly and Philadelphia. 27 miles E. from Hartford. clay and sandy loam. 6 miles N. from Utica, Mansfield, La., c. h. De Soto co. and 100 miles N. W. from Albany. Mansfield, Ms., Bristol co., was originally the Marengo County, Aa., c. h. at Linden. Boundnorth parish of the town of Norton. Mansfield is ed N. by Greene, E. by Perry, Dallas, and Wilwatered by several branches of Taunton River. cox, S. by Clarke co., and W. by the TombigThe soil is thin, and the surface level. About bee River, separating it from Washington and the year 1836, a mine of anthracite coal was dis- Sumpter counties. The Warrior River runs on covered here in digging a well. Among a varie- its N. W. border. Soil sterile. ty of berries, which flourish in Mansfield, is the Marengo, Io., c. h. Iowa co. white whortleberry, rarely known to exist in any Marianna, Fa., c. h. Jackson co. On the W. other place. The New Bedford and Taunton side of Chipola River. 77 miles W. N. W. from Railroad meets the Boston and Providence Rail- Tallahassee. road in the centre of the town. 11 miles N. W. Mlfarietta, Io., c. h. Marshall co. from Taunton, and 24 S. from Boston. Marietta, 0., c. h. Washington co. On both sides Mansfield, N. J., Burlington co. Drained by. of the Muskingum, at its entrance into the Ohio. Black's, Craft's, and Assiscunk Creeks, branches of It is regularly laid out with wide streets, and neatly the Delaware River. Along the riveris a kind of and compactly built. It is the oldest town in clay which makes superior fire bricks. Surface the state, having been laid out in 1788, and named level; soil sand, clay, and loam of good quality. after the unfortunate Marie Antoinette, queen of 7 miles N. from Mount Holly. Louis XVI. After 50 years of very slow progMansfield, N. J., Warren co. Musconetcong ress, it has recently taken a decided start, and the and Pohatcong Creeks water this town, which is arrangements for railroad communication with also traversed by the Morris Canal. Surface Cincinnati, Wheeling, Pittsburg, Baltimore, and mountainous, containing iron ore and a chalybe- Philadelphia promise to enhance its importance. ate spring. Soil rich calcareous loam. 48 miles 104 miles E. S. E. from Columbus, and 300 by N. N. W. from Trenton. the river above Cincinnati. Mansfield, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered Marietta, Pa., Lancaster co. On the N. E. bank by branches of Cattaraugus Creek and of the Al- of Susquehanna River, above the junction of leghany River. Surface undulating; soil sandy Littlb Chiques Creek, and 27 miles S. E. from loam, yielding good crops of grass and grain. Harrisburg. 5 miles W. from Ellicottville, and 297 S. of W. Marion County, Aa., c. h. at Pikeville. Bounded from Albany. N. by Franklin co., E. by Walker, S. by Fayette Mansfield O., c. h. Richland co. Pleasantly co., and W. by Mississippi. Watered by Bear situated on elevated ground. 63 miles N. E. Creek, a branch of the Tennessee River, and by from Columbus. Buttahatchie River and branches. Marathon, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by Marion, Aa., c. h. Perry co. 58 miles S. from Tioughnioga River and some of its branches. Tuscaloosa. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 15 miles Marion County, As., c. h. at Yellville. BoundS. E. from Cortland, and 145 W. from Albany. ed N. by Missouri, E. by Fulton co., S. by Searcy, Marblehead, Ms., Essex co., was originally a and W. by Carroll co. Drained by White River part of Salem, and for some time after its settle- and its branches. ment was called Marble Harbor. It is bounded Marion, As., c. h. Crittenden co. 6 miles W. on the N. by Salem Harbor, E. and S. by Massa- from the Mississippi River, and 140 E. N. E. from chusetts Bay, and W. by Salem and Salem Har- Little Rock. bor. The surface is exceedingly irregular and Marion County, Ca. In the N. peninsula, berocky, and considerably elevated. The harbor, in tween the Bay of San Francisco and the Ocean. front of the town, a mile and a half long, and Marion County, Fa. In the centre of the penhalf a mile wide, formed by a narrow neck at the insula. S. W., which separates it from Lynn Bay, and Marion County, Ga., c. h. at Tazewell. Bounded connects the town with Great Neck, is deep and N. by Talbot, E. by Macon, S. by Sumpter and excellent, capable of being entered at all times Stewart, and W. by Muscogee co. Drained by by ships of the largest size, and by a breakwater, branches of Flint River. constructed in 1845, for the protection of Little Marion, Ga., c. h. Twiggs co. 41 miles S. S. Harbor, will be rendered a safe retreat from W. from Milledgeville. storms. This harbor is protected by Fort Sew- Marion County, Is., c. h. at Salem. Incorpoall, near its entrance. Marblehead has always rated in 1823; and is bounded N. by Fayette, been noted for the enterprise of its people in the E. by Clay and Wayne, S. by Jefferson, and W. fisheries. The village is very pleasant in summer, by Washington, Clinton, and Fayette counties. and an excellent place to witness the raging of Watered by Kaskaskia River and branches, and the ocean in a storm. A railroad passes from this the Skillet Fork of Little Wabash River. A town to Salem, 4 miles, and to Boston, 16 miles. large part of the surface is prairie land. ilfarbletown, N. Y., Ulster co. Drained by Esopus Marion, Is., c. h. Williamson co. 172 miles and Rondout Creeks, and is crossed by the Shawan- S. S. E. from Springfield. gunk Mountain. The soil is productive. 7 miles Marion County, Ia., c. h. at Indianapolis. S. W. from Kingston, and 65 S. S. W. from Albany. Bounded N. by Boone and Hamilton counties, IN THE UNITED STATES 447 E. by Hancock and Shelby, S. by Johnson and Marion County, Te. New; taken from Smith Morgan, and W. by Hendricks co. Drained by co. In the N. central part of the state. the W. fork of White River, and by Fall and Marion County, Va., c. h. at Fairmount. N. Eagle Creeks. Surface level; soil of excellent W. part. Includes part of the valley of the Upquality. per Monongahela, the two forks of which unite Marion, Ia., c. h. Grant co. On Missisinewa in the S. part of the county, and thence flow N. River, 25 miles from its junction with the Wa- through it. Hilly. Crossed from E. to W. by the bash, and 73 N. N. E. from Indianapolis. Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. iMarion, Io., c. h. Linn co. 4 miles E. from Marion, Va., c. h. Smyth co. On the Middle Cedar River. Fork of Holston River. W. by S. from Richmond Marion, Io., c. h. at Knoxville. S. central..275 miles. Marion County. Ky., c. h. at Lebanon. A cen- Mariposa County, Ca. About the banks of the tral countv. Watered by the Rolling Fork of San Joaquin. Salt River and its tributaries. Marksville, La., c. h. Avoyelles parish. Marion, Ky., c. h. Crittenden co. Marlboro', Ct., Hartford co. Marlboro' was Marion, As., c. h. Crittenden co. taken from 3 towns which belonged to 3 different Marion, Ms., Bristol co. A new town, taken counties, in 1803. The surface of the town is from Rochester. hilly and stony, and the lands best adapted for Marion County, Mi., c. h. at Columbia. Bound- grazing. Dark Hollow, in the western part of ed N. by Lawrence and Covington, E. by Perry, the town, presents some wild scenery of more S. by Harrison and Hancock counties, S. W. by terror than beauty. 14 miles S. E. from HartLouisiana, and W. by Pike co. Drained by ford. Pearl and Leaf Rivers and Black Creek. Soil Marlboro', Ms., was granted to some people at fertile on the borders of the streams. Sudbury in 1655. Its Indian name was OkomMarion, Mi., c. h. Lauderdale co. On the makamesitt. The town is remarkable for its fine bead branches of Oktibbeha Creek. E. from undulating surface and fertile soil. The AssaJackson 110 miles. bet River waters the western part of the town, Marion County, Mo., c. h. at Palmyra. Bound- and affords Feltonville, a flourishing manufactured N. by Lewis co., E. by the Mississippi River, ing village, a fine water power. The town is separating it from Illinois, S. by Rails and Mon- otherwise watered by several small streams, and roe, and W. by Shelby co. Drained by South a number of beautiful ponds. The villages are Fabius and North Rivers, branches of the Missis- handsome, and largely engaged in the shoe trade, sippi. Surface undulating; soil very rich. and other manufactures. 27 miles W. from BosMarion, Mo., c. h. Cole co. On the S. bank of ton, and 14 S. W. from Concord. Missouri River. 15 miles N. W. from Jefferson Marlboro', N. H., Cheshire co. There are sevCity. eral ponds in this town, which are the sources Marion City, Mo., Marion co. The landing for of some of the branches of Ashuelot River. the town of Palmyra. It extends 14 miles along The soil is rocky, but good for grazing. 6 miles the W. bank of the Mississippi. S. E. from Keene, and 58 S. W. from Concord. Marion County, N. C., c. h. at Monroe. Mid- The Cheshire Railroad passes through the town. way of the southern border. Marlboro', N. Y., Ulster co. Bounded on the Marion, N. C., c. h. McDowell co. E. by the Hudson River, and is watered by the Marion, N. Y., Wayne co. Surface uneven; Old Man's Kill, one of its branches. Surface watered by a branch of Mud Creek; has a soil hilly; soil clay loam, based upon slate. 20 miles well adapted for grain, 14 miles N. W. from S. from Kingston, and 88 S. S. W. from Albany. Lyons, and 195 N. of W. from Albany. Marlboro', Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by Marion County, O., c. h. at Marion. Cranford Perkiomen and Swamp Creeks. Surface unduis on the N., Richland on the E., Hardin on the lating, containing iron ore; soil red shale. W., and Delaware and Union counties on the S. Marlboro' District, S. C., c. h. at Bennettsville. It was constituted in February, 1820, and settled Bounded N. and N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. the same year; but it was not organized until by Marion district, S. W. and N. W. by the YadJanuary, 1824. The principal waters are the kin River, separating it from Darlington and Scioto, Little Scioto, and Whetstone Rivers. Chesterfield districts. The land is rich and fertile, and part of it is Marlboro', Vt., Windham co. The town is an open plain; it is well improved. well watered by the W. branch of West River, Marion County, On. In the valley of the Wil- Whetstone Brook, and Green River. It has a lamette. good soil, and is very productive in grain. Here Marion District, S. C., c. h. at Marion Court are a pleasant village, several fine trout ponds, House. Bounded N. E. by North Carolina, S. E. various kinds of minerals, and medicinal springs. by the Little Pedee River, separating it from The settlement was commenced in the spring of Horry district, S. W. by Great Pedee River and 1763, by Abel Stockwell, from West Springfield, Lynch's Creek, separating it from Georgetown Ms., and Thomas Whitmore, from Middleton, and Williamsburg districts, and N. W. by Dar- Ct. 8 miles S. from Newfane, and 24 E. from lington and Marlboro' districts. Surface level, Bennington. and in some portions marshy. Marlow, N. H., Cheshire co. Ashuelot River Marion, S. C., c. h. Marion district. On the E. passes through almost the whole length of this side of Catfish Creek, a branch of the Great Pe- town. There are no ponds of note, nor any dee River, and 146 miles E. from Columbia. mountains. The soil is wet, but productive. Marion County, Te., c. h. at Jasper. Bounded There are excellent tracts of meadow land on N. by Warren and Bledsoe, and E. by Hamilton Ashuelot River, and other streams. The land is co., S. by Georgia and Alabama, and W. by uneven, and produces the various kinds of grain. Franklin and Coffee counties. Drained by Ten- First settlers, Joseph Tubbs, Samuel and John nessee and Sequatchie Rivers and branches. Gustin, N. Royce, N. Miller, Nathan Huntley, 448 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., and others. 15 miles N. from Keene, and 50 distance of 30 rods. In the N. E. part of the W. by S. from Concord. town is a considerable natural pond. The rocks Marquette County, Wn., c. h. at Marquette. are principally slate and granite. In the N. part Bounded E. by Winnebago and Fond du Lac, of the town is a pleasant village. The town was and S. by Dodge and Portage counties, and W. granted to the Stockbridge tribe of Indians Ocand N. by Puckaway Lake and Fox River, sep- tober 16, 1782, and chartered to them June 22, arating it from Portage co. 1790. The township was purchased of the InMarshall County, Aa., c. h. at Warrenton. dians by Isaac Marsh, Esq., of Stockbridge, Ms., Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separating from whom the town derives its name, for ~140, it from Madison and Jackson counties, E. by De and was deeded to him July 29, 1789. The imiKalb co., S. by Blount, and W. by Morgan co. provements were commenced here in the spring Drained by small streams flowing into the Ten- of 1790, by Martin and Calvin Pitkin, from East nessee River. Hartford, Ct. 15 miles N. E. from Montpelier. Marshall County, Is., c. h. at Lacon. Illinois Marshpee District, Ms., Barnstable co. A tract River runs on the W. border of this county. of 22 square miles, reserved for the Marshpeo Marshall, Is., c. h. Clarke co. 123 miles E. S Indians. It was incorporated in 1834 as a disE. from Springfield, on the national road. trict, the people having the privilege of choosing Marshall County, Ia., c. h. at Plymouth. Bound- their own officers, and managing their own affairs, ed N. by St. Joseph co., E. by Kosciusko, S. by assisted by a commissioner appointed by the Fulton, and W. by Stark co. Watered by Yel- state. The land cannot be sold without the conlow and Tippecanoe Rivers. sent of all the inhabitants, who are only 102 by Marshall, lo, c. h. at Marietta. Central. the census of 1850, -the largest remnant of New.Marshall County, Ky., c. h. at Benton. W. England Indians west of the Penobscot,- and of part of the state. Washed on the N. E. by the these only five or six are of pure blood. Tennessee River. The land is good for grain, and is well watered Marshall, Mn., c. h. Calhoun co. 105 miles by Marshpee and Quoshmet Streams, and numerW. of Detroit. On the Northern Michigan ous ponds. It lies on the ocean, 12 miles S. W. Railroad. from Barnstable. Matshall County, Mi., c. h. at Holly Springs. Martic, Pa., Lancaster co. Beaver, Muddy, Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Tippah and and Pecquea water this town, affording good Pontosoc counties, S. by the Tallahatchie River, hydraulic power. The Susquehanna River also separating it from Lafayette co., and W. by Po- runs on its S. W. border. Surface hilly; soil nolo and De Soto counties. Watered by the calcareous loam. 10 miles S. from Lancaster. head branches of Tallahatchie and Coldwater Martin County, Ia., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. Rivers. Surface undulating; soil productive. Bounded N. by Green, E. by Lawrence and OrMarshall, Mo., c. h. Saline co. 87 miles N. W. ange, S. by Dubois, and W. by Daviess co. The from Jefferson City. E. fork of White River drains this county, its Marshall, N. Y., Oneida co. Drained by the branches affording water power. The surface l. Oriskany Creek, and is also crossed by the Che- of White River is rough and hilly, and W. level, nango Canal. The surface is rolling; soil rich or slightly uneven. sandy loam. 12 miles S. W. from Utica, and Martin County, N. C., c. h. at Williamston. Bound106 N. of W. from Albany. ed N. by the Roanoke River, separating it from Marshall County, Te., c. h. at Lewisburg. Bertie co., E. by Washington co., S. by Beaufort Bounded N. by Williamson co., E. by Bedford, and Pitt, and W. by Edgecombe co. Surface S. by Lincoln and Giles, and W. by Maury co. level, and some portions marshy. Watered by Duck River and tributaries. Surface Martinez, Ca., c. h. Contra Costa co. undulating; soil productive. MAartinsburg. N. Y., c. h. Lewis co. Watered by Marshall County, Va., c. h. at Elizabethtown. Martin's Creek, a branch of Black River, which Bounded N. by Ohio co., E. by Pennsylvania, S. bounds it on the E. Surface undulating; soil by Tyler co., and W. by the Ohio River, separat- rich loam, well adapted to the growth of grain. ing it from Ohio. Drained by Grave Creek and 142 miles N. W. from Albany. other small branches of the Ohio. Surface hilly; Martinsburg, Va., c. h. Berkley co. 21 miles soil well adapted to grazing and the growth of N. W. from Harper's Ferry, and 169 N. by W. grain. from Richmond..Marshfield, Ms., Plymouth co. Until its in- Martinville, Ia., c. h. Morgan co. On a beaucorporation in 1641, this town was a part of tiful plain about half a mile E. from the E. Duxbhury, and was called Green's Harbor, or branch of White River. Rexham. Its Indian name was Missancatucket. Martinville, Va., c. h. Henry co. On Smith's North River separates Marshfield from Scituate River, a branch of Dan River. 194 miles S. W. on the N., and Massachusetts Bay bounds it on from Richmond. the N. E. The surface is pleasantly diversified. Maryland, N. Y., Otsego co. Schenevas Creek South and North Rivers give to Marshfielda waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, good water power. The lamented WEBSTER'S Crumhorn Mountain lying in the W. part. The country seat was situated in the S. part of the soil, consisting of clay loam, is fertile in the valtown, about 12 miles N. from Plymouth. leys. 12 miles S. from Cooperstown, and 66 WV. l3arshfield, Vt., Washington co. The surface from Albany. of this township is very uneven. That part of it Marysville, Ca., c. h. Yuba co. On the Yuba, W. of the river is timbered with hard wood, and just above its confluence with the Feather the soil is good. E. of the river the timber River. consists principally of evergreens, and the sur- Marysville, O., c. h. Union co. On the S. face is broken, wet, and stony. The town is wa- side of Mill Creek, a branch of Little Scioto tered principally by Winooski River. Here in River. 30 miles N. W. from Columbus. this stream is a fall, said to be 500 feet in the MIaryville, Te., Blount co. On a branch IN THE UNITED STATES. 449 of Pistol Creek, a tributary of Little River. 18 dren of the town are free scholars, and may miles S. S. W. from Knoxville. This is the seat advance from the primary to the highest departof the Southwestern Theological Seminary. See ment. Over 500 attend regularly. Theoloqical Seminaries. Massillon is known as the Wheat City, and lfason County, Is., c. h. at Bath. W. central justly so. No town in the state, or in the Union, part of the state. In the angle formed by the it is said, is the market of such large quantities junction of the Sangamon with the Illinois. of wheat, direct from the hands of the producers, Mason County, Ky., c. h. at Washington. as Massillon. The receipts from wagons alone Bounded N. by the Ohio River, E. by Lewis, S. some days have been as high as thirty thousand by Fleming, and W. by Nicholas and Brackeni bushels. The Ohio and Pennsylvania Railroad counties. Drained by North Lick, a branch of running from this place to Pittsburg, Pa., and Licking River. connecting with the railroad from Cleveland Mason County, Mn. On the E. shore of Lake to Pittsburg, brings Massillon into connection Michigan, half way from the head to the foot. with all the great lines of steam communication 1Mason, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The surface is through the east and west. uneven; the hills are chiefly large swells, with MIatagorda County, Ts., c. h. at Matagorda. narrow valleys between them. The streams are S. part. On the coast and includes both banks rapid. There are no natural ponds. Souhegan of the Lower Colorado. is the principal stream, affording many fine mill Mlitteawan, N. Y., Dutchess co. On Fishkill sites. The soil in the E. part is light; in the W. Creek, a mile and a half from the landing on the is a strong, deep soil, but stony. 15 miles S. W. Hudson River. The creek falls 40 feet, and gives from Amherst, and 45 S. S. W. from Concord. a great water power, improved for the manufacMason County, Va., c. h. at Point Pleasant. ture of stuffs for hats, machinery, &c. Bounded N. E. by Jackson co., S. E. by Kana- Matthews County, Va., c. h. at Matthews. This wha, S. W. by Cabell co., and N. W. and N. by county consists of a peninsula situated between the Ohio River, separating it from Ohio. Great Piankatauck Bay on the N., Chesapeake Bay on Kanawha River and its branches, and some the E., Mobjack Bay on the S., and Gloucester small branches of the Ohio. water this county. co. on the W. Surface rough; soil mostly fertile. Salt is found Mauch Chunk, Pa., Carbon co. Township and near the Kanawha. village. In the midst of the Schuylkill coal fields. Mlasonville, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by The surface is mountainous, the soil gravel. some small branches of the Delaware and Sus- The village is on the W. bank of the Lehigh quehanna Rivers. The surface is hilly and River, at the head of the Lehigh Canal, in a mountainous. 23 miles W. from Delhi, and deep and romantic ravine, between rocky moun105 S. W. from Albany. tains, which rise precipitously 800 or 1000 feet. Massanutton, Va.. Page co. 188 miles N. W. An inclined plane and a railroad 9 miles long exfrom Richmond. Near this village is a stream tend to the coal mines. from Massanutton Mountain, which has an un- Macumee City, 0., c.h. Lucas co. On the W. broken fall of nearly 50 feet, presenting a most side of Maumee River, and at the head of navibeautiful spectacle. gation, which is here interrupted by the rapids. Massena, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Racket and The place has considerable trade, for which its Grass Rivers water this town, which comprises location on the river, and on the Wabash and 2 large islands, lying in the St. Lawrence River, Erie Canal, gives it good facilities. The canal and contains a sulphur spring of some celebrity. is here connected with the river by a side cut. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile loam, based The water power at this place is very extensive, upon lime. 28 miles N. from Canton, and 236 and is partially improved for several flouring N. N. W. from Albany. mills and factories. 8 miles S. from Toledo, and Massillon, O., Stark co., is on the Ohio Canal 124 miles N. N. W. from Columbus. 65 miles S. from Cleveland, and 116 N. E. from Maurice River, N. J., Cumberland co. Bounded Columbus. This place was laid out in 1826. S. by Delaware Bay, and W. by Maurice River, It is now one of the most flourishing and in- and drained by Tuckahoe and Tarkill Creeks, viting places in the interior of Ohio. It is the tributaries of Maurice River. Surface level; seat of a large commercial and manufactur- soil clay and loam on the streams, and sandy ing business, contains iron works and flouring elsewhere. 20 miles S. E. from Bridgeton. mills extensive bisiness blocks, good hotels, Maury, La., c. h. Sabine parish. fine churches, a model Union School, splendid Maury County, Te., c. h. at Columbia. Bounded private residences, and all the adornments of N. by Williamson co., E. by Marshall, S. by shrubbery, shade, and good taste, which charac- Giles and Lawrence, and W. by Hickman co. terize an intelligent, enterprising, and prosperous Well watered by Duck River and branches. people. The location of the town on the Tus- Maxatawny, Pa., Berks co. Drained by Maiden carawas River is a beautiful one, and affords Creek and its tributary Sacony Creek, both mill good soil and a variety of landscape, with choice, streams. Surface level; soil rich calcareons sightly building spots in abundance. Many of loam and gravel. 74 miles N.E. from Harrisburg. these are occupied and improved with rare taste. Mayfield, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by sevSuperior building stone abounds in the immedi- eral streams flowing into the Sacandaga River. It ate vicinity of Massillon, and the public and is a hilly and mountainous town, the N. part private improvements are of the most durable being traversed by a range of hills called the character. A substantial stone bridge has re- Mayfield Mountains; soil chiefly sandy and clay cently been finished over the Tuscarawas. loam. 8 miles N. E. from Johnstown, and 52 The Union School at Massillon is deservedly N. W. from Albany. the pride of all the citizens. It was one of the May's Landing, N. J., c. h. Atlantic co. Situfirst established in Ohio, and stands first in site, ated on both sides of Great Egg Harbor River, building, and good management. All the chil- at the head of sloop navigation. 16 miles from 57 450 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the ocean, and 73 miles S. from Trenton. It beauty. Medford has long been, and still is, dis. has a considerable wood and lumber trade. tinguished for ship building. It is connected Maysville, Is., c. h. Clay co. Near the Little with Boston by railroad, and is the locality of Wabash River, on the margin of Twelve Mile many beautiful country seats. 5 miles N. W. Prairie. 122 miles S. E. from Springfield. from Boston, and 14 E. by S. from Concord. Maysville, Ky., Mason co. This city is located.Medina County, O., c. h. at Medina. Bounded on the S. bankof the Ohio River, and is enclosed on the N. by Cuyahoga and Lorain, E. by Porin the rear by a ridge of high hills. It has tage, S. by Wayne and Stark, and W. by Lorain 3 streets running parallel with the river, and counties. The Ohio Canal passes through the others crossing them at right angles. The har- S. E. corner of it, and the other waters are Black bor for boats is good; and a large part of the and Rocky Rivers. goods imported into the N. E. section of the Mledina County, Ts., c. h. at Castroville. In state are landed here. There are some manu- the W. central part of the state. Watered by the factures of leather, cotton, flour, &c. 81 miles Medina, an upper tributary of the San Antonio. N. E. by E. from Frankfort. Medway, Ms., Norfolk co. This was attached Maysville, Mo., c. h. De Kalb co. to Medfield until its incorporation as a town in Maysville, N.Y., c. h. Chautauque co. At the 1713. The surface is undulating, with soil of a N. end of Chautauque Lake. 344 miles W. by moderate quality. Medway is finely watered by S. from Albany. A steamboat plies on the lake Charles River on the E. and S., and otherwise between this place and Jamestown, at the other by its branches. There are a number of pleasend of the lake. ant villages in Medway. Factory village is a Mead County, Ky., c. h. at Brandenburg. Bound- place of considerable business. There are maned N. W. and N. E. by the Ohio River, separat- ufactures of cotton, woollens, boots, shoes, ing it from Indiana, E. by Hardin co., and S. and scythes, bells, cabinet wares, ploughs, &c., to the W. by Breckenridge co. Drained by Otter and annual value of half a million dollars or more. Spring Creeks, and other small branches of the 22 miles S. E. from Boston, with which it comOhio. municates by the Norfolk County Railroad. Meadville, Mi., c. h. Franklin co. On the W. Meigs County, O., c. h. at Pomeroy. Wrashed bank of Homochitto River. 80 miles S. W. from by the Ohio River, and the interior parts by Shade Jackson. and Leading Creeks. Meadville, Pa., seat of justice of Crawford co., Meigs County. Te., c. h. at Decatur. Bounded 37 miles S. from Erie, and 234 N. by W. from W. by the Tennessee River, separating it from Harrisburg. Pleasantly situated on the E. side Rhea co. Surface hilly; soil productive. of French River, from which it gradually rises Melendez, Ts., c. h. Benton co. to its central part, where is a handsome public Melmore, O., Eden township, Seneca co., is a square, containing about 5 acres. On the E. side thriving place on the N. bank of Honey Creek. 80 of the square stands the court house, which is a miles N. from Columbus, and 8 S. E. from Tiffin. fine edifice of brick and hammered stone, orna- ilfelonville, Fa., c. h. Orange co. mented with a cupola. The place has 7 or 8 Melrose, Ms., Middlesex co. A new town, churches, an academy, a state arsenal, and a con- formed from the N. part of Malden, on the Maine siderable number of stores. It is the siat of Railroad. 7 miles from Boston. A new and Alleghany College. See Colleges. handsome village, principally inhabited by perMechanicsburq, O., Champaign co. 36 miles W. sons doing business in Boston. by N. from Columbus. Memphis, Te., Shelby co. On the Mississippi'Mecklenburg County, N. C., c. h. at Charlotte. River. 135 miles W. S. W. from Nashville. It Bounded N. by Iredell co., E. and S. E. by Ca- is built on the site of old Fort Pickering, upon barrus and Union counties, and S. W. and W. by an elevated bluff, called the Fourth Chickasaw Catawba River, separating it from South Caroli- Bluff, immediately below the mouth of Wolf taa and Lincoln co. Drained by branches of the River, near the S. W. corner of the state. This Catawba River. Surface undulating; soil fer- place is increasing rapidly, and becoming an imtile. Rich gold ore is found here. portant mart of trade. Large quantities of cotMecklenburg County, Va., c. h. at Boydton. ton are brought from the interior to this port, Bounded N. by Meherin River, separating it from and sent off in various directions. This place is Lunenburg co., E. by Brunswick co., S. by North favorably situated to obtain timber for ship Carolina, and W. by Halifax and Charlotte coun- building, and the river is deep enough to float ties. Drained by the Roanoke River and its the largest ships, when built, down to New Orbranches. leans. A U. S. naval depot is located here, to Medfield, Ms., Norfolk co. This was a part of which is attached a ropewalk 1400 feet in length. Dedham, and called Dedham village until its in- Menard County, Is., c. h. at Petersburg. It is corporation. It is a pleasant, flourishing town, bounded N. by Mason co., E. by Logan, S. by watered by Charles and Stop Rivers, containing Sangamon and W. by Cass co. Watered by a good soil and diversified surface. 8 miles S. SanramonRiver and its branches. W. from Dedham, and 17 S. S. W. from Boston..elendham, N. J., Morris co. Watered by the The Norfolk County Railroad passes near this head streams of the N. branch of the Raritan town. River, and by branches of Whippany River. Medford, Ms., Middlesex co. This beautiful Surface hilly and mountainous; soil clay and town is situated at the head of navigation on calcareous loam. 56 miles N. from Trenton. Mystic River. The soil is very fertile, and in a Mendon, Ms., Worcester co. Mendon is the high state of cultivation. Winter Hill, memora- oldest town in the county, except Lancaster. It ble as the place of encampment of General Bur- was originally settled by people from Braintree goyne and his army, after their capture at Sara- and Weymouth. lVipmug was its original name. toga, borders the town. It is 125 feet above tide May 15, 1667, this plantation, which was then water, and presents a view of great extent and called Quinshepauge, was incorporated by the IN THE UNITED STATES. 451 same of Mendon, probably after Mendham, in the Mercer County, O., c. h. at St. Mary's. Vancounty of Suffolk, England. The face of the town wert bounds it on the N., Dark on the S., Allen is fertile, producing large crops of hay and grain, and Shelby counties on the E., and the state of and has for a long time been noted for the variety Indiana on the W. The land is level, rich, and and abundance of its winter apples. This is a fertile, and is watered by the St. Mary's and pleasant, healthy, and flourishing town. 32 miles Wabash Rivers and their branches. S. W. from Boston. and 18 S. E. from Worcester. Mercer, Pa., c. h. Mercer co. Near NeshanM1Iendon, N. Y., Monroe co. Irondequoit and dock Creek. 57 miles N. by W. from Pittsburg, Honeoye Creeks water this town, the surface of and 234 W. N. W. fiom Harrisburg. which is undulating, and the soil of good quali- Mercer County, Va., c. h. at Princeton. Boundty. 12 miles S. from Rochester, and 209 N. of ed N. E. by New River, separating it fi'om MonW. from Albany. roe co., S. E. by Giles, S. by Tazewell, and W. lendon, Vt., Rutland co. There is some good and N. W. by Logan and Fayette counties. land in the town, but it is generally too high up Drained by Blue Stone and East Rivers, and the Green Mountains for cultivation. Mendon Lick Creek, all branches of New River. was chartered to Joseph Banker and others, Feb- Mercersburg, Pa., Montgomery township, Frankruary 23, 1781, by the name of Medway. Par- lin co. On a branch of Conecocheague Creek. ker's Gore was annexed to it, and the whole 15 miles S. W. from Chambersburg, and 62 S. incorporated into a township by the name of W. from Harrisburg. Marshall College is located Parkerstown, November 7,1804; and, November here. See Colleqes. 6, 1827, the name was altered to Mendon. 47 Meredith, N. H., Belknap co There is in this miles S. S. W. from Montpelier. town a pond adjoining Centre Harbor, about 2 Mentz, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the N. miles long and 1 wide, emptying into the lake and W. by the Seneca River, and watered by near the village. Besides this, there are several the Owasco outlet. The Erie Canal crosses the smaller ponds. There is probably no town in Owasco outlet by a stone aqueduct, in this town, the country more pleasantly and advantageously and the Montezuma Salt Springs lie a short dis- situated, or of a better soil, than Meredith. The tance N. from the canal, and communicate with Winnipiseogee Lake and River bound it on the it by a side branch. Surface undulating; soil N. and E. Near the upper part of the town, the rich, sandy loam. 8 miles N. from Auburn, and traveller passing along the road is presented with 156 N. of W. from Albany. a beautiful landscape. On the E. and S. E., the Mercer Coulnty, Is., c. h. at Millersburg. It is placid Winnipiseolee, the largest lake in New bounded N. by Rock Island co., E. by Henry and Hampshire, with its numerous islands, arrests Knox, S. by Warren and Henderson counties, the eye, and bounds the circle of vision in a S. and W. by the Mississippi River, separating it E. direction. On the N. E., Ossipee Mountain from Iowa. Drained by Edwards and Pope rises to view. On the N., the prospect is interRiver and the N. fork of Henderson River. Sur- cepted by Red Hill. Meredith Bridge is a handface undulating, much of the middle and E. por- some and flourishing village, and the seat of tions consisting of prairies; soil very fertile. much business. The water power of Meredith is Mercer County, Ky., c. h. at Harrodsburg. It immense. It is connected with the principal vilis bounded N. by Anderson, E. by Woodford lage of Gilford, by a bridge over the Winnipiseoand Garrard, S. by Lincoln and Casey, and W. gee. The railroad from Concord to Montreal by Marion and Washington counties. Bounded passes through this town. By the Concord and N. E. by Kentucky River, and drained by head Montreal Railroad, 24 miles N. from Concord, branches of Salt River. Soil of excellent quality. and 1 mile N. W. from Gilford. Mercer, Me., Somerset co. 32 miles N. N. W. Meredith Village, N. H., in Meredith, Belknap fiom Augusta. co. At the outlet of Winnipiseogec Lake, 37 Mercer County, Mo. On the N. border, of the miles N. from Concord. See Meredith, N. H. state. On the upper waters of Crooked Fork of Meredith, N. Y., Delaware co. Drained by sevGrand River. eral small tributaries of the E. branch of the Mercer County, N. J., c. h. at Trenton. Bound- Delaware, and by Oleout Creek, a branch of the ed N. by Somerset co., E. by Middlesex and Mon- Susquehanna River. Surface hilly; soil suitable mouth, S. by Burlington, W. by the Delaware for grazing. 6 miles N. from Delhi, and 77 S. River, separating it from Pennsylvania, and N. W. firom Albany. W. by Hunterdon co. Drained by Assunpink Meriden, Ct., New Haven co. 17 miles N. E. Creek, a tributary of the Delaware, and by a head from New Haven, 17 S. W. from Hartford, on branch of Millstone River, a tributary of the the Quinepiac River, and the Hartford and New Raritan. Haven Railroad. Hilly, but fertile. A flourishMercer County, Pa., c. h. at Mercer. Is distin- ing manufacturing town, particularly of hardguished for its large extent of water power, for ware, of which it produces a large value and its bituminous cannel coal, iron ore, lime, and great variety. fine soil, and especially for its being the county Meriwether County, Ga., c. h. Greenville. Boundwhere the Chenango or Mercer potato was first ed N. by Coweta co., E. by Flint River, sepaproduced from the potato ball. They were pro- rating it from Pike co., S. E. by Talbot, S. W. duced upon the banks of the Neshanock Creek, by Harris, and W. by Troup co. Drained E. by which enters into the Chenango, and are called branches of Flint, and W. by branches of Chatthere the Neshanock potato. Bounded N. by tahoochee River. Crawford co., E. by Venango and Butler, S. by Merrimac County, N. H., c. h. at Concord. N. Beaver co.. and W. by Ohio. Drained by Ma- by Grafton and Belknap counties, E. by Strafford honing River, by Chenango Creek and branches, and Rockingham, S. by Hillsboro', and W. and by Deer, Sandy, and Slippery Rock Creeks. by Sullivan. Its greatest length is 36 miles; its Surface uneven; soil fertile, and particularly breadth, at the broadest part, 26 miles. The adapted to grazing surface is uneven; the soil very fertile. The 452 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., northerly part is rough and mountainous. Kear- by John Knorp, from Pennsylvania, and Shadrach sage is the highest mountain, its summit being Hudson, from New Jersey. It is well improved, about 2400 feet above the level of the sea. The very productive, and is watered by the Miami Ragged Mountains, so called from their appear- Canal and River, South-west Branch, Spring, ance, lie N. E. of Kearsage, and between Andover Honey, and Lost Creeks. and Hill. They are nearly 2000 feet high, at Miami, O., Hamilton co. 119 miles W. S. the N. points of the range. Bear's Hill, Suna- W. from Columbus. It is on the W. bank of pee, Catamount, and Peak are the other most Miami River, about 15 miles from its junction considerable elevations. A part of Lake Suna- with the Ohio. The Miami is here crossed by pee lies in Newbury; and there are numerous a bridge. A McAdamized turnpike leads to Cinponds interspersed throughout the whole territory. cinnati, 14 miles E. The Merrimac River meanders through nearly Miamisburg, O., Montgomery co. This is a the centre of the county, and forms the boundary very flourishing, pleasant town, on the E. bank some distance at the N. E. part. It receives of the Great Miami River. The Miami Canal:rom the W. Blackwater and Contoocook Rivers, passes through it, and a very large artificial and from the E. Soncook and Suncook, and other mound is within its limits. 80 miles from Cosmaller streams. lumbus, and 40 from Cincinnati. Merrimac, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The Merri- Michiqan City, Ia., Laporte co. 157 miles N. mac waters the E. borders of this town, opening N. W. from Indianapolis. This place, which is a communication by water from this place to on the S. shore of Michigan, is the only harbor Boston. Souhegan also passes through it, and in the state. It is at the mouth of Trail Creek, has fine water privileges. Babboosuck Brook and was laid out in 1835. It is well situated for empties into Souhegan River, and Penichook trade, as a lake port, and is now connected both Brook forms the southern boundary. The soil is with the Michigan Central and the Michigan fertile, and there are fine intervales on the Merri- Southern Railroads, which unite, and pass through mac. This town claims the first manufacture, in this place to Chicago, 41 miles W. this region, of Leghorn bonnets. They were Middleboro', Ms., Plymouth co. This is the first made by the Misses Burnaps. Some of largest town in the commonwealth. Middletheir bonnets sold at auction for $50 each. The boroe' was so named from the circumstance that first house in this town was erected on the mar- Nemasket, the central Indian village in the gin of the river for a house of traffic with the town, was half way between the seat of the PilIndians. 6 miles S. E. from Amherst, and 28 S. grims in Plymouth and the seat of the great Infrom Concord, by railroad. TIE railroad between dian sachem, Massasoit, towards Mount Hope, Lowell and Concord passes thrugh this town. near Bristol, Rhode Island. The Nemasket Methuen, Ms., Essex co. Opthe N. bank of River flows through the town, and there are sevthe Merrimac. It was taken Trom Haverhill in eral handsome villages in different parts. The 1725. In this town is a pleasant and flourishing great ponds, for which this town has been disvillage, on both sides of Spigot River, which tinguished, are Sowampset, Quiticasset, Perksha, here has a fall of 36 feet, over a rocky precipice. and Poekaninna; also Long Pond. Some of The natural resources of the town are various- the streams on which the manufactures are cona fertile soil, abundance of wood, and inexhaust- ducted are these: Whetstone, Ravens, Bartlett, ible beds of excellent peat. The site of the vil- Fall Brook, Trout Brook, and Stillwater. On lage is very elevated, and commands an extensive the rocks in this town are the prints of naked prospect of the beautiful and romantic scenery hands and feet. The first planters of Middleboro' with which it is environed. It adjoins the city came mainly from Plymouth. Middleboro' Four of Lawrence on the N. 25 miles N. by W. from Corners, a large and handsome village, lies 36 Boston, and 20 N. W. by N. from Salem. miles S. S. E. from Boston. The railroad beMetropolis City, Is., c. h. Monroe co. On the tween Boston, Fall River, and Wareham passes Ohio River. through this village. From the Four Corners Mexico, Me., Oxford co. This town lies on the to Central village, is about 2 miles N. E.; to N. side of Androscoggin River, and is watered Eddyville, 4 miles N. E.; to Muttock village, 1 by two of its tributaries. It has a good soil and mile N.; to Titicut, 4 miles N. W.; and to a good water power. It lies 47 miles W. N. W. Sowampset village, near the Great Pond, is 4 from Augusta, and 20 N. from Paris. Incorpo- miles S. W. The New Bedford and Taunton rated 1818. Railroad passes through the S. part of the town. Mexico, Mo., c. h. Audrain co. On the E. side Middlebourne, Va., c. h. Tyler co. On the E. of Salt River. 47 miles N. from Jefferson City. side of Middle Island Creek. 307 miles N. WV. Mexico, N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by Salmon from Richmond. Creek, a tributary of Lake Ontario, which bounds Middleburg, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered this town on the N. Surface undulating; soil by the head branch of the Catskill Creek, and productive. 16 miles E. from Oswego, and 152 a large pond or marsh called the Vly, from which N. W. from Albany. flows a powerful mill stream, emptying into SchoMiami County, Ia., c. h. at Peru. Bounded N. harie Creek. Surface hilly; soil, in the valleys, by Kosciusko co., E. by Wabash and Grant, S. very fertile loam. 6 miles S. from Schoharie, by Richardville, and W. by Cass and Fulton and 37 S. W. from Albany. counties. Drained by Wabash, Eel, and Missis- Middlebury, N. Y., Wyoming co. Allen's sinewa Rivers. The Erie and Wabash Canal Creek and a branch of the Tonawanda water also passes through this county. Surface undu- this town, the surface of which is rolling, and the lating; soil very fertile. soil sandy and clay loam, yielding large crops of Miami County, O., c. h. at Troy. Shelby is on grass and grain. 6 miles N. from Warsaw, and the N., Champaign and Clark on the E., Mont- 248 W. from Albany. gomery on the S., and Dark on the W. The Middlebury, Vt., shire town of Addison co., is county was organized in 1807, and settled in 1799, a large and flourishing town on both sides of IN THE UNITED STATES. 453 Otter Creek, 31 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and Lowell, shire towns. Surface uneven, and 33 S. S. E. from Burlington. The fathers growing hilly on the W.; soil various, though cf this town were Colonel John Chipman and generally light. Highly cultivated. The Merthe Hon. Gamaliel Painter, who came here rimac enters the N. E. border, by the affluand settled in 1773. The settlement advanced ents of which, including the Nashua and Conbut slowly until after the revolutionary war; it cord Rivers, the county is crossed from S. W. to then began to increase, and is now one of the N. E. In the S. E. is the Charles River, flowing most important towns in the state. In 1791 it into Boston Harbor. The Maine, Lowell, Fitchbecame the shire town of the county, and in 1800 burg, and Worcester Railroads, with their branchMiddlebury College was founded here. See Col- es, afford easy communication with Boston. This leges. The surface.of the town is generally county abounds with manufacturing establishlevel. Chipman's Hill, 439 feet above Otter ments. Creek, is the highest elevation. The soil is fer- Middlesex County, N. J., c. h. at New Brunstile and productive, and furnishes large quanti- wick. Bounded N. by Essex co., E. by Staten ties of wool, beef, pork, butter, and cheese. The Island and Sound, and Monmouth co., S. by town is admirably watered by Otter Creek and Monmouth and Mercer counties, and W. by Middlebury River. At the falls on Otter Creek, Somerset co. Drained by Raritan River and its the site of this flourishing village, are extensive branches, Millstone and Rahway Rivers. Rarimanufacturingestablishments; and large quanti- tan Bay, in the E. part, forms a fine harbor. ties of white and variegated marble, with which communicating with the ocean and with Staten the town abounds, are sawed and polished for Island Sound. Surface level in the S. E., and various uses, and transported to market. undulating in the N. and N. E.; soil diversified, Middlebury is well built, on ground ascending being very fertile in some parts. gradually each way from the creek, and present- Middlesex, N. Y., Yates co. Bounded on the ing many eligible sites for the location of dwell- W. by Canandaigua Lake, and drained by West ings and public buildings. There are five or six Creek. Surface somewhat hilly; soil very rich churches of different denominations; also one gravelly loam. 12 miles W. from Penn Yann, or two flourishing academies. The Rutland and and 194 from Albany. Burlington Railroad passes through Middlebury, Middlesex, Vt., Washington co. The S. part and connects it with all the other great routes, N., of Middlesex is watered by Winooski River, S., and E. which furnishes here one of the best stands for Middle, N. J., Cape May co. Bounded E. by mills in the county. The N. branch of this river the Atlantic Ocean, WV. by Delaware Bay, and is runs across the N. E. corner of the town. Middrained by Goshen, Dyer's, Green, and Fishing dlesex is uneven, but the only mountain of conCreeks, which empty into Delaware Bay. Here- sequence lies alor the line between the town and ford Inlet also extends from the Atlantic in- Waterbury, and i4 called the Hogback. The land 4 miles. Surface level and marshy; soil timber is such as is common to the mountain sandy. towns, and the soil generally good. The chanMiddlefield, Ms., Hampshire co. Previous to nel worn through the rocks by Winooski River, 1783, this town was a part of Worthington and between this township and Moretown, is a conother towns. The features of this town are bold siderable curiosity. On the bank of the Winooski and rough, but the soil is strong and well adapt- River, at the falls, near the middle of the S. line ed for grazing. The town is well watered by a of Middlesex, is a flourishing village. Mr. number of the upper branches of the W. branch Thomas Mead was the first settler. He began of Westfield River. 135 miles W. from Boston, improvement, in 1781 or'82, and the next year and 16 from Pittsfield. moved his family here from Chelmsford, Ms. Middlefield, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered on the 6 miles N. W. from Montpelier. The CenW. by Otsego Lake and its outlet, and on the E. tral Railroad passes through the town. by Cherry Valley Creek. It is a hilly town, Middlesex County, Va., c. h. at Urbanna with a soil of sandy, calcareous loam. 3 miles Bounded N. E. and E. by the Rappahanirock E. from Cooperstown, and 59 W. from Albany. River, separating it from Lancaster co., S. E. by Middle Haddam, Ct. In the town of Chatham, Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by Piankatank Middlesex co., on the E. side of Connecticut River, separating it from Matthews, Gloucester, River. 21 miles S. S. E. from Hartford. and King and Queen counties, and N. W. by Middle Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by Essex co. Fishing, Stony, and Clark's Creeks. Surface Middletown, Ct. City, port of entry, and half mountainous; soil gravel. 9 miles N. E. from shire town of Middlesex co., lies on the W. bank Harrisburg. of Connecticut River. 14 miles S. from Hartford, Middleport, c. h. Iroquois co. 192 miles N. E. and 24 miles N. E. from New Haven. The town of Springfield. ship was originally about 9 miles N. and S. Middlesex County, Ct., Middletown and Haddam, varying from 4 to 10 miles E. and W., and em shire towns. This county is bounded N. by Hart- bracing four parishes; but that part of the town ford co., E. by Hartford and New London coun- formerly known as Upper Middletown, has recentties, S. by Long Island Sound, and W. by New ly been constituted a distinct township, by the Haven co. The general surface of the county is name of Cromwell. The soil of Middletown, uneven. The soil is generally good, particularly which rests on a base of secondary red sand adjacent to Connecticut River. There are many stone, is generally good; and the surface is unduo small streams which afford mill privileges, fertil- lating, and in many parts highly picturesque. izing the soil and giving beauty to the county. There are fine meadows, on a considerable stream The waters of the Connecticut afford it an im- entering the river N. of the city, which contain portant business in navigation, especially in the about 650 acres. On this and other streams coasting trade. there are several manufacturing establishments; Middlesex County, Ms., Concord, Cambridge, among which are two or three, on a large scale, 454 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., for the manufacture of arms for the United miles N. W. from Dover, and 40 N. E. from ConStates. A range of hills with a base of granite, cord. about two miles below the city, crosses the Con- Middletown, N. J., Monmouth co. Watered on necticut, compressing the channel into a strait of the S. by Sandy Hook Bay, and drained by about'35 rods in width, and rising from 400 to Swimming and Neversink Rivers. Bounded E. 600 feet above the river. At this point occurs an by the sand beach called Sandy Hook, and S. W. inexhaustible deposit of the finest feldspar, used by the highlands of Neversink. Surface hilly in in the manufacture of porcelain ware. Masses of the E. and central portions, and elsewhere level; several hundred weight are often found, without soil sand, clay, and loam. Situated 51 miles E. any admixture of other minerals. N. E. from Trenton. The city of Middletown is very beautifully situ- Middletown, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by ated on ground gently rising from the river, the Papacton branch of the Delaware River. A which is here from 80 to 100 rods in width. mountainous town, with a productive soil. 16 The main street runs parallel with the river, on miles S. E. from Delhi, and 79 S. W. from Albany. which are the principal retail stores, the hotels, Middletown, O., Butler co. On the E. side which are large and handsome, most of the of Miami River, 30 miles N. from Cincinnati, houses of worship, the court house, custom house, and 90 W. S. W. from Columbus. The Miami and other elegant buildings. Parallel with this Canal passes through this place. It has some are other streets, both above and below, which manufactures. are intersected by several, running up from the Middletown, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded W. by river, at right angles. The more elevated por- Neshaminy Creek, and drained by one of its tion of the city, W. of the main street, is adorned branches and Bristol Creek. Surface undulating; with some of the most splendid private mansions soil clay. in the state, having an advantage of position, for Middletown, Pa., Dauphin co. Near the junction beauty and extent of prospect, rarely equalled. of Swatara and Susquehanna Rivers. 10 miles The public edifices of handsomest architectural S. E. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania and appearance are the custom house, of Chatham Union Canals unite here. The place has an acfreestone; the court house, with a Grecian por- tive trade in iron, coal, and lumber. tico, and the Episcopal Church, also of the Middletown, Pa., Delaware co. Bounded E. by Chatham stone. The meeting house of the Ridley, and W. by Chester Creek. Surface level; South Congregational Church is a neat speci- soil clay and loam. men of the Grecian style. The buildings of the Middletown, Pa., Susquehanna co. Drained by Wesleyan University are on elevated ground in Wyalusing Creek and branches. Surface hilly; the rear of the city, overlooking the surrounding soil clay and gravel. country, and presenting a handsome appearance Middletown, R. I., Newport co. This is the midas they are seen from a distance. See Colleges. dle township on the Island of Rhode Island. The The wharves at Middletown are commodious surface of the town is undulating, and affords for the shipping, there being 10 feet of water, many interesting and beautiful landscapes. The which is sufficient for all vessels that can cross soil is a rich loam, very productive, and under a the bar at the river's mouth. Steamboats stop high state of cultivation; the lands are highly here daily on their trips between Hartford and valued, and command a great price. The inhabNew York. A branch railroad connects this itants of the town are principally farmers. place with the railroad between Hartford and Middletown, Vt., Rutland co. This town lies New Haven. between two mountains, is watered by Poultney In March, 1650, the lands in Mattabesett, the River, and has a good soil for grazing. It has a Indian name of Middletown, were explored with neat and flourishing village. A settlement was a view to a settlement. Three years later the commenced here, a short time before the revoluplace received its present name. In 1760, there tion, by Thomas Morgan and others. 14 miles were over 50 families. The ancient burial S. W. from Rutland, and 45 N. from Bennington. ground, near the river, N. of the city, contains Middletown Point, N. J., Monmouth co. A port many interesting memorials of the early settlers. of entry, situated on an elevated bank of MiddleHere, under a handsome monument, repose the town Creek. 3 miles from Raritan Bay, and 43 remains of Commodore Macdonough, the hero E. by N. from Trenton. of Lake Champlain. Mtifflin County, Pa., c. h. at Lewiston. Bounded Middleton, Ms., Essex co. This town was N. by Centre and Union counties, E. by Juniata taken from Salem, Topsfield, Boxford, and An- co., and S. and W. by Huntingdon co. The Judover, in 1728. It was formerly called Wills niata River flows on the S. E. and S. border of Hill. This is a small, but pretty town. Its soil this co., and parallel to it runs the Pennsylvania is not by nature of the first quality, but the in- Canal. Surface rough and mountainous; soil dustry of the people has made it quite produc- very fertile in some portions. tive. The surface is varied by hill and dale. Mifflin, Pa., Dauphin co. Watered by WiconIpswich River passes along its southern and isco Creek. Mahantango Mountain forms the N, eastern borders, and receives the waters of three and Berry's Mountain the S. boundary. Soil red small tributaries. There are some fine ponds in shale. 23 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. the town, and a neat village near its centre. Mlfflin, Pa., Cumberland co. Bounded on the From this village to Salem is 8 miles S. E., to N. by Blue Mountains, and S. by Conedogwinit Boston 18 S. Creek. Surface hilly; soil slaty. 17 miles N. Middleton, N. H., Strafford co., is alevel town- W. from Carlisle. ship, having no high ground except a part of Mlfflin, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded N. E. Moose Mountain, which separates it from Brook- and S. E. by the Monongahela River, and drained field. There are no rivers nor ponds, and the soil by Thompson's and Strut's Runs and Peter's is rocky. Settled a short time before the revolu- Creek. Surface hilly; soil loam. 8 miles S. from tion. It was incorporated as a town in 1773. 25 Petersburg. IN THE UNiTED STATES. 455 Miflintown, Pa., c. h. Juniata co. On the E.; Iron ore and anthracite coal are abundant. 7 bank of Juniata River. 45 miles N. W. from miles S. W. from Somerset. Harrisburg. MilJbrd, Pa., c. h. Pike co. Situated on the Milan, N. H., Coos co. The Upper Amonoo- W. side of the Delaware River. 162 miles N. E. suck and Androscoggin Rivers pass through this by E. from Harrisburg. town. There are several ponds, and some con- Milford, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by Swamp, siderable mountains. It was called Paulsburg a branch of Perkiomen Creek. Surface unduuntil 1824. First settlers: this town was grant- lating; soil clay and gravel. ed in 1771 to Sir William Mayne and others. Millbury, Ms., Worcester co. This is one of 150 miles N. by E. from Concord, and 22 N. E. the most beautiful and flourishing towns in the from Lancaster. county. IL was formerly the N. parish in Sutton. JMilan, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by the The Blackstone River and Canal pass through Sawkill and a branch of Roeliff Jansen's Creek. the town. The Blackstone River, and Singletary Surface hilly; soil clay and gravelly loam, upon Pond, which lies mostly in Sutton, furnish excela foundation of limestone and slate. 18 miles N. lent water privileges. The soil is fertile, well cultifrom Poughkeepsie, and, 66 S. from Albany. vated, and yields abundance of all the varieties Milan County, Ts., c. h. at Nashville. On the of agricultural products common to this fruitful left bank of the Brazos. region. The surface is delightfully varied by hills Milford, Ct., New Haven co. This is one of and valleys, decorated by lovely ponds, and the towns which composed the " Old Jurisdiction spread out with neat and prosperous villages. The of New Haven." The settlement commenced in Worcester Railroad has a branch to the centre of 1639. The first purchase of land was made of the the town. 6 miles S. S. E. from Worcester, and Indians for the consideration of " 6 coats,10 blan- 42 W. S. W. from Boston. kets, 1 kettle, besides a number of hoes, knives, Miller County, Mo., c. h. at Tuscambia. Boundhatchets, and glasses." The Indians made a res- ed N. by Moniteau and Cole counties, E. by Osage ervation of 20 acres in the town, which was sold and Pulaski, S. by Pulaski and Camden, and W. by them, in 1661, for 6 coats, 2 blankets, and a by Camden and Morgan counties. Watered by pair of breeches. Osage River and branches. Soil very fertile on The Indian name of the place was TWepawaug. the streams. The town is generally level, and the soil produc- Millersburg, Is., c. h. Mercer co. tive. There is a quarry of beautiful serpentine Millersburq, O., c. h. Holmes co. On the E. marble in the town, and a harbor for small ves- side of Killbuck Creek. 87 miles N. E. from Cosels. lumbus. Poconock or Milford Point is a noted place, Milillersburg, Pa., Dauphin co. On theE. bank where are a number of huts on the beach, occu- of Susquehanna River, at the mouth of Wiconpied by persons engaged in the oyster and clam isco Creek. 31 miles N. from Harrisburg. There is business. a railroad to the river at this point from the coal Milford village is very pleasant, and the scen- mines in Lvken's Valley. ery variegated and interesting. 10 miles S. W. Milledqev/lle, Ga. City, capital of the state, from New Haven, on the railroad to New York. and seat of justice of Baldwin co. 187 miles N. Milford, Ms., Worcester co. Milford was once W. from Savannah, and 89 W. S. W. from Authe E. parish of Mendon. It was called Wo- gusta. It is situated on the W. side of Oconee powage by the Indians, and Mill River by the River, at the head of navigation, and at the junewhites. The surface is uneven, and the soil of an tion of Fishing Creek, 193 miles N. from Darien, excellent quality. A branch of Charles River at the mouth of the river. Thecity is built upon on the E. side of the town, Mill River, a branch an uneven surface, but is laid out with great reguof the Blackstone on the W., with numerous larity, having 10 streets running parallel with the brooks and ponds, water the town in every part, river, and 10 others intersecting them at right anand give it a great water power. The village in gles, all of which are 1'00 feet wide, except Washthe centre of the town is neat, and pleasantly ington Street, in the centre, which is 120 feet in situated near Cedar Swamp Pond. The Frater- width. There are 3 public squares, each 450 nal Community, at Hopedale, in this town, own feet on a side, called State House Square, Gov400 acres of land. 28 miles S. W. from Boston, elnor's Square, and Penitentiary Square. In the by the old road, and 18 S. E. from Worcester. centre of State House Square, which is in an Milford, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Milford lies elevated part of the city, about three fourthsof a on both sides of Souhegan River, which runs mile from the river, stands the state house; through the town from W. to E., forming a rich which is a handsome Gothic edifice, erected in meadow or intervale, from a quarter to half a 1828, at a cost of $115,000. On this square also mile wide. The banks of this river are annually is an academy, an arsenal, and a powder magaoverflowed, by which means the soil, which is zine. There are churches of the Presbyterian, black and deep, is much enriched. This town has Methodist, and Baptist denominations. exensive water privileges, and has become the Milledgeville was laid out in 1803. The first seat of large manufactures, and an active trade, house, of logs, was built the next year, and the being connected with Nashua, Lowell, and Boston first framed house in 1805. A railroad, 17 miles by railroad. 32 miles S. by W. from Concord, long, to Gordon, connects Milledgeville with the and about 5 S. W. from Amherst. long railroad route from Savannah to Macon. Milford, N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehanna Mills County, Io., c. h. at Coonville. In the S River and some of its branches water this town. W. angle, on the Missouri. The surface is hilly; soil in the valleys fertile Millsfield, N. H., Coos co. Clear Stream wa loam. 13 miles S. from Cooperstown, and 73 W. ters its N. extremity, and Philips River, with from Albany. several small streams, the other parts. Here Mtlford, Pa., Somerset co. Drained by Castle- are several ponds: the largest is about 300 rods man's River and branches and Laurel Hill Creek. long, 140 wide. This town was named from Sir 456 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Thomas Mills, a grantee. The surface is too by Lake Champlain for an extensive commerce, rough and the climate too cold for cultivation. added to the advantage of railroad communicaFirst settlers: Millsfield was granted, in 1774, to tion with Burlington, Montreal, and Boston, will, George Boyd and 81 others. 150 miles N. from doubtless, render this place a site of important Concord, and about 35 N. E. from Lancaster. business. A bridge, called the Sand Bar Bridge, Millville, N. J., Cumberland co. Drained by connects this town with South Hero. The setMaurice River and its branches, the principal of tlement of this place was commenced Februwhich is Manantico Creek. Surface level; soil ary 15, 1782. 12 miles N. from Burlington, and sandy and rather sterile. 67 miles S. by W. from 40 N. W. from Montpelier. Trenton. Mlilwaukie County, Wn., c. h. at Milwaukee, Milo, Me., Piscataquis co. This is a beautiful Bounded N. by Washington co., E. by Lake Michtownship, on the fertile banks of Sebec and Pleas- igan, S. by Racine. and W. by Waukesha co. ant Rivers, at their union with the Piscataquis. Drained by Wilwaukie, Manewakee, Root, Des It lies 103 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 15 N. Plaines, and Fox Rivers, and branches of Rock E. from Dover. Incorporated in 1823. River. Milo, N. Y., c. h. Yates co. Bounded W. by Miltwaukie, Wn., c. h. Milwaukie co., situated on Crooked Lake, and N. by its outlet. Surface un- the W. shore of Lake Michigan. 95 miles N. from dulating; soil very productive. 189 miles W. Chicago, and 80 miles E. from Madison, the capifrom Albany. tal of the state. The town lies on both sides of Milton, Me., Piscataquis co. 94 miles from Au- the Milwaukie River, which here runs nearly gusta. parallel to the shore of the lake, and empties into Milton, Ms., Norfolk co. Milton was a part of it just below. Dorchester until 1662. The Indians called the This place is the natural outlet of one of the place Unquety or Uncataquisset. Neponset Riv- finest regions for the production of cereal grains er washes its northern border, and affords the in the United States. Its growth has been retown numerous valuable mill sites. Milton pos- markably rapid. In 1834 it contained only two sesses fine granite. The soil of the town is strong log houses. A census of the town, taken in June, and fertile; and the surface presents many finely- 1846, showed a population of 9508; and another cultivated farms, and large tracts of wood and in December, 1847, only 18 months afterwards, meadow lands. Milton contains many elegant of 14,071. The population in 1850 was 22,137. country seats, and much delightful scenery. The The site of Milwaukie is eligible in various views from Milton Hill, near the head of the respects. It commences about a mile above the Neponset, and Blue Hill, a celebrated land- mouth of the river, at a point called Walker's mark for sailors, 635 feet above the sea, in this Point, and extends from a mile and a half to two town and Canton, are among the most admired miles up the river, which is sufficiently wide and in our country. The village called the " Mills," deep, to a point some distance above the town, to comprising a part of Dorchester, at the head of accommodate a large amount of shipping. At navigation on the Neponset, is a wild, romantic the head of this navigable portion of the river, a place, and the seat of considerable trade and man- dam, erected by the Milwaukie and Rock River ufacture. The village at the railroad, near the Canal Company, for the purpose of producing a granite quarry, in Quincy, is very pleasant and slack water navigation about two miles farther flourishing. By a new and beautiful bridge, up the stream, throws a large body of water into called the Granite Bridge, across the Neponset, that section of the canal which courses into the the distance to the city is reduced to 6 miles. town, creating there a water power which is There is an academy in this place. The first estimated to be equal to about 100 runs of millpaper mill in New England was erected in this stones. The manufactories erected on this canal town. This interesting and pleasant town lies 7 have the advantage of being also located on the miles S. from Boston, and 6 E. from Dedham. bank of the navigable river, which almost washes Milton, N. H., Strafford co. The Salmon Fall their foundations in the rear, so that they may be River washes its whole eastern boundary, a dis- approached by the largest vessels and steamboats tance of 13 miles. Teneriffe, a bold and rocky from the lakes. mountain, extends, along the eastern part of Mil- The ground occupied by the town is elevated ton, near which lies Milton Pond, of considerable and uneven, rising from the river to the height of size, connecting with Salmon Fall River. This 50 to 100 feet, and affording beautiful situations town was formerly a part of Rochester. 40 miles for residences, commanding a full view of the N. E. from Concord, and 20 N. W. by N. from river, the bay, the lake, and the body of the town Dover. itself. Milton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Shire town. Wa- The Bay of Milwaukie is an elliptical indentatered by Kayaderosseras Creek and some of its tion of the lake shore against the town, of about tributaries. Surface chiefly level; soil sandy three miles in depth, and extending about six and clay loam. 30 miles N. from Albany. miles between its N. and S. points or capes, suf' Milton, Vt., Chittenden co. Milton is bounded ficie'ntly separated from the body of the lake to on the W. by Lake Champlain, and is finely wa- protect the shipping from the eflect of all the tered by the River Lamoille. The soil is gener- storms or gales of wind except such as come ally good. A little distance from the neat and from the east, which here seldom occur. Tho flourishing village are the Great Falls, on the La- river enters this bay about half a mile below its moille. In the course of 50 rods the whole river centre, and the whole distance between the mouth falls 180 feet. About the middle of the rapid is of the river and the commencement of the town a small island, by which the water passes on each is occupied by a low, impassable marsh, by some side, with great violence and loud roaring. There supposed once to have been a part of the bay. is another pleasant village 2 miles W. of the This place, for one of such rapid growth, is falls, called Checker Berry. The immense water finely built. From a certain quality of the clay power of this town, and the facilities affordedZit which abounds here, the brick made from it, IN THE UNITED STATES. 457 instead of being of the usual red, are of a light on an extended plain, elevated 15 feet above the yellow or cream color, which gives to the ware- highest tides, and has a beautiful prospect of houses and solid portions of the town, where the bay, extending 30 miles, with an average this material is used, a peculiarly bright and width of 12 miles, to the Gulf of Mexico. Access beautiful appearance. Steamboats ply continu- to the town is rendered somewhat difficult by a ally between this place and Buffalo, in the season swampy island opposite, so that vessels drawof lake navigation; and also to connect it with ing more than 8 feet of water cannot come Chicago and other ports south, on Lake Michi- directly in, but must pass up Spanish River, gan, and with the termini of the Michigan Cen- six miles, round this island, into Mobile River, tral and Southern Railroads. Plank roads are and then drop down to the city, into a harbor rapidly extending from this point into the inte- perfectly secure from winds, storms, or enemies. rior; a railroad is in progress to the Mississippi, It has about 50 wharves, and, next to New Orand one is proposed to Chicago. leans, is the largest cotton market in the United Mina, N.Y., Chautauque co. Watered by French States. Its business and prosperity have inCreek and Finley's Lake, a small sheet of water. creased with great rapidity since it came under Surface uneven; soil gravelly loam and clay. the government of the United States. Although 15 miles S. W. from Mayville, and 348 S. by W.- one of the earliest settled towns in the country, from Albany. it never became, under the French and Spanish Minden, La., c. h. Claiborne parish. 404 miles regime, which continued to 1813, any thing more N. W. from New Orleans. than a military post. The churches of the Minden, N. Y., Montgomery co. Bounded on city are of the Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, the N. by the Mohawk River, and drained by and Roman Catholic denominations. There is Otsquake Creek. The surface is diversified and an academy, called Barton Academy, a court the soil fertile, particularly in the valley of the house, jail, custom house, a United States Mohawk, where are some rich alluvial marshes. naval hospital, and a city hospital. An aque15 miles W. from Fonda, and 67 N. W. from duct, by which water is brought through iron Albany. pipes 2 miles, supplies the city abundantly with Mineral Point, Wn., Iowa co. On a head this element of life, purity, and comfort. There branch of Pekatonica River. 52 miles W. S. W. are many steamboat running between Mobile from Madison. Here are several smelting fur- and the more important places above it, on the naces for copper and lead. Mobile, Tombigbee, and Alabama Rivers; and Minersville, Pa., Schuylkill co. 66 miles N.E. also a line of communication by steamboats from Harrisburg. In the Schuylkill coal field. with New Orleans, by the way of Lake PontMinerva, N. Y., Essex co. The Hudson River chartrain. There are also a great number of and some of its branches water this town, the packet schooners, which run between Mobile and surface of which is hilly and mountainous, being New Orleans; some by the way of the lake, and partly covered by the Adirondack range, and the some by the Mississippi. The great project, soil fertile in some of the valleys. 30 miles now in a state of hopeful progress, of constructS. W. from Elizabeth, and 92 N. by W. from ing a railroad from this city to Cairo, at the Albany. junction of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers, to Minot, Me., Cumberland co. A large town- connect with the Illinois Central Railroad, runship, on the E. side of the Androscoggin, opposite ning thence, and terminating by its northern Lewiston, with two pleasant villages. 33 miles branches at Dubuque, on the Upper Mississippi, S. W. from Augusta, and 35 N. from Portland. and at Chicago, on Lake Michigan, cannot fail, M1inster, 0., Mercer co. 94 miles W. N. W. when accomplished, of bringing an immense infrom Columbus. crease of business and prosperity to Mobile. Mississippi County, As., c. h. at Osceola. Bound- This place was ceded to the Americans by ed N. by Missouri, E. by the Mississippi River, Spain in 1813, chartered as a town in 1814, and separating it from Tennessee, S. by Crittenden incorporated as a city in 1819. It has suffered co., and W. by St. Francis River, separating it repeatedly by desolating fires. In 1827, 170 from Poinsett and Greene counties. Whitewater buildings were consumed; and in 1839, 600. River waters the interior. But the town has been rebuilt with increased Mississippi County, Mo., c. h. at Osceola. On the convenience and beauty. eastern border, opposite the mouth of the Ohio. Mohawk, N. Y., Herkimer co. On the S. side Mobile County, An., c. h. at Mobile. Bounded of the Mohawk River, on the Erie Canal. 79 N. by Washington co., E. by Tombigbee and miles W. N. W. from Albany. Mobile Rivers and Mobile Bay, separating it Mohawk, N. Y., c. h. Montgomery co. Boundfrom Clarke and Baldwin counties, S. by Pas- ed on the S. by the Mohawk River. The surcagoula Bay, and W. by Mississippi. Drained face is hilly on the N., and the soil fertile in the by branches of the Mobile River on the E., and Mohawk valley. 42 miles N. VV. from Albany. of the Pascagoula on the W. Surface hilly in Moira, N. Y., Franklin co. The Little Salmon the N., and undulating in the S. portions; soil River waters this town, the surface of which is sterile. level, and the soil sandy loam. 13 miles W. from Mobile, Aa. City, port of entry, and seat of Malone, and 225 N. N. W. from Albany, on the justice of Mobile co. Situated on the W. side Ogdensburg Railroad, from which latter place it of Mobile River, at its entrance into Mobile Bay, is distant 47 miles. 30 miles N. of Mobile Point, at the entrance of Moniteau County, Mo. In the central part of the bay. 217 miles S. by W. from Tuscaloosa, the state. On the S. bank of the Missouri. 160 E. N. E. from New Orleans, and 55 W. by N. 3fionkton, Vt., Addison co. The western part from Pensacola, Fa. Population in 1830, 3194; of the town is watered by Little Otter Creek, 1840, 12,672; 1850, 20,500. and the eastern part by Pond Brook. Lewis It is the only town of much importance in the Creek runs a short distance in the north-eastern lower part of Alabama. It is pleasantly situated part. These streams afford but few mill privi58 458 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., leges. Monkton Pond lies in the N. part of the the Ockmulgee River, which forms its N. E. boun. town, and is about a mile in length and half a dary. mile wide. A mountain, called the Hogback, Monroe, Ga., c. h. Walton co. Situated at the extends along the eastern boundary of Monkton, head of Ocklmulgee River. 61 miles N. W. by N. and there are several other considerable eleva- from Milledgeville. tions. Iron ore is found in the S. part of this Monroe County, Is., c. h. at Harrisonville. township in large quantities. About a mile N. Bounded N. E. by St. Clair, S. E. by Randolph of the iron ore bed is an extensive bed of rac- co., and S. W. and N. W. by the Mississippi lin, or porcelain earth. In the S. part of this River, separating it from Missouri. Drained by township is a pond, curiously located on the Horse, Eagle, De Long, and Prairie Creeks. summit of a considerable hill. In the north- The surface is rough and hilly in the W. porwestern part is a remarkable cavern. Monkton tions, but in the E. there is much good land. was settled in 1774, by John and Ebenezer Monroe C(ounty, Ia., c.h. at Bloomington. BoundStearns, Barnabas Burnham, and John Bishop. ed N. by Morgan co., E. by Brown and Jackson, They left during the war, but returned in 1784. S. by Lawrence, and W. by Green and Owen 27 miles W. from Montpelier, and 16 N. from counties. Drained by branches of the E. and Middlebury. The Vermont Central Railroad W. forks of White River. passes through the town. Monroe, Io., c. h. at Albia. S. E. part. WaMonmouth, Me., Kennebec co. On the sources tered by Cedar Creek and other southern tribuof the Cobbessecontee. 15 miles S. W. from taries of the Des Moines. Augusta. Monroe County, Ky., c. h. at Tompkinsville. Monmouth County, N. J., c. h. at Freehold. Bounded N. by Barren co., E. by Cumberland, Bounded N. by Staten Island Sound, E. and S. S. by Tennessee, and W. by Allen co. Watered E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. W. and W. by by Cumberland River, and the Big Barren and Burlington, Mercer, and Middlesex counties. its branches. Drained by Millstone and South Rivers, branches Monroe, La., c. h. Wachita parish. On the E of the Raritan. by Assunpink, Crosswick's, and bank of Wachita River, at the head of steamboat Rancocus, branches of the Delaware, by Never- navigation, and 300 miles N. W. by N. from sink, Tom's, Shrewsbury, antl Forked Rivers, and New Orleans. Manasquan, Cedar, Oyster, Westecunk, and Man- Monroe, Me., Waldo co. This town is watered ahocking Creeks. Surface mostly level; soil al- by Marsh River, a branch of the Penobscot. It luvial, being a mixture of sand, clay, gravel, and lies 59 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 14 N. from vegetable mould. Marl is abundant in some parts. Belfast. Monongahela. Pa., Greene co. Bounded E. by Monroe, Ms., Franklin co. Monroe was forMonongahela River, and drained by Whitley merly a part of Rowe, and an unincorporated Creek. Surface undulating; soil loamy. 14 miles tract called the " Gore." There is some land in S. E. from Waynesburg. the town fit for the plough; but being very mounMonongahela County, Va., c. h. at Morgantown. tainous, the greater part is adapted only to grazBounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Preston, S. ing. Monroe was named in honor of James by Marion, and W. by Tyler co. Drained by the Monroe, late president of the United States. Monongahela and its tributary, Cheat River. Sur- 28 miles W. N. W. from Greenfield, and 115 W. face uneven; soil fertile. by N. from Boston. Monroe Countq, Aa., c. h. at Monroeville. Monroe County, Mn., c. h. at Monroe. Bounded Bounded N. by Wilcox co., E. by Butler and N. by Washtenaw and Wayne counties, E. by Conechu, S. by Baldwin co.; and W. by the Ala Lake Erie, S. by Ohio, and W. by Lenawee co. bama River and Clarke co. Drained by the Al- Drained by Raisin River, and Otter, Plum, Stony, abama and its tributaries; soil bordering on some Sandy, and Swan Creeks. Surface level; soil of the streams fertile. fertile. Monroe County, As., c. b. at Lawrenceville. Monroe, Mn., c. h. Monroe co. This city is Bounded N. by St. Francis and Pulaski counties, located on Raisin River, 24 miles from its mouth, E. by Phillips, S. by Desha, S. W. by Arkansas, and has great water privileges. It is connected and W. by Pulaski co. Drained by Cache and by a canal with Lake Erie. 37 miles S. S. W. White Rivers, and branches. from Detroit, and is one of the eastern termini Monroe, Ct. Fairfield co. This town was of the Southern Michigan Railroad. taken from Huntinton in 1823. The soil is Monroe County, Mi., c. h. at Athens. Bounded good, and well adapted for grazing, but the sur- N. by Itawamba co., E. by Alabama, S. by face is rough and stony. Agriculture is the prin- Lowndes co., and W. by Chickasaw co. Watered cipal business of the inhabitants. There are ex- by Tombigbee and Battahatchee Rivers. cellent orchards of various kinds of fruit in the Monroe County, Mo., c. h. at Paris. Bounded town, a pleasant village on elevated ground, and N. by Shelby and Marion counties, E. by Ralls, a classical school. 15 miles W. by N. from New S. by Audrain, and W. by Randolph co. Drained Haven. by Salt River and its branches. Surface undulatMonroe County, Fa., c. h. at Key West. The ing; soil fertile. main land of this county is bounded E. by Dade co., 1Monroe, N. C., c. h. Union co. S. by the Florida Channel, and W. by the Gulf of Mlonroe County, N. Y., c. h. at Rochester. Taken Mexico. It also embraces the islands called the from Ontario and Genesee counties in 1821. It Florida Keys, and an inundated tract of land is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Wayne called the Everglades. In the N. W. part is co., S. by Ontario and Livingston, and W. by some good land. Genesee and Orleans counties. Surface chiefly Monroe County, Ga., c. h. at Forsyth. Bounded level, or slightly uneven, being clossed by the N. by Butts co., E. by Jasper, Jones, and Bibb, Mountain Ridge and Alluvial Way, or Ridge S. by Crawford, and W. by Upson and Pike Road, and watered by the Genesee River, and counties. Drained by small streams flowing into several streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario; IN THE UNITED STATES. 459 soil mostly very fertile, being particularly adapted bounded on either hand by sloping hills, is beauto the growth of wheat. Ron ore, gypsum, marl, tiful and romantic. A branch of the Chicopee and sulphur springs are abundant. The Erie runs through the centre of the town. Nearly a and Genesee Valley Canals form a junction at mile from the centre of the village is an inexRochester; also the Auburn and Rochester and haustible quarry of granite of a beautiful quality. Tonawanda Railroads. 17 miles E. from Springfield, and 80 W. S. W. Monroe, N. Y., Orange co. The Ramapo River, from Boston. a branch of the Passaic, waters this town. Sur- Montague, Ms., Franklin co. This town, preface hilly and broken, being partly covered by vious to 1753, was the north parish in Sunthe Highland range, and abounding in some derland, and was called Hunting Hills. The places with iron ore. 14 miles S. E. from Go- town contains some fine plains, and large tracts shen, and 117 S. S. W. from Albany. of good meadow on Connecticut River, on the E. Monroe County, O., c. h. at Woodsville. Bel- side of which the town is situated. It is bounded mont co. is on the N., Washington on the S., on the N. partly by the Connecticut, and partly Morgan on the W., and the Ohio River on the by Miller's River. Turner's Falls, at the northE. The most important streams are Little Mus- erly part of the town, are more interesting than kingum, Sunfish, Duck, and Wills Creeks. The any in the state. The canal for passing these soil is good. In some parts the land is level, in falls, 3 miles in length, and 75 feet lockage, with others hilly and rough. Stone coal and iron ore an immense dam across the river, greatly facilare found in great plenty. itates the navigation on Connecticut River. Monroe County, Pa., c. h. at Stroudsburg. This place has great water power and romantic Bounded N. by Wayne and Pike counties, E. by scenery; but the water power remains as yet unthe Delaware River, separating it from New Jer- improved. The village in the centre of the town sey. S. by Northampton and Carbon, and W. by lies 83 miles W. by N. from Boston, and 7 S. E. Carbon and Luzerne counties. Bounded N. W. fiom Greenfield. It is on the railroad from by the Lehigh, and drained by branches of Le- Greenfield to Fitchburg. high and Delaware Rivers. Surface rough and Montague, N. J., Sussex co. Mountainous in hilly; soil fertile. the S. E. portions. Soil fertile, being partly alluMonroe, Pa., Cumberland co. Yellow Breeches vial. 91 miles N. from Trenton. Creek waters this town, affording hydraulic power. Monterey County, Ca., c. h. at Monterey. On Surface level; soil calcareous loam. 7 miles S. E. the coast, S. of Monterey Bay. from Carlisle. Monterey, Ca., c. h. Monterey co. Situated on Monroe County, Te., c. h. at Madisonville. the S. side of the Bay of Monterey, about 150 Bounded N. by Roane co., E. by the Tennessee miles S. of San Francisco. This is an old SpanRiver, separating it from Blount co., S. E. and ish town, and was for a long time the principal S. by North Carolina, and W. by Polk and Mc- one in California. The houses are built on a Minn counties. Drained by tributaries of the broad, gentle slope of land, about 2 miles from Tennessee. Point Pinos, the southern extremity of the bay. Monroe County, Va., c. h. at Union. Bounded The land rises fast behind it, the coast range apN. by Greenbrier co., E. by Alleghany and Bote- proaching within 4 miles of the town. The hartourt, S. by Giles co., and W. by New River, bor is equal to any in California. The climate is separating it from Mercer co. Drained by Green- fine, and the town, though not immediately conbrier River. Surface elevated and mountainous, nected with the mining region, is growing rapidly. the Alleghany range traversing the E. part; soil Monterey, Ms., Berkshire co. Taken from the fertile calcareous loam, particularly adapted to S. part of Tyringham in 1847. A mountainous grazing. township. 15 miles S. by E. from Lenox. Monroe, Wn., c. h. Greene co. Watered by a Monterey, Va., c. h. Highland co. About 30 branch of Pekatonica River. 81 miles S. from miles N. W. from Staunton. Madison. Montezuma, To., c. h. Poweshick co. Monroeville, 0., Huron co. On Huron River. Montezuma, N. Y., Cayuga co. At the junoConnected with Sandusky City by railroad. 97 tion of the Cayuga and Seneca and Erie Canals. miles N. from Columbus. The river affords It contains important salt springs, and is in the good water power. vicinity of the Montezuma Marshes, which exMonroe Works, N. Y., Orange co. On the tend 14 miles along the outlet of Cayuga Lake, Erie Railroad. 105 miles S. by W. from Albany. and along Seneca River. They are from 2 to 3 Iron ore of good quality is found in the region, miles wide, and are covered with high g; ass. The which furnishes the material for large iron works village lies 162 miles W. by N. from Albany. at this place. Montgomery C'ounty, Aa., c. h. at Montgomery. lMonson, Me., Piscataquis co. This town is wa- Bounded N. by Coosa co., E. by Macon and tered by Piscataquis River and Wilson's Stream. Pike, S. by Pike and Lowndes, and W. by LownMonson comprises a fine tract of land, and is des and Autauga counties. Watered by Coosa settled by a worthy class of people. Incorporated and Tallapoosa Rivers and branches. 1822. It lies 83 miles N. by E. from Augusta, Montgomery, Aa. City, capital of the state, and 20 N. W. from Dover. A stage runs be- and seat of justice of Montgornery co. Situated tween this town and Bangor three times a week. at the head of steamboat navigation on the AlaDistance from Monson to Bangor, 60 miles; to bama River. The town is built on a high bluff. Moosehead Lake, 15. It contains the state house, the usual county Monson, Ms., Hampden co. Before its incor- buildings, churches for 5 or 6 denominations poration. in 1760, Monson was a part of the stores, and other buildings, which are of handtown of Brimfield. The surface is agreeably di- some appearance. A large amount of cotton is versified by hill and dale, with much good soil, annually shipped from this place. It is conand many excellent farms. The position of its nected by steamboat navigation with the Gulf of central village, in a vale running N. and S., and Mexico on the S., and, by continuous lines of 460 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tributary, the Auchenahatchee, on its S. and S. Creeks. Surface rather hilly and mountainous, W. border. Drained by the Oconee and branches, being partly covered by a range of the Highand Pendleton Creek. lands and the Klips, a branch of the Mayfield Montgomery County, Is., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Mountain; soil mostly good, and alone the marBounded N. by Sangamon and Christian coun- gins of the streams remarkably fertile. A fine ties, E. by Shelby and Fayette, S. by Bond and quality of building stone is quarried here in large Madison, and W. by Macoupin co. Shoal Creek quantities. The Erie Canal runs along the N, and its branches, the head waters of Macoupin and the Utica and Schenectady Railroad the S. Creek, and a branch of the S. fork of Sagamon side of the Mohawk River, through this county. River water this county. Surface high and un- ]Montgomery, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by dulating; soil fertile. the Wallkill. Surface hilly; soil well adapted Montgomery County, Ia., c. h. at Crawfordsville. to grass and grain. 10 miles N. from Goshen, Bounded N. by Tippecanoe, E. by Boone and and 95 S. S. W. from Albany. Hendricks, S. by Putnam, and W. by Parke Montgomery County, O., c. h. at Dayton. Miand Fountain counties. Sugar, Big and Little ami is on the N., Green on the E., Preble on the Raccoon Creeks drain this county. Surface un- W., and Warren and Butler counties on the S. dulating; soil fertile. It was constituted and organized in 1803. The Montgomery County, Ky., c. h. at Mount Ster- land is generally level, and is watered by the Miling. Bounded N. and N. E. by Bourbon and ami, South-West Branch, and Mad Rivers, beBath counties, E. by Morgan, S. by Breathitt and sides Wolf, Hole's, Bear, and Trim Creeks. This Owsley, and W. by Estill and Clark counties. county is fast improving in wealth and population. Drained by Red River and branches, a branch Montgomery County, Pa., c. h., at Norristown. of Kentucky River, and a branch of Licking Bounded N. E. by Bucks, and S. E. by PhiladelRiver. phia co., S. W. by the Schuylkill River, separatMontgomery County, Md., c. h. at Rockville. ing it from Chester co., and N. W. by Bcrks co. Bounded N. E. by the Patuxent River, separat- The Schuylkill River affords extensive water ing it from Ann co., S. E. by Prince George co. power, and it is also drained by Manatawney, and the District of Columbia, S. W. by the Poto- Perkiomen, Wissihickon and Pennypack Creeks. mac River, separating it from Virginia, and N. Surface slightly uneven; soil fertile, especially W. by Frederick co. Drained by branches of Po- along the Schuylkill. tomac and Patuxent Rivers. Surface somewhat Montgomery, Pa., Franklin co. Drained by uneven; soil rather poor, except on the streams. Conecoheague Creek and branches. Surface level; Montgomery, Ms., Hampden co. This is a moun- soil mostly calcareous loam. 16 miles S. W. tainous township, well watered by Westfield Riv- from Chambersburg. er and Moose Meadow Brook, and produces rich Montgomery, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by pasturage. Montgomery lies, by the Western Wissihickon, a branch of the Schuylkill, and by Railroad, which passes the S. W. border of the the W. fork of Neshaminy Creek. a branch of the town, 18 miles N. W. from Springfield, and 116 Delaware. Surfacelevel; soilloam and red shale. W. by S. from Boston. Montgomery County, Te., c. h. at Clarksville. Alontgonmery County, Mo., c. h. at Danville. Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Robertson co., Bounded N. by Audrain and Pike counties, E. S. by Dickson, and W. by Steward co. Drained by Lincoln and Warren, S. by the Missouri Riv- by Cumberland River and its branches, the chief er, separating it from Gasconade co., and W. of which is Red River. by Callaway co. Drained by Au Cuivre and Montgomery County, Ts., c. h. at Montgomery. _lloutre Creeks. Surface undulating; soil diver- On the E. banks of the Brazos and Navasota sified. and upper waters of San Jacinto. Montqomery County, N. C., c. h. at Lawrence- Montgomery, Vt., Franklin co. This town lies ville. Bounded N. by Randolph co., E. by Moore, in a mountainous country, but it has a valuable S. by Richmond, and W. by the Yadkin River, tract of land on Trout River, a good mill stream, separating it from Stanley co. Surface hilly and a branch of the Missisco. Montgomery was mountainous, and drained by branches of the granted March 13, 1780, and chartered October 8, Yadkin; soil fertile. 1789, to Stephen R. Brandley and others. CapMontgomery, N. J., Somerset co. Beden's Brook tain Joshua Clap, a revolutionary officer, removed and branches, and Stony Brook, water this town. his family from Worcester co., Ms., into this town, Surface hilly; soil clay, sand, and red shale. 12 in March, 1793. 40 miles N. from Montpelier, miles S. W. from Somerville. and 27 E. N. E. from St. Albans. Montgomery Count?, N. Y., c. h. at Mohawk. Montgomery County, Va., c. h. at Christiansburg. Formed from Albany co., in 1772, but since re- Incorporated in 1777. Bounded N. by Giles and duced in size by the formation of new counties. Roanoke counties, E. by Roanoke and Franklin, Bounded N. by Fulton, E. by Saratoga and S. by Floyd co., and W. by New River, separating Schenectady, S. by Schenectady and Schoharie, it from Pulaski co. Drained by branches of New and W. by Herkimer co. It is watered by the and head branches of Staunton River. Surface Mohawk River and it branches, the principal of rough and mountainous, having the Blue Ridge which are East Canada, Otsquake and Schoharie on its E. border; soil fertile on the streams. railroad communication, with Charleston and Monticello, As., c. h. Drew co. Savannah on the Atlantic cpast. It has thus be- Monticello, Fa.. c. h. Jefferson co. On a ridge 4 come a great thoroughfare for travellers between miles E. from Mickasooky Lake, and 29 E. N. E, the north and south. This city was laid out from Tallahassee. and began to be settled in 1817. Monticello, Ga., c. h. Jasper co. 35 miles W. 3Montgomery County, Ga., c. h. at Mount Ver- N. W. from Milledgeville. non. Bounded N. E. by Emanuel co, S. E. by Monticello, Ia., c. h. White co. On the W. bank Tatnal and Appling, S. W. by Telfair, and N. of Tippecanoe River. 73 miles N. N W. from W. by Laurens co. It has the Ockmulgee and its Indianapolis. IN THIE UNITED STATES. 461 Monticello, Is., c. h. Piatt co. On the E. side of ment necessary in this building. The walls, col. Sangamon River. umns, cornices, &c., are of dark Barre granite, Monticello, Ky., c. h. Wayne co. On the N. wrought in a superior manner: the dome and side of Beaver Creek, a branch of Cumberland roofs are covered with copper. River. 110 miles S. from Frankfort. In the interior, the lower story contains an Monticello, Mi., c. h. Lawrence co. On the W. entrance hall, rooms for the secretary of state, side of Pearl River.'85 miles S. of Jackson. treasurer, auditor, and numerous committee Monticello, Mo., c. h. Lewis co. On the N. E rooms. The second or principal story contains side of North Fabius River. 145 miles N. by E. a vestibule, and stairways, a representatives' fiom Jefferson City. hall, 57 by 67 feet, with a lobby, and galleries Monticello, N. Y., c. h. Sullivan co. 110 miles for spectators; a senate chamber, 30 by 44 feet, S. W. from Albany. with lobby and gallery; a governor's room, 24 by IMonticello, S. C., c. h. Fairfield district. 31 20 feet, with an anteroom, and a room for his secmiles N. from Columbia. retary adjoining; a library room, 18 by 36 feet; Mlontour County, Pa., c. h. at Danville. In the rooms for the several officers of the Senate and N. angle of the state, between the E. and W. House of Representatives, and several committee branches of the Susquehanna. Washed on the rooms. The cost of this building, including all S. by the former. expenses, was about $132,100; of which the inMontrose, Io., Lee co. Beautifully situated on habitants of Montpelier paid $15,000. a prairie, on the W. side of the Mississippi, oppo- Montville, Ct., New London co. On the W. site the late Mormon city of Nauvoo, and com- side of the Thames. 3.5 miles S. E. from Hartmands a fine view of the river and surrounding ford, and 8 N. from New London. Here is a rescountry for 20 miles. Interesting remains of an- ervation of 2700 acres for the use of the Mohegan cient mounds abound here. Indians, and a few descendants of that tribe Miontrose, Pa., c. h. Susquehanna co. Near still dwell upon it. the sources of Wyalusing and Mishoppen Creeks, Montville, Me., Waldo co.. A tlne township on branches of the Susquehanna River, and 175 the head branches of Sheepscot River. 26 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. miles E. N. E. from Augusta. Montpelier, Vt., Washington co. The capital Montville, N. J., Morris co. In a deep valley, of the state, and shire town of the county. 206 67 miles N. by E. from Trenton. The Morris miles N. W. by N. from Boston by railroad. Canal passes through this valley by two inclined Montpelier became the seat of government in planes. 1805, and the shire town of the county in 1811. Mooers, N. Y., Clinton co. Bounded on the N. It is finely watered by Winooski River, and by by Canada, and is watered by Chazy and English several branches of that stream. These streams Rivers. The surface is hilly, being traversed by afford a good water power, on which are mannu- the Chateaugay range; the soil various. 18 facturing establishments of various kinds. The miles N. from Plattsburg, and 182 N. from Albany. surface of the town is very uneven and hilly, but Moore County, N. C., c. h. at Carthage. Boundnot mountainous. The soil is very good along ed N. by Randolph and Chatham counties, E. and the streams, and the highlands produce excellent S. by Cumberland and Richmond, and W. by pasturage. This township was granted October Montgomery co. Watered by Deep and Haw, 21, 1780. The village of Montpelier is surround- and the head branches of Lumber River. Soil ed by hills of considerable elevation; and al- mostly fertile on the borders of the streams. though it is too low to command an extensive Moore, Pa., Northampton co. Drained by the prospect, is very pleasant, and quite romantic in head branches of Hockendoque and Monokissy its appearance. It is located very near the ceu- Creeks. Blue Mountain lies on its N. border, in tre of the state: it is a great thoroughfare from which is the opening called Smith's Gap. Surall directions, and commands a large and valu- face undulating; soil gravelly. able interior trade. The buildings are in good Moorefield, Va., c. h. Hardy co. In a rich valstyle, and some of them are very handsome. ley on the E. bank of the S. branch of Potomac The state house stands on an elevated site, about River, at the junction of the S. fork. 178 miles 325 feet from State Street, on which it fronts, and N. W. from Richmond. is alike beautiful in design and execution. The Moravia, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by a yard and grounds pertaining to it are large and part of Owasco Lake, and by its inlet, a fine mill spacious, and, in the manner they are laid out, stream. The surface is somewhat hilly; the soil give great importance to the building. Through very fertile in the valleys. 16 miles S. from Authe whole design, a chaste architectural character burn, and 160 W. from Albany. is preserved, which, combined with the convenient Mloreau, N. Y., Saratoga co. The Hudson arrangement of the interior and the stability of River bounds this town on the N. and E. Surits construction, renders this edifice equal in face chiefly level; soil various. 20 miles N. every respect to any in New England, and proba- from Ballston Spa, and 48 N. from Albany. bly to any in the United States. The building is Morehouse Parish, La., c. h. at Bastrop. In the in the form of a cross, showing in front a centre, N. E. angle, bordering on Arkansas. 72 feet wide, and two wings, each 39 feet, making Morehouse, N. ~., Hamilton co. Watered by a the whole length 150 feet. The centre, including great many lakes and ponds, which are the the portico, is 100 feet deep; the wings are 50 sources of numerous streams. The surface ia feet deep. The six columns of the portico are diversified, and the soil productive, although a 6 feet in diameter at their base, and 36 feet high, large part of the town is as yet a wilderness. 20 supporting an entablature of classic proportions. miles W. from Lake Pleasant, and 82 N. W. from The dome rises 36 feet above the ridge, making Albany. the whole height from the ground 100 feet. The Morehouseville, N. Y., c. h. Hamilton co. Near order of architecture used is the Grecian Doric, the S. bank of Canada Creek. 117 miles N. W. and is made to conform to the peculiar arrange- from Albany. 462 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Moreland, Pa., Lycoming co. Surface hilly, the E. part of Morgan, and Seymour's Lake, which and watered by Little Muncy Creek. Soil gray- is about 4 miles long and nearly 2 wide, lies in elly. 94 miles N. from Harrisburg. the central part. It discharges its waters to the Moreland, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained by S., through Echo Pond, into Clyde River. The Pennypack Creek and its branches. Surface un- settlement was commenced about the year 1800, dulating; soil rich loam. 94 miles N. from Har- by Nathan Wilcox. 18 miles N. E. from Irasrisburg. burg, and 60 N. E. from Montpelier. Moretown, Vt., Washington co. Mad River, a Morqan County, Va., c. h. Bath. Bounded N. branch of the Winooski, waters this town, and W. and N. E. by the Potomac River, separating gives it good mill sites. The surface is moun- it from Maryland, S. E. by Berkely co., and S. tainous, and a great part of the soil unfit for cul- W. by Frederick and Hampshire counties. tivation. The'settlement was commenced about Drained by Cacapon River and Sleepy Creek, the year 1790, and the town was organized 3 branches of the Potomac. Surface rough and or 4 years after. 13 miles S. W. from Mont- rocky; soil fertile in the valleys. pelier. Morganfield, Kv., c. h. Union co. 10 miles S. Morgan County, Aa., c. h. at Summerville. of the Ohio River, and 221 W. S. W. from Bounded N. by the Tennessee River, separating Frankfort. it from Limestone and Madison counties, E. by Morgantown, Ky., c. h. Butler co. On the S. Marshall co., S. by Blount and Walker, and W. side of Green River. 143 miles S. W. by W. by Lawrence co. Drained by Flint River and from Frankfort. Cotaco Creek and branches. Morgantown, N. C., c. h. Burke co. On the S. Morgan County, Ga., c. h. at Madison. Bound- side of Catawba River. 197 miles W. from ed N. E. by a head branch of Oconee River, sep- Raleigh. arating it from Clarke and Greene counties, S. Morgantown, Va., Monongalia co. On the E. E. by Putnam co., S. W. by Jasper, and N. W. bank of Monongahela River, at the head of steambv Walton co. boat navigation, and 295 miles N. W. from Rich-.Morgan County, Is., c. h. at Jacksonville. mond. The centre of an extensive manufacturBounded N. by Cass co., E. by Sangamon, S. by ing region. Macoupin and Greene, S. WV. by Scott co., and Morris, Is., c. h. Grundy co. W. by the Illinois River. separating it from Pike Morris County, N. J., c. h. at Morristown. Boundand Brown counties. Drained by Indian, Mau- ed N. by Sussex and Passaic counties, E. by Esvaiseterre, Apple, and Sandy Creeks, all mill sex, S. by Somerset and Hunterdon, and W. by streams. Soil very fertile. Warren co. Watered by Passaic River and its Morgan County. Ia., c. h. at Martinsville. tributaries, Rockaway and Whippany Rivers, Bounded N. by Hendricks and Marion, E. by and by the head branches of Raritan River. Johnson, S. by Brown and Monroe, and W. by Surface hilly and mountainous in the N. portions, Owen and Putnam counties. Drained by the abounding with magnetic iron ore; soil princiW. fork of White River and its branches. Sur- pally red shale. The Morris Canal traverses face hilly or undulating; soil of fine quality. this countv. Moryan County, Ky., c. h. at West Liberty. Morris, N. J., Morris co. Drained by WhipBounded N. by Fleming and Carver counties, E. pany River and by small streams flowing into the by Lawrence and Johnson, S. by Floyd and Breat- Passaic River, which bounds it on the W. and S. hitt, and W. by Montgomery and Bath counties. Surface hilly in the N. and central, but more level Drained by Licking River and its branches. in the S. portions. Morgan County, Mo., c. h. at Versailles. Bound- Morris, Pa., Tioga co. The surface of this ed N. by Cooper, E. by Moniteau and Miller, S. town is hilly; soil gravel and clay. 133 miles N. by Camden, and W. by Benton and Pettis coun- by W. from Harrisburg. ties. Watered by the S. fork of La Mine Morrisania, N. Y., Westchester co. On the N. River, Osage River and its branches, and Moreau E. side of Haerlem River. Creek. It contains some minerals, and the soil Mjiorristown, Is., c. h. Henry co. 4 miles S. is fertile on the borders of the streams. from Green River, and 141 N. N. WI. from Morgan County, O., c. h. at McConnelsville. Springfield. Muskingum and Guernsey counties are on the N., Morristown, N. J., seat of justice of Morris co. Monroe and Washington on the E., Washington 53 miles N. by E. from Trenton. Situated on an and Athens on the S., and Perry on the W. The elevated plain, and commanding a fine view of the land is hilly, and the soil fertile. Muskingum adjacent country. It is one of the most beautiful River runs across the county, and it is also wa- villages in the Union. It is regularly laid out. tered by several creeks which rise here. with streets crossing each other at right angles, Morgan County, Te., c. h. at Montgomery. on which are many elegant private dwellings. Bounded N. by Fentress and Campbell counties, with tasteful yards and gardens, giving an air of E. by Anderson, S. by Roane, Rhea, and Bled- neatness and comfort. There is in the centre of soe, and W. by White and Putnam counties. the town a large public square, enclosed with a Watered by Emery River and its branches, and handsome fence, and ornamented with trees, on by the head branches of the S. fork of Cumber- which front many of the stores, hotels, and other land River. Surface mountainous, being crossed buildings. The Morris County House, located by the Cumberland range. here, is one of the most magnificent hotels in the Morgan, Te., c. h. Morgan co. On the W. side country. The First Presbyterian Church fronts of Emery's River. 156 miles E. from Nashville. upon the square, besides which there are four or Morgan, Vt., Orleans co. The surface of the five other churches in the village. town consists of swells and valleys, and is mostly There are extensive manufactories of carriages susceptible of cultivation. Timber, generally in Morristown, and a great variety of mechanic,hard wood. Soil good. A head branch of Clyde shops. The Speedwell Iron Works are here. River, called Farrand's River, passes through The Morris and Essex Railroad connects this IN THE UNITED STATES. 463 place with Newark, 19 miles E., and thence, by in this town, and Long Pond, both beautiful the Jersey Railroad, with New York, from which sheets of water. Red Hill River passes through the distance is 26 miles. this town, emptying into the Winnipiseogee. First The'American army under Washington had settlers, Ezekiel Moulton and others. 50 miles their winter quarters twice in Morristown and the N. from Concord. vicinity. The dwellings occupied on these dif- Mount Airy, Va., Pittsylvania co. S. W. by ferent occasions as the general's head quarters W. from Richmond 145 miles. Little more than are objects of interest to the visitor. The re- a mile from this village is a sulphur spring. mains of an old revolutionary fort are still seen Mount Carnmel, Is., c. h. Wabash co., occupies in the rear of the court house. high ground on the W. side of Wabash River, opMorristown, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Bounded poiite the mouth of White River. 166 miles S. on the S. E. by Black Lake, and N. W. by the E. from Springfield. St. Lawrence River. Surface undulating; soil Mount Carroll, Is., c. h. Carroll co. chiefly clay loam. 25 miles S. W. from Canton, Mount Clentens, Mn., c. h. Macomb co. On the and 194 N. W. from Albany. N. bank of Clinton River. 18 miles N. E. from Morristown, O., Belmont co. 105 miles E. Detroit. Small vessels come to this place, and a from Columbus. steamboat runs to Detroit. Morristown, Vt., Lamoille co. The soil is of a Mount Desert. Me., Hancock co. On the island good quality, and easily cultivated. Morristown of that name. 100 miles E. from Augusta. It has is, in point of agricultural products, the second in a good soil, and a number of excellent harbors. the county. Lamoille River and several other Mount Gilead, 0., c. h. Morrow co. streams pass through the town. Along the river Mount Holly, N. J., c. h. Burlington co. On are some fine tracts of intervale, and on it are Rancocus Creek, at the head of navigation. 18 two excellent mill sites. Morrisville is a pleas- miles S. from Trenton. A pleasant tbwn, with ant, flourishing village, situated near the Great considerable commerce and manufactures. Falls. At the falls, a few rods W. of the village, Mount Holly, Vt., Rutland co. Mill River is holes are worn in the solid rock by the water, some the only stream of consequence. In the northof which are nearly 8 feet deep and 4 broad. The eastern part is a considerable pond, called Palche's river at this place pours itself into a channel, cut Pond. The soil is similar to that of the mountain directly across the stream, 20 feet deep and 30 towns, being better adapted to grass than grain. broad. This channel the early settlers denom- In 1848, the two tusks, one grinder, and several inated the pulpit, from the resemblance of the of the bones of a fossil elephant were found in rocks at the N. end. Cadysville is situated 2 this town, at the summit of the Green Mountains, miles below Morrisville, and bids fair to become 1360 feet above the sea. Thev were found in the a place of considerable business. At the centre bottom of a muck bed, 13 feet below the surface. of the town is a small village, pleasantly located. The settlement was commenced in 1781. 60 miles In the S. E. corner of the town is Joe's Pond. S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 S. E. from RutThe People's Academy, in this town, was incor- land. porated in 1847. Mr. Jacob Walker, from Ben- Mount Joy, Pa., Adams co. Between Willonington, commenced a settlement here in the way's Creek on the E., and Rock Creek on the spring of 1790. Morristown lies 3 miles S. from W. Surface level; soil red shale. 6 miles S. from Hydepark, and 30 N. from Montpelier. Gettysburg. Morrisville, N. Y., c. h. Madison co. 102 miles Mount Joy, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded E. by W. by N. from Albany. Chiques Creek, and N. W. by Conewago Creek. Morrisville, Pa., Bucks co. On the W. bank of Surface undulating; soil calcareous loam. 25 Delaware River, opposite Trenton. 125 miles E. miles S. E. from Harrisburg. from Harrisburg. It has a good water power. Mount Morris, N. Y., Livingston co. The surThe Delaware is here crossed by a bridge 1100 face is diversified; soil good clay loam. 10 miles feet long. The Delaware Canal and the railroad S. from Geneseo. from Bristol to Newark both pass through it. Mount Pleasant, Ia., c. h. Martin co. Morrow County, O., c. h. at Mount Gilead. Mount Pleasant, Io., c. h. Henry co. A flourS. central part of the state. Traversed by the ishing place, with good schools. railroad from Cleveland to Columbus. Mount Pleasant, N. Y., Westchester co. It is Moscow, Me., Somerset co. On the E. side of bounded E. by ]4roux River, W. by Tappan Bay, the Kennebec. 53 miles N. from Augusta. an expansion of the Hudson, and by Croton Moscow, N. Y., Livingston co. Situated on River, while Saw Mill River waters the central high ground, 1 mile W. from Genesee Flats, and part. A somewhat celebrated mineral spring is 236 miles W. from Albany. situated 3 miles E. from Sing Sing village. SurMottville, N. Y., Onondaga co. it the outlet face chiefly hilly; soil of good quality. There of Skaneateles Lake. 149 miles W. by N. from are extensive marble quarries in the neighborhood Albany. of Sing Sing, and a copper mine was formerly Moulton, Aa., c. h. Lawrence co. On the E. worked in this town. (See Sing Sing.) 6 miles side of Big Nance Creek. 20 miles S. from Ten- N. W. from White Plains, and 125 miles S. from nessee River, and 103 miles N. from Tuscaloosa. Albany. Moultrie County, Is. E. central part of the Mount Pleasant, Pa., Adams co. Drained by state. Watered by the Upper Kaskaskia River Plum and White Runs, branches of Rock Creek, and its affluents. and Swift and Bush Runs, branches of ConeMoultonboro', N. H., Carroll co. This town wago Creek. Surface level; soil red shale. 17 lies on the N. W. shore of Winnipiseogee Lake. miles E. from Gettysburg. Its surface is broken by mountains and ponds. Mount Pleasant. Pa., Westmoreland co. Drained Red Hill, 2000 feet above the sea, lies wholly in by Big Sewickly and Jacob's Creeks. Surface this town, commanding most beautiful prospects slightly uneven; soil gravel and loam. 170 miles of the lake and country. Squam Lake lies partly W. from Harrisburg. 464 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Mount Pleasant, Pa., Wayne co. Watered by bank of White River, at an elevation of 30 feet. the head branches of Lackawaxen, Dyberry, and 58 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. There is a Great Equinunk Creeks. good water power here. Mount Sterling, Ky., c. h. Montgomery co. On Muncy, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded E. by a small branch of the S. fork of Licking River. Muncy and W. by Loyalsock Creek. Surface 59 miles E. from Frankfort. mountainous; soil diversified. Situated 13 miles Mount Tabor, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek N. E. from Williamsport. rises in this town, by a branch on each side of a Muncy Creek, Pa., Lycoming co. Drained by mountain. Most of the land is unfit for cultiva- Big and Little Muncy Creeks, tributaries of the tion, it being so high on the Green Mountain W. branch of SusquehannaRiver. Surface hilly; range. Although the surface is elevated and un- soil clay. Distance S. E. from Williamsport 13 even, it affords good pasturage for cattle. The miles. town was chartered in 1761. A part of Danby Mlunfordsville, Ky., c. h. Hart co. On the N. was annexed to it in 1848. 66 miles S. by W. bank of Green River. 111 miles S. W. from from Montpelier, and 19 S. by E. from Rutland. Frankfort. Mount Vernon, Aa., Mobile co. 3 miles W. Murfreesboro', Te., c. h. Rutherford co., occufrom Mobile River, and 184 miles S. by W. from pies an elevated position in a fertile country, Tuscaloosa. on a branch of Stone Creek. S. E. from NashMount Vernon, Ga., c. h. Montgomery co. 112 ville 34 miles. It was once the capital of the state. miles S. E. by S. from Milledgeville. Murphy, N. C., c. h. Cherokee co. At the juncMount Vernon, Is., c. h. Jefferson co. 129 miles tion of Hiawassee and Valley Rivers, 367 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. W. by S. from Raleigh. Mount Vernon, Ia., c. h. Posey co., occupies Murray County, Ga., c. h. at Spring Place. very high tand on a N. bend of Ohio River. 188 Bounded N. by Tennessee, E. by Gilmer co., S. miles S. W. by S. from Indianapolis. by Cass, and W. by Floyd and Walker counties. Ml]ount Vernon, Ky., c. h. Rock Castle co. 75 Drained by Oostanula River and tributaries. Surmiles S. S. E. from Frankfort. face mountainous; soil productive. Mount Vernon, Me., Kennebec co. This town Murray, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by Sandy lies W. of Belgrade, E. of Vienna, and 15 miles Creek. It is a level town, with a good soil. 8 N. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1792. There miles E. from Albion village, and 245 N. N. W. are three pleasant villages in the town; the soil from Albany. is remarkably good, and is watered by a number Muscogee C'ounty, Ga., c. h. at Columbus. Bound of beautiful ponds and small streams. ed N. by Harris and Talbot counties, E. by Marion, Mlount Vernon, N. H., Hillsboro' co. There S. by Stewart co., and W. by the Chattahoochee is but one stream of any note, and this was called River, separating it from Alabama. Upotoi Creek by the Indians Quohquinapassakessananagnog. The and branches, tributaries of the Chattahoochee, situation is elevated, and on the highest point is drain this county. a flourishing village. This town was taken from Muscatine County, Io., c. h. at Bloomington. Amherst in 1803. First settlers, see Amherst. BoundedN. and E. by Cedar and Scott counties, 3 miles N. W. from Amherst, and 29 S. W. from S. E. by the Mississippi River, separating it from Concord. Illinois, S. by Louisa, and W. by Johnson co. Alount Vernon, O., seat of justice of Knox co. Drained by Red Cedar River and its branches, Situated 45 miles N. E. of Columbus, on ground and Pine Creek, a good mill stream. Soil rich, slightly ascending from Vernon River, which is particularly in the E. portions, and in the Misone of the best and most durable streams in the sissippi is a large, fertile island, belonging to this state, affording at this place a good hydraulic county, and called the Muscatine Slue. power. The town is substantially and compact- Muskingum County, O., c. h. at Zanesville. Sitly built, and some of the structures are elegant. uated towards the S. E. part of the state, hayThe principal business street is about a mile long, ing -Coshocton county on the N., Guernsey on the on which there are many brick blocks 3 stories in E., Morgan on the S., Perry on the S. E., and height. The court house is a superior building Licking on the W. It is about 27 by 28 miles of its kind. The Episcopal Church isan elegant in extent. It was organized in 1804. Persons stone edifice, near the public square. Besides began to settle in several places in this county this church, the town contains churches of the as early as 1798, and after the lands came into Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Lutheran, and the market, in 1801, the county was rapidly setRoman Catholic denominations. A railroad, to tled by emigrants, principally from the Eastern connect Sandusky with Columbus, is completed States. Its principal streams are the Muskinas far as Mount Vernon. A canal has been con- gum and Licking Rivers, which unite at Zanesstructed about half the distance, to connect this ville, and several other smaller streams or creeks. place with the Grand Ohio Canal at Roscoe. The whole county lies in the coal region of Ohio; This town, with the country around it, has always but in the neighborhood of the Muskingum River been considered as among the most healthy sec- that mineral is found in great abundance and in tions of the state. Population in 1840, 2363; in great purity. Pipe clay, and also a peculiar kind 1850, 3710. of clay suitable to be used for crucibles. cellulaM[ount ~Washington, Ms., Berkshire co. See quartz, of which the burr-millstones are made, Fashionable Resorts. and iron ore, are found in different sections of Muhlenburg County, Ky., c. h. at Greenville. the county. Salt is manufactured to a considerBounded N. and E. by Green River and one of able amount from water obtained by boring into its branches, separating it from Owen, Ohio, and a stratum of whitish sandstone, which lies at the Butler counties, S. by Logan and Todd counties,'depth of from 350 to 700 feet, dipping from the and W. by another branch of Green River, sepa- N. in a southerly direction. rating it from Madison co. The national road passes through this county, Muncietown, Ia., c. h. Delaware co. On the S. and crosses the river at Zanesville. Upon this road IN THE UNITED STATES. 465 there is a vast amount of travel. The Muskin- his kindred some mark of his attachment. By gum is navigable for small steamboats to Dres- his liberality, after taking measures to ascertain den, 16 miles above Zanesville; from which point the preference of the people in regard to the a canal, 2 miles long, forms a connection with way in which it might be most acceptably applied, the Ohio Canal, which itself traverses 3 of the a building was provided for a school of a high north-western townships of the county. order, and a fund of about $12,500 invested for Mystic, Ct. In the town of Stonington, New its permanent support. For many years past, London co. On the E. bank of Mystic River, great attention has been paid to education in Nanopposite Portersville. 52 miles S. E. from Hart- tucket, and the public schools, as well as others, ford. The two places are connected by a bridge. will not suffer in comparison with any in the state. Mystic Bridge, Ct. In the town of Groton, New The town is situated at the bottom of a bay. London co. 56 miles S. E. from Hartford. Con- on the N. side.of the island, made by two points nected with Mystic village by a bridge. The of the beach, nearly three fourths of a mile apart, river is navigable to the bridge for vessels of 400 on one of which, called Brant Point, is a lighttons. The people are employed in coasting and house. The harbor of Nantucket is good, with the whale fishery. Several vessels are employed seven and a half feet of water at low tide on the as wreckers along the coast. Considerable busi- bar at its mouth. The town is built on a site where ness is done here in ship building. the ground ascends more rapidly from the water than at almost any other part of the shore. It Nacoqgdoches County, Ts., c. h. at Nacogdocnes. embraces nearly all the houses on the island, and In the E. part of the-state. On the N. E. bank of is very compactly built. Many of the streets are the Neches. very narrow, and the houses are mostly conNahant, Ms., Essex co. See Fashionable Resorts. structed of wood. There are many handsome Nansemond County, Va., c.h. at Suffolk. Bound- buildings, however, both of wood and of brick; ed N. by Isle of Wight and York counties, E. and some of the churches, of which there are by Norfolk co., S. by North Carolina, and W. nine or ten in number of various denominations, by Southampton co. Watered on the N. E. bor- are tasteful edifices. There are several fine buildder by James, and S. W. by Blackwater Rivers. ings for the public schools. The Nantucket Drained by branches of Nansemond River. It Athenaeum, incorporated in 1834, has a commodicontains a part of Dismal Swamp, and Lake ous building, with an Ionic portico in front; Drummond in this swamp supplies the Dismal erected in 1847, after the burning of the former ediSwamp Canal by means of a feeder 5 miles in fice, in which are contained a library of over 2500 length. Soil fertile in many portions. volumes, and a large number of interesting curiosNanticoke, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by ities, chiefly from the islands in the Pacific Ocean. Nanticoke Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna In the upper story is a fine hall for public lectures. River. Surface undulating; soil suitable for The whale fishery commenced at Nantucket in grass. 14 miles N. W. from Binghampton, and 1690; and this place is more celebrated than any 144 S. of W. from Albany. other for the enterprise and success of its inhabNanticoke Springs, N. Y., Broome co. Here is itants in that species of nautical adventure. Ina sulphur spring of considerable note. W. S. W. deed, it has been the mother of this great branch from Albany 142 miles. of wealth in America, if not in the world. The Nantucket, Ms., county and town. On an island first establishments in New Bedford were started of the same name in the Atlantic Ocean, about 30 by persons from Nantucket. Of late a considermiles S. of Cape Cod. This island is about 15 miles able diversion from this business has been occain length from E. to W., and about 4 miles in aver- sioned by the tide of adventure setting to Califorage breadth, containing about 50 square miles. nia; so that the statistics of the whale fishery, if It is mostly a plain, varying from 25 to 40 feet taken now, would not perhaps exhibit fairly the above the level of the sea, entirely destitute of amount of energy and of capital ordinarily emtrees and shrubbery, or any sign of them, barked in it. In the year ending April 1, 1844, although it was once covered with forest. The Nantucket employed 78 vessels in the whale fishhighest point of elevation on the island is 80 feet ery, the tonnage of which was 26,684 tons; above the sea. The land is owned in common 1,086,488 gallons of sperm and whale oil were by proprietors, and not fenced, excepting a few imported, the value of which was $846 000. The house lots adjoining the town. As many as 500 number of hands employed was about 2000. cows and 7000 sheep used formerly to feed to- The capital invested was $2,730,000, including gether in this large pasture. They are now ex- the ships and outfits only. eluded, however, by the proprietors from the com- There are manufactures, on the island, of yesmon field. sels, whale boats, bar iron, tin ware, boots, shoes, In 1759, the title to this island was granted by oil casks, and candle boxes. The whole amount Governor Mayhew, whose ancestor, Thomas May- of the manufactures of oil and candles, in 1844, hew, had obtained it of William, Earl of Stirling, was $1,375,745. at New York, in 1641, to 27 proprietors, many On the night of the 13th of July, 1846, a fire of whom settled at Nantucket. Among them was broke out in the most compact part of the town, Peter Folger, - a man of great influence, whose and in a few hours it destroyed not less than daughter became the mother of Dr. Franklin,- 350 buildings; among which were two banking and three men by the name of Coffin. Both of houses, a church, the Athenzeum, seven oil and these names have numerous representatives on candle factories, &c. The loss was estimated at the island at the present day. The Coffin School $900,000. at Nantucket originated in a donation by Admi- The village of Siasconset is situated at the S. ral Sir Isaac Coffin, of the British navy, who vis- E. extremity of the island, about 7 miles from ited this place in 1826; and finding that a large the town, and contains about 70 houses. The tart of the inhabitants were more or less remotely cod fishery was carried on there a few years since, related to him, expressed a desire to confer on but of late it has been nearly relinquished. The 59 466 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., houses, with few exceptions, are occupied only and fall 36 feet. There are about 1000 females in the warm season. A fine hotel is maintained and 200 males employed in these mills. here, affording the most genteel accommodations In 1845. the Nashua Company built a large during the season of company. The village is machine shop; the main building is 150 feet compactly built on a level grass plat, near the long, with an addition of 158 feet, used for a edge of a steep cliff, the land rising in the rear blacksmith's shop, furnace, &c. The main buildso as to cut off a view of the town of Nantucket. ing is occupied by shuttle and bobbin makers, This place presents uncommon attractions in the locksmiths, gunsmiths, manufacturers of axes, warm season for invalids and persons seeking hoes, ploughs, and by artisans in other branchrecreation. It has a fine bracing air and excel- es; there are about 300 men employed in this lent water. In front of the village " the eye rests concern. About $40,000 worth of mortise locks on a broad expanse of the Atlantic, and below, and latches for dwelling house doors, and rosethe surf, rolling and breaking, gives animation to wood and brass knobs for the handles of the the scene by day, and lulls to repose by night." same, are manufactured annually. An excellent steamboat plies between Nan- In 1845, a large and extensive iron foundery tucket and New Bedford, touching at Holmes was erected; more than 4000 pounds of castings Hole, on Martha's Vineyard, and Wood's Hole, per day are manufactured from pig iron; 18 tons 5 miles from Falmouth. The distance from can be melted in 12 hours; more than 30 men Boston to Nantucket is 110 miles, of which one are employed, and the business exceeds $40,000 half is travelled by railroad, and the other half a year. by steamboats. The same year a cotton manufacturing esNaples, Is., Scott co. Located on Illinois Riv- tablishment went into operation in the Salmon er, 2 miles above the entrance of the Mauvaise- Brook, at the " Harbor," so called; about $30,000 terre, and 56 miles W. from Springfield. The worth of goods are annually manufactured. trade of this place is extensive. Steamboats in There are also other valuable manufactures on great numbers arrive here. Nashua River and the waters of Salmon Brook. Naples, Me., Cumberland co. This town was In the spring of 1848, an extensive concern went formed from Otisfield and Raymond, and incor- into operation for making railroad iron. porated in 1834. It is watered by Sebago and The soil of Nashua has considerable variety. Songo Ponds, and Crooked and Muddy Rivers. The land in the E. part of the town, on MerriIt has good mill privileges and a productive mac River, is level and fertile, as well as some soil. Naples lies 63 miles W. S. W. from Augus- portion of the valleys of the Nashua and Salmon ta, and 27 N. N. W. from Portland. Brook, but a considerable part of the town is Naples, N. Y., Ontario co. The outlets of sandy or uneven. It is watered by Sqlmon Brook, Canandaigua and Honeoye Lakes water this town. a small stream flowing from Groton, Ms., and the surface of which is hilly, and the soil clay emptying into the Merrimac, and by the Merriloam, based upon slate. 18 miles S. from Can- mac and Nashua Rivers. andaigua, and 211 W. from Albany This was the earliest settlement in the southNapa County, Ca. On the height of land be- ern part of New Hampshire. It was incorporattween the Sacramento and the coast. ed in 1673, and settled before that time. Since Napoleon, O., c. h. Henry co. 1679 it has had a settled minister. It was a fronNapoli, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Coldspring tier settlement for 50 years, and as such peculiarCreek waters this town, which has an elevated ly exposed to Indian attacks. In 1675, during and rolling surface and productive soil. 12 miles Philip's war, it was abandoned. In 1691, several W. from Ellicottville, and 307 S. of W. from persons were killed in town by the Indians. From Albany. this time to 1706, frequent attacks were made, and asXh County, N. C., c. h. at Nashville. Bound- ravages committed, in one of which, the celebrated N. by Halifax co., E. by Edgecombe, S. by ed friendly Indian, Joc. English, was killed. Johnson, and WV. by Franklin co. Drained by In 1724, 2 persons were captured in NashMoccason River, and Tar River and branches. ville, and carried away. A party of 11 persons Nashua, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town, started in pursuit, but were soon waylaid by the which was called Dunstable until 1836, original- Indians, and 10 of them killed. The only surly embraced a large extent of territory. vivor was Josiah Farwell, who was the next year In the N. E. corner of the town, (and in Nash- lieutenant in Lovewell's expedition. ville,) on Nashua River, is the flourishing village In 1725, Captain John Lovewell, of this town, of Nashua, the centre of a large trade and the raised a company of volunteers, and marched seat of important manufactures. The village northward in pursuit of the enemy. In his first lies partly in Nashua and partly in Nashville, the expedition, they killed 1 Indian and took 1 prisriver forming the dividing line. (See Nashville.) oner; in his second excursion, they killed 10 InThat part of the village lying in Nashua con- dians, but in his third expedition, he fell into an tains 4 churches, a beautiful town house, a large ambuscade at Lovewell's Pond, in Fryeburg, Me. number of handsome dwelling houses, stores, Captain Lovewell, Lieutenant Farwell, and Enpublic houses, &c. sign Robbins, all of this town, were killed, as The Nashua Manufacturing Company was in- also the chaplain, Mr. Frye, and 12 others, and 11 corporated in 1823. It has 4 mills, two 155 feet wounded. In this conflict the noted chief Paugus in length, 45 in breadth, and 6 stories in height; was killed. The blow fell heavily upon the feeble two about 190 feet in length, 50 feet in breadth, settlement, but it was a triumph for New Engand 5 stories high. They contain 37,000 spin- land. The power of the Indians was broken fordles, 100 looms, and manufacture 13,000,000 ever, and song and romance have embalmed the yards of cloth per annum, use 10,000 bales cot- memory of the heroes of "Lovewell's Fight." ton, weighing 4,000,000 pounds, and their pay Dunstable belonged to Massachusetts till the roll is about $16,000 every 4 weeks. Their canal division line between the two provinces of Mas: is 3 miles long, 60 feet wide, and 8 feet deep; head sachusetts and New Hampshire was settled in IN THE UNITED STATES. 467 1741. It was incorporated by New Hampshire, This city is the seat of Nashville University, April 1, 1746, and the name altered to Nashua, which was founded in 1806. The main colin December, 1836. lege building is 200 feet long, 50 feet, wide, and Distances, 35 miles S. of Concord, and 40 N. three stories high. This building has wings, from Boston by railroad, and about 12 miles S. and is accompanied by a spacious building for E. from Amherst. A railroad passes fl~om this the accommodation of the chemical laboratory. place to Worcester and Providence. All the university buildings, except the presiNashville, Is., c. h. Washington co. On an ele- dent's house, are within the college campus, vrated prairie, at the head of Little Crooked which includes eight acres. The Lunatic HospiCreek, and 118 miles S. by E. from Springfield. tal is a large and commodous building, which will Nashville, Ia., c. h. Brown co. On the N. side accommodate over 100 patients. Vauxhall Garof Salt Creek, 54 miles S. from Indianapolis. den, in the S. part of the city, is a pleasant place Nashville, N. C., c. h. Nash co. On the S. side of resort for promenading and for popular recreof Peach Tree Creek, a branch of Tar River, and ations. It is provided with a circular railway, 44 miles E. by N. from Raleigh. upon which a light pleasure car is propelled by Nashville, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town was the hand of the rider. In the suburbs of the city taken from Nashua and incorporated June 23, is a spring strongly impregnated with sulphur, 1842. The soil on the rivers and other streams is with accommodations provided for cold and rich, but elsewhere is light and sandy. In the warm baths. S. E. corner of the town is a considerable portion A number of steamboats of the first class are of Nashua village. The cemetery in this village owned in Nashville, which ply between this city is beautiful. It lies in a grove in the rear of the and Cincinnati, and other places. A railroad is Unitarian Church, occupying about two acres. in process of construction from Nashville to Cost of ground, fences, walks, &c., about $3000. Chatanooga, in the southern border of the state, In this place are large manufactories, on the a distance of 150 miles, which, when completed, Nashua River, opposite to Nashua. See Nashua. will afford an uninterrupted railroad communiNashville, city, capital of the state of Tennes- cation between Nashville and Charleston, S. C., see, and seat of justice for Davidson co., is situ- and also by a separate line part of the way beated on the S. side of Cumberland River. 120 Kween Nashville and Savannah, Ga. miles from its mouth, and at the head of steam- About 12 miles distant from Nashville is the boat navigation. Population in 1830, 5566; in retired and quiet country seat of the late presi1840, 6929; in 1850, 10,500. dent of the United States, Andrew Jackson, faThe city is pleasantly located upon a high miliarly known as the "Hermitage." As the and healthy site, of undulating surface, varying name he gave to it implies, the place which he from 50 to 175 feet in elevation from the level had selected for his private residence was in a of the river. The foundation is rocky, the soil rural situation, rather remote from other habithin, and dotted here and there with beautiful tations. The house is stately in its size, and groves of cedar, giving to the environs a pleas- symmetrical in its proportions, but makes no ing variety of landscape scenery. Owing to the great architectural display. To this quiet home, salubrity of its situation, Nashville is the resort after retiring from the presidential chair in 1836, of considerable numbers from the lower parts of General Jackson withdrew to pass the remainder the country during the sultry heats of summer. of his days in the bosom of his family, continuThe city was originally laid out upon a ground ing still, through the great popularity of his plot of 200 acres, with building lots of one acre name, to exert a silent but extensive influence each, four acres being reserved for the public upon the politics of the country. Here, on the buildings. But these boundaries have been sub- 8th day of June, 1845, he breathed his last, in ject to many variations. There is a public square the 79th year of his age. in the centre of the city, in which the court house Nassau County, Fa., c. h. at Fernandina. Is is placed, which is a handsome edifice, 105 feet bounded-W. and N. by St. Mary's River, separat in front by 63 feet in depth, and two stories high, ing it from Georgia, E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and besides the basement. It is surmounted by a S. by Nassau River, partly separating it from Dudome, the top of which is 90 feet from the ground, val co., and by Columbia co. Surface level, and supported by eight Ionic columns. The market somewhat marshy. Amelia Island extends along house, situated also in the public square, is one its sea-shore on the E. boundary. of the finest buildings in the west. There are Nassau, N. Y.. Rensselaer co. Watered by spacious apartments in the building occupied as Kinderhook Creek and its branches. The sura city hall and recorder's office. The Episcopal face is rather hilly; soil very fertile. 16 miles Church is a fine stone building, in the Gothic S. E. from Troy, and 12 S. by E. from Albany. style of architecture. The Presbyterian and the Natchez. City, and seat of justice for Adams Methodist Churches, and some others, are large co., Mi. Situated on a high bluff on the E. and elegant buildings. There are ten or twelve bank of the Mississippi, 100 miles S. W. from churches in the city, of the various denomina- Jackson, the capital of the state, and 279 miles tions. The state house has a commanding loca- by the river above New Orleans. The bluff on tion on the highest ground in the city. The site, which Natchez is built is in some parts nearly consisting of four acres of ground, was purchased 300 feet above the river, and is entirely composed by the city at a cost of $30,000, and presented of clay, unmixed with the smallest pebble; the to the state for the purpose. There is a female whole resting on a substratum of pudding stone academy, situated in the western part of the city, rock, which appears in view only when the water which is a flourishing institution, and several in the river is at a very low stage. other schools for young ladies, of a high order Natchez under the Hill, as it is called, is a portion of excellence. The primary schools for both sexes of the place which lies upon the margin of the are numerous and good. Few cities are better riyer, consisting of warehouses, stores, and shops, provided with means of instruction for the young. for the accommodation of the landing. But the 468 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., greater portion of the city is situated on the ele- Natural Bridge, N. Y., Jefferson co. A natural vated ground, and is laid out in a rectangular bridge 15 feet wide, and 6 feet above the water, form, with broad streets, which are extensively crosses Indian River at this place. 153 miles ornamented with the China tree. The surface N. W. from Albany. of the ground on which the city stands, and of Naugatuck, Ct., New Haven co. A flourishing the whole adjacent country, is uneven, undulating manufacturing town, on the Naugatuck River. 27 like the rolling of the sea in a storm, and pre- miles by railroad N. by E. from Bridgeport, and sents a strong contrast to low and level surfaces 55 N. W. from New Haven. A railroad, connectof the boundless cypress swamps of Louisiana ing with the New York and New Haven Railroad seen on the opposite side of the river. Many of at Stratford, runs up the Naugatuck valley. the houses are elegant, though generally the style Nauvoo City, Is., Hancock co. 124 miles N. W. of building is plain. They are mostly of wood, from Springfield. It is situated on the E. bank of one story high, with a piazza and balcony. The the Mississippi, about 180 miles above the mouth houses of the more wealthy are situated widely of the River Illinois. This is the site of the apart, each occupying a square, surrounded with celebrated Mormon city founded by Joe Smith the palmetto, orange trees, and other beautiful and his followers in 1840. It is located on eleshrubbery. This class of the inhabitants is dis- vated ground, gradually rising from the river to tinguished for intelligence, refinement, and hos- an unusual height, and presenting a smooth and pitality. regular surface, which, with the plain at its sumThe city contains a court house and jail, a mit, might amply suffice for the erection of a hospital, an orphan asylum, a masonic hall, a large city. Upon this beautiful ground Nauvoo theatre, two or three banks, and several churches. was laid out on a very magnificent scale, and There are oil mills here, operated by steam, for many of the houses erected were handsome manufacturing oil from the cotton seed. The structures. The streets are of ample width, cotton crop is extensively cultivated in the vi- crossing each other at right angles. Three years cinity, and Natchez was formerly the principal after the settlement was begun, the city contained mart in this region for this important product. 1000 houses, a large part of which were log cabIn 1820, the exports of cotton exceeded 35,000 ins, whitewashed. The great Mormon Temple, bales. The business and prosperity of the place, which stood in fair view from the river, was 128 however, has, from various causes, materially de- feet long, 88 feet wide, and 65 feet high to the clined from what it once was. The hurricane top of the cornice. The top of the cupola was of 1836, which destroyed a vast amount of prop- 163 feet from the ground. It was built of comerty, the failure of the banks, which followed soon pact, polished limestone, quarried near the spot. after, the depression in the price of cotton, ac- It was calculated to contain 3000 people, and companied by the emigration to Texas, which was built at a supposed cost of about half a milabout this time drew off many of the most enter- lion of dollars. On the 9th of October, 1848, prising inhabitants, have had a disastrous effect this Temple was destroyed by fire, and now preupon the prosperity of Natchez. Its trade, how- sents only a blackened pile of ruins. Four years ever, is still considerable, as indicated by the previous, the Mormon leader had been arrested, steamboats which are continually arriving and and put in prison, where, soon afterwards, he came departing on the river. to his end by the violence of a mob. The MorNatchez wgs first settled by the French in 1716. mons have since left the place. The population, From its geographical position, and the wealth which at one time was as high as 16,000, is now which has been expended upon its decorations, it much less. has long been considered as one of the most beau- Neashoc, Mo., c. h. Newton co. tiful places in the lower valley of the Mississippi. Needham, Ms., Norfolk co., was a part of DedIts elevated site affords a fine view of this majes- ham until 1711. It is surrounded for more than tic river, with the numerous craft moving to and two thirds of its limits by Charles River. Broad fro upon its waters, of the village of Concordia Meadow, lying partly in this town, and the towns on the opposite bank, and the vast region of of Dedham and Newton, is said to be one of the country spreading out beyond. Although the largest in the state. The town is uncommonly city is liable occasionally to be visited with the well watered, and is diversified with hills and bilious and intermittent fevers of the climate, plains. In the course of the river, which sepayet its location is comparatively advantageous rates this town from Newton, there are 2 falls, in this respect, and in most seasons it proves a called the Upper and Lower Falls, which afford healthful and an agreeable place of residence. valuable water privileges. At the Upper Falls Natchitoches Parish, La., c. h. at Natchitoches. is the largest cataract in the whole of Charles Bounded N. by Claiborne parish, E. by Cata- River. The water here falls 20 feet upon a bed hoola and Rapides, S. by Rapides, and W. by Sa- of rocks. There is a manufacturing village at bine and Caddo parishes. Drained by Red River both of these falls, lying partly in this town and its tributaries. The soil is mostly sterile, and partly in Newton. The soil is good, and but bordering on the streams is some good land, the encircling river presents much beautiful well adapted to the growth of cotton. scenery. 5 miles N. W. from Dedham. and by Natchitoches, La., c. h. Natchitoches district. the Worcester Railroad 13 S. W. from Boston. Natick, Ms., Middlesex co. This township was Nelson County, Ky., c. h. at Bardstown. Boundoriginally granted by the General Court to the ed N. by Spencer co., E. by Anderson and WashIndians, as a place for a permanent residence. It ington, S. by Marion and Laure, and W. by Bulwas incorporated into an English district in 1761, litt co. Drained by the Beech and Rolling Forks and into a town in 1781, by the name of Natick, of Salt River and their tributaries. a word in the Indian language signifying " the Nelson, N. H., Cheshire co. This town is situplace of hills." It is watered by Charles River, ated on the height of land between Connecticut and contains numerous fish ponds. There are 2 and Merrimac Rivers. The surface is hilly, but villages, upwards of a mile apart. good for grazing. A branch of Ashuelot and IN THE UNITED STATES. 469 one of Contoocook River water this town. The comfort to the place. There are two large and best mill privileges are furnished by streams issu- pleasant public squares, in the heart of the city, ing from ponds, of which there are 4, containing which are in like manner adorned with majestic 1800 acres. First settlers, Breed Batchelder, elms. Broad Street, running through the middle and Dr. Nathaniel Breed, in 1767. 40 miles of the city from N. to S., is one of the most exS. W. from Concord, and 8 N. E. from Keene. tensive and beautiful avenues to be met with in Nelson, N. Y. Madison co. Chenango Creek any of our populous towns. Newark is well and the head branches of Chenango River water built, having several handsome churches, and this town, the surface of which is high and other public edifices. The court house, situslightly uneven, and the soil clay and calcareous uated upon a commanding site, in the W. part loam. 106 miles W. from Albany. of the city, is a large and elegant building, of Nelson County, Va.,, c. h. at Livingston. Bound- brown freestone, in the Egyptian style of archied N. E. by Albemarle co., S. E. by James River, tecture. Some of the church edifices are of stone; separating it from Buckingham co., S. W. by among which are the First Presbyterian Church, Amherst, and N. W. by Augusta co. Drained by on Broad Street, and the Episcopal Church, on Rock, Rockfish, and Tyre Rivers. The Blue the lower green, or Park, as it is now called. The Ridge lies on the N. W. border of this county. dwelling houses which front upon this beautiful.eosho, Mo., c. h. Newton co. 175 miles N. W. public parade are among the handsomest in the from Jefferson City. city. The elevated ground on the W. affords Neponset Village, MIs., in the town of Dorches- some of the finest situations for gentlemen's ter, Norfolk co. See Dorchester. seats, many of which are occupied with elegant Nescopeck, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by the buildings, and surrounded with the evidences of Susquehanna River and its tributaries, Big and luxury and taste. Little Wapwallopen, and Nescopeck Creeks. Sur- Among the literary institutions in Newark are face uneven, and some of the bottom land on the Mechanics' Association for Literary and Scithe streams fertile. 98 miles N. E. from Har- entific Improvement, which has a library and risburg. philosophical apparatus; the Mercantile and LitNeshoha Countq, Mi., c. h. at Philadelphia. erary Association, which sustains a course of Bounded N. by Winston co., E. by Kemper, S. public lectures; the Newark Library Association, by Newton, and WV. by Leake co. Drained by which has accumulated a library of 3000 volPearl River and its head branches. umes, open to the public on the most liberal New Albany, Ia. City, and seat of justice of terms; and the New Jersey Historical Society. Floyd co. 126 miles S. by E. from.Indianapolis. The Newark Academy was established in 1792, Situated on the N. bank of the Ohio River, about and was distinguished, for many years, as one 2 miles below the foot of the falls in that river, of the largest and most prominent institutions at Louisville. This is one of the largest places of the kind in the country. Previous to this in the state. It is laid out with entire regularity, date, there had been an academy at Newark, having 6 streets parallel with the river, nearly whose building,- a stone building, two stories E. and W., and eleven running back from the high, —then standing upon the upper green, river, intersecting them at right angles. It has was burned by a party of 500 British soldiers from churches' of the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Meth- New York, on the night of January 25, 1780. odist, Baptist, Campbellite Baptist, and Roman Newark is verv extensively engaged in manuCatholic denominations. There are a male and factures, a great part of the products of which are a female seminary, a lyceum, and other excellent sent to distant markets. Although there are no provisions for the education of the young. A peculiar natural facilities here for this kind of donation of $5000 was made by the original pro- industry, this want has been abundantly supplied prietors to constitute a fund for the support of by steam power and other artificial agents, una public school. There are several ship yards der the direction of human skill and enterprise. at New Albany, in which a number of steamboats About the year 1676, measures were taken to are built annually, and a large business is done. invite mechanics to this place. The first shoein various branches of manufacture. Population maker appears to have been induced to come in 1840, 4226; in 1850, 10,000. into the settlement from Elizabethtown, having New Albion, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Well wa- been " formally admitted a member of the comtered by branches of Cattaraugus Creek on the munity, on condition of his supplying it with N., and of the Alleghany River on the S. The shoes." The manufacture of shoes, boots, sadsurface is high and rather uneven; the soil favor- dies, harness, and the various fabrics of leather, able to the growth of grass and grain. 11 miles have constituted an extensive branch of the busiW. from Ellicottville, and 306 S. of W. from ness of Newark in modern times. The tanneries Albany. here have been very extensive, the first of which Newark, N. J., city, port of entry, and seat of was established as long ago as 1698. Other justice for Essex co., is situated on the W. manufactures, in great variety and abundance, side of the Passaic River, 3 miles from its en- have been produced, the most important of which trance into Newark Bay, and 9 miles W. from are hats and caps, carriages, omnibuses, and the city of New York. It stands on a fertile wagons, cutlery, and jewelry. The number of plain, with a rising ground on the W., to which persons and the amount of capital employed ia the suburbs of the city extend. Population in these large manufacturing operations is such as 1830, 10,950; in 1840, 17,290; in 1850, 38,893. to constitute this the leading interest of the place. This is the most populous and flourishing place although, by its position at the head of shii in the state of New Jersey. Thecity is regularly navigation from the Atlantic, its facilities for laid out, with broad and straight streets, gener- commerce, and its investments in that line, have ally crossing each other at right angles. Many been by no means inconsiderable. The coasting of the streets are bordered by lofty and beautiful trade employs from 60 to 80 vessels of 100 tons shade trees, which give an air of elegance and In 1833, a whaling company was incorporated 470 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., here, which has prosecuted the business with 1810, 5651; 1820, 6947; 1'830, 7592; 1840, success. 12,087; 1850, 16,464. It stands on the W. side The New Jersey Railroad, on its route between of a small estuary, called Accushnut River, which New York and Philadelphia, passes through makes up in a northerly direction into the land Newark, thus bringing it within half an hour's from near the western extremity of Buzzard's distance of New York. The Morris and Essex Bay. The township is 10( miles in length by Railroad connects this place with Morristown, in about 1 mile in average width. The situation of the interior of New Jersey. The Morris Canal New Bedford is very beautiful. It is built upon also terminates here. ground which rises rapidly from the water, and Newark, in its origin, was eminently a New the view from Fair Haven, on thd opposite side England town, having been settled, in 1666, by of the River, and from the harbor as the town is a company consisting of 30 families, from Guil- approached from the S., is not excelled by that ford, Branford, Milford, and New Haven, Ct. of any other place in the country. It is laid out These families had been preceded by four per- with much regularity, the streets crossing each sons as agents, commissioned to select and lay other at right angles. The buildings are genout the township, who were Captain Robert rally' of wood, although several of the finest Treat, John Treat, Jasper Crane, and John Cur- houses, stores, and other edifices are of brick and tis. To the good judgment of these men New- stone. The buildings in the upper part of the ark is indebted for the beautiful location and town are much admired for their neatness and plan of the city, and for its broad streets and beauty; and many of them have the additional handsome public squares. Nor are these the attractions of splendid ornamental grounds and most important, nor the most characteristic fea- gardens. County Street, which runs the whole tures of its preeminence, derived from its Puritan extent of the thickly-inhabited part of the town, ancestry. Captain Robert Treat, above named, along the summit of the rising ground upon is the same who was afterwards governor of which it is built, is allowed to be without a rival Connecticut. in this country for its splendid combination of the Newark, N. Y., Tioga co. Drained by East and finest features of natural and artistic beauty. West Owego Creeks. Surface hilly; soil fertile Among the public buildings most worthy of in the valleys. 8 miles N. from Owego, and 161 notice are the town hall, the court house, and S. of W. from Albany. the custom house. The town hall is a magNewark, O., c. h. Licking co. On the Ohio nificent structure of granite, 100 feet long, 61 and Erie Canal, at the junction of the three main feet wide, and 3 stories high. The lower story branches of Licking River, and 39 miles E. N. is occupied aS a market, the second as a hall for E. from Columbus. A place of large and flour- public meetings, and the third for offices. This ishing business. 176 miles from Cleveland, by edifice, which, with the land, cost $60.000, is by the canal. many regarded as the handsomest building in Newark, Vt., Caledonia co. The Passumpsic New England devoted to civil purposes. The River is formed in this town by a collection of court house is a structure of brick, and near it streams issuing principally from ponds. The are the jail and house of correction. The custown is not mountainous, but the soil is cold, tom house, which is of granite, is of a beautiful and generally unproductive. The settlement design, and makes an imposing appearance. was commenced about the year 1800. 26 miles The Friends' Academy is a handsome strucN. E. from Danville, and 56 N. E. from Montpelier. ture, pleasantly situated on County Street, and New Ashford, Ms., Berkshire co. This township environed with beautiful grounds. This instituis situated principally on the steep and rugged hills tion is exclusively for young ladies. which make from Saddle Mountain on the E., Few places have been more liberal in providand the Taconic range on the W., and which here ing the means of education in the public schools. approach each other. In the narrow valley be- These consist of a high school, and about 30 tween these hills, along the rise of the western other schools, requiring the services of about 50 branch of the Housatonic, and the eastern branch teachers. The Social Library, owned by an inof Green River, are some small tracts of feasible corporated association, contains between 4000 land, producing grain, grass, &c.- though the soil and 5000 volumes. in general is hard and gravelly. By these The churches in New Bedford are numerous, streams, with the connected springs and brooks, and several of the church edifices are handsome the town is well watered. The people of' this and substantial stluctures. Two of the largest town pay considerable attention to rearing sheep. are of stone. Much variegated marble is found here. 13 miles The whale fishery, and the manufacture of the N. from Pittsfield, and by the Western Railroad product of that fishery, are the principal branches from Pittsfield, 164 miles W. from Boston. of business in which the inhabitants of this town New Athens, O., Harrison co. The seat of are engaged. Franklin College. 115 miles E. by N. from Co- As early as the year 1764, we find the settlers lumbus. See Colleges. in the village of Bedford sending out their small New Baltimore, N. Y., Greene co. On the W. vessels after these monsters of the deep, some of side of the Hudson. Drained by Dieppe and which reached as far south as the Falkland Islands. Haivnakraus Creeks. Surface hilly and broken; Suspended by the war of the revolution, the busisoil rich clay and sandy loam. 18 miles N. from ness was vigorously and successfully renewed at Cattskill, and 15 S. from Albany. its close; and excepting the interruption caused New Barbadoes, N. J., Bergen co. This town by the second war with England, it has been conis mostly level, and is watered by Hackensack stantly pursued, and continually increasing. River. Soil red shale and a sandy loam. Much of the sperm oil imported is here preNew Bedford, Ms. Port of entry, and one of pared for use by the different processes by which the shire towns of Bristol co. 55 miles S. from spring, summer, fall, and winter oil, as the difBoston. Population in 1790, 3313; 1800, 4361; ferent kinds are called, are produced, before it IN THE UNITED STATES. 471 finds its way to the various markets of the coun- its E. and S. borders by Broad and Saluda Rivers, try; and from the spermaceti, an article exclu- and drained by their branches; soil fertile in sively the.product of the sperm whale, is manu- many portions. factured the spermaceti candle, so universally ad- New Bloomfield, c. h. Perry co. 34 miles W. by mired for its beauty, and esteemed for its pleasant N. from Harrisburg. light. There are upwards of 20 oil and candle New Boston, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Several manufactories now in operation in the town. A streams water this town; the largest is the S. large proportion of the right whale oil is exported branch of Piscataquog River. This town conto the north of Europe. sists of fertile hills, productive vales, and some Quite a number of ships were lately withdrawn valuable meadows. The soil is fertile. In the from the whaling business for the California S. part is a considerable elevation, called Jo. trade. They were generally of the older class, English Hill, one side of which is nearly perpensoon tc be replaced by others. dicular. Its height is 572 feet. Beard's and Jo. As a necessary appendage to the fisheries, the English Ponds are the only ones of note. From coopering business is extensively carried on. Amherst 9 miles N. N. W. Ship building and ship repairing employ many New Bramintree, Ms., Worcester co. 6000 of the mechanics of the town. No better ships acres of this township were granted to people in float the ocean than some of those which have ancient Braintree, for services rendered to the been launched from the ship yards of New Bed- public in 1670; the residue of the township was ford. taken from Brookfield and Hardwick. It was The New Bedford Railway and Wharf Com- called "Braintree Farms," until its incorporation, pany have a capital of $50,000, and on a small in 1751. The surface is uneven, and the soil genisland, owned by the company, they have a marine erally good. The town is celebrated for good railway, which affords great facilities for cleaning farmers, and the abundance of excellent beef, and repairing the smaller class of vessels. butter, and cheese produced. The township is There is an extensive steam cordage factory, finely watered by brooks, rivulets, and springs. the machinery of which is moved by 2 engines Ware River passes its western border. In the of 20 horse power each, and turning out annually W. part of the town is Wenimesset Brook, formed 400 tons of cordage. There is also in operation entirely by springs from the adjacent hills. On a manufactory of Prussian blue. this brook is an extensive and luxuriant meadow An immense building has lately been erected of several hundred acres, called Wenimesset, for manufacturing and mechanical purposes. the name given it by the Indians when a hideous The power is steam. Apparatus for grinding swamp. 18 miles W. N. W. from Worcester, grain, working iron, and planing and sawing, is and 62 W. from Boston. in operation here. New Brighton, N. Y., Richmond co. On the Another planing mill, a large blacksmith shop, N. end of Staten Island, 6 miles from New York a block manufactory, a foundery, a coppersmith city. It is much resorted to during the summer. establishment, a frame factory, and I or 2 other See Staten Island. mechanics' establishments, have steam engines New Brighton, Pa., Beaver co. A flourishing connected with them. place on the E. bank of Beaver River, 3 miles The harbor of New Bedford is safe and capa- above its junction with the Ohio. Here is a good cious, though not very easy of access. It has 3 water power, and active manufacturing operato 4 fathoms of water. A wooden bridge and tions are carried on. The Pennsylvania and Ohio causeway, three fourths of a mile in length, con- Canal passes through it. nect this town with Fair Haven. New Britain, Ct., Hartford co. A flourishing New Bedford is connected bv railroads with village in the town of Berlin. 10 miles W. by Boston, Providence, and Fall River. A steam- S. from Hartford. This place is distinguished boat plies regularly between this place and Nan- for the intelligent enterprise of its inhabitants, tucket, touching at Wood's Hole in Falmouth, who, without water privileges of any amount, or and Holmes Hole on Martha's Vineyard. The any other peculiar advantages of natural situation, distance to Nantucket is the same as to Boston, have established and prosperously carried on a 55 miles. The whale fishery has proved very greater variety of manufactures than almost any lucrative, and New Bedford is thought to be one other town in New England. Commencing on of the richest cities in proportion to the number a small scale at first, they have rapidly enlarged of its inhabitants any where to be found. their operations as the demands of the market New Berlin, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered S. have called for and rewarded their exertions. and E. by the Unadilla River. Surface undu- There are now several large establishments where lating; soil moist clay loam of good quality. 8 steam power is employed, besides a great amount miles N. E. from Norwich, and 100 W. from of labor in shops where little or no assistance Albany. from machinery is required. A numerous list of New Berlin, Pa., c. h. Union co. On the N. articles in brass, tin ware, plated ware, buttons, side of Penn's Creek. 69 miles N. from Harris- hooks and eyes, jewelry, &c., is the produce of burg. this well-directed industry; in which a large Newbern, N. C., c. h. Craven co. This is a amount of capital and a multitude of laborers port of entry, on the S. W. bank of Neuse Riv- are constantly employed. er, at its junction with the Trent. It was for- There are two large Congregational churches merly the capital of the state. It is a pleasant in New Britain, which have handsome houses of and healthy town, and a place of considerable worship, and one each of the Baptist and Methtrade. 120 miles E. S. E. from Raleigh. odist denominations. The village is pleasantly Newberry District, S. C., c. h. at Newberry Court situated, and has all those marks of thrift, wealth, House. Bounded N. by Union district, E. by and good taste which would be indicated by the Fairfield and Lexington, S. by Edgefield, and facts already mentioned. The Hartford and FishW. and N. WV. by Laurens district. Watered on kill Railroad passes through this place. Thu 472 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Hartford and New Haven Railroad also has a New Brauinfils, Ts., c. h. Comal co. station within a mile and a half of the village. New Buff'alo, Mn., Berrian co. On Lake MichNew Britain, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by sev- igan, where the Michigan Central Railroad strikes eral mill streams flowing into Neshaminy Creek. the lake. Connected also by railroad with Chicago. Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 96 miles Newburgh, Me., Penobscot co. This is a good E. from Harrisburg. township of land, 54 miles N. E. from Augusta, New Brunswick, N. J., Middlesex co. City and and 14 S. W. from Bangor. Incorporated 1819. seat of justice. Situated at the head of steam- Watered by a branch of the Sowadabscook. boat navigation on the Raritan River, 15 miles Newbury, Ms., Essex co. This ancient and refrom its entrance into the bay of the same name. spectable town, the mother of Newburyport and It is 26 miles N. E. from Trenton. The city lies West Newbury, although reduced in territory, partly in Somerset co., Albany Street being on still retains its former reputation and beauty. It the dividing line between the counties of Middle- was first settled in 1633, and was called by the Insex and Somerset. The ground on which it is dians (Quassacumcon. This town is well wateredbv built rises rapidly from the river. The streets Parker River and the Merrimac. The soil of this close upon the river are narrow and crooked, and town is not naturally of great fertility, but is of the ground low; but those in the upper part of that kind which well rewards the industrious culthe city are broad and regular; and many of the tivator. There are a number of smiling villages houses are neat and elegant, surrounded by orna- in the town. That portion of the town which lies mental yards and gardens. Upon the highest on the S. E. side of Newburyport, and which compart of the city stands the fine edifice of Rutger's prises a part of High Street, so celebrated for its College, founded in 1770, under the name of beauty, has recently been annexed to NewQueen's College. The present building is con- buryport. The village of Byfield, partly in Rowstructed of dark red sandstone, and was complet- ley, lies at the S. W. part of the town, 7 miles S. ed in 1811. The view from the commanding S. W. from Newburyport, while Bellville constieminence on which it stands is extensive and tutes the north-western boundary of that town. beautiful; terminated by mountains on the N., There is a curious cave in Newbury, called the and by the Raritan Bay on the E. "Devil's Den,' which contains specimens of asThe Delaware and Raritan Canal commences bestos, limestone, marble, serpentine, and amianat New Brunswick. and extends to the Delaware thus. In a pond in the town is a floating island, River, at Bordentown, a distance of 42 miles, of about half an acre in extent. Its annual rise intended to furnish an uninterrupted and direct and fall is from 4 to 8 feet. Dummer Academy communication between New York and Philadel- is situated in the parish of Byfield. By the phia by water. It is 75 feet wide, and 7 feet Eastern Railroad, which passes through the town, deep; with 14 locks, 24 feet wide, and 110 feet Newbury lies 3 miles S. from Newburyport, and long; admitting the passage of sloops of 75 or 31 miles N. by E. from Boston. 100 tons' burden. The cost of building this canal Newbury, N. H., Merrimac co. The S. part of was about $2,500,000. Sunapee Lake lies in the N. W. part of this town. The New Jersey Railroad, between New York Todd Pond, 500 rods in length, and 60 in width, and Philadelphia, passes through New Bruns- affords a small branch to Warner River. From wick; this point being distant from New York Chalk Pond issues asmall stream communicating 31 miles, and from Philadelphia 56 miles. The with Sunapee Lake. The land is mountainous; railroad is carried into the city over the Raritan, the soil hard and rocky. Newbury was originally and the canal by its side, upoil a fine bridge, con- called Dantzic; in 1778 it took the name of Fishstructed upon stone piers. ersfield; in 1837, its present name. First settler, This city contains 8 or 10 churches of the va- Zephaniah Clark, in 1762. From Concord 30 rious denominations. The first established was miles W. by N. the Dutch Reformed church, in 1717. The first Newburg, N. Y., half shire town of Orange co., edifice of the Presbyterian church, erected some lies on the W. side of Hudson River, 85 miles time before 1726, was burned down by the British S. from Albany, and 60 N. from the city of New during the revolutionary war. York. It is 20 miles N. E. from Goshen, the other Through the multiplied means of commerce half shire town, which is near the centre of the and communication which New Brunswick en- county. The surface of the township is hilly and joys, it is favored with great facilities for business. somewhat broken, containing, however, much arIt is a constant thoroughfare on the great route able land, with a soil well adapted to grass, and between New York and Philadelphia and the much of it well cultivated and productive. It is more southern cities, both by railroad and canal; drained by two or three small streams flowing and vessels of 200 tons come up to its wharves from into the Hudson River. the Atlantic coast by the Raritan Bay and River. The village of Newburg has a commanding and The first European inhabitants of New Bruns- beautiful location on the acclivity of a hill rising wick were from Long Island. "About 1730," the from the shore of the Hudson to an elevation of historian tells us, "several Dutch families emi- about 300 feet. Thus situated, it makes a fine grated from Albany, bringing with them their appearance from the river, and itself enjoys, from building materials, in imitation of their ances- its upper terraces, an extensive and delightful tors, who imported their tiles, &c., from Hol- prospect, embracing West Point and the most land." They gave the name of Albany Street to prominent summits of the Highlands on the S., the high road on which several of their company the noble river in front, with the village of Fishsettled. One of the first houses is said to be still kill on the opposite side, and the fertile and picstanding; and others will be noticed by the stran- turesque valleys beyond, and the Newburg Bay, ger in Albany and Burnet Streets, which, from and a broad champaign country towards the N. their antique structure, are evidently of an early On the river margin, about 600 feet in extent, are date. New Brunswick was incorporated as a constructed convenient quays and docks for the city in 1784. Population in 1850, 10,000. accommodation of a large businesswhich centres IN THE UNITED STATES. 473 here, and for the steamboats which make their closely connected with the town as to appear one regu'lar stops in passing up and down the river. with it, are two populous villages, lately annexed A railroad connects this place with the great Erie to Newburyport from the town of Newbury. Railroad at Chester, about 20 miles S. W.; and The territory of Newburyport proper is smaller a railroad is in progress from Fishkill, on the op- than that of any other town within the commonposite side of the river, to unite with this branch, wealth. It contains somewhat more than a and form a connection by way of Hartford, Ct., square mile, and was taken from Newbury in between Boston and the Erie Railroad. 1764. Newburg was incorporated as a village in 1800. The town is laid out with great regularity, in There is here an incorporated academy, a high the form of a parallelogram. Water Street, at school, two female seminaries, and a number of the head of the wharves and docks, follows the select schools, all in a flourishing condition. The margin of the river. High Street runs nearly Presbyterians, Presbyterians Reformed, Dutch parallel to the river, at a distance of 1000 feet Reformed. Associate Reformed, Methodists, Bap- from it, and at an elevation of nearly 100 feet tists, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics have above its level. This has always been admired as each a church, and some of them 2 each. A great a finely-located and most beautiful street. Near variety of manufacturing operations are carried the centre of the town, adjoining High Street, is on here, the heaviest of which are iron founderies, a fine pond, of about 6 acres, the level of which steam engine factories, machine shops, cordage is 60 feet above the river. This has been beautifactories, flouring mills, plaster mills, tanneries, fully embellished, by surrounding it with a mall carriage and chair factories, an extensive brewery, and terraced promenade. This elevation, in its &c., &c. The population in 1840 was about 6000; whole extent of about 3 miles, overlooks a dein 1850, 11,415. lightful prospect on the opposite side of the river, For a period, near the close of the revolution- embracing a view of the harbor, Plum Island, and ary war, Newburg was the head quarters of Wash- the Atlantic Ocean. From the mouth of the harington, and the old stone house, at the S. part of bor Plum Island extends 9 miles, to the mouth the village, in which the general and his family of Ipswich River. were accommodated, is still in a good state of The houses in Newburyport are generally neat, preservation. Here it was that the celebrated and many are elegant, being surrounded often "Newburg Letters " were addressed to the army, with beautiful grounds and gardens. The town by some of the officers, anonymously, designed to has 10 or 12 houses of public worship; and its excite them to mutiny; and that Washington, by other public buildings are numerous and elegant. his great influence, so nobly defeated the design, The custom house is of rough granite, with a fine and secured the confidence and affections of the wrought portico of the Grecian Doric order, army for the government. Here, at the close of which cost $25,000. A beautiful cemetery has the war, on the 23d of June, 1783, the army, been recently established in the immediate vicinwhich had achieved and endured so much in es- ity of the town,' in a grove of venerable oaks. and tablishing our national independence, was finally forms a most inviting resort to the contemplative. disbanded. This town was early noted for its commerce Newburg, Te., c. h. Lewis co. and ship building. The vessels built here attained Newbury, Pa., York co. Bounded S. by Cone- a high reputation throughout the colonies, and in wago Creek, and W. by Beaver Creek and Stony the mother country. After a decline of many Run. Fishing Creek also waters its N. E. corner. years, during the peculiar reverses of the place, Surface undulating; soil gravel and calcareous the business of ship building is again on the inloam. 12 miles N. from York. crease. Some of the finest packets and swiftNewbury, Vt., Orange co. This is a beautiful sailing merchantmen of New York have been town on the W. side of Connecticut River, and recently built here. Several of these packet ships supplied with mill privileges by Wells River and have been upwards of 1000 tons' burden. There Hariman's and Hill's Brooks. These brooks have were built, for freighting and packet ships, during their sources in ponds of considerable size. New- the year 1844, 6200 tons, besides about 1000 tons bury comprises the tract commonly called the of smaller vessels, including one steamer. Great Oxbow, on a bend in Connecticut River. No place in New England has experienced seThis tract is of great extent, and celebrated for verer commercial vicissitudes than this town. The its luxuriance and beauty. The town contains a commercial restrictions fell upon it with disasnumber of mineral springs, of some celebrity in trous effect. Its capital had become largely inscrofulous and cutaneous complaints. The vil- vested in the fisheries and freighting business, and lages of Newbury and Wells River are very pleas- the suspension of its commerce and ship building ant. This town is connected with Haverhill, N. was long and severely felt. In 1811, before it had H., by two bridges. The settlement was com- recovered from these severe losses, it was visited menced in the spring of 1762. The first family with an extensive conflagration. Its central and was that of Samuel Sleeper. 27 miles S. E. from most compact and valuable portion, covering an Montpelier, and 20 N. E. from Chelsea. The area of 16 acres, was laid in ashes. Superadded Passumpsic Railroad passes through this town. to these accumulated disasters, the war of 1812 Newburyport, Ms. City, port of entry, and a greatly checked its prosperity; and at the conshire town of Essex co. 34 miles N. by E. from clusion of peace its wealth and population had Boston. Population in 1790, 4837; 1800,5946; greatly diminished. It continued to decline till 1810, 7634; 1820, 6852; 1830, 6375; 1840, 7161; about 1830. Since that time it has been gradu1850, 9572. It is beautifully situated upon a gen- ally recovering its former prosperity, and is now tle acclivity, on the S. bank of the Merrimac, near advancing in wealth and population. In 1830, its junction with the ocean. Its population occu- the manufacture of cotton by steam power was pies an area of about 2 miles in length by about commenced here. There are now several incorone quarter of a mile in breadth. At the two porated companies for this purpose. Their mills extremities of this area, upon the river, and so are 4 stories high, and their aggregate length is 60 474 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 1300 feet. In addition to cotton goods, there are Christiana, St. George's, Appoquinimink, Blackother manufactures, of machinery, castings, hats, bird, and Duck Creeks. Surface low and marshy shoes, organs, soap, candles, &c., to an amount on the E., but elsewhere somewhat hilly; soil of upwards of half a million annually. fertile. The Philadelphia and Baltimore and This town is distinguished for a liberal exten- Delaware and Chesapeake Railroads traverse this sion of the common school system, and for supe- county. It is also crossed by the Delaware and rior means of free education. It has, in addition to Chesapeake Canal, which is 66 feet wide. the schools supported by the town, two liberally- Newcastle, De., c. h. New Castle co. A conendowed free schools. One of these was endowed siderable town, on the W. bank of Delaware by the late Moses Brown. Esq., a merchant of River. 5 miles S. S. W. from Wilmington, and the place, known as a distinguished benefactor 42 N. from Dover. The Newcastle and Frenchof the Andover Theological Seminary, and is town Railroad opens a communication between designed to furnish an institution for classical Delaware and Chesapeake Bays. studies. The other, designed for the higher New Castle, Ia., c. h. Henry co. On Blue branches of an English education, is founded on River. 47 miles E. by N. from Indianapolis. a munificent bequest of the late Oliver Putnam, New Castle, Ky., c. h. Henry co. 25 miles N. Esq., of Boston, formerly a resident of this town. W. from Frankfort. This bequest amounts, at the present time, to up- New Castle, Me., Lincoln co. On the W. side wards of $70,000. The privileges of free edu- of Damariscotta River, 15 miles from its mouth, cation in Newburyport equal, if they do not and 36 S. E. from Augusta. exceed, those of any other place in Massachusetts, New Castle, N. H., Rockingham co. On a rough and are only inferior in their results to those of a and rocky island, situated in Portsmouth Harbor, collegiate course of instruction. and formerly called Great Island. A handsome The celebrated George Whitefield died in this bridge connects this town with Portsmouth, of town, September 21, 1770. His remains repose which it constitutes a fishing suburb. On it under the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church, stand Fort Constitution and the light-house. and a beautiful marble cenotaph, erected within About 2 miles from Portsmouth. the church to his memory, by Hon. William Bart- New Castle, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered let,- another of the munificent benefactors of the by branches of Croton and Saw Mill Rivers. Andover Seminary from Newburyport,- records, Surface hilly; soil sandy loam and clay. 10 miles among other things, that, "in a ministry of 34 N. from White Plains, and 121 S. from Albany. years, he crossed the Atlantic 13 times, and Newcastle, Pa., c. h. Lawrence co. At the conpreached more than 18,000 sermons." fluence of the Shenango and Neshannock, tribuThe Eastern Railroad from Boston to Portland taries of the Beaver, on the Erie Canal. 230 passes through Newburyport. It crosses its north- miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. ern section by a tunnel under High Street, and Newcomb, N. Y., Essex co. This town conthence by an embankment to the river, below the tains several beautiful lakes and waterfalls, the town. There is also a railroad up the Merrimac sources of the head waters of the Hudson. The to Bradford, by Georgetown, crossing from the surface is mountainous, the principal peaks of the Eastern to the Boston and Maine Railroad. By Adirondack range lying in this and the adjoining whatever avenuethis beautiful town is approached, town of Keene. This vicinity is celebrated for it cannot fail to make a favorable impression upon its mineral wealth, the mountains containing imthe visitor; and while, on account of the bar at mense quantities of fine iron ore. 30 miles S. the mouth of its harbor, and from other causes, it W. from Elizabeth, and 92 N. from Albany. may not hope to possess the commercial conse- New Durham, N. H., Strafford co. The surquence which it once had, during the comparative face is very uneven; soil moist, and well adapted infancy of our maritime interests, it will always to grazing. There are 5 ponds here; the largest continue to be the seat of much wealth and re- is Merrymeeting Pond, about 10 miles in cirfinement, and one of the most eligible places for cumference, from which a copious and perpetual genteel residence in New England. stream runs into Merrymeeting Bay, in Alton. New Canaan, Ct., Fairfield co. This town was Ela's River flows from Coldrain Pond into Fartaken from Norwalk and Stamford in 1801. The mington, on which is a fine waterfall. The Cosurface is rough and mountainous; the soil is a checo also has its source here. Mount Betty, hard, gravelly loam, but generally productive. Copplecrown, and Saw's Mountains are the An academy was established here in 1815, and principal eminences. On the N. E. side of the has acquired a high reputation. It stands on an latter is a remarkable cave, the entrance of which elevated and commanding situation, having a fine is about 3 feet wide and 10 feet high. The outer prospect of Long Island Sound and the interven- room is 20 feet square; the inner becomes smaller, ing country. Pestles and other Indian implements until, at the distance of 50 feet, they are too small have been found at the N. part of the town, which to be investigated. The sides are solid granite. probably was the resort of the natives. 37 miles They bear marks of having been once united. WV. S. W. from New Haven. There is a fountain, over which a part of Ela's.New Canton, Va., Buckingham co. On a high River passes. By sinking a small-mouthed vessel bank of Slate Creek, a quarter of a mile from into it, water may be procured extremely cold James River, and 64 miles W. from Richmond. and pure. Near the centre of the town is RattleThe manufacture of flour at the Virginia Mills, snake Hill, the S. side of which is almost 100 4 miles from this place, is extensive. feet high, and nearly perpendicular. Several New Carlisle, O., c. h. Clarke co. 102 miles W, other hills contain precipices and cavities, some of Columbus. of considerable extent. First settlers: New Dur New Castle County, De., c. h. at New Castle. ham was granted, in 1749, to Ebenezer Smith Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by the Dela- and others. 35 miles N. E. from Concord, and ware River, S. by Kent co., and W. by Maryland. 32 N. W. by N. from Dover. Drained by Noaman's, Red Clay, Brandywine, New England. This is a name which may be IN THE UNITED STATES. 475 said, on the one hand, to have no legalized mod- As Virginia, being first settled from England, ern authority for its use, and yet, on the other, to is often called the *' Ancient Dominion," so the be traditionally or historically unavoidable. It territory connected with Plymouth is called the is not recognized, of course, in the enumeration "Old Colony;" having, until 1686, sustained a of the states of the American Union; and the separate government, independent of Massachusame may be said of the convenient divisiofi of setts. At that time, also, all the New England Middle States, Southern States, Western States, governments then existing were placed under a &c.; but although not specifically authorized in president, as they had been previously united the national constitution, we repeat, it is in anoth- for mutual defence by the memorable confederer view necessary. And this shall be explained. acy of 1643, of which an interesting account has The discovery of the northern part of the been given by the second President Adams, pubAmerican continent was effected by Cabot in lished in the 29th volume -of Collections of the 1497, five years after Columbus had landed in Massachusetts Historical Society. the West Indies. But France, in 1524, became New England Village, Ms., Worcester co. In emulous of sharing with Spain and England, and the town of Grafton. See Grafton. 38 miles W. efforts were made for that end. However, neither from Boston. of these powers made any permanent settlement New Fairfield, Ct., Fairfield co. This is a in North America for many years afterwards. small township, rough and hilly, with a hard and Some Protestants, authorized by the celebrated gravelly soil. 64 miles S. W. from Hartford. Coligny, then admiral, attempted to form a col- Newfane, N. Y., Niagara co. On the border ony in Florida, 1562, with permission of Charles of Lake Ontario. Drained by Eighteen Mile IX., then king; but it was frustrated. (See Creek. The surface is mostly level, sloping Holmes's Annals, under the respective dates, &c.) gradually towards the lake; soil argillaceous At length, in 1604, after the coast had been re- and sandy loam. 10 miles N. from Lockport, peatedly visited, a settlement of Frenchmen was and 287 N. of W. from Albany. made in that part of Canada which received the Newfane, Vt., c. h. Windham co. This name of "Acadie," afterwards called " Nova Sco- town is watered by a branch of West River, and tia," but then denominated "'Nouvelle France." several other streams. The surface is diverBetween these two, Florida and Canada, or sified; the soil good, and produces white oak New France, the country had, from 1584, been and walnut in abundance. There is but little called'; Virginia," in compliment to the Queen of waste land in the town. Newfane exhibits a England; but no permanent settlement was ef- great variety of minerals, among which are some fected until 1607, although repeated attempts had of value. There are two pleasant villages in the been made towards the close of the previous cen- town. The court-house village is called Fayettetury, under the able but unfortunate Sir Walter ville. The settlement was commenced in the Raleigh, at great sacrifice of money and of men. month of May, 1766, by Deacon Jonathan Park, In 1609, the Dutch, then a strong maritime Nathaniel Stedman, and Ebenezer Dyer, who power, were invested with the possession of the emigrated from Worcester co., Ms. 115 miles territory named by them " New Netherlands," and S. from Montpelier, and 12 N. W. from Bratnow constituting a part of the state of New York. tleboro'. In 1606, King James I. had divided Virginia into Newfield, Me., York co. Watered by Little the north and south portions, and authorized Ossipee River. A good farming town. 99 miles distinct companies for effecting settlements in each S. W. by W. from Augusta. of these divisions, who were not inactive, but Newfield, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by in the northern part unsuccessful; their effort at Cayuga Creek and the inlet of Cayuga Lake. the mouth of the Kennebec proving abortive. Surface hilly and broken; soil productive. 6 But Captain John Smith, the hero of Virginia, miles S. W. from Ithaca, and 175 W. from Albany. and its governor, having explored, in 1614, the New Garden, Pa., Chester co. Watered by coasts between the Penobscot, or Pentagoet, and Red Clay and White Clay Creeks. Surface levHudson Rivers, presented his chart of them to the el; soil calcareous loam. 74 miles E. S. E. from Prince of Wales, afterward Charles I., who gave Harrisburg. to the territory the name of " New England." New Geneva, Pa., Fayette co. On MonongaNow, the settlement at Plymouth, in 1620, being hela River, at the mouth of George Creek, and made by native but exiled Englishmen, whose 196 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. nearest European neighbors on the American New Gloucester, Me., Cumberland co. A fercoast were French or Dutch, the name of' New tile township. 23 miles N. from Portland. England " became precious to them; and, as dis- Vew Hampton, N. H., Belknap co. Pemigetinctive, it was necessary; not an arbitrary as- wasset River is the only stream of magnitude in sumption, or arrogated exclusively, in reference the town; over it is a bridge which unites the to other colonies from the same country, either town with Bristol. There is a remarkable spring by themselves or their posterity under the Stu- on the W. side of Kelly's Hill, from which isarts. It; since that period, it has been familiarly sues a stream that is never affected by rains or employed, that circumstance is due principally to droughts. Pemigewasset Pond lies on the borthe fact, that the inhabitants of the six sovereign der of Meredith. There are four other ponds in states of our Union which now occupy the ter- this town. The soil, though the surface is broken ritory, namely, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and uneven, is remarkably fertile, producing Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, Bnd Maine, grain and grass in abundance. In the S. part of sometimes denominated the Eastern States, were the town is a high hill, of a conical form, which mostly of kindred blood until a recent period, may be seen, in almost any direction, from 10 to being generally of unmixed English, descent, 50 miles. The academical and theological inand, for the most part, sympathizing in religion, stitution in this town is finely located. First both as regards its privileges and the reproaches settler, Samuel Kelly, in 1775. 30 miles N. by it may have been called to sustain W. from Concord, and 15 N. W. from Gilford 476 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes passes through this county from N. to S. There through this town. is a great variety of soil in this county, as well New Hanover County, N. C., c. h. at Wilming- as of native vegetable and mineral productions. ton. Bounded N. by Sampson and Duplin coun- The range of secondary country, which extends ties, E. by Onslow co., S. E. and S. by the along Connecticut River as far as Middletown, Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Cape Fear River and these leaves that stream, crosses into this county, one of its tributaries, separating it from Bruns- and terminates at New Haven. This intersecwick and Bladen counties. Drained by the N. tion of the primitive formation by a secondary E. branch of Cape Fear River. In the E. part ridge affords a great variety of minerals, and maof this county is a large swamp, and along the terials for different soils. coast is a chain of low, narrow islands. New Haven, Ct., city and c. h. New Haven N7ew Hanover, Pa., Montgomery co. Swamp co., lies at the head of a harbor which sets up 4 Creek waters this town, the surface of which is miles from Long Island Sound. It is, by railhilly, and the soil loam and red shale, of medium road, 76 miles from New York, 36 from Hartquality. 74 miles E. from Harrisburg. ford, and 101 from Boston. It is the capital of New Harmony, Ia., Posey co; On the E. side a county of the same name, and the semi-capof the Wabash River. 16 miles N. from Mount ital of Connecticut, and contains a larger popVernon, on the Ohio River, and 172 S. W. from ulation than any other town in the state. The Indianapolis. It is situated on a wide and rich site of New Haven is on a large and level plateau or second bottom, and has a healthy and plain, surrounded by hills and mountains, expleasant location. Its position on the river is cept at the S., in the direction of the harbor. verv favorable for trade. It was first settled in The harbor is formed by the confluence of three 1814, by a religious sect of Germans under rivers, Quinnipiac and Mill Rivers on the E., and George Rapp, who denominated themselves West River on the W. The most striking ob"Harmonists." They came in a body from jects which arrest the attention of the traveller Beaver Creek, Pa., where they had previously in approaching the city from the S. are the East settled on their first arrival from Germany. Af- and West Rocks, two bold, perpendicular preciter remaining here a few years, during which pices of rude, naked trap rock, the former 370, they made great improvements, turning the wil- and the latter 400 feet in height. These rocks derness into a garden, they returned again to the have a reddish appearance, and from this circumplace of their first settlement, now called Econo- stance the Dutch, who appear to have been aclmy, on the Ohio River, 18 miles below Pittsburg. quainted with the locality before the arrival of To the community of George Rapp succeeded the English, called the place " Red Rock." Its that of Robert Owen, of Lanark, Scotland, who Indian name was Quinnipiac, the name of a tribe purchased the village of New Harmony of its who occupied the place and its vicinity. New original proprietors, the Harmonists, and com- Haven was first settled in 1638, by a company, menced here his experiment of a new " social of whom John Davenport and Theophilus Eaton system." After about a year, Mr. Owen returned were leaders. Mr. Davenport was a celebrated to Europe, and the " society" which he had gath- minister in London, and Mr. Eaton an eminent ered, of about 800 persons, was soon abandoned. merchant, and most of the settlers were persons New Hartford, Ct., Litchfield co. This town of piety, wealth, and influence, and it was their was first settled in 1733. The surface of the intention to plant a mercantile colony. town is hilly and mountainous. The lands are The original town was laid out in a plot half a best adapted to grazing. It is watered by Far- mile square, which was subdivided into 9 squares, mington River and other streams, on which are by streets four rods in width. As the population several mills. In the eastern part of this town increased, these squares were subdivided into there is a rough and mountainous district, former- smaller ones, and other streets were laid out, exly designated Satan's Kingdom. 20 miles N. ~W. tending in every direction from the original town from Hartford. plot. The central square, usually styled the New Hartford, N. Y., Oneida co. The Sada- Green, containing the state house and three quada Creek, one of the most valuable mill churches, is enclosed by an iron fence, surrounded streams in the state, waters this town on the N. on all sides by rows of stately elms, and is considIts surface is varied; soil fertile calcareous loam. ered as one of the most beautiful parks or greens 4 miles S. from Utica, and 98 N. W. from in the United States. The principal edifices of Albany. Yale College, four stories in height, face the enNew Haven County/, Ct., c. h. at New Haven. tire length of the western boundary of the green, New Haven co. is bounded N. by Litchfield and presenting an imposing aspect. Yale College, Hartford counties, E. by Middlesex co., S. by from which New Haven derives much of its Long Island Sound, and W. by Litchfield co. celebrity, was founded in 1700, and is one of the and the Housatonic River, which separates it oldest and most distinguished literary institutions from Fairfield co. This county, lying on Long in this country, and more students are annually Island Sound, has a very extensive maritime educated here than in any other place in the border, but its foreign trade is chiefly confined to United States. The whole number of students in New Haven harbor. Its fisheries of oysters and 1851, connected with the college, was 558. The clams, and other fish, are valuable. It is inter- number of graduates, to 1850, is 5932. The genersected by several streams, none of them of very al management of the college is committed to the large size, but of some value for their water corporation, consisting of the president, the gover power and fish. Of these the principal are the nor and lieutenant governor of the state, the six Pomperaug and Naugatuck, on the W.; Quinni- oldest members of the state senate, and ten clergypiac, Menunkatuck, West, and Mill Rivers on the men of the state, chosen by the clerical part of the E. The Quinnipiac is the largest, and passes corporation. The faculty, to whom is intrusted through extensive meadows. The county is inter- the government and instruction of the students, sected centrally by the Canal Railroad, which consists of the president, the professors, and tutors. IN THE UNITED STATES. 477 The whole course of instruction occupies four house, custom house, five banks, a jail, state hosyears. In each year there are three terms or pital, and the large and elegant railroad station sessions. Commencement is held on the last building in the central part of the city. The Thursday in July. Instruction is given in all new Green, or Wooster Square, is destined to be the higher branches of education by able pro- a beautiful place, and the new burying ground, fessors, and connected with the college is a law, Evergreen Cemetery, situated at the western medical, and theological department. Imme- extremity of the city, is laid out with much taste. diately back of the line of the college buildings New Haven covers a great extent of ground for a is the library, a Gothic structure 151 feet long, city of its population. A large proportion of the with towers, the extreme height of which is 91 houses have court yards in front and gardens in feet. It contains the college library, now become the rear. Besides Yale College, there is in this one of the most valuable in the country, which place quite a number of high schools for the was during the last century enriched by donations education of both gexes, among which are seven from distinguished men, among whom were J. seminaries or schools for the education of young Dummer, Sir John Davie, Governor Yale, (from ladies. The superior literary advantages to be whom the college derives its name,) and Bishop found in New Haven, and the high standing of Berkeley. Besides this, the building contains the resident professors, in the various departthe large and valuable libraries belonging to the ments of science, have given the place a wide different college societies. The total number of literary reputation. volumes in the edifice is 52,000. The mineral- The village of Fair Haven, two miles E. from ogical cabinet, another large building, is situated the court house, lies partly within the limits of in the rear of the line of college edifices. It con- New Haven, and is situated on both sides of the tains the great cabinet of Colonel Gibbs, consist- Quinnipiac. It contains three churches: one ing of 10,000 specimens, collected by him in Congregational, one Methodist, and one EpiscoEurope during the revolutionary period there, at pal, and about 2000 inhabitants. The oyster the commencement of the present century, to- trade is the leading business of the place, large gether with very large subsequent additions. quantities being brought here from various places The Trumbull Gallery, erected in 1831, stand- and laid down in beds, giving employment to ing back of the line of the college buildings, con- quite a number of vessels, which are owned in tains the paintings of Colonel John Trumbull, the place. Westville, another village in New the aid of Washington, and the father of Ameri- Haven, is situated at the foot of West Rock, can historical painting. His remains, with those about 2 miles N. W. of the court house, containof his wife, are interred in a vault beneath this ing about 1000 inhabitants. About a mile from building. Besides eight principal subjects of the the village, near the summit of a rock or mounAmerican revolution, there are nearly two hun- tain, is the Judges' Cave, a place where the dred and fifty portraits of persons distinguished regicides, Generals Goffe and Whalley, conduring that period, painted by him from life. cealed themselves from their pursuers. PopulaBack of the centre church, on the public square tion of the city in 1850 was 20,341; population or green, are buried the remains of Colonel John of the city and town, 22,529. Dixwell, one of the judges of King Charles I., New Haven, N. Y., Oswego co. Drained by and near by, if tradition be correct, those of the Catfish Creek, a tributary of Lake Ontario, which regicide generals, Goffe and Whalley. Colonel bounds it on the N. Surface undulating; soil Dixwell's remains, after a lapse of 161 years, well adapted to grass. 10 miles E. from Oswego, were reinterred by his relatives in 1849, and a and 157 N. W. from Albany. tasteful and durable monument was erected, and New Haven, Vt., Addison co. The soil of this placed in the charge of the public authorities. town is various, and generally productive. The The public burying ground, at the north-western waters of Otter Creek, Middlebury River, and corner of the original town plot, is tastefully laid Little Otter Creek give the town a good water out with trees and shrubbery, and is surrounded power. Quarries of excellent marble are found by a high and durable stone wall, with an ele- here. The settlement was commenced in 1769, gant Egyptian gateway and iron fence in front. by a few emigrants from Salisbury, Ct., on that Within the enclosure are the monuments of part which is now set off to Waltham. The setColonel Humphreys, the aid of Washington, Eli tlement was broken up during the revolutionary Whitney, the inventor of the cotton gin, Jehudi war, but the settlers returned at the close of it, and Ashmun, the first colonial agent at Liberia, Noah in 1785 the town was organized. 40 m. W. S. W. Webster, the author of the American Dictionary from Montpelier, and 7 N. W. from Middlebury. of the English Language, and other distinguished New Hudson, N. Y., Alleghany co. Black men. Creek and some other small streams water this The harbor of New Haven is protected from town, the surface of which is high and unduwinds, buttis rather shallow. To remedy its de- lating, and the soil favorable to the growth of fects, a wharf has been constructed extending grass. 14 miles W. from Angelica, and 270 into the bay 3943 feet. The commercial busi- from Albany. ness of the city is considerable, particularly with Newington, N. H., Rockingham co. The soil is the West Indies, and by the recent construction generally sandy and unproductive, excepting of railroads in various directions its general busi- near the waters. At Fox Point, in the N. W. ness has been much extended. The manufac- part of the town, Piscataque Bridge is thrown turing business of the city is quite important, par- over the river to Goat Island, and thence to ticularly that of carriage making. Besides the Durham shore. The bridge was erected in 1793, twelve college edifices situated at the W. side of is 2600 feet long and 40 wide, cost $65,401. the public square, the city contains twenty-two Piscataqua River bounds this town on the N. E., churches, viz., eight Congregational, three Epis- Great and Little Bays on the W. and N. W., and copal, five Methodist, three Baptist, two Catholic, Greenland and Great Bay on the S. 44 miles E. and one Universalist; a medical college, state S. E. from Concord, and 5 W. from Portsmouth. 478 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., New lpswich, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town and city. The first English settlement in is watered by many rivulets, but principally by New London commenced in 1646. It is situSouhegan River. Over this river is a stone ated on the W. bank of the River Thames. In bridge, built in 1817. It is 156 feet long, 22 its territorial limits it is much the smallest of wide, and 42 high, resting on a single arch of any town in the state, being about 4 miles in split stone; cost $3500. The first cotton factory length from N. to S., and averages about three in the state was built in this town in 1803. New fourths of a mile in breadth. The city of New Ipswich has become an important manufacturing London is situated 3 miles from Long Island town. Pratt's and Hoar's Ponds contain about Sound, and is a port of entry. The city is princi50 acres each. Here is fine pasture land under pally built on a declivity, which descends to the E. cultivation. The New Ipswich Academy was and S. It is irregularly laid out, owing to the incorporated June 18, 1789. The principal vil- nature of the ground on which it is built, being lage is in the centre of the town, in a pleasant much encumbered with granite rocks. Some of and fertile valley. 50 miles S. S. W. from Con- the streets have been straightened and levelled, by cord, and about 18 S. W. from Amherst. blasting the granite rocks with which they were New Kent County, Va., c. h. at New Kent Court disfigured. The harbor is one of the best in the House. This county is bounded N. and E. by United States, being large, safe, and commodious, Pamunky River, separating it from King Wil- having 5 fathoms of water. It is 3 miles long, liam and King and Queen counties, S. E. by and rarely obstructed with ice. During the James City co., S. W. by Chickahominy River, extreme cold in January, 1835, while the navigaseparating it from Charles City and Henrico tion of the harbor of New York was closed by counties, and N. W. by Hanover co. the ice, the harbor of New London remained New Kent, Va., c. h. New Kent co. 3 miles S. open and unobstructed. This handsome place from Pamunky River, and 30 E. from Richmond. has long been distinguished for the enterprise of New Lebanon, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered its inhabitants in navigation and commerce, by Lebanon and Kinderhook Creeks, and con- especially in the whale fishery. Besides ship tains the celebrated Lebanon Springs, also an building, and the manufacture of oil and candles, extensive Shaker settlement. The surface is it has a variety of other manufactures; and now hilly and mountainous, being traversed on the E. that the railroads, built and in progress, afford it by the Taghkanic Mountains, and W. and S. by an easy communication with the interior, and the Peterboro' Hills, leaving a large and fertile with the great marts of commerce, it has received valley between. 25 miles N. E. from Hudson, a new impulse, and is rapidly increasing in wealth and 24 S. W. from Albany. and population. Population in 1850, 9006. 61 New Lebanon Springs, N. Y., Columbia co. 25 miles S. E. from Hartford, and 53 E. from New miles S. E. from Albany. See Fashionable Resorts. Haven. Connected by railroad, via New Haven, New Lisbon, N. Y., Otsego co. Butternut and with New York, 130 miles; with Boston, via Otego Creeks water this town. Surface diversi- Worcester, 118 miles; with Hartford, via Norflied with hills and broad valleys; soil sandy wich and Willimantic, 61 miles. loam. 82 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and New London, Mo., c. h. Ralls co. On the S. 13 W. from Albany. side of Salt River. 98 miles N. N. E. from JefferNew Lisbon, O., c. h. Columbiana co. On the N. son City. bank of the Middle Fork of Little Beaver River. New London, N. H., Merrimac co. Lake Sun150-miles E.N. E.fromColumbus. Aprosperous apee separates this town from Wendell, and is and beautiful place; has some of its streets paved. the principal source of Sugar River. Little SunNew London County, Ct. New London and apee, Pleasant, Harvey's, and Messer's Ponds are Norwich are the county towns. New London co. in this town. Harvey's and Messer's are sepais bounded N. by Windham, Tolland, and Hart- rated by a bog. The settlements of New London ford counties. E. by Windham co. and the state are formed principally on three large swells of of Rhode Island, S. by Long Island Sound, and land. The soil is deep and good. In the N. W. by the county of Middlesex. This county part are several elevations. In some parts the possesses superior maritime advantages, having land is rocky. The damage by the violent whirlan extensive border on Long Island Sound, which wind of September 9, 1821, was estimated at affords numerous bays, inlets, and harbors. Ex- $9000. A large rock, lying out of the ground, cepting a small section, principally in the town of 100 feet long, 50 wide, and 20 high, was rent Lyme, no portion of the county can be considered into 2 pieces, and thrown about 20 feet asunder. as mountainous; but it is generally hilly and ele- 30 miles W. N. W. from Concord. vated, and comprises a small proportion of alluvial. New London, Pa., Chester co. Watered by The hills and elevated tracts are considerably Elk and Clay Creeks. Surface gently sloping; rough and stony. The lands in general are not soil sandy loam. adapted to grain culture, although upon the inter- lew Madrid County, Mo., c. h. at New Madrid. vales and other tracts, Indian corn is raised to Bounded N. and N. E. by Scott and Mississippi advantage and to a considerable extent. The counties, E. and S. by the Mississippi River, sepprincipal agricultural interests depend very much arating it from Kentucky, and W. by Dunklin co. upon grazing. The waters of the county are The surface is level, and the soil, in parts not liaabundant and valuable. On the S. it is washed ble to inundation, is fertile. more than 30 miles by Long Island Sound, New Madrid, Mo., c. h. New Madrid co. On part of its western border by Connecticut River, the N. side of a considerable bend in the Missisand the interior of the county is watered and sippi River. 271 miles S. E. from Jefferson City. fertilized by the Thames and its branches. The In 1811 and 1812 this place was visited with fishing business is more extensively carried on earthquakes. m this county than in any other section of the New Market, N. H., Rockingham co. Piscatastate, and is an important branch of industry. qua, Lamprey, and Swampscot Rivers water this New London, Ct., c. h. New London co. Town town. The soil is good, and agricultural pursuits IN THE UNITED STATES. 479 are crowned with success. There are several tities of granite and marble are found here. 35 pleasant and thriving villages, in which are large miles from Bridgeport by the Houstonic Railroad. and valuable manufactures. Mrs. Fanny Shute, New Milford, Pa., Susquehanna co., is drained who died in this town September. 1819, was re- by Mitchell's and Salt Lick Creeks. Surface spected for her excellent qualities, and celebrated hilly; soil clay and gravel. 185 miles N. from for the adventures of her youth. When 13 months Harrisburg. old, she was taken to Canada by a party of In- Newnan, Ga., c. h. Coweta co. 106 miles W. dians, and disposed of to the French, educated in by N. from Milledgeville. a nunnery, and after remaining 13 years in cap- Newnanville, Fa., c. h. Alachua co. 72 miles tivity, was redeemed and restored to her friends. W. from St. Augustine, and 120 E. S. E. from This town was originally a part of Exeter. 36 Tallahassee. miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 W. by S. from New Orleans, La. City and port of entry in the Portsmouth by railroad. parish of Orleans. Situated on the left bank Neu Market, Va., Shenandoah co. 1 mile E. of the Mississippi River, about 100 miles from from the N. fork of Shenandoah River, a lit- its mouth, about 950 miles below the mouth of tle W. from Massanutten Mountain, and 139 the Ohio, and 1100 below the mouth of the Mismiles N. W. from Richmond. Large manufac- souri. It is distant from Baton Rouge, the capitures are carried on here. Iron is found in abun- tal of the state, 131 miles. For the distance from dance in the region. A beautiful cascade upon other important places, see Grand Distance and the mountain is much admired. Table. The population, in 1810, was 17,240; in New Marlboro', Ms., Berkshire co. The first 1820, 27,176; in 1830, 46,310; in 1840, 102,193; improvements in this town were made in 1739, in 1850, 119,285. The site of New Orleans, in by Mr. Benjamin Wheeler, from Marlboro'. The conformity to other parts of the banks of the surface is uneven, hilly, and stony. In the N. Mississippi in the same vicinity, is on an inclined W. part of the town is Six Mile Pond, so called plane; the declivity falling very gently from by some Indians, who lived 6 miles distant from the margin of the river towards the swamp in it, in Great Barrington, and who resorted to it for the rear. When the river is full, the surface of the purposes of fishing. The outlet from this the water is from 2 to 4 feet above the streets of pond is called Konkapot, from an Indian family the city; and at any stage it is above the of that name, who lived by its side. Umpache- swamps in the rear of the back streets. To prene Stream rises in the E. part of the town, and vent inundation, an artificial embankment, called passing by the centre, runs S. W., and empties the Levee, has been built upon the river, at a in the Konkapot. This stream derives its name great expense, extending from Fort Plaquemine, from an Indian. In the S. E. part of the town- 43 miles below the city, to 120 miles above it, ship is a pond nearly 2 miles in circumference, which is 4 feet high, and 15 feet wide. Directly called Hermit Pond, which is the source of a in front of the city, it affords a very pleasant stream, which runs S. W. into Canaan. This promenade. The city is built upon the concave pond derived its name from the circumstance that a side of a bend in the river, extending, with its inhermit lived for several years on the south-eastern corporated faubourgs, not less than 5 miles parside. In the W. part of the town is a cave. It has allel to it, and, at right angles to the river, from several apartments of various dimensions, whose a quarter of a mile to a mile, giving to its outline sides and roof are limestone, on which stalactites the form of a crescent, from which New Orleans are continually forming. Abouta quarter of a mile is familiarly denominated the " Crescent City." S. W. of the south meeting house is a rock, judged The city proper lies near the middle of the curve, to weigh 30 or 40 tons, so equally balanced on extending along the river 1320 yards, and 700 another rock, that a man may move it with his yards back, having the faubourgs of St. Mary, Dufinger. 24 miles S. from Pittsfield, and 133 W. by plantier, and Annunciation above, those of MarigS. from Boston. ny and De Clouet below, and another more deNew Milford, Ct., Litchfield co. This town- tached, in the rear, on the Bayou St. John. The ship is hilly and broken, several mountainous city proper is a parallelogram, with its side upon ridges extending through it. The soil is much the river. At each extremity of the length of diversified, and where susceptible of cultivation, the city, the streets make an angle, to bring them it is generally good; but on the whole more dis- more nearly into the direction of the river in tinguished for grass than grain. There are, how- those parts; but between these points the streets ever, large quantities of excellent meadow ground; are straight. The city proper is traversed by 22 but the pasturage is, on the whole, not abundant. streets, forming 84 principal and 14 minor squares. It is essentially a farming town. For some time The houses are principally of brick; and the after the white people came here, an Indian chief, more modern buildings, especially in the upper or sachem, named Werauhamaug, had a palace part of the city, or second municipality, are genstanding near the Great Falls, where he resided. erally 3 and 4 stories high, with elegant granite On the inner walls of this palace (which were fronts. Many of the houses in the outer parts of bark, with the smooth side inwards) were pic- are surrounded with gardens, and ornamented tured every known species of beast, bird, fish, and with orange trees. The view of the city, in asinsect, from the largest to the smallest. The cending or descending the river, is beautiful. town of New Milford was purchased of the col- During the season of business, between the 1st ony of Connecticut by a company of individuals of November and the 1st of July, the Levee, in chiefly belonging to Milford, and was first settled its whole extent, is crowded with vessels of every in 1707. The first bridge that was ever built over size, from all quarters of the world, and with the Housatonic River, from the sea to its source, hundreds of large and splendid steamboats, was built in this town in 1737. The village of barges, flat boats, &c. The river opposite the New Milford is very handsome; the streets are city is half a mile wide, and from 100 to 160 feet wide and well shaped. The territory of this town deep. It preserves the same width almost to its is larger than any other in the state. Large quan- entrance into the Gulf of Mexico. Any vessels 480 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., which can pass the bars at the mouth of the riv- insalubrity of the climate. The same is true of cr, can be laid alongside of the Levee; and at the morals of the city. From certain flagrant high water are generally, when loading or un- features of open abandonment and disregard of loading, attached to the shore with cables and a the institutions of religion among a population platform. The harbor and the bank of the river so little American in its composition, it is not are commensurate with each other, especially strange that an impression extremely unfavorable opposite the city proper. Nothing can present a to the morals of the city should be produced. It more animating and busy scene, during the season is said, however, to be an orderly and peaceable of business, than the Levee at New Orleans, from city; and its inhabitants are distinguished for the loading and unloading of vessels and steam- their politeness, hospitality, and kindness to the boats, and the passing in all directions of an ap distressed. parently countless number of drays, transporting There are fewer churches in New Orleans than cotton, sugar, and tobacco, and all the varied in most large cities of this country. There are and immense products of the great western valley. 3 Roman Catholic and 2 Protestant Episcopal The position of this city, as a great commercial Churches. The Presbyterians, the Congregationemporium, is scarcely inferior to that of any in alists, the Baptists, and the Methodists have I our country. The Mississippi, with its tributa- each. A Protestant congregation has been gathries, brings to it, as a market, the products of ered among the French population of the city, more than 20,000 miles of navigation; nor is it who have preaching in their own language. There possible yet to conjecture how vast this trade is also a Mariners' Church. must become when the resources of the whole Among the public buildings, the Cathedral, or Mississippi valley shall be fully developed. To Church of St. Louis, on the Place d'Armes, or expedite the passage of ships to and from the Parade Square, is one of the most imposing, from gulf, large and powerful steam tow-boats are em- its venerable and antique appearance. It was ployed; some of which will take several large founded in 1792, and so far completed as to be vessels in their train. By a canal and a railroad occupied in 1794. The lower story is of the rusconnecting New Orleans with Lake Pontchar- tic order, flanked at each of the front angles by train, 4? miles distant, the trade of the country hexagonal towers projecting one half of their bordering on that lake and on Lake Borgne, and diameter, and crowned by low spires. The secof all the coast of the N. part of the Gulf of ond story is of the Roman Doric order. Above, Mexico, as far as Florida, is brought to the city. oil the apex of the pediment of this story, rises A considerable fleet of sloops is often seen in the principal turret, square below for about 20 the basin, which is formed in the city to receive feet, and hexagonal above, with a belfry surthe transports from the canal. At the termina- mounted by an elevated pinnacle. By the contion of the railroad also, at Lake Pontchartrain, ditions of the erection of this Cathedral, masses a harbor has been formed, and a considerable vil- are offered, every Saturday evening, for the soul lage has sprung up. The route passed over by of its founder, Don Audre; and the tolling of these lines of artificial communication is almost the bell at sunset of that day recalls his memory a perfect level; there being not more than 16 to the citizens. On the right and left of this inches of variation from it in the whole distance church edifice are two public buildings of the of 44 miles. The facilities for trade at New Or- city, in the Tuscan and Doric orders, two stories leans are great, and are well improved. high, occupied in their lower stories by the police The exports, including the foreign and coast- prison, city guard room, and various offices, and ing trade, are greater than those of any other city in their second stories by the offices of the mayor, of the United States, excepting New York. In and of the city treasurer and comptroller, and the 1850, about 750,000 bales of cotton were exported common council chamber, and by the District and to foreign parts and coastwise. The imports to Criminal Courts of the parish, with the offices of this port, however, are much less; for a large their respective clerks. The Second Presbyterian part of the western country, which sends its ex- Church is finely located, fronting on Lafayette ports by the way of New Orleans, receives its im- Square, the handsomest public place in the city. ported goods by the Atlantic cities. It has a fine'portico of the Grecian Doric order. The government of the city is administered by A neat obelisk has been erected, in the court in a mayor and a city council, elected bhy the free- front of this church, to the memory of Rev. holders. In 1836 the legislature passed an act Sylvester Larned, the first Presbyterian pastor in dividing the city into three municipalities, rank- the city, who died in 1820, at the early age of ing them according to their population; but, in 24. The new Methodist Church, on the corner 1851, these municipalities were again consolidated of Poydras and Carondolel Streets, is a fine buildinto one body politic. No city in the United ing, copiedfrom the Temple of Theses atAthens. States. perhaps, contains such a variety of inhab- It has a fine portico, and a steeple rising 170 feet itants, from every state in the Union and from from the ground. This building was completed every nation in Europe, as well as from the West in 1837. The First Congregational Church is a Indies and the Spanish countries in Mexico and brick edifice, in the Gothic style of architecture, South America. One half of the population, finished in 1819. The building, which was forprobably, is black or colored. Of the white in- merly the charity hospital, and more recently the habitants, the French yet constitute a large pro- state house, is a fine piece of architecture, conportion. The intercourse of New Orleans with sisting of a centre building and two detached New York is greater than with any other Ameri- wings, occupying an entire square between Canal can city. That with Havana and Vera Cruz is Street and other streets. The new Charity Hosgreat and constantly increasing. The unhealthi- pital is a large building, 290 feet long and 3 ness of the situation of New Orleans is against stories high, entered from Common Street. The it; though, from the occasional ravages of ma- cupola of this building presents a magnificent lignant epidemics to which it is exposed, an ex- view of the city and its environs. The grounds aggerated idea has sometimes been formed of the around it are handsomely laid out,-and neatly IN THE UNITED STATES. 481 kept. It is calculated to contain 540 patients. ing the minority of Louis XV. In consequence This noble charity is rendered peculiarly neces- of an extraordinary rise of the Mississippi, a year sary by the sickness which prevails at certain or two later, the spot on which several buildings seasons at New Orleans, especially among stran- had been erected was overflowed, and was for a gers. The Franklin Infirmary is a private hospi- time abandoned. In 1722 the settlement was tal, fronting on the Pontchartrain Railroad. It is again commenced, with a view of making it the a beautiful building, and can accommodate 100 chief town of the province. The next year, when patients. Several of the markets are lar'ge and Charlevoix arrived from Canada by way of the expensive structures. The meat market, on the river, the place contained about 100 cabins, withLevee, built of brick, and extending from Ann to out much order, 2 or 3 dwellings of a better class, Main Streets, is a prominent object as the city is a miserable storehouse occupied as a chapel, approached by water. St. Mary's Market, in the a shed being converted into a house of prayer, second municipality, is 480 feet long and 42 feet 1 large woodqn warehouse, and a population of wide. Washington Market, in the third munici- about 200. Soon after this, an accession was pality, is alsoa fine structure. The theatres are made to the population by the arrival of a cornaamong the most splendid buildings of New Or- pany of Germans, whose descendants still remain, leans. The St. Charles Theatre, standing on the occupying what is called the German Coast. In E. side of Charles Street, is 132 feet long by 175 1727, the Jesuits and Ursuline nuns arrived, and feet deep, and cost $350,000. The Orleans Thea- were accommodated on a tract of land in the tre is a spacious edifice, which cost $180,000. lowest part of the Faubourg St. Mary. In The performances in this theatre are in the French 1763, the pope expelled the Jesuits from the dolanguage. The Camp Street or American Thea- minions of France, Spain, and Naples. They tre, in the second municipality, is 60 feet wide, were obliged to leave Louisiana, and their propand 160 feet deep, and cost, with its furniture, erty in New Orleans was seized and sold for and the ground on which it stands, $120,000. It about $180,000; which now is worth some can accommodate1100persons. Among the im- $15,000,000. In 1764, British vessels began to posing structures peculiar to this city are several visit New Orleans, and to trade with the inhabextensive cotton presses. The New Orleans cot- itants. The exports during the last year of its ton press occupies ground 632 feet long and 308 subjection to France amounted to $250,000; and feet wide, which is nearly covered by the build- the population was 3190. The commerce suffered ings. The centre building is 3 stories high, sur- at first by the restrictions of the Spanish; but mounted by a cupola, which overlooks the city. shortly afterwards, through a more liberal policy, The wings are 2 stories high, and very extensive. revived again. In 1785, the population of the 150,000 bales of cotton, on an average, annually, city proper was 4980. In 1788, a great fire conare pressedl at this establishment. There are, sumned 900 houses. In 1791, academies and besides this, other presses. Some of the banks schools began to be opened by some of the immihave fine buildings; and some of the hotels are grants, the education of the young having previamong the most costly and magnificent in the ously been in the hands of the priests and nuns. country. The St. Charles Hotel, which was In 1792, Baron Carondolet arrived, who divided burned in 1850, and is to be rebuilt, cost about the city into four wards, and recommenced light$600,000. The United States Branch Mint is an ing it and employing watchmen. He erected edifice 282 feet long and 108 feet deep, with 2 new fortifications, and organized the militia. In wings, 29 by 81 feet, the whole 3 stories high. 1794, the first newspaper was published here. In The custom house and U. S. land office are 1801, Louisiana was ceded by Spain to the Fren6h, also handsome buildings. A new custom house and in 1803, by purchase from the French, it beis now in process of erection at New Orleans, came a possession of the United States. The which, when completed, will be one of the largest population of New Orleans at this time did not buildings in the United States. It is to include much exceed 8000; and its revenues were less the United States court rooms, together with the than $20,000. In 1804, it was made a port of necessary warehouses, for the use of the govern- entry and delivery; and in 1805, it received a ment, and will, it is stated, be one third larger charter of incorporation as a city. January 10, than the Capitol at Washington, when completed 1812, the first steamboat arrived from Pittsburg. with the new wings. The granite for this im- During the war of 1812 with Great Britain, New mense Building is to be furnished from the quar- Orleans was invaded by a British force of about ries in Quincy, Ms. 8000 men, approaching it through the Lakes The water with which New Orleans is supplied Borgne and Pontchartrain; and in the battle of is raised by a steam engine fiom the Mississippi the 8th of January, 1815, the city was defended, River. The reservoir into which it is received is and the enemy repulsed with great loss, by the constructed on an artificial mound, and is 21 feet skill and bravery of General Jackson and the high at its base, and 250 feet square. From this troops under his command. Immediately after reservoir, divided into four compartments, the this event, intelligence arrived of peace having water, after becoming clear, is distributed over been concluded previous to the date of the battle. the city in iron pipes. These waterworks belong All things have since conspired, in the state of to the Commercial Bank, and were built at a cost the country, in the rapid settlement of the Missisof $722,000. The city authorities have also built sippi valley, and in the new and extensive applian aqueduct, at an expense of $110,000, for the cation of steam power to the navigation of its purpose of bringing running water in hot weather mighty rivers, to hasten, with almost incredible through the gutters of the streets, thereby to pro- strides, the growth and prosperity of New mote the cleanliness and health of the city. Orleans. The early historical annals of New Orleans, of New Paltz, N. Y., Ulster co. Bounded on the the greatest importance, are the following. The E. by the Hudson River, and watered by the eity was laid out in 1717, and named in honor of Wallkill. The surface is rather hilly, the W. part the then Duke of Orleans, regent of France dur- being partly covered by the Shawangunk Moun61 482 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., tain. The soil is various, but mostly productive. " It is deservedly esteemed the paradise of New 14 miles S. from Kingston, and 75 from Albany. England for the fruitfulness of the soil and the New Philadelphia, O., c. h. Tuscarawas co. On temperateness of the climate. Though it is not a beautiful plain on the E. bank of Tuscarawas above 60 miles S. of Boston, it is a coat warmer River, opposite the entrance of Sugar Creek, and in winter; and, being surrounded by the ocean, is 115 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. not so much affected in summer with the hot land Newport, Ia., c. h. Vermilion co. On the S. breezes as the towns on the continent." side of Vermilion River, 2 miles above its con- The harbor is considered one of the best on the fluence with the Wabash, and 78 W. from Indian- coast of America, and is admirably defended by apolis. Forts Wolcott, Green, and Adams. The latter, Newport, Ky., c.h. Campbell co. On the Ohio on Brenton's Point, is a fortification of great River, opposite Cincinnati, and just above the strength and costliness, not yet entirely completmouth of Licking River. 86 miles N. N. E. from ed. The town is built upon a gentle declivity, Frankfort. Here is a United States arsenal. fronting the harbor, and looking towards the S.W., Newport, Me., Penobscot co. A fine farming which presents it handsomely to view as it is town. 56 miles N. E. from Augusta, and 24 approached upon the water. The principal street W. from Bangor. is over a mile in length. There is a public square, Newport, Mo., c. h. Franklin co., occupies high called Washington Square, on which the state bluffs. 1 mile from the Missouri River, and 70 house stands. The buildings generally are neat, miles E. from Jefferson City. and some of them very handsome. The first buildNewport, N. H., c. h. Sullivan co. Its cen- ings were erected around a spring, where the fountral situation and its water power have ren- tain now is, in the rear of the state house. The dered it a place of considerable business. Near stone house is still standing on the E. side of the centre of the town, and the confluence of Spring Street, which was built by Henry Bull, one the E. and S. branches of Sugar River, and of the original purchasers, and one of the early the Croydon Turnpike, is a handsome village. governors of the colony, who died in 1693. This The soil is rich and productive. Sugar River house was one of the first built in Newport. The flows through the town. Bald, Coit, and East marks of antiquity which some of the buildings Mountains, and Blueberry Hill, are in Newport. bear, with the excellent state of preservation in This town is noted for its good schools and which they appear, give them a grace and dignity charitable societies. First settlers, Jesse Wilcox, not often found in those of more modern construeEbenezer Merrit, Jesse Kelsey, and Samuel Hurd, tion. Within a few years, however, the town has in 1763. The settlers were mostly from Killing- undergone great changes; many new buildings worth, Ct. 40 miles W. by N. from Concord, and have been erected — churches, cotton factories, hoabout 35 N. from Keene. tels, and dwelling houses; old houses have been reNewport, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered on the paired and painted; new streets have been opened, E. and S. by West Canada Creek. It is a hilly and old ones put in order; wealthy persons from town, with fertile valleys. 10 miles N. from other cities have purchased situations, and built Herkimer, and 88 N. W. from Albany. tasteful dwellings for summer residence; and Newport, Pa., Luzerne co. Nanticoke River the place has been greatly improved in its apwaters this town, and at the falls affords great pearance. hydraulic power, besides feeding the North Branch Among the public buildings, the State House is Canal. Anthracite coal and bog iron ore abound a handsome brick edifice, two stories high, above here. 8 miles S. W. from Wilkesbarre. a basement story of stone. Over the centre is a Newport, Pa., Perry co. On the W. bank handsome octagonal cupola. In this building, of Juniata River, and on the Pennsylvania Canal. besides the halls and offices for the legislature, 28 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. are the rooms for the different courts of the Newport County, R. I., c. h. at Newport. S. E. county, the state, and the United States. In the part, including several fertile islands in Narragan- senate chamber is a fine picture of Washington, set Bay, and the continental portion of the state. painted by Stuart for the town. S. of Mount Hope Bay. The building of the Redwood Library and Newport, R. I. Port of entry, semi-capital of the Athenaeum, on East Truro Street, erected in 1750, state, and seat of justice of Newport co. This is a handsome specimen of architecture, suited to ancient town is situated on the S. W. side of the its design. It consists of a centre building, with Island of Rhode Island, in Narraganset Bay, two small wings. The centre building is ornaabout 30 miles S. by E. from Providence. The mented in front with a portico of four Doriu three towns of Newport, Middletown, and Ports- columns, 17 feet in height. It appears, from a mouth include the whole area of the island, historical sketch of this institution, that it origiPortsmouth being on the N. part, and Middletown nated in a literary and philosophical society, which in the centre. In Portsmouth are the Rhode was established in Newport in 1730, and which Island coal mines; also a bed of plumbago has the celebrated Bishop Berkeley, who resided in been discovered here. The soil of all these towns Rhode Island from January, 1729, to September, is rich, and is brought under excellent cultivation. 1731, encouraged in its formation, "often particiThe inhabitants of the two latter are not numer- pating in its discussions, and, by the charm of his ous, are chiefly occupied with'the pursuits of conversation, giving a delightful interest to its husbandry, and are distinguished for their habits meetings." The library contains about 4000 of industry and economy. The settlement of the volumes. A number of valuable pictures and island was first commenced at the N. E. part, and busts adorn the room. Portsmouth was the first town laid out; but some The Market House, or Granary, as it is called, of the settlers, the next spring, with others who because originally intended to serve the purpose were about to unite with them, went to the S. of a granary as well as of a market, built in 1762,.end, and began the settlement of Newport. This is a very neat and tasteful building, three stories was in 1638. Of this beautiful island Neal says, high, built in strict conformity to the rules of the IN THE UNITED STATES. 483 Ionic order. Its location, however, on Thames the arrival of the first emigrants," observes Street, near the Long Wharf, is not favorable to Benjamin B. Howland, Esq., an intelligent citizen, its full appreciation as a building. to whom we are indebted for many of the facts The Custom House is also on Thames Street, for this article, " Newport and Boston were the is a large brick building, with wings projecting chief cities of New England; and their commerce in front and in the rear, and is open to the harbor. rendered each of them superior to New York. The Masonic Hall, on School Street, and the Several of the first settlers on the island were Amory Hall, on Clarke Street, are handsome possessed of great wealth; some of them were edifices. from the commercial cities of Europe, and others There are numerous religious denominations from Massachusetts. Many who came here to in Newport. The first regularly-organized Bap- reside were learned and refined, and the society fist church in this country was gathered here about of the place was literary and polite, giving tone 1641. Their first meeting-house was at Green to that of the surrounding country, who looked to End, now in Middletown. Subsequently they Newport for their fashions and manners. Preoccupied the lot in Tanner Street, now used as a vious to the revolution, the prosperity of the burial-place for the pastors of the church. Their town was almost unequalled in the history of first pastor, Dr. John Clark, was buried here. the world.' Her streets were thronged with the Their present house of worship, on Spring Street, intelligent and enterprising of distant lands, and is a neat and commodious edifice. The Baptists the canvas of different nations whitened her have likewise two or three other churches. capacious and delightful harbor.:" There were formerly two Calvinistic Congre- Unfortunately, some of the capitalists of Newgational churches, of which some of the most port entered into the African slave trade, which, learned and eminent of the New England divines strange and humiliating as it now appears, was have been the, pastors. Among them were Dr. then prosecuted and considered reputable by the Styles, afterwards president of Yale College, and mother country, and by other European naDr. Hopkins, author of a System of Divinity. A tions. few years ago, these churches were united in At the commencement of the revolution, the one. population of Newport had increased to nearly There are also Unitarian Congregationalists, 10,000. Butwiththat momentous strugglecame Episcopalians, Freewill Baptists, Sabbatarians, a day of sad disaster to this beautiful town. The or Seventh-day Baptists, Methodists, Quakers, first act of popular resistance to the encroachMoravians, and Roman Catholics. The present ments of the British government was in the deQuaker meeting house was built in 1700; at which struction of his Britannic majesty's sloop Liberdate it is stated that one half the population were ty, in 1769, stationed in the harbor of Newport Quakers. Edmundson, in his Journal of Reli- to enforce the revenue laws, which was followed, gious Visits, says that the dispute between Roger a few years later, by the ejectment from its waWilliams and some of the ministers of that de- ters of the squadron sent here under the comnomination, in 1672,was held in the Friends' meet- mand. of Wallace, to watch over the British ining house; Mr. Williams having come from Prov- terests. But in December, 1776, the British idence in his log canoe for that purpose. army commanded by Sir Henry Clinton landed There was formerly a considerable body of at Coddington Cove, and obtained possession of Jews in Newport. Those who first came were of the town, which they held during the war. OwDutch extract, from Curaqoa. The deed of their ing to the interruption of its prosperity thus proburial-place is dated February 28, 1677. But those duced, connected with other changes consequent of that nation who were subsequently among the upon the commencement of a new era in the most enterprising of the Newport merchants commercial relations of the country, and espewere from Spain and Portugal, about 75 years cially the impulse given to the growth of other later. These last built the synagogue, now cities, Newport has never recovered the rank standing just E. of Spring Street, which was which it held before as a mart of trade. The once thronged with worshippers. Dr. Water- population fell off during the war to 5500. The house says, "Newport was the only place in New business, which had somewhat revived during England where the Hebrew language was pub- the wars in Europe, was again almost extinlicly read and chanted by more than 300 of the guished by the long embargo preceding our war descendants of Abraham." There are no Jews with England in 1812. now remaining in Newport; but their synagogue Since the application of steam to machinery, and burial-place remain, and are handsomely en- a number of large cotton and woollen manufacclosed with iron fence; the former firom the avails tories have been established here, and consideraof a fund of $10,000, bequeathed to the town ble activity has been given to business in this council by Mr. Abraham Touro, of Boston, son of new channel. The domestic fishery is an importheir former priest, to keep it, with the burial- tant resource to Newport, quite beyond the reach ground and the avenue leading to it, in perpetual of political fluctuations. About sixty different repair; and the latter by the liberality of Mr. kinds,'comprising almost every species of fin and Judah Touro, of New Orleans, a brother of the shell fish regarded as luxuries for the table, are first mentioned. These interesting relics are thus taken in the greatest abundance in the waters of preserved from profanation, and rendered orna- the Narraganset. mental to the town. Progress is making in an enterprise to conAs a place of trade and commerce, previous to nect this place with Fall River, Bristol, and the American revolution, Newport was highly Providence, by railroad. This, when completed, distinguished. Having the advantage of a safe will give a great impulse to the business of Newand commodious harbor, never obstructed with port, and add much to the advantages which it ice, easy of ingress and egress with all winds, now enjoys as a place of fashionable resort. For the people early turned their attention to navi- further particulars, see Fashionable Resorts. gation. "For one hundred and fifty years from Newport, Te., c. h. Cocke co. On the S. W. 484 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., side of French Broad River. 232 miles E. by S. bor, and peat is their only fuel. Its Indian name from Nashville. was lManisses. Newport, Vt., Orleans co. Newport is sepa- Newstead, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Ellirated from Derby by Memphremagog Lake, and cott's and some branches of Tonawanda Creek. is watered by a branch of Missisco River. The Surface slightly uneven; soil calcareous and settlement was begun before the year 1800. 10 gravelly loam. 20 miles N. E. from Buffalo, and miles N. from Irasburg, and 52 N. E. from Mont- 264 W. from Albany. pelier. Newton, Aa., c. h. Dale co. New Portland, Me., Franklin co. This town Newton County, As. In the N. W. angle of is finely watered by two branches of Seven Mile the state, on the height of land between the Brook. This is one of the finest farming towns waters of the White River and the Arkansas. in the county. This town has a pleasant village, Newton County, Ga., c. h. at Covington. Bounda number of saw mills and other manufactories. ed N. E. by Walton co., S. E. by Jasper co., S. It lies 48 miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and and S. W. by Yellow and Alcopatchee Rivers, 18 N. by E. from Farmington. Incorporated separating it from Butts and Henry counties, 1808. and N. W. by De Kalb and Gwinnett counties. New Providence, N. J., Essex co. Hilly and Newton, Ga., c. h. Baker co. mountainous on the W.; soil red shale and clay Newton, Is., c. h. Jasper co. On the WV. side of loam. 13 miles S. W. from Newark, and 56 N. Embarrass River. 130 miles S. E. from SpringE. by N. from Trenton. field. New Richmond, O., Ohio township, Clermont Newton, Ms., Middlesex co. This is a beautico. In 1814 this town was laid out, and in 1828 ful town, encircled by Charles River on the N., incorporated. It is located on an extensive tract W., and S., and bounded on the E. by Brighton of bottom land, on the northern bank of the Ohio and Brookline. It was at first a part of CamRiver, just above the mouth of Muddy Creek. bridge, and at its incorporation it adopted the It is a thriving town, and the land around it is old name of that venerable town, which it has well improved. 20 miles S. E. from Cincinnati, never disgraced. This is the celebrated NTonanand 106 S. W. from Columbus. turn of the Indians, a hallowed spot, where the New Rochelle, N. Y.. Westchester co. This red men of the forest first listened to the teachtown is washed on the S. by Long Island Sound. ings of Christianity in New England, and where The surface is chiefly level; soil clay loam, fa- was erected for their use the first house of prayvorable to the growth of grass. 8 miles S. from er. There are 2 falls on Charles River, in this White Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. town, of considerable extent and great value, Newry, Me., Oxford co. A branch of Andros- called Upper and Lower Falls, about 2 miles coggin River waters this town, and affords it apart. At these falls are beautiful manufacturgood mill privileges. It lies 63 miles W. from ing villages. The village at the Lower Falls is Augusta, and 25 N. W. from Paris. Incorpo- partly in Needham. It is a singular fact, that rated 1805. such is the winding of the river, that the Lower New Salem, Ms., Franklin co. This town is Falls are farther from its mouth and the city elevated, and some parts of it are mountainous; than the Upper Falls. The soil is good and but the surface and soil are generally well adapt- highly cultivated; the surface is varied. In this ed to agricultural purposes, particularly for town is an academy and a normal school. Nograzing. It is well watered by Miller's River on nantum Hill, in Newton, commands some of the the N., and a fine mill stream, the head waters most delightful scenery in the vicinity of Boston. of Swift River, rises in a pond in the town, and The Newton Theological Institution (Baptist) is passes through it. The town comprises two located at Newton Centre village. The Worceshandsome villages, and some pleasant ponds. ter Railroad connects the various villages with 17 miles E. S. E. from Greenfield, and 70 W. by Boston. Distant from Newton Corner, 7 miles; N. from Boston. from West Newton, 9 miles. Newtonville lies New Scotland, N. Y., Albany co. Coeyman's between the two. Creek and a branch of the Normanskill water Newton County, Mi., c. h. at Decatur. Boundthis town. Surface hilly; soil chiefly sand and ed N. by Neshoba co., E. by Lauderdale, S. by clay, based upon slate and limestone. 8 miles Jasper, and W. by Scott co. Drained by the W. from Albany. head branches of Chickasawha, Leaf, and a tribNew Sewickly, Pa., Beaver co. Big Beaver utary of Pearl River. River has falls in this town, which afford exten- Newton County, Mo., c. h. at Neosho. Bounded sive water power. The surface is hilly; soil N. by Jasper co., E. by Lawrence and Barry counloamy. 5 miles E. from Beaver. ties, S. by Arkansas, and W. by Indian Territory. New Sharon, Me., Franklin co. This town is Drained by tributaries of Neosho River. watered on the N. W. side by Sandy River, and Newton, N. C., c. h. Catawba co. is bounded N. by Industry, E. by Mercer, S. by Newton, N. J., Gloucester co. This is a level Vienna, and W. by Farmington. The soil is town, watered by Cooper's and Newton Creeks. admirably adapted to agricultural purposes. Soil sandy. Situated 6 miles N. E. from WoodNew Shoreham, R. I., Newport co. This town bury. comprises the Island of Block Island. The island Newton, N. J., c. h. Sussex co. Watered lies in the open sea. It is about 8 miles in length, by the Paulinkill. Its surface is level in the and varies from 2 to 4 in width' It has several centre, but elsewhere hilly. 70 miles N. from ponds, which cover about a seventh part of the Trenton. island. The surface of the town is uneven, in Newton, Pa., Delaware co. Crum and Darby some parts elevated the soil is a sandy, gravelly Creeks water this town, the surface of which loam, and quite productive. The island was is hilly, and the soil loamy. once famous for its cattle and good dairies. The Newton, Pa., Cumberland co. Big Pond lies people are mostly fishermen; they have no har- on the W. border of this town, and its outlet, IN THE UNITED STATES. 485 Yellow Breeches Creek, drains the surface, which and Sound with the harbor of New York. It is disis chiefly level; the soil is a calcareous loam. 16 tant 145 miles S. from Albany, the capital of the miles W. from Carlisle. state. The population, in 1790, was 33,131; in Newton Uounty, Ts., c. h. at Burke'vlle. In 1800, 60,489; in 1810, 96,373; in 1820, 123,706; the western part of the state. in 1830, 202,589; in 1840, 312,710; in 1850, Newton Falls, O., Trumbull co. At the conflu- 515,394. ence of the 2 branches of Mahoning River. 162 Manhattan Island, the whole of which is emmiles N. E. from Columbus. The rivers here af- braced in the chartered limits of the city, is ford a good.water power. The Pennsylvania and bounded on the N. by Haerlem River, a small Ohio Canal passes this place. strait, which passes from the East River to the Newton Lower Falls, Ms., Middlesex co., lie Hudson, navigable for small vessels; on the E. principally on the E. side of Charles River. 11 by East River, or strait, which separates it from miles W. from Boston. See Newton, Ms. Long Island; on the S. by the harbor; and on Newton Upper Falls, Ms., Middlesex co. On the W. by the North River, which separates it the E. side of Charles River. 9 miles W. from from New Jersey. Its length, from the Battery, Boston. See Newton, Ms. at the southern point, to Kingsbridge, the most Newtown, Ct., Fairfield co. This town was northern limit, is thirteen and one third miles: its incorporated in 1708. It is watered by Pa- average breadth is one mile and three fifths. Its tatuck River, the Indian name of the place. The widest part is on the line of Eighty-Eighth Street, surface of the town is hilly; many of the emi- where the distance from river to river is about two nences are extensive and continuous; the soil is miles and one third., The whole contents of the principally a gravelly loam, generally fertile and island is about 22 square miles, or 14,000 acres. productive. It is well adapted to the culture of The natural surface of the island was uneven, grain, and is also favorable for fruit, there be- as is still the case in the northern part, with ocing many valuable orchards in the town. The casionally low valleys and marshes. But as far borough of Newtown is beautifully situated on as the building of the city has extended, the hills high ground. have been graded and the low places filled up. The flourishing village of Sandy Hook is situ- As early as 1804, this necessity was anticipated ated about 1 miles N. E. of the central part of by the legislature, and a plan was established by Newtown, at the foot of a rocky eminence or law for locating the streets, cutting down the bluff, from the top of which is a fine prospect of hills, and filling up the valleys to a regular and the surrounding country. A fine mill stream uniform grade for a distance of 8 miles in (the Patatuck) runs in a northerly course through extent. The highest elevation of the ground the village, at the base of the cliff, which rises above tide water, in any part of the island, is 238 almost perpendicular to the height of 160 feet. feet. Many of the creeks and inlets on the shores Near a cotton factory, at the northern extremity of the rivers have disappeared; and the entire of the village, some traces of coal have been dis- water line has been materially changed from what covered. 25 miles W. N. W. from New Haven. it originally was. In the S. part of the city, a Newtown, N. H., Rockingham co. Country large part of Water, Front, and South Streets, Pond lies in Newtown and Kingston, and 2 other on the East River, and of Greenwich, Washingsmall ponds connect, by outlets, with its waters. ton, and West Streets, on the North River, are The soil produces good crops of grain or grass. built upon ground which has been made by enFirst settler, in 1720, Joseph Bartlett. 40 miles croaching upon those rivers. The portionof city S. E. from Concord, and 27 S. W. from Ports- which is compactly built covers the whole mouth, by the Boston and Maine Railroad. southern part of the island for a distance of Newtown, N. Y., Queens co. This town com- about 4 miles from the Battery, each way, upon prises 2 or 3 islands lying in the East River, the rivers, and is continually extending its limwhich bounds it on the N., and is watered on the its to the N.; while nearly the whole of that W. by Newtown Creek. The surface is diversi- part of the island has been surveyed and laid out fled; soil clay loam and sand, well adapted to into streets, upon a regular and convenient plan, fruit. 12 miles W. from Hempstead, and 153 S. ready for occupancy as fast as any part of it may from Albany. be required. The streets in the older portions of Newtown, Pa., Bucks co. Newtown, a branch the city were laid out in conformity to the origiof Neshaminy Creek, waters this town, and nal surface of the ground and the diverging diaffords hydraulic power. Surface level; soil rection of the 2 river margins. Some of them rich clay loam. 118 miles E. from Harrisburg. are crooked, narrow, and inconvenient; and somo Nlew Utrecht, N. Y., Kings co. On the W. ex- of the most important, which were formerly so tremity of Long Island, separated fiom Staten have been widened and straightened at great ex Island by the " Narrows." 6 miles S. from pense. Much improvement, in this respect, was Brooklyn and 152 from Albany. effected in the building up of that portion of the New Vineyard, Me., Franklin co. 40 miles N. lower part of the city, covering between 30 and 4C W. from Augusta. acres, which was burned down by the great fire of New Windsor, N. Y., Orange co. Drained by the 16th December, 1835. Broadway, whichisat Murderer's Creek, a branch of the Hudson, which once the most elegant and fashionable street, and bounds it on the E. The surface is hilly and the greatest thoroughfare of the city, traverses its uneven, hut the soil mostly arable and fertile. length for 2j miles in t straight line, from N. to S. 3 miles S. from Newburg, and 89 from Albany. commencing at the Battery and terminating at New York, city and county. Principal city of the Union Square, where it is connected with the state of New York. In population, wealth, and Fourth Avenue, running N. at only a slight devia commerce, New York is the principal city in tion from the same line. This splendid street, the United States. It is situated on Manhattan which is 80 feet wide,occupies the natural crown of Island, at the confluence of North River with the the island between the two rivers. There are only strait called East River, which connects Long Isl- three or four streets S. of the termination'f 486 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Broadway at Union Square, which open avenues beyond the thickly-settled part of the city. It is entirely across the city, from river to river, though now much below the centre of population. Grand, there are several others through which a contin- Broome, and Houston Streets are extensive and uous course may be pursued for nearly the whole important streets above Canal Street. Bleeker, distance. Such are Grand, Broome, Houston, Bond, and numerous other streets, in the N. part and Fourth Streets, which are continuous from of the city, are beautifully built, and fashionable the East River to that section of the city on the places of residence. The avenues, so called, are North River side called Greenwich. No city can 16 in number, extending, as they are laid out, exhibit a more regular and beautiful plan than from the upper parts of the city, N., to Haerlem this, in all that portion of it which has grown River. They are generally 100 feet wide, but up since the survey completed in 1821. This are not all graded. They are crossed, above survey, which occupied about 10 years, under Twelfth Street, by streets running from river to the direction of Gouverneur Morris, I)e Witt Clin- river. The streets in this direction are numbered ton, and others, commissioners appointed by the First, Second, Third, &c., commencing with the legislature for the purpose, was extended as far first street N. of Houston Street. N. as One Hundred Fifty-Fourth Street, 9J miles New York, in the lower part of the city, is from the Battery. rather deficient in public grounds; yet there are It is impossible here to notice all the important several of importance. The Battery, at the southstreets in this London of America. Broadway is eastern point of the island, from which Broadway the great promenade of the city, and one of the begins, is the most beautiful of these grounds, grandest streets in the world. It is elegantly and the most serviceable to the citizens and to built, with many houses, hotels, stores, and church strangers, as a healthful and delightful promedifices, which are costly and beautiful specimens enade. It contains about 11 acres, beautifully of architecture. Here may be found the most laid out with grass plats, and gravelled walks, extensive and brilliant display of dry goods and shaded with ornamental trees. From this ground fancy articles, at wholesale and retail, particularly there is a fine view of the bay, with its shipping, the latter. The Bowery is a wide street E. of and of the adjacent shores, cities, and villages of Broadway, running from Chatham Square N., New Jersey, Long Island, and Staten Island. connecting with the Third and Fourth Avenues, This is considered, by many, the most delightful and forming the principal entrance into the heart promenade in the United States. of the city from LIaerlem, on the N. E. The Castle Garden is built bn a mole, and is conHaerlem Railroad is laid on the Fourth Avenue nected with the Battery by a bridge. It was oriand the Bowery; and the Third Avenue is a ginally erected as a fortification. It is used McAdamized road to Haerlem. Chatham Street, occasionally for public meetings, and 10.000 connecting the Bowery through Chatham Square people can be accommodated within its walls, as with Broadway at the Park, and which, in early in a great amphitheatre. - The Bowling Green, at days, while the Park was a pasture for cattle, and the lower end of Broadway, is a small elliptical Broadway extended no farther N., was laid out area, 220 feet long by 140 broad, enclosed by an and designated as the " High Road to Boston," iron fence. Before the revolution it contained a is a great and crowded thoroughfare, distin- leaden statue of George IV., which, during the guished for its numerous clothing stores. East war, was converted into bullets. - The Park is a Broadway, running from Chatham Square paral- triangular area, including 10J acres, between lel to the East River, and Henry, Madison, and Broadway, Chatham, and Chamber Streets. It Munroe Streets, between this and the river, are contains the City Hall, and two or three other broad and straight streets, handsomely built. splendid public buildings. It is laid out in walks, Pearl Street, between Broadway and East River, convenient to be used as crossings, and set with is in a crescent form, over a mile in length, and trees. A beautiful fountain, supplied from the is the principal seat of the wholesale dry goods Croton waterworks, here sends up a single jetand hardware business, which also extends into d'eau between 60 and 70 feet. - St. John's Park, Cedar, Pine, and other adjacent streets. South comprising the entire square between Beach, Street, running along the margin of East River, Laight, Varrick, and Hudson Streets, is private contains the warehouses and offices of the princi-'property, belonging to Trinity Church, but repal shipping merchants. In front of it are docks served as a permanent open ground to the dwelland slips, and a dense forest of masts. Wall ers on its margin. It is enclosed with a costly Street extends from Broadway to the East River, iron fence, is beautifully laid out, and has a and is occupied with banks, brokers', insurance, fountain in the centre. The trees in this park and newspaper offices. The Custom House and are of considerable age and size. — Washington the Merchants' Exchange are here. This street is Square, 1j miles N. of the City Hall, contains a the centre of the heaviest money operations in little over 9 acres. A part of this square was the United States. Greenwich Street, W. of formerly the Potter's Field. - Union Square is an Broadway, is a long, wide, and nearly straight elliptical opening at the upper terminus of Broadstreet, extending from the Battery, parallel to the way, ornamented with a fountain. — Grammercy Hudson River, nearly 2J miles. Hudson Street, Park, hear Union Square, and Tompkins Square, running parallel to this, from Chamber Street in the N. E. part, and the largest in the city, are to the Ninth Avenue, i wide, straight, and handsomely laid out, and shaded with trees. well built in many of its parts. It is over 1i There are other squares, further N., laid out for miles in length. Canal Street, half a mile N. of public grounds, but not yet regulated. the City Hall, is a wide street, commencing at There are in the city of New York some of the Centre Street, crossing Broadway, and extend- most costly and superb public buildings in the ing to the North River, and is. the seat of an country. Among these the City Hall, from its extensive retail business. There is a large cov- beautiful location in the Park, where all its fine ered canal under this street. This was the north- proportions stand in open view, will be one of the erm terminus of Broadway in 1800, and far first to attract the notice of the stranger. This IN THE UNITED STATES. 487 magnificent building was commenced in 1803, architectural effect, as a whole, like those of the and completed in 1812, at a cost to the city of City Hall, which has an ample space around it. $538,734. It is 216 feet long, 105 feet wide, and The front, however, on Wall Street, has a most 2 stories high, above the basement, with a third or imposing and beautiful effect. It is constructed attic story to the centre building. Including the of a dark-blue Quincy granite, and has a splendid attic story, it is 65 feet in height. Over the cen- colonnade, of the full length and height of the tre of the edifice there rises a lofty cupola, upon building, with a recess in the centre, in which the which stands a colossal statue of Justice. The ranges aire repeated, making in the whole 18 of entire structure, which consists of a centre build- these massive columns, 38 feet high, and 4 feet ing and two wings, covers 29,896 square feet of 4 inches in diameter, each formed from a solid ground. The walls of the front and ends are of block of granite, and weighing 43 tons. They white marble. and that of the rear of the Nyack are of the Grecian Doric order, finely wrought brown freestone. The front is ornamented with and fluted. It is stated that these columns, with columns and pilasters, in ranges rising one above but one exception. that of a church at St. Petersanother, of the Ionic, Corinthian, and composite burg, are the largest in the world. Their cost, orders. A flight of 12 marble steps, extending delivered in New York, was $3000 each. The the whole length of the central building, leads to Exchange Room, or Rotunda, in the centre of the the hall of entrance. In the centre of this hall is building, is the most magnificent of its aparta double staircase, with marble steps, ascending ments. It encloses an area of 7000 square feet, to a circular gallery connecting with the halls and is calculated to accommodate 3000 persons. and passages of the second story. The staircase The heigh# of the room, to the springing of the is lighted from a dome above, to which, for its dome, is 51 feet, above which the dome ascends 30 support, 10 marble columns, of the Corinthian or- feet, terminating in a skylight 37 feet in diameter. der, ascend from the marble floor of the circular 8 Corinthian columns, of polished Italian marble, gallery. The City Hall contains all the rooms and support the dome within; behind which there are offices requisite for the accommodation of the recesses, enlarging materially the area of the courts, the mayor and aldermen, and common room. Upon the floor of this magnificent hall council, and other municipal functionaries. There the merchants of New York meet daily during is a splendid room, called the Governor's Room, the hours of change. On the roof is a marine appropriated for the use of the governor of the telegraph, communicating with a station on Stastate whenever he visits the city. This room is ten Island, and sending down an hourly report to 52 feet in length, and 20 feet in width; and its the news room of the movements of the shipping walls are hung with the portraits of the govern- inward or outward bound. Admonished by the ors of the state, including some of the old Dutch destruction of the former Exchange, the company governors, the mayors of the city, and a number have made the present building absolutely inof the military and naval heroes of the country. combustible; have used no wood in its construeThe chamber of the common council contains tion, excepting for the doors and window frames. several fine, full-length portraits of distinguished The whole, including the dome, is of solid mapersonages, belonging to the period of the revo- sonry. The Merchants' Exchange Company was lution, painted by Trumbull. That of Washing- incorporated in 1823, with a capital of $1,000,000. ton, taken when he was in the prime of life, is The entire cost of the new Exchange, includthought by many to be the best likeness in exist- ing the ground, is stated, in round numbers, at ence. The chair occupied by the president of $1,800,000. the common council, under a canopy at the head The Custom House, in New York, is one of the of the room, is the identical chair occupied by most perfect buildings of its size in the world. It Washington when he presided over the first is finely located on the corner of Wall and NasAmerican Congress, assembled in New York. sau Streets, affording a view of its entire perspecEast of the City Hall, and also included in the tive, when seen from opposite its south-western Park, is the Hall of Records, erected for the angle. The building is modelled after the Parpurpose of receiving and keeping in security all thenon at Athens, with the omission of the colrecords and public documents of the city. It is umns on the sides. It is 200 feet long by 90 feet a large and handsome building, decorated with a wide, and about 80 feet high from the bottom of lofty Ionic portico on each front. In the rear of the foundation wall to the top. The front porthese buildings is one formerly occupied as an tico, on Wall Street, has 8 fluted columns of the almshouse, but now fitted up to contain city of- Grecian Doric order, 5 feet 8 inches in diameter, fices. Here are the Marine Court room, and the and 32 feet high, supporting a full entablature and rooms of the American Institute. pediment above. The ascent to this portico from The Merchants' Exchange, in Wall Street, is the street is by 18 granite steps, which is the eleprobably the largest, the most costly, and in some vation of the basement on this end. The ground respects the most beautiful of the public buildings gradually rising as it recedes on Nassau Street, of New York. It covers the entire block bounded leaves but 3 or 4 steps for the ascent to the portico by Wall Street, William Street, Hanover Street, on the opposite end. This portico is similar to that and Exchange Place, and has a front upon Wall on the front on Wall Street. On each of the sides Street of 198 feet. Its other dimensions are 196 are 13 pilasters, which are in keeping with the colfeet on Exchange Place, 171 feet on William umns on the two fronts. The building is two Street, and 144 feet on Hanover Street. Its height lofty stories high above the basement. The enfrom the foundation wall to the top of the cornice tire exterior, including the roof, is constructed of is 77 feet, and to the top of the dome 124 feet. white marble, excepting the steps, which, for greatIt stands partly on the site of the old Merchants' er durability, are of light-colored granite. Some Exchange, which was burned in the great fire on of the largest blocks of marble used weigh no less December, 1835. From its confined situation, if than 33 tons. The marble slabs for the roof the heart of the most crowded portion of the city, its weigh from 300 to 400 pounds, and are matched immense proportions do not produce their proper with an under and upper lip of 8 inches, making 488 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., it perfectly water tight. There is no wood in any which are constructed of a dark-colored stone, in part of the building; and there is not perhaps a beautiful style of architecture, upon the plan of another structure in the world so entirely proof 4 radii from a large central edifice. The number against fire. of patients in this asylum, in 1850, was about 500. In the centre of the building is the great'Ro- There is also on Blackwell's Island a worktnnda, or large circular room used as the collect- house, for the employment of the able-bodied inor's office. This splendid room has a diameter mates of the almshouse, comprising an extensive of 60 feet in the clear, and 80 feet in the recesses. and beautiful group of buildings, arranged on the 16 beautiful Corinthian columns, 30 feet high, plan of radii. support the dome above it, which is richly orna- One of the most splendid buildings in the city mented with stucco, and crowned at the top with is the edifice of the New York University, which a skylight. There are many other large and ele- is beautifully situated on the E. side of Washinggant apartments suited to the purposes of the ton Square. It is constructed of white marble, building. The architect of this splendid edifice in the Gothic style of English collegiate archiwas Mr. John Frazee. It was commenced in May, tecture, and is 180 feet in length by 100 in width, 1834, and finished in May, 1841. The cost, in- composed of a centre building with octangular eluding the ground, was $1,175,000; that of the turrets on the 4 corners, and wines right and left, building alone, $950,000. 4 stories high, flanked with square towers on the The ground on which the Custom House stands 4 corners, which rise 1 story above the body of was formerly the site of the old City Hall, or Fed- the building. The central building, or chapel, eral Hall, as it was called; in which the Amer- triumphs over all the rest, in depth, height, and ican Congress held their sessions in New York, character, and bears some resemblance to that of and in the balcony of which, looking down upon King's College, Cambridge, England. It occuWall Street, Washington, on the 13th of April, pies 55 feet of the breadth of the building, and 1789, was inaugurated first president of the Unit- is 85 feet deep, including the turrets. The two ed States, in the presence of assembled thou- ends are gabled, and, with the sides and all sands of the joyful people, shouting at the close, the other parts of the building, crowned with an with one voice, " Longlive George Washington!" embattled parapet. The principal entrance is The Hall of Justice, which, with its enclosure, through a deeply-recessed and richly-moulded porincluding the House of Detention, occupies the tal under the great W. window. Through this winentire space between Centre, Elm, Leonard, and dow, which is 24 feet wide and 50 feet high, filled Franklin Streets, 253 feet long by 200 feet wide, with stained glass,the interior of the chapel receives is an elaborate and beautiful specimen of the the principal portion of its light. This chapel is Egyptian style of architecture. It is constructed truly a splendid room, in which the various details of a light-colored granite from Hallowell, Me. of a Gothic interior are carried out in great perThe main building, which fronts on Centre Street, fection and beauty. The whole building, without has a dystile portico of four massive Egyptian and within, is quite a masterpiece among the specolumns. From this there is an ascent by 12 cimens of this kind of architecture in the country. steps, between two other columns, to an area 50 Columbia College is situated on a beautiful feet square, having the ceiling above supported by square a little W. from the park, between Chapel, 8 more of these massive pillars. From this area Church, and Murray Streets, and has one venerthe various apartments of the building are entered. able and handsome edifice, 200 feet long and 50 The Court of Sessions occupies a hall, with a gal- feet wide, with wings projecting at each end, in lery extending back from the main building, the which the families of the professors are accomroof of which is also supported by lofty Egyptian modated. For a more particular account of this columns. The house of detention, towards the college, and of the university, see Colleges. rear of the enclosure, is 142 long and 45 feet Among the other literary institutions are the wide, containing 148 cells for prisoners. This New York Theological Seminary, which has a building, from the style of architecture adopted convenient building located near the university, and the associations connected with it, has obtained and a library of 17,000 volumes; the General the name of the Egyptian Tombs; or, in com- Theological Seminary of the Episcopal Church, mon parlance, the Tombs. Though a handsome which has two handsome buildings of stone at structure of its kind, it has a heavy and gloomy the corner of Ninth Avenue and Twenty-First aspect. Its massive Theban columns, with their Street; the Rutger's Female Institute, in Madigigantic palm-leaved capitals, and its cornices, or- son Street, which has a fine granite building, namented with winged globes and serpents, give containing a valuable library and philosophical a singular and funereal effect to this sombre pile. apparatus; and the College of Physicians and This edifice was completed in 1838. Surgeons, whose handsome edifice is in Crosby The City Penitentiary, on Blackwell's Island, Street. The New York Society Library, founded about 5 miles from the City Hall, is a stone build- in 1745, is the oldest literary association in New ing of simple architecture, but of very imposing York. It has a neat and substantial edifice on effect from its large dimensions and its compara- the corner of Broadway and Leonard Street, tively insulated position. The main or centre build- which cost, with the land, $117,000. The library ing is 4 stories high, surmounted by a square at present contains 35,000 volumes, and, with the tower; and the wings, also 4 stories high, but exception of the Astor Library, is the largest and somewhat less elevated, extend on either side 200 most valuable in the state. In this building, feet; presenting, in the whole, a line of nearly 500 rooms are furnished for the annual exhibitions of feet in extent. It is seen to fine advantage, upon the National Academy of Design. This instituboth sides, from the decks of the numerous steam- tion, founded in 1826, exhibits annually a large boats passing to and from Long Island Sound. collection of the paintings of living artists, Towards the eastern end of this island, which which is always new, as the same picture is not is about a mile and a half in length, stand the allowed to appear a second time, and is patronbuildings of the New York Lunatic Asylum, ized by a great number of visitors. The Histor IN THE UNITED STATES. 489 ical Society, founded in 1804, which occupies some ornament to the city. It is built of brown rooms in the university. has a library of 17,000 freestone and brick, in the Byzantine style of volumes. It has published several volumes of architecture, or rather in that of the royal palaces Historical Collections. This society contemplates of Florence; and presents a strongly imposing the erection of a building soon, and has obtained appearance, both in its external and internal considerable funds for that purpose. The Mer- structure. Its dimensions, on the ground, are as cantile Library Association, formed in 1820, for above stated; and its height, from the sidewalk the special benefit of merchants' clerks, maintains to the top of the parapet, 67 feet. The great an attractive and well-furnished reading room, library hall, occupying the second floor, is 100 and has accumulated a library of about 32,000 feet in length, 60 in width, and 50 feet high. Thd volumes. A building was erected for the asso- side walls form one continuous shelving, sufficient ciation in 1830, at a cost of $53,000. The society to contain 100,000 volumes. The light is from provides for an able course of public lectures in windows in the front and rear walls. and from a the winter. There is also the Apprentices' Li- skylight of large dimensions. Midway between brary, in Crosby Street, of 14,000 volumes, estab- the floor and ceiling is an iron gallery, resting lished in 1820 by a society of mechanics and upon 14 beautiful columns; from which, and from tradesmen founded in 1785; the library of the other intermediate and lighted galleries, ascended Mechanics' Institute, 3000 volumes; and of the by spiral stairways, the shelves are reached. The American Institute, for the encouragement of floor is composed of a richly wrought mosaic, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, and the resting on iron beams. Among the other apartarts, embracing about 6000 volumes. The Amer- ments of the building are a reading room, and a ican Institute holds an annual fair at Niblo's lecture room, with accommodations for 500 perGarden, which is one of the most interesting ex- sons. Between 55,000 and 60,000 volumes have hibitions of the city. The Lyceum of Natural been already purchased for this splendid library, at History in New York, established in 1818, has a cost of about $63,000. rooms, containing its -library and cabinet, in the New York is liberally provided with institumedical department of the university, on Broad- tions for the relief of the poor and distressed of way. This cabinet contains extensive collections every description. Besides the Lunatic Asylum, in all the departments of natural history. The on Blackwell's Island, already noticed, the New society has done much for the promotion of York Hospital has a fine situation on the W. side science in this country. of Broadway, opposite the head of Pearl Street. But one of the noblest gifts to learning and The buildings, which are extensive, stand in the science, and one of the most splendid instances rear of a beautiful yard, and seem pleasantly reof public benefaction, for which not only the tired, although in the very heart of the city. Concity of New York, but the whole country, owe a nected with this hospital is the Lunatic Asylum, debt of lasting gratitude to the memory of the mu- located at Bloomingdale, on the Hudson River, nificent donor, is that of the Astor Library. This 5 miles from the City Hall; attached to which are library was endowed by the bequest of the late 40 acres of ground, beautifully laid out into garJohn Jacob Astor, of New York, who, in a codi- dens and pleasure grounds. This accommodates cil to his last will, bearing date the 4th of July, about 250 patients. Here also is one of the Orphan 1836, devised as follows: "';Desiring to render a Asylums. A new institution, styled the State public benefit to the city of New York, and to Hospital of the City of New York, has lately gone contribute to the advancement of useful knowl- into operation, occuping a spacious square, boundedge and the general good of society, I do, by ed by Forty-Second and Forty-Third Streets, and this codicil, appropriate four hundred thousand the Fifth and Sixth Avenues. The New York Disdollars, out of my residuary estate, to the estab- pensary, established in 1790, the Northern Dispenlishment of a public library in the city of New sary, in 1829, and the Eastern Dispensary, in 1834, York." The will then directs as to the disposal answer the purpose of hospitals to some extent. of the money, "in the erection of a suitable build- These useful establishments are supported by ing;" "in furnishing and supplying the same annual subscriptions. On Staten Island arethree from time to time with books, maps, charts, mod- large and excellent institutions for the relief of els, drawings, paintings, engravings, casts, stat- sick and disabled seamen: the Marine Hospital, ues, furniture, and other things appertaining to a at Tompkinsville, adjacent to the quarantine library for general use, upon the most ample ground, which has three spacious buildings; the scale andliberal character;" and "in maintain- Seamen's Retreat, situated half a mile farther ing and upholding the buildings and other prop- south; and the Sailor's Snug Harbor, on the N. side erty, and in defraying the necessary expenses of of the island, which provides a home for aged and taking care of the same, and of the accommoda- decayed seamen. This noble charity was founded tion of persons consulting the liblrary;" "the by the liberality of Captain Randall, who besaid library to be accessible, at all reasonable queathed to it an estate now reputed to be worth hours and times, for general use, free of expense $1,000,000. The funds of the Sailor's Snugn Harto persons resorting thereto." Of the funds given, bor, in 1852, amounted to $87,000. Mr. Astor directs that "a sum not exceeding The New York Asylum for the Deaf and $75,000 may be expended in the erection of a Dumb, a noble institution of its kind, incorporatbuilding," for which he authorizes the trustees ed in 1817, is on Fiftieth Street, near the Fourth "to select a site on the E. side of Lafayette Avenue, or Haerlem Railroad. The principal Place, to contain 65 feet front and rear, and 120 building is 110 feet long by 60 wide, and 4 feet deep.," $120,000 are then to be expended in stories high above the basement. The New York the first outlay for books and other objects, in Institution for the Blind is on the Eighth Aveestablishing the library; and the residue, about nue, and has about 50 pupils. $200,000, to be permanently invested as a fund At Bellevue, on the East River, 2A miles from for its maintenance and gradual increase. the City Hall, is the New Almshouse, which is a The building for the Astor Library is a hand- very extensive establishment, having a hospital 62 490 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., connected with it. Here also is a House of Ref- Several of our great national institutions of uge for juvenile delinquents; and a Penitentiary Christian benevolence have their seat of operafor female convicts. There is another almshouse tions in New York. Such are the American Bion Blackwell's Island. But it is scarcely possible ble Society, founded in 1816, in which the several for the city to meet all the demands upon it in evangelical denominations cooperate; the Amerthis department of eleemosynary aid. The bar- ican Tract Society, and the American Seamen's dens of this kind are induced to far the greatest Friend Society, of which the same is true; the extent by the immigration of paupers, or of those American Home Missionary Society, and the Sowho soon become paupers, from Europe. How ciety for aiding Colleges at the West, supported large this item is liable to be may be inferred from more especially by the Presbyterians and Conthe fact, that there is continually going on a ship- gregationalists; the American and Foreign Biment of paupers, direct from the poorhouses in ble Society, for circulating a Baptist version of Europe. On board of one British vessel, arriv- the Scriptures; and the American Society for ing at New York in 185 1, the whole number of meliorating the Condition of the Jews. Other passengers, 230, were derived from this source. organizations of this class exist, which are auxil" On what principles of comity, humanity, or iary to their parent institutions in Boston, Philajustice," to adopt the words of the commission- delphia, and Washington. Such are the Agency ors of immigration, " the poorhouses of Europe, of the American Board of Foreign Missions; and sometimes the prisons, are emptied on our the Central American Education Society; the shores, it is difficult to say. The fact itself is New York Colonization Society; and the Sunnotorious. Ship loads of these helpless and often day School Society. The operations of all these vicious persons are sent here, sometimes in the associations are very extensive, and constitute a depth of winter, without means or place of des- noble feature of the religious enterprise of the tination beyond this city, and become a perma- age and country. Their anniversaries, which nent burden from the moment of their arrival." are celebrated during the second week in May, The whole number of foreigners who arrived at are occasions of great and general interest. the port of New York in 1851 was 289,601; of The number of churches in the city of New whom 163,256 were from Ireland, 69,883 from York, as enumerated in 1852, is 250; PresbyteGermany, and 56,462 from other countries. rian, 46; Episcopal, 45; Methodist 40; Baptist, It was probably fortunate for us as a nation, 31; Roman Catholic, 21; Dutch Reformed, 20; that, in the earlier period of our republic, the peo- Jews, 12; Trinitarian Congregational, 10; Luples of foreign nations had so little confidence in theran, 5; Friends, Primitive Christians, and the success of our political experiment, in the Universalists, 4 each; Unitarian Congregational, capacity of free institutions to sustain themselves, Second Advent, and New Jerusalem, 2 each; and secure a permanent prosperity to the people Moravians, 1. under them. This distrust kept back the tide of Some of the houses of public worship are foreign immigration, until it may be hoped that, among the most splendid ornaments of the city. even in our large cities, the native American ele- The rapid increase of business in all the lower ment of the population has become too strong in. parts of the city, for a number of years past, and numbers, intelligence, and wealth to be greatly the consequent demand for a larger proportion of modified by the admixture of foreign elements. the space for its accommodation, has necessarily But with our continued-stability and prosperity, led to the abandonment of most of the localities, the people of other nations, especially the more on which the earliest houses of worship were oppressed and poor among them, are beginning to erected, and to the removal of their respective regard this country " as the haven of the poor man congregations up town. Hardly any of the church from the fears of want; as the mine whence the edifices of New York existing at the present day enterprising and adventurous are to draw wealth; bear the impress, or are clothed with the associas the theatre wherein the political economist is to ations, of a venerable antiquity. Only three, realize his theories; as the clfurch of all creeds, or at most four, built before the revolution, are wherein those deprived of liberty of conscience now occupied for public worship. These are the in their native land may worship without fear of Brick Presbyterian Church, Beekman Street, built molestation." Hence, as one has said, " the tide in 1767; the John Street, Methodist, the first of of the world's population is tending to our that denomination in America, built in 1768; the shores; and the safe and beautiful harbor of New North Dutch, corner of William and Fulton York receives the ships of all nations, bearing Streets, built in 1769, at the then northern border their freights of men and goods from every part of the city; and St. Paul's, Episcopal, Broadway, of the earth." nearly opposite the Park. During the occupaThe foreign residents in New York have vari- tion of New York by the British, all the churches, ous associations among themselves for humane except the Episcopal, were either destroyed or and charitable purposes; as the St. George's So- used for barracks, hospitals, or riding schools, by ciety, composed of Englishmen; St. Andrew's. of the soldiers. The old building of the MidScotch; St. David's, of Welsh; also societies die Dutch Church, on the corner of Nassau of Germans, French, Spanish, and Hebrews. and Cedar Streets, now occupied as the post The St. Nicholas Society is composed of the de- office, with very little chance in the exterior, scendants of the early Dutch inhabitants. Be- presents perhaps the most accurate specimen sides these, there are the Orphan Asylum, at remaining in the city of the former style of eccleBloomingdale, a very large institution, established siastical buildings, particularly among the Dutch in 1806; the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum, on settlers. St. Paul's Church and the Brick PresbyTwelfth Street; the Roman Catholic Orphan Asy- terian occupy two of the finest positions in the lum, on Prince Street; the Asylum for Colored city, and are among its handsomest ornaments, Orphans; the Lying-in Asylum; the Female As- particularly the former. This beautiful structure sistance Society for the sick poor; and the Socie- is adorned with a portico of the Ionic order, conty for aiding Respectable, Aged Indigent Females. sisting of 4 fluted columns of red sandstone, IN THE UNITED STATES. 491 supporting a pediment with a niche in the centre length. It is built of the eastern granite. St. Pe. filled with the statue of St. Paul. The spire of ter's, Roman Catholic Church, on Barclay Street, this church rises, with graceful proportions, to has a very imposing Ionic portico, of 6 granite the height of 200 feet. Beneath the portico is a columns, with a statue of St. Peter occupying a monument, erected by order of Congress, to the niche in the pediment. The French Protestant memory of General Montgomery, under which Church, on Franklin Street, is built of white marhis remains were deposited in 1819; and in the ble, and has a fine portico, with a double range of adjoining cemetery, a few feet from Broadway, marble Ionic columns. The Presbyterians, on Mcerstands an obelisk which commemorates the tal- cer Street, and the Congregationalists, on Union ents and fame of Emmet, the Irish barrister. Place, have beautiful houses of worship. Besides The new building recently erected by Trinity these there are many others in the city, which we Church on Broadway, opposite Wall Street, may cannot here describe, which will not fail to atbe regarded as the finest specimen of pure Gothic tract the attention of the admirers of handsome architecture in the United States. This edifice architecture. is the third in succession which this church has New York contains many large and splendid erected upon the same site; the first having been hotels. One of the most spacious and elegant of burned in the great fire of 1776, and the second these is the Astor House, on Broadway, opposite having been taken down in 1839, to give place the Park. This great hotel, furnished with a to the present magnificent structure. It is con- magnificence and taste corresponding to the simstructed throughout, even to its minutest details, ple grandeur of the structure, is, with the excepof a lightish brown sandstone, finely hammered, tion of one other in New York, the largest in the and, in its tracery and ornament of every descrip- country, if not in the world. It was erected tion, elaborately and delicately wrought. It is 189 by the late John Jacob Astor, at an expense, feet long, 84 feet wide, and 64 feet high, to the including the ground, of $750,000. It is built eaves of the clear story. It is without galleries, of the Quincy granite, 5 stories high, with a and superbly finished within. The height of the front of 201 feet on Broadway, 146 on Vesey tower and spire is 264 feet. Access may readily Street, and 154 on Barclay Street. It contains be had to this lofty tower, for the prospect it upwards of 300 rooms. The dining hall is 108 affords, which is one of the most splendid pan-' feet in length. The American Hotel is a large oramic views to be had on the whole continent. house, also opposite the Park. The Irving From a great height, but entirely secure and at his House, at the corner of Broadway and Chamber ease, the beholder sees this vast city, full of life Street, is among the most elegant and fashionable and animation, as it were at his feet, while in every of the hotels. Several are conducted on the Eudirection, as far as the eye can reach, the harbor, ropean plan, affording rooms to their guests, with its shipping, the islands, the rivers, the coun- with meals or not, as they may wish. Such are try, the cities and villages, and boundless ocean, Libby's and Tammany Hall, near the Park, Delare spread out before him in all the attractions monico's, near the Battery, and Florence's, in with which nature, art, and luxury have invested Broadway. We can do little more than to name them. The tower of this church contains a a few of the principal hotels, in addition to those chime of bells. This beautiful building, erected which have been mentioned. The United States, at a cost of nearly $400,000, will seat only at the corner of Pearl and Fulton Streets, is conabout 800 persons. structed of stone, 6 stories high. Howard's HoSt. John's Chapel, also built with the funds of tel is at the corner of Maiden Lane and BroadTrinity Church, and beautifully situated on Var- way. The Merchants, Rochester, Western, and rick Street, fronting St. John's Park, is one of the National Hotels, are all in Courtland Street; most costly church edifices in New York, " more Rathbun's Hotel is on Broadway, between Courtthan $200,000 having been expended upon it." It land and Liberty Streets. The Pacific Hotel is has an elegant spire 220'feet in height, and a in Greenwich Street, convenient to the boats splendid portico in front of 4 Corinthian columns. arriving and departing upon the North River. There are other Episcopal churches in the upper The New York Hotel, high up Broadway, is part of the city, which are among its handsomest more retired, but eligibly situated. More respecimens of architecture. The houses of wor- cently opened, and exceeding every other in size ship erected by the other denominations are gen- and splendor, is the new Metropolitan Hotel, erally plainer and less expensive. But there are situated towards the upper part of the city, on among them many costly and beautiful struc- the spot formerly known as "Nliblo's Garden." tures. The Scotch Presbyterian Church on Grand This stupendous structure fronts on Broadway, Street is a stone building, with a fine Ionic porti- Prince, and Crosby Streets, having a front, all co of 6 stone columns, erected, it is said, at a cost together, of 600 feet. It is 6 stories high, built of $114,000. The Duane Street Church has an of fine brown freestone, with heavily-carved corimposing Ionic portico. The building of the First nices over the almost innumerable windows. It Baptist Church, on Broome Street, is a fine stone stands on the highest ground in the city, and is edifice, of Gothic architecture. It has two oc- a most noble and imposing edifice. To give an tagonal towers on the front corners, with an im- idea of the magnitude of the establishment, it mense window between them, 22 feet wide and may be stated that it contains over 500 rooms, 41 feet high. The interior is very imposing. over 100 of which are suits of rooms; being supThe Reformed Dutch Church, on Washington plied throughout with gas, with hot and cold Square, is a large Gothic structure, finished with water, steam. &c., through a service, in the aggregreat costliness and beauty. The new house of gate, of more than five miles of pipes. It con. worship, erected by the Collegiate Reformed tains one mile of elegantly painted halls and pasDutch church on the corner of Lafayette Place sages. Its 550 mirrors, to say nothing of its and Fourth Street, has a most beautiful Ionic other furniture, cost $15,000. Two of the largest portico and spire. It is in the form and propor- of these, at each end of the great dining hall, tions of a Grecian temple, and about 100 feet in cover within a fraction of 100 square feet each, 492 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., being the largest mirrors ever imported into the nese Museum, at 359 Broadway, contains a very United States. The plate glass for the windows extensive collection of curiosities, illustrative of alone cost $35,000; and the entire cost of the the arts and the customs of life in China. building, independent of the furniture, was about Castle Garden, off the Battery, and Vauxhall half a million of dollars. Garden, at the upper end of the Bowery, are Many of the stores, banks, and other buildings places of pleasant resort for recreation. There for purposes of business, in New York, are are also in the vicinity of the city several places among the most elegant architectural ornaments of daily resort in the summer season. The prinof the city. These are too numerous to be cipal of these is Hoboken, on the opposite bank described in this place. As an example of the of the Hudson, between which and New York, largest class of stores, it may suffice to instance in pleasant weather, there are continual currents the splendid palace on Broadway, built and occu- of persons going and returning by the boats, pied by A. T. Stuart as a silk store. Fronting which seem, as it were, to bring these places upon Broadway, it covers the entire block be- nearer to the city than if they were within its tween Chamber Street and Reed Street, having limits. The grounds at Hoboken are beautifully a front upon Broadway of 150 feet, and a depth. laid out, and shaded and supplied with various up both the other streets of the same extent. It means of innocent and healthful recreation. is built of polished white marble, six stories high, Haerlem Village, on the N. end of the island, in a style of architectural beauty, without and with- included within the city limits, was founded, we in, corresponding to the costliness of the materials. are told, as long ago as 1658, "with a view to Many of the private residences in the upper the amusement and recreation of the citizens." part of the city are of the most costly and beauti- The Haerlem Railroad, 8 miles in length, conful description. Long streets consisting of stately nects this village with the very heart of the city. blocks and terraces, and separate mansions, with The cars start from the City Hall several times a every accessory of architectural splendor, excite day, passing through Centre and Broome Streets, the admiration of the beholder. "Under the the Bowery, and Fourth Avenue, as far as Twensmiles of fortune," says a writer of New York, ty-Seventh Street, with horses, and thence with "most classes of our citizens have been pros- steam to Haerlem, and beyond to other places to perous, many have grown wealthy, and the the N. and E. of it. The ride to Haerlem is style and expense of living, and the beauty of pleasant, affording a view of much of the city, some of the principal streets of the city, have the East River, and surrounding country, and proportionally improved. The buildings now passing through a tunnel excavated in the solid generally in course of construction by our rock, 595 feet long. Manhattanville and Bloomwealthy inhabitants, for their private residences, ingdale, on the W. side of the island, and Astoria, are among the most splendid and costly city on the E. side, are also much frequented. Many dwelling houses in the world. The several styles of the pleasant places in New Jersey, on Staten of architecture are conceived by architects of Island, and on Long Island are also brought by great ability, and the designs of the buildings and the numerous ferries, railroads, and steamboats interior decorations are in many instances carried diverging from the city, within a convenient di.out without regard to cost. $100,000 for the cost tance for pleasure excursions. of a single city lot, freestone house and furniture, The markets in New York are numerous, and is not an unfrequent expenditure. The support well supplied with every necessary and luxury of many private establishments requires an out- which the country produces. They are not sitlay of $10,000 to $20,000 a year, some ranging uated. as in some other cities, in one or two cenmuch higher." tral localities, this being impracticable from the The number of theatres and places of amuse- great extent of the city. The principal markets ment in New York' is not considered large in are the Fulton, Catharine, Washington, Frankcomparison with that of European cities of the lin, Clinton, Tompkinis, and Essex. The value same size. The principal theatres are the Park of the country produce brought to market, and Theatre, opposite the Park; the Bowery The- consumed annually by the inhabitants, has been atre, Bowery, above Bayard Street; Astor estimated at $15,500,000. Place Opera House, near the upper part of The city is lighted to a great extent with gas. Broadway; Olympic Theatre, Broadway, above The first experiment was made in the Park in Canal Street; National Theatre, near Chatham 1812. The works of the New York Gas Light Square; Burton's Theatre, Chamber Street, and Company, organized in 1823, are in Canal Street, Niblo's Theatre, at the corner of Broadway and from which between 30 and 40 miles of pipe Prince Streets. The American Museum, oppo- have been laid into all parts of the city. The site the Astor House, is an excellent and very light produced is strong and beautiful, imparting extensive establishment of its kind, founded in to Broadway, and to other streets in which the 1810, and enriched with curiosities of nature and stores are generally lighted in the evening, alart from all parts of the world. Its immense most the splendor of midday. collections occupy five large saloons 100 feet in But the greatest of the public works of New length. From the observatory on the top of the York is the Croton Aqueduct, by which, after building, which is very high, one of the finest much suffering from the want of it, the blessing views of the city, bay, and surrounding country of an abundant supply of pure water has been is obtained. Peale's Museum and Gallery of secured to the inhabitants. This great underFine Arts, founded in 1825, contains four spa- taking was decided upon by a vote of the citizens cious apartments, filled with choice specimens in at the charter election in 1835, and it was so far the departments of natural history, painting, completed that the water was brought into the statuary, &c. The cosmoramic views in these city on the 14th of October, 1842. The aquemuseums are equal to any in'the world for num- duct commences at a point on the Croton River, ber and variety, and for the truth and perfection about 6 miles from the Hudson, in Westchester of art with which they are prepared. The Chi- county, and about 40 miles from the City Hall IN THE UNITED STATES. 493 The dam across the Croton is 250 feet in length, and amounts to half a million annually, and is rapidly 40 feet high; 70 feet thick at the bottom, and 7 at increasing. the top, built of stone and cement. A pond is thus New York has now an effective system of public created about 5 miles long, covering 400 acres. and schools, by which all the children between the estimated to contain 500,000,000 gallons of water. ages of 4 and 16 are free to receive instruction as Its elevation above tide water is 153 feet. From a common right. A society, called the "Free the gateway in the dam the aqueduct proceeds, School Society," was formed in 1804 by many sometimes crossing valleys by embankments, principal citizens, and afterwards incorporated, sometimes beneath the surface, and through tun- "to provide for the education of poor children, nels in solid rocks, until it reaches Haerlem not belonging to, nor provided for, by any reliRiver, which it crosses on a magnificent stone gious society." In 1826, the charter of this bridge, 1450 feet in length, and 124 feet high. society was modified, and its title changed to the This bridge is supported by 14 stone piers, 8 of " Public School Society of New York," and it was the arches being of 80 feet span, and the remain- required " to provide, so far as its means might ing 6 of 50 feet. The aqueduct throughout is extend, for the education of all children in the city built of stone, brick, and cement, arched over of New York, not otherwise provided for, whether and under, 8 feet 5 inches high, 6 feet 3 inches such children be or be not the proper objects of wide at the bottom of the side walls, and 7 feet gratuitous education." To this society, until 8 inches at the top. It has a descent of 13. within a few years past. was intrusted the maninches per mile, and will discharge 60,000,000 agement of all the public schools of the city. gallons of water in 24 hours. It delivers its They had under their care 16 schools, for which water into a receiving reservoir at Eighty-Sixth large and convenient buildings were provided Street, 38 miles from the dam, which covers 34 and 48 primary schools, for which apartments acres, and contains 150,000,000 gallons of water. were leased:in other buildings, besides several From this to the distributing reservoir on Mur- for colored children. By a law of the state, of ray's Hill, at Fortieth Street, 2J miles from the comparatively recent date, public district schools receiving reservoir, the water is conveyed in iron have, been established, in addition to those under pipes. This reservoir is a massive and beautiful the direction of the School Society, which are also piece of stone masonry, laid in cement, 43 feet well instructed and flourishing. The number of high above the street, containing 25,000,000 gal- public schools of New York, in 1851, was 207; ions. Its surface is 115 feet above tide water. the number of children taught, 107,000. The Thence the water is distributed over the citv in whole expense of maintaining the schools for that iron pipes. The great mains are 36 inches in year was $274,794'59; which is an average of diameter. In 1852, 215 miles of pipe had been $6'86A per scholar. The funds for defraying these laid. The head is sufficient to carry the water expenses are derived partly from the Common into the upper stories of the houses, and to sus- School Fund of the state, of which the city retain several beautiful jets-d'eau in different parts ceived its due proportion; partly from an assessof the city. At the fountain in the Park, when ment upon the citizens for an amount equal to the water is forced into the air in a single col- their appropriation from the fund, as a condition umn, it rises to the height of between 60 and 70 of receiving the same; and partly by a special feet. There are a great number of free hydrants tax of 4-80ths of 1 per cent. on the valuation in all parts of the city, from which the poor supply of property in the city. themselves, and water is furnished for cleansing In 1846 the city of New York resolved, by a the streets. The supply from the river is con- very large majority in a popular vote, to establish sidered adequate to meet the wants of a popula- a free school of a higher order, perhaps, than any tion three or four times greater than the city which had been hitherto projected in our country; now has. The daily consumption is now about to. be known by the name of the "Free Academy." 30,000,000 of gallons. For this school a noble building has been erected on The following is the result of an analysis of the corner of LexingtonAvenue andTwenty-Third the Croton water by Prof. Benj. Silliman, Jr.:- Street, and the institution was opened January 27, 1849. It was established by the Board of Chloride of sodium,and a traceofpotassium,.167 Education, under an act empowering them to Sulphate of soda.1m,.53. establish a free academy, " for the purpose of ex Chloride of calcium,.....372 tending the benefits of education gratuitously to Chloride of aluminum,..166 those who have been pupils in the common Phosphate of alumina,..832 schools of the city and county of New York." Carbonate of lime,. 2.131 A thorough knowledge of the branches taught Carbonate of magnesia,..662 in the common schools qualifies for admission Sulphate of lime,......235 into the academy, where the education of the Silica, colored by manganese,...077 pupils is to be continued onward, branching, as it Carbonate of soda, equivalent to nitrates and Carbonate of soda, equivalent to nitrates and proceeds, towards the various divisions of the field crenates of' do. and loss,... 1.865 of knowledge, as their preferences respectively Totalsolid, in one gallon, after ignition 6.66 may lead them. The plan of the institution is Total sold, in one gallon, after ignition. 6.66 designed to be intermediate between the college system and that of the Polytechnic schools of Carbonic acid in ditto, in cubic inches,. 17.817 Europe, embracing portions of both of these Of the action of this water upon lead, after an systems. It was organized with a corps of 10 experiment of 5 weeks' continuance, the professor instructors, embracing, besides the principal, says, " The lead in this water looks as bright professors of Latin and Greek, of mathematics and fresh as the day it went in, and the water and natural philosophy, of chemistry, of history itself is not in the least turbid.", and belles-lettres, of the French, Spanish, and The entire cost of the aqueduct to the city has German languages, and of drawing. been about $13,000,000. The revenue now The building erected for the Free Academy is 494 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., on Twenty-Third Street, corner of Lexington masts and spars, the appearance of a leafless Avenue. It is a spacious and elegant structure, forest. The harbor is generally open for the free in which utility and ornament are admirably ingress and egress of vessels at all seasons of the united. In its external architecture it is in the year. In very severe winters, it is occasionally style of the Gothic town halls of the Netherlands. obstructed for a few days with ice; but the tide Its dimensions on the ground are 125 feet by 80. sets through from the East River with such force It consists, exclusive of the basement, of three that it is only at rare intervals that the ice, lofty stories, which are intersected by two wide though running from above, stops and closes passages running at right angles through the over. There are several beautiful islands in the middle of the building; above which is the great inner harbor, which are attached to the city. hall, extending over the entire building, and Governor's Island is 3200 feet distant from the lighted by windows in the roof. This fine build- Battery, and contains 70 acres. On this island ing will accommodate 1000 scholars, with all the are three fortifications- Fort Columbus on the necessary appliances; and has cost, exclusive of S., star-shaped; Castle Williams on the N. W. the ground and furniture, about $50,000. point, which is a round tower, 60 feet high, The total value of real and personal property with 3 tiers of guns; and likewise a battery in the city of New York, as assessed in 1851, was on the S. W. side, commanding the entrance of $320,108,358. This was an increase from the Buttermilk Channel. Here are barracks, and value, as assessed in 1850, of $34,022,941. The houses for the officers, for a considerable garriamount of taxes authorized to be raised in 1850 son. On Bedlow's and Ellis's Islands also are was $2,578,325. strong fortifications. At the Narrows, Forts The number of buildings erected in the city in Hamilton and Lafayette, on the E. side, and 1850 was 1912. The aggregate of newbuildings Forts Tompkins and Richmond, on Staten erected for 10 years, from 1840 to 1850, was Island, well defend the entrance of that impor15.409. tant channel. The entrance from the Sound, on The whole number of dwellings in New York, the East River, is defended by Fort Schuyler, on'in 1850, was 37,677, and the number of families Throg's Neck. Blackwell's, Great Barn, and 93,608. The largest number of persons are in Randall's Islands are in the East River. the various descriptions of manufacturing and The immediate communication between New mechanical employments. The number of pro- York and the surrounding country is maintained ductive establishments of this kind, in 1850, was by no less than 15 steam ferry boats, which are 3387, employing 83,620 persons, of whom 29,917 constantly running from different points of the were females. The capital invested in these op- city to Brooklyn, Williamsburg, Staten Island, erations was $34,232,822; and the annual value Jersey City, Hoboken, and other points. These, of manufactured articles, $105,218,308. - For the with the continual arrival and departure of vesstatistics of commerce, banks, &c., see Statistical sels of every class, of steamboats on the numer-. Tables. ous routes of travel, and of sailing boats with New York enjoys peculiar advantages for parties of pleasure, render the harbor a scene of being a great commercial city. The harbor, for bustle and animation scarcely less exciting than capacity, security, and beauty of scenery, is one the city itself; while the variegated scenery upon of the finest in the world. It consists of an its shores, the neatly-built cottages, the elegant outer and an inner harbor; the outer extending country seats of opulent citizens, surrounded from Sandy Hook and the bar, about 18 miles S. with luxuriant groves and pleasure grounds, and from the city, to the Narrows, formed by the ap- the fine view of the islands, furnishing each the proaching extremities of Long Island and Staten site of noble public institutions, or of strong Island, and constituting the Raritan Bay. On works for military defence, render all the apthe bar there are 27 feet of water at high tide, proaches to the city upon its waters beyond deand 21 at low tide, and within the bay there is scription beautiful. The distances to the. most good anchorage for vessels. The inner harbor, important suburbs of New York by the different or that which is more properly known as the bay ferries is as follows: South ferry to Brooklyn, or harbor of New York, extends from the Nar- 1063 yards; Fulton ferry, 731 yards; Catharine rows, 8 miles, to the city, and several miles on each ferry, 735 yards; Walnut Street ferry, 635 yards; side of it, up both the North and the East Rivers, Peck Slip ferry, 2800 yards; Williamsburg ferry, particularly the latter. It has a width of from 950 yards; Hoboken ferry, 1955 yards; Jersey 1i to 5J miles, and is about 25 miles in circum- City ferry, 2746 yards; Staten Island ferry, 6418 ference. It has a depth of water sufficient for yards. The suburbs thus connected with the the largest ships of war, in every part, and the city of New York are all, in an important sense, largest merchant vessels come directly to the an integral part of this great commercial empodocks and slips with which the whole of the lower rium, being created by its prosperity, and affordpart of the city, excepting the Battery, is bordered, ing residence to its overflowing population. The for a length, in all, of about 7 miles. The inner suburbs of New York, consisting of Brooklyn, harbor is entered, not only from the ocean at Williamsburg, Jersey City, and Hoboken, conSandy Hook and through the Narrows, which is tain, in round numbers, 150,000 inhabitant& the usual channel for large vessels bound inward which, added to the population of the city proper from sea, but, on the N.E., from Long Island make a total of at least 650,000. Sound, and, on the S. W., through the Kills and In this connection, it may be proper to refer Staten Island Sound. The passage at the Nar- to the extensive public accommodations in the rows is about a third of a mile wide. The har- city proper for conveying persons from place to bor is every where well protected against the place by means of omnibuses, or cheap coaches influence of storms; but especially within the for the million. The greatest number of these East River, which is the part most closely land- are drawn by two horses; but many of them, of locked. Here the largest number of vessels large capacity, have four. They have seats for always lie, presenting, in the multitude of their from 12 to 24 persons inside, and for others on IN THE UNITED STATES. 495 the top. There are no less than 24 established railroads and canals, Philadelphia, Baltimore, routes between different points in the city, on and Boston will obtain a large amount of the which they run, with a great number of vehicles western trade, which, before these new facilities belonging to each route. The total number of arose, would have found its way to New York. licensed omnibuses, February 1, 1851, was 568; Still the central position of New York, and the yielding a revenue to the city of $10,700. Be- extensive growth to which she has attained, must sides these, the Haerlemn Railroad cars, which run continue to secure to her the name and rank as omnibuses from the Park through the city, which she already possesses of being the comstarting every 15 minutes, accommodate an im- mercial emporium of the nation. When we conmense number of persons. The number of sider the prospective advances of this country, hackney coaches, licensed in 1851, was 341. the vast resources of its enterprise and wealth The lines of communication between New which remain to be developed, and the power York and the great interior of the country, both which New York will have to increase her facilby water and by land, are numerous and exten- ities of traffic with our own interior, and with sive. Those on the North River are connected, foreign ports, to any requisite extent, we cannot by canals and railroads from Albany and Troy, doubt that she is destined to become, perhaps, with Lake Champlain and Canada on the N., the most flourishing and extensive mart of comand with Western New York. the great lakes, merce in the world. and the Mississippi Valley on the W. The Erie The first settlement made on Manhattan Island, Railroad opens a communication from Jersey with a view to permanent occupancy, was by the City, opposite the city of New York, to Dun- Dutch in 1615. In 1629, being resolved to estabkirk, on Lake Erie; and will soon be connected, lish a colony at New Amsterdam, as New York by a continuous chain of railroads, with the was then called, they appointed Walter Van west, as far as the Mississippi, and ultimately Twiller governor, who held the office nine years. far beyond. A railroad from the heart of the In 1635, the governor erected a substantial fort; city, running along the eastern bank of the and in 1643 a house of worship was built in the Hudson to Greenbush, opposite Albany, now S. E. corner of the fort. In 1644, a city hall, or establishes a communication, at all seasons, stadt house, was erected, which was on the corner with the railroads going thence N., E., and W. of Pearl Street and Coenties Slip. In 1653, a The Haerlem Railroad is extended W., to con- wall of earth and stones was built from Hudson nect with others running through the Connecti- River to East River, designed as a defence cut and Housatonic valleys, and reaching the against the Indians, immediately N. of Wall metropolis of New England, and the British Street, which from that circumstance received its provinces, on the N. and E. Several lines of name. The first public wharf was built in 1658, steamboats, through Long Island Sound, connect where Whitehall Street now is. with lines of railroad at the E., and form routes Tile administration of Governor Stuyvesant, to Boston. With Philadelphia, Baltimore, and the last of the Dutch governors, terminated, after the cities S., to New Orleans, similar lines of a continuance of 17 years with the capture of the communication are established, connection by colony by the English, in 1664, when the city steam being already continuous through this was named New York, in honor of James, Duke whole extent. Frequent and regular commu- of York. The property of the Dutch West nication is maintained, by the various lines of India Trading Company was all confiscated. packet ships and ocean steamers, between the The number of inhabitants was then about 3000. principal ports of Europe, the West Indies, In 1673, the Dutch retook the city from the Mexico, and California. Some of these vessels English, it having been surrendered by Captain are now almost daily arriving and departing, Manning without firing a gun. It was restored with a precision and despatch which, a few years to the English the next year; and Manning was ago, would have been thought incredible. The tried for cowardice and treachery, and sentenced Collins line of steamships to Liverpool have a con- to have his sword broken over his head. The tract with the government for carrying the mails. inhabitants were all then required to take the oath The central position of New York, in reference of allegiance to the English government. As to the other parts of the Union, having New descriptive of the commercial condition of the England on the N. E., the Middle and Southern city at that period, Governor Andros, in his restates on the S. W., and much of the vast inte- port to the government in England, in 1678, rior of the Mississippi Valley brought into free says, "Our principal places of trade are New communication with it by canals and railroads, in York and Kingston, except Albany for the Inconnection with the navigation of the Hudson, dians. Our buildings most wood, some lately gives to this city preeminent advantages for being stone and brick; good country houses. and strong a great commercial mart for the whole country. of their severall kindes. A merchant worth Its first selection by the Dutch, as a place of set- ~1000, or~500, is accompted a good substantiall tlement, was influenced, no doubt, by the circum- merchant, and a planter worthe half that in movestances of its lying at the mouth of a navigable ables accompted rich; all estates may be valued river, having a good harbor, and being easy of att about ~150,000; there may lately have traded defence against the Indians. A communication to ye colony, in a yeare, from 10 to 15 ships or with the interior by navigable streams, until within vessells, of about togeather 100 tunns each, Enga few years past, has been thought essential to lish, New England, and oure own built, of which the existence of a commercial city. It is true, five small shipps and a ketch now belonging to indeed, that since the introduction of canals and New Yorke, foure of them built there." railroads, particularly the latter, this consideration In 1686, James II. abolished the representative. has sunk into one of secondary importance; and system, and prohibited the use of printing presses. it must be granted that, in this respect, New A meeting of commissioners, denominated a York has not now the advantage which she once congress of the several colonies, was this year had over some of her sister cities. By means of assembled at New York. A regulation for light 496 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ing the city was established in 1697, requiring adopted, Washington was inaugurated president that lights be put in the windows of the houses of the United States. fronting on the streets, on a penalty of ninepence From this time, in our country, commences the for every night's omission; and that a lighted period of m6dern history, so to speak; and the lantern be hung out upon a pole at every 7th most important events in the annals of the city house, the expense to be borne equally by the must be comparatively familiar to the reader. 7 intervening houses. In 1703, Wall Street was For a place of such magnitude, New York cannot paved from William Street to the English (Trin- be considered unhealthy. It has enjoyed as great ity) Church. The Presbyterian ministers were an exemption as cities of this class in most prohibited from preaching by Governor Cornbury, countries from the ravages of epidemic diseases. in 1707, and two of their number were arrested It has been four times visited by yellow fever, and tried for violating this prohibition; but they viz., in 1742, in 1798, in 1805, and in 1822. The were discharged on their paying $220 costs. In disease was the most fatal in 1798, when it pre1719, a Presbyterian Church was built in Wall vailed from July to November, and the deaths Street. In 1725, the New York Gazette, aweekly amounted to 2086. The city, with other cities newspaper, was established. The first stage be- large and small, suffered severely from Asiatic gan to run between New York and Boston in cholera in the years 1832, 1834, and 1849. The 1732. It made its trips once a month, and was deaths in July and August, 1832, numbered 14 days on the journey. In 1745, Lady Murray 4673; and during the year, 9975. The deaths owned the only coach in New York. The city, during the year 1850, a year of ordinary health, the next year, contained 1834 houses, and 11,717 were 15,377; which is a ratio of 1 to 33 of the inhabitants, all lying below the Park, having in- population. This ratio does not vary materially creased about 1000 in 9 years. A theatre was from that of other northern cities of the largeat opened in 1750. From this time to the period of class. the revolution, streets were laid out, and built The most extensive and destructive fire which upon more or less, as far N. as Murray Street. has ever occurred in New York was that of the In consequence of the disastrous issue of the 16th of December, 1835, which swept over bebattle of Long Island, soon after the commence- tween 30 and 40 acres of the most valuable part ment of the war, in 1776, the city was taken pos- of the city, densely occupied with stores and filled session of by the British army, under Lord with the richest merchandise. About 650 buildHowe, and occupied by them until November 25, ings were consumed, and the amount of property 1783, when they evacuated it, upon the inde- destroyed was estimated, by a committee appointpendence of the United States being established. ed to ascertain the loss, at nearly $18,000,000. On that day, General Washington, at the head of Under this heavy calamity, the wealth and recuthe American army, entered the city. The Brit- perative energies of the city were in a wonderful ish had erected works across the island, near manner demonstrated, as in an incredibly short Duane Street. After the devastation committed time the whole burned district was covered again by the British upon the houses of worship, the with stores and with public edifices, more costly, college, and other public institutions, and in con- convenient, and elegant than before. sequence of the loss of the books and accounts The first formal charter of the city was granted of the corporation, which had been carried off June 12, 1665. This has been superseded by a by the treasurer, who joined the British and left second, and also by a third, granted in 1730, which, the country, much difficulty was found in tracing though much changed by acts of the legislature, out and securing various descriptions of the forms the basis of the present rights and privipublic property. The wholeincrease of the pop- leges of the city. The present charter, by the ulation of New York, during a century of the New York legislature, was granted in 1831 English rule, did not exceed 20,000, which at the The city is divided at present into 19 wards, each present day must seem greatly disproportionate of which annually elects an alderman and an as,to its commercial advantages in relation to the sistant alderman, to each of the two boards roAmerican colonies, and under the auspices of spectively, which constitute the common counsuch a nation as Great Britain. But when we cil. The mayor is-chosen annually by the electconsider the strange and unnatural restrictions ors of the city. thrown around the colonies by the mother coun- It is now (1852) 237 years since the passengers try,.our surprise is diminished. Governor Com- of a Dutch emigrant vessel established their rude bury, writing from New York to his superiors at habitations on the southern extremity of Manhome, in 1705, says, "I hope I may be pardoned hattan Island. The annals of the city, during if I declare my opinion to be that all these collo- the period which has intervened, and more espeneys, which are but twigs belonging to the main cially since the country became an independent tree, ought to be kept entirely dependent upon nation, illustrate its unexampled progress in and subservient to England; and that can never population, wealth, and commercial greatness. be if they are snuffered to go on in the notions "In these rqspects." to adopt the words of the they have, that as they are Englishmen, so they editor of the New York Manual of the Corporamay set up the same manufactures here as people tion for 1851, " it may be safely said, that history may do in England." In conformity with this affords no equal example of prosperity; and, if policy, the people of New York were not allowed we may anticipate the lapse of another century, to manufacture cloths of any kind, except for its extent and population will stand with scarcely their own use. After the close of the revolution, a rival among the cities of the world." the city contained 23,614 inhabitants, being an New York Mills, N. Y., Oneida co. An imincrease of about 2000 in 15 years. portant manufacturing village on Sadaquada In 1785, the first Congress after the war was Creek. 96 miles W. N. W. from Albany. organized in New York, in the City Hall, where Niagara County, N. Y., c. h. at Lockport. the Custom House now stanls; and here, four Formed from Genesee co. in 1808. Lake Onyears later, when the constitution had been tario bounds it on the N., Orleans co. on the E., IN THE UNITE)D STATES. 497 Erie on the S., and the Niagara River, which N. by La Grange, E. by De Kalb, S. by Allen separates it from Canada, on the W. It is also and Whitley, and W. by Kosciusko and Elkhart watered by Tonawanda Creek, which separates counties. Watered by Elkhart and Tippecanoe it from Erie co., on the S. The surface gradual- Rivers, and numerous small lakes. ly descends from the Mountain Ridge to the Noble, Ia., c. h. Noble co. A little N. E. from lake, and between the two extends the Alluvial Elkhart River, and 159 miles N. N. E. from Way, or Ridge Road, which is elevated 130 feet Indianapolis. above the waters of the lake. The soil is mostly Nobleboro', Me., Lincoln co. On the upper good, being well adapted to the growth of grass waters of Damariscotta River, E. side. 38 miles and grain. This county contains several impor- S. E. from Augusta. A ship-owning and shiptant mineral and gas springs. It is crossed by building place. the Erie Canal, which unites with the Tonawan- Nockamixon, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded E. by da Creek at Pendleton village, and by the Lock- Delaware River, and N. by its tributary, Gallows port and Niagara Falls, and Buffalo and Niagara Run. The Delaware flows between high perFalls Railroads, which unite at Niagara Falls pendicular banks, composed of red sandstone. village. Surface hilly; soil gravelly, and in parts swampy. Niagara, N. Y., Niagara co., is separated from 14 miles N. from Doylestown. Canada by the Niagara River, which bounds it Nottaway County, Mo. In the N. W. angle, on the W., and is drained by a few small streams. bordering on Iowa. The head streams of the Goat and some smaller islands belong to this Platte run S. through it, and the Nottaway above town, which also embraces a part of Niagara its western border. Falls. It is situated on the Mountain Ridge, Norfolk, Ct., Litchfield co. The settlement and slopes towards the S. The soil is calcareous of Norfolk began in 1744. This town is elesandy loam, upon a foundation of gypsum and vated and mountainous. The soil is a primitive lime. 16 miles W. from Lockport, and 298 from gravelly loam, generally cold and stony, but has Albany. considerable depth, and affords good grazing. A Niagara Falls, N. Y., Niagara co. On the E. stream, called Blackberry River, runs near the side of Niagrara River, at the falls, and 297 miles centre of the place, and a little westward of the W. by N. from Albany. See Fashionable Resorts. Congregational Church falls over a ledge of Nicholas County, Ky., c. h. at Carlisle. Bound- rocks 30 feet in height. There is a handsome ed N. by Harrison and Mason, E. by Fleming village, with an open square or green in front of and Bath, and S. and W. by Bourbon and Harri- the church, which is uncommonly neat and beauson counties. Drained by Licking River and tiful in its appearance. About half a mile N. is branches. another village. 25 miles W. N.W. from Hartford. Nicholas County, Va., c. h. at Nicholas. It is Norfolk County, Ms., c. h. at Dedham. This bounded N. by Kanawha and Braxton counties,,county is bounded N. E. by Boston Harbor, N. E. by Randolph and Pocahontas, S. by Green- by Suffolk co., W. by the S. E. corner of Worcesbrier and Fayette, and W. by Kanawha co. Wa- ter co., S. by the N. E. corner of the state of tered by Great Kanawha, Gauley, and Elk Riv- Rhode Island, and S. S. E. and E. by the couners, and branches. ties of Bristol and Plymouth. This county has Nicholas, Va., c. h. Nicholas co. 310 miles W. a maritime coast on Boston Harbor of about 12 by N. from Richmond. miles, which is indented with many small bays Nicholasville, Ky., c. h. Jessamine co. On a and navigable rivers. Its surface is uneven, and small branch of Kentucky River. 36 miles S. E. in some parts hilly; its soil strong and rocky. from Frankfort. Great quantities of the dark-colored granite'are Nichols, N.Y., Tioga co. Bounded on the N. found here. A large part of Norfolk co., parby the Susquehanna River. The surface is hilly, ticularly those towns near Boston, is under a except on the river border, where are broad and high state of cultivation, and affords fruits and fertile flats. 8 miles S. W. from Owego, and 175 vegetables in great abundance. The proximity W. by S. from Albany. of this county to the capital gives it many faciliNicholson, Pa., Lurerne co. Tunkhannock ties, and the towns in this and in the county of Mountain crosses the N. part of this town. 161 Middlesex, that border on Boston Harbor, may miles N. E. from Harrisburg. be called the gardens of Boston. The Charles, Niles, Mn., Berrien co. On the E. side of the Neponset, and Manatiquot are its chief rivers. St. Joseph's, on the Michigan Central Railroad. Norfolk, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Racket River 191 miles W. from Detroit. and some of its branches water this town. SurNiles, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the E. face undulating; soil fertile loam. 18 miles N. by Skaneateles, and W. by Owasco Lake, and from Canton, and 224 N. W. from Albany. watered bv some small streams. Surface rolling; Norfolk County, Va., c. h. at Norfolk. Bounded soil clay and sandy loam, underlaid by lime and N. by Chesapeake Bay, E. by Princess Anne co., slate. 10 miles S. E. from Auburn, and 160 W. S. by North Carolina, and W. by. Nansemond from Albany. co. Hampton Roads lie on the N. border of this VNine Eagles, Io., c. h. Decatur co. county, which also contains the greater part of NVippenose, Pa., Lycoming co. Bounded W. by Dismal Swamp. It is drained by Elizabeth and Nippenose Creek, and N. by the N. branch of the Pasquotank Rivers. Susquehanna River. Surface hilly; soil cal- Norfolk, Va. Port of entry and shire town of careous loam. 96 miles N. from Harrisburg. Norfolk county. This place is situated on the Niskayuna, N. Y., Schenectady co. This town N. E. bank of Elizabeth River, just below the lies on the S. side of the Mohawk. The surface confluence of the two branches of which that is somewhat hilly near the river, but more level river is formed, and 8 miles above its entrance and sandy on the S. 4 miles E. from Schenec- into Hampton Roads. It is 32 miles from the tadv, and 12 N. W. from Albany. ocean, 106 miles E. S. E. from Richmond, 110 &oble County, Ia., c. h. at Augusta. Bounded miles, by water, below City Point, at the junction 63 498 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., of the James and Appomattox Rivers. Popula- pal growth of this place has been within the tion, in 1810, 9193; 1820, 8478; 1830, 9816; last 15 or 20 years, since the erection of a dam 1840, 10,920; 1850, 14,320. across the Schuylkill, which has created an imThe site of Norfolk is low, and in some parts mense water power, giving rise to several large marshy; but the principal streets are well paved, manufacturing establishments. These consist of lighted, and clean, though others are less com- extensive cotton factories, iron works, shops for modious and pleasant. The general style of the building locomotives, saw mills, grist mills, &c. buildings is not distinguished for elegance. The A bridge across the Schuylkill, 800 feet long, public buildings are a court house, jail, market was built in 1830, at a cost of $32,000. The house, theatre, banks, insurance offices, an or- Norristown and Philadelphia Railroad, opened phan asylum, an academy, and an athanaeum, about 1835, connects these two places, passing which has a respectable library. There are 8 or through Conshocken and Managunk. The rail10 churches, 2 of which are Episcopal, 2 Meth- road from Philadelphia to Reading and Pottsodist, 1 Presbyterian, 1 Baptist, 1 Roman Catho- ville passes along the opposite bank of the river. lic, and 1 African. On that side of the river also are the locks of the The harbor of Norfolk is spacious, easy of ac- Schuylkill Navigation Company, around which, cess, and deep enough to admit vessels of 18 feet and at the station of the Reading Railroad, a draught. The entrance, between Old Point Com- small village has sprung up. About 3 miles W. fort and the Rip Raps, is more than a mile wide, of this place are extensive marble quarries, from defended by Fort Munroe and Fort Calhoun. which a part of the stone was obtained for the The former, on Old Point Comfort, including the Girard College. A saw mill, for cutting it into ditch or moat, covers 70 acres of ground; and merchantable forms, is in operation at Norristhe whole peninsula ceded by the state to the town. This place was laid out in 1784, and inUnited States contains 250 acres. This work is corporated as a borough March 31, 1812. calculated to mount 335 guns, the most of which Norriton, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered by are either 42's, 32's, or 24's, and about 130 of the Schuylkill River, which affords extensive them under bomb-proof covers. Fort Calhoun, water power, and by some small streams flowing on the opposite side of the river, covers about 7 into it. Surface level; soil fertile red shale. acres, for which a solid foundation was prepared North Adams, Ms., Berkshire co. See Adams, by throwing stones into the flats near the chan- Ms. nel, and suffering them to settle for several years Northampton, Ms., shire town of Hampshire co. before erecting the superstructure. This work 93 miles W. from Boston, by the old stage route, will mount 265 guns, 32 and 24 pounders, nearly and 115 miles by railroad, via Springfield, from all under cover. These fortifications completely which it is 17 miles N. Population in 1790, command the entrance to the harbor from Hamp- 1628; 1800, 2190; 1810, 2631; 1820, 2854; ton Roads. Opposite to Norfolk is Portsmouth, 1830, 3613; 1840, 3750; 1850, 5278. immediately above which is Gosport, one of the This town is delightfully situated, on the W. most important navy yards in the United States, side of thle Connecticut, on elevated ground, about having a splendid dry dock, constructed of hewn a mile from the river, between which and the granite, at a cost of $974,356. About a mile from town are large tracts of meadow land, the most Norfolk, on Washington Point, between the E. fertile and beautiful to be found in this or any and W. branches of Elizabeth River, stands the other country. These meadows comprise between United States Marine Hospital, which is a hand 3000 and 4000 acres. A fine bridge, 1080 feet some edifice of brick. long, connects this town with Hadley. The Dismal Swamp Canal, which connects This territory, with that of the towns adjoining, the waters of Albemarle Sound with Chesapeake was purchased, in 1653, of " the chief and proper Bay, opens to Norfolk the commerce of the great owners," and conveyed to John Pynchon, for the basins of the Roanoke and Chowan, and, conse- planters, for the consideration of one hundred quently, some of the finest sections of North fathoms of wampum, ten coats, and some small Carolina and Virginia. The James River, which gifts, and also for ploughing up 16 acres of is navigable for sloops 150 miles, to Richmond, land on the E. side of Quonnecticut river. The and for bateaux 220 miles above that place, opens Indian name of the territory was Nonotuck. a valuable trade into an extensive and produc- Since the first settlements in the Connecticut tive country. This port has more foreign com- basin, this town has been an important point of merce than any other place in Virginia. attraction. It was the third town settled on ConNorridgewock, Me., c. h. Somerset co. On both necticut River in Massachusetts. The soil of the sides of the Kennebec, 28 miles N. from Augus- town is alluvial, and its products exuberant. ta. The village is situated on the N. side of the Both before and since the division of the old river, directly in the bend, 5 miles W. of Skow- county into three, this place has been the seat of began Falls. It is a pleasant place, the main justice. The buildings of the county and town street being broad, and shaded by fine trees. Nor- are handsome, and the most important county ridgewock is famous in history as the residence offices are -fire proof. of the Norridgewock Indians, and the seat of a The town is irregularly but handsomely laid French Jesuit mission. out, and is regarded as one of the most pleasant Norristown, As., c. h. Pope co. On the Arkan- for an elegant residence of any in New England. Bas. 71 miles N. W. from Little Rock. The ground rises, W. of the village, into a conNorristown, Pa., c. h. Montgomery co. 16 miles siderable elevation of regular form, called Round from Philadelphia. The town is handsomely Hill, which is the site of several of the finest built. Many of the buildings being covered with edifices in this part of the country. Above them stucco gives it a bright and lively appearance. all, and crowning the summit of the hill, is Besides the usual county buildings, and several the celebrated water cure and boarding establishhandsome churches, there is an acadeumy, a private ment, which occupies an extensive range of seminary for boys, and public library. The princi- buildings originally constituting three separate IN THE UNITED STATES. 499 private mansions. The meeting house of the the centre, and passes N. W. into Great Bay. First Congregational Church in Northampton is 47 miles S. E. by E. from Concord, by stage, and one of the largest in the United States. It is an 9 S. by W. from Portsmouth by the Eastern imposing edifice of wood, 100 feet in length by Railroad. 76 in width, so constructed that the voice of the Northampton, N. J., Burlington co. Watered speaker easily fills its large dimensions. It is by Rancocus Creek and branches of Little Egg ordinarily well filled with intelligent worshippers. Harbor. Surface mostly level; soil sand and There is also another Congregational Church, sandy loam; sterile, except in the N. W. part. besides churches of the Unitarian, Episcopal, Bap- Northampton, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by tist and Methodist denominations. the Sacandaga River, which unites at this place There are many institutions of a literary and with the Vlaie, or Mayfield Creek. A part of the religious character in this town, and its schools Great Fly, or marsh, (Vlaie, in Dutch,) lies in are of the first order. the S. part of this town. It covers from 15,000 to The country around Northampton is enchanting; 20,000 acres. and is frequently overflowed by the and those who visit Mount Holyoke, 830 feet high, Sacandaga and other streams. The surface is on the E. side of the river, or Mount Tom, 1214 feet chiefly level; soil sandy, but productive. 18 high, on the W. side, will find a wonderful variety miles N. E. from Johnstown, and 53 N. W. from of landscape scenery, probably unsurpassed in Albany. beauty by any in the New England States. The Northampton County, Pa., c. h. at Easton. view from the situations on Round Hill is exten- Bounded N. by Monroe co., E. by the Delaware sive and very beautiful. The college buildings River, separating it from New Jersey, S. by at Amherst, 7 miles to the N. E., are within the Bucks and Lehigh, and W. by Lehigh and Carhorizon of this lovely prospect. bon counties. Drained by the Lehigh River and The ancient cemetery at Northampton is much numerous small branches of the Delaware. Survisited by strangers, who feel an interest to stand face mountainous and uneven, affording much by the grave of David Brainerd, the devoted mis- picturesque scenery; soil fertile. sionarv among the Indians, who died, October. Northampton County, Va., c. h. at Eastville. 10. 1747, at the house of the Rev. Jonathan Ed- Bounded N. by Accomac co., E. by the Atlantic wards. afterwards President Edwards, but at that Ocean, and S. and W. by Chesapeake Bay. This time pastor of the First Congregational Church county comprises several islands, and is indented in this town. " If the greatness of a character," by numerous small inlets. Surface varied. as a writer justly observes, " is to be estimated North Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. Drained by by the object it pursues, the danger it braves, Hickory Creek. Surface undulating; soil rich, the difficulties it encounters, and the purity and calcareous loam. cnergy of its motives, David Brainerd is one of North Bend, 0.. Hamilton co. 16 miles below the greatest characters that ever appeared in the Cincinnati, on the N. side of the Ohio River, at world. Compared with this standard of great- the point where the bend in the river northward ness, what little things are the Alexanders, the attains its highest latitude. In the early settleCeesars, the conquerors of the whole earth!" ment of this part of the country, this place was A fine stream passes through the centre of this selected as the site of the chief city, and for a town, possessing a good water power, on which time it had the advantage of Cincinnati. Cirare manufactories and mills of various kinds, cumstances, however, having led to the selection About 2 miles W. of the centre, on the river, a of the latter as a military post, turned the scale flourishing manufacturing village has sprung up. in its favor as the principal centre of business. The manufactures of Northampton consist of In later years, this place has been invested with woollen and silk goods, boots, shoes, leather, a national interest, as the residence, and the place paper, brooms, chairs, iron, tin, cabinet wares, of sepulture, of the late president of the United &c. The manufacture of sewing silk and ribbons States, William Henry Harrison. The mansion is on a large scale. of the president stands in full view from the rivBy the Connecticut River Railroad Northamp- er, about 300 yards distant, amidst agreeable ton has an easy communication with all the scenery, and is a spacious two-story building, principal lines of travel N., S., E., and W. The with wings. One half of the main building is passage in the cars from Springfield to North- built of logs, but covered with clapboards, and ampton offers a fine treat to the lovers of splendid painted, so that the whole presents a uniform and scenrcy. We pass the whole distance on the handsome external appearancee. About a quarbanks of the river, by the falls at South Hadley ter of a mile S. of the family mansion, on the and the great Holyoke dam, through the gorge summit of a small, oval-shaped hill, rising about between Mount Holyoke and Mount Tom. The 100 feet from the plain, is the tomb of Harrison. Canal Railroad, along the course of the old It is built of brick, and is without any inscripHampshire and Hamden Canal, affords an inland tion upon its portal. The view of the river and route to New Haven. surrounding country, to a person standing on this Northampton County, N. C., Jackson shire hallowed spot, is one of great serenity and beauty. town. Bounded N. by Virginia, E. by Gates and North Berwick, Me., York co. This town was Her:ford counties, S. by Bertie co., S. W. by Ro- incorporated in 1831, and was taken from the E. anoke River, separating it from Halifax co., and side of Berwick. It comprises a fine tract of W. 1o.i Warren co. Watered on the N. E. by land; it is well watered, and very pleasant. It Meherin River. Soil mostly fertile. lies 91 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 13 N. W. Northampton, N. H., Rockingham co. This from York. town lies on the sea-coast. It was formerly a Northboro', Ms., Worcesterco. Northboro' was part of Hampton, called North Hill. Little Riv- first settled in 1700, and, until 1766, was the N. er rises here, and flows into the sea between Lit- parish of Westhoro'. This is a good farming tie Boar's Head, in this town, and Great Boar's town, lying between the highlands of Marlboro' Head, in Hampton. Winnicut River rises near on the E. and those of Shrewsbury and Boylston 500 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., on the W. This town is well watered by several Indian Squeakeag, was first settled in 1673. This small streams and ponds, and by the Assabet is a fine township of land, on both sides of ConRiver, which passes through it. On the banks necticut River. The town contains large tracts of the Assabet are large tracts of good meadow. of fine alluvial land, on the banks of the river; 10 miles N. E. from Worcester, and 32 from and the uplands, with an undulating surface, are Boston. generally of a good quality. There are some North Branford, Ct., New Haven co. This small streams in the town, and some handsome town was incorporated in 1831, and was taken ponds. The pleasant village of Northfield is from Branford. A range of mountains from the situated on an elevated plain, about a mile from S. W. to N. E. passes through the central part of the river, on the E. side. 37 miles W. by N. the town. The inhabitants are generally sub- from Fitchburg, by railroad, and 87 from Boston. stantial farmers, and property is very equally Northfield, N. H., Merrimac co. The soil is in distributed. The face of the township is gen- some parts good. Chestnut and Sondogardy erally hilly, but the soil is strong and fertile. Ponds are in this town. Winnipiseogee River About a mile S. E. of the Northford Church, is on the N, and the Merrimac on the W. Near on Tetoket Mountain, there is the appearance of Webster's Falls, the Winnipiseogee falls into the having been, at some remote period, some violent Pemigewasset, and the united streams form the convulsions in nature; the rocks appear to have Merrimac. The principal elevation, Bean Hill, been rent asunder, and are thrown about in great separates the town from Canterbury. First setdisorder. 9 miles E. from New Haven. tiers, Benjamin Blanchard and others, in 1760. Northbridge, Ms., Worcester co. Until 1772, From Concord 16 miles N., on the Concord and this town was the N. part of Uxbridge. The Montreal Railroad. surface is somewhat rocky and rough, but the Northfield, N. Y., Richmond co. Bounded on soil is generally rich, strong, and good. It is the N. and W. by the Kills. The surface and finely watered by springs, streams, and rivers. soil are diversified, and bordering on Staten Of these Blackstone and Mumford Rivers are the Island Sound are some broad marshes. 3 miles largest. On these rivers are tracts of good inter- N. from Richmond, and 156 S. from Albany. vale land. The Worcester and Providence Rail- Northfield, Vt., Washington co. The princiroad passes through the town. From Whitneys- pal stream in this town is Dog River; it affords ville, near the centre of the town, to Boston, is a great number of valuable mill privileges. The 36 miles N. E., to Worcester, 13 miles N. W. timber is various. The soil is generally good, North Bridgewater, Ms., Plymouth co., is well and the surface uneven. There are 4 villages in watered by Salisbury River, and another small this town. The Central Railroad between Bosstream, which empties into the Taunton. Its ton and Burlington passes through it. The first surface is uneven, but the soil is of a good qual- settlement was made here, in 1785, by Amos and ity, particularly for grazing. This town was Ezekiel Robinson and Staunton Richardson, the first of the three Bridgewaters that have from Westminster. The first land was cleared by sprung from Old Bridgewater, named after a Hon. Elijah Paine. 10 miles S. W. from Montcelebrated English duke. 20 miles S. from Bos- pelier. ton, and 24 N. W. from Plymouth. North Haven, Ct., New Haven co. North HaNorth Brookfield, Ms., Worcester co. This ven was taken from New Haven in 1786. The town, formerly the second parish of Brookfield, town lies on both sides of the Wallingford, or was incorporated in 1812. It is on elevated Quinnipiac River, and comprises the valley and ground, has good soil, well cultivated, well wa- a part of the bordering hills. The valley is tered, and filled with many beautiful swells. partly rich intervale land, and more extensively There is an artificial pond in the town, covering sand, covered with a thin stratum of loam, light, 700 or 800 acres, raised for water power. The but warm. Near the northern line of the town, it village of East Brookfield, partly in this town is so light as, in two or three places of small exand partly in Brookfield, lies, by the Western tent, to. be blown into drifts. The soil of the Railroad, 64 miles from Boston, and 20 W. S. hills is good, being a reddish loam. From the W. from Worcester. From East Brookfield to vicinity of this town to New Haven, and from its the village in the centre of the town is 4 miles light and warm soil, which is favorable for early N. W. vegetation, there are various culinary vegetables, North. Castle, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered particularly peas, cultivated for the New Haven by Byram River. Surface hilly and stony; soil market. But the most striking feature in the clay and sandy loam. 6 miles N. from White township is the large and beautiful tract of salt Plains, and 129 S. from Albany. meadows on both sides of the Quinnipiac. These North East, N. Y., Dutchess co. This town meadows produce large quantities of grass, which contains Indian Pond and several smaller ponds, is mowed and stacked upon the land, from and is drained by Ten Mile Creek and some of whence, when the ground is frozen sufficiently its tributaries. It is partly covered by the Tagh- solid in the winter, it is removed. Upon the salt kanic Mountain. The soil is diversified, but marsh, the hay is salt; but on those meadows mostly arable and of good quality. A vein of which are protected from the salt water by means lead ore, which is crossed by one of copper, com- of dikes, the grass is fresh and of a better quality. mences in this town. 25 miles N. E. from These are called dike marshes or meadows. Poughkeepsie, and 75 S. E. from Albany. North Hempstead, N. Y., Long Island. See North East, Pa., Erie co. In the N. E. corner Hempstead. of the county. Bounded N. by Lake Erie, and North Hero, Vt., c. h. Grand Isle co. The soil E. by the state of New York. Drained by Six- is of an excellent quality, and produces grain of teen and Twenty Mile Creeks. 10 miles N. E. all kinds in abundance. This town has no from Erie, and 281 N. W. by W. from Harris- streams of any consequence. It was organized burg. in 1789. The settlement was commenced in Northfield, Ms., Franklin co. This town, the 1783, by Enos and Solomon Wood, the former IN THE UNITED STATES. 501 from Bennington, Vt., and the latter from Nor- ton, which bounds it on the W. Surface rather wich, Ct. 57 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and hilly; soil gravelly and clay loam. 24 miles N. 28 N. N. W. from Burlington. from White Plains, and 122 S. from Albany. North Kingston, R. I., Washington co. This is North Sewickly, Pa., Beaver co. Slippery Rock a wealthy township, on the W. side of Narragan- and Conquenessing Creeks unite in this town, set Bay. The surface of the town is uneven; the and flow into Beaver River. Surface undulating; soil is a gravelly loam, well adapted for the cul- soil calcareous loam. 233 miles W. by N. from ture of grain and vegetables, and the productions Harrisburg. of the dairy. There are some forests in the North Stoninqton, Ct., New London co. This town, of good ship timber. It is watered by town was taken from Stonington in 1808. It is several small streams, which produce a good wa- watered by the Pawcatuck and its branches, which ter power, on which are numerous manufacturing afford good mill sites. The surface is uneven, establishments. These streams afford bass and hilly, and abounding in granitic rocks. The soil other fish in abundance. There is considerable is a gravelly loam, and generally productive of navigation owned at North Kingston, which is good pasturage. Agriculture is the principal ememployed in the coasting trade and fishery. ployment of the inhabitants. Milltown is a pretty Wickford village, in this town, is very pleasant village, with some trade. 13 miles S. E. from and flourishing; it has a good harbor, and is a New London, and 50 S. E. from Hartford. place of considerable trade. It lies about 2 miles North Strabane, Pa., Washington co. CharE. of the Stonington Railroad. 30 miles S. from tier's and Little Chartier's Creeks flow through Providence. this town, and unite on its N. border. Surface North Middleton, Pa., Cumberland co. Wa- hilly; soil loamy. tered by Conadogwinit Creek and its branches, Northumberland, N. H., Coos co. On the E. and is bounded N. by Blue Mountains, in which bank of Connecticut River. The soil along the occur Sterret's and Long's Gaps. Surface level river is very productive, perfectly free from stone in some portions; soil calcareous loam and slate. and gravel, and originally covered with a growth Northport, Me., Waldo co. On Penobscot Bay. of butternut. A portion of the upland is also 46 miles E. from Augusta, and 6 S. from Belfast. good, and covered with pine, spruce, &c. Cape North Providence, R. I., Providence co. This Horn, an abrupt mountain, 1000 feet in height, ancient and wealthy town was a part of Provi- lies near the centre of the town. At the falls in dence until 1767. the Connecticut, below the mouth of the AmoThe surface of this town is uneven, consisting noosuck, a handsome bridge connects this town of moderate elevations and gentle declivities. with Guildhall, Vt. A dam is thrown across the The rocks are primitive and transition; some river at this place, at both ends of which are limestone is found. pleasant villages, and mills of various kinds are The prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, which erected. The scenery of Northumberland is is interspersed with tracts of sandy loam, and very wild and beautiful. First settlers, Thomas some of calcareous. The forests consist of oak, Burnside and Daniel Spaulding, with their famwalnut, and some pine. ilies. Settled in 1762. 130 miles N. from ConThe waters of the town consist of the Seekonk cord, and 7 N. E. from Lancaster. On the MonRiver, which washes its eastern border; the treal and Atlantic Railroad. Wanasquatucket, which forms its western boun- Northumberland, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded dary; and the Mashasuck, which intersects the in- on the E. by the Hudson River. A level town, terior of the township. These streams afford with a soil of sandy loam. 15 miles N. E. from numerous sites for hydraulic works, some of Ballston Spa, and 36 N. N. E. from Albany. which are almost unrivalled. There are some Northumberland County, Pa., c. h. at Sunbury. valuable shad and herring fisheries in the See- Bounded N. by Lycoming and Columbia counkonk. ties, E. by Luzerne and Schuylkill, S. by DanThe village of Pawtucket is situated in the N. phin co., and W. by Susquehanna River, sep.E. section of the town, four miles N. E. from arating it from Perry, Juniata, Union, and LyProvidence, on the border of the Seekonk River; coming counties. Drained by the main and its site being principally the declivity of a hill, and some smaller branches of the Susquehanna. it is highly romantic and picturesque. The river Surface rough and mountainous, except on the here affords numerous natural sites for manufac- border of the river, where it is more level, and turing establishments, mills, and hydraulic works the soil fertile. of almost every description, which are scarcely Northumberland, Pa., Northumberland co. 59 rivalled, and which are occupied to a great extent. miles N. from Harrisburg. It is situated at the The rapid march of manufacturing and mechan- confluence of the N. and W. branches of the ical industry, which the short annals of this place Susquehanna River. It is connected by bridges disclose, has few examples in our country, and across both of these branches with the opposite has produced one of the most considerable and shores. The country spreads out behind the flourishing manufacturing villages in the United town in a semicircular area, rising gradually toStates. The river here forms the boundary line wards Montouss ridge, which crosses from one between Massachusetts and Rhode Island, and river to the other, about 3 miles distant. The the village is built upon both sides of it, being village is regularly laid out with broad streets, partly in each state. That part of the village and is a quiet and pleasant place of residence. which is in Rhode Island is principally built on Business has been in some measure withdrawn four streets, and comprises a large number of from this place by the facilities offered for passhandsome buildings. 4 miles N. of Providence, ing up the respective branches between which it and 38 S. W. from Boston by the Boston and is located by the Susquehanna North and West Providence Railroad. Branch Canals, which meet here. Each branch North Salem, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered has its respective trading town at a point farther by Titicus Creek or River, a branch of the Cro- up. There is, nevertheless, considerable trade 502 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., here. The celebrated Dr. Priestley, the philoso- of Coatocook River. Farrand's River also heads pher and theologian, spent the last ten years of here, and runs S. his life in Northumberland. He died here Feb- Norwalk, Ct., Fairfield co. This pleasant town ruary 6, 1804, in his 71st year. With him also lies on Long Island Sound. It originally included came from England Dr. Thomas Cooper, who, part of the present towns of New Canaan and after residing here some time, went south, and Wilton, and part of Westport. For this tract the became distinguished as a politician, philosopher, following articles were given, viz.: "8 fathom and political economist. wampum, 6 coats, 10 hatchets, 10 hoes, 10 knives, LVorthumberland County, Va., c. h. at Heaths- 10 scissors, 10 jewsharps, 10 fathom tobacco, 3 ville. Bounded N. by the Potomac River, E. by kettles, 3 hands-about, and 10 looking glasses." Chesapeake Bay, and S. and W. by Lancaster, The following articles were given to the Indians Richmond, and Westmoreland counties. Drained for the tract "from Norwalk River to Five Mile by branches of Potomac River, and by Wico- River, from sea, Indian one day in country," mico River, a tributary of Chesapeake Bay. viz.: " 10 fathom wampum, 3 hatchets, 3 hoes Northville, Mn., Wayne co. On the W. side when ships come, 6 glasses. 12 tobacco pipes, 3 of the W. branch of Rouge River, at the mouth knives, 10 drillers, 10 needles." The name of of the outlet of Walled Lake, and 28 miles Norwalk is derived from the above bargain, viz.: W. N. W. from Detroit. It has extensive water the northern bounds of the lands purchased were power, which is improved for flouring mills, iron to extend from the sea one day's " north walk" works, &c. into the country. North Whitehall, Pa., Lehigh co. Coply and The soil in this town is excellent; the surface Jordan Creeks, and some small branches of Le- is uneven, being pleasantly diversified with hills high River, water this town. Surface level; soil and valleys. On the border of the sound the rich calcareous loam. 95 miles E. N. E. from hills are generally moderate, and in the interior Harrisburg. more elevated. Northwood, N. H., Rockingham co. There are " The valley, which lies along Norwalk River, a number of ponds in this town, and excellent and in which the town is built, is beautiful." fishing. Suncook Pond, 780 rods long, 100 Norwalk contains 2 considerable and flourishwide; Jenness's, 300 rods long, 50 wide; Har- ing villages -Norwalk Borough and the village vey's, 200 rods long, from 40 to 80 wide; a part of Old Well. The borough is built on both sides of Great Bow Pond is also in this town, and a of a small river or creek, which is much conpart of North River Pond, Pleasant Pond, and tracted in width at the bridge which connects the Little Bow Pond. The N. branch of Lamprey two parts of the village; and the buildings on River has its rise in this town, near Saddleback each side of the stream are so near each other, Mountain, a high ridge between this town and that the passage of the river fromn the N. is not Deerfield. On the E. side of this ridge are found readily perceived at a short distance. Vessels crystals and crystalline spars of various colors drawing 6 feet of water can get up to the bridge and sizes. This town has an elevated site. The in the most compact part of the borough. soil is generally moist, and well suited to grazing. The flourishing village of Old Well is situNorthwood was originally a part of Nottingham. ated about 1 miles S. of the central part of NorFirst settlers, Moses Godfrey, and John and In- walk Borough, on the W. side of the creek. This crease Batchelder, from Northampton, in 1763. is the principal landing-place for steamboats 20 miles E. from Concord, and 20 N. W. from for Norwalk and the vicinity, there being Exeter. a daily line from and to New York. A boat North Yarmouth, Me., Cumberland co. On every other day leaves Norwalk Bridge for New Casco Bay and the Atlantic and St. Lawrence York. 32 miles from New Haven by railroad. Railroad. See Yarmouth. Norwalk, O., c. h. Huron co. 100 miles N. by Norton, Ms., Bristol co. Before its incorpora- E. from Columbus. tion, this town was the N. part of Taunton. It Norway, Me., Oxford co. A fertile township. began to be settled in 1670. Among its first 47 miles W. by S. from Augusta. settlers was George Leonard, Esq. He discov- Norway, N. Y., Herkimero. Some tributaered iron ore in the town, and there being a ries of West Canada Creek water this town, the number of good streams, branches of the Taun- surface of which is elevated and hilly; soil sandy ton, whereon could be erected extensive iron loam and clay. 14 miles N. from Herkimer, and works, he commenced the business. By him and 79 N. W. from Albany. his posterity it has been continued to the present Norweqian, Pa., Schuyllill co. Watered by day. The surface is pleasantly diversified, but the Schuylkill and its tributaries. This is a hilly the soil is not of the first quality. The village and mountainous town, and the centre of an is pleasant, and remarkably healthy. About 3 important coal region. miles to the eastward of it is Winnicunnet Pond, Norwich, Ct. One of the shire towns of New a handsome sheet of water. There is a literary London co. Norwich city is situated at the head seminary in this town for the education of young of navigation of Thames River, at the point of ladies. The New Bedford and Taunton Rail- land formed by the junction of the Shetucket and road passes through the town. 28 miles from Yantic Rivers, whose united waters constitute Boston, and 27 from New Bedford. the Thames. The main part of the city is built Norton, Vt., Essex co. An uninhabited town- on the southern declivity of a high and rocky ship in the N. W. corner of the county. The hill; the houses are built in tiers, rising one above land is said to be good, and well timbered, con- another. The city, as it is approached from the siderable tracts of it with pine. The charter of south, presents one of the most beautiful, interestthe township was burned, and it is difficult get- ing, and romantic prospects in the state. There ting a valid title to the lands. There are 2 are in this city (or, as it was formerly called, considerable ponds lying partly in the town. Chelsea or Norwich Landing) a court house and The outlet of Norton Pond is the head branch town hall, a high school for boys, and a female IN THE UNITED STATES. 503 academy. About a mile eastward of the landing along the western part of the town, forming parts is situated the flourishing village of Greenville, of the range called Blue Hills. Nottingham at the eastern extremity of which a dam has been Square is a pleasant village on an elevated site. constructed across the Shetucket. The first pa- Bog iron ore is found here in great quantities. per manufactured in Connecticut was made in Mountain ore. crystals and crystalline spars, and this town, by Colonel Christopher Leffingwell. ochres are also found. First settlers, Captain JoAbove the cove, which sets up about a mile seph Cilley and others, in 1727. From Concord, from the river, " the bed of the river consists of a 25 miles E. S. E., and 20 W. from Portsmouth. solid rock, having a perpendicular height of Nottingham, N. J., Mercer co. Drained by As10 or 12 feet, over which the whole body of sunpink and Crosswick's Creeks and branches. water falls in an entire sheet upon a bed of rocks Surface mostly level; soil much diversified. Lobelow. The river here is compressed into a very cated 17 miles N. E. from Mount Holly. narrow channel, the banks consisting of solid Nottingham, Pa., Washington co. Drained by rocks, and being bold and elevated. For a dis- Peter's, Mingo, and Little Mingo Creeks. Surtance of 15 or 20 rods, the channel or bed of the face hilly, abounding with coal; soil loamy. 13 river has a gradual descent, is crooked, and cov- miles E. from Washington. ered with pointed rocks. The rock, forming the LVottoway County, Va., c. h. at Nottoway. bed of the river at the bottom of the perpendicu- Bounded N. by Amelia co., E. by Dinwiddie, S. lar falls, is curiously excavated, some of the cavi- by the Nottoway River, separating it from Lunenties being 5 or 6 feet deep, from the constant burg co., and W. by Prince Edward co. Drained pouring of the sheet of water for a succession of by branches of the Appomattox and Nottoway ages." At the bottom of the falls there is the Rivers. broad basin of the cove, where the enraged and Nottoway, Va., c. h. Nottoway co. On Nottoagitated element resumes its usual smoothness way River. 67 miles S. W. from Richmond. and placidity. 15. miles N. from New London, Novarro County, Ts., c. h. at Corsicana, an with which, and with Hartford and Worcester, it E. central county, on the W. bank of the Trinity. is connected by railroad. Noxubee County, Mi., c. h. at Macon. Drained Norwich, Ms,, Hampshire co. A branch of by the W. fork of Tombigbee River and its Westfield River, and a number of its tributaries, tributaries. give this town an excellent water power. Many Nueces County, Ts., c. h. at Corpus Christi. parts of the town are fit for cultivation, the soil On the S. bank of the Nueces, at its mouth. being strong and fertile; but the larger part of it, Nunda, N. Y., Alleghany co. Canseraga and rough and hilly, is fit only for grazing. The CashaquaCreeks waterthistown. SurfaceunduWestern Railroad just touches the south-western lating; soil fertile and well adapted to wheat. 20 corner of the town, at Chester village depot, 119 miles N. from Angelica, and 225 W. from Albany. miles W. from Boston. To Northampton it is 12 miles. From Chester village to a pleasant Oakdale, Mo., c. h. Shelby co. village, in the centre of the town, is 4 miles. Oakham, Ms., Worcester co. This was once a Norwich, N. Y., Chenango co. Shire town. part of Rutland, and called "Rutland West Situated on the Chenango River. The surface is Wing." The surface is uneven, rough, and stony, hilly, with a broad, fertile valley bordering the but not mountainous; its soil is moist, and affords river. The hilly parts are well adapted to graz- uncommonly sweet pasturage for cattle. Ware ing. 110 miles W. from Albany. River passes its north-western border, and it is INorwich, Vt., Windsor co. The Connecticut otherwise watered by a number of rivulets, River1 washes the eastern boundary of this town- streams, and ponds. 15 miles N. W. from Worcesship, and is from 30 to 40 rods in width. The ter, and 59 W. from Boston. Ompomponoosuc River and Bloody Brook pass Oakland County, Mn., c. h. at Pontiac. Bound. through Norwich. The latter is said to have had ed N. by Genesee and Lapeer counties, E. by Ma its name from a bloody battle fought there during comb, S. by Wayne and Washtenaw, and W. by the French war. The surface is uneven, but Livingston co. Drained by Clinton River and its nearly all admits of cultivation. It produces all tributaries, and by the head branches of Huron, kinds of grain and-grass, and some of the finest Flint, Rouge, and Shiawassee Rivers. Surface orchards in the state. Extensive beds of iron undulating; soil fertile. ore are found in the N. W. corner of the town. Oberlin, O., Lorain co. A village situated in On the bank of Connecticut River, about 70 rods the southern part of Russia township, 32 miles S. above the mouth of the Ompomponoosuc, is an W. from Cleveland, and 11 miles S. from the port Indian burying-ground. Between the Conecti- on Lake Erie, called "Black River Port." This cut and the Ompomponoosuc is a high bluff, place was laid out and settled, in 1832, to be the nthere explosions were formerly heard, like the seat of the literary institution located there, and report of cannon. Norwich village is pleasantly named Oberlin, in honor of the Rev. John Fredsituated on a plain, near Connecticut River. In eric Oberlin, a distinguished philanthropist of 1762, the township was partly lotted, and the Switzerland. The village is located upon a level next year Jacob Fenton, Ebenezer Smith, and plain, in the midst of a tract 3 miles square, emJohn Slafter came here from Mansfield, Ct., built braced in the original purchase, and to a great exa camp. and began improvements. 40 fniles S. tent yet covered with the primitive forest. The E. from Montpelier, and 19 N. from Windsor. site was selected because it was supposed to be The Passumpsic Railroad passes through the town. healthy, could be easily approached by the westNottingham, N. H., Rockingham co. There are ern lakes and other avenues of travel, and yet several ponds in this town, mostly of small size. was sufficiently remote from the vicinity of large Little River and several other streams rise here, towns to secure an exemption from the temptaand North River passes through the town. The tions to dissipation and vice which they offer. soil is in many parts good, though the surface is Another consideration was, that extensive and rough and broken. Several mountains extend fertile lands could be obtained for the purposes of 504 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the seminary, which was to be made a manual la- ment. Its advantages for manufacturing are very borinstitution; and for the settlement of a colony great from the falls in the Oswegatchie River; on around it, which, by the lease or purchase of the which there is a natural dam, a short distance property at a value which would be created in from its mouth, which, being raised somewhat a great measure in the progress of the enterprise, higher, gives a head of about 14 feet. By locks should supply the means of an ultimate invest- at this fall, and improvements in the river above, ment for the college. it is rendered navigable for boats to Black Lake. Oberlin is now a pleasant and thriving vil- There are at Ogdensburg large flouring mills, lage, with a population of over 2000 souls, with iron founderies, machine shops, saw mills, an exstores, mechanics' shops, &c., suited to the condi- tensive brewery, distillery, tannery, &c. Besides tion of such a place. The sale of ardent spirits the shipping, there are lines of steamboats daily has never been permitted within its limits. running through Lake Ontario, and touching at The houses in Oberlin are generally two sto- all its ports, and also passing down the rapids, ries in height, built of wood, and painted white; and, by canal. to Montreal. The communication giving to the place a striking resemblance to a by railroad is now complete between Ogdensburg New England town. The Presbyterian Church and Boston, in consequence of which a vast edifice is one of the largest in the state. Near it, amount of the traffic of the Western States and upon a green of about 12 acres, stands the prin- Canada is drawn to this port in finding its most cipal edifice of the college, named Tappan Hall, eligible direction to the eastern and the foreign in honor of Arthur Tappan, Esq., of New York, markets. Heretofore, the trade of Ogdensburg an early and liberal benefactor of the institution. has been almost exclusively with Montreal; but Facing the Green are Oberlin Hall, Ladies' Hall, now a new channel has been opened which brings and Colonial Hall, all of which, with other build- it into commercial connection with some of the ings, belong to the institution. The distinguish- most important seaports of the Atlantic States. ing objects proposed in the establishment of this The distance to Boston by railroad is 403 miles. seminary are, "to secure the development of a The distance to New York, via Rouse's Point, sound mind in a sound body, by the aid of a ju- Lake Champlain, and Albany, 458 miles. From dicious system of manual labor," and to afford Ogdensburg to Oswego by water, on Lake Onta"thorough instruction, in all the branches of an rio, 110 miles, thence to Albany, by railroad, 178 education, for both sexes; and to which colored miles, and thence to New York, 145 miles - total, persons, of both sexes, shall be freely admitted, 433 miles. There is also a continuous railroad on the terms of equality and brotherhood." The route from Ogdensburg to New York, via Rouse's institution possess 500 acres of land at Oberlin, Point, Burlington, Rutland, Whitehall, Saratoga, and 10,000 acres in Western Virginia. See Col- and Albany, the whole distance being 482 miles. leges. Situated at the foot of ship navigation on the great Obion County, Te., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. lakes, possessing an almost unbounded water by Kentucky, E. by Weakley co., S. by Gibson power, surrounded by a fertile country, and havand Dyer counties, and W. by the Mississippi ing now a direct communication at all seasons of River, separating it from Arkansas. Drained by the year to our principal eastern markets, and, Obion and Reelfoot Rivers and branches. The through them, to the great marts of trade in Euland bordering on the Mississippi is liable to in- rope, Ogdensburg can hardly fail of becoming, undation. like another Buffalo, a principal outlet of the richOcean County, N. J. On the sea coast. Taken es of the W. and N., and consequently a place of from Monmouth - southern half. Flat and sandy. immense prosperity and wealth. Oceola, As., c. h. Mississippi co. On the W. Ogle County, Is., c. h. at Oregon. Bounded N. side of Mississippi River. 130 miles E. N. E. by Stephenson and Winnebago, E. by De Kalb, from Little Rock. S. by Lee, and W. by Whitesides and Carroll Oconto County, Wn. Taken from Brown in counties. Rock River and its tributaries water 1851. this county, Ogden, N. Y., Monroe co. The Erie Canal Oglethorpe County, Ga., c. h. at Lexington. passes through this town, which is chiefly level. Bounded N. by Madison and Elkhart counties, E. 10 miles W. from Rochester. by Wilkes and Tallaferro, S. by Greene, and W. by Ogdensburg, N. Y., St. Lawrence rco. Port of Clarke co. Bounded N. E. by Broad River, and entry and delivery, on the E. side of the St. Law- drained by its branches, and watered on the S. W. rence River, at the mouth of the Oswegatchie, 60 border by a head branch of Oconee River. miles below Kingston, at the outlet of Lake On- Ohio County, Ky., c. h. at Hartford. Bounded tario. 204 miles N. from Albany, and 130 S. N. by Hancock co., E. by Grayson, S. E. by from Montreal. Ogdensburg is considered as be- Butler co., S. W. by Green River, separating it ing at the foot of the lake, because there is little from Muhlenburg co., and W. by Owen co. descent in the river to this place, below which the Drained by Rough and Panther Creeks, branches rapids commence, and the river navigation ends. of Green River. The town is built upon a beautiful plain, and is Ohio, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by West laid out with much regularity in broad streets, Canada Creek and some of its tributaries. Surwith many handsome buildings, and some which face elevated and hilly; soil favorable to grass. are highly ornamental. The material used for the 20 miles N. from Herkimer, and 90 N. W. from most substantial structures is limestone and a Albany. calcareous sandstone. This is the largest town in Ohio City, O., Cuyahoga co. Situated on Lake the county, and was formerly the county seat, un- Erie, at the mouth of Cuyahoga River, optil that was removed to Canton for a more central posite Cleveland. 145 miles N. N. E. from Coposition. It is a place of much trade, and from lumbus. It is built on elevated ground, and enjoys -the various facilities for transportation and busi- a commanding and beautiful view of the lake, ness which are concentrating here, it is destined and of the city of Cleveland opposite, with inevitably to a speedy and very extensive enlarge- which it is connected by a bridge. It was for IN THE UNITED STATES. 505 merly called Brooklyn Village, being included Oswego counties, and watered by Black and within the township of that name. For a few Mohawk Rivers, Oneida Lake, and Oneida, Orisyears after 1830, it had the most rapid increase of kany, Sadaquada, Fish, and Wood Creeks. Surany town in the state, and bade fair to outstrip its face pleasantly diversified with hills and fertile older and wealther sister and rival in the spirit of valleys; soil mostly very fertile, being well enterprise and improvement, if not in amount of adapted to grain. Iron ore, argillaceous clay, business. It was incorporated as a city in 1836. gypsum, water limestone, peat, and marl occur It has many elegant mansions, and extensive in great abundance. There are also many minblocks of stores, shops, warehouses, &c. The eral and gas springs of considerable importance. edifice of the Episcopal Church here is a Gothic The Erie and Chenango Canals, and Utica and stone building, of great beauty. There are other Schenectady, and Syracuse and SchenectadyRailchurches of the Presbyterian and Methodist de- roads pass through this county. nominations. Population in 1840, 1577; in Oneonta, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered by the 1850, including the township, 6375. Susquehanna River, and Charlotte River, and Ohio, Pa., Alleghany co. Little Beaver Creek Otego Creek, flowing into it. Surface hilly and flows through this town, and enters the Ohio River broken, with broad and fertile flats along the at its S. W. corner. Surface undulating; soil borders of the Susquehanna. 20 miles S. from rich alluvion and loam. 10 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 80 S. of W. from Albany. Beaver. Onondayga County. N. Y., c. h. at Syracuse. Ohio County, Va., c. h. at Wheeling. Bounded Formed from Herkimer co. in 1794. It is bounded N. by Brooke co., E. by Pennsylvania, S. by on the N. by Oswego, E. by Madison, S. by CortMarshall co., and W. by the Ohio River, separat- land and Cayuga, and W. by Cuyuga co. Watered ing it from Ohio. Drained by Wheeling Creek by Oneida Lake on the N. E., near the centre by and other small branches of the Ohio. Surface Onondaga Lake, and W. by Cross, Skaneateles, rough and hilly; soil fertile, and the alluvial and Otisco Lakes. Seneca and Oneida Rivers bottoms on the Ohio are very rich. unite to form Oswego River in this county, which Oil Creek, Pa., Crawford co. Oil Creek and its is also watered by several other fine mill streams. branches water this town, which is situated 227 Surface level on the N.,but more hilly on the S.; soil miles N. W. by W. from Harrisburg. chiefly a mixture of calcareous loam and vegetable Oktibbeha C'ounty, Mi., c. h. at Starksville. mould, and very fertile. Brine springs are very Bounded N. by Chickasaw and Monroe counties, numerous, giving employment to a great number E. by Lowndes, S. by Noxubee and Winston, and of people, and yielding a large revenue to the state. W. by Choctaw co. Watered by Oktibbeha There are also several sulphur springs, and oxide River and Runnaway Creek. of iron, marl. gypsum, and water limestone exist Old Codorus, Pa., York co. Codorus Creek and in abundance. The Oswego Canal unites at Syraits branches water this town. Surface undulat- cuse with the Erie Canal, which extends through ing; soil gravelly, and rather poor. 10 miles the county. The Syracuse and Utica and Auburn, S. W. from York. and Syracuse Railroads also run nearly parallel Oldham County, Ky., c. h. at La Grange. Bound- with the Erie Canal. ed N. by Trimble, E. by Henry and Shelby, S. by Onondaga, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Jefferson co., and W. by the OhioRiver, separating a creek of the same name. Surface hilly; soil it from Indiana. The head streams of Floyd's rich clay loam. 5 miles S. from Syracuse, and Fork, of Salt River, Harrod's Creek, and other 135 W. from Albany. small branches of the Ohio, water this county. Onslow County, N. C., c. h. at Onslow. BoundOldtown, Me., Ponobscot co. See Orono. ed N. and E. by Jones and Carteret counties, S. Old Point comfort, Va., Elizabeth City co., by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by New Hanover occupies the N. point at the entrance of James and Duplin counties. Drained by New River and River, lying opposite and 3 miles distant from its tributaries. Surface low and flat. Willoughby Point. The fbrt, called also Fortress Onslow, N. C., c. h. Onslow co. Monroe, is I mile from Fort Calhoun, on the Rip Ontanagon River Settlement, Mn. Ontanagon Raps. The village beach is a favorite summer River Settlement is situated at the mouth of that resort. 97 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. river, and is about 20 miles to the westward of KeOld Washington, Aa., c. h. Washington co. waiwona Point. This place owes its prosperity to Olean, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alleghany the discovery of several valuable mines, about 15 River and some of its tributaries water this town. miles up the stream. These were discovered by Surface hilly, and heavily timbered with pine; miners between the years 1845 and 1848, and soil sandy loam. 20 miles S. E. from Ellicott- have been opened to considerable extent, and ville, and 288 S. of W. from Albany. some of them have begun to give returns that inOiey, Pa., Berks co. The head branches of dicate that they will prove profitable to the stockManatawny and Manookisy Creeks water this holders. Notwithstanding the failure and disaptown, the surface of which is level, and the soil pointment of many of the mining companies, fertile calcareous loam. 62 miles E. from Harris- the fact of valuable deposits of copper in this burg. vicinity is now established beyond question, Olive, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Esopus and the mining operations are extending from Creek. Surface mountainous and uneven, being year to year. The Ontanagon is one of the broken on the W. by spurs of the Catskill Range. largest rivers that pour their waters into Lake Soil gravel and clay loam. 12 miles W. from Superior. Its waters are quite dark colored, from Kingston, and 68 S. W. from Albany. peaty matter taken up by the water in its course. Olney, Is., c. h. Rutland co. The dark-brown hue of this stream may be traced Oneida County, N. Y., Rome, Utica, and Whites- in Lake Superior for some miles from the mouth town shire towns. It was formed from Herkimer of the river. There is no bar that will prevent co. in 1798. Bounded N. by Lewis, E. by Her- boats from entering this stream, but they cannot kimer, S. by Madison, and W. by Madison and go up far on account of the falls. The soil on 64 506 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., this river, though coarse, is good, and produces affords good water power, and it has a variety of excellent potatoes. Other vegetables thrive well manufactures. farther inland, where they escape the cold winds Orange County, N. C., c. h; at Hillsboro'. It is from the lake. bounded N. by Caswell and Person counties, E. A small village, with a town store and post by Granville and Wake, S. by Chattham, and W. office, will be found at the mouth of the river. In by Guilford co. Haw and Neuse Rivers and the course of a few years, a considerably larger branches water this county. town will be built here, if the mines should, as it Orange, N. H., Grafton co. 40 miles N. W. is hoped they will, prove productive. Water from Concord. In this town are found many power, suitable for saw mills, can be readily ob- mineral substances. There is in the S. E. part tained on this large stream, so full of rapids and a small pond, in which is found paint, resemfalls. The copper is found mostly in veins, run- bling spruce yellow; in it is also found chalk, ning in the direction of the strata, or trends of intermixed with magnesia. In 1810. a valuable the rocks, and epidote is frequently found to be species of ochre was discovered. The surface is the matrice of the copper, which also is found in uneven, but the soil, in many parts, is productive. trap rocks of an amygdaloidal character. Cardigan Mountain lies in the eastern part of the Ontario County, N. Y., c. h. at Canandaigua. town. Incorporated from Montgomery co., in 1789, but Orange, N. J.. Essex co. Drained by Second, has since been greatly reduced in size. It is and branches of Rahway River. Surface undubounded on the N. by Monroe and Wayne, E. by lating or mountainous; soil red shale. 4 miles Seneca, S. by Yates and Steuben, and W. by N. W. from Newark, and 53 N. E. from Livingston and Monroe counties. Surface pleas- Trenton. antly diversified; soil mostly fertile loam and Orange County, N. Y., Newburg and Goshen mould, yielding large quantities of fruit and grain. shire towns. Originally incorporated in 1683. Its principal waters are Seneca, Canadice, Hone- It is bounded N. by Ulster co., E. by the Hudson oye, Hemlock, and Canandaigua Lakes, and their River, S. by Rockland co. and the state of N. J., outlet, and Flint and Mud Creeks. It contains and W. by Sullivan co. and the Delaware River, several sulphur springs, and at one place carbu- which separates it from Pennsylvania. Watered retted hydrogen, or imflammable gas, is given by the Hudson, the Wallkill, the Delaware River forth in large quantities. Iron ore, gypsum, and and its branches, and the head branches of the marl also abound. The Erie, and Cayunga and Ramapo. The S. E. portions are covered by the Seneca Canals run a short distance on the boun- Highlands, and the W. by the Shawangunk daries of this county, and the Auburn and Roches- Mountains; the rest of the surface is covered ter Railroad crosses it from E. to W. with gentle hills and broad, fertile valleys. The Ontario, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by sev- soil is well adapted to grazing, and this county has eral small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, long been celebrated for its fine dairies. It is which bounds it on the N. Surface level; soil also rich in mineral productions, the mostimporsandy and gravelly loam. 22 miles N. W. from tant of which are ilmenite and magnetic iron ore. Lyons village, and 208 N. of W. from Albany. It is crossed by the Delaware and Hudson Canal Opeloulsas, La., St. Landry parish. Near the and New York and Erie Railroad. head of Vermilion River; the seat of Franklirt Orange, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Mead's College. (See Colleges.) 217 miles W. N. W. Creek. Has a high and rolling surface, and a soil from New Orleans. suitable for grass and grain. 16 miles E. from Oppenheim, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by East Bath, and 205 S. of W. from Albany. Canada Creek and several small streams. Sur- Orange County, Vt., c. h. at Chelsea. This counface somewhat hilly; soil various. 14 miles W. ty is bounded N. by Washington and Caledonia from Johnstown, and 63 N. W. from Albany. counties, E. by Connecticut River, S. by Windsor Oranlqe, Ct., New Haven co. This town was co., and W. by Addison and Washington countaken from New Haven and Milford in 1822. ties. The easternerange of the Green Mountains The name was adopted in honor of William, extends along the north-western part of the county. Prince of Orange, in commemoration of the bene- The principal rivers, besides the Connecticut, are fits received from him by the colony of Connec- the Ompomponoosuc, Wait's branches of the ticut; particularly for the restoration of their White, and Stevens's branch of the Winooski charter after the usurpation and tyranny of Ed- The lands in Orange co. are generally good for mund Andros. 4 miles S. W. from New Haven. grazing; there are some excellent tracts on the Orange is a pleasant town, with a productive banks of the Connecticut. Iron and lead ores, soil. The inhabitants are principally farmers. slate and granite, are abundant. Savin Rock, in this town, is a romantic spot, and Orange, Vt., Orange co. Knox Mountain, in a place of resort in the summer. There are mines the north-easterly part of the town, is a considerof silver and copper in the town, and asbestos is able elevation, and affords inexhaustible quantifound in abundance in serpentine rocks. ties of granite for building stone. The timber is Orange County, Fa., c. h. at Melonville. On the chiefly hard wood, except along the streams. Atlantic shore of the peninsula. The soil in some parts of the town. particularly Orange County, Ia., c. h. at Paoli. Bounded on the heights, is rather cold and wet; in other N. by Lawrence, E. by Washington, S. by Craw- parts and on the streams it is rich and productive. ford, and W. by Dubois and Martin counties. The principal stream of water is Jail Branch; Drained by Lost River and Lick and Patoka it receives a considerable stream fiom the north, Creeks, which afford good hydraulic power. Sur- called Cold Branch. Orange possesses a large face rough and hilly. The McAdamized road and valuable water power. The first settlement leading from Albany to Vincennes traverses was commenced by Ensign Joseph Williams in this county. 1793, on the S. line of the town. 12 miles S. Orange, Ms.. Franklin co. 72 miles W. from E. from Montpelier, and 12 N. from Chelsea. Boston, and 20 E. from Greenfield. Miller's River Orange County, Va., c. h. at Orange Court IN THE UNITED STATES. 507 House. Bounded N. by Rapidan River, separat- Orleans, Ms., Barnstable co. Orleans was the ing it from Culpepper co., E. by Spottsylvania S. part of Eastham until its incorporation in co., S. by Pamunky River, separating it from 1797. Its Indian name was Naunmskeket. It Louisa co., and W. by Albermale and Greene extends across the cape, and is indented with counties. Drained by tributaries of North Anna coves and creeks on both sides, and contains a and Rivanna Rivers. Surface hilly; soil fertile. number of fine fresh-water ponds. Nanset Harbor Orange Court House, Va., c. h. Orange co. At is at the N. E. part of the town, and Pleasant Bay the base of South West Mountain. 84 miles opens at the S.E. cornerof the town, and lies partN. W. from Richmond. ly in Chatham. In this bay are several islands. Orangebzury District, S. C., c. h. at Orangeburg. There is a very pleasant village near the centre Bounded N. by Lexington and Richland dis- of the town, from which, to Barnstable court tricts, E. by Sumpter, S. by Charleston and Barn- house, is 24 miles. well, and W. by Barnwell and Edgefield districts. Orleans County, N. Y., c. h. at Barre. Formed The Congaree River runs on a part of its N. and from Genesee co. in 1824. It is bounded N. by the Santee on its E. border. The South Edisto Lake Ontario, E. by Monroe, S. by Genesee, and washes its S. W. border, and the North Edisto W. by Niagara co. Watered by Oak Orchard, and branches drain the interior. Johnson's, and several other creeks flowing into Orangeburg,. S. C., c. h. Orangeburg District. Lake Ontario. Surface mostly level, with the exOn the E. bank of North Edisto River. 43 miles ception of the mountain ridge, which runs nearly S. by E. from Columbia. parallel with the lake shore; soil well adapted to Orangetown, N. Y., Rockland co. Bounded on grass and grain. There are a few salt and sulthe E. by Tappan Bay, an enlargement of the phur springs in this county, and bog iron ore is Hudson River, and is drained by the Hackensack. found in small quantities. The Erie Canal passes Surface hilly; soil a mixture of red shale and through it from E. to W. clay. 123 miles from Albany. Orleans, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by Orangeville, N. Y., Wyoming co. Tonawanda Chaumont and Perch Rivers. Surface slightly Creek and some of its branches water this town. undulating; soil chiefly rich clay and loam upon Surface hilly; soil clay loam. 7 miles W. from a foundation of limestone. 12 miles N. from Warsaw, and 254 from Albany. Watertown, and 172 N. W. from Albany. Orangeville, Pa., Columbia co. On Fishing Orleans County, Vt., c. h. at Irasburg. This Creek. 5 miles N. from Bloomsburg, and 81 N. county is bounded N. by Lower Canada, E. by by E. from Harrisburg. Essex and Caledonia counties, S. by Caledonia Oregon County, Mo., c. h. at Eleven Points. co., and W. by Franklin and Lamoille counties. Bounded N. by Texas and Shannon counties, It lies between the eastern and western ranges of E. by Ripley co., S. by As.. and W. by Ozark co. the Green Mountains. The surface is generally Drained by Eleven Points and Spring Rivers. handsome, and the soil well adapted for wheat, Oregon, Mo., c. h. IHolt co. On the N. E. bank rye, and grass; the climate is rather too cold for of Missouri River. corn, and some parts of the county are low and Oregon City, On., c. h. Claquemas co. On the marshy. Orleans co. is watered by Missisco, Black, Willemette River, near its entrance into the Ore- Barton, and other rivers. It contains more ponds gon. than any other county in the state. Much of Orford, N. H., Grafton co., lies on Connecticut its trade goes to Canada by the way of MemRiver, over which is a bridge connecting it with phremagog Lake, which lies in this county and Fairlee. The soil is fertile, and there are beauti- Canadas. ful intervale farms on the Connecticut. Mount Orono, Penobscot co. This town lies on the Caba and Mount Sunday lie near the centre of W. side of Penobscot River, and is watered by the town. There are 4 or 5 ponds of consider- Dead, Stream and a large part of Pushaw Lake. able size, one of which, called Baker's Upper It is 74 miles N. E. from Augusta. Pond, lies within 3 or 4 miles of Connecticut This town borders on the Great Falls in PenobRiver. Indian Pond lies 1 mile W. from it. scot River, and contains a great number of saw Limestone is found in great abundance at the mills, which manufacture a vast amount of lumfoot of a mountain, about 400 or 500 feet above ber annually for the Bangor market. A railroad, Connecticut River. Soapstone and granite 12 miles in length, between Bangor and the vilabound, and some lead ore has been discovered. lages of Stillwater and Oldtown, in Orono, was Orford contains a pleasant village, situated on a opened for travel in 1836. The Penobscot Rivbeautiful plain on the main road, on the bank of er, at Oldtown, above the falls, is 40 feet higher the Connecticut. There'is also another pleasant than at Bangor. The village of Stillwater is 4 village, at a distance of 2 miles, called Orfordville. miles below Oldtown. Above the falls, and The Passumpsic Railroad crosses the Connecticut about a mile above the village of Oldtown, near at this place. 91 miles by Railroad from Concord. the mouth of Dead Stream, on" Oldtown Island," Oriskany Falls, N. Y., Oneida co. On both is the Indian settlement. This settlement is tides of Oriskany Creek, which has a fall of about very pleasantly located, and secure from ap30 feet at this place, affording good water power. proach, except by boats or canoes. It contains 100 miles XV. N. W. from Albany. a number of framed houses, and a neat chapel Orland, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side of with a bell. In 1837, John Neptune, the lieutenPenobscot River. 64 miles E. from Augusta. ant governor, and other officers of the Penobscot Orleans Parish, La., c.h. New Orleans. Bound- tribe of Indians, finished taking, by families, a ed N. by Lake Pontchartrain, E. by Lake Borgne, very particular census of all who belong to the S. by Plaquemine, and W. by Jefferson co. The tribe, for the purpose of a just and equal distrisurface is too low and marshy for profitable culti- bution of the annuities and other moneys paid to vation, except on the margins of the streams. The them. It was found that the families in all were principal productions are cotton, sugar, rice, In- 95- the list exhibiting the head of each family dian corn, oranges, figs, peaches. by name, and the number of individuals each 508 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., one contains annexed thereto. The whole num- Oswegatchie, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered ber of souls in the tribe was 362. Their officers by the Oswegatchie River, a branch of the St. are, a governor, lieutenant governor, a colonel, Lawrence, which bounds it on the N. W., and 4 captains, I squire, and 1 deacon. In religion by Black Lake, which lies partly in this town. they are Catholics. Several of them can read, Surface slightly undulating; soil clay loam. 16 and a few can write, though in a poor hand. The miles W. from Canton, and 200 N. W. from Altribe own, collectively, all the islands in the Pe- bany. nobscot River, beginning with that of Oldtown, Oswego County, N. Y., Oswego and Pulaski, where their village is, and including all up as far shire towns, was taken from Oneida and Ononas the forks, several miles above the Mattawam- daga counties in 1816. Bounded N. by Lake keag, many of which are exceedingly pleasant Ontario, E. by Lewis and Oneida, S. by Madison and fertile. The Indians are not poor, having and Jefferson counties, and W. by Lake Ontario sold some of their lands for large sums. To such and Cayuga co. Watered by Oneida Lake, a remnant, however, is this tribe reduced —-a Oswego and Salmon Rivers, and many small tribe anciently and uniformly called the Tarra- streams flowing into Lake Ontario. Surface tines, who could bring into the field more than chiefly level; soil very productive. There are 2000 warriors, and who claimed the lands on no important minerals in this county. The Osboth sides of the Penobscot River, from its wego Canal runs along the E. bank of the Oswesources to its mouth. go River. Orrington, Me., Penobscot. A fine township, Oswego, N. Y., port of entry, and seat of justice, with a handsome village, on the E. side of Penob- alternately with Pulaski, of Oswego co. Situscot River, opposite Hampden. ated on both sides of Oswego River, at its enOrwell, Vt., Addison co. Some of the land is trance into Lake Ontario. 35 miles N. W. from broken and hilly; the remaining part is very level, Syracuse, and 178 W. by N. from Albany. This handsome land, and produces abundant crops place, incorporated as a village in 1828, is partly of all kinds of grain. The principal streams are in the township of Oswego, and partly in that of East Creek and Lemonfair River. On these Scriba, the river being the dividing line. The streams are several mill privileges, which are two parts are connected by a bridge 700 feet in good during a part of the year. The waters, length; and as the ground ascends in both direcwhere the land is clayey, are slightly impregnat- tions from the river, a beautiful view of each ed with Epsom salts, or the sulphate of mag- division of the place is presented from the opnesia. There is a spring on the lake shore, posite side. On both sides it is regularly and about 180 rods S. from the N. W. corner, the wa- handsomely laid out, with streets 100 feet wide, ters of which are strongly impregnated. The crossing each other at right angles, and with pubaverage width of Lake Champlain against Or- lie squares, around which some of the churches well is about 1 mile, and the widest place 2 and other public buildings are located. The miles. May 13, 1820, a piece of land in the court house is on the E. side of the river. The town, of more than 5 acres' area, sunk about 40 First Presbyterian and the Episcopal Churches feet, and slid into the lake. The impulse made are beautifully situated on elevated ground, on upon the water was so great as to raise the lake the W. side. There is an incorporated academy 3 feet at the opposite shore, a mile and a half dis- and a flourishing female school in the place, and tant. A part of Benton was annexed to Orwell many of the mansions of the more wealthy cititn 1847. The first permanent settlement of this zens are elegant, and richly adorned with embelplace was made in 1783. 20 miles N. W. from lishments of taste and luxury. Rutland, and 47 S. W. from Montpelier. The facilities which Oswego possesses for Orwigsburg, Pa., c. h. Schuylkill co. On a rising trade, comtnerce, and manufactures, are very ground, in a valley surrounded by high hills of fer- great. Its harbor, next to Sackets Harbor, is the tile land, and near a small branch of the Schuyl- best on the S. side of Lake Ontario. It is kill River. N. E. from Harrisburg 62 miles. formed, at the mouth of the river, by a pier 1290 Osage County, Mo., c. h. at Linn. This county feet in extent, built by the United States at an is bounded N. by the Missouri River, separating expense of nearly $100,000. The harbor within it from Callaway co., E. by Gasconade co., S. by the pier is spacious and safe, having a depth of Crawford and Pulaski counties, and W. by Mil- water of from 10 to 20 feet. Several steamboats ler co. and Osage River, separating it from Cole and a large number of sailing vessels are owned co. Drained by Gasconade River. here. An excellent marine railway has been Oskaloosa, Io., c. h. Mahaska co. constructed. The Oswego Canal connects this Ossian, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Can- harbor with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, employseraga Creek and some of its tributaries. Sur- ing the Oswego River for a part of the distance, face undulating; soil fertile, argillaceous loam. and the canal boats are generally so constructed 20 miles N. E. from Angelica, and 233 W. from as to strength, and the form of their decks, that Albany. they may be taken in tow, with their cargoes, Ossinsinq, N.Y., Westchester co. Incorporated through the lake. A considerable portion of in 1845. The name is of Indian origin, signify- trade between New York and the west passes ing " the place of stone." through this channel, and hence. by the Welland Ossipee, N. H., c. h. Carroll co. The W. arid Canal, into Lake Erie. The railroad from SvraS. W. parts are hilly and mountainous, present- cuse brings other facilities of business to Osweing a beautiful contrast with the N. and E. parts, go, while it opens through this place one of the which are moderately uneven or level. Ossipee most desirable routes of travel from the eastern Lake is in this town and Freedom. (See Ossipee cities to the west by the way of Niagara Falls. Lake.) 60 miles N. N. E. from Concord. From Oswego to Port Dalhousie, at the mouth Osterville, Ms., in the town of Barnstable, of the Welland Canal, is about 150 miles; to Barnstable co. On the E. side of Oyster Bay. Ogdensburg, about 110 miles. 72 miles S. S. E. from Boston. The water power at Oswego, afforded by the IN THE UNITED STATES. 509 river and the canal, is immense. Many large waters this town, the surface of which is hilly, manufacturing establishments are in operation and the soil clay loam, well adapted to grass. 15 on both sides of the river, and much more power miles N. W. from Norwich, and 105 W. from remains to be applied. The quantity of flour Albany. turned out daily by 5 or 6 extensive flouring Ottawa County, Mn., c. h. Grand Haven. mills at Oswego is very large. Bounded N. by Oceana and Neewaggo counties, Fort Oswego, near the lake, on the E. side of E. by Kent co., S. by Allegan co., and W. by the river, is a strong fortification for the defence Lake Michigan. Drained by Grand River and of the harbor, occupying the site of the old fort its branches, and Maskegon River. Surface unof the same name, celebrated in the colonial dulating, with sand bluffs bordering the lake; wars with the French. This place has been the soil fertile. scene of sanguinary conflict, in every period of Ottawa County, O., c. h. at Port Clinton. hostilities with a foreign enemy. N. W. part of the state. Has Lake Erie on the Otego, N. Y., Otsego co. The Susquehanna N., and Sandusky Bay on the S. E. Watered River and Otsdawa Creek water this town, the by Portage and Touissiant Rivers. Level and surface of which is somewhat hilly, with exten- fertile. sive flats along the borders of the Susquehanna; Vinton County, O., c. h. at McArthur. West the soil well adapted to grass and grain. 22 central part of the state. miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and 86 from Otto, N. Y., Cattaraugus'co. Bounded on the Albany. N. and W. by Cattaraugus Creek and its branches. Otisco, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded on the The surface is rough and elevated; soil well W. by Otisco Lake and its inlet. Surface hilly; adapted to grass and grain. 10 miles N. W. soil clay loam. 15 miles S. from Syracuse, and from Ellicottville, and 300 W. from Albany. 134 W. from Albany. Ottowa, Is., La Salle co. On both sides of the Otisfield, Me., Cumberland co. This town is Illinois at the confluence of Fox River. For 8 watered by Crooked. River, which empties into Se- or 9 miles below this place, the Illinois is not bago Lake. The soil is very good. It lies 82 navigable for steamboats, except at high water,. miles S. S. W. from Augusta, and 32 N. N. W. owing to the rapids. 133 miles N. N. E. from from Portland. Springfield. Possesses an extensive waterpower. Otis, Ms., Berkshire co. The territory of Otis The Illinois Canal passes through it. comprises that of the old town of London, Ottumwa, Ia., c. h. Wapello co. which was incorporated in 1773, and the old dis- Ouachita County, As., c. h. at Camden. Southtrict of Bethlehem. The two were united by ern part. The Ouachita flows through it from an act of incorporation, in 1810, and named in N. to S. honor of the venerable Harrison Gray Otis, of Outagamie County, Wn. Taken from Brown Boston, then speaker of the House of Representa- in 1852. tives. The surface is uneven, and in some parts Overton County, Te., c. h. at Livingston. Boundtoo elevated for cultivation. There are, however, ed N. by Kentucky, E. by Fentress co., S. by many tracts of good tillage land, and an abun- Putnam, and W. by Jackson co. Drained by dance of feed for cattle. The town is well stored Obies River and tributaries and Roaring Creek. with forests of hard wood, and granite. There Ovid, N. Y., Seneca co. Half shire town, are in the town a number of large and beautiful lying between Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, and ponds, which, with a small stream from Becket, watered by several fine mill streams. The surform the head waters of Farmington River. face is elevated in the centre, sloping E. and W. These waters furnish the town with good mill towards the lakes; the soil suitable for grass and seats. From the village in the S. part of the grain. 171 miles W. from Albany. town to the Becket depot, on the Western Rail- Owasco, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded on the road, is about 10 miles; from thence to Boston, W. by Owasco Lake, and drained by a few small 135 miles. streams. Surface rolling; soil fertile loam. 3 Otsego, Mn., Allegan co. Watered by the Kal- miles S. E. from Auburn, and 164 W. from amazoo River, which here affords good water Albany. power. 149 miles W. by N. from Detroit. Owego, N. Y., c. h. Tiogra co. The SusqueOtsego County, N. Y., c. h. at Otsego. Formed hanna River here receives Owego Creek and from Montgomery co, in 1791. It is bounded N. several other streams. The surface is somewhat by Oneida, Herkimer, and Montgomery, E. by hilly, with extensive flats along the Susquehanna; Schoharie and Delaware, S. by Delaware, and W. soil fertile. 167 miles S. WV. from Albany. by Chenango and Madison counties. Watered Owen County, Ky., c. h. at Owenton. Bounded by Otsego and Canaderaga or Schuyler's Lakes, N. by Carroll and Gallatin counties, E. by Grant from which flows the E. branch of the Susque- and Pendleton, S. by Scott and Franklin, and W. hanna River, by Cherry Valley, Otego, and But- by the Kentucky River, separating it from Henry ternut Creeks, and by the Unadilla River, which co. Drained by Eagle Creek. forms its W. boundary. Surface elevated, hilly, Owen County, Ia., c. h. at Spencer. Bounded and in some parts mountainous; soil various, N. by Putnam, E. by Morgan and Monroe, S. by but mostly fertile. This county contains abun- Green, and W. by Clay co. Drained by the W. dance of fine marble, and several sulphur fork of White River and its branches, and by springs. Mill Creek, a branch of Eel River, which afford Otsego, N. Y., c. h. Otsego co. Bounded on great hydraulic power. Surface undulating, conthe E. by Otsego, and N. W. by Canaderaga taining iron ore; soil fertile. Lake, and drained by Oak Creek, a fine mill Owensboro', Ky., c. h. Daviess co. On the S. stream, and the outlet of the last-named lake. side. of Ohio River. 56 miles W. S. W. from Surface hilly; soil well adapted to the growth of Frankfort. grass and grain. 66 miles W. from Albany. Owenton, Kv.. c. h. Owen co. Otselic, N. Y., Chenango co. Otselic River Owinguille, Ky., c. h. Bath co. On a branch of 510 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Licking River, a little W. from Slate Creek, and soil very fertile. 10 miles S. from Norwich, and 73 miles E. from Frankfort. 118 S. W. from Albany. Owsley County, Ky., c. h. at Boonville. New. Oxford, O., Butler co. 105 miles W. S. W. from Oxford. Ct., New Haven co. Oxford was Columbus. The seat of Miami University, to taken from Derby in 1798. It is watered by which the land belongs. See Colleges. Housatonic and Naugatuck Rivers. The surface Oxford, Pa., Philadelphia co. Bounded S. E. of the town is diversified with hills and valleys; by the Delaware River, and drained by Tacony the soil is generally a gravelly loam, fertile and Creek, a mill stream, and by Sissisocksink Creek. productive. The water power at this place is Surface gently sloping; soil sandy loam. excellent. From Governor's Hill a fine view of Oyster Bay, N. Y., Queens co. This large the neat village of Quaker Farms and the sur- town is watered by Oyster Bay on tile N., and the rounding country is presented. About a mile S. Great South Bay on the S. - Surface somewhat of the central part of the town is a remarkable hilly and stony on the N., and level and sandy on mineral spring, called " The Pool," from the the S. 10 miles E. from North Hempstead, and circumstance of its waters being efficacious and 175 S. from Albany. much used for the cure of the salt rheum and Ozark, As., c. h. Franklin co. On the N. side other complaints. " Once in a month a yellow- of Arkansas River. 121 miles N. W. from Little ish scum will collect upon the surface of the Rock. water, which in a few days runs off, and leaves Ozark County, Mo., c. h. at Rockbridge. the pool perfectly clear. In the coldest weather, Bounded N. by Wright and Texas counties, E. this spring never freezes; in the dryest season it by Oregon co., S. by Arkansas, and W. by is as full as at other times." Taney co. Drained by the N. fork of White Oxford, Ia., c. h. Benton co. River. Oxford County, Me., c. h. at Paris. On the western border of the state. The Upper Andros- Paducah, Ky., McCracken co. On the S. coggin flows through it from W. to E. Lake bank of Ohio River, immediately below the Umbagogc, the source of the river, is in the N. mouth of the Tennessee, and 284 miles W.. S. W. part, which is still unsettled. Rough and moun- from Frankfort. tainous in some parts, but with much good Page County, Io., c. h. at Nodaway. In the S. E. land. angle of the state, bordering on Missouri. Oxford, Me., Oxford co: This town is watered Page County, Va., c. h. at Luray. Bounded N. by Little Androscoggin River and several ponds. by Warren co., E. by Rappahannock and MadiIt contains some excellent land, and two flour- son, S. by Rockingham, and XV. by Shenandoah ishingvillages. Oxford lies 52 miles S.W. from co. Drained by the S. fork of Shenandoah Augusta, and 8 S. from Paris. River. Surface hilly, the Blue Ridge forming Oxford, Ms., Worcester co. This town was its E. boundary; soil chiefly fertile. granted to Joseph Dudley and others, in 1683, Pahaquarry, N. J.,Warren co. Blue Mountain for the accommodation of about 30 French bounds this town on the W., and on its S. W. Protestant families, who had escaped from boundary the Delaware River passes through the France after the revocation of the edict of Nantz. mountain, forming the Delaware Water Gap. A They settled here about 1686, and built a fort on road has been constructed through this Gap, by a hill in the eastern part of the town, now called excavating the mountain, which was formerly Mayo's or Fort Hill, where its remains are still nearly impassable on the Jersey side. The survisible. The Indian name of the town was face of the town is mountainous, except on the Manchalrge. The surface is not very hilly; in its Delaware, where are rich bottom lands. 1b centre is a fine plain, a mile and a half in length, miles N. from Belvidere. and a mile in width. From this plain the lands Painted Post, N. Y., Steuben co. At the junegently rise on all sides. The soil is strong and tion of Conhocton and Tioga Rivers, on the site fertile, and under good cultivation. About three of an old Indian burial-ground, in which a paintquarters of a mile W. from the plain, on which is ed post was erected by them in memory of a disa large and handsome village, runs French River, tinguished chief. 212 miles W. by S. from from the N. to the S., and falls into the Quine- Albany. It has large water power, and 3 miles baug. This river (so named from the first set- N. a mineral spring. The Erie Railroad passes tiers) and its tributaries give to Oxford a great through it. hydraulic power. Woollen and Thread Villages, Painesville, O., c. h. Lake co. A very flourishabout a mile apart, on French River, are impor- ing place on the southern shore of Lake Erie, tant manufactuling places. The Norwich and and contains many valuable farms. Grand River Worcester Railroad passes through the town. bounds the south-eastern part, then runs N., and 11 miles S. from Worcester, and 58 S. W. by W. flows across the township into the lake. 170 miles from Boston. N. E. from Columbus, and 30 E. from Cleveland. Oxford, Mi., c. h. La Fayette co. 160 miles N. Paintsville, Ky., c. h. Kentucky co. N. E. from Jackson. Palatine, N. Y., Montgomery co. Watered by Oxford, N. C.. c. h. Granville co. On the W. Garoga Creek, a branch of the Mohawk River, side of Fishing Creek. 6 miles N. from Tar which bounds it on the S. Surface hilly, and River, and 45 N. from Raleigh. the promontory called Anthony's Nose is situated Oxford, N. J., Warren co. Bounded on the in this town. The soil is remarkably fertile and W. by Delaware River, and drained by Pequest productive in some parts. 10 miles W. from Creek and its tributary, Beaver Brook, both mill Fonda, and 52 N. W. from Albany. streams. Surface rough and mountainous; soil Palermo, Me., Waldo co. A good farming fertile in the valleys. town, embracing the head waters of the SheepsOxford, N. Y., Chenango co. The Chenango cot River. 16 miles E. N. E. from Augusta. River, and, nearly parallel to it, the Chenango Palermo, N. Y., Oswego co. Catfish Creek Canal, pass throughl this town. Surface rolling; waters this town, the surface of which is undu IN THE UNITED STATES. 511 lating; soil sandy loam. 15 miles S. E. from tered and supplied with mill privileges by Little Oswego, and 162 N. W. from Albany. Androscoggin River, on which are several mills Palestine, Is., c. h. Crawford co. On the bor- in the town. The soil is excellent, although in der of Lamotte prairie. 3 miles from Wabash some parts uneven and mountainous. The prinRiver, and 155 S. E. from Springfield. cipal village is well built, and pleasantly located. Palmer, Ms., Hampden co. The Chicopee, Paris lies 40 miles N. by W. from Portland. the Ware, the Swift, and some smaller streams, Paris, Mo., c. h. Monroe co. 70 miles N. of water the town, and give it a great hydraulic Jefferson City. power. On the banks of these rivers are situated Paris, N. Y., Oneida co. The Sadaquada the pleasant and flourishing villages of' Three Creek, an important mill stream, waters this Rivers," Thorndike, Sedgwick, and Palmer De- town. Surface high and uneven; soil calcarepot. There is a pleasant village in the centre ous and sandy loam. 8 miles S. from Utica. of the town, 2 miles N. from the depot. The Paris, Te., c. h. Henry co. On the S. side of a surface is somewhat broken, but the soil is strong branch of Little Sandy River. 98 miles W. and productive, particularly along the streams, from Nashville. where are tracts of fine intervale. From Palmer Par/ish, N. Y., Oswego co. Salmon Creek and Depot, on the Western Railroad, to Boston is 83 its branches water this town, the surface of which miles E. by N., and to Springfield is 15 miles is undulating; soil good sandy loam. 22 miles W. S. W. E. from Oswego, and 145 N. W. from Albany. Palmyra, Me., Somerset co. On Sebasticook Parishville, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. This large River. The soil is rich, and there are water town is traversed by the St. Regis, Grass, Racket, privileges. 81 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. and Oswegatchie Rivers. Surface rolling on the Palmyra, Mn., Lenawee co. Watered by Rai- N. and hilly on the S.; soil sandy loam of good gin River and Bear Creek. Soil very favorable to quality. 15 miles E. from Canton, and 226 N. W. the growth of grain. 75 miles S. W. from Detroit. from Albany. Palmyra, Mo., c. h. Marion co. A place of Parkersburg, Va., c. h. Wood co. On the N. considerable trade. 3 miles from the Mississippi, side of Little Kanawha River, at its confluand 111 N. N. E. from Jefferson City. ence with the Ohio, and 335 miles N. W. by Palmyrsa, N. C., Halifax co. On the W. side W. from Richmond. The Baltimore and Ohio of Roanoke River. 115 miles N. E. from Raleigh. Railroad is to have a branch to this place. Pal/myra, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Mud Parkman, Me., Piscataquis co. A good townCreek. Has a slightly undulating surface, and a ship. 64 miles N. by E. from Augusta. productive soil. 12 miles W. from Lyons, and ParsonsJield, Me., York co., lies at the N. W. cor196 N. of W. friom Albany. ner of the county, and is bounded W. by the state Palmyra, Va., c. h. Fluvanna co. On Rivan- of New Hampshire, and N. by Ossipee River. It na River, 14 miles from its mouth, and 62 W. is 36 miles W. by N. from Portland, and has NewN. W. from Richmond. field on its S. It was first settled 1774. The Pamelia, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by surface of the town is rough and hilly; but the Perch and Black Rivers. Surface chiefly level; soil, though hard, is productive of good crops of soil productive. 4 miles N. from Watertown, hay and grain. and 168 N. W. from Albany. Pasquotank County, N. C., c. h. at Pasquotank Panola County, Mi., c. h. at Panola. Bounded Court House. Bounded N. and E. by Camden co., N. by De Soto, E. by Marshall and La Fayette, S. by Albemarle Sound, and W. by Perquimans S. by Yallabusha and Tallahatchee, and W. by co. Pasquotank River runs on its N. E. border. Coahomo and Tunic counties. Cold Water and Surface level, and the soil, where it is not marshy, Tallahatchee Rivers and branches drain this mostly of good quality. county. Passaic County, N. J., c. h. Paterson. Bounded Panola County, Ts. On the E. border. Be- N. by Sussex co. and New York, E. by Bergen co., tween the Sabine and Caddo Lake. S. by Essex, and W. by Morris co. Watered by Panton, Vt., Addison co. Panton is bounded Passaic River and its branches. Surface uneven; W. by Champlain Lake, and E. bv Otter Creek. soil mostly fertile. A sluggish stream passes through it. A part of Passyunk, Pa., Philadelphia co. This town Ferrisburg was annexed to Panton in 1847. A lies below the city of Philadelphia, between the settlement was commenced here in 1770. It was Delaware on the E. and the Schuylkill on the W., abandoned during the war; after the war, the and embraces League Island, yFing in the Delasettlers returned, and, in 1784, the town was ware. The surface is level; the soil highly culorganized. 40 miles W. S. W. from Montpelier, tivated alluvion and loam. and 13 N. WV. from Middlebury. Patchogue, N. Y., Suffolk co. On the S. side Paoli, la., c. h. Orange co. of Long Island, near the Great South Bay. Paoli, Pa., Chester co. 78 miles E. S. E. from 60 miles E. from New York, and 204 S. S. E. Harrisburg. It is on the railroad between from Albany. A great resort for fishing and Philadelphia and Lancaster, 21 miles from the fowling. former, and 49 from the latter. About 2 miles Patrick County, Va., c. h. at Ta]yorsville. S. W. from this place is the battle ground where Bounded N. by Flood and Franklin counties, E. General Wayne sustained a defeat by a superior by Henry co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by British force, September 20, 1777. A monument Carroll co. Some tributaries of Smith's, S. Mayo, has been elected on the spot to the memory of and Little Dan Rivers water this county, and the those American soldiers who fell in the conflict. Blue Ridge runs on its N. IV. boundary. Paris, Is., c. h. Edgar co. On the margin of a Patrick, Va., c. h. Patrick co. 226 miles W. S.W. fertile prairie. 114 miles E. from Springfield. from Richmond. Paris, Ky., c. h. Bourbon co. On the S. fork Paterson, N. J. Seat of justice of Passaic co. of Licking River. 36 miles E. from Frankfort. 13 miles N. from Newark, and 75 N. E. by N. from Paris, Me., c. h. Oxford co. Paris is well wa- Trenton. Situated on the Passaic River, near the 512 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., falls, about 4 miles from its entrance into Newark Pauldinq County, O., c. h. at Charloe, situatBay. It is on the railroad which, passing through ed in the N. W. part of the state, having Defiance New Jersey, connects the Erie Railroad with co. on the N. and N. XV., Putnam on the E., Van Jersey City, opposite New York, from which Wert on the S., aad the Indiana state line on the Paterson is 17 miles distant. The early history W. The whole surface is level, and covered with of this place is interesting, in connection with the Black Swamp. It was constituted a county in the subject of manufacturing enterprise in this 1820, and named in honor of John Paulding, one country. It was established by a society, incor- of the captors of Major Andre. It is drained by porated in 1791, for the purpose of fostering this the Maumee and Auglaize Rivers. The Wabash important branch of political economy, and is and Erie Canal traverses the whole extent of its said to have been projected by Alexander Ham- northern border, and the Miami Canal, forming ilton. This was soon after the first experiment a junction with the Wabash and Erie, 5 miles N. of spinning cotton by machinery had been made of Charloe, traverses its eastern border. The at Pawtucket, R. I., which was in December, county seat is situated on this canal. 1790, by Samuel Slater, who is not improperly Pavilion, Mn., Kalamazoo co. Watered by styled the "parent of the American cotton man- branches of the St. Joseph's River and by the ufacture." The company entered upon the exe- Sandy Lakes. Soil fertile, and favorable to the cntion of their plans at Paterson, upon a liberal growth of grain. 138 miles W. from Detroit. scale, with a capital of $1.000,000; but from want Pavilion, N. Y., Genesee co. This town was of experience, and from various other disadvan- formed on the division of the county in 1841, tages, they were not at first successful. A number having formerly constituted a part of the town of of years afterwards, however, the work was taken Covington. It is watered by Allen's Creek, has a up by others, and prosecuted with great success. rolling surface, and a soil very favorable to the " The advantages derivable from the great fall growth of wheat. 12 miles S. E. from Batavia in the river here have been improved with much and 232 W. from Albany. judgment. A dam 4A feet high, strongly framed Pawlet, Vt., Rutland co. Pawlet and Indian and bolted to the rock in the bed of the river above Rivers pass through this town; the latter abounds the falls, turns the stream, through a canal exca- in trout, and takes its name from the great numvated in the trap rock of the bank, into a basin, ber of Indians who formerly resorted here for the whence, through strong guard gates, it supplies, purpose of fishing. Pawlet is divided nearly in in succession, three canals on separate planes, the centre by a range of mountains, extending each below the other, giving to the mills on through it from S. to N. The most remarkable each a head and fall of about 22 feet." Upon summit is called Haystack Mountain. The soil this fine water power a great manufacturing place is dry and warm, easily cultivated, and produces has grown up, which enjoys the varied and im- good crops of grain and grass. The settlement portant advantages of an abundant and steady was commenced in 1761, by Simeon Barton and supply of water, a healthy, pleasant, and fertile William Fairfield. 21 miles S. W. from Rutland, surrounding country, and a near proximity to the and 27 S. E. from Whitehall, N. Y. city of New York, with which it is connected by Pawlings, N. Y., Dutchess co. The Croton the sloop navigation of the Passaic, the Morris River and Swamp Creeks have their sources in Canal, and the railroad above mentioned. The several lakes and large swamps in this town. largest establishments here are the cotton factories, The Fishkill Mountains also traverse it, and an which are about 20 in number; besides which extensive valley extends from N. to S. Iron ore there are woollen factories, dyeing and printing of a good quality is found here, and the soil, alestablishments, extensive machine shops, paper though not naturally very fertile, may be made mills, fulling mills, &c. The factories are built quite productive. 20 miles S. E. from Poughchiefly of stone. keepsie, and 95 S. S. E. from Albany. Paterson contains about 15 churches of the Pawtucket, Ms., Bristol co. On Pawtucket or various denominations, a Philosophical Society, Blackstone River. 4 miles N. from Providence, with a valuable library, and a Mechanics' Society and 39 miles by railroad S. from Boston. The for the advancement of science and the mechanic territory of the town comprises an area of only arts, with a library and philosophical apparatus. about 2 miles square. It lies upon the boundary It is connected by two bridges with the village, of the state, and is separated from Rhode Island of Manchester, opposite, which, in a general view, by the river; which, above the Pawtucket Falls, may be considered as a part of this place, and is called Blackstone, and below Seekonk River. contains several manufacturing establishments. Pawtucket Villaqe is situated at the falls, on Patterson, N. Y., Putman co. Croton River both sides of the river, partly in Pawtucket, and waters this town, the surface of which is hilly; partly in North Providence, R. I. The first manthe soil mostly good, and in the valleys very ufacture of cotton cloth in this country, by water fertile. 6 miles N. E. from Carmel, and 102 S. power machinery, was commenced at this place, from Albany. by Samuel Slater, an English emigrant, in De Pattonsburg, Va,, Bottetourt co. It is on the cember, 1790. The hydraulic power here is very N. side of James River, opposite Buchanan, with great. the fall in the river within a short distance which it is connected by a bridge, making, in being about 50 feet. Below the falls the river is fact, one village. 166 miles W. from Richmond. navigable, from its entrance into the bay at ProvPaulding County, Ga., c. h. at Van Wert. Bound- idence, for vessels of considerable burden. This ed N. by Floyd and Cass counties, E. by Cobb, has long been an important manufacturing place., S. by Carroll co., and W. by Alabama. Watered It contains numerous and extensive cotton mills by the head branches of Tallapoosa River, and by and print works. and shops for the manufacture branches of the Etowah. of cotton machinery, bobbins, spools, &c. The Paulding, Mi., c. h. Jasper co. Located at the manufacture of boots, shoes, chairs, cabinet wares, head of Leaf River. 109 miles E. S. E. from and carriages is also carried on to considerable Jackson. extent, and something is done at ship building. IN THE UNITED STATES. 513 The village itself is pleasant, and the scenery here, called Gumpas, Island, and North. Beaver around it delightful. The railroads between River passes through the town. On this river Boston and Providence, and Providence and and the tributary streams there is much valuable Worcester, pass through this place. meadow. The inhabitants depend principally on Pawtucket, R. I., Providence co. It is the seat agriculture for the means of support. This is a of extensive cotton factories, propelled by the very pretty town, and contains many excellent water power of Pawtucket Falls. On the Worces- farms. First settlers, John Butler, William Richter and Providence Railroad. See Pawtucket ardson, and others, in 1792. From Concord 37 Village. miles S., and 19 S. E. from Amherst. Pawtuxet, R. I., Kent co. Port of entry, and Pelham, N. Y., Westchester co. Hart's and manufacturing village. Situated on both sides Hunter's Islands, lying in East River, are atof Pawtuxet River, partly in the town of War- tached to this town. Surface chiefly level; soil wick, and partly in Cranston. 5 miles S. from sandy loam and clay. 10 miles S. from White Providence. Water power great. Harbor safe Plains, and 140 S. from Albany. and convenient. Pemberton, N. J., Burlington co. On the N. Paxton, Ms., Worcester co. Previous to 1765, branch of Rancocus Creek. S. from Trenton 22 the territory of this town comprised the N. part miles. of Leicester and the S. part of Rutland. It was Pembroke, Me., Washington co. It lies 178 first settled about 1720. The surface is elevated, miles N. E. from Augusta. so much so, that the numerous fine rivulets, by Pembroke, Ms.,.Plymouth co., was taken from which it is watered, flow some to the Nashua, Duxbury in 1711. North River separatesit from and some to the Connecticut. There are but two Hanover; and some branches of that stream, rishills in the town of any note: they are the Bums- ing from ponds in Pembroke, give it a good waket and Turkey, and although quite elevated, ter power. Pembroke is at the head of navigaare arable to their summits. The soil is strong, tion on the North River, and possesses superior moist, and well adapted to the purposes of agri- advantages for ship building. The North River culture. 7 miles N. W. by W. from Worcester, is deep, narrow, and so crooked that it meanders and 51 W. from Boston. 18 miles in its course from Pembroke to Scituate Peach Bottom, Pa., York co. Watered by the Harbor, when the distance by land is less than 6 Susquehanna River, by Muddy Creek and its miles. Pembroke contains a pleasant village near branches, Fishing Creek and Neel's Hole Run. the centre of the town, and, in connection with Surface level; soil slate and gravel. 26 miles Hanson, some fine fish ponds. 12 miles N. N. W. S. E. from York, and 62 S. E. from Harris- from Plymouth, and where the Old Colony Railburg. road passes, 24 miles from Boston. Peacham, Vt., Caledonia co. Onion River Pembroke, N. H., Merrimac co. This town is Pond, so called from its giving rise to one of the generally well watered. The Suncook, on the S. principal branches of Onion or Winooski River, E. boundary, furnishes many valuable water privlies in the western part of the town, and covers ileges. The main street extends nearly on a parabout 300 acres. There are two considerable allel with the Merrimac River, in a straight course, streams passing off to the E. into Stevens's Branch, about 3 miles, and is very pleasant. On this are which afford numerous mill privileges. A ridge situated the academy and the principal village. of land passes through the western part, but there Pembroke has a variety of soils, mostly very prois no very considerable elevation in the town. ductive. It is the ancient Suncook of the Indians. The western part is a hard soil, but the eastern First settlers: this town was granted to the is rich and pleasantly diversified. There is, in brave Captain John Lovewell, and 60 of his asthe eastern part of the town, a natural bog mead- sociates, and was settled by some of them in 1729. ow, containing an inexhaustible quantity of shell 6 miles S. E. from Concord. marl. There is plenty of limestone found here. Pembroke, N. Y., Genesee co. Watered by There is a pleasant village in the town. In the Tonawanda Creek and its branches. Surface spring of 1775, Jonathan Elkins came to Peach- chiefly level; soil gravelly loam and clay. 12 am, with several hired men, and began improve- miles W. from Batavia, and 257 N. of W. from ments upon the lot he had selected the year be- Albany. fore. 6 miles S. W. from Danville, and 30 E. Pendleton, Ia., Madison co. At the falls of Fall from Montpelier. Creek. 31 miles N. E. from Indianapolis. Pekin, Is., Tazewell co. On the E. side of Pendleton County, Ky., c. h. at Falmouth. Illinois River. 12 miles below Peoria, and 62 N. Bounded N. by Campbell co. and the Ohio River, from Springfield. separating it fiom Ohio, E. by Bracken co., S. by Peekskill, N. Y., Westchester co. On the E. Harrison, and W. by Owen, Grant, and Kenton side of Hudson River. 46 miles N. from New counties. Drained by Licking River and its tribYork, and 106 S. from Albany. Manufactures utaries. iron and leather. A stopping-place for steam- Pendleton, S. C., Anderson district, lies on a boats. The Hudson River Railroad passes branch of Savannah River. 136 miles W. N. W. through it. from Columbia. Pelham, Ms., Hampshire co. Before its incor- Pendleton County,Va., c.h. at Franklin. Boundporation as a town, in 1743, Pelham bore the ed N. by Hardy co., E. by Rockingham andAugusname of New Lisburne, or Stoddard's Town. ta, S. by Bath, and W. by Pocahontas and RanThe ancestors of the first settlers were from the dolph counties. Watered by the S. branch of the N. of Ireland. The surface is elevated and un- Potomac. Surface rough and mountainous, beeven. It is well watered by Swift and Fort Riv- ing situated between two ridges of the Alleghany ers and their branches; the soil is good both for Mountains; soil sterile. tillage and pastures. 14 miles N. E. from North- Penfield, N. Y., Monroe co. Irondequoit Creek ampton, and about 76 W. from Boston. and some other small streams water this town. Pelham, N. H., Hillsboro' co. There are 3 ponds Surface undulating; soil sandy loam and clay. 65 514 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 8 miles E. from Rochester city, and 211 N. of W. Pequannock, N. J., Morris co. Pequannock from Albany. Creek runs on the N. E., and Pompton River on Penn, Pa., Chester co. Drained by branches the E. boundary of this town, which is also of Elk and White Clay Creeks. Surface level; drained by a branch of Rockaway Creek, and soil sandy loam. 36 miles S. W. from Phila- contains Green Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, delphia. 3 miles long, and half a mile wide, and aboundPenn's Neck, Lower, N. J., Salem co. Bounded ing with fish. Surface hilly and mountainous, on the W. and S. W. by the Delaware River. iron ore being found in the N. W. portions, and Surface level,and in parts marshy; soil clay and sulphate of iron in Copperas Mountain. The sandy loam. " Morris Canal passes through the S. part of this Penn's Neck, Upper, N. J., Salem co. Surface town. 10 miles N. of Morristown. level; soil light sandy loam. Perquimans County, N. C., c. h. at Hertford. Penn Yan, N. Y., c. h. Yates co. On the out- Bounded N. by Gates co., E. by Pasquotank co, let of Crooked Lake, which affords good water S. by Albemarle Sound, and W. by Chowan co. power. Is traversed by the Crooked Lake Canal. Drained by Little River, which runs on its N. E. W. from Albany 192 miles. boundary, and by PArquimans River. Penobscot County, Me., c. h. at Bangor. E. cen- Perrinton, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by the tral part. On both banks of the Penobscot, Irondequoit Creek and some of its branches. which flows S. through it. The northern part is Surface hilly; soil productive. 10 miles E. from still unsettled. Undulating and fertile. Rochester, and 209 N. of W. from Albany. Penobscot, Me., Hancock co. On the E. side of Perry County, Aa., c. h. at Marion. Bounded Penobscot Bay, nearly opposite Belfast. 75 miles N. by Tuscaloosa and Bibb counties, E. by Bibb E. by N. from Augusta. and Autauga, S. by Dallas, and W. by Marengo Pensacola, Fa. City, port of entry, and seat of and Greene counties. Watered by the Catawba justice of Escambia co. 242 miles W. from Tal- River and branches, and by branches of the Black lahassee, and about 64 miles E. from Mobile. Warrior. Situated on Pensacola Bay, 10 miles from its en- Perry, Ga., c. h. Houston co. On the N. bank trance into the Gulf of Mexico. It is on a dry of Indian Creek, nearly equidistant between Flint and sandy plain, gently rising 40 or 50 feet above and Ockmulgee Rivers, and 59 miles S. W. from the level of the water. It is regularly laid out, Milledgeville. in the form of a parallelogram, more than a mile Perry County, Is., c. h. at Pinckneyville. Boundin length, having 2 public squares, and streets ed N. by Washington, E. by Jefferson and Frankcrossing each other at right angles. It contains a lin, S. by Jackson, and W. by Randolph co. court house, jail, custom house, public storehouse, Drained by St. Mary's River and Big Beaucoup &c. The shore at Pensacola is low and sandy; and Little Muddy Creeks. Surface level; soil and vessels only of a light draught can reach the tolerably fertile..city. But the bay affords one of the most safe Perry County, Ia., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. and capacious harbors in the Gulf of Mexico. The and N. E. by Dubois and Crawford counties, E. United States government has established a naval and S. by the Ohio River, separating it from station and depot near this place, for which it is Kentucky, and W. by Spencer co. Drained by,well fitted by its excellent harbor and the facilities Anderson's, Deer, Bear, and Oil Creeks.,for obtaining ship timber in its vicinity. The navy Perry County, Ky., c. h. at Perry. Bounded yard is on the bay, 8 miles from the city, and covers N. by Breathitt, E. by Letcher and Floyd, S. by 80 acres of ground, enclosed by a high brick wall. Letcher and Harlan, and W. by Clay co. The Pensbury, Pa., Chester co. Drained by Pocop- N. fork of Kentucky River and its branches drain sen Creek and other small streams flowing into the interior of this county, and the Middle Fork Brandywine 4Creek, which forms its E. boun- runs on its W. border. dary. Surface gently declining; soil calcareous Perry, Me.. Washington co. On the St. Croix loam. 5 miles N. W. from Eastport, with which it is Peoria County, I., c.: h. at Peoria. Incorporat- connected by a bridge. There is an Indian resed in 1825. Bourtded N. by Stark and Marshall ervation in this town, the residence of the remcounties, E. and S.:E. by the Illinois River, sep- nant of the Passamaquoddies, about 100 in arating iti from Woodford and Tazewell counties, number. and S. W. and W. by Fulton and Knox counties. Perry County, Mi., c. h. at Augusta. Bounded Drained by Spoon River, and Copperas, Kicka- N. by Jones, E. by Greene and Jackson, S. by poo, and Senatchwine Creeks: Surface undulat- Harrison, and W. by Marion co. Drained by ing; soil very fertile. Leaf River and Black Creek, and their branches. iAeoria, Is., c. h. Peoria co. On the W. bank of Surface uneven; soil rather sterile. Illinois River, at the outlet of Peoria Lake. The Perry County, Mo., c. h. at Perryville. Boundriver here has 2 shelving banks: the first, rising ed N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, separatgradually from 6 to 12 feet above high-water ing it from Illinois, S. by Cape Girardeau co, mark, extends back from the river a quarter of a and W. and N. W. by St. Francois and St. Genemile; the seconf bank then rises 5 or 6 feet, and vieve counties. Drained by several streams, afextends back to the bluffs, which rise abruptly to fording excellent hydraulic power. Surface dia height of from 60 to 100 feet. 70 miles N. from versified; soil very rich on the bottoms. Springfield. Perry, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by SilPepperel, Ms., Middlesex co. This is a pleas- ver Lake and its outlet. Surface undulating; ant town, with a good soil, variegated surface, and soil well adapted to grass and grain. 7 miles E. beautiful villages. It is watered by the Nashua from Warsaw, and 239 W. from Albany. River, which gives it a good water power. This Perry County, O., c. h. at Somerset. Licking town derived its name from Sir William Pepper- co. is on the N., Muskingum and Morgan on the ell. 20 miles N. W. from Concord, and 37 N. E., Athens and Hocking on the S., and Fairfield W. from Boston. on the W. The land is hilly and good for wheat. IN THE UNITED STATES. 515 Some Germans, from Pennsylvania, settled here rapids, 212 miles above its mouth, and about 250 about the years 1802 and 1803. Muskingum and miles above St. Louis. This, in ordinary stages Hockhocking Rivers are in this county. Stone of the water, was formerly considered as the head coal is found in some parts. of steamboat navigation; but by an improvement Perry County, Pa., c. h. at Bloomfield. Bound- of the channel, the boats now pass about a mile ed N. W. and N. by Juniata co., E. by the Sus- farther up, to the village of La Salle, where the quehanna River, separating it from Dauphin co., canal from Lake Michigan unites with the river. S. by Cumberland and Franklin counties, and There is a considerable village here, the principal W. by Huntingdon co. Drained by Juniata Riv- street of which is low, running along the river er and Sherman's Creek. On Sherman's Creek, bank, while other portions of it are spread over 11 miles N. from Carlisle, is a warm spring, bene- the elevated grounds immediately behind. The ficial in cutaneous and other disorders, which dis- locality is favorable to business. charges 90 gallons of water in a minute. Sur- Peru, Ia., c. h. Miami co. On the N. bank of face rough and mountainous; soil very fertile. Wabash, and is crossed by the Wabash and Erie Perry, Pa., Armstrong co. The Alleghany Canal. 90 miles N. from Indianapolis. River, and its tributary, Clarion River, water Peru, Me., Oxford co. Peru is bounded on the this town, which contains iron ore. N. by Androscoggin River, and contains some Perry, Pa., Jefferson co. Watered by Maho- pleasant ponds and mill streams. It has a good ning and Little Sandy Lick Creeks. Surface un- soil. Incorporated 1821. Peru lies 38 miles W. dulating; soil gravel and loam. by N. from Augusta, and 17 N. by E. from Perry County, Te., c. h. at Perrysville. Bounded Paris. N. by Benton and Humphreys counties, E. by Peru, Ms., Berkshire co. This township inHickman, S. by Wayne and Hardin, and W. by eluded the greater part of Hinsdale until 1804.. Henderson co. Drained by Tennessee River and The whole was purchased at auction, at Boston, several small branches, and by Buffalo, a tribu June 2, 1762, for 1460 pounds. It went into the tary of Duck River. hands of Oliver Partridge and Elisha Jones, and, Perry's Mills, Ga., c. h. Tatnal co. 144 miles in honor of the former gentleman, was called S. E. from Milledgeville. Partridgefield, from its incorporation, in 1771, Perrysburg, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Drained until 1806, when it received its present name. by several small streams flowing into Cattarau- The settlement commenced about 1764. This gus Creek, which bounds it on the N. Surface town, occupying the height of land on the Green broken; soil well adapted to grass and grain. Mountain range, has a cold, severe climate. The 20 miles N. W. from Ellicottville, and 306 W. surface is uneven, and the soil hard and stony, from Albany. and best adapted to grazing. There is an excelPerrysburg, O., c. h. Wood co., was laid out lent limestone quarry here. 12 miles E. from in 1817. On the Maumee River. at the head of Pittsfield, and 143 from Boston. steamboat navigation, on an inclined plane, 60 Peru, N. Y., Clinton co. On the border of feet above the S. E. bank of Maumee River, Lake Champlain, and watered by Great and from which is one of the most delightful pros- Little Au Sable Rivers. Surface mostly level on pects in the United States. 184 miles N. from the E., and hilly on the W.; soil sandy and clay Cincinnati, and 64 S. from Detroit. The Wa- loam. 10 miles S. W. from Plattsburg, and 153 bash and Erie Canal passes on the opposite side N. from Albany. of the river. Peru, Vt., Bennington co. This is a Green Perryville, As., c. h. Perry co. On the N. side Mountain township, high and broken. It conof La Feve. a branch of Arkansas River. 55 tains 2 large fish ponds, from which issue beaumiles W. N. W. from Little Rock. tiful mountain streams. The settlement was Persia, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by commenced about the year 1773, by William some branches of Cattaraugus Creek, which Barton, from Woodstock, Ct. 30 miles N. N. bounds it on the N. Surface undulating; soil E. from Bennington, and 30 S. W. from Windgood clay and gravelly loam. 16 miles N. W. sor. from Ellicottville, arrd 300 W. from Albany. Peterboro', N. H., Hillsboro' co. Peterboro0 Person County, N. C., c. h. at Roxboro'. It is lies in a N. E. direction from the Grand Monadbounded N. by Virginia, E. by Granville, S. by nock, and is bounded on the E. by a chain of Orange, and W. by Caswell co. Some branches hills, called Pack Monadnock. Contoocook River of Dan River, and the head branches of Neuse passes through the centre of the town. The x River, water this county. branch affords a never-failing supply of water, Perth Amboy, N. J., Middlesex co. City and and furnishes those noble falls, on which are situport of entry. Situated at the head of Raritan ated several factories. There are extensive and Bay, at the junction of the Raritan River with valuable meadows on this branch, above these Arthurkill, or Staten Island Sound. It has a falls; and the soil, generally, is excellent. In the fine spacious harbor, containing 12 feet of water centre of the town is a high hill, 200 feet above at the mouths of the rivers, and from 24 to 26 in the river. The chain of hills on the E. is disthe main channel. The town was laid out in tinguished by two principal summits. Between 1698, and incorporated as a city in 1784. 25 these is a depression of a quarter part of the miles from New York by water, and 65 from mountain's height. About 60 rods W. of'the Philadelphia by the New York and Philadelphia ridge of this depression, on a terrace of the mounRailroad. tain, is a pond of about 9 acres' extent, very deep, Perth, N. Y., Fulton co. Drained by Chucte- and replenished with fish. There is another pond nunda Creek. Has a rolling surface; soil clay near the foot of the southern summit, of 33 acres, loam. 10 milesE.from Johnstown, and40 N.W. from which, during the dry season, there is no from Albany. visible outlet. Excellent iron ore has been disPeru, Is., La Salle co. Situated on the right covered. First settlers, William Rolfe, Alexbank of the Illinois River, at the foot of the ander Scott, Hugh Gregg, William Scott, and 516 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Samuel Stinson, about 1793. This town lies mid- 27 miles N. W. from Worcester, and about 65 way between Amherst and Keene, being 20 miles W. by N. from Boston. from each. It is 40 miles S. W. from Concord. Pettis County, Mo., c. h. at Georgetown. It is Peters, Pa., Franklin co. The W. branch of bounded N. by Saline co., E. by Cooper and Conecocheague Creek waters this town, the sur- Morgan, S. by Benton. and W. by Johnson co. face of which is level, and the soil calcareous Drained by La Mine River and its tributaries. loam. It contains a singular cave, a sulphur Surface level, embracing extensive prairies; soil spring, and some iron works. of excellent quality. Peters, Pa., Washington co. Watered by Char- Pharsalia, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by tier's and Peter's Creeks. Surface hilly; soil Ostelic River and Geneganslette Creek. Surface loam. 11 miles N. E. from Washington. hilly; soil argillaceous loam. 12 miles W. from Petersburg, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Little Hoosic Norwich, and 124 from Albany. Creek waters this town, the surface of which is Phelps, N. Y., Ontario co. Flint Creek and hilly and mountainous, with the exception of a the Canandaigua outlet flow through this town, fertile valley, through which the river flows. Soil forming a junction in the W. part. Surface unchiefly loam, based upon limestone and slate. 20 dulating; soil rich clay loam, underlaid with lime. miles E. from Troy, and 26 N. E. from Albany. Gypsum is extensively quarried in this vicinity. Petersburg, Va., Dinwiddie co. Port of entry, 15 miles E. from Canandaigua, and 185 W. from on the S. side of Appomattox River, 9 miles Albany. above its entrance into James River, at City Philadelphia, N. Y., Jefferson co. Indian RivPoint, and 22 miles S. from Richmond. The er and some of its branches water this town, the river is navigable to this place for vessels of con- surface of which is rolling, and the soil sandy siderable draught, and ships come up to Wal- and clay loam. 16 miles N. E. from Watertown, thall's Landing, 6 miles below the town, with and 177 N. W. from Albany. which there is a railroad communication. Peters- Philadelphia County, Pa., c. h. at Philadelphia. burg is on the great southern railroad route be- Bounded N. E. by Bucks co., E. and S. E. by tween Baltimore and Wilmington, N. C. The the Delaware River, separating it from New Jerfalls in the river here afford an extensive water sey, S. W. by Delaware co., and W. and N. W. power, and this is one of the largest and most by Chester and Montgomery counties. Besides flourishing manufacturing towns in the state. It the city of Philadelphia, and the adjacent munihas also a lucrative commerce, and exports large- cipalities, usually reckoned a part of the city, the ly tobacco and flour. There are 7 or 8 compa- county contains several other townships, of which nies engaged in the manufacture of cotton goods, the population is also counted with that of the whose fabrics have a high reputation. Woollens city. See Tables of Popldation. are also manufactured to some extent; besides Philadelphia, Pa. City, and port of entry. Situwhich there are iron works, cordage factories, ated between the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivtobacco factories, flouring mills, grist mills, saw ers, about 5 miles above their junction, and 55 mills, &c. A number of large commercial firms in a direct line N. W. from the Atlantic,coast; and commission houses are engaged in foreign although the'distance from the mouth of the trade. Delaware, following the course of the river, is This town was devastated by a fire in July, 120 miles. Population in 1800, 70,287; in 1810, 1815, and property to the amount of $2,000,000 96,287; in 1820, 119,325; in 1830, 167,325; in was destroyed. It was soon rebuilt, with many 1840, 228,691; in 1850, 409,352, including the improvements. Being situated at the extreme county. The city is the seat of justice. N. E. angle of the county, the borough includes, The city was originally laid out in the form of besides Petersburg, the villages of Blandford, in a parallelogram, extending across the neck of Prince George co., and of Pocahontas, in Ches- land between the two rivers, at a point where terfield co. Blandford is said to be the oldest their courses curve inward towards each other, part of the place, and was once the best built and and where, at their nearest approximation, they most fashionable part of it. An old ivy-mantled are about 2 miles distant. The streets were laid church in this part of the town is one of the most out straight, from river to river, in a direction picturesque ruins in the country. which varies but slightly from the true meridian, There are many interesting reminiscences of with transverse streets, over the whole width, the revolution connected with this place. It was crossing the others at right angles. With the twice visited by the British; and here their com- exception of Front Street on the E., which somemander, General Phillips, died of a bilious fever, what deviates from a right line, conforming to on the 13th of May, 1781. He was lying at the the shore of the Delaware, and one other short point of death while the town was cannonaded street, called Dock Street, which occupies the from Archer's Hill, by the Americans under the site of a former navigable creek, all the streets Marquis Lafayette. in the city proper, included between Vine Street Petersham, Ms., Worcester co. The situation on the N. and Cedar Street on the S., are accuof this town is elevated, but not hilly or uneven. rately delineated in'the above description. This The centre of the town lies upon the highest land regularity of arrangement is less exact in the in it, which is a large, long, flat hill. The soil is districts, which have extended N. and S. far rich and fertile. Though the town is high, yet beyond the city proper, although it is there, also, the land is not dry, but stony and moist, abound- a prevailing characteristic. These districts are ing with springs and brooks. West Brook, a the Northern Liberties, Kensington, and Spring considerable stream, rises in the town, and Swift Garden, on the N., and Southwark, MoyamenRiver passes its eastern and southern borders. sing, and Passyunk, on the S., embracing more Petersham was first settled about the year 1738. than one half of the population contained in the Nichenoag Hill was the Indian name of the town. aggregate given above. Including the whole of There are several handsome villages in the town: the densely-built portions in one description, as that in the central part is very beautiful; it lies they properly belong to one uninterrupted area, IN THE UNITED STATES. 517 it may be said that Philadelphia has a circum- -interesting historical associations, is Independence ference of nearly 9 miles, stretching about 4j Hall, in which the Declaration of Independence miles along the shore of the Delaware. The was framed and signed by that venerable body ground on which the city is built rises gradually, of patriots, whom William Pitt, in the British from each of the rivers, to an elevation of 64 feet Parliament, pronounced to be " the most disabove high-water mark. It is divided nearly in tinguished for wisdom of any body of men of the centre by Market Street, 100 feet broad, run- whom he had read in ancient or modern times." ning E. and W. from river to river, and trans- This building, formerly the State House, fronts versely by Broad Street, 130 feet in width, which upon Chestnut Street, having Independence crosses Market Street at right angles, a little W. Square in the rear. From the steps of the buildof the middle. Front Streets, on both of the ing descending into this spacious area, the Declarivers, are 60 feet wide; Arch Street, running ration was first promulgated to the assembled parallel with Market on the N., is 66 feet wide; people, called together by the joyous tones of and the other principal streets generally are 50 the old bell in the cupola, which, as if prophetic feet wide. The streets running from river to of its future use, had been inscribed, when it was river, in the city proper, were originally 9 in cast, 20 years before, with the text in Leviticus, number; to all of which, except Market Street, xxv. 10 - Proclaim liberty throughout this land, to were given the names of the trees of the forest. all the inhabitants thereof. The foundations of the Thus on the S. of Market are Chestnut, Walnut, main building were laid in 1729, and it was comSpruce, Pine, and Cedar; and on the N., Mul- pleted in 1733. The wings, which now extend berry, Sassafras, and Vine. In one or two in- on each side to Fifth and Sixth Streets, are of stances these names have given place, in popu- more modern construction. The hall or chamber lar usage, to others more convenient, as Mulber- in which the Declaration was signed is on the ry to Arch, and Sassafras to Race; while the first floor in the east end of the old building. names of other trees have been given to some of Although it has been refitted within since that the secondary streets, running parallel with these, day, it has been carefully preserved nearly in the by which the original sections have been sub- same style of decoration with which it was oridivided. The memory of the stranger is often ginally finished. The present steeple, which was much assisted in finding the localities in Phila- erected in 1828, to replace the old one, which delphia by the popular rhyme into which these had, on account of its decay, been taken down names so naturally fall, reading them each way many years before, was made to correspond as from the central avenue: nearly as possible with the original structure. Chestnut, Walnut, Spruce, and Pine, The old bell, too, is carefully preserved in the Mulberry, Cherry, Race, and Vine. cupola as an interesting relic. There is in IndeThe great streets at right angles with these are pendence Hall a statue of Washington, said to be numbered First, Second, Third, &c., inward from an excellent likeness. It was sculptured in wood their respective rivers, towards Broad Street, by Rush. This venerable hall shares, with Faneuil which is the central avenue running N. and S. Hall in Boston, the honor of having witnessed Those on the Schuylkill side are distinguished those momentous deliberations which issued in from the others by prefixing the name of that the establishment of American liberty and inderiver; and the sections on each side of Market pendence. Street, throughout, by the addition of North or One of the finest buildings in Philadelphia is South. So that, out of the indefiniteness and the Custom House, on Chestnut, between Fourth uncertainty at first resulting from such an entire and Fifth Streets, built originally for the United uniformity of plan, there soon arises a beautiful States Bank. It is of the Grecian Doric order, simplicity in the system, by which the stranger after the pattern of the Parthenon at Athens, learns to guide his steps. with the omission of the colonnades upon the sides The gradual inclination of the ground, each Its portico has 8 marble columns 44 feet in diameway, towards the rivers, favors the most perfect ter. The width of the edifice is 87 feet, and its drainage of the city, which is effected by com- depth 161 feet. The room in the centre, for the mon sewers or arched culverts constructed under transaction of business, is 81 feet long by, 48 wide, most of the principal streets. From the same richly decorated with beautiful Ionic columns cause, also, the streets are easily washed super- This building was commenced in 1819, and com ficially by rains, and by the abundant supply of pleted in 1824, at a cost of about $500,000. water from the hose attached to the water pipes. Some of the banks in Philadelphia are provided Philadelphia is consequently one of the cleanest with costly and beautiful edifices. The Pennsylcities in the world. vania Bank is of white marble, a fine specimen of The blocks of stores and houses throughout Grecian architecture, having a portico on each the city are chiefly of brick, in a plain and front, with 6 Ionic columns. It stands in an enuniform style of architecture; characterized by closure, surrounded by an iron railing, and ornaorder and neatness rather than by variety and mented with plants and shrubbery. The Girard by showy decorations. Besides brick, a beautiful Bank, formerly the Old United States Bank, has species of white marble is used in building, of a marble front, adorned with a portico of en which the steps and basements of the dwellings Corinthian columns. The Bank of North Amer are, to a considerable extent, constructed, con- ica, originally incorporated by Congress in 1781, trasting finely with the color of the walls. The and the first institution of its kind in the United entire exterior of some of the public edifices is States, has erected a new banking house on faced with this fine material; which is quarried Chestnut Street, above Third,,which is one of the in the neighboring counties of Montgomery and most chaste and elegant buildings in the country. Chester, and has contributed much to ornament The Merchants' Exchange, situated in the trian the city. gular space between Dock, Walnut, and Third Of the public buildings, the first to be men- Streets, is a beautiful structure of white marble. A tioned, on account of its venerable antiquity and semicircular portico on the eastern front, support 518 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ed, upon a basement about 12 feet high, by 6 Corin- in 1825, has ample buildings on Tenth Street, thian columns, presents an imposing appearance. between Chestnut and Walnut. The PennsylSome of the public and philanthropic institu- vania Medical College is -located on Filbert tions for which Philadelphia is distinguished Street, above Twelfth. It was founded in 1839. have buildings which are an ornament to the city. Philadelphia is distinguished above all other Of these we shall speak in connection with the cities in the country as the emporium of medical institutions themselves. One of the oldest of science and instruction. these is the Pennsylvania Hospital. It was Among the literary institutions of Philadelphia, founded in 1750. by the exertions of Dr. Franklin the Girard College for Orphans holds a distinand Dr. Bond. The buildings and grounds occupy guished place. It was founded by the late Stethe entire square, between Spruce and Pine, phen Girard, who died in 1831, and bequeathed Eight and Ninth Streets. The front is on Pine a large amount of his real and personal estate Street. The east wing was erected in 1756, the in trust to the " mayor, aldermen, and citizens west wing in 1796, and the central building in of Philadelphia," for the establishment of an in1804. In the beautiful area in front of the build- stitution for the support and education of " poor ing is a colossal bronzed statue of William Penn. male white orphan children," belonging either to In the rear, fronting on Spruce Street, is a small that city, or to the state of Pennsylvania, or to building containing West's celebrated picture of the cities of New York and New Orleans, in the Christ Healing the Sick, presented by the painter order of preference here observed, until the numto this hospital. The funds of this institution, ber so provided for should be full. Of the propderived from individual benefactions and public erty bequeathed, $2,000,000, and more if necesendowments, are ample; and its spacious build- sary, were to be expended " in erecting a permaings furnish accommodations for indigent patients nent college, with suitable outbuildings, suffias well as others. A branch of this hospital is ciently spacious for the residence and accommo. the Insane Asylum, situated about 2 miles W. dation of at least 300 scholars, with the requisite of the Schuylkill, which has spacious buildings, teachers," &c., " the said college to be constructed and is enclosed in beautiful grounds containing with the most durable materials, and in the most about 40 acres. The United States Marine Hos- permanent manner, avoiding needless ornament," pital, situated on the Schuylkill, below Cedar &c. The will contained specific directions with Street, is an institution provided for invalid regard to the structure and dimensions of the seamen and officers disabled from the United college edifice, and also the devise of a lot of land States service. It has an elegant and extensive of 45 acres, on the ridge road in the N. E. part edifice, built of white marble, consisting of a of the district of Spring Garden, as a site for centre building of 146 feet in front, and 175 feet its location. The buildings which have been deep, and 2 wings; the whole presenting a erected are five in number, of which the centre front of 386 feet. The front of the centre build- building is the grand college edifice, and the two ing is embellished with a fine Doric portico of 8 others upon each side are designed for the resicolumns. The whole building can receive about dences of the pupils and their instructors. The 400 residents. The Almshouse, designed for the college edifice is one of the most superb buildpoor of the city and the adjoining districts, is ings in the country. Its length is 218 feet, its situated on the western bank of the Schuvlkill, width 160 feet, and its height 90 feet. It is opposite Cedar Street, and furnishes from its surrounded by 34 columns of the Corinthian windows a fine view of the city and surrounding order, 55 feet high, including the capital and country. The edifice, in the form of a parallelo- base, and 6 feet in diameter, standing 15 feet gram, covers and encloses an area of 10 acres; distant from the body of the building. These and the front on the Schuylkill, with its portico columns stand upon bases 3 feet high and 9 feet of 8 columns, 30 feet high, presents an imposing in diameter, and are crowned with gorgeous appearance. The Pennsylvania Institution for Corinthian capitals, upon which rests a full the Deaf and Dumb has extensive buildings on entablature. The entrances are at each end of the corner of Pine and Broad Streets. The the building, through lofty doors, decorated with Pennsylvania Institution for the Blind is situated massive architraves and sculptured cornices. The on Race Street, near Schuylkill Third Street. interior, excepting the portions required for the The main edifice occupies a lot of 247 feet on vestibules and stairs, is divided into four spacious Race Street, and 220 feet on Third Street, having rooms in each of the two stories, which are used beautifully decorated ground in the front and rear. for the purposes of giving instruction to the There are many other charitable and humane different classes of the pupils. No wood is used institutions in Philadelphia, which are less ex- in the construction of this edifice, excepting for tensive, but very important in their place. Few the doors. The other four buildings are each cities in the world are better supplied, in propor- 125 feet long, by 52 feet wide, and two stories tion to their magnitude, with the means of alle- high, above their basements. The most eastern, viating human want and suffering. including four distinct houses, is the one occupied Among the literary institutions, one of the by the families of the professors. The orphans oldest and most respectable is the university of are received into the college at any age between Pennsylvania. It comprises three departments, 6 and 10 years, and they may continue, if it is the academical, the collegiate, and the medical. deemed desirable, until they are 18 years of age. The medical school connected with this univer- When they leave, they are to be apprenticed by sity is the oldest and largest in the Union, hav- the city authorities to some useful trade or busiing between 400 and 500 students. The univer- ness. The institution is in full operation, with sity buildings are situated upon Ninth Street, above 300 pupils in 1852. The amount of approbetween Market and Chestnut, and consist of priations for defraying the current expenses of two handsome edifices, 112 feet by 85, surrounded the institution for the year 1851 was $62,900. by open grounds, and enclosed in front by an Of this sum $30,500 was for the clothing and bion railing. Jefferson Medical College, founded subsistence of the pupils. IN THE UNITED STATES. 519 A singular restriction in the will of Mr. Girard, ends of popular education. It is under the tuition in regard to the clergy, is in these words: "I of a principal and 10 professors. In all the other enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, schools about 500 teachers are employed, four or minister, of any sect whatsoever, shall ever hold or fifths of whom are females; and the aggregate exercise any station or duty whatever ia the said of the pupils, who are between the ages of 5 and college; nor shall any such person ever be admitted 15, cannot be less than 50,000, embracing a very for any purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises large proportion of all the children of this age cappropriated to the purposes of the said college. In in the city.. The average annual expense of making this restriction, I do not mean to cast any maintaining the public schools is not far from reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; $200,000. The school houses are substantial but as there is such a multitude of sects, and buildings, generally 3 stories high, and capable such a diversity of opinion amongst therh, I de- of accommodating from 600 to 1000 scholars sire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, each. who are to derive advantage from this bequest, There are several valuable libraries and literary free from the excitement which clashing doctrines and scientific, associations in Philadelphia, which and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce. owe their origin to the enlightened, inventive, and My desire is, that all the instructors and teachers practical philanthropy of Dr. Franklin. One of in the college shall take pains to instil into these is the Philadelphia Library, founded in 1731, the minds of the scholars the purest principles to which, in 1792, the valuable private library of Qf morality; so that, on their entrance into active Dr. Logan was added. This library now contains Life, they may, from inclination and habit, evince over 60,000 volumes. The building, erected in benevolence towards their fellow-creatures, and a 1791, is on South Fifth Street, fronting upon the love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting at E. side of Independence Square. The American the same time such religious tenets as their ma- Philosophical Society, the oldest of the scientific tured reason may enable them to prefer." This associations in the United States, was founded restriction of Mr. Girard, as explained by himself, principally through the exertions of Dr. Frankand taken in connection with his requisition to lin, in 1742. Its hall, erected in 1786, is on secure the inculcation of the purest principles of South Fifth Street, below Chestnut. It has a rare morality in the minds of the scholars, has justly and valuable library of 20,000 volumes, and a been construed as not only not prohibiting, but cabinet of minerals, fossils, and antiquities. The rather rendering obligatory, the use of the Bible, published Transactions of this society amount to and other means of general religious instruction several volumes. The Academy of Natural Sciand training in the school. In the rules for the ences, incorporated in 1817, has a new and splengovernment of the college, adopted by the board did hall in Broad Street, between Chestnut and af directors, it is made the duty of the president Walnut. Its library contains about 12,000 vol"to conduct the family worship morning and umes. Its cabinet. containing every variety of evening, which shall consist of singing a hymn, specimens in Natural History, is perhaps the best reading a portion of Scripture, and prayer. He in the United States. The collection of birds is shall also be responsible for the performance of said to be the largest in the world, containing public religious services in the college on the about 25,000 specimens. The Athenaeum has forenoon and afternoon of every Sunday. These erected a beautiful structure on Sixth Street, beservices shall consist of singing hymns, prayers, low Walnut, 50 feet front by 125 in depth. It is reading the Scriptures, and moral and religious an excellent specimen of the Italian style of ardiscourses. The president is permitted to invite chitecture, treated with spirit and taste. The liany member of the board of directors, or other brary contains about 10,000 volumes; to which, competent layman approved by the board, to as well as to the reading room, strangers are fre~e take his place, or assist him in the public wor- ly admitted. Among the curiosities of literature ship. Prayers and hymns, or psalms, shall be in these rooms is a collection of pamphlets, bound prepared or selected by the president, with the in 148 volumes, which belonged to Dr. Franklin, approbation of the directors, which shall be some of them containing his marginal notes and framed so as to form a full and appropriate ser- remarks; and also a regular series of the Journal vice, without sectarianism, but calculated to de Paris, bound in volumes, continued during the awaken or preserve true devotion." whole eventful period of the French revolution. The public schools of Philadelphia are organized The HIistorical Society of Pennsylvania, founded upon a comprehensiveand efficient system. By a in 1825, occupies rooms in the 3d story of the law of the state passed in 1818, the city and county Athenaeum building. It has a library of nearly of Philadelphia was constituted a separate school 2000 volumes. The Mercantile Library, on the district, in order that the benefits of one consis- corner of Fifth and Library Streets, has a library tent scheme, adapted in the best manner to the of over 12,000 volumes, founded in 1822, for the circumstances and wants of such a population, objects indicated by its name. There is also the might be secured. The schools, most of which, Apprentices' Library, of about the same number of course, are in the city, and incorporated dis- of volumes, on the corner of Fifth and Arch tricts, are divided into eleven sections. At the Streets, open to youth of both sexes. The Frankhead stands a high school, and a model school. lin Institute, formed about 1830, for the promoThe next in rank are the grammar schools; then tion of the mechanic arts, has a library of between the secondary; and last, the primary schools. The 4000 and 5000 volumes, situated on Seventh high school is among the best institutions of the Street, below Market. Other institutions for the kind in the country. It provides instruction in diffusion of knowledge, in a more local and lirm the ancient and modern languages; in theoretical ited sphere, likewise exist. and practical mathematics; in natural history, There are in Philadelphia about 160 churches natural philosophy, and chemistry; in mental, of different denominations — Presbyterian, 25: moral, and political science; and in writing, Episcopal, 27; Methodist, 28; Baptist, 16; Re, drawing, &c., and is designed to serve the highest formed Presbyterian, 4; Associate Presbyteriaa 520 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., 4; Associate Reformed, 2; German Reformed, one of the most distinguished institutions of the 3; Lutheran, 5; Independent, 2; Dutch Reformed, kind in the country. 2; Roman Catholic, 12; Friends, 7; Jewish Syn- Philadelphia is celebrated for its excellent agogues, 3; Mariners, 2; Universalist, 2; Unita- markets, having the advantage of various and rian, 1; New Jerusalem, 1; Moravian, 1; Disci- abundant supplies, not only from the interior of ples of Christ, 1; and 12 of various denominations its own state, but also of New Jersey, lying across for colored persons. Only a few of the church the Delaware. As a fruit market it is among the edifices make pretensions to architectural beauty. best in the world. The principal market-place Very many of them are without towers or stee- is in Market Street, extending along the middle ples to distinguish them from the general mass of the street from the Delaware to Eighth Street, of buildings. St. Stephen's Church, (Episcopal,) There is another market further W., in the same situated on Tenth Street, is a fine specimen of street, between Schuylkill Seventh and Eighth Gothic architecture, 102 feet long and 50 feet Streets; and there are four or five others in difwide, with two octagonal towers 86 feet high. ferent quarters of the city. Christ Church, built in 1691, and enlarged in There is quite a number of public squares in 1810, is the oldest church edifice in the city. It the city, which are generally ornamented with is situated on Second Street. It has a spire 196 fine shade trees, and laid out in other respects feet high, erected in 1753, in which is a chime of with much taste and beauty. Penn Square lies bells. St. John's Church, (Roman Catholic,) about in the centre of the city proper, and is situated on Thirteenth Street, below Market, is intersected by the two great streets, Market and an elegant Gothic structure, with square towers Broad Streets, which divide the city into its four on each of its front corners. The First Presby- quarters. Independence Square, in the rear of terian Church, fronting on the S. side of Wash- the old State House, has been referred to above. ington Square, is the handsomest church of this Washington Square, not far from this, is a dedenomination. It is in the Grecian style of archi- lightful public ground. Franklin Square is betecture, after the model of a temple on the Ilis- tween Race and Vine Streets, having Sixth Street sus, having a portico of six Ionic columns in on the E. In the centre of this square is a beaufront. The Fifth Presbyterian Church, on Arch tiful fountain. Other squares are Logan Square. Street, is also distinguished for the beauty of its also between Race and Vine Streets, and Rittenarchitecture. There are also other church edifices house Square, between Walnut and Locust Streets. which are neat and handsome structures. Among the principal hotels of Philadelphia The United States Mint in Philadelphia was are the United States Hotel, Jones's Hotel, founded in 1790, and first occupied the building Washington House, Columbia House, Congress where the Apprentices' Library now is. In 1830 Hall, Franklin House, and the Morris House, it was removed to the fine building which it now all in different parts of Chestnut Street. Besides occupies, on Chestnut Street, below Broad Street. these there are the Madison House, the MerThis edifice is of white marble, 123 feet long, chants' Hotel, the Mansion House, the White having a portico of 6 columns, and 60 feet in Swan Hotel, the Indian Queen, and many other length in the centre of its front, on Chestnut excellent houses in various parts of the city. Street, and a similar one on the opposite side, Philadelphia is abundantly suplied with water which looks out upon Penn Square. Visitors are from the Schuylkill River. The present wateradmitted to witness the interesting processes of works are known as the Fairmnount Waterworks, assaying and coining the precious metals, on the the reservoirs being constructed upon the summit forenoon of every day, upon application to the of a small mount which had received that name, proper officers. The United States navy yard on the western border of the district of Spring is located in the S. E. quarter of the city, fronting Garden, near the eastern bank of the Schuylon the Delaware. The enclosure contains about kill, and about two miles from the centre of the 12 acres. Some of the largest vessels for the U. city. These works were the first of the kind S. service have been built here. The Eastern erected in this country, and, for simplicity of Penitentiary, in the N. W. section of the city, not design and entire efficiency, are not exceeded by far distant from the Girard College, is one of the any that have been since constructed. The most imposing structures. It occupies a square reservoirs, which are 4 in number, occupy about of 10 acres, which is enclosed by a wall 30 feet 6 acres upon the top of this mount, at the height high, upon the angles of which, and at the en- of 100 feet above the water in the river, and 56 trance, watch towers are erected, from which all above the most elevated portions of the city. parts of the enclosure can be observed. In the They are 12 feet deep, lined with stone and middle of this area is an octagonal tower, from paved with brick, laid upon a bed of clay, i'h which the ranges of cells extend on every side strong lime cement, water tight, and are capable like radii, and from which the passages lead- of containing more than 22,000,000 gallons. One ing to them can all be"inspected by a sentinel of these reservoirs is divided into three sections, posted at the centre. Each cell opens in the rear for the purpose of filtration. The water is forced into a little yard, 18 feet by 8, surrounded by a up from the river by a power obtained from the wall 12 feet high. The discipline of this peniten- river itself, a dam being thrown across, 1600 feet tiary is that of solitary confinement, each pris- in length, and a raceway cut in the solid rock, oner being kept in his separate cell and yard both 400 feet long and 90 feet in width, by which day and night. a machinery of eight water wheels, operating There are several theatres in the city, of which an equal number of forcing pumps, may be the largest are the Chestnut Street Theatre, the driven night and day. Each of these pumps will Walnut Street Theatre, and the Arch Street The- lift about 1,250,000 gallons into the reservoirs in atre. Peale's Museum, founded by Charles Wil- 24 hours. The machinery is covered by a buildson Peale, in 1784, occupies the upper story of ing of stone. 238 feet long by 56 feet wide. The an edifice on the corner of Ninth and George water is carried from the reservoirs to the city in Streets, 238 feet long and 70 feet wide. This is 3 main iron pipes, one 20, another 22, and anoth IN THE UNITED STATES. 521 er 30 inches in diameter, and then is distributed railroads, which also accommodate foot passenthrough the streets by about 113 miles of iron pipe, gers and vehicles. By means of railroads and from 6 to 10 inches in diameter. The average canals, an extensive communication has been daily consumption of water in the city and dis- established between Philadelphia and the south tricts, in 1851, was 5,690,744 gallons. Three and west, affording great facilities of trade with thousand families are supplied from the public the interior of the country. The principal of these pumps, which take their water from cisterns are, the railroad to Baltimore, 97 miles, whence filled from the aqueduct. These works have there is a wide communication S. and W.; the been constructed and maintained, up to 1852, at Columbia Railroad to Columbia, on the Susquea cost of $1,707,550. The expenses of the year hanna River, 82 miles, thence by the Pennsylva1851 were $92,380. The whole cost for water- nia CentralRailroad to Harrisburg, the capitalof works to the city of Philadelphia, including the the state, 28 miles, and thence by canal and railprevious works, and the experiments which have road to Pittsburg, 399 miles from Philadelphia; been abandoned, is $3,174,267. The amount re- the Philadelphia, Reading, and Pottsville Railceived for water rents, in 1851, was $150,107. The road, extending to Pottsville, in the region of the total receipts since 1801 have been $2,953,316. coal formation, 94 miles from Philadelphia. The Fairmount and its vicinity is a favorite place following links of railroad are intended, when of resort for the citizens, and for persons visiting complete, to connect Philadelphia with the exPhiladelphia. A fine gravel walk surrounds the- treme western boundary of Missouri, viz.: from reservoirs, from which a beautiful view of the Philadelphia to Pittsburg, 358 miles; from Pittscity and of the scenery in other directions is ob- burg to the Indiana state line, 300 miles; from the tained. A light and graceful wire suspension Indiana line through Indianapolis, to Terre Haute, bridge is carried across the Schuylkill at this 150 miles; from Terre Haute to St. Louis, 160 place, which is itself an object of curiosity, while miles; from St. Louis to Independence, 300 miles; it affords, in crossing, a pleasing view of the which, when completed, will make a continuous dam, the river, and its banks. railroad route of 1268 miles. Between PhiladelAnalysis of the Schuylkill water by Professor phia and New York there are two routes, one Benjamin Silliman, Jr.:- by railroad throughout, and the other by railroad Chloride of sodium,.1470 and steamboat, whence there are extensive comChloride of magnesium,. 0094 munications E. and N., via Boston and Albany. Sulphate of magnesia,.0570 The time, by either route, to New York is Carbonate of lime, 1..0158720 about 4 hours. As a comparison with this, it Carbonate of magnesia,.3510 may be mentioned that, in 1766, a "third line" Silica,..0800 of stages from Philadelphia to New York was esCarbonate of sodta, from cdecomposed tablished, called the "Flying Machine:" which crenates and nitrates, and loss on was to go through in two days. analysis,......1.6436 The manufactures of Philadelphia constitute one of its most important interests. For the vaTotal solid matter, 4.2600 riety and amount of its products in this department, this city ranks first among the cities of the Carbonic acid in one gallon in cubic United States. And many of them are of the inches acid in one most valuable description, and of exquisite texinches,3.879 ture and workmanship. "No living animalcules were visible. Inodorous, Philadelphia was first laid out in 1682, under and nearly or quite insipid, perfectly sweet, and the direction of its celebrated founder, William like distilled water to the taste." Of lead sub- Penn. For some notice of this distinguished jected five weeks to the action of this water the benefactor of his race, and of his connection professor notes -" Quite bright, and not much with the history of Pennsylvania, the reader is acted upon." refered to our general description of the state, p. The situation of Philadelphia between the 125. An appropriate monument now marks the Delaware and Schuylkill Rivers, makes it a kind spot in the district of Ken~ington, where the of double port; that on the Delaware being its great elm tree once stood, near the bank of the port of foreign commerce, and that on the Delaware, under the shadow of which Penn, soon Schuylkill, its port for the domestic or internal after his arrival, acting upon the pacific princitrade. The principal harbor is upon the Dela- ples of his religious creed, so successfully negoti ware, where large vessels come up from the ated with the Indian chiefs, disarming their ap. ocean, and where the foreign commerce centres. prehensions and jealousies by his calm, benevo. Its imports, in 1851, amounted to $14,000,000. lent demeanor, and by the presents of useful imThe great business of the city was originally plements and goods which he offered, and estabdone upon the Delaware. But since the opening lishing the most amicable relations of intercourse of the coal trade, which has become extensive between them and his infant colony. "'Great within the last 30 years, the business upon the promises," he says, " passed between us, of kindness Schuylkill has grown into great importance. and good neighborhood; and that the Indians That river affords a convenient harbor for small and English must live in love as long as the sun vessels, and many wharves are built for their gave light." " Under the shelter of the forest," accommodation below the bridge, which is at the says Bancroft, " now leafless by the frosts of Autermination of Market Street. This bridge, which tumn, Penn proclaimed to the men of the Algonwas built in 1805, to connect the important suburbs quin race, from both banks of the Delaware, from on the W. side of the river with the city, was the borders of the Schuylkill, and it may have originally a toll bridge, but is now free. There been even from the Susquehanna, the same simare two other bridges over the Schuylkill besides ple message of peace and love' which George the suspension bridge before mentioned, one Fox had professed before Cromwell, and Mary above and the other below the city, built for the Fisher had borne to the Grand Turk. The Eng66 522 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., lish and the Indian should respect the same moral as its western limit. St. Paul's, the first Episcolaw, should be alike secure in their pursuits and pal Church, was founded in 1760; and the same their possessions, and adjust every difference by a year, the Pennsylvania Hospital, and also the peaceful tribunal, composed of an equal number first public library, by the influence of Dr. of men from each race." Franklin. In 1773 the first stage coaches were The ground so judiciously selected by its established to run to New York; the previous founder for the site of his new city having been lines having been post wagons. Now came on previously claimed by three Swedish emigrants by that series of events connected with the Amerithe name of Swenson, under a grant from the can revolution, in which this city so largely and Dutch governor of New York, Penn had to ex- honorably participated. In 1780 the Bank of tinguish their claim by giving them in exchange Pennsylvania was established, for the purpose of a tract of land higher up on the Schuylkill. Late supplying the army of the United States for two in the year 1682, assisted by Thomas Holme, a months, by a subscription of ~300,000, by 90 persurveyor, he laid out the city proper on the land sons; among whom were Robert Morris and so purchased, with substantially the same outline Blair McClennachlan, who subscribed ~10,000 and divisions which it now has. When he de- each. Dr. Franklin died on the 17th of April, parted for England, two years afterwards, the 1790, leaving, among other public benefactions, city contained 300 houses and 2500 inhabitants. ~1000 sterling, to be loaned to unmarried moe On board the ship, he wrote a farewell letter to chanics, under 25 years of age, upon certain conhis infant colony, replete with his characteristic ditions adapted to secure and encourage individbenevolence. In this letter he says, "And thou ual enterprise and thrift. This constituted the Philadelphia, the virgin settlement of this prov- foundation of the public fund known as the ince, what service and what travail has there Franklin Fund, which now amounts to about been to bring thee forth! 0 that thou mayst $25,000. Dr. Franklin was born in Boston, Janbe kept from the evil that would overwhelm thee; uary 17, 1706, and became a resident of Phil&a that, faithful to the God of thy mercies, in the delphia about 1723. His practical wisdom and life of righteousness, thou mayst be preserved philanthropy originated many of its early ecoto the end. My soul prays to God for thee, that nomical improvements, and brought into being thou mayst stand in the day of trial, that thy some of its most distinguished literary and huchildren may be blessed of the Lord, and thy mane institutions. His fame as a man, a patriot, people saved by his power." and a philosopher is an everlasting legacy of It would seem that, from the first, Penn had honor to the city of his adoption. His unosterthe idea that a large city would be built up on the tatious grave is in the N. W.. corner of the church, site which he had selected. Dr. Prideaux, in his yard of Christ Church, at the corner of Fifth work on the "Connection of the Old and New and Arch Streets; which is covered with a plain Testaments," after describing the plan of an- marble slab resting upon the ground, in strict cient Babylon, says, " Much according to this accordance with the directions in his will, which model hath William Penn, the Quaker, laid out were as follows: "I wish to be buried by the the ground for his city of Philadelphia, in Penn- side of my wife, if it may be; and that a marble' sylvania; and were it all built according to that stone, to be made by Chambers, 6 feet long, 4 design, it would be the fairest city in America, feet wide, plain, with only a small moulding and not much behind any other in the whole round the upper edge, and this inscription - world." It is little, now that this beautiful de- BE sign has been so happily executed, to say that BENJAMIN posterity honors the judgment of the learned and FRANKLIN, DEBoRANKHL, critic. Philadelphia is undoubtedly one of the 178-, fairest cities in America, or in the world. In 1699, after an absence of 15 years, during -be placed overus both." The only change newhich time, in consequence of the revolution in cessary to be made was in the figure 8, Provw England which drove James II. from the throne, idence having prolonged his life, beyond his Penn had been deprived of his authority over expectations, until 1790. Pennsylvania, and had it restored to him again, Philadelphia received its charter from the prohe revisited this country. Having made some prietary, October 25, 1701. The government of changes in the government, he sailed again for the city proper is in the hands of a mayor, a soEngland in 1701, where he remained until his lect council of 12, and a common council of death, in 1718. In 1719, the mayor and alder- 20 members. One third of the select and men employed Jacob Taylor to stake out the 7 the whole of the common council are chosen streets of the city, in order to prevent encroach- annually by the people, and the councils elect ments by building thereon. This year the first the mavor. The aldermen, 15 in number, are Weekly Gazette was published by Andrew Brad- appointed by the governor to act, with the mayor ford. In 1727, Benjamin Franklin started an- and recorder, as judges, during good behavior; other weekly paper, called "The Pennsylvania and the aldermen act as justices of the peaca. Gazette." In 1738, Benjamin Franklin instituted The whole legislative power is in the councils, of the first fire company in Philadelphia. In 1743, which the select council is the upper house. the first Lutheran Church was built, and the first The several districts, or liberties, of PhiladelDutch Reformed Church in 1747. In 1749, phia, N. and S. of the city proper, are separate agreeably to a suggestion of Dr. Franklin, a municipalities; having, at different dates within portion of Second Street, from Market Street to a comparatively modern period, received their Chestnut Street, was paved; a horse having been respective charters of incorporation. They are mired there, and his rider having been thrown governed each by a body of commissioners, elecband broken his leg. At this time the city con- ed for three years, one third of them being chosen tained about 15,000 inhabitants; and for some annually. time afterwards Fifth Street might be considered Philadelphia was the seat of the United States IN THE UNITED STATES 523 government for a period of ten years, fromr the Phipsburg, Me., Lincoln co. This is a mariclose of the frst congress, in 1790, to 1800, when time town at the mouth of Kennebec River, on the capital was removed to Washington. the W. side. It consists of a peninsula of land Of the environs of Philadelphia, which are of about 15 miles in length, and from 2 to 4 miles very beautiful, much might be said. The ter- in width, lying between Kennebec River, on the ritory included between the rivers below the city E., and New Meadows, or Stevens's River, on is highly improved and cultivated in farms and the W., and extending from Small Point, the gardens, for the supply of the rich vegetable eastern boundary of Casco Bay, to the city of market. There are many attractive places in the Bath on the N. It contains a United States immediate vicinity of the city, to which the in- fort, and Seguin and Pond Islands, on which are habitants resort for rides and recreations, or light-houses. 40 miles S. from Augusta. for their country residences. Camden, on the Phipsburg was taken from the ancient town of opposite bank of the Delaware, and accessible at Bristol in 1816, and named in honor of Governseveral points by steam ferry boats, besides being or Phips, who was born in Bristol. a place of considerable population and business, Phipsburg has considerable trade and navigahas much of its soil under high cultivation, for tion. Ship building is pursued, and fishing is a raising the delicious fruits, which, during their source of profit. There is no better site for fishseason, are so tempting to the eye and to the ing establishments on the coast. It is a very taste in the stalls of Market Street. Kaigns pleasant town, and an agreeable location to court Point, Gloucester Point, and Greenwich, all of the sea breezes in summer. them a little below the city, on the Delaware, are Pickaway County, 0., c. h. at Circleville. Sitfavorite places of resort, to which steamboats uated a little S. of the centre of the state, with are constantly running. The banks of the ro- Franklin co. on the N., Fairfield on the E., Ross mantic Wissahicken Creek, about 6 miles above on the S., Fayette and Madison on the W. It the city, offer a delightful excursion for parties was constituted in 1810, from Ross, Fairfield, of pleasure. Laurel Hill Cemetery, in the neigh- and Franklin. The name Pickaway is a corrupborhood of Fairmoant, is one of the most beauti- tion of Piqua, the name of a tribe of the Shawa, ful places of the kind in the country. The nese Indians. The surface of the county is gennaturally-diversified surface of the ground, in- erally level, and the soil very fertile. The staple eluding about 20 acres, the trees, shrubs, foliage, productions are wheat, corn, oats, grass, neat catand fragrant flowers with which it is adorned, tie, pork, and wool. It is divided nearly through and the costly and finely-sculptured monuments the centre, N. and S., by the Scioto River. The with which it is interspersed, render this a retreat Ohio Canal also traverses the valley of the Scioto at once of pleasing and of solemn interest. There through the entire length of the county. This are also Germantown, Manayunk, Norristown, county has all the four varieties of woodland, and other places, a few miles distant from the barren, plain, and prairie. The barrens were city, which invite the citizens to pleasant drives originally covered with shrub oak, and were at over beautiful roads, and amidst scenes of rich first considered as of little value; but they are luxuriance and beauty. found to produce excellent pasturage. The praiPhitlippa, Va., c. h. Barbour co. On the E. ries are best for corn and grass. The plain lands forkof the Monongahela, about 20 miles S. of the equal, and perhaps exceed, any other in the westBaltimore and Ohio Railroad. eran country, for the production of wheat. Phillips County, As., c. h. at Helena. It is About 3 miles S, of Circleville are the celedrained by the St. Francis and its tributary Lan- brated Pickaway Plains, in their natural state, quille River. The N. portions of this county without a tree or shrub within reach of the eye, have a fertile, sandy soil, while the S. are liable including an elliptical area of about 7 miles in to inundation. Bounded E. by the Mississippi. the longest diameter, and 3j in the other, and Phillips, Me., Franklin co. This town is wa- said to contain the richest body of land in the tered by Sandy River. It lies 53 miles N. W. state. The soil, the result of vegetable decomfrom Augusta, and 15 N. W. from Farmington. position through an indefinite period, was very Incorporated 1812. black when first cultivated. Corn for many Phillipston, Ms., Worcester co. This town was years grew to the height of 12 or 15 feet, and formerly part of Templeton and Athol. At its produced 100 bushels to the acre. It lies on Incorporation in 1786, the legislature gave it the both sides of the Scioto River, but chiefly on the E. name of Gerry. In 1814, it took its present " Of all places in the west," says the author of name. This town is finely watered by streams the Historical Collections of Ohio, "this preemand rivulets which flow into Swift and Miller's inently deserves the name of classic ground. Rivers. The surface is uneven, consisting of Here, in olden time, burned the council fires of hills and valleys, but the soil is productive. Pros- the red man. Here the affairs of the nation in pect Hill, in this place, is a large hill, and over- general council were discussed, and the imporlooks all the highlands for many miles around. tant questions of peace and war decided. On Upon it are many excellent farms. About a mile those plains the allied tribes marched forth and from the centre village is Factory Village and a met General Lewis, and fought the sanguinary fine pond. 27 miles N. W. from Worcester, and battle at Point Pleasant. Here it was that Logan 58 N. W. by W. from Boston. The railroad from made his memorable speech; and here, too, that Fitchburg to Vermont passes through this town. the noted campaign of Dunmore was brought to Phillipstown, N. Y., Putnam co. Watered by a close, by a treaty, or rather a truce, at Camp a few small streams flowing into the Hudson, Charlotte." which bounds it on the W. Some of the highest Pickens County, Aa., c. h. at Carrollton. It is peaks of the Highlands, such as Breakneck, Bull, bounded N. by Fayette, E. by Tuscaloosa, S. by and Sugar Loaf Hills, are situated in this town, Greene and Sumpter counties, and W. by Misand afford great quantities of excellent iron ore. sissippi. The Tombigbee River and its tributaries 14 miles W. from Carmel, and 96 S. from Albany. traverse this county. 524 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Pickens District, S. C., Pickens Court House, small creeks, which afford hydraulic power. Snyseat of justice. Bounded N. by North Carolina, cartee Slough passes along the Mississippi River E. by the Saluda River, separating it from Green- through this county; and on McKee's Creek is a ville district, S. by Anderson district, and W. by salt spring 20 feet in diameter. the Tugaloo River, separating it from Georgia. Pike County, Ia., c. h. at Petersburg. IncorDrained by Seneca River, a branch of the Tuga- porated in 1816. Bounded N. by White River,'oo. Surface hilly and mountainous. separating it from Knox and Daviess counties, 1'. Pickens, S. C., c. h. Pickens district. 130 miles by Dubois co.,, S. by Warwick, and W. by Gibson N. W. by W. from Columbia. co. Drained by Tatoka River and Flat Creek. Piermont, N. H., Grafton co. The soil, es- Surface undulating; soil fertile. pecially on the Connecticut, is good. The inter- Pike County, Ky., c. h. at Piketon. Bounded vales are extensive, and favorable to the growth N. by Johnson co. and Big Sandy River, sepaof grain. Back from the river is fine grazing and rating it from Virginia, E. and S. by Virginia, mowing land, well watered with brooks and and W. by Floyd co. Traversed by the W. fork springs. In the N. E. part of the town are 3 of Big Sandy River. The Cumberland Ridge considerable ponds, called Eastman's Ponds. crosses its S. W. corner. From these issue Eastman's Brook, valuable for Pike County, Mi., c. h. at Holmesville. Bounded mill sites. Indian Brook, on which mills are N. by Lawrence co., E. by Marion co., S. by Louerected, is in the S. part. A mine of valuable isiana, and W. by Amite co. Bogue Chitto iron ore is found here. This town was granted, River and its branches, and Tangiapaho River in 1764, to John Temple and 59 others, and was water this county. first settled in 1770. 75 miles N. N. W. from Pike County, Mo., c. h. at Bowling Green. Concord, and about 10 S. from Haverhill. Bounded N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, Piermont, N. Y., Rockland co. A village in separating it from Illinois, S. by Lincoln and Orangetown, on the W. side of the Hudson River, Montgomery counties, and W. and N. W. by 24 miles N. from the city of New York. The Audrain and Ralls counties. Drained by Salt, Erie Railroad, extending from Dunkirk on Lake and a branch of Cuivr River. Erie, a distance of 445 miles, strikes the Hudson Pike, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered by Eastat this place, whence is a communication to New koy and Westkoy Creeks. Surface rolling; soil York by steamboats. For the accommodation rich mould. 20 miles N. from Angelica, and 255 of this route, a long pier has been erected, ex- W. from Albany. tending about a mile from the main land, over Pike County, 0., c. h. at Piketon. Ross co. which the cars run to the extreme end, thus con- is on the N., Jackson on the E., Scioto and Adams necting with the boats and barges which run to on the S., and Highland on the W. The most and from the city at all seasons of the year. The important streams are Pee Pee, Sunfish, Camp freight trains pass this way. The mail and pas- Creek, Wilson's Run, and Beaver Creek. The senger trains from the W. take the railroad land is excellent for farming. Several antiquithrough New Jersey, from a point 18 miles W. ties are found here, one of which is supposed of Piermont, to Jersey City. See Dunkirk. to have been a fort. It is about 1 mile W. of This flourishing village lies in a narrow valley, Piketon, and consists of 2 parallel walls of earth, through which flows the Sparkill Creek, affording about 15 feet high and 80 rods in length. Stone a considerable water power, which is improved coal and iron ore are found in some parts of the to some extent for mills and manufactories. The county. Palisades terminate here, towards the N., in an Pike County, Pa., c. h. at Milford. Bounded abrupt hill, which circumstance, in connection N. E. and S. E. by the Delaware River, separatwith the piers erected at this place, very naturally ing it from New York and New Jersey, S. by suggested the name of Piermont. Monroe co., and W. and N. W. by Wayne co. Pierrepont, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. This large Drained by the Lackawaxen and several small town is watered by Racket, Grass, and Oswe- mill streams. Along the valley of the Lackagatchie Rivers. The surface and soil are diver- waxen runs the Delaware and Hudson CanaL sified. 8 miles E. from Canton, and 213 N. W. Surface rough and mountainous; soil fertile on from Albany. the Delaware, but elsewhere rather sterile. Pike County, Aa., c. h. at Troy. Bounded N. Pike, Pa., Berks co. Drained by the head by Montgomery and Macon counties, E. by Pea branches of Manatawny Creek, which afford hyRiver, separating it from Barbour co., S. by Dale draulic power. Surface uneven; soil gravelly and Coffee, and W. by Butler and Lowndes coun- and sterile. ties. Drained by Conecuh River and branches. Pike, Pa., Bedford co. Wyalusing Creek and Pike County, As., c. h. at Murfreesboro'. It is its branches water this town. Surface hilly; soil bounded N. by Montgomery, E. by Clark, S. by gravelly loam. 158 miles N. from Harrisburg. Hempstead, and W. by Sevier and Polk counties. Piketon, 0., c. h. Pike co. On the E. side of Watered by branches of the Little Missouri Scioto River. 19 miles S. from Chillicothe, and River. 64 S. from Columbus. Pike County, Ga., c. h. at Zebulon. Bounded Pikeville, Aa., c. h. Monroe co. N. by Fayette and Henry counties, E. by Butts Pikeville, Te., c. h. Bledsoe co. On high ground, and Monroe, S. by Upson co., and W. by Anhau, a little W. from Sequatchy River, and 112 miles a branch of Flint River, separating it from Merri- E. S. E. from Nashville. wether and Coweta counties. Piles Grove, N. J., Salem co. Salem Creek, Pike County, Is., c. h. at Pittsfield. Bounded a good mill stream, waters this town. Surface N. by Adams, Marquette and Brown counties, E. level; soil clay and loam. 10 miles N. E. from by the Illinois River, separating it from Morgan, Salem. Scott, and Greene counties, S. by Calhoun co., Pilot Hill, As., c. h. Fulton co. and S. W. and W. by the Mississippi River, sepa- Pinckney. N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by Deer rating it from Missouri. Drained by several River and Sandy Creek. A level town, with a IN THE UNITED STATES. 525 good soil. 16 miles N. W. from Martinsburg, 1810, was 4768; 1820, 7248; 1830,12;542; 1840, and 156 from Albany. 21,115; 1850, 46,500. This is the population of Pinckneyville, Is., c. h. Perry co. At the head Pittsburg proper; but if that of the adjoining of Four Mile Prairie, on the W. side of Big cities and boroughs of Alleghany, Manchester, Beaucoup Creek, and 134 miles S. from Spring- Birmingham, and Lawrenceville were included, field. which, both in a commercial and social point of Pine, Pa., Armstrong co. Bounded W. by the view, are a part of the same community with Alleghany River, and drained by its branches. Pittsburg, a more just idea of the size of the Pine, Pa., Alleghany co. Drained by branches place, perhaps, would be obtained. The city of the Alleghany River. Surface hilly; soil stands at the junction of the Alleghany and loam. 11 miles N. from Pittsburg. Monongahela Rivers, which, by their union, form Pine Grove, Pa., Venango co. Watered by the Ohio. It is built upon the triangular plain, Swatara Creek, along the valley of which runs a enclosed on two sides by these two rivers, extendnavigable feeder of the Union Canal. It also ing partly up the highlands, by which the side opcontains a pond covering 700 or 800 acres, and posite to the point is bounded. The distance formed by building a dam across the creek, in a from the point back to these highlands is about gorge of the Blue Mountains. Surface moun- one mile; and the different prominences are tainous, containing coal. 43 miles N. E. from known by the names of Grant's, Ayers's, and Harrisburg. Quarry Hills. The place was laid out in 1765, Pine Plains, N. Y., Dutchess co. Wotered by on the bank of the Monongahela; with streets Chicomeco, a branch of Roeliff Jansen's Creek, running parallel to the river, and others running and contains several small lakes, the principal of back from the river at right angles with them. which, called Stissing's, supplies the head waters The same arrangement was followed when, afterof Wappinger's Creek. Surface hilly and moun- wards, the town began to be built upon the bank tainous on the E. and W., with a broad fertile of the Alleghany; so that the cross streets, startplain between, which gives name to the town; ing at right angles from the two rivers, necessoil gravelly and sandy loam. 25 miles N. E. sarily meet obliquely, at a point a few streets from Poughkeepsie, and 69 S. S. E. from back from the Alleghany. Thus the city, in its Albany. outline, bears a strong resemblance to the lower Piqua, O., Miami co. On the S. W. side of part of the city of New York. The city is united Miami River. 73 miles W. from Columbus. On to the adjacent country, beyond the two rivers, by the line of the Miami Canal, which affords good a bridge over each, and by ferries. The site, says water power. a writer on the spot, is a real amphitheatre, Piscataquis County, Me., c. h. at Dover. In the formed by the hand of nature. The rivers flow N. central part, including interlocking sources of in channels from 450 to 465 feet below the highest the Kennebec, Penobscot, and St. John's. The peaks of the neighboring hills, which by accusettled part is in the S., on the Piscataquis, an rate measurement have been found to vary thus eastern tributary of the Penobscot. Undulating slightly between these relative elevations. These and hilly, with some high mountains, and in the hills surrounding the city are filled with bitumiN. numerous lakes; soil good. nous coal, which is easily quarried and brought Piscataway, N. J., Middlesex co. Drained by to the city, and affords unequalled facilities for Amherst and Cedar Brooks, branches of Green manufacturing operations, for fuel, and for lighting Brook. Surface level; soil clay loam and red the streets and dwellings with gas. The princishale. 5 miles N. from New Brunswick. pal coal strata lie at an elevation of above 300 Pitcairn, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. The W. feet above the part of the city which is on the albranch of the Oswegatchie River waters this luvial plain; and so uniform is this geological town, the surface of which is slightly uneven, and feature, that a levelling instrument, placed at the the soil well adapted to grass. 30 miles S. from mouth of any of the beds, if carried round the Canton, and 180 N. W. from Albany. horizon, carries the circle of vision along the Pitcher, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by openings of all the other mines. The coal forOstelic River and some of its branches. Surface mation is here, as in every other part of the Ohio hilly; soil argillaceous loam. 16 miles W. froni valley, level; so much so as often to render the Norwich, and 127 from Albany. draining of the mines difficult. These hills, Pitt County, N. C., c. h. at Greenville. Bound- though steep, are not generally precipitous, and ed N. by Edgecombe and Martin counties, E. by afford from their verdant slopes and peaks a Beaufort, S. by Craven and Lenoir, and W. by series of rich and varied landscapes. The ferGreene co. Tar River traverses the interior of tility of the soil continues to their very summits. this county, and Neuse River runs on its S. W. There is nothing of barrenness visible, but the border. forests, fields, meadows, orchards, and gardens Pitt, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded on the N. exhibit one panorama of beauty and abunby Alleghany River, S. and W. by the Monon- dance. gahela, and N. W. by the city of Pittsburg. The Pittsburg occupies the site of the former French surface is hilly, abounding with coal; soil loam. fort Du Quesne, which the French held possesPittsburg, N. H., Coos co., was incorporated sion of from 1754 to 1758, and whence, by instiDecember 10, 1840; before that it was called gating the Indians to hostilities, they brought so Indian Stream Territory. It lies on the borders much terror to the frontier settlements of Pennof Canada, and has within its limits Lake Con- sylvania. It was here, in 1755, that General necticut and several considerable ponds. It con- Braddock lost his life, and the army under him tains 160,360 acres. 150 miles N. from Concord, suffered a defeat, in an attempt to drive the and 40 N. E. from Lancaster. French from this post, and that the youthful Pittsburg, Pa. City, port of entry, and seat of Washington displayed his military skill, and justice of Alleghany co. This place is 200 miles gave promise of his future greatness, by conW. N. W. from Harrisburg. The population, in ducting in a masterly manner the retreat of the 526 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., shattered forces. A subsequent expedition, with enters the Alleghany River a few hundred yards a more formidable force, under General Forbes, ablove where it unites with the Ohio. The water was successful in striking terror into the enemy, with which the city is supplied is raised 116 feet so that they burned the fort and abandoned the from the Alleghany River, by a steam engine, place; though not without having routed and which raises 3,000,000 gallons daily. It is disdispersed an advanced detachment of 800 men, tributed through the city in pipes, which have an sent forward under Captain Grant; which they aggregate length of about ten miles. These did, with the aid of the Indians, by surrounding waterworks cost over $250,000. In 1836 an esthem, upon what is now Grant's Hill, and kill- tablishment was completed for lighting the city ing and capturing about 300 of their number. with gas; which is manufactured from the bituAmong the prisoners taken was the captain minous coal at a small expense, and gives a brilhimself. The English, having dispossessed the liant light. French, erected a temporary stockade, which Several of the places adjacent to Pittsburg they called Fort Pitt; and in 1759, General deserve to be described with it, as they virtually Stanwix commenced the construction of a more belong to the same community, although under formidable work, which cost the British govern- separate corporations. The most important of ment ~60,000 sterling. This fort sustained an these is Alleghany City, on the opposite side of attack from the Indians in 1763. Some remains the Alleghany River. It contains many of the of a brick redoubt, which was built in 1764, after finest residences, in commanding situations, peace was restored between the French and the occupied by persons doing business in Pittsburg. English, are still visible. Until after the close Its commercial and manufacturing business. of the revolutionary war, Pittsburg continued to properly its own, is also considerable. It conbe only a small place. In 1775, the number of tains a number of churches of different denomdwellings within the present limits of the city inations. The Western Theological Seminary was not more than 25 or 30. But in 1784, the is located here. It is under the direction of the ground, which belonged to Penn's manor, and Presbyterians, and has two professors and a was the property of the family, was laid out into library of 6000 volumes. The edifice, which is town lots, and sold rapidly. Two years later, on a commanding eminence, is 140 feet long and the first number of the Pennsylvania Gazette was 50 wide; the central part being four stories high, published here, in which it was stated that the and the wings three. The Theological Seminary number of houses in the village was about 100. of the Associate Reformed Church is also located In 1788, the county of Alleghany was consti- here. tuted, and in 1791, Pittsburg became the county Birmingham, borough, is another considerable town. The earliest authentic account of the pop- suburb of Pittsburg, on the opposite side of the ulation is in the Pittsburg Gazette for January 9, Monongahela, and connected by a bridge and 1796; when, by a census just taken, it appeared ferry. It is about a mile from the centre of the that it amounted to 1395. It was during this city. It contains extensive manufactories of year that Louis Philippe, afterwards king of the glass and iron. It has two churches, a PresbyFrench, visited this place, and spent considerable terian and a Methodist. There are a number of time there. flourishing villages, besides, in the vicinity of Pittsburg is compactly built, with many hand- Pittsburg, some of which have been named in some edifices, chiefly of brick; which, however, this article. have a dark and smoky appearance, from the Pittsburg combines great advantages of posifalling soot of the bituminous coal, which is used tion. The great line of canal and railroad from to such an extent by the manufactories and Philadelphia, over the Schuylkill and Susqueotherwise. Among the public buildings, the new hanna valley and the intervening mountains, court house, situated upon an elevation which which here connects with the Ohio River, is of commands an extensive view, is a splendid edi- great importance to Pittsburg, and to the whole fice, of the Grecian Doric order of architecture, west. In 1811, the first steamboat constructed 165 feet long and 100 feet deep. The height of on the western waters was built at Pittsburg. the dome above the ground is 148 feet. The cost This was the commencement of a vast increase of this building was about $200,000. A splen- in the trade and business of this city. Whereas did Roman Catholic cathedral, located on Grant's it was before the work of a whole season to make Hill, makes an imposing appearance. The build- a trip to New Orleans and return, now many are ings of the Western University of Pennsylvania made in a season. Nearly 100 steamboats, emare also situated near Grant's Hill. The Third ployed on the Ohio and connected rivers, are Presbyterian Church, several of the banking owned, either wholly or in part, in this city. Its houses, and some of the large hotels, are also manufactures, too, give it great importance. It fine buildings. There are three market houses, has deservedly acquired the name of the Birand a museum containing many Indian curios- mingham of America. To Philadelphia, by railities. Three covered bridges cross the Alleghany road and canal, 399 miles; to Erie, 130; to CinRiver, one of which has a walk for foot passen- cinnati, 470 miles. gers upon the top. A bridge also crosses the Pittsboro', N. C., c. h. Chatham co. On RobinMonongahela, 1500 feet in length, which was son's Creek. 34 miles W. by S. from Raleigh. erected at an expense of $102,000. The harbor is Pittsfield, Is., c. h. Pike co., occupies elevated chiefly in this river, because the depth of water is ground at nearly equal distances between Illinois greater here than in the Alleghany. The Penn- and Mississippi Rivers, and 70 miles W. S. W. sylvania Canal is carried over the Alleghany in a from Springfield. viaduct 1200 feet long, built by the state, at an Pittsfield, Me., Somerset co. A good township. expense of $104,000. After entering the city, it 38 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. passes through a tunnel under Grant's Hill, and Pittsfield, Ms., Berkshire co. 5 miles N. of enters the Monongahela River. Another branch Lenox, the shire town. 151 miles W. from of the canal passes through Alleghany City, and Boston, and 49 E. from Albany, N. Y. IN THE UNITED STATES. 527 This is one of the handsomest and most musical instruments, hats, caps, harnesses, trunks, flourishing towns in the western part of Massa- railroad cars, carriages, chairs, cabinet furniture, chusetts. It is situated at the junction of the mechanics' tools, muskets, rifles, fowling pieces, Pontoosuc with the Housatonic River, and occu- &c. The amount of the product in these vatious pies a beautiful expansion of the valley between branches is large. the Taconic and the Green Mountain ranges. It The Western Railroad from Boston to Albany has no mountain's within its territorial limits, passes through Pittsfield. A railroad extends except a point of Lenox Mountain on the S., S. W. through Lenox and Stockbridge to conwhich extends a short distance into the town. nect with the Housatonic Railroad, and, connected There is little or no waste land in the town. A with these, is a railroad to Hudson, New York. large proportion of the land upon the rivers is Another extends N. 20 miles to the flourishing of the best alluvial formation, especially on the manufacturing village of North Adams, a few Housatonic, which usually overflows its banks in miles S. of Williamstown. the spring. The stranger at Pittsfield, finding Pittsfield was settled in 1752. Its Indian name himself set down in a valley of exceeding beauty was Pontoosuc, signifying, "a run for deer " — a and fertility, surrounded at a distance with high name which one of its beautiful streams still bears. and picturesque mountains, while charming rivers The territory of this town was granted to Boston are quietly meandering at his feet, sees nothing in 1735. It was called "Boston Plantation," to remind him that he stands at an elevation of until it was sold to Jacob Wendell, in 1743; it more than a thousand feet above the level of the then bore the name of Wendell's Town until its sea. In the salubrity of its climate, and in love- incorporation, in 1761, when it received its present liness of scenery and situation, Pittsfield can name, in honor of William Pitt, the English hardly be surpassed. The village in the centre statesman. is well located and handsomely built. There are This beautiful town among the mountains is two principal streets, which cross each other at becoming quite a favorite resort for persons of right angles, on which are located many of the wealth, intelligence, and refinement, as a place of most beautiful buildings. At their intersection residence. Many come here, especially from our there is a public square containing hbout 4 acres. cities and from the south, to spend the summer Fronting on the different sides of this square are months. The salubrious climate, the charming the First Congregational Meeting House, re- scenery, and the agreeable society to be enjoyed cently rebuilt, in an elegant style of architect- in Pittsfield, constitute a union of attractions not ure, the Berkshire Medical Institution, two or often so happily combined. three spacious hotels, with ranges of stores, &c. Pittsfield, N. H., Merrimac co. The surface is Besides these, there are also many other handsome pleasantly varied, with a good soil. Suncook streets and buildings. The meeting houses of River passes through the town, affording good the Second Congregational Church and of the mill privileges. Catamount Mountain is in the Baptist Church, situated on the main street, run- town. There are a number of ponds here, W. ning N. and S., are new and tasteful structures. of which the magnetic needle varies materially. Pittsfield has become distinguished for its Berry's Pond is on the mountain; it is half a excellent schools and seminaries of learning. mile in length, and is supplied by mountain The Berkshire Medical Institution is a profes- springs. There is a neat and flourishing village sional school of deservedly high reputation. It in Pittsfield, which possesses a fine water power. was established in 1822; and handsome and First settlers, John Cram and others. 15 miles commodious buildings were erected for its use. N. E'. from Concord. TheYoung Ladies' Institute, located here, is one Pittsfield, N. Y., Otsego co. Unadilla River of the best provided and most popular institutions and some of its branches water this town, the of the kind in the country. It occupies a range surface of which is hilly, with fertile valleys. of three beautiful buildings, most eligibly situated, 18 miles W. from Cooperstown, and 87 from a short distance N. of the village. The centre Albany. building, containing the chapel, library, recitation Pittsfield, Vt., Rutland co. Tweed River is rooms, apparatus, &c., is an exact copy of a formed in this town, by two branches, which afford Grecian temple at Athens. The symmetry of the mill sites: it empties into White River, which whole establishment is very fine. On a gentle passes through the N. E. corner. The surface is elevation, overlooking the town towards the S., mountainous, and the soil hard. The settlement and the country far and wide, stand the buildings was commenced in 1786. 35 miles S. W. from of the institute, with a number of acres laid out in Montpelier, and 17 N. E. from Rutland. a circular garden, sloping from the green in front, Pittsford, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by the surrounded and intersected by spacious gravelled Irondoquoit Creek and some of its branches. walks, ornamented with shrubbery and flowers, Surface undulating; soil argillaceous and calcatastefully set off with parterres and arbors, and reous loam. 6 miles E. from Rochester, and 213 enlivened by an artificial fountain. The course N. of W. from Albany. of studies pursued in the Institute is liberal and Pittsford, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek is extensive, and cannot fail, in all cases where it is the principal stream, and its width here is from diligently and systematically prosecuted, to ex- 40 to 50 yards. Furnace Brook is in Pittsford: ert a decided influence in furnishing the female on it and its branches are numerous mill privileges. mind with every desirable talent and accomplish- Along these streams are extensive meadows of ment. rich alluvial soil. There are 2 ponds in the Pittsfield is quite a busy place in manufacturing town. The soil is generally loam, with some aswellasagriculturaloperations. Asearlyasl837, sandy tracts, and some of clay. The timber is the various manufactures of the town amounted oak, of several kinds. Iron ore and excellent to about $700,000, since which they have greatly marble abound here. In the eastern part of increased. The principal manufactures now are Pittsford is a deep cavern, in which ice may comcotton and woollen goods, castings, machinery, monly be found in the months of July and 528 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOW]NS, VILLAGES, &c., August. There are 2 pleasant and flourishing the E. branch of Bushkill Creek. Surface level, villages in the town; one near the centre, the other except in the N. part, where it is crossed by Blue on Furnace Brook. The settlement was cor- Mountain. menced in the year 1769. 44 miles S. W. from Plainfield, Vt., Washington co. Plainfield is Montpelier, and 8 N. from Rutland. The watered by Winooski River and Great Brook. Rutland Railroad between Boston and Burling- At the junction of these streams is a neat village. ton passes through Pittsford. There is a small pond in the eastern part, which Pittston, Me., Kennebec co. Pittston is a pleas- is well furnished with excellent trout. There is ant town on the E. side of Kennebec River, op- also a mineral spring. It is situated so near posite to Gardiner. It is a flourishing town, of the margin of Great Brook as to be overflowed good soil, and has several ponds and mill streams, at high water. The surface of the town is uneand a considerable business in the lumber trade. yen, but well timbered. There is but little waste It is bounded E. by Whitefield, and S. by Dres- land, and the soil is generally of a good quality. den. 7 miles S. by E. from Augusta. The settlement was commenced about the year Pittstown, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Bounded on 1794. 9 miles S. E. from Montpelier. the N. by the Hoosic River, and drained by Tom- Plaistow, N. H., Rockingham co., was originally hannock Creek. Surface uneven; soil of good a part of Haverhill, Ms. After it became anquality. 12 miles N. E. from Troy, and 18 from nexed to New Hampshire, a charter was granted, Albany. in 1749. The soil is good, being a mixture of Pittsylvania County, Va., c. h. at Pittsylvania. black loam, clay, and gravel. First settlers, CapBounded N. by Staunton River, separating it tain Charles Bartlett, Nicholas White, Esq., Deafrom Bedford and Campbell counties, E. by Hal- con Benjamin Kimball, and J. Harriman. 40 ifax co., S. by North Carolina, and W. by Henry miles S. E. from Concord, and 12 S. from Exeand Franklin counties. Drained by Dan, Ban- ter by the Boston and Maine Railroad. nister, and branches of Staunton River. Soil Plaquemine Parish, La., c. h. at Fort Jackson. mostly fertile. Bounded N. by Orleans Parish, E. by St. BerPittsylvania, Va., c. h. Pittsylvania co. On a nard Parish and the Gulf of Mexico, S. by the branch of Bannister River. 162 miles W. S. W. Gulf of Mexico, and W. by Jefferson Parish. from Richmond. The Mississippi River flows through this parish; Plainfield, Ms., Hampshire co. The territory on its coast are several bays. The surface is low, of this town was called Pontoosuc by the In- and in the S. portions is nowhere elevated more dians. It was the north part of Cummington. than 10 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. The Incorporated as a district in 1785, and as a town soil is only arable on the margins of the river, in 1807. This township lies on the eastern side where it is very fertile. The principal producof the Green Mountain range. The surface is tions are cotton and sugar. undulating, and in many parts rough and broken. Platt County, Is., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded The summit of East Hill, on which is the princi- N. by McLean, E. by Champaign, S. by Moulpal village, may be considered as level, through trie, and W. by Macon and De Witt counties. nearly the whole breadth of the town. The soil Drained by Sangamon River. is good and strong, and well adapted for grass. Platte County, Mo., c. h. at Platte City. BoundThe township is exceedingly well supplied with ed N. by Buchanan co., E. by Clinton and Clay springs and rivulets. Mill Brook is the largest counties, and S. and W. by the Missouri River, stream. There are 2 ponds, both in the N. W. separating it from Indian Territory. Drained part of the town; the North Pond, which is about by Little Platte River. a mile long, and half a mile wide, and the Crooked Platte City, Mo., c. h. Platte co. On the W. Pond, so called from its figure. The scenery side of Little Platte River. around these ponds is wild, and may perhaps be Plattekill, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Old said to partake of the gloomy. The North Pond Man's Kill, a branch of the Hudson, and by some is dotted with islands, and is a favorite place of branches of the Wallkill. Surface hilly and resort for anglers and parties of pleasure. 27 undulating; soil clay and gravelly loam based miles N. W. from Northampton, and 117 W. by upon slate and limestone. 29 miles S. from N. from Boston. Kingston, and 79 from Albany. Plainfteld, N. H., Sullivan co. There are valu- Plattsburg, Mo., c. h. Clinton co. On the W. able intervale and excellent meadows on the side of Smith's Fork of Little Platte River. 180 Connecticut River, and in other parts of the miles W. N. W. from Jefferson City. town. Here are 2 ponds4 At the S. W. part of Plattsburg, N. Y., shire town of Clinton co., this towfi, in Connecticut River, is Hart's Island, lies on the W. side of Lake Champlain. 162 miles which contains 19 acres. Quechee Falls are in N. from Albany, 25 miles N. W. from Burlington, this town. A bridge was erected here in 1807. and to Rouse's Point, where the Ogdensburg RailA small stream, flowing from Croydon Moun- road crosses the lake, 29 miles N. The surface tains, waters the town. Plainfield has a pleasant of the township on the E. is nearly level, but village, situated on a handsome plain, called towards the W. it becomes hilly. The soil is Plainfield Plain. Kimball Union Academy, in mostly a clay loam, and of a good quality in the this town, incorporated June 16, 1813, is in the neighborhood of the lake. Itis drained by the village called Meriden. First settlers, L. Nash Saranac River, and also on the S. by Salmon and Russell, in 1764. 12 miles S. from Dart- Creek. mouth College, and 60 N. W. from Concord. Plattsburg Village, situated on the lake shore, at Plainfield, N. Y., Otsego co. The Unadilla the mouth of the Saranac. is a port of entry, and River and its branches water this town, the sur- contains the county buildings. It was incorpoface of which is hilly and undulating, and the rated in 1815, and has been subject to considersoil very fertile. 15 miles N. W. from Coopers- able fluctuations in its prosperity, consequent town, and 75 W. from Albany. upon the vicissitudes of war and peace. It profPlainfield, Pa., Northampton co. Drained by ited by the expenditures of the last war with IN THE UNITEI) STATES. 529 Great Britain, although twice captured by the manufacturds in this part of the state. 22 miles enemy. After the stimulus of these causes was W. S. W. firom Hartford. withdrawn, it languished for a time; but it is now Plymouth, Ia., c. h. Marshall co. 115 miles N. thriving again, under the more healthful auspices from Indianapolis. of peace. The Saranac affords a valuable water Plymouth, Me., Penobscot co. This is a fine power, having a succession of falls, in and near township of land, watered by beautiful ponds, the village, amounting in the entire descent to and a valuable branch of Sebasticook River. 45 about 40 feet. These privileges are partially miles N. E. fiom Augusta. improved for cotton and woollen factories, flour- Plymouth County, Ms., c. h. at Plymouth. The ing mills, saw mills, and other works. soil of this county is not so productive as that of Plattsburg has been selected by the govern- many others in Massachusetts; yet there is conment as a military post; and extensive stone siderable good land within its limits. It has a barracks have been erected along the lake shore, great water power, and an abundant supply of a little S. of the village. The United States fine iron ore. This county has a sea-coast on have also erected a breakwater here for the pro- Massachusetts Bay, of between 30 and 40 miles, tection of the harbor. and many ships are built in its numerous ports, On the 11th of September, 1814, Plattsburg of native white oak. This county has considerwas the scene of an important conflict between able foreign commerce, but its shipping is princithe Americans and British forces, both on the pally engaged in the fishing business and coastland and on the water, in which the Americans ing trade. It is bounded N. E. and E. by Massawere victorious. The land forces of the enemy, chusetts Bay, N. by Norfolk co. and Boston Harconsisting of about 14,000 men, were led on to bor. N. W. by Norfolk co., W. by Bristol co., and the attack by Sir George Prevost, and were suc- S. E. and S. by Buzzard's Bay and Barnstable cessfully repulsed by about 3000 men, under the co. The North River and numerous branches of command of General Macomb. The engage- the Taunton are its chief rivers. ment on the lake was between Commodore Mec- Plymouth, Ms., c. h. Plymouth co. The townDonough, of the American, and Commodore ship of Plymouth, though once much larger than Downie, of the British navy. The fleet under at present, is still one of the largest in the state. McDonough carried 86 guns and 820 men, and It extends on the coast 11 miles from N. to S. the British fleet 95 guns and 1050 men. The The land is generally hilly, sandy, and barren, exaction lasted, without any cessation, on a smooth cept a small strip of rich, loamy soil on the seasea, at close quarters, 2 hours and 20 minutes, in board. full view of both the armies fighting on land. The The harbor of Plymouth is extensive, but not fortune of the day was in a great measure decid- deep enough for vessels of the largest class. It ed by the issue on the lake. When the British is formed partly by a nartow spit of sand, extendarmy saw their fleet completely conquered, they ing 3 miles northerly from the mouth of Eel were at once dispirited, and commenced their re- River, S. of the principal village, where is a treat. Their loss, in the mean time, had been more pleasant village, called Chiltonville, about 2 miles than six times as great as that of the Americans. distant from the main village. This beach, exAmong the slain in the naval engagement was posed to all the fury of the Atlantic;, has been in the British commandant, Commodore Downie, danger of being broken through, to the destruewho was a brave and skilful officer. The fact tion of the harbor, and large expenditures have is stated as showing the frame of mind in which been necessary, as well on the part of the town and the brave McDonough entered the battle, and in state, as by the general government, for its repair whom he put his trust for success, that, " after the and preservation. Considerable shipping is owned enemy's fleet hove in sight, the men of his ship were in Plymouth, and the inhabitants are largely conassembled on the quarter deck, when he kneeled cerned in navigation and the fisheries. There is down, and, in humble and fervent prayer, com- considerable water power, and some manufactures. mended himself, his men, and the cause in which The village is in the N. part of the town, comthey were engaged, to the God of battles." This pactly built, and 37 miles S. E. from Boston by favorable issue of the battle of Plattsburg was of railroad. Not a dwelling house of ancient date great importance to this part of the country. or antique form now remains in the town. Those Pleasant Valley, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered recently erected are in the style of modern archiby Wappinger's Creek. Surface diversified; soil tecture, and the largest proportion of the buildclay and sandy loam. 7 miles N. E. from Pough- ings are painted of a light color, and exhibit an keepsie, and 82 S. from Albany. air of neatness and elegance. Among the buildPlumb, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded N. by the ings most worthy of note are Pilgrim Hall, the Alleghany River, and drained by Plumb and Court House, and a Gothic structure for the Turtle Creeks and Thompson's Run. Surface church of the First Society. See Plymouth Rock, hilly; soil loam. 14 miles E. from Pittsburg. under Fashionable Resorts. Plumstead, Pa., Bucks co. Surface hilly, and Plymouth, N. H., Grafton co. Plymouth is one drained by Tohickon and Neshaminy Creeks; of the shire towns. Besides numerous smaller soil sandy loam. 106 miles E. from Harris- streams, there are two rivers in the town, Pemiburg. gewasset and Baker's; both are of importance. Plymouth, Ct., Litchfield co. The surface of Baker's is 30 miles in length. It takes its name the town is rough and hilly, with a strong grav- from Captain Baker, who attacked the Indians elly soil, well adapted for grazing. The Nauga- at its mouth. In consequence of the great water tuck affords an ample water power. power in this town, and the passage of the ConThe manufacture of small wooden clocks, it is cord and Montreal Railroad through it, it bids believed, originated with Mr. Terry, of this town, fair to become an important place of trade and about 30 years ago; since that period, the man- manufacture. The soil is tolerably good. Holmes's ufacture of wooden clocks has been widely ex- Academy is in this town. First settlers, Zachariah tended, and forms a very important branach of the Parker and James Hobart, in 1764. From Con67 530 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., cord, 51 miles N., and 31 S. E. from Haverhill St. Francisville, and 140 miles W. N. W. from by railroad. New Orleans. Plymouth, N. Y.. Chenango co. Canasawacta Point Pleasant, Va., c. h. Mason co. On the Creek waters this town. Surface undulating: E. side of the Ohio River, at the junction of the soil of good quality. 7 miles N. W. from Nor- Great Kanawha, and 370 miles W. N. W. from wich, and 118 W. from Albany. Richmond. Plymouth, N. C., c. h. Washington co. On the Poland, Me., Cumberland co. On Little AnS. side of Roanoke River, 8 miles from its mouth, droscoggin River, 6 miles above Lewiston Falls. and 112 miles E. from Raleigh. It is 26 miles N. from Portland. This is an exPlymouth, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Har- cellent farming town, with good mill privileges, vey's and Toby's Creeks. Surface mostly moun- several ponds, and a pleasant village. tainous, abounding with coal. A portion of the A family consisting of about 70 of that curitown lies in the valley of Wyoming, and has a ous people denominated " Shakers " reside in Porich soil. Distant 124 miles N. E. from Harris- land. They possess about 600 acres of choice burg. land. They are attached to the society at New Plymouth, Pa., Montgomery co. This town is Gloucester. mostly inhabited by Friends. The surface is un- Poland, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by dulating, abounding with limestone and marble; Chautauque outlet and Connewango Creek. Sursoil calcareous loam. face hilly; soil sandy and gravelly loam. 22 miles Plymouth, Vt., Windsor co. The principal S. E. from Mayville, and 317 S. W. from Albany. stream in this township is Black River. On it are Polk County, As., c. h. at Liberty. On the several good mill sites, and a number of natural western border. ponds, which abound in fish. Two considerable Polk County, Io., c. h. at Fort Des Moines. S. branches of Quechee River also rise in this town. central. The Des Moines flows through it from A large share of the rocks are primitive lime- N. W. to S. E. stone. Some of the limestone makes excellent Polk, Io., c. h. Lucas co. marble. Steatite or soapstone is also found here. Polk County, Mo., c. h. at Bolivar. Bounded N. The surface of Plymouth is considerably broken. by Hickory, E. by Dallas, S. by Green, and W. Two mountains extend through it, parallel to the by Dade and Cedar counties. Pomme de Terre, river, and at no great distance from it. Plymouth Sac, and Niangua Rivers water this county, and Cave was,discovered about the 1st of July, 1818. afford hydraulic power. (See Ca'ves.) The settlement of this place was Polk County, Te., c. h. at Benton. Bounded N. commenced in 1777, by John Mudge, who was by McMinn co., E. by Monroe co. and North Carsoon followed by Aaron Hewett and others. 52 olina, S. by Georgia, and W. by Bradley co. miles S. from Montpelier, and 15 W. by N. from Drained by Hiwassee River and branches. SurWindsor. face mountainous. Plympton, Ms., Plymouth co. Before its incor- Polk County, Ts., c. h. at Livingston. In the S. poration, in 1707, Plympton comprised the N. W. E. angle of the state. On the Trinity. part of Plymouth. Its Indian name was Wena- Pomeroy, O., c. h. Meigs co. A flourishing place tuckset. The Wenatuckset, a branch of Taunton on the Ohio River, a short distance above the River, passes through the western width of this mouth of the Kanhawa. town. There are two pleasant villages in the town. Pomfret, Ct., Windham co. Its Indian name A noble white oak was cut here a few years ago. It was Mashamoquet. The surface of the town is contained 7 tons and 7 feet of ship timber, and 2 pleasantly diversified by hills and valleys; from cords of firewood. The Old Colony Railroad some of the elevations delightful views are obpasses through the town. 29J miles S. E. by S. tained. The soil is deep, strong, and fertile, and, from Boston, and 7A W. by N. from Plymouth. although somewhat stony, is very productive, and Pocahontas County, Va., c. h. Huntersville. exceedingly well adapted for grazing. The QuinBounded N. by Randolph co., E. by Pendleton and nebaug and several of its branches water the Bath, S. by Greenbrier, and W. by Greenbrier, town. 40 miles E. by. N. from Hartford. Nicholas, and Randolph counties. Drained by Pomfret contains the " Wolf Den," celebrated Greenbrier River. Surface rough and elevated, for the bold exploit of the gallant Putnam, who being crossed by ridges of the Alleghany Moun- resided here some years. He died at Brooklyn, tains; soil sterile. in this state, in 1790. Poinsett County. As., c. h. at Bolivar. Bounded Pomfret, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by N. by Greene co., E. by the St. Francis River, sepa- Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries, and by some rating it from Mississippi and Crittenden coun- small streams flowing into Lake Erie. Surface ties, S. by St. Francis co., and W. by Jackson co. hilly, sloping towards Lake Erie, which bounds it Drained by a tributary of St. Francis River, by on the N. Soil very fertile. 12 miles N. E. from Laguille River, and by St. Francis Bayou. Mayville, and 315 S. of W. from Albany. Point Coupee Parish, La., c. h. at Point Coupee. Pomfret, Vt., Windsor co. The surface is conBounded N. by Avoyelles and Concordia parish- siderably uneven, but the soil is generally good. es, N. E. and E. by the Mississippi River, sepa- White River touches upon the N. E. corner, and rating it from West Feliciana parish, S. by Baton Quechee upon the S. E. The other streams are Rouge and Iberville parishes, and W. by the small. The settlement was commenced in the Atchafalaya, separating it from St. Landry parish. spring of 1770, by Bartholomew Durkee, from Drained by Perdouche Bayou, and in its S. E. Pomfret, Ct.; he came into town with his family part is Fause Riviere, a former bed of the. Missis- on the 6th day of March, and in a few days they sippi. Surface low and level; soil of excellent were joined by Mr. John Cheedle and family. 45 quality, where it is not liable to inundation. miles S. from Montpelier, and 20 N. N. W. from Point Coupee, La., c. h. Point Coupee parish. Windsor. The Central Railroad passes through On the S. side of Mississippi River, at the com- the town. mencement of the levee or embankment, opposite Pompey, N. Y., Onondago co. Watered by IN THE UNITED STATES. 531 Limestone Creek, and the head branches of the by Lake Ontario, E. by Tuscarora Creek, and W. Tioughnioga River. Surface hilly; soil fertile by the Niagara River, which separates it from sandy and clay loam. 14 miles S. E. from Syra- Canada. At the mouth of the Niagara, in this cuse, and 132 W. from Albany. town, is situated the old Fort Niagara. Surface Poinpton, N. J., Passaic co. Watered by Ring- chiefly level; soil argillaceous and sandy loam. wood River and several ponds. Surface hilly and 16 miles N. W. from Lockport, and 300 N. of mountainous, containing iron ore; soil clay and W. from Albany. loam. 23 miles N. W. from Hackensack. Port Carbon, Pa., Schuylkill co. Situated in Pontotoc County, Mi., c. h. at Pontotoc. Bound- an important coal region, at the head of canal ed N. by Tippah, E. by Itawamba, S. by Chick- navigation, and at the junction of Mill Creek asaw, and W.by Lafayette co. The Tallahatchee with Schuylkill River. 65 miles N. E. from River and its branches, and some branches of the Harrisburg. Connects with Philadelphia by the W. fork of Tombigbee River, water this county. Schuylkill Canal and Reading Railroad. Pope County, As., c. h. at Nerrisville. Bounded Port Chester, N. Y., Westchester co. On N. by Newton co., E. by Van Buren and Conway the W. side of Byram River. 136 miles S. from counties, S. by the Arkansas River, separating it Albany. Steamboats and vessels ply daily to from Yell co., and W. by Johnson co. Drained New York. The New York and New Haven by small branches of the Arkansas. On the N. Railroad passes through it. border are the Black Hills. Port Clinton, 0., Ottowa co. Located on the Pope County, Is., c. h. at Golconda. Bounded N. S. side of Portage River, at its mouth, and has a by Gallatin co., E. and S. by Hardin co. and the good harbor. N. from Columbus 120 miles. Ohio River, separating it from Kentucky, and W. Port Deposit, Md., Cecil co. Located on the by Massac and Johnson counties. Drained by E. side of Susquehanna River, at the lower falls, Big Bay, Great Pierre, Lusk's, and Rock Creeks. 5 miles from its mouth, and 68 miles N. E. from Surface level; soil rich sandy loam. Annapolis. The termination of the Susquehanna Poplin, N. H., Rockingham co. Loon Pond is Canal. in the N. part. The town is watered by Exeter Port Elizabeth, N. J., Cumberland co. Situated River and several small streams. The soil is of near the mouth of Manamuskin Creek. 14 miles a good quality, and the surface is not broken by from Delaware Bay, and 73 S. S. W. from Trenhigh hills. The inhabitants are principally indus- ton. Vessels of 120 tons come here. Exports, trious farmers. 24 miles W. S. W. from Ports- wood and lumber. mouth, and 30 S. S. E. from Concord. Port Gibson, Mi., Claiborne co. On Bayou Portage, N. Y., Alleghany co. The Genesee Pierre, 30 miles above its mouth, 45 miles>. from River and Genesee Valley. Canal pass through Natchez, and 72 S. W. from Jackson. this town, in the N. part of which are situated the Port Henry, N. Y., Essex co., has a good celebrated Genesee Falls. The river descends steamboat landing on the W. side of Lake Chamabout 300 feet in the distance of two miles, af- plain. 118 miles N. from Albany. The vicinfording immense water power. Surface hilly on ity abounds in iron ore. the E. and W. Soil very favorable to the growth Port Kent, N. Y., Essex co. On the W. shore of grain. 18 miles N. from Angelica, and 247 of Lake Champlain. 12 miles S. from Plattsburg, W. from Albany. and 151 N. by E. from Albany. There is a Portage County, O., c. h. at Ravenna. Cuya- steam ferry between this and Burlington, Vt. hoga and Geauga counties are on the N., Trum- Portland, Me. City, seaport, and seat of jusbull on the E., Stark on the S., and Medina tice of Cumberland co. 65 miles S. W. from Auon the W. This county is named from the cir- gusta, the capital of the state, 105 miles N. N. E. cumstance of including within its limits the old from Boston, and 290 miles S. E. from Montreal, portage, connecting the waters of Cuyahoga River by railroad. Population in 1790, 2240; 1800, with those of the Muskingum. These streams, 3704; 1810, 7169; 1820, 8521; 1830, 12,601; with the head waters of Mahoning River, are the 1840, 15,218; 1850, 20,879. principal waters. The Pennsylvania and Ohio Portland is very pleasantly situated, on a penCanal passes through this county from E. to W. insula at the W. extremity of Casco Bay, between The land is high, elevated, and well improved. Casco River on the S., and Back Cove, which Portage County, Wn., c. h. at Portage. This makes up from the harbor, on the N. The length extensive county is bounded N. by Michigan, E. of this peninsula, from E. to W., is 3 miles, and by Brown, Marquette, and Dodge counties, S. by its average width about three fourths of a mile, Dane and Sauk, and W. by Crawford co. Drained containing about 2200 acres of land. The ground by Wisconsin River and its branches. Surface on which the city is built rises, towards both its mountainous in the N., and level in the S. por- eastern and western extremities, into considerable tions. elevations, which gives a beautiful appearance to Porter County, Ia., c. h. at Valparaiso. Bounded the general, outline of the place, as it is approached N. by Lake Erie, E. by La Porte and Stark coun- from the sea. The city is regularly laid out, ties, S. by Kankakee River, separating it from especially the more modern portions of it, and Jasper co., and W. by Lake co. Drained by Ca- several of the streets are among the handsomest lumic River and Coffee and Salt Creeks. The in any of our cities. It is built mostly with brick; surface on the N. is elevated and sterile, but on and the dwellings, always neat, are, many of the S. level, and in parts marshy, and the soil of them, spacious and elegant. Beautiful elms and better quality. other shade trees adorn several of the more rePorter, Me., Oxford co. Porter is bounded W. tired avenues. The main street extends through by New Hampshire, and Ossipee River separates the whole city, E. and W., upon the ridge of the it from the county of York. It lies 99 miles S. peninsula, reaching from hill to hill. One of the W. from Augusta, 42 W. N. W. from Portland, latest and most important improvements within and 37 S. W. from Paris. Incorporated 1807. the city is the opening of a new street along the Porter, N. Y., Niagara co. Watered on the N. heads of the wharves and docks, in such a man 532 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ner as to form a connection between the termini A new impulse has been given to the prosof the principal railroad routes, and to give them a perity of Portland by the introduction of raildirect access to the shipping in the harbor, or to roads. Her advantages as a seaport, and her the large warehouses where the vessels are laden relations to the surrounding. country, are such, and unladen. that her intelligent capitalists and merchants The principal public buildings in Portland, be- were not slow to perceive their inducements for sides the churches, are the City Hall, under which enlisting earnestly in this branch of internal imis a market, standing at the junction of Middle provement. The Portsmouth, Saco, and Portand Congress Streets, built of brick, with a pedi- land Railroad, completing the line from Boston ment and portico; the old Custom House, on to this city, was opened in 1842. In 1844, the Fore Street, of hammered granite; and the Ex- movement. was commenced towards the conchange, an elegant structure, 136 feet in length struction of the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Railby 72 in width, on the corner of Exchange and road, and two companies were organized, one in Middle Streets. The colonnade of the Exchange, Maine and the other in Canada, which comin front, consists of 8 columns, 24 feet high, each menced, at their respective ends of the line, the shaft being a single stone, beautifully fluted, and great undertaking of uniting the waters flowing crowned by an Ionic capital. The edifice is sur- from the great lakes at Montreal and Quebec mounted by a dome, the top of which is 75 feet with the Atlantic at Portland, a distance, as the above the ground. This building, erected by the route runs, of 290 miles. This entire route is city as an Exchange, was purchased by the United under contract to be finished in 1853. and large States government in 1848, and is now used for a sections of it, on each end of the line, are already custom house, post office, and the United States in operation. This great work will cost aoout court rooms. $5,000,000. Another great route, extending eastOn a promontory at the eastern end of the ward, is opened from Portland as far as Waterville, city, rising about 100 feet above the water, stands within 45 miles of Bangor. This is expected a tower, 70 feet high. erected in 1807, by the hereafter to be continued to the British provinces merchants of Portland, for the purpose of ob- of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The Kenserving vessels at sea. It is furnished with a nebec and Portland Railroad is another route, large telescope, and with signals to be raised on independent of the above, extending E. to Anthe approach of vessels making this port. This gusta, 65 miles, passing through Brunswick, and position commands a most extensive and beauti- connecting Portland with the Kennebec River at ful prospect in all directions, embracing the At- the prominent points of Bath, Gardiner, Hallowell, lantic Ocean as far as the eye can reach; Casco and Augusta. Besides these, another interior Bay, to the mouth of the Kennebec, with the railroad is commenced, to extend from Portland, numerous verdant and beautiful islands reposing through Gorham, Buxton, Hollis, Alfred, &c., to upon its bosom; the Agamenticus Hills, in York; South Berwick. This road is open to Gorham. and the whole range of mountains on the borders A branch from the St. Lawrence road has also of New Hampshire, from Ossipee, near Lake been opened from Mechanic Falls to Buckfield, Winnipiseogee, to the White Mountains, which a distance of 12 miles. constitute the crowning feature of the landscape. Among the enterprises of labor and skill which The serene, majestic form of Mount Washington, have come in to meet the demands created by as it stands in clear relief against the distant these extensive improvements is that of the heavens, is here a most impressive object; while Portland Company, a large manufacturing estabbelow, "in the immediate vicinity," as one has lishment, in which are made the locomotives, cars, said of it, " lie the city and adjacent country, as a and all the apparatus and appurtenances for railgem in its emerald setting." roads, as well as other work in wood and iron. It The Portland Athenaeum, incorporated in 1827, is incorporated, with a fixed capital of $100,000. has a valuable library of over 6000 volumes, with The Cumberland and Oxford Canal, extenda steady annual increase. It is kept in a conven- ing through Sebago and Long Ponds, one 12 ient room, over the Canal Bank. The Society and the other 10 miles long, a distance of 50 for promoting a Knowledge of Natural History miles from Portland, was a work of earlier conhas a valuable collection of minerals and shells, struction than the railroads, which furnishes an specimens in zo5logy, ornithology, &c. inland navigation for the counties of Oxford and There are 18 churches in Portland, belonging Cumberland to Portland Harbor. to nine different denominations. One of the The harbor of Portland is one of the best in church edifices is of stone, and several are of the United States, being near the ocean, easy of brick, generally in handsome situations. The access, safe and ample, with sufficient depth of first parish was organized in 1727, and has now, water for the largest vessels. It is not obstructafter a period of 125 years, only its third minister, ed with ice, except occasionally in the most exnever for an hour having been destitute of a pas- treme cold weather. This city, from its relative tor since the year of its formation. position, enjoys fine advantages for trade and The public schools of Portland, embracing commerce. When all the great projects for exabout 3000 children, are of a high order of excel- tending its internal communication shall be comlence. Among them are a classical school for pleted, it will ofler very strong inducements. from boys, a high school for girls, and four grammar its high northern latitude, and its nearness to the schools, two for boys and two for girls. These great marts of Europe, as a port for the shipschools are supported at an annual expense to ment of the products of the great north and west, the city of 12,000 or $15,000. There is also an which are increasing in a ratio unparalleled in academy, and numerous private schools, all af- any other country. fording superior privileges for instruction. The settlement of Portland was commenced A company was incorporated in 1849 for light- in 1632, by George Cleaves and Richard Tucker, ing the city with gas, which is rapidly extending two adventurers from the west of England, who through all parts of it this pleasant improvement. procured a grant of it, in 1637, from Sir Francis IN THE UNITED STATES. 533 Gorges, the proprietor of the province. In 1675, affording for the town a peculiarly pleasant and the settlement was destroyed by the Indians. healthful situation. Population in 1810, 6934;' That which afterwards grew up was again de- 1820, 7327; 1830, 8082; 1840, 7887; 1850, 9739. stroyed by the French and Indians, in 1690, after Portsmouth is connected with Kittery, in Maine, which the place lay waste for about 20 years. by 2 bridges, 1 of which, built in 1822. at a cost In 1718, it was incorporated, under the name of of $32,000, is 1750 feet in length, and is supFalmouth, with the present towns of Cape Eliza- ported by 70 piers: the other is 480 feet long, beth, Westbrook, and Falmouth, by the Massa- supported by 20 piers. Under the longestof'these chusetts legislature. This part of the town went bridges the water, at low tide, for an extent of by the name of " Old Casco." It was separated 900 feet, varies from 45 to 53 feet in depth. The from Falmouth, and incorporated by its present town is also connected by a bridge with Great name, in 1786. In 1832, it received a city Island, comprising the township of Newcastle. charter. The streets of Portsmouth, though not laid out On the 18th of October, 1775, the place was with much regularity, are neat and pleasant, and bombarded by a British fleet, and entirely pros- contain many beautiful buildings. In many trated; 136 of the principal dwellings, the Epis- parts of the town are beautiful gardens, and much copal Church, the court house, and the town rural embellishment. Fewplaces more agreeably house having been laid in ruins. From the close unite the advantages of the town and country. of the revolutionary war, the growth of the town That part of it which lies around Church Hill, was rapid. Its tonnage had increased to 39,000 so called, was originally called Strawberry Bank. tons, and the amount received for duties to The proximity of Portsmouth to the ocean, its $346,000, when it again received a severe check neatness, quietness, and beauty, render it a by the restrictions on commerce during the war desirable place of residence, and a place of of 1812. After the war, a new impulse was fashionable resort for visitors during the sumgiven to its prosperity; which has since been mer season. generally onward; though not without serious Among the public buildings are 5 or 6 handreverses, in one or two instances, from desolating some churches, 2 market houses, an academy, fires and a misdirected spirit of speculation. With an athenaeum, an almshouse, and the state energies exercised and developed by so many Lunatic Hospital. The Episcopal Church is a vicissitudes, and with so many new facilities for large and elegant brick edifice, from the cupola trade as are now furnished, this beautiful city is of which a very beautiful view is had of the town, certainly destined, in the future, to a large in- the river, the harbor, the islands, and the surcrease in population, wealth, and influence. rounding country. One of the markets near the Portland, Ct., Middlesex co. On the E. side centre of the town is of brick, 80 feet long and of Connecticut River, nearly opposite Middle- 30 feet wide, having a spacious hall in the upper town, and about 15 miles S. from Hartford. A story for public uses. The Athenaeum was incornew town, recently incorporated from Chatham. porated in 1817, and has a handsome brick edifice The village is pleasantly situated on elevated 3 stories high, with a library of 7300 volumes. ground, looking towards the W. and S. W., and In the third story are valuable collections of is the most populous towards the two extremi- minerals and of natural history. Besides the ties of a street running parallel with the course Athenaeum library there are libraries belonging of the river, about 2 miles in length. At the to St. John's Church, and to the Unitarian southern extremity are the valuable freestone Church, of about 500 volumes each. The people quarries, from which large quantities of a most of this town were early distinguished as the beautiful reddish or dark-colored sandstone, of patrons of literature, and their institutions of a fine quality for building, are exported to dis- learning, of every grade, are highly respectable. tant cities every year. The quarries lie directly The town is supplied with water of an excellent upon the bank of the river, though the bed of quality, brought by an aqueduct from a fountain stone appears to extend back for considerable 3 miles distant, and carried through all the princidistance. It is not perfectly solid, but lies in pal streets. blocks 8 or 10 feet thick, and 50 or 60 feet long. The United States navy yard, situated on the For about 50 years past these quarries have been harbor of Portsmouth, is admirably located for its extensively worked, with a handsome profit to objects, on an island called Continental, or Badgtheir proprietors. There are some delightful er's Island, on the E. side of the river. Here is seats here occupied for private residence, from every convenience for the construction and rewhich views of the river and of the surrounding pair of vessels of the largest class, among which country are enjoyed which are scarcely surpassed are a dry dock of costly construction. and 3 imby any in the country. At the northern part mense ship houses, the largest of which is 240 of the town there is a ship yard where vessels are feet long and 131 feet wide, having the roof built for the river navigation. covered with 130 tons of slate. Portsmouth has Portland, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by been long celebrated for the skill of its naval several small streams flowing into Lake Erie, architects, as well as for its abundant supply of which bounds it on the N. W. Surface hilly; fine white oak timber and other materials for soil sandy and argillaceous loam. 7 miles N. ship building. The merchant service, as well as from Mayville, and 331 W. from Albany. the United States navy, is supplied from the ship Portland, On., c. h. Washington co. yards here with many of their finest vessels. On Portsmouth, N. H. Seaport and half shire town Badger's Island, in this harbor, was built, during of Rockingham co. 47 miles E. from Concord, the revolutionary war, the first line of battle ship and 54 N. by E. from Boston. This important launched in the western hemisphere, called the town is the only seaport in the state. It is built North America. A very large number of vessels on a beautiful peninsula, on the S. side of the are owned at this port, which are constantly emPiscataqua River, about 3 miles from the ocean. ployed in the freighting and fishing business in The ground rises gradually from the harbor, other seas, and between other ports of this country 534 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., and the world. The consequence is, that much river, above Cincinnati. The site of the town is of the capital of this wealthy town is employed rather low, exposing it to occasional injury from abroad; and there is but little show of business floods: but it has great and enduring advantages, in the streets, compared with the amount of com- from its position, as a commercial depot, and is merce, in the profits of which it is interested. a busy and flourishing place. Iron ore, coal, and The place has always been noted for its enter- building stone abound in the vicinity, and here prise and commercial spirit, and is the immediate are founderies, forges, and a rolling mill for the centre of a considerable trade. The Piscataqua manufacture of iron. Several steamboats ply is from half to three quarters of a mile wide where continually between this place and the iron reit passeslthe town, and although the current has gion in the upper part of this county and St. Lawso much rapidity as to prevent the river from rence co. A commodious basin has been confreezing, it forms one of the most secure and com- structed in the old channel of the Scioto, with modious harbors in the United States, into which dry docks attached, for the building of steamships of any size may enter with perfect safety. boats. It is well protected, by its islands, from the N. E. There is in this place a well-conducted free storms, which are the most to be dreaded on this school, supported chiefly by funds bequeathed coast, and can be easily defended, and rendered for this purpose, yielding about $2000 annually. perfectly impregnable, in time of war. The main The town is well built, and makes a handsome channel passes on the E. side of Great Island, on appearance from the river. In the immediate the N. W. point of which is Fort Constitution, neighborhood, on both sides of the Ohio, are and opposite, in Kittery, is Fort McClary. On some very extensive ancient works, which will two other islands are Forts Washington and not fail to interest the intelligent tourist. From Sullivan. There is another entrance on the S. this place to Cleveland, on Lake Erie, by the side of New Castle, called Little Harbor, where canal, the distance is 305 miles. the water is shoal and the bottom sandy. The Portsmouth, R. I., Newport co. The soil of Portsmouth pier, 340 feet long and about 60 feet this town, in common with all the lands on the wide, was built by an incorporated company Island of Rhode Island, is uncommonly fertile, in 1795. well cultivated, and productive. The maritime The principal manufacturing establishments situation of the town affords the people great of Portsmouth are a machine shop and car fac- facilities for the fisheries, which, with a fine soil, tory, which employs a large number of men; an and industry, give them a great degree of indeiron foundery; a manufactory of hosiery, which pendence. A number of islands are attached to is extensive; a mill for the manufacture of fine this town, of which the beautiful and fertile twist, driven by an engine of fifty horse power, one called Prudence is the largest. It is 6 miles and the Portsmouth steam factory, erected in in length, and about three quarters of a mile 1846-7 for making the finer class of cotton fab- average width. In this town are the Rhode rics. This mill is located in a central part of Island coal mines. A fine bed of plumbago has rethe town, having the Boston and Portland and cently been discovered. A stone bridge, 1000 the Portsmouth and Concord Railroads immedi- feet in length, connects it with Tiverton. ately in the rear. The main building is 200 feet Portsmouth, Va., c. h. Norfolk co. On the W. side long, and 6 stories high, and for architectural of Elizabeth River, at its mouth, and has one character, as well as internal arrangement, this of the best harbors in the United States. It is is one of the most attractive manufacturing es- opposite to and 1 mile distant from Norfolk, and tablishments in the country. 105 miles E. S. E. from Richmond. The United At this port, in the spring of 1623, the first States navy yard, dry dock, and hospital are at settlers of New Hampshire made a landing, and Gosport, a suburb. There is daily communicacommenced their settlements here and at Dover. tion with Charleston by the Portsmouth and From the peculiar advantages of its situation, Roanoke and Wilmington Railroads, and with Portsmouth appears almost wholly to have es- Baltimore and Richmond by steam. caped the invasion of the Indians. They could Port Tobacco. Md., c. h. Charles co. Situated at approach the place only by the isthmus which the mouth of a small river, which empties through connects it with the main land, across which a a bay into Potomac River. 72 miles S. W. from stockade was extended for defence against them. Annapolis. The settlement was also compact, and the num- Portville, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. The Alleber of inhabitants at an early date considerable. ghany River and some of its branches water this The Eastern Railroad from Boston to Port- town. Surface broken; soil sandy loam. 24 land, by way of Salem and Newburyport, passes miles S. E. from Ellicottville, and 296 S. W. through Portsmouth. A railroad has also been from Albany. completed to connect this place with Concord, Posey County, Ia., c. h. at Mount Vernon. and thus with the great northern route ex- Bounded N. by Gibson co., E. by Vanderburg tending to Burlington, on Lake Champlain, to co., S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ogdensburg, at the outlet of the great north- Kentucky, and W. by the Wabash River, sepwestern lakes, and to the River St. Lawrence, arating it from Illinois. Drained by Big and opposite Montreal. This road, which is only 47 Flat Creeks. Surface undulating; soil fertile. miles in length, must open very important ad- Potosi, Mo., Washington co. In a rich mineral vantages to this port, by rendering it directly ac- region, abounding in lead, iron, and copper ores. cessible to the northern and western trade, corn- 111 miles E. S. E. from Jefferson City. ing from a vast extent of the interior, with which Potter County, Pa., c. h. at Coudersport. Boundit has heretofore had little or no connection. ed N. by New York. E. by Tioga co., S. by ClinPortsmouth, O. Seat of justice of Scioto co. ton, and W. by McKean co. Drained by the Situated at the termination of the Ohio Canal, head branches of the Alleghany, Tioga, and on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Scioto. Genesee Rivers, and of the W. fork of the Sus90 miles S. of Columbus: and 110 miles, by the quehanna River, and by Pine, Kettle, Driftwood, IN THE UNITED STATES. 535 and Sinnemahoning Creeks. Surface elevated, of the buildings on this street are of the finest containing coal and iron; soil loam. description, for the various purposes of their erecPotter, N. Y., Yates co. Flint Creek waters tion; and in every part of the village, which emthis town, the snrface of which is hilly, and the braces about 40 streets, there are many beautiful soil fertile. 8 miles N. from Penn-Yan, and 200 mansions, affording evidence of the wealth, taste, W. from Albany. and refinements of the inhabitants. There are Potter, Pa., Centre co. The surface of this churches in Poughkeepsie of the Dutch Reformed, town is mountainous, its soil calcareous loam. Presbyterian, Episcopal, Congregational, Bap10 miles S. E. from Bellefonte, and 71 N. W. from tist, Methodist, Universalist, Quaker, and Roman Harrisburg. Catholic denominations. Besides the court house, Potsdanm, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by and other county buildings, there are banks, Racket and Grass Rivers. Surface undulating; newspaper offices, and a great variety of manusoil fertile. 8 miles N. E. from Canton, and 306 facturing and mechanical establishments. A N. W. from Albany. large water power is furnished by the Fall Kill, a Potts Grove, Pa., Montgomery co. Bounded stream which, winding through the village, deS. by the Schuylkill River, and drained by Man- scends by a ravine into the Hudson, over a fall, atawny Creek and Sprogels's Run. Surface hilly; in the whole, of about 170 feet. There is here soil red shale. an incorporated company for the growth and Pottstown, Pa., Montgomery co., lies at the manufacture of silk, which has erected an extenjunction of Manatawny Creek and Schuylkill sive establishment; another for the manufacture River. 71 miles E. from Harrisburg, and 37 N. of locomotive engines, and other railroad mafrom Philadelphia. The Schuylkill Canal passes chinery, with buildings not surpassed by any in through it. the state; and another still, called the Dutchess Pottsville, Pa., Schuylkill co. 99 miles N. Whaling Company, which owns a number of W. from Philadelphia, and 62 E. from Har- ships engaged in the whale fishery. One of the risburg. It is at the termination of the Schuyl- breweries in this place is perhaps the largest in kill Canal, and of the Philadelphia, Reading, the state, capable of making 30,000 barrels of ale and Pottsville Railroad, in the midst of the an- annually. Some of the other manufacturing thracite coal region of Pennsylvania. It is situ- operations, of principal importance, are flouring ated just above the gorge where the Schuylkill mills, brass and iron founderies, tanneries, manubreaks through Sharp Mountain, and is the largest factories of carpets, guns, pins, sperm oil and town in the county. The immense coal trade candles, ploughs, carriages, &c. has given it a rapid growth. The borough, as in- The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School, a fine incorporated February 19, 1828, embraces, besides stitution, opened in 1836, for fitting young men Pottsville proper, what were once the separate for college, or for teachers, or any of the active neighborhoods of Morrisville, Greenwood, Mount pursuits of life, is beautifully located upon a hill, Carbon, Bath, Salem, and Allenville. Mount about a mile from the Hudson, and half a mile Carbon comprises the southern part of Potts- northward from the business part of the village. ville, lying in the valley, between Sharp Moun- The prospect from this spot extends through a tain and Second Mountain. The surrounding compass of nearly 50 miles, and is one of surpassscenery here is very romantic. The place, as a ing beauty. The building is a handsome strucwhole, contains many large warehouses and fine ture, 137 feet long, modelled after the Parthenon ranges of stores, and is now a compact, bustling at Athens, with the colonnade carried entirely place. Its trade has settled into a steady chan- round, erected at a cost of about $40,000. The nel, well understood and well managed by capi- Dutchess County Academy is also located here, talists, merchants, and miners. The place con- and has a building in the S. E. part of the viltains 5 or 6 churches, some of which have fine lage, which cost about $14,000. Proportionate Gothic edifices, an academy, a town hall, a splen- attention is likewise given to the interests of fedid hotel, called Pennsylvania Hall, and several male education, for which a number of schools other spacious hotels and handsome public build- exist, which are of high reputation. ings. Here are iron furnaces, forges, founderies, Poughkeepsie was incorporated as a village in and rolling mills, in which the anthracite coal is 1801, and is a part of a township of the same successfully used. Steam engines and machinery name. Its name is said to be a modification of are manufactured, and many boats are built for the Indian word Apokeepsing, meaning a safe harthe river navigation. bor. Being situated about half way between Pottowattomie County, Io., c. h. at Kanesville. In New York and Albany, this place was occasionalthe S. W. angle of the state, on the Missouri. ly resorted to, in the earlier periods of its history, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., shire town of Dutchess co. for popular deliberations, and here, in 1788, the Situated on the E. side of the Hudson River. 70 state convention met to deliberate upon the fedmiles S. from Albany, and 75 N. from New York. eral constitution, and voted for its adoption. It was first settled by the Dutch, in 1735, and is Poultney, Vt., Rutland co., This township is one of the handsomest places in the state. The watered by Poultney River and its nnmerous population, in 1840, was 7500; in 1850, 13,944. tributaries, which afford a number of valuable No place on the Hudson, perhaps, exceeds this mill sites. The soil is generally warm and profor the beauty of its location. The ground on ductive, and the surface pleasantly diversified. which the principal part of the village is built is Along Poultney River the alluvial flats are elevated about 200 feet above the river, and ex- extensive and very productive. The forest trees tends into it by two bold promontories on the N. are mostly deciduous, there being but few everand S., so as almost to cover the landing, which greens. A violent freshet, in July, 1811, swept lies between them, from the view of the boats ap- off a number of mills. There are two pleasant proaching, especially from below. Main Street, villages, called East and West Poultney: both extending from the landing to the plain above, are very flourishing. The settlement was comhas been conveniently graded and paved. Many menced in 1771, by Thomas Ashley and Eben 536 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ezer Allen. 60 miles S. W. from Montpelier, is well timbered, and contains several mineral and 13 S. W. from Rutland. springs. Several mounds, from 50 to 80 feet in Poundridge, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered circumference, have been discovered here. The by a few small streams flowing into Long Island waters are Big Twin, Seven Mile, White Water, Sound. Surface hilly and stony; soil gravelly and Four Mile Creeks. loam. 15 miles N. E. from White Plains, and Prescott, Ms., Hampshire co., was formerly part 139 S. from Albany. of Pelham and New Salem. The surface is Poweshick County, lo., c. h. at Montezuma. S. rough and uneven, and in some parts quite hilly; E. central. Between Iowa and Skunk Rivers. but it has a strong soil, with considerable arable Powhatan County, Va., c. h. at Powhatan. land: the greater part is better suited to grazing Bounded N. by James River, separating it from than tillage. There are some good mill streams Goochland co.. E. by Chesterfield co., S. by the in the town, branches of Swift River. 18 miles Appomattox River, separating it from Amelia N. E. from Northampton, and 67 W. by N. from co., and W. by Cumberland co. Boston. Powhatan, Va., c. h. Powhatan co. Preston, Ct., New London co. This is an irPownal, Me., Cumberland co. This is a small regular, uneven, rocky town, of a pretty good town, of good soil, and bounded N. by Durham. soil for corn! and grazing. It is bounded W. It lies 35 miles S. W. from Augusta, and 19 N. and N. by the Thames and Quinebaug Rivers. from Portland. Incorporated 1808. Poquetannuck, an ancient village, lies partly in Pownal, Vt., Bennington co. The surface is Preston and partly in Ledyard. It has a water uneven, but the soil generally good, and pro- power, and small vessels pass within a short disduces plentiful crops. Some of the finest dairies tance of it. Many of the inhabitants are emin the state are kept here. The principal stream ployed in navigation, and considerable ship timis Hoosic River. Along this stream are some ber is taken from there down the river. Preston rich and beautiful tracts of intervale, and on it City lies in the eastern part of the town. Near are several valuable stands for mills. Some of this village is " Amos Lake," a handsome sheet the head branches of Walloomscoik River rise in of water, and a place of resort for parties of Pownal. The settlement of Pownal, under the pleasure. 6 miles E. from Norwich. New Hampshire charter, was commenced in the Preston, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by a spring of 1762, there being at that time four or few small branches of the Chenango River. Surfive Dutch families within the limits of the town- face slightly uneven; soil productive in grass and ship, claiming under the Hoosic patent, granted grain. 5 miles W. from Norwich, and 115 W. by the government of New York. 30 miles W. by from Albany. S. from Brattleboro', and 8 S. from Bennington. Preston, Pa., Wayne co. Surface hilly; soil Prairie Du Chien, Wn., shire town of Crawford sandy loam. 184 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. co. On the E. bank of the Mississippi, about 90 Preston County, Va.,' c. h. at Kingwvood. miles W. of Madison, and 170 W. of Milwaukie. Bounded N. by Pennsylvania, E. by Maryland, It is about 3 miles above the mouth of the Wiscon- S. by Randolph and Barbour, and W. by Marion sin River, 516 above St. Louis, and 276 below the and Monongahela counties. Drained by Cheat Falls of St. Anthony. The prairie on which the River. Surface rough and mountainous; soil of town stands is 10 miles long and 3 in width; excellent quality in some portions. upon which are numerous mounds of all shapes Prestonburg, Ky., c. h. Floyd co. On the W. and sizes. Rich copper mines are found here, fork of Sandy River. E. S. E. from Frankfort and occasionally large masses of pure copper. 120 miles. The place contains a court house and jail, an Prince Edward County, Va., c. h. Prince Edacademy, and three or four churches, with a con- ward Court House. Bounded N. by the Apposiderable number of stores and mechanic shops. mattox River, separating it firom Buckingham Fort Crawford, a United States military post, is and Cumberland counties, E. by Nottoway, S. by immediately S. of the town. This place is well Lunenburg, and S. W. and W. by Charlotte and situated for business, and will doubtless be the Campbell counties. Soil fertile. and watered by point where a railroad from Milwaukie, on Lake branches of the Appomattox. In this county is Michigan, passing through the capital of the Hampden Sidney College. See Colleges. state, will strike the Mississippi. Prince Fredericktown, Md., c. h. Calvert co. Prattsburg, N. Y., Steuben co. Drained by On Parker's Creek, a tributary of Chesapeake some small branches of the Conhocton River. Bay. S. by W. from Annapolis 46 miles. Surface rather hilly; soil well adapted to grass. Prince George County, Va., c. h. at Prince 12 miles N. from Bath, and 202 W. from Albany. George Court House. Bounded N. by the AppoPrattsville, N. Y., Greene co. Schoharie Creek mattox and James Rivers, separating it from flows through this town, and the soil on its Chesterfield and Charles City counties, E. by borders is very fertile. Surface mostly broken Surry, S. by Essex, and W. by Dinwiddie co. and mountainous, the uplands being well adapted Drained by Blackwater River. to grazing. 38 miles W. from Catskill, and 50 Prince Georqe's County, Md., c. Ii. at Upper S. W. from Albany. Marlboro'. Bounded N. E. and E. by the PatuxPreble, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by a ent River, separating it from Anne Arnndel and branch of the Tioughnioga River. Surface hilly; Culvert counties, S. by Charles co., W. by the soil well adapted to grass and grain. 136 miles Potomac River, separating it from Vil-inia, and N. from Cortland, and 136 W. from Albany. by the District of Columbia, and N. W. by MontPreble County, O., c. h. at Eaton. Dark co. gomery co. Surface uneven; soil fertile. bounds it on the N., Montgomery on the E., Princess Ann, Md., c. h. Somerset co. On the Butler on the S., and the state of Indiana on the S. E. bank of Manokin River, near the head of W. It was named after Commodore Preble. tide water, and 110 miles S. S. E. from AnnapFirst settled in 1804, and established January 8, olis. 1808. This county has good fertile land, which Princess Ann County, Va., c. h. at Princess Ann IN THE UNITED STATES. 537 Court House. Bounded N. by Chesapeake Bay, its elevated situation. There is a pretty village E. by the Atlantic Ocean, S. by North Carolina, in the town. The inhabitants are chiefly farmers. and W. by Norfolk co. It is drained by North 17 miles N. by W. from New Haven. River and the E. branch of Elizabeth River, and Prospect, Me., Waldo co. This is a beautiful has Back Bay, a branch of Currituck Sound, in town, of good soil, on the W. side of Penobscot its S. part. River. It is bounded on the S. by Belfast Bay, Princess Ann, Va., c. h. Princess Ann co. 132 on the W. by Swanville, and on the N. by Frankmiles S. E. from Richmond. fort. Prospect is very flourishing in its trade, Prince William County, Va., c. h. at Brentsville. ship building, and agricultural pursuits. 52 E. Bounded N. E. and E. by Occoquan River, sepa- by N. from Augusta, and 18 from Bangor. rating it from Loudon and Fairfax counties. S. E. Providence, N. Y.. Saratoga co. Sacondaga by the Potomac River, separating it from Mary- River and a few small streams water this town, land, S. by Stafford co., and W. and N. W. by which is partly covered by the Kayaderoseras Fauquier co. Surface hilly; soil tolerably fertile. Mountain. The soil is well adapted to the growth Princeton, As., c. h. Dallas co. of grass. 15 miles N. W. from Ballston Spa, and Princeton, Ia., c. h. Gibson co. 4 miles S. from 43 from Albany. Patoka Creek, and 142 miles S. W. from Indian- Providence, Pa., Luzerne co. Watered by Lackapolis. v awannock Creek and Roaring Brook, both affordPrinceton, Ms., Worcester co. This town was ing fine hydraulic power. Situated in a valley named for the Rev. Thomas Prince, a large pro- abounding with anthracite coal. 146 miles N. E. prietor, the chronologer of New England, and from Harrisburg. pastor of the Old South Church in Boston. It Providence County, R. I., c. h. at Providence. was formerly called the East Wing of Rutland. Uneven, but fertile and well cultivated. The The surface is elevated, but agreeably diversified Blackstone or Pawtucket, the Pautuxet, and with undulating valleys. There are some noted many smaller streams, furnish abundant water high grounds in the town, the most prominent of power, on which are numerous manufactures. which is Wachusett Mountain, the Indian name Its E. border is traversed by the Worcester and of the township. There are no large streams Providence and Stoningvn Railroads. flowing in or through this town. The town is Providence, R. I., city, shire town of Providence nevertheless well watered with brooks and small co., and the largest in the state of Rhode Island. streams, which rise entirely within its limits. It is situated at the head of navigation on ProviWachusett Mountain is situated in the north- idence River, 35 miles from the sea, 30 N. N. W. westerly part of the town. This mountain rears from Newport, 40 S. W. from Boston, 169 N. E. its conical head 2018 feet above Massachusetts from New York. Its areais about 9 square miles. Bay, and the prospect from the top of it is de- The compact part is divided into two nearly lightful. 18 miles N. by W. from Worcester, 9 equal parts by Providence River. The land on S. W. from the Fitchburg Railroad at Leom- the E. side of the river is hilly, attaining, at its inster, and, by the latter, 52 W. by N. from greatest height, 204 feet above tide water. The Boston. soil is rich and heavy. On the W. side of the Princeton, Mi., c. h. Washington co. On the river the land is more level, and the soil light E. side of Mississippi River. 119 miles N. W. and sandy, its greatest height above tide water from Jackson. being only 78 feet. It is bounded N. by the town Princeton, N. Y., Schenectady co. Norman's of North Providence, on the E. it adjoins MassaKill waters this town, the surface of which is chusetts, from which it is separated by the Seehilly, and the soil composed of clay, sand, and konk River, S. by the town of Cranston and by loam. 8 miles W. from Schenectady, and 23 N. Narraganset Bay, and W. by the townships of W. from Albany. Johnston and North Providence. It originally Princeton, N. J., Mercer co. 10 miles N. E. from comprised all the towns in Providence county, Trenton. The township of Princeton, formed except Cumberland. from those of Montgomery and West Windsor, The harbor of Providence is safe and commois about 5 miles long and broad. dious, but it is not safely approached by large The village of Princeton, incorporated as a vessels without a pilot. Commerce was the favorborough in 1812, is pleasantly situated on an ele- ite pursuit of the citizens of Providence at an vated ridge of land. commanding an extensive early period of its history. The East India busiprospect towardls the E. It is chiefly built on one ness, before 1812, was pursued with great success extended street. The Delaware and Raritan for many years. Since that period, this and all Canal, and the railroad between New York and foreign commerce has gradually declined. There Philadelphia, pass about 1 mile S. E. of the cen- is still a large amount of coasting business done tral part of the village. It is 50 miles from New in Providence. But of late years the attention York, and 40 from Philadelphia. This was the of the money-making part of the community has scene of one of the battles of the revolution, been withdrawn from commerce and fixed on January 3, 1777, which, for the time it lasted, and manufactures. Much of the capital and enterthe numbers engaged, was one of the most bloody prise of Providence men is invested in the manand fatal to our officers of any during the war. ufacturing establishments in and near its borders. The heroic devotion of Washington on the field The water power is occupied to its full extent, of Princeton is matter of history. besides which there are in operation about 50 The College of New Jersey, and the Princeton steam engines, some of them as large as 300 Theological Seminary are situated in this place, horse power. They are employed in grinding and give to it at present its principal importance. grain, sawing and polishing marble, printing, See Colleges. bleaching, calendering, and dyeing cloths, sawing Prospect, Ct., New Haven co. This stony and and planing lumber, driving bellows in furnaces mountainous town was taken from Cheshire and and founderies, manufacturing machinery, screws, Waterbury in 1827. It derived its name from nails, rubber shoes, small wares, furniture, power 68 538 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., loom pickers, carriages, jewelry, cotton and wool- many and extensive conflagrations and great loss len goods. of property to induce the formation of the fire The communication between Providence and department in its present strength. It is now a adjoining states and towns is varied, commodious, matter of pride with the citizens generally, that and rapid, both for passengers and freight. Steam- their fire department is as strong and as effective boats of superior construction and accommoda- as that of any other city in the Union. tion run constantly, and as frequently as the wants The churches and public buildings of Proviof the public require, to Warren, Bristol, Ports- dence are in good taste. The religious commumouth, Newport, Fall River, and New York. nity is divided into Baptists, Friends, CongregaThere are three railroads running into Providence tionalists, both Orthodox and Unitarian. Episcopa— one to Stonington, Ct., which connects there lians, Methodists, Universalists, Catholics, Chriswith a line of steamers for New York; one to tians, New Jerusalem, and Wesleyan Methodists. Boston, and the third to Worcester, along the Upwards of 30 congregations engage in public valley of the Blackstone River. Two other rail- worship every Sunday. Some of the meeting roads have been chartered by the General Assem- houses are beautiful specimens of architecture. bly of the state, one leading to Bristol, and the That belonging to the First Baptist Society, the other to Plainfield, Ct., there connecting with the oldest worshipping assembly there, is a very chaste lines of railroads extending to the far west. The and beautiful wooden building. The First Congrelast of these will probably be soon commenced gational, built of granite in courses, St. John's and finished. The passenger and merchandise Church, a natural face stone building, Grace stations of these railroads, in Providence, are in the Church, a fine Gothic structure, Westminster immediate neighborhood of each other. They Congregational Church, the Beneficent Congreare united, and so arranged that passengers and tional Church, St. Peter's Church, and St. Patfreight pass from one to the other without chan- rick's Church, are among the most splendid and ging cars. The station buildings are very large costly. Others less showy and less expensive and commodious, and not excelled by any in accommodate many persons who are as humble the United States. Near the centre of the busi- and zealous Christians, and as true-hearted ness portion of Providend, they are readily acces- hearers, as those who frequent the edifices just sible, and yet are approached by the locomotives named. The colored people own and occupy five without seeming to interfere with any of the great churches. ordinary avenues to the city. These station The Providence Arcade is one of the most buildings, both for passengers and freight, are beautiful buildings in the country. It is situate located on the W., S., and E. sides of a beautiful on the W. side of the river, and extends from sheet of water of an elliptic form, and nearly a Westminster to Broad Street, fronting on both, mile in circumference, which constitutes the head being 122 feet in length and 72 in breadth. Its waters of Narraganset Bay or Providence River. fronts are ornamented with massive granite colThis sheet of water is enclosed by a substantial umns, 25 feet high, the shafts of which are single stone wall, the small rivers, (the Moshassuch and blocks, 22 feet long. The lower floor is occupied the Moonasquatuchet,) which enter it at the N. E. by dry goods stores, and the upper stories by and the N. W., as well as the bay or river above milliners, dress makers, offices, school rooms, named, which is its outlet, being crossed by sub- &c. It was completed in 1828, and cost about stantial bridges. Between this basin and the $130,000. station houses and railroad tracks, the city has On the range of high land, on the E. side of laid out a beautiful park or promenade, 80 the river, stands the Dexter Asylum, erected for feet in width, and extending around the basin. the accommodation of the poor, on land given to This park is planted with shade trees of every the city for that purpose, by the late Ebenezer K. desirable kind, and handsomely laid out with Dexter. The lands about the asylum, and beplots of grass and hard gravel walks, and the longing to it, comprise about 40 acres, surrounded whole water side will soon be enclosed with an iron by a wall 10 feet high, and 3 feet thick at the fence of a style appropriate to the place. When base, which cost about $22,000. The asylum is sufficient time has elapsed to give a proper growth of brick, 170 feet long, in three sections, a centre to the trees, this will be one of the most delightful and two wings. The centre is 3 stories high, promenades in the country. Telegraphic com- with a pediment; the wings are only 2 stories, munication is opened with Boston and New with an attic. It is a plain, substantial building. York, and through them to all other parts of the A little N. of the asylum, on the same range, country. is the New England Yearly Meeting Boarding Most of the dwelling houses in Providence are School. It occupies a lot of 43 acres, given for of wood. In the erection of them, taste has been that purpose by the late venerable Moses Brown. consulted less than convenience. There are some The buildings consist of a centre building, 54 feet exceptions to this remark, and others where the square, 3 stories high, 2 wings, each 84 feet by spirit of Yankeedom has been indulged in, at the 42, and another, more recently erected, 50 by 40 sacrifice of both taste and convenience. Owing feet, 2 stories. The accommodations are ample to the material of which the buildings are most- for 75 scholars of each sex. The board and tuly composed, Providence is greatly exposed to ition is $60 per year. This institution received danger from fire, and is put to great expense in a legacy of $100,000 from the late Obadiah Brown, maintaining an efficient fire department. The Esq. The object is to give to the children of number of firemen allowed by law is about 1000. Friends a "guarded " education. A less number is generally attached to the engines A short distance N. E. from this, on the banks and apparatus. These consist of 12 engines, 15 of the Seekonk River, is the Butler Hospital for forcing stationary engines, 2 hook and ladder the Insane. This institution originated with the companies, 22 rotary engines, worked by water late Nicholas Brown, of Providence. In a codiand steam, having about 8000 feet of hose. The cil to his will, bearing date the 3d of March, annual expense is about $20,000. It required 1841, he gave the sum of $30,000 towards the IN THE IUNITED STATES. 539 erection or endowment of an Insane or Lunatic some a freestone front as any building in New Hospital, to be located in Providence or its England. It is to be occupied by offices, vicinity. banks, &c. This sum being insufficient for the erection of The Museum building, and Howard Hall, on a hospital, Cyrus Butler, Esq. contributed for this Westminster, are fine buildings. purpose $40,000, wisely coupled with the con- The old Market House stands in Market'Square. ditions that $40,000 more should be raised from It is a brick building, of fair proportions. The other sources, and that of the aggregate amount, basement and lower stories are occupied for a $50,000 should be kept as a reserved fund, the market. The second floor contains the offices of interest of which only should be used in defray- the city government, such as mayor, city clerk, ing the expenses of the institution. An appeal city treasurer, &c. The third story is owned by was then made to the public, and nobly responded the Freemasons, and used by them for a hall. to by a subscription of over $57,000, which, to- Prejudices are fast accumulating against the old gether with interest that subsequently accrued, market. It is an old-fashioned. useful building, swelled the amount of funds to nearly $138.000. with no pretensions to beauty, and is supposed to In 1850, the sum of $20,000 was contributed to be in the way. The men are now living who will the funds of the hospital, by Alexander Duncan, probably decree its demolition. Esq., of Providence. Providence has its full share of banking instiIn preparing their plans of building. the trus- tutions. See Banks. tees were desirous of availing themselves of all The cause of public education in Providence is the modern improvements, and not only visited well sustained. There are 46 schools maintained most of the hospitals in New England but they at public expense, employing 105 teachers, engaged the services of Dr. Bell, the superin- and giving instruction to about 6000 children. tendent of the McLean Asylum, who was pecu- 22 of these are primary schools, 16 intermediate, liarly fitted by his great practical knowledge of 7 grammar, and 1 high. The amount annually insanity and the insane, and his correct architect- expended on them is about $40,000, of which ural views, to obtain the information they wished; about $10.000 is received from the state. and in the early part of the year 1845, he visited In addition to these there are upwards of 30 the principal establishments in Europe, and ob- Sunday schools, taught by nearly 500 teachers, tained the plans of all the more recently con- and containing about 5000 scholars. structed buildings. Accompanying his report, he The Providence Reform School, an institution submitted a plan of building, calculated, in his for the confinement. instruction, and reformation opinion, to meet all the requirements of the case, of juvenile offenders, and youth of idle, vicious, in the best possible manner, and embracing, as or vagrant habits, of from 8 to 18 years, was esfar as practicable, all the recent improvements. tablished in 1850. This plan, which provides for a greater amount Its location is the spacious building known as of space per patient than any other hospital in the Tockwotton House, built originally for a the country, was adopted, with some unessential hotel, and very pleasantly situated on a rise of modifications, and the building was opened for ground in the south-easterly part of the city, the admission of patients on the 1st of Decem- overlooking the Narraganset Bay, and sufficiently ber, 1847. large to accommodate from 150 to 200 inmates. The grounds belonging to the hospital consist The government of the institution is vested in of about 60 acres of tillage, and 55 of native wood- a board of trustees, consisting of 6 gentlemen land, and embrace a great variety of soil and sur- elected annually by the city council, who, with face. The building stands in a clearing, on the the mayor, a member ex officio, constitute the western bank of the Seekonk River, which here board; and its immediate management is comwidens into an expanse of a mile in breadth, and mitted to a superintendent, who receives his appermits an extensive view of the country beyond. pointment from this board. In every other direction, the eye rests on dense Roger Williams was the founder of Providence. groves. The soil, to some distance around the He came from England to Massachusetts, and building, is sandy, and affords clean, dry walks in 1635 was ordained pastor of the church at Saat every season of the year. lem. HerehepromulgatedopinionswhichthegovBrown University is to the southward and ernment of the colony of Massachusetts deemed westward of the Dexter Asylum, on the high to be schismatical and heterodox; such as, that land E. of the river. See Colleges. civil government, as such, had noright to punish The Atheneum was incorporated in 1836. The its citizens for any violation of duty towards late Hon. Nicholas Brown, and the heirs of the God, and that the King of England could not late Thomas P. Ives, Esq., offered the institution confer on the settlers a valid title to the lands of a suitable lot of land, at the corner of Benefit the plantation, as against the natives. Being and College Streets, and $6000 towards the erec- brought before the Court of Assistants, he justified tion of a building, and $4000 towards increasing his opinions and his conduct, and was sentenced to the library, on condition that other individuals banishment; but the execution of the sentence would give $10,000 towards the building, and was postponed until the following spring, (1636.) $4000 towards the library. The condition was In January, (1636,) upon complaint that he had complied with, and a spacious and elegant stone violated the conditions upon which this poststructure was erected on the lot in 1837. The ponement was had, the court sent for him, in library consists of about 12,000 volumes, most of order to send him forthwith to England by a ship which are books. A reading room is connected then ready to sail. The messenger found that he with this establishment. A share in the institu- had left a sick bed to elude him, and was gone tion is limited at $15, and the annual tax to $5 to seek a home and shelter among the Indians. per share. His first stopping-place was at Manten's Creek, "What Cheer" building, at the junction of in Seekonk, within the colony of New Plymouth. North and South Main Streets, presents as hand- Here he was joined by his wife and family, and a 540 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., few others. They remained through the winter, Provincetown, Ms., Barnstable co. This noted until the latter part of spring, or early part of harbor, and the first port the Mayflower made, summer, when, being informed by Governor on her passage with the Pilgrim Fathers, in 1620, Winslow that he was within the jurisdiction of is situated on the end of the peninsula of Cape New Plymouth, they crossed the Seekonk, and Cod, and lies in the form of a hook. The towncommenced the settlement of Providence, on ship consists of beaches and hills of sand, 8 shalland which the Narraganset chief sachems low ponds, and a great number of swamps. conveyed to Mr. Williams for a settlement. Cape Harbor, in Cape Cod Bay, is formed by William Harris, John Smith, Joshua Verin, the bending of the land nearly round every point Thomas Angell, and Francis Wickes were with of the compass, and is completely land locked Mr. Williams when he first crossed the river. and safe. It is of sufficient depth for ships of Their place of landing is known as the "Slate any size, and it will contain more than three Rock," on the tract of land called " What Cheer " thousand vessels at once. The village stands on by the early settlers, because they were, saluted by the north-western side of the harbor, on the marthe Indians with "What cheer? " when they ap- gin of a beach of loose sand. The houses are proached. In relation to the name given to mostly situated on a single street, about 2 miles the settlement, Mr. Williams says, in a deed in Iength, passing round near the water's edge. executed by him to his companions, that, " having A chain of sand hills rises immediately back from a sense of God's merciful providence unto me the houses, and in some places are partially covered in my distress, I called the place Providence." with tufts of grass or shrubs. These hills, with The first houses in Providence were built on what the numerous wind or salt mills, by which the is now called North Main Street, near St. John's salt water is raised for evaporation, thickly studChurch. A spring in that vicinity bears the name ding the shore throughout the whole extent of the of Williams's Spring, and his remains are sup- village, give this place a most singular and novel posed to rest near there, though " not a stone tells appearance. 110 miles E. S. E. from Boston by where they lie." The distinguishing features of land, and 55 by water, and 45 N. from Barnstable this settlement were, the acknowledgment of the by land. Indian title preeminent over all others, and the Proutytown, Va., c. h. Taylor co. refusal to legislate in relation to matters of re- Pulaski County, As., c. h. at Little Rock. ligious belief, leaving each individual to worship Bounded N. by White co., E. by St. Francis, God according to the dictates of his own con- M6nroe, and Arkansas counties, S. by Jefferson, science. and W. by Saline, Perry, and Conway counties. A formal town government was erected in 1640, Watered by Arkansas and White Rivers, and by the voluntary subscription of all the inhabit- branches. ants, which continued until 1649, when the town Pulaski County, Ga., c. h. at Hawkinsville. was incorporated by the General Assembly of Bounded N. by Twiggs co., E. and S. E. by the colony. It retained this form of government Laurens and Telfair counties, S. by Irwin, and until 1832, when a new charter was obtained from W. by Dooly and Houston counties. Watered the General Assembly for the city of Providence. by Ockmulgee River and branches, and by The government of the city is vested in a mayor, branches of Oconee River. aboard of 6 aldermen, and common council, which Pulaski County, Ia., c. h. at Winamac. Boundconsists of 4 members from each of the 6 wards ed N. by Stark, E. by Fulton, S. by Cass and into which the city is divided. These officers are White, and W. by Jasper co. Drained by Tipchosen annually by the electors of the city. The pecanoe River and branches. other officers are chosen by joint vote of the board Pulaski County, Is., c. h. at Caledonia. In the of aldermen and common council, acting together Southern extremity of the state between the as the city council, the mayor presiding. The Ohio and Mississippi. city clerk is registrar of deeds. The municipal Pulaski County, Ky., c. h. at Somerset. Boundcourt has probate jurisdiction. ed N. by Lincoln co., E. by Rock Castle, Laurel, During Philip's war, Providence suffered and Whitley, S. by Wayne, and W. by Wayne, greatly. 30 houses were burned by the Indians Russell, and Casey counties. Drained by Cumat one time. The greater part of the inhabitants berland River and branches. removed to the Island of Rhode Island. The list Pulaski, Mn., Jackson co. Watered by the S. of those "that staid and went not away," now in branch of the Kalamazoo River, and contains a the files of the city clerk's office, contains the names mineral spring and several ponds. 89 miles W. of only 28 men. Many of the inhabitants, allured by S. from Detroit. by the greater safety from Indian foes which the Pulaski County, Mo., c. h. at Waynesville. insular situation of the towns of Portsmouth and Bounded N. by Osage, E. by Crawford, S. by Newport afforded them, never returned to their Texas and Wright, and W. by Camden and former homes. Miller counties. Watered by the head branches In the revolutionary war, Providence furnished of Gasconade River, and by branches of Osage its full proportion of troops, and partook largely River. Surface hilly; soil productive. of the sufferings as well as glory of that struggle. Pulaski, Te., c. h. Giles co. On the E. side of Though never the seat of actual hostilities, yet, Richland Creek. 74 miles S. by W. from Nashbeing approachable by the British fleet, it was ville. subject to frequent alarms, and at several times Pulaski County, Va., c. h. at Newbern. Boundlevies, en masse, of all its citizens were required ed N. E. by Montgomery co.. S. E. by Floyd and by the officer of the continental army in com- Carroll, S. W. by Wythe, and N. W. by Giles co mand in this part of the United States. Watered by New River. Surface partly mounThe population of Providence was, in 1730,3916; tainous; soil fertile. 1748, 4128; 1774, 4321; 1782, 4306; 1790, 6380; Pultney, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by some 1820, 11,745; 1830, 15,941; 1840, 23,170; 1845, small streams flowing into Crooked Lake, which 31,753; 1850, 41,512;' 1852, about 46,000. bounds it on the E. Surface chiefly level; soil IN THE UNITED STATES. 541 clay and calcareous loam. 15 miles N. E. from out of the French war, in 1744. 9 miles E. from Bath, and 208 W. from Albany. Newfane, and 9 N. from Brattleboro'. A railPurdy, Te., c. h. McNairy co. On a head road passes through the town. branch of Hatchy River. 148 miles S. W. from Nashville. Quemahoning, Pa., Somerset co. Bounded E. Putnam County, Fa. On the Upper St. John. by Stony Creek, and drained by McConaughey Putnam County, Ga., c. h. at Edenton. Bound- Run, and Quemahoning, Higgins's, and Will's ed N. by Morgan co., E. by the Oconee River, Creeks. Surface hilly; soil gravelly. 11 miles separating it from Greene and Hancock counties, N. E. from Somerset. S. by Baldwin and Jones, and W. by Jasper co. Queen Anne County, Md., c. h. at Centreville. Surface level, and drained by branches of the Bounded N. W. and N. by Chester River, separatOconee; soil fertile. ing it from Kent co., E. by Delaware and CaroPutnam County, Is., c. h. at Hennepin. Bound- line co., S. by Talbot co., and W. by Chesapeake ed N. by Bureau and La Salle counties, E. by La Bay. Watered on its S. E. boundary by TuckSalle, S. by Marshall, and W. by Bureau. The ahoe Creek. Kent Island, lying in Chesapeake Illinois River and its branches water this county. Bay, belongs to this county. Surface undulating; soil rich. Queens County, N. Y., c. h. at North Hempstead, Putnam County, Ia., c. h. at Greencastle. was incorporated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Bounded N. by Montgomery, E. by Hendricks Long Island Sound and East River, E. by Sufand Morgan, S. by Owen, and W. by Clay and folk co., S. by the Atlantic Ocean, and W. by Parke counties. Drained by the Walnut Fork of Kings co., and is watered by several small Eel River, and by Big Raccoon and Deer streams. Surface hilly on the N. and level on the Creeks, which afford good mill sites. S.; soil warm, productive sand and loam. The Putnam County, Mo. On the northern border, Long Island Railroad crosses this county. Drained by the head waters of the Chariton. Queensbury, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on the Putnam County, N. Y., c. h. at Carmel. Formed S. by the Hudson River, and watered N. E. by from Dutchess co. in 1812. It is bounded N. by Wood Creek. Surface hilly and undulating, Dutchess co., E. by the state of Connecticut, S. being covered by the Palmertown Mountains on by Westchester co., and W. by the Hudson the W.; soil productive. 7 miles S. E. from River, and is, with the exception of Essex, the Caldwell, and 53 N. N. E. from Albany. most mountainous county in the state. Soil fer- Quincy, Fa., c. h. Gadsden co. 23 miles N. W. tile in the valleys. Its principal wealth is its from Tallahassee. mineral productions, which consist of superior Quincy, Is., shire town of Adams co. On the iron ore, carbonate of lime, serpentine, and E. bank of the Mississippi River. 55 miles W. plumbago. from Springfield, 172 N. W. from St. Louis, and Putnam, N. Y., Washington co. Situated be- 625 S. from the Falls of St. Anthony. This flourtween Lakes George and Champlain, and mostly ishing town has been in existence less than 30 covered by the Palmertown range of mountains. years, and promises to become one of the principal 36 miles N. from Sandy Hill, and 90 N. N. W. towns of Illinois. It is situated on a beautiful from Albany. bluff, 125 feet above the Mississippi, commanding Putnam County, O., c. h. at Kalida. Henry co. a fine view of the river for 5 or 6 miles in each is on the N., Hancock on the E., Allen on the S., direction. It has one of the best steamboat landand Van Wert and Paulding counties on the W. ings on the Mississippi. Quincy was settled chiefly Auglaise River and its two eastern branches fur- by emigrants from New England, and contains a nish this county with a good supply of water. highly-intelligent and enterprising community, Putnam County, Va. W. part of the state. distinguished for good morals, and for its liberalThe Great Kenhawa flows through it from'S. E. ity in sustaining the institutions of education and to N. W. Broken, but fertile. religion. The town is handsomely laid out, and Putnam Valley, N. Y., Putnam co. This town well built, containing several churches, which contains several- small lakes, and is watered by have neat and tasteful edifices, a large numthe Peekskill, the outlet of Redfire Lake. The ber of stores and mechanics' shops, with steam surface is covered by the Highlands on the E. and saw mills, flouring mills, and other manufacturW., with a broad, fertile valley between, giving ing establishments. There is a large and beautiname to the town. Iron ore and other minerals ful public square, on the E. side of which stands are found here in large quantities. 9 miles W. the court house, built of brick, at a cost of about from Carmel, and 100 S. from Albany. $20,000. The prairie in the vicinity of the town Putney, Vt., Windham co. This town is finely is beautifully rolling and rich, and the whole located on the W. side of Connecticut River, and country forms one of the best agricultural disembosoms a large tract of excellent intervale land, tricts in the state. This is a place already of excalled the Great Meadows. There is also a good tensive trade, and, as the resources of Illinois tract of intervale on Sackett's Brook, a fine mill become more and more developed, is destined stream, with beautiful falls. Sackett's Brook is a rapidly to grow in wealth and population. considerable stream, which falls 150 feet in the Quincy, Ms., Norfolk co. On Braintree or course of 100 rods. There are various mineral Quincy Bay, which makes up from Boston Harsubstances in the town. The village is pleasant, bor. 8 miles S. bv E. from Boston, by the Old and bears the marks of taste and prosperity. On Colony Railroad, and 10 E. by S. from Dedham. the 19th of August, 1788, a violent tempest pros- This territory, in common with that of Braintrated a great part of the forest trees here. In tree and Randolph, belonged to Boston until 1770, the town was overrun by immense swarms the incorporation of Braintree as a town, in 1640. of worms, which ate up every green thing; also, It was the first part of Braintree that was settled, to a limited extent, in 1823 and 1824. A settle- and had been generally called ullount Wallaston, ment was commenced and a fort built on the for Captain Wallaston, one of the first settlers, Great Meadows a little pretious to the breaking in 1625. 542 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., In 1792, this part of Braintree was made a employing near 1000 hands. Masses of granite separate town, and called Quincy, to perpetuate have been obtained in these quarries weighing 300 the family name of one of its first proprietors, a tons each, from which were made the columns name that will ever be dear to the lovers of of the new Custom House and of the Merchants' American liberty. Exchange, in Boston. By means of a railroad The surface of the town is diversified by hills, to the tide waters of Neponset River, and of a valleys, and plains. The soil is generally of an canal to the centre of the town, this stone is excellent quality and under good cultivation. transported with great expedition and little cost. There are large tracts of salt meadow in the Several of these companies have contracted to town, and many large and beautiful farms, which, furnish the stone for the new Custom House at in respect to soil and skilful management, may New Orleans. It is to be dressed in the smoothvie with any in the state. The Mount Wallas- est and best manner, and delivered at New Orton farm is noted as the site of an early settle- leans, at a cost of about $300,000. Further to ment, (1625,) and as the Merry Mount of Thomas show the high repute of this stone, we may menMorton and his associates. This farm belongs tion that a contract has been made for the founto the Adams estate. The ancestral estate of the dations and ornamental parts of a large Custom Quincy family comprises one of the most beauti- House at San Francisco. ful and well-cultivated farms in New England. These quarries of granite to the town of QuinIt is the property of Josiah Quincy, LL. D., an cy are of more value than a mine of gold; and eminent agriculturist, and president of Harvard it is fortunate for the public that the supply is University from 1829 to 1845. abundant, as the demand for it from various The village, in the centre of the town, is situ- parts of the United States is constant and inated on an elevated plain, and is remarkable for creasing. its neatness and beauty. In this village is a Quincy has been the birthplace and residence stone church, built in 1828, which cost $40,000. of some of the most distinguished sons of AmeriWithin its walls is a beautiful marble monument ca. Among them were those early and devoted to the memory of the first President Adams and patriots, John Hancock, born here in 1737, and his wife. Josiah Quincy, Jr., born February 23, 1744; The town house in Quincy is a noble building the two presidents of the United States, John of granite, 85 feet by 55, and is a better specimen Adams and John Quincy Adams, father and of the stone than the walls of the church. son, the first born October 19, 1735, the second About two miles E. from the village is Quincy July 11, 1767. The elder President Adams died Point, at the junction of Town and Weymouth in Quincy, on the 4th of July, 1826, with the Fore Rivers. This is a delightful spot, and con- same words on his lips which, on that day 50 tains some handsome buildings. This point of years before, he had uttered on the floor of Conland, with a peninsula near it, called Germantown, gress-"' Independence forever! " John Quinare admirably located for ship building, and for cy Adams died in the Capitol at Washington, all the purposes of navigation and the fishery. February 23, 1848, and was interred in the family Here is a fine harbor, a bold shore, and a beauti- tomb at Quincy. ful country, within 10 miles of the capital of Quogue, N. Y., Suffolk co. On the S. side of New England. Long Island. 235 miles S. S. E. from Albany. In this town, between Quincy and Dorchester It is a resort for sea bathing and sporting. Bays, is a point of land called Squantum, celebrated as having been the residence of the famous Rabun County, Ga., c. h. at Clayton. Bounded Indian sachem Chichataubut. This place is the N. by North Carolina, E. and S. E. by South Carl/los-wetuset, "a few miles south of Boston," sup- olina, and S. W. and W. by Habersham and Union posed, by some, to have originated the name of counties. Watered by Turoree and Chatuga the state. Squantum is a rocky, romantic place, Rivers, which unite at the S. extremity of this 6 miles S. of Boston, and a pleasant resort for county to form the Tugaloo. Surface elevated fishing and bathing. table land, having the Blue Ridge on its E. border. The manufactures of the town consist of boots, Racine County, Wn., c. h. at Racine. Bounded shoes, leather, vessels, salt, carriages, harnesses, N. by Waukesha and Milwaukie counties, E. by hats, books, coach lace, granite, slatestone, &c., the Lake Michigan, S. by Illinois, and W. by Walannual value of which, with the fisheries, amount- worth co. Des Plaines, Fox, Pike, and Root ed, several years ago, to more than half a million Rivers water this county, the surface of which is of dollars. But the quarrying and working of undulating, and the soil of excellent quality. the granite or sienite, so universally known and Racine, Wn., c. h. Racine co. On Lake Michjustly celebrated as the " Quincy Granite," is the igan, at the mouth of Root River. 112 miles E. most important and lucrative branch of business. by S. from Madison. A growing and flourishing About two miles back from Quincy Bay is a place. range of elevated land, in some parts more than Rahway, N. J., Essex co. Rahway River and 600 feet above the sea, containing an inexhausti- its branches water this town. Surface level; soil ble supply of that invaluable building material, red shale. Situated 9 miles S. W. from Newark, so much used and approved in all our At- and 39 N. E. from Trenton. lantic'cities for its durability and beauty. Raleigh, Is., c. h. Saline co. This range of granite extends through Milton, Raleigh, city, and capital of the state of North Quincy, and Braintree, but more of it is quar- Carolina, and seat of justice for Wake co., is sitried in Quincy than in either of the other towns. uated 6 miles W. of the River Neuse, and 27 miles About 100,000 tons of this valuable article is an- above Smithfield, the nearest ordinary limit of nually quarried and wrought, by the most skilful navigation on that river. In some stages of the workmen, into all forms and dimensions, both water, boats ascend to a point within about 8 miles plain and ornamental. There are in the town of Raleigh. The city is laid out with great about 20 companies engaged in the business, regularity. From a square in the centre, called IN THE UNITED STATES. 543 Union Square, enclosing an area of 10 acres, 4 of Braintree until its incorporation, in 1793. It broad streets, 99 feet wide, extend, dividing the was named in honor of Peyton Randolph, of city into 4 quarters. In the centre of each of Virginia, the first president of the American Conthese quarters is another square of 4 acres, with gress. Part of Punkapog Pond lies in the town, streets running therefrom and intersecting the and the Manatiquot River rises here, but the town quarters in a similar manner. These streets are is quite destitute of water power. It is largely en66 feet wide. gaged in the shoe manufacture. The land is eleThe State House at Raleigh is considered as vated between the waters of Massachusetts Bay surpassing that of any other state in the Union and Taunton River. The surface is undulating, in the completeness and beauty of its architectu- and the soil strong and productive. There are 2 ral design. It is finely located in the centre of pleasant and flourishing villages in the town, E. Union Square, and is constructed after the model and W., a short distance apart, between which of the Parthenon at Athens. 166 feet long by 90 passes the Boston and Fall River Railroad. 14 feet in width, and is surrounded by massive gran- miles S. from Boston. ite columns,.5 feet in diameter and 30 feet high. Randolph County, Mo., c. h. at Huntsville. The building is crowned with a beautiful dome. Bounded N. by Macon, E. by Monroe and AuThe legislative chambers are spacious and con- drain, S. by Boone and Howard, and W. by Charvenient. The cost of erecting this splendid edifice iton co. Drained by the E. fork of Chariton was about $500,000. The former State House at River and Silver Creek, both branches of the Raleigh was consumed by fire in 1831. and with Missouri. Surface level; soil fertile. it was destroyed a beautiful marble statue of Randolph, N. E.,. Coos co. Until 1824 this town Washington by Canova. The other public build- was called Durand. It is situated directly under ings are the court house and jail, the governor's the N. end of the White Mountains. Branches house, the office of the secretary of state, a thea- of Israel's and Moose Rivers pass through it. The tre, a market, 2 or 3 banks, and several churches. soil is in some parts good. Fisrt settlers: this A railroad extends fiom Raleigh to Hicksford, town was granted in 1772 to John Durand and about 90 miles N. E., where it connects with the others, of London. 120 miles N. from Concord, railroad route from Wilmington to Petersburg,Va. and about 20 S. E. from Lancaster. Raleiqh, Te., c. h. Shelby co. 220 miles W. Randolph, N. J., Morris co. A branch of S. W. from Nashville. Rockaway River and the head branches of Raleiqh County, Va. New. Taken from Fay- Black River water this town. Surface mountainette. W. central. Mountainous. Watered by ous, having Schooley's Mountain in the N., and tributaries of the New River, or Upper Kenhawa. Trowbridge Mountain in the S. part. Magnetic Ralls County, Mo., c. 1h. at New London. iron ore of excellent quality is found here. 7 Drained by Salt River and its branches. Surface miles N. W. from Morristown. undulating; soil fertile. Washed on the E. by Randolph, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by the Mississippi River. the Alleghany River and some of its branches. Ramapo, N. Y., Rockland co. Ramapo and Surface hilly; soil suitable for grazing. 20 miles Saddle Rivers water this town, the surface of S. W. from Ellicottville, and 312 S. of W. from which is hilly and mountainous, and the soil fer- Albany. tile in the valleys. The New York and Erie Rail- Randolph Countq, N. C., c. h. at Ashboro'. road passes through this town. 132 miles S. from Bounded N. by Guilford co., E. by Chatham, S. Albany. by Moore and Montgomery, and W. by Davidson Ranmsay County, Ma., c. h. at St. Paul's. In the co. Deep River and branches, and some branchangle between the St. Croix and the Mississippi. es of the Yadkin, water this county. Surface Randolph County, Aa., c. h. at McDonald. In the varied; soil fertile. E. part of the State. Drained by the Tallaposa. Randolph, Vt., Orange co. Randolph is one Randolph County, As., c. h. at Pocahontas. of the best farming towns in the state, and is Bounded N. by Missouri, E. by Greene co., and watered by the second and third branch of White S. and W. by Lawrence co. The head branches River. These streams and their tributaries afford of Big Black River water this county. a number of advantageous situations for mills. Randolph County, Ga., c. h. at Cuthbert. Incor- There is a variety of timber. The surface is porated in 1828. Bounded N. by Stewart, E. by considerably elevated, and the soil productive. Lee, S. by Baker and Early counties, and W. by There are here 3 pleasant villages, one in the the Chattahoochee River, separating it from Al- centre of the town, another in the eastern, and abama. Drained byPetawlah Creek and branches the other in the western part. The centre vilof Flint River. lage is very handsomely situated on elevated Randolph County, Is., c.h. at Kaskaskia. This ground. The West Randolph Academy was inis the oldest county in the state, with the excep- corporated in 1847. This town was chartered in tion of St. Clair. It is bounded N. by St. Clair 1781, and was settled 3 or 4 years before. 23 miles and Washington counties, E. by Berry and Jack- S. from Montpelier, and 9 S. VW. from Chelsea. son, S. and S. W. by the Mississippi River, sepa- The Central Railroad passes through the town. rating it from Missouri, and W. by Monroe co. Randolph County, Va., c. h. at Beverly. BoundDrained by Kaskaskia River and tributaries, and ed N. by Preston, E. by Hardy and Pendleton, by St. Mary, Horse, and other small creeks. The S. by Pocahontas, and W. by Braxton, Lewis, surface and soil are diversified. and Barbour counties. Drained by Cheat River Randolph County, Ia., c. h. at Winchester. and East Fork, head branches of the MonongaBounded N. by Jay co., E. by Ohio, S. by Wayne hela River. Laurel and Cheat Mountains travco., and W. by Henry and Delaware counties. It erse this county from N. to S. is drained by the Missisinewa and the W. fork of Rangely, Me., Franklin co. This town lies on White River, has an undulating surface, and a the Androscoggin River, and at the outlet of fine soil. Oquossack Lake. It is about 40 miles N. W. Randolph, Ms., Norfolk co., was the S. parish from Farmington. 544 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Rankin County, Mi., c. h. at Brandon. Bounded soil of the town is good, but the surface is rough E. by Scott and Smith counties, S. by Simpson and hilly. The business of the people is chiefly co., and W. and N. by Pearl River, separating it agricultural, who live scattered about on their from Hinds and Madison counties. Drained by farms. Considerable attention is paid in Readbranches of Pearl River. ing to the growing of wool. It is watered by Raphoe, Pa., Lancaster co. Great Chiques Saugatuck and Norwalk Rivers. 60 miles S. W. Creek runs on the E. and S., and Little Chiques from Hartford. on the W. border of this town. Surface undu- Reading, Ms., Middlesex co., was called Lynn lating; soil calcareous loam, sand, and gravel. Village, and was a part of Lynn until its incor12 miles N. W. from Lancaster. poration in 1644. The surface is pleasantly diRapides Parish, La., c. h. at Alexandria. versified by hills and valleys. The soil is genBounded N. W. and N. E. by Natchitoches and erally good, in some parts excellent, and the town Catahoula parishes, E. by Avoyelles, S. by St. is watered by Ipswich River. There are two vilLandry and Calcasieu, and W. by Sabine parish. lages in the town - Wood End Village, at the S. Drained by Red River and its tributaries, Boeuf part of the town, through which the Boston and and Crocodile Bayous. Soil fertile on the streams, Maine Railroad passes, and West Village, about but elsewhere sterile, and in some portions liable 3 miles N. of the other. 13 miles N. from Boston, to inundation. and 10 W. from Salem. The shoe manufacture Rappahannock County, Va., c. h. at Washing- is large. ton. Bounded N. E. by Fauquier co., S. E. by Reading, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by a Culpepper, S. W. by Madison, and N. W. by few small streams flowing into Seneca Lake, Page and Warren counties. Watered by the which bounds it on the E. Surface elevated and head branches of Rappahannock River. rolling; soil well adapted to wheat. 21 miles E. Raritan, N. J., Hunterdon co. Drained by from Bath, and 186 W. from Albany. branches of the Raritan River. 20 miles N. from Reading, Pa., Adams co. Conewago Creek Trenton. and Muddy Run water this town, the surface Ravenna, 0., c. h. Portage co. Near a branch of which is level, and the soil red shale and slate. of the Cuyahoga, which affords water power, and Reading, Pa., shire town of Berks co. Situated on the Pennyslvania and Ohio Canal. 140 miles on the E. bank of the Schuylkill River. 58 miles N. E. from Columbus. N. W. of Philadelphia, and 52 E. of larrisburg. Rawlingsville, Aa., c.h. De Kalb co. 153 miles It is built on ground gently rising from the N. E. from Tuscaloosa. river towards the base of a ridge of hills which Ray County, Mo., e. h. at Richmond. Bounded passes behind it. The streets are wide and N. by Caldwell co., E. by Carroll co., S. by the straight, crossing each other generally at right Missouri River, separating it from Lafayette and angles, and are dressed with a covering of white Jackson counties, and W. by Clay and Clinton gravel, or disintegrated sandstone, which consolcounties. Drained by Crooked River and Fish- idates into a smooth and solid carriage way, suing Creeks, tributaries of the Missouri. perior to that of the McAdamized road. Besides Raynhanz, Ms., Bristol co. This town was a the court house and jail, there are an academy, part of Taunton until 1731. It was first settled a female seminary, 3 public libraries, - one of in 1680. Its Indian name was Hockamock. The which is German, -3 banks, and from 12 to 15 surface is generally level; the soil light, and not churches of the different denominations. The very productive. On its southern and eastern principal churches are the Lutheran, German borders Raynham is finely watered by Taunton Reformed, Episcopal, Presbyterian, Methodist, River, which affords power for manufacturing Baptist, Friends, Universalist, and Roman Cathoperations, and it contains a number of large olic. The Lutheran Church is a large and handand beautiful ponds. 33 miles S. from Boston. some structure, with a steeple 201 feet high. The Raymond, Me., Cumberland co. Raymond is German Reformed Church is of brick, and has watered by Crooked River, and several ponds. likewise a lofty steeple. In these two churches This is a good farming town, with 2 villages, and divine service is performed in the German lansome trade. The inhabitants are principally de- guage. Of several weekly newspapers published voted to agricultural pursuits. It lies 22 miles here, 3 are in the language of the Germans. The N. N. W. from Portland. It is bounded on the court house is a fine building, on elevated ground, W. by Naples, and contains some of the sources commanding an extensive prospect. It has a of Sebago Lake on its S. portico with six columns of red sandstone in Raymond, N. H., Rockingham co. Two branches front, and presents an imposing appearance. of the Lamprey River. unite in Raymond, and A large business is done here in the manufacthe waters of 2 ponds also fall into it. The Pa- ture of hats for the southern and western martuckaway crosses the N. E. corner. The soil is kets. A cotton factory is in operation here for various; that bordering on the river is produc- making fine muslins, which turns out about 8000 tive. In the N. part of the town, near the sum- yards a day. There is a rolling mill and nail facmit of a hill about 100 feet high, is a natural tory, and large fiouring mills in the place. White excavation in a ledge, called the Oven, from the wines of an excellent quality are manufactured appearance of its mouth. It is a regular arch here to a considerable amount, fiom the grapes about 5 feet high, and of the same width, extend- grown in the vicinity. Reading is supplied with ing into the hill about 15 feet, and terminating water by an aqueduct from a spring on Penn's in a number of fissures. 25 miles W. by S. from Mount, conducted into a reservoir, and distribPortsmouth, arM 28 S. E. from Concord. uted through the streets in iron pipes. Readfield, Me., Kennebec co. A good township The Schuylkill Canal, which commences at of land. 11 miles W. from Augusta. Port Carbon, near Pottsville, in the coal region, Reading, Ct., Fairfield co. This town was in- passes through Reading, and terminates at Philcorporated in 1767, and derived its name from adelphia. The Philadelphia, Reading, and PottsColonel John Read, one of its first settlers. The ville Railroad also connects these three places. IN THE UNITED STATES. 545 The distance of Reading from Pottsville and Port Redford, N. Y., Clinton co. On the N. side Carbon is about 36 miles. The Union Canal of Saranac River. 185 miles N. from Albany. commences at Middletown, on the great Penn- Iron ore is found in the vicinity. sylvania Canal, and unites that canal with the Redhook, N. Y., Dutchess co. On the E. side Schuylkill Canal at Readingr, thus opening a of the Hudson, and watered by a few small line Pf transportation, through this place, between streams flowing into it. Surface rolling; soil Philadelphia and Pittsburg. These facilities for clay and loam. 22 miles N. from Poughkeepsie, business confer upon this place eminent advan- and 51 S. from Albany. tages for the encouragement of the spirit of en- Refugio County, Ts., c. h. at Refugio. S. part, terprise by which the people are distinguished. between Aransas Bay and Neuces River. This town was laid out in 1748, by direction Red River County, Ts., c. h. at Clarkesville. In of Thomas and Richard Penn, proprietors of the the N. E. angle of the state, on Red River. province. It was incorporated as a borough Red Sulphur Springs, Va., Monroe co. On September 12, 1783, and reorganized March 29, Indian Creek. 40 miles S. W. from the White 1813. It is said to be the largest borough in the Sulphur Springs, and 249 miles W. from RichUnited States. The original inhabitants of the mond. See Fashionable Resorts. place were principally German emigrants from Rehoboth, Ms., Bristol co. The original limits Wirtemburg and the Palatinate, who, by their of Rehoboth were extensive, comprehending the early preponderance in numbers, gave a decided present town, Seekonk, Pautucket, Attleboro', character to the habits of society. The German and part of Swansey; and Cumberland and Barlanguage was commonly used in the ordinary rington, R. I. The first white settler in the transactions of life, in which it still maintains original limits of the town was William Blackitself to a great extent. During the period of stone, a nonconformist minister of England, who the revolution, Reading was a favorite place of fled from persecution, and sought an asylum in resort for such persons and families from Phila- the wilds of America. He was the first white delphia as wished to be somewhat retired from man who lived on tile peninsula where the city the stormy agitations and dangerous exposures of Boston now stands. He located himself in of the city; and thus at that early day the place what is now Cumberland, R. I., on the river which acquired a character for refinement and fashion- bears his name. The Indian name of the town able life for which it is still distinguished. was Wannamoiset. The surface is varied, with Reading, Vt., Windsor co. The surface of this a thin soil, and well watered by Palmer's River, town is uneven. Towards the W. part is an and other fine mill streams. 10 miles S. W. elevated tract of land, extending through the from Taunton, and 3 from the depot at Attletown from N. to S., from which issue its princi- boro,' from which to Boston is 31 miles. pal streams. It is worthy of remark that no Remsen, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Black water runs into this town. In the S. W. part River and some of its branches. A hilly town, is a natural pond, about 200 rods in length and with a soil of tolerably good quality. 18 miles N. 80 in breadth. The streams in Reading, though from the city of Utica, and 96 N. W. from A1generally small, afford a tolerable supply of bany. water for common mills. The soil is of a mid- Rensselaer County, N. Y., c. h. at Troy. It is dling quality, and affords excellent pasturage. bounded N. by Washington co., E. by the states There are 3 villages in the town, Reading Centre of Vermont and Massachusetts, S. by Columbia, Village, South Reading, and Felchville. The co., and W. by the Hudson River. Watered by settlement was commenced about the year 1772, the Hoosic River, the Poestenkill and Wynantsby Andrew Spear, who removed his family here kill. Surface hilly and mountainous on the E, fiom Walpole, N. H. 53 miles S. from Mont- but more level as you approach the Hudson; soil pelier, and 10 W. from Windsor. generally good, and in the valleys very fertile. Readinqton, N. J., Hunterdon co. Drained by A few beds of marl and some sulphur springs Rockaway Creek and branches, and by the S. comprise its mineral wealth. The Albany and branch of Raritan River. Surface level in the West Stockbridge, Rensselaer and Saratoga, and S. E. part, but elsewhere hilly; soil red shale, Schenectady and Troy Railroads cross this clav and loam. 8 miles N. E. from Flemington. county. leadsboro', Vt., Bennington co. This is a Rensselaerville, N. Y., Albany co. Watered by mountainous township, watered by Deerfield Catskill and Foxes Creeks. The surface is River. Much of the land is too elevated to ad- broken by spurs of the Catskill Mountains; soil mit of cultivation. When it was first settled is mostly rich sandy loam. 24 miles S. W. from unknown. 12 miles S, E. from Bennington, and the city of Albany. 18 W. by S. from Brattleboro'. Reynolds County, Mo. S. E. central. Watered Red Biank, N. J., Monmouth co. On the S. by the Big Black, which flows S. through it. bank of Neversink River. 46 miles E. from Rhea County, Te., c. h. at Washington. It is Trenton. A summer resort for sea bathing and bounded N. E. by Roane co., E. by the Tennessee fishing. River, separating it from Meigs co., S. by HamRed Bank, Pa., Clarion co. Red Bank, Ma- ilton, and W. and N. W. by Bledsoe and Morgan honing, and Beaver Creeks water this town. counties. Drained by small streamsflowing into Surface undulating; soil loam. Alum is found the Tennessee. here. 190 miles W. N. W. from Harrisburg. Rhinebeck, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by Redfield, N. Y., Oswego co. It is watered by Landtman's Creek on the S. W., and by the HudSalmon River and some of its branches. Surface son River on the W. Has a level or rolling surface, undulating; soil well adapted to grass. 15 miles and the central portions a fertile soil. 17 miles N. E. from Pulaski, and 131 N. W. from Albany. from Poughkeepsie, and 57 S. from Albany. Redford, Mn., Wayne co. The N. branch of Rice, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Incorporated in Rouge River and Powers Creek water this town, 1846. which lies 13 miles N. W. from Detroit. Riceboro', Ga., c. h. Liberty co. On Newport 69 546 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., River. 32 miles S. S. W. from Savannah, and town is a wide street, extending some miles, on 194 S. E. from Milledgeville. each side of which are neat farm houses and Richfield, N.Y., Otsego co. Watered by a few mechanics' shops, making a fine appearance. small streams flowing into Canaderaga Lake, Through this valley the Western Railroad passes. which bounds it on the E. Surface high and un- 8 miles S. W. from Pittsfield, and 159 W. from even; soil good sandy and calcareous loam. 13 Boston. miles N. W. from Cooperstown, and.69 W. from Richmond, Mo., c. h. Ray co. Albany. In this town, near the head of Canade- Richmond, N. H., Cheshire co., is washed by raga Lake, there is a celebrated sulphur spring, branches of Ashuelot and Miller's Rivers, which much resorted to. fall into the Connecticut. The ponds are 3 in Richford, N. Y., Tioga co. Watered by East number, one of which is one of the sources of and West Owego Creeks. A somewhat hilly Miller's River. The soil is favorable for grain. town, with fertile valleys. 17 miles N. from The land is generally level. First settlers, peoOwego, and 151 S. of W. from Albany. ple from Massachusetts and Rhode Island, about Richford, Vt., Franklin co. This is amountain- 1758. 12 miles S. from Keene, and 70 S. W. onus township, on the line of Canada, and watered from Concord. The Cheshire Railroad passes by Missisco River and its branches. There is through the town. some good land along the river, and the upland, Richmond County, N. Y., c. h. at Westfield, though rough, affords good grazing. The settle- was incorporated in 1683, and comprises the ment was commenced in 1797, and the town or- whole of Staten Island. It is bounded N. by ganized in 1799. 50 miles N. by W. from Mont- Newark Bay and Kill Van Kull, E. by New pelier, and 24 N. E. from St. Albans. York Bay and the Narrows, S. by Raritan Bay Richland County, Is., c. h. at Olney. S. E. part. and New York Lower Bay, and W. by Staten Richland, N. Y., Oswego co. Shire town alter- Island Sound, which separates it from New Jernately with Oswego. It is watered by Salmon sey. Surface hilly and broken, Richmond Hill, River and some smaller streams flowing into Lake the highest peak, being elevated 307 feet above Ontario, which bounds it on the W. Surface the Atlantic. Much of the land is of good qualipleasantly diversified; soil damp, sandy loam, tv, and on the shores are valuable fisheries. Hewell adapted to grass. 153 miles N. W. from metic iron ore, granite, and several other minerals Albany. are found here. Richland County, O., c. h. at Mansfield. N. by Richmond, N. Y., c. h. Richmond co. Near the Huron, E. by Wayne, S. by Knox, and W. by middle of Staten Island. 159 miles S. by W. Marion and Crawford counties. The surface is from Albany. rolling, and the land excellent for wheat. The Richmond, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by branches of Olentangy and Mohiccan Rivers are Honeoye Lake and its outlet. Surface hilly; soil the principal waters. clay loam, based upon lime and slate. 14 miles Richiand, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by Tihickon W. from Canandaigua, and 209 from Albany. Creek and branches. Surface level; soil clay. Richmond County, N. C., c. h. at Rockingham. Richland District, S. C., c. h. at Columbia. Bounded N. by Montgomery co., E. by Moore, Bounded N. by Fairfield district, E. by Kershaw Cumberland, and Robeson counties, S. by South and Sumpter, S. by Orangeburg, and W. by Lex- Carolina, and W. by the Great Pedee River, sepington district.. The Wateree River runs on its arating it from Anson co. Lumber River runs E., and the Congaree on its W. and S. border. on its E. border, and branches of the Little Pedee The soil is very fertile. drain the interior. Richland County, Wn. In the S. W. part of Richmond, Pa., Berks co. Watered by Moslem the state. Washed on the S. by the Wisconsin. Creek, a mill stream. Surface level; soil rich Richmond County, Ga., c. h. at Augusta. Bound- calcareous loam and gravel. ed N. E. and E. by the Savannah River, separat- Richmond, R. I., Washington co. Richmond is ing it from South Carolina, S. by Burke co., S. bounded on the W. by Wood River, and on the W. by Brier Creek, separating it from Jefferson E. by the River Charles. Other streams water co., and N. W. by Columbia co. Its N. part is the town, which, with the Wood and Charles, crossed by the Augusta and Decatur Railroad. give it an excellent water power. Manufacturing Richmond, Ky., c. h. Madison co. establishments of various kinds flourish on its Richmond, La., c. h. Madison parish. On the streams, particularly those of cotton. The soil is W. side of Roundaway Bayou, at its confluence a gravelly loam, with an uneven surface. The with Brushy Bayou. 10 miles W. from Missis- agricultural productions of the town are very sippi River, and 200 N. W. from New Orleans. considerable. Richmond, Me., Lincoln co. On the W. bank This is an excellent township for grazing; a of the Kennebec. 15 miles S. from Augusta. large amount of wool and of the productions of Richmond, Ms., Berkshire co. The Indian the dairy is annually transported. The Proviname of this place was Yokun, and after its set- dence and Stonington Railroad passes through tlement, in 1760, it was called Yoamtown; but at the S. E. corner of the town. 30 miles S. S. its incorporation, in 1765, it took the name of the W. from Providence. Duke of Richmond. This town comprises an Richmond, Vt., Chittenden co. The town is extensive, fertile, and beautiful valley, enclosed finely watered by Winooski and Huntingdon by elevated hills on the E. anid W. From these Rivers, on the banks of which are good mill sites hills enchanting landscapes are presented. This and large tracts of beautiful meadow. The viltown produces, in great abundance, all kinds of lage is neat, and is a healthy place, noted for the agricultural products common to the most fertile longevity of its inhabitants. The first permaand best cultivated lands in the state, a great va- nent settlement was made here in the spring of riety of woods, iron ore, good brick clay, lime- 1784. 25 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 13 stone, and handsome marble. There is some S. E. from Burlington. water power in the town. In the valley in this Richmond, Va. City, port of entry, capital of IN THE UNITED STATES. 547 the state and seat of justice of Henrico co. It is courts, the common council, and various offices. pleasantly situated on the N. side of James Riv- The penitentiary, in the western suburbs of the er, immediately below the falls, and at the head city, is an immense building, surrounding a hollow of tide water. It is 23 miles N. from Petersburg, square, 300 feet long and 110 feet broad. Several and 117 W. from Washington. The population, acres of ground enclosed, besides, are connected in 1800, was 5737; 1810, 9785; 1820, 12,067; with it. The armory is another large edifice, 1830, 16,060; 1840, 20,153; 1850, 27,483. This 320 feet long and 280 feet wide. The almshouse, place was founded by an act of the state legis- in the northern suburb of the city, has also a lature in 1742; and the seat of government was spacious edifice well adapted to its purpose. removed here from Williamsburg, in 1780. At Among the charitable institutions of the city is a that time it contained about 300 houses. Di- Female Orphan Asylum, supported partly by rectly opposite to Richmond, connected with it funds of the corporation, and partly by private by two bridges, is Manchester, which may be re- munificence. There is likewise a public school garded as a suburb of the city. for the education of poor children of both sexes, From its peculiarly-favorable situation, between with a convenient edifice, which is under the the upper and the lower country, Richmond is superintendence of trustees appointed by the city one of the most healthy cities in the United council, and is sustained by annual appropriations States. Seldom, if ever, has it been visited with from the literary fund of the state, and from the yellow fever, or any desolating epidemic. The treasury of the city. Among the public institucity is divided into two unequal parts by a val- tions is the Virginia Historical and Philosophical ley, through which passes the Shockoe Creek, to Society, founded in 1831, and since incorporated. enter James River. It is chiefly built upon the Richmond contains from 16 to 20 churches of more elevated grounds on either side of this de- the various denominations; among which are 3 pression, which present a beautiful variety of sur- Episcopal, 2 Presbyterian, 3 Methodist, 3 Baptist, face, and afford in many parts highly picturesque a Unitarian, a Campbellite, a Friends, a Roman situations for dwellings and for public edifices. Catholic, and a Jews' Synagogue. Some of these Shockoe Hill, on the W. part of the city, and have large and elegant edifices. The Monumental Richmond Hill stand opposite to each other, Episcopal Church stands upon the site formerly with the creek between them; and near the east- occupied by the old Richmond Theatre, which ern limit is Church Hill, which is also a com- was destroyed by fire during a performance, inmanding eminence. Over these elevated grounds, volving the destruction of many valuable lives, and the valley between them, declining towards among which was that of the governor of the the river, the streets and buildings of the city are state, George William Smith. On the monuspread. The streets mostly cross each other at ment on its W. side is the following inscription: right angles, and are most commonly 65 feet in "In memory of the awful calamity that, by width. The city was laid out to contain about the providence of God, fell on the city on the 3 square miles, much of which is not yet built night of the 26th of December, in the year of up. As built, it covers an area about 3 miles Christ 1811, whereby, in the sudden and dreadlong and three fourths of a mile wide. The city ful conflagration of the Richmond Theatre, many contains from 1500 to 2000 dwellings, something citizens of different ages and both sexes, distinmore than half of which are of brick, and the re- guished for talents and for virtues, respected and mainder of wood. Near the brow of Shockoe beloved, perished in the flames, and in one short Hill, which is an elevated plain, and a favorite moment public joy and private happiness were place of residence, is Capitol Square, a beautiful changed into universal lamentation, this monupublic ground, containing about 9 acres, sur- ment is erected, and the adjoining church dedicated rounded by a handsome iron railing, ornamented to the worship of Almighty God: that, in all with gravel walks, and shaded with a variety of future times, the remembrance of this mournful trees. In the centre stands the State House, event on the spot where it happened, and where which has excited the admiration of travellers the remains of the sufferers are deposited in one for its commanding position, and its chaste yet urn, may be united with acts of penitence and beautiful proportions. It was constructed after a devotion. Above 60 killed and many others model brought by Mr. Jefferson from Nimes, in maimed." There is now one theatre in Richmond, France. It has a portico in front, with an entab- but it is said not to be extensively patronized. lature supported by'lofty Ionic columns of fine Among the most splendid and useful of the proportions and imposing appearance. In an public works of the city are its waterworks, open hall, in the centre of the building within, is commenced in 1830, and completed at an expense placed a marble statue of Washington, by Hou- of about $120,000. By 2 forcing pumps, worked don, a French artist, which was erected in 1788, by water power, 800,000 gallons of water, in 24 during the lifetime of Washington. The fol- hours, are lifted from James River into 3 reservoirs lowing is the inscription on its pedestal, from the containing 1,000,000 gallons each, from which it pen of Mr. Madison: "The General Assembly is distributed over the city in pipes, and at cons of the commonwealth of Virginia have caused venient points along these pipes are hydrants for this statue to be erected, as a monument of the supply of the fire department. affection and gratitude to -George Washington, Richmond is about 150 miles from the mouth who, uniting to the endowments of the hero the of James River by the course of the channel, and virtues of the patriot, and exerting both in estab- 50 or 60 above City Point, where the Appomattox lishing the liberties of his country, has rendered empties into the James River. Vessels drawing his name dear to his.fellow-cititzens, and given 14 feet of water can come up to the bar 5 or B the. world an example of true glory." miles below the city, and those drawing not more Contiguous to the State House is the City Hall, than 10 feet come to its wharves at the ordinary an elegant and costly edifice of Grecian architect- tides. The tide rises at Richmond 4 feet. The nre, having a portico with 4 Doric columns at each channel of the river is winding, which, with the end, containing accommodations for the city distance from the ocean, is a considerable im 548 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., pediment to navigation. Several steamboats are rocky, but productive of butter and cheese of a employed in towing vessels to and from City good quality. Its other productions are numerPoint. About 100 vessels visit the port during ous and valuable. There are 13 ponds in this the year. A line of 5 schooners sails once a week town, the largest of which are called Manomoto Petersburg, and another line, of the same nam- nack, Emerson, Perley, Long, Grassy, and Bulber, once a week for New York. 3 steamboats let. These ponds abound with fish. Rindge is form a line for passengers to Norfolk; and 2 a favorite resort for anglers at the present day. steampackets aline to Baltimore. The principal There is a small elevation of land in Rindge, exports from Richmond are flour, tobacco, and from which the waters, that issue on one side, decoal, the annual value of which is between six scend into the Merrimac, and those on the other and seven millions. A canal has been con- into the Connecticut. First settlers, Jonathan structed from Richmond to Lynchburg, and Stanley, George Herritt, and Abel Platts, in 1752. beyond that place. It was first constructed to 20 miles S. E. from Keene, and 50 S. W. from pass the falls in James River in 1794, and after- Concord. wards, in 1835, extended to Lynchburg. A rail- Ringold County, Io. On the southern border, W. road passes through Richmond from Fredericks- Rio Grand City, Ts., c. h. Starr co. burg to Petersburg, and thence to Weldon on the Ripley County, Ia., c. h. at Versailles. Bounded Roanoke River, where it connects with other N. by Decatur and Franklin counties, E. by southern railroads. It crosses James River, at Dearborn and Ohio, S. by Switzerland and JefRichmond, on a high bridge constructed for the ferson, and W. by Jennings co. Drained by purpose. The most important interest of Rich- Langherty and Graham's Creeks, branches of the mond, however, is comprised in-its manufactures. Ohio River. Surface mostly level; soil favorIn the falls, on the James River, extending about able to the growth of grain. 6 miles, it possesses an immense water power, Ripley, Me., Somerset co. A good farming which, although largely improved, is capable of town. 60 miles N. by E. from Augusta. furnishing much greater advantages still to future Ripley County, Mo., c. h. at Van Buren. Boundenterprise. Upon these falls have been erected ed N. by Shannon and Reynolds counties, E. by very extensive flouring mills, iron works of vari- Wayne co., S. by Arkansas, and W. by Oregon ous descriptions, and a very large cotton factory. co. Watered by Big Black, Current, and Eleven The municipal government of Richmond is Point Rivers. Surface hilly; soil fertile on the administered by a mayor, - who is elected by the margins of the streams. city council, -a recorder, and 11 aldermen. The Ripley, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by recorder and aldermen are chosen from 27 in- Twenty Mile Creek and other small streams flowdividuals elected by the people, and the remain- ing into Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N., it ing15 compose the city council. being the most western town in the state, situated Richmond County, Va., c. h. at Richmond Court on the lake. Surface hilly; soil fertile. 10 miles House. Bounded N. and E. by Westmoreland W. from Mayville village, and 336 from Albany. and Northumberland counties, S. by Lancaster Ripley, 0., Brown co. A considerable town, co., and W. by the Rappahannock River separat- on the N. side of the Ohio. 56 miles above Cining it from Essex co. cinnati.'Rich Woods, Mo., Miller co. Ripley, Te., c. h. Lauderdale co. On Cane Ridgebury, Pa., Bradford co. Drained by Bent- Creek, a branch of Big Hatchee River. W. from ley and South Creeks, branches of Tioga River. Nashville 175 miles. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. 18Smiles N.W. Ripton, Vt., Addison co. This is a mountainous from Tonawanda. township, the surface and soil of which are too Ridgefield, Ct., Fairfield co. Ridgefield, or, as broken and cold for much cultivation. Middlebury the Indians called it, Caudatowa, a word signify- River,' and the turnpike from Royalton to Vering high land, is very elevated, and commands gennes, pass through it. This town was granted extensive views of Long Island Sound and of in 1781, and chartered to Abel Thompson and the surrounding country. The soil is a strong associates. 26 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and gravelly loam, and productive of grass and grain. 9 E. from Middlebury. It is watered by Saugatuck and Norwalk Rivers, Ritchie County, Va., c. h. at Ritchie. N. W. and by a branch of the Croton. 31 miles W. by part, near the Ohio. Surface broken. Watered N. from New Haven. by the two forks of Hugh's River, a tributary of Ridgeway, N. Y., Orleans co. Oak Orchard the Little Kanhawa. Creek waters this town, the surface of which is Ritchie, Va., c. h. Ritchie co. ehiefly level, and soil fertile. 10 miles W. from Riverhead, N. Y., c. h. Suffolk co. It is washed Albion village, and 262 N. of W. from Albany. on the N. by Long Island Sound, and S. by Great Ridgeway, Pa.,Bradford co. Drained by Clar- and Little Peconic Bays and Peconic River. ion River, and Toby's and Kersey's Creeks and Surface level, with the exception of a range of their branches. Surface undulating; soil fertile. low hills extending E. and W. about one mile S. Ridgeway, Pa., c. h. Elk co. from the Sound; the soil is chiefly sandy loam. Riga, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by Black 90 miles E. from the city of New York, and 235 Creek. Surface undulating; soil productive. S. E. from Albany. The Tonawanda Railroad passes through this Roane County, Te., c. h. at Kingston. Bounded town. 14 miles S. W. from Rochester, and 239 N. E. by Anderson co., E. by Knox and Blount, N. of W. from Albany. S. by Monroe, McMinn, and Meigs, and W. and Riled, Me., Oxford co. This is a township of N. W. by Rhea and Morgan counties. Drained rough and unprofitable land, with few inhab- by Tennessee and Clinch Rivers and branches. itants, near to and S. of Speckled Mountain, on Roanoke County, Va., c. h. at Roanoke Court the line of New Hampshire. It lies 30 miles N. House. Bounded N. by Botetourt co., E. by BedW. from Paris. ford, S. by Franklin, and W. by Montgomery co. Rinadge, N. H., Cheshire co. This town is very Watered by the head branches of Staunton River IN THE UNITED STATES. 549 Robertson County, Te., c. h. at Springfield. Rochester owes its rapid growth and present Bounded N. by Kentucky, E. by Sumner co., S. flourishing condition to the peculiar advantages by Davidson, and W. by Montgomery co. Wa- of its location upon the falls at this place in the tered by Sycamore Creek and branches of Red Genesee River, furnishing an amount of hydrauRiver. lic power which is equalled by that of very few Robertson County, Ts., c. h. at Franklin. E. localities in the United States; and at a point so central. On the E. side of the Brazos. easily accessible, by every means of transportaRobeson County, N. C., c. h. at Lumberton. tion and travel in use, from the wvest, from CanBounded N. by Cumberland co., E. and S. E. by ada, and the most important places in the AtlanBladen and Columbus counties, S. W. by South tic States. The Genesee River is navigable for Carolina, and N. W. by Richmond co. Drained schooners and steamboats from Iake Ontario to by Lumber River and other head branches of the the landing at Carthage, 2.J miles below the cenLittle Pedee. tre of the city, to which point a railroad has been Robeson, Pa., Berks co. Drained by Alleghany constructed. The great Erie Canal, uniting the and Hay Creeks, branches of the Schuylkill waters of the western lakes with the Hudson at River, which bounds it on the N. E. Surface Albany, here crosses the river, and passes through hilly; soil gravelly and poor. the centre of the city. The Genesee Valley Canal Robi nson's, Is., c. h. Crawford co.. is in progress to connect it with Olean on the Robinson, Pa., Alleghany co. This town is Alleghany River, and thence, by that river, with bounded N. by the Ohio River, S. E. by Char- the Ohio at Pittsburg. The chain of railroads tier's Creek, and W. by Montour's Run. Surface from Boston and New York to Buffalo passes hilly; soil loam. Situated 6 miles N. W. from through this city, making it a great thoroughfare Petersburg. of travel between the eastern and western sections Robinstown, Me., Washington co. On the St. of the country, and giving it a ready access to Croix, opposite St. Andrews. 16 miles N. N. W. the most important intermediate places. from Eastport. It is largely concerned in the The falls in the Genesee River, at Rochester, lumber trade. have an entire descent of 268 feet, consisting of Rochester, Ia., c. h. Fulton co., lies a little S. 3 perpendicular pitches and 2 rapids. After from Tippecanoe River, and 95 miles N. from passing over one of the rapids, the stream plunges Indianapolis. down the first great cataract, perpendicularly, 96 Rochester, Ms., Plymouth co. This is a large feet. Owing to the peculiar configuration of the township on the N. W. side of Buzzard's Bay. It ledge here, which recedes up the river from the was called Seipican by the Indians, and signifies centre to the sides, the water is poured over a resting-place. The location of Rochester for the precipice in 3 distinct sheets, giving an exnavigation and the fisheries is exceedingly favor- ceedingly picturesque beauty to this splendid able, it having 2 excellent harbors, Mattapoiset waterfall. From a rock, called Table Rock, in and Sippican. Mattapoiset River, which rises in the centre of this fall, the notorious Sam Patch Snipatuit Pond, a large sheet of water in the made his last and fatal leap. Below the first town, Sippican, and Weweantic Rivers afford cataract the river flows broad and deep for a mile a good water power. The surface is pleas- and a half to the second, where it makes a perantly varied; some parts are rocky and unfit for pendicular pitch of 20 feet; and thence purcultivation, while other parts vary from a tolera- sues a noisy and rapid course for about 25 rods, ble soil to the very best. The 2 principal vil- to the third and last fall, over which it pours its lages are Mattapoiset and Sippican. Part of volume down a perpendicular descent of 105 feet. Rochester has been incorporated as the new town Through the entire distance from the upper to the of Marion. 9 miles E. from New Bedford. lower fall, the river flows through a narrow raRochester, Mn., Oakland co. Near the junction vine of more than 100 feet in depth. The river of Paint Creek with Clinton River, both streams is here flowing N., and the railroad passes about affording good hydraulic power. 128 miles N. W. 100 rods S. of the first fall; so that passengers in from Detroit. the cars are not apprised, by any thing which Rochester, N. H., Strafford co. Salmon Fall, attracts their notice, of the interesting natural Cocheco, and Isinglass Rivers are in this town. curiosity to which they are approaching. The two former afford valuable mill sites. The The depression of the stream commences conprincipal village stands on the Cocheco, and is siderably above the first cataract, and in a discalled Norway Plains. There is another village, tance of about 500 yards gives a fall of 12 feet, about 2 miles S. W. from this, called Squamana- available for hydraulic purposes. Canals have gonnick, the Indian name of the falls in the Co- here been excavated on each side of the river for checo, at that place. Much of the soil is good; the mills. On the W. side the water is again the surface is uneven, with several swells, the taken out below the rapids for the same purposes. principal of which is Squamanagonnick Hill, on Another power of considerable amount is created which are valuable farms. In the W. part is a by the feeder for the Erie Canal, which comes large tract of oak land, which is hard and stony, from the river nearly 2 miles above. The falls and has a deep, rich soil. 10 miles N. W. from at Rochester afford a water power estimated Dover by railroad. equal to 1920 steam engines, of 20 horse power Rochester, N. Y., city, port of entry, and seat which would amount, according to the valuatior of justice for Monroe co., is situated on both sides of steam power in England, to the great sum of of the Genesee River, 7 miles S. from its en- $9,718,272, for its annual use. The leading pur trance into Lake Ontario, 250 miles W. of Alba- pose to which a portion of this immense power ny by the railroad, and 75 miles by railroad E. by has been applied is the flouring business, whicb N. from Buffalo. In 1810, this place had not an is carried on here on a very large scale, and which existence, and was not incorporated even as a succeeds, legitimately enough, to the first business village until 1817. Population in 1820, 1502; ever established at Rochester —that of agrain in 1830, 9269; in 1840, 20,191; in 1850, 36,561. mill, erected by a solitary pioneer, then many 550 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., miles distant from all other inhabitants. This Rock Bridge County, Va., c. h. at Lexington. man was an Englishman, a person of extraordina- Bounded N. by Augusta co., E. by Amherst, S. ry enterprise, who had been the builder of Soho by Bedford and Botetourt, and W. by Alleghany Square in London, but who, after proving pecu- and Bath counties. Drained by North, a head niarily unsuccessful in that undertaking, had branch of James River. Surface mountainous; sought to repair his fortunes in this country. soil very fertile in the valleys. The county deHaving purchased the land, he located himself rives its name from the celebrated natural bridge upon these falls,-in what was then a wilderness, over Cedar Creek. without civilized inhabitant for 50 miles to the Rock Castle County, Ky., c.h. at Mount Vernon. eastward. In the year 1809, the author of this Bounded N. and N. E. by Garrard and Madison work, having penetrated to this spot, while as counties, S. E. by Rockcastle Creek, separating yet the nearest inhabitants on the E. or S. it from Laurel co., S, W. by Pulaski, and N. W. were about 30 miles distant, enjoyed the hospi- by Lincoln co. Drained by branches of Dick's tality of this v*orthy gentleman, who, at that time, and Rockcastle Rivers. Surface elevated, sepahaving been visited with affliction in the loss of his rating the streams flowing into the Cumberland wife, which had left him with one only daughter from those flowing into the Kentucky River. as the companion of his loneliness, had become Rockford, Aa., c. h. Coosa co. weary of his situation, and would have parted Rockford, Is., c. h. Winnebago co. On a high with his possessions, covering all which the city of prairie on the W. bank of Rock River. SteamRochester now covers, with his improvements, boats ascend to this place, where they are stopped his cabin, and his mill, for $400. The author has by the rapids, which afford immense water power been told that the Eagle Hotel now stands upon N. from Springfield 203 miles. the spot which this house once occupied. Rockford, N. C., c. h. Surry co. Rochester is handsomely laid out on both sides Rock Hill, Pa., Bucks co. Drained by Perkiof the river, though not with entire regularity. omen and branches of Tohickon Creek. Surface The E. and W. parts of the city are connected hilly; soil gravelly. 111 miles E. from Harrisby three bridges. Buffalo Street, which passes burg. over the central bridge, is a straight and broad Rockingham County, N. H. Portsmouth and street, running through the centre of the city. Exeter are the shire towns. Bounded N. by The Erie Canal passes, in a serpentine course, Strafford co., E. by the Atlantic, from the mouth through the city, and is carried over the river by of Piscataqua River to the line of Massachusetts, a splendid aqueduct, 804 feet long, resting upon S. by the state of Massachusetts, and V. by I arches, erected at a cost of $80,000. The city the counties of Merrimac and Hillsboro'. Its is generally well built, chiefly with brick, and greatest length is 34 miles, its greatest breadth is many of the blocks of stones, as well as private about 30 miles. There are no remarkable elevadwellings, are elegant structures. Some of the tions in this county. The surface is uneven; soil churches and other public edifices are handsome fertile and very productive. The highest point is buildings. The principal hotels are the Eagle, Saddleback Mountain, from which are fine views. American, New Mansion House, Congress Hall, The rivers are the Lamprey, Exeter, Beaver, Clinton, Rochester, Island House, &c. Some of and Spiggot. Great Bay is the largest collection the flouring mills and other manufactories are of water. Massabesick Pond is picturesque from very large structures. Of these the Globe Build- its numerous islands and the surrounding elevaings are the largest and most remarkable. tions. The other principal'ponds are Islandy, Rochester, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by Ron- Country, and Pleasant. dout Creek and some of its branches. The Sha- Rockingham County, N. C., c. h. at Wentworth. nangunk Mountain partly covers this town; soil Bounded N. by Virginia, E. by Caswell co., S. by clay and loam. 16 miles S. W. from Kingston, Guilford, and W. by Stokes co. Drained by the and 74 S. S. W. from Albany. head branches of Haw and Dan Rivers. Surface Rochester, Pa., Beaver co. On the E. bank of quite elevated. Beaver River, at its confluence with the Ohio. Rockingham, Vt., Windham co. Connecticut Rochester, Vt., Windsor co. The principal River washes the eastern border of this township. stream is White River; it receives a considerable It is also watered by Williams and Saxton's tributary from the W. On each of these streams Rivers. These streams afford a great number of are good situations for mills. Rochester is moun- valuable sites for mills. The surface of Rockingtainous and broken, but contains much good land. ham is somewhat broken, but the soil is in genThe timber is mostly hard wood. There is a eral warm and productive. Bellows Falls are in pleasant village situated near the centre of the Connecticut River, near the S. E. corner of this town, on the eastern bank of White River. A town. In 1785, Colonei Enoch Hale erected a part of Goshen was annexed to Rochester in bridge over the Connecticut, atthese falls. Around 1847. The settlement was commenced about these falls is an interesting locality of minerals. the close of the revolutionary war. 30 miles The rocks are principally gneiss. There are in S. S. W. from Montpelier, and 37 N. W. from Rockingham several pleasant villages, Bellows Windsor. Falls, Rockingham, Saxton's River, and CamRock County, Wn., c. h. at Janesville. Bound- bridge Port villages. These are very neat, and ed N. by Dane and Jefferson counties, E. by contain many handsome houses. The settlement Walworth co., S. by Illinois, and W. by Green was commenced in 1783, by Moses Wright, Joel co. Drained by Rock River and branches. Sur- Bigelow, and Simeon Knight, who emigrated from face level, a large part being prairie; soil fertile. Massachusetts. 85 miles S. from Montpelier, and Rockaway, N. Y., Queens co. Near the Atlan- 18 N. E. from Newfane. This place communitic shore, on Rockaway Bay. 168 miles S. from cates with Boston by the Cheshire and other Albany. Near by is the famous Rockaway roads, with Burlington by the Rutland Railroad, Beach. See Fashionable Resorts. and also by railroad with the towns above and Rock Bridge, Mo., c. h. Ozark co. below it on the Connecticut River. IN THE UNITED STATES. 551 Rockingham County, Va., c. h. at Harrisburg. here enjoy refreshing sea breezes and the sublimBounded N. by Hardy co., N. E. by Shenandoah ity of ocean views. 4 miles N. E. from Gloucesand Page, S. E. by Greene and Albemarle, S. ter Harbor, and 32 N. E. from Boston. W. by Augusta, and N. W. by Pendleton co. Rockton, N. Y. Herkimer co. See Appendix Drained by Shenandoah River and tributaries. Rocky Mount, Va., c. h. Franklin co. Surface hilly, the Blue Ridge lying on the S. E., Rockville, la., c. h. Parke co. and Branch Mountains on its N. W. border; soil Rockville, Md., c. h. Montgomery co. At the vely fertile on the streams. head of Watts Branch of Potomac River. 56 Rock Island County, Is., c. h. at Rock Island. miles AW. from Annapolis. Bounded E. by Whitesides and Henry counties, Rodinan, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by S. by Mercer co., and W. and N. by the Mississippi Sandy Creek. Surface undulating; soil fertile River, separating it from Iowa. The Mississippi sandy and clay loam. 11 miles S. from Waterand Rock Rivers enclose the N. part of this coun- town, and 154 N. W. from Albany. ty, forming a large island. Surface diversified; Rqqersville, Te., c. h. Hawkins co. soil fertile, particularly on the Mississippi, where Rollin, Mn., Lenawee co. Watered by Tifflin's it consists of rich alluvion. and Bean Creeks. Soil very favorable to the Rock Island, Is., c. h. Rock Island co. growth of grain. 71 miles S. W. from Detroit. Rockland, Me., Lincoln co. 38 miles S. E. from Rollin.ford, N. H., Strafford co. New; taken Augusta. Formerly known as East Thomaston, from Somesworth. and taken from Thomaston in 1848. Situated Rome, Ga., c. h. Floyd co. At the junction of on the W. coast of Penobscot Bay, and includes Etowah and Oostanaula Rivers. 161 miles N. W. the peninsula of Owl's Head. It has a fine har- from Milledgeville. bor, and is famous for the manufacture of lime, Rome, Mn., Lenawee co. This town is watered obtained from the inexhaustible limestone ledges by the head branches of Beaver Creek. Soil ferin the vicinity. There are annually made at this tile, yielding fine crops of grain. 70 miles S. W. place, and sent to market, mostly in vessels from Detroit. owned here, near half a million casks of lime of Rome, N. Y., Oneida co. Half shire town. It superior quality, the reputation of which is well is watered by the Mohawk River and Wood known on all the maritime coast of the United Creek, which are connected in this town by a porStates. tage of a mile in length. Surface level, or slightly Owl's Head presents many romantic sea views, uneven; soil fertile, particularly in the Mohawk and is a favorite place of resort during the sum- valley. 107 miles N. W. from Albany. mer season. It has steamboat communication Rome, Me., Franklin co. A good township. 19 with Boston and Bangor, from which latter place miles N. N. W. from Augusta. it is distant 55 miles S. Sometimes as many as Romney, Va., c. h. Hampshire co. On the E. 500 vessels pass it in a day. side of the S. branch of Potomac River. 138 miles Rockland County, N. Y., c. h. at Clarkstown. N. N. W. from Richmond. Taken from Orange co. in 1798. It is of a tri- Romulus, N. Y., Seneca co., is bounded on the angular form, being bounded on the W. and N. E. by Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lakes. Surface by Orange co., E. by the Hudson River, and S. high in the centre; soil fertile, and well adapted by the state of New Jersey. Surface hilly and to wheat. 12 miles S. from Waterloo, and 176 mountainous; soil chiefly fertile. Superior vari- W. from Albany. egated marble, magnetic oxide of iron, and sev- Rondout, N. Y., Ulster co. On the N. side of eral other mineral productions are found in large Rondout Creek, I mile from its entrance into quantities. The New York and Erie Railroad Hudson River, and 59 miles S. from Albany. It winds through this county. is a depot of Lackawana coal for the Delaware Rockland, N. Y., Sullivan co. The Big Beaver and Hudson Canal Company. Kill and its tributaries water this town; the sur- Root, N. Y., Montgomery co. 8 miles S. of the face of which is hilly and mountainous, and the village of Fonda, and 48 W. of Albany. The soil gravelly loam, fertile in the valleys. 18 township is drained by 2 or 3 small streams flowmiles N. from Monticello, and 114 S. W. from ing into the Mohawk River, which forms its N. Albany. boundary. The soil is a fertile loam, resting on Rockland Lake, N. Y., Rockland co. The lake slate and limestone formation. is 5 miles in circumference, abounds in fish, and Mitchell's Cavern is a remarkable cave in the furnishes the finest ice for New York market. rocky cliffs near the river, first explored in 1821. Rockport, Ia., c. h. Spencer co. On a high 14 apartments, it is said, have been visited, some as bluff on the N. W. bank of Ohio River. 162 deep as 500 feet beneath the surface; the ceilings, miles S. S. W. from Indianapolis. walls, and floors of which are ornamented with Rockport, Ms., Essex co. This was a part of stalactites, stalagmites, and various incrustations. the town of Gloucester until its incorporation in On the Plattekill, a small stream which runs N. 1840, when it received the appropriate name of into the Mohawk, there is a waterfall with a perRockport. It comprises all the seaward portion pendicular descent of 50 feet. About a mile above of the extremity of Cape Ann, with its islands, this fall a vein of lead ore, found at the bottom and that part of Gloucester long known as Sandy of the creek, has been wrought to some extent by Bay. There are two pleasant villages in the a company incorporated for the purpose. town, Sandy Bay and Pigeon Cove, about a mile Roscoe, 0., Coshocton co. Situated on the Ohio apart; at the latter village are inexhaustible Canal, at the junction of the Wallonding and quarries of excellent granite. Artificial harbors Tuscarawas Rivers, which unite to form the Mus. have been constructed at both villages. Although kingum, opposite to Coshocton, the county seat, the town derives its name from the character of with which it is united by a bridge crossing both its shores and surface, it contains many large rivers just above their junction. It is 83 miles N. tracts'of clear land. This town is a resort for E. from Columbus, and 30 N. from Zanesville. many strangers during the summer months, who The Walhonding Canal, which extends to Roch 552 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ester, a distance of 25 miles, unites with the Ohio bounded N. by Davie co., E. by Davidson, S. by Canal at this place. Roscoe is therefore a great Stanley'and Cabarus, and W. by Iredell co. depot for wheat and other merchandise on these Watered by Yadkin River. Soil fertile. canals and rivers. In times of high water, steam- Rowe, Ms., Franklin co. This is a mountainboats occasionally run up to this point on the ous town, with some arable land; but the lands Muskingum. Roscoe, by its position on the ca- generally are best adapted to pasturage. Deernals, at an elevation of 40 feet above the level of field River passes its western border. The ruins the Muskingum, possesses excellent facilities for of Fort Pelham are situated in the centre of the being made a great manufacturing place. There town, on Pelham Brook, a small stream, being are at present flouring mills, saw mills, and other the only one passing through the town. Rowe establishments of less note, but occupying only has a neat village near the centre of the town, a small part of the privilege which might here be about 22 miles W. N. W. from Grcenfield, and made available. 112 W. N. W. from Boston. This town was first laid out in 1816, by James Rowley, Ms., Essex co. This town was first Calder, and went under the name of Caldersburg, settled by a party of industrious and pious peruntil, an additional territory having been united sons from Yorkshire, England, in 1638. They with it, it was called Roscoe, from the English erected the first fulling mill in New England, author of that name. From its natural situation and manufactured the first cloth in North Amerthis is a very healthful and beautiful place. From ica. There are a great variety of soils in this the hills back of the town a fine view is presented town; a large part is salt meadow, and the resiof the rivers and their valleys, above and below, due is fertile and productive. It comprises a which are here united. part of Plum Island, and large tracts of woodRose, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by several land. It is watered by Rowley River, which, besmall streams flowing N.into Lake Ontario. Sur- fore its junction with Plum Island Sound, forms a face undulating; soil gravelly loam. 7 miles N. harbor for vessels of moderate draught of water, from Lyons, and 181 W. from Albany. where many vessels have been built. By the Rosendale, N. Y., Ulster co. On the Rondout Eastern Railroad, which passes through the town. Creek, near the line of the Delaware and Hudson Rowley lies 29 miles N. from Boston. Canal, about 55 miles S. from Albany, and 90 N. Roxboro', N. C., c. h. Person co. from New York. It is 6 miles W. from Kings- Roxbury, Ct., Litchfield co. Roxburv was ton. There is a very large water power at this taken from Woodbury, and incorporated in 1801. place not yet occupied to any great extent. The The town is diversified with hills and vales. The best hydraulic cement is found here, and manu- soil is a gravelly loam, interspersed with some factured in large quantities. small tracts of sandy loam. It is watered by the Near the high falls of the Rondout, about 2 Shepaug, a branch of the Housatonic. In digmiles below this place, is a mineral spring of con- ging for silver, a species of iron ore, called steel siderable celebrity. 53 out of 84 parts of its ore, was discovered. 32 miles N. W from New solid contents consist of chloride of sodium. Haven. The others are lime and magnesia, in various Roxbury, Me., Oxford co. The surface of this combinations. Of the gaseous contents, 12 cubic town is elevated, and well timbered, with some inches are sulphuretted hydrogen, and 14 carbonic good soil. Roxbury is watered by a branch of acid. Androscoggin River. It lies 30 miles N. from Rotterdam, N. Y., Schenectady co. Bounded Paris, and is bounded S. by Rumford. Incorpoon the N. by the Mohawk River. Has a rolling rated 1835. surface and a fertile soil, composed of sandy loam Roxbury, Ms., Norfolk co. This beautiful and and alluvion. 4 miles W. from Schenectady, and rapidly-growing city is closely connected with 18 N. W. from Albany. Boston on the S. by " Boston Neck," so called, Rouse's Point, Champlain, Clinton co. On the over which there are now three broad and pleasW. side,of Lake Champlain. 51 miles N. from ant avenues. The distance between the two Burlington, and 205 N. from Albany. It is about cities, centrally, is about 3 miles. This town half a mile S. of Canada line. At this point the and the town of Boston were both incorporated great railroad route between Boston and Ogdens- the same year, 1630. Roxbury received a city burg crosses the lake. It was a small place, charter in 1846. Population il 1790, 2226; 1800, possessing no special interest until the railroad 2765; 1810, 3669; 1820, 4135; 1830,5247; 1840, was located here. This has made it an impor- 9089; 1850, 18,373. tant landing-place for the boats on Lake Cham- The natural surface upon which much of this plain, and a great depot and place of exchange city is built is rocky and uneven; and a great for merchandise and produce. The distance from degree of taste and skill has been displayed here, this place by railroad to Boston is 292 miles; to both in horticultural and architectural embellishOgdensburg, 118 miles; to New York, by steam ments, for which the " highlands " in the S. part communication, about 350 miles; and to Mont- of the city, especially, furnish a beautiful advanreal, 48. tage. Many parts of Roxbury, which, until reA short distance N. of this place, the United cently, were improved as farms or rural walks, States, soon after the war of 1812, commenced are now covered with wide streets and beautiful the construction of a strong fortification, to guard buildings. Several of the church edifices in the entrance to the lake from the Canada waters. Roxbury, being located on elevated positions, But after having expended about $400,000, it make a beautiful appearance. was found that the site so. advantageously se- The first hourly coach in this part of the counlected was within the Canada line, and the work try commenced running between Boston and was abandoned. The spot has since, however, Roxbury in 1827. There are now a large numbeen ceded to the United States, and this fine forti- ber continually running between the two cities, fication may, at some future period, be completed. and the number of passages back and forth Rowan County, N. C., c. h. at Salisbury. It is amounts to nearly a million annually. IN THE UNITED STATES. 553 The natural alliance which subsists between House in Boston, this beautiful city, together Boston and Roxbury, their close connection by with the cities of Charlestown and Cambridge,wide and beautiful avenues, the crowded state involved and blended as they are with Boston, of one city, and the romantic beauties of the from which they are in no part more than 5 miles other, can leave no doubt on the mind of an distant, and from which no other lines of separaobserver of the rapid increase of Boston, that tion can be distinguished than such as are made Roxbury, with its crystal springs and admirable by the Charles Rivet and the several bridges sites for building, will soon become the location and avenues running from one city to another, — of no inconsiderable portion of the wealth and seem all to be one great city; as in fact, from fashion of the metropolis. their relations of intercourse and commerce, as There are in Roxbury, yet to be observed, well as their proximity, they virtually are, as some memorials of the revolutionary scenes, truly as the city and liberties of Philadelphia. especially on one of the crowning eminences of Roxbury, N. H., Cheshire co. The N. branch the highlands, surrounded by some of the most of Ashuelot River forms the boundary between beautiful cottages and ornamental gardens in this town and Keene. Roaring Brook waters that section of the city, where are to be seen, in a the S. part, and empties into the Ashuelot at the very perfect state of preservation, the breastwork S. W. corner. On the E. side is Roaring Brook and intrenchbments of a large military fortress Pond, at the outlet of which are mills. Roxbury constructed at that period. presents a rough and uneven surface, rising into A little distance back from the city, on the considerable swells, affording excellent grazing Dedham Turnpike, is situated the beautiful land. This town was formed of a part of Nelson, rural cemetery called the Forest Hills Cemetery. Marlboro', and Keene, and is the native place of The enclosure includes an area of about 70 acres, Joseph Ames, Esq., a celebrated artist and pore a large portion of which is covered with trees, trait painter to the pope of Rome. 5 miles E. shrubs, herbaceous plants, and flowers, embracing from Keene, and 50 S. W. from Concord. almost every variety indigenous-to New Eng- Roxbuary, N. J., Morris co. Bounded E. by land. The grounds are diversified in a very Black River, and contains Budd's Pond, a sheet picturesque manner, by hills, valleys, glades, pre- of water 2 miles long and 1 broad, the waters of cipitous cliffs, masses of moss-grown rocks, dells, which flow into the S. branch of Raritan River. and lakes. When the gradings are entirely com- The surface is mostly covered by Schooley's pleted, there will be nearly 5 miles of avenues Mountain, and the soil is a mixture of clay and calfor carriages and 3 of footpaths. An Egyptian careous loam. 14 miles N. W. from Morristown. gateway ornaments the entrance, which is copied Roxbury, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by the from the ancient portico at Garsery, above the Papacton branch of the Delaware River. Surface first cataract of the Nile. A range of four emi- hilly and mountainous; soil good sandy loam, nences in the south-western portion of this beau- very fertile in the valleys. 20 miles E. from tiful ground has been designated as the "Eliot Delhi, and 63 S. W. from Albany. Hills," to commemorate the name and pious Roxbury, Pa., Philadelphia co. On the Schuyllabors of the Rev. John Eliot, the venerated kill River. Surface rough and hilly, the N. W. "4 apostle of the Indians," who was pastor of the portions containing soapstone; soil clay and loam. first church in Roxbury, from 1632, for a period Roxbury, Vt., Washington co. Roxbury is of nearly 60 years. Mr. Eliot was remarkable situated on the height of land between Winooski for his indefatigable labors and charities. He and White Rivers, and has consequently no imbibed the true spirit of the gospel, and his large streams. The surface is uneven, but the heart was touched with the wretched condition soil is well adapted to the production of grass, of the Indians. IHe learned their language, and in general yields good crops of grain. The preached to them in it, and translated the entire timber is mostly hard wood. Iron ore is found Scriptures into it. This would seem the business in the south-eastern part. There is a small vilof a life, when we consider, for example, that the lage in the N. E. corner, on a principal branch of sense of the expression " Kneeling down to him," Dog River. The settlement was commenced in is conveyed in the Indian language by the com- 1789, by Christopher Huntington. 15 miles S. pound word Wutappessttukqussunnoowehtunkquoh. W. from Montpelier. A large eminence in the Forest Hills Ceme- Royalston, Ms., Worcester co. This town was tery bears the name of the most honored of the first settled in 1754, and named for Colonel Isaac native-born sons of Roxbury - General War- Royal, one of its proprietors. The land in this ren, who fell on Bunker Hill, bravely contend- town consists generally of hills and valleys, and iag for the liberties of his country, on the 17th the soil is excellent, being suitable for tillage or of June, 1776. He was the first officer of rank grazing. It is watered by Miller's River and its who fell in this eventful conflict. tributary streams, upon which is much good The business and wealth of Roxbury are inti- meadow. Several small streams, one of which mately connected with the port of Boston; in- has upon it a perpendicular fall of 20 feet, and deed, its entire interests, in this point of view, are descends 100 feet in 40 rods, unite and form hardly capable of being considered as separate Tully River, which pours into Miller's River from those of the metropolis. It has, however, a great quantity of water. These various streams considerable trade of its own, and its manufactures afford a number of good mill sites. There is a are various and extensive. These consist of car- handsome village near the centre of the town, and peting; of worsted and silk fringe and tassels; 2 ponds well stocked with fish. Although these of leather; of iron castings; steam engines and ponds are within half a mile of each other, Yet boilers; fire engines; cordage; paints; sheet they vary in height 150 feet. 35 miles N. W. lead; white lead and chemical preparations; fiom Worcester, and 65 W. N. W. from Boston. shoes; hats; cabinet ware; and a great variety The Boston and Vermont Railroad passes of other articles. through Athol, 7 miles S. from the centre of When viewed from the dome of the State this town. 70 554 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Royalton, N. Y., Niagara co. Bounded on the waters this town, the surface of which is undnS. by Tonawanda Creek. It has an undulating lating, and the soil very favorable to the growth surface and productive soil. 8 miles E. from of grass. 15 miles N. W. from Angelica, and 270 Lockport, and 269 W. from Albany. W. from Albany. Royalton, Vt., Windsor co. The surface is Rushville, Ia.. c. h. Rush co. On Big Flat somewhat broken and hilly, but the soil is good, Rock Creek. 40 miles E. S. E. fiom Indianparticularly along White River and its branches, apolis. where it is of a superior quality. White River Russell County, Aa., c. h. at Crawford. Bounded runs through the town, and receives here its first N. by Chambers co., E. by the Chattahoochee and second branches. Royalton village is pleas- River, separating it from Georgia, S. by Barbour antly situated near the centre of the town, on the co., and W. by Macon co. Drained by branches bank of White River. The first permanent set- of the Chattahoochee. tlement was made in 1771, by Mr. Robert Ha- Russell County, Ky., c. h. at Jamestown. Boundvens, who this year moved his family into the ed N. E. by Casey and Pulaski counties, S. E. by town. 30 miles S. from Montpelier, and 25 N. the Cumberland River, separating it from Wayne N. W. from Windsor. The Central Railroad co., S. W. by Clinton and Cumberland, and N. passes through this town. W. by Adair co. Drained by Cumberland River, Rumford, Me., Oxford co. On the N. W. bankl and its tributaries, Wolf and Fish Creeks. of the Androscoggin, with a good water power. Russell, Ms., Hampden co. This town was 51 miles W. N. W. from Augusta. formerly the N. W. part of Westfield, and the S. Rumney, N. H., Grafton co., is watered by W. part of Montgomery. This is a mountainous Baker's River, and a branch of it called Stinson's township, full of wild and romantic scenery,havBrook, which flows from Stinson's Pond. The ing Westfield River passing rapidly through it. pond is 400 rods long and 280 wide. Part of The surface is more pleasant to the spectator Loon Pond is on the E. line of this town. The than to the cultivator; yet the high lands afford principal elevations are Stinson's, Webber's, and excellent grazing, and along the valleys are tracts Carr's Mountains i the latter here obtains the of fertile meadow. Russell possesses an immense name of Rattlesnake Mountain, on its N. W. water power, with an abundance of wood and border. David Stinson was killed here by a stone and other building materials, and all withparty of Indians, and his name was given to a in 6 hours' ride of Boston. The Western Railmountain, pond, and brook. There is much road passes through the town. 18 miles W. N. good land here, and the passage of the Concord W. from Springfield, and 118 W. by S. from and Montreal Railroad through it will add much Boston. to its value. There is a great variety of splendid Russell, N. Y., St. Lawrence co. Watered by scenery here. First settlers, Captain Jotham Grass River. Surface rather uneven; soil sandy Cummings, Moses Smart, Daniel Brainard, and clay loam, suitable for grazing. 10 miles S. James Heath, and others, in 1765. 8 miles N. from Canton, and 203 N. W. from Albany. N. W. from Plymouth, and 51 N. by W. from Russell County, Va., c.h. at Lebanon. Bounded Concord. N. W. by Tazewell co., S. E. by Wiashington, S. Rupert, Vt., Bennington co. A part of this W. by Scott co., and N. W. by Kentucky. W&township is mountainous, but the soil is generally tered by Clinch River and the sources of the W. good for grazing. Rupert is watered by Paulet fork of Sandy River. Surface mostly rough and River and a branch of the Battenkill, on which mountainous. streams are mills of various kinds. The settle- Russellville, Aa., c. h. Franklin co. On Cedar ment of this town was commenced in 1767. 78 Creek, a branch of Bear Creek. 111 miles N. by miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 25 N. from W. from Tuscaloosa. Bennington. Russellville, Ky., c. h. Logan co. Between Ruscumb Manor, Pa., Berks co. Bounded N. Green and Cumberland Rivers, about 35 miles and N. W. by Maiden Creek. Surface hilly; from each. 172 miles S. W. from Frankfort. soil rather poor. Russia, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by West Rush County, Ia., c. h. at Rushville. Incorpo- Canada Creek. Surface elevated and hilly; soil rated in 1821. Bounded N. by Henry, E. by sandy loam and clay, well suited to grass. 1i Fayette and Franklin, S. by Decatur, and W. m.N. from Herkimer, and 94 N. W. from Albany. by Shelby and Hancock counties. Watered by Rutherford County, N. C., c. h. at RutherfordBig and Little Blue Rivers, and Big and Little ton, Bounded N. by McDowell co., E. by CleaveFlat Rock Creeks. Surface undulating; soil land co., S. by South Carolina, and W. by Hens fertile. derson and Buncombe counties. Drained by the Rush, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by Honeoye head branches of Broad River. Soil much Creek, a branch of the Genesee River, which diversified. bounds it on the W. Surface undulating; soil Rutherford County, Te., c. h. at Murfreesboro.' fertile, and well adapted to grain. 12 miles S. Bounded N. and N. E. by Davidson and Wilson from Rochester, and 229 W. from Albany. counties, E. by Cannon, S. by Bedford, and W. Rush, Pa., Dauphin co. Surface mountainous; by Williamson co. Drained by Stone's River and soil sterile. Situated 20 miles N. E. from Har- other branches of the Cumberland. Soil very risburg. fertile. Rush, Pa., Northumberland co. This is a hilly Rutland, Ms., Worcester co., was bought of the and mountainous town. Indians, in 1686, for ~23. Its Indian name was Rush, Pa., Susquehanna co. Watered by Wy- Naqneag. This town is situated on the height alusing, Lake, and Deer Lick Creeks. Surface of land between the sea and Connecticut River, hilly; soil gravelly loam. and is hilly and very uneven. It has no large Rush County, Ts., c. h. at Henderson. E. part. stream, but is watered by a branch of Waro Between the Upper Sabine and Upper Neches. River, which affords power for several mills. Rushford, N. Y., Alleghany co. Cold Creek This is a good grazing township. There is fine IN THE UNITED STATES. 555 fishing at Mustapaug and Long Ponds. About ed on the W. bank of Connecticut River, opposite half a mile E. of the meeting house is a spring, to Bath, N. H. Ryegate is watered by Wells the waters of which soon divide, part runs to the River, some smaller streams, and several ponds. Merrimac and part to Connecticut River. In the There is not much intervale land on the river, central part of the town is a pleasant village, but the soil is generally rich. Ryegate was first which lies 13 miles N. W. from Worcester, and settled by emigrants from Scotland, in the year 50 W. by N. from Boston. 1774. 15 miles S. from Danville, and 40 S. E. Rutland, N. Y., Jefferson co.'Black River and from Montpelier. Sandy Creek water this town. Surface undulating; soil fertile loam, based upon limestone. In Sabine, Parish, La., c. h. at Murray. On the W. this vicinity are many interesting remains of border, middle. Watered by the Sabine and Indian fortifications. 6 miles E. from Watertown, confluents. and 154 N. W. from Albany. Sabine County, Ts., c. h. at Milam. On the Rutland, Pa., Tioga co. This is a hilly town, E. border, middle. with a gravelly soil. 151 miles N. from Harrisburg. Saccarappa, Me., in Westbrook, Cumberland Rutland County, Vt., c. h. at Rutland. This co. On the Presumpscot River, which affords county is bounded N. by Addison co., E. by extensive hydraulic power at this place. N. from Windsor co., S. by Bennington co., and W. by the Portland 4 miles, and S. W. from Augusta 56. state of New York. The principal streams are Sackett's Harbor, N. Y., Jefferson co. On Otter Creek, Black, White, Queechy, and Paulet Black River Bay, near the foot of Lake OnRivers. There is some fine land in this county, tario, about 12 miles from the lake, and 185 along Otter Creek, but a large portion of it is N. W. from Albany. This place has the best elevated, and some parts mountainous. The soil harbor on the lake, which is improved for ship is generally warm,.and well suited for grazing. building and as a naval depot. The progress of Excellent iron ore is found at the base of the the settlement was very much accelerated during mountains, and a range of marble quarries extends the war of 1812, during which it became an imthe whole length of the county, from N. to S. portant military position. The United States This marble is of the very best quality. have erected here three extensive stone barracks, Iutland, Vt., c. h. Rutland co. The prin- a military hospital, &c., affording accommocipal stream is Otter Creek. Tributary to this dations for 2000 troops. The New Orleans, a are West River and East Creek. In addi- 110 gun ship, commenced during the war, retion to these, there are 2 other streams of less mains upon the stocks, under a large building on magnitude, flowing in above East Creek, on the Rocky Island. The place has considerable trade right bank. Near the N. W. corner of the town by the lake and the River St. Lawrence. A good another stream, called Castleton River, enters. water power has been createdl by a canal brought On all of these streams are convenient sites for from the Black River, a distance of about 12 mills. The soil of Rutland presents all the vari- miles, to the village. The fall thus obtained is eties from heavy loam to a light sand. Some about 30 feet. This work was executed by the minerals are found here, and in the W. part citizens, at a cost of about $25,000, and is only several quarries of very beautiful white and partially improved, as yet, for saw mills, grist clouded marble have been opened. Rutland is mills, and other manufacturing and mechanical divided into two parishes, denominated East and operations. After the war, the business of SackWest Parish. Rutland Village, situated in the ett's Harbor declined for a time, but it now parEast Parish, is the most important place. In the takes of the general prosperity of the country. West Parish are two small villages, called West Saco, Me., port of entry, York co. Situated on Rutland and Gookkin's Falls. The village of the E. side of Saco River. 71 miles S. S. W. from Rutland was incorporated in 1847. This town Augusta, and 15 S. W. from Portland. The Saco was chartered in 1761. Through this town, during River terminates its fantastic course at this place the revolutionary war, was the only military road by a fall, within a short distance, of 42 feet, and from Charlestown, N. H., to Ticonderoga and mingling with tide water. The water power creCrown Point, on Lake Champlain. 50 miles S. ated by these falls is very extensive; and Saco W. from Montpelier. A railroad from Boston to enjoys the rare advantage of possessing a great Burlington passes through this town. There hydraulic power, united with facilities for naviga is also a railroad to Whitehall and Troy, N. tion close at hand. These fine privileges are exY.; to Burlington, 73 miles; to Troy, 85. tensively improved, and are capable of further Rutledge, Mo., c. h. McDonald co. development to an almnost unlimited extent. 9 Rutledqe, Te., c. h. Granger co. large cotton mills have been erected here, 1 Rye, N. H., Rockingham co., is pleasantly situ- woollen mill, a large number of saw mills, with ated on the sea-coast, which here is 6 miles in ex- a variety of other mechanical establishments. tent, being nearly one third of the coast in the The advantages of this place for profitably carrystate. On the shore are 3 pleasant beaches, Sandy, ing on manufacturing operations are considered Jenness, and Wallis. There is here a small as equal to those of any other place in New harbor, near Goss's Mill, into which vessels of 70 England. or 80 tons'burden may enter at high water. The From the mouth of the river a fine beach. boat fishery is carried on to considerable advan- called Old Orchard Beach, extends about 5 miles tage. Breakfast Hill, between this town and to the E., which is a place of considerable resort Greenland, is distinguished as the place where a for summer recreations. Another beach, of less party of Indians were surprised at breakfast, at extent, connects Fletcher's Neck with the main the time of their incursion, in 1696. Rye was taken land, and has a house of entertainment at a place from Portsmouth, Greenland, Hampton, and New called the Pool. Saco contains many handsome Castle, chiefly the latter. 6 miles S. from Ports- buildings, and the scenery around it is pleasant. mouth, and 50 S. E. from Concord. There are 5 or 6 churches, some of which have Ryegate,Vt., Caledonia co. This town is situat- handsome houses of worship. 556 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., The villages of Saco and Biddeford are so Sadsbury, Pa., Crawford co. situated on both sides of the river, connected by Sadsbury, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded E. by bridges, and united by their business relations, Octara Creek, which affords hydraulic power. that they can hardly be considered otherwise than Surface hilly and undulating; soil clay and calas one place. Some of the mills and meeting careous loam. 16 miles S. W. from Lancaster. houses above mentioned are on the Biddeford Sagadahock, Me. The ancient name of a seeside, and the whole appears as one extended tion of country, at and E. of the mouth of Kencluster of buildings. nebec River. The Eastern and the Boston and Maine Rail- Sag Harbor, N. Y., Suffolk co. This incorporoads having united before reaching this place, rated village is situated on a body of water of pass through Saco, and connect it with all the the same name, an inlet from Gardiner's Bay. great routes of railroad communication. It lies partly in the town of East Hampton, and Sacramento County, Ca., c. h. at Sacramento partly in South Hampton, at the eastern extremCity. On the E. side of the Sacramento, between ity of Long Island, on the S. shore of Gardiner's American River and the Moquelumne. Bay. It has a population of about 3000. The Sacramento City, Ca., c. h. Sacramento co. whale fishery is carried on to a considerable exThis town, the second in California, is situated on tent, there being engaged in it from this port, in the E. bank of the Sacramento River, at the 1851, 4434 tons of shipping. The whole tonnage junction of the American Fork, on the S. bank of of the district was 12,808 tons. 110 miles RE that stream. The Sacramento, which is a fine from New York, and 34 from Riverhead, the river, varying from 200 to 300 yards in breadth, nearest point on the Long Island Railroad.' its banks fringed with trees, is navigable to this Saginaw County, Mn., c. h. at Saginaw. point at all seasons. The distance from San Bounded N. by Midland co. and Saginaw Bay. FI Francisco is about 120 miles. The plan of Sac- by Tuscola co., S. by Genesee and Shiawassee, ramento is very simple. The town plot embraces and W. by Gratiot co. Drained by Saginaw Riva square of about a mile and a half to the side, er and branches. The surface is level or slightly on a level plain of great extent, and but slightly uneven; the soil a fertile sandy loam underlaid elevated above the river. It is laid out in regu- with clay. Limestone and gypsum are found in lar right angles, the streets running E. and W., the N. W. part. being designated by the letters of the alphabet, Saginaw, Mn., c. h. Saginaw co. Pleasand those running N. and S. by the numerals. antly situated on Saginaw River, about 23 miles In April, 1849, there were 4 houses in the place. from its mouth, and at an elevation of 30 feet Within six months it boasted a population, in above the river. 97 miles N. by W. from Detroit. tents and frame houses, of near. 10,000. The St. Albans, Me., Somerset co. A good townoriginal forest trees, still standing in all parts of ship. 46 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. ~the town, give it a very picturesque appearance. St. Albans, Vt., c. h. Franklin co. This handMany of the streets are lined with oaks and syca- some village,'3 miles from Lake Champlain, and mores, six feet in diameter. 12 from the Canada line, is built on elevated Though Sacramento has not suffered, like San ground, and commands a fine prospect. The Francisco, by fires, the low level of the plain on soil is fertile, and, besides the lake navigation, which it stands has exposed it' to disastrous the town enjoys railroad communication with floods, which have made it necessary to enclose Burlington, Montreal, and Ogdensburg. the entire circuit of the city with a levee or dike. St. Augustine, Fa. City, port of entry, and The position of Sacramento makes it the grand seat of justice of St. John's co. 200 miles E. by depot for the supply of all the northern mines. S. from Tallahassee, and on the Atlantic coast, It is also the point to which the overland emigra- about 30 miles S. of the mouth of the St. John's tion is directed. The banks of the river in this River. The city stands back about 2 miles from vicinity furnish one of the best farming regions the coast on the side of a peninsula, and is in California, though the crops on the low lands shielded from the force of the main ocean by are exposed to great ravages from the periodical Anastasia Island, which lies before it, but is so floods. These advantages of situation are such low and narrow as not to intercept the sea as to make it certain that Sacramento will main- breezes. The site of St. Augustine is itself low, tain its position, as being, next after San Francis- being not over 12 feet above the level of the co,thefirst city in the state. It has regulardaily ocean; and the soil is rich in calcareous and steamboat communication with San Francisco. vegetable deposits. The climate here is reckoned The gold diggings commence about 30 miles E. equally mild and grateful with that of Italy or from Sacramento, at the entrance of the hills, the south of France. There are only one or two which rise rapidly to the eastward, till they ter- months in the year when frosts are ever experiminate in the high ridge of the Sierra Nevada. enced, and the winters are sometimes passed en The gold was first discovered on the S. fork of tirely without them. In the summer, too, the althe American River, about 50 miles from Sac- ternation of sea and land breezes both tempers ramento, and all that neighborhood is still much the heats by day and renders the nights generally resorted to by miners. cool and pleasant. This is, therefore, a favorite Saddle River, N. J., Bergen co. Bounded E. by resort for invalids seeking to avoid the more vaSaddle and S. by Passaic River, and is drained by riable and rugged climate of the north. Singac, Krokaevall, Preakness, Goffle, and Acker- The city lies in the form of a parallelogram, man's Brooks. Surface level on the E., but else- one mile long and three fourths of a mile wide, where mountainous; soil fertile in the valleys, fronting E. on Matanzas Sound, which spreads a being composed of red shale and loam. 8 miles half a mile before it, forming a harbor, protected N. W. from Hackensacktown. by Anastasia Island, of large capacity and of Sadsbury, Pa., Chester co. This town lies on perfect security. Not more than one half the the W. side of Brandywine River, between West extent of the city is compactly built, and much Caln and East Fallonfield. of this has an antiquated and dilapidated appear IN THE UNITED STATES. 557 ance. St. Augustine, indeed, is the oldest city in co., and W. by Lapeer co. Drained by Pine, the United States, having been settled by the Black, and Belle Rivers. Surface undulating, Spaniards 43 years earlier than Jamestown. in soil productive. Virginia, by the English. The streets are gen- St. Clair County, Mo., c. h. at Osceola. Bounded erally very narrow, some not more than 10 feet N. by Henry co., E. by Benton and Hickory, S. by wide, and the principal ones not more than 15 to Polk and Cedar, and W. by Bates co. Drained 18 feet in width, and sometimes very crooked. The by Osage River and its tributaries. houses are on a line with the street, and are gen- St. Clair, Pa., Alleghany co. A township erally two stories high, with the second story pro- opposite Pittsburg, on the Monongahela and Ohio jecting over the first. The first story is usually Rivers, and between Chartier and Street's Creeks. built of stone, covered with stucco, whilst the St. Clair, Pa., Bedford co. A township situated second is of wood. In the eastern part is a fine on Dunning's Creek. 6 miles N. from Bedford. large square. opening from the sound, on three St. Clairsville, 0., c. h. Belmont co. Finely sides of which are the Court House, a splendid situated 116 miles E. from Columbus. 11 miles Roman Catholic Church, an Episcopal Church, W. from Wheeling. a neat Gothic edifice, and several elegant resi. St.Croix County,Wn., c. h. at St. Croix. Bounded dences. In front of the harbor is a fine market N. by Lake Superior, N. E. by Montreal River, place. The city is embosomed in orange, lemon, separating it from Michigan, E. by Crawford co, olive, and palm trees, which grow here in great and S. and W. by Mississippi, St. Croix, and St. perfection, and which give to the place a rural Louis Rivers, separating it from Minnesota terrirather than a commercial appearance. tory. Drained by Rum, St. Francis, and some About one half of the population of St. Au- other rivers. gustine is made up of Spanish, French, and other St. Francis County, As., c. h. at Mount Vernon. nations. Since the cession of Florida to the United Bounded N. by Jackson and Poinsett counties, E. States, however, the foreign population is fast be- by the St. Francis River, separating it from Critcoming Americanized. The old Spanish castle tenden co., S. by Phillips and Monroe counties, of St. Mark, now called Fort Marion, is quite an and W. by the White River, separating it from object of curiosity. It was built for the defence White and Pulaski counties. Drained by Cache of the harbor, and completed about a hundred and Languille Rivers. years ago. There are in it a number of Spanish St. Francis County, Mo., c. h. at Farmington. guns, mortars, and howitzers, which came into Bounded N. by Jefferson co., E. by St. Genevieve possession of our government with the fort, one and Perry, S. by Madison, and W. by Washingof which bears the date of 1735. ton co. D)rained by St. Francis, Big, and EstabSt. Bernard Parish, La. Bounded N. W. by lishment Rivers. Surface hilly, containing iron Lake Borgne, N. and E. by the Gulf of Mexico, ore; soil fertile. S. by Black Bay, and W. by Plaquemine parish. St. Francisville, La., c. h. West Feliciana Surface level; soil, where it is sufficiently elevat- parish, on Bayou Sarah. 1 mile from the E. bank ed for cultivation, very fertile. Productions, su- of Mississippi River, and 160 miles above New gar and coffee! Orleans. By the bayou it communicates with St. Charles Parish, La. Lake Maurepas, Pass the Mississippi. Many boats stop here, and great of Manchac, and Lake Pontchartrain bound this quantities of corn are shipped for market. place on the N., the parish of' St. Bernard on the St. Genevieve County, Mo., c. h. at St. Gene, E., and the parish of St. John Baptist on the W. vieve. On the Mississippi, nearly opposite the (For general features, soil, and staples, see St. mouth of the Kaskaskia. Bernard.) This parish is situated 50 miles above St. Genevieve, Mo., c. h. St. Genevieve co. New Orleans, on the Mississippi River. On Gabourie Creek, about 1 mile from the W. St. Charles County, Mo., c. h. at St. Charles. bank of Mississippi River. 61 miles S. by E. This county is bounded N. and N. E. by the Mis- firom St. Louis, and 190 E. S. E. from Jefferson sissippi and Cuivre Rivers, S. E. by Missouri City. The creek is sometimes boatable. A fertile River, and W. by Montgomery co. It occupies prairie of 6000 acres lies below the village, which the peninsula between the Mississippi and Mis- is enclosed and occupied in common. The popue souri, above their junction. lation is mostly French. St. Charles, Mo., c. h. St. Charles co. Pleas- St. George's, De., Newcastle co. A town on the antly situated on the N. bank of the Missouri, on N. side of St. George's Creek. 10 miles S. from the first elevated land above the mouth of the Newcastle, and 9 N. from Cantwell's Bridge. River. St. Charles College is located here. St. Georgqe, Me., Lincoln co. On the S. W. (See Colleges.) 20 miles N. W. from St. Louis, point of Penobscot Bay. 57 miles S. E. from and 110 E. from Jefferson City. Augusta. St. Clair County, Aa., c. h. St. Clairsville. Shelby St. George, Vt., Chittenden co. The surface is bounds it on the S., Jefferson S. W., Blunt N. uneven, with considerable elevations. The timW., Cherokee lands N., and Casa River E. Its ber is principally maple, beech, and birch. There surface is hilly and broken, and it is drained by are no streams of consequence. A part of Sheltke Coosa and Cahaba Rivers. burne was annexed to St. George in 1848. The St. Clair County, Is., c. h. at Cahokia. The settlement was commenced here in the spring of Mississippi River bounds it on the N. W., Madison 1784, by Joshua Isham. from Colchester, Ct. The N., Washington E., Randolph S. E, and Monroe next year several others joined the settlement. S. W. The principal part of the county lies S. E. 28 miles W. by N. from Montpelier, and 8 S. I.L from St. Louis, commencing opposite that town. from Burlington. The Mississippi and Kaskaskia Rivers supply it St. Helena Parish, La., c. h. at St. Helena, with water. Lakes Pontchartrain and Maurepas and Amite St. Clair County, Mn., c. h. at St. Clair. Bound- River bound it on the S., Amite River and New ed N. by Sanillac co., E. by Lake Huron and the Feliciana W., state of Mississippi N.. and TauRiver St. Clair, S. by Lake St. Clair and Macomb gipoo River, or Washington, and St. Tammany 558 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., E. This extensive parish is mostly covered with St. Joseph's County, Ia., c. h. at South Bend. pine, with a sterile soil. It is drained by the Bounded N. by Michigan, E. by Elkhart co., S. Amite, Tickfoha, and Tangipoo Rivers. by Marshall and Stark, and W. by Laporte co. St. Helena, La., c. h. St. Helena parish. On Watered by St. Joseph's, Kankakee, and some the Tickfoha River. 35 miles N. E. by E. from other rivers, affording good hydraulic power. Baton Rouge. The surface is level, having some fine prairies on St. lnigoes, Md., St. Mary's co., lies on a small the S., and the soil fertile. bay of St. Mary's River. 53 miles S. E. from St. Joseph, La., c. h. Tensas parish. North Carolina. St. Joseph's County, Mn.. c. h. at Centreville. This St. James Parish, La. This place lies on county was incorporated in 1829, and is bounded both sides of the Mississippi, and is bounded by N. by Kalamazoo co., E. by Branch co., S. by St. John E., Amite River N., Ascension W., and Indiana, and W. by Cass co. Drained by St. Assumption S. W. For general features and Joseph's, Prairie, Portage, Rocky, and Pigeon staples, see St. Bernard. Rivers. Surface undulating; soil of excellent St. John's County, Fa., c. h. at St. Augustine. quality. Bounded N. by Duval co., E. by the Atlantic St. Joseph, Mn., Berrien co. This important Ocean, S. by Orange and Marion counties, and town is located on the E. border of Lake MichiW. by Alachua co. Watered by St. John's and gan, at the junction of St. Joseph and Pawpaw North Rivers. Much of the land is fertile, pro- Rivers, and 195 miles W. by S. from Detroit. ducing cotton, maize, and sugar cane, beside many St. Landre Parish, La., c. h. at Opelousas. tropical fruits. Bounded N. by Rapides and Avoyelles parishes, St. John Baptiste Parish, La., c. h. at Bonnet E. by Point Coupee, Iberville, and St. Martin's, Carre. Situated above St. Charles and St. James, S. by Lafayette and Vermilion, and W. by Calon both sides of the Mississippi River. For gen- casieu parish. The Atchafalaya Bayou runs on eral features and staples, see St. Bernard. the E., and Bayou Nez Pique on the W. boundary. St..Johnsbury, Vt., Caledonia co. The Passump- It is also watered by Teche and Vermilion Rivsic River runs through this town, and receives, ers. The surface and soil are diversified. just below the plain, the Moose River from the St. Landre, or Opelousas, La., c. h. St. Landre N. E., and Sleeper's River from the N. W. The parish. The streets are laid out at right angles. amount of available water power furnished by The country is level: pleasant and healthy. Water these streams exceeds that of any other town in is generally found only in wells; springs are rare, this part of the state, and affords facilities for man- but the water is excellent, cool, and light. St. ufacturing operations to any desirable amount. Landre is situated between two bodies of There are in this tpwn a number of handsome woods, in a prairie on a small stream, which villages. The villas called the Plain is of su- forms part of the sources of both Teche and Verperior beauty, and contains an excellent academy. milion Rivers, the Bayou Fasillice entering The soil is rich and productive; the surface un- Teche, and the other, Bayou Bourbee, forming the even and somewhat hilly, though not broken; head of Vermilion. This town is distant 3 miles and the farms are in a high state of cultivation. S. W. of its port, Bayou Carron. On the Passumpsic Railroad, 61 miles N. from St. Laworence County, N. Y., c. h..at Canton. the White River, and 37 N. E. from Montpelier. Lying in the N. W. part of the state, on the River St. Johnsbury presents a fine specimen of Yan- St. Lawrence, which separates it from Canada. kee industry and perseverance in the enterprize This county has the largest amount of territory. of the Messrs. Fairbanks, in the manufacture of by 1000 square miles than that of any other their celebrated platform scales. Although shut county in the state. The surface, for a distance up in a cold region, amid the craggy mountains of 30 or 40 miles back from the river, is agreeaof the north, and hitherto a three days' toilsome bly diversified with gentle elevations, broad valjourney to any Atlantic city, this mountain town leys, and extensive tracts of champaign. The has sent forth, throughout our whole country and soil is equally rich and productive with that of to foreign lands, articles of manufacture which any of the uplands in the state. The south-eastwould vie in workmanship and utility with any ern part of the county is mountainous, being in of those produced in Europe. part covered with the Adirondack Mountains. Until the present day, the location of our cities Most of this part of the county is but sparsely and trading towns have been selected for their settled. These mountains abound with iron ore. proximity to the ocean, or situated on some nav- The principal streams, all having a northerly igable stream. Now the great considerations are, course to the St. Lawrence, are the St. Regis, in the choice of a location, Does the place pos- Racket, Grass, Oswegatchie, and Indian Rivers. sess a good hydraulic power 2 Is it situated in a They afford some inland navigation, and a great fertile and healthy country? Does the monarch amount of water power not yet occupied. A carrier pass that way? These three things at- natural canal from 30 to 80 yards wide, and tained, St. Johnsbury, like many other places about 6 miles in length, unites the waters of the similarly situated, throws into the shade many Oswegatchie and Grass Rivers, in the town of large towns, whose sites were selected solely for Canton. This canal or creek is navigable for being situated on the banks of some shallow boats. There are several small lakes in the river, or at the head of some navigable creek. county, the largest of which is Black Lake. (See The giant power which unites the business p. 172.) Lead ore is obtained in large quantities communities of states and distant countries, as near the village of Rossie. Marble of superior it were, by magic, will take the burden of a quality is also found in abundance. The Ogship's cargo and 500 passengers from Boston to densburg Railroad passes across the northern St. Johnsbury, 170 miles, in less time than it section of this county, forming a part of a contakes the swiftest steamer to pass from Albany tinuous railroad route from Ogdensburg to Bosto New York, a distance of 145 miles, and that ton. This, with the commerce of the St. Lawin any day of any season in the year. rence, will contribute to the rapid development IN THE UNITED STATES. 559 of the rich mineral and agricultural resources of about 20 other streets ascending directly from the county. the river. N. and S. of the more compact porSt. Leonards, Md., Calvert co. On the W. side tion of the city, which is built up now about 2 o9 Chesapeake Bay, about 10 miles N. W. of miles on the river, extensive suburbs have been Drumpoint, and 55 from Annapolis. laid out on the same general plan. Front Street, St. Louis County, Mo., c. h. at St Louis. This on the river bank, is built up on the side oppocounty is bounded by Missouri River N. W., Mis- site the landing, with a range of stone ware-. sissippi E., Merrimac S., and Franklin co. W. houses, four stories high, which make an imSt. Louis, Mo. City, and seat of justice of St. posing appearance, and are the seat of a heavy Louis co. On the W. bank of the Mississippi business. The first street back of this is the River, 18 miles below the mouth of the Missouri. principal seat of the wholesaleedry goods busi130 miles E. from Jefferson City, the capital of ness. The city is generally well built, the more the state, and 1101 miles, by the course of the recent portions being chiefly of brick, which are river, N. from New Orleans. Population in 1810, made in abundance in the immediate vicinity. 1600; in 1820, 4598; in 1830, 6694; in 1840, Stone also for building is quarried from the 16,469; in 1850, 82.774. St. Louis is the cor- limestone strata on the spot. Many of the resimercial metropolis of Missouri, and was formerly dences, particularly in the upper parts of the city, the seat of government. It was first settled in are of costly and beautiful architecture, and are 1764, but during its subjection to the French and surrounded by ornamental yards and gardens. Spanish colonial governments, remained a mere Manv of the public buildings are elegant and village. The site is a most eligible one, being finely situated. The Court House stands in a elevated many feet above the floods in the Mis- public square, near the centre of the city. The sissippi, and favorable in that, as well as other City Hall is on a square reserved for the purpose respects, to the salubrity of the place. It rises at the foot of Market- Street, the basement from the river by two bottoms, or plains; the being occupied as a market. The edifice is a first, which is alluvial, being 20 feet above the splendid structure of brick. The First Presbyhighest water, and the second, which is a lime- terian Church, a large and handsome building, stone bank, ascending 40 feet higher than the occupies a beautiful site upon the high ground of first, to the level of the adjacent country, sweep- the city, where it is surrounded with ornamental ing away towards the western horizon as far as trees. The Unitarian Church is a large and tastethe eye can reach. The ascent from the river to ful building. The Roman Catholic Cathedral is the first of these terraces is somewhat abrupt; a spacious edifice, 136 feet long by 58 feet wide, but the second acclivity is more gradual, carry- with a massive Doric portico in front. The walls ing the observer into the finest part of the city, are 20 feet in height, above which rises a square from which is enjoyed a beautiful prospect of tower, to the height of 40 feet, sustaining an the river, the lower sections of the city itself, and octagonal spire, surmounted with a gilt cross. the wide surrounding country. In the steeple of this church is a chime of bells, The situation of St. Louis, in respect to its ad- the largest of which weighs 2600 pounds. The vantages for becoming a great commercial place, several religious denominations in St. Louis is unsurpassed, perhaps, by that of any other in- have as many as 15 or 16 churches. There are land city in the whole world. Being located not a number of literary and benevolent institufar from the geographical centre of the Mississippi tions, whose labors and influence are important. Valley, and almost at the very focus towards which Among these are the Orphan Asylum, under the its great navigable rivers, the Mississippi, Mis- direction of Protestant ladies, and the Roman souri, Ohio, and Illinois, converge their courses, Catholic Asylum for Orphans, conducted by the it is not to be doubted that, as the resources of Sisters of Charity. The Western Academy of this immense region are more and more largely Sciences is established here, and has an extendeveloped, this must become a mart of wealth sive museum of natural history, mineralogy, &c. and commerce scarcely inferior to any in thd Besides this, there is a museum of Indian anUnited States. Its trade already exceeds that tiquities, fossil remains, and other curious relics.'of any other place on the Mississippi, except The medical department of the University of St. New Orleans. The steamboats, which ply from Louis has a building for its laboratory and lectures this place in every direction, seem almost num- in the city. The university building itself is 4 berless. A great number of these and of all de- miles N. of the city. (See Colleges.) Within the scriptions of river craft, bound to every point on southern limits of St. Louis is the arsenal estabthe navigable waters of the Mississippi Valley, lished here by the United States; also a few are seen at all times in its harbor. This is also miles below are the Jefferson United States Bara great depot and point of departure for the racks, capable of accommodating about 700 men. American fur trade, and for the rich lead mines' St. Louis is" supplied with water by the operaof the Upper Mississippi; and here hunters, tion of a steam engine, raising it from the Mistrappers, miners, adventurers, and emigrants, sissippi into a reservoir, upon the summit of one of all characters and languages, meet in the of those ancient mounds for which this part of the prosecution of their various objects, and hence country is remarkable. Thence it is distributed scatter towards the most distant parts of the in iron pipes over the city. The streets, churches, great west. stores, and dwellings, to some extent, are lighted The city was originally laid out on the first with gas. bank, consisting of three narrow streets parallel St. Louis was first settled by a company of with the course of the river; but after its more merchants, to whom the French director general rapid growth commenced, under the auspices of of Louisiana had granted the exclusive privilege an American population, it soon extended itself of trading with the Indians on the Missouri. to the upper plain by the grading of several They built a large house and four stores here, streets back of the original plot. These are wide which in 1770 had increased to 40 houses, and a and airy, and are crossed at right angles by small French garrison for their defence. In 1780 560 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., an expedition, consisting of British and Indians, making very rapid progress. 200 or 300 houses was fitted out at Michilimackinac for the capture are to be erected the present year (1852) within of St. Louis and other places on the W. side of its corporate limits; many of them of brick or the Mississippi, which was successfully repelled stone, of large dimensions. New wharves are by the aid of an American force under General building, landings are being improved, and streets George Rogers Clark, which was providentially graded. Population is pouring into this whole encamped on the opposite side of the river. region with great rapidity, and it is certain that St. Lucie County, Fa. On the southern Atlan- St. Paul, with such advantages of location as it tic coast of the peninsula. Indian River is the possesses, must immediately become a place of only settlement. Population, 139. great importance. St. Marks, Fa.,)Vakulla co. Port of entry. 20 Besides its public buildings, which make a good miles S. from Tallahassee. On St. Marks River, appearance, and its churches, which are beginning near its confluence with the Wakulla, which to be multiplied, it has several large hotels, which rivers unite to form the Appalachee, which is are demanded by the increasing travel through navigable to this place for vessels drawing 8 feet this place. Some of the highest class were built of water. It constitutes the port of Tallahassee, more especially with a view to the entertainment with which it is connected by a railroad. Sev- of parties visiting the Falls of St. Anthony. Regeral years ago, an appropriation was made by ular steamboats run between Galena, Stillwater, Congress for improving the navigation below St. St. Paul, St. Peter's, and the falls. A boat leaves Marks, which is very crooked, and is impeded by St. Louis daily for this place. Distance 695 miles. oyster bars. It is a place of considerable busi- St. Stephen's, Aa., Washington co. On the ness. W. bank of Tombigbee River, at the head of St. Martin's Parish, La., c. h. at St. Martins- schooner navigation. 120 miles above Mobile, and ville. This parish, in Attacapas, is bounded by 149 S. by W. from Tuscaloosa. Opelousas N. W. and W., Gulf of Mexico S. W., St. Tammany Parish, La., c. h. at Madisonville. St. Mary's Parish, in Attacapas, S. E., and the Pearl River bounds this parish on the E., Lake Atchafalaya River N. E. and E. From the Gulf Borgne, the Rigolets, and Lake Pontchartrain S., of Mexico the shore rises imperceptibly into River Tangipao or St. Helena W., and the parish dry, arable, prairie land, along the Teche and of Washington N. Pearl, Borgne, Chito, ChiVermilion Rivers, and some intervening strips. functe, and Tangipao Rivers are the principal The whole is one almost undeviating plain. streams. Towards the S. the surface is level, Where the land is arable, it is highly fertile. in the northern parts undulating; soil generally The south-western, middle, and southern sections sterile, and timbered with pine.present an expanse of prairie, with the exception St. Thomas, Pa.. Franklin co. A village on of strips of woods along the margin of the streams. Black Creek, branch of Conecocheague. 9 miles Near the Atchafalaya, it is liable to annual over- W. from Chambersburg. flow. Salem, Ct. New London co. This town was St. Martinsville, La., c. h. St. Martin's parish, taken from the towns of Colchester, Lyme, and Attacapas. On the right bank of the Teche. Montville; but the principal part fiom ColchesSt. lMary's, Ga., Camden co. The position of ter, and incorporated in 1819. It comprises an this town renders it a place of considerable con- area of 6 by 5 miles of fertile and productive sequence as a commercial port, it being situated land. The inhabitants are generally good farmers, 9 miles above the mouth of St. Mary's River, on who live scattered about on their farms. Salem the left bank. A fine channel, of inland commu- is well watered by small streams, and is bounded nication, exists between this place and Darien, on the N. E. by a large and beautiful pond. 13 from which it is 80 miles S. by land. It has lost miles N. W. from New London. some of its consequence as a naval and military Salem, Is., c. h. Marion co. On the margin of station, since the accession of Florida to the Grand Prairie. 108 miles S. S. E. from Springfield. United States. S. S. E. from Milledgeville 293 Salem, Ia., c. h. Washington co. At the head miles. Its harbor is good, and vessels drawing of Blue River, 93 miles from Indianapolis. Here 21 feet of water come to its wharves. are cotton and woollen factories, oil mills, and St. Ma.ry's Parish, La., c. h. at Franklin. Bound- grist mills, moved by steam, and various other ed N. and N. E. by St. Martin's parish, E. by manufactories. 35 miles N. W. from Louisville, Terre Bonne parish, S. by Atchafalaya, Cote Ky. Blanche, and Vermilion Bays, and W. by Lafay- Salem, Ky., c. h. Livingston co. 249 miles W. ette parish. Watered by Atchafalaya Bayou, S. W. from Frankfort. Teche River, and Chetimaches Lake. Surface Salem, Me., Somerset co. This town is watered flat, and liable to inundation in the S. E. part; by a branch of Seven Mile Brook, and lies 52 soil arable and very fertile on the borders of some miles N. N. W. from Augusta, and 28 N. W. of the streams. from Norridgewock. Incorporated 1823. This St. Mary's County, Md., c. h. at Leonard. Ches- is a good farming town. apeake Bay bounds this county on the S. E., Poto- Salem, Ms. City, seaport, and one of the seats mac River S. W., Charles co. N. W., and Patux- of justice of Essex co. 14 miles N. N. E. from ent River N. E. It is situated on the peninsula Boston. Population in 1790, 7921; 1800, 9457; between the Potomac and Patuxent Rivers. 1810, 12,613; 1820, 12,731 1830, 13,886; 1840, St. Mary's, O., c. h. Anglaize co. On the Miami 15,082; 1850, 18,836. Canal. Salem is nearly surrounded by water, being St. Paul, Ma. Capital of the territory. Situ- situated between 2 inlets of the sea, called the ated on the E. bank of the Mississippi, 12 miles North and South Rivers. To the main and now below the Falls of St. Anthony, and 5 miles E. inhabited part of the town is attached a penfrom Fort Snelling, at the mouth of the St. Peter's. insular portion of land, called the Neck. This This place, like every other in this young but was the first inhabited, and was formerly used growing territory, is recent in its origin, but is for fishing and other purposes. It ultimately IN THE UNITED STATES. 561 became the property of the town, and in 1816, is enclosed, laid out in gravel walks, and bordered when the present almshouse was built, a large with noble elms. The principal public buildings, portion of it was enclosed, and has since been besides the churches, are the City Hall, the Court cultivated as the almshouse farm. House, the Custom House, a Market House, The situation of Salem is low, but pleasant and an Almshouse, and a Hospital. healthy. Its streets are quite irregular. Essex The City Hall was built in 1837. It has a is the only street which runs through the town, beautiful granite front, and is handsomely finished and is very angular and crooked. Federal and and furnished within. Bridge Streets are broad, straight, and regular. The Court House is likewise a new and beautiChestnut is esteemed the handsomest, though it is ful building, handsomely situated. not the most public street. It has rows of fine elms There are about 20 churches in Salem of the on either side. Winter and Broad Streets are the various denominations. Several of the church widest. The first pavement was made in Essex edifices have much architectural beauty. The Street, between Court and North Streets, in 1773. North Church is built of stone, with a beautiful The compact part of the city is over a mile and a front of the Gothic order. half in length, and three fourths of a mile in The Salem Athenaeum was incorporated in width, extending across the peninsula. A bridge 1810. Its library contains about 11,000 volumes, over the North River, 1481 feet long, connects and occupies a spacious hall in Lawrence Place. the city with Beverly, and with some of its own This is not only an excellent library for popular suburbs. North of this is the railroad bridge, use, but it contains an unusually large proportion which also connects with Beverly. of works of standard value. Early theological The history of Salem is identified with that of and scientific works, and the transactions of Massachusetts. Its Indian name was Naumkeag. learned societies, are more fully represented than It was first settled in 1626, by Roger Conant, in most libraries of this kind. The Essex InstiPeter Palfrey, and others, who had failed in an tute, uniting the objects of natural and civil attempt to plant themselves at Cape Ann. In history, has a library of over 2500 volumes, be1628, a cession of Massachusetts was made to Sir sides a good collection of maps, portraits, speejHenry Roswell and others, with a view to estab- mens, and relics. lish a colony there. Of this company, Matthew Among the public institutions of Salem is the Cradock was president, and in 1628, John Endicott East India Marine Society, formed, in 1799, of was sent over to reside at Salem, as the company's those who, as captains or supercargoes, have agent. The next year the first church was formed, doubled the Cape of Good Hope or Cape Horn. with Rev. Francis Higginson as its pastor, which In 1823, there were 160 of these enterprising was the first completely organized Protestant men resident in Salem. The Museum of this church formed in North America. society, consisting of the curiosities of nature and Salem has always been a commercial place. art collected from almost every part of the world, It has a convenient harbor and good anchorage. is one of the most interesting and valuable in the In point of wealth and commerce, it has always country. There are about 5000 different articles, ranked as the second town in New England. Its the history and use of which are described in the rank, the character and number of its population, catalogue. This Museum is kept in a spacious its facilities for commerce, and the advantage of hall, built for the purpose by the society, which being the chosen residence of many of the first is open daily for the reception of visitors. and most distinguished settlers, made it early and Although Salem is without any important seriously thought of as the capital, instead of water power, and has ever been mainly devoted Boston. to maritime pursuits, yet its manufacturing enThe commerce of Salem has been very much terprise has been by no means inconsiderable. extended. There is hardly any part of the world The value of its manufactures at this time is which her ships have not visited. The number probably between three and four millions of dolof vessels engaged in foreign commerce is over lars. A very extensive steam cotton mill has 100, besides a number in the whaling business. been set in operation within a few years past. This seaport has been more known for its East Salem became a city in 1836. An aqueduct India trade than any other in the United States. furnishes the city with a constant supply of soft The first ship from Salem engaged in this trade spring water. The railroad between Salem and was the Grand Turk, owned by E. H. Derby. Boston was opened in 1838, which brings it She was at the Cape of Good Hope in 1784, com- within 50 minutes of that metropolis. There manded by Captain Jonathan Ingersoll, and at is another road opened to Boston, through DanCanton in 1786, commanded by Ebenezer West. vers, going from Reading over the Boston and A model of this ship, completely rigged, is pre- Maine Railroad. On leaving the Salem station served in the Museum. In 1818, there were 53 for the E., the trains pass through a tunnel built vessels employed in this trade belonging to Salem, under Essex and Washington Streets, and thence the tonnage of which was 14,272 tons. But the over the North River. Other railroads respecEast India trade is not carried on so extensively tively connect Salem with Marblehead on the S., now as formerly from the port of Salem. Many with Cape Ann on the E., with Lawrence and of the vessels which are owned here bring their with Lowell on the N. W. cargoes into Boston and New York. Yet, in pro- The celebrated witchcraft delusion prevailed portion to its size, Salem is now one of the in Salem in 1692, during the continuance of wealthiest places in the United States. which 19 persons were condemned and hanged The city is well built, largely of wood, but as witches. The house in,which the accused partly also of brick and stone. Many of the were tried is still standing, at the corner of Essex houses are elegant, particularly on Chestnut and North Streets, and the place of their execuStreet; and likewise in the vicinity of the Comn- tion is now known, as " Gallows Hill." From this mon, which is a beautiful public ground in the now smiling eminence the most beautiful view E. part of the city, containing about 8& acres. It of the city is to be obtained. Though common71 ;562 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ly denominated " the Salem witchcraft," this un- one mile in length and three fourths of a mile in happy delusion prevailed in other places long breadth. South Bay of Lake Memphremagog before it existed here. In England laws had lies between Salem and Newport. The surface been enacted against it, as a capital offence, of this town is uneven, but not mountainous. which received the sanction of that learned and The settlement was commenced by Ephraim upright jurist Sir Matthew Hale. It was an Black, in March, 1798. The town was organized error belonging to those times, and one not a April 30, 1822. 10 miles N. E. from Irasburg, whit more strange in its character, though liable and 53 N. E. from Montpelier. to be visited with a direr punishment, than some Salford, Lower, Pa., Montgomery co. A townof the delusions of the present day. ship between Skippack Creek and the N. E. Salem was distinguished for its patriotism, and branch of Perkiomen. 10 miles N. N. WV. from especially for its naval achievements in the cause Norristown. of American independence. During the revolu- Salford, Upper, Pa., Montgomery co. A towntion, there were about 60 armed vessels fitted out ship adjacent to Lower Salford. and W. from the from Salem, manned by 4000 men; and many N. E. branch of Perkiomen. were the daring and chivalrous exploits per- Salina, N. Y., Onondaga co. 144 miles W. formed on the sea by her citizens during that from Albany. The township of this name emeventful period. braces the region around Onondaga Lake, and Among the distinguished men, in almost every the celebrated salt springs of the state of New learned profession, which Salem claims as among York. Portions of the territory upon the margin its sons, the name of Nathaniel Bowditch, LL. of the lake, where the springs exist, are reserved D., F. R. S., author of the Practical Navigator, as the property of the state. The villages of is identified with its fame and nautical achieve- Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes are all ments. The Practical Navigator has been trans- within this township, and are all places at which lated into every European language, and its use salt is extensively manufactured. The village is coextensive with maritime adventures. of Salina is situated on the E. border of the lake, Salem, N. H., Rockingham co. Policy Pond, about 1 mile N. from Syracuse. It was forpartly in this town, and partly in Windham, is merly the principal village, but is now overthe largest collection of water. World's End, shadowed by the growth of Syracuse, and has Captain, and other small ponds are also here. virtually become almost blended with it. The The Spiggot River passes through the town, and salt manufacture commenced at this place; the receives in its course numerous branches; it fur- earliest record of its being made, to any extent, nishes excellent mill privileges. The soil is being in 1787, when 10 bushels were made in a generally fertile, and the surface uneven. 40 day. The great saltspring is here,whichmainly miles S. from Concord, and about 20 S. E. from supplies the works at Liverpool and Syracuse, as Exeter. well as at Salina. The brine is six times and a Salem County, N. J., c. h. at Salem. Delaware half stronger than sea water. The water is forced Bay bounds it on the S. W. and N. W., Gloucester into an elevated reservoir, at the rate of about co. N. E., and Cumberland co. S. E. The sur- 300 gallons a minute, whence it is distributed. face is generally level, and the soil sandy, but The manufacture at this place and Liverpool is productive. carried on wholly by boiling, by which process the Salem, N. J., c. h. Salem co. This town is sit- fine salt is produced. At Syracuse and Geddes uated 3_ miles above the mouth of Salem Creek. the coarse salt is produced by solar evaporaIt has 4 churches and an academy. 34 miles S. tion. For other important statistics of this manS. E. from Philadelphia. ufacture, see Syracuse. Salem, N. Y., Washington co. A half shire town. The manufacture of flour is also carried on Watered by Black and White Creeks, branches extensively at Salina village, by a water power of the Battenkill, which bounds it on the S., and, from the Oswego Canal. There are likewise an together with other streams, affords good water extensive furnace and machine shop, and other power. Surface undulating and hilly; soil manufactures where the power employed is that sandy and clay loam. 46 miles N. W. from of steam. Albany. Saline County, As., c. h. at Benton. Bounded Salem, N. C., Stokes co. This town was plant- N. by Perry and Pulaski counties, E. by Jeffered and inhabited principally by Moravians, who son, S. by Dallas, and W. by Hot Springs co. have an academy for young ladies. It is situated Drained by Hurricane Creek, and watered on its 5 miles E. by S. from Bethania, and about 100 S. W. border by Saline River. W. by N. from Raleigh. Saline County, Is., c. h. at Raleigh. Salem, Pa., Luzerne co. A township on the Saline County, Mo., c. h. atMarshall. Bounded right bank of Susquehanna River. N. by the Missouri River, separating it from Salem, Pa., Mercer co. One of the northern Carroll and Chariton counties, E. by Howard and townships on Little Chenango Creek. Cooper, S. by Pettis, and W. by Lafayette co. Saletn, Pa., Wayne co. A town on Waullen- Drained byLa Mine River. Surface undulating; panpank Creek. 10 miles W. from Mount Maria. soil of excellent quality. Salem West, Pa., Mercer co. The northern Salines, Mo., St. Genevieve co. A village, 4 township of the county. miles below St. Genevieve. Extensive salt works Salem, Pa., Westmoreland co. A township W. are in its vicinity. from Loyalhanna River, commencing 5 miles Salisbury, Ct., Litchfield co. The Housatonic N. from Greenbury. and Salmon Rivers give this town a great and Salem, Vt., Orleans co. Clyde River runs constant water power. The surface of Salisbury through this town, and falls into Salem Pond, is formed of lofty elevations and deep valleys; which is partly in Salem and partly in Derby. but the soil is excellent for all sorts of grain and There is no other stream of consequence. There pasturage. The valleys are generally limestone. are two other ponds, and they are each about and the hills granite. IN THE UNITED STATES. 563 Salisbury Centre is a pleasant village. The few miles from this place a similar wall has been Indian name of the town was Weatog. 50 miles discovered, though of less height and thickness. W. N. W. from Hartford, and 22 N. W. from The origin of these curious antiquities is unknown. Litchfield. Salisbury, Pa., Lancaster co. This town is loSalisbury has long been celebrated for its ex- cated on the head waters of Pequea Creek, 12 cellent iron ore and iron manufactures. The miles E. from the city of Lancaster. guns for some of the oldest ships of our present Salisbury, Pa., Lehigh co. A township situated navy were made at the old furnace in Salisbury. between Sancon Creek, Little Lehigh Creek, and The Old Ore Hill, 2 miles W. of Wansco- Lehigh River. pommuc Lake, has been worked since the year Salisbury, Pa., Somerset co. A village. 20 1732. The large and inexhaustible quantities miles S. from Somerset. of iron ore found in Salisbury, and the abundant Salisbury, Vt., Addison co. Otter Creek forms supply of wood for charcoal, and other materials the western boundary of this town. The other necessary for smelting the ore, together with the streams are Middlebury and Leicester Rivers. superior quality of iron, introduced other manu- Lake Dunmore is about 4 miles long, and from factures, and iron has continued from that time half to three fourths of a mile wide, and lies partthe staple commodity of the town. ly in Salisbury and partly in Leicester. On the Salisbury, Md., Somerset co. A village lying on outlet of this pond, called Leicester River, are the N. side of Wiccomico River, near the confines several falls, which afford fine mill privileges, of Delaware. 20 miles N. W. of Snow Hill, and around which is a thriving village. The surface 33 S. by W. of Lewistown, near Cape Henlopen. is uneven, but the soil generally good. The eastSalisburq, Ms., Essex co. In 1638 this town ern part extends on to the Green Mountains. In was granted, by the name of Merrimac, to be a the western part are some fine tracts of meadow. plantation, unto Simon Bradstreet, Daniel Den- In the mountain E. of Lake Dunmore is a cavern, nison, and others. The year following it was in- thought to have been inhabited by the Indians, as corporated by the name of Colchester, and in some of their instruments have been found here. 1640 assumed, by direction of the then General The first person who came into Salisbury with a Court, the name of Salisbury. It is bounded view of settling was Amos Storey. Thomas southerly by the River Merrimac, westerly by Skeels and Abel Waterhouse were the next setPowow River, northerly by the New Hampshire tiers. The 22d day of February, 1775, the widow line, and easterly by the sea. There are two con- of Mr. Storey, and eight or ten small children, siderable villages in Salisbury; the largest is at moved into town. 34 miles S. W. from Montthe westerly part of the town, upon Powow River, pelier, and about 6 miles S. from the Rutland at the head of tide water. The village is divided Railroad depot in Middlebury. by said river into two pretty equal parts, one in Salt Lake City, Uh. See Appendix, No. 3. Salisbury, the other in Amesbury. 36 miles from Salt Sulphur Springs, Va., Monroe co. 232 Boston by the Eastern Railroad, and 2 from miles W. from Richmond. See Fashionable ReNewburyport. The other village is pleasantly sorts. situated on the bank of the Merrimac, on a point Saltsburg, Pa., Indiana co. On the E. bank of land formed by the junction of that river with of Conemaugh River. 179 miles W. N. W. the Powow, and is called Webster's Point. from Harrisburg. There are many salt works Salisbury and Amesbury are finely located for in the neighborhood. The Pennsylvania Canal business; the villages are neat, and the scenery passes through it. around them very pleasant. Salisbury Beach is Sampson County, N. C., is bounded S. E. by noted for its beauty, and is much frequented. It New Hanover, S. W. by Bladen, W. by Cumberis about 5 miles from the town. land, N. by Johnson, N. E. by Wayne, and E. by Salisbury, N. H., Merrimac co. Blackwater Duplin. It is drained by Black River branch of River passes through the W. part of Salisbury. Cape Fear River. The court house is about 55 There are 5 bridges across it in this town. On miles N. N. W. from Wilmington. the river is some very fertile intervale. The Pem- San Antonio, Ts., c. h. San Antonio co. igewasset and Concord Rivers are on the E. boun- San Augustine County, Ts., c. h. at San Augusdary. The soil of the upland is strong, deep, and tine. On the E. border of the state. loamy. A considerable portion of Kearsarge San Augustine, Ts., c. h. San Augustine co. Mountain is within Salisbury. There are 2 very Sanbornton, N. H., Belknap co. The bay bepleasant villages here, situated on the Fourth New tween Sanbornton and Meredith is 3 miles in Hampshire Turnpike, about a mile and a half width. There are no rivers or ponds of magniapart. First settlers, Philip Call, Nathaniel Me- tude in the town. Salmon Brook Pond, and a loon, Benjamin Pettengill, and John and Eben- brook of the same name, its outlet, are the only ezer Webster, in 1750. From Concord 16 miles ones worth mentioning. Sanbornton presents N. The Concord and Montreal Railroad passes an uneven surface, but contains no mountains. through the town. The soil is almost universally good. There is a Salisbury, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by East gulf here extending nearly a mile, through very Canada and some branches of West Canada Creek. hard, rocky ground, 38 feet in depth, the walls from Surface diversified with hills, mountains, and 80 to 100 feet asunder. There is also a cavern broad valleys; soil well suited to grass. 15 miles on the declivity of a hill which may be entered, N. E. from Herkimer, and 71 N. W. from Albany. in a horizontal direction, to the distance of 20 Salisbury, N. C., c. h. Rowan co. On a branch feet. On the Winnipiseogee, at the lfead of Little of the Yadkin River, 118 miles W. from Raleigh. Bay, are found the remains of an ancient fortiAn ancient stone wall has been discovered here, fication. First settlers, John Sanborn, David the top of which is about a foot beneath the sur- Duston, Andrew Rowan, and others, in 1765 and face of the ground, 12 to 14 feet high, 22 inches 1766. By the Concord'and Montreal Railroad, thick, and plastered on both sides. Its length, as this town lies 91 miles from Concord, and 8 from far as it has been traced, is about 300 yards. A Gilford. 4564 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Sanders, Ky., Grant co. A village 50 miles N. long and 200 wide. Angle Pond, in the S. E. part, N. E. from Frankfort. is 200 rods long and 90 or 100 wide. There are Sandersville, Ga., Washington co. This village several other smaller ponds. Squamscot River is the seat of justice, and lies 30 miles S. E. from flows from Phillips's Pond, and pursues a nearly Milledgeville. level course for 1 miles, where another stream Sanford, N. Y., Broome co. Oquaga Creek, unites with it; from this junction, whenever the a branch of the Delaware River, waters this town. waters are high, the current passes back with conSurface hilly and mountainous; soil favorable for siderable force towards the pond. This town was grazing. 20 miles E. from Binghampton, and originally a part of Kings-ton. First settlers, 135 S. W. from Albany. Moses Tucker, Israel and James Huse, and Sahdgate, Vt., Bennington co. The people of others, in 1796. 32 miles S. E. from Concord, this town are favored with mountain air, and with and 26 S. W. from Portsmouth. crystal streams. Shetterack and Bald Mountains Sandusky, 0. Port of entry, and seat of justice are in the N. W. part of the town; Spruce and of Erie co. Situated on the S. side of Sandusky Equinox are in the N. E., Red Mountain in the Bay, opposite to the opening of the bay into Lake S. E., and Swearing Hill in the S. W. Between Erie, from which it is about 3 miles distant. It these elevations is some good land, which pro- is 105 miles N. from Columbus, and 60 W. from duces grass and grain. The settlement of this Cleveland. The town is based upon a quarry of town was commenced in 1771, by a Mr. Bristol. the finest building stone, which furnishes the du20 miles N. from Bennington, and 31 S. by W. rable and ornamental material of which a large from Rutland. number of the handsomest blocks and edifices in San Diego, Ca., c. h. San Diego co. This town, the place are constructed. It is also an article of near the southern boundary of California, has, export to other places upon the lake. The ground with the exception of Acapulco, the finest harbor on which the town is built rises gradually from on the Pacific. It is on a wide and spacious bay, the water's edge for about half a mile, thereby the southern shore of which is low and sandy. furnishing one of the pleasantest views of lake From the bluff heights on the opposite side a nar- scenery any where to be enjoyed in the country. row strip of shingly beach makes out into the sea, During the season of navigation upon the lake, like a natural breakwater, leaving an entrance of which is interrupted for only about three months not more than 300 yards broad. The town, in the winter, the bay before the town presents a which is inconsiderable, is situated on a plain, 3 lively scene, with steamboats and other vessels miles from the anchorage, which is at the foot of arriving and departing, and the distant horizon the hills, just inside the bay, and from which the upon the lake is whitened with the floating cantown is barely visible. It was the first place in vas. The building of vessels and steamboats is Upper California occupied by the Spaniards. carried on here to considerable extent. As it is About 425 miles S. E. from San Francisco. one of the great points of landing and embarkaSanford, Me., York co. On Mousum River. tion for travellers between the North-eastern It has a good water power, and an establishment States and the valley of the Mississippi, as well for the manufactureand printing of cotton goods. as for the trade of the interior, it has had a very It is 35 miles W. S. W. from Portland. rapid growth, and must continue greatly to inSandisfield, Ms., Berkshire co., was incorpo- crease for years to come. A great impulse has rated in 1762, and first permanently settled in been given to the prosperity of the place, by the 1750. The surface is hilly in general. The hills construction of the railroads meeting here; by are of considerable height, but not abrupt, rising one of which it has been connected with Cincininto large swells. In the S. E. section of the nati, 218 miles distant, and by another with Newtown, a considerable mountain rises on the west- ark, near the centre of the state, from which the ern bank of Farmington River, known by the connection will soon be made complete to Columname of Hanging Mountain. Its highest point bus and to Zanesville. Other lines of railroad of elevation is 450 feet above the bank, and pre- are projected, which will, ere long, be built. A sents to the S. E. a mural perpendicular front, very heavy transportation business is done upon more than 300 feet high. Farmington River runs the roads above mentioned, and the whole comnear the E. line of the town, through the whole merce of the place is large and rapidly increasing. extent, and affords many mill seats and water Sandusky was laid out upon a regular and privileges. There are other small streams inter- beautiful plan, in 1817, by two gentlemen from secting the town. In the N. part of the town, at Connecticut, who were the proprietors of the soil, the outlet of Spectacle Pond, the water privileges Hon. Zalmon Wildman and Hon. Isaac Mills. are excellent. The soil is various, but generally The first framed dwelling was erected in the fall of a good quality; it consists of a moist loam, stony of that year. The first church erected here was in many places, and principally adapted to graz- a small Methodist church, in 1830. Sandusky ing. 115 miles W. S. W. from Boston, and 27 now contains four handsome, churches, an acadS. S. E. from Pittsfield. emy, built of stone, three stories high, a large Sandiston, N. J., Sussex co. A township. number of stores, several forwarding and comSand Lake, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Watered mission houses, extensive machine shops for the by the Poestenkill and Wynantskill Creeks, and manufacture of the iron for railroad cars, banks, contains several small lakes. Surface hilly; soil printing offices, hotels, and other establishments fertile in the valleys, and generally good for grass. required for the commerce and business of the 11 miles S.'E. from Troy, and 10 W. from Albany. place. A few hundred yards back from the bay Sandover, S. C., Abbeville district. A village, is a large and handsome public square, upon by post road 90 miles W. from Columbia. which, looking towards the lake, are the principal Sandown, N. H., Rockingham co. The sur- churches and public buildings. On the farm of face is uneven, but the soil is well adapted to Isaac A. Mills, W. of the town, are to be seen grain and grass. Phillips's Pond, in the S. part the remains of some ancient works and mounds, of the town, is the largest, being about 340 rods of unknown origin. Population in 1850, IN THE UNITED STATES. 565 Sa&ndusky County, O., c. h. at Lower Sandusky. San Francisco, Ca., c. h. San Francisco co. Lake Eric and St. Lucas co. are on the N., Huron The entrance to the Bay of San Francisco, on the E., Seneca on the S., and Wood co. on known as the Golden Gate, is about 3 miles wide, the W. In January, 1820, it was organized. and is formed by a gap or opening, extending 5 The land is low, and level, and is watered by or 6 miles through the range of mountains that Sandusky Bay and River, also by Portage River, runs along the coast of California. Table Hill, Green, Mud, and Muskalunge Creeks. not far from the northern shore of this strait, is Sandwich, Ms., Barnstable co. This town 2500 feet high. Opposite the entrance, just as it was granted to Edmund Freeman and others opens into the bay, are the Islands of Alcatraz in 1637. Its Indian name was Shawme. Sand- and Yerba Buena. 30 miles in the distance, wich is situated on the shoulder of Cape Cod, nearly due W., rises the peak of Monte Diablo, and although much of the soil is thin and sandy, the highest point of the second or interior coast yet there is not a little of an excellent quality. It range, and overlooking every thing between the is watered by a number of streams, which afford ocean and the Sierra Nevada. It is between these a good water power, and by numerous ponds, two coast ranges that the Bay of San Francisco some of which are large, affording a variety of ex- spreads out, extending in a direction E. of S., upcellent fish. The forests afford an abundance of wards of 50 miles, with a breadth varying from 6 deer. Sandwich has a good harbor within the or 7 miles, where it turns S., to near 20 in the cape, and navigable accommodations in Buzzard's middle, and diminishing to 2 or 3 at the southern Bay. There are a number of flourishing villages extremity, into which flows the Guadaloupe Rivin the town. There are in this town several er, on which, and on the shores of thebay, is some branches of manufacture, but the most important excellent land. At the N., the Bay of San Franis that of the New England Glass Company, who cisco communicates by a strait not unlike that of manufacture annually about $300,000 in value, the Golden Gate, with San Pablo Bay, a basin of glass, equal in quality, if not superior, to any of near 15 miles diameter, into which are dismanufactured in this country. 63 miles S. E. charged, through a deep navigable channel comfrom Boston by the Cape Cod Branch Railroad, ing from the W. and extending in its course into and 12 N. W. from Barnstable. Susan Bay, the united waters of the Sacramento Sandwich, N.' H., Carroll co. This town was and San Joaquin, the two principal rivers of Caloriginally granted by Governor Benning Went- ifornia. worth, in 1763. Sandwich Mountains are a lofty The peninsula between San Francisco Bay and range; extending N. E., and terminating in Cho- the ocean consists chiefly of barren sand hills. coma Peak, in Albany. Squam Mountain is of The city of San Francisco lies just within the considerable height. There are other mountains. northern point of the entrance into the bay, upon The Bearcamp River passes E. into Tamworth; a deep curve of the shore, and on the sides of the W. branch passes through Bearcamp Pond. three hills of sand, which rise steeply from the There is another pond, not far distant from this, water, the middle one receding so as to form from which issues Red Hill River, passing S. into a bold amphitheatre. Winnipiseogee Lake. A small stream passes W. The Bay of San Francisco was entered by Sir into the Pemigewasset River. About one fourth Francis Drake during his famous expedition to of Squam Lake lies in the S. W. corner of Sand- the Pacific, in 1578, before any settlements, exwich. This is a flourishing town, and its produc- cept those at St. Augustine, had been formed on tions are numerous and valuable. 52 milea N. the Atlantic coast of the United States. It was from Concord, and about 22 N. W. from Ossipee. known to the Spaniards 30 years earlier, but was Sandy Creek, Pa., Mercer co. A township sit- neglected till their occupation of Upper Califoruated between French Creek and Salem town- nia, which commenced in 1769, not long after ships. 10 miles N. from Mercer. which San Francisco was taken possession of, Sandy Creek, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by and was subsequently held by a small garrison, Little Sandy Creek and other streams, flowing maintained in a little fort just at the entrance into Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the W. into the bay, a hamlet of a few houses growing Surface undulating; soil sandy loam. 7 miles N. up on the site of the present city. At the time from Pulaski, and 159 N. W. from Albany. of the transfer of California to the United States, Sandy Hill, N.Y., c. h. Washington co. 53 miles in 1848, and even as late as April, 1849, San X. from Albany. On the E. bank of Hudson Francisco did not contain more than 30 or 40 River. The river has a fall of 12 feet in the up- houses. But the discovery of gold gave it a sudper part of the village, and at Baker's Falls, 100 den impulse, and by the 1st of September, 1849, rods below, a perpendicular descent of 50 feet. there were 500 houses, tents, and sheds, with a the place is connected with the Champlain population, fixed and floating, of 5000 or 6000. Canal by a navigable feeder. There are consid- Streets had been regularly laid out, and already erable manufactories here, and much more power there were 3 piers at which small vessels could to be improved. discharge. New buildings, though of the most Sandy Lake, Pa., Mercer co. This township is flimsy description, the oldest and most substanon the E. border of the county. S. from French tial of adobes or dried mud, the rest of boards Creek township. and canvas, were held, as well as the city lots, San Felipe, Ts., c. h. Austin co. at the most extravagant prices. The Parker Sandford, Me., York co. Sandford is watered House, an ordinary frame building, of 60 feet by Mousum River. It has a good water power, front, used as a hotel, rented for $110,000 yearly, and an establishment for the manufacture and and other buildings in like proportion or at rates printing of cotton goods. 35 miles W. S. W. still more extravagant. These enormous rents from Portland, and is bounded S. W. by Alfred. led to a rapid and immense increase of buildings, San Francisco County, Ca., c. h. at San Fran- and, notwithstanding the very high prices of cisco, includes the peninsula between San Fran- building materials and labor, by the beginning cisco Bay and the Pacific. of 1850, San Francisco had become a real city, 566 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., with some 20,000 inhabitants, spacious and con- destination was declared venient buildings, though mostly of wood, in- on manifests,... $3,600,000 cluding extensive hotels and warehouses, many Add estimate of shipments of the frames of which had been shipped round by the same course and Cape Horn, and others from China. Speculation to same quarters in 1851, and prosperity went on increasing till the city re- for which the destination ceived a severe check by three successive fires, by beyond Panama was not which a vast extent of frame and canvas build- declared- 50 per cent. ings were swept away, and immense amounts of of above,...... 1,800,000 property destroyed. These fires led, however, to Known shipments by sailthe erection of fire-proof buildings of brick. The ing vessels in 1851, to city has also received a great extension by the various foreign ports,. 1,000.000 filling up of shallow water lots by sand from the Add for amount not manneighboring hills, upon which many solid and ifested, believed to be as substantial buildings have been built; and though large as...... 1,000,000 real estate has greatly declined from its former extravagant prices, to the ruin of many who Total estimate of exportathought themselves worth millions, the city con- tion to foreign countries tinues to be improved by the erection of solid and in 1851...... 9,772,000 substantial buildings. Great expenses have also The early foreign trade been incurred by the city corporation in the im- was very large, parprovement of the streets. ticularly in 1849, from From its local situation in reference to the Pacific ports. Remitgold region, San Francisco must always re- tances in this early trade main the great seat of the ocean trade of Califor- were made chiefly in nia. Already it has extensive mercantile com- gold dust. The aggremunications with all parts of the world. It is gate shipment to foreign connected with New York by two lines of steam countries for 1848, 1849, packets, one by the way of Panama, making the and 1850, is therefore asdistance in about four weeks, a packet leaving sumed for the 3 years to either city every fortnight, and carrying the mail; be as large as that of the other, also a semi-monthly line, by the Lake 1851,....... 9,772,000 Nicaragua, which accomplishes the distance in Total estimate of exports to foreign about four days'less time. The shortest passage countries to December 31, 1851, from San Francisco to New York has been 21 days. which would not reach U. States Not only is the trade with the Atlantic ports of mint......... 19544,000 the United States very great, but San Francisco has an extensive commerce with Chili, from which 120,658,194 large supplies of flour are derived, and also with Estimated amount taken overland to China, whence a great influx of emigrants is flow- Mexico, and by passengers to Euing to California. rope, East Indies, Australia, South The arrivals at San Francisco for the first six America, (exclusive of Chili,) manmonths of 1852, ending June 30, were 68 steam- ufactured in California and United ers, 108 ships, 101 barks, 130 brigs, 75 schoon- States, and otherwise retained by ers, 40 sloops. Total, 522. Total tonnage, individuals leaving the country, and 201,473. The clearances were 77 steamers, 94 therefore not represented in the ships, 141 barks, 130 brigs, 229 schooners, 76 mint deposits, say 5 per cent. on sloops. Total, 747. Total tonnage, 222,805. above,...6,032,909 The amount of duties paid is greater than at In hands of bankers, merchants, and any port of the United States, except New York traders in San Francisco, per tabuand Boston. lar statement prepared December The arrival of passengers at San Francisco 31, 1851,.... 5,000,000 from July 1 to 29, 1852, was 9923; departures, In hands of bankers and traders in 1140; for the first six months of the year 1852, other parts of California and Orethe arrivals were 40,000. The present population gon, December 31, 1851,... 2,500,000 of California is estimated at 240,000. Estimated half month's yield at mines not brought forward December, Official Report of Deposits of Goldfrom Calfornia. 1851, say......... 2,500,000 At the various U. S. mints in 1848, $44,177 In circulation-gold dust and Calic " " " i 1849, 6,147,509 fornia private coin, estimated at $20 i " " "cc 1&50, 36,074,062 per individual, and population estit' " "I " 1851, 55,938,232 mated at 212,000.. 4,240,000 Manifested shipments to U. S. ports in December. 1851, which did not Estimated product to December 31, reach the mints in 1851,. 2,910,214 1851..140,931,103 Importations into Chili in Estimated product from January 1 to 1851, by official returns June 30, 1852,....... 33,849,774 from that country,.. $2,372,000 Shipments per steamers in Total estimated product to June 30, 1851, on freight to Eu- 1852.......... $174,780,877 rope and various countries, not including Chili, Sangamon County, Is., c. h. at Springfield. Oa via Panama, so far as a river of the same name, and is bounded IN THE UNITED STATES. 56 S by Montgomery and Morgan, and W. by the sea is upwards of 6800 feet, higher than the Fulton. highest summits of the White Mountains, and the Saqgeafield, N. Y., Oneida co. The Chenango neighboring peaks to the N. are many thousand River and Oriskany Creek water this town, the feet higher. On leaving the narrow valley in surface of which is hilly; soil fertile loam, under- which the town stands, varying in width from laid by lime. 15 miles S. from Utica, and 89 N. 1000 feet to a mile or two, and which is cultivated of W. from Albany. entirely by irrigation, the country presents nothSangerville, Me., Piscataquis co. This beauti- ing but barren hills, utterly incapable, both from ful and thriving town is not mountainous, but it soil and climate, of producing any thing useful. is so elevated between Penobscot and Kennebec The river, 5 miles below the town, disappears in the Rivers that the waters of its ponds meet the ocean granitic sands. The houses are of adobes or sunby both of those streams. Sangerville is 70 miles dried bricks, in the Spanish style, generally of one N. W. from Augusta, and is bounded by Dover story, and built on a square. The interior of the on the W. Incorporated 1814. square is an open court, and the principal rooms Sanilac County, Mn., c. h. at Sanilac Mills. E. open into it. These houses are forbidding in appart. On the S. W. shore of Lake Huron. pearance, on the outside presenting the aspect of San Joaquim County, Ca., c. h. at Stockton. On a collection of brick kilns, but are comfortable both sides of the lower course of the San Joa. and convenient within. The thick walls make quim River. them cool in summer and warm in winter. The San Jose. Ca., c. h. Santa Clara co.. 50 miles better class have good beds, but the inferior peofrom San Francisco, is situated in one of the most ple sleep on untanned skins. The women appear pleasant and healthy valleys in California. It is to be the most refined and intelligent part of the well watered, and for 20 miles N. and S. there is population. Those of the upper class dress like a perfect carriage road, with barely a mould of the American women, except that, instead of a earth to lift a wheel. Its advantages for gardens, bonnet or cap, they wear, both in doors and fruits, and grains are of the highest order. The out, a scarf over the head called' a rebozo. The quicksilver mines are about 20 miles S. of this dress of the lower class of women is a simcitv. pie petticoat, with the arms and shoulders bare, San Lugs Obispo County, Ca., c. h. at San Luis except what may chance to be covered by the reObispo. On the coast, opposite the head waters of bozo. The men who have means to do so dress the San Joaquim. after the American fashion; but by far the greater San Luis Obispo, Ca., c. h. San Luis Obispo part, when they dress at all. wear leather breechco. On the coast, half way from Santa Barbara es tight round the hips and open from the knee to Monterey. 200 miles S. by E. from San Fran- down, shirt and blanket taking the place of our cisco. An unsafe port in winter. It has an ex- coat and waistcoat. tensive seaboard district about it, but is not well The town is dependent on the distant hills for watered. wood, which is brought in bundles on diminutive San Patricio County, Ts., c. h. at San Patricio, jackasses; the only animal that can be subsisted In the S. E. angle, between the Nueces and the in this barren neighborhood without great exRio Grande. pense. The inhabitants manufacture sugar from San Pedro, Ca., Los Angelos co. The port of the cornstalk, which sells at 30 or 40 cents per Pueblo Los Angelos, from which it is 27 miles S. pound. Grain is always from $2 to $3 the bushon the Bay of San Pedro, about 80 miles N. W. el. The fruits of the place, including melons, from San Diego Los Angelos, is a good farm the apple, plums, grapes, and apricots, are, all but ing district, celebrated for its grapes, and was the grapes and apricots, very indifferent. the former Spanish capital of California. The Rio del Norte itself in this neighborhood Santa Barbara County, Ca, c. h. at Santa Bar- affords, in its narrow, sandy valley, little or no bara. On the coast S. of Cape Conception, to- space for agriculture. On the W. side the banks wards the southern extremity of the state. are steep walls crowned by layers of basalt, formSanta Barbara, Ca., c. h. Santa Barbara co. A ing the table lands. The E. side is composed of small sea-coast town, pleasantly situated, sur- rolling sand hills rising gradually to the base of rounded by mountains. the mountains. Santa Clara County, Ca., c. h. at San Jose. The whole valley of the Upper Del Norte, so Around the southernmost waters of San Francisco far as it contains any ground cultivated, or capaBay. Watered by the Guadalupe, near the head ble of cultivation, may be considered as included of which are the quicksilver mines. It contains between Taos, in about 36~ 30! N. latitude, and one of the best farming tracts in California. Rio Cristobel, in 330 30', a distance of about 200 Santa Fe, N. M., c. h. Santa Fe co., and capital miles in length, but every where very narrow. of the territory. The oldest town in the United Beginning at La Goga, about 30 miles S. from States, next to St. Augustine, having been found- Taos, the banks of the Del Norte exhibit a nar ed in 1580. It is situated on a small tributary of row, sandy bottom, so situated as to admit of ir the Rio Grande called the Chichito, or River of rigation; this lasts for about 160 miles. The Santa Fe, a short distance E. of the Rio del river itself is scarcely more than 25 yards wide, Norte, and is approached from the E. through a and every where fordable. canon or narrow pass of the eastern chain of the 30 or 40 miles S. of Santa Fe, amid the mounRocky Mountains, commencing about 25 miles tains, on the E. of the Del Norte, are gold washfrom the town, and extending 10 or 12 miles in ings, but not very productive or profitable. length, the mountains rising on either side to a The wealth of the country, which is very poor height of 1000 or 2000 feet, in all cases within at best, consists of flocks of sheep and cattle, for cannon shot of each other, and in many places which pasturage is found on the banks of the rirwithin point blank musket shot. This continues ers, but which are exposed to constant depredato within 12 or 15 miles of Santa Fe. tions from the Indians. The elevation of Santa Fe above the level of Santa Rosa County, Fa., c. h. at Milton. It 568 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., is washed on the W. by the Escambia, and the river is excellent and well cultivated. There drained by tributaries of Pensacola Bay. are large tracts of salt meadow towards the sea, Saquoit, N. Y., Oneida co. On both sides of so large as lo form one seventh part of the area Sadaquada or Saquoit Creek, 90 miles W. N. W. of the town. The land back from the river is from Albany. It contains an inflammable sul- rough, and much of it covered with wood. Saugus phtr spring, yielding gas sufficient to light build- River winds delightfully through the meadows, ings. and makes a very picturesque appearance. 6 Sarahsville, O., Noble township, Morgan co. It miles S. W. from Salem, and about the same lies near the Buffalo Fork of Wills Creek. 89 distance N. from Boston. miles from Columbus, and 28 from McConnels- Sauk County, Wn., c. h. at Prairie du Sac. ville. Bounded N. and E. by Portage co., S. by WisconSaranac, N. Y., Clinton co. The Saranac Riv- sin River, separating it from Dane and Iowa er waters this town, flowing through a valley of counties, and W. by Richland co. Drained by cdnsiderable size and fertility. Surface chiefly Baraboa and other tributaries of Wisconsin River. hilly and mountainous, abounding in iron ore. 15 Sault de Sainte Marie. This village is situated miles W. from Plattsburg, and 180 N. from Al- upon the borders of Saint Mary's River, at the bany. falls of Ste. Marie, and is an old Jesuit missionary Saratoga County, N. Y., c. h. at Milton. Formed station of the early French settlers of this country, from Albany co., in 1791. It is bounded N. by and was occupied by them from 1626 until the Warren co., E. by the Hudson River, S. by Al- cession of the French possessions in North Amerbany and Schenectady, and W. by Fulton and ica to Great Britain. It is a famous fishing staHerkimer counties. Watered by Mohawk and tion, immense quantities of white fish being Sacandaga Rivers, Kayaderosseras and Fish caught and salted there for the markets of the Creeks, and Saratoga, Ballston, and Round Lakes. West. The Palmertown and Kayaderosseras Mountains The American Fur Company have long had cover the N. W. part of this county; the rest of their factory there, and it is now one of the most the surface is undulating and hilly, interspersed important forwarding places for transportation with sandy plains. Soil of various qualities, of supplies to the miners on the shores of Lake being chiefly composed of sandy or gravelly loam Superior, and for transmission of cargoes of copand clay. The mineral waters of this county are per from the mines to the cities upon our seaunrivalled, and the description of them will be coast. found under the appropriate head. Agate and The Falls of St. Mary are merely rapids, there chalcedony are found in the vicinity of Saratoga being only a fall of 20 feet in a mile. Boats Springs, and there are several localities, of marl'easily and safely pass down these rapids, and and bog iron ore. The Saratoga and Schenectady there has been a single instance of a sail boat and the Rensselaer and Saratoga Railroads cross passing up the falls under a heavy press of sail. this county, along the E. and S. borders of which Brook trout of the finest flavor and of large extends the Champlain Canal. size are caught in great abundance in these rapids. Saratoga, N. Y., Saratoga co. Bounded on the White fish are taken by the Indians, by means of E. by the Hudson River, W. by Saratoga Lake, spears and scoop nets, directly under the falls. and watered by Fish Creek, connecting the two; It is proposed to cut a ship canal, at the exthe Champlain Canal also passes parallel to the pense of the United States government, so that river through this town. Surface uneven, and the navigation of the lower lakes may pass readily soil gravelly loam, with the exception of some by these falls into Lake Superior, and an approrich alluvial flats bordering the Hudson. It was priation has been made by Congress for this imin this town that General Burgoyne surrendered portant work. The proposed canal will be only to the American army, October 17, 1777. 10 miles one mile long, and must'be carried out into the N. E. from Ballston Spa, and 34 N. from Al- lake above nearly half a mile in order to enable bany. ships to enter it, and a secure sea wall will have Saratoga Springs, N. Y., Saratoga co. This to be built to prevent the surf and the ice from town is watered by Ellis's Creek and some other damaging the locks of the canal. The rocks are small tributaries of Kayaderosseras Creek, which soft red and gray sandstone, and a canal may be bounds it on the S. Surface hilly on the N. E., cut in it with nearly as much ease as in earth or and chiefly level elsewhere; soil light sandy loam. hard soil. Owing to the vast increase of busiFor an account of the celebrated mineral springs ness on Lake Superior, and the importance of the in this town, see Fashionable Resorts. mines of that region, it seems highly desirable Sardinia, N. Y., Erie co. Bounded on the S. that the government should hasten to construct by Cattaraugus Creek. A hilly town, with a soil the ship canal at this place, and thus open the well suited to grass. 28 miles S. E. from Buffalo, vast regions of Lake Superior and of the country and 274 W. from Albany. between that lake and the River Mississippi for Sarecto, N. C., c. h. Duplin co. About 50 miles settlement. N. from Wilmington. The climate of the Sault Ste. Marie is mild and Saugerties, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by cool in summer, but very cold in winter, the therPlatterkill and Esopus Creeks, flowing into the mometer sinking to the freezing point of mercury Hudson, which bounds it on the E. The W. in the coldest weather. part is covered by the Catskill Mountains, but There is an old fort at this place, where the the E. is more level, and the soil good. 10 miles United States government occasionally quarters N. from Kingston, and 46 S. from Albany. a few companies of troops; but the day has long Saugus, Ms., Essex co. This town formed the since past when their aid would have been reW. parish of Lynn until 1815, when it was in- quired for the protection of the inhabitants from corporated, and received the name of Saugus, the Indian depredations, the aborigines being far from old Indian name of Lynn, and of the river that hostile to the white people living among them. passes through the town. Most of the land on It is difficult to say what is the present popula IN THE UNITED STATES. 569 tion of the Sault Ste. Marie, for it is continually provements in the means of securing cleanliness, fluctuating with the trade of that region; but it is comfort, and health. Among the public buildnow certainly on the rapid increase. ings are the court house, jail, exchange, arsenal, One of the annual payments to the Indians is United States barracks, a market house, several made here bv the government, and in the autumn fine banking houses, an academy, a theatre, a when this takes place, thousands of the native female asylum, a widows' asylum. a hospital, and Americans throng the Sault to receive each his a poorhouse. One of the most splendid structures ten silver dollars, or its equivalent in blankets or in the city is that of the Independent Presbyterian arms, in payment for lands ceded to the United Church, which is constructed of a light-colored States. About $40,000 are annually paid to the granite, and cost $100,000. The city contains 12 Indians at this place. or 14 churches, among which are a Presbyterian, There are now two or three good hotels at the an Independent Presbyterian, a Baptist, 3 African, Sault, and travellers are hospitably entertained, (Baptist,) 2 Episcopal, a Methodist, a Lutheran, and find abundant amusement in fishing for a Unitarian, a Mariners' Church, a church for the trout. Roman Catholics, and a Jews' Synagogue. The Savannah, Ga. The largest city in the state, a warehouses are ranged along the bank of the river, port of entry, and the seat of justice of Chatham 3 or 4 stories high on the river side, accessible to co. It is 90 miles W. S. W. from Charleston, the lower story from the wharves, and to the South Carolina, and 158 E. S. E. from Milledge- upper from the city. ville. Population, in 1810, 5195; 1820, 7523; The position and the harbor of Savannah offer 1830, 7776; 1840,11,214; 1850, about 17,000. The fine advantages for navigation and commerce. The population of Savannah is subject to considerable harbor is one of the finest on the southern coast fluctuations, with the change of the seasons from of the United States. The entrance from the summer to winter. The place having been former- sea, over the bar, is full a mile wide, affording, ly very unhealthy in the summer months, many without change, a passage of from 18 to 21 feet of the inhabitants were in the habit of visiting the of water at low tide. Vessels requiring 13 feet north at that season. These not only were at of water come up to the wharves of the city, and home in the winter, but many visitors from the those requiring 15 or 16, to a good anchorage, north, in turn, sought the benefits of a milder called the Five Fathom Hole, 3 miles below. climate than their own, in this as well as in other The navigator is guided to the entrance of the cities of the south. According to a census of the harbor by the light-house on Tybee Island, which city taken in the summer of 1838, the permanent having made, there is no difficulty, even for a inhabitants amounted to 12,758, to which, accord- stranger, with the assistance of the Coast Pilot, in ing to the computation'of the officer employed to effecting an entrance without risk, even during a take the census, 3000 should be added for the heavy gale of wind. Some impediments to the transient winter population; making a total, navigation, which were placed in the river during during that season, of 15,758. Much improve- the revolutionary war, to obstruct the approach ment in the salubrity of the place during the hot of the British armed vessels, are not yet entirely season has been realized within the last 30 years, removed, though their removal was undertaken by in consequence of the substitution of the dry for the United States, and is nearly effected. The tide the wet cultivation of the rice crop in the low flows up the river 55 miles. Steamboats go up to swamps of the vicinity, and of better building and Augusta, 250 miles by the course of the river, other municipal regimen in the city. In the opin- and pole boats go up 150 miles farther. There ion of eminent physicians, the summer in Savannah are 2 companies employed upon the river, with 6 is now even more healthy than the winter. steamboats, 4 of which are of iron, and 30 tow The city is built on the S. side of the Savannah boats, of 150 tons' burden each, running to AuRiver, 17 miles from the ocean, on a sandy plain gusta. There are also 2 companies, with 11 steam40 feet above the level of the river. This plain, boats and 42 tow boats, running through an inland which is nearly a perfect level, extends about a coast navigation to Darien, and up the Alatamaha mile E. and W. upon the river, and for several and Ockmulgee Rivers, 650 miles, to Macon. There miles S., increasing in width as it extends back are also running, through an inland coast navigafrom the river. The city is laid outwith regularity tion, 2 steamboats to and from Florida; and 4 to and beauty, by streets crossing each other at right Charleston, 2 by the inland and 2 by the outside angles, and having between every other street a passage. These boats run steadily through the public square, generally enclosed and ornamented winter season, and during the summer whenever with trees. These open parks, 18 or 20 in num- the state of the rivers permits. There are 3 lines bher, with their verdant carpeting and shaded of brigs, with 6 vessels in each line, sailing beavenues, together with the rows of trees with tween Savannah and New York, making a dewhich the streets generally are lined on both sides parture from each place every 2 days, and octhroughout, give to the city, during the spring cupying 7 days, on an average, in the passage. and summer months, an airy, cool, and rural Savannah is already the centre of commerce for appearance. The space at present covered by a large area of country, which must hereafter be the city is about a mile in length, by three quar- very much extended, The commerce of the ters of a mile in breadth. The buildings are of neighboring state of Florida is much better acwood, brick, and stone, and many of them are of commodated at the fine port of Savannah than fine architecture and elegant appearance. For- in her own shallow harbors. The dangerous merly the great proportion of wooden buildings navigation round the Florida Cape, and the facility exposed this city to frequent ravages from fire. of making a railroad communication over land to The year 1820 was rendered memorable by a Savannah, must give to this city an advantageous most destructive conflagration, by which 463 position in the south. There are railroads, already buildings were consumed, occasioning a loss of completed or in process of construction, to Macon, property to the amount of $4,000,000. It has in the centre of the state, and 100 miles farther since been rebuilt, chiefly of brick, with many im- W., to connect with the Atlantic and Western 72 570 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Railroad, which is completed, and runs 136 miles S. E. section of the town. The Indian name for farther N. W., to Tennessee River, opening, by a this place was Pattaquasset. W. of this is Westdirect route to Savannah, the commerce of the brook parish, which was called by its Indian name, west; also a branch of the Monroe Railroad to Pochaug, until October, 1810. N. of these two the Chattahoochee River, at a point leading to a parishes is Pautapoug, or Essex. union with the Montgomery Railroad, in Alabama, The greater part of the township is uneven and a railroad from the Flint to the Ockmulgee and stony. There are, however, some extensive Rivers, which easily admits of an extension to the levels, and tracts of rich soil, particularly in the Chattahoochee, to drain the produce of Western vicinity of Saybrook village, in the southern Georgia, and a part of Alabama, to Savannah. part of the town. Some of the hills, near ConA canal extends from Savannah to the Ogeechee necticut River, have good granite quarries. There River. Such are the advantages of inland trade are several small harbors on the Sound, and on which are already enjoyed by this city, or are Connecticut River, at Saybrook Point and Paufairly open to it in the future. Savannah is noted tapoug. The bar at the mouth of the Connectifor its exports of tobacco and rice, but particularly cut is an impediment to navigation. Saybrook for that of vast quantities of upland cotton. Harbor is at the mouth of a handsome cove, This city was founded by General James Ogle- making up from Connecticut River, and extendthorpe, in 1733, and incorporated as a city in 1761. ing W. almost to Saybrook village. It is often Its charter was amended and enlarged in 1787. resorted to by coasters' in bad weather. Large In December, 1778, the city was taken by the quantities of fish are taken in this town. The British, under Colonel Campbell, and held in their shad fisheries are numerous, and a source of conpossession until 1782. siderable wealth. Connecticut River shad are Savannah, Mo., c. h. Andrew co. 5 miles dis- considered superior to any other in this country. tant from Missouri River. White fish are taken upon the shores of the Savannah, N. Y., Wayne co. This town con- Sound, and are very valuable for the purposes of tains a small sheet of water called Crusoe Lake, manure. The borough of Essex is about 7 miles the outlet of which flows E. into Seneca River. from the mouth of Connecticut River, on the W The surface is level, and partly covered by the side. It is a place of considerable commerce, Montezuma Marshes; soil on the N. and W. quite navigation, and ship building. productive. 11 miles E. from Lyons, and 170 N. Saybrook Point is a peninsula, circular in its of W. from Albany. form, and connected with the main land by a Savannah, Te., c. h. Hardin co. narrow neck, over which the tide sometimes Savoy, Ms., Berkshire co. A wild mountain flows. township, whose soil and surface are better adapt- The land on the point was laid out with ed to grazing than tillage. The people are gen- care, as it was expected to become the residence erally farmers. The most compact settlement is of great men, and the centre of great business in the S. part, at the confluence of the two and wealth. streams which constitute the head waters of About half way between the palisado was Westfield River. This is sometimes called Sa- erected the first building designed for the collevoy Village, but more commonly Savoy Hol- giate school, since named Yale College. This low. 15 miles N. E. from Pittsfield, and 114 W. institution was founded in 1700, and remained at by N. from Boston. Saybrook 17 years. It was desired by the foundSaxonville, Ms., in Framingham, Middlesex co. ers and others. that the churches should have a 22 miles N. W. from Boston. public standard or confession of faith, agreeable Saybrook, Ct., Middlesex co. This is one of to which the instruction of the college should be the most ancient towns in the state. Lord Say conducted. This led to the adoption of the and Seal, Lord Brook, and other gentlemen in " Saybrook Platform," after the commencement England, dissatisfied with the government of in 1708. Charles I., contemplating a removal to this coun- David Gardiner, born at Saybrook, was the try, procured, in 1632, of Robert, Earl of War- first white child born in Connecticut. wick, a patent of all the country " which lies W. Saybrook is a very pleasant town, and full of from Narraganset River, 120 miles on the sea- interesting associations. coast; and from thence, in latitude and breadth Saybrook village is 40 miles S. S. E. from aforesaid, to the South Sea." In 1635, they ap- Hartford, 34 E. from New Haven, and 19 W. pointed Mr. John Winthrop, a son of the govern- from New London. The New Haven and New or of Massachusetts, to build a fort on Connec- London Railroad passes through this town. ticut River, and appointed him governor for one Scarboro', Me., Cumberland co., lies between year. Saco and Portland. A part of this large town, In the summer of 1639, Colonel George Fen- called Black Point, lying upon the sea was wick, one of the patentees, arrived from England, granted by the council of Plymouth to Thomas and in honor of Lord Say and Seal, and Lord Cammock, in 1631; this was soon after settled, Brook, gave the tract about the mouth of Con- and beeame of considerable importance on the necticut River the name of Saybrook. Colonel coast in the fisheries and trade. The land Fenwick superintended the affairs of the colony is held under that ancient grant at the presuntil 1644, when, his associates having relin- ent day. Another settlement was early made by quished the design of removal to America, he a family of Algers, from England. near the censold the jurisdiction of Saybrook to the Connec- tre of the town, and called Duastan Corner, ticut colony. which name it still bears. This was wholly deThe original limits of the town extended upon stroyed in the Indian war of 1675. It was, the E. side of the river for several miles, and in- however, revived by a descendant in the feeluded a part of the town of Lyme. The town- male line, through whom that race is still perpetship now comprises three parishes, viz., Saybrook, uated. Westbrook, and Essex. Saybrook parish is the Scarboro' is principally an agricultural towr IN THE UNITED STATES. 571 for which purpose it furnishes some rich soil, and here in 1661, to Arent Van Corlaer and others, has a large quantity of salt marsh. Ship build- on condition that they purchased the soil from ing, however, continues to be pursued here, al- the Indians. This was effected, and a deed though not to the extent it formerly was. Nou- signed by four Mohawk chiefs, in 1772. suck River passes through the whole length of On the 8th of February, 1690, the town, then the town. Its present name was given to it in consisting of 63 houses and a church, was the 1658, when it submitted to the government of scene of a general conflagration and most barMassachusetts; previously the eastern side of barous massacre, by a party of French and Inthe river and marsh was called Black Point, and dians from Canada. A " ballad " of the times the western Blue Point - names which are still says, - in familiar use. This town has the honor of being the birth- "t They marched for two and twenty dales, This town has the honor of bein the birth- All through the deepest snow; place of the distinguished statesman Rufus King, And on a dismal winter night and his half brother, William King, the first They struck the cruel blow. governor of Maine. About 8 miles S. from "They "ortland.hey then were murther'd in their beddes, _ortland. Without shame or remorse; Schaghticoke, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Watered And soon the floors and streets were strew'd by the Hoosic River and Tomhanic Creek, With many a bleeding corse. tributaries of the Hudson River, which bounds " The village soon began to blaze, it on the W. Surface undulating; soil fertile. Which showed the horrid sight: 10 miles N. from Troy, and 15 N. from Albany. But, O, I scarce can bear to tell Schellsburg, Pa., Bedford co., is a small village The miseries of that night. on the main road from Bedford to Pittsburg. 9 " They threw the infants in the fire; miles N. N. W. from the former. The nmen they did not spare; Schenectady County, N. Y., c. h. at Schenectady. But killed all which they could find, Formed from Albany co. in 1809. It is bounded Though aged, or though fair." N. by Montgomery and Saratoga, E. by Saratoga There is mnch more of this simple but touchand oAlbny, S. by Albany, and W. by Schoharie ing ballad, of which the author, who had himself and Montgomery countiesm Watered by the led a party from Albany in pursuit of the enemy, Mohawk and Schoharie Rivers, and a few small says, in closing,streams. The surface and soil are various, the Mohawk valley containing broad and fertile " I wish that it may stay on earth alluvial flats. Bog iron ore is the only important Long after I am dead." mineral. This county is traversed by the Erie The cruelties which it details are but too faithCanal, and Mohawk and Hudson, the Schenec- ful a representation of the atrocities committed tady and Troy, the Utica and Schenectady, and by the French upon the English settlements durthe Saratoga and Schenectady Railroads. ing the wars of that period; in which they enSchenectady, N. Y. City and seat of justice of gaged the savages as their allies, and themselves Schenectady co. On the S. bank of the Mohawk resorted not unfrequently to their inhuman modes River. 16 miles N. W. from Albany. The Erie of warfare. In the subsequent French war, in Canal, and likewise the railroad routes from Al- 1748, Schenectady was again carried by the enebany and Troy to Buffalo, pass- through this city. my, and 70 of the citizens slain. Here also comes in the railroad from Whitehall, Schenectady was incorporated as a city March on Lake Champlain, via Saratoga Springs and 26, 1798. Previous to the opening of the Erie Ballston Spa. This is the point of embarkation Canal, and theoAlbany and Mohawk Railroad, for passengers travelling W. by the canal. The this was a great depository of the commerce of city is built, with a good degree of regularity, on the west on Dts'passage to the Hudson. In conabout 20 streets, several of which are intersected sequence of the rapids on the Mohawk, goods diagonally by the canal. It contains churches of had to be transported in wagons over the turnthe Dutch Reformed, Presbyterian, Episcopal, pike to Albany, which had even at that early Baptist, Methodist, Camneronian, Universalist. date become the greatest thoroughfare for. perand Roman Catholic denominations. This is sons and property between the Hudson River the seat of Union College, the buildings of and the western country. To show the immense which are located on an open and elevated site, value of the internal improvements made by a little E. of the compact portion of the city. the state of New York, we may state that the See Colleges. freight of a barrel of flour by wagons from The settlement of Schenectady dates back to Schenectady to Albany was eight or ten times the earliest period of our colonial history. When more than at the present time It was natural in possession of the aborigines, this was the site to expect that much trade, which had centred of an Indian village, the name of which, Cou- at Schenectady before the opening of the canal, nugh-harie-gugh-harie, signified a great multitude would afterwards be transferred to Albany and eollected toqgether; and it is supposed to have been Troy. But the decline in the prosperity of the the principal seat of the Mohawks, even before city, which began to be realized in consequence the confederacy of the Five Nations. The name of this change, has been in a good measure preSchenectady, from the Indian Schagh-nac-taa-da, vented by the concentration of so many railroads signifying beyond the pine plains, denoted its here, and by its continuing still to be a depot for local position in relation to Albany and the the packet boats on the canal, in which the travel, North River; between which and this place such by emigrants and others, since that time, has been plains intervene for several miles on the E. of it. greatly increased. 16 miles WV. from Albany, A few Hollanders are said to have settled here and 80 E. from Utica. as early as 1620, for the purpose of trading in Schodack, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Bounded on furs with the Indians. The first grant of lands, the W. by the Hudson River. and watered by a as appears from the Dutch records, was made few small tributaries. Surface hilly and unda 572 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., lating; soil clay, loam, and gravel. 14 miles S. face hilly and broken; soil moist clay loam. 15 from Troy, and 7 S. by E. from Albany. miles S. from Angelica, and 261 S. of W. from Schoharie County, N. Y., c. h. at Schoharie. Albany. Formed from Albany and Otsego counties in Scipio, N. Y., Cayuga co. Bounded E. by 1795. It is bounded on the N. by Montgomery, Owasco Lake, and is watered by streams flowing E. by Schenectady and Albany, S. by Ulster and into this and Cayuga Lake. Surface somewhat Delaware, and W. by Otsego co. Watered prin- Undulating; soil rich loam, clay, and alluvion. 8 cipally by Schoharie Creek and its branches. miles S. from Auburn, and 164 W. from Albany. Surface hilly and mountainous, the E. part being Scioto County, O., c. h. at Portsmouth. Pike covered by the Catskill Mountains, and Helder- co. bounds it on the N., Jackson and Lawrence berg Hills. Along the borders of the Schoharie counties on the E., the Ohio River on the S., Creek are broad, fertile, alluvial flats, and the anal Adams co. on the W. The land is uneven, soil of the uplands is mostly well adapted to but very good. The most important streams are grass. In this county are a number of caverns, the Ohio River, which runs along the southern containing beautiful specimens of stalactites and boundary 40 miles, the Big Scioto, Scioto Brush stalagmites; water, limestone, and bog iron ore Creek, Pine Creek, and Pond, Turkey, and Twin also exist in small quantities, and there are sev- Creeks. Stone coal and iron ore are the mineral eral sulphur springs. productions. Schoharie, N. Y., c. h. Schoharie co. It is wa- Scituate, Ms., Plymouth co. This town, suptered by Schoharie and Fox Creeks, which flow posed to be named from its Indian name, Satuit, through broad, fertile valleys. Surface undulat- lies at the mouth of North River, in Massaing and hilly. 32 miles W. from Albany. chusetts Bay, and has a convenient harbor, 2 Schroeppel, N. Y., Oswego co. Bounded on the miles N. from the mouth of the river, defended S. and W. by Oneida and Oswego Rivers, and by rocky cliffs, and Cedar Point, on which is a watered by tributaries of the former. Surface light-house. The North River rises near the rolling; soil sandy loam. 16 miles S.E. from sources of the Taunton. It passes Pembroke, Oswego village, and 150 N. W. from Albany. Hanover, and Marshfield, and meets the tide waSchroon, N. Y., Essex co. This town contains ter here. This river is very deep, narrow, and many lakes and ponds, which are the sources of crooked, and is noted for the fine ships built on the Schroon branch of the Hudson River. The its banks. The town extends back from the bav E. and W. parts are mountainous, being separated a considerable distance; it contains large tracts by a valley of considerable width. Soil chiefly of salt meadow, and some valuable upland. In sand and sandy loam. 22 miles S. from Elizabeth, this large town are a number of handsome viland 95 N. from Albany. lages, and some pleasant ponds. The principal Schuyler County, Is., c. h. at Rushville. Bound- villages are those at the harbor, Liberty Plain, ed N. by McDonough co., E. by Fulton, S. by and Snappet, on the border of Hanover. Scituate Brown, and W. by Marquette and Hancock coun- Harbor lies 26 miles S. E. by E. from Boston; ties. Watered on the S. E. boundary by Illinois 5 miles from the railroad depot in Cohasset, and River, and drained by Crooked, Crane, McKee's, 17 N. N. W. from Plvmouth. and Sugar Creeks. Surface undulating; soil of Scituate, R. I., Providence co. This town was fine quality. a part of Providence until 1731. The surface of Schuyler County, Mo., c. h. at Lancaster. On the town is diversified by hills and valleys. In the northern border. Drained by head streams the N. part of the town the soil is a gravelly of the Chariton and Fabius. loamy better adapted to grazing than to tillage. Schuyler, N. Y., Herkimer co. MBounded on the Pawtuxet River, with several of its branches, S. by the Mohawk River. Surface hilly; soil gives Scituate a good water power, and large very rich in the valley of the river 7 miles W. manufactories, particularly of cotton and wool, from Herkimer, and 87 N. W. from Albany. are found on their banks. There is a valuable Schuylerville, N. Y., Saratoga co. On the W. quarry of freestone in the western part of the bank of Hudson River. 34 miles N. from Al- town. 12 miles W. by S. from Providence. bany. Scotland County, Mo., c. h. at Memphis. BoundSchuylkill County, Pa., c. h. at Orwicksburg. ed N. by Iowa, E. by Clark, S. by Knox, and Berks bounds this county on the S. E., Dauphin W. by Schuyler co. Surface level, and drained S. W., Northumberland and Columbia N. W., by Wyaconda and North Fabius Rivers, and the Luzerne N., and Northampton and Lehigh A. E. N. fork of Salt River. The surface is generally hilly, and some parts Scotland Neck, N. C., Halifax co. A bend of mountainous. Except near the streams the soil the Roanoke, which forms the eastern angle of is rough, rocky, and sterile. It is drained by the county, gives the village its name. It is sitthe streams of Mahony, Mahantango, and Swa- uated 40 miles below Halifax by water, and by tara, flowing into the Susquehanna, and by the post road 100 N. E. from Raleigh. head branches of Schuylkill. Scott County, As., c. h. at Boonville. Bounded Schuylkill Haven, Pa., Schuylkill co. Situated N. by Crawford and Franklin counties, E. by just below the entrance of West Branch into Yell, S. by Montgomery and Polk, and W. by Schuylkill River, and on the Schuylkill Canal. Indian territory. Drained by the Petite Jean, a 58 miles N. E. from Harrisburg. West Branch branch of the Arkansas River. The Washita Railroad extends from this place to the coal hills lie on the S. border of this county. mines at the foot of Broad Mountain. Scott County, Is., c. h. at Winchester. Bounded Schuylkill, Pa., Chester co. Located on Schuyl- N. and E. by Morgan co., S. by Greene co., and kill River, and drained by French and Stony W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Pike Creeks. Surface level; soil sandy loam. 78 co. Drained by small branches of the Illinois miles S. S. E. from Harrisburg. River. Scio, N. Y., Alleghanjr co. The Genesee River Scott County, Ia., c. h. at Lexington. Jennings and some of its branches water this town. Sur- is on the N. E., Jackson N. W., Jefferson E., IN THE UNITED STATES. 573 Washington W., Floyd S., and Clarke S. E. Buren, and W. by Newton and Carroll counties. Several branches of White River cross the Drained by branches of WhiteRiver. county. Searcy, As., c. h. White co. On the S. W. Scott County, Io., c. h. at Davenport. Bounded side of Little Red, a branch of White River. 50 N. by Clinton co., E. and S. by the Mississippi miles N. N. E. from Little Rock. River, separating it from Illinois, and W. by Searsburg, Vt., Bennington co. Searsburg is Muscatine and Cedar counties. Wabesipinica too elevated on the Green Mountains either for River runs on its N. E. border, and Allen's, cultivation, population, or wool growing. It preDuck, and Crow Creeks drain the interior. sents, from almost every point, wild and beautiScott County, Ky., c. h. at Georgetown. The ful landscapes. 11 miles E. from Bennington, soil is very productive. The county has Owen on and 20 W. from Brattleboro'. the N., Harrison N. E., Franklin W., Woodford Searsdale, N. Y., Westchester co. Bounded on S. W., and Fayette S. E. the W. by Bronx River. Surface rolling; soil Scott County, Mi., c. h. at Hillsboro'. Bounded sandy and clay loam. 4 miles S. from White N. by Leake, E. by Newton, S. by Smith, and Plains, and 135 from Albany. W. by Jackson co. Watered by branches of Searsmont, Me., Waldo co. Searsmont has a Pearl, and by the head branches of Leaf River. good soil, and some beautiful ponds. It is a Scott County, Mo., c. h. at Benton. Bounded pleasant and flourishing town, 30 miles E. from N. W. by Cape Girardeau co., N. E. by the Missis- Augusta, and 12 S. W. from Belfast. sippi River, separating it from Illinois, S. E. and Searsport, Me., Waldo co. On LAnobscot Bay. S. by Mississippi and New Madrid counties, and Incorporated in 1845, from Prospect and a part. W. by Stoddard co. Surface diversified; soil of Belfast, which it adjoins on the N. It has a mostly of excellent quality. Whitewater and'good harbor. James's Rivers drain this county. Seaville, Me., Hancock co. This town was inScott County, Mo., c. h. at Benton. S. E. part. corporated in 1838, and was formerly a part of Has the Mississippi on the E., and Whitewater the town of Mount Desert. It includes Barton the W. Generally very fertile. lett's,, Robinson's, Hardwood, and other smaller Scott, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by the inlet islands on the coast. of Skaneateles Lake and the head branches of the Sebago, Me., Cumberland co. This town lies Tioughnioga River. Surface somewhat uneven; between Sebago Lake and Hancock Pond, and soil good argillaceous and calcareous loam. 10 was taken from Baldwin in 1826. It lies 87 miles miles N. from Cortland, and 146 W. from Albany. S. W. by W. from Augusta, and 30 N. W. from Scott, Pa., Wayne co. Bounded W. by the Portland. It has a good soil, and is watered by Snusquehanna River, and drained by Starucea, small streams. Shrawder's, and Shoohokin Creeks. Surface Sebec, Me., Piscataquis co. A good township. hilly; soil gravel and loam. 199 miles N. E. 87 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. from Harrisburg. Sedgwick, Me., Hancock co. On the W. side Scott County, Te., c. h. at Huntsville. New. of Blue Hill Bay. 87 miles E. of Augusta. Scott County, Va., c. h. at Estillville. Tennes- Sequin, Ts., c. h. Guadaloupe co. see bounds it on the S., Lee co., Va., W., Cum- Seekonk, Ms., Bristol co. In 1812, the W. part berland Mountains, or Virginia. N., Russell co., of Rehoboth was incorporated into a distinct Va., N. E., and Washington S. E. Powell's, township, by its Indian name of Seekonk, which Clinch, and Holston Rivers, with their numerous is the Indian name for wild or black goose, great confluents, drain this county. Surface generally numbers of which used to alight in Seekonk hilly, or mountainous. River and Cove. The Seekonk and Providence Scottsville, Ky., c. h. Allen co. On a small Rivers bound this town on the W. There is conbranch of Big Barren River. 45 miles E. from siderable water power here. The Boston and Russellville, and by post road 160 S. W. by S. Providence Railroad passes through the town. from Frankfort. The distance to Boston is 384 miles. Scottville, Ky., c. h. Allen co. On a branch of Selma, Aa., Dallas co. On the N. bank of Green River. 148 miles S. W. from Frankfort. Alabama River. 83 miles S. S. E. from TusScriba, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by several caloosa. small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which Sempronius, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by bounds it on the N., while Oswego River forms Skaneateles Lake and several small streams. It the W. boundary. Surface rather hilly; soil has a rolling surface and productive soil. 16 tolerably good sandy loam. 162 miles N. W. miles S. E. from Auburn, and 156 W. from from Albany. Albany. Scriven County, Ga., c. h. at Jacksonboro'. Seneca County, N. Y., c. h. at Ovid and WaterEffingham co. is on the S. E., Ogeechee River S. loo. Formed from Cayuga co. in 1804. Bounded W., Burke N. W., and Savannah River N. E. N. by Wayne, E. by Cayuga, S. by Tompkins, The county is situated between Savannah and and W. by Ontario and Yates counties. Cayuga Ogeechee Rivers. Lake forms a part of the E., and Seneca of the Seabrook. N. H., Rockingham co., was formerly W. boundary, and across the N. part flows the a part of Hampton Falls. The rivers are Black, Seneca River. Surface pleasantly diversified with Brown's, and Walton's. Many of the rivulets hills and valleys; soil mostly fertile calcareous abound with bog ore of iron. This town derives loam and mould. There are some important its name from the number of rivers and rivulets mineral springs in this county, and several exmeandering through it. First settlers, Chiistopher tensive beds of gypsum. The Cayuga and Seneca Hussy, Joseph Dow, and Thomas Philbrick, in Canal, and Auburn and Rochester Railroad run 1638. 17 miles S. W. from, Portsmouth by rail- parallel with the Seneca River. road, and 50 S. E. from Concord. Seneca, N. Y., Ontario co. Bounded S. E. by Searcy County, As., c.h. at Lebanon. Bounded Seneca Lake, and is watered by Flint CredL. N. by Marion and Fulton, E. by Izard, S. by Van Surface undulating and hilly; soil fertile clay 574 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., and sandy loam. 15 miles E. from Canandaigua, Ripley and Oregon, and W. by Texas co. Drained and 179 W. from Albany. by Current River and branches. Seneca Falls, N. Y., Seneca co. Watered by Shapleigh, Me., York co. A level farming town. Seneca River, and partly bounded on the E. by 103 miles S. W. from Augusta. Cayuga Lake. It is also crossed by the Cayuga Sharon, Ct., Litchfield co. Sharon lies on the and Seneca Canal. Surface undulating; soil W. side of Housatonic River, opposite to Cornchiefly rich loam. 4 miles E. from Waterloo, and wall. The eastern part of the town is elevated, 167 N. of W. from Albany. mountainous, and stony, but is suited for grazing; Seneca County, O., c. h. at Tiffin. Sandusky is the western part, which borders on the state of on the N., Huron on the E., Crawford on the S., New York, is a fertile tract of undulating land, and Hancock and Wood counties on the W. It and very productive of all sorts of grain. Agriis a well-watered, fertile county, with a soil of culture is the chief business of the inhabitants. rich loam, which produces excellent crops of The village is situated principally on one street, grass and grain. The land is well timbered, and on the eastern side of a beautiful valley. There is watered by Mad River. In 1820, the county was is a beautiful village, called Hitchcock's Corconstituted, but not organized until April, 1824. ner, partly in Sharon and partly in the state of Seneca, O., Margaretta township, Huron co. New York; this also is situated in a beautiful Seneca, O., Monroe co. Guernsey co. on the valley, and rich in agricultural resources. 47 N. of this township, Centre township on the E., miles W. by N. from Hartford. Enoch township on the S., and Morgan co. on Sharon, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was orithe W. ginally the second parish of the old town of Sennett, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by several Stoughton, and was incorporated in 1765, by the small branches of the Seneca River. Surface name of Stoughtonham, but the name, becoming rolling; soil gravelly loam and clay. N. from unpopular, was changed to the scriptural one of Auburn village 4 miles, and N. of W. from Al- Sharon. The natural scenery of this town is exbany 154. ceedingly beautiful and picturesque. It is the Sevier County, As., c. h. at Paraclifta. Bounded height of land between Boston and Providence; N. by Polk, and E. by Pike and Hempstead coun- and several streams of water here take their rise, ties, S. by Red River, separating it from Lafay- which, running in opposite directions, fall into ette co. and Texas, and W. by Indian territory. Massachusetts and Narraganset Bays. Mashapog Drained by North Little River and its tributaries, Pond is a beautiful lake, more than a mile in Saline, Casselose, and Rolling Fork Creeks. length, containing 500 or 600 acres, and rests Sevier County, Te., c. h. at Sevierville. In the upon a bed of iron ore. Moose Hill is the most E. part of the state. Drained by French Broad elevated of a range of hills in the westerly part and Little Pigeon, its tributary. Great Smoky of this town. It is easily accessible, and from its Mountain runs on its S. E. border. summit there is one of the richest, most comSevierville, Te., c. h. Sevier co. A village in manding, and beautiful views in New England. the fork of French Broad River, on the road The Boston and Providence Railroad passes near from Maryville to Dandridge. 25 miles S. E. the centre of the town. 17 miles S. W. from from Knoxville. Boston by railroad, and 9 S. from Dedham. Seward, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by the Sharon, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The streams Cobleskill. Has a high and undulating surface, in Sharon are small branches of Contoocook and a generally good soil. 15 miles W. from River, and rise near the S. E. corner of the town. Schoharie, and 47 from Albany. Boundary Mountain lies on the line between this Sewichly, Pa., New Beaver co. A township town and Temple, and has an elevation of 200 extending from Beaver River, up the right side feet above the surrounding country. Sharon is of Ohio River, to the limits of Alleghany co. better for grazing than for grain. 18 miles W. Seymour, Ct., New Haven co. A new town, by S. from Amheirst, and 48 S. S. W. from Conlately the village of Humphreysville, in the town cord. of Derby, on the Naugatuck River. 20 miles N. Sharon, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by BowE. from Bridgeport, by the Naugatuck Railroad, man's Creek, has a high and undulating surface, and 12 N. W. from New Haven. A flourishing based upon limestone, which is seen breaking manufacturing town, the seat of one of the earliest through in the form of caverns, and displaying manufactures of woollens in the country. interesting stratifications. This town also conShaftsbury, Vt., Bennington co. Shaftsbury tains a celebrated mineral spring. 14 miles W. lies between the Battenkill and Walloomsack from Schoharie, and 40 W. from Albany. Rivers; it has no large streams. Some tributa- Sharon, Vt., Windsor co. White River passes ries of each of these rivers rise here, which afford through Sharon, and affords it an abundant several mill privileges. West Mountain lies water power. Sharon contains a handsome and partly in this town and partly in Arlington; it flourishing village. The surface is broken, but has a variety of timber. The soil is of a good the soil warm and productive. The settlement quality. The minerals are iron ore, of excellent was commenced about the year 1765, by emiquality, and a beautiful white marble. The set- grants from Connecticut. 22 miles N. from Windtlement was commenced about the year 1763. sor, and 34 S. E. from Montpelier. The Vermont From Montpelier 97 miles S. W., and 8 N. from Central Railroad passes through Sharon. Bennington. Shaste County, Ca. In the extreme N., on KlaShandaken, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by the math River. Neversink River and Esopus Creek. The Cats- Shawangunk, N. Y., Ulster co. The Wallkill kill Mountains cover a large part of the surface. and Shawangunk Creek water this town. The 24 miles W. from Kingston, and 83 S. W. from N. W. part is covered by the Shawangunk MounAlbany. tain, the E. level and rolling. Soil diversified. Shannon County, Mo., c. h. at Eminence. Bound- 24 miles S. W. from Kingston, and 87 S. by W. ed N. by Crawford co., E. by Reynolds, S. by from Albany. IN THE UNITED STATES. 575 Shawneetown, Is., Gallatin co. On the N. W. angle of nearly 500~. Shelburne presents much bank of Ohio River, 10 miles below the entrance wild and beautiful scenery. In this town is an of the Wabash, and 195 S. S. E. from Springfield. extensive and valuable mine of lead; also excel, As a place of trade this is among the largest in lent zinc ore. First settlers, David and Benj. Southern Illinois. Ingalls, in 1775. From Concord 123 miles N. Sheboygan County, Wn., c. h. at Sheboygan. E., and about 30 S. E. from Lancaster. Bounded N. by Calumet and Manitoowoc coun- Shelburne, Vt., Chittenden co. Shelburne is ties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Washington co., finely watered by La Platt River, a pond coverand W. by Fond du Lac co. Drained by She- ing 600 acres, and by the waters of Lake Chamboygan River and branches, and by branches of plain. Shelburne Bay sets into the town, and the Milwaukee. Soil of excellent quality. affords a good harbor, and a depot for the interior Sheboygan, Wn., c. h. Sheboygan co. On the trade on the beautiful Champlain. The soil is S. bank of Sheboygan River, at its entrance into strong, fertile, and generally well improved. A Lake Michigan. part of this town was annexed to St. George in Sheffield, Ms., Berkshire co. The Indian name 1848. A small settlement was made in this of this town was Houssatonnock. It was first town previous to the revolutionary war. The settled in 1725, and at its incorporation in 1733, earliest settlers were two Germans by the name it was named after Sheffield in England. Mr. of Logan and Pottier, who commenced upon two Obadiah Noble, from Westfield, was the first points of land extending into Lake Champlain, white man who resided in the town. He spent which still bear the names " Pottier's Point," and the first winter here with no other human being " Logan's Point." 33 miles W. by N. from Montthan the Indians. This town includes an exten- pelier, and 7 S. from Burlington. sive vale, and, except on the E., is generally level. Shelby County, Aa., c. h. at Shelbyville. This In that part there is an extensive chain of consid- county is bounded by Coosa River E., Bibb co. erable hills. On the W. it is mountainous. Sa- S., Tuscaloosa S. XV., Jefferson N. W., and St. conic, or Mount Washington, is about 2500 feet Clair N. It is drained by the sources of Cahaba in height, and presents a magnificent spectacle. River. A part of this mountain is in Sheffield. This Shelby County, Is., c. h. at Shelbyville. Boundtown affords an abundance of white marble, and ed N. and N. E. by Macon and Moultrie counties, much of an excellent quality. The soil is pro- E. by Coles and Cumberland, S. by Effingham ductive, and in the vale easily tilled. The Housa- and Fayette, and W. by Montgomery and Christonic, which passes through the length of the tian counties. Drained by Kaskaskia River and town, is here a silent, sluggish stream, from 6 to branches, and by the head branches of the S. 8 rods in breadth. Sheffield is one of those de- fork of Sangamon River. Surface level; soil lightful towns, so richly decorated with lovely very fertile. valley and majestic mountain scenery. The vii- Shelby County, Ia., c. h. at Shelbvville. Madilage is on the W. side of the river. 180 miles son bounds it on the N., Rush E., Decatur S. E., from Boston by the Housatonic and Western Johnson W., Marion N. W., and Bartholomew Railroads, and 56 from Albany. S. Branches of the E. fork of White River Sheffield, Vt., Caledonia co. This town lies on drain this county. the height of land between Connecticut River Shelby County, Ky., c. h. at Shelbyville. Henand Memphremagog Lake. Branches of Pas- ry co. is on the N., Franklin E. and S. E., Jeffersumpsic and Barton Rivers both rise here. It is son W., and Spencer S. The soil is highly prowatered by several ponds. The lands are broken, ductive, and is drained by the N. E. fork of Salt and not productive. The settlement was cor- River. menced about the year 1792. From Danville, Shelby County, Mo., c. h. at Shelbyville. Bound16 miles N., and 46 miles N. E. from Montpelier. ed N. by Knox and Lewis counties, E. by Marion, Shelburne. Ms., Franklin co. This town, until S. by Monroe, and W. by Macon co. Drained 1768, was a part of Deerfield, and called "Deer- by Salt River, on the banks of which coal is field North-West." At its incorporation, it was found, and by North Two Rivers, which affords named for Lord Shelburne. Deerfield River hydraulic power. The surface is level, and the passes through the town, and in its course falls soil fertile. nearly 50 feet, in the distance of 40 rods, thereby Shelby, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by Oak producing a great hydraulic power. On the Orchard Creek. Mostly a level town, with a banks of this river, Shelburne Falls village has soil of calcareous loam. 10 miles S. W. from sprung up. It is neat, handsome, and surround- Albion, and 260 W. from Albany. ed by charming scenery. Among other buildings Shelby, N. C., c. h. Cleveland co. On the E. it contains a well-endowed academy. From side of First Broad River. There is a fine sulShelburne Falls village at the W. part of the phur spring in the vicinity. town, to Greenfield, is 7 miles. Shelby County, O., c. h. at Sidney. Allen and Shelburne, N. H., Coos co. Androscoggin River Mercer counties are on the N., Logan and Chain-m passes through the centre of this town, into which paign on the E.. Miami on the S., and Dark fall the waters of Rattle and some smaller streams. and Mercer counties on the W. The soil is The soil on each bank of the river is very good, good, and is watered by Turtle, Loramie's, and producing in abundance grain and grass; but as we Musketoe Creeks, and Miami River. The Mirise from the river, the tracts are mountainous, and ami Canal passes through the S. W. part of the unfit for cultivation. Mount Moriah, an elevated county. In 1819 the county was constituted. peak of the White Mountains, lies in the S. part In 1804 or 1805 it was settled by James Thatchof Shelburne. Moses' Rock, so called from the er, on Loramie's Creek. first man known to have ascended it, (Moses Shelby County, Te., c. h. at Raleigh. This counIngalls,) is on the S. side of the river, near the ty has a hilly surface, and is drained by Wolf centre of the town. It is about' 60 feet high River and its branches. Madison co., Te., bounds and 90 feet long, very smooth, and rising in an it on the N. and E., Mississippi River W..and 576 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., state of Mississippi S. It includes old Fort Pick- 3924 feet in height, several ponds, and Thnnering, now Memphis. dering Brook, with a handsome fall, lie in this Shelby County, Ts., c. h. at Shelbyville. On town. Queechy River rises here, and along its the E. border, between the eastern heads of the banks is some good land, but the lands are genNeches and the Sabine. erally too elevated even for pasturage. The setShelbyville, Aa., c. h. Shelby co. tlement was commenced here, in 1785, by Isaiah Shelbyville, Is., c. h. Shelby co. On the W. Washburn. The town was organized in 1794. bank of the Kaskaskia River. 60 miles S. E. From Rutland 10 miles N. E. from Springfield. There is a copious sulphur Sheridan, N. Y., Chautauque co. Watered by spring in this place. Scott's. Walnut, and some other creeks flowing Shelbyville, Isa., c. h. Shelby co. On Blue Riv- into Lake Erie, which bounds it on the N. W. er, branch of White River. 25 miles S. E. from Surface hilly; soil clay loam and sand. 20 miles Indianapolis. N. E. from Maysville, and 307 W. from Albany. Shelbyville, Ky., c. h. Shelby co. On Brashears Sherman, Ct., Fairfield co. Sherman was forCreek, 12 miles above its junction with Salt merly the N. part of New Fairfield, and incorporaRiver, and 23 miles W. by N. from Frankfort. ted in 1802. 13 miles N. from Danbury. There Shelbyville, Mo., c. h. Shelby co. is a variety of soils in the town, but they are genShelbyville, Te., c. h. Bedford co. A town lo- erally strong, warm, and productive of grass and eated on the right bank of Duck River. It con- grain. A branch of the Housatonic waters the tains a bank, printing office, and the county build- town. Iron ore is found here. ings. 30 miles S. from Murfreesboro'. Sherman, N. Y., Chautauque co. French Creek Shelbyville, Ts., c. h. Shelby co. waters this town, the surface of which is uneven, Sheldon, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered by and the soil clayandgravelly loam. 10 miles S. Tonawanda and Seneca Creeks. Surface hilly; W. from Maysville, and 340 S. of W. from Alsoil moist clify loam. 13 miles W. from War- bany. saw, and 262 from Albany. Shiawassee County, Mn., c. h. at Corunna. This Sheldon, Vt., Franklin co. This is a good county was incorporated in 1837, and is bounded township of land. The River Missisco passes N. by Saginaw, E. by Genesee, S. by Livingston through it, and Black Creek, a branch of that and Ingham, and W. by Clinton co. Drained by river, gives Sheldon an ample water power. The Shiawassec, Looking Glass, and Meshtagayock village is a thriving place. The settlement was Rivers, which afford hydraulic power. Surface commenced about the year 1790, by Colonel level or undulating, and containing anthracite Elisha Sheldon and Satnuel B. Sheldon, emi- coal; soil fertile. grants from Salisbury, Ct. 46 miles N. W. from Shieldsboro', Mi., c. h. Hancock co. On the W. Montpelier, and 32 N. by E. from Burlington. side of St. Louis Bay, which connects with Lake Shelter Island, N. Y., Suffolk co. This town, Borgne. S. by E. from Jackson 212 miles. lying between Gardiner's and Great Peconic Shippen, Pa., McKean co. Drained by DriftBays, is 6 miles long and 4 wide. Surface wood Creek, on the margin of which are salt mostly uneven; soil light and sandy, but fertile springs, and by another branch of Sunenmahoning in some parts. 20 miles E. from Riverhead, and Creek. The surface is rough and mountainous, 245 S. E. from Albany. but in the valleys is some good land. 171 miles N. Shenandoah County, Va., c. h. at Woodstock. W. from Harrisburg. Blue Ridge, or Culpepper and Madison counties Shippinsburg, Pa., Cumberland co. A town and are on the S. E., Rockingham S. W., Hardy borough, situated in the midst of a fertile counand Hampshire N. W., and Frederick N. E. try. It is 11 miles N. E. from Chambersburg, The two main branches of Shenandoah River and 136 W. from Philadelphia. traverse this county, and it is drained by many Shippingport, Ky.. Jefferson co., is a large vilminor tributaries. All parts of the county are lage, 2 miles below Louisville, at the bottom of hilly, except the space between the two great the Rapids of the Ohio. It is in reality the lower branches of the Shenandoah, which is very part of Louisville, and at low water is the head mountainous. The soil is productive in grain, of steamboat navigation in the Ohio. pasturage, and fruits. Shirley, Me., Piscataquis co. This town was Shepherdsville, Ky., c.h. Bullitt co. On the N. incorporated in 1834. It was formerly No. 3 in side of Salt River. 1 mile from Paroquette Springs the 4th range of the Bingham Purchase. It is and 72 miles W. S. W. from Frankfort. At the watered by the higher branches of Piscataquis springs are fine accommodations for visitors. River, and lies about 76 miles N. by E. from AuSherborn, Ms., Middlesex co. Sherborn is gusta. watered by Charles River on its eastern boundary, Shirley, Ms., Middlesex co. Before its incorand by several brooks and pleasant ponds. Its poration, in 1753, the territory of this town was Indian name was Boggeston. The soil is good and the S. W. part of Groton. The lands are rather productive. It contains many skilful farmers, level and low; the soil of some part of them and some delightful farms. The village is on ele- is cold and unproductive, but generally they vated land; it is pleasant, and commands good make good farms; some parts of the town, parprospects. 18 miles S. W. from Boston, and 16 ticularly along the streams, are under ahigh state S. from Concord. of cultivation, and very productive. Shirley is Sherburne, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by separated from Groton by Nashua River, and the Chenango River, parallel to which runs the from Pepperell by the Squanicook, a branch of Chenango Canal. Surface hilly; soil sandy and the Nashua. These streams afford a fine water argillaceous loam. 12'miles N. from Norwich, power. In the S. part of the town is a pleasant and 92 W. from Albany. village, through which the Fitchburg Railroad Sherburne, S. C., Beaufort district. A village passes. This village lies 18A miles N. W. from 214 miles from Columbia by post road. Concord, and 38J N. W. from Boston.'About a Slherburne, Vt., Rutland co. Killington Peak, mile S. of this village is a family of more than a IN THE UNITED STATES. 577 a hundred Shakers, or United Society of Be- well watered by branches of Mill River, which lievers. rise here, and by Swift River, which passes Shirley, Pa., Huntingdon co. A township op- through the town, and several of its tributaries, posite Hamiltonville, on the right side of Juniata which also rise here. The surface is elevated, and River. many parts of it are hilly and rocky; in some Shirleysburg, Pa., Shirley township, Huntingdon parts the soil is thin, and not very productive, but co. A village about 20 miles S. S. E. from Hunt- in other parts the soil is fertile, particularly along ingdon. its numerous brooks and rivers. At the N. W. Shoccoe Springs, N. C., Warren co. A village, corner of the town, about 4 miles from the centre academy, and watering-place, about 60 miles N. village, is Lock's Pond, covering about 700 acres, E. from Raleigh. well stocked with fish of various kinds. Near Shoreham, Vt., Addison co. Shoreham lies on this beautiful little lake is a neat village. There the E. side of Lake Champlain, and is watered by is a mineral spring of some note near the centre Lemonfair River, a good mill stream. The sur- of the town. It is said to have been opened by face is level, and the soil remarkably good. There an earthquake, in 1815, and it abounds in muriis a pleasant village on the banks of the lake. ate of lime. 16 miles S. E. from Greenfield, and This is one of the best farming towns in the 74 W. by N. from Boston. state. Most of the waters here are impre(rnat- Sidney, Io., c. h. Fremont co. ed with Epsom salts. This is the site of New- Sidney, Me., Kennebec co. This is a very pleaston Academy. The settlement was commenced antly situated town, on the WV. side of Kennebec about the year 1766, by Colonel Ephraim Doolit- River, and watered by a large and beautiful pond tle, Paul Moore, Marshal Newton, and others. lying in this town and Belgrade. 12 miles N. The settlement was broken up during the revolu- from Augusta. tionary war, but was recommenced on the return Sidney, N. Y., Delaware co. Watered by Oleof peace. 12 miles S. W. from Middlebury, and out Creek and some other branches of the Susabout 42 S. W. from Montpelier. quehanna River, which bounds it on the W Shreveport, La., c. h. Caddo parish. On the W. Surface rather hilly; soil well suited to grazing. 18 bank of Red River, 380 miles N. W. from New miles W. from Delhi, and 100 S. W. from Albany Orleans. Sidney, O., c. h. Shelby co. 79 miles W. by N. Shrewsbury, Ms., Worcester co. This town pre- from Columbus. sents to the eye an uneven surface, variegated Sigourney, Ia., c. h. Keokuck co. with hills and valleys. A range of highland, ex- Silver Spring, Pa., Cumberland co. Conedogtending from N1. to S., passes through the middle winit Creek and branches water this town. Surof the town.- The town is well watered by springs face hilly; soil calcareous loam and slate, very and rivulets, though there are no large rivers in fertile in the valleys. 7 miles N. E. from Carthe town. Long Pond, called by the natives lisle. Quinsigamond, lying in this town by the line of Simpson County, Ky., c. h. at Franklin. WarWorcester, is a beautiful piece of water. It lies ren is on the N., Allen E., Logan co. W. and N. in the form of a crescent, nearly 4 miles long as it W., and Tennessee S. Two rivers rise in this runs, and from 100 rods to near a mile in width. county - Red, a branch of Cumberland, and Big The water in some places is 90 feet deep. There Warren, a branch of Green River. are 12 islands in this pond of various sizes. Strat- Simpson County, Mi., c. h. at Westville. Boundton's Island, which contains 150 acres under cul- ed N. by Rankin, E. by Smith, S. by Covington tivation, has several families living upon it. Some and Lawrence counties, and W. by Pearl River, of the other islands are more or less cultivated. separating it from Copiah co. Drained by This pond is the principal feeder of Blackstone branches of Pearl River. Canal. In the S. W. part of the town is a large Simsbury, Ct., Hartford co. The territory of meadow, which contains excellent peat. 36 miles this town was formerly a part of Windsor. Its W. S. W. from Boston, and 6 E. by N. from Indian name was Massacoe, and it was incorporatWorcester. ed in 1670. The surface of the town is greatly Shrewsbury, N. J., Monmouth co. This town is diversified by hills and valleys. A range of located near the sea-shore, and is resorted to in mountains passes through the town, and there is summer by the people of New York and Phila- some level and good land within its limits, on delphia as a bathing-place. It has a high and dry Farmington River. Tariffville, a flourishing soil. 47 miles N. E. from Trenton, and 77 N. E. village, is situated at the north-eastern extremity from Philadelphia. of this town, on the W. bank of the Farmington Shrewsbury, Vt., Rutland co. Shrewsbury lies River. 45 miles from New Haven by the Canal mostly on the Green Mountains, and the eastern Railroad. part is much elevated. In the N. part is Shrews- Sing Sing, N. Y., in Mount Pleasant township, bury Peak, which is one of the highest summits Westchester co. On the E. bank of the Hudson of the Green Mountains, and is more than 4100 River. 112 miles S. from Albany, and 33 miles N. feet above the tide water. Mill and Cold Rivers from the city of New York. It is pleasantly sitpass through the town, and both are sufficiently uated, on uneven ground, rising in one part into large for mills. Peal's and Ashley's Ponds are in an eminence 180 feet above tide water, overlookthe southerly part. Shrewsbury is well adapted ing Tappan and Haverstraw Bays, the Hudson to the production of grass, and the timber is such and Croton Rivers, and the surrounding country, as is common to the mountain towns. The town including views of the Palisades and the Highwas chartered in 1763. From Windsor 22 miles lands in the distance. It was incorporated as WV., and 9 S. E. from Rutland. a village in 1813. Near the river is located the Shrewsbury, Ms., Franklin co., was called Road- Mount Pleasant Academy, an incorporated institown, from the time of its grant, in 1734, to its in- tution for boys, which has an edifice, constructed corporation, in 1761. It was first settled by people of marble, three stories high; also the Mount from Sudbury, about the year 1738. The town is Pleasant Female Seminary, an incorporated in73 578 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., stitution, beautifully located, and possessing extensive business, and affords employment to a every advantage for a female boarding school. great number of persons. There is also a quarry About half a mile S. of the village is located of white stone at what is called Woonsocket Hill, the Mount Pleasant State'Prison, better known, that sustains heat remarkably well, which renders perhaps, as the Sing Sing State Prison, which it very valuable for furnace hearths. About two occupies 130 acres of ground. The buildings miles distant from this, there is a quarry, containare in the form of a hollow square, enclosing a ing excellent whetstones, for edge tools. yard 500 feet by 250. The main prison is 484 The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, with some feet in length and 44 in width, fronting westerly sections of a calcareous loam. It is generally on the Hudson, being five stories high, and con- rich and fertile, although in some places it has taining 1000 cells for prisoners. In the front been reduced by an exhausting system of cultiand rear are the workshops, together with the vation. There are, however, some low and keeper's house; and on the S., attached to the marshy tracts, which are generally appropriated building, are a chapel, hospital, kitchen, and to mowing, and afford good crops of grass. The storehouses. These buildings, as well as the agricultural productions consist of the various arprincipal edifice, are all of rough dressed marble, tides common to the climate. quarried on the state farm.' The prison for The waters of the town consist of the Blackfemale convicts, a more recent structure, stands stone, which washes its north-eastern border, and separate from that of the men, on an elevated a branch of this river, nearly of equal size, which site, and is a handsome marble building, of the intersects the town, dischargirn its waters into Ionic order. These premises can be distinctly the former, in the northern section of the town. traced from the boats, in passing up and down After the union of these streams, the Blackstone the river. The average number of convicts at is from 100 to 200 feet in width. At some Sing Sing, in.the year 1850, was 721, of whom 80 seasons of the year, it overflows its banks, and were females. has been known to rise from 15 to 20 feet above Sing Sing is celebrated for its marble quarries, its usual height. Besides these, there are numerwhich are worked, to a great extent, by the state ous small streams, some of which afford valuable prison convicts. The marble obtained here is of sites for mills. In the S. part of the town, within an excellent quality. The village derives its about 4 miles from Providence, there is a considname, we are told, from the Indian words Ossin- erable body of water, called Scots Pond. It is sing, signifying a place of stone. nearly a mile in length, about half a mile in The Croton Aqueduct Bridge at this place, over width, and of great depth. What is remarkable the Sing Sing Creek, constructed of stone ma- in this pond is the steep descent of its shores. sonry, in a single arch of 88 feet span, and rising Cases have occurred of persons being drowned about 100 feet from the creek, is an object of in attempting to water their horses at this much curiosity, for its massive strength and ex- pond. cellent workmanship. There is a remarkable fall of water upon the Skaneateles, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Blackstone River, called Woonsocket Falls, Skaneateles Lake, the larger part of which lies in which is considered as quite a curiosity. The this town, and by its outlet. Surface undulating; fall is about 20 feet, not perpendicular, but over soil very fertile. 16 miles S. W. from Syracuse, a precipice of rocks for some distance. The fall and 146 W. from Albany. of the water upon these rocks, through a succession Skowhegan, Me., Somerset co. On the N. side of ages, has occasioned numerous excavations, all of Kennebec River, at Skowhegan Falls, which of which are smooth and circular, and some of afford a great water power. 5 miles below Nor- them very large, being sufficient to contain sevridgewock, and 33 N. from Augusta. eral hogsheads. Slatersville, R. I., town of Smithfield, Provi- The beautiful village of Woonsocket is situated dence co. A factory village, on a branch of Paw- at these falls, on the line of Cumberland; the tucket River. 19 miles N. W. from Providence. river dividing the towns and the village into See Smithfield. nearly equal parts. This village is a beautiful Smith County, Mi., c. h. at Raleigh. Bounded place. 11 miles from Providence by the railroad N. by Scott, E. by Jasper, S. by Jones and Co- from Worcester to Providence. vington, and W. by Simpson and Rankin coun- Slatersville is another beautiful village in this ties. Drained by the head branches of Leaf River. town, on Branch River, about 2 miles W. from Smith County, Te., c. h. at Carthage. Ken- Woonsocket. tucky is on the N., Jackson co. E., White and Smithfield is a large manufacturing town, conWarren S. E., Wilson S. W., and Summer W. taining many other pleasant villages, almost exAt Carthage, Caney Fork River joins the Cum- elusively devoted to manufacturing objects. berland. Surface rather rolling than hilly; soil Smithfield, Va., c. h. Isle of Wight co. On a generally productive. branch of James River. 15 miles above Hamp-,Smithfield, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by ton, and 65 S. E. from Richmond. Canaseraga and Cowasalon Creeks. A hilly Smithport, Pa., c. h. McKean co. 196 miles town, with a very fertile soil. 5 miles N. from N. W. from Harrisburg. Morrisville, and 106 N. W. from Albany. Smithtown, N. Y., Suffolk co. Washed on the Smithfield, N. C., c.h. Johnson co. On the E. side S. by Long Island Sound, and drained by Nesof Neuse River. 27 miles S. E. from Raleigh. aquake River. Surface chiefly level; soil sandy Smithfield, R. I., Providence co. This is a large loam. 28 miles W. from Riverhead, and 197 town, containing agreat variety of surface and soil. S. E. from Albany. Smithfield has generally an undulating surface, Smithville, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by presenting an agreeable diversity of moderate Geneganslette and some other small branches of eminences and gentle declivities; but in some Chenango River. Surface undulating; soil sandy sections it is considerably rough and broken. loam. 15 miles S. W. from Norwich, and 131 The manufacture of lime is an important and S. of W. from Albany. IN THE UNITED STATES. 579 Smithville, N. C., Brunswick co. A village on up the Worster Branch, is another fall of 100 the right bank of Cape Fear River, near the feet in a mile. On the Aurora Branch, half a mouth, and opposite Smith's Island. It has a mile above the forks, is another fall of 70 feet in good harbor, and is the seat of an academy. 80 rods. 150 miles N. N. E. from Columbus. Smithville, N. C., c. h. Brunswick co. On the Somers, Ct., Tolland co. First settled 1713. W. bank of Cape Fear River, 2 miles from its It was incorporated by Massachusetts in 1734, and mouth, and 173 from Raleigh. It has a good named in honor of Lord Somers, at the request harbor. of Governor Belcher. Part of the town is level Smithville, Te., c. h. De Kalb co. Near the and productive of grass and grain, and part is Caney Fork of Cumberland River, and 61 miles quite elevated, producing good pasturage for E. from Nashville. sheep, and presenting delightful views of the Smyrna, De., Kent co., was formerly the valley of Connecticut River. It is watered Duck Creek, Cross Roads village. The inhab- by Scantic River. Somers has a very neat vilitants carry on a considerable trade in grain. It lage. 22 miles N. E. from Hartford. is on Duck Creek. 12 miles a little E. of S. from Somers, N. Y., Westchester co. The Croton Dover, and 35 S. from Wilmington. River and some of its tributaries water this town, Smyrna, N. Y., Chenango co. Watered by which contains some extensive plains and some several branches of Chenango River. Surface uneven surface. Soil diversified, but generally hilly; soil mostly good, and rich in the valleys. adapted to grass or grain. 20 miles N. from 12 miles N. from Norwich, and 96 W. from White Plains, and 120 S. from Albany. Albany. Somerset, Ky., c. h. Pulaski co. 5 miles N. from Smyrna, O., Freeport township, Harrison co. Cumberland River, and 84 S. S. E. from FrankA town 16 miles S. W. from Cadiz, and 100 E. fort. from Columbus. Somerset County, Me., c. h. at Norridgewock. Smythe County, Va., c. h. Marion. Bounded Extending from near the centre to the N. W. N. E. by Wythe co., S. E. by Grayson, S. W. by boundary of the state. The Kennebec flows Washington, and N. W. by Tazewell co. Wa- through the southern and settled part. Much tered by the head branches of Holston and New the larger portion is still unsettled. Surface Rivers. Surface uneven; soil fertile on the varied with occasional mountains; soil good. streams. The Portland and Montreal Railroad passes SmythJield, Pa., Somerset co., is a pleasant vil- through it. lage, located on the right bank of Youghiogany Somerset County, Md., c. h. at Princess Ann. River, and on the United States road, almost ex- This county is bounded by Worcester co., in Md., actly midway between Brownsville, on Mononga- E., Dorchester co. N. W., Sussex co., in De., N. hela, and Cumberland, on Potomac. According E., Pocomoke Bay S., and Chesapeake Bay S. to Shriver's map, Smythfield is 1405 feet above W. The surface, though sandy, is generally the Atlantic tides. level, and the soil very good. Nanticoke River Snowhill, Md., c. h. Worcester co. On'the S. is on the N. W. of this county, and Pocomoke S. E. side of Pocomoke River. A port of entry,'and E., and it is drained by Manokin and Wicomico a place of considerable commerce. 60 miles S. Rivers. E. from Easton, and 20 miles a little S. of E. Somerset, Ms., Bristol co. This was formerly from Princess Ann. the Indian Shewamet, and called the Shewamet Snow Hill, Md., c. h. Worcester co. A port of Purchase, a part of Swansey, at its incorporation entry, on Pocomoke River. 115 miles S. E. from as a town in 1790. This town enjoys almost Annapolis. unlimited navigable facilities. It extends its Snow Hill, N. C., c. h. Green co. By post road whole length and breadth on the deep navigable 96 miles S. E. from Raleigh. waters of Taunton River and Mount Hope Bay; Sodus, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by Salmon besides, a part of its western boundary is Lee's Creek and several small streams flowing into River, jutting up from Mount Hope Bay to SwanSodus Bay and Lake Ontario, which bound it on sey village. This town comprises Long Point the N. Surface chiefly level; soil well suited to and Shawmut Neck, at the mouth of Taunton grass and grain. 12 miles N. from Lyons, and River. From Slade's Ferry, across Taunton 176 N. of WV. from Albany. River, to Fall River village, is about 1i miles Solano County, Ca., c. h. at Benecia. North of the S. For distances, see Fall River. lower course of the Sacramento, and between that Somerset County, N. J., c. h. at Somersville. river and the Nappa. This county has Morris on the N., Hunterdon Solesbury, Pa., Bucks co. A township between S. W. and W., Middlesex S. E., and Essex E. Upper Makefield and Plumstead, on the S. W. side The different branches of Raritan River drain of the River Delaware. This township contains.the entire county. The soil is productive in grain, New Hope. pasturage, and fruit; the surface pleasantly diverSolon, Me.. Somerset co. A good farming sified by hill and dale. town, on the E. side of the Kennebec. 44 miles Somerset, N. Y., Niagara co. Drained by some N. by W. from Augusta. small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which Solon, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by Ostelic bounds it on the N. Surface level; soil sandy River and some of its branches. Surface undu- and clay loam. 14 miles N. E. from Lockport, lating; soil fertile, and well adapted for grazing. and 280 N. of W. from Albany. 12 miles E. from Cortland, and 140 W. from Somerset, 0., c. h. Perry co. 47 miles E. S. E. Albany. from Columbus. Solon, O., Cuyahoga co. Two streams unite Somerset County, Pa., c. h. at Somerset. Camin this township and form the Chagrin River. bria is on the N., Bedford E., Westmoreland 40 rods below this junction commences a fall, N. W., Fayette co. W., and Alleghany co., Md, which descends 20 feet in 80 rods, affording a S. This county is not very hilly, though envaluable water power. 1J miles from this place, closed on two sides by mountains. The soil is 580 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., good, and is well adapted for the production of by the Universalists, though it is not sectarian in grain and meadow grasses. Youghiogany and its character, each student being left free to choose Conemaugh Rivers drain it. his own meeting, and to enjoy his own religious Somerset, Pa., c. h. Somerset co. On Cox's opinions. The system' of instruction is adapted, Creek. 40 miles W. from Harrisburg. not only to those who wish to fit themselves for Somerset, Pa., Somerset co. Drained by Lau- one of the professions, but also to those who wish rel Hill, Middle, and Cox's Creeks. Surface un- to pursue the business of a farmer, mechanic, or dulating; soil clay. manufacturer, particular attention being paid to Somerset, Pa., Washington co. This township the natural sciences. is situated between the eastern branch of Char- The buildings are in progress of erection, and tier's Creek and Pigeon Creek. will probably be completed in 1853. Somerset, Vt., Windham co. Mount Pisgah Somerville, N. J., c. h. Somerset co., is a neat and other elevations give to the surface of this and well-built village, located in a fertile and hightownship so rough and dreary an aspect, that but ly-cultivated country, on Raritan River. 16 miles few are bold enough to attempt the cultivation above New Brunswick, and 38 a little E. of N. of its soil. It is watered by the upper branches from Trenton. of Deerfield River. 14 miles N. E. from Ben- Somerville, Te., c. h. Fayette co. Half a mile nington, and 16 N. W. from Brattleboro'. S. from Loosahatchie River, and 185 miles W. S. Somers Point, N. J., Atlantic co. On Great W. from Nashville. Egg Harbor Bay, and port of entry for that dis- Sonoma County, Ca. N. of San Pablo Bay, the trict. S. from Trenton 91 miles. A place of northern expansion of San Francisco Bay, and summer resort. between the Petaloma Creek and Nappa River. Somersworth, N. H., Strafford co. The soil is Sonoma, Ca., c. h. Sonoma co. About 20 miles well adapted to Indian corn, and most kinds of N. W. from Vallejo. This is one of the best grain and grass. The tide flows on the E. side farming districts in the state. In the Sonoma, of this town, 4 miles, to Quamphegan Falls. Napa, and Suisan valleys, the land is good, the The S. part of the town bounds on Cocheco River. country healthy, and the temperature is -never The White Mountains may be seen from the very cold in winter - snow being seen only on summit of Otis Hill. There are but 2 ponds the highest mountains. This part of the country of note in this town — Humphrey's, on the line of contains the best of grazing land, many places Dover, 200 rods long and 120 wide, and Cole's, being covered with clover and with wild oats. 150 rods long and 75 wide. Red and yellow Sonora, Ca., c. h. Tuolumne co. In the mounochre, also iron ore, have been found here. At tains, on the head waters of Tuolumne River. Great Falls, on Salmon River, is a large and Southampton, Ms., Hampshire co. This town flourishing village. The water falls 100 feet, was the second parish of Northampton until its and produces a power of great value. First set- incorporation in 1753. It is well supplied with tiers, William Wentworth, John Hall, William mill sites, by Manham River, a considerable Stiles, and others. 12 miles N. by W. from Ports- stream. The Canal Railroad to New Haven mouth, and 45 E. from Concord. The Boston passes through the eastern part of the town. Lead and Maine Railroad passes through this town, is found here, and there is a subterraneous paswith a branch to the village of Great Falls, sage leading to a lead mine. This is an artificial whence a railroad extends towards Conway. excavation, mostly in solid rock, of 900 feet in Somerville, Aa., c. h. Morgan co. 5 miles S. length, and large enough to admit a boat. The from Tennessee River, and 133 miles N. N. E. soil is well adapted to agricultural pursuits. 12 from Tuscaloosa. miles N. W. from Springfield, and 118 from BosSomerville, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was ton by the railroads. set off from Charlestown, and incorporated in Southampton, N. Y., Suffolk co. Bounded on 1842. A_ considerable part of it is elevated above the N. by Great and Little Peconic Bays, and S. the surrounding country. The celebrated hills, by the Atlantic Ocean. Surface chiefly level; called Winter and Prospect, are comprised in the soil light sand and sandy loam, very productive town of Somerville. The town is bounded in when well cultivated. 10 miles S. E. from Riverpart by Mystic River, Miller's Creek, and an arm head, and 247 from Albany. of Charles River. The McLean Asylum for the Southampton, Pa., Bedford co. Qne of the Insane is in this town. A small stream, called southern townships. 8 miles S. from the borough the Shawsheen, runs through the town. The Milk of Bedford. Row Bleaching Company have their extensive Southampton, Pa., Bucks co. A township opworks in this place. The most extensive and posite the N. W. angle of Philadelphia co., and beautiful views of the city and surrounding coun- the N. E. angle of Montgomery. try are to be had from the tops of Winter and Southampton County, Va., c. h. at Jerusalem. Prospect Hills. From Boston about 3 miles N. This county is bounded by North Carolina S., W. Three important lines of railroads pass Greensville S. W., Sussex N. WV., Surry W., and through the town. Blackwater River of Isle of Wight and NanseThe Tufts College was chartered A. D. 1852, mond E. Nottaway River crosses this county, and is situated on land lying partly in Somer- and it is washed by Blackwater River on the E., ville and partly in Medford, given by Charles and the Mehere on the S. W. Tufts, of Somerville, after whom it is named. It Southwark, Pa. See Philadelphia. is 5 miles from Boston, near the Lowell Railroad. South Beaver, Pa., Beaver co. A township N. Its site is one of the finest in the country, and from Ohio River, and adjoining the state of Ohio. commands a view of Boston, its neighboring South Bend. Ia., c. h. St. Joseph's co. On a cities and beautiful towns. Its funds amount at high bluff on the S. bank of St. Joseph's River. present to $100,000, raised by subscription, Possesses great water privileges. through the exertions of Rev. Otis A. Skinner, Southboro', Ms., Worcester co. Taken from.D. D., of Boston. The Institution was established Marlboro' in 1727. This is not a large town, but IN THIE UNITED STATES. 581 is one of the prettiest in the county. The surface and productive soil. The surface is varied, from is gently undulating, with Pine and Breakneck that of the rich and lovely meadows on the ConHills, just high enough to give a fair view of the necticut, to the lofty summit of Mount Holyoke. delightful country surrounding them. The soil The village in the centre of the town is very is a strong, gravelly loam, rich, well cultivated, pleasant; it lies about 3 miles N. of the village and productive of all the fruits common to a at the falls. Hockanum is a small village nearly New England climate. Sudbury River passes opposite to Northampton, where we cross over to the southern border of this town. Stony and visit Mount Holyoke. There is a canal in this Angle Brooks, and some smaller streams, afford town, 2 miles long, on the E. side of Connecticut the town an ample water power for domestic use, River, and a dam across the river of 1100 feet, and some to spare. Southboro' Centre and Fry- which is constructed to overcome a fall in the ville are neat and pleasant villages. The Centre river of 50 feet. This dam produces a water village is about 5 miles from the Worcester Rail- power of great extent. The canal has 5 locks, road depot at Westboro', from which to Worces- and a cut through solid rock of 40 feet in depth, ter is 12 miles W., and to Boston 32 E. N. E. and 300 in length. 5 miles S. by E. from NorthSouthbridge, Ms., Worcester co. Incorporated ampton. in 1816. It was taken mostly from Sturbridge, South Hampton, N. H., Rockingham co. The but considerable portions from Charlton and surface is uneven, and the soil of a good quality. Dudley. It was formerly called Honest Town. Powow River passes through it, affording valuaThe land is generally uneven and hilly, but of ble mill sites. 50 miles S. E. from Concord, and good quality for grain, fruit, pasturage, &c. 18 S. S. W. from Portsmouth. The Eastern Quinebaug River, an excellent and permanent Railroad passes near this town. mill stream, passes through the centre and prin- South Hero, Vt., Grand Isle co. Lake Chamcipal parts of this town, uniting with French Riv- plain bounds this town on all sides. The town er, and other streams, to form a branch of the was formerly a part of North Hero, and was sepThames. The town has a good, productive soil, arated from it in 1788. It is supposed that all with pleasant, attractive, and flourishing villages. the lands of this island county were once covered 54 miles S. W. from Boston. by the waters of the lake, as clam shells are found South Bristol, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by incorporated with the rocks in the highest places. Mud Creek and some small streams flowing into The scenery around these islands is beautiful. Canandaigua Lake. Surface hilly; soil tolerably This vicinity was a favorite resort for the Indians. good clay loam. 12 miles S. from Canandaigua, The Sand Bar Bridge connects this island with and 205 W. from Albany. the main land at Milton. This town was charSouth Brunswick, N. J., Middlesex co. Drained tered to Ethan Allen, Samuel Herrick, and others, by Lawrence's Brook and tributaries of Mill- October 27, 1779. From Burlington 12 miles stone River. Surface somewhat hilly on the W., N. W., and 16 S. S. V. from St. Albans. but elsewhere level; soil fertile sandy loam and Southold, N. Y., Suffolk co. This peninsula, red shale. 12 miles S. W. from New Bruns- constituting the N. E. extremity of Long Island, wick. is bounded on the N. by Long Island Sound, and Southbury, Ct., New Haven co. The principal E. and S. by Gardiner's and Great Peconic Bays. village in this town is pleasantly situated on the It comprises Fisher's, Gull, Plum, Robbins's, and Pamperaug, a fine mill stream, which passes several smaller islands. Surface chiefly level; through the town. soil sandy. 15 miles E. from Riverhead, and 245 The village of South Britain is about 4 miles S. E. from Albany. S. W. from the principal or central village; it is Southington, Ct.. Hartford co. Southington a flourishing place. This village is surrounded was taken from Farmington in 1779. There are by high hills and precipices, and has a romantic some elevations in the town, particularly in the and picturesque appearance. The surface of the eastern part; but the soil is generally very good town is generally uneven; there is some good for all kinds of grain and the pasturage of cattle. meadow land on Housatonic, Pamperaug, and It is watered by the Quinnipiac, and contains a Shepaug Rivers, and the uplands are warm and neat village. 21 miles N. from New Haven. productive. Some traces of coal have been dis- The inhabitants are generally engaged in agricovered. culture; yet several kinds of manufactures reThe northern part of the town is called " White ceive considerable attention. Oak," from an oak tree under which the first per- South Kingston, R. I., c. h. Washington co. sons who explored the town encamped. 20 miles This town was formerly a part of North KingsN. W. from New Haven. ton. It is the largest town in the state, comSoutheast, N. Y., Putnam co. Watered by prising 98 square miles, and within its limits Croton River. A hilly town, with a rich soil, is the noted Point Judith. It has an uneven suryielding large crops of grass and grain..5 miles face, a soil of a gravelly loam, based on a granite E. from Carmel, and 113 S. from Albany. foundation. This town possesses great navigable Sbuthfield, N. Y., Richmond co. Bounded on advantages; its eastern and southern borders bethe S. E. by the Narrows and the Lower New ing washed by the Atlantic Ocean and NarraganYork Bay. Surface hilly on the N. and level on set Bay. It contains a great number of fresh the S., comprising some large salt marshes. On water ponds, and a large salt pond; one of the the E. are situated Forts Tompkins and Rich- fresh water ponds covers an area of between mondu and some batteries for the protection of 3000 and 4000 acres. New York Harbor. 2 miles E. from Richmond, The fisheries on the shores and in the ponds and 155 S. from Albany. of South Kingrston are of considerable extent South Hadley, Ms., Hampshire co. This town and value. The fish taken are principally bass, was formerly the second parish of Hadley, and alewives, perch, and smelts. Some portion of was first settled about the year 1721. It lies on the inhabitants follow a maritime life for a livelithe E. side of Connecticut River, and has a good hood. 582 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., The principal village in South Kingston is im- productive, and the surface hilly. Broad River properly called "Little Rest Hill," for it is quite and its numerous branches drain this district. a snug and comfortable place. 28 miles from Spartanburg, S. C., c. h. Spartanburg district. Providence by railroad. 98 miles N. W. from Columbia. Southport, Ct., town of Fairfield, Fairfield co. Spencer County, Ia., c. h. at Rockport. The Ohio 60 miles S. W. from Hartford, at the entrance of River is on the S., Warwick co. W., Dubois N., Mill River into a small bay of Long Island and Perry E. Most of the soil is excellent. The Sound. It has a good harbor for vessels of 100 land is hilly and broken, and drained by small tons, to improve which the United States govern- creeks. ment has erected an extensive breakwater. Spencer, Ia., c. h. Owen co. Southport, N. Y., Chemung co. The Chemung Spencer County, Ky., c. h. at Taylorsville. This River waters this town, forming a part of the N. county has Shelby on the N., Anderson E., Nelson boundary. Surface somewhat hilly, with broad S., and Jefferson and Bullitt W. The northern fertile flats on the border of the river. 4 miles branch of Rolling Fork River crosses this county, S. from Elmira, and 203 S. W. from Albany. from E. to W. South Reading, Ms., Middlesex co. This town Spencer, Ms., Worcester co. The whole of this was formerly the south parish in Reading, and town was included in the original grant of Leiceswas first settled in 1639. South Reading has a ter. It was made a parish in the year 1744, by varied, pleasant surface, with a good soil. The the name of the West Parish of Leicester, and town is well watered by Saugus River and two incorporated a town in 1753, by the name of delightful ponds. The village, near the centre of Spencer. This town is elevated, and is said to the town, is compact, neat, and flourishing. The be 950 feet above tide water. The surface is Boston and Maine Railroad passes through the rough and uneven, but the soil is very fertile. It town. 10 miles N. from Boston, and 10 W. is watered by many streams, but none of them are from Salem. of much size. Seven Mile River is the largest. South Scituate, Ms., Plymouth co. A new 18 miles W. by S. from Worcester, by the Westtown taken from Scituate. The Old Colony ern Railroad, and 62 W. by S. from Boston. Railroad passes near it. A flourishing agricul- Spencer, N. Y., Tioga co. Cattotong Creek tural place. and some of its branches water this town. Surface South Thomaston, Me., Lincoln co., a new town; hilly; soil gravelly loam. 15 miles N. W. from taken from Thomaston in 1848, lies on the E. Owego, and 181 S. of W. from Albany. side of George's River, and is largely engaged in Spencer, Te., c. h. Van Buren co. ship building and the coasting trade. In the Spottsylvania County, Va., c. h. Fredericksburg. midst of a handsome, fertile, and well-improved Rapid, Ann, and Rappahannock Rivers are country. 38 miles S. E. from Augusta. on the N. E. of this county, North Anna River Southwick, Ms., Hampden co. This town was on the S. W., and Caroline co. on the S. E. The formerly the south part of Westfield. It is surface is pleasantly diversified by hill and dale. elevated, but not mountainous; it comprises a va- The sources of Mattapony River are in this ried surface, with much good land. It is wa- county. tered by Little River and some small streams. Spottsylvania, Va., c. h. Spottsylvania co. On There is a pleasant village in this town, which the Po, a branch of Mattapony River. 71 miles lies 6 miles S. of the Westfield depot, on the N. by W. from Richmond. Western Railroad, 108 miles from Boston. The Springboro', O., Clear Creek, Warren co. On village in the S. part of the town is pleasant; it the N. side of Clear Creek. 84 miles S. W. from is about 3 miles from the other. Columbus. It is named from a spring, which Spafford, N. Y., Onondaga co. Bounded by affords a water power sufficient for several Otisco Lake and its inlet on the E., and Skaneat- mills. eles Lake on the W. Surface hilly and broken; Springfield, Is. Capital of the state, and seat of soil various. 18 miles S. W. from Syracuse, and justice of Sangamon co. 105 miles N. by E. 152 W. from Albany. from St. Louis. Since this place was made the Sparta, Aa., c. h. Conecuh co. On Murder capital of the state, in 1840, it has had a rapid Creek, branch of Conecuh River, about 70 miles growth. It stands upon the confines of a rich and a little E. of N. from Pensacola, and 90 N. E. beautiful prairie, and is about 4 miles S. of the from Mobile. Sangamon River. It was laid out in 1822, upon Sparta, Ga., c. h. Hancock co. Between the Great a regular plan, with a public square in the centre, Ogeechee and Oconee Rivers, on the dividing and wide streets, crossing each other at right ground. 25 miles N. E. from Milledgeville. It angles. The State House, which stands upon the contains 2 academies. centre of the public square, is an elegant building, Sparta, Mo., c. h. Buchanan co. On a head in the Doric style of architecture, for the erection branch of Bee Creek. 8 miles S. W. from Roubed- of which the state appropriated $50,000. The oux Landing, on Missouri River. Court House and the State Bank are also beautiful Sparta, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered by buildings. Several of the churches have handsome Caneseraga Creek. A somewhat hilly town. Soil edifices, many of the hotels and stores are spacious rieh clay loam on the hills, and sandy alluvion in and well built, and there is great activity and the valleys. 12 miles S. from Genesco, and 231 prosperity in the business of the place. A railW. from Albany. road is in operation between Springfield and Sparta, Te., c.h. White co. On a branchof the Naples, on the Illinois River, a distance of 53 Canev Fork of Cumberland River. 83 miles E. by miles. This road passes through Jacksonville, S. from Nashville. Springfield, Kv., c. h. Washington co. Spartanburg District, S. C., c. h. at Spartanburg. Springfield, Ms. City, and seat of justice of This district is bounded N. by North Carolina, Hampden co. On the E. side of Connecticut York, and Union districts E., Ennoree River or River. 98 miles W. by S. from Boston, 102 Laurens S., and Greenville W. The soil is miles E. by S. from Albany, N. Y., 25 miles IN THE UNITED STATES. 583 N. from Hartford, Ct., and 20 miles S. from The W. part of the city, where the railroad Northampton. This is one of the most beauti- station is located, is more rapidly advancing in ful and important inland towns in New Eng- population and business now than any other. land. It was settled in 1635, then called by A large manufactory of cars and other apparatus its Indian name, Agawam. In 1640 the name of for use upon the railroads has been established at Springfield was given to the town. Its limits, this point. Two or three of the first-rate hotels by successive purchases from the natives, and are located here. grants fi-om the legislature, became very extensive, Several of the church edifices in Springfield are embracing a territory nearly 25 miles square, from handsome structures. That of the First Congrewhich several of the surrounding towns, on each gational Church enjoys the advantage of a beautiside of the river. have been constituted. ful location, on a green in the centre of the city, The natural situation of Springfield is beautiful. which is tastefully laid out, enclosed, and ornaAlong the river are rich alluvial meadows, highly mented with shade trees. productive, back of which the grounds rise grad- During the insurrection in Massachusetts, in ually to a considerable elevation, and terminate 1786, commonly known as Shays's rebellion, in a plain extending several miles E. The busi- Springfield was in part the theatre of the moveness part of the city is chiefly on Main Street, ments of the insurgents. An attempt was made which is broad, and nearly 3 miles in lengrth, and to get possession of the United States arsenal, contains many elegant buildings. This street and Shays, at the head of 1100 men, marched runs parallel with the Connecticut, at some dis- towards it for that purpose. Being warned to tance from it, and is intersected lby a number of desist, by General Shepherd, who, with a constreets, at right angles, extending towards the siderable force, had taken his position near the river, and in the opposite direction, to the elevated arsenal for its defence, and paying no regard to plain, where the United States armory is located. this warning, they were fired upon, and three of Other streets, parallel or nearly so to Main Street, their number killed, and one wounded, whereupon run between this and the height of land, along the the whole body precipitately dispersed. rising ground, on which are situated many elegant Springfield, La., parish of St. Helena. This is private residences, overlooking the city and the the seat of justice, and is located on Notalbany valley of the Connecticut far to the S. River, on the road between New Orleans and Springfield is the centre of a large inland and Natchez. 58 miles from the former, and 98 from river commerce, its natural and artificial ad- the latter place. vantages rendering it one of the most important Springfield, Mo., c. h. Greene co. On the head commercial depots on Connecticut River. Being waters of James's Fork of White River. 158 miles nearly equidistant from Boston and Albany on S. W. from Jefferson City. the line of the Western Railroad and at the point Springefield, N. H., Sullivan co. A branch of of intersection between this and the route extend- Sugar River, also one of Blackwater, have their ing from New Haven N. through the Connecticut sources in this town; the former empties into the valley, it is brought into connection by railroad Connecticut, the latter into the Merrimac. There communication with the four cardinal points of are several ponds, viz., Station, about 250 rods the country, and becomes not only a great thor- long, 140 wide; Cilley, 240 rods long, and about oughfare of travel between all these points, but 80 wide; Star, Stony, and Morgan's Ponds. of necessity, in passing, a place of much traffic The land is rough and stony, hut good for grazand exchange. Several of the most celebrated ing.. First settlers, Israel Clifford, Israel Clifhotels in New England have been established fobrd, Jr., Nathaniel Clark, and Samuel Stevens, here, to answer the increasing demands of the in 1772. 38 miles N. W. from Concord, and 13 travelling public on these great routes. N. E. from Newport. The United States armory, located here, is Spriaqfieid, N. Y., Otsego co. Watered in the situated chiefly on the elevated ground about half centre by the N. part of Otsego Lake, and W. by a mile E. of Main Street. The principal build- Canaderaga Lake. Surface elevated and hilly; ings are of brick, and are handsomely arranged soil fertile in the valleys. 8 miles N. from Cooaround a square, presenting a fine appearance. perstown, and 601 XV. from Albany. From twelve to fifteen thousand muskets are Springfield, O., c. h. Clarke co. On the Es manufactured here annually, and fiom one hun- fork of Mad River, and has great hydraulic privdred and fifty totwo hundred thousand are stored ileges. The national road, and the road from in the arsenals of the establishment. This is the Cincinnati to Sandusky, passes through this largest and most important arsenal of construction place, which is also connected by railroad with in the United States, and its establishment at Dayton. 43 miles W. from Columbus. Springfield early gave an impulse to the enter- Springfield, Te., c. h. Robertson co. On. the prise and prosperity of the place. S. bank of the Sulphur Fork of Red River. 26 On Mill River, which flows into the Connec- miles N. by W. from Nashville. ticut at the S. E. extremity of the city, there is an Springfield, Vt., Windsor co. The land is genextensive water power, which is improved for erally rich, with a deep soil. On the rivers are paper and iron manufactures, mechanical estab- extensive intervales, forming some of thle most lishments, and mills of various kinds. The beautiful farms in the state. The principal vilmachine shops of the United States armory, in lage is situated on Black River Falls, near the which a power is required, are also here. These centre of the town. This is a flourishing town, are advantageously located on three different sites and the scenery around its neat and handsome along the stream, called the Upper, Middle, and village is delightful. It was chartered August Lower Water shops, the whole comprising 5 shops, 20, 1761. Among the first settlers were Mr. in which are 18 water wheels, 10 trip hammers, Simeon Stevens, and the Hon. Lewis R. Morris. and about 30 forges. These works, extensive as 70 miles S. from Montpelier, and 24 S. from they are, are far from occupying the whole power Woodstock. A railroad passes by this town, on which is owned here by the United States. the E. side of Connecticut River. 584 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Spring Garden, Va., Pittsylvania co. A vil- Stamford, Ky., c. h. Lincoln co. Near Dick's lage. By post road 130 miles S. W. by W. from River. 10 miles S. E. from Danville. Richmond. Stamford, N. Y., Delaware co. The head Spring Place, Ga., c. h. Murray co. branches of the Delaware River water this town. Springport, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Surface rather hilly and broken; soil well suited small streams flowing into Cayuga Lake, which to grazing. 16 miles E. from Delhi, and 58 S. bounds it on the W. Surface rolling; soil fer- W. from Albany. tile calcareous loam. 9 miles S. W. from Au- Stamford, Vt., Bennington co. A mountain burn, and 165 W. from Albany. township, on the line of Massachusetts. Branches Springville, N. Y., Erie co. On Spring Creek. of the Hoosic and Walloomsack rise here. There 287 miles W. from Albany. There is a valuable are several fine fish ponds among the mountains, water power here, which is improved for flouring and some good land, but the land is generally too mills and manufactories of various kinds. elevated for culture. The township was charSpringwater, N. Y., Livingston co. Watered tered in 1753. 9 miles S. E. from Bennington, by the inlet of Hemlock Lake. Surface hilly and 21 W. by S. from Brattleboro'. and broken; soil clay loam, yielding large crops Standish, Me., Cumberland co. Bounded on of grass. 16 miles S. E. from Geneseo, and 223 the N. and N. E. by Sebago Lake, and S. W. by W. from Albanv. Saco River. It lies 16 miles N. W. from PortStafford, Ct., Tolland co. The surface of the land. This is a good farming town, with two town is rough: in some parts mountainous, pleasant villages. It has Buxton on the S., and abounding with rocks of primitive formation. Its Gorham on the N. E. soil is a coarse, hard, and dry gravelly loam, Stanford, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by generally not very productive. There are several Wappinger's Creek. A hilly and mountainous minerals in the town, but iron ore is the principal. town. Soil chiefly sandy loam, suitable for grazThe town is watered by Furnace River and ing. 16 miles N. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 72 the Willimantic, which unite in Stafford, and af- S. from Albany. ford a good water power. Stanhope, N. J., Sussex co. 60 miles N. from Stafford Mineral Springs have acquired con- Trenton, on the Morris Canal, on Musconetcong siderable notice, and are celebrated for their vir- River, which affords a good hydraulic power, by tues in curing cutaneous diseases. The cele- a fall of 30feet, produced at this place by turning brated Dr. Joseph Warren, who fell at the battle it from its natural bed. The canal, by an inclined of Bunker Hill, was the first person who ana- plane, here overcomes an ascent of 76 feet. lyzed these waters, and highly approved their Stanly County, N. C., c. h. at Albemarle. South virtues. central part. Washed on the W. by the Yadkin, By the New London and Willimantic Railroad and on the S. by Rocky River, branches of which 16 miles from the. Palmer depot on the Massa- flow through it from N. to S. chusetts Western Railroad, 50 N. from New Stapleton, N. Y., Richmond co. On the E. London, 52 by railroad from Hartford, and 24 side of Staten Island, 2 miles N. of the Narby stage. See Fashionable Resorts. rows, at the entrance of New York Harbor. Stafford, N. J., Monmouth co. This township The Seamen's Retreat, a hospital for sick and has some good farms, though the soil is generally disabled seamen, is located here. It was opened sandy. Mannahankin is the principal settlement. in 1831. The building is 208 feet long, and 3 Stafford, N. Y., Genesee co. Allen's and stories high, with wings 32 feet deep, and 2 stories Black Creeks water this town. the surface of high. The grounds attached to it include 37 which is chiefly level, and the soil clay and grav- acres. elly loam, based upon limestone. 5 miles E. Stark County, Ia. In the N. W. angle. The from Batavia, and 238 W. from Albany. Kankakee flows through it from N. to S. W. Stafford County, Va., c. h. at Stafford. Bound- Steuben County, Ia., c. h. at Angola. In the N. ed by Prince William N., Fauquier co. N. W., E. corner of the state. Rappahannock River S. W. and W., and King Stark County, Is.. c. h. at Towton. N. cenGeorge co. S. E. It is situated between the Po- tral part. Spoon River, a western tributary of tomac and Rappahannock Rivers, and has a sandy the Illinois, flows through it. soil and hilly surface. The principal towns are Stark, N. H., Coos co. This town was formerStafford, Falmouth, and North Marlboro'. ly named Piercy. It was altered to compliment Stafford, Va., c. h. Stafford co. On the N. the memory of General Stark. In the N. E. bank of Rappahannock River, opposite Freder- part of the town the N. and S. branches of the icksburg, and 73 miles N. from Richmond. Amonoosuck form a junction. Nash's Stream Stamnford, Ct., Fairfield co. Its Indian name falls into this river, in the N. part of the town. was Rippowams. It was purchased of the natives Piercy's Pond lies on the E. side of the town. for "twelve coats, twelve hoes, twelve hatchets, The soil is extremely broken. Mill Mountain twelve knives, two kettles, and four fathom of is in Stark, and a part of Pilot Mountain. There white wampum." The soil of Stamford is a rich is also a singular ledge opposite Mill Mountain, gravelly loam, well cultivated, and very productive. called the Devil's Sliding-Place. On the S. it The surface is undulating, presenting a great va- breaks abruptly into a precipice of nearly 300 riety of delightful prospects. The town is well feet, while oni the N. cattle may be driven to the supplied with mill sites by Mill and Miannas top. The scenery of this town is well worth Rivers, and within its bay, between Shippan and visiting. First settlers, Caleb and Benjamin Greenwich Points, are good harbors for vessels Smith, in 1788. 10 miles N. E. from Lancaster, of 8 feet draught of water. and 135 N. from Concord. Stamford Borough is a neat village, beautifully Stark, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by situated near the Sound, and surrounded by a Otsquaga Creek. Surface hilly; soil fertile calcountry full of interesting scenery. 40 miles by careous loam. 12 miles S. E. from Herkimer, railroad from New Haven, 36 from New York. and 69 N. W. from Albany. IN THE UNITED STATES. 585 Stark Count y, O., c.h. at Orradeen. Portage and called Still River, from the placid motion of its Medina counties are on the N., Columbiana and waters. In the central part of the town there Carr6ll on the E., Carroll and Tuscarawas on the is an uncommonly beautiful little village. 12'S., and Wayne on the W. The Ohio and Erie miles N. from Worcester by railroad, and 40 W. Canal crosses this county; the other waters are by N. from Boston. Sugar, Sandy, and some other Creeks. Emi- Sterling, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Little grants from Pennsylvania and Maryland were Sodus Creek, flowing into a bay of the same name, the first settlers. Wells, Congress, Mead, Sippo. which, with Lake Ontario, bounds it on the N. and Turkey Foot Lakes are found here. The Surface level and undulating; soil chiefly sandy land is excellent for raising wheat. loam. 25 miles N. from Auburn, and 172 N. W. Starksboro', Vt., Addison co. This town is from Albany. watered by Lewis Creek and Huntington River, Sterling, Vt., Lamoille co. Sterling Peak, in which are good mill streams. There are three the S. part of this town, ranks among the most springs in the town, not more than 20 rods apart, elevated summits of the Green Mountain Range. which unite and form a stream of sufficient power Some streams issue from this mountain town. It for a number of mills. The town is rough and was first settled in 1799. 5 miles S. W. from mountainous. Hog Back Mountain skirts its west- Hydepark, and 32 N. W. from Montpelier. ern border, and East Mountain passes through its Steuben, Me., Washington co. A maritime centre, and divides the waters of the rivers. There township. 107 miles E. from Augusta. is some good land in the town, but a large por- Steuben County, N. Y., c. h. at Bath. Formed tion is too elevated for cultivation. Here are from Ontario co. in 1796. It is bounded N. by two pleasant villages. 22 miles W. by S. from Livingston, Ontario, and Yates counties, E. by Montpelier, and 18 N. by E. from Middlebury. Seneca Lake and Chemung co., S. by PennsylStarkey, N. Y., Yates co. Drained by some vania, and W. by Alleghany co. Watered by small streams flowing into Seneca Lake, which the Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers, which unite bounds it on the E. Surface hilly; soil clay in the E. part to form the Chamung, and by loam. 10 miles S. E. from Penn-Yan, and 190 Seneca and Crooked Lakes. Surface diversified W. from Albany. with hills and valleys; soil fertile, and well Starks, Me., Somerset co. A good township. adapted to grazing. It contains some beds of 37 miles N. N. E. from Augusta. iron ore, and several mineral springs. Seneca Starkville, Mi., c. h. Oktibbeha co. 143 miles and Crooked Lakes communicate by canals with N. E. from Jackson. the Erie Canal, and the county is crossed by the Statesboro', Ga., c. h. Bhullock co. Corning and Blossburg, and the New York and Statesburg, S. C., c. h. Sumpter co. Erie Railroads. Statescille, N. C., c. h. Iredell co. 145 miles W. Steuben, N. Y., Oneida co. Cincinnati Creek from Raleigh. and some branches of the Mohawk River water Staunton, Va., Augusta co. An old place, wa- this town. Surf:ace hilly; soil moist clay loam, tered by Lewis Creek, a head branch of Shenan- well suited to grass. 16 miles N. from the city doah River. 166 miles W. N. W. from Rich- of Utica, and 103 N. W. from Albany. moend. The ground gradually rises from the Steubenville, 0., c. h. Jefferson co. On the W. creek. The streets are regular and straight, bank of Ohio River. 141 miles E. N. E. from though narrow. A lunatic asylum is located Columbus. It is regularly laid out, and conhere. tains, besides the county buildings, six or seven Steelsville, Mo., c. h. Crawford co. On the up- churches, an elegant town hall and market, sevper waters of the Moramie. eral cotton and woollen factories, flouring mills, Stephenson County, Is., c. h. at Freeport. On the iron and brass founderies, and other large estabN. border. The Peetoncha branch of the Rock lishments. River flows through it from N. W. to E. Stewart County, Ga., c. h. at Lumkin. On the Steplhentown, N. Y., Rensselaer co. Kinder- western border. The Chattahoochee separates it hook Creek flows through this town. Surface from Alabama. mostly hilly and mountainous; soil fertile, and Stewart County, Te., c. h. at Dover. Kentucky well suited to grazing. 22 miles S. E. from is on the N. E., Montgomery co. E., Dickson S. Troy, and 21 from Albany. E., Humphreys S., and Tennessee River, or Henry Sterling, Ct., Windham co. This town was co., WV. This county is crossed by Cumberland taken from Voluntown in 1794. The soil is a River from S. E. to N. W., and is washed on one light gravelly and sandy loam, and produces side by the Tennessee. good grain. Sterling is watered by two branches Stewartstown, N. H., Coos co. The Connectiof Moosup River, a good mill stream. " Near cut River is about 15 rods in width at this place. the centre of this town, there is a cavern, called The other waters are Bishop's Brook, Dead the Devil's Den, possessing very singular and Water, and Mohawk Rivers, and Hall's Stream. curious features." 44 miles E. by S. from Hart- Little and Great Diamond Ponds are here; they ford. are well stocked with salmon trout. There are Sterling, Ms., Worcester co. This was for no large mountains, although there are many many years the second parish of Lancaster, and elevations. The soil of the intervale is rich, and was first settled in 1720. Its Indian name was the uplands productive. The first settlements Chockset. At its incorporation, in 1781, it was were made under grants from Colonel David named in honor of Lord Sterling, of New Jersey, Webster, soon after the close of the revolutionary an American general. The surface is hilly and war. 150 miles N. from Concord, and about 40 uneven, but there is very little broken or waste N. E. from Lancaster. land in it. The soil is fertile. The land is nat- Stillwater, Me., Penobscot co. A very flour urally moist, and by the help of the rivulets the ishing village on the Lower Falls of Penobscot water may be turned over the sides of most of River, in the town of Orono. An immense the hills. There is but one river in the town, amount of lumber is sawed at this place, and 74 586 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., rafted down to the Bangor market. See width. Steatite is found here. The settlement Orono. was commenced in 1784 and 1785. From MontStillwater, Ma. Situated on the W. side of St. pelier 36 miles S. by W., and 26- N. W. from Croix River, at its entrance into the head of Windsor. Lake St. Croix, about 25 miles N. E. from St. Stockholm, N. -Y., St. Lawrence co. The St. Paul, the present capital of the territory, and Regis River and its branches water this town. about 20 miles E. by N. from the Falls of St. Surface hilly and rather stony; soil fertile mould, Anthony. These distances are by the land route based upon limestone. 18 miles N. E. from Candirect. The trip by water, down the lake and up ton, and 227 N. N. W. from Albany. the Mississippi, to these places, is considerably Stockport, N. Y., Columbia co. Watered by longer, especially to the falls, but is the one Kinderhook Creek, a branch of the Hudson Rivusually chosen, for the accommodations afforded er, which bounds it on the W. 5 miles N. from by the steamboats, which run regularly on this Hudson, and 25 S. from Albany. route. Stockport, Pa., Wayne co. A village on the Stillwater is a large and flourishing town, ad- right bank of Delaware River. 180 miles N. vantageously situated for trade. It has many from Philadelphia, and 40 E. from Montrose. fine buildings, cottages, churches, stores, &c. Stockton, Ca., c. h. San Joaquim co. The third Travellers meet with fine accommodations at the city in California, ranking next to San Francisco hotels in this place, and find themselves in the and Sacramento. It is situated on the E. bank of midst of natural scenery the most beautiful. the San Joaquim River, somewhat more than Stillwater, N. Y., Saratoga co. Watered by 100 miles by water from San Francisco, from Anthony's Kill and other small branches of the which it lies due E. There is good navigation Hudson River, which bounds it on the E. Sur- to this place, at all times, for steamers and yesface level and undulating; soil sandy and clay sels of 400 tons' burden. Stockton lies a little loam. In the N. part of this town is situated the S. of the Calaveros River, a tributary of the San battle ground where General Burgoyne was de- Joaquim, on an inlet, or, as it is called, a slough, feated by General Gates, the American com- which, at a little distance from the San Joaquim. mander, in 1777. Here also are Freeman's divides into 3 branches. The city occupies the Farm and Bemus's Heights, both famous battle peninsula between the two northern branches, exgrounds, and the meadow where the British Gen- tending also S. to the third branch. It was laid eral Frazer was mortally wounded. 10 miles out in 1849, by Mr. Weaver, who had emigrated E. from Ballston Spa, and 20 N. N. E. from to California 7 years before, and had obtained Albany. from the government a grant of 11 square Stockbridge, Ms., Berkshire co. The surface is leagues, about 50,000 acres, on condition of obexceedingly varied, from tall and majestic moun- rtaining settlers within a specified time. In April, tains to deep and lovely valleys. The soil in the 1849, the site of the city was occupied by a solivalleys is rich, and produces great crops of grain tary rancho in the midst of the marshes. The and hay, and the higher grounds afford the sweet- sale of the lots produced $500,000, and by Sepest pasturage. Its water power is large and very tember, 1849, Stockton was a canvas city of extensive. Stockbridge Mountain lies at the W., 1000 inhabitants, with a fleet of merchant vessels and Monument Mountain at the S. part of the lying before it. Since that period the population town, and in the S. E. corner the Beartown has greatly increased, and many substantial buildc Mountains rise. On the height of the N. W. spur ings have been erected. Its position is such as to of these mountains is a very narrow and deep make it the capital of the southern mining disravine, perhaps a quarter of a mile long, where trict, as Sacramento is of the northern. the rocks of every size and form are thrown to- The southern mines are situated among the gether in the wildest confusion. This is called hills and mountains forming the western slope of the " Ice Hole," from the fact that ice remains in the Sierra Nevada, commencing some 20 miles this chasm through the year. On the E. side of E. of Stockton, and extending thence E. to the the town, and wholly within its limits, is Rattle- banks of the rivers. snake Mountain, about 2 milds in length. The The following account by Bayard Taylor of a Housatonic passes through the town; its wind- journey, in the autumn of 1849, to the Mokelumne ings are many, and extensive meadows lie on its Diggings, N. E. from Stockton, will serve to give borders. This receives KonkapotBrook from the an idea of the mines. "The sun was shining S., and Barnum's, Great Pond, and Mohawk hotly, the tent streets of Stockton glowing like a Brooks from the N. There are a number of brick kiln. The thermometer stood at 980, and large and beautiful ponds in the town, which the parched sandy soil burned through our very serve to swell the Housatonic. Near the centre boot soles. We therefore resolved to wait till of the town is a delightful village, situated on an evening before starting. We started at four elevated plain, between the river and a mountain. o'clock, when a pleasant breeze had sprung up, 7 miles S. E. from the depot of the Western Rail- and rode over the level plain through beautiful road at West Stockbridge, from which it is 11 groves of oak. The trail was crossed by deep miles to Pittsfield, and 162 to Boston. dry arroyos, or watercourses, which in the rainy Stockbridge, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by season make the country almost impassable. Oneida Creek. A somewhat hilly town, with Now, however, the very beds of the Tule marshes a fertile soil. 5 miles N. E. from Morrisville, and were beginning to dry up. The bed of the Ca97 N. of W. from Albany. varas River, which in the spring is 30 feet deep, Stockbridge, Vt., Windsor co. White River was perfectly dry, and the trees above its banks runs through the northerly part of this town, and made a roof which shut out the wind and sand, in its passage receives the Sweed River from the but let in the sunlight. W. The mill privileges at the Great Narrows in " We encamped in the very bed of the river, White River are the best. The whole river is and heaping the loose ground for pillows enjoyed here compressed into a channel but a few feet in a delightful sleep. Leaving soon after sunrise, IN THE UNITED STATES. 587 we entered the hills. The country was dotted now in the best possible humor, went on with with picturesque clumps of oak, and as the their work with great alacrity. It is only by such ground became higher and more broken, with operations as these, through associated labor, that pines of splendid growth. Now, however, the great profits are to be made in those districts ground was parched like a furnace, the vegetation which have been visited by the first eager horde of snapped like glass under the hoofs of our mules, gold hunters. The deposits most eagerly reached and the cracks and seams in the arid soil seemed are soon exhausted by the crowd, and the labor to give out an intense heat. In the glens, where required to carry on further work successfully the little air stirring was cut off, the mercury rose deters single individuals from attempting it. to 1100. Crossing several steep spurs, we reached Those who, retaining their health, return home the top of the dividing ridge overlooking the disappointed, say they have been humbugged Mokelumne valley, and here one of the most about the gold, when, in fact, they have humcharming mountain landscapes in the world bugged themselves about the work. If any one opened to our view. Under our very feet, as it expects to dig treasures out of the earth in Caliseemed, flowed the river, and a little corner of fornia without severe labor, he is wofully mislevel bottom wedged between the bases of the taken. Of all classes of men, those who pave hills was clothed with the tents of the gold hunt- streets and quarry limestone are best adapted for ers, whom we could see burrowing along the gold diggers." water. The mountains, range behind range, Stockton, N. Y., Chautauque co. Bear Creek spotted with timber, made a grand indistinct and some other small streams water this town. background in the murky air. Coming down the Surface undulating; soil well adapted to grass on almost perpendicular side of the hill, near the the uplands, and in the valleys to the growth of bottom, we came upon the Sonorian town, as it grain. 7 miles E. from Maysville, and 323 S. of was called, from the number of Mexican miners W. from Albany. encamped there. Our first move was for the Stoddard County, Mo., c. h. at Bloomfield, in river bottom, where a number of Americans, So- the S. E. corner, between the St. Francis and norians, Kanakas, and French were at work in White Water, contains large lakes, and is largely the hot sun. The bar, as it was called, was noth- subject to overflow. ing more nor less than a level space at the junc- Stoddard, N. H., Cheshire co., is situated on the tion of the river with a dry arroyo or gulch, height of land between Merrimac and Connectiwhich winds for about eight miles among the cut Rivers. It is mountainous, and very rocky. hills. It was hard and rocky, with no loose sand, The soil is better adapted to grazing than tillage. except such as had lodged between the large The S. branch of Ashuelot River, and several other masses of stone, which must, of course, be thrown streams, water this town. There are 14 ponds aside to get at the gold. The whole space, con- here, some of which are of considerable magnitaining about four acres, appeared to have been tude. The first family was that of John Taggard, turned over with great labor, and all the holes, whose privations and hardships were very great. slanting down between the broken strata of slate, Their grain was procured at Peterboro', at the to have been explored to the bottom. The first distance of 20 miles, which was conveyed by him party we saw had just succeeded in cutting a new on-his back through the pathless wilderness. At channel for the shrunken waters of the Moke- one time, they had nothing for six days on which lumne, and were commencing operations on about to subsist but the flesh of the horse. This town twenty yards of the river bed, which they had was formerly called Limerick. It was incorporated laid bare. They were ten in number, and their in 1774, when it received the name of Stoddard, only implements were shovels, a rude cradle for from Colonel Samson Stoddard, of Chelmsford, to the top layer of earth, and flat wooden bowls for whom, with several others, it was granted. First washing out the sand. When I first saw the men settlers, John Taggard, Reuben Walton, Alexcarrying heavy stones in the sun, standing nearly ander Scott, James Mitchell, and others, in 1769. waist deep in water, and grubbing with their hands 14 miles N. N. E. from Keene, and 45 W. S. W. in the gravel and clay, there seemed to me little from Concord. virtue in resisting the temptation to gold digging; Stokes County, N. C., Germantown and Salem but when the shining particles were poured out shire towns. This county is bounded N. by Rocklavishly from a tin basin, I confess there was a ingham and Guilford counties and Virginia, E sudden itching in my fingers to seize the heaviest by Car, S. by Rowan, and W. by Surry. The crowbar and the biggest shovel. sources of Dan and Yadkin Rivers drain the " A company of thirty, somewhat farther down county. the river, had made a much larger dam, after a Stoneham, Me., Oxford co. Stoneham was inmonth's labor, and a hundred yards of the bed corporated in 1834. It lies westerly of Albany, were clear. and comprises the grant to Fryeburg Academy. " I slept soundly that night, and went down Stoneham, Ms., Middlesex co., comprised the N early to the river, where I found the party of ten part of Charlestown until its incorporation, in bailing out the water which had leaked into the 1725. There is some good land in Stoneham, and river bed during the night. They were standing the soil is generally of a gravelly loam, but it is in the run, and had two hours of hard work be- too rough and stony for easy cultivation. Spot fore they could begin to wash. Again the pros- Pond, a beautiful sheet of water, covering an area pect looked uninviting; but when I went to them of 233 acres, lies in this town. It is 143 feet again towards noon, one of them was scraping up above sea level. 9 miles N. from Boston, and 2 the sand from the bed with his knife, and throw- E. from the Boston and Lowell Railroad, at Woing it into a basin, the bottom of which glittered burn. with gold. Every knifeful brought out a quanti- Stonington, Ct., New London co. This town is ty of grains and scales, some of which were as situated at the eastern extremity of Long Island large as the finger nail. At last, a two-ounce Sound, at the S. E. corner of the state, and on the lump fell plump into the pan, and the diggers, line of Rhode Island. The land is rocky and un 588 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., even, but fertile and productive. A considerable the formation of the counties of Belknap and amount of agricultural products is annually sent Carroll, it still retains, in consequence of its rapid from this town to Nantucket and other places. It increase in population and wealth, its former imis watered by the Mystic and Paucatuck. portance and power. The harbor of Stonington sets up from the Strafford, N. H., Strafford co. Bow Pond is in Sound, opposite Fisher's Island, and is well pro- the S. W. part of the town, and is about 650 rods tected by an expensive breakwater. long and 400 wide; its waters form one of the This place is noted for the commercial enter- principal branches of the Isinglass River. Front prise of its people. Large capitals are employed Pond lies W. of the Blue Hills, and Wild Goose in the whale, seal, and cod fisheries. This place Pond between this town and Pittsfield. There is is accommodated with a marine railway, and a a great variety of scenery here. The range of lighthouse at the entrance of the harbor. Blue Hills crosses the N. W. part of the town. Stonington borough is located on a narrow The soil is generally of a good quality. Strafpoint of land, extending into the Sound about ford was formerly a part of Barrington. 15 miles half a mile. It was incorporated in 1801. It is N. W. from Dover, and 30 E. N. E. from Concord. handsomely laid out, and is well built. 47 miles Strafford, Vt., Orange co. Strafford contains by railroad from Providence, and 112 from New two pleasant villages. The surface is uneven, but York by water. the soil generally good. It is watered by a prinStony Brook, N. Y., Suffolk co. On the N. side cipal branch of Ompompanoosuc River, which of Long Island, 197 miles S. S. E. from Albany. affords several good mill privileges. In the It has a good harbor, and ship building is car- north-easterly part is Podunk Pond, covering ried on. about 100 acres. In the S. E. corner of StrafStony County, Io. Central. Between the Iowa ford is an extensive bed of the sulphuret of and Des Moines. iron, from which immense quantities of copperas Stoughton, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was are made. The settlement of this town was comoriginally a part of Dorchester, and was named menced just before the revolutionary war. 30 in honor of William Stoughton, lieutenant gov- miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 11 S E. from ernor of the province of Massachusetts Bay from Chelsea. 1692 to 1702. Some of the head waters of Ne- Stratford, Ct., Fairfield co. Its Indian name ponset and Taunton Rivers rise in this town. was Cupheag. The township is mostly level and The highest land in the town is a hill called the free from stone, and there is a very rich alluvial Pinnacle. A large village of shoe manufacturers tract of meadows on the river and harbor. The has, within a few years, " sprung up as if by en- principal street in the town is 1 mile in length, chantment." From this village is a railroad to running N. and S., parallel to the Housatonic; the Canton depot of the Boston and Providence it is level, pleasant, and ornamented with shade Railroad, distance 4 miles. This town lies 18 trees. This place lies at the mouth of Housatonie miles S. from Boston, and 10 S. E. from Dedham. River, and has considerable inland and coasting The ancient records of this town are very inter- trade. Stratford Point, jutting out into the esting. Sound, is very pleasant, and a noted landingStow, Ms., Middlesex co. This is an ancient place for passengers. 13 miles S. W. from New town, and was first settled about the year 1680. Haven by railroad. The Indians had two names for it, from two hills, Stratford, N. H., Coos co. This town lies on Ponipascitticutt and Shabbukin. The surface is va- the E. bank of Connecticut River. The soil, exried, and the soil in many parts light and sandy; cept along the river, is rocky, gravelly, and cold. but it contains much good land for cultivation. The Peaks, two mountains of a conical form, sitThe Assabet River passes through the town, and uated in the S. E. part of the town, are seen at a affords a good water power. 3 miles from the great distance. Bog Brook, Nash's Stream, and Fitchburg Railroad at Acton, which is 25 miles several smaller streams, furnish this town with from Boston. water. There is a pond in the S. E. part of the Stowe, Vt., Lamoille co. Waterbury River and town. First settlers, Isaac Johnston, James its branches give this town a good water power. Curtis, James Brown, Josiah Lampkin, and A. Stowe is situated between the Mansfield and Blodgett. 18 miles N. from Lancaster, and 137 Hog's Back Mountains, and contains a large tract N. from Concord. of level, fertile land. Stowe is a flourishing town, Stratford, N. Y., Fulton co. Watered by East and contains 4 neat and pleasant mountain valley Canada Creek and its branches. A hilly and villages. All that tract of land formerly called mountainous town, with a rather sterile soil Mansfield was annexed to this town in 1848. The 15 miles N. W. from Johnstown, and 60 from settlement was commenced about the year 1793. Albany. From Hydepark 10 miles S., and 37 N. from Stratham, N. H., Rockingham co., is about 8 Montpelier. miles from the sea. The land is even, and well Strabane, Pa., Washington co. A township on calculated for agricultural purposes. Farmin( is the head waters of Chartier Creek. 5 miles E. so exclusively the employment of the people, that, from Washington. although a navigable river adjoins it, there is Strafford County, N. H., c. h. at Dover. little attention given to any other pursuit. In the Bounded N. by Belknap co., E. by the state of E. part of the town, in a swamp, is perhaps the Maine, S. and S. W. by Rockingham and Merri- largest deposit of peat in the state. This town mac counties. The larger rivers are the Piscata- was a part of Hilton's Purchase. 43 miles S. E. by qua, Salmon Falls, and Cocheco. The soilis gen- E. from Concord, and 3 E. N. E. from Exeter. erally good. The lands are generally hard of Stratton, Vt., Windham co. This is a mouncultivation, but the patient laborer finds an ample tainous town. Branches of Deerfield and Winreward for his industry. This county possesses hall Rivers rise here from two ponds. The soil is a large hydraulic power. Although this county cold and generally unprofitable. Stratton was has recently lost a large share of its territory by settled principally by emigrants from Massachu IN THE UNITED STATES. 589 setts. 18 miles N. E. from Bennington, and 22 Suffolk County, N. Y., c. h. at Riverhead. N. W. from Brattleboro'. Incorporated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Long Strawntoun, Pa., Bucks co. On Tohicon Creek, Island Sound, E. and S. by the Atlantic Ocean, about 40 miles W. of N. from Philadelphia. and W. by Queens co. Surface somewhat broken Strong, Me., Franklin co. A good township. On and hilly on the N., but elsewhere level; soil both sides of Sandy River. 45 miles N. W. from easily tilled and productive. Watered by Peconic Augusta. River and several small streams. There are sevStroudsburq, Pa., c. h. Monroe co. On the N. eral islands attached to this county, the princibank of Smithfield Creek. 3 miles N. W. from pal of which are Gardiner's, Shelter, and Fisher's the Delaware Water Gap, and 124 N. E. by E. Islands. from Harrisburg. Suffolk, N. Y., c. h. Suffolk co. 226 miles Sturbridge, Ms., Worcester co. This town was S. S. E. from Albany. formerly called Tantuesque by the Indians, and Stffolk, Va., c. h. Nansemond co. On the E New Medfield by the English. It is a pleasant side of Nansemond River. 28 miles N. W. by W town, and well watered by Quinebaug River. from Norfolk, and 85 S. E. from Richmond. The surface is uneven and hilly, and the soil hard Sullivan County, Ia., c. h. at Sullivan. Various to subdue. There are some good fish ponds in creeks of the Wabash drain this county. It is the town, which serve to swell the Quinebaug. bounded by Vigo N., Martin E., Davies and Knox 18 miles S. W. from Worcester, and 60 W. S. W. S., and the Wabash River W. from Boston. Sullivan, Me., Hancock co. At the head of Stuyvesant, N. Y., Columbia co. On the E. Frenchman's Bay. 93 miles E. from Augusta. bank of the Hudson River. A hilly town with a Sullivan County, Mo., N. part. Watered by tribproductivesoil. 12 miles N. from Hudson, and 18 utaries of the Grand River, which run through S. fiom Albany. it from N. to S. Success, N. H., Coos co. There are several con- Sullivan County, N. H., c. h. at Newport. This siderable mountains in this town, and 2 or 3 county is bounded N. by Grafton co., E. by Merponds. Narmarcungawack and Live Rivers rise rimac and a part of Hillsboro' counties, S. by here, and pass westerly into the Androscoggin. Cheshire co., and W. by Connecticut River, or This town is exceedingly rough and hard to cul- the state of Vermont. It was taken from Cheshire tivate. First granted, in 1773, to Benjamin Mac- co. in 1827. The surface is elevated, but not kay and others. 143 miles N. by E. from Concord, mountainous. Croydon Mountain is the highest. and about 30 E. from Lancaster. Along the streams, particularly on Connecticut Sudbury, Ms., Middlesex co. This ancient town River, the soil is rich and exceedingly productive. is situated on the W. side of a river of the same The uplands produce good grain, and afford exname. It is watered by a branch of Sudbury cellent pasturage. There is a great variety of deRiver, and has some water power. The surface lightful scenery in this county. Besides the Conis pleasant, and rather romantic. Along the necticut, which waters its whole western frontier, borders of the river are large tracts of meadow the Ashuelot, Cold, Sugar, Little Sugar Rivers, land, some of which is very valuable. Sudbury and other streams, furnish the county with an was first settled in 1638. 19 miles W. from abundant water power, and Sunapee Lake and Boston, and 6 S. S.W. from Concord. numerous ponds give beauty to its otherwise Sudbury, Vt., Rutland co. Otter Creek touches varied and picturesque scenery. upon the eastern border of this town. The other Sullivan County, N. Y., c. h. at Thompson. streams are small. Hubbardton Pond extends Formed from Ulster co. in 1809. It is bounded into the S. part, and there are in town several N. by Delaware and Ulster, E. by Ulster and smaller ponds, of which Hinkum Pond is the Orange, S. and S. W. by Orange co. and the Delmost considerable. The surface is uneven, and a aware River, which separates it from Pennsylvahigh ridge of land extends through the town. nia. Watered by several small lakes, and by The soil is generally a rich loam; the timber D)elaware, Neversink, and Mongoup Rivers. Surprincipally pine, beech, and maple. There is a face hilly and mountainous, the Shawangunk small village in the easterly part of the town. Mountain lying on the E. border; soil fertile in This town was chartered in 1761; the early set- the valleys, and mostly good for grazing on the tiers were generally from Connecticut. 43 miles uplands. Lead ore is the principal mineral. The S. W. from Montpelier, and 17 N. W. from Delaware and Hudson Canal and the New York Rutland. and Erie Railroad both cross this county. Suffield, Ct., Hartford co. Suffield lies on the Sullivan, N. Y., Madison co. Watered by W. side of Connecticut River, and is bounded N. Caneseraga and Chittenango Creeks, flowing into by Massachusetts, to which state it was attached Oneida Lake, which bounds it on the N. Surface until 1752. This territory was purchased about level and undulating; soil of excellent quality, the year 1670,of two Indian chiefs, for $100. The consisting of rich alluvion on the N. 18 miles surface on the banks of the river is elevated, and N. W. from Morrisville, and 129 from Albany. although the town is without much alluvial Sullivan County, Pa., c. h. at La Port. N. cenmeadow, the soil being of a strong, deep loam, is tral part. Hilly. Drained by northern tributavery fertile and productive. Suffield contains ries of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. some of the best farms in the state. The principal Sullivan County, Te., c. h. at Blountville. Scott village is pleasantly located on rising ground. It and Washington counties, Va., are on the N., contains many handsome buildings; it is the site Ashe co., N. C., E., Carter co., in Te., S. E., Washof the Connecticut Literary Institution, and com- ington S., and Hawkins W. Part of the surface mands delightful views of the river and circum- is mountainous, the rest hilly. From E. to W., jacent country. 16 miles N. from Hartford. through the whole length of the county, flows Suffolk County, Ms., c. h. at Boston. It includes Holston River, and in its course receives the the city of Boston and the towns of Chelsea, Wantauga from the S. E. North Chelsea, and Winthrop. Summer Hill, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by 590 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c.. the head branches of Fall Creek. A hilly town, Susquehanna, connects it with Northumber with a pretty good soil. 24 miles S. E. from land. Auburn, and 147 W. from Albany. Sunderland, Ms., Franklin co. This town lies Summit, N. Y., Schoharie co. Watered by on the E. side of Connecticut River. It was taken branches of Schoharie Creek, and by Charlotte from Hadley in 1718. The central village of River. This is an elevated and hilly town,'with Sunderland is pleasantly situated on a fine intera soil well suited to grass. 16 miles S. W. from vale of land, on the E. bank of Connecticut River. Schoharie, and 52 S. of NV. from Albany. North village is 3 miles from the centre, and Summit County, O., c. h. at Akron. In the Plum Tree village 3 miles S. At the central N. E. angle of the state. Drained by head streams village there is a bridge over the Connecticut. of the Tuscarawas, and by the Cuyahoga and Mount Toby lies partlyin Sunderland and partly Little Cuyahoga, which afford much water power. in Leverett. See Mountains and Caves. 90 miles Crossed from N. to S. by the Ohio Canal, with W. from Boston, and 9 S. by E. from Greenfield. which the Ohio and Pennsylvania Canal unites Sunderland, Vt., Bennington co. The Batten in this county. kill River passes through the town, and on it are Sumner, Me., Oxford co. On a branch of the some fine alluvial fiats. Roaring Branch origiAndroscoggin. 44 miles W. fiom Augusta. nates in several large ponds in the eastern part Stumner County, Te., c. h. at Gallatin. This of the town,,and running westerly, unites with county is bounded by Kentucky N., Smith E., the Battenkill in Arlington. The soil consists Cumberland River or Wilson S., Davison S. W., of alluvion, loam, and marl. Near the foot of and Robertson N. W. Cumberland River washes the Green Mountains, the sulphurct of iron is it on the S., and it is drained by various creeks found in considerable quantities. On the side of of that stream. the mountain a vein of lead ore has been discovSumpter County, Aa., c. h. at Livingston. W. ered in granular limestone. The settlement was part. Between the Tombigbee, by whose affluents commenced in 1766, by emigrants from Connecit is watered, and the Mississippi line. ticut. 87 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 15 SumIter County, Ga., c. h. at Americus. S. W. N. by E. from Bennington. part. Drained by confluents of the Flint River, Sunfi0ower County, Mi., c. h. at IcNutt. New. which washes it on the E. from the Mississippi Sunkhaze, Me., Penobscot co. Sunkhaze Stream to the Pearl. meets the Penobscot, from the E., about 15 miles Sumipter District, S. C., c. h. at Sumpterville. above Old Town village, in Orono. The plantaThis district has Santee River or Charleston dis- tion of Sulnkhaze lies on this stream, 82 miles N. trict on the S., Santee River or Orangeburg S. E. from Augusta. W., Wateree River or Richland W., Kershaw N. Surry, N. H., Cheshire co., is watered by AshuW., Lynch's Creek River or Darlington N. E., elot River, on which there is a tract of valuable and Williamsburg N. The surface is level, and meadow land, extending almost the Whole length the soil generally sandy. A branch of Black of the town. On the E. side of Ashuelot River River, called Great Pedee, drains the centre of is a steep and high mountain, on the summit this district. The canal connecting Santee River of which is a pond of about 3 acres in extent, with Charleston Harbor leaves the Santee nearly and about 25 feet depth of water. Surry was opposite to the S. E. angle of Sumpter. originally a part of Gilsum and Westmoreland, Sumpterville, S. C., c.h. Sumpter district. On and derived its name from Surry in England. the dividing ground between the two main branch- First settler, Peter Hayward, in 1764. 52 miles es of Black River, about 100 miles a little W. of S. W. from Concord, and 6 N. W. from Keene. N. from Charleston. Surry County, N. C., Rockford and Huntsvilil Sunbury, Ga., Liberty co. A town and port of shire towns. Surry co. is bounded N. by Virentry on the S. side of Newport River. Cath- ginia, E. by Stokes co., N. C., S. by Rowerine Island, which lies off the entrance of the an and Iredell, and W. by Wilkes and Ashe. harbor, forms and defends it from the weather. The surface is hilly, and in part mountainous, and An academy was erected here in 1788. 45 miles the county is drained by the extreme northern S. by W. from Savannah. sources of the Yadkin. Sunbury, Pa. Seat of justice of Northumber- Surry County, Va., c. h. at Surry. This land co. 58 miles N. by E. from Harrisburg. county has James River on the N. and N. E., Isle It is beautifully situated on a broad plain on the of Wight S. E., Sussex S. W. and W., and E. side of the Susquehanna, just below the con- Prince George N. W. In Surry rise the N. E. fluence of its N. and W. branches at Northum- sources of Black River, a branch of Nottaway. berland. The navigation of the Pennsylvania Susquehanna County, Pa., c. h. at Montrose. Canal is carried across the river by a basin in Broome co., N. Y., is on the N., Wayne co., front of the town, nearly a mile in width, created Pa, E., Luzerne S., and Bradford W. The by the Shamokin dam, 2783 feet long, a short soil generally is of a middling quality, and distance below. A railroad is in operation for the surface hilly. The local features of this 19 miles, from Sunbury to the Shamokin coal county are very peculiar. The Susquehanna enmines, which was originally projected to extend ters and again retires from its northern border, to Pottsville. An enterprise is on foot for the and thence, after an immense sweep through development of a great water power, by the con- Broome and Tioga counties, N. Y., and Bradstruction of a short canal from the Susquehan- ford co., Pa., it again reaches, in the N. W. na basin, in the rear of the town, to empty into angle of Luzerne, within less than 5 miles the Shamokin Creek, below the level of the great from the S. W. angle of Susquehanna. From this dam. With this improvement, and the abundant singular position, the creeks of the latter county supplies of coal, iron, and limestone in the imme- flow from its centre like radii of a circle, and yet diate vicinity, Sunbury must become an active nearly all enter Susquehanna River. manufacturing place. A bridge about a mile Sussex County, De., Georgetown and Lewisabove the town, across the N. branch of the town shire towns. Delaware Bay is on the IN THE UNITED STATES. 591 N. E., Atlantic Ocean E., Worcester co., Md., of soil, and although the surface is uneven, it S., Somerset co., Md., S. W., Dorchester and produces all the grains and grasses common to Caroline counties, Md., and Kent co., De., N. the country. 23 miles W. N. W. from ConPart of the surface is marshy, but it is generally cord. level. The soil is mostly of a middling qual- Sutton, Vt., Caledonia co. Sutton is watered ity, though some parts are sandy. The wa- by two considerable branches, which unite near ters flow from the centre of the county in the S. line of Burke, and join the Passumpsic opposite directions. Nanticoke drains its west- River in,Lyndon. There are several ponds, ern side. Pocomoke has its source near its south- of which Fish Pond is the largest. It covers ern limits; Indian River, interlocking sources about 200 acres. The surface of Sutton is gener. with both the preceding, flows into the Atlantic ally even, and considerable tracts of it are so low Ocean, and Cold Spring, Broadkill, Prunehook, and wet as to be incapable of cultivation. There Slaughter, Cedar, and Mispillan Creeks enter the are several bogs of marl in this town. The setBay of Delaware. tlement of Sutton was commenced about the year Sussex Countq, N. J., is bounded N. E. by 1791, by a Mr. Hackett, who was soon after joined Orange co., N. Y., N. W. by Delaware River, by other families frim Rhode Island and Conopposite Pike co., Pa., S. E. by Passaic and necticut. 21 miles N. from Danville, and 51 N Morris, N. J., and S. W. by Warren. Most of the E. from Montpelier. land is hilly, and some mountainous, though Swainsboro', Ga., c. h. Emanuel co. Near Canin the N. E. section the flat and marshy bot- nouchee River. 98 miles N. W. from Savannah, toms of the Wallkill cover a considerable space. and 96 S. E. by E. from Milledgeville. The climate of Sussex differs from that of the Swampscot, Ms.,Essex co. A new town. A adjacent counties, on account of its superior fishing village taken from the N. E. part of Lynn. elevation. The extreme western sources of Swan Quarter, N. C., c. h. Hyde co. 203 miles the Passaic are in this county. From it also E. by S. from Raleigh. flow S. W., towards the Delaware, the Muscone- Swansea, Ms., Bristol co. The Indian name of cung, Pequest, Flatkill, and Pauling's Creeks, and this place was Pockanock-et. Between Lee's and those of the Wallkill N. W. towards the Hudson. Cole's Rivers lies Mattapoiset Neck, at the head This county has a great variety of soil, from the of which is Swansea village, a place of considermost fertile alluvion to very barren mountain. The able trade and navigation. This town is favored valleys of the creeks, particularly those flowing with good navigable waters, and an hydraulic towards the Delaware, afford very fine meadow, power. This town will be memorable on account orchard, and grain lands. of its being the place where the first English Sussex County, Va., c. h. at Hunting. This blood was shed in King Philip's war. 1 mile N. county has Surry on the N. E., Dinwiddie and W. from Fall River, and 48 miles S. from Boston. Prince George N. W., Greenville S. W., and Swanton, Vt., Franklin co. This township is sitSouthampton S. E. The Nottaway River and uated on the E. side of Lake Champlain. Missisits confluents drain more than four fifths of the co River passes through Swanton, and fertilizes a surface. The N. E. section is also watered by considerable portion of its territory. This riveris Black Water River. navigable for lake vessels to Swanton Falls, 6 Sussex, Va., c. h. Sussex co. miles from its mouth. These falls descend 20 Sutter County, Ca. On the E. side of Sacra- feet, and. with other smaller streams, give to Swanmento, and on both sides of Feather River. ten a water power of great value. Bog iron ore, Sutton, Ms., Worcester co., was purchased of and an abundance of beautiful marble, are found the Indians about the year 1704. This is a pleas- in this town. The surface and soil are favorable ant town, watered by the Blackstone River, and to agricultural pursuits, with the exception of a the Blackstone Canal passes on the northern bor- part bordering the lake. The village of Swanton der. The township is generally hilly, though of is pleasantly located, and may boast of the purity good soil. There are a number of neat and of its air and water. The first permanent settlers handsome villages in the town, that near the cen- here were John Hiliker and family, about the year tie, Wilkinsonville, at the N. part of the town, 1787. 50 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 30 and Manchaug, at the S., are the principal. N. from Burlington by railroad. There are a number of beautiful ponds in Sutton, Swanville, Me., Waldo co. This town lies 8 and a great curiosity called " Purgatory Cavern." miles N. from Belfast, and 46 E. by N. from An8 miles S. by E. from Worcester by railroad, and gusta. It was incorporated in 1818. It is watered 43 W. S. W. from Boston. by Paasaggassawakeag Lake and River, and posSutton, N. H., Merrimac co. Three branches sesses a pleasant surface and fertile soil. of Warner River, and a large branch of Black Swanzey, N. H., Cheshire co. The principal Water River, supply this town with water. On streams in this town are the Ashuelot and the the margin of the last stream is some rich South Branch Rivers. The surface is diversified meadow and intervale land. There are several with hills, valleys, and swells of upland. There ponds here: the most important are Long and is one pond in the S. W. part, the source of the Kesar's; the last is 190 rods square. Kearsarge South Branch. There is a mineral spring, the Mountain extends more than half the length of water of which is impregnated with sulphate of Sutton, on the E. side. King's Hill is situated iron. 6 miles S. from Keene, and 60 S. W. from on the W. part of Sutton. On the most elevated Concord. part of this hill there is one of the most extensive Sweet Springs, Va., Monroe co. The medicinal landscape views in the country.'Sutton was virtues of thesewaters attract yearly a large comcalled Perry's-town from Obadiah Perry, one of pany of valetudinarians. The village is 43 miles its principal proprietors. On the W. bank of S. W. from Bath court house, and 93 in the same Kesar's Pond were found Indian hearths of stone course from Staunton. laid with skill and ingenuity, also several Indian Sweden, Me., Oxford co. The waters from Keimplements. This town has almost every variety zer pond in Lovell. pass through this town, and 592 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., give it mill privileges. Sweden lies 9 miles N. teen pounds of salt are manufactured from a E. from Fryeburg, 19 S. WV. from Paris, and 62 cubic foot of the water of the strongest spring. W. S. W. from Augusta. Incorporated 1813. The whole amount of revenue to the state fiom Sweden, N. Y., Monroe co. Drained by Salmon the salt made at the four localities of Salina, Creek. Surface undulating; soil moist argilla- Geddes, Liverpool, and Syracuse, in 1850, was ceous loam, yielding large crops of grass, grain, $44,364 03; which, at the impost of 6 cents per and fruit. 15 miles W. from Rochester, and 241 bushel, gives, for the quantity manufactured, N. of W.,from Albany. 739,400 bushels. Switzerland County, Ia., c. h. at Vevay. This To those who remember the appearance of county has a productive soil and hilly surface. It this spot, and the country around it, no longer is bounded by Dearborn N., Ripley N. W., Jef- ago than 1820, in which year the middle, and ferson WV., and by the Ohio River E., S. E., and S. first constructed, section of the Erie Canal was Sycamore, Is., c. h. De Kalb co. opened for navigation, having penetrated a wild Sqylvania, Ga., c. h. Scriven co. and dark wilderness at Rome only to emergo Syracuse, N. Y., shire town of Onondaga co., from it at this place, and when Syracuse conis situated on the Erie Canal, at the point of its sisted of only a miserable tavern and a few scatconnection with the Oswego Canal, about one tered and indifferent wooden houses, the change mile and a half S. of Onondaga Lake. A railroad which the brief period of 30 years has made must from Oswego also here connects with the great appear more like enchantment than reality. In chain of railroads between Buffalo and the Hud- every thing but the name Syracuse is now a son River, thus giving to Syracuse the twofold city. Its extent, the magnitude and durability advantage of railroads and canals on these most of its warehouses, its splendid hotels, its lofty important thoroughfares of intercourse and trade. spires glittering in the sun, its extended and wellThis flourishing city is one of the sudden and built streets, thronged with people full of life and magnificent creations in our country of those arti- activity, and its canal basins crowded with boats, ficial channels and facilities of business which lading and unlading at the lofty stone warehouses have been so greatly multiplied and extended upon the wharves, all conspire to give to this within the last 30 years. It was incorporated as place the aspect of one of our most busy and a village in 1830, when the population was 2566. flourishing marts of commerce. In 1840 it had a population of 6500; and in 1850 of 22,271. It lies 147 miles W. from Albany by Tacony. A landing place on the Delaware. 8 railroad, and 178 E. from Buffalo. It is 35 miles miles above Philadelphia. Passengers leave the S. by E. from Oswego. cars at this place and take the steamboat. This place, as well as others in the township Taghkanic, N. Y., Columbia co. Copake Creek of Salina, in which it is included, is celebrated waters this town. Surface hilly and mountainfor the manufacture of salt, made from the salt ous; soil clay loam, very fertile in the valleys. springs which abound in the vicinity. The water 12 miles S. E. from Hudson, and 40 from Albany. is brought in pipes to Syracuse from Salina, a Talbot County, Ga., c. h. at Talbotton. Boundmile and a half distant. The fine salt is made by ed N. W. by Merriwether co., N. E. and E. by boiling, and other modes of applying artificial Flint River, separating it from Upson and Crawheat, and the coarse by solar evaporation. An ford counties, S. by Macon, Marion, and Muscogee experiment has recently been made, by order of counties, and W. by Harris co. Drained by the secretary of war, for the purpose of testing branches of Flint and Chattahoochee Rivers. the relative merits of the Onondaga and the Thlbot County, Md., c. h. at Easton. Choptank Turk's Island salt, in consequence of a prejudice and St. Michael's Bays penetrate into this county, heretofore existing against the salt of home man- also Treadhaven River, to a distance of about 10 ufacture, which had made it a requisite in all con- miles. The county occupies the peninsula betracts of the government for the packing of pork tween Tuckahoe River and Choptank, Chesand beef for public stores, expressly to stipulate apeake, and St. Michael's Bays. It is bounded that Turk's Island salt should be used. As the,N. by Queen Ann, E. by Tuckahoe River, or result of this experiment upon a lot of 800 barrels Caroline co., and S. E. by Choptank Bay, or of pork, it is believed that the virtues of the do- Dorchester co. mestic article are in all respects equal to those Talbotton, Ga., c. h. Talbot co. of the foreign, while in some points the advan- Talladega County, Aa., c. h. at Talladega. This tage is clearly on the side of the former. The county is bounded N. by Benton, E. by RanOnondaga salt, as it is called, is decidedly the dolph, S. by Tallapoosa and Coosa, and W. by best in appearance, being of much the lightest Coosa River, separating it from Shelby and St. color, and is 4 pounds heavier in the bushel. Clair. The land slopes westward towardls the There are annually manufactured at Syracuse Coosa River. about 800,000 bushels of this coarse solar salt, Talladega. Aa., c. h. Talladega co. and the amount can be increased to any extent. Tallahassee, Fa. City, capital of the state, and "The springs at Salina, from which these works seat of justice of Leon co. 292 miles W. N. W. are supplied, are pierced through the alluvial, and from St. Augustine. The situation of this place terminate on gravel. A difference of opinion is on elevated ground, having a fine mill stream prevails as to the source of the brine. The gen- on its eastern border, with a fall of 15 or 16 feet, eral opinion is, that beds of rock salt exist here, after which it disappears in a cleft of the limeas at other salt springs. Borings have been made stone strata. The adjacent country is rolling, at several points, and in one instance to the depth but not hilly, and the soil good. The city is of of 250 feet, without finding fossil salt. But the recent origin, having been commenced in 1824, very important fact was elicited that the strength on this epot being selected as the capital of the of the brine increased with the depth of the well." state. The legislatjre held its first session there The wells, or springs, ordinarily used, are exca- the following winter. It was incorporated as a vated only to the depth of 18 or 20 feet. Four- city in 1825. It is regularly laid out, containing IN THE UNITED STATES. 593 a number of public squares, and has among its is under a high state of cultivation. But the atpublic buildings a state house, court house, jail, tention of the people has long been turned chiefly an academy, and churches of the Episcopal, Pres- to manufacturing pursuits. The Taunton River, byterian, and Methodist denominations. It is so much celebrated for the multitude of alewives connected by a railroad with Port Leon, 26 miles taken from its waters, is no less important for the distant, on the Appalachee Bay, which may be great and widely-distributed water power it proregarded as the port of Tallahassee. duces. It is also navigable for small vessels Tallahatchee County, Mi., c. h. at Charleston. between this place and Fall River, about 17 Bounded N. by Ponola co., E. by Yalabusha, S. miles S. W., where it empties into Mount Hope by Carroll and Sunflower, and W. by Sunflower Bay. There is some navigation owned in Taunand Coahoma counties. Drained by Talla- ton, which is employed in the coastwise trade hatchee River and tributaries. and domestic fishery. Tallapoosa County, Aa., c. h. at Dadeville. The village contains a large number of handBounded N. by Talladega and Randolph coun- some public and private buildings, located around ties, E. by Chambers, S. by Macon and Mont- and in the vicinity of a beautiful enclosure, called. gomery, and W. by Coosa co. Drained by Tal- from time immemorial, " Taunton Green." This lapoosa River and its tributaries. public ground is handsomely ornamented with Taliaferro County, Ga., c. h. at Crawfordsville. trees, which give a peculiar charm to the place. Lying in the N. E. part of the state, and having The court house, on one side of this green, is a Oglethorpe co. on the N., Wilkes on the E. and tasteful edifice, with a portico of four Ionic N. E., Hancock on the S. and S. E., and Greene columns. There are nine or ten churches in the on the W. It has a length of 17 miles, and a place, several of which have beautiful houses of mean width of 8 miles, with an area of 136 square worship. Many of the private mansions are miles. It has a general declivity towards the S. finely situated, and give evidence of the taste and E., and is drained in that direction by the higher affluence of their occupants. sources of the Ogeechee and Little Rivers. Its The Mount Pleasant Cemetery, a short distance staple productions are cotton, corn, and wheat. from the green, is laid out on the plan of Mount Tallulap, Mi., c. h. Issaquena co. Auburn, near Boston, and is among the most Tama County, Io. S. E. central part of the pleasing of our rural cemeteries. The ladies of state. On the Iowa River. Taunton have erected here a chaste and beautiful Tamaqua, Pa., Schuylkill co. 79 miles N. E. monument to the memory of Miss Elizabeth from Harrisburg. On Tamaqua or Little Schuyl- Pool, the pious Puritan lady, of family and forkill River. Connected by railroad with Port tune, who conceived the bold design of planting Carbon. Abundance of anthracite coal is found a church among the Indians in this part of the in this vicinity, and the coal trade is the principal wilderness, and for that purpose came, with others, source of wealth. from Taunton, in England, in 1639, and formed Taney County, Mo., c. h. at Forsyth. Bounded the settlement here. She died in 1654. N. by Green and Wright counties. E. by Ozark There are in Taunton a large number of cotton co., S. by Arkansas, and W. by Barry and Law- mills, print works, paper mills, nail factories, rence counties. Drained by White River and its forges, furnaces, &c. Here are also manufacbranches. tures of leather, boots, shoes, hats, chairs, straw Tappahannock, Va., c. h. Essex co. 50 miles bonnets, books, bricks, and other articles. Iron N. E. by E. from Richmond. A port of entry on works were established here as early as 1652, and the Rappahannock. nails, to a large amount, continue to be among Tarboro', N. C., c. h. Edgecombe co. On the the products of the manufactures. Britannia W. bank of Tar River, at the head of steam- ware is made here, which, in the quality of the boat navigation, and 76 miles E by N. from Ra- metal, and in the beauty of its polish, is said to be leigh. equal to any which is imported. Tariffiville, Ct., in the town of Simsbury, Hart- Taunton is approached from all points, with ford co. On the W. side of Farmington River. great facility, by the different lines of railroad 12 miles N. from Hartford. Here is a large man- communication connected with the railroad from ufactory of ingrain carpeting. Boston to New Bedford, which passes through Tarlton, O., Pickaway co. 46 miles S. from the town. This town has long attracted the atColumbus. On Salt Creek, a tributary of the tention of skilful mechanics and men of wealth Scioto. as a place of business, and of persons of taste and Tatnall County, Ga., c. h. at Perry's Mills, is elegant leisure as an agreeable and healthful bounded N. E. by Canouchee River or Bullock co., place of residence. There are a number of beauS. E. by Liberty and Wayne, N. W. by Emanuel, tiful ponds in the vicinity, and some high grounds W. by Telfair and Montgomery, and S. by Ap- from which delightful prospects are obtained, ofpling. On the western boundary of this county fering attractions, especially in the summer seathe Oconee and Ockmulgee Rivers unite, and son, to persons wishing for temporary as well as form the Alatamaha. The Alatamaha winds S. E. permanent residence at a convenient remove along the county, and receives Great Ohoopee from the heat and bustle of our crowded cities. from the N. Taylor County, Io. On the southern border Taunton, Ms., one of the shire towns of Bristol of the state. co. Situated on Taunton River, at its junction Taylor County, Ky., c. h. at Campbellsville. with Mill River. By the railroads, 35 miles S. Central part of the state. New. Taken from from Boston, 20 N. by W. from New Bedford, Green. Drained by affluents of Green River. and 31 E. by N. from Providence, R. I. Popula- Undulating and fertile. tion in 1790, 3804; 1800, 3860; 1810, 3907; Taylor County, Va., c. h. at Proutytown. N. 1820, 4520; 1830, 6042; 1840, 7645; 1850, W. part of the state. Watered by the W. fork 10,431. of the Monongahela, which passes through it This town contains some excellent land, which from S. E. to N. W. Hilly. 75 594 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Taylorsville, Te., c. h. Johnson co. N. from The railroad from Boston to Vermont passes Roan's Creek, and 232 miles E. by N. from through the town. Nashville. Tensas Parish, La., c. h. at St. Joseph's. On Taylorsville, Is., c. h. Christian co. 26 miles S. the E. border, between the Mississippi and the E. from Springfield. Tensas. Taylorsville, Ky., c. h. Spencer co. Near the Terre Bonne Parish, La., c. h. at Houma. centre of the county. 30 miles S. E. by E. from Bounded N. and E. by Assumption and La Louisville, and 30 S. W. by W. from Frankfort. Fourche Interior parishes, S. by the Gulf of Tazewell, Ga., c. h. Marion co. On the E. side Mexico, and W. by Atchafalaya Bay and Atchaof South Whitewater Creek, a branch of Flint falaya River, which separates it from St. Mary's River, and 110 miles S. W. from Milledgeville. parish. Drained by Terre Bonne, Petite, and Tazewell County, Is., c. h. at Tremont Incor- Grand Bayou, Cailloux, and Bayou de Large porated from Peoria co. in 1827, and is bounded Rivers. Surface level, and much of it too low for N. and N. E. by Woodford co., E. by McLean, S. cultivation, but the soil on the borders of the by Logan and Mason counties. and W. by the streams is arable and productive. Illinois River, separating it from Peoria co. Terre Haute, Ia., c. h. Vigo co. On high ground Drained by Mackinaw and branches of Sanga- on the E. bank of Wabash River, 73 miles W. mon River. Surface level, or slightly uneven, from Indianapolis. The national road here crosses with some swamps; soil fertile in some portions. the river, on a fine bridge. It is connected with Tazewell, Te., c. h. Claiborne co. Near the Lake Erie by the Wabash and Erie Canal, and is head of Russell's Creek, a branch of Powell's to be connected by railroad with Columbus and River, and 221 miles E. by N. from Nashville. St. Louis. This town, from its situation and the Tazewell County, Va., c. h. at Jeffersonville. facilities of intercommunication with which it is Kentucky and Cabell co., Va., are on the N. W., about to be furnished, promises to become one of Giles N. E., Washington S., Russel, S. W., the principal towns of Indiana. and Wythe S. E. Part of the surface is moun- Tewksbury, Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly an tainous, and the rest hilly. In this county are the Indian village, a part of Billerica, and called sources of Chinchard and Great Sandy Rivers, Wamesitt. It has the Concord River on its and from its N. E. section flow several branches western boundary. The surface is rather level, of Great Kanawha. with a thin soil, better adapted to the growth of Tazewell, Va., c. h. Tazewell co. On the S. hops and rye than other crops. 5 miles S. E. from side of the N. fork of Clinch River. 284 miles Lowell, and 20 N. N. W. from Boston. W. by S. from Richmond. Tewksbury, N. J., Huntqrdon co. Watered by Telfair County, Ga., c. h. at Jacksonville. This Lamington River and Rockaway Creek and county is bounded by Appling S., Dooley S. W., branches. Surface hilly; soil fertile clay and Pulaski N. W., Little Ockmulgee River or Mont- loam. 14 miles N. E. from Flemington. gomery co. N. E., and Tatnall E. The Ockmulgee Texas County, Mo., c. h. at Houston. S. central. River enters the N. W. side of this county, and, Watered by Big Piney Fork of Gasconade and after an immense curve to the S. E., E., and N. E., the head streams of Currant River. joins the Oconee at its N. E. angle. Theresa, N.Y., Jefferson co. Watered by Indian Tecumseh, Mn., c. h. Lenawee co. 56 miles River. Surface uneven; soil rather sterile. InS. W. from Detroit. corporated in 1841, from the town of Alexandria. Temple, Me., Franklin co. This was formerly 20 miles N. from Watertown, and 178 N. W. a part of Kennebec co. It lies 40 miles N. N. W. from Albany. from Augusta, and is bounded N. by Farmington. Thetford, Vt., Orange co. This town is pleasIt was incorporated in 1803. antly situated on the W. side of Connecticut Temple, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The several River, opposite Lyme, New Hampshire. The streams which empty into Souhegan River, at Ompomponoosuc and its branches give the town Wilton, rise among the mountainous tracts on the an excellent water power. There are several W., and generally from sources within the limits ponds in Thetford, one of which covers about 9 of Temple. This town is of considerable eleva- acres, and is situated on an elevation, the base of tion. From the highest point, in a clear atmos- which is only 4 rods from Connecticut River, and phere, about 20 meeting houses may be seen by 100 feet in height. It is very deep; it has neither the naked eye. The surface is uneven and pleas- inlet nor outlet, and contains large quantities of ant; soil tolerably good. Temple is the easterly perch and other fish. The surface of the town is part of what was called Peterboro' Slip. 12 generally rocky and uneven; it has but little inmiles W. by S. from Amherst and 45 S. S. W. tervale, but the soil io strong and productive. from Concord. There are 3 neat villages in the town, and a rich Templeton, Ms., Worcester co. This is a fine vein of galena. The settlement was commenced farming town, with a pleasant surface and fertile in 1764, by John Chamberlain, from Hebron, Ct, soil. Templeton is somewhat elevated, and sends 34 miles S. S. E. from Montpelier, and 18 S. E. branches both to Miller's River, on its N., and to from Chelsea. On the Passumpsic Railroad, 14 the Chicopee on its S. These streams afford the miles N. from the White River Junction. town a constant and valuable water power. Along Thomas County, Ga., c. h. at Thomasville. the streams are fine intervales, and the town is Bounded N. and E. by Baker and Lowndes well supplied with all the varieties of woods for counties, S. by Florida, and W. by Decatur co. timber and fuel. There are a number of pleasant Drained by Ocklockany and Ocilla Rivers. villages in the town; that in the centre is very Thomaston, Ga., c. h. Upson co. handsome. Baldwinsville and Dedmunsville, two Thomaston, Me., Lincoln co., is situated at neat and flourishing manufacturing villages, are the head of the St. George's River. Here is the situated at the N. part of the town, on Otter River, state prison, the buildings of which occupy a plot a branch of the Miller's. 15 miles W. by S. from of 10 acres, including a marble quarry. The Fitchburg, from which to Boston is 50 miles. convicts are principally employed in working IN THE UNITED STATES. 595 granite into various forms for building, which, boundary. Surface level or undulating; soil when prepared, is transported by water. The sandy loam. 12 miles N. E. from Doylestown. granite is of excellent quality, and is found in Tinicum, Pa.. Delaware co. This township large quantities on the river. This is a fine town consists mostly of grazing farms. It lies on the and the neighboring country is very pleasant and Delaware, below the mouth of Darby Creek, fertile, and well cultivated. 36 miles S. E. from about 6 miles from Philadelphia, Augusta, and 37 E. from Wiscasset. Tinmouth, Vt., Rutland co. This town is sepThompson, Ct., Windham co. This town was arated from Wallingford by Otter Creek. Furformerly a part of Killingly, and was first set- nace Brook rises from a pond in the south part tled about the year 1715. The surface is hilly, of the town. This stream has been noted for but not mountainous; it presents a pleasing great quantities of fish of an extraordinary size. variety of elevations and valleys. The soil is The surface of Tinmouth is hilly, in some parts a gravelly loam, strong, and productive of good mountainous. There is good land on the streams, crops of corn and hay, and affords excellent and the hightland is good for pasturage. There pasturage. French River meets the Quinebaug are several quarries of beautiful marble in this near the centre of the town, and Five Mile River, town, and iron ore in abundance. The settlement issuing from several ponds, waters the eastern part. was commenced here about the year 1770. The These streams give to the town a valuable water town was organized March 11, 1777. From Rutpower, and on their banks are the pleasant and land, 8 miles S. thriving villages of Masonsville, Fishersville, and Tioga County, N. Y., c. h. at Owego, was New Boston. This town is large, and very formed from Montgomery co. in 1794. It is pleasant; it contains a class of enterprising and bounded N. by Tompkins and Cortland, E. by intelligent agriculturists and mechanics. The Broome co., S. by the state of Pennsylvania, and Indian name of the place was Quinnetessett. 47 W. by Chemung co., and is watered by the Susmiles E. N. E. from Hartford, 27 W. N. W. from quehanna River and Owego Creek and tributaProvidence, and 53 S. W. from Boston. ries. Surface hilly; soil well adapted to grazing, Thompson, N. Y., c. h. Sullivan co. It is and in the valleys very fertile. This county has watered by Mongoup and Neversink Rivers. little mineral wealth. It is traversed by the Surface rather hilly; soil gravelly and sandy loam. New York and Erie Railroad, which follows 113 miles S. W. from Albany. \ the valley of the Susquehanna River. Thompsonville, Ct., in Enfield, Hartford co. Tioga, N. Y., Tioga co. Watered by the SusAt the junction of Freshwater with the Con- quehanna River and some of its branches. Surnecticut, and on the railroad from Springfield to face hilly; soil gravelly loam, very fertile in the Hartford. 20 miles N. from Hartford. There is valleys. 5 miles W. from Owego, and 172 S. here a large manufactory of carpets of the best of W. from Albany. quality. See Enfield, Ct. Tioga County, Pa., c. h. at Wellsboro'. Thornbury, Pa., Chester co. Drained by Brandy- This county has Steuben co., N. Y., on the N., wine Riverand Chester Creek. Surface level; soil Bradford, Pa., E., Lycoming S. E. and E., and sandy loam. 87 miles E. by S. from Harrisburg. Potter W. The soil is of a middling quality, fhornbury, Pa., Delaware co. A township be- the surface broken. The main southern branch tween Egmont and Birmingham. 18 miles W. of Tioga River rises in the S. E. angle, and travS. W. from Philadelphia. erses this county, flowing N. into New York. Thorndike, Me., Waldo co. An inland town- The sources of Pine Creek drain its S. W. angle. ship. 59 miles N. E. from Augusta. Tionesta, Pa., Venango co. Drained by some Thornton, N. H., Grafton co. This town is wa- streams flowing into the Susquehanna River, tered by Pemigewasset and Mad Rivers, and sev- which bounds it on the N. W. 206 miles W. N. eral small brooks. On Mill Brook there is a cas- W. from Harrisburg. cade, at which the water falls 7 feet in 2 rods, Tippah County, Mi., c.h. at Ripley. Bounded and then falls over a rock 42 feet perpendicularly. N. by Tennessee, E. by Tishamingo co., S. by The intervales on the Pemigewasset are produc- Pontotoc and W. by Marshall co. Drained by tive. There are many elevations, but none dis- Hatchie, Muddy, Wolf, and Tippah Creeks, and tinguished for a remarkable height. First set- the head branches of Tallahatchee River. tier, Benjamin Hoit, in 1770. 12 miles N. from Tippecanoe County, Ia., c. h. at Lafayette. Plymouth, and 55 N. by W. from Concord. Bounded N. and N. E. by White and Carroll Three Rivers, Mn., St. Joseph co. 145 miles counties, E. by Clinton, S. by Montgomery, and S. W. from Detroit. It lies on St. Joseph River, W. by Fountain and Warren counties. Drained between the junction of Portage River and Stony by Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers, Wild Cat Creek, and has great water privileges. Boats of Creek and its branches, which afford water power. 30 tons come up the river to this place. Surface level or undulating, a large part being Ticonderoga, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by the prairie. The Wabash and Erie Canal traverses outlet of Lake George and by some small streams this county. flowing into Lake Champlain, which bounds it on Tipton, Io., c. h. Cedar co. On a high prairie, the E. Surface mostly level on the E., and hilly a little W. from Sugar Creek. and mountainous on the W. In the S. E. part is Tipton County, Ia., c. h. at Tipton. New. N. the peninsula, on which are the ruins of old Fort central part of the state. Ticonderoga. 97 miles N. N. E. from Albany. Tipton County, Te., c. h. at Covington. The Tifn, O., c. h. Seneca co. On Sandusky River. Mississippi River is on the W. of this county, 85 miles N. from Columbus. Shelby co. S., Fayette S. E., Haywood E., and Tilden, Me. Hancock co. A new town taken Lauderdale N. The general course of the Misfrom Mariaville in 1850. sissippi River in this county is S. W. It is very Tinicum, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded on the N. winding. and E. by Delaware River, and drained by Tini- Tisbury, Ms., Dukes co., extends from Vineyard cum Cteek. Tohickon Creek also runs on its S. Sound on the N. to the sea on the S. The noted 596 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., havbor of Holmes's Hole, in this town, is on Vine- bed, and seized his gold watch, hanging upon the yard Sound. This harbor is large and safe, and wall. Tak sprang upon him like a tiger, and of sufficient depth of water for the largest mer- clasping the general in his brawny arms, said in a chantmen. The village at this harbor is pleasant, low, stern voice,' One word, and you are a dead large, and quite a place of business. There are man.' Then hastily snatching the general's cloak, some high lands near the harbor, but the town is and wrapping it round his body, and at the same generally level. There is much good land in the time telling his companions to take the rest of town. Lagoon Pond communicates with Holmes's his clothes, he took the general in his arms, as if Hole by an opening which is only 4 rods wide and a child, and ran with him by the guard towards 7 feet deep at high water. The pond is 3 miles in the boat, followed by Colonel Barton and the rest length, and 1 in width, and in several places 40 of his little company." feet in depth. Newtown Pond, in the S. part of Tak was more than 6 feet in height, well proTisbury, is a mile and a half long, and has a nat- portioned, and remarkable for his shrewdness, ural communication with the sea, tJrough which agility, and strength. He attained great age, and the tide rises and falls. The largest brooks in the was never known to taste of any kind of meat. island empty into the head of this pond, not more Tivoli, N. Y., Dutchess co. On the E. bank than 100 rods apart, one running from the W., of Hudson River, opposite Saugerties. 51 miles and one from the N. W. On the easterly side of S. from Albany. There is a steam ferry here. this pond are a number of deep coves, around Toby, Pa., Clarion co. Bounded on the N. by which is much marshy land. The wells are on a Clarion River, and W. by the Alleghany, and level with the sea; the common depth of them is drained by Licking, Catfish, Cherryrun, and Red from 15 to 20 feet. The water is soft, and of good Bank Creeks. Surface undulating or level; soil quality. Holmes's Hole village lies 8 miles N. W. loam. Copperas and salt are found here. 190 from Edgartown, and 77 S. S. E. from Boston by miles N. E. from Harrisburg. railroad and steamboat, via New Bedford. Todd County, Ky., c. h. at Elkton. Muhlenburg Tishaminqo County, Mi., c. h. at Jacinto. Bound- is on the N., Logan E., Christian W., and Robed N. by Tennessee, E. by Alabama, S. by Ita- ertson co., Te., S. Red River, a branch of Cumwamba co., and W. by Tippah co. Watered by berland, and Muddy Fork, a branch of Green Tennessee River, which runs on its N. E. boun- River, drain this county. dary, by Yellow and Tuscumbia Creeks, and by Toledo, 0O., Lucas co. City. Situated on the W. the head streams of the E. fork of Tombigbee side of Maumee River, near its entrance into MauRiver. mee Bay, at the western extremity of Lake Erie, Titus County, Ts., c. h. at Mount Pleasant. In 134 miles N. N. W. of Columbus. Population in the N. E. angle. Watered by Sulphur Fork and 1840, 1322; in 1850, 3819. It is 66 miles S. from Cyprus Bayou of Red River. Detroit, between which place and Toledo steamTiverton, R. I., Newport co. This town is con- boats ply upon the lake daily. Steamboats run nected with Portsmouth, on the Island of Rhode regularly between Buffalo and Toledo, 310 miles, Island, by a stone bridge at a place called How- touching at the intermediate ports of Cleveland land's Ferry. It adjoins Fall River. and Sanduskv. A railroad, 33 miles in length, The surface of the town is varied by hills and connects Toledo with the Michigan Southern Railvalleys. Its structure is granite, and the land, in road, at Adrian, and thence, with the southern exsome parts, is stony. The soil is principally a tremity of Lake Michigan. The Miami and Erie gravelly loam, and capable of producing good Canal, 247 miles long, connects Toledo with Cincrops. There are valuable forests of timber in cinnati; and the Wabash and Erie Canal, extendthe town. 13 miles N. E. from Newport. ing from this point through the circuit of the WaThe navigable privileges of Tiverton are of a bash valley, will unite the waters of Lake Erie with superior kind, and are improved, to some extent, those of the Ohio at Evansville, Ia., 324 miles bein the fishery and foreign and domestic trade. low Cincinnati. The whole length of this canal There are large ponds in the town, well supplied will be 460 miles, opening to Toledo the valuable with fish. These ponds produce a water power internal resources of Indiana and Eastern Illinois. which is applied to the manufacture of cotton and By these canals, connecting the commerce of the other materials. lakes with that of the lower valleys of the Ohio The captor of the British General Prescott was and Mississippi, one of the most important chana native of Tiverton. His namewas Tak, a slave, nels of trade is opened between the eastern cities the property of Thomas Sisson, a wealthy farmer. and the vast interior of the W. The produc" During the revolution, Tak was sent by his tions of the S. and S. W., which, during the seamaster into the army, to serve as a substitute for son of 1846, reached Toledo by these two canals, another man who was drafted. When Colonel exceeded 3.000,000 of dollars in value. By its Barton took General Prescott on Long Island, position, and the aid of these great internal imTak was one of Colonel Barton's chosen men, provements, Toledo is evidently destined to be and the one on whom he most depended. Having one of the greatest gathering points of the agrientered the house where General Prescott was cultural products of the country. quartered, Colonel Barton, followed by Tak and Toledo is extended for more than a mile along two or three others, proceeded silently to the door the river bank; but the business chiefly concenof the chamber where General Prescott was sleep- trates at its upper and lower extremities or landing. The colonel, finding the door fastened, turned ings, which were originally two distinct settleand whispered to Tak,'I wish that door opened, ments, called Port Lawrence and Vistula. At General Prescott taken, and carried by the guard these points, especially at the upper landing, forto the boat, Without the least noise or disturbance.' merly Port Lawrence, the city is compactly built, "Tak stepped back two or three paces, then with stores, warehouses, dwellings, and public plunging violently against the door, burst it open, houses, among which are many large and imposand rushed into the middle of the room. At the ing edifices. Toledo was incorporated as a city same instant, General Prescott sprang from his in 1836, about 5 years after the settlement at Vis IN THE UNITED STATES. 597 tula commenced. There are churches here of of Big Barren River. 153 miles S. S. W. from the Presbyterian, Episcopal, Methodist, Lutheran, Frankfort. and Roman Catholic denominations. Tompkinsville, N. Y., Richmond co. SituatAbout the year 1833, there arose a serious boun- ed on Staten Island, 6 miles S. from New dary dispute between the state of Ohio and the York, with which it is connected by steam ferry territorial government of Michigan, the chief boats. It is pleasantly situated, overlooking the importance of which turned upon the value, to quarantine ground, and is the site of a marine Ohio, in the opinion of her leading men, of this hospital, or lazaretto, for the reception of sick harbor at the mouth of the Maumee, to enable seamen arriving from foreign ports. It is open her to realize the benefit of her canals to the only from the 1st of April to the 1st of NovemOhio and the Wabash valleys. The difficulty, ber. This building is 177 feet long and 3 stories which had arisen from a discrepancy between one high. Here are also other hospitals for patients of the provisions of the ordinance of 1787 and from the city with contagious diseases, which the terms upon which Ohio had been admitted have spacious buildings and ample grounds, subinto the Union, was finally adjusted by Congress, stantially enclosed. by giving to Michigan, instead of this small strip obnawanda, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Tonof disputed territory, averaging about 8 miles in awanda Creek, and comprises Grand Island, lying width, the whole of the extensive tract lying be- in Niagara River. Surface chiefly level, and soil tween Lakes Michigan and Superior, now so fertile. 10 miles N. from Buffalo, and 288 W. valuable for its rich deposits of copper and other from Albany. minerals. Topsfield, Me., Washington co. This townTolland County, Ct., c. h. at Tolland. This ship was number eight in the second range N. of county was taken from Hartford and Wind- the Bingham Penobscot Purchase. It was inham counties in 1786. It is bounded N. by Mas- corporated in the year 1838. This town lies sachusetts, E. by Windham, S. by New London, about 60 miles N. E. from Bangor. and W. by Hartford counties. Topsfield, Ms., Essex co. Before the incorThe western part of the county lies within the poration of this town, in 1650, it wvas called by great valley of the Connecticut; it is generally the Indians Sheweenemeady, and by the whites free from stone, undulating, fertile, and produc- New Meadows. This is a pleasant town, watered tive; the eastern section is within the granitic by Ipswich River and its branches. The surrange which extends through the state: much face is diversified. There are some fine tracts of this portion of the country is covered with for- of intervale in the town, and the uplands possess ests; that part which is cleared affords good a strong soil. Topsfield was first settled about grazing. The Scantic, Willimantic, Salmon, the year 1642. 21 miles N. by E. from Boston, Hockanum, and Hop Rivers, with their tributa- and 9 N. by W. from Salem. ries, afford the county a good water power. Topsham, Me., a shire town of Lincoln co. On Tolland, Ct., c. h. Tolland co. Situated on the the N. side of the Androscoggin, at the head of nearest mail route from Hartford to Boston. 18 navigation, opposite to Brunswick, in common miles E. N. E. from Hartford. Its products are with which it enjoys from that river a great hyEnglish grain, grass, potatoes, &c. The land is draulic power. A place of considerable trade, rather sterile, mountainous, and uneven. The particularly in lumber. inhabitants are industrious and intelligent. Topsham, Vt., Orange co. Topsham is on eleTolland, Ms., Hampden co., was taken from vated ground, with a rocky, strong soil, adapted Granville and Sandisfield in 1810. It was for- to grazing. It contains much granite, and is merly called Southfield. This township is on watered by the upper branches of Wait's River, elevated land adapted for grazing. It is watered which propel a number of mills. The settlement by Farmington River, the western boundary of was commenced about the year 1781. The first the town, which is here a beautiful and lively settlers were mostly from New Hampshire. 19 stream. Tolland has a neat village in the centre miles S. E. from Montpelier, and 15 N. E. from of the town, and another on the border of the Chelsea. river, called New Boston. 22 miles W. from Torrington, Ct., Litchfield co. This town was Springfield, and 120 W. S. W. from Boston. first settled in 1737. Its surface is diversified by Tompkins County, N. Y., c. h. at Ithaca, was hills and valleys, and the soil is better adapted incorporated from Cayuga and Seneca counties to grazing than the culture of grain. Two in 1817. It is bounded N. by Seneca and Cayu- branches of Naugatuck River meet at Wolcottga, E. by Cortland, S. by Tioga and Chemung, ville, a beautiful village in the S. part of the town. and W. by Chemung co. and Seneca Lake. Wa- This village is situated in a valley, and near it a tered by Cayuga Lake and Inlet, and Six Mile good bed of copper ore has recently been discov. and Fall Creeks. Surface hilly but arable; soil ered; and Mr. Israel Coe, the proprietor, has well adapted to grazing, and in the valleys to the commenced the manufacture of brass kettles growth of grass, grain, and fruit. This county the first establishment of the kind, it is believed, has little mineral wealth. The Cayuga Lake and in the United States. 26 miles W. N. W. from Inlet and the Cayuga and Seneca Canal open a Hartford. water communication with the Erie Canal, and Wolcottville owes its rise, principally, to Oliver the Ithaca and Owego Railroad also crosses this Wolcott, secretary of the United States treascounty. ury during the administrations of Washington Tompkins, N. Y., Delaware co. The Mohawk, and John Adams, and governor of Connecticut or W. branch of the Delaware, winds through 10 successive years. He was born at Litchfield, this town, forming the W. boundary for some and died in New York, 1833, aged 74. distance. Surface hilly and mountainous. 22 Toulon, Is., c. h. Stark co. miles S. W. from Delhi, and 100 S. W. from Towamensing, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained Albany. by Shippack and Towamensing Creeks. Surface Tompkinsville, Ky., c. h. Monroe co. On a branch level; soil red shale. 9 miles from Norristown. 598 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Towanda, Pa., Bradford co. This village is the court house, the state prison, and 4 or 5 churches. seat of justice, and is located on the right bank The court house is a handsome edifice of brick, of the Susquehanna River. Excellent bitumi- stuccoed, in the Grecian style of architectnous coal has been discovered in the mountain ure, with a portico of 6 Ionic columns on each valleys S. W. from Towanda. 137 miles N. by end, and surmounted with a balcony. The state E. from Harrisburg. prison is well situated, near the Delaware and Townsend, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was Raritan Canal, and the railroad from Philaformerly a part of " Turkey Hills," or Fitchburg, delphia to New York. The walls, 20 feet high and was called North Town. The surface is gen- and 3 feet thick, enclose an area of 4 acres. The erally level; there is a good deal of pine plain entrance is through the main building, in which in the town. The Squanicook, a good mill reside the family of the warden and his assiststream, rises in this town, and joins the Nashua ants, to an observatory in the rear, from which in Shirley. On this stream, at the eastern part diverge, at an angle of 45 degrees, on each side, of the town, is a pleasant, flourishing little vil- the two corridors, in which are the cells for the lage, called Townsend Harbor. About 4 miles prisoners. If the enlargement of this penitentiaW. from this is the west village. There is a fe- ry is ever wanted, it is the design to add other male seminary in this place. At Centreville, a radii, in conformity to the plan of these corrineat village, is an academy for youth of both dors. sexes. Townsend west village lies 8 miles N. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, which forms N. E. from Fitchburg, and 42 N. W. from Boston. an inland navigation from Brunswick to this Townshend, Vt., Windham co. West River place, passes through the city. It is 42 miles passes through this town with considerable rapid- long, 75 feet wide, and 7 feet deep, and is sufity. Along its banks are some tracts of good ficient for the passage of small sloops. It crosses intervale; but the surface of the town is general- the Assunpink Creek, on a fine stone aqueduct. ly hilly, and the soil more calculated for grazing It was finished in 1834, at a cost of $2,500,000. than tillage. The first settlement was com- The Delaware is navigable for large boats menced here in 1761, by Joseph Tyler, who was above the falls at Trenton, as far as Easton, Pa. soon joined by John Hazelton. 28 miles N. E. The New Jersey Railroad, between New York from Bennington, and 95 S. from Montpelier. and Philadelphia, via Newark, Elizabethtown, Travis County, Ts., c. h. at Austin. S. central. and Princeton, passes through this place. On both sides of the Colorado. Trenton was first settled in 1720; and received Tredypin, Pa., Chester co. Drained by Valley a city charter in 1792. It will ever be memoraCreek. Surface gently sloping; soil calcareous ble as the place where the favor of Providence loam. began decidedly to smile on the American arms Tremont, Me., Hancock co. New. in the war of the revolution; for here, on the Trenton, Me., Hancock co. 7 miles S. by E. night of December 25, 1776, at a gloomy period from Ellsworth, on navigable waters. of the war, Washington crossed the Delaware, Trenton, N. J. City, capital of the state, and with 2400 of the continental troops, and sudseat of justice of Mercer co. 29 miles N. E. denly attacked and captured 1000 Hessians of from Philadelphia, and 57 miles S. W. from New the British army, "which greatly revived the York. Population in 1810, 3003; in 1820, 3942; spirit of the nation, and had an important influ1830, 3925; 1840, 4035; 1850, 6766. ence on the final result of the contest." The Trenton is situated at the head of sloop navi- ground on which the Hessians laid down their gation, on the E. side of the Delaware River, op- arms is a little to the N. E. of the state house. posite the lower falls. The Assunpink Creek Trenton is an admirable site for manufacturing here enters the Delaware. At the foot of the purposes, possessing, as it does, an extensive wafalls, or rapids, the Delaware is crossed by a fine ter power, created by artificial means, from the bridge, 1100 feet in length, consisting of 5 arches, falls on the Delaware, and the waters of the Asresting upon stone piers, which is considered a sunpink Creek. superior specimen of this species of architect- Trenton, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Nine ure. It was built in 1806, at an expense of Mile and West Canada Creeks, on the latter of $180,000. The Philadelphia and Trenton Rail- which are situated the celebrated Trenton Falls. road is carried over the river on this bridge. The Surface hilly; soil fertile clay loam. 12 miles ground on which the city is built, as well as the N. from Utica, and 92 N. W. from Albany. surface of the town generally, is considerably Trenton Falls, N. Y., Oneida co. On West varied. The districts of Mill Hill, Bloomsburg, Canada Creek. 93 miles N. W. by W. from Aland Lamberton, included in the borough of bans. See Fashionable Resorts. South Trenton, and extending about a mile renton, N. C., c. h. Jones co., is on Trent Rivdown the river, may in a general description be er. 20 miles a little S. of W. from Newbern, regarded as a part of the city. and by post road 139 S. E. from Raleigh. Trenton is regularly laid out, and has many Trescott, Me., Washington co. This is an Athandsome stores, dwellings, and other edifices. lantic town, and bounded N. E. by Lubec. It The public buildings in the city proper are the comprises Moose Cove, Bailey's Mistake, and state house, the governor's house, a public libra- Haycock Harbors, and is flourishing in its trade ry, a lyceum, and 7 or 8 houses of public wor- and navigation. It was incorporated in 1827. ship. The state house is beautifully situated Triangle, N. Y., Broome co. The Tioughnioga near the Delaware, commanding a fine view and Ostelic Rivers form a junction in this town, of the river and the surrounding country. It is the surface of which is hilly, and the soil well 100 feet long and 60 feet wide, built of stone, and suited to grass. 16 miles N. from Binghampton, stuccoed to resemble granite. Several of the and 132 S. W. from Albany. public offices are fire-proof buildings. The gov- Trigqg County, Ky., c. h. at Cadiz. Bounded ernor's house is a plain but commodious edifice. N. W. by Livingston co., N. E. by Caldwell and The public buildings in South Trenton are the Christian, S. E. by the state of Tennessee, and IN THE UNITED STATES. 599 S. W. by Tennessee River. Cumberland River entire facilities for business purposes. A railwinds obliquely through this county to the N. W. road track is laid through the centre of River The surface is mostly low and flat. Street, upon which the cars from all the railroads Trimble County, Ky., c. h. at Bedford. Bounded coming into Troy are taken by horses through W. and N. by the Ohio River, separating it from the city, passing in front of the principal hotels, Indiana, E. by Carroll and Henry counties, and and leaving their passengers where they may S. by Oldham co. Drained by the Little Ken- severally desire —a desideratum, in this mode of tacky and other branches of the Ohio River. travelling, which obviates almost the only inconTrinity County, Ca. On the N. coast. venience to which it is ordinarily subject, that of Troupsburg, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by taking carriages for conveyance to and from the Cowanesque Creek. Surface undulating; soil stations. clay and gravelly loam, well suited to grass. 25 There are numerous hotels in Troy, several of miles S. W. from Bath, and 247 from Albany. which are of the first class. Among these are Troy, Aa., c. h. Pike co. 174 miles S. E. from the Mansion House and the Troy House, both Tuscaloosa. equally well situated in respect to the convenTroy, Ia., c. h. Perry co. Above the mouth of ience above mentioned. The great seat of busiAnderson's Creek. on the Ohio River. 50 miles ness is River Street, which extends the whole above the mouth of Green River and 168 S. S. length of the city, and is built up on both sides, W. from Indianapolis. with many splendid and spacious stores and wareTroy, Me., Waldo co. Formerly called Joy. houses. The streets running back from the river A fertile inland township. 39 miles N. E. from are handsomely built and quiet; and most of Augusta. them are adorned with beautiful shade trees, Troy, Mo., c. h. Lincoln co. On the S. W. side giving an air of neatness, elegance, and comfort of Cuivre River. 129 miles E. N. E. from Jeffer- to the city, which make it one of the most attracson City. tive places to sojourn or reside in of any in the Troy, N. H., Cheshire co. The inhabitants are country. Many of the public squares and private principally agriculturists. The soil and pro- gardens are ornamented with fountains, permaductions are similar to those of Fitzwilliam. It nently supplied from the public reservoir on the possesses but few water privileges. This town neighboring hills, which also sends an abundance was taken from Marlboro' and Fitzwilliam. 54 of excellent water in pipes to all the streets and miles S. W. from Concord, and 12 S. E. from dwellings. The elevation of this reservoir is 75 Keene. feet above the city, giving a sufficient head to Tloy, N. Y. City, port of entry, and seat of carry the water into the uppermost stories of the Justice of Rensselaer co. Situated on the E. buildings, and, in case of fire, to throw it upon and bank of Hudson River, 6 miles N. from Albany, over them, from the numerous hydrants at the and 150 N. from New York. Population in 1810, corners of the streets, with the force of the most 3895; in 1820, 5264; in 1830, 11,405; in 1840, powerful engines. 19,334; in 1850, 28,785. The city is built on a Of the public buildings in Troy, the court somewhat elevated plain, extending from the house is one of the most splendid. It is conriver back to a range of hills terminating ab- structed of the Sing Sing marble, after a Greciao ruptly about I mile E., and furnishing from model. One of the Presbyterian churches, too, their brows, elevated from 300 to 400 feet, a com- is a costly and beautiful edifice, in the same style manding and beautiful view of the city and sur- of architecture. St. Paul's Episcopal Church is a rounding country. Mount Ida, directly in the noble specimen of the Gothic style, erected at an rear of the broadest part of the city, and Mount expense of about $50,000. There are in Troy from Olympus, towards the northern part, are the emi- 16 to 20 churches, of the various denominations. nences most distinguished for the fine prospects The Presbyterians have 4, the Episcopalians 3. which they afford. Two streams, the Wynants- and the fMethodists and Baptists 2 or more kill and Poestenkill, affording an extensive water each. Besides these there are churches of the power, empty into the Hudson, within the limits Scotch Presbyterians, Friends, and Roman Cathof the city; the latter rolling down, through a olics. narrow and picturesque ravine, S. of Mount Ida, The Troy Female Seminary, established in with successive short rapids and beautiful cas- this place through the exertions of Mrs. Emma cades, and forming an object of interest well Willard, holds a preeminent rank among instiworthy of a visit from the curious traveller. The tutions of this kind in our country. The school Wynantskill has a wider valley, through which a was commenced by Mrs. Willard in 1814, at road passes, ascending to the upper level of the Middlebury, Vt. In 1819, having received incorcountry. poration from the legislature of New York, it The compact portion of the city is built N. of was removed to Waterford. In 1821 it was the Poestenkill, and extends along the Hudson again removed to Troy, the corporation of this for a distance of about 3 miles. The river, having city having voted $4000 towards the erection of a curve here, has given that form, for a consider- suitable buildings for its accommodation. These able distance, to the great business street imme- buildings are beautifully situated in the central diately on its bank. With this exception, the part of the city, with a finely-ornamented ground streets are laid out straight, intersecting each in front. This school has educated at least 5000 other, for the most part, at right angles. In con- pupils. Since 1837 it has received from the state sequence of this curve in River Street, several of a share of the benefit of the literature fund, by the most important streets, which are parallel to which its library, apparatus, &c., are replenished the general course of the river, fall into it at their from time to time, and made more and more termination towards the central part of the city. complete. This feature of the place, combining with its The Rensselaer Institute, founded by the late prevailing regularity, unites the greatest sim- Stephen Van Rensselaer, of Albany, for the plicity and beauty of arrangeiment with the most thorough practical education of young men for O ~~v COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the profession of civil engineering, is also located was afterwards laid out, was made by the propriat Troy. etor of Rensselaerwyck to Derick Van Derhey While the natural facilities enjoyed by this den, at the rent of 3 bushels and 3 pecks of city for commercial prosperity are good, they are wheat, and 4 fat fowls annually. Portions of this such, at the same time, as must have required that land were occupied by him and his descendants spirit of enterprise and thrift for which its inhab- for a farm, and the village which sprang up here itants have ever been distinguished, to render was afterwards known by the name of Van Derthem fully available. In this they have been heyden. This village was incorporated by the eminently successful. Being at the head of sloop name of Troy in 1796. But the principal settlers and steamboat navigation on the noble Hudson, of Troy were emigrants from New England, they have extensively availed themselves of this who, seeing the advantages of its position, both advantage, in connection with that of several in an agricultural and commercial point of view, artificial channels of communication to this point. induced the proprietors to lay it out into town The Champlain and Hudson Canal, which opens lots, and turned their attention, with all their an extensive trade with the N., and the Erie characteristic enterprise, to the means of its enCanal, which reaches the opposite side of the largement and prosperity. Under these good Hudson from the W., have each contributed auspices Troy has grown to its present flourishessentially to the prosperity of Troy. Railroads ing condition. also centre here which connect the city with Troy, 0., c. h. Miami co. On the W. bank of Boston, via the great Western Railroad, on the E., the Great Miami River. 68 miles W. by N. from with New York on the S., with the ports of Lake Columbus, and 21 N. from Dayton. The Miami Erie, via Schenectady, Utica, Rochester, &c., on Canal passes through it. the W., and with Canada and Vermont, via Troy, Te., c. h. Obion co. 147 miles N. W. Lake Champlain, on the N. The latter crosses by W. from Murfreesboro'. the Hudson a little above the centre of the city, Troy, Vt., Orleans co. This town is well waon a substantial bridge 1650 feet in length. Other tered by Missisco River and several of its tribvery important projects of internal improvement utaries. The falls on the Missisco, in the N. are now in an encouraging course of consumma- part, are a considerable curiosity. Here the tion. One of these is the construction of a rail- river precipitates itself down a ledge of rocks road from Troy to connect with the Boston and about 70 feet. The soil is in general a strong Fitchburg Railroad at Greenfield on Connecticut loam, suitable for grass and most kinds of grain; River, thus forming a new and most direct and the surface is generally level, and along the river eligible route to Boston. The chief obstacle to the are tracts of intervale. Iron ore of an excellent complete success of this enterprise -the excava- quality is found here, and also some minerals. tion of a tunnel through the Hoosic Mountain- The settlement was commenced about the year seems likely now to yield to the energy and per- 1800, by emigrants from different towns on the severance of the capitalists engaged in its accom- Connecticut River. 10 miles N. from Irasburg, plishment. However flourishing, therefore, this and 47 N. from Montpelier. beautiful city has been in the past, its future pros- Trumbull, Ct., Fairfield co. This territory was pects are still more flattering. It will be seen that formerly called North Stratford, and was taken Troy, although a little N. of Boston, is, with from Stratford in 1798. It is watered by the that city, almost in the direct line of intercom- Pequannock, which empties into Bridgeport Harmunication between Buffalo, Detroit, Chicago, bor. The surface is varied by hills and valleys; and other principal depots of the produce of the the soil is a gravelly loam, productive of good west, and the greatest marts of our commerce in crops of grain and hay. Tamtashua Hill, in the Europe. When the enterprising spirit of the N. part of the town, is the first land seen in this citizens of Boston and Troy shall have succeeded direction from the ocean. 5 miles N. from in the great undertaking of tunnelling the Hoosic Bridgeport. Mountain, thereby bringing the two cities within Trumbull County, O., c. h. at Warren. Ashta170 miles of each other, and upon a grade which bula co. is on the N., the state of Pennsylvania will defy competition, between the eastern ter- on the E., Columbiana on the S., and Portage minus of the Erie Canal and the waters of Bos- and Geauga counties on the W. The land is ton Harbor, no one can doubt that Troy must valuable for farming, and is watered by the Mabecome one of the greatest inland cities of our honing River and Canal, and Musketoe Creek. country. Truro, Ms., Barnstable co. Truro lies on both There are also immense facilities for manufac- sides of Cape Cod, between Wellfleet and Provturing purposes, which have been or may yet be incetown. It was the Pamet of the Indians. developed within and around this city. Consid- Pamet River, which sets up from Cape Cod Bay, erable is already done with the power afforded about the centre of the town, affords a good harby the Poestenkill and Wynantskill. The state bor for fishermen. There is in this town, near dam, which has been thrown across the Hudson, the lighthouse, a vast body of clay, called the just above the city, renders the waters of that " Clay Pounds." There are also in the town a river extensively available for manufacturing number of beautiful ponds, and 200 acres of peat operations. Indeed, if we extend our view to land. Pamnet village, at the head of the river of the privileges upon the Mohawk, from the Cohoes that name, is very pleasant and flourishing, is a Falls to its mouth, it may be said that the hy- fine location, and easy of access for all those who draulic power available for manufacturing pur- wish to enjoy sea air, bathing, and marine sceposes within a circuit of 5 miles around the city nery, in their greatest perfection, on terra firma. of Troy, is more than sufficient to turn every Another neat settlement, called Pond village, spindle now in operation in the United States. lies about 3 miles N. from Pamet. 37 miles beIn 1720 a grant of 490 acres extending along low Barnstable, 102 from Boston by land, and the Hudson between the Poestenkill and Meadow about 60 by water. Creek, and including the ground on which Troy Truxton, N. Y., Cortand co. The Tioughnio IN THE UNITED STATES. 601 ga River waters this town. Surface undulating; Pennsylvania and Virginia settled here about the soil argillaceous mould, and calcareous gravel. year 1803 or 1804; they were mostly of German 12 miles N. E. from Cortland, and 131 W. from origin. Albany. Tuscaloosa County, Aa., c. h. at Tuscaloosa. Trydriffen, Pa., Chester co. This township This county is bounded N. by Jefferson, E. by adjoins Montgomery co. on the N. E., and lies Shelby and Bibb, W. by Pickens, and S. by Perry between Charlestown and Radnor townships. and Greene. Tuftonboro', N. H., Carroll co. There are sev- Tuscaloosa, Aa. City and shire town of Tuscaeral ponds in this town, together with many small loosa co. On the left bank of the Black Warrior streams, running into Winnipiseogee Lake. The River. 123 miles N. W. from Montgomery, and soil is various. There are several arms of the about 250 miles N. from Mobile. It is at the lake stretching far into the town, and presenting head of steamboat navigation from the Mobile from the elevated parts a succession of beautiful Bay. This was the seat of government of the views. First settlers, Benjamin Bean, Phinehas state until recently, when the capital was removed Graves, and Joseph Peavey, about 1780. 50 miles to Montgomery. The city is handsomely laid E. by N. from Concord, and about 8 W. from out, and contains, besides the county buildings, Ossipee. several churches, (a masonic hall, an academy, a Tully, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Onon- lyceum for boys, an athenaeum for young ladies, daga Creek and some small lakes which are the the Alabama Institute, and the halls of the Unisources of the Tioughnioga River. This is versity of Alabama, which is located here. The mostly a level town, with a soil well suited to university buildings are situated about a mile E. grass. 16 miles S. from Syracuse, and 128 TV. of the centre of the city. They are 5 in number, from Albany. besides professors' houses, and make an imposing Tuckerton, N. J., Little Egg Harbor, Burlington appearance. See Colleges. co. This village and port of entry is situated on Tuscumbia, Mo., c. h. Miller co. On the N. W. the Atlantic Ocean, at the head of Tuckerton side of Osage River. 35 miles S. W. from JefferMill Creek, which empties into the Bay of Little son City. Egg Harbor. It is handsomely laid out, the Tuskegee, Aa., c. h. Macon co. On a branch of streets crossing at right angles, and shaded with Tallapoosa River. 152 miles E. S. E. from Tuspoplar and willow trees.* From Philadelphia it is caloosa. a2 miles. 6 miles from Little Egg Harbor Bay, Twiggs County, Ga., c. h. at Marion. Wilkinson and 69 miles S. from Trenton. The manufacture is on the N. E., Pulaski S. E., Jones N. W., and of salt is carried on here, and wood and lumber Ockmulgee River. or Monroe co., W. are exported. The place is resorted to in the Tyboine, Pa., Perry co. A township joining the summer for sea bathing. S. E. side of the Tuscarora Mountain. Tunica County, Mi.. c. h. at Peyton. Bounded Tyler County, Ts., c. h. at Woodville. In the N. by De Soto co., E. by De Soto and Ponola, S. S. E. angle, on the W. side of the Neches. by Tallahatchee co., and W. by Coahoma co. Tyler County, Va., c. h. at Middlebourne, has a and the Mississippi River, dividing it from Ar- fertile soil, but broken surface. It is bounded kansas. Drained by Cold Water River and N. W. by the Ohio River, N. by Ohio co., S. E. some smaller branches of the Mississippi. There by Harrison, and S. W. by Wood. are several small lakes in this county. Tyngsboro'. Ms., Middlesex co., was formerly Tunkhannock, Pa., c. h. Wyoming co. Bounded attached to Dunstable. It was incorporated as a S. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by district in 1789, to enable it to receive a donation Tunkhannock and Meshoppen Creeks. Surface from Mrs. Sarah Winslow, daughter of Ebenezer uneven; soil fertile on the margins of the streams. Tyng, for whom the town was named. This is a 154 miles N. N. E. from Harrisburg. 55 miles pleasant town, on both sides of Merrimac River. above Wilkesbarre. There is not much water power in the town, and Tuolumne County, Ca., c. h. at Sonora, stretches the soil is light and sandy. The name of the first across the valley of the San Joaquim, into the white inhabitant was Cranwell, originally from mountain ranges on both sides. England, but last from Boston. Tyngsboro', by Turin, N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by some the railroads, lies 8 miles W. by N. from Lowell, small streams flowing into Black River, which and 34 N. W. from Boston. bounds it on the E. Surface rolling; soil rich Tyre, N. Y., Seneca co. Watered by Clyde, a loam. 6 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 121 N. branch of Seneca River, which bounds it on the W. from Albany. E. Surface level; soil calcareous and sandy Turner, Me., Oxford co. A tributary of the loam. 8 miles N. E. from Waterloo, and 171 N. Androscoggin meets that river in this town, and of W. from Albany. finely waters it. The soil of Turner is good, and Tyring/ham, Ms., Berkshire co. This town was its surface pleasant. There is a number of thriv- first settled in 1739. It is said to have received its ing villages in the town; there are considerable name at the suggestion of Lord Viscount Howe, trade and some manufactures, but the business a few days before he fell in battle at Ticonderoga, of the people is generally agricultural. It has July 6, 1758, who owned lands in Tyringham, in Livermore on its N., Leeds and Greene on its E., England. This town is twice crossed by two Minot and Auburn on its S., and Buckfield and heavy ranges of hills. In the hollow between Hebron on its W. 38 miles W. S. W. from Au- these ranges, the Hop Broolk, rising in a small gusta, and 14 E. from Paris. pond in Otis, flows westerly, and discharges itself Tuscarawas County, O., c. h. at New Philadel- into the Housatonic, in Lee. It derives its name phia. Stark bounds it on the N., Harrison and from the wild hops which formerly grew upon Carrol on the E., Harrison and Guernsey on the its banks. In this town are a number of ponds S.,and Coshocton and Holmes counties on the W. and small rivers, whose waters fall into the It is watered by Tuscarawas, Sandy, Conoton, Housatonic. Although the surface is rough and Stillwater, and Sugar Creeks. Emigrants from uneven, yet the soil is strong and productive. 76 602 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., There is a neat and pretty village near the centre $500, with an annuity of $400 for the teacher's of the town, which lies 20 miles S. by E. from support. Pittsfield, and 134 W. S. W. from. Boston. From Underhill, Vt., Chittenden co. The head this village, about 3 miles'N., are Hop Brook and branches of Brown's River water this town. Shaker villages. The surface is hilly and broken, and the soil Tyrone, Pa., Adams co. Bounded E. by Ber- hard. The settlement was commenced about mudian and W. by Conewago Creek. Surface the year 1786. 15 miles N. E. from Burlington, level; soil gravel and red shale. 10 miles N. E. and 26 N. W. from Montpelier. from Gettysburg. Union County, As., c. h. at Champagnole, is Tyrone, Pa., Perry co. Drained by Sherman's bounded N. by Washita co., E. by the Washita Creek and branches. Surface mountainous; soil River, separating it from Bradley co., S. by fertile calcareous loam in the valleys. Louisiana, and W. by Lafayette co. Drained by Tyrone, Pa., Huntingdon co. A township on tributaries of the Washita River. Sinking Creek. 14 miles N. W. from Hunt- Union, Ct., Tolland co. The surface of Union ingdon. is hilly, with a hard and unproductive soil. Tyrone, Pa., Perry co. A township between Mashapaug and Breakneck Ponds, lying in this Big Buffalo and Sherman's Creek, with Rye Tip town, are the principal sources of Quinebaug in the E., and Tyboine in the W. River. A branch of the Natchaug also rises Tyrone, Pa., Fayette co. A township between here. 33 miles N. E. from Hartford. Youghiogany River and Jacob's Creek. Union County, Ga., c. h. at Blairsville. BoundTyrone, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Mud ed N. by North Carolina, E. by South Carolina Creek. A hilly town. Soil balcareous loam and and Habersham co., S. by Lumpkin, and W. by clay, yielding large crops of grain. 16 miles N. Gilmer co. Surface uneven, and watered by E. from Bath, and 204 W. from Albany. Hiawassee River and branches. Tyrrel County, N. C., c. h. at Elizabeth. This Union County, Is., Hamburg and Jonesburg county is divided into two nearly equal parts, by shire towns. Jackson and Franklin counties are Alligator River or Bay, which puts up from Al- on the N., Johnson E., and Mississippi River on bemarle Sound. It has a poor, sandy soil, but the W. level surface. It is bounded N. by Albemarle Union County, Ia., c. h. at Liberty. Bounded Sound, E. by Roanoke Sound, S. E. by Pam- N. by Wayne co., E. by Ohio, S. by Franklin co., lico Sound, S. by Hyde co., and W. by Wash- and W. by Fayette co. Drained by the E. fork ington. of Whitewater River and its branches, which afford hydraulic power. Surface undulating; soil Ulster County, N. Y., c. h. at Kingston. Incor- fertile. porated in 1683. It is bounded N. by Greene co., Union County, Ky., c. h. at Morganfield. This B. by the Hudson River, S. by Orange, and W. county is situated opposite the mouth of Wabash by Sullivan and Delaware counties. Watered by River, and is bounded by Henderson co. N. E, Rondout, Shawangunk, and Esopus Creeks, and Hopkins S. E., the Ohio River W. and N. W, the Wallkill. The Catskill Mountains cover the and Tradewater River, or Livingston co., S. W. N. W., and the Shawangunk the S. portion of Union Parish, La., c. h. at Farmersville, is this county. The soil on the borders of the streams bounded N. by Arkansas, E. by the Washita is very fertile, and on the uplands well suited to River, separating it from Morehouse parish, S. grazing. The water power is of great impor- by Washita and Jackson parishes, and W. by tance, and water limestone, marl, and lead ore are Claiborne parish. Drained by De Arbone abundant. There are also several sulphur springs River and branches, and by other tributaries of of some note. The Delaware and Hudson Canal the Washita. follows the course of the Rondout to within 3 Union, Me., Lincoln co. This pleasant and miles of the Hudson, for which distance the stream flourishing town is watered by Muscongus and itself is navigable. St. George Rivers, and by several beautiful Ulster, Pa., Bradford co. On the W. bank of ponds. The soil is fertile, and the surface gemn the Susquehanna River. 142 miles N. by E. erally swelling. Union was incorporated in1786, from Harrisburg. It is 28 miles S. E. from Augusta, and 7 N. by W. Ulster, Pa., Bradford co. A town on the right from Warren. side of Susquehanna River, above Towanda. Union City, Mn., Branch co. At the head of Ulysses, N. Y., Tompkins co. Watered by navigation, on St. Joseph's River, at its junction some small streams flowing into Cayuga Lake, with Coldwater River. 116 miles W. S. W. from which bounds it on the E. Surface undulating, Detroit. It possesses an extensive water power. sloping towards the lake; soil good gravelly Union, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Nantiloam. 8 miles N. W. from Ithaca, and 175 W. coke Creek and'other streams flowing into the from Albany. Susquehanna River, which bounds it on the S Unadilla, N. Y., Otsego co. This town is wa- Surface undulating; soil rich gravelly loam. 6 tered by the Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers, miles W. from Binghampton, and 150 S. W. from which form a junction in the S. W. part. Surface Albany. hilly and broken, with some fertile alluvion flats; Union Vale, N. Y., Dutchess co. The Fishkill the soil of the uplands is rich, and well suited to Creek waters this town, the surface of which is grass. 30 miles S. W. from Cooperstown, and hilly and rolling, having the Matteawan Ridge on 100 S. of W. from Albany. the E.; soil gravel, clay, and loam. 12 miles Uncasville, Ct., in Montville, New London co. E. from Poughkeepsie, and 85 S. from Albany. 45 miles S. E. from Hartford. An Indian village Union County, O., c. h. at Ma'ysville. Bounded on the Mohegan reservation, between Norwich N. by Hardin and Marion, E. by Delaware, S. by and New London. There are a chapel, a school Madison and Franklin, and W. by Champaign house, and a house for a teacher, towards the erec- and Logan counties. Darby, Mill, Bokes, and tidn of which the United States appropriated Rush Creeks rise in this county, and furnish it IN THE UNITED STATES. 60d with a good supply of water. The land is level, Upper Bern, Pa., Berks co. Drained by a fertile, and well adapted to grazing. The county stream flowing into the Schuylkill River, which was organized in 1820, and settled in 1799, by bounds it on the E. Blue Mountain lies on its George Reed, Samuel Mitchell, and several others, N. border. all natives of Pennsylvania. Upper, N. a., Cape May co. This town is Union County, Pa., c. h. at New Berlin. bounded S. E. by the Atlantic Ocean, and drained This county is bounded by Lycoming co. N., by Tuckahoe and Cedar Swamp Creeks. Surface Centre W., Mifflin S. and S. W., and Susquehan- level; soil sand and clay. It lies 13 miles N. E. na River E. It is mountainous and much broken, from Cape May Court House. but the river and creek lands are highly produc- Upper Chichester, Pa., Delaware co. Drained tive. Susquehanna River washes the greatest by Hook and Naaman's Creeks. Surface level; length of this county, and it is drained by White soil loamy. Deer, Buffalo, Penn's, and Mahoning Creeks. Upper Darby, Pa., Delaware co. Drained by Union, Pa., Berks co. Bounded N. by the Schuyl- Darby and Cobb's Creeks, which afford hydraulic kill River, and drained by Mill, French, and Six- power. Surface hilly; soil loamy. pence Creeks. Surface very hilly; soil gravelly Upper Freehold, N. J., Monmouth co.. A townand sterile. ship on the S. side of the River Shrewsbury. 12 Union, Pa., Luzerne co. A township extend- miles S. from Amboy. ing from the Susquehanna River to the E. limit Upper Hanover, Pa., Montgomery co. Watered of Lycoming co. 13 miles below Wilkesbarre. by Perkiomen Creek and branches. Surface Union, Pa., Union co. Watered by the Sus- hilly; soil red shale. 82 miles E. from Harrisquehanna River and its W. branch. Surface burg. mountainous; soil calcareous loam. Upper Mahantango, Pa., Schuylkill co. Drained Union, Pa., c. h. Fayette co. On both sides by two branches of Mahantango Creek. Surface of Redstone Creek. About 4 miles from the hilly; soil sterile, consisting of red shale and western foot of Laurel Hill, 186 a little S. of gravel. W. from Harrisburg, and 276 W. from Phil- Upper lVakefield, Pa., Bucks co. Bounded N. adelphia. by Pidcock's Creek. Surface undulating; soil Union, Pa., Fayette co. A township around clay and sandy loam. the borough of the same name. On both sides Upper llMarlboro', Md., Prince George's co. A of Redstone Creek. 12 miles S. E. from Browns- little W. from Patuxent River, and 23 miles S. ville. W. from Annapolis. Union, Pa., Huntingdon co. A township in Upper Merion, Pa., Montgomery co. Drained Trough Creek valley. 15 miles nearly S. from by Valley and Gulf Creeks, which afford hydrauHuntingdon. lie power. Surface undulating; soil calcareous Union District, S. C., c. h. at Union. This dis- loam. trict is bounded by Broad River, or York, Ches- Upper 3Milford, Pa., Lehigh co. Drained by ter, and Fairfield districts E., Ennoree River, or the N. branch of Perkiomen Creek and the head Newberry, and Laurens districts S. W., and Spar- streams of Upper Saucon Creek. Surface mosttanburg W. and N. W. Besides the two rivers, ly hilly; soil gravel and red shale of medium which form part of its boundary, it is drained by quality. Pacolet and Tyger Rivers. Upper Nazareth, Pa., Northampton co. Drained Union, Va., c. h. Monroe co. 229 miles W. by two branches of Manoosky Creek. Surface from Richmond. undulating; soil productive gravel and slate. Unionville, S. C., c. h. Union District. On a Upper Paxton, Pa., Dauphin co. Bounded small branch of Tyger River. 70 miles N. W. W. by the Susquehanna River, and drained by from Columbia. Mahantango, and eGreat and Little Wiconisco Unity, N. H., Sullivan co. Little Sugar River Creeks. Surface partly mountainous; soil red has its source in Whortleberry Pond and Beaver shale. 22 miles N. from Harrisburg. Meadow, in the N. part of the town, passes Upper Penn's Neck, N. J., Salem co. Located through its centre, and empties into the Connec- on the E. bank of the Delaware River. Surface ticut at Charlestown. Cold Pond is partly in level; soil light sandy loam. this town. From Gilman's Pond, in the E. part, Upper Providence, Pa., Montgomery co. Boundproceeds a branch of Sugar River, flowing through ed S. W. by the Schuylkill River, and drained Newport. Perry's Mountain is in the S. W. part, by Perkiomen and Mingo Creeks. Surface hilly; and partly in Charlestown. Unity is an uneven soil gravelly lootm and red shale. township, but the soil is favorable for grazing. It Upper St. glair, Pa., Alleghany co. Drained is excellent for flax. This town was called Unity by Chartier's Creek. Surface hilly; soil loam. from the happy termination of a dispute which Upper Salford, Pa., Montgomery co. Perkiohad long subsisted between certain of the inhabit- men and Rich Valley Creeks drain this town, ants of Kingston and Hampstead, claiming the the surface of which is level, and the soil red same tracts of land, under two different grants. shale and loam. 10 miles N. N. W. from NorFirst settlers, John Ladd and Moses Thurston, ristown. in 1769. 50 miles W. by N. from Concord, and Upper Sandusky, O., c. h. Wyandot co. 64 9 S. from Newport. miles N. from Columbus. It was laid out in Upper Alloway's Creek, N. J., Salem co. Drained 1843. The neighboring district was occupied by Alloway's and Stow Creeks. The surface is till recently by the Wyandots. undulating; the soil clay and loam in the N. E., Upper Saucon, Pa., Lehigh co. Drained by and sandy, gravelly loam in the S. W. portions. Saucon Creek. Surface diversified; soil calcare7 miles S. E. from Salem. ous loam in the valleys. South Mountain, in Upper Alton, Is., Madison co. Adjoining the which iron ore is found, lies in the N. part of this town of Alton, on elevated ground, about 2. town. 6 miles N. E. from Northampton. miles back from the Mississippi. Upper Swatara, Pa., Dauphin co. Drained by 604 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c, Swatara Creek. Surface diversified; soil gray- road, and on the Susquehanna River, 96 miles to elly. the S. E. lrpper Tulpehocken, Pa., Berks co. Watered by The Erie Canal has been widened, where it Tulpehocken Creek and its tributaries, Northkill passes through the city, to 70 feet, and made 7 and Little Northkill Creeks. Surface diversified; feet deep, and presents a fine appearance from soil fertile calcareous loam and gravel. The the substantial and beautiful bridges with which Union Canal runs along the S. border of this it is spanned. A culvert has been constructed town. in the city from the canal to the river, at an exUpshur County, Ts., c. h. at Gilme. In the pense of about $100,000. It is surrounded by N. E. angle of the state, between the Upper Sa- one of the finest and richest agricultural districts bine and Cypress Bayou. in the union, and is a wealthy and flourishing Upson County, Ga., c. h. at Thomaston. W. place of business. part. Drained by branches of the Flint, which The first building erected within the limits of washes it on the S. W. Utica was a mud fort, constructed during the old Upton, Ms., Worcester Co. Previous to its in- French war, and named Fort Schuyler. It occucorporation, in 1735, this town was attached to pied the portage, or carrying place between the Mendon, Sutton, Uxbridge, and Hopkinton. The Mohawk and Wood Creek, which discharge surface is partly plain land, and partly rough through Lake Oneida, into lake Ontario. and hilly, with a strong soil. West River, a In 1798 Utica took its present name, being branch of the Blackstone, rises from a pond in incorporated as a village. It was but an inUpton, and furnishes a power for a number of considerable village until about the year 1800, mills. Near Pratt's Pond and two other beautiful when the location of the Seneca Turnpike, little lakes is a pleasant village, near the centre crossing the Mohawk at this point, operated to of the town, which lies 13 miles S. E. from make it an important place of deposit and trade. Worcester, and about 7 S. from the Worcester In 1817 it was taken from Whitestown, and Railroad at Westboro', from which it is 32 miles received a separate incorporation as a town. It to Boston. was incorporated as a city in 1832. It is divided Urbana, N. Y., Steuben co. The S. part of into 6 wards, and is governed by a mayor and 12 Crooked Lake and its inlet water this town. aldermen. Surface rather hilly; soil clay and loam. 6 miles Uxbridge, Ms., Worcester co. This large, N. E. from Bath, and 207 W. from Albany. wealthy, and flourishing town was, until 1727, Urbana, 0., c. h. Champlain co. 46 miles W. the W. part of ancient Mendon. Its Indian name by N. from Columbus. was Wacuntug. The central part of the town Urbana, Va., Middlesex co. A village and sea- has a fair soil; the surrounding hills are moist, port on the S. E. side of Rappahannock River. and well adapted to grazing and orchards. There 12 miles S. W. from Lancaster, and 60 N. by W. are in the town a quarry of stone and an iron from Williamsburg. mine. Uxbridge enjoys important advantages in Urbanna, Is., c. h. Champaign co. On the S. being situated, for nearly its whole length, on the side of the Salt Fork of Vermilion River. 92 Blackstone River and Canal, as well as from the miles E. N. E. from Springfield. water power of West and Mumford Rivers, which Utica, N. Y. City and seat of justice of Onei- here join the Blackstone. There are a number da co. Situated on the S. bank of the Mohawk of flourishing manufacturing villages in Uxbridge, River. on the site of old Fort Schuvler. 93 miles situated in valleys, and surrounded by picturesque W. by N. from Albany, and 232 E. from Buffalo. scenery. The principal village is situated at the Populationin 1820, 2972; in 1830, 8323; in 1840, north part of the town. The railroad from 12,782; in 1850, 17,642. Utica has a pleasant Worcester to Providence passes through it. 16 location, on ground gradually ascending from the miles S. E. from Worcester, and 40 S. W. from river, and commanding a fine prospect from its Boston. more elevated parts. It is well built, having Vallejo, Ca., Solano co. See Appendix, No 1. many fine stores and large and elegant dwellings. Valley Forge, Pa., Schuylkill, Chester co. At The streets are laid out with a good degree of the entrance of Valley Creek into Schuylkill regularity, generally, but not always crossing River. 20 miles N. W. from Philadelphia, and each other at right angles. They are neat and 81 E. by S. from Harrisburg. The celebrated spacious, some of them 100 feet wide, and well winter quarters of the American army in 1777. paved. It contains a court house, offices for the Van Buren County, As., c. h. at Clinton. clerks of the Supreme and United States' Courts, Bounded N. by Searcy, Izard, and Independence about 20 churches of the various denominations, counties, E. by Independence and White, S. by an Exchange building, an academy, a museum, Conway, and W. by Pope co. Little Red River a Protestant and a Roman Catholic Orphan and branches, and some branches of the ArkanAsylum, and various other charitable institutions. sas, water this county. The New York State Lunatic Asylum, at Uti- Van Buren County, Io., c. h. at Keosauque. ca, is situated on somewhat elevated ground, Bounded N. by Warello and Jefferson counties, about a mile W. pf the city. It has fine build- E. by Henry and Lee, S. by Missouri, and W. ings, with a farm of 160 acres attached. It by Davis co. Drained by Des Moines River contained about 500 patients in 1850. and branches. Iron, copper, tin ore, and marble The country around Utica is fertile, and the are found in this county. The soil is fertile. city is the centre of an active and extensive trade. Van Buren, Me., Aroostook co. A new town. Railroads, canals, and turnpikes radiate from it Van Buren County, Mn., c. h. at Pawpaw in all directions. The great Western Railroad, Bounded N. by Allegan co., E. by Kalamazoo, S. from Albany and Troy to Buffalo, and the great by Cass, and W. by Berrien co. and Lake Mich. Erie Canal between the same points, pass through igan. Drained by Pawpaw River and its trib. Utica. The Chenango Canal also comes in here utaries, the S. branch of Black River, Dowagefrom Binghampton, which is on the Erie Rail- ake and Brush Creeks, all which afford good IN THE UNITED STATES. 605 water power. The surface is level, and the soil son E. Through this county winds the Alleproductive. ghany River, and in its course receives French Van Buren, N. Y., Onondaga co. Watered by Creek. Camp Brook, a branch of Seneca River, which Venice, N. Y., Cayuga co. Watered by Salmon bounds it on the N. Surface rolling; soil sandy Creek. Surface undulating; soil clay and gravloam and clay 12 miles N. W. from Syracuse, elly loam, based upon lime and gypsum. 15 and 145 N. W. from Albany. miles S. from Auburn, and 162 W. from AlVan Buren Harbor, N. Y., Chautauque co. On bany. the S. shore of Lake Erie. Has a good steam- Vergennes, Vt., Addison co. This city is beauboat landing. 5 miles S. E. from Dunkirk, and tifully located at the falls on Otter Creek, and is 334 W. by S. from Albany. 7 miles from Lake Champlain. Otter Creek, at Vanceburq, Ky., Lewis co. This village is sit- this place, is about 500 feet wide, and, at the falls, uated near the Ohio River. 35 miles N. E. by E. is separated by two islands, which form 3 distinct from Washington. Near this place are salt falls of 37 feet. These falls produce a great hyworks. draulic power, rendered more valuable by being Van Wert, O.. c. h. Van Wert co. On a branch situated in the heart of a fertile country, and on of the Little Auglaize. 136 miles N. W. by W. the navigable waters of the lake. The railroad from Columbus. between Boston and Burlington passes through Vandalia, Is., c. h. Fayette co. Situated on this city. Here are united, in great perfection, the Kaskaskia River. 73 miles S. E. from the two great powers,- water for mills, and steam Springfield, and 82 N. E. from St. Louis. Until for transportation,- which cannot fail to render 1840 this was the capital of the state. The town any place that possesses them an important mart is regularly laid out, with streets 80 feet wide, for trade and manufacture. The first settlement crossing each other at right angles, and a hand- within the present limits of Vergennes was made some public square in the centre. The public in 1766, by Donald McIntosh, a native of Scotbuildings are a court house, jail, a United States land, who was in the battle of Culloden. 12 miles land office, and churches of different denomina- N. W. from Middlebury, and 21 S. by E. from tions. The national road extends to this place. Burlington. Vanderburg County, la., c. h. at Evansville. Vermilion County, Is., c. h. at Danville. BoundBounded N. by Gibson, E. by Warrick co., ed N. by Iroquois co., E. by Indiana, and S. and S. by the Ohio River, separating it from Ken- W. by Champaign. Big and Little Vermilion tucky, and W. by Posey co. Drained by Big Rivers drain this county the surface of which is Pigeon, Blue, Grass, Locust, and Little Creeks. undulating, and the soil fertile. Surface mostly hilly; soil very fertile in the S. Vermilion County, Ia., c. h. at Newport. part. Bounded W. by Vermilion co. Is., and crossed Van Wert County,0., c. h. at VanWert. Bounded by the river of the same name. on the N. by Paulding, E. by Putnam and Allen, Vermilion Parish, La. On the southern border S. by Mercer, and W. by the State of Indiana. E. On the shore of the gulf, between Vermilion This county was constituted in 1820. It was Bay and Mermentau Lake and River. Low and named in honor of Van Wert, one of the men swampy. who took up Major Andre, a British spy. The Vermilion, O., Richland co. A township 86 soil is various; the land level, and of a good miles N. E. from Columbus. quality. Some prairies are found here. The St. Vernon, Ct., Tolland co. Rock village and Mary's River is the principal stream. There are Tankerooson are pleasant and flourishing manuseveral others, and all furnish an excellent sup- facturing villages. The Hockanum, and a branch ply of water. The Miami Canal crosses the of that river, the Tankerooson, are the principal eastern part. streams. Van Zandt County, Ts., c. h. at Jordan's Sa- Vernon was first settled in 1716. It was a part line. In the N. E. angle of the state, on the of East Windsor and Bolton until 1808. The head waters of the Sabine. surface of the town is varied by hills and valleys, Varick, N. Y., Seneca co. Bounded E. by the soil is a gravelly loam, and sandy, but good for Cayuga, and W. by Seneca Lake. Surface ele- grain and grass. 12 miles from Hartford. vated in the centre; soil fertile, yielding large Vernon, la., c. h. Jennings co. crops of grain. 8 miles S. from Waterloo, and Vernon, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Oneida 180 W. from Albany. and Shenandoah Creeks, has an undulating surface Vassalboro', Me. This is a large and flourish- and fertile soil. 16 miles W. from Utica, and 113 ing town, on the E. side of Kennebec River, op- N. W. from Albany. osite to Sidney. There are several large and Vernon, Te., c. h. Hickman co. On Pine Creek beautiful ponds in the town, from which issue two 62 miles S. W. from Nashville. excellent mill streams, one a branch of the Se- Vernon, Vt., Windham co. Vernon lies on the basticook, the other of the Kennebec. This is a W. side of Connecticut River, opposite to Winplace of considerable interior trade and business chester, N. H. The surface is generally mounon the river. Vessels of considerable burden tainous and rocky. There are in the town fine pass to the ocean from Vassalboro', by means of forests of oak and chestnut timber, and quarries the Kennebec Dam. The valleys are very pleas- of slate. This was one of the first settled towns ant, and the surface and soil of the town varied in the state, but the precise time of its commenceand fertile. 12 miles N. by E. from Augusta. ment is not known. The earliest inhabitants were Venango County, Pa., c. h. at Franklin. There emigrants from Northampton and Northfield, Ms. is much good soil along the watercourses, but 18 miles S. E. from Newfane, and about 50 S. the surface generally is broken. Armstrong is from Windsor. The Connecticut River Railroad on the S. E. of this county, Butler S. W., Mercer passes through the town. W., Crawford N. W., Warren N. E., and Jeffer- Verona, N. Y., Oneida co. Bounded on the l. 606 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., by Wood Creek, and W. by Oneida Lake, and is watered by Moose River. 20 miles W. from watered by some small streams flowing into the Guildhall, and 54 N. E. from Montpelier. former. The Erie and Oneida Lake Canals also Victory, N. Y., Cayuga co. Sodus Creek waters form a junction in this town. Surface level and this town, the surface of which is undulating, and swampy; soil fertile. 120 miles W. from Utica. the soil gravelly loam. 20 miles N. from Auburn, Versailles, Mo., c. h. Morgan co. and 167 N. W. from Albany. Versailles, Pa., Alleghany co. Bounded S. by Vidalia, La. Parish of Concordia. Directly the Youghiogeny River, and W. by the Monon- opposite Natchez, on the right bank of the Misgahela, and drained by Turtle Creek and Long sissippi. Run. Surface hilly; soil loam. 12 miles S. E. Vienna, Md., Dorchester co. A port of entry from Pittsburg. and village on the W. side of Nanticoke River. Versailles, Ky., c. h. Woodford co. 12 miles 13 miles N. W. from Salisbury, on the Wicomoca, W. from Lexington, and 12 S. E. from Frank- and 33 from Snow Hill, in the same direction. fort. Vienna, N. Y., Oneida co. Watered by Fish Versailles, Ia., c. h. Ripley co., is on Laughery Creek and other streams, flowing into Oneida Creek. 45 miles W. from Cincinnati, and, by Lake, which partly bounds it on the S. Surface post road, 69 miles S. E. from Indianapolis. undulating; soil mostly productive. 30 miles N. Vershire, Vt., Orange co. The surface is un- W. from Utica, and 125 W. from Albany. even and stony, but furnishes good pasturage. Vienna, Is., c. h. Johnson co. On a small Branches of Ompomponoosuc River rise here, but branch of Cash River. 40 miles N. E. from the give the town no valuable water power. The mouth of Ohio, and 156 S. from Vandalia. settlement commenced here in 1780, and the town Vigo County, Ia., c. h. at Terre Haute. Wabash was organized in 1783. 25 miles S. E. from River crosses this county from N. to S. The Montpelier, and 6 E. by S. from Chelsea. state of Illinois is on the W., Parke N., Putnam Vestal, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by Choco- E., and Sullivan S. nut Creek and some other tributaries of the Sus- Villanova, N. Y., Chautauque co. Connequehanna River, which bounds it on the N. wango Creek and some of its tributaries water Surface rather ridgy and uneven; soil of good this town, the surface of which is hilly and quality on the flats. 8 miles S. W. from Bing- broken, and the soil well suited to grass. 22 hampton, and 154 from Albany. miles N. E. from Maysville, and 318 W. by S. Veteran, N. Y., Chemung co. A tributary of from Albany. Seneca Lake, a fine mill stream, waters this town. Vinal Haven, Me., Waldo co., includes the Fox The surface is hilly and soil productive. 11 miles Islands, at the mouth of Penobscot Bay. About N. from Elmira, and 190 W. from Albany. 50 miles below Bangor. Vevay, Ia., c. h. Switzerland co. On the N. E. Vincent, Pa., Chester co. French Creek runs bank of Ohio River. It was settled by Swiss nearly through the middle of this town. The emigrants, who cultivate the vine in this vicinity village is situated between Pikeland and East with good success. 94 miles S. E. from In- Nantmill, on the S. W. side of Schuylkill River. dianapolis. 65 miles by water, and 45 by land, 30 miles N. W. from Philadelphia. below Cincinnati. Vincennes, Ia., c. h. Knox co. In the midst of Vicksburg, Mi., Warren co. Situated on the a fine prairie, on the E. bank of Wabash River, E. bank of the Mississippi. 50 miles N. N. E. 100 miles from its mouth. The oldest settlement from Natchez, and about 45 W. from Jackson, in the state, having been established by the the capital of the state, with which it is connected French as a trading post in 1730. It extends by a railroad. The town is on a high bluff, about over half a mile along the river, which is naviga200 feet above the river. The scenery is very fine ble to this place. The streets are wide, and from the bluffs in this neighborhood. The Wal- cross each other at right angles. There are exnut Hills, a little above Vicksburg, rise boldly, cellent schools here, and a valuable library for with alternate swells and gullies, to the height of popular use. The trade is considerable, and a nearly 500 feet, and form one of the most strik- handsome capital is employed in cotton and ing views met with by the traveller on the Lower other manufactures. A railroad communication Mississippi. This town has 4 or 5 churches, 2 is in progress with Cincinnati and St. Louis. 118 of which, the Methodist and the Roman Catholic, miles from Indianapolis. are fine structures, several private schools, and Vinton, Ia., c. h. Benton co. 1 public school supported by special tax, con- Vinton, 0., Gallia co. On the W. side of Big taining about 500 scholars. An active business Raccoon Creek, 20 miles from its junction with is done here in the preparation of lumber and Ohio River, and 92 S. by E. from Columbus. building materials by saw mills, shingle factories, There is an abundance of mineral coal and iron and brick yards. About 90,000 bales of cotton in the vicinity. are annually shipped from this place to New Virgil, N. Y., Cortland co. Watered by East Orleans. Owego Creek and the Tioughnioga River. It is Victor, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered by Mud a somewhat hilly town, with a fertile soil. 9 Creek. A somewhat hilly town. Soil sandy and miles S. from Cortland, and 148 S. of W. from (lay loam upon a layer of lime. 12 miles N. W. Albany. from Canandaigua, and 203 N. of W. from Volney, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by Black Albany. Creek, a tributary of the Oswego River, which Victoria County, Ts., c. h. at Victoria. Near bounds it on the W. Surface undulating; soil the coast between the Guadaloupe and La Bacca sandy loam. 11 miles S. E. from Oswego, and Bay. 159 N. W. from Albany. Victory, Vt., Essex co. This unorganized town Voluntown, Ct., Windham co. This town was was granted November 6, 1780, and chartered Sep- incorporated in 1719. It derived its name from tember 6, 1781, to Ebenezer Fisk and others. It the circumstance that most of its territory was IN THE UNITED STATES. 607 granted, in 1696, to volunteers in the Narragan- central. Bounded E. by Penobscot River and set war. The surface is in some parts hilly; but Bay. Undulating and fertile,-with good facilities the prevailing character of the surface and soil for both navigation and agriculture. is a sandy and gravelly loam. The town is Waldo, Me., Waldo co. Its surface is pleasant, watered by Wood River, a branch of the Pawca- and its soil fertile: it abounds with mill sites. 44 tuck. 14 miles E. from Norwich. miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 7 W. N. W. Wabash County, Is., c. h. at Mount Carmel. In from Belfast. the S. E. part of the state, on the waters of Wa- Waldoboro', Me., Lincoln co. A port of entry, bash River. on both sides of Muscongus River. The tonnage Wabash County, Ia., c. h. at Wabash. In the of the district, which includes several neighboring N. part of the state, on both sides of the Wabash towns, exceeds 100,000 tons. The soil is good, River. and there is a large water power in the vicinity. Waculla County, Fa. Central part of the state, 37 miles S. E. from Augusta. on Appalachee Bay. Wales, Me., Lincoln co. There is a beautiful Wadesboro', N. C., c. h. Anson co. On a branch pond lying partly in Wales and partly in Lisbon; of the Great Pedee River, called Brown Creek. 70 its outlet meets the Androscoggin a few miles miles W. from Fayetteville, and 143 S. E. from above Topsham. Wales is an agricultural town Raleigh. of good soil and even surface. 20 miles S. W. Wadesboro', Ky., c. h. Callaway co. 255 miles from Augusta, and 26 N. W. from Wiscasset. S. W. from Frankfort. Incorporated 1816. Waitsfield, Vt., Washington co. The soil of Wales, Ms., Hampden co., was formerly a part this town is diversified, but generally a mellow of Brimfield, and called South Brimfield. This loam, deep, and of excellent quality, producing is a mountainous township, but there is much grass and grain in the greatest abundance. Mad good land in the valleys, and most of the high gRiver passes through the town, and receives here lands afford excellent grazing. Near the village Mill and Shepherd's Brook from the W., and in the centre of the town is a beautiful pond, the Fay's and Pine Brook from the E., all of which outlet of which is the rise of the Wales Branch are sufficient for mills. The intervales and high of Quinebaug River. This stream affords the lands are of an excellent quality. A range of town a good water power. From the top of high lands runs through the eastern part of the Hitchcock's Hill, in the N. W. corner of the town, the chief summit of which is called Bald town, 1190 feet above the sea, is a splendid Mountain. The first settlers were General Wait prospect. Wales was named for James Wales, and family, who moved into this town in 1789. Esq., one of the principal men in the town, From Montpelier 20 miles S. W. at its incorporation, in 1828. 9 miles S. E. from Wake County, N. C., c. h. at Raleigh. This coun- the depot of the Western Railroad at Palmer, ty is bounded N. by Granville, N. E. by Franklin, from which to Boston is 83 miles. S. E. by Johnson, W. by Chatham and Orange, Wales, N. Y., Erie co. Watered by Seneca and S. W. by Cumberland and Chatham. From Creek. Has an undulating surface, and good N. to S. through the county winds Neuse River, soil. 18 miles S. E. from Buffalo, and 268 W. and it is drained by the various branches of that from Albany. stream. Walker County, Aa., c. h. at Jasper. Has FrankWakefield, N. H., Carroll co. Province Pond lin, Lawrence, and Morgan on the N., Blount E, lies between Wakefield and Effingham, and is 480 Jefferson and Tuscaloosa S., and Marion and rods long and 400 wide. Pine River Pond is the Fayette W. The higher branches of Tuscaloosa source of the river of that name, flowing N. W. River drain the county. into Ossipee Lake. The principal branch of the Walker County, Ga., c. h. at La Fayette. In Piscataqua has its rise in Piscataqua Lake, for- the N. W. corner of the statb. Includes the merly called East Pond, between Wakefield and height of land between the waters of the TenNewfield, Me. Lovewell's Pond, in the S. part of nessee and those of the Coosa. Rough and hilly, this town, is about 700 rods long and 275 wide. It with fertile valleys. derived its name from Captain John Lovewell, of Walker, Pa., Huntingdon co. The Raystown Dunstable, who, on the 20th of February, 1725, branch of the Juniata River bounds this town surprised and destroyed a party of Indians en- on the E. and S. Its surface is hilly; soil good camped on the side of the pond. Wakefield is a calcareous loam in the valleys. pleasant town; possesses an excellent water pow- Walker County, Ts., c. h. at Huntsville. Easter; has a good soil and some excellent farms. 50 ern central. On the W. side of Trinity. miles N. E. from Concord, and about'10 S. E. Wallinqford, Ct., New Haven co. Its length from Ossipee. A railroad from Great Falls to from E. to W. is nearly 7 miles, and its breadth Conway is to pass through this town. about 6. The prevailing surface is pleasantly Wakesha County, Wn. In the S. E. angle of diversified with moderate hills and dales; the the state. eastern extremity of the township is mountainWalden, Vt., Caledonia co. This is an elevated ous. The soil is generally excellent, excepting town, between the head waters of Winooski and a tract called Wallingford Plain, consisting of Lamoille Rivers. Cole's Pond, lying in the town, coarse sand, situated on the eastern bank of the produces a small stream called Joe's Brook. The Quinnipiac. The town is watered by the Quinsurface is generally rough, but the soil in some nipiac, a valuable mill stream, which passes parts of the town produces good crops. Nathaniel through the extent of the town. Yaleville is a Perkins, Esq., move' nis family into this town- little manufacturing village in the northern secship in January, 1789, and his was for three tion of the town. The principal village of Walears the only family in Walden. 10 miles lingford is beautifully situated on a fine elevation.. from Danville, and 25 N. E. from Mont- upwards of a mile E. of the river, on two parallel pelier. streets extending along the ridge of the hill. Waldo County, Me., c. h. at Belfast. Southern Wallingford originally belonged to New Hit 608 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., yen, and was called New Haven village. 13 of Ashepoo River. This village is situated 46 miles N. from New Haven. miles a little N. of W. from Charleston, and by Wallingford, Vt., Rutland co. This town is post road 178 miles S. S. E. from Columbia. watered by Otter Creek, Mill River, and by 3 Waltham, Ms., Middlesex co., was the W. parponds, one of which, Hiraln's Pond, covering an ish of Watertown, until its incorporation, in 1738. area of 350 acres, lies on very elevated ground, The surface is moderately level, with some elevaand is one of the principal sources of Otter tions. Prospect Hill, 482 feet above the level of Creek. These mountain ponds are very hand- the sea, presents a delightful view of Boston, its some, and contain fish. The soil is generally harbor, and the adjacent country. A part of good; that on the banks of Otter Creek is very Fresh Pond lies within the limits of this town. fertile and productive. A range of primitive The soil is generally not very fertile. Waltham limestone passes through the western part of the Plain is a beautiful tract of land, under a high town, in which have been opened several quarries state of cultivation. On the road over this plain of excellent marble. Green Hill. situated near is a continuous village. Charles River passes the centre, is composed almost entirely of quartz. through the town. Beaterand Mead's Ponds are A part of White Rocks, belonging to Green handsome sheets of water, well stored with fish. Mountain range, appears to he granite, the rest The former produces a mill stream, which passes quartz. At the foot of White Rooks are large to Sudbury River. The Fitchburg Railroad cavities, formed by the fallen rocks, called the passes through Waltham. 9 miles W. by N. from icebeds, in which ice is found in abundance Boston, and 11 E. S. E. from Concord. through the summer season. The village of Waltham, Vt., Addison co. Buck Mountain Wallingford is pleasantly located on the banks of lies near the centre of Waltham, and is the highOtter Creek, near one of the ponds. The settle- est land in the county west of the Green Mounment was commenced in 1773, byAbraham Jack- tains. Waltham lies on the E. side of Otter sonandfamily. 10miles S.byE.fromRutland, Creek. At this place the creek is sluggish, and and 42 N. N. E. from Bennington. The railroad affords no mill privileges. The soil is generally between Boston and Rutland passes through the good; that along the stream is excellent. The town. settlement of Waltham was commenced just boWallkill, N. Y., Orange co. The Wallkill and fore the revolutionary war, by a family of GrisShawangunk Creek water this town. Surface wolds and others, from Connecticut. 9 miles N. undulating and hilly; soil well adapted to graz- W. from Middlebury, and 40 S. W. from Monting. 22 miles W. from Newburg, and 105 S. pelier. S. W. from Albany. Walton County, Fa., c. h. at Euchee Anna. Walpole, Ms., Norfolk co. Walpole was a part Bounded N. by Alabama, E. by the Choctawof Dedham until 1724. The surface presents a hatchee River. separating it from Jackson and pleasing variety of hill and valley, and its soil Washington counties, S. by Choctawhatchee Bay, generally is of a good quality. Three beautiful and W. by Santa Rosa co. Drained by Yellow tributaries to the Neponset meet in this town. Water and Shoal Rivers and branches, and White These streams afford the town a good water and Alequa Creeks. Soil fertile in the N. porpower. This is a flourishing town with a num- tions. ber of pleasant villages within its borders. The Walton County, Ga., c. h. at Monroe. Gwinnett S. village lies 3 miles from the E. village. The bounds this county on the W., Hall N. W., NewE. village lies 9 miles S. by W. from Dedham, ton S. W., Oconee River, or Jackson and Clark, and 19 S. S. W. from Boston. N. E., and Morgan and Jasper S. E. It is drained Walpole, N. H., Cheshire co. This town is by the sources of Oconee and Ockmulgee Rivers. beautifully diversified by hills and vales. The Walton, N. Y., Delaware co. The W. branch soil is similar to that of other towns on Connecti- of the Delaware River and some of its tributaries cut River. The intervales afford excellent till- flow through this town. Surface hilly and mounage; the uplands are inferior to none in the tainous; soil well suited to grazing. 13 miles state. Cold River passes through the N. part, S. W. from Delhi, and 94 from Albany. and forms ajunction with the Connecticut. There Walworth, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by sevis a lofty hill, called Fall Mountain, a part of the eral small streams flowing N. into Lake Ontario. range of Mount Toby, the highest parts of Surface rolling; soil fertile gravelly loam. 18 which are about 780 feet above the level of the miles N. W. from Lyons, and 199 N. of W. from river. The village of Walpole is situated at the Albany. foot of the hill, on a plain. Drewsville, in this Walworth County, Wn., c. h. at Elkhorn. Boundtown, is a pleasant village, romantically situated ed N. by Jefferson and Waukesha counties, E. by near the falls. Bellows Falls, on Connecticut Racine co., S. by Illinois, and W. by Rock co. River, separate this town from Rockingham, Vt. Watered by Turtle River and its branches, by At the bridge, which crosses the river at this branches of Fox River, and by Geneva Lake, place, first built in 1785, and 365 feet in length, is which lies in its S. part. The surface is level, and a most interesting and sublime view. The river the soil very rich. here is compressed into a narrow strait, between Wanahta County, Ma. On the uppermost wasteep rocks, and, for nearly a quarter of a mile, ters of the Mississippi. is hurried on with great rapidity and loud roaring. Wantage, N. J., Sussex co. Situated on the In no place is the fall perpendicular, to any con- N. border of the state, and drained by Deep siderable extent; but in the distance of half a Clove River and Papakating Creek, head branchmile, the waters descend 42 feet. A canal, with es of the Wallkill River. Surface undulating on 9 locks, passes round these falls, on the W. side. the E., but hilly and mountainous on the W. First settler, Colonel Benjamin Bellows, in 1749. Wapankonetta, O., c. h. Auglaise co. From Concord 60 miles S. W. by W., and 22 N. Wapello County, Io., c. h. at Ottumwa. S. E. W. from Keene by railroad from Boston. part. The Des Moines passes through it from N. Walterboro', S. C.,Colleton district. On a branch W. to S. E. IN THE UNITED STATES. 609 WTapello. Io., c. h. Louisa co., received its name lie in the W. part, and furnish fine orchards and from a chief of the Fox Indians, who resided good pasturage. There are 4 ponds, viz., Tom, here until 1836. It is regularly laid out with Bear, Bagley, and Pleasant-Ponds. This town streets and squares, and is neatly built, was granted in 1735, by the General Court of WFardsboro', Vt., Windham co. The surface is Massachusetts, to Deacon Thomas Stevens and hilly, and in some parts rocky, and the soil is hard. others. It was incorporated in 1774. Wardsboio' is watered by West River, and con- lcWarren, As., c. h. Bradley co. tains a number of minerals. There are some Warren, Ct., Litchfield co. Warren was taken mills in the town, but the water power is not ex- from Kent in 1786. The town is watered by tensive. The settlement was commenced June, Shepaug River, a branch of the Housatonic, and 1780, by people from Milford and Sturbridge, Ms. by a large and handsome pond, called Raumaug. 15 miles N. W. from Brattleboro', and 20 N. E. Warren is hilly and rocky, and in some parts fiom Bennington. mountainous. 38 miles W. from Hartford. Wlare County, Ga., c. h. at Waresboro'. Bound- Warren County, Ga., c. h. at Warrenton. Wilkes cA N. by Telfair and Appling, and E. by Wtayne is on the N., Columbia N. E. and E., Jefferson and Camden counties, S. by Florida, aid W. by S. E., and Great Ogeechee River, or Washington, Lowndes and Irwin counties. Drained by San- and Hancock S. W. tilla River and branches, and by the head branches Warren County, Is., c. h. at Monmouth. Formed of Suwannee and St. Mary's Rivers. This county in 1825, and incorporated in 1830. It is bounded contains the greater part of Okefinokee Swamp, N. by Mercer co., E. by Knox and Fulton, S. by a tract of land about 280 miles in circumference, Mc)onough, and W. by Henderson co. Drained which in wet seasons is entirely submerged, with by Henderson River and its branches, and by the exception of a number of islands. The land Ellison, Camp, and Honey Creeks. Surface level, in the remainder of the county is fertile, but, lying and in the W. part liable to inundation; soil very low, is liable to inundation. fertile. Ware, Ms., Hampshire co. Ware was former- CWarren County, Ia., c. h. at Williamsport. Inly connected with Brookfield and Palmer, and corporated in 1828. Bounded N. by Benton co., was called WVare River Parish. Ware possesses E. by Tippecanoe, S. E. by the Wabash River, a most extensive and valuable water power, by separating it from Fountain co., S. by Vermilion Ware and Swift Rivers, and Beaver branch, all co., and W. by Illinois. branches of the Chicopee. Ware contains a Warren County, Io., c. h. at Indianola. S. cenbeautiful village, surrounded by high lands and tral. Watered by South River and other southpicturesque scenery. 5 miles N. W. from the ern tributaries of the Des Moines. Warren depot on the Western Railroad, which is Warren County, Ky., c. h. at Bowling Green. 73 miles W. by S. from Boston. This county is bounded N. by Grayson and Hart,. Vareham, Ms., Plymouth co. This town for- E. by Barren or Green River, N. W. by Butler, merly comprised the E. end of Rochester, and a S. WV. by Logan, S. by Simpson, and S. E. by plantation belonging to Plymouth. The Indians Allen. It is divided into two nearly equal seccalled this place Wanayantat. The town was tions, by Big Barren River. first settled about the year 1682. It lies at the Warren, Me. One of shire towns of Lincoln head of Buzzard's Bay, and is watered by the co. This town is situated on both sides of St. Weweantic, Wankinco, and Agawam Rivers, George River, at the head of the tide waters, and which severally fall about 50 feet, thereby pro- is bounded N. by Union, S. by Camden and ducing a great and valuable water power. Ware- Thomaston, E. by Cushing, and W. by Waldoham presents a rare instance of the union of boro'. 34 miles S. E. from Augusta. hydraulic and navigable privileges. This town The location of this town is very favorable for is largely engaged in the iron manufacture, manufactures and navigation. The lumber busicrossed by nine mill dams for the purpose of car- ness is not so large as formerly, yet considerable rying several rolling and puddling mills, and ex- quantities are now sawed and shipped. Ship tensive nail and hoop factories. There are also building is an important branch of business, and a number of furnaces for castings, manufactures the manufacture of lime from a superior quality of salt, and other establishments. The harbor of limestone, with which this section of country of Wareham is good, and safe for vessels drawing abounds, is carried on extensively. and is annu12 feet of water. The soil is generally light and ally increasing. The village is well located and sandy, but there is much good salt marsh. There pleasant. is a good deal of oak and pitch pine timber in the Warren, Ms., Worcester co. Warren was fortown. There are a number of expensive bridges merly attached to Brookfield, Brimfield, and across the streams, and 6 villages, called the Palmer, until its incorporation by the name of Narrows, Centre, Agawam, Tihonet, Washington, Western, in 1742. In 1834, it took its present and Poles. The rivers and ponds of Wareham name, in honor of the memory of the patriot abound with a great variety of fish, the shores Warren, who fell at Bunker Hill. The land, with oysters, lobsters, &c., while the deer and fox though rather rough, is productive. The River gambol in the forests. 52 miles S. S. E. from Quaboag passes through the town. Coy's Mill, Boston, and 15 S. from Plymouth. in the N. part, affords abundance of granite. At Waresboro', Ga., c. h. Ware co. A little S. the foot of the hill iron ore has been found, and from Santilla River. 75 miles N. W. from St. a mineral spring been discovered. Warren has a Mary's, and 212 miles S. S. E. from Milledge- fine water power. The Quaboag Seminary is in ville. this town. The Western Railroad passes through Warner, N. H., Merrimac co. This town is 15 Warren, and the depot is 73 miles W. by S. from miles from Concord. It is watered by Warner Boston, and 25 E. N. BE. from Springfield; River, a handsome stream which rises in the Sun- Warren County, Mi., c. h. at Vicksburg. Boundapee Mountain in Newbury. The lands, though ed N. E. by Yazoo co., E. and S. by the Big Black broken, have in general a good soil. Mink Hills River, separating it from Hinds and, Claiborne 77 610 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., counties, W. by the Mississippi River, separating que and Cattaraugus counties are on the N. it from Louisiana, and N. W. by Yazoo River, McKean E., Jefferson and Venango S., and separating it from Issaquena co. Drained by Crawford and Erie W. This county is well wabranches of the Big Black River. Surface rough tered. The Alleghany River winds obliquely and hilly on the E., and liable to inundation in the through it, and within it receives the discharge W. portions; soil fertile. The Vicksburg and of Chautauque Lake, or Connewango Creek, BroBrandon Railroad traverses this county. ken Straw Creek, and several other large creeks. Warren County, Mo., c. h. at Warrenton. E. The surface is'hilly, much of the soil good, and part, on the N. bank of the Missouri. some highly fertile. Warren, N. H., Grafton co. This town is Warren, Pa., c. h. Warren co.. occupies an elewatered by the N. branch of Baker's River, which, vated position on the N. bank of Alleghany near the S. line, furnishes valuable mill sites. River, at the mouth of Connewango Creek. The S. E. part presents a mountainous aspect, Warren, Pa., Bradford co. Wepasening Creek having a large portion of Carr's Mountain on its and its branches water this town, the surface of south-eastern border. Copper ore is found here. which is hilly, and the soil gravelly loam. 17 Warren was granted by charter, July 14, 1763. miles N. E. from Towanda. From Haverhill, 14 miles S. E., and 65 N. by IVWarren, R. I., Bristol co. This small town, W. from Concord. comprising an area of only about 2600 acres, is Warren County, N. J., c. h. at Belvidere. In- situated on the E. side of Narraganset Bay. It corporated in 1824. Bounded N. by Sussex co., is 11 miles S. E. from Providence, and 19 N. by E. by Morris, S. E. and S. by Hunterdon co., and E. from Newport. Incorporated 1746. The surW. by the Delaware River, separating it from face of Warren is undulating, with a soil of Pennsylvania. Drained by Pequest, Paulinskill, rich mould, very fertile and productive. Warand Powhatcong Rivers. The surface is uneven, ren has a safe and commodious harbor for veshaving, Musconetcong or Schooley's Mountain on sels of 300 tons' burden. Ship building has been the S. E. border. pursued here to a great extent. The village is Warren County, N. Y., c. h. at Caldwell. Formed delightfully situated on a rise of ground frontfrom Washington co. in 1813. It is bound- ing the harbor. ed N. by Essex co., E. by Washington and Lake Warren County, Te., c. h. at McMinville. George, S. by Saratoga, and W. by Hamilton co. Franklin bounds this county on the S., RutherWatered by the Main and Schroon branches of ford W., Wilson and Smith N. W., Caney Fork the Hudson, which here unite, and by Lake George River, or White, N. E., and Bledsoe S. E. It is or Horicon, and several smaller lakes. Surface drained mostly by the Creeks of Caney Fork high, hilly, and broken, the Palmertown Moun- River. tains covering the E., the Kayaderosseras the Warren, Vt., Washington co. Warren is wacentral, and the Adirondack the W. portions. tered by Mad River, and, although between the Great quantities of magnetic, oxide, and hematite two Green Mountain ranges, the surface is not iron ores are found in this county, besides marl, much broken. The settlement was commenced graphite, and other minerals. about the year 1797. 23 miles S. W. from Montwarren, N. Y., Herkimer co. Watered by pelier. Nowadaga Creek, and some streams flowing into Warren County, Va., c. h. at Front Royal. Canaseraga and Otsego Lakes. The surface is Bounded N. by Frederick and Clarke counties, E. hilly, the uplands being well adapted to grazing, by Fauquier and Rappahannock, S. by Page, and the valleys to the growth of grain. 12 miles and WV. by Shenandoah co. Drained by the S. from Herkimer, and 68 N. of W. from Albany. Shenandoah River. Warren County, N. C., c. h. at Warrenton. Warrenton, Aa., c. h. Marshall co. On the E. Mecklenburg and Brunswick counties, Va., are side of a branch of Tennessee River. 135 miles on the N., Northampton and Fairfax counties, N. N. E. from Tuscaloosa. C., E., Franklin S., and Granville W. Through Warrensburg, Mo., c. h. Johnson co. On the N. E. angle of the county crosses Roanoke Blackwater River, above Post Oak Fork, and 98 River, and it is drained by several creeks, which miles W. from Jefferson City. flow into that stream, and by Fishing Creek, a. Warrensburg, N. Y., Warren co. Bounded on branch of Tar River. the E. by the Schroon branch, and W. by the Warren County, O., c. h. at Lebanon. Green main stream of the Hudson, the two uniting on and Montgomery counties are on the N., Clinton the S. boundary of the town. Surface hilly and on the E., Clermont and Hamilton on the S., and mountainous; soil fertile in the valley of the Butler on the W. This county was settled in Hudson. 6 miles N. W. from Caldwell, and 68 the early part of the year 1796; the land is of a N. from Albany. fine quality, and is well watered by the Great Warrenton, Ga., c. h. Warren co. 44 miles E. and Little Miami Rivers, and several smaller N. E. from Milledgeville. streams. Warrentonz, N. C., c. h. Warren co. At the Warr-en, O., c. h. Trumbull co. head of Fishing Creek. 62 miles N. N. E. from Warren, O., Belmont co. The heads of Cap- Raleigh. tina and Stillwater Creeks water this township. Warrenton, Va., c. h. Fauquier co. 102 miles It is wealthy and agricultural, with rolling land, N. by W. from Richmond. excellent for grain and tobacco. Within two or Warsaw, Is., Hancock co. On the E. side of three miles of this place is a remarkable ancient Mississippi River, at the foot of Des Moines fortification. It is a circular enclosure, of 4 or Rapids, and 114 miles W. N. W. from Spring5 acres, surrounded with a wall, from 3 to 6 feet field. high, and in some places 15 feet broad at the Warsaw, Ia., c. h. Kosciusco co. On the E. base. Trees of as large a growth as any in the side of Tippecanoe River. 126 miles N. by E. neighboring forests grow on and within the walls. from Indianapolis. Warren County, Pa., c. h. at Warren. Chautau- Warsaw, Ky., c. h. Gallatin co. In the north IN THE UNITED STATES. 611 eastern part of the county. 45 miles from boy 14 years of age may set it in such motion Frankfort. that the contact or collision caused thereby proWarsaw, Mo., c. h. Benton co. On the N. side duces a sound somewhat like that of a drum, but of Osage River. 80 miles S. W. by W. from more sonorous, which, in a still evening, may be Jefferson City. heard a distance of 6 or 8 miles. Hence, from W/Varsaw, N. Y., c. h. Wyoming co. Watered time immemorial, it has gone by the name of the by Allen's Creek, which flows through a broad Drum Rock. From the ponderous weight of that and fertile valley. Surface hilly in some parts, part which is thus nicely balanced, it is generally and soil remarkably fertile, yielding large crops believed that no other than the hand of nature of grass and grain. 248 miles W. from Albany. ever could have done it. Yet some are inclined Warsaw, Pa., Jefferson co. Watered by a to believe that it was thus placed by the herculean branch of Bank Creek; a tributary of the Alle- labor of some tribe of the natives. There reghanv. 168 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. mains no doubt but that this was a place of their WE arwick County, Ia., c. h. at Booneville. Big resort or encampment, and that the Drum Rock and Little Pigeon and some other creeks drain served them either to give an alarm in case of this county. It is bounded N. by Pike and Du- danger, or to call the tribe together from their bois, E. and S. E. by Spencer, W. by Vanderburg daily avocations. This rock is considered as a and Posey, and S. by the Ohio River. great curiosity, excites much attention, and conWarwick, Ms., Franklin co. The territory of sequently is at the present day a place of much this town was granted, in 1736, to the descend- resort, particularly in the pleasant season of the ants of 39 soldiers, who went from Roxbufy and year." Brookline, in an expedition to Canada, in 1690; Warwick County, Va., c. h. at Warwick. It is all of whom perished, save one by the name of bounded N. W. by James co., N. E. by York, S. E. Newell. The tract was called Roxbury Canada by Elizabeth co., and S. W. by James River. until its incorporation by its present name in Warwick, Va., c. h. Warwick co. 79 miles 1763. It was first settled about 1744, and its In- E. S. E. from Richmond. dian name was Sheaomet. This town is elevated, Washington County, Aa., c. h. at Old Washingand contains Mount Grace. The soil is strong, ton. Mississippi is on the W. of this county, Chocwarm, and produces excellent pasturage. There taw co. N., Tombigbee River E., and Mobile co., are no considerable streams in the town. Morse S. It has a moderately hilly surface, and soil, Pond, a pleasant sheet of water, furnishes an except in a few places near the streams, sterile, abundance of fine trout, pickerel, and perch. and covered generally with pine. Drained by There is a pleasant village in the centre of the branches of the Tombigbee River. town, which lies 16 miles N. E. from Greenfield, Washington, Aa., c. h. Autauga co. At the and 75 W. N. W. from Boston., mouth of Autauga Creek, on the right bank of Warwick, N. Y., Orange co. Watered by the Alabama River. 23 miles above Cahaba. Wallkill and some branches of the Passaic River. tWashington County, As., c. h. at Fayetteville. Contains on the W. a portion of the " Drowned Bounded N. by Benton co., E. by Madison, S. by Lands.:' Surface uneven and mountainous; soil Franklin and Crawford counties, and W. by diversified, but mostly good. 24 miles S. W. Indian territory. Drained by a head branch of from Newburg, and 116 S. S. W. from Albany. White River. Surface hilly and broken. Warwick, R. I., Kent co. This important town, Washington, Ct., Litchfield co. Judea, the first the Indian Shawomet, is situated on the W. side society in this town, was a part of Woodbury of Narraganset Bay, 5 miles S. from Providence. until 1741. It was first settled in 1734. It was The surface of the town, along the bay, is gener- incorporated as a town in 1779. 40 miles S. W. ally level, but the westerly part is hilly, so much from Hartford, and 10 S. W. from Litchfield. so, that from some of the elevations a large part "A large part of this town is elevated and of the state may be seen in a clear day. The mountainous. Limestone abounds in many of prevailing soil is a gravelly loam, strong, and the valleys. Several quarries of marble have productive of grain, grass, fruits, and vegetables. been worked, from which considerable quantities The town is well supplied with a great variety of have been raised. Iron ore has been found in fish, and forests of walnut, oak, and chestnut. various places. Ochre, fuller's earth, and white Pawtuxet River washes the northern part of clay have also been found. The town is wathe town, and meets the waters of the Narragan- tered by the Shepaug River, a branch of the set at this place, separating Warwick from Crans- Housatonic, which passes through the whole ton. An arm of the bay extends westward, giving length of the town, dividing it into two nearly to Warwick and East Greenwich a number of equal parts. The town is divided into two soexcellent harbors. Vessels of 50 tons' burden cieties, Judea and New Preston. pass to the flourishing village of Apponaug, " There is in Judea, orWashington, as it is called, between 4 and 5 miles from the bay. This vil- about 2 miles S. W. of the centre of the town, lage is pleasantly located, 10 miles S. from Prov- a place called Steep Rock. From the top of this idence, and is the site of considerable enterprise eminence, which is easy of access, the beholder in ship building, the fishery, and the coasting trade. has one of the most interesting and beautiful Pawtuxet village is at the mouth of Pawtuxet prospects in the state." River, a port of entry, and lies partly in Warwick Washington County, D. C., c. -h. at Washingand partly in Cranston. This beautiful village, ton, is bounded S. E by Potomac River, and WV., 5 miles S. from Providence, is celebrated for its N., and E. by Maryland. The soil is of middling great hydraulic power on navigable waters. War- quality, and the surface hilly. It includes the wick is eminently distinguished as a manufactur- whole of the district. ing town. Washington, D. C. The seat of government of " Within a mile from the village of Apponaug the United States is situated on the N. bank of may be seen a huge rock, so completely balanced the Potomac, in the angle between that river and upon another, and its equilibrium so exact, that a the eastern branch, near the head of navigation, 612 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., and distant from the Atlantic, via the river and surrender of Cornwallis, and Washington's resigthe Chesapeake Bay, about 290 miles. nation of his commission, are particularly valuaIt was at the suggestion of General Washing- ble on account of the portraits which they conton that this particular site for the federal city tain. There are, besides, the Baptism of Pocawas fixed upon. The ground on which it stands hontas, by Chapman. the Embarkation of the was cede4 to the United States by the state of Pilgrims, by Weir. and the Landing of Columbus. Malayland on the 23d December, 1788. The city by Vanderlyn. One panel is yet unfilled. The is laid out on a magnificent plan, including 5000 room is also adorned with sculptures in alto acres, or over 8 square miles, sufficient to accom- rilievo, representing the rescue of Smith by the modate a million of inhabitants or more. The interposition of Pocahontas, the landing of the extent of this plan, which has caused Washington Pilgrims, Penn's Indian treaty, and Boone in to be called a city of." magnificent distances," gave murderous conflict with the Indians. The library to the place for a long time a very scattered ap- room, on the W. of the rotunda, is 92 feet by 34, pearance; but the rapidity with which of late years and 36 feet high. A large part of the library the city has been built up seems to give hopes was recently destroyed by an accidental fire, but that the expectations of the original founders effectual steps have been taken to replace it. may be at least partially fulfilled. The wings, which are 121 feet in depth, contain, The ground on which Washington stands has the northern one, the Senate Chamber, and that a general elevation of about 40 feet above the on the S., the Chamber of the House of Reprelevel of the river, with some points still higher. sentatives. The Senate Chamber is 78 feet The streets run N. and S., E. and W., across diameter and 45 high, and of a semicircular which, in a diagonal direction, run a series of form. The vice president's chair has a canopy broad avenues, designed to facilitate communica- of rich crimson drapery, held by the talons of an tion from one part of the city to another, five eagle: above and behind the chair is a gallery for of them radiating from the Capitol, and five spectators, supported by Ionic columns of varieothers from the President's House. The avenues gated marble, and another gallery extends round and principal streets are from 130 to 160 feet wide, the semicircle. In the basement below is tho and the points at which they meet are selected room occupied by the Supreme Court. The Hall as sites for public buildings. The avdnues are of the House of Representatives, in the S. wing, named from the different states; the streets, be- is semicircular like the Senate Chamber, but largginning at the Capitol, are designated, those N. er, being 96 feet diameter, and 60 feet high. The and S. of it as A North and A South, B North dome of this hall is supported by 24 Corinthian and B South, &c., and those E. and W. of it as First columns, of the beautiful variegated Potomac marEast, First West, Second East, Second West, ble, highly polished. As in the Senate Chamber, &c. Pennsylvania Avenue, extending about a the seats are so arranged as to face the speaker, mile from the Capitol to the President's House, whose chair, placed opposite the circular sweep, is the most compactly built, and forms the prin- is considerably elevated, and is approached by cipal thoroughfare. avenues radiating from it as a centre. The galThe Capitol, standing on Capitol Hill, near lery above the speaker's chair is reserved for the centre of the city plot, is the most striking ladies; another, for gentlemen, extends round building in the city, and the first object that fixes the -semicircle. attention on approaching it. Elevated 72 feet The Capitol, begun in 1793, planned by Charles above tide water, it commands an extensive Bulfinch of Boston, and continued under the suview of the city and surrounding country. perintendence of M. Latrobe, was many years in The building, independently of the additions building, and has cost more than $2,000,000 in now in progress, is of freestone, and occupies an the whole. It was first occupied in 1800, the area of more than an acre and a half. It is 352 northern wing only being then completed, at a feet in length from N. to S., with a depth from E. cost of $480,000. In 1814, after the completion to W. of 121 feet. On the E. front is a splendid of the southern wing, which cost $308,000, but projecting portico, 160 feet wide, of 22 lofty before the erectioin of the Rotunda and porticoes, Corinthian columns, greatly admired for the during the British occupation of Washington, the grandeur of its design and. the beauty of its building was set on fire, and the roofs and inteexecution. It is approached by a noble flight of rior were burned. The wings were repaired and steps, and is ornamented by two gigantic marble occupied in 1819. The centre building was comstatues representing War and Peace. This east- pleted in 1827, costing about a million. The ern front faces a wide plain not yet much built sandstone of which the Capitol is built is very upon. On the western front is a projection 83 perishable, cracking off by the effect of the rain feet in width, adorned by a recessed portico of 10 and frosts; and to save it from rapid disintegraCorinthian columns. From this front there is a tion it is necessary to keep it covered with a coat rapid descent of some 30 or 40 feet, to the level of paint. Loud complaints have always been of Pennsylvania Avenue, and the building is ap- made that the Representatives' Hall, in spite of proached on this side by winding walks and sev- its splendid appearance, is very badly adapted eral flights of steps. In the middle of the build- for either hearing or speaking, and at length ing, between these two porticoes and the two measures have been taken for providing new wings on either side, is the Rotunda, a grand cir- chambers for the Senate and House by the ereccular hall 95 feet in diameter, and the same in tion of two additional wings, which are now in height. To the top of the dome over the Rotunda, progress. and from which it is lighted, the height of the This extension of the Capitol consists of two building is 120 feet. The walls of the Rotunda wing buildings of marble placed at the N. and S. are adorned with magnificent paintings, with ends of the present structure, at the distance of figures as large as life. Four of them, by Trum- 44 feet from it, with connecting corridors. Each bull, representing the signing of the Declaration building is 142 feet 8 inches front, from N. to S., of Independence, the surrender of Burgoyne, the by 238 feet 10 inches deep, from E. to W., ex IN THE UNITED) STATES. 613 elusive of the porticoes and steps; the corridors sides of the hall, and are designed to accommoconsist of passages leading from the centre build- date 1200 persons; they are approached by 2 ing to the wings, of 21 feet 4 inches in width, spacious flights of marble stairs. with outside colonnades, which make the entire The southern and western porticoes open into width of each corridor 56 feet 8 inches. the hall, and will be appropriated exclusively to The wing buildings have porticoes on the E. the use of the members, and such as have the front, extending the whole width, with a flight of privilege of the floor of the House. steps to each, corresponding to the steps of the The Senate Chamber is located on the western present Capitol. Each of these porticoes has a half of the N. wing, and is lighted on the N. and centre projection of 10 feet 4 inches by 78 feet in W. by 26 windows. Its dimensions are 70 feet width; thus forming a double portico in the centre 6 inches by 97 feet 10 inches; the ceiling is 35 of the fahade, similar in general design to that of feet in height, with sunken panels and ornaments, the present eastern portico. There is also a por- similar to those of the House of Representatives tico on the W. front of each wing, 105 feet 8 already described. There is ample room in this inches in width, projecting 10 feet 6 inches; and hall for separate seats for 100 senators, allowing on the N. and S. fronts, porticoes of the same pro- at the same time all the space that will ever be jection, each of which is 121 feet 4 inches in required for lobbies and the accommodation of. width. distinguished visitors. The whole extent of the buildings, from N. to The galleries, like those of the Hall of RepreS., when finished, will be 751 feet 4 inches, and sentatives, occupy 3 sides of the chamber, and the greatest width from E. to W., including contain accommodations for 1200 persons; they porticoes and steps, 324 feet. are approached by 2 flights of marble stairs, like The ground actually covered by the buildings, those of the S. wing. The galleries of each of including the porticoes and steps, and exclusive the halls have five spacious doorways, which will of the court yards, is 153,112 square feet, or 652 afford ingress and egress without crowding, or square feet more than three and a half acres; of causing inconvenience to the audience or disturbwhich there is covered by the present building ance of the members. 61,201 square feet, and by the new wings and The Senate Chamber and the Hall of Reprecorridors 91,911. sentatives are both designed with reference to the The architecture of the exterior is designed to principles of acoustics. The magnitude of these correspond in its principal features to that of the rooms, especially the latter, and the fact that they present building, and the disposition of the vari- are to be constructed for speaking in from every ous parts is intended to present the appearance point, render it necessary to avoid all forms that of one harmonious structure, and to impart would produce echoes, and at the same time to dignity to the present building, rather than to present reflecting surfaces enough to give power interfere with its proportions, or detract from its to the voice without resolving the sound with grandeur and beauty. greater intensity on one point than on another. The principal entrance to each wing is on the To attain these objects, the rooms are made receastern front; the approach to it is by means of a tangular, and the ceilings comparatively low flight of 39 steps, flanked by massy cheek blocks, and flat. similar to those of the present building, with a The whole number of rooms in both wings, exvaulted carriage way below to enter the basement. elusive of the legislative halls, is 101' all of The front door opens into a vestibule of 27 feet in which are vaulted with bricks, and rendered width, leading into a hall 55 feet square, lighted completely fire-proof. 95 of these rooms are from the roof, and embellished by 20 marble lighted directly from the outside, by one or more columns, supporting an entablature and balus- windows, and the remaining 6 depend on secondtrade; this colonnade will support the galleries ary light, and are designed for the storing of docfor approaching the offices in the second story. uments, stationery, &c. These halls will be enriched with marble antic The warming of the buildings will be effected against the walls in both stories, and lighted by by means of hot-water pipes enclosed in chambers ornamental stained glass skylights, supported by erected in the cellars, and connected with boilers iron rafters. for heating the water; the external air will be From each hall a vaulted passage, of 26 feet 10 admitted into these chambers, where it will be inches in width, leads into a corridor of 24 feet 6 warmed and conducted by flues to all the halls inches, running across each wing from N. to S., and rooms in the buildings. " An artificial draught and uniting it with the centre building. will be created by means of fans placed at the The Hall of Representatives occupies the west- bottom of the air shafts, and worked by a small ern half of the S. wing, and is lighted on 3 sides steam engine erected in the cellar of the centre by 50 windows. Its dimensions are 130 feet from building, and kept continually at work during N. to S., and 97 feet 10 inches from E. to W. cold weather. By these means, a constant breeze The ceiling is 35 feet in height, deeply panelled of warm air will be thrown into every room, by and ornamented with brackets, pendants, and which a corresponding volume of air previously enriched mouldings; the panels will be filled in in the room will be displaced; thus assisting the with ornamental glass, through which light will process of ventilation, and creating a circulation be transmitted from skylights in the roof. of the atmosphere which could not be attained by The floor. of the House is large enough to ac- any other process. commodate 400 members with separate desks, The time required for the completion of the and allow ample space for lobbies and seats for additions is five years, and the estimated expense, distinguished visitors, while at the same time it $2,575,000. The architect is Thomas U. Walmay be conveniently adapted to the number of ter, Esq. representatives which at present constitute this The grounds about the Capitol, 22 acres in lvranch of the legislature. extent, have been enclosed, beautifully laid out, The galleries for spectators extend around 3 and ornamented with walks, fountains, trees, 614 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., flowers, and shrubbery. In the enclosure oppo- a fortune, which, at the time of his death, amount site the eastern front has been placed Greenough's ed to about ~120,000 sterling. colossal statue of Washington, in a sitting posture, By his will, he directed that the income of this twice as large as life. property should be paid to a nephew during his The President's House, one mile W. of the life, and that the property itself should descend Capitol, is a very beautiful building, also of free to his children, if he had any, absolutely and stone, 170 feet long and 86 feet deep, ornamented forever. on its N. front, facing Lafayette Square, with a " In case of the death of my said nephew withportico of 4 Ionic columns. The garden front out leaving a child, or children, or of the death of on the S. has a circular colonnade of 6 Ionic the child or children he may have had under the columns. Not far from the President's House are age of 21 years, or intestate, I then bequeath the the offices of the executive departments. These whole of my property to the United States of are plain edifices of brick, 130 feet long by 60 America, to found at Washington, under the name wide, except the treasury building, which is of of the Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for freestone, 336 feet long, with a wing in the rear the increase and'diffusion qf knowledge among men." 190 feet deep, and with a colonnade in front of Such are tAe words of the will, and the only 32 massive pillars. It contains 150 apartments. words of Smithson which have come to us reThe General Land Office occupies the third lating to this remarkable bequest. story. Of the reasons which led him to make this The General Post Office, on E. Street West, disposal of his fortune, we know nothing except running from Seventh to Eighth Streets N., is by inference. He was never in America, had no an extensive marble building, with two wings, friends or acquaintances here, and is supposed to adorned in front and at the ends with fluted have had no particular fondness for republican columns. institutions. The Patent Office, between Seventh and Ninth The event having occurred, in which the claim Streets W., and F and G Streets N., built of of the United States attached, the particulars of freestone and marble, 270 feet long, and in the the bequest were communicated to our governcentre 170 feet deep, is the handsomest of all the ment, and both Houses of Congress passed a hill, public offices. The portico, copied from the which was approved the 1st of July, 1836, author Parthenon at Athens, consists of 16 columns, izing the president to appoint an agent to pros50 feet high, in a double row. This edifice is ecute, in the Court of Chancery of England, the partly occupied as a National Museum, and as a right of the United States to the bequest, and receptacle for models of new inventions. There pledging the faith of the United States to the are two wings of marble now in course of application of the fund to the purposes designated erection. by the donor. The Smithsonian Institute, on a 19 acre plot It was paid into the treasury of the United of ground, granted by the government, in the States, in sovereigns, during the month of Sepsouthern part of the city, between Seventh and tember, 1838. Twelfth Streets, is built of reddish sandstone, in The amount of the fund at this time was the ancient style of Norman architecture, and is $515,169. It was not till 8 years after this period, 447 feet in length, with a width where broadest 10th August, 1846, that the act establishing the of 132 feet. It has 10 towers, one of which is Smithsonian Institution was finally passed. 145 feet high, and the others 100 feet, and makes This act creates an establishment, to be called an imposing appearance. the Smithsonian Institution, composed of the The central portion of the building contains, president and vice president of the United States, on the first floor, a litlrary, 134 feet by 50, di- the secretaries of state, of the treasury, of war, vided'into alcoves, and a hall for philsosophical and the navy, the postmaster general, attorney appatratus, 65 feet by 50. The second story con- general, and mayor of Washington, with such tains the Museum, 200 feet by 50. This is divided others as they mnay elect honorary members. It into 3 aisles, the centre aisle being 40 feet in devolves the immediate government of the Instiheight. tution upon a board of regents, of 15 members; The E. wing contains a lecture room, capable namely, the vice president of the United States, of accommodating 1000 persons. The eastern the chief justice of the Supreme Court, and the range contains laboratories, workshops, rooms mayor of the city of Washington, ex officio, 3 for apparatus, offices, &c. members of the Senate, to be appointed by the The western wing and range contains two large president thereof, 3 members of the House, to be rooms, one of which will be used as a reading appointed by the speaker,- and 6 persons to be room. Beneath are rooms for unpacking books, chosen from the citizens at large, by joint resoluand other purposes of the library. tion of the Senate and House, 2 of whom shall The Smithsonian Institution derives its name be members of the National Institute, and the and endowment from James Smithson, Esq., of other 4 inhabitants of states, and no two from England. the same state. Mr. Smithson was a son of the first Duke of The act establishes a permanent loan of the Northumberland. He was educated at Oxford, original fund ($515,169) to the United States, at where he distinguished himself by his scientific 6 per cent. interest; appropriates the accumulated attainments. He was an associate of most of the interest, then amounting to $242,129, or so much eminent men of science of the last generation in as might be needed, together with so much of the England. He had no fixed residence, and formed accruing income as might be unexpended in any no family ties. He died at Genoa, June 27, year, for the erection of a building: provides for 1829. the establishment of a library, museum, chemical From the property which he received by his laboratory, &c., and left most of the details of the mother, and the ample annuity allowed him by organization to the board of regents. his father, his frugality enabled him to accumulate The cost of the building is limited (with furni IN THE UNITED STATES. 615 ture, grading the grounds, &c.) to $250,000. This "In the centre of the grand terrace rises the will be taken mostly from the income of the ori- lofty obelisk shaft of the monument, 50 feet square ginal and building funds, so as to save $150,000 at the base, and 400 feet high, diminishing as it of the building fund, which will he added to the ori- rises to its apex, where it is 40 feet square. On ginal fund, making a permanent fund of $675,000, each face of the shaft is sculptured the four vieldinvg nearly $40,000 per annum. leading events in General Washington's eventful This income, with all sums received from other career, in basso rilievo, and above this the shaft sources, is to be permanently and equally divided is perfectly plain to within 50 feet of its summit, between two great methods of increasing and where a simple star is placed, emblematic of the diffusing knowledge —the first by publications, glory which the name of Washington has atresearches, and lectures —the second by col- tained. lections of literature, science, and art.' To ascend to the summit of the column, the The first two volumes of a series entitled same facilities as below are provided within the "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," in shaft, by an easy, graded gallery, which may be tra4to., have been issued; also several works in a versed by a railway, terminating in a circular series of a more popular character, and in 8vo. observatory 20 feet in diameter, around which, at form, entitled "Smithsonian Reports." It is the top, is a lookout gallery, which opens a prosproposed, also, to publish, for still wider circula- pect all around the horizon. tion, a mohthly' Bulletin." Researches in vari- " In the centre of the monument is placed the ous departments of science have been instituted, tomb of Washington, to receive his remains should or aided by the Institution, and several courses they be removed thither, the descent to which is of free lectures have been delivered. by a broad flight of steps." Many states, cities The library has been commenced. Measures and corporations have contributed blocks to this have been taken, also, for supplying the cabinet monument, highly ornamented, which form part of natural history and the gallery of art. of the inside wall, and the inscriptions on which The Washington Monument, in the same part can be read as one ascends. of the city, W. of Fifteenth Street, is in progress The Navy Yard, on the E. branch of the Potoof election, from private subscriptions collected mac, about a mile E. of the Capitol, has an area throughout the Union. The following is the of 27 acres, enclosed by a substantial brick wall. description of the design, as put forth by the Many extensive manufacturing operations for the Monument Association. The rotunda remains supply of the navy are carried on here. to be built, but the obelisk has already attained Half a mile beyond the Navy Yard, in the easta height of 70 or 80 feet. ern section of the city, a mile and a half from the " The design embraces the idea of a grand Capitol, is the Congressional Burying Ground, circular colonnaded building, 250 feet in diame- containing 10 acres, near the eastern branch, ter and 100 feet high, from which springs an tastefully laid out and neatly kept. obelisk shaft, 70 feet at the base and 500 feet high, The arsenal is about one mile S. of the Capitol, making a total elevation of 517 feet above the on Greenleaf Point, between the Potomac and ground. the eastern branch. " This vast rotunda, forming the grand base of Not the least important and interesting of the the monument, is to be surrounded by 30 columns public establishments is the National Observatory, of massive proportions, being 12 feet in diameter, nearly a mile W. of the President's House, near and 45 feet high, elevated upon a lofty base or Georgetown, between Twenty-Third and Twentystylobate of 20 feet elevation and 300 feet square, Fifth Streets. The building is 50 feet square, surmounted by an entablature 20 feet high, and and,3 stories high, ornamented with a movable crowned by' a massive balustrade 15 feet in domc, and provided with the best astronomical height. instruments.' The terrace outside of the colonnade is 25 The principal city and county buildings are an feet wide, and the pronaos, or walk within the unfinished and shabby City Hall, in which the colonnade, including the column space, 25 feet. courts are held, the County Jail, a large, new buildThe walks enclosing the cella, or gallery within, ing, 3 stories high, and the Penitentiary, a large are fretted with 30 massive antoe, (pilasters,) 10 building of freestone, on Greenleaf Point, facing feet wide, 45 feet high, and 7~ feet projection, the Potomac and adjoining the Arsenal grounds. answering to the columns in front, surmounted Columbian College is beautifully situated on by their. appropriate architrave. The deep re- elevated ground, commanding a broad view of cesses formed by the projection of the antoe pro- the surrounding country. The college edifice is vide suitable niches for the reception of statues. 5 stories high, 117 feet long and 47 wide. "This spacious gallery and rotunda, which prop- Washington is separated from Georgetown b erly may be denominated the "National Parthe- Rock Creek, over which are two bridges. A non," is lighted in 4 grand divisions from above, bridge a mile long, across the Potomac, leads to and by its circular form, presents each subject Alexandria, with which also there is steamboat decorating its walls in an interesting point of communication. There are also bridges across view, and with proper effect, as the curiosity is the eastern branch, which, though deep enough kept up every moment, from the whole room not to float a frigate opposite the navy yard, soon being presented to the eye at one glance, as in dwindles to a shallow stream. Vessels requiring the case of a straight gallery. 14 feet of water can come up to Potomac Bridge. "Entering the centre pier through an arched The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, which commuway, you pass into a spacious circular area, and nicates with a local canal extending through the ascend with an easy grade, by a railway, to the city S. of Pennsylvania Avenue, opens a comgrand terrace, 75 feet above the base of the mon- munication with an extensive back country; but ument. This terrace is 700 feet in circumfer- the trade of Washington is almost entirely limence, 180 feet wide, enclosed by a colonnaded ited to the articles required for the consumption balustrade, 15 feet high with its base and capping. of the city. 616 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Population in 1800, 3210; in 1810, 8208; in River, or Virginia, is on the S. of this county, 1820, 13,247; in 1830, 18,227; in 1840, 23,364; Alleghany co., Md., W., Pennsylvania N., and in 1850, 40,001, of whom about a quarter part Frederick co., Md., E. The county is well watered, are colored. Congress meets annually at Wash- and is traversed by Connolaways, Licking, Conington on the first Monday of December, and ococheague, Antietam, and other large creeks the Supreme Court of the United States annually flowing from Pennsylvania into Potomac River. on the first Monday of January. The surface is much broken by mountains and Washington County, Fa., c. h. at Holmes Valley. hills, though much of the river and creek alluvial Bounded N. and N. E. by Jackson co., E. by the soil is excellent. Appalachicola River, separating it from Gadsden Washington, Ms., Berkshire co., was first setco., S. by Calhoun co. and the Gulf of Mexico, tied in 1760, and was called Greenwood, and and W. by the Choctawhatchee River, separating for some time Hartwood. Its Indian name was it from Walton co. Drained by Econfina River, Tukonick. This town is situated on the Green and by branches of the Choctawhatchee River. Mountain range, and its surface is greatly diIn the S. part of this county is the fine Bay of St. versified by hills and valleys. It is, however, Andrews. There is some good soil in the N. a fine township for grazing, and within its portions, but it is mostly sterile. limits are many large and productive farms. Washington County, Ga., c. h. at Sandersville. No large river waters the town, but the crystal Oconce River, of Wilkinson co., is on the S. W., springs which gush from the mountains, and Hancock N.W., Ogeechee River, orWarren, N. E., the sparkling ponds which decorate the valleys, Jefferson E., and Emanuel and Laurens S. E. give to the town an ample water power for Washington, Ga., c. h. Wilkes co. On Kettle domestic uses. The principal settlement is beauCreek, a branch of Little River. 50 miles W. tifully located in a mountain valley, through N. W. from Augusta, and 78 N. E. from Mil- which the Western Railroad passes. 138 miles ledgeville. W. from Boston, and 13 S. E. from Pittsfield. Washington County, Is., c. h. at Covington. Washington, Mn., Macomb co. Stony Creek Randolph is on the S. of this county, St. Clair W., and the head branches of the Middle Fork of Madison and Bond N., and Jefferson E. Kaskas- Clinton River water this town, the soil of which kias River passes obliquely through it. is fertile, yielding large crops of grain. Washington County, Ia., c. h. at Salem. This Washington County, Ma., c. h. at Stillwater. In co. is bounded by Floyd S. E., Harrison S.. Or- the angle between the St. Croix and Mississippi. ange and Lawrence W., White River, or Jack- Washington, Mi. Recently the seat of governson, N., and Scott E. Big Blue River rises in ment of the state. 6 miles N. E. from Natchez, this county, and flows S. into Ohio River. and 84 S. W. from Jackson, on the left bank of Washington, Ia., c. h. Davis co. Between the St. Catharine Creek, on a high, dry, and healthy two main branches of White River. 20 miles site. In 1802 Jefferson College was incorpoS. E. by E. from Vincennes, and 103 S. S. W. rated, and located in this town. from Indianapolis. Washington County, Mo., c. h. at Potosi. SitWZashington, Ia.. c. h. Daviess co. 4 miles E. uated S. from Franklin, and S. W. from Jefferfrom the West Fork of White River, and 106 son and St. Genevieve. This county lies on the S. W. from Indianapolis. heads of Big Black, Gasconade, Merrimac, and Washington County, Io., c. h. at Washington. St. Francis Rivers. It has a hilly, mountainous, Bounded N. and N. E. by Iowa and Johnson and broken surface, though much fertile soil is counties, E. by Louisa, S. by Henry and Jeffer- found in detached places, particularly along the son, and W. by Keokuk co. Drained by Iowa banks of the Merrimac, Big River, and other River,Long and Crooked Creeks, and bya branch streams. A great part of the lead mines of of Skunk River. The soil is fertile. Missouri are included within the limits of this Washington County, Ky., c. h. at Springfield. county. Green is on the S. of this county, Nelson W. and Washington, N. H., Sullivan co. This town is N. W., Salt River, or Franklin, N., Mercer E., hilly, but not mountainous. Lovewell's Mounand Casey S. E. The various sources of Salt tain, so called, from Captain Lovewell's killing River drain the county. 7 Indians near it, is of a conical shape, about Washington, Ky., c. h. Mason co. 77 miles three fourths of a mile in diameter. WashingE. S. E. from Frankfort. ton abounds with springs, rivulets, and natural Washington Parish, La. This parish is bounded ponds. Of the last there are 16, some of conby Mississippi N., Pearl River E., parish of St. siderable magnitude. Island Pond, so called Tammany S., and Tangipao River, or St. Helena, from its being full of islands, is 2 miles long W. It has a moderately hilly surface, and gen- and 1i wide. Ashuelot is 1 miles long and 1 erally sterile soil, covered with pine timber. wide; Half Moon is 1l miles in length; BrockBogue, Chitto, and Chifuncte Rivers are the way's, a beautiful sheet of water, lying on a principal streams. white sand, is one mile long, and half a mile Washington County, Me., c. h. at Machias. In wide. Long Pond, lying in this town and Stodthe S. E. corner of the state, between the coast dard, is 5 miles in length. These ponds abound on the S. E., and Passamaquoddy Bay and St. with a variety of fish. The borders present deCroix River on the N. E. Has a great extent lightful scenery. The soil is deep and moist, of coast, and abounds in bays and harbors. The better for grass than tillage. The first settlers settlements are confined to tide waters. The had 180 acres of land each for settling. First soil is cold, and not favorable to cultivation. settler, Reuben Kidder, Esq., in 1768. 35 miles The interior is covered with dense forests. W. from Concord, and about 16 S. E. from Washington, Me., Lincoln co. Formerly called Newport. Putnam. 35 miles E. from Augusta. Washington, N. J., Burlington co. A township Washington County, Md. Hagerstown, Han- adjoining Little Egg Harbor. The soil is sandy, cock, and Williamsport, shire towns. Potomac and covered with pines. Bog ore abounds in IN THE UNITED STATES. 617 the low lands; that mixed with mountain ore is calculated to promote the welfare of such a commanufactured into all kinds of iron and cast- munity." ings. The present extent of Washington county is Washinglton, N. J., Gloucester co. Watered 45 miles in length from E. to W., and from 12 to by Pensauken and Cooper's Creeks, and some 22 miles in breadth from N. to S., containing branches of Atsion River. Its surface is level; about 713 square miles. The Muskingum, by a its soil light sand and loam. Shell marl is found circuitous but generally S. E. course, divides the here. county nearly in the middle. Other streams are Washington County, N. Y., Kingsbury and Sa- the Little Muskingum, Little Hockhocking, Big lem shire towns. Formed from Albany co. in 1772. Run, Bear Creek, WVolf Creek, Duck Creek, Cat's It is hounded N. by Warren and Essex counties Creek, Rainbow Creek, and Pawpaw Creek. The and Vermont, E. by Lake Champlain and Ver- Ohio River washes the whole south-eastern bounmont, S. by Rensseluer, and VV. by Saratoga and dary of the county. The general surface, with the Warren counties and Lake George. The Bat- exception of the broadstrips ofalluviallands upon tenkill, Pawlet, Poultney, and Hoosic Rivers, the Ohio and the Muskingum Rivers, is hilly or and Wood Creek, are its principal streams. Sur- broken. While there are extensive tracts of araface hilly and mountainous, being partly covered ble and fertile lands in the middle and western by the Palmertown range. Soil various, but parts of the county, the uplands are better warm and fertile in many parts. The different adapted, in general, to pasturage than to tillage. kinds of iron ore, marl, lime, marble, and water The staple productions are sheep, cattle, and lime are the principal mineral productions. The horses, pork, wool, fruit, grains of various kinds, Champlain Canal traverses this county. and the products of the dairy. Stone coal is Washington, N. Y., Dutchess co. Watered by abundant, especially on the Muskingum River. tributaries of Wappinger's and Ten Mile Creeks. On the waters of the Pawpaw are found great Surface hilly and uneven, being covered on the quantities of iron pyrites, bedded in the clay at E. by the Matteawan Mountains. Soil fertile, the bottom of the creek. Near these localities yielding fine crops of grass and grain. 12 miles are the remains of numerous furnaces, built of N. E. from Poughkeepsie village, and 88 S. firom stone, with hearths of clay, containing cinders Albany. and pieces of stone coal, partly consumed, which Washington County, N. C., c. h. at Plymouth. had been used in smelting these ores. These The county is bounded N. by Roanoke River and remains are very ancient, some of them having Albemarle Sound, Tyrrell co. E., Martin W., and large forest trees growing upon their ruins. In Hvde and Beaufort S. The soil generally is the vicinity of Marietta there are also other anthin and sterile; the surface level and in part cient works, which appear to have been designed marshy. and used as fortifications, and which are' a great Washingyton. N. C., c. h. Beaufort co. On the curiosity to travellers. N. side of Tar River, at its junction with Pamlico Washington, O., c. h. Favette co. 38 miles S. W. River, and 127 miles E. by S. from Raleigh. A from Columbus, and 30 N. W. from Chillicothe. seaport largely engaged in the lumber trade. Washington County, On. In the lower valley Washington County, O., c. h. at Marietta. of the Willamette. Lving on the Ohio River, at the mouth of the Washington County; Pa., c. h. at Washington. Muskingum, and having Morgran and Monroe Bounded N. by Beaver co., N. E. by Alleghany, counties on the N., the Ohio River separating it S. by Green, E. by Monongahela River, or Westfrom Virginia on the S. E., and Athens and a moreland and Fayette, and W. by Virginia. It part of Morgan co. on the W. This county,with has a productive soil and hilly surface. The boundaries originally embracing nearly one half height of land between Ohio and Monongahela the territory of the state, was constituted July Rivers is occupied by this county, and the creeks 27, 1788, by proclamation of Governor St. Clair, flow from its central parts like radii from a combeing the first county established within the limits mon centre. of Ohio. With the settlement of this county were Washington, Pa., c. h. hWashington co. 209 laid the fbundations of this great and flourishing miles W. from Harrisburg. Washington Colstate, under the auspices of the "New England lege is located here, (see Colleges;) likewise a Ohio Company," organized in New England in female seminary. There are numerous stores in 1787. Forty-seven men, after making a toilsome the village, and an active trade centres here. journeyv across the Alleghanies, in the winter of The college edifice stands to the E. of the town, that year, by the old Indian path, which has is constructed of stone, three stories high, and since been followed by the national road from sufficiently spacious to accommodate 150 students. Cumberland to Wheeling, planted themselves at Washilngton, Pa., Lydoming co. A township thle mouth of the Muskingum, on the spot where situated opposite Williamsport, in the great bend Marrietta now stands, which had been previously of the W. branch of the Susquehanna. selected for the commencement of their colony. l'Vashington County, R. I., c. h. at South Kings. General Rufus Putnam had the superintendence ton. S. W. part. Sulrface diversified and hilly. of the enterprise; and others of the company, as Fertile. An excellent grazing district. The well as many of those who joined the colony coast has but two or three smaller harbors. The afterwards, had served as officers or soldiers in Pawcatuck, which flows S. through the W. part, the war of the revolution. They were a set of is the principal river. The Stonington Railroad men of whose fitness for such a purpose Wash- traverses this county from N. E. to S. W. ington was able to say, "No colony in America Washington County, Te., c. h. at Jonesboro'. was ever settled under such favorable auspices as This county has a hilly and broken surface. Nothat which was first commenced at the Musking- lachuckv River drains its southern part, and um. Information, property, and strength will be Holston its northern. It is bounded N. by Sulliits characteristics. I know many of the settlers van, E. by Carter, W. by Greene co., Te., and S. personally and there never were men better by North Carolina. 78 618 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Washington, Te., c. h. Rhea co. On the right There are some good lands on the borders of bank of Tennessee River, about 100 miles below the streams, within the present limits of WaterKnoxville, and 80 miles S. E. by E. from Mur- bury; but the surface of the town is generally freesboro'. rough, and the soil difficult of cultivation. Washington County, Ts., c. h. at Washington. The site upon which the borough of WaterS. E. central. On the W. side of the Brazos. bury stands is situated in a valley, which is Washington County, Vt., c. h. at Montpelier. washed by Mad River on the E., and the NaugaThis county is nearly in the centre of the state, tuck on the W. 32 miles from Bridgeport by and the principal part of it lies between the two the Naugatuck Railroad. ranges of the Green Mountains. It is bounded Waterboro', Me., York co. This town is waN. by Lamoille and part of Chittenden and Cale- tered by a large and pleasant pond, which empdonia counties, E. by Caledonia co., S. by Orange ties into Little Ossipee River, a branch of the and Addison counties, and W. by Addison and Saco, and by the head branches of the Mousum, Chittenden counties. Itwas incorporatedin 1810, a stream which meets the ocean at Kennebunk. by the name of Jefferson, and took its present name This is a flourishing town, with a pleasant surin 1814. This county is finely watered by the Wi- face and good soil. It lies 24 miles W. from nooski River and many of its important branches. Portland, and is bounded S. by Alfred. The surface of the county is uneven, hilly, and Waterbury, Vt., Washington co. The surface in some parts mountainous, but there is much is generally level, with some pleasant swells. valuable land along the streams. There are large The soil is warm and fertile, and the lands on bodies of beautiful granite in the county, and the rivers are not excelled in richness by any in slate of various kinds. the state. Waterbury is separated from DuxI Washington, Vt., Orange co. Branches of Wi- bury by Winooski River, which, with Waterbury nooski, Wait's, and White Rivers rise in this River and other streams, affords the town a good town, but afford no considerable water power. water power. In the S. W. corner of the town, There is some excellent land along the streams, the passage of Winooski River through a considand the uplands are generally arable, and afford erable hill has worn a channel through the rocks. good pasturage. There is a neat village in the The chasm is at present about 100 feet wide, and town. The settlement was commenced in 1785, nearly as deep. by Daniel Morse, who was soon joined by his This town was first settled by Mr. James brother, John Morse. 15 miles S. by E. from Marsh, who moved here with his wife and 8 Montpelier. children, in June, 1784, and for nearly a year this Washington County, Va., c. h. at Abingdon. family scarcely saw a human being but themThis county has Tennessee on the S., Scott co., selves. 12 miles N. W. from Montpelier, and 26 Va., W., Russell N. W., Tazewell N., Wythe N. E. S. E. from Burlington. The railroad from E., and Grayson S. E. It lies in the various val- Boston to Burlington passes through this town. leys of the two great branches of Holston River, Waterford, Ct., New London co. This town and is drained by those streams and their numer- was taken from New London in 1801. It is ous confluents. The soil is fertile, though gen- washed on the E. side by the River Thames. and erally hilly. on the S. by Long Island Sound, from which a bay Washington County, Wn., c. h. at Washington. or inlet extends, between Millstone and Black Bounded N. by Fond du Lac and Sheboygan Points, quite into the centre of the town, affordcounties, E. by Lake Michigan, S. by Milwaukie ing a harbor for small vessels. This is a resort and Waukesha counties, and W. by Dodge co. for fishermen on the Sound, and many species Drained by Milwaukie and Menemonee Rivers. of the finny tribe are taken captive. There are a Washita (according to the French, Ouachitta) number of ponds in the town. On the New HaParish, La., c. h. at Monroe. Lying towards ven and New London Railroad, 4 miles from the N. E. part of the state, drained by the Wa- New London. shita River and its branches, and the sources of Waterford, Me., Oxford co. It has a number the Little River. Its length from E. to W. is 90 of beautiful ponds. The surface is generally level, miles, and its mean width 60 miles. It is exten- and the soil good. 57 miles W. by S. from Augusta. sively covered with pine forest; and in some Waterford, N. Y., Saratoga co. Situated at parts, on the rivers, the land is liable to be over- the junction of the Mohawk and Hudson Rivers. flowed. Where the soil will admit of cultivation, Surface undulating; soil alluvion and sand. 19 cotton is the chief article of production. miles S. E. from Ballston Spa, and 10 N. from Washtenaw County, Mn., c. h. at Ann Arbor. Albany. The village of Waterford is situated Incorporated in 1826. Bounded N. by Livings- on the W. bank of the Hudson at the head of ton and Oakland counties, E. by Wayne, S. by sloop navigation. The Champlain Canal passes Monroe and Lenawee, and W. by Jackson co. through it, and enters the river here. The Troy Watered by Huron, Raisin, Macon, and Saline and Saratoga Railroad passes through it. It has Rivers, Mullet's, Honey, Mill, and Paint Creeks, various manufactures, and considerable business. and several lakes. Surface slightly undulating; 5 miles from Troy. soil rich clay and loam. Most of its streams af- Waterford, Vt., Caledonia co. The W. part ford hydraulic power. of Waterford is watered by the Passumpsic, and Waterbury, Ct., New Haven co. The Indian the N. border by Moose River. A part of the Mattatuck, a territory comprising this and some town borders on Fifteen Mile Falls, in Connectiof the neighboring towns, being 18 miles in cut River. The banks of that river are steep at length, and 10 miles in width, was sold by the this place, and form but little intervale. The red men to the whites, in the year 1684, "for di- uplands are rough and stony. The settlement vers good causes and 39 pounds." This piece of of the town was commenced in 1787. 18 miles ground was supposed, by the white men, to af- S. E. from Danville, and 48 N. E. from Montpeford sufficient room and accommodations for thirty lier. The Passumpsic Railroad passes through families. the town. IN THE UNITED STATES. 619 Waterloo, Mo., c. h. Clark co. A little W. large tributary stream; and an indefinite series from Mississippi River, W. from the entrance of of falls upon the Emerson Stream, from the casDes Moines River, and 186 miles N. by E. from cade to its confluence, besides numerous rapids, Jefferson City. which could easily be dammed, on all these Waterloo, N. Y., c. h. Seneca co. Watered by streams. It is believed that no similar circle of Seneca River, parallel to which runs the Ca- 10 miles diameter in New England comprehends yuga and Seneca Canal. Surface chiefly level; so large and convenient water power. But a very soil rich calcareous loam. 173 miles N. of W. small part of this power is yet occupied. The from Albany. river is navigable to this place from the dam at Watertown, Ct., Litchfield co. Watertown was Augusta. Connected with Portland, 82 miles formerly a parish in Waterbury, by the name of S. W. by Railroad. Westbury. It was incorporated as a town in Waterville, N. H., Grafton co. This town com1780. The township is generally uneven, or prises the territory called Gillis and Foss Grant, rather hilly; but some sections are level. The until its incorporation in 1829. It was granted prevailing soil is a dry gravelly loam, and best June 29, 1819, to Josiah Gillis, Moses Foss, Jr., adapted to grazing; but the different grains com- and others. The latter commenced the settlemon to this part of the country are cultivated. ment some years since. It is watered by Mad Steel's Brook, a sprightly stream, passes through and Swift Rivers. the central part of the town, and for a mile be- Waterville, Vt., Lamoille co. Waterville is enlow and some distance above the centre of the vironed by mountains, and is itself mountainous. town, a chain of rich meadows, though small in It is watered by a branch of Lamoille River extent, border the sides of this stream. This is There are many good mill privileges in this town, the birthplace of John Trumbull, the poet. 26 and some fine land on the borders of its streams. miles N. by W. from New Haven, and 10 S. E. The settlement commenced here about the year from Litchfield. 1789. 12 miles N. W. from Hydepark, and 39 N. Watertown, Ms., Middlesex co. The name of W. from Montpelier. Watertown is said to have originated from the Watervliet, N. Y., Albany co. This township circumstance of its being a " well-watered place," lies on the W. side-of Hudson River, opposite or, perhaps, from its being situated on a consid- the city of Troy, and 6 miles N. from the city erable fresh-water river, and the communication of Albany. The Mohawk River waters its northwith Boston being at first by water, in boats. ern part. The surface is level or undulating on The Indian name of the town was Pogsguesset. the E., with some extensive flats on the Hudson, Charles River gives this town a good water which are productive and well cultivated. The power; it passes along its whole southern bor- western part rises into hills. Several islands, lyder. This river is navigable to the centre of the ing at the confluence of the Mohawk with the town for vessels drawing 6 feet of water. The Hudson, belong to this township. The Chamsurface is diversified by hills and valleys. A part plain Canal, crossing the mouths of the Mohawk of Fresh Pond and a part of Mount Auburn in the northern part of this town, and bearing to Cemetery lie in this town. On the N. bank of the right, forms a junction with the Erie Canal, the river, the United States Arsenal occupies a after which their united channel traverses its eastsite of 40 acres of ground. Watertown village ern border to Albany. At the Cohoes Falls, on lies about 7 miles W. from Boston, and 12 S. E. the Mohawk, an immense water power has been from Concord. The Fitchburg Railroad passes developed, and considerably occupied. (See on the N. side of the town, and the Worcester Fashionable Resorts.) At Port Schuyler a raceRailroad on the S. way is taken from the Erie Canal, supplying sevWatertown, N. Y., c. h. Jefferson co. Watered eral hydraulic works. A small creek, at the S. E. by Stony and Sandy Creeks, and on the N. by course of the town, furnishes the power for a factoBlack River, which affords immense hydraulic ry, and for mills. In this town there is a Shaker power at this place. Surface rather uneven; soil settlement, sometimes called Niskayuna, estab fertile. 160 miles N. W. from Albany. lished in 1776, by Ann Lee, the first in the United Waterville, Me., Kennebec co., is situated on States. They occupy about 2000 acres of land. the'W. bank of the Kennebec River, opposite to Watson, N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by IndeWinslow, and bounded N. by Fairfield, and S. by pendence Creek and other streams flowing into Sidney. It contains 30 square miles, mostly of Black River, which bounds it on the W. Surface the best quality of farming land of the Kennebec hilly and mountainous; soil sandy loam. lq region. Seven twelfths of the population is esti- miles N. E. from Martinsburg, and 135 N. W mated to be agricultural.. The principal village, from Albany. of about 180 houses, is on the Kennebec, at Ti- Wawarsing, N. Y., Ulster co., is watered by conic Falls. These falls are 18 feet in height, ex- Rondout Creek and its tributaries, affording fine tending quite across the river. In the town there hydraulic power at this place. Surface hilly and are many saw, 4 grist mills, carding machines, mountainous, the Shawangunk Mountain coverplaster mills, also extensive tanneries, and a ma- ing the E. part; soil gravelly loam and clay. chine shop, iron foundery, a branch of the cele- Plumbago, lead, and iron ore are found in this brated Fairbanks establishment in Vermont, sup- vicinity. 22 miles S. W. from Kingston, and 81 plies a great portion of the interior of the state from Albany. with ploughs. Waterville College is situated here. Wayland, Ms., Middlesex co. The name of See Colleges. this town was East Sudbury from 1780 to 1835. The water power at Waterville and vicinity is It lies on the E. side of Sudbury River, and was very great. A circle described from the Ticonic once a part of Sudbury. The surface is pleasant, Falls, before named, as a centre, with a radius of and the soil generally good. 16 miles W. from 5 miles, includes 2 falls across the whole Kenne- Boston, and 7 S. from Concord. bec, at Kendall's Mills, 2 miles above Waterville; Wayne County, Ga., c. h. at Tuckerville. 2 falls, 5 miles distant, on the Sebasticook, a Wayne county has Glynn on the S. E., Camden 620 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., and Appling S., Appling and Tatnall W., and tered here and there. The most important stieams Alatamaha, or Elbert and McIntosh counties, are Killbuck River, Chippewa, Sugar, and the N. E. Great and Little St. Illa Rivers traverse Lake Fork of Mohican Creek. this county, and Turtle River rises in it. Wayne County, Pa., c. h. at Bethany. New ]Wayne County, Is., has Johnson and Union York is on the N. of this county, Delaware RivS., Jackson and Randolph W., Jefferson N., and er, or Delaware co., N. Y., E., Pike co. S. E., White and Gallatin E. The W. branch of Little and Luzerne and Susquehanna counties WV. It Wabash drains the county. is drained bv the Lackawaxen and other creeks Wayne County, Ia., c. h. at Centreville. Ohio of the Delawvare. It has a hilly and broken suris on the E., Union co., Ia., S., Fayette S. W., face, and generally thin and poor soil. Henry W., and Randolph N. The sources of Wayne, Pa., Erie co. French Creek and a Whitewater River drain the countv. branch of Broken Straw Creek water this town, Wayne County, Io., c. h. at Corydon. On the the surface of which is hilly, and the soil gravelly southern border. Central. Watered by the S. loam. 250 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. fork of Chariton River. Wayne, Pa., Greene co. Watered by DunkWayne County, Ky., c. h. at Monticello. This ark's Creek and branches. Surface hilly; soil county is drained principally by Big Sinking loam. 15 miles S. W. from Waynesburg. Creek, a branch of the Cumberland. It is bound- Wayne, Pa., Mifflin co. This town is bounded ed N. by Cumberland River, or Adair and Pu- on the E. by the Blue Ridge, and drained by the laski counties, E. by Whitely, S. by Tennessee, Juniata River. and W. by Cumberland co., in Kentucky. Wayne County, Te., c. h. at Waynesboro'. LauWayne, Me., Kennebec co. Wayne lies N. of derdale co., in Alabama, is on the S., Hardin co., Leeds, and is situated a little below the centre of Te., W., Perry N., and Lawrence E. The great a chain of beautiful lakes or ponds, whose outlet, bend of the Tennessee River encircles this county, which passes through the town, falls into the An- where that stream turns N. on entering the state; droscoggin. The centre of the town is about 4 and though in no place actually reaching Tennesmiles E. of the Androscoggin, and 16 W. from see River, the creeks of this county are discharged Augusta. The surface of the town is undulating, from it like radii from a centre. and the soil fertile. It was incorporated in 1798. Wayne County, Va., c. h. at Trout's Hill. W. Wayne County, Mn., c. h. at Detroit. Detroit part. Separated from Kentucky by the Big River and St. Clair Lake are on the S. E., Sandy, and from Ohio by the Ohio River. Hilly. McComb co. N. E., Oakland N. W., and Monroe Wayne, Va., c. h. Wayne co. S. W. and S. It has generally a level surface, Waynesboro', Ga., c. h. Burke co. On a branch rising by a very gentle acclivity from Lake St. of Brier Creek. 82 miles E. from Milledgeville. Clair and Detroit River, and gradually becoming Waynesboro', N. C., c. h. Wayne co. On the fiat, receding from these waters. This county has N. side of Neuse River, just below the entrance a very productive soil, and is drained by the Ri- of Little River, and 51 miles S. E. from Raleigh. viere Rouge. Waynesburg, Pa.. c. h. Greene co. On the Wayne County, Mi., c. h. at Winchester. This N. side of Ten Mile Creek, 12 miles from its county is bounded by Alabama E., Greene co., in mouth, and 222 miles W. by S. from Harrisburg. Michigan, S., Covington W., and the Choctaw Waynesboro', Te., c. h. Wayne co. On the W. country N. Chickasawhay and other branches of side of Green River. 99 miles S. W. from NashPascagoula River drain it. ville. Wayne County, N. Y., c. h. at Lyons, was formed Waynesboro', Va., Augusta co. On South Rivfrom Ontario co. in 1823. It is bounded N. by er, at the W. foot of Blue Ridge. 30 miles W. Lake Ontario, E. by Cayuga, S. by Seneca and by N. from Charlottesville, and 105 miles W. N. Ontario, and W. by Monroe co. Watered by W. from Richmond. Has a fine water power, Clyde River and several small streams flowing and contains extensive manufacturing establishinto Lake Ontario. Surface undulating and some- ments. what ridgy; soil fertile, yielding abundant har- Weare, N. H., Hillsboro' co. The only river vests of fruit and grain. Different kinds of iron in Weare is the N. W. branch of Piscataquog; it ore, gypsum, marl, and water limestone are abun- affords some good mill sites. Here are 3 ponds. dant; there are also numerous sulphur and a few Rattlesnake Hill, nearly in the centre of the N. salt springs. The Erie Canal follows the course line of the town, abounds with shelving rocks, of the Clyde River through this town. abrupt precipices, forming dens and caves. DurWayne, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Little ing the summer season, the reptile from which it and Mud Lakes on the E., and Crooked Lake on takes its name, is frequently found. The town, the W. Surface chiefly level; soil well adapted though rather broken, is not mountainous. It to grain. 14 miles N. E. from Bath, and 198 W. has small swamps and some good meadows. It from Albany. received its name in honor of Meshech Weare, Wayne County, N. C., c. h. at Waynesboro'. chief justice of the province of New Hampshire. Wayne co. is bounded N. by Nash and Edge- First settlers, emigrants from Massachusetts, comb, E. by Greene and Lenoir, N. W. by John- about the year 1749. From Concord 14 miles son, S. W. by Sampson, and S. by Duplin. S. W., and 17 N. N. W. from Amherst. Neuse River crosses the county. Weathersfield, Vt., Windsor co. This town lies Wayne Counlty, O., c. h. at Wooster. Medina on the W. side of Connecticut River, at the co. is on the N., Stark on the E., Coshocton on "Bow," so called from a bend in the river. It the S., and Richland on the W. It was laid out contains large tracts of rich meadow land, and in 1808, by General Wayne, from whom it de- the uplands are of a good quality. This town is rived its name; but it was not organized until large, and contains a number of pleasant villages. January, 1812. People from Pennsylvania set- It is watered by several ponds and by Black tied here in 1805. The land is excellent, and is River. From Mt. Ascutney, at the N. part of the high and elevated, with extensive prairies scat- town, is a delightful prospect. Perkinsville, situ IN THE UNITED STATES. 621 ated in the south-western part of the town, de- productive. 8 miles E. from Lake Pleasant, and rives its name from a Mr. Perkins, a capitalist 72 N. W. from Albany. from Boston, who, in 1830, purchased a small Wells, Pa., Bradford co. Watered by South woollen factory, which he greatly enlarged, thus Creek and branches, and by a branch of Seely giving an impulse to the business of the village, Creek. Surface hilly; soil gravelly loam. and attracting the attention of other capitalists Wells, Vt., Rutland co. A part of this townto improve the favorable advantages afforded by ship is level, and a part mountainous. The soil the rapids in Black River to engage in the same is generally good, and productive of grain and enterprise. The early settlers emigrated princi- pasturage. The principal stream issues from pally from Connecticut. 70 miles S. by E. from Wells Lake, a beautiful sheet of water, partly in Montpelier, and about 10 below Windsor. The Poultney, 5 miles in length, and covering 2000 Sullivan Railroad passes on the opposite side of acres. At the outlet of this pond is a snug vilthe river. lage. The settlement was commenced by Ogden Webb County, Ts., c. h. at Larido. Mallary, about the year 1768. 65 miles S. S. W. WVbster, Ms., Worcester co. This town was from Montpelier, and 13 S. W. from Rutland. incorporated in 1832, and named in compliment WVellsburg, Va., c. h. Brooke co. On the E. to Hon. Daniel Webster. It included a part of side of Ohio River, at the mouth of Buffalo Dudley and Oxford, and a tract of land previ- Creek. 16 miles N. by E. from Wheeling, and ously unincorporated. French River and a pond 344 N. W. from Richmond. It has mills and give this place a large and unfailing water power. manufactories of various kinds, and is surrounded The original name of this pond was Chabana- by inexhaustible beds of bituminous coal. kongkinornom, the same name by which Dudley Tl;ellsville, O., Colunlbiana co. OntheN. bank was known. The fall at the outlet of this pond of Ohio River, at the mouth of Little Yellow is 24 feet, which is increased, after it empties into Creek. 51 miles E. N. E. from Columbus. This French River, to about 90 feet, before it joins the place has an extensive trade with the interior, Quinebaug. The features of this town are rather and exports large quantities of flour. rough. There are a number of pleasant and Wendell, Ms., Franklin co., was formerly.part flourishing villages in Webster, but Merino vil- of Shutesbury and Erving, and was incorporated lage, party in this town and partly in Dudley, is in 1781, and named in honor of Oliver Wendell, the largest. This village, through which the Esq. This town is on elevated ground, and is Worcester and Norwich Railroad passes, lies 16 the source of streams which flow to the Chicomiles S. from Worcester, and 60 S. W. from pee on the S., and Miller's River on the N. Its Boston. soil is strong and fertile, and well adapted for Webster, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by a few grain and grass. Miller's River affords a valuasmall streams flowing into Lake Ontario, which ble water power, and on its banks are some fine bounds it on the N. Surface level or slightly intervale and delightful scenery. At the N. part uneven; soil gravelly loam and sand. 10 miles of the town, Bear Mountain rears its head, 1281 N. W. fiom Rochester, and 216 N. of W. from feet in height. There is a handsome village in Albany. the town, about 4 miles S. of the river, and 80 Wellborn, Aa., c. h. Coffee co. W.'by N. from Boston. T'Veldon, N. C., Halifax co. Situated at the Wendell, N. H., Sullivan co. A considerable Great Falls of Roanoke River, on the S. W. side, part of Lake Sunapee lies in this town. The 12 miles above Halifax, and 95 N. E. fiom Ra- surface of this lake is said to contain 4095 acres, leigh. Connected by railroad with Raleigh and of which 2720 acres are in Wendell. Here is Wilmington on the S., and Peterburg and Ports- the principal source of Sugar River, which flows mouth on the N. from the lake near its centre from N. to S. There WellJfeet, Ms., Barnstable co. Extends across are 3 small ponds, containing an area of about Cape Cod. It was taken from Eastham in 1763. 300 acres. The town received its name from Its Indian name was Punnonakanit. The village John Wendell, one of the principal proprietors. is on the W. side of the cape; it is neatly built, First settlers: in 1772 emigrants from R. I. settled and although its soil is light and sandy, it pre- here. 40 miles N. W. from Concord, and 7 E. sents a handsome appearance. Wellfleet Bay from Newport. sets into the town from the S., and is separated Wenham, Ms., Essex co. This town was forfrom Cape Cod Bay by several islands, which merly a part of Salem. It was first settled about form a good harbor, at a place called "Deep 1638, and was called Enon. The surface is pleasHole." The eastern section of the town is wood- ant, and the soil generally of a good quality. ed to the edge of the ocean, which lashes a Wenham or Enon Pond is a beautiful sheet of smodth, sandy beach. This is one of the most water, of irregular form, comprising an area of thriving toyips in the state. 30 miles below Barn- about a mile square, and affords an abundance stable, and 95 E. S. E. from Boston by land, and of excellent fish. 6 miles N. from Salem, and 20 65 by water. N. from Boston. The Eastern Railroad passes IVells County, Isa., c. h. at Bluffton. Indorpo- through the centre of the town, near the pond. rated in 1837. Bounded N. by Allen, E. by FVenlock, Vt., Essex co. This mountain town Adams, S. by Jay and*Blackford, and W. by gives rise to a principal branch of Nulhegan Grant and Huntington counties. Drained by River. The lands here are too elevated for culWabash River, which affords fine water power. tivation. In 1791 the town was chartered. 31 Wells, Me., York co. An ancient town, con- miles N. W. from Guildhall, and 73 N. E. from taining 35,000 acres, about one fifth of which is Montpelier. waste. There are extensive salt meadows, and a iVentworth, N. H., Grafton co. This town is harbor for the small vessels. 30 miles S. W. by watered by Baker's River, on which is a fall of S. from Portland. 18 or 20 feet, affording a valuable hydraulic Wells, N. Y., Hamilton co. Sacondaga River power. Here are but few ponds. Baker's, situwaters this town. Surface diversified; soil chiefly ated on Orford line, is the most considerable; 622 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., the outlet of which is called Pond Brook, and a part of Fresh Pond lie in this town; they affords water sufficient for several valuable mill abound with fish, and add much to the beauty of sites. In the E. part of the town lies part of the place. These ponds cover an area of about Carr's Mountain. A part of the elevation called 200 acres, and furnish large quantities of ice for Mount Cuba lies in the W. part of Wentworth. transportation. In this town are some pleasant This mountain contains inexhaustible quantities villages. Sucker Brook, though a small stream, of the best limestone. Iron ore is found here. furnishes a good water power. The descent of The soil is generally good. The town received this stream is so great, that dams are erected in its name from Governor Benning Wentworth. the town, for appropriating its waters 9 different The first settlement commenced a few years be- times. From Boston by railroad, 6 miles. fore the revolutionary war. 15 miles N. W. from West Carlisle, 0., Pike township, Coshocton Plymouth, and about 50 N. N. W. from Concord. co. A village 60 miles from Columbus, and 22'Wentworth, N. C., c. h. Rockingham co. On a N. E. from Newark. branch of Dan River. 116 miles N. W. from West Charleston, O., Bethel township, Miami Raleigh. co. This town is located on an elevated, healthy West Almond, N. Y., Alleghany co. Watered spot. 12 miles N. from Dayton. by Angelica Creek. A hilly town, with a good Westchester County, N. Y., Bedford and White soil. 6 miles E. from Angelica, and 248 W. from Plains shire towns, was incorporated in 1683. Albany. It is bounded N. by Putnam co., E. by the state West Bath, Me., Lincoln co. Adjoining the of Connecticut, S. by Long Island Sound and the city of Bath. Haerlem River, and W. by the Hudson. Surface W.est Bloomfield, N. Y., Ontario co. Watered hilly and uneven; soil fertile in many parts. by Honeoye Creek. Surface rather hilly; soil Watered by Croton, Bronx, and Sawmill Rivers. chiefly clay, based upon slate and lime. 14 miles It is rich in mineral productions, the principal W. from Canandaigua, and 208 N. of W. from of which are iron and lead ores and marble. Albany. Westchester, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered Westboro', Ms., Worcester co., was a part of by Bronx, Haerlem, and East Rivers. Surface Marlboro', and called Chauncy village until its hilly and rolling; soil clay loam, mostly fertile. incorporation in 1717. The waters of this town Marble is quarried here in large quantities. 16 consist of some of the sources of Concord and miles S. from White Plains, and 150 S. from Blackstone Rivers, which furnish a good water Albany. power. There are several handsome ponds in Westchester, Pa., c. h. Chester co., may vie with the town, well stocked with fish. This is a beau- any other place in the U. S. of equal population, tiful town: the surface is diversified, and the soil in neatness of its buildings, beauty of site, and good. There are a number of neat and handsome healthful position. It has daily intercourse with villages in Westboro'. 12 miles E. from Worces- Philadelphia by a railroad, and is 22 miles W. ter, and 32 W. from Boston. from it. 2 miles W. from Brandywine River, and West Boylston, Ms., Worcester co. This town 73 E. S. E. from Harrisburg. once comprised a part of Boylston, Holden, and Westerly, R. I., Washington co. In the S. W. Sterling. It was first settled about the year 1720. angle of the state, between the Atlantic and the The surface is very pleasant, the soil good and Pacantuck, at the mouth of which it has a harwell cultivated. The Quinepexet and Stillwater bor. The village is finely located at the head of Rivers meet the Nashua in this town, and afford navigation, 6 miles from the sea, on the Provia water power of much value. There are in the dence and Stonington Railroad, 40 miles S. S. town a number of pleasant manufacturing villages. W. from Providence. There is a romantic spot, called Pleasant Valley, At Westerly is presented the very singular in this town; it was once the bed of a small pond, feature of two Sabbaths every week. Almost one and lies about a mile S. from the principal vil- half of the inhabitants are Seventh Day Baptists, lage. 8 miles N. from Worcester, and 42 W. who keep Saturday with great sacredness, and on from Boston. no account will do any work. The remainder West Bradford, Pa., Chester co. Bounded S. observe Sunday as a holy day, and as studiously W. by Brandywine Creek, and drained by its avoid all labor. The result is, that on Saturday, branches, which afford good water power. Sur- a portion may be seen going to church, a part of face hilly; soil calcareous loam. 11 miles S. W. the stores are closed, and some of the factories from Chester. are short-handed or closed entirely. On Sunday West Bridqewater, Ms., Plymouth co., was the same thing is to be observed. A part are taken from Bridgewater in 1822. The surface engaged in worship and acts of devotion, while is generally level, and its soil is capable of pro- their neighbors are busily at work, and public ducing large crops. A large branch of Taunton worship is disturbed by the din of business and River gives this town a good water power. Cen- the noisy bustle of the crowd. Both parties aptre and Madagascar villages, about two miles pear strictly conscientious, and live peaceably apart, are neat, and busy in the labors of domestic together, although the partial observance of two industry. 21 miles S. from Boston by railroad, days is very annoying and inconvenient. and 20 N. W. from Plymouth. West Farms, N. Y., Westchester co. On Westbrook, Me., Cumberland co. A trading Bronx River. 11 miles N. E. from New York, and manufacturing town, adjoining Portland on and 146 S. from Albany. Connected with New the N. 52 miles S. S. E. from Augusta. The York city by railroad. principal village is called Saccarappa. Westfield, Ms., Hampden co. A beautiful place West Cambridge, Ms., Middlesex co. This was on Westfield River. The town is famous for its the W. parish of Cambridge, called Menotomy, manufacture of whips. Several other manufacuntil its incorporation in 1807. A part of the tures are also carried on. It has an academy of lands is low and swampy, but the general fea- good repute. 10 miles W. from Springfield, on tures of the town are pleasant. Spy, Little, and the Western Railroad. IN THE UNITED STATES. 623 West Findlay, Pa., Washington co. Watered which, while it contributes to the natural beauty by branches of Wheeling Creek. Surface hilly; of the place, has, by turning the watercourses in soil loam. 231 miles W. from Harrisburg. another direction, deprived it of all those facilWestford, Ms., Middlesex co. This is a good ities of access and of water power which have so farming town, on elevated ground. The surface much contributed to the rapid growth of some of and soil are well adapted to the growth of grain, the neighboring villages. The earliest permagrass, and fruit. Quantities of fine granite, nent settlers came from Northfield, Ms., and called "Chelmsford granite," are found here, from Ashford and Middleton, Ct., about 1741, quarried, and transported. Westford is watered and were soon followed by others from the same by several beautiful ponds, and by Stony Brook, states. 82 miles S. from Montpelier, and 13 N. E. which rises in the town. The village in the from Newfane. This town lies a little below centre of the town is handsomely situated on a Bellows Falls, and is in the vicinity of two railswell of fine land. 28 miles N. W. from Boston, roads. and 10 N. W. from Concord. tWest Monroe, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by Westford, N. Y., Otsego co. Elk and Cherry Bay Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, which Valley Creeks water this town. Surface hilly; hounds it on the S. Surface level; soil sandy soil productive sandy loam. 8 miles S. E. from loam. 25 miles S. E. from Oswego, and 147 N. Cooperstown, and 68 W. from Albany. W. from Albany. Westford, Vt., Chittenden co. Westford was Westmore, Vt., Orleans co. Westmore consettled soon after the revolutionary war, by tains Willoughby's Lake, a handsome sheet of Hezekiah Parmelee and others. The town is water, surrounded by Mounts Hor, Pico, and well watered by Brown's River, a branch of the other elevations. Branches of Barton, Clyde, Lamoille. The surface is rough, and the soil and Passumpsic Rivers rise in this and other good for grazing. 13 miles N. N. E. from Bur- ponds in the town. Westmore appears to be too lington, and 35 N. W. from Montpelier. high for the habitation of many people, or cattle. West Goshen, Pa., Chester co. Drained by The settlement commenced here about the year branches of Chester Creek, and of Brandywine 1800: it was abandoned during the war of 1812, River. Surface gently sloping; soil sandy loam. but resumed on the return of peace. 12 miles E. Westhampton, Ms., IHampshire co., was first from Irasburg, and 52 N. E. from Montpelier. settled about the year 1767, and formed the W. Westmnoreland, N. H., Cheshire co. This town parish of Northampton, until its incorporation in lies on the E. side of Connecticut River, and is 1778. The features of the town are generally watered by several small streams, which empty rough, but pleasing; the soil is good. A number into it. The one issuing from Spafford's Lake. of streams rise in the high lands, among which is in Chesterfield, is the largest, and affords some the Manhan, affording a water power sufficient for of the best water privileges in the town. The surdomestic uses. There is a neat village near the face is less varied than the neighboring towns. centre of Westhampton, which lies 8 miles W. S. First settlers: four families settled in 1741. 65 W. from Northampton, and 98 W. by S. from miles S. W. from Concord, and about 10 W. Boston. from Keene. A railroad passes through the WVest Haven, Vt., Rutland co. West Haven town. was set off from Fair Haven in 1792. It is well Westmoreland, N. Y., Oneida co. Oriskanv watered by Hubbardston and Poultney Rivers, Creek and one of its branches water this town. and Cogman's Creek, on the former of which are Surface level; soil chiefly fertile loam. 12 miles handsome falls and mill sites. 19 miles W. from W. from Utica, and 105 N. of W. from Albany. Rutland. Westmoreland County, Pa., c. h. at Greensburg. West Hempfield, Pa., Lancaster co. Bounded Somerset is on the S., Washington W., AlleW. by the Susquehanna River, N. by Chiques ghany N. W., Armstrong and Indiana N., and Creek, and drained by Strickler's'Creek. Sur- Bedford E. This county is well watered. The face hilly; soil calcareous loam. 8 miles W. Monongahela forms its extreme western border, from Lancaster. near which it is traversed by the Youghiogany. lWest Liberty, Ky., c. h. Morgan co. On the N. Its entire northern limit is formed by the KisE. side of Licking River. 107 miles E. by S. kiminitas, and its north-western by the Allefrom Frankfort. ghany, whilst its surface is drained by the numerWestminster, Md., Frederick co. This village ous confluents of these rivers. The country is is situated on the road from Baltimore to Cham- hilly, and in part mountainous; soil productive bersburg. 30 miles N. W. from Baltimore, and in grain, pasturage, and fruit. a similar distance N. E. from Frederick. Westmoreland County, Va., c. h. at Leeds. PoWestminster, Ms., Worcester co. This town tomac River is on the N. E. of this county, King lies on the range of high lands which separate George co. N. W., Rappahannock River and the waters of the Connecticut and Merrimac. Richmond S., and Northumberland S. E. Several streams, rising from large ponds in this West Newbury, Ms., Essex co. This delightful town and'its neighborhood, produce a considera- agricultural town was taken from ancient Newble water power. The town was first settled in bury in 1819. It occupies an elevated situation 1737. There is a handsome village in the centre. on the S. bank of the Merrimac. The soil is 50 miles W. N. W. from Boston, and 20 N. by excellent. The town is connected with Rocks W. from Worcester. Village, Haverhill, by an excellent bridge over Westminster, Vt., Windham co. The surface the Merrimac. West Newbury lies 4 miles W. and soil of Westminster are favorable for agricul- from Newburyport, and, by the railroad from ture. The principal and oldest village is delight- Newburyport, 38 N. from Boston. fully situated in the E. parish, on the bank of Weston, Ct., Fairfield co. Weston was taken Connecticut River. It is enclosed by a semi- from Fairfield in 1787. It was settled in 1738. circle of hills, which touch the river about 2 miles The town is watered by Saugatuck and Mill above and below the town. It is this barrier Rivers and a pleasant brook, which furnish a 624 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., good water power. There are some valuable These works were constructed under the direcmills for manufactures in the town, but the chief tion of the celebrated Kosciusco, as engineer; to business of the inhabitants is agricultural. The whose memory a monument has been erected soil is a gravelly loam, with an uneven surface. about 30 rods E. of the hotel in the vicinity of 60 miles S. W. from Hartford. " Kosciusco's Garden," a spot to which the' Polish Weston, Me., Washington co. This town was chieftain was accustomed to retire for study and incorporated in 1835. It is the half township reflection." granted to Hampden Academy. It lies a few These fortifications were defended by 4000 miles W. from Grand Lake. It is watered by men. They were built in a single year, almost Baskahegan River, and is about 90 miles N. E. without cost to the country. The French engifrom Bangor. neers, superintending the execution of their own Weston, Ms., Middlesex co. Previous to its plans to the minutest details, received no emoluincorporation, in 1713, the territory of this town ment, and the soldiers who labored at them had was a part of Watertown. The town was settled no pay. The British had a strong desire to posabout 1673. It is on high ground, And its surface sess themselves of this important post; and its is varied by hills and valleys. The soil is good surrender, as is well known, was to have been the and well improved. There are some small first fruit of Arnold's treason, which was provistreams in the town. St6ny Brook and others, dentially prevented by the detection of Major and Charles River, wash its eastern border. Andre, and the discovery of the correspondence The Worcester Railroad passes its south-eastern in his possession. corner, and the Fitchburg Railroad goes through These grounds, now occupied by the national the N. part of the town. 14 miles W. by S. from Military Academy, were ceded to the United Boston, and 9 S. S. E. from Concord. States government, by the state of New York, Weston, Vt., Windsor co. West River passes in 1826. Here are erected, for the purposes ot through this town, and on its banks are some this institution, two stone barracks, one 3 and good lands and two pleasant villages. It was the other 4 stories high, with accommodations set off fiom Andover in 1790, and organized as a for 250 cadets, the number authorized to be retown in 1800. 66 miles S. by W. from Montpe- ceived by law; also a large 3 story building, 275 lier, and 22 from Windsor. feet long by 75 feet wide, for the recitation and WVest Penn, Pa., Schuylkill co. Watered by drawing rooms, for military exercises in winter, Little Schuylkill River and Mahoning and Lizard and for a depository of apparatus, models, &c. Creeks. Surface hilly, abounding with anthra- Besides these, there is a beautiful stone building, cite coal; soil gravelly and unproductive. 79 2 stories high, 150 feet in length by 60 in width, miles N. E. from Harrisburg. in the Gothic style of the period of Elizabeth, TVest Pennsboro', Pa., Cumberland co. Bound- designed for the library and philosophical appaed N. by Conedogwinit Creek. Surface level; ratus, with an astronomical observatory upon one soil calcareous loam. 8 miles W. from Carlisle. of the 3 towers with which the N. front is ornaWtest Pikeland, Pa., Chester. co. Watered by mented; a chapel; a hospital; a mess hall; and some branches of Schuylkill River, which afford 17 separate dwellings for the officers of the inhydraulic power. Surface gently sloping; soil stitution, with many other necessary buildings. sandy loam. There is a spacious hotel, finely situated at the West Point, N. Y., Orange co., Cornwall town- brow of the hill, built of stone, surrounded with ship. Situated on the W. bank of the Hudson. 93 a beautiful piazza for promenade, and commandmiles from Albany, and 52 N. from New York. ing in front a full view of the plain and buildThis is the site of one of the most important ings of the academy, and in the rear a most enfortresses during the revolutionary war, and is chanting prospect of the river and Highlands. now the seat of the United States Military During the months of July and August, the caSchool, organized in 1802. During the war, this dets leave their barracks, and encamp upon the post was emphatically the key of the country, as plain; and their time is devoted to a series of it commanded the river, and prevented the Brit- drills and evolutions upon parade, which are ish from holding communication with their prov- highly interesting to visitors. inces in Canada. At this point, the hill, com- West Point, Ky., Hardin co. On the S. side posed of huge crags and blocks of stone, protrudes of the Ohio, just below the month of Salt River, to the iiddle of the river, impelling the current and 75 miles W. by S. from Frankfort. towards the opposite bank, and reducing the chan- Westport, Ct., Fairfield co. This pleasant nel to lets than half a mile in breadth. This town was called Saugatuck, the name of a river natural formation was eminently favorable to the that passes through it, until 1835. It was taken object of the fortifications erected here. The from the towns of Fairfield, Norwalk, and Weston. cliff selected for the fortress rises from the river [Westport, Me., Lincoln co. This town is surin 3 retreating terraces; upon the third of which, rounded by the waters of Sheepscot River and 188 feet above the water, and spreading out into Bay, and is bounded N. by Wiscasset, E. by a plain of more than a mile in circumference, old Edgecomb and Boothbay, and S. and WV. by Fort Clinton was erected. Upon some of the Sheepscot's Bay and Georgetown. It is 29 miles eminences rising still higher in the rear, redoubts S. by E. from Augusta. Incorporated in 1828. were erected covering this fort; one of which Westport, Ky., c. h. Oldham co. was Fort Putnam, at the height of 598 feet above Westport, Ms., Bristol co., lies near the enthe river, the ruins of which are still seen. On trance into Buzzard's Bay, on the N. side. It has Constitution Island, which is a mass of rock, to- an excellent harbor near the sea, formed by wards the opposite side of the river, works of Horse Neck Beach, extending in front of a large strong defence were also constructed; and a and handsome maritime village, called Westport heavy chain, supported by buoys, was stretched Point, situated between the E. and W. branches across the angle made by the river, forming an of Acoakset River, which meet the tide waters effectual bar to the passage of the enemy's ships. here. This town was attached to Dartmouth IN THE UNITED STATES. 625 until its incorporation in 1787. Acoakset River, eral extensive buildings of stone and brick, with extending the whole length of the town, affords a large store of arms, arranged and kept in fine a good water power. There is another flourish- order. Attached to this establishment are about ing village in the town, called the Head of West- 100 acres of land, enclosed by an iron fence in port, on the Acoakset. There is much good front, and by a wall on the sides and rear, conland here, but the surface is somewhat varied. taining in all nearly 40 buildings. A fine MacThe village at the harbor lies about 12 miles S. adamized road connects West Troy with Albany, W. from New Bedford, and 67 S. from Boston. 6 miles distant. Enjoying similar advantages tWestport, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by Black for trade and business with Troy herself, this Creek and several small streams flowing into flourishing suburb is destined, with the parent Lake Champlain. which bounds it on the E. city, to a rapid growth. Surface level on the E. and hilly on the W.; soil West Turin, N. Y., Lewis co. Watered by clav and loam, chiefly fertile. 5 miles E. from Fish Creek and Salmon River, and partly bounded Elizabeth. and 123 N. N. W. from Albany. on the E. by Black River, in which are the High WT1est Rockhill, Pa., Bucks co. Watered by Falls. The Black River Canal also enters the Perkiomen Creek and a branch of Tohickon river on the W. side, just below the falls. SurCreek. Surface hilly; soil gravel. 92 miles E. face mostly undulating; soil rich sandy loam and N. E. from Harrisburg. clay. 11 miles S. from Martinsburg, and 126 West Roxbury, Ms., Norfolk co. A new town, N. W. from Albany. taken in 1852 from the city of Roxbury, includ- West Union, Io., c. h. Fayette co. ing the parish of West Roxbury, and the village Test Union, N. Y., Steuben co. Incorporated of Jamaica Plain. in 1843. West Springfield, Ms., Hampden co. This is West Union, 0., Tiffin township, c. h. Adams a large, pleasant, and flourishing agricultural co. Lies 100 miles S. from Columbus, and 55 S. town, situated on the W. bank of Connecticut W. from Chillicothe. River, and watered by the beautiful Westfield West Union, O., c. h. Adams co., 106 miles S. River from W. to E. The surface of the town is from Columbus. delightfully varied by hills and valleys. Proven's West Union, Va., c. h. Doddridge co. Mountain is the principal elevation. The soil is Westville, Mi., c. h. Simpson co. A little S. greatly varied, but for the most part the lands are from Strong, a branch of Pearl River, and 55 miles excellent. There are a number of pleasant and from Jackson. flourishing villages in this large town; those Westville, N. Y., Franklin co. Watered by called West Springfield, Agawam, and Feed- Salmon River. Is mostly a level town; soil ing Hills, are the principal. This town was sandy loam. 8 miles N. W. from Malone, and formerly a part of Springfield, and called 220 N. from Albany. Spring.field Mountains. It was first settled about West Windsor. Vt., Windsor co. The western 1654. The town is connected with Springfield part of the beautiful town of Windsor was set off by a bridge, four ferries, and by the Western Rail- in the year 1848, and called by the above name. road, which crosses the river by a viaduct, and Wethersfield, Ct., Hartford co. A very fertile passes through the town. 100 miles W. S. W. town on Connecticut River, adjoining Hartford, from Boston, and 100 E. S. E. from Albany. and famous for the cultivation of onions, which LWest Stockbridge, Ms., Berkshire co., was for- are raised in large quantities for exportation. merly a part of Stockbridge. It was purchased The state prison is here. It is situated on a cove of the Stockbridge Indians, by the whites, and which sets back from the Connecticut at the N. called Queensboro', until its incorporation in 1774. end of the village. The apartments of the warden A collection of rugged hills occupy the centre of are at the E. end of the prison building. The the town. Tom Ball Mountain is near the S. hall, or central part, is 154 feet long, 43 feet wide, W. corner, and Stockbridge Mountain is on the and 30 feet high, including 200 cells, in which the eastern side. The S. and south-eastern parts male prisoners are locked up at night. The W. consist of rough, broken land. Lime quarries end is used as the female department, containing abound, and much valuable marble is found here. cells, rooms for labor, kitchen and apartments for West Stockbridge village, watered by Williams the matron. To the N. of the prison is a quadranRiver, is a pleasant, busy place; it is the termi- gular yard, containing the workshops in which the nus of the Housatonic Railroad from Bridgeport, convicts perform their daily labor. on Long Island Sound, but is united to the West- Wethersfield, N. Y., Wyoming co. Watered ern Railroad by a branch railroad to the state by Tonawanda and Wiskoy Creeks. Surface line, where a depot on the Western Railroad in rolling; soil well suited to grass. 10 miles S. this town is located. From this depot the dis- W. from Warsaw, and 258 W. from Albany. tances by railroads are, to Boston 162 miles, to Wetumpka, Aa., Montgomery co. This town Albany 38 miles. and village are situated on the Coosa River, a West Troy, N. Y., upon the W. side of the Hud- few miles above its junction with Tallapoosa, to son, opposite Troy, is properly a suburb of that form the Alabama, and by post road 110 miles city, and is connected with it by a bridge at the N. E. by S. E. from Tuscaloosa. It is in a lealthy part, and by three ferries farther S., which ply con- and fertile section of country, at the head of tinually between the two places. It lies within the steamboat navigation, and is a flourishing village. limits of the township of Watervliet. It was incor- Wetzel County, Va., c. h. at New Martinsville. porated as a village in 1836, comprising what was N. W. part of the state. On the Ohio River. before called the village of Watervliet, with Gib- Watered by Fishing Creek. Hilly. bonsville and Pjrt Schuyler. Outlet locks here Weybridge, Vt., Addison co. Weybridge is connect the Erie and Champlain Canals with the watered by Otter Creek, which affords it good Hudson River. It has a valuable water power, mill sites. Lemonfair River, a sluggish stream, derived from the canal. There is a United States also waters it. Some parts of the town are arsenal, established here in 1813, which has sev- mountainous, but the soil is generally good; the 79 626 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., basis being limestone, it yields good crops. The soil productive calcareous loam. 17 miles S. W settlement was commenced about the beginning from Rochester, and 232 W. from Albany. of the revolutionary war, by Daniel Stow and Wheeler, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by sevJohn Sanford, but the settlers were soon after eral streams flowing into Conhocton River, which dispersed or made prisoners by the enemy. The partly bounds it on the S. W. Surface hilly; settlement was recommenced on the return of soil sandy loam and clay. 7 miles N. from Bath, peace. The first settlers were mostly from Mas- and 210 W. from Albany. sachusetts. 30 miles S. by E. from Burlington. Wheeling, Va. City, and seat of justice of Weymouth, Ms., Norfolk co. This place was Ohio co. Situated on the E. side of the Ohio called Wessaguset by the Indians, and Weymouth River. About 35 miles N. W. from Richmond, by the English, after a town in England, from 308 W. by N. from Baltimore, and 383 N. by W. which emigrants came in 1624. This was the from Cincinnati. The hills back of the city come second settlement made by white men in New so near the river as to leave rather a small area for England. The surface is pleasantly diversified building, so that the place is forced to extend by hills and valleys; the soil is a strong, gravelly along the high alluvial bank, principally on one loam, with a granite superstructure. Weymouth street, for a distance of about 2 miles. It lies on is finely watered by large and beautiful ponds, both sides of the Wheeling Creek, which here and by two important arms of Boston Harbor, empties into the Ohio. This was the site of old called Fore and Back Rivers. Between these Fort Henry, and the seat of important operations rivers is a large tract of gently swelling land, of in the early wars with the Indians. A fine stone good soil, extending to Quincy, and is united to bridge over the mouth of this creek connects the Quincy Point by a bridge across Fore River. upper and lower portions of the city. It is the There are several pleasant villages in Wey- most important place in commerce and manufacmouth, but the principal place of business is at tures in Western Virginia. It contains several Weymouth Landing, so called, or Washington handsome churches, and other public and priSquare, at the head of Fore River, on the line of, vate buildings. It has cotton mills, rolling mills, and connected with, a large village in Braintree. glass works, a silk factory, a- steam engine facThe South Shore Railroad from Boston to Cohas- tory, &c. A large business is done in the buildset passes through this pleasant and flourishing ing of steamboats. The Virginia Iron Works, village. The village at the S. part of the town is located here, turn out from 1000 to 1200 kegs of pleasantly situated on elevated ground, 3 miles very superior nails per week. S. from Washington Square. The Old Colony The national road, from Cumberland across Railroad passes through this part of the town. the Alleghany Mountains to St. Louis, passes 14 miles from Boston. From Weymouth Land- through Wheeling, and the Baltimore and Ohio ing it is 11 miles S. by E. from Boston, and 24 N Railroad terminates here, making this place a N. W. from Plymouth. Among other manufac- great thoroughfare of travel between the east and tures, that of boots and shoes is extensively car- west. The Ohio River is here crossed by a ried on. magnificent wire suspension bridge, erected at a Wharton, Pa., Potter co. Watered by a branch cost of over $200,000. The span (said to be the of Stony Creek. 179 miles W. S. W. from Har- longest in the world) is 1010 feet, from centre to risburg. centre of the stone supporting towers, and its height Wharton County, Ts., c. h. at Wharton. On above low-water mark is 97 feet. The height of both sides of the Colorado, towards its mouth. the towers on the Wheeling side is 153J feet Whartonville, Va., Fauquier co. A village above low-water mark, and 60 feet above the about 40 miles from North Carolina. abutment on which they stand. The entire Whately, Ms, Franklin co. Previous to its in- bridge is supported by 12 wire cables, 1380 feet corporation, in 1771, this town comprised the N. in length, and 4 inches in diameter, each cornpart of Hatfield. The Connecticut River bounds posed of 550 strands. These cables are laid in it on the E., and the town is well watered by Mill pairs, 3 pairs on each side of the flooring. The River and West Brook. In this town is a con- bridge has a carriage way, 17 feet wide, and two siderable quantity of intervale land on Connecti- foot-walks, 3J feet wide. The wire for this stucut River, but it is not of the first quality. The pendous and beautiful structure was manufacprincipal street runs parallel with the river, about tured by D. Richards & Co., an enterprising firm 2 miles westward. Between this street and.the in Wheeling. river is an extensive tract of swampy land, called Wheelock,Vt., Caledonia co. There is some good Whately Swamp. Westward of the street the land in this town, but a great part of it is mountownship is hilly, and the soil in many places tainous or hilly, and fit only for pasturage. The rich and fertile. The village of West Whyatel is streams flow N. W. into the Lamoille, and S. E. pleasantly located amid the high grounds at the into the Passumpsic. This town was granted, in W. part of the town. About 2 miles northward 1785, to Moore's (Indian) Charity School, at from this village is Mount Esther. 11 miles S. Dartmouth College, and named in honor of John from Greenfield, and 90 W. by N. from Boston. Wheelock, who was at that time president of that The railroad between Springfield and Greenfield institution. The first settlers were Joseph Page, Spasses through this town. Abraham Morrill, and Dudley Swasey, in 1790. Wheatfield, N. Y., Niagara co. Bounded S. by 44 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 10 N. from'Tonawanda Creek, and S. W. by the Niagara Danville. River. Surface undulating; soil chiefly fertile Whitfield County, Ga. New. In the N. W. loam. 12 miles W. from Lockport, and 289 N. angle of the state..of W. from Albany. White County, As., c. h. at Searcy. Bounded Wheatland, N. Y., Monroe co. Watered by N. by Independence co., E. by White River, sepAllen's Creek, a tributary of the Genesee River, arating it from Jackson and St. Francis counties, which bounds it on the E. Surface undulating; S. by Pulaski co., and W. by Conway and Van IN THE UNITED STATES. 627 Buren counties. Drained by Little Red and tower 30 feet in height. The light bears about other branches of White River. S. W. by S., 9 miles frm Owl's Head. White County, Is., c. h. at Carmi. Wabash Whitely County,.Ky., c. h. at Whitely. TenRiver is on the E., Gallatin co. S., Franklin and nessee is on the S. of this county, Wayne co., Jefferson W.. and Wayne and Edwards N. Lit- Ky., W., Rockcastle River, or Pulaski co. N. W, tle Wabash River drains most of the county. Knox N. E., and Harlan E. From S. E. to N. White County, Ia., c. h. at Monticello. Bounded W. the county is crossed by the Cumberland N. by Pulaski co., E. by Cass and Carroll, S. by River. Tippecanoe, and W. by Benton and Jasper coun- WVhitemarsh, Pa., Montgomery co. Whiteties. Drained by Tippecanoe River and branches. marsh has long been noted for its elegant and The surface is level, much of it being prairie, variegated marble. The village lies 121niles N. and the soil fertile. from Philadelphia. White County, Te., c. h. at Sparta. White White Plains, N. Y., c. h. Westchester co. It co. is bounded by Bledsoe S. E., Warren W., is watered by the Bronx River and Mamaroneck Caney Fork River S. W., Smith N. W., Jackson Creek. Surface somewhat hilly; soil chiefly N., and Overton N. E. The eastern branches of loam, well suited to grass. 131 miles S. from Caney Fork River drain the county. Albany. White Creek, N. Y., Washington co. Watered White Sulphur Springs, Va., Greenbrier co. See by Owl and Little White Creeks, flowing into Fashionable Resorts. the Hoosic River, which partly bounds it on the Whitesides County, Is., c. h. at Lyndon. Formed S. Surface hilly; soil rich sandy loam. 12 miles from Jo Daviess county in 1836. It is bounded S. from Salem, and 42 N. E. from Albany. N. by Carroll co., E. by Ogle and Lee, S. by BuWhitefield, Me., Lincoln co. Sheepscot River reau and Henry counties, and W. by Rock Island passes through this town, giving it fertility, beauty, co. and the Mississippi River, separating it from and a good water power. It has Windsor on the Iowa. Drained by Rock River and its branches. N., Jefferson on the E., Alna on the S., and Surface level, or slightly uneven; soil fertile. Pittston on the W. 16 miles S. E. from Au- Whitestown, N. Y., Oneida co. Half shire town gusta. with Rome. It is watered by Oriskany and SadWhitefield, N. H., Coos co. The soil is gen- aquada Creeks, flowing into the Mohawk River, erally thin and light, of easy cultivation, and which bounds it on the N. E. Surface undulating, tolerably good. In the N. part low spruce with broad fertile valleys; soil rich calcareous swamps abound. Here lie part of Blake's, Long, loam. 97 miles N. W. from Albany. Round, and Little River Ponds, besides two other Whiting, Me., Washington co. This town small ponds. The second of these is a beautiful lies at the head of Machias Bay, and is watered sheet of water, of considerable size, abounding by several ponds and a good mill stream. It with fish. John's River passes through this lies 152 miles E. N. E. from Augusta, and 6 town. First settlers, Major Burns and others, N. E. from Machias. Incorporated 1825. who settled soon after 1774. 120 miles N. from Whiting, Vt., Addison co. Otter Creek waters Concord, and about 12 S. E. from Lancaster. the eastern border of the town, but affords no Whitehall, N. Y., Washington co. At the S. mill privileges. Along the eastern part of the end of Lake Champlain. 73 miles N. from Al- town, near Otter Creek, is a swamp which covers bany, and 82 miles S. from Burlington, Vt. This 2000 or 3000 acres. It affords an abundance of place derives its importance from its peculiarly excellent cedar, pine, ash, &c. The soil is genfavorable situation for business, at the junction erally of the marly kind, and produces good of the Champlain Canal, from Albany and Troy, grass and grain. John Wilson erected the first with the lake, and from its being a thoroughfare house in Whiting in 1772, and in June, 1773, a of travel on the great route between New York family by the name of Bolster moved into it. and Canada. The place is located in a romantic During the revolution the settlement was abansituation, at the mouth of a river called Wood doned, but was recommenced at the close of the Creek, which descends through a rocky ravine, war. 40 miles S. W. from Montpelier, and 10 and over a fall of about 20 feet, into the lake. S. from Middlebury. The village is compactly built between the bold Whitingham, Vt., Windham co. Deerfield and lofty cliffs which overlook the town, and River runs through the whole length of this consists of about 150 houses; a number of mills, town, along the western part. There are many for which the river furnishes a fine water power; other smaller streams in different parts. There numerous warehouses for the forwarding and are two natural ponds. Sawdawda Pond is so commission business; several churches, and other called firom an Indian of that name, who formerly public buildings. This place was occupied by lived near it, and was afterwards supposed to Burgoyne as his head-quarters, for a considerable have been drowned in going down Deerfield time, and on the heights overlooking the harbor River. The surface of Whitingham is uneven, are the remains of a battery and blockhouse but the soil is generally good, and has a variety erected by him. Some of the finest steamboats of timber. A mineral spring was discovered on any of our waters ply between this place and here in 1822. The western part of the town St. John's, in Canada, 150 miles distant, whence abounds with limestone. The settlement was there is steam communication direct to Mon- commenced in 1770, by Mr. Bratlin and Silas treal. There is also a continuous line of railroad Hamlinton. 17 miles W. by S. from Brattlecommunication N., via Rutland, Middlebury. and boro', and 18 E. S. E. from Bennington. Burlington, to Montreal, E. to Boston, and S. to Whitley County, Ia., c. h. at Whitley. Bounded Saratoga Springs, Troy, Albany, and Schenec- N. by Noble co., E. by Allen, S. by Huntingtoa tady, and the great routes of travel centring at and Wabash, and W. by Kosciusco co. Eel River these places. and its tributaries water this county, affording Whitehead, Me., Lincoln county. An island hydraulic power. The soil is fertile. off the town of St. George, with a light and Whitley, Ia., c. h. Whitley co. On the N. W. 628 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., side of Eel River. 120 miles N. N. E. from In- splendid sites in the state. The town is regularly dianapolis. laid out, but upon a plan, perhaps, entirely unique. Whitley County, Ky. Wayfne co. bounds this There are four streets forming a parallelogram county on the W., Pulaski and Laurel N., Knox of equal sides, enclosed by which are four others E., and Claiborne and Campbell counties, of running diagonally to these, and forming a dinTennessee, S. mond within the outer square, containing about 4 Whitley, Ky., c. h. Whitley co. On the S. side acres. This diagonal square is the public green, of Cumberland River. 125 miles S. S. E. from in which are the churches, the court house, and Frankfort. other buildings. At the angles it is cut by the Whitpaine, Pa., Montgomery co. On the W. sides of the parallelogram which surrounds it. side of Wissahicon Creek. This township is The western angle is opposite the bridge, with situated 15 miles N. N. W. from Philadelphia. the width of Main Street intervening. The Whitesburg, Ky., c. 11. Letcher co. bridge connects Wilkesbarre with the village of Whiteville, N. C., c. h. Columbus co. On the E. Kingston. side of Beaver Dam Creek. 125 miles S. by W. This is now a place of considerable business. from Raleigh. There is here one of the most extensive rollingWhitesville, N. C., Columbus co. This village mills in the country. The iron for these works is is located on Beaver Dam, a branch of Wac- brought by canal from Danville. The Pennsylcamaw River. It is the seat of justice, and lies vania North Branch Canal passes E. of the town; 118 miles S. from Raleigh. and a railroad runs over the mountains 20 miles Whitneyville, Me., Washington co. to the Lehigh at White Haven. The rich coal Wickford, R. I., Washington co. Situated' on mine of the Baltimore Company is about 2 miles a W. branch of Narraganset Bay, and has a good N. E. of the' village. harbor. S. from Providence 22 miles. It has The first settlers of this town, and of the beauticonsiderable shipping in the West India and ful valley in which it is situated, were principally coasting trade. from Connecticut. The inhabitants are still a Wiconisco, Pa., Dauphin co. Watered by Wi- highly-intelligent and moral people, retaining, in conisco Creek, which enters the Susquehanna a good degree, the manners, habits, and enterprise River at this place. Distant 53 miles N. from of their New England fathers. Harrisburg. The valley of Wyoming, it is well known, is Wiggins Ferry, Is., St. Clair co. On the Mis- one of the most enchanting spots in its natural sissippi, opposite St. Louis, Mo., and 95 miles S. features, and one of the richest in historical assoby W. from Springfield. It has constant com- ciations, among the localities of our country. We munication with St. Louis by steam ferry boats. cannot indulge in any extended description here, Wilbraham, Ms., Hampden co., was first or enter into the minute incidents of its thrilling settled in 1731. Before its incorporation, in history. The site of Fort Wyoming was where 1763, it was the fourth parish of Springfield, and the court house now stands. There was another called Springfield Mountains. This town is fort a little below the bridge. Fort Durgee was watered by the Chicopee, and several of its half a mile below, and on the hill, N. of the vilsmall tributaries. The surface is diversified by lage, the remains of the old redoubts are still hills and valleys, and the soil is well adapted to visible. agricultural pursuits. The Wesleyan Academy, " The severe and long-continued struggle for in Wilbraham, is an institution of great value, the possession of this country," says Professor and in high reputation. It is situated at the Silliman, who visited this valley in 1829, "which N. part of the town, in a pleasant village, about was sustained by the original Connecticut settlers 3 miles from the Western Railroad. From this from 50 to 80 years since, and the repeated atvillage, by the railroad, it is 9 miles to Springfield, tempts which were made to disposses them by and 89 from Boston. South Wilbraham village arms, sufficiently evince the high estimation in lies 4 miles S. from the academy, and 2 N. from which it was held by all parties... No one Rattlesnake Hill. who now surveys this charming valley can wonder Wilcox County, Aa., c. h. at Canton. Butler is that they would not quietly relinquish their claims. on the S. E. of this county, Monroe S., Clarke and.. Few landscapes that I have seen," he adds, Marengo W., Dallas N., and Montgomery N. E. "can vie with the valley of Wyoming. The first Through the county, from N. to S. passes the glance of a stranger, entering at either end, or Alabama River. crossing the mountain ridges which divide it Wilkes County, Ga., c. h. at Washington. Co- (like the Happy Valley of Abyssinia) from the rest lumbia and Warren are on the S. E., Greene S. of the world, fills him with the peculiar pleasure W., Oglethorpe N. W., and Broad River, or produced by a fine landscape, combining richness, Jefferson co., and Lincoln E. beauty, variety, and grandeur." Wilkes County, N. C. This county is situated The visitor to this beautiful valley will not fail in a valley between mountains, and is drained by to inquire for the battle ground, which was the the sources of Yadkin River. A small village at scene of such a desperate conflict, and bloody the court house is the principal place. massacre during the war of the revolution. The Wilkesbarre, Pa. Shire town of Luzerne co., in site of Forty Fort, the place where the little force the Wyoming valley. 114 miles N. E. of Harris- of Wyoming was chiefly concentrated, to defend burg, and about 120 N. N. W. from Philadelphia. their settlement against an invading army of about This town was laid out in 1773, by Colonel three times their number, composed of BritishDurkee, who gave it the compound name it bears American loyalists and Indians, is two or three in honor of two eminent and zealous advocates of miles N. of Wilkesbarre, on the Kingston side of the American cause in the British Parliament - the river, and about as much farther still to the Wilkes and Barre. It is situated on a high bank N. is the plain, on and near which most of the of the Susquehanna River, which is here spanned men of Wyoming were slain, in and after the by a fine bridge, and occupies one of the most battle,- chiefly in their flight, and after sur IN THE UNITED STATES. 629 rendering themselves prisoners of war. Only 60 wick. which was formerly quite distinct from that of the men who went into this battle survived. of Williamsburg, can scarcely be identified. The slain were buried about a month afterwards WilliaMnsburg has now about 30 streets graded in one common grave. A beautiful monument and regulated, some of which are paved, and one has recently been erected on the spot where their Macadamized; and the number of streets perashes moulder, to commemorate their heroic manently laid out amounts to over 70. It has martyrdom in defence of their homes, their liber- several churches of different denominations, ties, and their country's cause. many large and handsome blocks of stores and Wilkesboro', N. C., c. h. Wilkes co. On the S. warehouses, and numerous dwellings enjoying side of Yadkin River. 172 miles W. N. W. from the best advantages of situation. The population Raleigh. in 1840 was 5094; in 1845, 11,338; and in 1850, Wilkinson County, Ga., c. h. at Irwinton. This 30,786. county is bounded N. E. by Oconee River, or Williamsburg District, S. C., Williamsburg Washington co., S. E. by Laurens, S. W. by and Kingstree shire towns. This district has Twiggs, and N. W. by Jones. Santee River on the S. W., Sumpter district N. Wilkinson County, Mi., c. h. at'Woodville. W., Lynch's Creek, or Marion district, N. E., and Mississippi River is on the W., New Feliciana, Georgetown S. E. A branch of Great Pedee, La., S., Homochitto River, or Adams co., Mi., called Black River, drains the district. N. W., Homochitto River, or Franklin co., N. E., Williamsburq, Va., c. h. James City co. This and Amite E. village was formerly the metropolis of Virginia. Will County, Is., c. h. at Juliet. Bounded N. It is situated on the E side of a small creek that by Du Page and Cook counties, E. by Indiana, runs into James River, 32 miles E. by S. from S. by Iroquois and Vermilion, and W. by Grun- Richmond, and 175 S. by E. from North Carody and Kendall counties. Watered by Des- lina. The streets are laid out with great regularplaines River and Kankakee River and their ity, and the public edifices exhibit the ruins of branches. comparative grandeur, particularly the Capitol Williams County, O., c. h. at Defiance. This and college. The college, called the College of county has an excellent soil, very valuable for William and Mary, was endowed by the royal grain and grass. It is well supplied with water government with a clear and certain revenue of by many streams, the principal of which are the ~3000 per annum. Though built to accommoMauwee, Auglaise, Little St. Joseph's, and Tif- date 100 pupils, it has seldom more than 40. fin. On Maumee River are the Sulphur Springs; Attempts have recently been made to revive the they are clear and cold, and have a strong odor, former prosperous state of this institution. See perceptible for a quarter of a mile. The Wabash Collegqes. and Erie Canal passes through the county, and Williamson County, Is., c. h. at Bai)bridge. will increase its business. Bounded N. by Franklin co., E. by Gallatin, S. Williamsburg, Ms., Hampshire co. This town- by Johnson and Union, and W. by Jackson co. ship was granted, in 1736, to volunteers, for ser- Drained by Muddy Creek, a branch of the Misvices against the Indians in 1704. It was attached sissippi, and Saline, a branch of the Ohio River. to Hatfield, and called Hatfield Addition, until Williamson, N. Y., Wayne co. Watered by its incorporation in 1771. The surface is quite several small streams flowing into Lake Ontario, elevated, but pleasantly variegated by hills and which bounds it on the N. 17 miles N. W. from valleys; the soil is warm and fertile. It is wa- Lyons, and 200 N. of W. from Albany. tered by Mill River, a fine stream, which passes Williamson County, Te., c. h. at Franklin. through the centre of the town. Haydensville, a Bedford bounds it on the S. E., Duck River or flourishing village, is located in Williamsburg. Murray S., Dickson W., Davidson N., and Ruth8 miles N. W. from Northampton, and 95 W. erford N. E. Harpeth River, a branch of Cumfrom Boston. berland, rises in this county, and drains its northWilliamsburg, Mi., c. h. Covington co. Situ- ern side. Duck River and its branches water the ated between the head branches of Leaf River. southern parts. 82 miles S. E. from Jackson. Williamson County, Ts., c. h. at Georgetown. Williamsburg, N. Y., in the township of Bush- E. of the Colorado. wick, Kings co., on Long Island, about 3 miles Williamsport, Ia., c. h. Warren co. On the W. N. E. of Brooklyn, and opposite to the N. part of bank of Wabash River. 78 miles W. N. W. from the city of New York. It lies extended about a Indianapolis. mile and a half on the bank of the East River, Williamsport, Md., Washington co. On the E which has a bold elevation from the water at this side of Potomac River, at the entrance of Conecoplace. Here are several large and substantial cheague Creek, 107 miles N. W. from Annapolis, docks, with ample depth of water, for safe and The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal passes through it convenient moorings for vessels of the largest Williamsport, Pa., Washington co. This place class. It is but a few years since Williamsburg was formerly called Parkinson's Ferry. It is at was but an inconsiderable village. An act of the mouth of Pigeon Creek, on Monongahela incorporation was obtained for it as a village in River. 18 miles E. from Washington. 1827, a steam ferry having previously been estab- Williamsport, Pa., c. h. Lycoming co. On tht lished to the foot of Grand Street, New York, by N. bank of the W. fork of Susquehanna River. which an impulse was given to its prosperity. A 93 miles N. from Harrisburg. The Pennsylvania steam ferry boat also now plies between this Canal passes through it, and a railroad, 25 miles place and Peck Slip, at the lower part of New long, connects it with Ralston. 65 miles S. from York, which accommodates a rapidly-increasing Tioga, and 160 N. W. from Philadelphia. number of merchants and other men of business, Williamston, N. C., c. h. Martin co. On the S who come here to find a pleasant residence out side of Roanoke River. 25 miles W. from Plymof the city. So great has been the progress of outh, and 53 N. W. from Washington, on Pamimprovement, that the ancient village of Bush- lico River. 630 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Williamstown, Ky., c. h. Grant county. On the lington, and is easy of access to lake and railroad E. side of Eagle Creek, a branch of Kentucky transportation. River, and 49 miles N. N. E. from Frankfort. Willoughby, 0. A township in Lake co., lying Williamstown, Ms., Berkshire co. This town is on the shore of Lake Erie, and extending 8 miles situated in a large anad fertile valley, surrounded from N. to S., and 5 from E. to W. The lands by romantic elevations, and watered by Hoosic are productive and highly cultivated. and Green Rivers. It was first settled about the There is a flourishing village in this township, year 1751, and was called Hoosic by the Indians. of the same name, situated on the Chagrin River, The general character of the soil is clayey; but two miles and a half from its mouth, 11 miles S. in few places is the clay so hard and stiff as to be W. from Parisville, the county seat, 19 miles E. injurious to its fertility. Loam predominates in from Cleveland, and 158 N. E. from Columbus. some places, and a few spots of some extent may This village, and the township to which it belongs, be called gravelly. Some of the best lands lie were both formerly called Chagrin, from the name along the Hoosic and Green Rivers. But the of the river. This name was changed for Wilhills, also, and generally the mountain sides, al- loughby in 1834. The first settlement was made most, and sometimes quite up to their tops, have here by the eccentric pioneer, David Abbot, and a good, and, in many places, an excellent soil, others with him, about the year 1799. The first suited both to grazing and tillage. The village in organized town meeting was held in 1815. this town is delightfully situated on a gentle rise This was the site, for some years, of a flourishfrom the river. Williams College, in this town, ing and well-conducted Medical Institution, which is handsomely located. (See Colleges.) 125 miles was founded in 1834, and provided with a spacious W. N. W. from Boston, and 24 N. from Pittsfield. brick edifice, pleasantly located, and with an amAbout 5 miles W. from North Adams, and thence ple corps of instructors. This institution has by railroad to Boston, 171. since been removed to Columbus. The village Williamstown, N. Y., Oswego co. Watered by contains a Presbyterian and a Methodist church. a branch of Fish Creek, and by Salmon Creek. Tradition says that a bloody battle was fought Surface level; soil moist sandy loam, well suited here in early days between hostile Indian tribes; to grass. 28 miles E. from Oswego, and 137 N. and some human bones, which were thrown up W. from Albany. when preparing the foundations for the Medical Williamsville, N. Y., Erie co. On Ellicott's College, have been supposed to be the bones of Creek. 278 miles W. from Albany. Large quan- the slain. tities of water lime, or cement, are produced from Willow Grove, Pa., Montgomery co. In a the vicinity. beautiful vale, 13 miles N. from Philadelphia, and Williamstown, Vt., Orange co. Williamstown 111 E. from Harrisburg. The buildings are chiefly lies on the height of land between Winooski and of stone. It is a place of summer residence for White Rivers, and contains no large streams. A the citizens from Philadelphia. brook, which here runs down a steep hill towards Willsboro', N. Y., Essex co. Watered by Bothe W., divides naturally, and while one part runs quet River and some other tributaries of Lake to the N., forming Stevens's Branch of Winooski Champlain, which bounds it on the E. Surface River, the other runs to the S., forming the mostly level on the E., and hilly on the W.; soil second branch of White River. The turnpike rich clay loam. 15 miles N. E. from Elizabeth, from Royalton to Montpelier passes along these add 137 N. N. E. from Albany. streams, and is known by the name of the Gulf Willshire, O., c. h. Van Wert co. Road, from the deep ravine through which it Wilmington, De., New Castle co. City, and passes in this town, near the head of the second port of entry. Situated between Brandywine and branch. In this ravine a medicinal spring has Christiana Creeks, 1 mile above their junction, 47 been discovered. Williamstown is timbered prin- miles N. from Dover, and 28 miles S. W. from cipally with hard wood, and the soil is well adapt- Philadelphia. Population in 1830, 6628; in 1840, ed to the production of grass. There is a small 8367; in 1850, 13.931. Both the business and but pleasant village near the centre of the town. population of the place have rapidly increased The settlement was commenced in June, 1784. within a few years past. It is situated in the midst From Montpelier 10 miles S. E., and about the of one of the finest agricultural districts in the Midsame distance N. W. from Chelsea. dle States. Its site, like that of Philadelphia, and Willimantic, Ct., Windham co. A factory vil- of Baltimore, is on the outer edge of the primilage, on the N. side of Willimantic River. 32 tive formation, and on the inner edge of the sea miles E. from Hartford, and 30 N. from New sand alluvion. The city is built on ground gradLondon by railroad. ually rising to the height of 112 feet above the Willinboro', N. J., Burlington co. Bounded N. level of tide water. It is laid out with regularity; W. by the Delaware River. Surface mostly level; the streets, which are broad and airy, crossing soil good sandy loam. 7 miles N. W. from Mount each other at right angles. It is supplied with Holly. water from the Brandywine, by waterworks, like Williston, Vt., Chittenden co. This is an cx- those of Philadelphia. The place is well built; cellent farming town, of a rich soil, with an un- the houses are generally of brick, and many of even surface, but not mountainous. Williston is them are elegant. It has several churches of difwatered by Winooski River and some smaller ferent denominations, and is distinguished for its streams, but its water power is small. Thomas excellent private schools. The principal pubChittenden was the father of this town. He came lic buildings are a city hall, a hospital and here in 1774. When the Vermont constitution almshouse, two market houses, several banks, and was established, in 1778, Mr. Chittenden was se- an arsenal. The hospital is a large edifice, 126 lected as a candidate for governor, to which of- feet long, and 3 stories high, located upon a fine, fice he was annually elected, with the exception healthy eminence. of one year, till his death, in 1797. 27 miles W. Wilmington is the largest place in Delaware, N. W. from Montpelier. This town adjoins Bur- and, next to Philadelphia, the greatest mart of IN THE UNITED STATES. 631 trade in the basin of the Delaware River. The number of mill sites. The town is composed of Christiana admits vessels drawing 14 feet of hills and valleys. There are no large collections water to the city; and those. drawing 8 feet can of water, nor any mountains, excepting Kearcome up the Brandywine. Considerable shipping sarge, whose summit forms the southern boundary. is owned here, and the whale fishery is carried on It received its name from De Wilmot, an Engto some extent from this port. lishman. In 1775 this town was granted to But Wilmington is more distinguished for its Joseph Minot, Matthew Thornton, and others. various kinds of manufacturcs than for its mari- 30 miles N. W. from Concord. time commerce. The falls of the Brandywine. in Wilmunlt, N. Y., Herkimer co. This large the immediate neighborhood, afford a valuable town contains numerous lakes and ponds, sendwater power, which is rendered available to a ing forth streams in every direction. The land great extent for the operations of machinery; ap- is mostly productive in summer crops, and well plied to flouring mills, paper mills, saw mills, cot- suited to grazing. 35 miles N. from Herkimer, ton, woollen, and various other manufactories. and 100 N. W. from Albany. The flouring mills at Wilmington are amnong the Wilna, N. Y., Jefferson co. Watered by Inlargest in the United States. The making of dian and Black Rivers. Surface chiefly level; gunpowder has been carried on here extensively soil sandy and clay loam. 15 miles E. from Wafor many years. Within 10 miles of this place, tertown, and 151 N. W. from Albany. there is a large number of important manufac- Wilson, Me. This town was incorporated in tories, rendering it one of the largest manufac- 1836, as " township number 9 in the 9th range, turing districts in the United States south of N. of the Waldo Patent in the county of SomPhiladalphia. erset." Wilmington, Ms., Middlesex co. At the time Wilson, N. Y., Niagara co. Watered by Howof its incorporation, in 1730, this town was a part ell's and Tuscarora Creeks, flowing into Lake of Woburn and Reading. The surface is gener- Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surface ally level, with a light and sandy soil, well adapt- chiefly level; soil gravelly and sandy loam and ed for the growth of hops. The wood is chiefly clay. 10 miles N. WI. from Lockport, and 294 pine, and much charcoal is made. The town is N. of W. from Albany. watered by a branch of Ipswich River, and the Wilson County, Te., c. h. at Lebanon. Sumner Middlesex Canal passes through it. The Boston co., or Cumberland River, bounds the N. W. part. and Lowell and Boston and Maine Railroads Smith is on the E., Warren S. E., Rutherford S. pass through this town. 15 miles N. W. from W., and Davidson W. Boston, and 11 S. E. from Lowell. Wilton, Ct., Fairfield co. Wilton was taken Wilmington, N. Y., Essex co. Watered by the from the N. part of Norwalk, in 1802. The surSaranac and the W. branch of the Au Sable face of the town is broken by two ridges of hills, River. Surface mountainous; soil fertile in some but the soil is a gravelly loam, and productive of of the valleys. In this vicinity are immense beds grain and a great variety of fruit. Agriculture of excellent iron ore. 28 miles N. W. from Eliz- is the principal business of the inhabitants. The abeth, and 148 N. from Albany. town is' watered by Norwalk River. Wilmington, N. C., port of entry and seat of A classical school, of high reputation, was esjustice of New Hanover co. 90 miles S. E. from tablished here in 1818, by Hawley Olmstead, Fayetteville, and 148 S. S. E. from Raleigh. It Esq. This school is worth a million of the silis on the E. side of Cape Fear River, about 35 ver mines that were discovered and worked in miles from the sea. The harbor has a dangerous this town during the revolution. shoal at its entrance, but will admit vessels of Wilton, Me., Franklin co. This is one of the 200 tons. There are two islands enclosed by dif- most flourishing agricultural townships in the ferent channels of the river, opposite the town, state. It has a fertile soil, a beautiful surface, which afford some of the finest rice fields in the and two pleasant villages. It lies a little disstate. Wilmington is well situated for trade, tance from Sandy River. though not accounted healthy in its location. It Wilton has an adequate water power for comis at the terminus of the great series of southern mon purposes, produced by streams issuing from railroads extending from New York, and branch- beautiful ponds in the town. The people are ing in various directions from the main route. principally agriculturists. 38 miles W. N. W. Wilmington, Va., Fluvanna co. A village. 60 firom Augusta. miles N. W. by W. from Richmond. Wilton, N. H., Hillsboro' co. Souhegan is the WVilmington, 0., c. h. Clinton co. On Todd's principal river, which, with its branches, produces Fork, a branch of Little Miami River. 72 miles a valuable water power. This town has neither S. W. from Columbus. mountains, ponds, nor swamps. It is, in general, Wilmington, Vt., Windham co. The E. and of strong and excellent soil. Good clay is found W. branches of Deerfield River unite in this in plenty near the streams. There are several town, which, with the waters of Beaver and Cold quarries of excellent stone for splitting and hewBrooks, and of Ray's Pond, a large and beauti- ing. The town derived its name from Wilton, ful sheet of water, a valuable mill power is pro- an ancient borough in Wiltshire, England. First duced. There are some fine tracts of land in the settlers, three families from Danvers, Ms.; two by town, and a considerable portion that is rough the name of Putnam, and one by the name of Dale. and hard to till. The village is pleasant and Settled in 1738. 9 miles W. by S. from Amthriving. Wilmington was settled before the herst, and 40 S. by W. from Concord. A railrevolutionary war, but increased but slowly until road passes through here. the peace. 17 miles E. from Bennington, and Wilton, N. Y., Saratoga co. Watered by a 14 S. W. from Newfane. branch of the Hudson River. Surface slightly Wilmot, N. IH., Merrimac co. The streams uneven on the E., and hilly on the W. 12 miles forming Blackwater River have their origin in N. from Ballston Spa village, and 42 miles from the vicinity of Wilmot. They afford a good Albamr 632 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Winchendon, Ms., Worcester co. Before its in- very handsome: at the lower end of it, the street corporation, in 1764, this town was called " Ips- is adorned with a beautiful row of native evergreen wich Canada," it having been granted to the trees, which extend nearly half a mile. Two miles neirs of soldiers from Ipswich, who served in an W. is another manufacturing village, and in the expedition to Canada in 1690. It was first set- S. E. part is another. First settlers, Josiah Wiltled about the year 1752. The surface is some- lard and others, settled about the year 1732. what uneven, but not mountainous; there are 13 miles S. W. from Keene, and 65 S. W. from many rocks, but the soil is deep, strong, and fer- Concord. tile. This town is watered by several streams, Winchester, Te., c. h. Franklin co. which afford a good water power, but particular- Winchester, Va., c. h. Frederick co. This town is ly by Miller's River, a noble mill stream, which located on a branch of Opeguan Creek, in a very takes its rise from Monomonack Pond, partly in productive part of Virginia, and possesses, for its this town and partly in Rindge. There are fine relative population, much solid wealth. It lies 74 quarries of granite in the town, and a spring miles a little N. of W. from Washington city, and tinctured with iron and sulphur. There are a 146 a little W. of N. from Richmond. number of neat and flourishing villages, called Wind Gap, Pa., Northampton co. 110 miles Robinsonville, Bullardsville, Waterville, Spring, N. from Harrisburg. Situated at the Wind Gap, North, and New Boston; near the latter is a so called, one of the celebrated gorges among the beautiful pond. The excellent water power Alleghany Mountains, through which the road in the town, and the Boston and Vermont Rail- passes from Easton to Wilkesbarre. The scenery road passing through it, will place Winchendon here is very romantic. It is 15 miles S. of the high on the list of manufacturing towns. 38 Water Gap, through which the Delaware finds its miles N. N. W. from Worcester, and about 20 way through the mountains. WV. N. W. from Fitchburg, from which to Boston Windham County, Ct., c. h. at Brooklyn. This is 50 miles. county is uniformly hilly, yet no part of it Winchester, Ct., Litchfield co. The geological is mountainous or very elevated. The precharacter of the town is primitive; the rocks vailing soil is a primitive gravelly loam. The consisting of granite, mica, slate, &c. The soil greatest portion of the county is stony and conis gravelly, hard, and coarse: it affords good siderably rough, and the lands generally best grazing. adapted for grazing, and many sections afford The borough of Clifton was incorporated in some of the richest dairy farms in the state. The 1832. It is a flourishing village, principally Quinebaug and Shetucket, with their branches, built in a narrow valley, on the banks of a mill intersect this county, and afford many valuable stream, called Mad River, which is a tributary water privileges for mills and manufacturing of Farmington River. The valley at this place purposes. The valley of the Quinebaug River is but barely of sufficient width to admit of a comprises the best land in the county. street, with buildings on each side, the ground Windham county originally belonged, to the rising immediately in every direction. West- counties of Hartford and New London. It was ward of the main street in the village, a road incorporated as a county in May, 1726. passes up a steep hill for nearly a quarter of a This county is bounded N. by Massachusetts, mile, where, upon an elevated plain, is an inter- E. by Rhode Island, S. by the county of New esting lake, or pond, which is one of the largest London, and W. by Tolland county. bodies of water in the state, being three and a Windham, Ct., Windham co. The territory of half miles in length, and three fourths of a mile this town, Mansfield, and Canterbury was given in breadth. The outlet of this lake presents a by Joshua, a son of Uncas, the celebrated Mohenovel scene; it consists of a small stream, com- gan sachem, to John Mason, James Fitch, and pressed within a narrow channel, and literally others, in the year 1675. tossed from rock to rock till it unites with Mad " Lieutenant John Cates, a pious Puritan, who River. served in the wars in England, holding his comWinsted, or the East village, is very pleasant. mission under Cromwell, when Charles II. came Winchester lies within the " evergreen district," to the throne, fled to this country for safety. He so named from the forests of hemlock and other landed first in Virginia, where he procured a negro evergreen trees, with which it abounds. These servant to attend him. But when advertisements' Green Woods " present one of the most impres- and pursuers were spread through this country, sive scenes which can be found in an American to apprehend the adherents of the protector, he forest. 26 miles N. W. from Hartford. left Virginia, came to New York, and from thence Winchester, Ia., c. h. Randolph co. 81 miles to Norwich. Still feeling that he should be seE. N. E. from Indianapolis. curer in a more retired place, he came to this new Winchester, Ky., c. h. Clarke co. 44 miles plantation, dug the first cellar, and with his serE. S. E. from Frankfort. vant, raised in Windham the first English habitaWinchester, Ms., Middlesex co. Formed in tion, in the spring of 1689. The settlers, rapidly 1852, from parts of Woburn, Medford, and West increasing, petitioned the General Court, and Cambridge. obtained a grant of town privileges in May, Winchester, Mi., c. h. Wayne co. 1692. Winchester, N. H., Cheshire co. The face of It has an uneven surface, with a tolerable soil. this town is diversified with hills and valleys. It is pleasantly located, compactly and neatly The soil is of an excellent quality. Ashuelot built, and contains the charm of antiquity in as River passes through the centre of this town, great perfection as can probably be found in New affording a great hydraulic power. It is bor- England. dered on each bank by extensive intervales, of a The borough of Willimantic is 3 miles W. from fertility rarely excelled. There are other small Windham village. It is well situated on Willistreams running through the town. The centre mantic River. It is built principally on one street, Yridge is on the S. E. bank of the Ashuelot; it is and contains some very handsome buildings. IN THE UNITED STATES. 633 Willimantic River rises in the county of Tol- through the town, and meeting the Connecticut, land, and, with the Natchaug, forms the Shetucket gives the town a good hydraulic power. in Windham. At a place called Pine Meadow, at the comWindham, Me., Cumberland co. Windham lies mencement of the locks on the Enfield Canal, a on the N. E. side of Presumpscut River,,which variety of ship and other timber is prepared for separates it from Gorham. It is 14 miles N. N. W. market. Pine Meadow is opposite to Warehouse from Portland. This is a valuable farming town, Point, in East Windsor. and the inhabitants are principally employed in The centre village in Windsor is pleasantly agriculture. Branches of the Presumpscut give extended on the banks of the Connecticut. the town good mill privileges. There are two Poquonnuck village is a few miles N. from the pleasant villages in the town, and' several beauti- centre. It is a manufacturing village, delightfully ful fish ponds. situated at the head of navigation on Farmington Windham, N. H., Rockingham co. Policy Pond River. lies in this town and in Salem. Cabot's Pond lies Windsor Locks. A manufacturing village in E. of the centre of the town. Golden Pond is in the N. part of Windsor, on the W. bank of Conthe S., and Mitchel's in the N. E. part. Beaver necticut River, 12 miles above Hartford. At this River forms the western boundary, upon which are place, the Connecticut River Company (whose ofsome meadow lands. The town is well supplied fice is at Hartford) have expended over $300,000 with small streams, which afford fine fish. Wind- in constructing a navigable canal over the lowham was originally a part of Londonderry. 33 er rapids in the river, known as Enfield Falls. miles S. by E. from Concord, and 20 S. E. from The canal and locks are navigable for freight Exeter. boats of 85 tons' burden, and for all the steamWindham, N. Y., Greene co. The Bataviakill boats going above Hartford; and furnish an flows E. and W. through this town. Surface immense water power for manufacturing purhilly and mountainous; soil good in some of the poses. valleys, and well suited to grazing on the hills. The fall is 32 feet. The present capacity of 18 miles W. from Catskill, and 44 S. W. from this canal is about 200,000 spindles' power, and Albany. may be increased considerably by enlarging the Windham, Pa., Luzerne co. Drained by Big dam at the head. The water power is about one and Little Mahoopeny Creeks. Surface moun- fourth occupied. tainous; soil mostly fertile. 25 miles N. W. from The best of mill sites may be selected on the Wilkesbarre. land between the canal and the river, for 2 miles Windham, Pa., Bradford co. Drained by We- above the locks, on all of which is to be found a passening Creek, a branch of the Susquehanna rock foundation of red sandstone, which, being River. Surface hilly; soil gravelly. 162 miles excavated, furnishes a cheap and valuable mateN. by E. from Harrisburg. rial for buildings. The New Haven, Hartford, Windham County, Vt., c. h. at Fayetteville. and Springfield Railroad runs for 2 miles on the This county is bounded N. by Windsor co., E. by margin of this extensive water power, having a Connecticut River, S. by the state of Massachu- station in the village, 12 miles below Springfield. setts, and W. by the county of Bennington. Windsor, Me., Kennebec co. 12 miles from The surface is much broken by hills and valleys; Augusta, to which it lies adjacent on the W. the western part is very elevated, and con- Windsor, Ms., Berkshire co. Noah Nash gave tains a part of the Green Mountain range. The the province of Massachusetts 1430 pounds for geological character of the county is primitive. this township, in 1762. It was first settled about Immense quantities of granite are found in all the year 1766. Its Indian name was Ouscha~rparts of the county, most of which is of fine kamaug. It was incorporated by the name of grain and very handsome. A variety of min- Gageboro', in 1771, but after the revolutionary erals are found here. The soil of the county is war began, in 1777, the name was changed, bevarious, from the rich and alluvial meadows on cause Gageboro' might seem to perpetuate the the Connecticut, to the cold and rugged lands on memory of the detested General Gage. This the sides of the mountains. Windham county town has a lofty elevation, and surface somewhat is finely watered by William's, Saxton's, and West uneven. It is watered by the Westfield and Rivers, with their branches, and by numerous Housatonic Rivers, which receive several brooks other streams. These waters give the county a in their passage through the town. On the Hougreat hydraulic power. satonic, near the line of Dalton, are falls, judged Windham, Vt., Windham co. Branches of to be about 70 feet. The soil is warm, and finely West, William's, and Saxton's Rivers give this adapted for grazing. There are some excellent town a good water power. The surface is ele- farms in Windsor. The town is remarkable for vated; the soil, though strong, is better adapted the longevity of its inhabitants, which is doubtfor grazing than tillage. Windham was formerly less owing to the purity of its air and water. a part of Londonderry. A variety of minerals 12 miles N. E. from Pittsfield, and 120 W. by N are found here. There is in this town a beautiful from Boston, by the old road. pond. Edward Aiken, James McCormick, and Windsor, N. H., Hillsboro' co. This town John Woodburn were the first settlers. 30 miles contains only 5335 acres. It is diversified with N. E. from Bennington, and 25 S. W. from hills; its soil is strong, good for grazing and Windsor. grain. Black Pond, near the centre, is said to Windsor, Ct., Hartford co. This most ancient be 160 rods long and 80 broad, and a pond neat town is situated on the W. side of Connecticut the S. E. corner is about 80 rods long and 40 wide River. The surface is generally level, having 30 miles S. W. from Concord, and about 27 N. W some extensive plains. The soil is various, and from Amherst. free from stone: some of it is light, but a large Windsor, N. Y., Broome co. Watered by the proportion of it is fertile, containing extensive Susquehanna River and some -of its branches. tracts of rich meadow. Farmington River passes Surface hilly and mountainous; soil well adapted 80 634 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., to grazing. 12 miles S. E. from Binghampton, the great routes running N. to Burlington and and 138 S. W. from Albany. Montreal, E. to Concord and Boston, and S. to Windsor, N. C., c. h. Bertie co. On Cashie Springfield, Hartford, &c. River, about 100 miles S. W. from Norfolk, in WTinhall, Vt., Bennington co. This town was Virginia, and by post road 194 miles N. E. by E. chartered in 1761. and its settlement commenced from Raleigh. during the revolutionary war. The surface is Windsor, Pa., Berks co. Bounded E. by rough, and the soil not very productive. WinMaiden Creek, and W. by Schuylkill River and hall River rises in this town, and affords it a Canal. Surface hilly, Blue Mountain occupying good water power. 33 miles S. W. from Windthe N. W. part; soil gravelly and sterile. sor, and 25 N. E. from Bennington. Windsor. Pa., York co. A town on the S. W. Winnamac, Ia., c. h. Pulaski co. 100 miles N. side of Susquehanna River. 10 miles E. from by W. from Indianapolis. York. Winnebago County, Is., c. h. at Rockford, Windsor County, Vt., c. h. at Woodstock. This Formed in 1836. Bounded N. by Wisconsin, E. county is bounded N. by the county of Orange, by Boone co., S. by Ogle, and W. by StephenE. by Connecticut River, S. by Windham co., son co. Drained by Rock, Kishwaukie, and and W. by Rutland and a part of Addison coun- Peckatonokee Rivers. Surface undulating; soil ties. Windsor county is watered by White, fertile. Queechy, Black, West, and William's Rivers, and Winnebago County, Wn., Oshkosh seat of jusby other excellent mill streams. The surface is tice. Bounded N. by Brown co., E. by Lake uneven, and in some parts mountainous, but gen- Winnebago, S. by Fond du Lac co., and W. by erally not too elevated to admit of cultivation; Marquette and Brown counties. Drained by the soil produces fine crops of grain, hay, vege- Neenah, or Fox, and Pauwaygun Rivers and tables, and fiuits. The lands are peculiarly tributaries. adapted for grazing. The beautiful Connecticut, Winneshiek County, Io., c. h. at Decorah. In the which washes its whole eastern boundary, gives N. E. angle, bordering on Minnesota. Watered to this county large tracts of alluvial meadow by the Upper Iowa and Turkey Rivers. land, and affords it a navigable channel to the WVinnsboro', S. C., Fairfield district. Between seaboard. The hydraulic power of the county Wateree and Little Rivers. 29 miles N. N. W. is very large, and its local position is such as to from Columbia. There is a Baptist Literary and induce men of enterprise and capital to embark Theological Seminary in the vicinity, with sevin manufacturing operations, which are annually eral fine brick edifices. increasing, with fair prospects of success. Winslow, Me., Kennebec co. A fine town on Windsor, Vt., Windsor co. Situated on the the Kennebec River, opposite Waterville, with a W. side of Connecticut River. 55 miles S. by fertile soil and large water power. 18 miles N. E. from Montpelier, and 139 N. W. from Boston by E. from Augusta. by railroad. First settled in 1764. Its surface Winston County, Mi., c. h. at Louisville. Boundis uneven, but there are but few parts of it unfit ed N. by Choctaw and Oktibbeha counties, E. by for cultivation. It contains large tracts of allt- Noxubee, S. by Kemper and Neshoba, and W. vial meadow, and the uplands are generally fer- by Atala co. Drained by tributaries of Pearl tile. Mill Brook waters the S. part of the town, and Tombigbee Rivers. and furnishes it with excellent mill sites. The IWinton, N. C., c. h. Hertford co. This village manufactures of the town are numerous and val- is located on Chowan River, about two miles uable. The agricultural interests are also valua- below the junction of Meherin and Nottaway ble: 10,000 sheep are annually sheared in the Rivers. By post road 153 miles N. E. from Ratown, and many neat cattle, horses, and produc- leigh. and 60 N. W. from Norfolk, Va. tions of the dairy are annually transported to its Winterset, Io., c. h. Madison co. various markets. Winthrop, Me., Kennebec co. 10 miles W. The village of Windsor is on elevated ground, from Augusta. It comprises 6 large ponds, the on the bank of the river; it is compactly and outlets to which afford a good water power somewhat irregularly built, but very beautiful. There are two villages, 4 miles apart, and mannThere are but few villages in our country which factories of leather, boots, and shoes. make a more delightful appearance. It contains Winthrop, Ms., Suffolk co. A new town, taken a great number of handsome dwelling houses from Chelsea, including Point Shirley, which and stores. Some of the private houses, churches, forms Boston Harbor on the N. E. and other public buildings are in a style of supe- Wirt, N. Y.. Alleghany co. Watered by Van rior elegance. This is the site of the Vermont Campen's and Little Genesee Creeks. Surface State Prison. The streets are wide and beauti- high and undulating; soil chiefly sandy loam. fully shaded. The scenery around Windsor is 15 miles S. W. from Angelica, and 270 from highly picturesque. From the high lands across Albany. the river, in Cornish, which is united to Windsor Wirt County, Va. New. Taken from Logan by a bridge, or on the Ascutney, at the S. part S. W. part. Watered by the Big Sandy, which of the town, some of the best landscapes in our separates it from Kentucky. Hilly. country are presented to view. Wirt, Va., c. h. Wirt co. This town has become the centre of an impor- Wiscasset, Me., Lincoln co. Wiscasset is a tant commerce, both from the river and a fertile shire town and a port of entry, situated on the interior country. The favorable position of W. side of Sheepscot River. 20 miles from the Windsor, as a place of trade, was early discov- sea, 42 N. E. from Portland, and 10 N. E from ered, and it has been fortunate in possessing a Bath. succession of men, who, by their enterprise and Wiscasset contains a noble harbor for vessels wealth, have rendered it one of the most flourish- of the largest class; it is easy of access, and ing towns on Connecticut River. seldom obstructed by ice. For many years preA railroad through Windsor connects it with vious to the commencement of the commercial IN THE UNITED STATES. 635 restrictions in 1807, Wiscasset was one of the modate travellers to the White Mountains, for most active and flourishing seaports in Maine. whose convenience a fine hotel has been erected During the disastrous period which followed, at Wolfeboro'. The charter of Wolfeboro' was Wiscasset suffered severely in common with all granted in 1770, to Governor John Wentworth, towns largely engaged in navigation. Mark H. Wentworth, and others. At the foot of Since the termination of the war, the town has a hill, near one of the ponds, is a mineral spring. been slowly but safely progressing in wealth and The scenery in this town is splendid. First prosperity. In addition to its commerce in lum- settlers, B. Blake, J. Lucas, James Lary, J. Fulber and ship building, this place is largely and lerton, and others. 45 miles N. E. from Conprofitably engaged in the fishery, for which pur- cord, and about 8 S. W. from Ossipee. suit it is admirably located. Wood County, O., c. h. at Perrysburg. Lucas The village of Wiscasset is delightfully sit- co. is on the N., Sandusky and Seneca on the nated on rising ground, in view of the harbor. E., Hancock on the S., and Henry on the W. The court house, churches, stores, and dwelling In February, 1820, the county was organized. houses are built with taste, and many of them with This county is level, and has an excellent alluvial elegance. A more beautiful village is rarely seen. soil, based upon limestone. Black Swamp lies Woburn, Ms., Middlesex co. This town was mostly in this county, and has been taken for granted by the General Court to the town and farming purposes, as it has a rich, productive soil. church of Charlestown, in 1640; settled there- It has a variety of timber, and iron ore is found from early in 1641, and called Charlestown vil- in abundance. lage. In 1642 it was incorporated under its Wood County, Va., c. h. at Belleville. Ohio present name. The surface is uneven, and very River bounds it on the N. W., Tyler co., Va., N. much diversified by hills, dales, and woods. It E., Louis co. S. E., and Mason S. W. Little contains several beautiful sheets of water, par- Kanawha River drains it mostly. ticularly Horn Pond. Middlesex Canal passes Woodbridge, Ct., New Haven co. The territory by the side of the pond, and' makes a descent of of this town belonged to the towns of New Haven 45 feet, by means of three double locks. The and Milford, and was called the parish of "Amwaters of this and several smaller ponds, after ity" from 1739 until its incorporation in 1784. furnishing some valuable and well-improved wa- West River runs on the W. side of West Rock, a ter power, fall into Mystic River, through Mystic range of mountains on the eastern border of the Pond, in Medford. The soil is various, but gen- town. The surface of the town is hilly, but the erally strong and rough; much of it is fertile, soil is excellent for grazing. and the town contains some beautiful farms. The regicides Goffe and Whalley had a numVillages have sprung up in various parts. The ber of places of concealment in the limits of Boston and Lowell Railroad passes from S. to Woodbridge, the most noted of which is Hatchet N., through the easterly part of the town, from Harbor, or the Lodge, near a beautiful spring, in which is a branch railroad to Woburn Centre. a valley, about 7 miles from New Haven. Warren Academy, incorporated in 1828, is de- Woodbury, Ct., Litchfield co. The settlement lightfully situated near the centre, on a beautiful of this town commenced in the year 1672. It eminence. 10 miles N. W. by N. from Boston, was incorporated in 1674. This is a good grazand 16 S. E. from Lowell. ing township; the soil is generally warm and Wolcott, Ct., New Haven co. This is a small fertile. The village is situated in a pleasant valtown, watered by a branch of Naugatuck River. ley, and watered by a number of small streams, The town was incorporated in 1796. The which form the Pomperaug. It is surrounded by territory was formerly a parish in the towns high hills on every side, forming a kind of amphi of Farmington and Waterbury, and from that theatre, which renders it strikingly romantic circumstance was called "Farmingbury." The The village contains some handsome buildings. lands in Wolcott are elevated, rough, stony, and Bethel Rock, near the village of Woodbury, is hard to cultivate. One of the highest hills in about 40 feet in height, and projects over 3 oI this part of the state lies in this town. It com- 4 feet, forming a kind of shelter from the wind mands a very extended prospect of Long Island and rain. There is a fine grove near it. This Sound and the adjacent country. 22 miles N. spot is frequently visited; it excites solemn and from New Haven. pleasing impressions. Wolcott, Vt., Lamoille co. Wolcott is well Woodbury, N. J., c. h. Gloucester co. At the watered by Lamoille River, and by Green and head of navigation, on Woodbury Creek, a branch Wild Branch, its tributaries. Fish Pond, in of Delaware River. S. S. W. from Trenton 37 Wolcott, is a pretty piece of water, and bears miles. an appropriate name. There is some good grain Woodbury, Pa., Bedford co. Drained by Yelland in the town, but most of the lands are fit low Creek and branches, and by the Frankstown only for pasturage. Wolcott was chartered to branch of Juniata River. Surface mountainous, Joshua Stanton and others, in 1781. 10 miles containing iron ore; soil calcareous loam, gravel, S. E. from Hyde Park, and 37 N. from Mont- and slate. 113 miles W. from Harrisburg. pelicr. Woodbury, Te., c. h. Cannon co. W7olfeboro', N. H., Carroll co. The soil is rocky, Woodbury, Vt., Washington co. Woodbury but productive, and the face of the country level. was first settled in 1800. The town is watered The wood is principally oak and other hard tim- by branches of Winooski and Lamoille Rivers5 ber. The only river is Smith's; it issues from and probably contains a greater number of ponds a large pond of the same name, in the S. E. part than any other town in the state. The surface of the town. Near the bridge over Smith's Riv- is rough, but the soil is good for grazing. 15 er is a pleasant village. Winnipiseogee Lake lies miles N. by E. from Montpelier. on the S. W. of this town. A steamboat plies Woodford County, Is., c. h. at Woodford. Bound daily from Alton, 10 miles S., in connection with ed N. by Marshall co., E. by Livingston and Mcthe Cocheco Railroad terminating there, to accom- Lean, S. by McLean and Tazewell counties, and 6363 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., W. by the Illinois River, separating it from Peo- Esq., the architect of the custom house in Boston, ria co. Drained by Mackinaw River. is one of the most chaste and classical structures Woodford County, Ky., c. h. at Versailles. Ken- in New England. The S. village is neat and tucky River is on the W., Franklin N. W., Scott pleasant; it is about 5 miles from the Green. N. E., Fayette E., and Jessamine S. E. The settlement of this town was commenced by Woodford, Vt., Bennington co. Woodford Mr. James Sanderson, who moved his family contains several large ponds, from which issue here about the year 1768. 46 miles S. from branches of Walloomsack and Deerfield Rivers. Montpelier, and 11 N. W. from Windsor. The greater part of this town is too elevated and Woodstock, Va., c. h. Shenandoah co. About 1 broken for cultivation. It is a good location for mile from the W. bank of the N. fork of Shenanthe sportsman. The town began to be settled doah River, and 150 N. N. W. from Richmond. immediately after the revolutionary war. 7 miles Woodville, Aa., c. h. Jackson co. 163 miles N. E. from Bennington, on the road to Brattleboro'. E. from Tuscaloosa. Woodhull, N. Y., Steuben co. Watered by Woodville, Mi., c. h. Wilkinson co. 135 miles Tuscarora Creek. Has an uneven surface, and S. W. from Jackson. Connected with the Mistolerably good soil. 20 miles S. from Bath, and sissippi River by a railroad to St. Francisville, 225 S. W. from Albany. 29 miles. Woodsfield, O., c. h. Monroe co. On elevated Woodville, Ts., c. h. Tyler co. ground, 18 miles from Ohio River, and 117 E. Woolwich, Me., Lincoln co. Woolwich lies a from Columbus. little above Bath, on the E. side of Kennebec Woods Hole, Ms., Barnstable co. In the town River. 32 miles S. from Augusta, and 7 W. of Falmouth. See Falmouth. from Wiscasset. It was incorporated in 1759. Woodstock, Ct., Windham co. The surface of Woolwich has several ponds and small streams, the town is characteristically hilly, but not moun- and its navigable privileges are valuable. tainous or broken, and comprises very little waste Woolwich, N. J., Gloucester co. Bounded N. land, most or all of the eminences being capable W. by the Delaware River, and drained by Peof cultivation. The prevailing soil is a deep paups, Little Timber, Raccoon, and Oldman's gravelly loam, which is strong and fertile. It is Creeks. Surface level; soil sandy. 11 miles S. best adapted to grazing. It may be considered W. from Woodbury. one of the richest agricultural towns in this part Woonsocket Falls, R. I., Providence co. In the of the state. The town is divided into 3 parts, towns of Smithfield and Cumberland, at the falls viz., the old society of Woodstock, West Wood- of Blackstone River, which afford a great water stock or New Roxbury, and Muddy Brook Socie power. 15 miles N. N. W. from Providence. ty or North Woodstock. See Smithfield, R. I. The villages of Thompson, North Killingly, Wooster, O., c. h. Wayne co. On the forks of and Dudley, in Massachusetts, on corresponding Killbuck and Apple Creeks, and was named for elevations, are in fair view from the village in General Wooster, who was killed at Danbury, Old Woodstock. The village of Muddy Brook, Ct., in the year 1777, during the revolutionary or North Woodstock, is about 3 miles distant, sit- war. 61 miles S. W. from Cleveland, and 89 N. uated in a beautiful valley, through which Muddy E. from Columbus. Brook, a fine mill stream, passes. Worcester County, Md., c. h. at Snow Hill Woodstock, Me., Oxford co. In part mountain- Delaware co. is on the N., the Atlantic Ocean E., ous, but with some fertile land. 42 miles W. eastern shore of Virginia S., and Somerset co., from Augusta. Md., W. The Pocomoke River drains the greater Woodstock, N. H., Grafton co. The Pemige- part of this county. wasset passes through the eastern section of this Worcester County, Ms., c. h. at Worcester. town. The three branches of this river unite in This county crosses the state from New Hampthe N. part of Woodstock. There are several shire on the N. to the states of Connecticut and brooks and rivulets which supply this place with Rhode Island on the S. It is bounded W. by a number of mill privileges. The ponds are nu- the counties of Franklin, Hampshire, and Hampmerous. Cushman's Mountain in the S. W., den, and E. by Norfolk and Middlesex counties. Black in the N. W., and Blue in the W., are the This is the largest county in the state. Its terrihighest elevations. Among these mountains, tory is larger than the state of Rhode Island, and branches of the Wild Amonoosuck and Baker's its population greater than that of the state of Rivers, and Moosehillock Brook, have their Delaware. Its surface is rather undulating than sources. On the last stream is a beautiful cas- hilly. Wachuset Mountain is its highest elevacade. There are here two springs, which have tion. The soil is generally strong, and produces been termed medicinal. This town has some all kinds of grain, grasses, fruits, &c., common to fine scenery. First settlers, John Riant and its climate. Its water power is abundant in others, in 1773. 20 miles N. from Plymouth, almost every town, and perhaps in no section of and 62 N. from Concord. New England are the interests of agriculture, Woodstock, N. Y., Ulster co. Watered by the commerce, and manufactures more completely Saghkill and other branches of Esopus Creek. blended, nor can there be found better resources The Catskill Mountains cover most of the sur- for their united support. Its principal rivers are face; soil clay, gravel, and loam of indifferent the Blackstone, Quinebaug, Nashua, Ware, Milquality. 12 miles N. W. from Kingston, and 57 ler's, and Mill. The Blackstone Canal passes S. W. from Albany. from the centre of the county to the city of Woodstockl, Vt., c. h. Windsor co. Well watered Providence, and several important railroads by Quechee River and its branches. -The soil is pierce the country in various directions, which generally very fertile, with a pleasant surface of with their various branches, afford a rapid comhills and vales. Woodstock Green, so called, is a munication to the capital of the state, and to beautiful village. The court house, planned and distant towns and cities at the N., the W., and built under the supervision of Ammi B. Young, the S. IN THE UNITED STATES. 637 Worcester, Ms. City, and seat of justice of Springfield, which is on the Western Railroad Worcester co. 44 miles by railroad W. from from Worcester to Albany, at the point of its inBoston, 54 E. from Springfield, 43 N. W. from tersection with the great chain of railroads runProvidence, R. I., and 59 N. W. from Norwich, ning through the Connecticut valley from Canada Ct. Population in 1790, 2095; 1800, 2411; 1810, to New York. On the N. from Worcester there 2577; 1820, 2966; 1830, 4173; 1840, 7497; are two railroads, one connecting at Fitchburg 1850, 17,059. with the roads E., W., and N. from that place, and An attempt was made to settle this part of the the other extending to meet the great Northern country as early as 1675, but the hostility of the Railroad at Nashua, N. H., and connecting at an Indians was such as to prevent a permanent set- intermediate point with roads running through tlement until 1713. The Indians, who were Lowell and Lawrence, and thence to Portland, very numerous, bad towns on Tatnuck and Boag- Me. Worcester is thus made one of the greatest gachoag Hills. They called the neighboring thoroughfares of travel in New England, and an country Quinsigamond, the name of a lake, or eligible seat of manufacturing and other business Long Pond, which skirts the eastern border of operations. the town. There are many handsome streets in Worcester, It is stated that "in 1718 there were in the but the most elegant, as well as the most importown 58 humble dwelling houses; some were fur- tant, is Main Street, which is about a mile and a nished with windows of diamond glass," while half in length, straight, broad, and shaded with others obtained the light " through the dim many beautiful trees. On this street are the printransparency of oiled paper." cipal retail stores, the banks, the largest hotels, The surface of the town is pleasantly varied by the court house, the city hall, and three or four hills and valleys. The greatest elevation is that handsome houses of public worship. There are of Chandler's Hill, 748 feet above the sea, from likewise, on both sides of this street, some of the which a fine view of the beautiful country sur- most splendid private mansions in New England. rounding it is presented. The soil is various, and The ground rises rapidly immediately Wf. of suited to the cultivation of all the grains, grasses, Main Street, and affords a beautifully-elevated site vegetables, fruits, and flowers common to a New for all that portion of the city which extends in England climate, and the uncommon enterprise that direction. E. of Main Street the ground falls and skill displayed in the cultivation of the soil away more gradually to the small stream which have covered the face of this section of the state winds its way through the bottom of the valley, with beauty and abundance. and rises again on the opposite side, swelling in Worcester was originally very large, including the northern part into the beautiful hill on which the territory of some of the surrounding towns. the State Lunatic Asylum is situated. Towards Its present boundaries are N. by Holden and the S. part of the city there is a spacious green, West Boylston, E. by Shrewsbury, S. by Mill- opening E. from Main Street, on which stands the bury and Auburn, and W. by Leicester and large and venerable meeting house of the first Paxton. A number of the streams which form church, which is now known as the Old South in the head waters of the Blackstone meet in this Worcester. Fronting upon the N. side of the green town, and furnish a considerable water power. another handsome church edifice, and a third, The central situation of Worcester, both in re- beautifully situated, opposite the eastern end. gard to the county and the state, the fertility of Nearly all the leading denominations of Christians its soil, and that of the surrounding country, the are provided with good houses of public worship. salubrity of its climate, and the industry, intelli- The hall of the American Antiquarian Society gence, and wealth of its people, have long since is a handsome edifice, on Main Street, erected in entitled it to the honor of being called the chief 1820, at a cost of about $10,000, to contain the town in the "heart of the commonwealth." unique and interesting library and antiquities of The city of Worcester is delightfully situated, the society. It consists of a central edifice, 50 in a valley, surrounded by hills of gentle acclivity. feet by 40, and two stories high, with wings each 20 It has long been one of the most flourishing by 28 feet, also two stories high This important places in the interior of New England, and by the society, and its valuable library, owe their origin enterprise and wealth of its inhabitants, without to the sagacious foresight, generosity, and public the natural advantage of any navigable stream, it spirit of Isaiah Thomas, LL. D. Mr. Thomas early became the mart of a large and prosperous was the father of New England printers. He pubbusiness, giving it very much the appearance of a lished, in 1775, the first newspaper in Worcester, commercial town. It has taken an enlightened and, a few years later, the first English Bible in and timely interest in every form of internal im- America. He was a gentleman of great patriotprovement which has arisen, for the purpose of ism and liberality. His donation to this library overcoming the natural disadvantage of its in- consisted of 3000 volumes, of his own careful terior location, and facilitating its communication selection. This institution is open freely to the with the seaboard, and every part of the country. public, and is visited by great numbers from every The greatest of these enterprises, before railroads part of the country. were introduced, was that of the Blackstone Ca- The StateLunatic Asylum has very extensive nal, opening the navigation for boats to the tide buildings, beautifully situated on an eminence waters at Providence, R. I. But all other means eastward of the city, and surrounded by extensive of communication and business, even the great and highly-ornamented grounds. The W. front navigable rivers themselves, are now in a measure consists of a spacious centre building, 4 stories superseded by that which the railroad supplies. high, with wings of 3 stories. The other sides of Of these Worcester has become a great central the square are completely enclosed by the buildpoint. We have given above the direction and ings of the establishment. Those on the N. and distance to. the important seaports of Boston, S. sides correspond in size and structure with the Providence, and Norwich, with each of which wings in front, and are 134 feet in length. The Worcester is connected by railroads; and also to plan and arrangements of this noble institution 638 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., are excellent throughout, rendering it a model for ~Worthington, Ms., Hampshire co. This townsome of those which have been more recently ship occupies an elevated situation near the cenbuilt in other states. It is in place to remark tre of the Green Mountain range, upon its easthere, that Worcester is extremely well suited to ern declivity. The waters are discharged into the sanitary purposes of such an institution, from the Connecticut by the Westfield River, the printhe great salubrity of its climate. It is almost en- cipal branch of which washes the S. W. boundatirely exempt from those chilling easterly winds ry of the town, and other branches pass through which so much prevail at certain seasons of the the middle and N. E. parts. It is one of the year on the Atlantic coast. best townships of land in this vicinity; the surThe Roman Catholic College of the Holy face is handsome and pleasant, and much of the Cross has a fine location upon a rounded hill, soil rich and productive. 107 miles W. from about a mile and a half S. W. of the city. See Boston, and 18 E. from Pittsfield. Colleges. Worthington, O., in Sharon township, Franklin Two other institutions or academies of the co. 9 miles N. from Columbus. This pleasant higher class, one for males, and the other for fe- and thriving town stands on the left bank of the males, are situated, about the same distance, more Whetstone River, which is the E. fork of the directly W. of the city. The public and private Scioto. The township to which it belongs was schools, and other literary institutions in Worces- settled by the Scioto Company, formed in Granter are of a high order. In no part of New Eng- by, Ct., in 1801, and embracing 40 associates, to land is education more honored and cherished than which number the company was limited by its here. articles. This number was filled up by persons There are several public houses in Worcester, from the counties of Hartford and Litchfield, Ct, which are among the best in the country, de- and Hampshire and Berkshire, Ms. Their regmanded and sustained by the vast amount of ulations, requiring the immediate establishment travel which comes to the city. An abundance of public worship, and of a school for their chilof pure soft water is brought in by an aqueduct dren, were strictly adhered to. The first year of from the neighboring hills, for the supply of these their enterprise saw 100 settlers in their new establishments, and of the inhabitants generally. home. Their first 4th of July was celebrated in The manufactures of Worcester are important, an original and novel manner. 17 gigantic trees, and of great variety, including cotton and wool- equal to the then existing number of the states len fabrics to a large amount, carpetings, both of: in the Federal Union, having previously been wool and cotton, paper, wire, castings, machinery, cut so that a few blows of the axe would fell carriages and railroad cars, brass and tin wares,, them to the ground, were made at sunrise, in lieu musical instruments, hats, straw bonnets, shoes, of ordnance, to thunder in successive peals harnesses, and numerous other articles. In these through the resounding wilderness their national departments of industry a large amount of capi- salute. tal is employed, and great ingenuity and activity Worthington is handsomely laid out, with 10 are displayed. streets extending N. and S., parallel to each This place presents a striking example of what other, and to the general course of the river, and railroads have done, and will continue to do, in 7 E. and W. It is neatly built, the greater part favorx of the growth and prosperity of hundreds both of the private and public structures being of other places in our country similarly situated. of brick. There are churches here of several deBefore the railroad between Boston and Worces- nominations; also a classical academy, of high ter went into operation, the freight on a ton of repute, and a flourishing female seminary. Colomerchandise was $10, and the time of transporta- nel James Kilbourne,who, as pioneer and agent of tion two days; now it is $2, and the time three the Scioto Company, located their purchase. and hours. It is obvious that by this means much of afterwards laid out this town, it is said conour trade and commerce will be transferred from structed the first map of the state of Ohio. the seaboard to such convenient points in the in- Wrentham, Ms., Norfolk co. This town was a terior where real estate and the means of living part of Dedham until its incorporation, in 1673. generally can be obtained at a much lower cost. It was first settled about the year 1667, and was Our commercial cities -on the coast, instead of named after a town in England. Its Indian continuing to be chiefly rivals to each other, have name was Wollonopange. The surface is pleasnow much more to fear from the springing up of antly diversified by hills and valleys. Joe's Rock such places as these, in the tendency there is Hill and Red Brush Hill are the most elevated to make them merely deposits of merchandise grounds. The soil is generally of a good qualfor the country, rather than, as heretofore, its ex- ity. From the high lands, and a large and beauelusive marts of trade. tiful pond. called by the Indian name of the Worcester, N. Y., Otsego co. Charlotte River town, branches of the Charles and Neponset rise. and some of its branches water this town. Sur- These streams, though not large, afford the town face hilly; soil favorable to the growth of grass an excellent hydraulic power. There is a curiand grain. 14 miles S. E. from Cooperstown, ous cavern in the town, called "Wampum's and 56 S. of W. from Albany. Rock." Eagle Factory village, Shepardsville, Worcester, Vt., Washington co. A branch of the village near the centre of the town, and the Winooski River gives this town a good water one in the N. part, are all pleasant villages. 27 power, which is used for various purposes. Much miles S. S. W. from Boston, and 16 N. from of this township is mountainous; but there is Providence. some good land along the stream, and the high Wright County, Mo., c. h. at Hartville. Boundlands afford good pasturage for cattle. The set- ed N. by Camden and Pulaski counties, E. by tlement was commenced in 1797, by George Texas co., S. by Ozark and Taney, and W. by Martin and John Ridlan, emigrants from Kenne- Green and Dallas counties. Drained by the bec, Me. The town was organized March 3, head branches of Gasconade River. 803. 8 miles N. from Montpelier. Wrightsville, Pa., York co. On the W bank IN TIlE UNITED STATES. 639 of Susquehanna River. 31 miles from Harris- meadow in the town, which is very valuable. burg. A bridge 5690 feet in length connects this German's Hill, 136 feet above the sea, is the place with Columbia, on the opposite side of the highest land in the town. Yarmouth extends river. It is connected by railroad with York, across Cape Cod, and has good harbors on each Gettvsburg, Baltimore, and Philadelphia. side of it, of ample depth of water for fishing and WTyalusing, Pa., Bradford co. This town lies coasting vessels. In this town are a number of adjacent to and includes the mouth of Wyalu- large and beautiful ponds, of pure and soft fresh sing Creek. 50 miles N. W. from Wilkesbarre, water. From one of these ponds issues Bass and 30 S. W. by W. from Montrose. River, affording a small water power; at its Wyoming County, N. Y., c. h. at Warsaw. mouth is a good harbor. The government of the Formed from Genesee co. in 1841. It is bound- United States have recently erected a breakwater ed N. by Genesee, E. by Livingston, S. by Alle- for its protection. There are a number of pleasghany and Cattaraugus, and W. by Erie co. Its ant villages in this town: those called Yarmouth, principal waters are Silver Lake, Allen's, Tona- Yarmouth Port, South Yarmouth, and West wanda, and Cattaraugus Creeks, and the Gene- Yarmouth are the most important. The second see River, which courses its S. E. corner. Sur- temperance society ever established was organized face undulating; soil well adapted to grass and in Yarmouth, in 1817, a short time after the esgrain, and in the valleys of the streams remark- tablishment of that in Boston, which was the first ably fertile. in the world. In and about the numerous ponds Wyoming County, Pa., c. h. at Tunkhannock. and large salt meadows, in this town and BarnFormed from Luzerne co. in 1841, and is bounded stable, are found an abundance of fowl and fish N. by Susquehanna co., E. and S. by Luzerne, in their season. Yarmouth Port lies 4 miles E. and W. by Lycoming and Bradford counties from Barnstable, and 69 S. E. from Boston. Drained by Susquehanna River and branches. Yates County, N. Y., c. h. at Milo. Formed Wyoming, Pa. See Wilkesbarre. from Ontario in 1823. It is bounded N. by OnTVyominq County, Va. New. Taken from Lo- tario co., E. by Seneca Lake, S. by Steuben, and gan. S. W. part. Includes the upper waters of W. by Steuben and Ontario counties. Surface the Guyandotte and Sandy Rivers. Mountainous. pleasantly diversified; soil various, but mostly Wythe County. Va., c. h. at Wytheville. This very fertile. This county contains an infiammacounty occupies the country between the head wa- ble gas, a sulphur, and a salt spring. Seneca ters of Tennessee and Great Kanawha. It is and Crooked Lakes lie partly within its limits, bounded by Grayson S. E. and S., Washington and are united by the outlet and Crooked Lake S. W., Tazewell N. W., and Giles and Mont- Canal. It is also watered on the N. W. by Cangomery N. E. andaigua Lake. Wytheville, Va., c. h. Wythe co. Yates, N. Y., Orleans co. Watered by Johnson's Creek and other small streams flowing into Xenia, 0., Xenia township, c. h. Green co. A Lake Ontario, which bounds it on the N. Surpleasant town, situated on Shawnee Creek. 3 face level; soil sandy and clay loam. 12 miles miles from the Little Miami River. It is sur- N. from Albion, and 267 N. of W. from Albany. rounded by a highly cultivated, fertile country. Yell County, As.,' c. h. at Danville. Bounded N. by Johnson and Pope counties, E. by Perry, Yalabusha County, Mi., c. h. at Coffeeville. S. by Montgomery, and W. by Scott co. Drained Bounded N. by Ponola and Lafayette counties, by the Petite Jean, La Feve, and other branches E. by Chickasaw, S. by Choctaw and Carroll. and of the Arkansas River, which runs on its N. E. W. by Tallahatchee co. Drained by the Yala- boundary. busha Riyer and branches. Yonkers, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered on Yam Hill County, On., c. h. at La Fayette. the E. by Bronx and Saw Mill Rivers, and Between the Willamette and the coast. bounded on the W. by the Hudson. Surface Yancey County, N. C., c. h. at Burnsville. Bound- somewhat rough and uneven; soil clay and ed W. and N. by the Stone Mountains, which sandy loam. 10 miles S. W. from White Plains, separate it from Tennessee, and by Ashe co., E. by and 130 S. from Albany. Caldwell, Burke, and McDowell counties, and S. York County, Me., c. h. at Alfred. In the S. W. by Buncombe co. Drained by the Nolachucky corner of the state. Watered by the Salmon River and its branches. This county contains Falls on its W. border, and the Saco on the E. the highest land in the United States E. of the The soil is hard and rocky, yet with some good Rocky Mountains, Black Mountain being ele- land; surface rough and uneven, with occasional vated 6476 feet above the ocean. Copperas is mountains. The seacoast is without harbors, found here. except two or three inferior ones. The railroad Yanceyville, Va., Louisa co., lies 14 miles N. from Boston to Portland passes through it, parfrom Caroline Court House, and 60 N. W. from allel with the coast. Richmond. York, Me., c. h. York co. This is an ancient Yarmouth, Me., Cumberland co. A pleasant maritime town, on the coast between Kittery and town on Casco Bay. 10 miles N. of Portland, Wells. It is bounded W. by South Berwick with which it is connected by the Portland and This was for many years the shire town, and the Montreal Railroad, and 42 S. E. from Augusta. place of holding the courts and keeping the There is a fine stream of water, on which is a pa- records for the whole province, until the counties per mill and other manufactories. It was for- of Cumberland and Lincoln were set off in 1760. merly called North Yarmouth. York has a court house and jail, but all the Yarmouth, Ms., Barnstable co., was first settled county courts have been, within a few years past, in the year 1637. It was called 1Mattacheeset, or removed to Alfred. The principal harbor is Muttacheest, by the Indians. It was incorporated York River, about 6 miles from Portsmouth, N. as a town in 1639. The soil in many parts is H., with water sufficient for vessels from 200 to quite productive. There are large tracts of salt 300 tons' burden. The entrance, however, is dif 640 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., ficult, being narrow and crooked. The other Yorktown, is memorable as the house in which harbor is Cape Neddock, about 4 miles N. E. of Lord Cornwallis signed the articles of capitulathe former, navigable about a mile from the sea tion. Various other localities of special interest at full tides only; it having a sand bar at its are pointed out as being connected with this immouth sufficient to prevent vessels of any consid- portant event, by which the war of the American erable burden.passing at low water. revolution was brought to a successful close. The settlement of this place began about the Yorktown was incorporated in 1705, and was year 1630. It was then called Agamenticus, once a flourishing village, with considerable com(see Agamenticus,) from a mountain of that name merce. The Swan Tavern here is said to be the in the N. part of the town. This town was nearly oldest in Virginia. There are now not more than destroyed by the Indians and French in 1692, who, 40 or 50 dwellings, many of which are going coming on snowshoes, surprised the unwary in- rapidly to decay. On the banks of its beautiful habitants at early morning. 45 miles S. W. from river stands the ruins of an old church, built 150 Portland, and 9 N. by E. from Portsmouth, N. H. years ago, and burned by the great fire in 1814 York, Mn., Washtenaw co. 46 miles W. from There are also, on what is called the Temple Detroit. Farm, many old ruins indicating the site of an York, N. Y., Livingston co. On the W. side of ancient settlement. the Genesee River, and drained by two or three of Yorkville, N. Y., New York co. On the Haerlem its tributaries. Surface pretty level, sloping to- Railroad, 5 miles N. from the City Hall. See wards the river; soil very fertile, producing fine New York City. crops of grain. 7 miles N. W. from Genesee. and Yorkville, S. C., c. h. York district. On a 237 N. of W. from Albany. branch of Broad River. 79 miles N. by W. from York County, Pa., c. h. at York. Maryland is on Columbia. the S. of this county, Adams co., Pa., W., Cum- York County, Ca., c. h. at Fremont. Between berland co. N. W., and Susquehanna River N. E. the W. bank of the Sacramento and the coast It is principally drained by Conewago and Co- range of mountains. dorus Creeks. It has a varied soil and hilly Youngsville, Pa., Warren co. A village by post surface. road 328 miles N. W. from Harrisburg. York, Pa., c. h. York co. Situated on both Ypsilanti, Mn., Washtenaw co. On both sides sides of Codorus Creek. The village is laid out of Huron River, and also drained by Stony on a plain, with streets at right angles to each Creek. 30 miles W. by S. from Detroit. other, and contains the county buildings, jail, Yuba County, Ca., c. h. at Marysville. B. of academy, and almshouse. 21 miles S. W. by W. Feather River. on the slope of the mountains. from Lancaster, and 11 nearly W. from Columbia, on the Susquehanna. It is connected by rail- Zanesfield, 0., Logan co. The 11th of October, road with Baltimore and Philadelphia. 1819, this town was laid out. It took its name York Haven, Pa., York co. Situated opposite from the original proprietor, Isaac Zane. It lies Portsmouth, on the W. side of Susquehanna River, near the source of Mad River, 47 miles N. W. below Conewago Falls, and 14 miles S. from from Columbus, and 5 S. E. from Bellefontaine. Harrisburg. Zanesville, 0. Shire town of Muskingum co. York Sulphur Springs, Pa., Adams co. S. from On the E. side of Muskingum River, opposite Carlisle 15, and from Harrisburg 21 miles. The the entrance of the Licking River. 54 miles B. springs at this place have valuable properties, of Columbus, and about 80 miles from Marietta, and are provided with good accommodations for by the course of the Muskingum, or 65 miles by visitors. land. It is on the national road, which hero York District, S. C., Yorkville chief town. This crosses the Muskingum. 74 miles W. from district is bounded by Lincoln and Rutherford Wheeling. counties, N. C., N., Catawba River, or Lancaster At the point where Zanesville is located, the district, E., Chester S., and Broad River, or Union river sweeps round a kind of horseshoe curve, and Spartanburg districts, S. W. embosoming the town, and separating it from the York County, Va., c. h. at York. York River villages of West Zanesville, which lies opposite, bounds this county on the N. and N. E., Eliza- above the mouth of the Licking, South Zanesbeth City and Warwick counties S., and James ville, immediately below, and Putnam, still farther city co: S. W. and N. W. down. A fine bridge connects Zanesville with Yorkshire, N. Y., Cattaraugus co. Watered by Putnam; and another, about half a mile above, Cattaraugus Creek and some of its branches. is thrown over from Zanesville main street to a This is mostly a level town, with a fertile soil. point in the river where the bridge forks; one of 15 miles N.E. from Ellicottvilqe, and 274 W. from the branches connecting with South Zanesville, Albany. on the route of the national road, and the other Yorktown, N. Y., Westchester co. Watered by connecting with West Zanesville. In its course Croton River and several small ponds. Surface round this curve, through a distance of about a hilly and mountainous in the N. part; soil mostly mile and three quarters, the Muskingum falls 8 of good quality. 16 miles N. from White Plains, or 10 feet, which, by the aid of a dam, gives a and 117 S. from Albany. fall of over 16 feet; thus furnishing a very extenYorktown, Va., c. h. York co. Port of entry. 70 sive water power for hydraulic purposes. There miles E. S. E. from Richmond. It is on the S. is also a considerable water power on the Licking side of York River, opposite Gloucester. This River. Besides these extensive facilities for busiplace is memorable as the scene of the surren- ness, there is an abundant supply of bituminous der of Lord Cornwallis, October 19, 1781. The coal in the hills which surround Zanesville, renplace of surrender was on the S. side of the road dering the employment of steam power cheaply to Hampton, about half a mile E. of the town. and easily available. The Moore House, on Temple Farm, yet stand- The principal manufacturing establishments at ng on the banks of the river, about a mile below Zanesville, including those located at South and IN THE UNITED STATES. 641 West Zanesville and Putnam, are iron founderies, 750,000 gallons, creating a head sufficient to throw flouring mills, glass works, woollen factories, oil the water, through hose applied to the hydrants, mills, paper mills, saw mills, machine shops, &c.; above the highest buildings. besides which there are numerous other establish- For a place not yet enjoying the advantages ments of less magnitude. of railroads, Zanesville is well situated in respect There are several printing offices in Zanesville, to communication with other parts of the country. from which are issued 4 or 5 weekly newspapers. The national road, a fine Macadamized turnpike This place has as many as 12 or 15 churches, of built by the United States government, to condifferent denominations, some of which have nect the Atlantic. States with the Mississippi vallarge and beautiful houses of worship. Much ley, commences at Cumberland, at the eastern attention is given to the subject of education. foot of the Alleghany Mountains, crosses over The founder of the settlement. John Mclntire, the mountains westward, to Wheeling, Va., and left a large estate to found and sustain a school crossing the Ohio River by the celebrated wire for the benefit of the poor. This school has a suspension bridge, passes through Zanesville, and fine brick building. Besides this there are two thence onward through the centre of the state. large buildings for schools of the highest class, On this great road there is always an immense one for males and one forfemales, provided by the travel. The Muskingum, by darns. locks, and town. There is also an excellent female seminary short canals, is rendered navigable for steamboats in Putnam, the advantages of which are scarcely from its mouth to Dresden, 15 miles above Zanes. less available for the inhabitants of Zanesville ville; where is a nav'igable side cut, of about 2A than for the beautiful village where it is located. miles, to the Ohio Canal; through which coinIndeed, these two places, being only separated by munication.is had S. through the interior of the the river, are, in many respects, virtually one state, W. by a connecting canal to Pittsburg, and community; although the settlement on the Put- N. to Cleveland, on Lake Erie. One or more nam side, having been chiefly commenced by steamboats run regularly from Zanesville to DresNew Englanders, has more the character and ap- den, and others of larger size ply on the Muspearance of a New England village. kingum and Ohio Rivers, between this place and Zanesville is abundantly supplied with pure Pittsburg, Cincinnati, and New Orleans. water, for use in the dwellings, and for extinguish- Zebulon, As., c. h. Pike co. ing fires, by an aqueduct, constructed at a cost to Zebulon, Ga., c. h. Pike co. the town of about $42,000. The water is raised Zocr, O., Tuscarawas co. A German settlement by a powerful forcing pump from the river into a on the E. side of Tuscarawas River. 120 miles reservoir on a hill 160 feet high, and is thence dis- N. E. from Columbus. A peculiarly neat and tributed by about 7 miles of iron pipe through- pleasant village, and much visited by strangers out the place. The reservoir has a capacity of for its fine garden of exotics 81 TABLE Of the latitude and longitude of some of the most important places in the United States; also of the most considerable places in the British Provinces, Mexico, and the West India Islands, and of some of the principal marts for American commerce in Europe and South America. All the places are in N. latitude, except those marked S.; and all in W. longitude, except those marked E. The Observatory, in England, from which longitude is taken, is at Greenwich, 5. miles E. from London. For the latitude and longitude of the capitals of the states and territories, see p. 262. Latitude. Longitude. Latitude. Longitude. I o r I o tQ Amherst, Ms............ 42 22 72 31 Mobile, Aa.....3.0 42 87 59 Amsterdam, Holland....... 52 23 4 53E. Montevideo, S. A.... 34 55 S. 56 14 Annapolis, N. S......... 44 47 65 50 Montreal, Canada...... 45 31 73 35 Auburn, N. Y............. 42 55 76 28 Mount Washington, N. H... Augusta, Ga............ 33 28 81 54 Nantucket, Ms........ 41 17 70 6 Baltimore, Md....... 39 17 76 38 Naples, Italy.....40 50 14 16E. Bangor, Me........... 44 48 68 47 Natchez, Mi........ 31 34 91 25 Batavia, N. Y....... 42 59 78 13 Newark, N. J.......40 45 74 10 Bath, Me.. 43 55 69 49 New Bedford, Ms....... 41 38 70 56 Beaufort, S. C.. 32 26 80 41 Newbern, N. C....... 35 20 77 5 Bennington, Vt........... 42 42 73 0 Newburyport, Ms......... 42 49 70 53 Bermuda Island, N. part.... 32 22 64 28 Newcastle, De....... 39 40 75 33 Brattleboro', Vt......... 42 52 72 27 New London, Ct...... 41 22 72 9 Brunswick, Me....... 43 53 69 55 Newport, H. I........... 41 25 71 14 Buenos Ares, S.. 34 35 S. 58 31 New York city............. 40 43 74 1 Buffalo, N....... 42 53 78 55 Niagara, Fort43 14 79 Burlington, Vt.......... 44 27 73 10 Nobsque Point, Ms....... 41 31 70 40 Burlington, N. J......... 40 5 74 53 Norfolk, Va.......36 1 76 19 Cadiz, Spain............... 36 32 6 17 Northampton, Ms......... 42 19 72 38 Cambridge, Ms............ 42 23 71 8 Norwich, Ct.......... 41 33 72 7 Camden, S. C.............. 34 17 80 33 Ogdensburg, N. Y.......... 44 41 75 30 Canandaigua, N. Y....... 42 54 77 17 Oswego, N. Y..........43 28 76 35 Cape Ann, Ms.......... 42 38 70 35 Panama, S. A.......... 8 59 79 19 Cape Cod, Ms........... 42.2 70 4 Paris, France............ 48 51 2 20 B. Castine, Me........... 42 23 68 45 Pensacola, Fa.......... 30 24 87 10 Chagres, S. A.......... 9 20 80 Pernambuco, S. A....... 8 13 S. 35 5 Charlottetown, P. B. Island 46 15 63 7 Petersburg, Va.37 14 77 20 ~~~~~~~3Peesug a............. 8 3 77 20 Chicago, Is...........42 0 87 35 Philadelphia, Pa...5.. 75 10 Cincinnati, 0.: 39 6 84 27 Pictou, N. S............ 45 51 62 27 Cleveland, 0.............. 41 31 81 46 Pittsburg, Pa........... 40 32 80 2 Constantinople, Turk. in Eu. 41 1 28 55 E. Pittsfield, Ms......42 27 73 16 Copenhagen, Denmark...... 55 41 12 35E. Plattsburg, N. Y.......... 44 42 73 26 Copper Harbor, L. Sup., Mn. 47 28 87 49 Plymouth, M s....... 41 57 70 40 Dayton, O.......... 39 44 84 11 Port au Prince, Hayti.... 18 40 72 10 Detroit, Mn.. 42 24 82 58 Portland, M e............ 43 40 70 14 Dover, N.H.......... 43 13 70 54 Portsmouth, N. H........ 43 5 70 46 Dunkirk, N. Y........ 42 25 79 15 Poughkeepsie, N. Y.. 41 41 73 55 Easton, Md........... 38 46 76 8 Princeton, N. J........40 21 74 40 Eastport, Me........... 44 54 66 56 Quebec, Canada........... 46 49 71 16 Edenton, N. C...... 39 0 77 7 Rochester, N. Y.....43 8 77 51 Frederick, Md....... 39 24 77 18 Rutland, Vt............. 43 37 72 50 Fredericksburg, Va........ 38 34 77 38 Sable, Cape, N. S......... 43 26 65 32 Fredericton, N. B........ 46 3 66 45 Sable, Cape, Fa....... 24 50 81 15 Georgetown, S.C........ 33 21 79 17 Sackett's Harbor, N. Y..... 43 55 75 57 Gibraltar, Spain............ 36 7 5 19 Saco, Me....31.... 43 31 70 26 Greenfield, Ms......... 42 35 72 37 Salem, Ms........ 42 31 70 54 Hagerstown, Md...... 39 37 77 35 San Francisco, Ca.......... 7 30 122 40 Halifax, N. S.......... 44 39 63 37 Savannah, Ga............ 32 5 81 8 Havanna, Cuba............ 23 9 82 14 Springfield, Ms........... 42 6 72 36 Havre de Grace, France..... 49 29 0 7E. St. Anthony's Falls, on the Holmes Hole, Ms.......41 27 70 37 Mississippi............. 44 15 93 40 Horn, Cape................. 55 58 S. 67 21 St. Augustine, Fa........ 29 49 81 35 Hudson, N. Y............. 42 14 73 46 St. John, N. B45 20 66 Hudson, O............41 15 81 25 St. Johns, Newfoundland... 47 32 52 29 Huntsville, Aa....34 36 86 57 St. Louis, Mo38 37 90 15 Key West, Fa.............. 24 32 81 48 St. Petersburg, Russia......59 56 30 19 E. Kingston, Canada........ 44 8 76 40 Stockholm, Sweden..........59 21 18 4 E. Kingston, Jamaica......... 18 1 76 33 Toronto, or York, Canada.... 43 40 79 22 Knoxville, Te.............. 35 59 83 54 Troy, N. Y................. 42 44 73 40 Lancaster, Pa..............40 3 76 21 University of Virginia..... 38 2 78 31 Lexington, Ky............. 38 6 84 18 Utica, N. Y..... 43 7 75 13 Lima, S. A........ 12 3 S. 77 7 Vandalia, Is........ 38 50 89 2 Lisbon, Portugal.......... 38 42 9 8 Vera Cruz, Mexico.........19 12 96 9 Liverpool, England........ 53 25 2 59 Vevay, Ia..... 38 46 84 59 Lockport, N. Y..........43 11 78 46 Vincennes, Ia....38 43 87 25 London, England......... 51 31 0 5 37 Washington, D. C...... 38 54 77 1 30 Louisville, Ky............. 38 3 85 30 Washington, Mi....... 31 36 91 20 Lowell, Ms........... 42 39 71 19 West Point, N. Y... 41 24 73 58 Lynchburg, Va........... 37 36 79 22 Wheeling, Va......40....... 7 80 42 Lynn, Ms......... 42 28 70 57 Williamstown, Ms........ 42 43 73 13 Machias Bay, Me.... 44 33 67 22 Wilmington, De.......... 39 41 75 28 Marblehead, Ms... 42 30 70 51 Wilmington, N. C... 34 11 7& 10 Memphis, Te......... 35 15 90 Worcester, Ms......... 42 16 71 48 Mexico, capital.......... 19 26 99 5 York, Me............ 43 10 70 40 Middletown, Ct............ 41 33 72 39 York, Pa............39 58 76 40 Milwaukie, Wn............. 43 4 87 57 Yorktown, Va........... 37 13 76 34 DESCRIPTIONS OF MINERAL SPRINGS, WATERFALLS, CAVES, BEACHES, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS. *** WE have thought proper to place in a separate chapter the most important places of public resort, curiosity, and entertainment, which persons travelling, and seeking health or pleasure, are desirous of bringing readily under their notice. This we have done for greater convenience of reference, as they must otherwise have been sought promiscuously throughout the entire work; and likewise for the purpose of giving more particular details of description, in many cases, than would be suitable to the general brevity with which the great majority of towns, villages, &c., must be noticed. There are, of course, very many places of the same class with those included in this chapter, but of less consequence, which are briefly described in connection with the towns where they are situated. These, being known in their own immediate neighborhood, will naturally be referred to under the localities where they belong. Such is the progress of the country, however, that it will not be thought strange if some of these, and others yet unknown, should soon become as important as any which have been here described ASCUTNEY MOUNTAIN, VT. same mineral ingredients. There are several From the summit of this lofty mountain, on large and well-kept hotels, two of which are at the right bank of the Connecticut, near the beau- the springs, and others are in the village. There tiful town of Windsor, is presented one of the are extensive accommodations for bathing conrichest and most variegated landscapes in New veniently arranged in connection with these England. See Mountains, &c., p. 168. houses, and likewise separate from them. The place is thus rendered deligrhtfully attractive, in AVON SPRINGS, N. Y., the summer season, for persons seeking recreaAre situated in the Genesee valley, about 20 tion and pleasure, as well as for the invalid. The miles S. from Rochester, and 25 from Canandai- Genesee Valley Canal, between Rochester and gua. The village is delightfully situated about Mount Morris, passes within about 2 miles of the half a mile E. of the Genesee River, on a terrace springs, on which a line of boats runs up and elevated about 100 feet above its banks, command- down daily. There are also, during the season, ing an extensive prospect of its fertile valley and lines of stages running every day between this the adjacent country. This place is becoming place and Rochester. more and rmore a place of resort for persons desiring the benefit of its medicinal waters, which BALLSTON SPA, N. Y. are found peculiarly efficacious in disorders of the Is situated in the town of Milton, Saratoga co., digestive organs, rheumatism, and gout, all sorts in a valley near the Kayadcroseras Creek, 32 of cutaneous affections, and in every kind of ob- miles N. of Albany, and 25 from Troy, with which struction of the'alimentary system. The springs it is connected by the Rensselaer and Saratoga are on the S. W. of the village. The two most Railroad. Its mineral waters were formerly much valuable are distinguished as the Upper and celebrated, but have since lost some of their propLower Springs. Their properties are similar, erties, and are relatively of less value since the differing only in the relative proportions of the discovery of springs in such variety at Saratoga, 7 644 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, miles N. The oldest and most esteemed fountain not absolutely of great elevation, command some is denominated the"'; Public Well," which is in of the most interesting and lovely prospects to be the W. part of the village, and issues from a bed found in this or in any country. The range has of blue clay and gravel. It is said to have been several summits in different parts, which, though first discovered in 1769. There are other springs varying in height, have each their respective feapossessing the same medicinal properties, but of tures of interest to the spectator. less note. The most elevated height is at the western exThe Sans Souci Hotel, erected in 1803 for the tremity,.in the S. W. part of Milton, where the accommodation of visitors, is a popular establish- hill is 710 feet above the ocean. From this pomcnt. delightfully situated near the centre of the sition a prospect of almost unexampled beauty village. The main buildingis 160 feet long, with and extent is spread out before the eye. The wings extending back 153 feet, and is surrounded eight cities of Boston, Charlestown, Cambridge, by beautiful pleasure grounds. It can accommo- Roxbury, Salem, Lynn, Lowell, and Lawrence; date about 150 visitors, and is often thronged, the beautiful suburbs of Boston, embracinc the during the summer months, with temporary resi- towns of Chelsea. Brookline, Brighton, Waterdents from every part of the United States, and town, Newton, Dedham, Dorchester, Milton, from other countries. Quincy, Braintree, Randolph, Weymouth, HingLong Lake, 5 miles S., is a favorite resort for ham, and many others, with the broad expanse those who are fond of fishing. The village was of Massachusetts Bay and Boston harbor, studincorporated in 1807, and has about 2000 inhab- ded with islands and whitened with sails from itants. It contains a number of hotels besides every sea, seem all to be lying at the feet of the the Sans Souci, and several private boarding- spectator. Of some of the objects of this gorhouses for visitors during the summer months. geous scene, President Hitchcock thus speaks, in There are churches of the Presbyterian, Episco- his work on the "Scenog(raphical Geology" of pal, Baptist, and Methodist denominations. Massachusetts: "One circumstance of peculiar interest is the proximity of these hills to Boston, BELLOWS FALLS, VT. whose numerous edifices, masts, spires, and towSee WTalpole, N. H., or Rockingham, Vt. e's, and, nobly peering above the rest, the dome of the State House, present before the observer a BLACK MOUNTAIN, N. C. most forcible example of human skill and indusThis mountain, which is about 30 miles N. try, vieing with and almost eclipsing nature. from Morgantown, rises to the height of 6476 And the high state of cultivation exhibited in feet, which is 250 feet higher than Mt. Washing- the vicinity of Boston, with the numerous elegant ton, N. H., and is one of the highest elevations mansions of private gentlemen crowning almost in the United States. In its near vicinity also are every hill, and imparting an air of freshness and the summits called Grandfather lMountain and animation to the valley and the plain, testify how G;randmother Mountain; the former 5560 feet, and much taste and wealth can do in giving new the latter 2500 feet in height. charms to the face of inature. From these hills the observer has also a fine view of Boston harbor. BLENNERHASSET'S ISLAND,... To look out upon the ocean is always an In. the Ohio River, about 14 miles below Ma- imposing sight; but when that ocean is studded rietta, is celebrated as having formerly been the with islands most picturesque in shape and posiresidence of Mir. Blennerhasset, an Irish gentle- tion, and the frequent sail is seen gliding among man of distinction, who came to this country and them, he must be insensible indeed whose soul built for himself a splendid seat upon this island. does not kindle at the scene, and linger upon it He expended here large sums of money in the with delight." decoration of his mansion, and in the elegant and Besides the State House, and other imposing tasteful arrangement of his gardens and pleasure edifiers in Boston, there are also the venerable grounds. His wife was a very accomplished lady, college buildings at Cambridge, the Monument and his house became the resort of the most pol- on Bunker Hill, the granite for which was quarished and literary society. Unfortunately, how- ried from a part of this range, the Asylums and ever, this gentleman became involved in the trea- Hospitals at South Boston, the Navy Yard at sonable projects of Aaron Burr; having been in- Charlestown, Dorchester Heights, and the masduced by him to embark with all his wealth in sive fortifications upon some of the islands in the his famous scheme for bringing about the dismcm- harbor, which will not fail to arrest the attention berment of the United States, and the establish- of the observer. ment of a separate government in the south-west. The prospect from these hills is remarkable for The consequence was, that Blennerhasset was its extent as well as for its luxuriance and beauty. ruined in fortune and reputation; his splendid Although their elevation is not great, yet there is mansion was deserted and went to decay; and this nothing to intercept the view on the N. between once beautiful place now presents only a mass of them and the Grand Monadnoc; the E. is open ruins. For what it once was, and because of the to Massachusetts Bay and the ocean; the S. to melancholy historical interest which belongs to the counties of Plymouth and Bristol; and on it, we have given the notice of this island a place the W. the horizon is only limited by the Wachuin this section of our work. sett Mountain, which lies in Princeton, about 60 miles distant. This height is plainly discernible, BLUE HILLS, MS. in a clear atmosphere, by the naked eye. This range of hills lies about 10 miles S. fiom The Blue Hills constitute a convenient landBoston, in the county of Norfolk, and fiom its mark for vessels bound into Massachusetts Bay, proximity to several of the most populous cities being the first land which is seen on their ap and towns, the most cultivated and luxuriant proach from the sea; and whenever seen, they landscapes, and the chief commercial marts and have always a blue appearance, which circumharbors of the commonwealth, its summits, though stance has given them the name they bear. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 645 most elevated summit of this range lies about CAPE ANN, MS. half a mile from the roads which pass at its base See towns of Gloucester and Rockport. in various directions, and may be ascended by several paths from the different sides. CAPE MAY, N. J. This place, situated at the mouth of Delaware BLUE SULPHUR SPRING, VA. Bay, on the N. E. side, has, for a number of years This spring is situated in the region of the past, become an attractive watering-place, much other Virginia springs, in a beautifully pic- frequented br the citizens of Philadelphia and turesque. valley, on Muddy Creek, a smdll tribu- others. During the summer season, a steamboat tary of the Greenbrier River. It is about 20 runs from the city to the cape, and affords a miles W. of the celebrated White Sulphur Springas. pleasant trip. The beach is unsurpassed as a The medicinal properties of the Blue Sulphur bathing-place, and the accommodations for the are considered as valuable, and draw a large, num- entertainment of visitors are of the first order. her of visitors. Accommodations are afforded at Distance from Philadelphia, 102 miles. the public houses for about 300 guests. This place is about 200 miles XV. of Richmond, and is CARROLLTON GARDENS, LA. reached by the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and This pleasant resort for the citizens of New Louisa Railroads, as far as Gordonsville, thence Orleans is at Carrollton, a rapidly improving by stage, via Staunton and the Natural Bridge, to place, about 6 miles above the city, on the Misthe springs. For particulars of this and other sissippi. A railroad extends fiom the centre of:outes, see 2White Sulphur Springs. New Orleans to this place, and it is occupied as a place of residence by many who do business in BOOTHBAY, ME. the city. Excellent cars run over the road every This place, frequently known as Townsend Bar- few minutes during the day and evening. bor, which is celebrated as one of the largest and most commodious harbors on the Atlantic coast, CATAWBA FALLS, N. C. has become quite a fashionable resort for seekers Situated on the left of the Swannanoa road, so of health and pleasure from the towns on the called, leading from Morgantown to Nashville, Kennebec River and other parts of Maine. Fish- through the Swarnnanoa Gap, and about 5 miles ing and fowling here are exceeding good, and distant from the road. These falls are much visthe convenient pleasure trips in boats among the ited by tourists, and are well worthy the attention islands in the bay afford no small enjoyment to and admiration they receive. The Catawba River the visitors. is a branch of the Santee. See W'ateree River, Among the thousands of coasting vessels which p. 256. swarm upon this coast, many hundreds are frequently seen within this harbor at the same time, COHASSET ROCKS, MS. enjoying a safe retreat from the raging storm These storm-beaten rocks, which have been the without. Boothbay lies about 12 miles E. of the means of sending so many shipwrecked mariners mouth of the Kennebec, and 24 miles from the to a watery grave, lie at the entrance of Cocity of Bath. hasset'harbor, a few miles S. E. of the lighthouse at the entrance of Boston harbor, extendBRANDYWINE SPRINGS, DE. ing about 3 miles from the town, and quite These celebrated springs are situated near the out into Massachusetts Bay. The outline of the Brandywine Creek, and are reached by carriages shore at this point is such as necessarily to expose from Wilmington. They are much resorted to, this place to the most powerful action of the sea, both for health and pleasure, by the citizens of which has consequently here laid bare, to the Wilmington, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other skeleton, this brawny limb of " New England's places. Distant from Wilmington but a few rock-bound coast." The area covered with these miles. ledges embraces many hundred square acres. It BURNING SPRINGS, N. Y. is a place of imminent hazard to vessels coming There is one of these curious springs, or rather on the coast, and many have been the wrecks eruptions of inflammable gas from the earth, sit- here experienced, with great destruction of life. uated in a ravine on the'Wr. side of Bristol, 8 The attempt was made, in 1849, to establish a miles S. E. from Canandaigua. The gas rises light-house upon the outer extremity of these through fissures of the slate rock, at the margin rocks, where, of course, the sea breaks over them and in the bed of a brook. Where it issues from with all its force. On the ledge known by marithe rock it burns with a steady and beautiful ners as Minot's Ledge, a structure was erected, flame. In winter, it forms openings in the su- consisting of iron piles, inserted from 5 to 6 feet perincumbent snow; and, being set on fire, it' in the rock, eight inches in diameter at the base, presents the curious spectacle of a flame rising and four and a half inches at the top, nine in out of the snow. In very cold weather, tubes of number, one being in the centre, and firmly ice are formed around those currents to the height braced by iron rods connecting them one with of two or three feet. When burning in a still another. The breadth of this structure at the evening, these natural lights may be seen pre- base was 25 feet, and its height 75 feet. It was senting a novel and beautiful appearance. first lighted January 1, 1850. In the great gale There is another of these burning springs near of April 16, 1851, this light-house was entirely the village of Barcelona, 51 miles W. of Buffalo, beaten down, and now lies buried in the sea. which has been applied to the useful purpose of Two persons, who had the care of the light, were maintaining a Light on the southern shore of lost in its destruction. A light-ship has since Lake Erie. The gas escapes from the bed of been placed at this station. a creek about 1 mile distant from the lake, and.I Cohasset is a pleasant place of summer resort is carried'in pipes to the light-house. There are for the citizens of Boston, from which it is disother-similar springs in the U. S. I tantt by railroad, 22 miles. Amid the rocks on the 646 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, opposite side of the harbor from the town, at a miles, by steamboat, to the Lake House, at its place called " The Glades," a very good house of shuthern extremity. Ticonderoga was originally entertainment has been established, affording fine a place of much strength, having, from its situaadvantages for enjoying sea air, sea bathing, and tion with water on three sides, great natural adfishing. " The Glades" is also a favorite resort, vantages for a post of defence. It was taken in the proper season, for shooting the various from the English by the brave Colonel Ethan kinds of sea fowl, which frequent.this coast in Allen, at the head of 83 Green Mountain Boys, countless numbers. This place maybe approached at the commencement of the revolutionary war, in either by crossing from the village in boats, or 1775. It was recaptured a however, by General by a road about three miles round the harbor. Burgoyne, two years afterwards, and held by the Many of the rocks of this remarkable locality British during the war. Burgoyne gained a posiare of singular composition, and well worthy the tion for a battery of artillery upon the summit of attention of the geologist. See Cohasset. Mount Hope, about a mile north, from which he successfully stormed the fort. The ruins of this COHOES FALLS, N. Y. ancient fortress, which still remain, are sufficientThese falls are described in our account of the ly entire to give the visitor a pretty correct idea Mohawk River. See p. 220. of the outline and interior of this celebrated stronghold. From Burlington to Ticonderoga, CONEY ISLAND, N. Y it is 58 miles, and thence to Saratoga Springs, by See p. 184. the route above described, 69 miles; fiom Boston to Saratoga Springs, by this route, 367 miles. CROWN POINT, N. Y., Is the name of an ancient fort, built by the FRANCONIA NOTCH, N. H..French, in 1731, in the town of the same name, This pass through the western flank of the upon the N. E. extremity of a point of land jut- White Mountains, on the route from Littleton to ting out into Lake Champlain. After the de- the central part of New Hampshire, though less struction of the old French fort, a new fortress. rugged and grand in its features, is by many was constructed here by Lord Amherst, which thought to be not inferior in interest, on the was built of wood and earth, enclosing an area whole, to the celebrated pass on the east of it, of 1500 square yards, and surrounded by a deep known, by way of eminence, as " The Notch of the and broad ditch, cut with immense labor in the White Mountains." The mountains between solid granite. There was a gateway on the north, which the Franconia Notch passes are those a drawbridge and a covered way to the lake. which have received the names of Mount LafayThese works are said to have cost the.British ette and Mount Jackson. Persons who visit the government 2,000,000 sterling. Near this point, White Mountains will not consider their excuron the 13th of October, 1776, the American sion as complete until they have passed through fleet, under Arnold, was destroyed, and his ex- the Franconia Notch. The grand and the beaupedition against Canada terminated. Crown tiful are so blended in its wild scenery, that the point lies about 35 miles north from Whitehall. observer scarcely knows with which of these great emotions he is most absorbed. There are DIGHTON ROCK, MS. also several particular objects of curious and imSee town of Dighton. pressive interest, on the way through this mountain pass, which travellers pause to notice. One DRENNON SPRINGS, KY., of these, and one which has been declared to be Situated in Henry county, about 20 miles from the greatest natural curiosity of the state, is the the mouth of the Kentucky River, and about a "Old Man of the Mountain;" who, as he claims mile and a half back from the river. They are the title, without dispute, of " the oldest inhabeasily reached from Frankfort, 40 miles, Louis- itant," so he enjoys, without fear of rotation in ville, 78 miles, and Cincinnati, 95 miles, by office, the highest seat of promotion in New steamboats, which run back and forth daily dur- Hampshire. On a bold and nearly perpendicular ing the season of company at the springs. Every front-of the rock which terminates one of the variety of sulphur and chalybeate waters are to jutting cliffs of Mount Jackson, at the height of be found among the fountains of this fashionable 1000 feet, in full relief against the western sky, resort. and looking in calm majesty towards the south, FLUSHING, N. Y. is seen this wonderful profile of the human face, This pleasant resort for the citizens of New delineated with striking exactness and in giganYork is in the town of the same name, on Long tic proportions, wearing from age to age the same Island, to which the reader is referred. undisturbed expression of sovereign dignity and hoary wisdom. No one who has stood and gazed, FORT TICONDEROGA, N. Y. in a serene day, upon the face of the Old Man of This old fo't, in the town of the same name, the Mountain. can ever forget the visual image, erected by the French in 1756, and by them called or lose the moral impression he has there re" Carrillon," is on the western shore of Lake ceived. This profile is produced by a peculiar Champlain, 24 miles from Whitehall, and 58 combination of the surfaces and angles of five miles from Burlington. It is at this point that massive granite blocks, which nature has piled the delightful and much frequented route to Sar- upon this bald and storm-beaten height. A guideatoga Springs, by the way of Lake George, di- board is placed upon the stage road, a short disverges from the more direct route, by way of tance south of the Lafayette Hotel, which is kept Whitehall. Passengers here leave the Champlain here for the entertainment of visitors, to indicate boats for stage coaches, by which they are con- the true position from which to view this curious veyed over a hilly but romantic road about 3 -freak of nature. miles, to the village of Ticonderoga, at the head Another object of great interest to be visited, of Lake George, and thence down the lake, 36 two or three miles south, is " The Flume." Of IN THE UNITED STATES. 647 this, Dr. C. T. Jackson, of Boston, in his work The centre of gravity to this part of the pile, on the Geology of New Hampshire, thus speaks:' would fall much without the base upon which it " The Flume is a deep chasm, having mural rests, were it not most accurately balanced in its precipices of granite on each side, while a moun- position by the second or superincumbent rock, tain torrent rushes through its midst, falling over which is a table of mountain granite, 32 feet in precipitous crags and loose masses of rock. length, 18 in breadth, and 2 feet thick, resting During the freshets of the spring season, and in horizontally upon the other with a sufficient exearly summer, it is not practicable to walk in the cess of its projection and weight, opposite to the bed of the Flume. But in the driest season of preponderance of the inverted pyramid beneath, the year, there is but little water in it, and the to produce a perfect counterpoise. The form and bottom of the ravine affords a good foot path. outline of this upper rock is as remarkable as that "' The direction of this rocky fisure is N. 800 of the other, being as true in the proportions above E., and it appears to have resulted, not from the given as if it had come from the hand of an artist. abrasion of the rocks by the action of running The lower section is about 29 feet high, which, water, but to have been produced originally by being increased by the thickness of the upper seca fracture of the uplifted rocks. The walls of tion, makes the entire altitude 31 feet. the chasm on either hand exhibit proofs in favor A visitor to this curious freak of nature reof this opinion; for they are not water worn, but marks that " within the presence of this strange present surfaces of fracture, and the projecting pile, the predominant feeling, after that of admiledges on each side are still comparatively sharp, ration, is fear. An attempt to reason one's self and well defined in their outlines. into a feeling of conscious security is utterly fu"One of the most remarkable objects in the tile. The argument that it has stood there perFlume is an immense rounded block of granite, haps for thousands of years, amid the raging which hangs overhead, supported merely by winds and rocking earth, is met and opposed by small surfaces of contact against its sides. It the ocular fact of its standing before you almost appears to the traveller looking at it from below upon nothing; and, approach it at what point as if ready to fall upon him." you will, it appears leaning towards you." This Notch, in a remarkable manner, resembles As these rocks stand upon the summit of the the Great Notch, in its leading natural character- mountain, they can be seen, in a clear atmosphere, istics. Like that, it forms an extraordinary nat- from a distance of many miles, looming up ural avenue for a road, which connects the region above the horizon, against the clear blue sky, in of the upper Connecticut River with the seaboard. which they seem to float like a little fantastic In the same manner, also, it has its river, taking cloud. its rise from a pond, called Ferrin's Pond, near The prospect from this mountain summit. tothe head of the Notch, and rapidly increasing as wards other distant points is also sublimely grand. it flows onward, receiving perennial supplies from Looking north, the eye runs down a ravine bethe mountain sides, and often swollen to a mad- tween precipices from 800 to 1200 feet high, at dening torrent, by the rains which fall upon their the bottom of which the Linville River, one of the broad and steep declivities. This river is the sources of the Catawba, dashes its pure waters most N. branch of the Pemigewasset; and uniting along its rocky bed. From the top of one of the with two other branches, from the E. and W., in cliffs which overhangs this chasm is seen a shaft the N. part of the town of Woodstock, forms of rock shooting out over the gulf below, at the one of the principal sources of the Merrimack, height of 1500 feet. This is known in the neighwhich, after performing such wonders of pro- borhood by the name of the Hawk's Bill, from its ductive industry at Manchester, Lowell, Andover, resemblance to the beak of that bird. and Lawrence, falls into the ocean at Newbury- On the left of this, from the point of observaport. tion, and about 5 miles distant, is the famous Travellers visiting the White Mountains by Table Rock, of Burke co., which rises, upon the this route proceed by railroad from Boston to verge of the Catawba valley, to the height of Concord, N. H., 76 miles; thence by railroad to 2500 feet. It appears, as seen from this point, to Plymouth, 51 miles; thence up the valley of the have the shape of a perfect cone. Pemigewasset, by railroad and stage to the Flume There are few mountain districts in which is House, 24 miles; thence through the Notch, by presented such a various display of the strange, the Old Man of the Mountain, to the Lafayette the wild, the beautiful, and the grand, as here. House, 5 miles farther; in all, 153 miles from Boston. From this the distance to Fabyan's GUILFORD POINT, CT., White Mountain House, via Bethlem, is 16 miles. From the Lafayette House N. to Littleton is 12 Situated in the old town of Guilford, on the miles. shore of Long Island Sound, 15 miles E. of New Haven. The point runs out a short distance GINGERCAKE ROCKS, N. C. into the water, about one mile from the centre of This remarkable pile of rocks gives its name the town. This has long been a place of resort, to the mountain summit, upon the top of which in the summer season, for season, for the citizens of New it is seer.. They are situated in the mountainous Haven, Hartford; and other places, in pursuit of part of Burke co., amidst wild and romantic health and recreation. Good accommodations scenery, The pile consists of two rocks, of dif- are found at the Point itself, and also at the hoferent form and character, so poised as to stand tels and boarding-houses in the village. firmly upon an exceedingly small base. The first or lower section, composed of a brittle slate HAMPTON BEACIH, N. H. stone, is in the form of the half of an inverted This beach is on the Atlantic coast, in Rockpyramid. Its truncated top, which, by its invert- ingham co., about 12 miles S. of Portsmouth, and ed position, becomes the base, upon which the about 7 miles S. W. from Exeter. It is little inwhole is supported, is only 4 feet in diameter. ferior to the celebrated Nahant Beach, near Bos 648 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, ton, and has long been the resort of invalids and Epsom Spring and that of the Seidlitz Spring of parties of pleasure. There is a good hotel for Bohemia; which was examined, and its powers the accommodation of visitors. There is, near warmly extolled by the celebrated Hoffman, in this place, an abrupt and singularly-shaped prom- 1721, and has maintained its reputation unabated ontory, extending into the sea, and dividing the for more than a century. beaches, which had otherwise been continuous, The Chalybeate Spring is the same in constituon either side, called Great Boar's Head. The tion with the above, with the addition of iron, fishing is very good here a little distance from and a stronger impregnation of sulphuretted hythe shore. drogen. Temperature 65~. From their composition, the sanative effects of HARPER'S FERRY, VA. these waters will be easily inferred. They are This spot, so celebrated for its wild and majes- gently purgative, diaphoretic4 and diuretic. They tic scenery, is in Jefferson co., at the confluence diminish arterial action, promote various secreof Shenandoah and Potomac Rivers, where, after tions, and exert an alterative influence upon the the union of their waters, they find a passage system. Hence they are clearly beneficial in all through the rocky barrier of the Blue Ridge, diseases attended by inflammation: in obstruc1200 feet in height. Mr. Jefferson, in his " Notes tions of the viscera; dysentery; chronic rheumaon Virginia," has given a full and graphic ac- tism, and gout in its earlier stages; in cutaneous count of the scene which is here presented, which diseases; and in complaints of the chest following he characterizes as "one of the most stupendous colds, measles, or scarlatina, or dependent upon in nature." " Jefferson's Rock," the spot where inflammation of the bronchia. it is said Mr. Jefferson wrote his description, is a For those from the S. and W. in search of pile of huge, detached rocks, leaning over the health or recreation, this watering-place affords precipitous cliffs of the Shenandoah, and looking a delightful retreat in the summer months; and into the mountain gorge of the Potomac. Its top the number who resort to it is every year increasis 12 feet square, and almost level; whilst its ing. There have been somne $300,000 expended base does not exceed 5 feet in width, resting upon the premises; and there is, perhaps, no esupon a larger mass of rock, jutting out from the tablishment of the kind in the United States, hill. Mr. Jefferson pronounces the scenery at owned by an individual proprietor. which surthis place as " worth a trip across the ocean to passes this in the means afforded for making a behold." residence there desirable. There is also a most enchanting prospect ob- In the neighborhood of the springs are the tained from the summit of a mountain opposite, Gray Mural Cliffs of the Kentucky River, which about a mile and a half farther up, on the Mary- are visited as a great natural curiosity. Here the land side of the river. The eye here reaches a river flows, in a narrow and winding ravine, very wide extent of country, fields, woodlands, nearly 400 feet deep; and offers, in its high and and plantations; while the Shenandoah, as it is precipitous banks, embellished with evergreens, traceable upon the magic picture, appears like a much to interest those who have a taste for the series of beautiful lakes. sublime and beautiful in natural scenery. A bridge, 750 feet long, crosses the Potomac at The distance of these springs from Louisville, Harper's Fen-y. The IJ. S. have located an on the Ohio River, via Shelbyville, Frankfort, and armory and an arsenal at this place, which are Lawrenceburg, is about 120 miles. well worthy the attention of the tourist. Nearly 9000 stand of arms are annually manufactured HOBOKEN, N. J. here, employing about 240 hands. The hotels at This delightful place of recreation for the citithis place afford excellent accommodations for zeus of New York lies on the opposite bank of The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad here finds a the Hudson, immediately N. of Jersey City. passage through the Blue Ridge, in its route be- f D ur ing the w arm summer months, the steam tween Baltimore and Cumberland. The distace- ferry boats running back and forth' between Hotween Baltimore and Cumberland. The distance from Baltimore is 82 miles, and from Cumber- boken and New York are continually crowded land 96 miles. The Winchester Railroad also with persons seeking refreshment in this charmconnects this poing retreat from the heated and thronged streets connects this point with Winchester, Va., 32 of the city. miles distant. of the city. HOPKINTON SPRINGS, MS. HARRODSBURG SPRINGS, KY. These mineral springs have become somewhat This celebrated atering-place is situated in a celebrated. They contain carbonic acid, carbontown of the same name, near the geographical ate of lime, and iron. They are three in number, town of the s tate, a f ew miles S. W. of the Ken each differing in its properties from the others. centre of the state, a few miles S. W. of the Kentuckly River. The springs are 6 or 8 in number They are situated near White Hall Pond, which bursting out near the summit of the limestone abounds in fish of various kinds. At this place, bursting out near the summit of the limestone ridge on which the village of Harrodsburg is a large and commodious hotel has been kept for built.' many years, and has become a favorite resort for The Epsom Spring issues in the most copious persons in pursuit of health or pleasure, where stream, has a feebler sulphurous smell, and a ample provision is made for all their wants. The lower temperature than the others, and therefore Boston and Worcester Railroad passes within is the one chiefly used. This spring contains the three and a half miles of the springs, at Westfollowing ingredients: Carbonate of magnesia, borough, 32 miles W. from Boston. sulphate of soda, sulphate of lime, carbonate of lime, and sulphuretted hydrogen. Temperature HOT SPRINGS, AS. 60 degrees. There is, as this analysis shows, a This place, situated a few miles N. of the striking analogy between the constitution of the Washita River, and about 50 miles from Little IN THE UNITED STATES. 649 Rock, the capital of the state, is becoming every empty into the Ockmulgee, and about 10 miles W season more and more popular. Its waters have of that river. They contain sulphur and other been found efficacious in chronic diseases, such as ingredients, and are considered efficacious as a scrofula, rheumatism, &c. Visitors to these springs remedy for gravel, rheumatism, cutaneous and find every accommodation suited to their wishes, other diseases. Visitors here find good accommoat the fine hotel established for their reception. dations. HOT SPRINGS, VA., ISLES OF SHOALS, ME. AND N. H., Situated in the western section of the state, in Off Portsmouth, N. H. These'shoals are 7 in the vicinity of the other Virginia Spring(s, about number, lying about 9 miles out at sea. The 200 miles W. of Richmond. They are five miles largest of the islands, familiarly known as Hog distant from the Warm Springs. They are ro- Island, contains 350 acres, and has an elevation in mnlntically situated in a valley surrounded by its highest parts of 50 feet above the sea. Upon mountain peaks. There are 6 separate springs, this island a hotel has recently been erected, affordwhich range in temperature from 980 to 1060 of ing pleasant accommodations for water parties Fahrenheit., Eachof the springs supplies a distinct from Portsmouth, from Hampton and Rye bath; and the spout baths are natural spouts. The. Beaches, and the neighboring towns, and also for bathing establishment has recently undergone persons wishing to remain a few daysor weeks in considerable improvement. The hotels, or build- summer, as it were, at sea, without any of the disings at the springs, are sufficient for the comfort- comforts of a sea voyage. The place is much more able accommodation of 150 persons. frequented than formerly by parties of pleasure. These waters, as critically analyzed by Profess- See Isles qf Shoals, p. 204. or William B. Rodgers, of the University of Virginia, contain the following saline ingredients in LATONIAN SPRINGS, KY. each 100 cubic inches, viz.: Carbonate of lime, This is a pleasant and fashionable place of 7 013; carbonate of magnesia, 1.324; sulphate of resort during the summer months, situated 4 lime, 1.302; sulphate of magnesia, 1.530; sul- miles back from Covington, on the opposite side phate of soda, 1.363; chloride of sodium and mag- of the Ohio River from Cincinnati. Linden Gro'e nlesium, with a trace of chloride of calcium,.0.105; Cemetery, in the immediate vicinity of the springs, proto-carbonate of iron, 0.096; silica, 0.045. The is an attractive place of the kind. free gases consist of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbonic acid gas. LONG BRANCH, N. J. These waters, when taken internally, are anti- This popular place of resort for those fond of acid, mildly aperient, and freely diuretic and sea-shore recreations is on the E. coast of N. J., diaphoretic. When used as a general bath, their 32 miles fiom New York. The Ocean House, a effects are great, frequently excelling all expecta- short distance from Long Branch, is also a hotel tion. They relax contracted tendons, excite the of the first order. The constant sea breeze and action of the absorbent vessels, promote glandular the convenient sea bathing here to be enjoyed secretions, exert a marked and salutary influence have a fine effect in restoring the exhausted enover the biliary and uterine systems, and often, in ergies of the human system. There is admirable a short time, relieve excruciating pain, caused by sport for the angler in the vicinity. The Shrewslong-standing disease in some vital organ. bury River on the one side, and the ocean on the For the routes to this place, see White Sulphur other, swarm with many delicate varieties of the Springs. finny tribe. In the neighborhood of Long Branch are also HOUSE OF NATURE, IS. Shrewsbury, Red Bank, and Tinton Falls, which This name is applied to a curious natural car- are all places of great resort. The above localiern in the rock, on the shore of the Ohio River, ties are reached by a steamboat, running at con24 miles below Shawneetown. Passengers on venient periods from New York. the boats will not fail to have it pointed out to them as they pass; and sometimes, at their re- LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, GA. quest, the captains are so obliging as to stop their The range on which this lofty summit is situboats for a short time, to allow an opportunity of ated commences in the N. W. part of the state, visiting the cave. The names of many visitors and rises to the height of 2000 feet. The view are graven on its front. The entrance is just from Lookout Mountain is very grand, overabove high water mark, and is about 20 feet high, looking a vast extent of country, and comprising leading into a spacious chamber with an arched' every variety of landscape. Encircling the brow roof 30 fbet high, and extending back 125 feet. of the mountain is a natural palisade of naked Families of emigrants, descending the river, have rocks, from 70 to 100 feet in height. The railoccasionally found a winter asylum in this cave. roads from Savannah and Charleston approach Mason, the noted pirate and outlaw, who, about near to this mountain. the year 1800, subsisted with his banditti, for some time, by waylaying, robbing, and murdering the MADISON'S CAVE, VA. boatmen upon the river, made this cavern his This cave is situated in the vicinity of Weir's rendezvous. He was finally shot by one of his Cave, and somewhat resembles that remarkable own comrades, in order to obtain the reward of curiosity. It is, however, much less extensive, $500, offered by the governor of Mississippi for his not exceeding 300 feet. head. MADISON SPRINGS, GA., INDIAN SPRINGS, GA. Are in Madison co., about 100 miles N. This fashionable watering-place is situated in from Milledgeville, 23 miles N. E. from Athens, Butts co., 52 miles N. W. from Milledgeville. and 7 miles from Danielsville, the shire town The springs are in the forks of two creeks which of the county. The waters are impregnated with, 82 650 MINERAL SPRINGS$ AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, iron, and are useful in cutaneous diseases. This some specimens of them in the collection at is a place of fashionable resort, where visitors Cambridge. In the winter, millions of bats find meet with every attention. here a resting-place well suited to their wants. During the last war with England, a saltpetre MAMMOTH CAVE, KY. manufactory was established in this cave; and, This stupendous wonder of nature is situated in although it was discontinued in 1815, wheel Edmonson co., about 90 miles S. firom Louisville, tracks are still to be seen as clear and distinct and about equally distant, in a N. E. direction, as if made yesterday. The guides also point from Nashville, Te. A large and commodious out corn cobs which were brought into the cave at hotel has been erected, two or three hundred paces that time, and which are perfectly fresh and sound. from the mouth of the cave, for the accommoda- The waters of the cave are of the purest kind; tion of visitors. The tourist leaves the stage and, besides the springs and streams of fresh road about 6 miles from the entrance to the cave, water, there are one or two sulphur springs. and passes through some of the most romantic There are streams, lakes, and waterfalls of suffi. and beautiful scenery in reaching this public cient width and depth to compare well with those house, where he finds every thing provided to of the world above ground. Some of these rivrender his visit agreeable and instructive. It is ers, as they-are called, are navigated by boats of only within a few years that this cave has been sufficient size to carry 12 persons; and one of very extensively explored; and it is still sup- them,scalled the Echo, is said to be broad and posed that but a small part of it, in comparison deep enough, at all times, to float the largest with the whole, has ever been trodden by the foot steamers. The rivers of the Mammoth Cave of man. It has been estimated that the length were never crossed till 1840. Some of them of all the different avenues and branches, when flow in deep channels, the sides of which rise added together, would make more than 600 miles. high above their ordinary level. After heavy As far as known, there are in the cave 246 ave- rains, they are sometimes swollen so as to rise nues, 47 domes, 8 cataracts, and 23 pits. The more than 50 feet. At such times the streams, darkness, deeper than that of the blackest mid- and especially the cataracts, of the cave, exhibit night, which pervades these subterranean re- a most terrific appearance. Great exertions have cesses, and which is little more than rendered been made to discover the sources of these visible by the torches which the visitors carry streams, and where they find their outlets: yet with them, renders it difficult for the spectator they still remain, in this respect, as much a mysto form any thing like an adequate idea of its tery as ever. vast dimensions, its great heights and depths in "Darkly thou glidest onward, the different apartments, and of the singularity Thou deep and hidden wave! and beauty of the natural decorations they con- The laughing sunshine hath not looked tain. The recent attempt of an adventurous Into thy hidden cave." artist, however, to obtain drawings of a number The different apartments and passages of this of the different avenues, halls, and chambers, for wonderful subterranean labyrinth have many of the purpose of illustrating the hidden wonders them received names, from their resemblance, of this natural phenomenon to the eye by the aid more or less real, to the most celebrated interiors of the beautiful illusion of the moving panorama, and decorations of architectural design. A few has been, in a great degree, successful. The only can be here described. different parts of the cave selected for this pur- At the Cave House, erected near the entrance pose were illuminated by hundreds of lights, by Dr. Croghan, the late proprietor of this wonplaced at different points, so as to give the most der of the world, those visiting the cave are suppowerful and just effect to the ever-varying per- plied with lights, guides, and whatever else may spective within. be required for their expedition. The air of the Immediately upon entering the mouth of the cave, as you enter, gives a pleasant sensation of cave, the visitor perceives a sensible change in refreshing coolness. As you continue descending the temperature of the atmosphere, which is that some irregular stone steps, the daylight fades of 59~ Fahr., and remains so uniformly, winter and the gloom deepens. Nothing is heard save and summer. No impure air exists in any part your own footsteps, and the sound of the waters of it; decomposition and putrefaction are un- leaping from a precipice over your head and fallknown; and combustion is perfect. Visitors ing on the rocks below. A beautiful stream of going in and out are not liable to contract colds; water falls over the mouth of the cave, as one but, on the contrary, colds are commonly re- writer has remarked, as if it were the remnant lieved by a visit to the cave. No reptiles of any of a graceful curtain, which had formerly condescription are found here. It is a curious fact cealed this wonder from the gaze of man.'Lookthat fish without eyes have been caught in the ing back towards the orifice, the light of the rivers of this cave. They have been dissected external day appears dim, as if it were the twiby skilful anatomists, it is said, who declare that light of evening. Looking before you, if looking they are without the slightest indication of an it may be called, —what a world of darkness! organ similar to the eye, and also that they pos- With all your torches how little can be seen! sess other anomalies in their organization interest- A strange sensation comes over you, as with ing to the naturalist. These fishes are from 3 to hesitating step you proceed. 6 inches in length: Specimens of them are found The first great expansion of the cavern which in most of our collections of natural history. you enter is the Great Vestibule, an immense The cave is also inhabited by two species of hall, covering an area of an acre and a half, rats and a species of crickets, neither of which with a dome, lost in the darkness, 100 feet high, partake of the peculiarity of the fishes, -of the unsupported by a single pillar. By kindling a want of eyes, - for in both of these animals that fire at this spot, the vast dimensions of the chamorgan is very largely developed. These rats are ber may be faintly discovered. " Far up above white and very large. Professor Agassiz has your head," says one, "is seen the gray ceiling IN THE UNITED STATES. 651 rolling dimly away like a cloud, and many but- rises 120 feet high, and covers an area of 2 acres. tresses bending under their weight begin to pro- It exceeds in size the Cave of Staffa, and rivals ject their enormous masses fromn their shadowy the celebi'ated vault in the Grotto of Antiparos. wall." Two avenues lead out of this hall, at In passing through it from side to side, the dome opposite extremities, which are about 100 feet, appears to follow the spectator, like the sky in wide and 500 feet long, with roofs as flat and passing from place to place on the earth. In smooth almost as if finished by the mason's comparison with this dome of nature's rearing, trowel. About half a mile farther on, you pass the most celebrated of human structure sink the Kentucky Cliffs, so called from their resem- into insignificance. There are, however, other blance to the famous cliffs on the Kentucky domes in this wonderful cave, which, tbfor height River. About half a mile beyond these is the and extent, are even more extraordinary than Church, which is 300 feet in circumference, and this. Such is that, especially, which is called its ceiling 63 feet high. A huge protuberance the Mammoth Dome. This dome of domes is of the rock on one side serves the fancy for a nearly 400 feet above the floor of the room which pulpit: and a recess in the wall, in a correspond- it covers. Its elevation has been carefully deing position, serves for a gallery. From this termined by a competent civil engineer. hint of nature, religious worship has more than It would be impossible, within the limits of once been celebrated here. Concerts of music this article, to describe in detail the many objects have been held here, which have been said to of curiosity and scenes of grandeur which are to produce singularly fine effects. After leaving be found in the apparently interminable recesses the Church, a passage leads off at an acute angle of the Mammoth Cave. The names of the prinfrom the main cave to the Gothic Avenue, which cipal apartments, not already mentioned, will is nearly 50 feet wide, 15 feet high, and about 2 serve, by the aid of the foregoing descriptions, miles in length. The ceiling of this avenue is to suggest to the imagination of the reader some so smooth and white that it is difficult to believe idea of their most impressive characteristics. that the trowel of the mason has not been used Such are the Giant's Coffin, the Labyrinth, the upon it. A good road extends through its entire Cascade, Gorin's Dome, the Bottomless Pit, the length, and so pleasant is the temperature, pu- Winding Way, the Bandit's Hall, Great Relief rity, and salubrity of its atmosphere, that it has Hall, River Hall and Dead Sea, Natural Bridge been selected as a most desirable promenade for over the River Styx, (80 feet high,) Pass of Elinvalids, who have sometimes resorted to this Ghor, Crogan's Hall, City of the Tombs, Saint cave for their health. In one of the recesses of Cecilia's Grotto, Silliman's Avenue, Great Westthis avenue were to be seen, as late as 1813, two ern Vestibule, Martha's Vineyard, Snowball mummies in a good state of preservation, one of Room, the Holy Sepulchre, Cleveland's Cabinet, which was a female, in a sitting posture, with Serena's Harbor, Fairy Grotto, Paradise, and arms folded, and having before her various arti- others of a hardly less remarkable character. cles of her wardrobe. When, or by whom, these To select one only from this list of wonders remains were placed in this dark and silent for the conclusion of our descriptions, we would sepulchre, is of course unknown. A little far- offer the remarks of an intelligent clergyman, ther on in this direction are the Registry Rooms, who lately paid a visit to the cave, upon that the ceiling of which, being perfectly white and splendid hall known by the name of Cleveland's smooth, serves as the register of the cave. Thou- Cabinet.." The most imaginative poet," says sands of names have been traced upon it with this gentleman, "never conceived or painted a the smoke of the torches. Next is the Gothic palace of such exquisite beauty and loveliness Chapel, a hall of almost overwhelming grandeur, as Cleveland's Cabinet. Were the wealth of elliptical in form, and 80 feet long by 50 in princes bestowed on the most skilful lapidaries, width. Immense stalagmites have been formed with a view of rivalling the splendors of this at each end, which almost close the entrance. single chamber, the attempt would be vain. The There are also two rows of smaller pillars, ex- Cabinet was discovered by Mr. Patten of Louistending from the ceiling on each side of the wall ville and Mr. Craig of Philadelphia, accompathrough its entire length. These impart to it, nied by Stephen, the guide, and extends in nearly when strongly lighted up, the grand and solemn a direct line about 1 miles, (the guides say 2 effect of a Gothic cathedral. Near this place is miles.) It is a perfect arch, of 50 feet span, and Brewer's Studio, a small room, to which this of an average height of 10 feet in the centre — name has recently been given by Mr. Brewer, just high enough to be viewed with ease in all author of the celebrated Panorama of the Mam- its parts. The base of the whole is carbonate moth Cave, from whose descriptions many of (sulphate) of lime, in part of a dazzling whitethese notices have been compiled. He finished ness and perfectly smooth, and in part crystalmany of his sketches in this room. One or two lized, so as to glitter like diamonds in the light. other points of curious interest, such as the Dev- Growingfrom this,'in endlessly diversified forms, il's Arm-chair and the Lover's Leap, bring you is a substance resembling selenite, translucent to the termination of this Gothic Avenue. and imperfectly laminated. Some of the crysReturning back to the main cave by another tals bear a striking resemblance to branches of route, of more than a mile, through uninteresting celery; others, a foot or more in length, have the scenery, and proceeding onward with this grand color and appearance of vanilla cream candy; gallery, you soon reach the Star Chamber, one others are set in sulphate of lime in the form of of the most brilliant apartments in the whole a rose; and others roll out from the base in cave, and called by this name from the myriads forms resembling the ornaments on the capital of glittering points reflecting the light of the of a Corinthian column. Some of the incrustatorches from the darkness overhead. The resem- tions are massive and splendid, others are as blance here to the splendid canopy of night is delicate as the lily, or as fancy work of shell or very perfect. Further on, the Chief City, or wax. Think of traversing an arched way like Temple, is formed by an immense dome, which this for a mile and a half; and all the wonders 652 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, of the tales of youth-Arabian Nights, and all Niagara Falls. The volume of water is so much - seem tatne, compared with the living, growing less than that of Niagara, that the effect of the reality. Here and there, through the whole ex- fall, in sublimity and grandeur of impression, tent, you will find openings in the sides, into bears no comparison, of course, to the effect of which you may thrust the person, and often that stupendous cataract. Yet, from its great stand erect, in little grottoes, perfectly incrusted perpendicular descent, the ample woods with with a delicate, white substance, reflecting the which it is fringed, and the broken rocks which light from a thousand different points. All the surround and intersect its channel, sending it way you might have heard us exclaiming, Won- over the brink in foam resembling snow, sparderful! wonderful! 0 Lord, how manifold are kling in the light with its myriad crystal points, it thy works!" has long been regarded as one of the most roThe route by which this cave is commonly mantic and beautiful curiosities of the kind on reached is by the daily line of U. S. mail stages the American continent. These falls may be from Louisville to Nashville, over a very good seen in all their beauty and grandeur from the turnpike road. The stock has been subscribed summit of the hill, near the shore of the St. for a railroad between these places, and in a few Lawrence, and also on the S. side, from a position years the cave will be rendered much easier of which may be gained with no great difficulty, access. part of the way down the bank. MITCHELL'S PEAK, N. C. On the hill near the falls is thehouse which This lofty peak, which now enjoys the reputa- was once the residence of the late Duke of Kent. tion of being the highest summit on the E. side It is now the residence of the proprietor of the of the Rocky Mountains, is seen on the road extensive saw mills in the vicinity. These mills leading from Morgantown to Asheville, through are carried by water taken out of the Montmothe Swannanoa Gap, a few miles from where the renci, about half a mile above the falls. They Gap is entered. This name was given it in honor have upwards of a hundred saws in motion, and of Professor Mitchell, of Cincinnati, who has are said to be capable of turning out an entire recently determined its altitude to be more cargo of planks in a day. than 250 feet higher'than Mt. Washington in It was on the high grounds N. of these falls N. H., which had always before been supposed to that General Wolfe first encountered the French, be the highest land in the U. S., E. of the great in 1759, and was repulsed, with the loss of 700 chain of the Rocky Mts. men —a disaster which he so fully retrieved for the British arms, though at the cost of his own life, MONADNOCK MOUNTAIN, N. H. a few days afterwards,upon the Plains of Abraham. This lofty mountain, whose summit is 3718 The ride from the city to the falls, on the S. feet above the level of the sea, is situated in the side, is through the suburb of St. Roch, over the towns of Jaffrey and Dublin, about 22 miles E. St. Charles River, near its mouth, and onward of Connecticut River, and 10 miles N. of the amidst beautiful farms and orchards to the pretty southern boundary of the state. It has long been village of Beauport, which is well worth seeing, visited as one of the'most celebrated mountain as furnishing a specimen of the better sort of heights in New England. The prospect from its Canadian country settlements. The view of top is most extensive and delightful. The ascent Quebec, of Point Levi, of the St. Lawrence, and has been much' improved within a few years past,.other interesting points, which is enjoyed in reand, for so great a height, is by no means diffi- turning over this beautiful drive, is sufficiently cult. Visitors have not unfrequently found a splendid of itself to compensate all the trouble of serene and beautiful atmosphere upon the summit obtaining it. of this mountain, while thunder, lightning, and MONTREAL, tempest have been raging below. For a more City, river port, seat of government, and chief minute description, see the towns above named. mart of the commerce of Canada. The communication with. this city from the U. S. has beMONTAUK POINT, N. Y. come so free and frequent, both for purposes of See Mountains, &c., p. 221. business and of pleasure, that we deem it desirable to give in this work a brief notice of the MONTMORENCI FALLS, CANADA. place. Its position at the head of ship navigaThis beautiful cataract is the greatest natural tion on the St. Lawrence, and near the conflucuriosity in the vicinity of Quebec. It is about ence of that river with the Ottawa, in connection 9 miles N. E. of the city, by the usual land route, with its situation in relation to the U. S., renders on the river of the same name, which, coming it necessarily one of the most important comfrom the N. W., in a stream about 60 yards wide, mercial emporiums of America. It is the centre here falls directly into the St. Lawrence, over of the trade between Canada and the States, a perpendicular precipice 250 feet in height. which is carried on by Lake Champlain and the Viewed from a distance, this magnificent waterfall Hudson to New York; with the west by the Laappears like a motionless streak of snow upon chine and Welland Canals and the lakes; and the precipitous bank of the river. It is seen to with New England by the railroads connecting great advantage from the St. Lawrence, immedi- with its ports: It is situated on the S. side of ately abreast of the cataract, where it appears a the large island from which it takes its name, mighty torrent, projected with incredible velocity and extends, with its suburbs, nearly two miles over the lofty cliff into the river, acquiring a along the bank of the St. Lawrence, having, for fleecy whiteness as it falls; while the sun, in fine some distance, nearly an equal breadth inland. contrast with the snowy effulgence of the falling It is divided into the Upper and the Lower towns, water, paints a deeply-tinted rainbow on the vapor although the difference of elevation between the at its base. The breadth of the fall is 100 feet, two parts is but slight. The Upper town, being and its height, as will be perceived from a com- the more modern, is the more handsomely built. parison, is about 100 feet greater than that of The situation and appearance of the city from IN THE UNITED STATES. 653 the water somewhat resembles that of Albany; Noires, two large nunneries; the Court House increased, however, in picturesque beauty by the and Prison; some fine banks; and an extensive hill in the rear, originally called dMount Royal, range of barracks, for 2000 men. The hotels which rises, about a mile from the city, to the are numerous, some of them affording elegant height of 550 feet, forming a prominent object in accommodations for the travelling public. In the picture from every point of view. The bat- one of the public squares is a colossal statue of tlemented wall, with which the old city was once Lord Nelson, placed upon a Doric column, the surrounded, has fallen into decay; so that it is pedestal of which is covered with bass-reliefs somewhat less like a European city in appearance representing his principal naval actions. " Monthan it formerly was, being now entirely open, treal," says the British Whig, "is unquestionably and the wooded heights around covered with the cleanest city in her majesty's dominions; alvillas and pleasure grounds. The principal though at one time it had the very contrary repustreets run parallel to the river, being crossed by tation." The labors of the corporation, in this others at right angles. Along the bank of the respect, are worthy of all praise, not merely for river, fronting upon the quays, is an extensive the extreme cleanliness of the city, but for the line of stone warehouses. Commissioners Street good order and perfect quiet maintained both day and Water Street are nearest to the river, and and night. The cheapness of cab and caleche hire the next is St. Paul's Street, which is the great in Montreal is a fact which will not fail to interest commercial thoroughfare. running the whole the stranger visiting the place. For an English length of the city. Notre Dame Street, which is shilling you can traverse the entire length of the the Broadway of Montreal, extends in the same city and return again to your hotel. direction along the summit of the elevation of In the year 1640, an association was formed the Lower town, as it is seen from the river. In in France, of persons actuated by religious zeal, the Upper town and suburbs, which are mostly for the purpose of colonizing the Island of inhabited by the principal merchants, the houses Mount Royal. To this association the king are handsomely built in the modern style; but in ceded the whole island, which is about 70 miles the Lower town they are very generally of a in circumference. The spot selected for the city gloomy-looking gray stone, with dark iron win- was consecrated by the superior of the Jesuits; dow shutters and tinned roofs, giving to the the "Queen of Angels" was supplicated to take place rather an antiquated and heavy aspect. it under her protection, and it was called, at first, There is, however, a great appearance of strength after her name, " La Ville Marie." In 1644 the and durability in these stone structures, which whole of this beautiful domain, which, on acmakes a favorable impression concerning the count of its fertility, has been called the "Garden character and wealth of the place. To the tour- of Canada," became the property of the St. Sulist approaching Montreal upon the St. Lawrence, picians of Paris, and was by them afterwards it presents the aspect of a "City of Granite." A. conveyed to the seminary established by that massive stone quay extends along the whole river order at Montreal. At the conquest of Canada front, curving inward, and forming, with its by Great Britain, in 1760, the property and revewharves, a convenient harbor for the shipping. nues of the seignories, and all estates belonging A broad space upon its brow, and in the rear, to existing religious institutions, were guarantied affords a delightful promenade in summer; and to the possessors. Within the last half century whenever any grand arrival or departure upon many capitalists from England and Scotland the river calls out the population of the city. this have become residents of Montreal, and have inposition, which offers. unequalled advantages to fused a vigor and energy which are manifest in the convenience of a multitude of spectators, its greatly-extended commerce, and in the impresents an animated and imposing spectacle. provements which are continually taking place. Immediately fronting the St. Lawrence is the At the same time it is true, that every thing Bonsecours Market, which, by its architectural about the city still speaks of its French origin; embellishments, at once attracts the eye. But and so tenacious have been the French of their the most remarkable public edifice in Montreal, nationality, that a century of English rule has towering above every thing else, is the French failed materially to alter their habits and manners. Catholic Church of Notre Dame, commonly, but The distance from Montreal to Boston is 339 erroneously, called the French Cathedral. The miles, and to New York 406 miles. Cathedral, or Bishop's Church, in Montreal, is in the W. part off the city. This Church of MOUNT EVERETT, MS. Notre Dame, situated on the street of the same This is the most lofty of the summits of the name, and fronting on a public square, is the Taconic range, situated in the E. part of the largest religious edifice in America. The length, town of Mount Washington, which lies in the S from E. to W., is 225 feet, and the breadth 134 W. corner of the state. From the fact that, in feet. There are towers at each of the corners, connection with much of the surrounding ele' on its Gothic front, 220 feet in height; in one of vated region of the Taconic Mountains, it constiwhich is hung the largest bell in the W. hemi- tutes the township of Mount Washington, the sphere. The interior contains 9 spacious aisles, name of this mountain has often been confoundwith 1244 pews, and will accommodate 10.000 ed with that of the town. By the people of the people. The service here is conducted in the vicinity it has sometimes been called Bald MounFrench language. St. Patrick's is another large tain, and Bald Peak. We prefer, however, the church, for the accommodation of the Irish Cath- name of MOUNT EVERETT, which President olics, capable of containing about 7000 persons. Hitchcock has given to it in his Geology of Mas. There are other church edifices, of various de- sachusetts, in honor of Edward Everett, LL. D. nominations, and numerous public buildings, The height of this mountain is 2624 feet. The which are imposing in their architecture. Among scenery in its immediate neighborhood is of the these are the Government House; the Seminary boldest and most romantic description. The of St. Sulpice; the Hotel Dieu, and the Sceurs whole township, as before intimated, consists of 654 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, one vast pile of mountains belonging to the Ta- between the strata. This part of the fall cannot conic range, which skirts Massachusetts on its be less than 50 or 60 feet. And here thetorrent, western border. There are valleys here, but ~having for centuries been dashing against the the valleys themselves are not less than from edges of the strata, while at the same time its bed 1000 to 2000 feet above the Housatonic, which has been sinking, has worn out a dome-shaped flows about 5 miles E. of the centrd valley, or cavity to the depth of 194 feet; that is, measurbusiness part of the town. On the sides of this ing from the top of the overhanging cliff to the mountain valley are mountains rising, some 500 foot of the fall. and some 1000 feet, from which descend some of By creeping along the S. side of the stream, the most beautiful cascades in nature. The where the wall is nearly perpendicular, one can mountain on the E., and nearest the Housatonic, descend quite to the foot of the fall, where he is the mountain of which we are now speaking. finds himself enclosed on the E., S., and W. by We copy President Hitchcock's description of a vast wall of rock, which, as it rises, curves outthe view from this lofty summit. ward, so that, when he looks upward, he sees its " Its central part is a somewhat conical, almost surface, at the height of nearly 200 feet, projectnaked eminence, except that numerous yellow ing beyond the base as much as 25 feet. A man pines, two or three feet high, and whortleberry in such a spot cannotpbut feel his own impotence. bushes, have fixed themselves wherever the crev- There is a position upon the verge of this overices of the rock afford sufficient soil. Thence hanging.precipice from which a look down into the view from the summit is entirely unobstruct- this yawning chasm may be obtained. Those ed. And what a view I who visit these falls should not fail to ascend to In depth, in height, in circuit, how serene this position, otherwise they will lose half the inThe spectacle, how pure! - Of nature's works terest of the scene. In earth and air, The day is not far distant when Mount EverA revelation infinite it seems.' ett, and the scenery around it, will be visited by "You feel yourself to be standing above every thousands, yearly, with an admiration equal to thing around you, and possess the proud con- that excited by the most celebrated mountain sciousness of literally looking down upon all ter- heights in our country. restrial scenes. Before you, on the E., the valley through which the Housatonic meanders MOUNT HOLYOKE, MS., stretches far northward in Ms., and southward into Situated in the S. part of the town of Hadley, Ct., sprinkled over with copse and glebe, with on the E. side of Connecticut River, opposite to small sheets of water and beautiful villages. To the Great Meadows of Northampton, and about 3 the S. E., especially, a large sheet of water ap- miles E. of the centre of that beautiful town. pears, I believe in Canaan, of surpassing beauty. This mountain is 830 feet above the river, and In the S. W., the gigantic Alender, Riga, and- presents from its summit one of the most charmother mountains, more remote, seem to bear the ing prospects any where to be found in this counblue heavens on their heads, in c&lm majesty; try. The lovely valley of the Connecticut, with while, stretching across the far distant west, the all its natural luxuriance, and all its adornments Catskills hang like the curtains of the sky. of cultivation and wealth, lies in view, mote or 0, what a glorious display of mountains all less distinctly, according to the distance of its around you! 0, how does one, on such a spot, several parts, for an extent of 50 or 60 miles, from turn round and round, and drink in new glories, N. to S. The summits of the mountains in Meriand feel his heart swelling more and more with den, Ct., about 15 miles from Long Island Sound, emotions of sublimity, until the tired optic nerve may be distinctly seen from the top of Mt. Holshrinks from its office! yoke. In a clear atmosphere, Hartford is visible "This is certainly the grandest prospect in about 45 miles to the S. The beautiful meadows Massachusetts, though others are more beautiful. of Northampton and Hadley, spreading out diAnd the first hour that one spends in such a spot rectly under the eye of the spectator,. with their is among the richest treasures that memory lays vast and variegated carpet of ploughed field, up in her storehouse." grass and grain, through the midst of which, in a The best way of getting to Mount Everett, gracefully winding course, the silver stream of from any part of Ms., is through Egremont, the Connecticut is threading its shining way, which lies 25 miles S. by W. from Pittsfield. having the handsome towns of Northampton, From Egremont, you pass along a vast uncul- Hadley, and Amherst set in different points, as tivated slope, to the height of nearly 2000 feet, gems upon the bosom of the landscape, constiuntil you reach the broad valley where the tute an entire vision of loveliness, such as almost inhabitants reside. The distance from Boston makes the beholder feel that he has been transis 183 miles W. From Hudson, N. Y., the dis- ported into some Elysian land. The college tance E. is about 20 miles. You pass the beau- buildings, in Amherst; the Mount Holyoke.Fetiful lake in Copake, and up through the ro- male Seminary, in South Hadley; Hopkins Acadmantic gorge on the W. side of the mountain. emy, in Old Hadley; the beautiful range of buildIn the near neighborhood of Mount Everett, ings upon Round Hill, Northampton, now occuthere is a waterfall upon the side of a deep gulf, pied as a celebrated water cure establishment; which is well worth visiting, for the lovers of im- the Williston Seminary, in East Hampton; a pressive scenery. It has received the name of large number of church spires, and other public Bashapish, or Bash-Pish Fall and Gorge. The edifices; and last, though not least, the new city stream descends rapidly towards' the W., be- of Holyoke, growing up on the W. bank of the tween perpendicular walls of rock, nearly 100 river at South Hadley Falls, are points of interfeet; striking then against a perpendicular mass est which arrest and fix the eye, as it wanders of rock, it is made to turn, almost at right angles, over this charming scene. to the left, and then to rush down a declivity, On the opposite side of the Connecticut, a little sloping at an angle of about 800, in a trough to the S. W., Mt. Tom, the hoary compeer of IN THE UNITED STATES. 655 Mt. Holyoke, lifts up its rugged form more than from Alexandria. General Washington's man1200 feet above the vale, and constitutes almost sion is still in a good state of preservation. The the only feature of native wildness which has de- new tomb into which his remains were removed flied the subduing touch of man. Even here, if in 1830, and subsequently placed in a marble the not improbable theory of some geologists be sarcophagus, is in a retired situation a short discorrect, the modifying hand of nature has accom- tance from the house. It is a plain but substanplished one of its most remarkable achievements tial structure of brick, with an iron gate at the in the excavation of a rocky channel for the Con- entrance, through the bars of which are seen two necticut, between these two mountain heights, sarcophagi of white marble, in which slumber, which are supposed originally to have formed a side by side, the mortal remains of that great and connected chain, at a considerable elevation above good man and of his amiable consort. their present bases. The appearance of the bold The old tomb, in which the remains of Washcliffs at the Rock Ferry crossing, as well as the ington were first deposited, and which is now form of the vast alluvial basin which would be going to decay, is upon an elevation in full view embraced within the sweep of this mountain from the river. range, if only a connection here were formed, to- A glimpse of this interesting spot may be had gether with other geological characteristics, ren- from the Potomac steamer, on its way from Washder this theory, extraordinary as it may seem, ington to the railroad terminus at Acquia Creek. almost a matter of obvious demonstration. But to visit the place, it is necessary. to stop at A winding road has been constructed within a Alexandria, and take a private conveyance to few years, by which carriages ascend about two Mount Vernon. thirds of the distance towards the summit of Mt. Holyoke; and the remainder of the ascent, though NAHANT, MS. steep, is accomplished without difficulty. A build- This celebrated watering-place isa part of the ing has been erected on the summit, where cornm- beautiful town of Lynn. It is a peninsula, jutting fortable rest and refreshments may be enjoyed. out about 5 miles into Massachusetts Bay, and There are few, if any, mountain prospects in forms Lynn Bay on the S. From Boston to our country, which lie so near to a great thor- Nahant Hotel, on the E. point of the peninsula, oughfare of travel, and are so easily accessible, by land, is 14 miles; from the centre of Lynn, 5; as this; few where so much delightful gratifica- and from Salem, 9 miles. On the N. E. side of tion can be obtained at so little expense of time this peninsula is a beach of great length and and trouble. In short, there are few, if any, smoothness. It is so hard that a horse's footwhich, for extent and variety of interest adapted steps are scarcely visible; and, from half tide to to give pleasure to a refined and cultivated taste, low water, it affords a ride of superior excellence. can be compared with advantage to this grand Much may be said in praise of Nahant without enchanting panorama, in which nature and art exaggeration. Its formation, situation, and rugseem rivalling each other, for the meed of admi- ged shore excite the curiosity of all, and many ration. thousands annually visit it for health or pleasure. MOUNT HOPE, R. I. It is only 10 miles N. E. from Boston, by the This interesting locality, once the seat of the steamboats continually plying in summer months. celebrated King Philip, is situated in Bristol. the At this place are good fishing and fowling, and shire town of Bristol co., which is the Pokan- excellent accommodations; the ocean scenery is ocket of the Indians, lying between the Narra- exceedingly beautiful in fair weather, and truly ganset and Mount Hope Bays. The summit of sublime in a storm. the hill is about 2 miles N. E. of the court This is one of the oldest and most celebrated house, and though not elevated more than 300 watering-places in New England, and a place to feet above tide water, affords a most extensive which many of the wealthy citizens of Boston, and delightful prospect. Here is still shown, at having provided themselves with pleasant cota little distance from the apex of the mount, as tages, resort in the summer months with their it falls off towards Mount Hope Bay, a sheltered families. The Nahant Hotel is a large and niche or alcove in the rock, where, as tradition well-kept house near the termination of the pen says, King Philip had his royal seat, and where insula.'he presided in the council of warriors and sachems, who either acknowledged fealty to his NANTASKET BEACH, MS. realm, or yielded themselves to the lead of his This delightful retreat in the summer months, superior prowess. By means of an extensive alli- for those who wish to enjoy the luxuries of sea ance of the Indian tribes, Philip finally made a air, bathing, fishing, fowling, &c., is approached desperate assault upon the English settlements in by the South Shoie Railroad, passing through 1675, with the design of exterminating them from the pleasant towns of Dorchester, Quincy, Brainthe American shores. The flame of war was tree, Weymouth, and Hingham, to the Nantasket lighted up in different parts of the country, and station, about 3 miles from the latter place, and continued for more than a year to desolate New 2 miles from Cohasset. The ride from the station England. The first attack was made on Sunday, to the head of the peninsula of Nantasket is about June 20, 1675. Philip was killed when attempt- 2 miles, where art several large and well-kept ing to escape from the pursuit of Captain Church, houses of entertainment. Thence you proceed on Saturday, August 12, 1676. over a beautiful, level, and hard beach, about 4 miles in length. After passing the beach, you MIOUNT VERNON, VA. turn to the left nearly at a right angle, and cross This venerated spot, where once resided the a narrow neck of land, which brings you upon a father of his country, and where, his ashes now fine highland, which constitutes the ancient town repose, is universally regarded with a sacred in- of Hull, the termination of which is Point Alderterest. It is on the W. bank of the Potomac, 15 ton, directly opposite the Boston light-house. miles S. from the city of Washington, and 8 1 On the N. and E. sides of this peninsula is Mas 656 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, sachusetts Bay; on the S. and W. is included a and springing, as it were, up to heaven, the emolarge portion of Boston outward harbor, contain- tions of sublimity which are experienced are ing many beautiful islands, and the entrances to beyond the power of language to express. The Hingham, Weymouth Fore and Back.Rivers, names of many adventurous visitants are seen and Quincy Bay. Among many islands here,'of upon a portion of its walls, where they have been great beauty, is George's Island, on which is nearly ambitious to excel those who have gone before completed one of the strongest forts on the Amer- them, in the height which they could ascend. The ican coast, for the protection of the city and port name of Washington still remains, where he of Boston; also Long Island, which has recently climbed up, and engraved it in the rock with his become celebrated as a watering-place. own hands, 25 feet from the base. Through the The peninsular promontory on which Hull is chasm, which continues narrow, deep, and straight, situated, from its position in the midst of the for a considerable distance above and below the waters, and from the pleasant situations which bridge, a limited but very pleasing view is obhave been erected here by our wealthy citizens tained of North Mountain on the one side, and for summer residence, has become to the people of the Blue Ridge on the other, each about 5 miles of Boston a second Nahant. The view of the har- distant. bor from this point, with its many lovely islands, The Natural Bridge is made to answer a very the light-house opposite, and the animated spec- useful purpose; as the turnpike road, which is cartacle of going and returning ships, steamers, and ried over it, could not otherwise find a passage pleasure boats upon its waters, is beyond descrip- across this gulf for several miles. It lies 156 tion beautiful. Here also, as well as at the beach, miles W. from Richmond. are good houses of entertainment. This little town, in addition to these natural NEW LEBANON SPRINGS, N. Y. attractions, has an interesting and venerable an- These celebrated warm springs are situated in tiquity. It was a mart of commerce, and the the lovely valley of New Lebanon, a short disresidence of eminent men, 6 years before Boston tance W. of the Ms. line. The spot is surbore its present name, and 4 years before Salem rounded by cultivated hills, which present a became a town. The ease with which it was ca- panorama of scenery greatly variegated and pepable of being defended from the incursions of the culiarly pleasing to the eye. This place has long Indians led to its early occupation as a place of been known as a great resort for visitors from all residence. On the highest ground are the remains directions, who come to enjoy the romantic sceof an ancient fort, within which was a well, said nery of the region and the beneficial influence of to be 100 feet deep. its tepid waters. The warm spring, which is on The first settlers of Dorchester received the the side of a hill, is 10 feet in diameter, and 4 hospitalities of the citizens of this place in June, feet deep, and discharges water enough to sup1660; and, in grateful remembrance, every suc- ply a small mill power, to which the stream, at a ceeding generation pays frequent visits to this little distance from the source, has been applied. hallowed spot. The temiperature of these waters is 720 FalhrenThe distance from Boston to Hull, by land, is heit at all seasons of the year. They are clear 22 miles; and by water 9 miles. A splendid as crystal, tasteless, inodorous, and soft, which steamboat, which plies between Boston and Hing- renders them delightful for the warm bath, for ham, passing near Forts Independence and War- which they are so much used; being found beneren, Thompson's Island, on which is the Boston ficial in cutaneous affections, rheumatism, internal Farm School, Spectacle Island, Hospital Island, obstructions, liver complaint, nervous debility, the islands above named, and several others, and other diseases. touches at this place, and affords one of the most Besides this abundant supply of warm water, delightful trips any where to be enjoyed. there are numerous rills gushing out of the sides of the mountains here, which are almost as cold NATURAL BRIDGE, VA., as ice. These, also, are peculiarly clear and pure. A stupendous natural arch of limestone rock, This place has very judiciously been selected upon which a road passes over a small stream, for the erection of an establishment for the water called Cedar Creek, in the south part of Rock- cure, which has of late years been introduced into bridge co., a short distance from its entrance into our country from Germany. James River. It is on the ascent of a hill, which'A railroad will soon be completed, passing seems to have been cloven through its length by through this place, and connecting it with the some great convulsion of nature. This is re- Western Railroad, about 7 miles distant. From garded by many as one of the greatest natural this point to Albany, about 33 miles; to Boston, curiosities in the United States. The height about 167 miles; to New York, via Bridgeport of the bridge above the stream, to the top, is 215 and Long Island Sound, 160 miles. feet; the chasm which it spans is 50 feet wide at the bottom, and 90 feet at the top; the average NEWPORT, R. I. width of the arch is 80 feet, being narrowest in This place, so " beautiful for situation," and the middle; and its thickness from the under to so interesting for its antiquities, has become the upper surface, is 55 feet. 1The bridge is cov- one of the most celebrated summer resorts ered with a stratum of clayey earth, from 4 to 6 in the United States. It is located on the S. feet deep, having a natural parapet of rocks on W. side of the rich and fertile island of Rhode either side, rendered firm by trees and shrubbery. Island, lying within the mouth of Narraganset The view from the top, for those who dare ap- Bay, 5 miles firom the ocean. Its h'arbor, one of proach and look over the parapet into the abyss the finest in the world, spreads W. before the below, is awfully grand. From below.it is equally town, which is built on a gentle declivity to the sublime, and being divested of painful apprehen- shore, and appears beautifully as it is approached sions, is more interesting. In looking up to this upon the water. Its insular situation gives to stupendous arch, at once so massive and so light, Newport the advantage of a cool, refreshing sea IN THE UNITED STATES. 657 breeze from almost every point of the compass; the W., and one on the S. sides. On the E. side so that in all the hot months it is one of the is a fireplace, with its flue in the wall. The most comfortable places of residence any where roof and floors, if any it had, were of perishable to be found. On this account, it has long been a materials, and are gone, leaving the interior favorite place of fashionable resort, especially open to the sky. It stands on a vacant lot upon for visitors from the south. WVithin a few years the hill, a little E. of Spring Street, and between past, a llumber of large and splendid hotels have Pelham and Mill Streets. It has been supposed, been erected, a.ffording the best accommodations by some, to have been built by the Northmen for that could be desired for all who come; so that, a religious use; others have maintained that it in this respect, Newport is now the rival of Sar- was reared by the early inhabitants, as a place of atoga itself, refuge and defence against the Indians. The The largest of these establishments are the former of these hypotheses is of course conjecOcean Hlouse, situated at the S. end of Bellevue tural, and the latter seems intrinsically improbStreet: the Atlantic House, at the head of Pelham able. Street; and the Bellevue House, having its most The company which annually visits Newport extensive front on Catharine Street. The Ocean is of a peculiarly select and elevated character. House was first built in 1843, by a company, The place differs in this respect from most of our which has since been incorporated by the legis- fashionable resorts. It is not health or amuselature of Rhode Island. In August. 1845, this ment which is here sought, so much as comfort, edifice was entirely burnt to the ground; and and fine society, and freedom from the cares of in the following autumn and winter, it was re- business and professional engagements. It is true built with great additions to its extent and many are here firom the gay and pleasure-loving splendor. These are the most extensive estab- circles in the community; but the greater part lishments, for the entertainment of company, in of those who come are persons who aim to find town; but there are a number of others, where in these elegant establishments, or in the beautiboarders are handsomely accommodated, and for ful cottages and summer houses which they have a few weeks in summer they are all generally provided for themselves, a residence for the time filled. being partaking somewhat of the character of Newport is rendered attractive not only by its the homes of high life in the cities. cool and salubrious climate, but also by several This beautiful island is approached by a daily objects of culrious interest to the lovers of anti- line of steamboats from New York, from which quarian research; its splendid beaches, adapted it is distant 157 miles N. E.; and from Boston, in the highest degree to the luxury of surf bath- also daily, by railroad and steamboat, about 70 ing; its abundant means of enjoyment for those miles. who are fond of the pleasures of sailing or NIAGARA FALLS. fishing in its secure and capacious bay and har- These falls, in the Niagara River, which is bor; and the many beautiful rides over the the outlet of the great lakes of North America, area of the island in the rear of the town, upon containing one half of all the fresh water on the roads of the finest description, and amidst the globe, are justly regarded as one of the most beautiful shrubbery and verdure, which its rich sublime and imposing spectacles in nature. The soil and moistened atmosphere sustain in fresh river, which flows from Lake Erie- in a channel luxuriance. three fourths of a mile wide, and from 20 to 40 Among the antiquities of Newport is what is feet deep, and which is, at this place, about the commonly called the Old Stone Mill; which same width, while pressing with great force down is one of the very few works of human structure the declivity of the rapids for almost 3 miles in our country, the origin and design of which above, is here precipitated over a perpendicular are involved in impenetrable mystery. That it descent of 160 feet, with a tremendous roar, may have been once fitted up and used for a mill, which is ordinarily heard from 15 to 30 miles, is perhaps probable, from the fact that it is men- and has sometimes been heard at Toronto, a distioned in the will of Governor Benedict Arnold, tance of 45 miles. It has been estimated that who, in 1657, succeeded to Roger Williams in the volume of water carried over Niagara is not the government of Rhode Island, as "my old less than six hundred and seventy thousand tons in stone-built wind mill;" but'that the structure a minute. It is the vastness of elements like was originally intended for such a purpose, is these, entering into the conception of this stuwhat few, considering its peculiar configuration pendous natural phenomenon, which carries the and unknown antiquity, will be able to believe. emotions of wonder and sublimity with which There is no record, nor any traditionary legend, it strikes the outward senses to their highest worthy of credit, to satisfy inquiry concerning bounds. the date, design, or artificers of this curious edi- About three miles above the falls commence fice.'These points have occasioned much specu- the rapids. These are caused by a descent lation; but all has been vain as to any satisfac- in the bed of the river of about 52 to 57 feet, in tory result. the course of which are numerous ledges of rocks This building, which, besides the above name, from 2 to 4 feet high, extending wholly across is frequently called the Old Tower, and the the channel, over which this mighty volume of NAewport Ruin, is a circular tower, 23& feet in waters, in a dashing and foaming torrent, is hurdiameter, and 28J feet high, composed of irregu- ried on towards the tremendous cataract. The lar, rough stones, said to bear no affinity to the declivity of the river's bed is a little greater on rocks of the island. The body of this building the British than on the American side, as denoted is elevated upon 8 round pillars of the same by the numbers expressed above. This circummaterial, arches being turned between the pillars. stance, together with a bend in the course of the The heighit of these pillars is about 10 feet. The stream, causes the principal weight of the water, walls of the tower above are 18 inches thick, computed to be about seven eighths of the whole, havinc o;le narrow loophole on the N., one on to be thrown towards the Canadian side of the, 83 658 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, river, and consequently to be carried over the At the lowest extremity of Goat Island, towards great Horseshoe Fall, which is that part of the the American side, a fine view is presented of cataract between Goat Island and the Canadian the Central and the American Falls, of the river, shore. The view of these rapids to be obtained below, of the iron suspension bridge, spanning from Goat Island, or from the opposite shore, the gulf in the distance, at the height of 200 feet, were the wonder to end here, would be enough and of the Whirlpool, caused by a violent angle to reward the pains of the longest journey. in the rushing torrent two miles below, which is Nearly in the middle, in respect to distance, the just distinguishable by the cloud of foam which falls are separated by Goat Island, which has it sends into the air. Those of firm nerves may also received the name of Iris Island. This here approach to the very verge of the precipice, island, which contains about 75 acres, and is cov- and look directly down at the descent of the ered in part with a wild forest, extends to the Cascade, or Central Fall, which rolls over the brow and to the bottom of the precipice; and, precipice at their feet, in a clear, unbroken colfrom its own romantic situation, and the advan- umn, 158 feet high. Beneath and behind this tage it affords for viewing the surrounding pano- fall is the celebrated Cave of the Winds. From rama from many interesting points, which other- Luna Island, which is here connected with Goat wise could never have been approached, constitutes Island by a foot bridge, a similar view of the one of the most pleasing features of the scene. American Fall is obtained, and the finest which A few rods from Goat Island, towards the Amer- is to be had from any position above the banks. ican shore, the fall is again divided by the pro- The broad and massive stream pours over the jecting of a small island, called Prospect or Luna brink 163 feet, into the depth below. At the Island. The section which is included between opposite extremity of this great cataract, upon these islands is denominated the Central Fall, or the American shore, is also a fine position, at the Cascade. The distance across the fall, from Prospect Place, for a view of the entire falls. the American shore to Goat Island, is 65 rods; considered on the whole as the best panoramic across the front of Goat Island, 78 rods; around view which is to be had from the American side. the Horseshoe Fall, from Goat Island to the From the S. W. angle of Goat Island, towards Canada shore, 144 rods; and directly across, the British side, a most grand view is presented from the island to Table Rock, 74 rods. The of the Horseshoe Fall, the basin beneath, and the curve of this fall is somewhat less like that of rapids above. A bridge, called the Terrapin a horseshoe than it formerly was, having ap- Bridge, has been carried over the rapids at this proached a more angular form in the middle. point, about 250 feet, obliquely, towards the brink The greatest height of the falls is near the shore of the fall, to a position upon the rocks, where a on the American side, where the descent is 163 stone tower has been erected, called Prospect feet; near Goat Island, on the same side, it is Tower, which, from its open gallery at the top, 158 feet; near Goat Island, on the Canada side, 45 feet high, furnishes a magnificent view of the it is 154 feet; and at its termination, near Table whole of this stupendous scene. For a view of Rock, on the Canada shore, it is 150 feet. Vis- the rapids, perhaps no other point of observation itors are often somewhat disappointed, at first, in is equal to this. From this point the Horseshoe their impressions of the height of the falls, Fall is seen with the finest advantage, under the which is owing.to the unanticipated effect of their light of the morning sun, striking almost directly other immense proportions, - in length and in upon its front, and spanning the clouds of vapor volume of water. When time and varying points with its brilliant bow. This also is the place to of view have enabled the mind to stretch itself; enjoy the scene by the evening moonlight. The in some measure, to take in these vast dimensions bridge was formerly extended about 50 or 60 feet of the scene before it, then the awful grandeur beyond the tower, so as to project a few feet over of the height from which these mighty floods are the edge of the precipice, enabling the spectator descending, will not fail to be realized with al- to look directly down 150 feet to the boiling basin most overwhelming emotions. The different into, which the cataract of the Horseshoe Fall views which are to be obtained from below the descends. This, however, has been considered as falls are specially subservient to this effect. too daring an exposure of life to be prudently The situation of a small island in the rapids encountered, and therefore this extension of the above the American Fall, about midway between Terrapin Bridge has been broken up. the shore and Goat Island, which is called Bath There is a descent to the bottom of the falls Island, encouraged the attempt to construct a from the front of Goat Island, which is accombridge, over which the former might be safely plished by a covered winding staircase, erected reached. The work, though one of extreme in the year 1829 by the late Nicholas Biddle, Esq., difficulty and hazard, was successfully accom- of Philadelphia, and known as the Biddle Stairplished in 1818. This bridge, from the Ameri- case. The descent from the island to the margin can shore to Bath Island, is 28 rods in length, of the river here is 185 feet. From the foot of and then 16 rods between Bath and Goat Islands. the stairs, to the left, a path leads to the HorseIt crosses the rapids only 64 rods above the cat- shoe Fall, by which, when the wind is favorable, aract. On Bath Island a toll-house is estab- a passage may be effected with safety for sorie lished, where a register of the names of visitors way behind the sheet of falling water. To the is kept, and the payment of a fee of 25 cents right, from the staircase, a path leads to the celentitles each person to pass and repass as often ebrated Cave of the Winds, situated directly beas he may desire during the period of his stay. hind the Central Fall, towards the American side. On this island an extensive paper mill has been This cave, formed by a recess in the wall of the established. The immense water power which precipice, is about 120 feet across, 50 feet in might be obtained at these falls, for manufac- width, and 100 feet high. The sheet of water on taring purposes, is not improved to any great the one side, and the projecting rock on the other, extent, on account of their exposed frontier sit- form an overhanging arch of awful grandeur; uation in the event of war. and from the back of the cave, the sight and IN THE UNITED STATES. 659 sound of the rushing waters, and of the rever- to penetrate. There are many features of subberating winds pent up in their rocky confines, limity and of beauty belonging to a full descripthrill the soul with emotions never to be forgotten. tion of the Falls of Niagara, which must pass The passage of the river from one side to the unnoticed here. other is effected with ease and safety by a ferry, It is the opinion of those who have been long a few rods below the American Fall. This is resident near the falls, that not even the different maintained, during the season of the greatest kinds of fish that chance to be carried down ever concourse of visitors, by running a small steam- escape with life'; wild fowl too, it is said, never boat across, and at other seasons by small boats escape destruction if once brought by any means with oars. The descent to the ferry on the Amer- near to the verge of the main cataract. Three ican side is by a stairway, and also by a rail car, large British vessels, stationed on Lake Erie upon an inclined plane at an angle of 350, during the war of 1812, were, at the close of the and 325 feet in length, carried down and up by war, declared unfit for service, and condemned. the action of a wheel turned by water. On the Permission was obtained to send them over the British side, a winding carriage road has been falls. The first was torn to pieces by the rapids, constructed. One of the best views of the falls, and went over in fragments; the second founparticularly of those on the American side, is that dered before she reached the falls; but the third, which is enjoyed from the boat while crossing this which was stronger, took the leap in gallant ferry. The depth of the water here is 250 feet. style, and retained her figure till she was hidden A pleasing view of the falls is obtained from in the mist below. A reward of 10 dollars, which the wire suspension bridge, about 2 miles below, had been offered for the largest fragment of wood which is itself a wonder of art, now constituting from either wreck, was finally paid for the only an additional object of admiration for visitors splinter which was found, which was not above a at the falls. It spans the narrow gorge of the foot in length, ragged, and crushed as by a vice. Niagara River by a reach, from pier to pier, of There are other falls in this country which 800 feet iii length and 230 feet above the water. have a greater perpendicular descent than those The width of the bridge is 40 feet. It is sup- of Niagara; but there are none, either in this or ported by 16 wire cables, 1100 feet long and any other part of the known world, where such a upwards of 12 inches in circumference, having a mass of water, with such tremendous power, is strength equal to 6500 tons tension strain. precipitated from so great a height. If any thing But the best single and comprehensive view of can add to the emotions of sublimity awakened the falls is obtained from the banks on the Cana- by these amazing demonstrations of the Creator's dian shore, where a full view of the great Cres- might, it is the thought of their untiring encent or Horseshoe Fall is presented on the right, durance —of the centuries through which the while those on the American side, though more "voice of God as the sound of many waters" distant, are seen in their whole breadth pouring here has thundered its eternal peal. down almost directly in front. "' These groaning rocks the Almighty's finger piled; Table Rock, situated near the angle made by For ages here his painted bow has smiled, the shore on the Canada side with the precipice Marking the changes and the chance of timeover which the Horseshoe Fall descends, is a Eternal - beautiful-serene-sublime;' broad projecting crag, 150 feet above the bed of the river, from which this fearful cataract, with the NICOJACK CAVE, GA. agitated waters both above and below, and the This vast cave is situated in the N. W. ex American Fall, in comparative distance, are seen tremity of the state, having its entrance about 20 with the finest advantage. Portions of this rock miles S. W. of the Lookout Mountain, and half have fallen off, at different times within the mem- a mile from the S. bank of the Tennessee. - The ory of man, somewhat curtailing its original width of the entrance is 25 feet, and the roof vadimensions. This fact, together with the changes ries from 5 to 60 feet in height. The Students' in the shape of the British Fall, from a compara- Cave, first explored by the students of Mercer tively gradual curve, according to authentic data, University in 1848, which has its entrance about in 1678, to its present more angular outline, might 4 miles distant, in Tennessee, is supposed to be seem to favor the belief of some geologists, that connected with this. the falls have been, and are still, continually re- The interior passages and apartments of these ceding, and leaving behind them the high banks caves afford much both to astonish and delight the of a channel which they have been excavating visitor. Spacious rooms and lofty domes, tall perhaps ever since the creation. It is certain, columns and glittering pendants from the ceilhowever, that the lapse of 250 years has wit- ings, arches and resemblances to architectural nessed no perceptible alteration in the geograph- facades, entablatures, and other decorations, conical position of this wonder of nature. stitute a succession of interesting objects, the exNear Table Rock there is another staircase by tent of which is not definitely known. The railwhich visitors may descend to the foot of the roads from Charleston and Savannah to the Horseshoe Fall, and place themselves in a situ- Tennessee River afford a ready communication ation to feel the full impression of that tremen- with the region in which these caves are situated. dous power which is making the rocky foundations underneath to tremble. Here, too, those OLD MAN OF THE MOUNTAIN, N. H. who are able to do it may pass, with a guide to See Franconia Notch, p. 266. direct them, a distance of 230 feet behind this great sheet of water, to a narrow ledge, upon whicb there is scarcely space to stand, called Ter- OLD ORCHAR BEACH, ME. mination Rock, and there gaze at the arch above, This fine beach is in the town of Saco, which which appears threatening to fall and crush them, lies on the Eastern Railroad, about 15 miles or look down into the abyss as far as the flashing S. W. of Portland. From the mouth of the Saco waters and the rising mists will permit the eye River, which here enters the ocean, the beach 660 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, stretches 5 miles and more to the N. E., and is delightful spot is so easy, and the natural charms uncommonly smooth and hard over its whole of the place so great, that, with public accommoextent. The situation is retired and agreeable dations which are all that guests can desire, it has for visitors, being separated from the town by a become a favorite place of fashionable resort. narrow tract of pine wood, through which there The distance from Boston is 12 miles. are cool and pleasant rides. Accommodations are provided here for a considerable number of PICTURED ROCKS, LAKE SUPERIOR. visitors. See p. 251. ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS, N. Y., PINE ORCHARD, N. Y., Are upon the shores and in the neighborhood Is the name given to an elevated terrace of of the lake of this name, which lies wholly in table land, or ledge, upon the Catskill MounOnondaga co. They are principally owned by tains, about 2300 feet above the level of the the state, and bring to it a handsome revenue. Hudson River. Formerly it was covered with a They are the largest and best in the U. S. The scattered growth of pines, which, in its wild state, making of salt, both by solar evaporation and by give to it the name of Pine Orchard. Upon the artificial heat, is carried on very extensively at E. verge of this table of rock, of about 6 acres in Salina, Syracuse, Liverpool, and Geddes, places extent, stands the Catskill Mountain House, adjoining each other, which are all included about 140 feet in length, and 4 stories high, within the limits of the Onondaga Salt Springs which has been erected for the accommodation Reservation. The original Reservation, indeed, of visitors, who resort here in great numbers in embraced a much larger extent; but the whole, the summer season, to enjoy the extensive prosnot included within these several places, has pect, the cool, exhilarating atmosphere, and the been sold to private landholders. wild surrounding scenery. Few places of fashSalt was first made on this tract at Salt Point, ionable resort present stronger attractions than near the margin of the lake, and within the pres- this. A line of stages runs between Catskill on ent limits of Salina. The earliest systematic the Hudson River and the Mountain House, a arrangements for carrying on the business, as distance of 12 miles. The ride to the foot of the far as records show, date back as far as 1787. mountain is not specially interesting; but the The principal spring is at Salina, which affords ascent, by a very circuitous route, from every an inexhaustible supply of water, yielding, to successive opening and turn of which some new every 40 gallons about one bushel of pure salt. and more extensive vista is presented to the eye The water is forced up by hydraulic engines into continually, is in a high degree inspiring and dea large reservoir, from which it is conducted in lightful. And when at length the lofty eminence pipes to the various works at Syracuse, and other is reached, there opens, from the front of the noble places in the vicinity. The amount of the duty edifice, a prospect of vast extent and beauty; on salt, accruing to the state from these works, embracing an apparently endless succession of in 1850, was $44,364. woods and waters, farms and villages, towns and cities, spread out as in a boundless panorama, PASSAIC FALLS, N. J. over which all inequalities of surface are overThese beautiful falls are on the Passaic River, looked. The beautiful Hudson appears narat Paterson, 13 miles N. of Newark, and 17 rowed in the distance, with numerous vessels miles from New York. They are easily reached scattered along its silvery line, discerned, as far by railroad from New York, and constitute one as the eye can reach, by their canvas gleaming in of the favorite resorts for citizens and strangers the sun, and with the trailing cloud of some from the city. The river here, after pouring smoking steamboat almost constantly in sight. over a dam several feet high, erected immedi- The view embraces an area of about 70 miles ately on the brow of the falls, and rushing thence N. and S.. Far in the E. outline rise the Taghdown a steep declivity, on its natural rocky bed, kanic mountains, and the highlands of Ct. and some 20 or 30 feet, finally makes a plunge over Ms. To the left are seen the Green Mountains of a perpendicular precipice, about 60 feet high, into Vt., stretching away into the N. till their blue a chasm between two walls of the rock, from summits are blended with the sky. At other which the waters emerge through a fissure times all the prospect below is enveloped in a at right angles to the direction of the cataract. rolling sea of mist and cloud, surging with the The rocks, being of a basaltic character, are of wind, and presenting ever new and fanciful rectilinear form, and perpendicular in their posi- forms to the sight. Thunder storms are not untion, which gives a remarkably bold and impos- frequently seen passing below the spectator, while ing aspect to the scenery. This also accounts the atmosphere is delightfully clear and cool for -the comparatively smooth surfaces of this around him. There are two small lakes a short deep excavation. By the dam above the falls, a distance behind the Mountain House, which, portion of the river is diverted for the purpose uniting their outlets in one stream, and pouring of obtaining the valuable water power by which them over a precipice 175 feet at one leap, and the extensive factories at Paterson are carried 80 feet at another, into an immense ravine beon. This has much diminished the beauty of tween two mountain ridges, present a waterfall the falls, except at seasons of high water, when which is one of the most wild and at the same they appear in their original grandeur. time pleasing curiosities of nature. This is the source of the Kaaterskill River, which winds its PHILLIPS'S POINT, MS., way into the Hudson at Catskill village. A view Juts out into Massachusetts Bay, about 3 miles of these falls is easily obtained by a walk or ride N. of the centre of Lynn, on the N. side of the of a mile or two from Pine Orchard. entrance to the peninsula on which Nahant is situated. Here is a beach of great beauty, of PLUM ISLAND, M1S. about half a mile in length. The access to this See Newburyport. IN THE UNITED STATES. 661 PLEASANT MOUNTAIN, ME. be termed a prejudice. Still it has its foundation This mountain, which is now much resorted to in the nature of man, and will never be eradicatfor its cool, invigorating air and lovely prospect, ed, either by philosophy or ridicule.... When by the people of our eastern cities, is situated in we call to mind the history of their sufferings on the town of Bridgeton. by the travelled route about both sides of the Atlantic, when we remember 50 miles W. from Portland. The excursion to their preeminent patience, their unspotted piety, the foot of the mountain is itself a delightful one, their immovable fortitude, their undaunted resohaving the pleasant variety of a ride in the cars lution, their love to each other, their justice and 10 miles out. to Gorham, and thence 8 miles by humanity to the savages, and their freedom from stage coach to the Sebago Lake, over which, and all those stains whiich elsewhere spotted the charthe other lakes connected with it by romantic acter even of their companions in affliction, we streams, the trip to Bridgeton, 30 miles, in the cannot but view them as illustrious brothers, little steamer which plies upon these waters, is claiming the veneration and applause of all their quite enchanting. The mountain is more than posterity. 2000 feet above the level of the sea. The view "The institutions, civil, literary, and religious, from its summit is extensive, reaching to the by which New England is distinguished on this ocean on one hand and the White Mountains on side the Atlantic, began here. Here the manner the other, and embracing 30 or 40 beautiful sheets of holding lands in free socage, now universal of water, with the steamer, like a thing of life, in this country, commenced. Here the right of winding her way among them; together with suffrage was imparted to every citizen, to every many neat and pretty villages, which dot the inhabitant not disqualified by poverty or vice. landscape in various directions. Sometimes the Here was formed the first establishment of towns, morning mists are seen lying along the valleys, of the local legislature which is called a town giving the spectator to realize something like the meeting, and of the peculiar town executive privilege of a celestial elevation above the clouds. styled the selectmen. Here the first parochial The ascent is accomplished with perfect ease, school was set up, and the system originated for by a good mountain path, for about one mile, on communicating to every child in the community horseback or on foot, as may suit the visitor. An the knowledge of reading, writing, and arithmeexcellent house has been erected on the summit, tic. Here, also, the first building was erected for where boarders can enjoy every comfort and the worship of God, the first religious assembly luxury they may desire, from a well-spread table, gathered, and the first minister called and settled, neat and well-furnished apartments, piano-forte, by the voice of the church and congregation. and other accompaniments of our fashionable On these simple foundations has since been erecthotels. No elevation, perhaps, in New England, ed a structure of good order, peace, liberty, is so easily reached, where at once so fine a pros- knowledge, morals, and religion, with which pect may be enjoyed, and the accommodations of nothing on this side the Atlantic can bear a reso comfortable a home obtained. mote comparison." Since the opening of the Old Colony Railroad, PLYMOUTH ROCK, MS. in 1845, connecting Plymouth with Boston, from This interesting locality takes the precedence, which it is distant 37J miles S. E., the access to in some important respects, of all other places this interesting spot is rendered easy, and the of public resort in our country. A natural and number of visitors, especially in the summer laudable desire to stand, upon the spot where the season, has very much increased. The Samoset forefathers of New England landed from the House, a spacious and well-kept hotel, in a deMayflower, in 1620; to survey the natural fea- lightful situation, looking out upon the harbor, tures of the harbor, and the shore on which, in offering the most tempting inducements to perits wild and wintry desolation, their eyes first sons from the city to find a residence here durrested as their home in the new world; and to ing the heat of summer, and always filled with feel the inspiration of the scenes where our glo- boarders during that season, furnishes another rious institutions of civil and religious freedom means of augmenting the number of strangers in were first conceived and nurtured; cannot fail Plymouth. who are interested to find out whatto operate, with increasing numbers of our citi- ever is to be seen or known of the antiquities of zens, to induce them, at least once in their lives, the place. to make a pilgrimage to the Rock of Plymouth. The first object, of course, for which the visitor "No New Englander," says Dr. Dwight, "who inquires, is, TIIrE RocK, -" FOREFATHERS' is willing to indulge his native feelings, can stand RocK." This remains, except a portion of it upon the rock where our ancestors set the first which has been placed in front of Pilgrim Hall, in foot after their arrival on the American shore, its original position, where the Pilgrims stepped without experiencing emotions very different from upon it from their " shallop;" although the those which are excited by any common object whole appearance of the spot has been changed of the same nature. No New Englander could by the erection of a wharf and warehouses over be willing to have that rock buried and forgotten. and around it. The rock lies buried to its surLet him reason as much, as coldly, and as in- face in the earth at the head of "Hedge's Wharf," geniously as he pleases, he will still regard that and between two stores which stand on either spot with emotions wholly different from those side of the passage to the wharf from Water which are excited by other places of equal or Street, a few feet S. of North Street. The top of even superior importance.... Plymouth was the rock is bare, and upon a level with the presthe first town built in New England by civilized ent surface of the ground. It is about 64 feet man; and those by whom it was built were infe- broad in its horizontal diameter, and, since the rior in worth to no body of men whose names removal of the portion which lies in front of are recorded in history during the last seventeen Pilgrim Hall, about 4 feet in vertical thickness. hundred years. A kind of venerableness arising In its geological character it is a Bowlder, like from these facts attaches to this town, which may the Pilgrims themselves, a stranger upon these 662 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, shores; and is described as "an extremely hard erected over it, and it was to be made the talis. variety of scienitic granite, of a dark gray color. man of resistance to civil oppression. In the The mica is in very small quantity, in fine black attempt to raise it from its bed, however, the particles; and the rock, by its rounded edges, rock was split asunder; which by some was inbears evidence of its solid character, as well as of terpreted as a favorable omen, indicating a final the attempts to break specimens from it; which, separation between the colonies and the mother fortunately, its extreme hardness renders seldom country. After some hesitation, the conclusion successful." was, to leave the lower part of the rock in its De Tocqueville, in his work on America, makes place, and to remove the other, which was accordthe following beautiful comment upon Plymouth ingly carried to the town square, and honored as Rock: "This rock," he says, "has become an before mentioned. Here it remained until 1834; object of veneration in the United States. I when, on the anniversary of American Independhave seen bits of it carefully preserved in several ence, it was again removed to the area in front towns of the Union. Does not this sufficiently of Pilgrim Hall, and enclosed in an elliptical show that all human power and greatness is in iron railing prepared for its reception; into the the soul of man 1 Here is a stone, which the festoons of which are cast the 41 immortal names feet of a few outcasts pressed for an instant; and who subscribed the first civil compact, on board the stone becomes famous; it is treasured by the Mayflower, November 11, 1620. a great nation; its very dust is shared as a relic. Pleasing and appropriate, however, as is this And what has become of the gateways of a honored enshrinement of the fragment of the rock thousand palaces? Who cares for them " which has been removed, it is matter of much Should the stranger inquire how it is known greater felicitation to the sons of the Pilgrims, with certainty that this is the very rock which that the great body of it remains, to mark the first received the feet of the Pilgrims, it may be spot where they first descended upon the shores well to state, that, besides the general and undis- of the new world, and took possession of its wide puted tradition to that effect, among a people domain, as an asylum for liberty and truth. To from the first intelligent and well informed, and one standing upon this sacred spot, how full of in addition to the natural probability of the fact, force and beauty is the graphic language of from the size and situation of this solitary bowl- Daniel Webster, in his centennial address of 1820! der lying at the water's edge, the following cir- "Beneath us is the rock on which New Engcumstances, in themselves full of interest, have land received the feet of the Pilgrims. We seem placed this matter beyond a doubt. Elder even to behold them, as they struggle with the Thomas Faunce, the last ruling elder in the first elements, and with toilsome efforts gain the church of Plymouth, who was born at Plymouth shore. We listen to the chiefs in council; we in 1646, was of course well acquainted with a see the unexampled exhibition of female fortitude considerable number of those who arrived in the and resignation; we hear the whisperings of Mayflower, some of whom were still alive un- youthful impatience; and we see, what a painter til he was of the age of 20 or 25 years. He of our own has also represented by his pencil, lived to the year 1745, and died in his 99th year. chilled and shivering childhood, houseless but for In the year 1741, Elder Faunce, learning that a mother's arms, couchless but for a mother's preparations were making for the erection of a breast, till our own blood almost freezes. The wharf near or over the rock, and feeling an mild dignity of CARVER and of BRADFORD: anxiety in regard to its exposure, in the march the decisive and soldier-like air of STANDISH; of improvement, to be injured or displaced, the devout BREWSTER; the enterprising ALthough at the advanced age of 95 years, and in LERTON; the general firmness and thoughtfuldeclining health, left his residence, about 3 miles ness of the whole band; their conscious joy for distant, and, in the presence of many citizens, dangers escaped; their deep solicitude about pointed out the rock as that on which the Pil- dangers to come; their trust in Heaven; their grims landed, and then himself took a final leave high religious faith, full of confidence and anticiof this cherished memorial of the fathers. These pation, - all these seem to belong to this place, circumstances have been related by several aged and to be present upon this occasion, to fill us persons, who were present on the occasion, to with reverence and admiration." those of the present generation; particularly by From the Rock the visitor will naturally turn to the late honorable Ephraim Spooner, deacon of PILGRIM HALL. This handsome edifice, erected the first church of Plymouth 41 years, and 52 by the Pilgrim Society, which was formed in years town clerk, who died in 1818, and who, as 1820, to commemorate the landing, and to honor was happily said by President Holley, in his ad- the memory, of the Pilgrims, is situated on the dress at the commemoration of the landing in E. side of Court Street, a short distance N. of 1817, " knew and conversed with Elder Faunce, Court Square. The corner stone of this monuwho personally knew the first settlers; - so Poly- mental edifice was laid, with religious solemnities, carp conversed with St. John, the beloved disci- September 1, 1824. It is constructed of granite. pie of our Savior." in a plain and substantial style of architecture, 70 Allusion has been made to the fact that a por- feet in length by 40 feet in width. having a pedition of Forefathers' Rock has been removed and ment in front, supported by six Doric columns. placed in front of Pilgrim Hall. This came In the body of the building is a spacious hall, about in the following manner: In the year appropriated to the reception of interesting relics 1774, when the spirit of national independence and memorials of the Pilgrims, and to the meetwas coming to its crisis in the controversy with ings of the Pilgrim Society. In the basement is the parent country, some zealous whigs, seeking a dining-room, intended for their accommodation to avail themselves in this great cause of the pa- whenever a great commemoration of the landing triotic associations connected with Plymouth is held at Plymouth. Rock, undertook to procure its removal to the The objects of interest in Pilgrim Hall are too town square, where a liberty pole was to be many to be here particularly described. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 663 fine historical painting, representing the landing others to be chosen for the purpose of bringing of the Pil(rims, designed and executed by the under the eye at one view all the interesting late Henry Sargent, Esq., of Boston, and by him localities of Plymouth. Imagining, therefore, presented to the Pilgrim Society, occupies a con- that our readers stand with us spicnons position on the east end of the room. It is on a canvas 13 feet by 16, and embraces, in Where the Pilgrim sleepeth now," its interesting group of figures, all the most important personages of that memorable day, to- we shall, as rapidly as possible, complete our gether with SAMOSET, the Indian sagamore, who, survey of whatever is most intimately associated bly artistic license, is made to be an astonished, here with the memory of the Pilgrim Fathers. though not unfriendly observer of the scene. The Lying before us on the E. are the harbor and room contains a portrait of the first Governor the bay, above which our point of observation is Winslow, and also of the second governor, his son, elevated 165 feet. From this point the eye is copied from the originals, painted in London. enabled, in a clear atmosphere, sometimes to There are, besides these, many others of great discern the white sand cliffs of Cape Cod, across value, but none of those who came in the May- the bay, at a distance of 25 miles; within which, flower, except that of Winslow. on the 11th of November, 1620, the Mayflower, Among a great variety of antiquarian relics are, after a passage of 98 days, joyfully cast her a chair of Governor Carver, the sword of Miles anchor, and where she remained until the coast Standish. the original letter of King Philip to had been explored to find a place of settlement. Governor Prince, and many utensils and articles There, on that day, before taking the first step of furniture brought over in the Mayflower. There in this urgent undertaking, the Pilgrims drew up is also here a library, composed of ancient and and signed their ever-memorable compact for a appropriate books, to which, as well as to the free government; of which John Quincy Adams cabinet itself, additions are continually making. has said, " This is perhaps the only instance in The early records of the colony, with the original human history of that positive original social signatures of the first men in authority, are kept compact which speculative philosophers have in the office of the Register of Probate, at the imagined as the only legitimate source of govcourt house, and alre very politely exhibited by ernment. Here," he adds, "was a unanimous him to all who are interested to call and exam- and personal assent, by all the individuals of the ine them. community, to the association by which they BuRYING HILL is the next interesting locality became a nation." which will attract the steps of the stranger in Contracting now the scope of vision to the Plymouth. This was originally called Fort Hill, entrance of the harbor, about 8 miles E. of the because it was here that in 1622 the Pilgrims erect- town, Alanomet Point is seen on the right or S. ed a building for defence against apprehended in- side, which is the termination of Manomet Hill, vasions from the Indians, upon which their soli- about 400 feet high; and on the left or N. side, tary piece of ordnance was mounted. This build- the Gurnet, a promontory connected with Marshing'served them also for a meeting-house, and field by a low beach, and forming a fine situation was fitted accordingly for that use." A second for the beautiful double light which has been and more substantial fort was erected here on the placed upon it. approach of Philip's war, in 1675. The site of A tongue of land springing from the shore on this ancient fort is distinctly marked, on the S. the S. side of the harbor, and extending N. 3 E. part of the hill, overlooking the bay and the miles, directly in front of the town, from half a surrounding country in every direction. mile to a mile distant from it, divides this lessee Governor Carver, and those of the Pilgrims who bay into the outer and the inner harbors. On died during the first year, were not buried in this the outward side of this natural barrier there is ground, but upon Cole's Hill, a lower elevation, the fine beach so well known as Plymouth Beach, near the water's edge, just above where the high which is commenstrate with its whole extent. terrace wall from Water Street now is, which was From the Gurnet, along the N. side of the in the close vicinity of the first enclosure made outer harbor, and round the point of the beach, for their habitations. These early graves were lies the Chaannel, through which, after careful carefully smoothed over, in order that the In- soundings had been made, the Mayflower, with dians might not perceive how greatly death had her precious fieight, was finally brought up a4 reduced their numerical strength. far as to an anchorage a little N. E. of the Burying Hill, however, soon after 1622, began Beach's Point, where she lay from the 16th of to be used as their place of sepulture; and here December to the 5th of April following, a period the generations of the dead in Plymouth have been of 110 days. gathered to their fathers for more than two cen- Nearly in the same range beyond, and apparturies and a quarter. Guides have been placed ently in conjunction with the Duxbury shore, along the paths, which have been tastefully laid on the N. side of the harbor, is seen Clark's out through the ground, to direct the notice of Island, memorable as the spot where the first the visitor to some of the earliest and most hal- New England Sabbath was kept, by a portion of lowed graves. No dates, however, are legible the Pilgrims, while the Mayflower was yet lying upon these stones earlier than 1681. But a new at Cape Cod. Being out in their shallop on an white marble monument has been placed over the exploring tour, they were driven by a storm, on grave of Governor BRADFORD; who was chosen the night of December 8, to take shelter under governor after the death of Carver, in 1621, and the lee of this island, which is protected, in some was elected to the same office every year until measure, from the violence of the ocean by a his death, in 1657, excepting for five years, projecting head land, a little to the S. E., called when, as Winthrop says, he " by importunity Saquish. This was their first introduction into got off." Plymouth harbor, and is the true original of A position on Burying Hill is the one of all Mrs. Hemans's graphic picture: 664 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, " The breaking waves dashed high S. side of the street, near the S. E. declivity of the On a stern and rock-bound coast; hill towards the water side. And the woods against a stormy sky The first meeting-house stood in the Town Square, very nearly upon what is now the site of "And the heavy night hung dark the meeting-house built in 1840, by the TrinitaThe hills and waters o'er, he hills a and watof exiles moored their barkr, rian, or Third Church, which, in honor of the When a band of exiles moored their bark On wild New England's shore." Pilgrims, has taken the name of the Church of the Pilgrimage. The 9th being extremely cold, they spent the The most elevated ground which is seen on the day in drying their.arms, repairing their shallop, S. from Burying Hill, and immediately in the and exploring the island. The next day being rear of that part of the town which lies on the the Sabbath, "they rested according to the com- opposite side of the stream, is known as WATmandment;" and here, their company being sor's HILL. By the Fathers it was called Straweighteen in number, they prayed and sang praises berry Hill. It was on the summit of this hill that for the first time on those heathen shores to Him MASSASOIT appeared with his train of sixty men; for whose pure faith and worship they had suf- and from this place hostages were exchanged befered and sacrificed so much in coming to this tween him and the Pilgrims in the town, and nenew world. gotiations carried on, in consequence of which the first treaty of peace and friendship was established " Amidst the storm they sang;- with the Indians. And the stars heard, and the sea! The general aspect of the landscape south of And the sounding aisles of the dim woods rangite nique, moulded by the drift To the anthem of the free!" tile town is quite unique, moulded by the drift formation, which overlies this section of the A short distance to the left of Clark's Island, coast, and presenting a congeries of little rounded on the Duxbury shore, there rises, directly from hillocks, which reminds one of the rolling sea the water's edge, a low and regularly-formed hill, itself. This singular contour of the surface acentirely under cultivation, which is known as counts for a great number of beautiful ponds, Captain's Hill; this being a portion of the said to be about 200, within the precincts of the land assigned at an early period to CAPTAIN town. But our limits, already much exceeded, STANDISH, the intrepid military leader of the forbid us to point out other interesting localiPilgrims. Upon this farm he settled, and built a ties. The view presented from this eminence, house near where the little cluster of buildings embracing the harbor and the shores of the bay now stands, at a little distance from the shore, on for miles around, especially when clothed with the S. W. side of the hill. Some ruins of this the associations of history peculiar to the spot, ancient house, which was finally consumed by is not inferior in interest and beauty to any in the fire, still remain to attract the curiosity of the country. antiquarian. Before we take leave of it, let us be reminded Contracting now our view within the precincts again that we stand among the graves of the Pilof the town itself, which lies spread out around grims, and of the venerated forefathers who early us, it will be easy to trace the plan of the settle- joined them in their sacred enterprise. We tread ment, as it was first laid out and occupied by the upon the ashes of those to whom we are indebted, Pilgrims. We look directly down before us under Providence, for all which we hold most through Leyden Street, running from the Town valuable in our religious, civil, and social inheritSquare, in front of the Gothic meeting-house, to ance as a people. Verily they have received, in the water side; lying as near as may be upon the glorious measure, the recompense of the " blessed steep margin of the stream which here flows into dead," who rest from their labors, and their works do the harbor from the W. It was along this street, follow them. formerly called First Street, that on the afternoon We cannot better conclude than with an exof the 28th of December, they proceeded to meas- tract from the beautiful hymn of Dr. Oliver ure out their grounds, intending to build a row of Wendell Holmes, at the celebration of the Land houses upon each side of the street, commencing ing, in 1846:from what is now Town Square. "And first," they say, "we took notice how many families "The weary Pilgrim slumbers, there were;: willing all single men that had no His resting-place unknown, there were; willing all single men that had no His hands were crossed, his lids were closed, wives to join with some family, as they thought The dust was o'er him thrown; fit, that so we might build fewer houses; which The drifting soil, the mouldering leaf was done, and we reduced them to nineteen fam- Along the sod were blown; ilies. *To greater families we allotted larger vHis mound has melted into earth; ilies. To egreater families we allotted larger His memory lives alone. plots; to every person half a pole in breadth and three in length; and so lots were cast where every i" So let it live unfading, man should lie; which was done and staked out. The memory of the dead, We thought this proportion was large enough at Long as the pale anemone the first, for houses and gardens, to empale them Springs where their tears were shed, round; considering the weakness of our people, In flakes of burning red, many of them growing ill with colds," &c..... The wild rose sprinkles with its leaves ";' We agreed that every man should build his own The turf where once they bled house; thinking, by that course, men would make "Yea, when the frowning bulwarks, more haste than working in common." That guard this holy strand, They had previously completed one frame Have sunk beneath the trampling surge, building, about 20 feet square, which was to In beds of sparkling sand, While in the waste of ocean, serve them as a common shelter, until separate One hoary rock shall stand, dwellings could be erected. This, which was the Be this its latest legend - first building in the colony, was situated on the HERE WAS THE PILGRIM'S LANOD. IN THE UNITED STATES. 665 QUEBEC. foundation of which was laid by Champlain in City and river port of Canada, on the W. bank 1624. The position is a most commanding one, of the St. Lawrence, about 340 miles from its upon the very brink of an almost perpendicular mouth, and about 180 miles below Montreal. precipice of rock, 200 feet above the river, flowAs many of our readers will be interested to ing almost at its base. This castle was the resiknow some of the more important particulars dence of the French and English governors, of a place so remarkable in its features, and so until it was destroyed by fire in 1834. Lord much frequented by persons from the United Durham, during his administration, had the site States on their excursions of pleasure in the cleared and levelled, floored with wood, and consummer months, we shall give a brief notice of verted into a spacious platform, with a railing it here. carried quite over the edge of the precipice, makQuebec is situated upon the extremity of an ing it one of the most beautiful promenades elevated ridge, or bluff, between the St. Lawrence imaginable. From this platform, which is called and the St. Charles Rivers, at their point of junc- Lord Durham's Terrace, is had an extensive view tion. Its ground plan in this respect very nearly of the St. Lawrence, as far down as the Isle of resembles that of the city of New York. The Orleans; of the harbor filled with shipping, and extreme angle of this promontory of rock, upon the opposite bank of the river; with Point Levi; and around which the city is built, and which is the village of D'Aubigny; and the road, leading called Cape Diamond, rises, on the side next to up through one continuous line of cottages, to the St. Lawrence, almost perpendicularly to the the Falls of the Chaudiere; with the mountains height of about 340 feet, giving to the place, in the distance gradually fading from the view. and especially to the citadel which crowns its From this point of observation, much of the summit, a most commanding appearance, from Lower town and of the shipping at the wharves whatever direction it is first approached. On lies far below the eye, and almost directly under the 17th of May, 1841, a large portion, about the feet of the spectator. 250 feet, of this cliff fell away, causing the ruin Crossing the Place d'Armes from the Terrace of several buildings and the death of about to Des Carrieres Street, the visitor will see the 30 persons. beautiful monument, erected by Lord Dalhousie, Quebec is naturally divided into the Upper " To the Immortal Memory of Wolfe and Montand the Lower town. The Lower town, which calm." This monument, at the period of its erecis the oldest, and lies wholly without the walls, tion, stood in the garidens of the chateau. partly at the foot of Cape Diamond and partly But to the American visitor, Quebec is most extending round to the St. Charles, has narrow extraordinary for the costliness, perfection, and and dirty streets, which are in some parts steep strength of its means of defence against an invadand winding, "the most crowded parts of:he ing enemy. It is, in the first place, by its natural old town of Edinburgh not being more irregular situation, a "munition of rocks" — the " Gibor confined than the Lower town of Quebec." raltar of America." The whole Upper town is The streets in the Upper town, though rather surrounded by a lofty wall, with fortifications, narrow, are generally clean, and paved or mac- about 3 miles in extent. All communication adamized. Both sections are almost wholly built from without is through massive gates, protected of stone, and the public buildings and most of by heavy cannon, and attended by a military the houses in the Upper town are roofed with guard constantly on duty. The W. part of the tin, the glitter of which in the sun has a very city, being comparatively deficient in natural brilliant effect, though not altogether in keeping strength, has been covered by a combination of with the venerable aspect and associations of the regular works, upon the most approved system, place in other respects. The public buildings comprising ramparts, bastion, ditch, and glacis. are substantial rather than elegant. The Roman In advance of these, also, to strengthen the deCatholic Cathedral of Notre Dame; the Cathe- fences of the city on the W., this being the only dral of the English Church; the old Episcopal quarter from which an invader can approach by palace, afterwards, for a time, the seat of the land, 4 martello towers have been erected on the Canadian legislature; the quadrangular build- Plains of Abraham. They extend from the St. ing, formerly the College of Jesuits, but now a Lawrence to the Coteau St. Genevieve, at the disbarrack; with the Quebec Bank;- all these in tance of 500 or 600 yards from each other. They the Upper town, and the government warehouses are constructed with almost impregnable strength in the Lower town, constitute the principal public on their outer side, and the platform on the top edifices. There are three nunneries in Quebec, is furnished with cannon of a heavy calibre; but one of which, the elotel Dieu, answers a valuable on the side next to the city, they are so built as purpose as a hospital. It was founded by the to be easily battered down by the guns from the Duchess Aiguillon in 1637. Its chapel contains walls or from the citadel, in the event of an enesome fine paintings. The Ursuline Nunnery, near my's gaining possession of them. The citadel the centre of the Upper town, founded in 1639, is itself occupies the highest point of Cape Diamond, a neat building surrounded by a garden. The from which it frowns with terror upon the foe in chapel is ornamented with appropriate decora- every direction in which access can be had to the tions and with handsome paintings. The nuns city by water or by land. This fortress is conof this institution are very rigid in their seclusion. structed upon the most gigantic scale, and upon Only persons of distinction are admitted within the most approved principles of the art. It inthe walls, though admittance to the chapel can eludes an area of about 40 acres, accommodates be more freely enjoyed upon application to the the garrison, and contains a beautiful parade chaplain. The body of the French General ground, with a prison, and with magazines and Montcalm was deposited within this convent. warlike implements, which are immense. The Near the cathedral is the Place d'Armes, or officers' barrack is a fine building, looking diparade ground, where, on the E. of the Penta- rectly down upon the St. Lawrence. The solgon, once stood the Castle of St. Louis, the diers' quarters are under the ramparts. If not 84 666 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, accompanied to the citadel by a citizen, the vis- disembarked his army. The roads on all these itor must obtain a ticket of admission from the routes are mostly good, and the obliging French office of the adjutant general in the city, upon drivers are not unreasonable in their charges. which he will be courteously received, and will Steamboats run constantly, during the travelhave the honor of a guard to accompany him to ling season, between Quebec and Montreal; and all parts of the work which the regulations permit also from Quebec to the River Saguenay, 140 the stranger to inspect. It is approached by a miles down the St. Lawrence, and then up the zigzag pathway, with 32-pounders staring you in Saguenay from 50 to 90 miles, which has become the face at every turn. When inside, it looks like a fashionable excursion. a world in itself; though not that in which it The principal hotels in Quebec are the Albion, might seem the lion would ever lie down with the in Palace Street, and Payne's Hotel, in St. Ann lamb. The walk around the ramparts is the most Street, in the Upper town; and in the Lower delightful that can be imagined, commanding a town, the Ottawa House and the St. Lawrence prospect in every direction of 50 miles in extent, Hotel. replete with all the elements which enter into the formation of a perfect landscape. The author RED SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. of Hochelaga.thus glowingly describes this pano- These springs are situated in the S. part of ramic view from the citadel: "Take mountain, Monroe co., 42 miles from the White'Sulphur, and plain, sinuous river and broad tranquil water, 17 miles from the Salt Sulphur, and 32 miles stately ship and tiny boat, gentle hill and shady from the Sweet Springs. They are among the valley, bold headland and rich fruitful field, most celebrated of the Virginia springs for their frowning battlement and cheerful villa, flowery medicinal effects, and are visited by a larger progarden and sombre forest; - group them all into portion of invalids, perhaps, than any other. the choicest picture of ideal beauty your fancy Their decidedly beneficial influence upon concan create; arch it over with a cloudless sky; sumptive patients, in the earlier stages of that light it up with a radiant sun; and, lest the scene disease, has given them an extensive reputation. should be too dazzling, hang a veil of light haze Neuralgic cases, also, of the most obstinate charover all, to soften the light and perfect the re- acter, have yielded to their influence. Scrofula, pose; —you will then have seen Quebec on this diseased liver, chronic diarrhcea, chronic rlleumaSeptember morning." tism, gravel, dropsy, and diseases of the skin are Besides what has been above described, there among the disorders for which these waters have is the extensive suburb of St. Roch. lying beyond been found an efficacious remedy. the ramparts on the N. W., between the Upper "The Red Sulphur water," says a physician town and the S. shore of the St. Charles River, who has given an account of them from personal which is the only portion of Quebec built on ground observation, "is decidedly sedative in its effects. approaching to a smooth and level surface. Al- It subdues chronic inflammation, tranquillizes most the whole of this section, comprising near a irritation, and reduces the frequency of the pulse third part of the-city, was desolated by fire a in the most astonishing manner. It has been number of years ago, and has been but very im- considered peculiarly adapted to the cure of pulperfectly rebuilt. monary diseases; but its good effects equally The Plains of Abraham, covered with pastures extend to all cases of sub-acute inflammation, and cultivated fields, lie spread out on the W. of whether seated in the stomach, liver, spleen, inthe city, so remarkable in history as the scene of testines, kidneys, or bladder, and most particuthe sanguinary conflict, as the result of which, in larly in the mucous membrane." 1759, Quebec was taken from the French, by the The following is the result of an analysis of British army under the command of the brave these waters by Professor Rogers, the geologist General Wolfe, who received here his mortal of Virginia: — wound, and died upon the field, at the moment To 1 gallon, sulphuretted hydrogen, cubic when victory declared in his favor. The spot is inches, 4.54; carbonic acid, 8.75; nitrogen, 4.25; marked by a small stone monument;on which he making the gaseous contents 17.54. breathed his last in the arms of his friends, ex- Solid contents of 32 cubic inches of water, claiming, as he heard the shouts, " They fly! they 1.25; consisting of sulphate of soda, lime, and fly!" "Then I die happy." The French Gen- magnesia, carbonate of lime, and muriate of soda. eral Montcalm also was killed in the action. Temperature, 540 Fahrenheit. The spot is also marked upon the bottom of the A visitor to the Red Sulphur Springs thus cliff, in the Lower town, near which General Mont- describes the natural situation and the accommogomery, together with most of his personal staff, dations of the place: - was killed during the American revolution, while "The approach to the village is beautifully making an attempt, in the night, to force an romantic and picturesque. Wending his way entrance into the city. The remains of the gen- around a high mountain, the weary traveller is eral were interred by a soldier, and were removed for a moment charmed out of his fatigue by the in 1818 to New York, where they now rest, in sudden view of his resting-place, some hundreds front of St. Paul's Church, on Broadway. of feet immediately beneath him. Continuing There are several places of resort, which are the circuitous descent, he at length reaches a well worthy of a visit, in the vicinity of Quebec. ravine, which conducts him, after a few rugged The most celebrated are the Falls of Montmo- steps, to the entrknce of a verdant glen, surrenci, 9 miles N. E.; the Falls of the Chaudiere, rounded on all sides by lofty mountains. The 12 miles S. W.; Lake St. Charles, 16 miles N. S. end of this enchanting vale, which is the W.; the Indian village of Lorette, 8 miles on the widest portion of it, is about 200 feet in width. road to the lake; and the delightful excursion, Its course is nearly N. for about 150 yards, when along the bank of the St. Lawrence, about 8 miles it begins gradually to contract, and change its out, to Cape Rouge, passing over the Plains of direction to the N. W. and WV., until it terminates Abraham, and by Wolfe's Cove, where Wolfe in a narrow point. This beautifully secluded IN THE UNITED STATES. 667 Tempe is the chosen site of the village. The S. board of N. H. There are within this distance portion, just at the base of the E. and W. moun- two or three beautiful beaches, or rather portions tains, is that upon which stand the various edi- of the beach, to which resort is had for sea bathfices for the accommodation of visitors. These ing and summer recreations. At the principal buildings are spacious and conveniently ar- place of resort, known as Rye Beach, there are ranged; the servants are prompt and obedient; pleasant accommodations provided for the enterand the table d'hote is abundantly supplied tainment of visitors. It lies E. of Portsmouth with every thing that can tempt the appetite. about 6 miles. The promenades are beautifully embellished, and shaded from the midday sun by large sugar SACHEM'S HEAD, CT. maples, the natives of the forest." This is an attractive watering-place on the The springs are situated in the S. W. part of Connecticut shore of Long Island Sound, 16 the valley, and the water is collected into two miles E. of New Haven, and 3 miles E. of Guilwhite marble fountains, over which is thrown a ford Point. It has a spacious and elegant hotel, beautiful octagon-shaped pavilion. with ample accommodations for visitors. The Regular stages, or post coaches, arrive here dai- place is wild and picturesque, and the sea breeze, ly, both from the N. and S. For further particu- bathing, rides, &c., are peculiarly grateful and lars of the general route, see W/dte Sulphur Springs. refreshing during the sultry summer months. RICHFIELD SPRINGS, N. Y., SAGUENAY RIVER, CANADA. Situated in Otsego co., on the N. side of Within a few years, the trip by steamboat from Schuyler's Lake, about 1 mile from the lake Quebec to this remarkable river, occupying from shore. They are reached by the railroad, from three to four days, has become a very fashionable the E. or W., to Herkimer, whence stage coaches excursion. We shall include in this article, and other conveyances convey passengers to the therefore, some notices of the most interesting springs, 12 miles distant. The accommodations places which may deserve the attention of the for visitors are very convenient and agreeable, tourist upon such a trip. having been greatly enlarged and improved within Starting from Quebec, and descending the St. a recent period. The hotels are of the first class, Lawrence, the Falls of Montmorenci are seen to supplying every luxury and comfort usually found great advantage, about 7 miles below, precipiat these resorts. At the lake, pleasure boats and tating their snow-white cataract over the lofty fishing apparatus are kept in readiness for vis- bank into the river. For a particular description itors. The ride to Otsego Lake is over a fine of these falls, the reader is referred to the article road, a distance of 6 miles. upon that interesting natural curiosity, on page The following is an analysis of the Sulphur 272. The Island of Orleans is next passed, on Spring: Bicarbonate of soda, 20 grains; bicar- the left; the principal ship channel of the river bonate of lime, 10 grains; chloride of sodium being that upon the N. W. side of the island. and magnesia, 1.5; sulphate of magnesia, 90; This is a fertile tract embraced within two encirhydro-sulphate of magnesia and lime, 2; sulphate cling arms of the St. Lawrence, 21 miles long by of lime, 90,; solid matter, 153.5; sulphuretted 6 or 7 miles wide, and in part covered with forest. hydrogen gas, 20.8 inches per gallon. —These are It rises from 50 to 100 feet above the water. St. sometimes known as Canaderaga Springs. Patrick's Hole, 11 miles below Quebec, on the Orleans shore, is a fine anchorage for vessels of ROAN 3MOUNTAIN, N. C. the largest size. Here, about 25 years ago, an The location of this mountain is 35 miles immense ship was built, of 3700 tons register, N. W. of Morgantown, and about 15 miles from with a view of taking her to England, and saving Black Mountain, which we have mentioned in its the duty on the timber of which she was complace. The height of this mountain is 6038 feet. posed. She crossed the Atlantic; but as the It is ascended with less difficulty than Black object was defeated, she returned again to this Mountain, and, though less elevated by more country. In the attempt to make a second than 500 feet, is considered more beautiful as a voyage, she was wrecked. Fourteen miles below height to be visited. Near its S. W. extremity Quebec, on the other side of this island, is the there is a body of rocks resembling in appear- Parish of St. Laurent. The S. E. shore of the ance the ruins of an ancient castle. St. Lawrence, for many miles below Point Levi, presents a succession of villages and hamlets, conROCKAWAY BEACH, LONG ISLAND, N. Y. sisting each of a cluster of houses after the French This fashionable watering-place is on the At- Canadian style, one story high, with both roof and lantic shore of Long Island, about 20 miles from sides painted white, and with a church standing New York. The principal hotel is the Marine in the midst. After passing Madam Island, 26 Pavilion, which is a splendid establishment, erect- miles from Quebec, the river widens to 10 miles, ed in 1834, upon the beach, only a short distance and continues generally to increase in width to its front the ocean. There is also another hotel, mouth. Cape Tourment, 30 miles below Quebec, which is well kept, and several boarding-houses, is a bold promontory rising to the height of 2000 where the visitor or the invalid may enjoy the feet, and seen at a great distance. Grasse Island, invigorating ocean breezes with less of cost and opposite this promontory, is the Quarantine Stadisplay than at the hotels. The most convenient tion for vessels inward bound, and has a hospital, route to Rockaway is by the Long Island Rail- a Roman Catholic chapel, and other buildings road to Jamaica, 12 miles from New York, and suited to the design of the establishment. Goose thence 8 miles by stage to the beach. Island, 45 miles from Quebec, is owned by the nuns, and is cultivated as a farm by tenants. RYE BEACH, N. H. About 70 miles below Quebec is the Isle aux The sea-coast in this town extends about 6 Coudres, (Isle of Filberts,) said to have been so miles, making nearly one fifth of the whole sea- named by Jacques Cartier, on his first voyage of 665 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, discovery up the St. Lawrence. On the S.E. Chicoutimi, however, which is 68 miles from its shore of this island is St. Anne, where is a Catho- mouth, it is navigable for the largest vessels. lic college, and a settlement of considerable size. From the Ha-Ha Bay, which is 12 or 15 miles Kamouraska, on the S. E. shore, about 90 miles below Chicoutimi, the passage of the waters of below Quebec, containing about 1600 inhabitants, the Saguenay, for the whole distance of 50 miles has become a favorite place of resort, during the to the St. Lawrence, is one of the wonders of nasummer months, for the inhabitants of Montreal ture. They penetrate through solid mountains and Quebec, for purposes of fishing and bath- of sienitic granite, which seem to have been ing, and is doubtless destined to become a fash- split asunder by the upheavings of an earthionable watering-place, where, as the waters are quake, thus forming an immense canal, with banks perfectly salt, invalids and the seekers of pleas- of perpendicular rocks, towering up to 1500 or ure may enjoy sea-bathing and other recreations. 2000 feet above the water, which is about 150 There is a settlement at the mouth of the River fathoms deep nearly the whole distance. In many Du Loup, which comes into the St. Lawrence from places the largest vessel may run close to the the S. E. 120 miles below Quebec, containing perpendicular cliffs, with 100 fathoms water. Its some 1500 or 1800 inhabitants. Here commences depth, at several different points indeed, has the great road from the St. Lawrence River to the never been ascertained. It has been plumbed, in St. John's, by the way of the Madawaska River some of these places, with a line of 330 fathoms, and settlement. As you come to the mouth of or 1980 feet, and that, too, immediately at the base the Saguenay, which is 140 miles from Quebec, of the cliff, and yet no bottom found. the waters of the St. Lawrence take a blackish Mr. Lanman, a talented artist and an accomappearance, which is perceivable for many miles plished writer, who recently made a tour through below, extending far out into the river. This Lower Canada, thus speaks of the Saguenay: discoloration is occasioned by the entrance of the "Imagine, for a moment, an extensive country waters of this great tributary, which are of a very of rocky and thinly-clad mountains, suddenly dark hue. Off the mouth of this river is Red separated by some convulsion of nature, so as to Island, and nearly opposite is Green Island, which form an almost bottomless chasm, varying from are among the first of the islands met with in 1 to 2 miles in width; and then imagine this ascending the St. Lawrence. The St. Lawrence chasm suddenly half filled with water, and that River, below this point, assumes an imposing ap- the moss of centuries has softened the rugged pearance; being clear of islands, and gradually walls on either side, and you will have a pretty widening until its breadth exceeds 100 miles. accurate idea of the Saguenay." "Generally We are now at the mouth of the SAGUENAY, speaking," he continues, "these towering bulto visit which is the principal object of the excur- warks are not content to loom perpendicularly sion. From the strange, wild, and romantic char- into the air, but they must needs bend over as if acter of the scenery along its banks, as well as to look at their own savage features reflected in from the great depth and almost inky blackness the deep.... Awful beyond expression is the senof its waters, this may be considered as unques- sation which one experiences in sailing along the tionably the most remarkable river on the Amer- Saguenay, raising his eye heavenward, to behold, ican continent. It is about a mile wide at its hanging directly over his head, a mass of granite confluence with the St. Lawrence; and, in differ- apparently ready to totter and fall, and weighing ent parts of its course above, is often from 2 to 3 perhaps a million of tons. Terrible and submiles in width. It is one of the most important lime, beyond the imagery of the most daring tributaries of this great river; its volume of wa- poet, are these cliffs; which, while they proclaim ter is indeed immense; and the depth and force the omnipotent power of God, at the same time of its current is so sensibly felt at its junction whisper into the ear of man that he is but as the with the St. Lawrence, that vessels going up or moth that flutters in the noontide air." Another down are obliged to yield to its influence for sev- writer has remarked that " the power and pride eral miles. With the exception of the St. Law- of man is as much humbled, in some parts of rence itself, it is decidedly the largest river E. of this tremendous chasm, as in the immediate the Appalachian chain of mountains. It is the presence of Niagara Falls." only outlet of the beautiful Lake of St. John, Not the least remarkable feature of this river which lies about 140 miles nearly IW. from the is the ridge of rocks lying across its mouth. River St. Lawrence, in an immense valley forming This ridge is below the surface, and through itqis part of the territory belonging to the Hudson's a channel 120 feet deep, on the upper side of Bay Company. This lake is nearly circular in which the depth immediately increases to 840 its form, being between 30 and 40 miles in diam- feet; so that, even at its mouth, the bed of the eter; and it constitutes the great natural reser- Saguenay is absolutely 600 feet, or thereabout, voir into which no less than twelve rivers, and below that of the St. Lawrence, into which it many smaller'streams, discharge their waters. empties. The Saguenay is the channel by which this vast After entering the river, the hills soon rise collection of water finds its way to the St. Law- abruptly from the water's edge, presenting an rence, draining an area of country which is more appearance, at first somewhat similar to the enextensive than all the rest of Lower Canada, trance into the Highlands, from the N., on the although but little known, and till lately almost Hudson River. Tadousac, at the mouth of the entirely uninhabited, except by one or two hun- Saguenay, on the St. Lawrence, is a small place, dred Indian families. occupied as a trading post with the Indians, by The first half of the course of the river lies the Hudson's Bay Company. Tete du Boule is a through a wilderness of hills, covered with an round mountain peak about a mile from Tadousac. unbroken forest of pine, fir, and spruce; and The Two Profiles, a few miles farther up, elenumerous and formidable rapids in this part vated several hundred feet above the water, bear render the navigation difficult, and even hazard- a striking resemblance to the outline of the ous, except to experienced canoe-men. Below human face. At St. John's Bay, 28 miles above IN THE UNITED STATES. 669 Tadousac, are extensive lumber establishments. through every obstacle, it plunges on, its huge Eternity Point, and Trinity Point, on the S. side billows breaking on the rocks, and throwing a of the river, 34 miles from the mouth, are two shower of spray over each little rocky island m enormous masses of rock, rising abruptly from the channel. There is great grandeur and beauty the water's edge to the height of 1500 feet. Fifty- in the scenery at these falls. The whole descent seven miles from Tadousac opens the Ha-Ila of the river here is about 40 feet. Steamboats Bay. or Great Bay, as it is sometimes called. At freighted with merchandise for the country above the head of this bay there is a large lumbering St. Anthony's Falls here find an important carryestablishment, with several extensive saw-mills, ing-place, and it is remarkable that this is the which is said to give employment to 2000 persons only carrying-place in the whole length of this living'in the regions of the Saguenay and the St. magnificent river. From these falls to St. Louis, Lawrence. At Chicoutimi, 68 miles from Ta- 792 miles. dousac, where our steamboat excursion must necessarily terminate, is another trading post of SALISBURY BEACH, MS. the Hudson's Bay Company. Two or three dwell- This pleasant beach, from 4 to 5 miles distant ings, and a small but venerable looking Roman from Newburyport, is celebrated for its beauty Catholic chapel, constitute the settlement. It is and salubrity, and is much frequented during the one of those stations where, in former days, the warm season. Jesuit missionaries established a home for themselves. The church edifice, which yet remains to SALT SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. attest their religious zeal, is believed to be one This pleasant watering place is situated in of the first erected in Canada. Standing here, in Monroe co., 24 miles distant from the White so romantic and remote a spot, it is a peculiarly Sulphur Springs. They are encircled by mounagreeable object. It is about 100 yards from the tains on every side. They are much visited by margin of the stream, in the centre of a plat of invalids and others, and enjoy a high reputation greensward, set out with shrubbery, with forest- for the virtues of their waters, as well as for the trees crowning the rising ground in the rear. excellent accommodations with which they are The old bell, still remaining in the tower, is cov- furnished. The temperature of their waters vaered with characters, or hieroglyphics, which the ries from 490 to 560 Fahrenheit. most learned visitors have not been able to interpret. Here assemble, in the months of June SARATOGA SPRINGS, N. Y. and July, every year, the children of the forest, This is the most celebrated watering-place in some of them from the far north, to meet the the U. S. There are here, within the distance of Catholic priests, who visit the place at that sea- about half a mile, as many as 10 or 12 mineral son, to minister to the spiritual wants of such as springs, with properties considerably various, and still adhere to the religion which their fathers all highly efficacious in their remedial use. This were taught in earlier ages, and reverence the place has become the annual resort of thousands, spot hallowed by traditional associations. The especially during the months of July and August, Indians in the immediate neighborhood have, in who come in pursuit of health or pleasure, from a great measure, abandoned the use of strong every section of this country and of Europe. drink, and have become orde'ly and decent in Large and splendid accommodations are provided comparison with the other scattered remnants of in the various hotels and boarding-houses, which, their race. in the season of company, are often thronged Beyond this point all traces of civilization end. with visitors, presenting an animated scene of But the region of the Saguenay cannot long gayety, luxury, and display. remain waste and unoccupied. It is doubtless The village, which is in the N. part of the destined to become the abode of an active and en- township of Saratoga, is pleasantly situated on a terprising population. The aspect of the country sandy plain, in part surrounded by a beautiful around Chicoutimi is divested of the rugged grove of pines, having its principal street upon character which distinguishes the banks of the the W. margin of a narrow vale in which the Saguenay for the first 50 miles; and as the springs are found. On this broad street the traveller penetrates into the interior, the appear- largest hotels are situated, with several of the ance of the country indicates a superior soil. churches and other public edifices, which give to The climate, which, in the vicinity of Lake St. it an imposing appearance. The Ufited States Joan, approaches very nearly to that of the dis- Hotel, which is perhaps the most extensive and trict of Montreal, is well adapted to the purposes magnificent of these establishments, is a large, of agriculture; and the virgin soil cannot fail to four story brick edifice, furnishing accommodarepay the labor which shall be bestowed upon it. tions for about 400 guests, located in a central position, and within a short distance of all the most ST. ANTHONY'S FALLS. important mineral springs. Congress Hall and These falls are on the Upper Mississippi River, Unior. Hall are both large and elegant establishabout 7 miles above Fort Snelling. They are a menti, situated also at the S. part of the village, succession of boisterous rapids, with one cataract near the Congress Spring. All these houses have about midway, of 16 feet perpendicular descent. beautiful grounds connected with them in the The Mississippi is here forced through a narrow, rear, with spacious piazzas and colonnades, and descending channel, which is blocked up with are fitted up with special reference to the demands huge rocks piled one upon another, sometimes to of the more wealthy and pleasure-loving portion an enormous height, and assuming many and of the visitors at the springs. They are only kept singularly unnatural appearances. It is through open' during the season of fashionable resort. The and around these jagged rocks that the river urges Pavilion Hotel, which was of this class, was deits fretted course, foaming and tumbling with a stroyed by fire in 1843. Other houses, as the deafening roar. The river seems to stop for a American Hotel, Columbian Hotel, Montgommoment ere it encounters the fall; then, breaking ery Hall, Adelphi Hotel, and Washington Hall 670 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, remain open during the whole year. Besides These waters are highly efficacious in many these, there are several respectable hotels of less inveterate cases of disease. But even this is not note, affording good accommodations both sum- their most important benefit. They have an almer and winter. Near the springs there are sev- most magic effect upon the healthy system, to eral public bathing-houses, where cold and warm renovate and invigorate its energies, when relaxed water, and shower baths, can at all times be ob- from long confinement to business, or from sedtained. entary habits, and to remove the latent causes of The celebrated mineral waters, which are the languor and disease. Their chief medicinal great cause of attraction to this place, require a properties are of the cathartic and tonic kinds. more particular notice. They issue from the Large quantities of these waters are bottled, limestone formation, which underlies the whole transported, and sold in the various cities, which surface of sandy soil upon which the village is is one of the methods in which the springs, built; most of them coming out near the margin which are mostly the property of individuals, of a small stream which runs through the village, are made a source of profit to their several ownin the narrow valley on the E. of the principal ers. For the use of the water at the springs street. It is not known -at what precise period no expense is incurred, except what is volunthese springs were first discovered. It is said tarily given to those in waiting. It is a sufficient that the whites discovered them by remarking the proof of the estimation in which they are held, track of the deer, who frequented them in such to state that upwards of 35,000 persons generally numbers as to wear a path to the spot. In 1773, visit Saratoga during the summer season, and a settlement was established here for the double that there are sometimes not less than 3000 vispurpose of trading with the Indians, and of accom- itors at the same time in the various hotels and modating invalids who might seek the benefit of boarding-houses. two of these fountains of health, which were then We copy the following analysis of several of all that were known. These were those since dis- the above-named springs from the little work of tinguished as the Flat Rock and the High Rock Dr. R. L. Allen, a physician resident at SaraSprings, which had made themselves more ob- toga: - vious than the rest by a remarkable limestone Congress Spring. To one cubic gallon: chloride deposit around their orifices. of sodium, grs. 390.246; hydriodate of soda, and There are now ten or twelve different springs bromide of potassium, 6.000; carbonate of soda, coming to the surface, within the extent of about 9.213; carbonate of magnesia, 100.981; carbonhalf a mile, in whose waters the mineral elements ate of lime, 103.416; carbonate of iron, 1.000; of soda, magnesia, lime, and iron, with others in silex and alumina, 1.036. Solid contents, 611.892 less volume, are combined, in different propor- Carbonic acid gas, 386.188; atmospheric air, tions, with carbonic acid gas. Their prevailing 3.261. Gaseous contents, 389.449. character is that of saline and chalybeate waters. High Rock Spring. To one gallon: chloride Congress Spring, Washington Spring, Putnam's of sodium, grs. 190.233; carbonate of magneSpring, Pavilion Spring, Iodine Spring, Hamilton sia, 62.100; carbonate of lime. 71.533; carbonate Spring, Empire Spring, and the Flat Rock and of soda, 18.421; carbonate of iron, 4.233; hydriHigh Rock Springs, may be mentioned as, the odate of soda, 2.177; silex and alumina, 2.500; most celebrated for their medicinal virtues. A hydriobromate of potash, a small quantity. Solid cluster, known as the " Ten Springs," is situated contents, 351.197. about a mile E. of the village, the most valued Carbonic acid gas, 331.666; atmospheric air, of which is known as the Union Spring. The 2.000. Gaseous contents, 333.666. Mansion IHouse, a well-kept summer establish- Hamilton Spring. To one gallon: chloride of ment, is near to this locality. sodium, grs. 290.500; carbonate of soda, 33.500; The Congress Spring is the most copious, the carbonate of lime, 95.321; carbonate of magnemost frequented, and the most salubrious of all sia, 38.000; carbonate of iron, 4.500; hydriodate the springs in Saratoga. It was discovered in of soda, 3.500; bromide of potash, a trace; silex 1792, by a member of Congress, named Gillman, and alumina, 1.000. Solid contents, 466.321. issuing from an aperture in the side of a rock, Carbonic acid gas, 340.777; atmospheric air, which formed the margin of a little brook. Af- 2.461. Gaseous contents, 343.238. Temperater several years, the supply from this small ori- ture of the water, 48g. fice in the rock being wholly insufficient to meet Putnam's Spring. To one gallon: chloride of the increasing demands of visitors, an attempt sodium, grs. 220.000; carbonate of soda, 15.321 was made to remove the obstructions to its more carbonate of magnesia, 45.500; carbonate of lime, abundant flow; in consequence of which the 70.433; carbonate of iron, 5.333; hydriodate of spring for a time disappeared, and was supposed soda, 2.500; bromide of potash, a trace; silex to be forever lost. But at length signs of gas and alumina, 1.500. Solid contents, 370.587. were observed rising through the water. from the Carbonic acid gas, 317.753; atmospheric air, bottom of the brook, which led to the ultimate 3.080. Gaseous contents, 320.833. Temperarecovery of this most invaluable fountain. By ture, 48~. turning aside the stream, and digging about 8 Iodine Spring. To one gallon: chloride of feet through marl and gravel to the rock, its per- sodium, grs. 147.665; carbonate of magnesia, manent source was found, and over it a tube 10 73.348; carbonate of lime, 28.955; carbonate of inches square was placed, through which an soda, 3.000; carbonate of iron,.900; hydriodate abundant supply of the finest mineral water con- of soda, 3.566. Solid contents, 257.434. tinually rises to the surface. The Pavilion Spring Carbonic acid gas, 344.000; atmospheric air, also is brought from an orifice in the rock 40 feet 2.500. Gaseous contents, 346.5. under ground, and tubed up at great expense. Pavilion Spring. To one gallon: chloride of This spring contains more of the carbonic acid sodium, grs. 183.814; carbonate of soda, 6.000 gas than any other, and next to the Congress is carbonate of lime, 59.593; carbonate of magnesia, most resorted to. 58.266; carbonate of iron, 4.133; iodide, sodium, IN THE UNITED STATES. 671 and bromide of potassa, 2.566; sulphate of soda, SCHOOLEY'S MOUNTAIN, N. J. 1.000; alumina, a trace; silex, 1.000. Solid con- This is a place of much fashionable resort, tents, 316.372. during the summer months, for its pure air and Carbonic acid, 369.166; atmospheric air, 3.333. romantic scenery. Belmont Hall, an excellent Gaseous contents, 372.499. public house, is located on its top, at an elevation Empire Spring. To one gallon: chloride of of 2000 feet, from which the prospect is almost sodium, grs. 215.756; hi-carbonate of lime, 24.678; unrivalled. There is also, near the summit, a bi-carbonate of magnesia, 113.459; bi-carbonate mineral spring of considerable celebrity. It conof soda, 33.584; hydriodate of potassa, 9.600; tains muriate of soda, muriate of lime, muriate iron, 0.500; silex and alumina, 1.300. Solid con- of magnesia, sulphate of lime, carbonate of magtents, 399.877. nesia, silex, and carbonated oxide of iron. It Carbonic acid gas, 260.132; atmospheric air, has a temperature of 56~ Fahrenheit, and dis3.314. Gaseous contents, 263.446. charges 30 gallons an hour. These springs are situated 23 miles from Seven miles from the spring, on the mountain, Schenectady, and 37 from Albany. To New is Budd's Pond, 2 miles long and 1 mile wide, York, by Schenectady and Albany, 182 miles; of great depth, and clear as crystal, which abounds to Utica by Schenectady, 95 miles; to Montreal, with fish, and is furnished with a pleasure boat by Lakes George and Champlain, 226 miles; for the use of fishing parties and parties of pleasby Whitehall and Lake Champlain, 219 miles; ure. to Boston, by way of Troy, 238 miles. A very This place is approached from New York by pleasant way of getting to the springs from the railroad to Morristown, 32 miles, from which the northward and eastward is by the way of Lake mountain is about 20 miles. Philadelphia pasChamplain and Lake George. See Fort Ticon- sengers leave the cars at New Brunswick, and deroga, p. 266. take the stage via Somerville. It is 86 miles from Philadelphia, via Trenton. SAYBROOK POINT, CT. The situation of this ancient town on the W. SHARON SPRINGS, N. Y., shore and at the mouth of Connecticut River, In the town of Sharon, in Schoharie co., about having Long Island Sound on the S., gives it a 45 miles W. of Albany by the Cherry Valley fine exposure to the cool, invigorating breezes Turnpike. They are also reached by stages from from the salt water; and offers at the same time Canajoharie, on the Utica and Schenectady Railpeculiar facilities for pleasure excursions upon road, from which place they are distant about 12 the river, which here spreads out into a broad and miles, in a S.W. direction. There are two springs, beautiful sheet of water. The Point is a penin- called the Sulphur and the Magnesia Springs, sula about one mile in length, crescent-shaped in situated at the foot of a hill, near the village, form, and connected with the main land by a about half a mile N. of the turnpike road. These narrow neck, over which the tide sometimes flows. waters are highly impregnated with sulphur, The harbor, making up from the river, lies in the strongly resembling the White Sulphur Springs bosom of this peninsula, on the side opposite the of Virginia. They are pure and clear, and have sea. Towards its extremity the land is elevated, been found to be highly efficacious in cutaneous, and spread out to about three quarters of a mile dyspeptic, and rheumatic complaints. They have in breadth, affording space for a considerable set- an exhilarating effect upon the spirits, invigorattlement, which has existed here from the earliest ing the system, and purifying the complexion, colonial history of the country. Indeed, the ven- and in some respects possess medicinal and healerable antiquities and important historical asso- ing properties unsurpassed by any in the country. ciations of this spot, constitute one of its peculiar The Pavilion House, at this place, is a large attractions as a place of temporary resort. The establishment, well constructed, and admirably Mnonument of the Lady Fenwick is still extant, arranged to accommodate a great number of a handsome estate on the opposite side of the visitors. It stands upon a commanding emiriver being held, it is said, from an original grant, nence. having a piazza with lofty columns in on the condition of keeping it in a good state of front, which give to it an elegant and inviting preservation. A square was laid out on this appearance. The prospect towards the N. is alpeninsula, on which it was intended to erect most unlimited, and by many considered hardly houses for Cromwell, Pym, Hasselrig, and Hamp- inferior to that from the Catskill Mountain den, who, it is understood, had actually embarked House. Its elevated situation, always securing a in the Thames to occupy this ground. Here, too, pure and bracing atmosphere, conspires with the are to be seen some relics of the ancient founda- use of the waters to render the residence of vistions of Yale College, which had its location on itors here in hot weather delightfully salubrious this point for 15 years. The old burial-ground, and refreshing. also, is a place of great interest to be visited. Lyme, on the opposite bank of the river, is like- SIASCONSET, MS. wise a pleasant town, affording delightful accom- See lVantucket. modations to persons from the cities and the interior seeking the refreshment of a sojourn in SQUANTUJ, MS. the summer on the sea-coast. There are two This is a small, rocky peninsula, jutting out hotels on Saybrook Point, which are delightfully between Dorchester and Quincy Bays, in Boston situated and well kept; also many other places harbor, 5 miles S. of Boston, and near the mouth where board can be obtained. Steamboats run of Neponset River. It has ever been celebrated as down the river to New York and to New London, a favorite resort, first by the red men, and afterCt., stopping at Saybrook. It will soon be wards by the whites, for fishing and fowling. reached also by the New Haven and New In 1621, when our Pilgrim Fathers, 10 in numLondon Railroad, which is in process of con- ber, with Squantum, or Tisquantum, and two struction. other Indians for their guides, made their first 672 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, excursion to Massachusetts Bay, as related by thus making the place easy of access from Bos Winslow, they anchored at night under Nantasket ton, New York, and all other places on the prin Head, and then ran over to the Dorchester shore cipal routes through New England. at this place, which they called Squantum, from the name of the friendly Indian who accompanied SWEET SPRINGS, VA. them. These springs are situated in a wide and beanThis place is admirably adapted to the enjoy- tiful valley among the mountains in the E. exment of sea air and bathing, and to the procuring tremity of Monroe co., the region of the mineral of shell and other fish. In the warm season of springs of Virginia. Their temperature is 730 the year, it is frequently thronged by visitors from Fahrenheit. They are celebrated for the tonic Boston and the neighboring towns, who obtain power of their waters, whether used externally these luxuries in great abundance, and at a mod- or internally. They are only 17 miles distant L. erate expense. On the approach to Squantum from the celebrated White Sulphur Springs. by land, the ride is through some of the finest farms in the vicinity of Boston. Indeed the ap- TINTON FALLS, N. J. proach to this little peninsula, either by land or See Long Branch. water, is delightful. TRENTON FALLS, N. Y., STAFFORD SPRINGS, CT. Eighteen miles N. E. from Utica, are on the These mineral waters have had a considerable West Canada Creek, in the town of Trenton. notoriety ever since the settlement of that por- These falls are among the most interesting of the tion of Connecticut in which they are situated. natural curiosities of the U. S. The creek, or The Indians first made the early inhabitants ac- stream, here has its bed, for a distance of two or quainted with their existence, it having been their three miles, deep in the stratum of dark-colored practice, from time immemorial, to resort to them limestone, which underlies the soil, and the whole in the warm season, and to plant their wigwams is so densely embosomed in the primitive forest, around them. They recommended the water as that no token of the long and deep gorge through an eye water; but gave, as their own particular which the waters rush is visible till you are on reason for drinking it, that it "enlivened their the very brink. In one place, the banks of this spirits." It is said that, in 1766, Dr. Joseph War- gulf are about 140 feet in perpendicular height. ren, afterwards General Warren, the patriot, who The average breadth, between the banks, is about fell on Bunker Hill, made a careful examination 200 feet. Within a distance of two miles, there of these waters, and had thoughts of purchasing are no less than six distinct cascades, interchanthe land on which they rise, with a view of estab- ging with rapids as picturesque as the falls themlishing himself there. selves. From the Upper Falls, where the water There are two distinct springs, the medicinal pitches over a descent of 20 feet, into a spacious properties of which are considerably diverse. basin, the river dashes along down its rocky bed One of them, and that which has been longest for about a mile, to the second falls, called the known, contains a solution of iron, sustained by Cascades, consisting of two pitches, with intercarbonic acid gas; a portion of marine salt; some vening rapids, having a fall of 18 feet. A little earthy substances, and an element called natron, below is the third fall, called the Milldam, from or native alkali. This spring has been pro- the regularity and smoothness of the sheet of nounced by chemists to be one of the most effi- water, which here rolls over a precipice of 20 cacious of the chalybeate springs in the United feet. About 40 rods below this are the High States. Falls. At this place, the most remarkable feaThe other spring, as analyzed by Professor tures of the spectacle are presented. The volume Silliman in 1810, contains hydrogen gas and sul- of the river is separated by rifts in the ledge into phur in large proportions, and a small propor- three distinct cataracts, which have a perpendiction of iron. ular fall of 109 feet, from the brink of the preciIn the year 1765, an effectual cure occurring of pice to the bed of the stream below. Here, of a most obstinate case of cutaneous disease, which course, the ravine has become very deep, and the had baffled all medical skill, very much raised lofty walls of bare and shelving rocks on each the reputation of these springs; in consequence side, as seen from the bottom, surmounted and of which they immediately became a place of overhung by their wooded banks, combine with much resort for persons afflicted with various the triple cataract to present a scene of the wilddiseases. Within a few years past, it has been est grandeur. About 70 rods farther down is ascertained, as it is confidently believed, that the the fifth, or Sherman's Falls, which have a deuse of these waters operates as a thorough and scent of nearly 40 feet; and, after a current of effectual means of eradicating scrofula from the less declivity than the rapids above, the stream human system. reaches the last of this beautiful succession of Dr. Willard subsequently carried into execu- cataracts, at Conrad's Falls, where the pitch is tion the plan of the lamented Dr. Warren, by about 15 feet; making an aggregate of 312 feet building a large hotel for the reception of invalids descent in two miles, including the rapids. The and others. This establishment has been con- Falls, at all times interestin,,:become intensely tinued, with enlargements and improvements, to so in the season of the annual floods. The path the present time. The situation is one which has which'the observer must take, in order to obtain many attractions for the lovers of bold and ro- any adequate view of the scene, is found by de mantic scenery; and affords a most grateful scending a stairway at the lower end of the raretreat in summer from the heat, din, and dust of vine, to the bottom, and pursuing his course our large cities and crowded marts of business. along the strand, up the stream. This path a The New London, Willimantic, and Palmer part of the way is easy, and part of the way it is Railroad, connecting with the Western Railroad more difficult, being for some distance along a at the latter place, passes by Stafford Springs, narrow shelf of rocks, upon the immediate verge IN THE UNITED STATES. 673 of the rushing waters. This passage was former- traveller, as a fine monument of the triumph of ly somewhat dangerous, being without the iron human enterprise over the obstacles of nature. chain which now protects it, and has obtained a The scenery on this'road is wild, rugged, and melancholy notoriety fiom the loss of two inter- picturesque in a high degree. esting young females, who fell, a few years ago, In the course through this romantic pass ocfrom the narrow ledge above the cascades into curs a beautiful plateau, upon the left or S. bank the boiling stream below, and were seen no of the river, formed by a recess in the highlands, more. in the midst of which are these springs, which afford a very delightful watering-place, much WACHUSET MOUNTAIN, MS. resorted to by invalids and by the seekers of This mountain is situated in the N. WV. part pleasure from this and the neighboring states. of Princeton. It rears its conical head 2018 The main building erected for the accommodafeet above Massachusetts Bay. The base is cov- tion of visitors is of brick, 280 feet in length, ered with a heavy growth of wood, which dwin- with a piazza on the entire front, supported by dles to mere shrubbery as you approach the 13 large columns. The edifice is surrounded by summit, giving the mountain, when seen from charming pleasure grounds and gardens. The a distance, an exceedingly beautiful appearance. climate of this delightful spot is one of the most The hand of art could hardly have shorn its salubrious in the world, a visit to it, as ha been sides to more exactness than nature has dis- said, "insuring health and vigor to the debiliplayed in proportioning the growth of wood to tated, its crystal waters, pure air, and exercise the ascent. The prospect from this mountain, among the mountains dispelling all traces of on a clear summer morning, is delightful in the dyspepsia and ennui." extreme. To the observer from its top, the Below the springs, by the course of the river, whole state lies spread out like a map. On the in the vicinity of the road, is the celebrated one hand is visible the harbor of Boston; on the Painted Rock, which is a lofty wall from 200 to other the Monadnock is seen rearing its bald and 300 feet high, stained of a yellow color, by the broken summit to the clouds; while the Hoosic water oozing through its crevices from beds of and Green Mts. fade away in the distance, and clay, and bringing with it, perhaps, some ochre, mingle with the blub horizon. The numerous or other mineral substance. and beautiful villages, with their churches and spires, scattered thickly in all directions, give a WEIR'S CAVE, VA. charm to the scene. This is the most lofty sum- This is considered as one of the most beautiful mit in the state E. of Connecticut River. caverns in the world. It extends about 2500 This mountain was much resorted to by the feet in length, and is divided into a number of native Indians, and tradition says, in many in- apartments, differing in size and in the beauty of stances, for the purpose of discovering the loca- their decorations. Some of the most extensive tion of the early settlers by means of the smoke have received the names of "Washington Hall," of their fires. The roads to its base are so good, " Congress Hall," " Solomon's Temple," " Orand its ascent not difficult, that it is now much gan Room," " Deacon's Room," &c. The walls visited during the summer months. consist of the most beautiful crystallized carbonA very large and commodious hotel has re- ate of lime,, or calcareous spar. That which gives cently been erected, which affords agreeable en- this cavern such a peculiar splendor is the great tertainment to its numerous visitors. The moun- variety in form and color of the crystals with tain is easily approached by railroads to within which its walls and ceilings are adorned, as they a few miles of its base. Distance from Boston, reflect the light of the torches with which these 52 miles W. subterranean recesses are explored. Some of the apartments seem to be furnished, as it were, WARM SPRINGS, VA. by the upholsterer, with hangings of rich and This is among the oldest of the watering- graceful drapery, formed by thin sheets of the places in this part of the country. It is situated same kind of incrustation; and from the lofty in Bath co., about 40 miles N. of the White roof of one of the halls there is a sheet of this Sulphur Springs. The water, which is very description which appears as if floating in the transparent, has a temperature of 98~0 Fahrenheit. air, to which the appellation of " Elijah's ManThe accommodations for entertainment and for tle " has been given. bathing here are excellent. The person who has the charge of this cave gives every requisite attention to the accommoWARM SPRINGS,'N. C. dation of visitors. It lies 17 miles N. E. from Situated in Buncombe co., on the E. bank of Staunton. the French Broad River, about 37 miles N. W. from Asheville, and W. from Raleigh 294 miles. WELLS BEACH, ME. These springs have a most romantic locality, on A pleasant place of summer resort, in the town the road leading through the Swyannanoa Gap, of Wells, 8 or 10 miles E. of the station for that in the mountains of the Blue Ridge. The above- place, on the Eastern Railroad. The facilities named river finds here its course through this for sea bathing, sailing, fishing, and riding, upon gap in the mountains, which is so narrow and the beach, are fine. The village is near the water, so closely shut up on both sides, much of the affording abundant accommodations to visitors, way, as scarcely to afford space for a road to be at reasonable rates for board. constructed on the river's bank. Yet here has been built a fine macadamized road, following WHITE MOUNTAINS, N. H. the course of the river, and having its founda- These mountains are situated in the county of tions in many places supported by walls or piers Coos, in the N. part of the state. They extend resting on the river's bed. It is a work well about 20 miles, from S. W. to N. E., and are the worthy of the attention and admiration of the more elevated parts of a range extending many 85 674 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, miles in that direction. Their base is about 10 cult to pass through them, and they are so stiff miles broad. and thick as almost to support a man's weight. The Indian name of these mountains, accord- Mount Lafayette is easily ascended. Its top, to ing to Dr. Belknap, was Agiocochook. An ancient the extent of five or six acres, is smooth, and tradition prevailed among the savages, that a gradually slopes away in every direction from its dQluge once overspread the land, and destroyed centre. It even has a verdant appearance, as it every human being, except a single powwow and is every where covered with short grass, which his wife, who sheltered themselves in these ele- grows in little tufts, to the height of four or five vated regions, and thus preserved the race from inches. Among these tufts, mountain flowers extermination. The fancy of the natives peopled are thinly scattered, which add life and beauty to these mountains with beings of a superior rank, the scene. The prospect from this summit is who were invisible to the human eye, but some- beautiful. To the N., the eye is dazzled with the times indicated their presence by tempests, which splendor of Mount Washington; N. W. are seen they were believed to control with absolute au- the settlements in Jefferson; W., the courses of thority. The savages, therefore, never attempted the Amonoosuck, as though delineated on a map; to ascend the summit, deeming the attempt peril- S. W., the Moosehillock and Haystack are disous, and success impossible. But they frequented covered; S., Chocorua Peak; S. E., the settlethe defiles and environs of the mountains, and ments and mountains in Bartlett; E., only dark of course propagated many extravagant descrip- mountains and forests. On descending this tions of their appearance; declaring, among other mountain, a small patch of water is found at its things equally credible, that they had seen car- base, from which the ascent is gradual to the buncles at immense heights, which, in the dark- summit of Mount Franklin. After crossing this ness of night, shone with the most brilliant and mountain, you pass over the east pinnacle of dazzling splendor. Mount Monroe, and soon find yourself on a plain President Alden states, that the White Moun- of some extent, at the foot of Mount Washingtains were called, by one of the eastern tribes, ion. Here is a fine resting-place, on the margin Waumbekketmethna. Waumbekket signifies white, of a beautiful sheet of water, of an oval form, and methna, mountains. covering about three fourths of an acre. The These mountains are the highest in New Eng- waters are pleasant to the taste, and deep. Not a land; and, if we except the Rocky Mountains, living creature is to be seen in the waters at this whose height has not been ascertained, and one height on the hills; nor do vegetables of any or two peaks in North Carolina, they are the kind grow in or around them, to obscure the most lofty of any in the United States. Their clear rocky or gravelly bottom on which they great elevation has always rendered them exceed- rest. A small spring discharges itself into this ingly interesting, both to the aboriginal inhabit- pond, at its south-east angle. Another pond, of ants and to our ancestors. They were visited about two thirds its size, lies north-west of this. by Neal, Jocelyn, and Field, as early as 1632, Directly before you, the pinnacle of Mount Washwho gave romantic accounts of their adventures, ington rises with majestic grandeur, like an imand of the extent and sublimity of the moun- mense pyramid, or some vast Kremlin, in this tains. They called them the Crystal Hills. magnificent city of mountains. The pinnacle is Since that time this mountainous region has elevated about 1500 feet above the plain, and is been repeatedly explored by hunters and men of composed principally of huge rocks of granite science. and gneiss, piled together, presenting a variety Although these mountains are 65 miles distant of colors and forms. from the ocean, their snow-white summits are In ascending, you must pass enormous masses distinctly visible, in good weather, more than 50 of loose stone: but a ride of half an hour will miles from shore. Their appearance, at that generally carry you to the summit. The view distance, is that of a silvery cloud skirting the from this point is wonderfully grand and pictuhorizon. resque. Innumerable mountains, lakes, ponds, The names here given are those generally ap- rivers, towns, and villages meet the delighted propriated to the different summits: Mount Wash- eye, and the dim Atlantic stretches its waters ington is known by its superior elevation, and by along the eastern horizon. To the north is seen its being the southern of the three highest peaks. the lofty summits of Adams and Jefferson; and Mount Adams is known by its sharp, terminating to the east, a little detached from the range, peak, and being the second north of Washington. stands Mount Madison. Mount Washington is Jefferson is situated between these two. Madison supported on the- north by a high ridge, which is the eastern peak of the range. Monroe is the extends to Mount Jefferson; on the north-east by first to the south of Washington. Franklin is the a large grassy plain, terminating in a vast spur, second south, and is known by its level surface. extending far away in that direction; east, by a Lafayette is known by its conical shape, and being promontory, which breaks off abruptly at St. the third south of Washington. The ascent to Anthony's Nose; south and south-east by a grassy the summits of these mountains, though fatiguing, plain, in summer, of more than 40 acres. At the is not dangerous; and the visitant is richly re- south-eastern extremity of this plain a ridge comwarded for his labor and curiosity. In passing mences, which slopes gracefully away towards from the Notch to the highest summit, the trav- the vale of the Saco, upon which, at short diseller crosses the summits of Mounts Lafayette, tances from each other, arise rocks, resembling. Franklin, and Monroe. In accomplishing this, in some places, towers; in others, representing he must pass through a forest, and cross several the various orders of architecture. ravines. These are neither wide nor deep, nor It would be vain in us to attempt a description are they discovered at a great distance; for the of the varied wonders which here astonish and trees fill them up exactly even with the mountain delight the beholder. To those who have visited on each side, and their branches interlock with these mountains, our description would be tame each other in such a manner that it is very diffi- and uninteresting; and he who has never ascend. IN THE UNITED STATES. 675 ed their hoary summits cannot realize the extent it is but 60. Upon Saco River they found many and magnificence of the scene. These mountains thousand acres of rich meadow, but there are ten are decidedly of primitive formation. Nothing falls, which hinder boats, &c. From the Indian of volcanic origin has ever yet been discovered, town they went up hill, (for the most part,) about on the most diligent research. They have for 30 miles in woody lands; then they went about ages, probably, exhibited the same unvarying 7 or 8 miles upon shattered rocks, without tree aspect. No minerals are here found of much or grass, very steep all the way. At the top is a rarity or value. The rock which most abounds plain, about 3 or 4 miles over, all shattered stones; is schistus, intermixed with greenstone, mica, dand upon that is another rock, or spire, about a granite, and gneiss. The three highest peaks are mile in height, and about an acre of ground at composed entirely of fragments of rocks, heaped the top. At the top of the plain arise four great together in confusion, but pretty firmly fixed in rivers, each of them so much water at the first their situations. These rocks are an intermediate issue as would drive a mill: Connecticut River substance between gneiss and micaceous schistus; from two heads, at the north-west and south-west, they are excessively rough and coarse, and gray, which join in one about 60 miles off; Saco River almost black, with lichens. The mica in them is on the south-east; Amascoggin, which runs into abundant, of different colors -red, black, and Casco Bay at the north-east; and the Kennebec, limpid; and, though sometimes several inches in at the north by east. The mountain runs east diameter, yet most often irregularly stratified. and west, 30 or 40 miles, but the peak is above The granite contains emerald, tourmaline, of all the rest. They went and returned in fifteen which are found some beautiful specimens, and days." This description of the mountains was garnets, besides its proper constituents. Crystals probably communicated by Mr. Vines to Govof quartz, pyrites, actinote, jasper, porphyry, ernor Winthrop. It conveys a very accurate idea fluate of lime, and magnetic iron ore are some- of them, as they now strike the traveller. times obtained. The Notch qf the White Mountains is a phrase During nine or ten months of the year, the, appropriated to a very narrow defile, extending summits of the mountains are covered with snow two miles in length, between two huge cliffs, apand ice, giving them a bright and dazzling ap- parently rent asunder by some vast convulsion pearance. On every side are long and winding of nature, probably that of the deluge. The gullies, deepening in their descent to the plains entrance of the chasm on the east side is formed below. by two rocks, standing perpendicular, at the disHere some of the finest rivers of New England tance of 22 feet from each other; one about 20 originate. The Saco flows from the east side of feet in height, the other about 12. The road the mountains; the branches of the Androscog- from Lancaster to Portland passes through this gin from the north; the Amonoosuck, and other notch, following the course of the head stream tributaries of the Connecticut, from the west; of the Saco. and the Pemigewasset from the south, its foun- The scenery at this place is exceedingly beautain being near that of the Saco. The sides of tiful and grand. The mountain, otherwise a conthe hills are, in many parts, covered with soil; tinued range, is here cloven quite down to its but this is very superficial in all cases, and every base, opening a passage for the waters of the spot that can be reached by running water is left Saco. The gap is so narrow, that space has with destitute of every thing but rocks and pebbles, difficulty been found for the road. About half a of which, likewise, the river bottoms are exclu- mile from the entrance of the chasm is seen a sively composed. In these cold and elevated most beautiful cascade, issuing from a mountain regions, the period for the growth of vegetables on the right, about 800 feet above the subjacent is extremely brief; the mountains must be for- valley, and about two miles distant. The stream ever sterile. Moss and lichens may be found passes over a series of rocks, almost perpepdicunear the summits, but of a meagre and scanty lar, with a course so little broken as to preserve growth; looking as if they had wandered from the appearance of a uniform current, and yet so their proper zone- below, into those realms of far disturbed as to be perfectly white. This barren desolation. beautiful stream, which passes down a stupendous A visit of Mr. Vines to the White Mountains, precipice, is called by Dwight the Silver Cascade. described by Winthrop, is worthy of notice. It It is probably one of the most beautiful in the was performed in the month of August, 1642, by world. him, in company with Thomas Gorges, the dep- At the distance of three fourths of a mile from uty governor. Darby Field, who was living at the entrance of the chasm is a brook, called the Exeter, 1639, has the credit of being the first Flume, which falls from a height of 240 or 250 traveller to these mountains. His journey, also, feet, over three precipices; down the first two in is described by Winthrop, who says it was per- a single current, and over the last in three, which formed in the year 1632. He appears to have unite again at the bottom, in a small basin, formed returned by the way of Saco. " The report he by the hand of nature in the rocks. The water brought," says Winthrop, " of shining stones, &c., is pure and transparent, and it would be impossicaused divers others to travel thither, but they ble for a brook of its size to be modelled into found nothing worth their pains. Mr. Gorges more diversified or delightful forms. and Mr. Vines, two of the magistrates of Sir F. It is by no means strange that the unlettered Gorges' province, went thither about the end of Indian fancied these regions to be the abodes of this month," (August.) They set out, probably, celestial beings; while the scholar, without a a few days after the return of Field, dazzled by stretch of fancy, in calling to mind the mytholthe visions of diamonds, and other precious min- ogy of Greece, might find here a fit place for the erals, with which the fancy of this man had gar- assemblies and sports of the Dryads, Naiads, and nished his story. " They went up Saco River in Oreads. birch canoes; and that way they found it 90 Avalanches, or slides, from the mountains. Ow miles to Pegwagget, an Indian town, but by land the 28th of August, 1826, there occurred one o' 676 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, the most remarkable floods ever known in this the most splendid beauties of nature. All the mountainous region, and which was attended by leaves of trees, which are not evergreens, are, by the awful calamity of the destruction of a whole the first severe frost, changed from their verdure family, by an avalanche, or slide, from the moun- towards the perfection of that color, which they tains. are capable of ultimately assuming, through yelThese avalanches, as they are termed in Swit- low, orange, and red, to a pretty deep brown. zerland, are produced by heavy rains; they com- As the frost affects different trees, and the differmence, generally, near the highest limits of ent leaves of the same tree. in very different vegetation on the mountains, which, on some of degrees, a vast multitude of tinctures are comthem, is near their summits; the slides widening monly found on those of a single tree, and always and deepening in their downward course, carrying on those of a grove or forest. These colors, also, along all the trees, shrubbery, loose rocks and in all their varieties, are generally full; and, in earth, from their granite foundations. At this many instances, are among the most exquisite time there were probably thousands of acres reft which are to be found in the regions of nature. from the sides of the mountain, and carried to Different sorts of trees are susceptible of different the valley in the Notch below. degrees of this beauty. Among them the maple The house inhabited by Captain Samuel Willey is preeminently distinguished, by the prodigious and his family stood on the westerly side of the varieties, the finish, beauty, and the intense lustre road, in the Notch, and a few rods distant from of its hues, varying through all the dyes, bethe high bluff, which rises with fearful rapidity to tween a rich green and the most perfect crimthe height of 2000 feet. Adjoining was a barn son, or, more definitely, the red of the prismatic and wood-house; in front was a beautiful little image." meadow, covered with crops; and the Saco passed Visits to these mountains are annually inalong at the foot of the easterly precipice. creasing. The roads and public houses on the Nearly in range of the house, a slide from the various routes to them are excellent; and the extreme point of the westerly hill came down, in scenery, in extent and variety, is of surpassing a deep and horrible mass, to within about five beauty and grandeur. rods of the dwelling, where its course appears to The following apostrophe to Mount Washing have been checked by a large block of granite, ton was written by an American poet:which, falling on a flat surface, backed the rolling mass for a moment, until it separated into " Thine is the summit where the clouds repose, two streams, one of which rushed down by the Or, eddying wildly, round thy cliffs are borne; north end of the house, crushing the barn, and When Tempest mounts his rushing car, and throws His billowy mist amid the thunder's home! spreading itself over the meadow; the other Far down the deep ravines the whirlwinds come, passing down on the south side, and swallowing And bow the forests as they sweep along; up the unfortunate beings who probably attempt- While, roaring deeply from their rocky womb, ed to fly to a shelter, which, it is said, had been Amid the echoing peaomes forthe revel hurryngdarkly on, erected a few rods distant. This shelter, what- * * * * * ever it might have been, was completely over- "c Mount of the clouds! when winter round thee throws whelmed; rocks, weighing ten to fifty tons, being The hoary mantle of the dying year, scattered about the place, and indeed in every Sublime, amid thy canopy of snows, Thy towers in bright magnificence appear! direction, rendering escape utterly impossible.'Tis then we view thee with a chilling fear, The house remained untouched, though large Till summer robes thee in her tints of blue; stones and trunks of trees made fearful approaches When, lo! in softened grandeur, far, yet clear, to its walls; and the moving mass, which sep- Thy battlements stand clothed in heaven's own hue, To swell, as Freedom's home, on man's unbounded view! arated behind the building, again united in its front! The house alone could have been their refuge from the horrible uproar around —the ROUTES TO THE WHITE MOUNTAINS. only spot untouched by the crumbling and con- 1. From Boston, via Portland, Mle. From Bossuming power of the storm. ton by railroad to Portland, 105 miles, and thence The family consisted of nine persons: Captain by railroad to Gorham, N. H., 91 miles. DisWilley, his wife, five children, and two men, by tance from Boston, 196 miles. At this place a the names of Nickerson and Allen.. hotel has been erected to accommodate visitors, Travellers visiting this section of country, in 5 miles from the base of Mount Washington, and autumn, will be gratified with the rich and varied a road has been laid out to the summit on the beauties of autumnal foliage common in this north side of the mountain. country, but more particularly so at the north, Another route from Portland is by railroad to and which is thus described by Dr. Dwight: - Gorham, Me., 10 miles, and thence by stage 8 "The bosom of both ranges of mountains was miles, to the steamboat running across the Sebago overspread,. in all the inferior regions, by a mix- Lake and other small lakes and streams connectture of evergreens, with trees, whose leaves are ed with it, to Bridgeton, a distance of 30 miles; deciduous. The annual foliage had been already thence by stage to Fabyan's new house in Conchanged by the frosts. Of the effects of this way, 20 miles; thence to "Old Crawford's," south change it is, perhaps, impossible for an inhabit- of the Notch, 24 miles; to the Willey House, ant of Great Britain, as I have been assured by within the Notch, 6 miles; and through it to several foreigners, to form an adequate concep- "Tom Crawford's," 2 miles. From this place tion, without visiting an American forest. When Mount Washington is ascended from the southI was a youth, I remarked that Thomson had west, over the summits of Mounts Lafayette, entirely omitted, in his Seasons, this fine part of Franklin, and Monroe, as described in the foreautumnal imagery. Upon. inquiring of an Eng- going article. From Crawford's to the White lish gentleman the probable cause of the omission, Mountain House, kept by Fabyan, the route conhe informed me that no such scenery existed in tinues by stage 4 miles, malking the distance from Great Britain. In this country it is often among Boston, this way, 189 miles. The ascent to the IN THE UNITED STATES. 677 summit of Mount Washinhton, from this place, the beautiful waters of the Winnipiseogee. At is accomplished on horseback. The distance to Wolfboro' a spacious hotel has lately been erectthe summit is 9 miles, about 5 of which are over ed, for the accommodation of travellers upon this a comparatively smooth and level road, to the route. base of the mountain. 3. From Boston, via Concord, N. H., and Lake These routes, particularly the latter, are very Winnipiseogee. —By railroad to Concord, 76 inviting. The journey from Boston to Portland miles; thence by railroad to Weir's Station, on may be made either by the Eastern Railroad, the south-western shore of Lake Winnipiseogee, which passes along the coast, through the beauti- 33 miles from Concord; thence on the lake, 10 ful towns of Lynn, Salem, Newburyport, Ports- miles, to Centre Harbor; and thence by stage to mouth, and Saco; or by the Boston and Maine Fabyan's New House at Conway, 30 miles. From Railroad, which runs a great part of the distance Conway, by stage, the route is the same as deupon a nearly parallel route, a few miles in the scribed in No. 1. The distance from Boston to interior, passing by Andover, Lawrence, and the White Mountain House, by this route, is 185 Haverhill, in Ms., Exeter, Dover, and Salmon miles. Falls, in N. H., and uniting with the eastern route This route is one of great interest to the trayat South Berwick, Me. eller in all its parts. The section between Boston From Portland, the route to Gorham, N. H., and Concord passes through some of the finest north of Mount Washington, has the recommen- cultivated portions of Ms. and N. H., lying chiefly dation of being direct and expeditious, being all along the valley of the Merrimack, on which are the way by the Atlantic and St. Lawrence Rail- situated the great manufacturing towns of Lowell, road; and when this road shall have been carried Nashua, and Manchester. Concord, which is the through, to connect with the railroad already capital of N. H., is one of the handsomest places opened upon the other end of the route, from in New England. From Concord, northward, where it strikes the Connecticut River to Mon- through the Merrimack and the Pemigewasset treal, this route will accommodate a great number valleys, the features of the route approach more of visitors, especially those who have not the to wildness, but are, at the same time, picturesque time to spare for a visit to the Notch. and lovely in a high degree. But the route from Portland by way of Sebago The trip over the lake is also very agreeable in Lake will be preferred, of course, by those who a different way, affording a most delightful exwish to pass through the Notch, as well as to as- cursion upon the clear waters and among the cend the mountains. This is truly a delightful fairy islands of' this miniature Archipelago, and route, presenting every variety of scenery which bringing up at the pleasantly-situated and wellthese romantic regions afford. The passage of kept hotel of Mr. Coe, at Centre Harbor. Be30 miles through the lakes and the winding tween this place and Conway, the route lies by streams which connect them, in a pleasant day, Red Hill and Chocorua Mountain, the former of is almost enchanting. At Bridgeton, too, the which is easily ascended from Centre Harbor, traveller is in the vicinity of Pleasant Motlntain, and affords a delightful view of the Winnipiseodescribed on p. 280, which, with its fine hotel, gee and the surrounding country. The traveland prospect upon the summit, offers a delightful ling public are much indebted to the enterprise resting-place for any time which the tourist may of Captain William Walker, formerly of Conhave to spare. After passing through the Notch, cord, who was the first to make the experiment this route continues to Littleton, on Connecticut of placing upon this lovely sheet of water a River, which is only 18 miles beyaed Fabyan's steamboat, fitted up and furnished in such a style White Mountain House, and is the point to as to be worthy of their patronage. which travellers pre brought upon two or three 4. From Boston, via Concord, N. H., and the other favorite routes to this alpine region of the Franconia Notch. —To Concord by railroad, 76 north. One of these is that from Boston through miles; thence by railroad, on the same route as the Franconia Notch; and the distance from Lit- in No. 3, to Meredith Bridge, 27 miles from Contleton to the Lafayette House, near the Old Man cord; to Weir's Station, on Lake Winnipiseogee, of the Mlountain. in the passage through this Notch, 6 miles; to Plymouth, 18 miles. From Plymouth is only 12.miles. See p. 266. the route is north by stage up the Pemigewasset 2. From Boston, via, Dover, N. H., and Lake valley, to the Flume House, 24 miles; thence Winnipiseogee.-From Boston, by the Boston through the Franconia Notch, by the Old Man and Maine Railroad, or upper route to Portland, qf the Mountain, to the Lafayette House, 5 miles. as it is called, as far as Dover, N. H., 68 miles; From this place, the stage route is to Littleton, thence by the Cocheco Railroad, through Roch- 12 miles, and from Littleton to the White Mounester, to Alton Bay, at the south-east extremity tain House, as described in other routes, 18 miles of Lake Winnipiseogee, 28 miles, where passen- making the whole distance from Boston 186 gers take the elegant little steamboat which runs miles. upon the lake for Wolfboro', a distance of 10 Some time and travel may be saved, when at miles; whence they pass by stage coaches to the Lafayette House, by taking a private conveyConway, 32 miles; and thence onward to the ance direct to Bethlem and the White Mountain White Mountains, by the remainder of the route, House, only 16 miles- reducing the distance as described in No. 1. fiom Boston to 172 miles. This is the shortest route between Boston and This route, besides the part which is common the White Mountains, the whole distance to the to this and No. 3, is much admired on account White Mountain House being only 174 miles. of the ride which it affords through the Franco It is likewise a very pleasant route, passing nia Notch. This should certainly be enjoyed, through the fine towns of Andover, Lawrence, either in going or returning, by all visitors to the Haverhill, Exeter, and Dover, on the upper route White Mountains. The whole country has scarce to Portland, and then, after leaving that route, ly any excursion to offer more agreeably exciting furnishing the agreeable variety of a sail upon than the trip from Plymouth to Littleton, through 678 MINERAL SPRINGS, AND OTHER FASHIONABLE RESORTS, this grand avenue among the highlands of the the shortest route, via Dover and Winnipiseogee north. For a particular description of this Lake, to the White Mountain House, 174 miles, Notch, see p. 266. is 390 miles. 5. From New York, via Connecticut River. — From New York to Hartford, Ct., by railroad, via WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS, VA. New Haven, the distance is 118 miles; thence to These are the most celebrated and the most genSpringfield, 26 miles; to Northampton, 17 miles; erally visited of all the mineral springs of Virto Greenfield, 19 miles; to Brattleboro, 25 miles; ginia, and are to the south what Saratoga is to the to Bellows Falls, 24 miles; to Windsor, 17 miles; north. They are situated on a branch of the to White River, 14 miles; to Hanover, Dart- Greenbrier River, in the county of the same name, mouth College, and Norwich University, 6 miles; on the western declivity of the Alleghany ridge, to Wells River, 34 miles —making an uninter- some 6 or 8 miles from the summit of the mounrupted route by railroad, from New York to this tains. They are in an elevated and beautifully place, of 300 miles. From Wells River to Lit- picturesque valley, hemmed in by mountains on tleton, the distance by stage is 12 miles. From every side. Thousands resort to them annually Littleton, the route to the White Mountain House either to enjoy the benefit of the waters, or in is as before described, and the distance 18 miles. pursuit of recreation and amusement. Whole distance from New York, 330 miles. According to an analysis of the waters by This is one of the most pleasant routes of Professor Rodgers, the solid matter procured by travel which can be chosen in any direction from evaporation'from 100 cubic inches weighs 63.54 New York. The lovely scenery and rich Culti- grains, composed of sulphate of lime, sulphate ration of the Connecticut valley, with the flour- of magnesia, sulphate of soda, carbonate of lime, ishing towns lying at brief intervals on both sides carbonate of magnesia, chloride of magnesium, of the river, only a small part of which have chloride of sodium, chloride of calcium, peroxide been named above, present a landscape which for of iron, phosphate of lime, sulphate and hydrate wealth, beauty, and extent, is not surpassed by of sodium, organic matter, precipitated sulphur, any in the United States. iodine. The gaseous matter consists of sulphu6. From New York, via Hudson River, Saratoga, retted hydrogen, carbonic acid, nitrogen, and oxyand Whitehall. —Another route from New York gen. It is obvious, from this analysis, that the to the White Mountains is up the North River, water must exert a very positive agency upon the to Albany,.145 miles; thence by railroad to system. Its remedial virtues extend chiefly to Schenectady, 16 miles; to Ballston Spa, 14 miles; diseases of the liver, kidneys, alimentary canal, to Saratoga Springs, 7 miles. Or from Albany, and to scrofula, rheumatism, and neuralgia. via Troy, to Saratoga, 37 miles. From Sara- This place was known to the aborigines as one toga by. railroad, to Whitehall, at the south- of the most important licks of the deer and elk. ern extremity of Lake Champlain, 40 miles; The fame of an extraordinary cure, in 1772, exthence by railroad, via Castleton, to Rutland, 25 perienced by a woman whose disease had baffled miles; thence to Bellows Falls, 55 miles, where all medical skill, and who was brought here on a the route connects.with the Connecticut River litter 40 miles, attracted many sick persons to route, described in No. 5. The whole distance the spring; and from that time it has been growfrom New York to the White Mountain House, ing in favor with the public. by this route, is 403 miles. A visitor to the springs thus describes the Those who may prefer to do so can take the place: — steamboats from Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, " Nature has done every thing to make this an to Burlington, Vt., 78 miles; thence by railroad enchanting spot. The valley opens about half a to Montpelier, the capital of Vermont, 40 miles; mile in breadth, winding in lngth from east to and thence to the junction with the Connecticut west, with graceful undulations, beyond the eye's River route, at the mouth of White River, 52 reach. The fountain issues from the foot of a miles below Littleton, N. H. gentle slope, terminating in the low interval upon Another beautiful variation of this route from a small and beautiful river. The ground ascends New York is that by the way of Lake George, from the spring eastward, rising to a considerable which leaves the railroad at the Moreau Station, eminence on' the left, and spreading east and 16 miles north of Saratoga Springs, and thence south into a wide and beautiful lawn. The lawn by stage over a plank road to Caldwell, at the and walks cover perhaps fifty acres. A few rods southern extremity of the lake, 14 miles. A from the spring, at the right, are the hotel, the steamboat daily plies on Lake George, to meet dining hall, the ball-room: all the rest of the the boats on Lake Champlain, at Ticonderoga. ground is occupied mainly with cabins. These Nothing in the way of travelling excursions, are rows of contiguous buildings, one story high, for the distance over which you pass, combines a mostly of wood, some of brick, and a few of greater and more pleasing variety of gratifica- hewed logs whitewashed. The framed cabins tions, from scenery, society, and art, than this are all painted white. Directly to the right of route from New York to the White Mountains, the spring, and very near it, is Spring Row; farbv whichever of the variations above mentioned ther eastward, with a continuous piazza, shaded it is pursued. Common to them all is the de- with vines, is Virginia Row; at right angles with lightful trip up the North River, and the visit to this, crossing the lawn in the middle, is South the Springs, in respect to which the reader, if Carolina Row; heading the eastern extremity of not already acquainted with these celebrated the lawn is Bachelor's Row; on the north side of resorts, will find interesting particulars given the lawn, beginning nearest the spring, are Alaunder the descriptions of the same, on pp. 201 bama, Louisiana, Paradise, and Baltimore Rows and 289. For a description of Lake George, see - the last of which is the most elegant in the also p. 195. place. Without the enclosure, southward from The distance from New York to the White the fountain, is Broadway; and a little west from Mountains, via Boston, 216 miles, and thence by this, on the Guyandot road, is Wolf Row. The IN THE UNITED STATES. 679 appearance of these cabins, or cottages, painted, west to south-east; its length is about 25 miles, decorated, looking forth from the green foliage, and it varies in width from one to ten miles. and tastefully arranged, is beautiful and impos- This lake is environed by the pleasant towns of ing. The fountain is covered with a stately Moultonboro', Tuftonboro', Wolfeboro', Centre Doric dome, sustained by twelve large pillars, Harbor, Meredith, Gilford, and Alton, and overand surmounted with a colossal statue of Hygeia, looked by other delightful towns. looking towards the rising sun." The waters of the Winnipiseogee are remarkThere are numerous routes to the Va. springs, ably pure, and its depth in some places is said to all of which within a few years have been greatly be unfathomable. Its sources are principally improved. One of the pleasantest and most ex- from springs within its bosom. Its outlet is the peditious routes from Baltimore is by the rail- rapid river of its own name. Its height above road thence to Harper's Ferry; thence by railroad the level of the sea is 472 feet. It is stored with to Winchester; thence by stage to Staunton. a great variety of excellent fish; in the summer From Staunton there are two routes, one directly season, steamboats, sloops, and smaller vessels across the mountains, to the warm and hot ply on its waters, and in the winter season it springs; the other, via Lexington, to the Natural presents an icy expansion of great usefulness Bridge, and thence to the White Sulphur Springs. and beauty. These springs are 304 miles W. of Baltimore. Like Casco Bay and Lake George, this lake is Another route from Baltimore is by Washing- said to contain 365 islands. Without supposing ton city, and thence by steamer to Acquia Creek, the days of the year to have been consulted on and over the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and the subject, the number is very great, several of Louisa Railroads, to Gordonsville. From this which comprise farms of from 200 to 500 acres, place the route is by stage, via Charlottesville, to the product of some of which, under good cultiStaunton, and thence to the springs by either of vation, has been, extraordinary as it may seem, the two routes described above. as high as 113 bushels of corn to the acre. Travellers from the states S. of Va. take the The waters of this lake not only serve as a railroad at Wilmington, N. C., for Richmond. lovely ornament to the scenery of this region, They have thence a conveyance by the canal, 150 and as a means of recreation and amusement to miles, to Lynchburg, and thence by stage, either the multitude who pass and repass upon them, over the road leading by the Natural Bridge, or but answer an important purpose as a great resby the way of Liberty, Fincastle, and the Sweet ervoir of power for the extensive manufacturing Springs, to the White Sulphur. establishments at Manchester, Lowell, and other The usual route to the Va. springs, from the places which are located on the Merrimac River, W. and S. W., is by leaving the steamboats on its outlet to the sea. The fall of this immense the Ohio River, at Guyandotte, and thence pro- body of water, in its passage to the ocean, is so ceeding by stage to the springs. From Guyan- great that its power for manufacturing purposes dotte to the White Sulphur Springs, the distance can hardly be computed. is about 160 miles. The route from Portland to this beautiful inland water is by railroad to Dover, N. H., 42 WHEELING SUSPENSION BRIDGE, VA. miles, and thence by railroad to Alton Bay, 28 See Wheeling. miles; whole distance from Portland, 70 miles. From Alton Bay a fine steamer runs over the WINNIPISEOGEE LAKE, N. H. lake to Wolfboro', and to Centre Harbor, at difThis lake possesses singular charms. How- ferent points on the opposite shore, and also to ever romantic and beautiful Lake George, the Weir's Station. at its south-western extremity, charmer of all travellers, appears in its elevation, where the Boston, Concord and Montreal Railthe purity of its-.waters, its depth, its rapid outlet, road passes. At Wolf boro' and at Centre Harits 365 islands which bespangle its bosom, its bor there are excellent hotels for the entertainmountain scenery, its fish, its mineralogy, still, ment of travellers; and both of these places are in all but its historic fame, it has a rival at the points of departure from the lake, on different east, in the Winnipiseogee of New Hampshire. routes for the White Mountains. For routes from There are more than forty different ways of Boston and other places, converging to these spelling the name of this lake, as might be shown points, the reader is referred to Routes to the by quoting the authorities. It was formerly White Mountains, p. 296. written as though it had six syllables; but the The facility with which this charming lake is pronunciation which has generally obtained with now reached, by the various routes from our large those best acquainted with the region of the lake, cities on the sea-coast, cannot fail to render the and the Indian pronunciation of the name, was region of its fertile shores, at no distant day, an Win-ne-pe-sock-e. eligible locality for the country seats of persons The lake is in the counties of Belknap and of taste and wealth; where they may come and Carrot. Its form is very irregular. At the west enjoy, if any where on earth, through the exend it is divided into three large bays; on the pression of natural scenery, that which it is said north is a fourth; and at the east end there are the Indians meant by the name WINNIPISEOGBEE three others. Its general course is from north- - The smile of the Great Spirit. LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. *,* THE following table is taken from the list of light-houses, beacons, and floating lights, with the names of the states in which they are situated, their places of location, their latitude and longitude, and some remarks, as copied from a pamphlet containing an account of the light-houses in the United States, on July 1, 1851, and published by authority. Latitude all N.; longitude all W. from Greenwich, 5 miles E. from London. Within a few years, many of these light-houses have been rebuilt, or repaired, and furnished with plate glass. The light-houses on the American coast are considered by mariners in excellent condition at the present time. MAINE. volving. Height of lantern above the sea, 170 Portland. Portland Head, off Portland har- feet. Red and white light. bor, S. side. Lat. 430~ 39. Lon. 700 17'. Fixed. Owls Head. W. side of W. entrance of PeHeight of lantern ab.ve the sea, 80 feet. nobscot Bay, off Thomaston harbor. Lat. 440 Seguin. On Island of Seguin, off mouth of 3' 501". Lon. 69~. Fixed. Height of lantern K(ennebec River. Lat. 430 411 36". Lon. 690 above the sea, 117 feet. 44'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, Moose Peak. On Mistake Island, S. WV. of W. 166 feet. entrance to the Bay of Fundy. Lat. 440 281 Whitehead. On Whitehead Island, S. W. of Lon. 670 31' 9/". Revolving. Height of lanW. entrance to Penobscot Bay. Lat. 430 571. tern above the sea. 53 feet 8 inches. Lon. 690 4'. Fixed. Height of lantern above Matinicus Rock, (2 lights.) On Matinicus Rock the sea, 58 feet. a sea light off Penobscot Bay. Lat. 430 46 24". Franklin Island. On N. end of Franklin Isl- Lon. 68~ 49'. Fixed. Height of lantern above and, W. of entrance to St. George's River. Lat. the sea, 82 feet 6 inches. 430 52'. Lon. 69~ 191. Fixed. Height of lan- Pemaquid Point. On Pemaquid Point, S. W tern above'the sea, 50 feet. of entrance to Bristol Bay, and E. side of entrance Wood Island. On Wood Island, near entrance to John's Bay. Lat. 43~ 48/. Lon. 690 291 30". to Saco harbor. Lat. 430 271. Lon. 70~ 18' 30". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 64 feet. Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 63 Baker's Island. On Baker's Island, off Mount feet. Desert, and S. of entrance to Frenchman's Bay West Quoddy Head. On West Quoddy Head, Lat. 440 131 20"1. Lon. 680 8'. Fixed. Height near Eastport, S. side of entrance to West Quod- of lantern above the sea, 69 feet 8 inches. dyBay. Lat. 44049' 18". Lon. 66~ 59'. Fixed. Cape Elizabeth, (2 lights.) On Cape Elizabeth, Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. S. S. E. of Portland. Lat. 430 33' 36". Lon. Petit Manan. On S. end of Petit Manan Isl- 70~ 11' 36ftl Fixed and revolving. 300 yards,and. Lat. 440 22'. Lon. 67~ 49'. Fixed. apart. Height of lantern above the sea, 140 feet. Height of lantern above the sea, 53 feet. Dice's Head. On Dice's Head, near Castine Pond Island. W. side of entrance to Kennebec Lat. 440 23' 12"1. Lon. 68~ 49' 30". Fixed. River. Lat. 430 45t. Lon. 69~ 461. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 116 feet. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 feet. Hendrick's Head. On Hendrick's Head, mouth Burnt Island. On Burnt Island, W. side of of Sheepscot River, E. side. Lat. 430 47' 30"'Townsend harbor, Lincoln co.... Fixed. Height Lon. 690 39'. Fixed. Height of lantern above of lantern above the sea, 55 feet 6 inches. the sea, 39 feet. Libby Island. On Libby's Island, entrance of Mount Desert Rock. Ocean light on Mount Machias Bay. Lat. 44~ 34'. Lon. 67~ 22'. Fixed. Desert Rock, about 20 miles S. S. E. of Mount Heightof lantern above the sea, 60 feet. Desert Island. Lat. 430 58'. Lon. 680 00' 30"t. MIonhegan Island. On Monhegan Island, Lin- Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 56 feet coln co. Lat. 430 441 30". Lon. 690 18'. Re- 6 inches. LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 681 Brown's Head. On southern of the Fox Isl- harbor. Lat. 42~ 321 12". Lon. 700 471 28". ands, E. side of W. entrance to Penobscot Bay. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 81 feet Lat. 440 5'. Lon. 68~ 46'. Fixed. Height of 6 inches. Two lights, one 70 and the other 814 lantern above the sea, 80 feet. feet above the level of the sea. Mliarshall's Point. On Marshall's Point, Lin- Plumb Island, (2 lights.) On Plumb Island, coln co. Lat. 43~ 53 20"t. Lon. 69~ 13'. Fixed. S. side of entrance to Newburyport. Lat. 42~48' HIeight of lantern above the sea, 30 feet. 29"t. Lon. 700 491 5f". Fixed. Height of lanGoat Island. Mouth Cape Pcrpoise harbor, tern above the sea, 54 feet. N. side. Lat. 430 21. Lon. 700 25'. Fixed. Cape Cod, (Highlands.) Outsideof Cape Cod, Height of lantern above the sea, 33 feet. Truro. Lat. 4202' 23"'. Lon. 7003155". Fixed..Negro Island. S. side of entrance to Camden Height of lantern above the sea, 180 feet. harbor, Penobscot Bay. Lat. 440 1 l. Lon. 680 Plymouth, (2 lights.) On Gurnet Point, N. side 59'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 50 of entrance to Plymouth harbor. Lat. 420 00' feet. 12". Lon. 700~ 36 21". Fixed. Height of lanFort Point. On Old Fort Point, above Castine, tern above the sea, 90 feet. to show the entrance to Prospect harbor.... Wigwam Point. On said point, E. side of enFixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. trance to Squam harbor, or bay. Lat. 420 391 Boon IslanZd. On Boon Island, off York har- 43". Lon. 70~ 41112"'. Fixed. Height of lanbor. Lat. 430 8'. Lon. 70029'. Fixed. Height tern above the sea, 50 feet. of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Scituate, (2 lights.) On Cedar Point, N. side Eagle Island Point. On Eagle Island, head of of entrance to Scituate harbor, and about 5 miles Isle au Haut Bay, to guide N. E. entrance to southward of Cohasset Rocks. Lat. 42~ 12 17". Penobscot Bay. Lat. 440 241. Lon. 68~ 46'. Lon. 700 43t 15"1. Fixed. Height of lantern Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 100 above the sea, 40 feet. Two lights; refitted in feet. 1841, one red, and about 15 feet below the other, Nashe's Island. Off the mouth of Pleasant and consequently visible at much less distance; River, E. side. Lat. 440 27'. Lon. 67~ 43'. discontinued in 1849, on lighting Minot's Rock Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 47 feet. light, and revived and repaired in 1851. Red light. Race Point. North-westerly point of Cape Cod Bear Island. On one of the Cranberry Islands, Lat. 420 3f 44". Lon. 700 141 53". Revolving. about 5 miles N. W. of Baker's Island light. Lat. Height of lantern above the sea, 32 feet. 44~ 16'. Lon. 68~ 12'. Fixed. Height of lan- Long Island Head. On N. end of Long Island, tern above the sea, 95 feet. Boston Bay, and S. side of inner ship entrance. N,`ddleback Ledge. Near S. W. end of Isle au Lat. 420 19' 48". Lon. 70~ 57' 41". Fixed. Haut, and E. side of entrance Isle au Haut Bay. Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Lat. 430~ 59g. Lon. 68~ 36' 30f. Fixed. Height Ten Pound Island. On Ten Pound IslandX in of lantern above the sea, 62 feet. Cape Ann, or Gloucester harbor. Lat. 42~ 35' Little River. In Cutler, on an island at the 10It. Lon. 700 40'. Fixed. Height of lantern mouth of Little River harbor.... Fixed. above the sea, 45 feet. Prospect Harbor. On Goat Island, in said har- Billingsgate Island. On Billingsgate Island, bor.... Fixed. W. side of entrance to Wellfleet. Lat. 410 51' Grtndel's Point. At Gilkey's harbor, in Pc- 381. Lon. 700 4r 32"'. Fixed. Height of lannobscot Bay.... Fixed. tern above the sea, 40 feet. Beauchanlp Point. On Indian Island, at mouth Sandy Neck. WV. side of entrance to Barnstaof Goose River, entrance to Camden harbor. ble harbor, Cape Cod Bay. Lat. 410 43' 211.... Fixed. Lon. 700 171 9". Fixed. Height of lantern above NEW HAMPSHIRE. the sea,-40 feet. Portsmouth, (or Newcastle.) S. W. side of in- Long Point. On Long Point Shoal, inside Cape ner entrance to Portsmouth harbor. Lat. 430 3f Cod, and W. side of entrance to Provincetown 30S". Lon. 700 43'. Fixed. Height of lantern harbor. Lat. 42~ 1' 50". Lon. 70~ 10' 50". above the sea, 90 feet. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 35 feet. White Island. The south-western island of the Gloucester Point. On Gloucester Point, E. side Isles of Shoals, ocean light. Lat. 420 58'. Lon. of entrance to Gloucester or Cape Ann harbor 700 37'30n". Revolving. Heightoflantern above Lat. 42~ 34' 49". Lon. 70~ 40' 10ot. Fixed the sea, 87 feet. Red and white light. Height of lantern above the sea, 57 feet. Whale's Back. N. and E. side of outer entrance Straitsmouth Harbor. On Straitmouth Island, to Portsmouth harbor. Lat. 430 3'. Lon. 70' N. side of Cape Ann. Lat. 420~ 39' 41t. Lon. 411. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70~ 35' 36". Fixed. Height of lantern above 58 feet. Two lights, one 10 feet above the other, the sea, 40 fteet. but seen as one light at about 6 miles distant. Marblehead. E. entrance to Marblehead harbor, S. E. side. Lat. 420 321 3"t. Lon. 70~ 50' MASSACHUSETTS. 5"t. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 Boston. N. side of main outer entrance to Bos- feet. ton harbor. Lat. 42~ 19' 41". Lon. 700 53143ft. Ipswich, (2 lights.) On Patche's Beach, S. side Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, q0 of entrance to Ipswich harbor. Lat. 420~ 411 8'. feet. Lon. 70~ 46 1711. Fixed and revolving. Height Thatcher's Island, (2 lights.) On Thatcher's of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Two towers Island, about 2 miles off Cape Ann. Lat. 42~ and lights, each 30 feet high, 500 feet from each 38' 211'. Lon. 70~ 34' 48't. Fixed. Height of other. lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Two light-houses, Gayhead. On Gayhead, W. point Martha's both fixed lights. Vineyard. Lat. 410 20' 54". Lon. 700 50' 26". Baker's Island, (2 lights.) On Baker's Island, Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 172 S. side of principal or N. E. entrance to Salem feet. 86 (682 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Clark's Point. On said point, W. side of en- Lat. 41~ 16' 58". Lon. 690~ 58t 16. Flashes in trance to New Bedford harbor. Lat. 41~ 35' 34". 1 and 3 minutes. Lenticular light of 2d order. Lon. 70~ 54t 21". Fixed. Height of lantern Hyannis. At Hyannis, Barnstable co., at enabove the sea, 52 feet. trance to Hyannis harbor. Lat. 41~ 38f. Lon. Cutterhunk Island. On S. W. point of Cutter- 70~ 18'. Fixed. hunk Island, and S. of W. entrance to Buzzard's Wing's Neck. On Wing's Neck, Sandwich, in Bay. Lat.410~ 24' 52". Lon. 70~ 571' 17". Fixed. Buzzard's Bay..... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 48 feet 6 inches. Palmer's Island. On N. B. extremity of said Nantucket Light. On Great or Sandy Point, island, in NewBedfordharbor....Fixed. Height the N. point of Nantucket Island. Lat. 410 23r of lantern above the sea, 27 feet. 241". Lon. 700 31 11. Fixed. Height of lantern 2linot's Rock, (destroyed.) On said rocks, the abhove the sea, 70 feet. outermost of Cohasset Rocks, about 9 miles S. E. Nantucket Beacon. Nantucket harbor, Brant i E. from Boston light-house. Lat. 420~ 16 8". Point. Lat.410~ 1724". Lon. 70~5'51". Fixed. Lon. 70~ 45' 551. Revolving. Heightoflantern Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. above the sea, 66feet. Blown down April 16, 1851. lantucket Harbor Light. Nantucket harbor, S. Parmet Harbor. On N. side of said harbor, side. Lat. 410 161. Lon. 70~ 6'. Fixed. Har- southerly end of Salt Works Tower of Truro. bor light.... Fixed. Red light. Cape Poge. N. E. point, Martha's Vineyard. Lat. 410 251 18"t. Lon. 70~ 27' 19"t. Fixed. FLOATING LIGHTS. Brandywine Shoal..TonHight of lantern above the sea, 55 feet. nage 129. Light boat sent to replace Minot's Chatham, (2 lights.) Chatham harbor, inside. Rock light-house, destroyed. Two lamps, 12 cyLat. 41~ 401 16". Lon. 69~ 57t 121". Fixed. lindrical wicks each, one on the foremast, 42 feet, Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Two the other on the after mast, 45 feet elevation. lights, 70 feet apart. Stationed here in 1851. Point Gammon. On said point, S. side of Cape Tuckernuck Shoal. Tonnage 125. On Cross Cod, inside of entrance to Hyannis harbor. Lat. Rip, N. W. of Nantucket. One lamp with 8 cylin41~ 36' 35". Lon. 700 16t 16". Fixed. Height drical wicks, elevated about 38 feet above the sea. of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Vineyard Sound. Tonnage 145. Near the rocks Holmes's Hole. On W. chop of Holmes's Hole called " Sow and Pigs." Two lamps, 9 wicks each, harbor. Lat. 41~ 28' 57". Lon. 70~ 36t 27". elevated, one 40, the other 50 feet above the sea. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. Pollock's Rip. Tonnage 145. Off Chatham, Tarpaulin Cove. W. side Tarpaulin Cove, Ms. One lamp with 9 wicks, elevated about 40 Vineyard Sound. Lat. 41~ 28 7'l. Lon. 70~ 451 feet. 45". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, RHODE ISLAND. 80 feet. Newport. On S. point of Conanicut Island, Bird Island. On said island in Buzzard's Bay, called Beaver Tail. Lat. 410~ 26' 30". Lon. 710 E. side of entrance to Sippican harbor. Lat. 41~ 24' 24". Fixed. Height of lantern above the 401 9t. Lon. 700~ 43 21". Revolving. Height sea, 98 feet. of lantern above the sea, 31 feet. Watch Hill. On Watch Point, S. E. of StonMonomoy Point. On Sandy Point, S. extrem- ington,about2 miles. Lat. 41018' 9". Lon.710 ity Cape Cod. Lat. 41~ 33t 35". Lon. 69~ 59' 5213". Revolving. Heightoflantern abovethe 561". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, sea, 73 feet. 33 feet. Point Jutdith. On S. E. point of Narraganset Nobsque Point. On said point of Vineyard Shore, between, and nearly in a range with, Sound, E. S. E. of entrance to Wood's Hole. Beaver Tail and Block Island lights. Lat. 410 Lat. 410 30' 57't. Lon. 700 39! 37it. * Fixed. 21t 35tt. Lon. 71~ 29' 25t". Revolving. Height Height of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Dumpling Rock. Buzzard's Bay, S. S. W. of Goat Island. On N. end of Goat Island, NewNew Bedford, and of Clark's Point light. Lat. port harbor. Lat. 410 30g. Lon. 710 19' 50". 41~ 32' 17"r. Lon. 70~ 551 36". Fixed. Height Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 43 feet of lantern above the sea, 43 feet. Dutch Island. On S. end of Dutch Island. Edgartown. At entrance to Edgartown harbor, Lat. 41~ 29t 30". Lon. 71c 26'. Fixed. Height Martha's Vineyard. Lat. 41~ 23t 27". Lon. 700 of lantern above the sea, 56 feet. 30t 29". Fixed. Height of lantern above the Warwick Neck. On S. end of Warwick Neck. sea, 50 feet. Lat. 410~ 34g. Lon. 71~ 29'. Fixed. Bay light. Ned's Point. Near Mattapoisett, E. New Bed- Nayat Point. On Nayat Point, Providence ford. Lat. 410 41' 1". Lon. 710 2t. Fixed. River. Lat. 41~ 44t. Lon. 710 22'. Fixed. Nauset Beach, (3 beacon lights.) E. side Cape Height of lantern above the sea, 38 feet. Bay Cod. Lat. 410~ 51 40". Lon. 69~ 57t 21't. Fixed. light. Height of lantern above the sea, 90 feet. Three Block Island, (2 lights.) On N. end of Block lights, 15 feet high, 50 yards apart. Island. Lat. 410 13' 24". Lon. 71~ 35t 4". Mayo's Beach, (Wellfleet.) Harbor light, in- Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 58 feet. side Cape Cod, head of Wellfleet Bay. Lat. 42~ Two lights placed one on each end of the keeper's 55t. Lon. 70~ 2'. Fixed. Height of lantern house. above the sea, 30 feet. Poplar Point. Wickford, North Kingston. La. Nantucket Cliff (2 beacons.) In Nantucket 410 35'. Lon. 71~ 26t 40". Fixed. Bay light. harbor.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 150 feet. Two harbor beacon lights. VERMONT. Sankaty Head. On Sankaty Head, at the S. E. Juniper Island. On Juniper Island, Lake extremity of the Island of Nantucket, S. by W. Champlain,'S. side of entrance to Burlington 23 miles from Pollock's Rip light vessel, and S. harbor. Lat. 440 27'. Lon. 730 131. Fixed. by E. 9 miles from Nantucket Great Point light. Height of lantern above the sea, 95 feet. LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 683 CONNECTICUT. the Narrows. Lat. 40~ 35' 57". Lon. 7403150". New London. W. side of entrance to River Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 89 feet. Thames. Lat. 41~0 18 55". Lon. 720 5t 56". Coxsackie. On the Hudson River, W. side, near Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 111 Coxsackie.... Fixed. River light. feet. Four Mile Point. At Four Mile Point, 4 miles Faulkner's Island. On Faulkner's Island, off from Hudson, on the Hudson River, W. side.... Guilford harbor. Lat. 410 12' 38". Lon. 72~39' Fixed. Riverlight. 46"t. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 93 Saugerties. At the mouth of Saugerties Creek, feet. on the Hudson, W. side... Fixed. River light. Lynde Point. Mouth of the Connecticut Riv- Stuyvesant. Near Stuyvesant, on the Hudson er, W. side. Lat. 41~ 16t 13/". Lon. 72~ 20t 591. River, E. side.... Fixed. River light. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Rondout Creek. Opposite mouth of said creek, Stonington. On narrow point of land, E. side Ulster co., and entrance of Hudson and Delaware of entrance to Stoninaton harbor. Lat. 41 19 Canal.... Fixed. Riverlight. 34"t. Lon. 71~ 54' 52. Fixed. Height of lan- Montauk. E. end of Long Island. Lat. 410 41 tern above the sea, 62 feet. 10"l. Lon. 710 511 58". Fixed. Height of lanMorgan's Point. In Groton, N. side Fisher's tern above the sea, 160 feet. Island Sound, near Mystic. Lat. 410 181 54". Little Gull Island. On said island, near N. E. Low 710 59r 54". Fixed. end of Long Island Sound, S. side of main enFive Mile Point. Entrance of New Haven trance. Lat.41~12118"t. Lon.726' 57. Fixed. harbor, E. side. Lat. 410~ 14' 52". Lon. 72~ 54' Height of lantern above the sea, 50 feet. 47". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, Plumb Island. Near N. E. extremity of Long 85 feet. Island, and N. of Gardiner's Bay. Lat. 41~ 10' Stratford Point. On said point, S. of Stratford, 21;!. Lon. 720~ 13' 14". Revolving. Height of at entrance of harbor or river. Lat. 410 91 2t. lantern above the sea, 63 feet. Lon. 730 6146". Revolving. Height of lantern Buffalo, (on Pier.) At junction of Buffalo above the sea, 44 feet. Creek and Lake Erie, on pier. Lat. 420 50'. Lon. Fairweather Island. Entrance of Black Rock 78~ 59t. Fixed. Height of lantern above the harbor, Fairfield. Lat. 410 8' 27". Lon. 730 131 sea, 47 feet 6 inches. 31". Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, Portland Harbor. At Portland, S. E. shore of 71 feet. Lake Erie. Lat. 420 32' 41". Fixed. Height.Norwalk Island. Entrance of Norwalk River. of lantern above the sea, 80 feet. Lighted with Lat. 41~ 21 50". Lon. 730 25' 43't. Revolving. natural gas. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Part Dunkirk Light. At Dunkirk, Lake Erie, S. E red shades. shore.... Fixed. Great Captain's Island. On said island, near Galloo Island. On W. point Galloo Island, E. Greenwich Point, Fairfield co. Lat. 40~ 581 52". part of Lake Ontario. Lat. 430 51'. Fixed. Height Lon. 730~ 37 59/1. Fixed. Height of lantern of lantern above the sea, 59 feet. above the sea, 62 feet. Oswego. At entrance of Oswego harbor, Lake North Dumplin. On North Dumplin Island, in Ontario, end of W. pier. Lat. 430 28'. Fixed. Fisher's Island Sound.... Fixed. Red shades. Height of lantern above the sea, 82 feet. Beacon on a pier. FLOATING LIGHTS. Bartlett'sReef Tonnage Cattaraugus Beacon. On pier, mouth of Catta145. Off New London. One lamp with 9 wicks, raugus Creek, Lake Erie.... Fixed. 45 feet elevation. Dunkirk Beacon. Dunkirk harbor, Lake Erie. Eel Grass Shoal. Tonnage 41. On said shoal.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 25 One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. feet. Genesee, (and temporary beacon lamp.) W. NEW YORK. side of entrance to port of Genesee, Lake OntaEaton's Neck. E. side of entrance to Hunting- rio, mouth of Genesee River. Lat. 430 12/ 30". ton Bay, Long Island. Lat. 40~ 571 9". Lon. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 83 730 241 18". Fixed. Height of lantern above feet. the sea, 134 feet. Sodus Bay and Beacon. At entrance to Sodus Execution Rocks. Off Sand's Point, Long Isl- harbor, Lake Ontario, W. side; beacon on W. and Sound.... Height of lantern above the sea, pier. Lat. 430 19'. Revolving. Height of lan54 feet. Red shades. tern above the sea, 66 feet. Two lights, main Sand's Point. On Sand's Point, Long Island light revolving. Sound, E. of entrance to Cow Bay. Lat. 400 51' Tibbett's Point. S. E. side of S. entrance to St. 52". Lon. 730 44' 21". Fixed. Lawrence River, Lake Ontario. Lat. 440 91. Old Field Point. On Old Field Point, Long Fixed; Height of lantern above the sea, 52 feet. Island, N. side, opposite Stratford light. Lat. 400 Horse Island. On W. end of said island, and 58/ 33". Lon. 730 7t 41". Fixed. Height of W. of Sackett's Harbor.... Fixed. lantern above the sea, 67 feet 6 inches. Niagara Fort. At junction of Niagara River Fire Island Inlet. E. side Fire Island Inlet, and Lake Ontario, E. side. Lat. 430 18' 20". Long Island, S. side. Lat. 400~ 37' 46". Lon. 730 Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 78 feet. 131 38". Revolving. Height of lantern above Stoney Point. On said point, E. end of Lake the sea, 89 feet 3 inches. Ontario.... Revolving. Throgq's Neck. On S. E. point of Throgg's Ogdensburg. On St. Lawrence River, mouth Neck, Westchester, E. of Hell Gate. Lat. 400 48' of Oswegatchie River. Lat. 440 451. Lon. 750 15". Lon. 730 48 I1". Fixed. 30'. Fixed River light. Stony Point. On the W. side of the Hudson, Prince's Bay. On Staten Island, near S. E. end. below West Point.... Fixed. Lat. 40~ 30' 22t". Lon. 740 131 24"/. Fixed. Fort Tompkins. On Staten Island, W. side of Height of lantern above the sea, 106 feet. 684 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Esopus Meadows. Opposite Esopus, on Hudson Bergen Point. On a block at the extremity of River, W. side....Fixed. a reef of rocks off Bergen Point, in the Kilns. Robbins's Reef Off the upper end of Staten... Fixed. Island, S. W. part of New York Bay. Lat. 400 Maurice River. On the bank of Maurice River 391 21'". Lon. 740 41 30". Fixed. Height of Cove, E. point of said river, and S. W. side of lantern above the sea, 66 feet. Haystack Island, in Delaware Bay.... Fixed. Cedar Island. Near E. end of Long Island, in Passaic River. At the mouth of said river, on Sag Harbor. Lat. 41~ 2' 18". Lon. 72~ 16' 6". a block in 4 feet of low water, near head of NewFixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 32 feet. ark Bay, about 5 miles above Bergen Point light, Harbor light. and to guide into Passaic and Hackensack Rivers. Silver Creek. On Lake Erie, S. E. side en-... Fixed. trance to harbor.... Fixed. Height of lantern PENNSYLVANIA. above the sea, 27 feet. Salmon River. On Lake Ontario, S. E. end, N. Presque Isle. At entrance of Presque Isle Bay, side of entrance to Port Ontario, Oswego co. Lake Erie. Lat.42 Fixed. Heiht of... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 52 lantern above the sea, 73 feet. ifeet.'~ixod Beightof lantern above the sea Presque Isle Beacon. Entrance of Presque Isle Rock Island Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On Bay, Lake Erie.... Fixed. Height of lantern said island, in St. Lawrence River.... Fixed. above the sea, 26 feet. Sunken Rock Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On Fort Mlffin. On pier in Delaware Riverdopsaid rock, or Bush Island, in St. Lawrence River. posite said fort.... Fixed..F.. Fixed. Brandywine Shoal. Brandywine Shoal, in DelCrossover Island Beacon, (Thousand Isles.) On awareBay. said island, in St. Lawrence River.... Fixed. DELAWARE. Cumberland Head. On Lake Champlain, near Cape Henlopen. On Cape Henlopen, S. side of Plattsburg. Lat. 440~ 421. Lon. 730 20'. Fixed. entrance to Delaware Bay. Lat. 38c 46' 35". Lon. Height of lantern above the sea, 45 feet. Inland 75~ 5' 37". Fixed. Height of lantern above the light. sea, 180 feet. Split Rock. On Lake Champlain, near Essex. Cape Henlopen Beacon. Cape Henlopen, S. side Lat. 440 12'. Lon. 730 181. Fixed. Height of of entrance to Delaware Bay, about 4 of a mile lantern above the sea, 110 feet. Inland light. from main light. Lat. 38~ 47' 21". Lon. 750 51 441". Fixed. FLOATING LIGHTS. New York, (Dist.) Bombay Hook. N. W. end of B. Bay Hook Stratford Point. Tonnage 100. Off said point, Island, Delaware Bay. Lat. 390 21t 4311, Lon. on Middle Ground, Long Island Sound. Two 750'31' 13". Fixed. Height of lantern above lamps, I on fore and the other on mainmast, each the sea, 46 feet. laitp 9 cylindrical wicks. Mahon's Ditch. At Mahon's Ditch, Delaware Sandy Hook. Tonnage 230. Seven miles out- Bay, S. side. Lat. 390 10' 13". Lon. 750 24' side of Sandy Hook, in 15 fathoms water. Two 38". Fixed. lamps, 1 on foremast, 50 feet, the other on main- Mispillion Creek. At mouth of said creek, S. mast, 60 feet elevation, each lamp 9 cylindrical side, Delaware Bay. Lat. 380 561 34". Lon. 750 wicks. 19' 2411. Fixed. NEW JERSEY. Christiana River. At mouth of said river or Sandy Hook, (main light, and 2 beacons.) creek, N. side. Lat. 390 431 12/". Lon. 75~ 31' Sandy Hook, N. W. point of New Jersey, and S. 50". Fixed. Lighted with gas. of entrance to New York harbor. Lat. 40~ 271 Reedy Island. On said island, N. W. part of 37l1. Lon. 740~ 00' 42". Fixed. Height of lan- Delaware Bay, at entrance of Delaware River. tern above the sea, 90 feet. Lat. 390 29t 571". Lon. 750 341 44tt. Fixed. Highlands of Neversink, (2 lights.) On High- Lighted with gas. lands of Neversink, S. of Sandy Hook lights. Breakwater. On Delaware Breakwater. Lat. Lat. 400 23' 40'l. Lon. 730 59' 42". Two lights, 38~ 47/ 50". Lon. 750 71 3'. Fixed. Red light. 1 revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, 248 feet. Two lights, 100 yards apart; 1 fixed; FLOATING LIGHTS. Delaware, (Dist.) Five S. light revolves; French lenticular apparatus, Fathom Bank. Tonnage 195. On said bank, 1st and 2d orders. off Cape May. Two lamps, one on foremast, Barnegat Shoals. S. side of Barnegat Inlet, and 40 feet, the other on mainmast, 45 feet elevaN. end of Long Beach. Lat. 390 45' 54". Lon. tion, 12 cylindrical wicks. 740 6' 56". Fixed. Upper Middle Shoal, (No. 2.) Tonnage 131. Cape May. On S. W. point of Cape May, N. Near the middle of Delaware Bay, N. W. of of entrance to Delaware Bay. Lat. 38~ 55t 4511. Brandvwine Shoals. One lamp, 12 cylindrical Lon. 740 58' 33". Revolving. Height of lan- wicks,about 45 feet elevation. tern above the sea, 88 feet. Egg Island. Delaware Bay, N. side, nearly N. MARYLAND. N. NV. of Cape May. Lat. 390~ 10 28"1. Lon. 750 Bodkin Island. On Bodkin Island, S. side of 8 56'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, entrance to Patapsco River and port of Balti42 feet. Lighted with gas in 1845. more, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 390 8'. Lon. 76~ Cohanzey Creek. Delaware Bay, N. side, and 25' 50". Fixed. W. side of said creek. Lat. 390 201 15"1. Lon. North Point, (2 lights.) On North Point, at N. 750 221 12". Fixed. Height of lantern above side of entrance to Patapsco River, Chesapeake the sea. 42 feet. Lighted with gas in 1845. Bay. Upper light lat. 39~ 11' 45". Lon. 760 27' Tucker's Beach. On said beach, near midway 17'". Lower light lat. 390 ll 35". Lon. 76~ 26' between Old Inlet and New Inlet. Lat. 390 30' 54". Fixed. Two lights to range with ship 17" Lon. 74~ 171 31"/. Fixed. Red shades. channel. LIGHT-HOUSES IN TtIE UNITED STATES. 685 Thomas's Point. On Thomas's Point, S. of of Chesapeake Bay, Accomac co., and N. E. of entrance to Annapolis, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. southern entrance to Tangier Sound. Lat. 370 380 54 25.i". Lon. 760 27' 34". Fixed. 45'. Lon. 76~ 4'. Fixed. Pool's Island. On Pool's Island, in Chesapeake Bay, Harford co., N. E. of North Point lights. FLOATING LIGHTS. Virginia, (Dist.) Smnith's Lat. 390 17t 22". Lon. 760 16' 21". Fixed. Point. Tonnage 120. S. E. of said point, in Smith's Island. On Smith's Island, in Chesa- Chesapeake Bay, and S. E. of mouth of Potomac peake Bay, off Somerset co., and opposite en- River. Two lamps, 11 cylindrical wicks each, 1 trance to the Potomac. Lat. 37~0 53' 13". Lon. on foremast, 34A feet, the other on mainmast, 39 76~ 14' 39". Fixed. feet elevation. Concord Point, (Havre de Grace.) On Point Craney Island. Tonnage 70. Near said island, Concord, at entrance of Susquehanna River, W. side of entrance to Elizabeth River, and to Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 390~ 321 30. Lon. 76~ 5i Norfolk, &c. One lamp at mast head, 33 feet 42'/. Fixed. elevation. Cove Point. On Cove Point, N. of entrance to Willoughby's Spit. Tonnage 400. S. side of Patuxent River, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 38~ 23' entrance to Hampton Roads, S. part of Chesa6". Lon. 760 23' 17. Fixed. Height of lan- peake Bay. Two lamps, 3 cylindricalwicks each, tern above the sea, 50 feet. forward one 41 feet, after one 32 feet elevation. Point Lookout. On Point Lookout, N. side of Wolftrap Shoals. Tonnage 180. Between the entrance to Potomac River, Chesapeake Bay. mouths of York and Rappahannock Rivers. Two Lat. 38~ 2' 141. Lon. 760 19' 43". Fixed. lamps, 12 cylindrical wicks each, forward one 30, Lazaretto Point. Near Baltimore, on Patapsco after one 38 feet elevation. River, N. side of entrance to Baltimore harbor. Windmill Point. Tonnage 125. Off Windmill Lat. 390 15' 39". Lon. 760 341 38's. Fixed. Point, N. side of entrance to the Rappahannock. Clay Island. Mouth of Nanticoke River, N. One lamp with 5 cylindrical wicks in use, 401 feet extremity of Tangier Sound, Dorchester co., elevation. Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 380 131 52". Lon. 750 Bowler's Rock. Tonnage 54. In the Rappa58' 50'/. Fixed. Height of lantern above the hannock River, near said rock. One lamp. sea, 36 feet. Upper Cedar Point. Tonnage 72. Off said Turkey Point. On said point, at the entrance point, below the Narrows, and about 44 miles of Elk River, W. side, N. part of Chesapeake below Mount Vernon. One lamp with 6 cylinBay. Lat. 390 26' 55/. Lon. 760~ 00' 54tt. Fixed. drical wicks, 34 feet elevation from deck. Piney Point On the Potomac River, E. side, Lower Cedar Point. Tonnage 72. In the Poabout 14 miles N. W. from its mouth.... Fixed. tomac River, between said point and Yates's River light. Point, above Kettle Bottom. One lamp with 12 Sharp's Island. On said island, Chesapeake cylindrical wicks, 33 feet elevation from deck. Bay, off the entrance to Choptank River. Lat. 380 37' 42". Lon. 760 22' 36". Fixed. NORTH CAROLINA. Greenbury Point. On said point, N. side of en- Bald Head. Near mouth of Cape Fear River trance to Annapolis harbor.... Fixed. Height E. side. Lat. 330 51' 30"t. Lon. 770 59' 30' of lantern above the sea, 31 feet. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 110 feet Federal Point. On Federal Point, N. side of FLOATING LIGHT. Hooper's Straits. Tonnage inlet to Cape Fear River. Lat. 330 56' 30". Lon 72a. In Chesapeake Bay, E. side, and S. of 770 55'. Fixed. Heightoflantern above thesea Hooper's Island. One lamp, 11 cylindrical wicks. 50 feet. Cape Hatteras. On Cape Hatteras, about 1 VIRGINIA. mile N. of high water mark. Lat. 350 15'. Lon. Cape Henry. On said cape, S. side of entrance 75~ 301. Fixed. Height of lantern above the to Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 36~ 56'. Lon. 76C' 4'. sea, 95 feet. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 120 feet. Pamptico Point. On said point, S. side of enOld Point Comfort. On said point, mouth of trance to Pamptico River.... Fixed. Height of James River, and N. side of entrance to Hamp- lantern' above the sea, 30 feet. ton Roads, Chesapeake Bay. Lat. 370~. Lon. Body's Island. On said island, 1a miles S. of 76~ 22' 12". Fixed. anew inletmade in 1847. Lat. 35~47'211. Lon. Smith's Point. On Smith's Point, near the 750 31139". Revolving. Height of lantern above mouth of the Potomac River, S. side. Lat. 370 the sea, 56 feet 6 inches. 51'. Lon. 760 22'. Fixed. Height of lantern Ocracoke. On W. end of Ocracoke Island, S. above the sea, 85 feet. W. of Cape Hatteras, E. side of Ocracoke Inlet. New Point Comfort. About 18 miles N. of Old Lat. 350 6'301". Lon. 750 581. Revolving. Height Point Comfort, Chesapeake Bay, W. side. Lat. of lantern above the sea, 75 feet. 370 18t. Lon. 76~ 21'. Fixed. Cope Lookout. On Cape Lookout, near the end Smith's Island. N. end of Smith's Island, W. E. of the cape. Lat. 340 37'. Lon. 76~ 33'. Fixed. of Cape Charles, and of N. entrance to the Chesa- Height of lantern above the sea; 95 feet. peake. Lat. 370 13'. Lon. 750 52t. Revolv- Oak Island, (2 beacon lights.) Two lights on ing. said island to range with the channel on entering Back River Point. About 5 miles N. E. of Old Cape Feaf River.... Fixed. Point Comfort, and S. side of entrance to Back Orton's Point. On W. bank of Cape Fear River, River. Lat. 370 5'. Lon. 76~ 21'. Revolving. known as Orton's Point, Brunswick co.... Fixed. Height of lantern above-the sea, 40 feet. Price's Creek, (2 beacons.) On W. bank of Assateague Island. On said island, between Cape Fear River, mouth of Price's Creek.... Cape Henlopen and Cape Charles, on the ocean. Fixed. Lat. 370 54 36". Lon. 750 21 45". Fixed. Campbell's Island. On Campbell's Island, in Little VWatt's Island. On said island, E. side Cape Fear River, S. W. corner of lower end of 686 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. said island, generally known as "Big Island." GEORGIA... Fixed., Tybee. N. E. end of Tybee Island and S. side of entrance to Savannah River. Lat. 32~. Lon. FLOATING LIGHTS. Long Shoal. Tonnage 80~ 52'. Fixed. Height of lantern above the 145. In Pamlico Sound, northerly part, on E. sea, 100 feet. point of said shoal. One lamp with 9 cylindrical Tybee Beacon. E. of light-house, about i of a wicks, at about 40 feet elevation. mile distant.... Fixed. Height of lantern above South-west Point of Royal Shoal. Tonnage 140. the sea, 56 feet. On the point of said shoal, Pamlico Sound, W., Fig Island Beacon. On E. end of said island 9 miles from Ocracoke light. One lamp with 11 in Savannah River.... Fixed. Red shades. cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet elevation. St. Simon's Island. On S. end of St. Simon's Nine Feet Shoal. Tonnage 70. About 4 miles Island, and N. side of entrance to the sound.' Lat. N. by W. of Ocracoke light, and N. E. side of 31~8'. Lon.81~36'. Fixed. Heightoflantern Royal Shoal. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, above the sea, 80 feet. A sound or inland light at 40 feet elevation. onl Mouth of Neuse River. Tonnage 125. Near So pelo Island. On S. end of Sapelo Island, entrance of said river into Pamlico Sound, off and N. side of entrance to Doboy Sound. Lat. Marsh Point. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, 31~ 21t30"t. Lon. 81~ 241. Revolving. Height at 40 feet elevation. of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Brant Island Shoal. Tonnage 125. On the Wolf's Island, (2 beacons.) E. side, near N. point of said shoal, in S. part of Pamlico Sound. end of Wolf's Island, and S. S. E. of Sapelo One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet light. Lat, 310~ 20. Lon. 81~ 24,30'r. Fixed. elevation. Height of lantern above the sea, 25 feet. Two Harbor Island. Tonnage 72. On Harbor Isl- beacons, one of brick and the other of wood; the and Bar, between Pamlico and Core Sounds. first 25, and the second 15 feet above the level of One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 40 feet the sea. elevation. Little Cumberland Island. S. side of entrance Wade's Point Shoal. Tonnage 76. On said to St. Andrew's Sound and Santilla River. Lat. shoal, W. side of entrance of Pasquotank River 30~ 561. Lon. 81~ 34t. Revolving. Height of into Albemarle Sound, and S. E. of Elizabeth lantern above the sea, 80 feet. City. One lamp with 9 cylindrical wicks, at 39 Oyster Beds' Beacon. On Oyster Beds in Safeet elevation. vannah River.... Fixed. Roanoke Island. Tonnage 72. Between Pam- Cockspur Island Beacon. On a knoll connected licoe and Albemarle Sounds, near said island. One with Cockspur Island, in Savannah River.... lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks, at 38 feet eleva- Fixed. tion. Mouthof Roanoke River. Tonnage 130. Near FLOATING LIGHTS. Tybee Channel, or Marits entrance into Albemarle Sound. One lamp with tin's Industry. Tonnage 125. At Martin's In9 cylindrical wicks, at about 424 feet elevation. dustry, about 15 miles E. of Tybee light. One Iorsershoe. Tpnnage 72. On said Shoe, be- lamp with 4 cylindrical wicks, at about 40 feet tween the New Inlet and Piice's Creek, in Cape elevation from deck. Fear River. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. Tybee Island Knoll. Tonnage 72. Off the knoll N. of Tvbee Island, Savannah River. One lamp SOUTH CAROLINA. with 12'wicks. Charleston, and Beacon. On Light-house Isl- FLORIDA. and, and W. of ship channel to Charleston har- St. Augustine. On N. end of Anastasia Island, bor. Lat. 32~ 42'. Lon. 790 54t 12". Revolv- and S. side of entrance to St. Augustine. Lat. ing. Height of lantern above the sea, 125 feet 6 290 52' 18". Lon. 81~ 25'. Fixed. Height of inches. Light and beacon. lantern above the sea, 70 feet. Raccoon Key. On Cape Romain, about 10 miles St. John's River. Near mouth of St. John's S. W. of entrance to Santee River. Lat. 33~ 1t. River, S. side of entrance. Lat. 30~ 20t 30". Lon. Lon. 790 24'. Fixed. Height of lantern above 810 331. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, the sea, 87 feet 6 inches. 65 feet. North Island. On S. end of North Island, E. Cape Carnaveral. On said cape, S. S. E. of St. side of entrance to Pedee River, and to George- Augustine.... Revolving. town. Lat. 330 7130k1. Lon. 79~ 1130". Fixed. Cape Florida. Off S. E. point of Florida, or Height of lantern above the sea, 89 feet. on Key Biscayne. Lat. 25~ 41'. Lon. 80~ 5'. Morris's Island, (2 beacon lights.) On said isl- Height of lantern above the sea, 70 feet. and, for the Overall Channel to Charleston har- Dry Tortugas. On Bush Island, one of the bor.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, westernmost of the Florida Reef. Lat. 240 37r one 40 and the other 70 feet. Two beacons, 1 20'". Lon. 82~ 52' 22". Fixed. Height of lanlamp each. tern above the sea, 70 feet. Sullivan's Island. (2 beacons; beacon back of Sand Key, (temporary light-boat.) About 84 Sullivan's Island, and beacon S. of Fort Moul- miles S. W. by S. of Key West. Lat. 240 28t 30". trie.) Two beacons on said island to guide over Lon. 810~ 49' 30". Revolving. Height of lantern Charleston Bar. One in lat. 320 46' 51"t; on. above the sea, 70 feet. Refitted anew in 1843; 790 53t. The other in lat. 320 45/ 29"'; Ion. 790 destroyed by a tornado in 1846. 52t 55". Fixed. Key West. Key West Island, Florida Reef, S. W. of Cape Sable. Lat. 240 32' 32". Lon. 810 FLOATING LIGHT. St. Helena Bar. Tonnage 48t 30l. Fixed. Height of lantern above the 72. On said bar, off the entrance to St. Helena sea, 67 feet. Destroyed by a tornado in 1846, and Sound, and to Combahee and Morgan Rivers. rebuilt on new site in 1847. One lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. Cape St. George. On said cape, and about 2j LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. 687 miles E. of West Pass to St. George's Sound. near mouth Pearl River.... Fixed. Formerly.. Fixed. In place of one on St. George's revolving. Island. Tchefuncta River. Lake Ponchartrain, near St. Mark's. E. side of entrance to St. Mark's Madisonville.... Fixed. harbor. Lat. 30~ 4t. Lon. 840 ll'. Fixed. Point de Fer. At the entrance of River Teche, Height of lantern above the sea, 73 feet. orAtchafalayaBay. Lat. 290~19'30". Lon. 910 Pensacola. S. side of entrance to Pensacola 331. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 70 Bay, and N. W. of fort on St. Rosa Island. Lat. feet. 30~ 20' 48". Lon. 870 17'. Revolving. Height Port Ponchartrain. Near E. end of railroad. of lantern above the sea, 80 feet.... Revolving. Height of lantern above the sea, Amelia Island. S. side of entrance to St. Ma- 30 feet. ry's River, and on N. end of said island. Lat. Pass Manchac. Mouth of Pass Manchac, be30~ 42'. Lon. 81~ 36' 30t. Revolving. tween Lakes Maurepas and Ponchartrain.... Cape St. Blas. On Cape St. Blas, about 2 Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 34 feet. miles from its S. point.... Revolving. Red light, on S. side of the Pass. Dog Island. On said island, E. side of middle New Canal. Lake Ponchartrain, entrance of entrance to St. George's Sound. Lat. 290 46' said canal.... Fixed. Height of lantern above 20". Lon. 840 38' 9ft. Revolving. the sea, 30 feet. Eqmont Key. On said key or island, entrance Vermilion Bay. Near S. W. entrance to said of Tampa Bay.... Fixed. bay, on Marsh Island.... Revolving. Bon Fouca. Near mouth of Bayou Bon Fouca. FLOATING LIGHTS. Carysfort Reef: Tonnage... Fixed. 225. About 10 E. of Cape Sable, on said reef. Chandeleur Island. On N. end of said island. Two lanterns and lamps, with 12 cylindrical... Fixed. wicks each, the forward lantern elevated 40 feet, Proctorsville Beacon. On Lake Borgne. and the after do. 30 feet; seen 12 miles. Fixed. Key West. Tonnage 145. At N. W. passage, near 12 miles from Key West. One light with 9 FLOATING LIGHTS. Merrill's Shell Bank, (iron lamps and 24 wicks. boat.) Tonnage 400. At Merrill's Shell Bank. Sand Key, (temporary.) Tonnage 140. At One lamp. Sand Key. One lamp with 12 wicks. Ship Shoal Pleasonton. Tonnage 160. On the inside of the western end of Ship Island Shoal, ALABAMA. in 5 fathoms of water, near Dernier (or Last IslMobile Point. On Mobile Point, E. side of and.) Two lamps and lantern with 8 wicks, one entrance to Mobile Bay. Lat. 300~ 13142. Lon. elevated 45, the other 30 feet. 870 58'. Revolving. Height of lantern above the Atchafalaya Bay. Tonnage 72. In Atchafasea, 55 feet. laya Bay. One lamp with 12 wicks, 35 feet eleChoctaw Point. On Choctaw Point, a little S. vation. of Mobile. Lat. 300 441. Lon. 880 12'. Fixed. OHIO. Sand Island. About 3 miles S. S. W. from Grand River. Mouth of Grand River, Fairport, Mobile Point. Lat. 300 13/. Lon. 880 10' 58". Lake Erie. Lat. 410' 531. Lonu. 810 23'. Fixed. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 91 feet. LightMISSISSIPPI. house on the main land; a beacon on a pier. Cat Island. On W. point of said island, and Grand River Beacon. Mouth of Grand River E. of entrance to Lake Borgne. Lat. 300 13'40".... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 24 Lon. 89~ 5'. Fixed. feet. Pass Christian. On the main land, about 64 Cleveland. Cleveland harbor, Lake Erie. Lat. miles N. W. of Cat Island light. Lat. 30~ 18t 55". 41~ 31'. Lon. 810 51'. Fixed. Height of lanLon. 89~ 101 26". Fixed. tern above the sea, 140 feet. Light-house on the Round Island. On said island, off Pascagoula main land; a beacon on a pier. Bay. Lat. 300~ 20'. Lon. 88~ 40t. Fixed. Height Cleveland Beacon. Cleveland harbor, Lake Erie. of lantern above the sea, 44 feet.... Fixed. Biloxi. In Biloxi village, W. of W. entrance Vermilion River Beacon. On pier, Vermilion to Biloxi Bay.... Fixed. Height of lantern harbor, Lake Erie.... Fixed. above the sea, 53 feet. Turtle Island. On said island, Ciouth of Maumee Bay, Michigan.... Fixed. Height of lanLOUISIANA. tern above the sea, 41 feet. Bayou St. John. Mouth of Bayou St. John, Sandusky. Near entrance Sandusky Bay.... on Lake Ponchartrain, 5 miles N. New Orleans. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. Lat. 300 3t. Lon. 90~. Fixed. Height of lan- Port Clinton. On Lake Erie, N. W. of Santern above the sea, 30 feet. dusky Bay....Fixed. Height of lantern above Frank's Island. On Frank's Island, at mouth the sea, 45 feet. of Mississippi, N. E. Pass, N. side. Lat. 290 8' Conneaut River Beacon. On Lake Erie, N. E. 30". Lon. 890 1' 24". Fixed. Height of lan- corner of Ohio.... Fixed. Beacon on a pier: tern above the sea, 78 feet. Mouth Huron River Beacon. On Lake Erie, South-west Pass of Mississippi. Entrance of Huron co.... Fixed. Height of lantern above Mississippi River, S. W. Pass, W. side. Lat. 280 the sea, 40 feet. Beacon on a pier. 58' 30". Lon. 89~ 20". Fixed. Showing two Mouth Black River. On Lake Erie, Lorain co. lights, one 25 feet above the other.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 South Point, (Gordon's Island.) Entrance of feet. Beacon on a pier. Mississippi River, near S. Pass, S. W. side. Lat. Ashtabula Beacon. On Lake Erie, Ashtabula 280 59' 42". Lon. 89~ 7' 24'1. Revolving. co.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, Pleasonton's Island. E. Lake Ponchartrain, 40 feet. Beacon on a pier. 688 LIGHT-HOUSES IN THE UNITED STATES. Cedar Point Beacon. Entrance of Sandusky Copper Harbor. At said harbor, Lake SupeBay.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, rior.... Fixed. 37 feet. Beacon light on keeper's dwelling. Eagle Harbor. In said harbor, Lake Superior. Western Sister Island. On W. Sister Island,... Fixed. W. part of Lake Erie;... Fixed. M21anitou Island. On said island, Lake Superior.... Fixed. MICHIGAN. Grassy Island Beacon. On Grassy Island, in Detroit River.... Fixed. Fort Gratiot. Half a mile above outlet of Lake Mamajuda Beacon. On Mamajuda Shoals, in Huron. Lat. 420 55'. Lon. 820 22/. Fixed. Detroit River.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 74 feet. Skillagalee Rock. On Skillagalee Rock, Lake Windmill Point. W. side of Detroit River, Michigan....Fixed. near its head.... Fixed. Monroe. W. end of Lake Erie... Fixed. FLOATING LIGHT. M.ackinaw Straits. TonHeight of lantern above the sea, 46 feet. nage 121. At the junction of Lakes Huron and Bois Blanc. N. side of Bois Blanc Island, near Michigan, N. W. part of state of Michigan. One Mackinaw.... Fixed. Height of lantern above large lamp with 12 cylindrical wicks. the sea, 112 feet. St. Joseph's River, (and 1 beacon lamp.) Mouth INDIANA. of St. Joseph's River, E. side Lake Michigan.... Michigan City. S. end Lake Michigan.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 65 feet. Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 60 feet. And 1 beacon lamp on pier. Thunder Bay Island. Lake Huron, N. E. of ILLINOIS. Saginaw Bay.... Fixed. Height of lantern Chicago, and Beacon. S. bank Chicago River, above the sea, 45 feet. Lake Michigan, and beacon on pier.... Fixed. Gibraltar. Mouth of Detroit River.... Fixed. Little Fort. In Little Fort Village, S. side of Grand River. Lake Michigan, E. side.... the river; S. W. shore of Lake Michigan.... Fixed. Height of lantern above the sea, 40 feet. Fixed. South Mlanitou Island. N. part Lake Michigan. WISCONSIN.... Fixed. Milwaukie, and Beacon. Mouth Milwaukie New Buffalo, and Beacon. Near S. end, E. side River, W. side Lake Michigan.... Fixed. Lake Michigan.... Fixed. Root River, (Racine.) Mouth Root River, W. Presque Isle. N. W. shore of Lake Huron.... side Lake Michigan. Lat. 420~ 49 33". Lon. 870 Revolving. 40' 22". Revolving. Kalamazoo River. S. E. shore of Lake Mich- Sheboygan. Mouth of said river, W. side Lake igan.... Fixed; Height of lantern above the sea, Michigan... Fixed. 42 feet. Manitouwoc. Mouth of Manitouwoc River, W. Pottawattamie. Pottawattamie Island, entrance side of Lake Michigan.... Fixed. Green Bay.... Fixed. Height of lantern above South Port. In South Port, on Warrington the sea, 120 feet. Island.... Fixed. Saginaw Bay. Mouth Saginaw River, in said Tail Point. On said point, near mouth of Fox Bav.... Fixed. River, Green Bay.... Fixed. Clinton River. Mouth of said river, Lake St. Port Washington. At Port Washington, N. E. Clair.... Fixed. part.... Fixed. Point aux Barques. On said point, mouth of Port de Mort. On Plumb Island.... Fixed. Saginaw Bayv....Fixed. Detour. At Detour, where River Sault Ste. TEXAS. Marie enters Lake Huron.... Fixed. FLOATING LIGHT. Galveston Bar. Tonnage White Fish Point. On said point, Lake Supe- 145. On said bar, off Galveston. One lamp rior.... Fixed. with 9 cylindrical wicks, 35 feet elevation. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. *** IT is now a little over two hundred years since the first college was founded in this country. At the end of the first century, the number had increased to only three - Harvard College in Massachusetts, the College of William and Mary in Virginia, and Yale College in Connecticut. The second century has witnessed an astonishing increase in the number of our colleges, as in the population, and in every other element of our national growth and prosperity. One college has been added, on an average, every year during the century, until the number in the United States, as contained in the following list, amounts to one hundred and twenty. The number of students connected with the colleges in the United States as undergraduates, at the present time, is over ten thousand. If to these are added those connected with their preparatory and professional departments, the number rises to between twelve and fifteen thousand. There are thirteen colleges in the New England States. Among these are some which may be denominated national institutions, deriving their students more or less from every state, and, sending out their influence to every part of the Union. They have sent out, from the first, about twenty-one thousand graduates, and are now graduating about Jive hundred students annually. In the following notices of the colleges in the United States, we have setf down such particulars as we are able to ascertain with sufficient certainty respecting each; although in respect to all of them, the account must necessarily be brief. Much the largest part of them have been founded, supported, and directed, by the clergy and other members of the Congregational and Presbyterian denominations. In regard to those which are under the direction of other denominations, the fact is always expressly mentioned. The number of colleges under the direction of the Baptists is 13; Methodists, 13; Episcopalians, 8; Roman Catholics, 11. Excepting in the case of the Roman Catholic colleges, and a few others at the south and west, the students enumerated, where only one number is given, are undergraduates, as distinguished from those in the preparatory or professional departments, and the instructors are those connected with the collegiate course. The number of volumes given as in the libraries generallyincludes the aggregate of all the books contained in the library of the college and in those established by societies among the students. ALLEGHANY COLLEGE, PA. Incorporated in 1817, and located at Meadville. It had 6 instructors, and 122 students in 1850. The library, of 8200 volumes, was mostly the donation of Rev. Dr. Bentley, of Salem, Ms. The college is under the direction of the Methodists. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in July. Rev. John Barker, D. D., is president. AMHERST COLLEGE, MS. This college is situated in Amherst, Hampshire co., about 8 miles east of Northampton. It was founded in 1821, and incorporated in 1825. It has three large brick buildings, four stories high, for students' rooms; and a fourth, comprising a spacious chapel, a library room, lecture and recitalion rooms, &c. A beautiful building has recently been erected for the reception of the fine mineralogical and geological cabinets, collected by the labors and influence of Professor Hitchcock, now president of the college. 87 690 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. In mineralogy, nearly all the known species are represented by about 4600 specimens. In geology, there are 9300 specimens of American, and 4900 specimens of foreign rocks and fossils. In zoology, there are about 1800 specimens of 350 species of vertebrated animals, 5000 species of articulated animals; 200 species of radiated animals, and 6000 species of shells. The libraries contain about 16,000 volumes. The philosophical apparatus was purchased chiefly in London, and is one of the most complete in the country. This college, besides its other endowments, enjoys the benefit of a fund of 50,000 dollars, five sixths of the income of which is appropriated to assist indigent students preparing for the ministry. The number of students of this class has, consequently, always been large. The faculty consists of the president, 7 professors, and 4 tutors. Alumni in 1850, 870. Commencement is on the second Thursday of August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1821. Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D...... 1823. 1823. Rev. Heman Humphrey, D. D..... 1845. 1845..... - Rev. Edward Hitchcock, LL. I). AUGUSTA COLLEGE, KY. Founded at Augusta, in 1825. It is under the direction of the Methodists. It had 4 instructors, and about 50 students in 1850. Volumes in the library, 2500. Commencement is on the Thursday after the first Wednesday in August. Rev. J. Tomlinson, D. D., is president. AUSTIN COLLEGE, TS. This college was incorporated in 1850. It is located at Huntville, and is in vigorous operation. An institution has been started, also, at Independence, in this new state, called Baylor University. Whether it has been incorporated or not we do not know. It has a small library of 300 volumes. BACON COLLEGE, KY. This college was founded in 1836, and located at Harrodsburg. It has 9 instructors, and a library of about 1800 volumes. The number of students in 1850 was 217, including those in the primary department. Commencement is in the first week in September. Samuel Hatch, A. M., is president. BATON ROUGE COLLEGE, LA. Founded at Baton Rouge, in 1838. Instructors, 4; students in 1850, 45; library, about 1000 volumes. Commencement in December. R. H. Ranney, president. BELOIT COLLEGE, WN. This is an infant institution, established three or four years since, at the flourishing town of Beloit, near the southern line of the state, on the route from Chicago to Galena. It has a charter from the legislature, conferring full university powers. One fine college edifice, on a beautiful situation, has been erected. The college has 3 instructors. No class has yet graduated. Library, 2000 volumes. Rev. Aaron L. Chapin is president. BETHANY COLLEGE, VA. This institution was founded in 1840, and is located in Bethany. It had 6 instructors, and 113 students, in 1850. Its commencement is in the first week in July. The president of the faculty is Alexander Campbell, A. M. The library contains about 3500 volumes. BOWDOIN COLLEGE, ME. This institution, first incorporated by the legislature of Massachusetts in 1794, is situated in Brunswick, Cumberland co., about 25 miles north of Portland, and about 35 miles south of Augusta. The name of Bowdoin was given to the college in honor of one of the earliest and most distinguished governors of Massachusetts; and the institution has since been indebted to members of the Bowdoin family for liberal benefactions; especially to the Hon. James Bowdoin, of Boston, who gave to it 6000 acres of land in the town of Lisbon, and from whose estates a large legacy has, within a few years, been secured to the college. On the separation of Maine from Massachusetts, the trustees surrendered its original charter, and received a new one from the State of Maine, with a liberal annuity in aid of its funds. The legislative government of the college is committed to a board of 13 trustees, and a board of overseers of 45 members, their vacancies being filled by the respective boards, with a negative on the part of the overseers on elections in the other board. The faculty consists of the president and 7 professors. The instruction is given chieflyby permanent officers. The college buildings are pleasantly situated upon a plain, with a grove of pines in the rear. Two are occupied as dormitories by the students; one, recently erected upon a beautiful model, for a chapel, library room, &c.; and others are occupied for lecture rooms, the Bowdoin gallery of paintings, and other purposes. The public libraries contain about 25,000 volumes. A flourishing medical school, with 6 professors and lecturers, is attached to the college. Number of alumni in 1850, 997. Commencement on the first Wednesday in September. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 691,cessrta Succession of Presidents. Exitii 1802..... Rev. Joseph McKeen, D. D.... 1807. 1307..... Rev. Jesse Appleton, D. D. 1819. 1820. Rev. William Allen, D. D. 1838. 1839;.... Rev. Leonard Woods, Jr., D. D. BROWN UNIVERSITY, R. I. This imsituttin (originally founded at Warren in 1764, and removed to Providence in 1770) takes its nam.e )rtm Nicholas Brown, its most munificent benefactor. It is under the direction of the 3aptists. The buildings, furnishing elegant and ample accommodations, are situated upon the highest part of the city. The library, which is in Manning Hall, is arranged in a very perfect manner and contains about 23,000 volumes. The libraries of two societies among the students contain 6000 or 7000 volumes more. Rhode Island Hall'contains the cabinet, the chemical and philosophical apparatus, and spacious lecture rooms for the accommodation of the departments of mechanical and physical science. University Hall and Hope College are large edifices for the accommodation of students. There has been established ip this university, in connection with the regular collegiate course, an English and scientific course, designed for the benefit of those who do not propose to enter either of the learned professions, but who desire to prepare themselves, by a thorough education, for some of the more active employments of life. The course embraces every department of English study pursued in the university, together with the several branches of mathematical and physical science, giving the student all the advantages of the library and cabinet, and of the courses of lectures on chemistry, natural philosophy, physics, intellectual philosophy, and the evidences of Christianity. This course is arranged for a residence of either one or two years. The faculty consists of the president and 6 professors. Number of students in 1850, 150; alumni, 1725. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in September. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1765..Rev. James Manning, D.D..... 1791. 1792..Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, D. D..... 1802. 1802..... Rev. Asa Messer, D. D., LL.D.... 1826. 1827..Rev. Francis Wayland, D.D. BURLINGTON COLLEGE, N. J. Located at Burlington, under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Founded in 1846. Students in 1850, 118. Library, 1200 volumes. Rt. Rev. George W. Doane, D. D., LL. D., president. CENTRE COLLEGE, KY. This institution is located at Danville. It was incorporated in 1818 or 1819. It is managed by a board of 11 trustees, appointed from time to time by the Presbyterian synod of Kentufcky. The legislature gave up all control of its concerns, and surrendered it to the synod, in consideration of their engaging to endow the institution without legislative assistance. Connected with the college is a grammar school. There is also under the direction of the same board an institution for the deaf and dumb, which has been endowed by Congress. The college has five instructors. Students in 1850, 114; alumni, 307. Libraries, 5500 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. John C. Young, D. D., is president. CENTENARY COLLEGE, LA. This institution was founded in 1841, and located at Jackson. It is under the direction of'the Methodists. It has 5 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 67. It has a library of about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. R. H. Rivers is president. CHARLESTON COLLEGE, S. C. Founded in 1785, and incorporated anew in 1791; located at Charleston. This college was again reorganized Dec. 20, 1837, by an act of the legislature, transferring all the college property to the city council of Charleston, and binding the city to maintain the college. In 1850 the college had 6 instructors, 70 students, and 124 alumni. The library contains about 2000 volumes. The commencement is on the Tuesday after the fourth Monday in March. William P. Finley, A. M., is president. CINCINNATI COLLEGE, O. This college was founded at Cincinnati in 1819. It had 84 students in 1850. Its commencement is on the last Monday in June. COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY, N. J. This institution was founded in 1746, at Elizabethtown. From 1748 to 1757 it was at Newark. It was then removed to Princeton, as its permanent locality. In the old college edifice, which is of stone the British troops took refuge in 1777, and were dislodged therefrom by General Washington. 692 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. A great number. of distinguished men have been educated at this college. It was established by the synod of New York, with a special view of raising up ministers of the gospel. It has over 3000 alumni, nearly 600 of whom have entered the ministry. Students in 1850, 243; instructors, 15; libraries, 16,000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in June. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1746. Rev. Jonathan Dickinson....... 1747. 1748.... Rev. Aaron Burr......... 1757. 1757... Rev. Jonathan Edwards........ 1758. 1759. Rev. Samuel Davies........ 1761. 1761. Rev. Samuel Finley, D. D. 1766. 1768. Rev. John Witherspoon, D. D., LLD. D.1794. 1795. Rev. Samuel Stanhope Smith, D. D., LL.D.. 1812. 1812. Rev. Ashbel Green, D. D., LL. D...... 1822. 1823. Rev. James Carnahan, D. D. COLLEGE OF THE HOLY CROSS, MS. This institution was founded in 1843, by the Roman Catholics. It has not obtained an act of incorporation. It is located in Worcester, on a-beautifully elevated site, about two miles from the town. One large brick edifice has been erected for the accommodation of the students. All who are admitted are required to observe the rites of the Catholic church. A large part of the students are quite young. Rev. J. Early, an ecclesiastic of the order of Jesuits, is at the head of the institution. Fourteen teachers are employed, and the number of pupils is about 120. Volumes in the library, 4220. Commencement the last week in August. COLUMBIA COLLEGE, N. Y. This institution, in the city of New York, was founded by royal charter, in,1754, under the name of King's College, by which title it continued to be known until the revolution. During the period of the war, from 1776 to 1784, the business of instruction was necessarily suspended, and the college edifice was appropriated to the purposes of a military hospital. In 1784, an act was passed by the legislature of New York, confirming the original charter, and changing the name to Columbia College. The college is under the direction of the Episcopalians. It has 8 instructors, 17,000 volumes in the libraries, 130 students in 1850, and 1409 alumni. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. [Under the Royal Charter.] 1754. Rev. Samuel Johnson, D. D..... 1763. 1763. Rev. Myles Cooper,....... 1775. 1775. Rev. Benjamin Moore, president pro temrn.. 1776. [Under the New Charter.] 1787...... William Samuel Johnson, LL. D..... 1800. 1801..... Rev. Charles Wharton, D. D...... 1801. 1801...... Rt. Rev. Benjamin Moore, D. D.... 1811. 1811..... Rev. William Harris, D. D...... 1829. 1829. William Alexander Duer, LL. D.... 1842. 1842..... Nathaniel F. Moore, LL. D..1849. 1849. Charles King, LL. D. COLUMBIAN COLLEGE, D. C. This college is located in the city of Washington. It was incorporated by Congress in 1821, and is under the direction of the Baptists. The buildings are erected upon an elevated situation, north of the city, about one mile from the president's mansion, and two and a half from the Capitol. Congress has formerly given pecuniary grants to this college, amounting to $25,000. A classical and preparatory school is connected with the college. The trustees are elected triennially. The college has 10 instructors, 55 students in 1850, and about 200 alumni. Libraries, 6200 volumes. On occasions of great interest, the students are permitted to hear the debates in Congress, and arguments before the Supreme Court. Connected with Columbian College is a medical department, which was organized in 1825. It has 6 professors, and has graduated about 80 students. One student from each of the states and territories is admitted free of charge, excepting $5 matriculation fee, and a graduating fee of $20. The lectures commence on the first Monday of November. Joel S. Bacon, D. D., is president of the college. CUMBERLAND UNIVERSITY, TE. This institution was founded in 1844. It is located at Lebanon. It has 9 instructors. In 1850 it had about 50 students, and 5000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the last Friday in July. T. C. Anderson, A. M., is president. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 693 DARTMOUTH COLLEGE, N. H. This college was chartered by royal grant in 1769. It is situated in the town of Hanover. about half a mile east of Connecticut River. The buildings are eight in number, all brick excepting two. The faculty consists of the president and 9 professors. There is likewise a medical department with 5 professors. The library contains about 22,500 volumes. The institution is one of the oldest and most flourishing in the United States. The number of its alumni in 1849 was 2558; undergraduates in 1850, 196; medical graduates, 775. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1769. Rev. Eleazar Wheelock. D. D. D.. 1779. 1779..... Hon. John Wheelock, LL. D...... 1815. 1815. Rev. Francis Brown, D. D...... 1820. 1820. Rev. Daniel Dana.. D...... 1821. 1822. Rev. Bennet Tyler, D. D.... 1828. 1828. Rev. Nathan Lord, D. D. DAVIDSON COLLEGE, N. C. Founded in 1838, and located in Mecklenburg co. Three instructors in 1850, 44 students, and 3000 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. Samuel Williamson, D. D., is president. DELAWARE COLLEGE, DE. This college, which is the only one in the state, was incorporated in 1833. It is located at Newark. It has a library of 8700 volumes; instructors, 6; students in 1850, 45; alumni, 71. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. The president is Rev. W. S. F. Graham, A. M. DICKENSON COLLEGE, PA. This college, which is under the direction of the Methodists, was founded in 1783, and is located at Carlisle. In numerous instances it has received pecuniary assistance from the legislature, and once $14,000 by a lottery. Its libraries contain about 14,500 volumes. It had, in 1850, 10 instructors, 142 students, 579 alumni. Commencement is on the second Thursday in July. President, Rev. Jesse T. Peck, D. D. EMORY COLLEGE, GA. Founded in 1837. Under the direction of the Methodists. Located at Oxford. Had 7 instructors and 145 students in 1850. Alumni, 112. Volumes in the library, 2700. Commencement on the Wednesday after the third Monday in July. President, Rev. George F. Pierce, D. D. EMORY AND HENRY COLLEGE, VA. This institution is located at Glade Spring, in Washington co. It was incorporated in 1839, and is under the direction of the Methodists. Instructors in 1850, 4; students, 55; libraries, about 8000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday of June. Charles Collins, A. M., president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, GA. This institution was incorporated in 1788, as the University of Georgia. It was established at Athens in 1802. Its original endowment was 30,000 acres of land. It languished for want of funds until 1816, when the lands were sold, and the proceeds, amounting to $100,000, were invested in productive stocks. One of the buildings was burnt in 1830. It was rebuilt by the state, which has also furnished means for procuring a valuable library. The college has two buildings for the accommodation of students, each 120 feet by 40, and three stories high; also a third building for public purposes. In 1850 it had 8 instructors, 125 students, and 593 alumni. The libraries contain 13,600 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Alonzo Church, D,D., is the president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, LA. Founded in 1839. Located at Opelousas. Has 4 instructors; 70 students in 1850. Commencement during the first week in November. Othon Boudet, president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, TE. This college is situated in the vicinity of Nashville. It was established in 1845. It has 6 instruct ors, and in 1850 had 75 students; libraries, 3000 volumes. Commencement on the third Wednes day in October. Tolbert Fanning, A. M., president. FRANKLIN COLLEGE, O. Founded in 1825, and located at New Athens. Instructors, 4; students in 1850, 80; alumni, 90 libraries, 2200 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in September. William Bur nett is president. 694 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. GENEVA COLLEGE, N. Y. This college was founded in 1825, at Geneva, one of the pleasantest villages in the western part of New York. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. Instructors, 5; students in 1850, 42; alumni, 131; libraries, 5400 volumes. Commencement, first Wednesday in August. The president is Rev. Benjamin Hale, D. D. GEORGETOWN COLLEGE, D. C. This is a Roman Catholic college, under the direction of the incorporated Catholic clergy of Maryland. It is the oldest Papal seminary in the United States. It was first incorporated in 1792, and authorized to confer degrees, by act of Congress, in 1815. Volumes in the libraries, 26,100. In 1850 it had 11 instructors, 180 students, and 100 alumni. Commencement is near the last of July. Rev. James Ryder, D. D., is president. GEORGETOWN COLLEGE, KY. Founded at Georgetown in 1840. This institution is under the direction of the Baptists. The number of students in 1850 was 77, with about the same number of alumni. The libraries have 7280 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in June. Rev. J. L. Reynolds, D. D., is president. GIRARD COLLEGE, PA. See an account of this institution under Philadelphia. GRANVILLE COLLEGE, O. Founded at Granville in 1832. Under the direction of the Baptists. Had 5 instructors and 40 students in 1850; 3000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in July. Rev. Silas Bailey, D. D., is president. IAMILTON COLLEGE, N. Y. This institution is located at Clinton, Oneida co. It was established in 1812. The college buildings, three in number, stand in a line on the summit of a hill commanding an extensive prospect of rich and picturesque scenery. The number of instructors is 10; students in 1850, 149; alumni, 658; volumes in the libraries, 10,300. Commencement, fourth Wednesday of July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1812. Rev. Azel Backus, D. D...... 1816. 1817..... Rev. Henry Davis, D. D...... 1833. 1833. Rev. Sereno E. Dwight, D. D..... 1835. 1835. Rev. Joseph Penney, D. I.... 1839. 1839. Rev. Simeon North, LL. D. HAMPDEN-SIDNEY COLLEGE, VA. This institution is in Prince Edward co., 80 miles south-west of Richmond. It was incorporated, with a very liberal charter, in 1783. It has 1500 alumni; 6 instructors and 25 students in 1850; libraries, 8000 volumes. A preparatory academy is annexed to the college. Commencement is on the Wednesday before the 4th of July. Rev. Lewis S. Green, D. D., is president. HANOVER COLLEGE, IA. This college was founded at South Hanover, in 1829. This place is in Jefferson co., six miles below Madison, on the Ohio River. There is a college edifice 100 feet by 40, and three stories high. There are also other small buildings erected for dormitories. The Indiana Theological Seminary is connected with this college. The college has six instructors. In 1850, it had 38 students. There were 16 in the theological department. The number of alumni is about 100. The libraries contain 4700 volumes. T. E. Thomas is president. HARVARD UNIVERSITY, MS. This university, situated at Cambridge, Ms., three miles out of Boston, is the oldest college in the United States. It was incorporated in 1638, and named Harvard College, from the Rev. John Harvard, its principal founder. Its endowments have been greatly increased by donations from the state, and by numerous acts of private bounty, so that with regard to funds, buildings, library, professorships, and literary advantages in general, it is the most amply furnished institution of the kind in America. Its alumni, in 1850, were 6272. It comprises a department for undergraduates, and one for students preparing for each of the learned professions, theology, law, and medicine. There is also connected with the university a scientific school, founded in 1848 by the Hon. Abbott Lawrence, with a fund of $50,000, to which handsome additions have since been made, which affords instruction to young men preparing for various departments of business without a classical course. The principal college buildings are, University Hall, an elegant granite edifice, containing the chapel, lecture rooms, &c.; Gore Hall, a granite edifice, of great architectural beauty, containing the library of 84,200 volumes; COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 695 -larvard IIall, a brick edifice, containing the philosophical apparatus, mineralogical cabinet, &c.; four other brick edifices, called Massachusetts, Hollis, Stoughton, and Holworthy Halls, each four stories Ihigh, containing rooms for the undergraduates; Divinity Hall, a large brick edifice, for the accommodation of theological students; and IHolden Chapel, containing the anatomical museum, chemical laboratory, and lecture rooms. There is also an astronomical observatory, finely suited to its purpose, in which is mounted one of the largest and most powerful telescopes in the world. The legislative government is intrusted to a corporation, consisting of the president of the university and six fellows, and to a board of overseers, composed of the president, the governor and lieutenant governor of the state, the members of the executive council and of the senate, and the speaker of the House of Representatives, ex o.qficiis, together with 30 othbrs, 15 clergymen and 15 laymen, elected for the purpose. The faculty of instruction, including those in the professional and scientific departments, consists of the president, 28 professors, 5 tutors, and several instructors; and to such of these as are connected with the classical department the' immediate government of the college is intrusted. The course of instruction for undergraduates, as in American colleges generally, occupies four years; and that of the theological school, three years; that of the law school, three years for such of the students as are graduates of some college, and five for such as are not. The students of the theological school are divided into three classes- senior, middle, and junior. Graduates of any college, of good moral character, may be admitted to share all the benefits of this department, to whom the tuition, as in the theological seminaries of the country generally, is afforded free of expense, and further assistance is given to such as are indigent. The law school was established in 1817. Candidates for admission must be graduates of some college, or qualified according to the rules of court to become students at law. The lectures for the medical students are delivered in Boston. at the Massachusetts Medical College, whiich is a spacious brick edifice, and contains a medical library of about 4000 volumes. They commence annually on the first Wednesday in November, and continue three months. In order to obtain a degree of M. D., the student is required to attend two courses of lectures, and to spend three years, including the time thus occupied, under the instruction of some regular practitioner. In 1850, the whole number of alumni was 6,203. The number of undergraduates was 293: theological students, 23; law students, 102; medical students, 117; total, 535. The college commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1640, kAug. 27. Rev. Henry Dunster, M. A. 1654. 1654, Nov. 27... Rev. Charles Chauncey, B. D. 1672. 1672, Sept. 10.... v. Leonard Hoar, M. D...... 1675. 1675, April 7.... Rev. Uriah Oaks, M. A....... 1681. 1682, April 10. Rev. John Rogers, M. A. 1684. 1685, June 11... Rev. Increase Mather, D. D... 1701. 1701, Sept. 6.... Rev. Samuel Willard, M. A., vice president. 1707. 1707-8, Jan. 14.... on. John Leverett, M. A. 1724. 1725, July 7,.. Rev. Benjamin Wadsworth, M. A.. 1737. 1737, Sept. 28. Rev. Edward Holyoke, M. A. 1769. 1770, March 21... Rev. Samuel Lock, D. D... 1773. 1774, Oct. 14. Rev. Samuel Langdon, D: D..1780. 1781, Dec. 19. Rev. Joseph Willard., D. D., LL. D... 1804. 1806, March 6. Rev. Samuel Webber, D. D.. 1810. 1810, Nov. 14. Rev. John Thornton Kirkland, D. D., LL. D. 1828. 1829, Jan. 15.... Hon. Josiah Quincy, LL. D. 1845. 1846, Jan. 3. Hon. Edward Everett, LL. D. 1849. 1849, Feb. 1. Rev. Jared Sparks, LL. D. HEIDELBURG COLLEGE, O. This is a new institution, founded in 1850, by the German Reformed Synod of Ohio. It is located at a place called Tiffin City. The institution is to embrace a theological department. A plan has been adopted for a building four stories high, and 104 feet in length, to be erected at a cost not exceeding $10,000. HOWARD COLLEGE, AA. This institution is at Marion. It was founded in 1841, and is under the direction of the Baptists. Instructors, 6; students in 1850, 40. It has a library of about 1500 volumes. Commencement is on the 4th Thursday in July. S. S. Sherman president. ILLINOIS COLLEGE, IS. This college was founded in 1829. It is located at Jacksonville, which is about 30 miles west of Springfield, the capital of the state. The college buildings have a beautifully-elevated situation, about a mile from the centre of the village, overlooking the surrounding flat country to a great extent. The number of instructors is 7; the number of students in 1850 was 34, and of the'alumni, 93. It has in its libraries about 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Thursday in July. Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant, D. D., is the president. 696 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. INDIANA STATE UNIVERSITY, IA. This institution is located at Bloomington. It was founded in 1816. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. Valuable reservations of land were provided for the benefit of this college, which, when sold, it was supposed, would produce a fund of $60,000 or more. Two college buildings have been erected, one 40 feet by 30, the other 75 by 55, and three stories high. The college has a pleasant situation. The number of instructors is 4. The number of students in 1850 was 97, and the whole number of alumni 108. The libraries contain 5000 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday after the second Monday in August. The president is Rev. Andrew Wylie, D. D. INDIANA ASBURY UNIVERSITY, IA. This institution is under the direction of the Methodists. It was founded in 1839, and is located at Greencastle. It has 7 instructors. Students in 1850, 72; alumni, 64; libraries, 2700 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Rev. L. W. Berry, D. D., is president. IOWA COLLEGE, IO. Located at Davenport, Iowa, on the Mississippi River, nearly opposite to the mouth of Rock River. The preparatory department was opened November, 1848, and the first college class, consisting of six young men, was formed in August, 1850. One edifice of brick, 35 feet by 50, with 18 feet walls, has been erected. This is designed ultimately for the college chapel. Professors, 2, besides the principal of the preparatory department. JACKSON COLLEGE, TE. Founded in 1833, and located at Columbia. Instructors, 5; students in 1850, 26; alumni, 46; volumes in the library, 2500. Commencement is on St. John's day, June 24. B. H. Ragsdale president. JEFFERSON COLLEGE, PA. This institution was incorporated in 1802. It is located at Canonsburg, Washington co., 18 miles south-west of Pittsburg. It has 8 instructors, 197 students. and about 1000 alumni. Libraries, 10,000 volumes. Agreeably to a special act of the legislature, provision is made for a thorough English and mercantile education, to qualify persons for teaching common schools, in which a preference is given, in respect to gratuitous instruction, to the sons of citizens of Pennsylvania. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in June. This college has a flourising medical department established at Philadelphia, which has given diplomas to over 1800 graduates. It has seven professors. Students attending the lectures in 1850, 516. Lectures commence first Monday in November. Rev. A. B. Brown, D. D., is president of the college. KENYON COLLEGE, O. This college is located at Gambier, Knox co. It was founded in 1827, and is under the direction of the Episcopalians. A diocesan theological seminary is connected with it. About $13,000 was collected in England for the support of this college. Its libraries contain about 7500 volumes. Instructors, 5; students in 1850, 50; alumni, 160. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Sherlock A. Bronson, D. D., is president. KNOX COLLEGE, IS. This college is located at Galesburg, about 50 miles west of Peoria. The township was originally purchased with a view to the establishment and endowment of the college. The college was opened in 1837. In 1850 it had 5 instructors and 58 students. It has an academy, or preparatory department, with a considerable number of students. It has about 3000 volumes in its libraries. Commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in June. Xev. Jonathan Blanchard is president. KNOXVILLE COLLEGE, TE. This institution is at Knoxville, in East Tennessee. It was founded in 1792. It has 5 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 57, and of alumni 122. The libraries contain 4500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Joseph Estabrook, A. M., is the president. LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, PA. Incorporated in 1826, at Easton, in Northampton co., on the Delaware River. It had, in 1850, 7 instructors and 82 students. Libraries, 5400 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in September. Rev. George Junkin, D. D., is president. LA GRANGE COLLEGE, AA. Founded at La Grange, in 1831. This college is under the direction of the Methodists. In 1850 it had 6 instructors, 76 students, and 130 alumni. Library, 3000 volumes. Its commencement is on the first Wednesday in June. Edward Wadsworth president. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 697 MADISON UNIVERSITY, N. Y. This institution is located at Hamilton, Madison co. It was incorporated in 1819, under the name of the Hamilton Literary and Theological Seminary. It is under the direction of the Baptists, and was originally designed as a school for the instruction of young men. preparing for the ministry in that denomination, under the patronage of their Education Society. It has since been elevated into a college, having both a preparatory school and a theological department connected with it. It has 7 instructors in the collegiate, 3 in the theological, and 1 in the preparatory department. Students in 1850 —collegiate 93, theological 22, preparatory 25; alumni, 200; libraries, 7000 volumes. Commencement third Wednesday in August. MARIETTA COLLEGE, O. This college was founded in 1833, at Marietta, on the Ohio River. Like the college on the Western Reserve, it was established mainly to meet the wants of the country for competent teachers and ministers of the gospel. Efforts have recently been made, with success, to increase the funds. The number of instructors is 6; number of students in 1850, 55; alumni, 113, 44 of whom have already entered the ministry. The libraries contain 6400 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. Henry Smith, D. D., is president. McKENDREE COLLEGE, IS. Founded at Lebanon, in 1835. Under, the direction of the Methodists. It had 4 instructors and about 60 students in 1850. Libraries, 1800 volumes. Commencement is on the second Wednesday in July. The president is Rev. A. W. Cummings. MARSHALL COLLEGE, PA. Founded in 1836, and located at Mercersburg. It has 11 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 81; alumni, 94; volumes in the libraries, about 7000. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in August. The president is Rev. John W. Nevin, D. D. MASONIC COLLEGE, MO. This college is located at Palmyra, in Marion co. It was established in 1831. It has 5 instructors and about 50 students. It has about 2500 volumes in its library. Commencement is on the last Thursday in September. J. Worthington Smith president. MERCER UNIVERSITY, GA. This institution is under the direction of the Baptists. It was founded in 1838, and located at Penfield. There are about 3000 volumes in its library. Instructors, 6; students in 1850, 61. Commencement on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. J. L. Dagg, D. D., is president. MIAMI UNIVERSITY, O. This institution is at Oxford, in Butler co., adjoining the state of Indiana. It was founded in 1809, and went into operation in 1824. The lands of the township of Oxford, a territory six miles square, and containing a population of several thousand inhabitants, were owned in fee simple by the university. The annual revenue of the institution is therefore large, and continually increasing. The location is represented as delightful. The number of instructors is 6; the number of students in 1850, 66; and of alumni, 343. There are about 7000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the second Thursday in August. Rev. E. D. Macmaster, D. D., president. MIDDLEBURY COLLEGE, VT. This college was incorporated in 18sb. It is pleasantly situated in Middlebury, 32 miles south of Burlington, in Addison co. The funds of the institution have been derived entirely from individual donations. The college buildings are two in number; one of wood, three stories high, containing the chapel, recitation rooms, and rooms for students; the other a spacious edifice of stone, 108 feet by 40, four stories high, containing 48 rooms for students. The libraries contain about 8500 volumes. The cabinet contains 2700 specimens in zoology, 400 in botany, 1500 in mineralogy, 1750 in geology. The faculty consists of the president, four professors, and one tutor. Alumni in 1850, 877. Commencement, third Wednesday in August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1800..... Rev. Jeremiah Atwater, D. D...... 1809. 1810. Rev. Henry Davis, D. D. 1817. 1818. Rev. Joshua Bates, D. D. 1840. 1841. Rev. Benjamin Labaree, D. D. 88 698 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. MISSOURI UNIVERSITY, MO. This institution, founded in 1840, is located at Columbia. It numbers 12 instructors, and about 50 students; 26 had graduated in 1850. Library about 1200 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth Thursday in August. Its president is John H. Lathrop, A. M. MISSISSIPPI COLLEGE, MI. This college is located at Clinton. Our information respecting it is not full. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. C. Parrish president. MOUNT ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MD. This institution is under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It was established in 1809, by Dr. Dubois, afterwards Roman Catholic bishop of New York. In 1830 it was incorporated as a college. It is situated in.a romantic spot at the foot of a branch of the Blue Ridge Mountains, two miles from the village of Emmetsburg, in Frederick co., 50 miles from Baltimore, and 60 from Washington. The number of instructors given as connected with the institution is 24, a small part of whom only are professors. In 1850 the number of students was 126; and of alumni, 137. The library contains 4000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in June. John McCaffrey, A. M., is the president. NORWICH UNIVERSITY, VT. This institution, located in the town of Norwich, on Connecticut River, opposite to Dartmouth College, was first opened in 1820 as the "American Literary, Scientific, and Military Academy." Subsequently its character was changed to that of a college, under the patronage of the denomination of Universalists. The building is of brick, 100 feet by 40, four stories high, containing 3 lecture rooms, and 42 rooms for students. Volumes in the library, about 1400. Students in 1850, 59; alumni, 100. The president is Rev. Edward Bowers. Commencement, Thursday next after third Wednesday in August. OAKLAND COLLEGE, MI. Founded at Oakland, in 1830. Instructors, 6; students in 1850, 64; alumni, 83; 6000 volumes in the libraries. Commencement is on the first Thursday in April. Rev. Robert L. Stanton is president. OBERLIN COLLEGE, O. This institution was founded at Oberlin, in 1834. In 1850 it had 66 students. It has a female department, the pupils of which are not included in the above enumeration. They may, however, pursue the same course, and be admitted to the same college honors with the young men. The number of instructors employed is 12; the number of alumni, 199, of whom 130 are reported as having entered the ministry. The libraries contain 4200 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in August. OGLETHORPE UNIVERSITY, GA. This institution was incorporated in 1836. It is located at Milledgeville. It had 5 instructors in 1850, and 45 students. Its library has about 4500 volumes. Commencement is on the Wednesday succeeding the second Monday in November. Samuel K. Talmage is president. OHIO UNIVERSITY, O. This institution was founded in 1804. It is located at Athens, and is supported mainly by the income accruing from two townships of land, given by Congress for that purpose. It has 5 instructors and 145 alumni. In 1850 it had only 18 students. The libraries contain 5500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in August. Rev. Alfred Ryors, D. D., is the president. OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, O. This institution is located at Delaware. It was founded in 1842, and is under the direction of the Methodists. It has 6 instructors, and in 1850 had 38 students. Libraries, 2800 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in July. Rev. Edward Thompson, D. D., is president. PENNSYLVANIA COLLEGE, PA. This institution is located at Gettysburg, in Adams co. It is under the direction of the Evangelieal Lutheran denomination, who have also a theological seminary at the same place. It was incorporated in 1832. In 1850 it had 6 instructors and 76 students. It had graduated 146. It has, likewise, a department for preparatory instruction, with quite a large number of pupils. Its libraries contain about 6000 volumes. A medical faculty connected with this college was established at Philadelphia in 1839. It is furnished with 7 professors, and has commodious buildings upon Filbert, above Eleventh Street. The medical lectures commence in the middle of October. The degree of M. D. is conferred by the medical faculty at Philadelphia, as authorized by a special act of the COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 699 legislature. The college commencement is on the third Thursday in September. Rev. H. L. Baugher, D. D., is president. RANDOLPH MACON COLLEGE, VA. This institution is located in Mecklenburg co., 88 miles south-west of Richmond. It was founded in 1832. It is under the direction of the Methodists. There is a preparatory school connected with it. It is reported as having 11 instructors in 1850, 145 students, and 124 alumni. Libraries, 6000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Wednesday of June. Rev. A. W. Smith is president. RECTOR COLLEGE, VA. Under the direction of the Baptists. Founded in 1839, and located in Taylor co. Instructors in 1850, 3; students, 50; library, 2500 volumes. Commencement, the last Wednesday in September. Charles Wheeler, A. M., president. RICHMOND COLLEGE, VA. This institution, located at Richmond, was founded in 1832. It is under the direction of the Baptists. In 1850, it had 6 instructors, and 72 students, with a library of 1200 volumes. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in December. Rev. Robert Ryland is president. RUTGERS COLLEGE, N. J. This institution is established at New Brunswick, 33 miles from New York and 56 from Philadelphia. It was founded in 1770, and named after a distinguished benefactor. It is under the direction of the Reformed Dutch Church. A theological seminary is connected with it, and likewise a flourishing grammar school. The principal college building is of stone, three stories in height, devoted to public purposes. The students generally lodge with the families of the village. There were 9 instructors, and 76 students, in 1850; alumni, 513; libraries, 1600 volumes. Commencement is on the fourth Wednesday in July. Theodore Frelinghuysen, LL. D., is the president. ST. CHARLES'S COLLEGE, LA This college is at Grand Coteau, and was established in 1838, by the Roman Catholics. Its instructors in all departments number 21, and the students in 1850, 103. It has about 4000 volumes in its libraries. Its commencement is about the middle of July. President, Thomas H. Soller, S. J ST. CHARLES'S COLLEGE, MO. Established at St. Charles, in 1837. This college is under the direction of the Methodists. The number of students was 20 in 1850, and the number of instructors 3. Library, 900 volumes. The president is John W. Robinson. ST. JAMES'S COLLEGE, MD. Established in 1844, and located near Hagerstown. It is under the directon of the Episcopalians. It has 10 instructors; students in 1850, 32; libraries, 3500 volumes. Commencement on the last Thursday in July. Rev. John B. Kerfoot, D. D., is president. ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, MD. This institution, located at Annapolis, was incorporated in 1784, and received from the state $1750 per annum, on condition that the city should convey to the trustees 34 acres of land, the present site of the institution, which had been given to the corporation by Lord Baltimore. It was opened November 10, 1789, by Rev. William Smith, D. D., as president pro tenipore. The first commencement was in 1793. In the high party excitements of 1805, the original grant, above referred to, was annulled. The state has since, however, made appropriations for its support. The buildings are on an elevated site, and command an extensive and delightful prospect. The college has 6 instructors; students in 1850, 30; volumes in the library, 3292. Among its alumni are many of the distinguished men of the state. The following is the list of presidents: Rev. John McDowell. LL. D., Rev. Henry L. Davis, D. D., Rev. William Rafferty, D. D., and Rev. Hector Humphreys, D. D., who is now in office ST. JOHN'S COLLEGE, N. Y. Established at Fordham, by the Roman Catholics, in 1841. A. J. Thebaud, S. J., president. It has 16 teachers, and 110 students; libraries, 9500 volumes. Commencement, second or third week in July. ST. JOSEPH'S COLLEGE, KY. St. Joseph's is a Roman Catholic college, located at Bardstown. It was founded in 1819. It has 17 teachers, who, in 1850, had charge of 126 pupils in all the departments. The number of its 700 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. alumni is about 150. The library contains about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. P. J. Verhaegen is at the head of the institutioi. ST. MARY'S COLLEGE, MD. This college was founded in 1799, and incorporated in 1804. It is located in Baltimgre, and is a Roman Catholic institution. Library, 12,000 volumes; instructors, 20; students in 1850, 122; alumni, 187. Commencement is on the third Tuesday in July. Rev. O. L. Jenkins is the president. ST. PAUL'S COLLEGE, N. Y. Founded in 1837: located at Flushing: has 11 instructors, 29 students in 1850, and 380 alumni; libraries, about 3000 volumes. Commencement on the last Thursday in June. This college is under the direction of the Episcopalians. ST. PHILIP'S COLLEGE, MN. This is a Roman Catholic college, located in the vicinity of Detroit. It was founded in 1839. It has 4 instructors; in 1850 it had 30 students. Its library contains about 3000 volumes. Commencement is on the first Monday in October. President, - Bowers. ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE, MO. Founded in 1843. Located at Cape Girardeau. Has 12 instructors, and had 90 students in 1850. Has a library of 5000 volumes. Its commencement is on the last Thursday in July. Rev. R. Henesy is president. ST. XAVIER COLLEGE, O. Founded by the Roman Catholics, at Cincinnati, in 1840. It has 18 instructors, 70 students, including all departments, and 220 alumni; library, 5600 volumes. Commencement is on the 15th of July. J. De Blieck president. SHELBY COLLEGE, KY. This college is at Shelbyville. It has 4 instructors; the number of students in 1850 was 93. It has a library of 4000 volumes. Rev. W. J. Waller, M. D., is president. SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, IS. Founded in 1835, at Upper Alton, under the direction of the Baptists. It has 6 instructors; the number of students is small; about 1600 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the fourth Thursday in July. Rev. N. N. Wood, D. D., is president. SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE, S. C. This institution was founded in 1804, at Columbia. It enjoys the patronage of the state. The buildings, library, and cabinets cost originally $154.234. Between 1824 and 1834, the legislative appropriations amounted to $120,000. The college has 8 instructors. The number of students in 1850 was 209. The libraries contain about 18,500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Monday in December. William C. Preston, LL. D., is president. SPRING HILL COLLEGE, AA. This institution, located at Spring Hill, is under the direction of the Roman Catholics. It was founded in 1830. It had 12 instructors and 70 students in 1850; about 4000 volumes in the library. Its commencement is in the first week in February. John Bazin president. TRANSYLVANIA UNIVERSITY, KY. This institution is located at Lexington, which is nearly in the centre of the valley of the Mississippi. It was founded in 1798. The buildings stand upon an eminence, a little distance from the city. The libraries contain about 14,000 volumes. The institution has 7 instructors. In 1850, the number of students was 50, and the number of alumni 610. The commencement is on the Wednesday before the third Friday in August. Rev. James B. Dodd is president. TRINITY COLLEGE, CT. This college is under the direction of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It was incorporated in 1823. It is pleasantly situated in the suburbs of the city of Hartford, about a mile from the State House, and has three handsome stone edifices, - in one of which is the chapel, - named Seabury Hall, Jarvis Hall and Brownell Hall. The college grounds include 14 acres. Libraries, 9000 vo. COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 701 umes. Students in 1850, 66; alumni, 257; faculty, the president and 6 professors. Commencement is on the first Thursday in August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus 1824..... Rt. Rev. Thomas C. Brownell, D. D..... 1831. 1831..... Rev. Nathaniel S. Wheaton, I). D..... 1837. 1837..... Rev. Silas Totten, D. D.. Rev. John Williams, D. D. TUSCULUM COLLEGE, TE. This college was founded in 1794, at Greenville. It has but 2 instructors at present. The number of its alumni in 1850 was 110, and of students 41; volumes in the library, 3000. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in September. James McLin president. UNION COLLEGE, N. Y. This college is situated at Schenectady, 15 miles from Albany. It was founded in 1795. The college buildings are each 200 feet long, four stories high, of brick, covered with a white stucco. The institution has a valuable library of 15,000 volumes, apparatus, and funds in profitable investment. It has 12 instructors, 230 students in 1850, and over 3000 alumni. Commencement on the fourth Wednesday in July. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1795. Rev. John Blair Smith..... 1799. 1799. Rev. Jonathan Edwards, D. D....1801. 1801.. Rev. Jonathan Maxcy, D. D...... 1804. 1804. Rev. Eliphalet Nott, D. D. UNION COLLEGE, TE. This college, located at Murfreesboro', has recently gone into operation, having been founded in 1848. It is under the direction of the Baptists. It has 5 instructors; in 1850 it had 65 students. It has gathered about 800 volumes as the commencement of a library. Its commencement is fixed for the third Wednesday in July. J. H. Eaton president. UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT, Vr. This institution was incorporated and established at Burlington, in 1791, but it did not go into operation till 1800. It is finely situated in the most elevated part of the town, about a mile east from the shore of Lake Champlain, 245 feet above the surface of the water, and commands an extensive and delightful prospect. A large college edifice of brick, completed in 1801, was consumed by fire in 1824, after which three brick edifices were erected, which have since been united in one, 250 feet in length by 40 in width. The faculty consists of the president, 5 professors, and 1 tutor. The college has well-selected libraries containing about 12,250 volumes. It has a valuable collection of specimens in different departments of natural history. There is a medical school connected with the college, in which instruction is given by 3 professors. Undergraduates in 1850, 95; whole numnber of alumni, 416. Commencement is on the first Wednesday of August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus.,1800. Rev. Daniel C. Saunders, D. D.... 1814. 1816. Rev. Samuel Austin, D. D... 1821. 1822. Rev. Daniel Haskell, M. A..... 1824. 1824. Rev. Willard Preston, M. A..... 1826. 1826. Rev. James Marsh, D. D..... 1833. 1834. Rev. John Wheeler, D. D...... 1849. 1849. Rev. Worthington Smith, D. D. UNIVERSITY'OF NEW YORK, N. Y. This university was chartered by the legislature in 1831. It is located in the city of New York, and is projected on the liberal scale of the universities of the continent of Europe. According to the plan of the institution, it embraces two general departments. The first comprises professorships and faculties for instruction in the higher branches of literature and science; the second embraces what is usually deemed a full course of classical, mathematical, and philosophical instruction, and also a complete course of English literature, mathematics, and the sciences, with their application to agriculture, to the arts, and generally to the ordinary purposes of life. The first chancellor of the university was Rev. James M. Mathews, D. D. To him succeeded Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, LL. D., who resigned in 1850. At present, the office of chancellor is not filled. Instructors, 11; students, in 1850, 151; alumni, 320; library, 4000 volumes. An elegant and costly stone edifice has been erected for the use of the university, which fronts towards the west upon Washington Square, Commencement is on the Wednesday preceding the 4th of July. 702 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PA. This institution is located in Philadelphia. It was founded in 1755, and fully established in its present form in 1791. In the collegiate department it had, in 1850, 7 instructors and 88 students. The library now contains about 5000 volumes. The university embraces a faculty of arts, a faculty of medicine, and an academical department. The medical school is one of the most celebrated in the United States. It had 7 professors, and 438 students in attendance upon the lectures, in 1850. It has given medical degrees to 5130 graduates. The session for the medical lectures begins on the first Monday in November, and ends about the first of March. The commencement for conferring medical degrees is held, by special mandamus of the board of trustees, about the first of April, or as soon ascconvenient after the examinations of the candidates are over. The university com-. mencement is on the 15th, 16th, or 17th of July. The president is Rev. John Ludlow, D. 1). UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA, VA. This institution was founded in 1819, and went into operation in 1825. It is located about two miles from Charlottesville, in Albemarle co., near the centre of population in the state. It owes its origin and peculiar organization to Thomas Jefferson. It was erected by the state, at a cost of about $400,000; and subsequently the state gave an annuity of $15,000 for its support. The university is organized in a number of separate departments, or schools, in each of which degrees are conferred for thorough attainments in that department. Students who have received separate degrees in the schools of ancient languages, mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and moral philosophy. are declared graduates of the university, with the title of " Master of Arts of the University of Virginia." Sometimes, when the number of diplomas granted by the separate schools is 50 or 60, there have not been more than one or two graduates of the university. The library has about 18,000 volumes; about half of which are very valuable, having been purchased in Europe, from a catalogue previously made out by' Mr. Jefferson. There is a medical department, including the school of medicine proper, -- physiology, pathology, &c., - the school of chemistry and materia medica, and the school of anatomy and surgery, in which the graduates receive the degree of M. D. The university has 10 instructors. In 1850, it had connected with its various schools 212 students. It has given diplomas to 1236. Commencement is near the end of June. Gesner Harrison is chairman of the faculty. UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA, N. C. This institution was founded in 1789, and located at Chapel Hill. It had, in 1850, 6 instructors, 179 students, and over 900 alumni. Libraries, 12,350 volumes. Commencement is on the first Thursday in June. Hon. David L. Swain, LL. D., is the president. UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA, AA. This institution is located at Tuscaloosa, the seat of government. It went into operation in 1831. The site of the college is on the Huntsville road, half a mile from the State House. There are three three-story buildings for students' dormitories, a building for a laboratory and recitation rooms, and several professors' houses. In the centre is a large circular building three stories high. On the first story is a large room for public occasions, with a circular gallery in the second for spectators. The third story is occupied for the library. The institution has 9 instructors. It had 92 students in 1850, and 181 alumni. Volumes in the library, 7123. Commencement on the Wednesday after the second Monday in July. Rev. Basil Manly, D. D., is president. UNIVERSITY OF MISSISSIPPI, M1. This institution was founded in 1844, and located at Oxford. It has 6 instructors; students in 1850, 64; alumni, 83. It has a library of about 2500 volumes. Commencement is on the first Thursday in April. Rev. A. B. Longstrcet, LL. D., is the president. UNIVERSITY OF NASHVILLE, TE. This is one of the most important institutions in the Western States. It was founded in 1806, and is located at Nashville. It has a philosophical apparatus, purchased in London at a cost of $6000. It has an extensive mineralogical cabinet. Theological students of all denominations are admitted at half price for tuition. The number of instructors is 7; the number of students in 1850 was 75; and of alumni, 398. The libraries contain nearly 10,000 volumes. Commencement is on the first Wednesday in October. UNIVERSITY OF ST. LOUIS, MO. This institution, which is under the direction of the Roman Catholics, was established in 1832. It is located at St. Louis. It has 17 instructors, 160 students, and 25 alumni. Volumes in the libraries, 13,500. Commencement is near thefirst of July. J. Van de Velde president. UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN, MN. The college which goes by this name is located at Ann Arbor. It is more correctly denominated'The College of Arts and Sciences in the University of Michigan," the university itself being an COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 703 institution of a more comprehensive character, embracing in theory the entire system of schools for the state. There are academies, or high schools, in different localities already in operation, which are branches of this state university. The college at Ann Arbor was opened in 1837. It has 7 instructors, who, according to the requisitions of the statute, are selected from different religious denominations, and preside in rotation, in the college faculty. The site of the college buildings is on an elevated plain, about three quarters of a mile from the centre of the town. Two fine buildings, of the largest class, and four stories high, have been erected for the use of the students. Between these it'is intended to place a chapel, and then to extend the line in both directions, as the wants of the institution may require. This range of buildings is to occupy one of the sides of an extensive square area, on the two sides of which, at right angles with this, are to be houses for the professors, four of which have been erected. On the side opposite to the colleges, a fine building has just been completed for the use of the medical department in the university. The institution is fully provided for from the income of the public lands appropriated for this purpose. It has a library containing about 5000 volumes. The number of students in 1850 was 72. The commencement is on the third Wednesday in July. Rev. D. D. Whedon is president. UNIVERSITY OF ROCHIESTER, N. Y. This new institution was founded November 4,1850, by the New York Baptist Union for Ministerial Education, and its location established at Rochester. It has since received an act of incorporation from the New York legislature. It has connected with it a theological department, styled the Rochester Theological Seminary, which is open to students of all denominations. The plan of in-' struction in the university is peculiar, being so adjusted as to allow any who choose to omit the study of Latin and Greek, substituting modern languages in their stead, and a more extended mathemnatical and scientific course. Hence the students in each class are divided into two sections, the classical and the scientific sections. The regular course extends through four years, at the expiration of which those who have pursued the entire classical course are admitted to the degree of bachelor of arts, and those who have pursued the entire scientific course to that of bachelor of sciences. Young men, not otherwise connected with the university, are permitted, if they desire it, to attend the recitations of particular departments, provided they have the requisite preparation for the studies of those departments. This is denominated the partial course. The libraries of the University, and of the Theological Seminary, together amount to over 3000 volumes. A valuable cabinet of minerals has been secured. The number of students in the University, in 1851, was 109; and in the Theological department, 29. The commencement is on the second Wednesday of July. Hon. Ira Harris, LL. D., is the chancellor. VIRGINIA MILITARY INSTITUTE, VA. This institution, founded in 1839, is ranked with the colleges of the state. It is located at Lexington. In 1850 it had 6 instructors, 120 students, 107 graduates, and a library of 2500 volumes. Its commencement is on the 4th of July. Colonel F. H. Smith is the superintendent. WABASH COLLEGE, IA. This institution is located at Crawfordsville, in the valley of the Wabash, about 30 miles northwesterly from Indianapolis. It was founded in 1833. One large college edifice, four stories high, has been erected. Some 15 or 20 acres are enclosed for the college grounds, upon a part of which the original forest trees are standing. The college has 6 instructors; the number of students in 1850 was 38; the libraries contain 6000 volumes. Commencement is on the Thursday nearest to the 20th of July. Rev. Charles White, D. D., is president. WAKE FOREST COLLEGE, N. C. Established at Wake Forest, in 1838, under the direction of the Baptists. In 1850 it had 3 instructors, 24 students, and 4700 volumes in the library. Commencement is on the third Thursday in June. Rev. John B. White president. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, PA. This institution, incorporated in 1806, is located at Washington, in Washington co., 26 miles south-west from Pittsburg. It commenced operations under a new organization in 1830. The legislature made an annual appropriation of $500, towards the support of a professorship of English literature, to prepare young men for teaching in common schools. By a standing rule, a certain number of poor. and pious young men may be educated without charge for tuition. In 1850 the college had 8 instructors, 105 students, and 441 alumni; libraries, 3300 volumes. Commencement is on the last Wednesday in September. The president is Rev. James Clark, D. D. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, MD. Founded in 1783, at Chestertown. In 1827 the college was burnt down. A new building was erected, and the operations of the college revived in 1844. In 1850 it had 5 instructors and 70 stu 704 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. dents; library, 1200 volumes. Commencement about the 20th of August. E. F. Chambers is president of the trustees. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, VA. This college is at Lexington, Rockbridge co., 129 miles north-west of Richmond. It was endowed by General Washington, with 100 shares of the stock of the James River Company, which has sometimes produced an annual income of about $2500. It was incorporated in 1812. Its funds are large, and the course of instruction thorough. It has 6 instructors. In 1850 it had 81 students and about 600 alumni; volumes in the library, about 5000. Commencement is on the third Thursday in June. George Jankin is the president. WASHINGTON COLLEGE, TE. This college is in Washington co., founded in 1794. It has 2 instructors; students in 1850, 42; alumni, 110; library, 1000 volumes. The president is Rev. E. T. Bard, A. M. WATERVILLE COLLEGE, ME. This college is situated in Waterville, on the western bank of Kennebec River, 18 miles above Augusta. It was founded in 1820, and is under the direction of the Baptists. The instruction is given by the president and 5 professors. Number of students in 1850, 74; volumes in the library, 8500. The college has two brick edifices for the accommodation of the students. Alumni in 1850, 267. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1822. Rev. Jeremiah Chaplin, D. D....... 1833. 1833. Rev. Rufus Babcock, D. D. 1837. 1837. Rev. Robert E. Pattison, D. D...... 1840. 1841. Eliphaz Fay, A. M..... 1843. 1843. Rev. David N. Sheldon, A. M. WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, CT. This institution, situated at Middletown, is under the direction of the Methodist Episcopal church. It was founded in 1831. The faculty consists of the president and 4 professors. The libraries contain over 11,000 volumes; students in 1850, 125; alumni, 327. Commencement on the first Wednesday in August. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1831..Rev. Wilbur Fisk, D. D. 1839. 1839. Rev. Stephen Olin, D. D..... 1851. WESTERN MILITARY INSTITUTE, KY. This institution, having the rank of a college, was established in 1847, at a place called Blue Lick Springs. It has 9 instructors; the number of students in 1850 was 217. Colonel T. F. Johnson is at the head of the institution. WESTERN RESERVE COLLEGE, O. This institution, located at Hudson, in Portage co., was founded February 7, 1826. Its founders were mainly from New England, who were animated in their enterprise by a regard to the religious wants of the western country. The charter obtained from the state placed the institution wholly under the control of its founders, and has secured to it a complete exemption from the embarrassments so liable to grow out of mixed corporations. The college is now tolerably well endowed. Its funds have been wholly derived from private benefactions. In connection with the collegiate, there is a theological department in this institution. There is also a medical department, which is established at Cleveland. The number of instructors, exclusive of the medical professors, is 9; besides which there are also 3 teachers in the preparatory school. In 1850, the college had 54 students, and the theological department 19; alumni, 164. The libraries have about 8000 volumes. Commencement is on the second Thursday in June. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitu. 1830. Rev. Charles Backus Storrs,...... 1833 1834..... Rev. George Edmond Pierce, D. D. WEST TENNESSEE COLLEGE, TE. This college was incorporated in 1843, and reorganized in 1849. It has 4 teachers, and about 100 students in the preparatory and other departments COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. 705 WILLIAMS COLLEGE, MS. This institution, situated at Williamstown, Berkshire co., was incorporated in 1793. It was founded by a bequest of Colonel Ephraim Williams, who commanded for some time two small forts on the banks of the Hoosac, in Adams and Williamstown, and who was killed in battle with the French and Indians, September 8, 1755. The buildings consist of four large brick edifices for the accommodation of students; a brick chapel 93 by 38 feet, containing also lecture rooms; a library building) and an astronomical observatory, the first erected in the United States; The college library, together with those of the societies among the students, numbers nearly 14,000 volumes. The faculty consists of the president, 6 professors, and 1 tutor. The college has about $70,000 of productive funds. The philosophical and chemical apparatus has recently been enlarged by the alumni, at an expense of several thousand dollars. A new and commodious chemical laboratory and lecture room has just been completed, and likewise a magnetic observatory, for ascertaining and exhibiting the laws of terrestrial magnetism. Commencement is on the third Wednesday in August. Alumni in 1847, 1581. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1793. Rev. Ebenezer Fitch, D. D. 1815. 1815. Rev. Zephaniah Swift Moore, D. D. 1821. 1821. Rev. Edward Dorr Griffin, D. D. 1836. 1836. Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D. WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE, VA. This college, next to Harvard, the oldest in the country, was originally projected in 1688, the year in which William and Marv ascended the British throne. It was chartered by their majesties in 1691. It was established at Williamsburg, 60 miles south-east of Richmond. Rev. James Blair, D. D., was the first president. It is under the direction of the Episcopalians. The college has property amounting to $150,000, and a library of 5000 volumes; instructors, 6. Rev. John Johns is the president. WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY, WN. This is a new institution, founded in 1849. Only the preparatory department has gone into operation. Rev. John H. Lathrop is the president. WOODWARD COLLEGE, O. Founded in 1831, and located at Cincinnati. It has 5 instructors, and a library begun of 14,000 volumes. The number of students hitherto has been small. Commencement is on the Friday before the 4th of July. Rev. Thomas J. Biggs, D. D., is the president. YALE COLLEGE, CT. Yale College was founded in 1700, and incorporated by the Colonial Assembly of Ct. in 1701. It was first located at Saybrook, but in 1716 was removed to New Haven. Its first commencement at New Haven was in 1717. About this time Mr. Elihu Yale, of London, gave a donation of books and money to the college; and in gratitude for his donations the institution was named Yale College. In 1733, Bishop Berkeley, of Ireland, gave a donation of 1000 volumes to the library, and two smallfoundations for premiums. Yale College has been for many years the most popular literary institution in America. Its number of undergraduates in 1850 was 386. The number of its alumni, (5932,) has nearly equalled that of Harvard, which is its elder by 65 years. Its buildings are beautifully situated on slightly elevated ground, opposite to the western side of the New Haven Green, or Park; their line in front stretching quite from the northern to the southern limit of this extensive quadrangle. In this range there are 5 large brick edifices, four stories high, occupied by the students; that on the north being occupied by the students of the theological department. In the intermediate spaces are three steepled buildings, one of which is the chapel, and the others are occupied with recitation and lecture rooms, and rooms for the professors. An elegant stone building has been erected within a few years for the reception of the college library, and the libraries of the societies among the students. The number of volumes in these libraries together is about 50,500. There are other buildings for the chemical laboratory; the mineralogical and geological cabinet, and the Trumbull gallery of paintings, &c. The cabinet of minerals is the most valuable in the United States, and inferior to only two or three in Europe. The college has a faculty of theology, of law, and of medicine connected with it. The medical college is furnished with a spacious and convenient stone edifice, containing one of the most valuable anatomical museums in the country. The theological department has 3 professors. The law school is under the direction of the Hon. Clark Bissell, late a judge of the Superior Court of Connecticut. The faculty, to whom are committed the government and instruction of the undergraduates, consists of the president and 10 professors, with 7 tutors. There has been organized also a department of philosophy and the arts,designed to furnish to resident graduates and others an opportunity of pursuing special branches of study, as far as they may desire. The president and all the academical professors aid in the instruction of this department. Commencement is on the third Thursday of August. 89 706 COLLEGES IN THE UNITED STATES. Accessus. Succession of Presidents. Exitus. 1701.... Rev. Abraham Pierson, M. A...... 1707. 1719...... Rev. Timothy Cutler, D.D....... 1722. 1726..... Rev. Elisha Williams, M. A...... 1739. 1739.... Rev. Thomas Clap, M. A....... 766. 1766... Rev. Naphtali Daggett, D. D...... 1777. 1777...... Rev. Ezra Stiles, D. D., LL. D...... 1795. 1795. Rev. Timothy Dwight, D. D., LL.D. 1817. 1817..... Rev. Jeremiah Day, D. D., LL. D. 1846. 1846... Rev. Theodore Dwight Woolsey, LL. D. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS AND SEMINARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. *** The following tables are copied, with additions, from the American Almanac for 1851. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARIES. Name. Place. Denomination. X: ~ a e 3 a 8 Bangor Theological Seminary. Bangor, Me. Congregational. 1816 3 37 202 7,000 Methodist General Biblical Institute. Concord, N. H. Methodist. 1847 3 40 2,000 Gilmanton Theological Seminary.* Gilmanton, N. H. Congregational. 1835.... 69 4,300 New Hampton Theological Seminary. New Hampton, N. H. Baptist. 1825 2 36 2,000 Andover Theological Seminary. Andover, Ms. Congregational. 1807 6 87 1,006 21,259 Divinity School, Harvard University. Cambridge, Ms. Cong. Unitarian. 1816 2 23 238 3,000 Theological Institution. Newton, Ms. Baptist. 1825 3 33 201 5.500 Theological Department Yale College. New Haven, Ct. Congregational. 1822 4 52 596 900 Theological Institute of Connecticut. East Windsor, Ct. Congregational. 1834 3 17 151 5,000 Theological Institute of Episcopal Church. New York, N. Y. Prot. Episcopal. 1817 5 64 336 10,000 Union Theological Seminary. New York, N. Y. Presbyterian. 1836 5 106 211 18,000 Auburn Theological Seminary. Auburn, N. Y. Presbyterian. 1821 4 30 580 6,000 Hamilton Literary and Theological Institute. Hamilton, N. Y. Baptist. 1820 4 32 133 4,000 Rochester Theological Seminary. Rochester, N. Y. Baptist. 1850 2 20 Hartwick Seminary. Hartwick, N. Y. Lutheran. 1816 2 5 52 1,250 Theological Seminary, Associate Ref. Church. Newburg, N. Y. Associate Ref. Ch. 1836 1 11 143 3,200 Theological Seminary, Dutch Ref. Church. New Brunswick, N. J. Dutch Reformed. 1784 3 36 179 Theological Seminary, Presbyterian Church. Princeton, N. J. Presbyterian. 1812 5 153 1,626 11,000 Seminary of the Lutheran Church. Gettysburg, Pa. Evan. Lutheran. 1826 2 26 200 9,000 German Reformed Theological Seminary. Mercersburg, Pa. German Ref. Ch. 1825 2 18 121 6,000 Western Theological Seminary. Alleghany Town, Pa. Presbyterian. 1828 2 48 252 6,000 Theological School. Canonsburg, Pa. Associate Church. 1792 2 33 147 2,000 Theological Seminary. Pittsburg, Pa. Associate Ref. Ch. 1828 3 35 85 1,500 Western Theological School. Meadville, Pa. Cong. Unitarian. 1844 4 40 9 8,000 Theological Seminary. Philadelphia, Pa. Reformed Presb... 3 13 Episcopal Theological School of Virginia. Fairfax co., Va. Prot. Episcopal. 1822 4 38 229 5,000 Union Theological Seminary. Prince Edward co., Va. Presbyterian. 1824 3 20 175 4,000 Virginia Baptist Seminary. Richmond, Va. Baptist. 1832 3 67.. 1,000 Southern Theological Seminary Columbia, S. C. Presbyterian. 1831 3 24 124 4,500 Theological Seminary. Lexington, S. C. Lutheran. 1835 2 10 20 1,800 Furman Theological Seminary. Fairfield District, S. C. Baptist. 1826 2 30 30 1,000 Mercer Theological Seminary. Penfield, Ga. Baptist. 1833 3 4.. 1,000 Howard Theological Institution. Marion, Aa. Baptist. 1843 2 10.. 1,000 Western Baptist Theological Institute. Covington, Ky. Baptist. 1840 4 18 9 2,000 South-western Theological Seminary. Maryville, Te. Presbyterian. 1821 2 24 90 6,000 Lane Seminary. Cincinnati, O. Presbyterian. 1829 3 36 257 10,500 Theological Department Kenyon College. Gambier, O. Prot. Episcopal. 1]828 4 4 30 4,500 Theological Dep't Western Reserve College. Hudson, O. Presbyterian. 1830 3 22 43 80 Granville Theological Department. Granville, O. Baptist. 1832 2 8.. 500 Oberlin Theological Department. Oberlin, O. Congregational. 1834 3 20 124 250 Theological Seminary, Associate Ref. Church. Oxford, 0. Associate Ref. Ch. 1839 1 12 31 1,500 Indiana Theological Seminary. South Hanover, Ia. Presbyterian... 10 Alton Theological Seminary. Upper Alton, Is. Baptist. 1835 * This seminary has suspended operations 708 PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS, &c., IN THE UNITED STATES. MEDICAL SCHOOLS. Name. Place. Lectures commence. Maine Medical School. Brunswick, Me. 1820 5 74 596 February 15. New Hampshire Medical School. Hanover, N. H. 1797 7 52 758 1st or 2d Thursday in Aug. Castleton Medica; College. Castleton, Vt. 1818 7 104 555 4th Thursday in August. I-Vermont Medical College. Woodstock, Vt. 1835 7 90 332 1st Thursday in March. Medical School, Harvard University. Cambridge, Ms. 1782 6 117 575 1st Wednesday in Nov. Berkshire Medical School. Pittsfield, Ms. 1823 5 103 473 1st Thursday in September. Medical Institution, Yale College. New Haven, Ct. 1810 6 41 864 7 w's after last Th. in July. College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. York. New York, N. Y. 1807 6 219 852 1st Monday in November. Medical Institution, Geneva College. Geneva, N. Y. 1835 6 60 98 1st Tuesday in October. Medical Faculty, University of New York. New York, N. Y. 1837 6 421 597 Last Monday in October. Albany Medical College. Albany, N. Y. 1839 8 114 58 1st Tuesday in October. Medical Department, University of Pa. Philadelphia, Pa. 1765 7 438 5,130 1st Monday in November. Jefferson Medical College. Philadelphia, Pa. 1824 7 516 1,809 1st Monday in November. Medical Department, Pennsylvania College. Philadelphia, Pa. 1839 7 106 36 October 14. Philadelphia College of Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa... 7 69 220 Medical School, University of Maryland. Baltimore, Md. 1807 6 100 909 October 31. Washington Medical College. Baltimore, Md. 1827 6 25.. 1st Monday in Novemoer. Medical School, Columbia College. Washington, D. C. 1825 6 40 81 1st Monday in November. Medical School, University of Virginia. Charlotteville, Va. 1825 3 45.. 1st Monday in October. Richmond Medical College. Richmond, Va. 1838 6 75 14 1st Monday in November. Winchester Medical College. Winchester, Va... 5.... 1st Monday in October. Medical College, State of South Carolina. Charleston, S. C. 1833 8 158.. 2d Monday in November. Medical College of Georgia. Augusta, Ga. 1830 7 115 124 2d Monday in November. Medical College of Louisiana. New Orleans, La. 1835 7 30.. 3d Monday in November. Memphis Medical College Memphis, Te... 7 Medical Dep't, Transylvania University. Lexington, Ky. 1818 7 214 1,351 1st Monday in November. Medical Dep't, University of Louisville. Louisville, Ky. 1837 7 376 53 1st Monday in November. Western Reserve Medical College. Cleveland, O. 1844 6 256 355 1st Wednesday in Nov. Medical College of Ohio. Cincinnati, O. 1819 8 130 331 lst Monday in November. Indiana Medical College. Laport, Ia... 7 104 19 1st Monday in November, Rush Medical College. Chicago, Is. 1842 6 70 16 1st Monday in November. Medical Department, University of Michigan. Ann Arbor, Mi. 1849 5.... September 12. Medical Department, St. Louis University. St. Louis, Mo. 1836 9 112 68 October 15. Medical Department, Missouri University. Columbia, Mo. 1840 7 92.. 1st Monday in November. LAW SCHOOLS. Place. Name. Professors. Students. Cambridge Ms. Harvard University. 3 98 New Haven, Ct. Yale College. 2 33 Princeton, N. J. College of New Jersey. 3 8 Carlisle, Pa. Dickinson College. 1 9 Williamsburg, Va. William and Mary College. 1 32 Charlotteville, Va. University of Virginia. 1 72 Chapel Hill, N. C. North Carolina University. 1 10 Tuscaloosa, Aa. Alabama University. 1 Lexington, Ky. Transylvania University. 3 75 Louisville, Ky. University of Louisville. 3 50 Lebanon, Te. Cumberland University. 3 56 Cincinnati, O. Cincinnati College. 3 25 Bloomington, Ia. Indiana State University. 2 29 PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES, AS COPIED FROM THE REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION IN ]851. Libraries of acad-}Libraries of scien-P State libraries. Social libraries. College libraries. Students' libraries. emies and profes-]title and historical br~risc Total s for States. States. sional schools. societies. No. Volumes. No. Volumes. N VItolumes. No. 1outr. Volumes. No.,Volumes. No. IVolumes. No. Volumes. Cjd Maine, 1 9,000 2 6,370 2 16,800 6 13,134 2 10,800 1 300 17 452 31 56,856 New Hampshire, 1 4,700 9 13,878 1 6,400 5 16,200 7 10,700 2 2,7800 25 Vy'erm on t,.... ~.. 1 3,500 / 3 13,032 6 8,667.13 9,100 23 34,299 Massachusetts,... 1 7,400 126,269 4 71,693 15.t. Rhode 5sland, { 25,104 1 21,000 2 7,600.. 2 3,000 35 19,637 45 79,341 t Connecticut, 3........ 3000 3 14,234 3 29,138 7 38,666 36,0 1 7,000 1 300 19 98,638 New York............. 3 34,099 21 151,894 8 43,376 7 19,319 171 143,465 4 25,253/8,070 1,338,848|8,28411,756,254 New Jersey,........ { 1 5,000 3 4,300 3 18,000 2 7,000 I 9,000 1 825 6 2,180 17 46,305 Pennsylvania,.......... 10,000 16 125,385 10 37,875 12 29,350 7 380 38,478 29 8,131 80 287,519 Delaware,.......,... 1 4,000 1 4,000 1 2,500 2 6,200 I.. 16,700 Maryland.............. 1 15,000 9 32,1.56 6 25,592 4 1,700 3, ifiO i'/'i,467 46 84,56 52 District of Columbia,.... 10 100,200 2 7,000 2 29,500 4 2,800...2 9,173. 20 148,673 Virginia,..... 1 14,000 4 3,313 9 45,790 8 10,466 j 12,9 1 I 200 2 1,460 30 89,180 North Carolina... 1 3)000 3 9,401 2 8,846 2 3,000, 8 24,247 South Carolina, 2....... 28,500 2 19,000 4 1,[W 5 10,264 1 250 14 59,914 / Georgia,............... 15,637 4 4,685 2 5,000 10ooo 24 35,632'4,000 1 1,337.. I 200 4 5,537 ~~ ~~~ 1 5,~000 ~ 3 5,189 2 2 411 102 Mississippi, i 1, 3,050 108 15,6o50 Louisiana,............. 1 7,000 1 10,000 4 13,000...i o 6 30,000 Texas, ~~~~~~~~~~C~~ 1 1)001 ~~ I ~~~~ 1 300 ~~ ) ~~~~ I ~~ ( ~~~~ ( ~~ I ~~~ 2 330 4 1,631 Arkansas............... 1 1,,00...... 30 1,000 Tnese............ i,i0... 9 2, ~.1~ Tennessee.............. 9000 9 084 9,912 1 3,500 5,100 21 47,0056 Kenuck.......... 9,003,500 10 37-150 10 7,190 3 4)000 1 1,100 27 63,440 Ohio,.................. 1 12.1500 8 21,295 13 35,510 19 20,205 3 12,529 1 1,000 3 1,595 48 104,634 M~ichigan,............... 1 4,400 2 3,315 4 10, 300...~~~~ 374 47,220 381 65,235 Indiana, 1....,........' 7,000 4 10,700 6 1{,300 4 /,i50 1 200 16 40,000 llinois................ 1 4,000 2 2,821 4 8,120 2 625 2 2,000 16 2,350 27 19,916 Missouri,........ 1 4,637 2 5,799 5 18;465 5 1,605 1 500 1 300 4 6,200 19 37,506 Iowae,................. 1 2,500. 4 160 5 2,660 Wisconsin,............. 1 4,000 1 4,000.. ~~ ~~~~ ~33 2, 163 35 7,163 Minesota,......... 1 3,000 1 200 2 3,20 0 Kntuy,........39 288,937 126 611,334 126 586,912 142 254,639 227 320,909 34 138,901 9,505 1,552,332 10,1993,753,964 1,10/27/6344 Ohio,...... I 1 / 12,.500 / 8 / 21,29.5 { 13/ 85,61 0 I 12,629 I I { 1 000 | 3 {~~~~~~~~~~~~~n BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY OF THE UNITED STATES. *.* WE have received from a friend an elaborate and valuable paper, furnishing a succinct history of the currency of this country from its first settlement. The article is too long for insertion entire, in a work of this kind. We avail ourselves, however, of some of its most important statistical details, in presenting to our readers such a view of the banking institutions, coin, and currency of the country as may suffice to furnish complete and accurate data for economical and financial investigations. UP to the year 1690, the currency of gold and silver was sufficient for the ordinary trade of the colonies. In consequence of the war against the French in Canada under Sir William Phipps, the want of money became oppressive, not only for the ordinary expenses of government, but for the pay of troops, and the incidental expenses to sustain an army. A proposition was brought before the colonial court to issue bills of public credit, as the only resort, to furnish means to carry on the war. After some effort, the court granted an issue of ~7000 in bills of credit, printed on square slips of paper, varying in value from five shillings to five pounds. The colonial court voted that the sum expressed in said bills should be equal in value with coin. The court provided no sinking fund for their redemption, only making them receivable for taxes or public dues, and promising, when demanded, to pay the full sum in money or public stock. The form of the first paper bill issued in America is as follows:"' This Indented bill of Twenty Shillings, due from Massachusetts colony to the possessor, shall be in value, equal to money, and shall be accordingly accepted, by the Treasurer and receiver subordinate to him, in all public payments, and for any stock at any time in the Treasury. "Boston in New England, December 6th, 1690. "' By order of the General Court." Thus Massachusetts established the first paper currency in America. The issue of a paper currency at once relieved the pressure for money, and raised the value of merchandise. The sudden rise in bread stuffs was a subject of alarm to a portion of the people, in consequence of which the General Court, at its next session, passed an act that the price of corn should be reduced. The colonial court, for a period of fifty years, were continually legislating upon the currency, extending the issue of their bills of credit, and contriving all possible expedients to keep up the value, but without any beneficial result. The amount issued and in circulation in 1749, " the issue of fiftynine years," was ~2,200,000, which had depreciated 89 per cent. from the specie value, being worth only 11 cents on the dollar. Hutchinson, who then was speaker of the house, and one of the most influential men in the colony, and William Bollan, Esq., saw the necessity of at once abandoning the issue of bills, and redeeming the issue if possible. With the sanction of the colonial court, he was empowered to redeem the depreciated currency. ~180,0(0 was obtained from the home government in specie, and the issues were redeemed at 11 cents on the dollar. South Carolina issued bills of credit in 1702, and Pennsylvania in 1723; some other colonies at later periods issued bills of credit. The bills of these colonies shared the same fate as in Massachu BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, &c., OF THE UNITED STATES. 711 setts, though the currency of Pennsylvania never depreciated so low in value as in other colonies. During the period from 1690 to 1760, no other efforts were made to improve the currency, if we except the paper scheme, called the Land Bank, in 1740. Upon the redemption of a failed currency in New England in 1760, the colonial assembly established a silver currency at six shillings and eight pence per ounce. The apprehensions of a shock in trade, as consequent upon this, proved groundless; silver soon took the place of bills, every branch of business prospered, and was carried on with greater facilities than before. The States of Rhode Island and Connecticut were invited by Massachusetts to conform their currency to a specie standard, but declined to comply with the request. The effect of adopting a specie standard of currency by a portion of New England, while the other colonies refused to conform their currency to a standard, caused so much suffering and inconvenience, that an act of Parliament was passed in 1763, to prevent paper bills of credit being issued in any of his majesty's colonies or plantations in America. This act caused paper bills of credit to be reduced to a very small amount; and from this time to the commencement of the war, the colonies were generally free from a depreciated paper currency. From this brief account of the provincial paper money, the reader may estimate properly that provision of the constitution of the United States which forbids any state to emit bills of credit, or make any thing but gold or silver a legal tender for the payment of debts. The next period of paper issues was brought on at the commencement of the war of the revolution. The colonies being without a sufficient currency to meet all their exigencies in raising armies and equipping fleets, the government was compelled to resort to the issue of bills of credit. This was called the Continental currency. The first emission was dated May 10, 1775, though no notes were issued till August following. The bills passed for nearly their declared value till the end of the year 1777, when the issue was about $26,000,000. From that date to the year 1781, the value was constantly depreciating, until $1000 of the continental paper money would not produce one dollar in coin. During a period of six years, the government issued $357,476,541 of what was called the old emission, and $2,070,485 of what was called the new emission. It is worthy of remark that the depreciation of the continental currency never retarded its circulation as long as it retained any value. The depreciation of the paper currency, during the period of its issue, caused successive acts of Con gress for the purpose of sustaining its value, which in the end proved ineffectual. The distress occasioned by the failure of the currency was universal for a time. It brought specie, however, directly into circulation, large amounts of which had been hoarded during the five years previous. The quantity was sufficient for all the ordinary purposes of trade. The country soon revived from the shock, but with a deep seated prejudice against a paper currency. The country being now without any paper currency, or even a bank of deposit or discount, in any of the colonies, a new principle, based upon the true science of banking, was brought before the public by Robert Morris and others, who applied for a charter for a bank, to rest upon a specie basis, or that of the conversion of bills into coin at the will of the holder. This was the origin of the bask called the Bank of North America, which was established in Philadelphia in 1781, with a capital of $2,000,000. The charter was obtained from Congress, and was advocated upon the ground that it would assist the country by loans, and otherwise render aid to the treasury of the United States. The bank was to have a portion of government deposits, and consequently the United States became a stockholder to the amount of $254,000. The bank commenced its business in January, 1782, under very flattering circumstances, being supported by some of the most distinguished men of the day; also having the sanction of Congress and the assistance of the United States to give it public credit. Notwithstanding the strong position of the bank, however, great difficulty was encountered in giving currency to its notes or bills. The experience of the evils suffered from the failure of the continental money was still fresh in the minds of the people. Having been so often disappointed in the colonial and continental currencies, they could not be made at once to feel the necessary confidence that the same results might not follow the new scheme. The public were slow to believe that the bank had coin in its vaults, or could redeem its bills on demand. Great efforts were made by the bank to remove these unfavorable impressions from the public mind, and to give the necessary credit and confidence to its circulation; and these efforts proved at length successful. The second bank in America, established upon the principle of a specie basis, was the Massachusetts Bank, established in Boston in 1784, which institution has retained a good reputation dolh to the present time. The date of the institution of some of the earlier banks in the several states of 712 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY the Union is as follows: New York: 1784; Maryland, 1790; the first Bank of the United States, February 8, 1791; Rhode Island, 1791; South Carolina, 1792; Virginia and Connecticut, 1792; District of Columbia, 1793; Delaware, 1795; Maine, 1799; Kentucky, 1802; Ohio, 1803; North Carolina, 1804; Louisiana, 1811; and Georgia, 1812. Twenty-three institutions were established in the several states previous to the year 1800. Since the beginning of the present century, banks have increased in rapid succession. The country was eminently prosperous from 1794 to 1807, with a gradual increase of paper currency, and without any great reaction in trade till 1809; then a very general contraction of the currency took place, with a depressed state of trade, causing the failure of several banks, and a great depreciation in real estate and all other descriptions of property. The whole number of Banks in the United States, in 1810, was 89, with an aggregate capital of $52,601,601, and a circulation, at the close of the year, of $30,000,000. The first Bank of the United States had been chartered, February 8, 1791, for a period of twenty years, with a capital of $10,000,000. One fifth of this amount was subscribed by government, and the remainder by individuals. The charter being now about to'expire, strenuous efforts were made for its renewal, but without success. In the House of Representatives, on the 24th of January, 1811, a bill for the renewal of its charter was indefinitely postponed by a vote of 65 to 64. Another bill was brought into the Senate the same session, on the 20th of February, which was rejected by the casting vote of the president of the Senate. Congress then appointed trustees to wind up the concerns of the bank, who proceeded rapidly with their work, and by the 1st day of October, 1812, 88 per cent. of its capital was paid over to its stockholders; 7 per cent. more April 1, 1813, and several smaller dividends afterwards. From 1811 to 1817, the country was without any national public banking institution. After the close of the war, in 1815, the subject of a national bank was again revived, and on the 8th of January, 1816, a bill was reported in Congress, to establish a Bank of the United States. This bill finally passed the House of Representatives on the 14th of March, by a vote of 80 to 71, and the Senate on the 3d of April, by a vote of 22 to 12, and was approved by the president on the 10th of April, 1816. The capital of this bank was fixed at $35,000,000. It commenced operations on the 1st day of January, 1817, with $14,000,000 of United States stock and $1,400,000 of coin. The circulation of bank notes,in 1815, was estimated at $47,000,000; in 1816, at $70,000,000; in 1818, at $89,000,000. The contraction of the currency caused by the revulsion in 1819 was rapid, and so severe as to cause very general distress throughout the country. The whole circulation of the country, in 1820, was estimated at only $45,000,000. The whole bank capital of the country, in 1830, was $145,192,268, with a circulation of $61,323,898. The whole number of banks which had failed or discontinued business, from 1811 to this date, was 193, possessing an aggregate capital of $30,000,000. The financial management of the United States Bank, during the first term of Jackson's administltion, caused the president to recommend an inquiry into its condition. A bill was carried through both houses of Congress for the renewal of its charter, but it was vetoed by the president. The final result was, the refusal, on the part of Congress, to renew the charter. A charter was obtained by Nicholas Biddle and others, from the State of Pennsylvania, under which the assets and liabilities of the Bank of the United States were transferred, by vote of its stockholders, to this new corporation. Government disposed of all its interest in the institution, having some time previously removed its deposits of coin, and the treasury department having dissolved all connection with the bank. The bank continued its existence till 1841, when the institution failed, the whole capital being a total loss. In May, 1837, this bank, then called the United States Bank of Pennsylvania, suspended specie payments, with all other banks in the United States, with only one exception, which was that of the State Bank of Missouri. This was the first general suspension of specie payments by the banks of this country, a partial suspension having taken place during the war of 1812, when all the banks south and west of New England suspended specie payments, a large portion of which never resumed till after the revulsion in the years 1818 and 1819, and then by a failure of a considerable proportion of their number. The banks of New England and New York resumed specie payments in May, 1838, after one year of suspension. The United States Bank of Pennsylvania, and others south, attempted a resumption at trie same time, but suspended the second time in October, 1839. These banks resumed the third time in January, 1841, and again suspended in twenty days. After the failure of the United States OF THE UNITED STATES. 713 Bank of Pennsylvania, the Philadelphia banks resumed, for the fourth and last time, in March, 1842. The banks south gradually resumed, or otherwise went into liquidation; since which time the banks of the United States have maintained specie payments, and have been generally prosperous. The period from 1830 to 1840 was marked by an extraordinary increase of banking capital, the largest during any period of our history. In 1830, there were 329 banks and branches in the United States, with a capital of $143,301,898; in 1840, 901 banks and branches, with a capital of $358,442,692, being an increase of $215,140,794 in nine years. The loans and discounts upon the capital were, in 1837, $525,115,702; in 1840, $462,896,523. The financial revulsion in 1837 and 1840 caused an extensive failure among the banks, with almost the entire loss of bank capital in Mississippi, Illinois, Alabama, and portions of other states. The loss of bank capital, during the transition from 1838 to 1846, by failure or otherwise, amounted to $161,558,383, resulting in a contraction of the circulation of $54,088,755, and a reduction in the number of banks, from failure alone, of 194. The increase of banks and banking capital within the last ten years has been slower, but probably on a more sure and firm basis, than at any former period. The whole number of banks and branches in the United States, January 1, 1852, was 871, with a capital of $227,469,074, being a less aggregate capital of $130,973,618 than at the period of 1840. The reduction of banking capital was constantly going on from 1840 down to 1846, when the whole bank capital in the United States was $196,894,309; since which period there has been a gradual increase in the aggregate. The increase in 1847 and 1848 was $8,000;000; in 1849, $12,000,000; in 185C, about $10,000,000; the whole aggregate of increase since 1846 being $30,574,765; the whole number of banks and branches being 871, only 30 less than at the great expansive period of 1840. The circulation at a period near January, 1852, was $163,649,812.. loans and discounts, $412,607,653; and silver and gold in the vaults of the several banks to the amount of $49,133,122; amount of bank capital, $254,640,630. It will be seen from this statement that the banks of the United States began to expand in 1831, and reached their maximum in 1837, then their lowest point of depression in 1843. Since that period, they have gone on again to extend their issues, but without any serious fluctuations. 90 714 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN THE UNITED STATES IN 1852. MAINE. Towns. Banks. Capital. New Haven,.. 4 1,987,625 Towns. Banks. Capital. New London,.. 3 414,625 Augusta,. 3 $213,000 Norwalk,.. 1 175,330 Bangor,... 7 1,000,000 Norwich,... 4 1,987,725 Bath,... 3 375,000 Pawcatuck,.. 1 75,000 Belfast,... 1 50,000 Saybrook,... 1 76,010 Biddeford,.. 1 150,000 Southport,.. 1 100,000 Brunswick,... 2 110,000 Stamford,... 1 60,000 Calais,... 1 50,000 Stonington,.. 2 160,000 Eastport,... 1 75,000 Thompson,.. 1 60,000 Gardiner,.. 1 100,000 Tolland,.. 1 80,800 Hallowell,... 1 75,000 Waterbury,... 1 500,000 Portland,.. 6 1,125,000 Windham,.. 1 60,000 Saco,... 2 175,000 Winsted,... 1 100,000 Skowhegan,.. 1 75,000 South Berwick,.. 1 100,000 Total,.. 47 13,175,675 Rockland,.. 1 100,000 Thomaston,... 1 50,000 Topsham,.. 1 50,000 VERMONT. Waldoboro',.. 1 50,000 Waterville,.. 2 125,000 Bellows Falls,.. 1 100,000 Wiscasset,... 1 50,000 Bennington,.. 1 100,900 Bethel,... 1 75,000 Total,.. 38 4,098,000 Brandon,.. 1 50,000 Brattleboro',.. 1 150;000 Burlington,.. 4 600,000 NEW HAMPSHIRE. Chelsea,... 1 50,000 Danville,.. 1 75,000 Charlestown,.. 1 90,000 Danby,... 1 50,000 Claremont,.. 1 100,000 Derby Line,.. 1 50,000 Concord,... 2 180,000 Irasburg,... 1 50,000 Dover,.. 2 228,000 Manchester,.. 1 50,000 East Jaffrey,.. 1 50,000 Middlebury,.. 1 75,000 Exeter,... 1 100,000 Montpelier,.. 2 200,000 Keene,... 2 200,000 Orwell,... 1 100,000 Lancaster,.. 1 50,000 Poultney,.. 1 50,000 Lebanon,... 1 100,000 Proctorsville,.. 1 50 000 Manchester,.. 2 260,000 Rutland,.. 1 150,000 Meredith,... 1 65,000 St. Alban's,... 1 50,000 Nashua,... 1 125,000 St. Alban's Bay,. 1 100,000 New Ipswich,.. 1 100,000 St. Johnsbury,.. 1 100,000 Pittsfield,.. 1 50,000 Sheldon,.. 1 50,000 Portsmouth,.. 3 491,000 Swanton Falls,.. 1 75,000 Rochester,.. 1 125,000 Vergennes,.. 1 100,000 Somersworth,.. 1 125,000 Wells River,.. 1 75,000 Warner,.. 1 50,000 Windsor, s.. 1 50,000 Winchester,.. 1 100,000 Woodstock,.. 1 60,000 Total,.. 25 2,586,000 Total,.. 31 2,685,000 CONNECTICUT. MASSACHUSETTS. Bethel,.. 1 100,000 Boston,... 32 24,210,000 Birmingham,.. 1 101,490 Abington,.. 1 100,000 Bridgeport,... 4 846,800 Andover,... 1 100,000 Brooklyn,.. 1 64,400 Attleboro',.. 1 100,000 Danbury,... 1 98,500 Beverly,... 1 125,000 Deep River,.. 1 75,000 Blackstone,.. 1 100,000 East Haddam,.. 1 71,320 Brighton,... 1 250,000 Falls Village,.. 1 106,000 Cambridge,.. 2 200,000 Hartford,... 7 4,697,700 Cambridgeport,.. 1 100,000 Jewett City,.. 1 44,000 Canton,... 1 100,000 Meriden,... 1 234,750 Charlestown,.. 1 200,000 Middletown,.. 3 845,900 Chelsea,... 1 150,000 Mystic,... 1 52,800 Chickopee,... 1 150,000 OF THE UNITED STATES. 715 Towns. Banks. Capital. Towns. Banks. Capital. Concord,.. 1 100,000 North Kingston,.. 2 125,000 Danvers,... 3 450,000 North Providence,. 3 269,000 Dedham,.. 1 200,000 Scituate,... 1 40,000 Dorchester,... 2 200,000 Smithfield,.. 4 234,775 Fairhaven,.. 1 200,000 Tiverton,... 1 200,000 Fall River,... 2 450,000 Warren,... 2 260,000 Fitchburg,.. 2 400,000 Warwick,. 2 75,000 Framingham,.. 1 200,000 Wakefield,. 1 100,000 Falmouth,.. 1 100,000 Woonsocket,.. 1 100,000 Georgetown,.. 1 100,000 Westerly,.. 3 325,000 Gloucester,. 1 200,000 Greenfield,... 2 350,000 Total,. 69 12,338,502 Great Barrington,. 1 100,000 Haverhill,.. 4 480,000 Hingham,.. 1 105,000 NEW JERSEY. Holyoke,... 1 50,000 Lawrence,.. 1 400,000 Belvidere,... 1 146,880 Lancaster,... 1 150,000 Bridgetown,.. 1 52,050 Leicester,.. 1 100,000 Burlington,... 1 50,000 Lee,.. 1 150,000 Camden,... 1 260,000 Lowell,... 4 1,100,000 Dover,.. 1 100,000 Lynn,... 2 3C0,000 Elizabethtown,.. 1 200,000 Malden... 1 60,000 Medford,... 1 70,000 MIarblehead,.. 2 220,000 Mount Holly,.. 1 100,000 Millbury,.. 1 50,000 Middletown Point,. 1 50,000 Milford,... 1 150,000 Morristown,.. 1 50,000 Nantucket,.. 1 200,000 Newark,... 4 1,808,650 Newburyport,.. 3 510,000 New Brunswick,. 2 190,340 New Bedford,.. 4 1,900,000 Newton,... 1 134,480 Newton,... 1 150,000 Orange,... 1 102,500 Northampton,.. 2 400,000 Princeton,. 1 90,000 North Adams,.. 1 185,000 Rahway,.. 1 130,000 Oxford,... 1 100,000 Salem,.. 1 75,000 Pittsfield,... 1 200,000 Somerville,.. 1 50,000 Plymouth,.. 2 200,000 Trenton,... 2 310,000 Quincy,... 1 100,000 Wantage,.. 1 50,000 Randolph,.. 1 150,000 Rockport,... 1 100,000 Total,.. 25 4,019,900 Roxbury,.. 1 150,000 Salem,... 7 1,750,000 Springfield, 5 - 1,150,000 NEW YORK. Salisbury,... 1 100.000 Southbridge,.. 1 100,000 New York City,. 40 35,442,000 Stockbridge,.. 1 100,000 Adams,. 1 50,000 Taunton,.. 3 500,000 Albany,... 6 2,043,100 Uxbridge,... 1 100,000 Albion,... 2 275,906 Ware,.. 1 200,000 Amenia,... 1 50,000 Waltham,... 1 100,000 Amsterdam,.. 1 116,000 Wareham,.. 1 100,000 Arietta,... 1 6,500 Westfield,... 2 200,000 Auburn,... 2 450,000 WVeymouth,.. 1 100,000 Bainbridge,. 1 5,000 Worcester,.. -. 5 1,000,000 Brooklyn,.. 4 1,300,000 Wrentham,.. 1 150,000 Ballston Spa,.. 1 125,000 Yarmouth,... 1 300,000 Batavia,... 3 251,456 Batlh,... 1 150,000 Total, 137 42,545,000 Binghampton,.. 1 100,000 Brasher Falls,.. 1 5,000 Buffalo,.. 9 987,000 RHODE ISLAND. Benton,... 1 9,652 Canandaigua,.. 2 200,000 Providence,.. 26 8,798,437 Camden,... 1 120,000 Bristol,... 4 340,000 Carmel,... 1 55,600 Cranston,... 1 25,000 Catskill,... 2 225,000 Coventry,.. 1 40,000 Chester, 1 100,400 Cumberland,.. 3 275,000 Clinton,... 1 50,000 East Greenwich,. 1 81,960 Clyde,.. 1 56,687 Exeter,... 1 21,330 Cherry Valley,.. 1 120,000 Eoster,... 1 60,000 Cooperstown,.. 1 100,000 Gloucester,... 1 38,000 Corning,... 1 104,500 Newport,.. 7 680,000 Cazenovia,.. 1 100,000 Pascong,... 1 100,000 Danville,... 1 150,250 South Kingston,. 2 150,000 Delhi... 1 149,500 716 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY Towns. Banks. Capital. Towns. Banks. Capital. Dunkirk,. 11,500 Union Ellcry, 1 10,000 Durham,. 20,000 Union Village,.. 150,075 Elmyra, 2 271,500 Vernon Village, 1 100,000 Farmer's Miills, 1 300,000 Waterford, 1 100)000 Fishkill, 1 120,000 Waterloo, 1 200,000 Fortplain, 1 100,000 Watertown, 5 508,828 Friendship, 1 5,000 Waterville,.. 120,000 French Creek,.. 5,000 Westfield, 1 30,000 Fredonia,. 50,000 Whitehall, 2 208,200 Genesee, 1 100,000 Whitestown, 1 120,000 Geneseo, 1 117,400 Geneva,. 1 400,000 Total, 218 57,359,351 Goshen,. 105,660 There are about 26 banks, of small capital, Granby,. 15,000 amounting in the aggregate to about $800,000, Hadley,. 5,000 not here enumerated. Half Moon, 1 102,775 Hamilton, 1 51,000 Hartford,. 1ARLAD. 15,000 ~lebron,...1 15,000 Hebroner, 1 15.00 Baltimore,. 12 7,140,316,100,800 Annapolis, 1 298,000 Hudson, 2 313,800 Chestertown, 1 100,000 Huntsville, 1 5,000 Cumberland, 2 282,074 Ithaca,. 2 300,000 Ellicott's Mills,.. 125,000 Jamestown, 1 100,000 Easton, 1 271,575 Johnstown, 1 100,000 Keesville, I 100,000 ~~Frederick,...3 525,430 Keesville, 1 125.000 H.aerstown, 1 250,000 Kinderhook, 2. 00,000 PortDepont, 1 50,000 t5 ~ston, 2 300,000 ~Westminster, 1 110,000 Lansingburg,..1 120,000 Iansin~b1 120,000 Williamsport, 1 135,000 Leedsville, 1 10,000 Leroy, I I00)000 Total, 25 9,287,395 Littlefalls,. 200,000 Lockport, 4 282,620 Louville, 1 102,450 WISCONSIN. M{adrid, 1 10,000 Martinsburg, 1 100,000 Milwaukie,. 1 225,000 Meridian,. 25,000 Middletown, 1 100,000 PENNSYLVANIA. Mohawk, 1 150,000 Monticello, 2 165,000 Philadelphia,. 15 10,518,600 Naples, 2 14,900 Bristol,. 1 92,220 Newark, 1 20,000 Brownsville, 1 175,000 Newburg,.4 682,892 Carlisle,. 1 22,500 North Granville, 2 10,000 Chambersburg, 1 205,470 Norwich, 1 120,000 Chester,. 1 155,640 Ogdensburg, 3 210,000 Columbia,. 1 307,300 Oswego, 2 285,000 Danville,.. 1 165,770 Owego, 1 200,000 Doylestown, 1 60,000 Painted Post. 1 5,000 Easton,. 2 550,000 Palmyra, 1 25,000 Erie, 1 101,890 Pawling, 1 125,000 Germantown, 1 152,500 Penn-Yan, ~ 2 106,800 Gettysburg, 1 123,873 Peekskill, 1 200,000 Hanover, 1 36,000 Pine Plains, 1 100,000 Harrisburg,. 2 350,000 Potsdam, 1 50,000 Honesdale, 1 100,000 Poughkeepsie, 3 550,000 Lancaster,. 4 955,618 Prattsville,. 1 80,000 Lebanon, 1 80,320 Putnam Valley, 1 91,234 Middletown, 1 100,000 Rochester,. 5 930,000 Norristown,. 1 384,995 Rome, 2 287,200 Northumberland, 1 160,000 Rosendale,. 1 100,000 Pittsburg, 4 2,418,545 Sackets Harbor, 1 200,000 Pottsville,. 1 199,920 Sag Harbor, ~ 20,000 Reading, 1 300,360 Saratoga Springs, 1 60,000 Schuylkill Haven, 1 100,000 Saugerties,.1 -10,000 Washington, 1 120,000 Schenectady, 2 315,000 Waynesburg, 1 100,000 Silver Creek, 1 92,850 Westchester, 1 225.000 Somers, 1 111,150 Wikesbarre, 1 85,330 Syracuse, 6 885,000 Williamsport, 1 100,000 Troy, 6 1,768,000 York, 2 320,000 Unadilla, 1 100,000 - Utica,.5 1,610,200 Total, 54 18,766,351 OF THE UNITED STATES. 717 GEORGIA. Towns. Banks. Capital. [Eleven Banks and ten Branches. Incomplete.] Leesburg,. 1 10,000 Lynchburg,... 2 600,000 Towns. Banks. Capital. Morgantown,.. 1 75,000 Augusta,... 7 3,624,900 Norfolk, 2 991,000 Athens,.1 100,000 Parkersburg, 1 100,000 Columbus,... 1 134,375 Petersburg, 3 1,170,000 Eatonton,.. 1 100,000 Portsmouth,.. 1 225,000 Macon,... 2 100,000 Richmond,... 3 2,114,000 Savannah,. 5 2,369,940 Romney, 1 200,000 Salem,... 1 100,000 Staunton,.. 1 100,000 MISSOURI. Wheeling,... 2 969,100 Wellsburg,.. 1 118,000 [One Bank and five Branches.] Winchester,. 2 680,000 Bank of Missouri, St. Louis, 1 603,751 Witheville, 1 130,000 Fayette,... 1 121,000 Jackson,... 1 121,000 Total,.. 38 10,214,600 Lexington,... 1 121,000 Palmyra,.. 1 121,000 DELAWARE. Springfield,.. 1 121,000 Total,. Delaware City,.. 1 50,000 Total,..6 1,208,751 Dover,.. 1 186,000 Georgetown,.. 1 120,000 Newcastle,.. 1 138,000 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Smyrna,... 1 100,000 Georgetown,.. 1 300,000 Wilmington, 4 700,000 Washington, 3 882,300 Total, 9 1,294,000 Total,.. 4 1,182,300 MISSISSIPPI. KENTUCKY. Holly Springs,.. 1 100,000 Bowling Green,.. 1 175,000 Covington, ~ 2 850,000 ALABAMA. Danville,.. 1 220,000 Frankfort,.. 2 650,000 Mobile,.. 2 1,800,580 Flemingsburg,.. 1 100,000 Greensburg,.. 1 125 000 Henderson,.. 1 250,000 NORTH CAROLINA. HIopkinsville,.. 1 250,000 Lexington,... 2 1,530,000 Asheville,... 1 125,000 Louisville,.. 3 2,917,000 Charlotte,.. 1 125,000 Maysville,... 2 850,000 Elizabeth City,.. 1 100,000 Mount Sterling,. 1 200,000 Fayetteville,.. 3 885,000 Owensboro',.. 1 300,000. Greensboro',.. 1 100,000 Paducah,.. 1 100,000 Milton,.. 1 125,000 Paris,... 1 370,000 Morganton,... 1 100,000 Princeton,.. 1 300,000 Newbern,.. 2 375,000 Richmond,. 1 150,000 Raleigh,... 2 425,000 Russellville,. 1 400,000 Salem,... 1 150,000 Somerset,... 1 100,000 Salisbury,... 1 125,000 Smithland,.. 1 300,000 Tarboro',.. 1 150,000 Wadesboro',.. 1 200,000 Total,. 26 10,137,000 Washington,.. 2 300,000 Wilmington,.. 3 1,050,000 VIRGINIA. Total,.. 22 4,305,000 Abington,... 1 100,000 Alexandria,.. 3 657,000 SOUTH CAROLINA. Buchanan,... 1 105,000 Charleston,.. 1 150,000 Camden,.2 377,600 Charlestown,.. 1 190,000 Charleston,.. 7 10,935,431 Charlottesville.. 1 104,000 Cheraw,... 1 400,000 Clarkesville,. 1 200,000 Columbia,.. 2 800,000 Danville,. 2 190,000 Georgetown,.1 200,000 Fairville,... 1 150,000 Hamburg,. 1 500,000 Fredericksburg,. 2 550,000 Jeffersonville,.. 1 66,500 Total,.. 14 13,213,031 718 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY INDIANA. Towns. Banks. Capital. Clarkesville,. 2 223,931 Towns. Banks. Capital. Columbia, 2 190,130 Bedford,... 1 91,763 Franklin,... 1 200,000 Evansville,.. 1 151,866 Jackson,... 2 150,000 Fort Wayne,.. 1 145,031 Knoxville,... 1 100,000 Indianapolis,.. 2 219,900 Lawrenceburg,.. 1 100,000 Lafayette,... 1 187,750 Memphis,... 2 400,000 Lawrenceburg.. 1 215,000 Nashville,.. 3 3,658,500 Madison,.. 1 212,500 Pulaski,.. 1 200,000 Michigan City,.. 1 120,000 Rogersville,.. 1 254,208 New Albany,.. 1 163,850 Shelbyville,... 1 223,931 Richmond,.. 1 167,000 Somersville,.. 1 254,208 Southbend,... 1 102,340 Sparta,... 1 223,931 Terre Haute,.. 1 157,900 Trenton,.. 1 254,208 Vincennes,... 1 147,200 - Total,. 23 6,782,197 Total,.. 14 2,082,151 TENNESSEE. MICHIGAN. Athens,,... 2 249,150 Detroit,... 6 764,022 Chattanooga,. 1 100,000 SUMMARY OF THE FOREGOING TABLES. NEW ENGLAND STATES. States. Banks. Branches. Capital. Specie. Circulation. Deposits. Maine, 37.. 3,586,100 630,296 2,994,905 1,389,137 New Hampshire, 28.. 2,891,000 158,000 2,109,000 541,000 Vermont, 31.. 2,685,000 180,000 3,377,000 546,000 Massachusetts, 137.. 42,820,000 2,478,858 19,694,698 12.969,775 Rhode Island, 69.. 12,358,552 271,000 3,077,000 1,867,000 Connecticut, 47.. 13,175,675 774,861 6,639,834 3,147,682 Total, 349.. 77,516,327 4,493,015 38,192,437 20,460,594 MIDDLE STATES. New York, 244. 58,580,181 8,978,918 27,511,787 54,467,682 New Jersey, 26. 3,754,900 622,885 3,046,658 2,411,861 Pennsylvania, 49 5 18,675,484 4,327,394 11,798.996 17,689,212 Delaware, 6 3 1,293,185 159,773 833,960 502,755 Maryland, 24 2 9,228,881 2,709,699 3,532,869 5,838,766 District of Columbia, 4. 1,182,300 300,000 350,000 Total, 353 10 92,714,931 17,098,669 47,074,270 80,910,276 SOUTHERN STATES. Virginia, 6 32 10,214,600 2,928,174 11,600,000 4,717,732 North Carolina, 9 13 4,305,000 4,645,028 4,249,883 942,098 South Carolina, 12 2 13,213,031 2,218,228 11,771,270 3,068,686 Georgia, 11 10 13,482,198 2,112,446 9,198,827 2,580,826 Total, 38 57 41,214,829 8,903,876 36,819,980 11,306,342 SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. Alabama, 2 1,800,580 1,998,820 3,568,285 1,474.263 Louisiana, 5 20 12,370,390 5,716,001 5,059,229 8,464,389 Tennessee, 4 19 6,881,568 1,456,778 6,814,376 1,917,751 Kentucky, 5 21 10,136,927 2,794,351 7,643,075 2,823,657 Missouri, 1 5 1,209,131 1,198,268 2,522,500 1,098,981 Mississippi, 1. 100,000 Total, 18 65 32,498,596 13,164,218 25,607,465 15,779,741 OF THE UNITED STATES. 719 WESTERN STATES. States. Banks. Branches. Capital. Specie. Circulation. Deposits. Ohio, 17 41 7,624,796 2,749,752 11,635,781 5,575,162 Indiana, 1 13 2,082,151 1,197,880 3,422,445 630,325 Michigan, 5 1 764,022 125,722 897,334 416,147 Wisconsin, 1.. 225,000 Iowa, 1.. 200,0.00 Total, 25 55 10,895,969 4,073,354 15,955,560 6,621,634 Total in the U. S., 782 187 254,640,632 49,133,122 163,649,812 135,121,587 INCREASE OF BANKING CAPITAL TO POPULATION FOR TEN YEARS, SINCE 1840. NEW ENGLAND STATES. SOUTH-WESTERN STATES. States. Population. Ratio of In- States. Population atio f - crease per ct. Satcrease Per ct. Maine, 583,188 16i Kentucky, 982,405 26 New Hampshire, 317,999 11 Missouri, 682,043 771 Vermont, 314,120 74 Alabama, 771,671 304 Massachusetts, 994,499 34j Louisiana, 511,974 454 Rhode Island, 147,543 354 Tennessee, 1,002,625 21 Connecticut, 370,791 194 Mississippi, 606,555 614 Arkansas, 209,639 115 Total, 2,728,140 Texas. 212,592 Average increase of population, 22 per cent. New Mexico, 61505 Bank capital, $77,516,327, or $28'60 per head. Total, 5,041,009 Average increase of population, 35 per cent. TMIDDLE STATES. Bank capital, $32,498,596, or $6-49 per head. New York, 3,097,394 274 New Jersey, 489,535 31 Pennsylvania, 2,311,786 34 WESTERN STATES. Delaware, 91,535 184 Ohio, 1,980,408 304 Maryland, 583,035 24 hIoana 9880416 44 Indiana, 988,416 44 Total, 6,573,285 Illinois, 851,470 781 Iowa, 192,214 345! Average increase of population, 29 per cent. Wisconsin, 305,191 8904 Bank capital, $92,714,931, or $14'26 per head. Michigan, 397,654 87i Minesota Territory, 6,077 SOUTHERN STATES. Total, 4,721,430 District of Columbia, 51,687 18 Average increase of population, 49 per cent. Virginia, 1,421,661 14~ Bank capital, $10,695,969, or $2-27 per head. North Carolina, 868,903 154 South Carolina, 668,507 12. Georgia, 905,999 31 California, 165,000 Florida, 87,401 60 Oregon Territory, 13,293 Utah Territory, estimated 15,000 Total, 4,004,158 Total, 23 246,301 Average increase of population, 19 per cent. Bank capital, $41,214,829, or $10'30 per head. No bank capital. 720 BANKING INSTITUTIONS, COIN, AND CURRENCY PRECIOUS METALS IN THE UNITED STATES. The total amount of gold and silver in the Unit- From this sum is to be deducted the amount ed States, in 1820, was estimated at $40,000,000. lost by abrasion, and used for manufacturing Since that time, to June 30, 1851, the whole purposes, for 30 years, —excluding the amount amount of importations of gold and silver from received by immigrants, which may be estilhated abroad has been. $273,838,764 at $1.500,000 annually, - which will amount, in The exportations during the same the aggregate, to $45,000,000; which sum, deperiod,.230,012,415 ducted from the above, will leave $131,737,626 as the total amount of coin in the United States 43,826,349 at the present time. Amount of silver and gold of do- The amount of bullion deposited for coinage mestic production, other than that at the mint of the United States and its branches, received from California,.. 27,354,636 in the year 1850, was - Amount of gold and silver received In gold,... $38,365,160 from California since 1848, to De- " silver,... 1,939,041 cember 20, 1851,... 92,106,123 Total,. 40,304,201 163,287,108 The coinage of the mints up to October From which is to be deducted for 1, 1851, has been as follows:the amount exported from July 1 In gold,... $156,721,849 to December 20,... 26,549,482 " silver,.. 77,677,885 " copper,... 1,381,643 136,737,626 Add amount of silver and gold in Total,.. 235,781,377 the country, by estimate, in 1820, 40,000,000 Of this sum, $95,847,862 is of domestic production, of which $68,493,226 is of the production 176,737,626 of California since 1848. COINAGE OF THE UNITED STATES MINT AND ITS BRANCHES FROM 1792 TO 1851. Whole Coinage. Whole Coinage. Years. Gold. Value. Years. Gold. Value. No. Pieces. Value. No. Pieces. Value. 1793-5 $71,485'00 1,834,420 $453,541-80 1824 $93,200-00 4,786,894 $1,858,297'00 1796 102,727'50 1,219,370 192,129-40 1825 156,385'00 5,178,760 1,735,894'00 1797 103,422-50 1,095,165 125,524'29 1826 92,245'00 5,774,434 2.110,679-25 1798 205,610-00 1,368,241 545,698-00 1827 131,565-00 9,097,845 3,024,342-32 1799 213,285'00 1,365,681 645,906'68 1828 140,145'00 6,196,853 1,741,381-24 1800 317,760'00 3,337,972 571,335'40 1829 295,717-50 7,674,501 2,306,875'50 1801 422,570'00 1,571,390 510,956-37 1830 643,105 00 8,357,191 3,155,620-00 1802 423,310-00 3,615,869 516,075-83 1S31 714,270-00 11,792,284 3,923,473-60 1803 258,377-50 2,780,830 370,698'53 1832 798,435-00 9,128,387 3,401,055'00 1804 258,642-50 2,046,839 371.827-94 1833 978,550-00 10,307,790 3,765,710-00 1805 170,367-50 2,260,361 333,239'48 1834 3,954,270-00 11,637,643 7,388,423:00 1806 324,505-00 1,815,409 801,084-00 1835 2,186,175-00 15,996,342 5,668,667-00 1807 437,495-00 2,731,345 1,044,595-96 1836 4,135,700-00 13,719,333 7,764,900-00 1808 294,665-00 2,935,888 982,055-00 1837 1,148,305-00 13,010,721 3,299,898-00 1809 169,375-00 2,861,834 884,752-53 1838 1,809,595-00 15,780,311 4,206,540'00 1810 501,435-00 3,056,418 1,155,868.50 1839 1,355,885-00 11,811,594 3,576,467-61 1811 497,905'00 1,649,570 1,108,740'95 1840 1,675,302-50 10,558,240,3,426,632'50 1812 290,435'00 2,761,646 1,115,219'50 1841 1,091,597-50 8,811,968 2,240,321-17 181.3 477,140'00 1,755,331 1,102,275-50 1842 1,834,170'50 11,743,153 4.190,754'40 1814 77,270-00 1,833,859 642,535'80 1843 8,108,797-50 4,640,582 11,967,830-70 1815 3,175-00 69,867 20,483-00 1844 2,230-00 9,051,834 7,687,767'52 1816..... 2,888.135 56,785'57 1845 3,7561447.50 1,806,196 5,668,595-54 1817 5,163,967 647,267-50 1846 4,034,177'00 10,133,515 6,633.965'00 1818 242,940-00 5,537,084 1,345,064'50 1847 20,221,385-00 15,392,344 22,657,671-69 1819 258,615'00 5,074,723 1,425,325'00 1848 3,775,512-50 12,649,790 5,879,720-49 1820 1,319,03000 6,492,509 1,864,786-20 1849 9,007,761-50 12,666,659 11,164,695-82 1821 189,325 00 3,139,249 1,018,977-45 1850 31,981,733-50 14,588,220 33,892,301-00 1822 88,980-00 3,813,788 915,509-89 1823 72,425-00 2,166,485 967,975.00 Total, 117,330,935-00 370,536,129 195,074,710.92 I. - STATISTICAL TABLE OF TWENTY PENITENTIARIES IN 1851.* Rhode~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Islad....'... PENITENTIARIES. 0 - 4 = M I C, -0 d' 0 a 1 r 00 0 Connecticut........~~~~~~~~~.. ~/a 0 -'3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ND &.~ an CZ V, M NO5..,.5..,.. 12,,,.....I 97, e 68 0-0 ~~~ P2 C 04C New Hamshrsey...... Vermane.......... 62 69 14[33511,107,251...... 9 Massachusetts..... 349 440 391 91 221 108 10 6 3 3.45,816 45,261 555..116 116 17,307 5,297 5,746 11,661 1,099. 41~ Rhode Island..... 28 37 33 9 23 3 11 1709 3,917. 3,207 21 118 1,300.... 134 1,003 56 294 117 H Connecticut......... Albany, N. Y.177 147 162... 30 a 498 472 b 3 2. 9,810 10,261 450 60 62.. c 4,284 661 4,791 357.. Auburn, N. Y...... 609 732 670 123..- 304 n5 133 22 9 4 o 9..68,483 56,165 12,317. — 102 83 28,828 5,317 3,022 18,249 15,440 3,181 1,042 Clinton Co., N. Y. 124 114 119... 10 39 38 5 3 3.- 12,119 25,344. 124,723 101 m212 15,943 2,772 755 3,776 12,349 1,937 259 ~.~ing Singr, (Male).::. 672 694 683 22.. 228 q 153 15 p 17 1 1..72,521 65,884 6,6036. —--— 106 96 33,958 8,860 4,670 27,660 16,474 1,466 959 Sing Siisg, (Fem.) 78 71 94... 7 29 *28 3 3 1 1. 3,165 10,930. 7,764 42 147 3,126 984 r 800 2,920 -1,200 1,200 700 New Jersey. —.. 185 210 188 25 122 82 10 5 -. 18,927 13,474 d5,452.... 97 e 68 7,388 1, 145 f2,359 7,094 g3,4O6 1,601 274 Philadelphia New Pen. 299 299 299.. 150 118 31 1. hS 11,950 17,339. i 5,388 37 57 ~.. Pittsburg, Pa................ Baltimore, Md............... ~ Washington, D. C. 46 57 51 11 27 15 1.. 1,515 10,561. 9,045 29... 7,4,52 8 522 372 1,513.......130 1 Richmond, Va........... eohgio............... Ohio.........~.....n Michigan.109 131 119 22 50 21 k 2 2 210,700 16,968. 89 142 8,411 1,365 1,085 2,970 2,191 711 94 8 Total.. 2,738:3,0;08 2T,878 317 47 1,724 1,181 120 49 15 15 5; 261,822 282,355 24,960 50,721 888 1,190 125,836 30,942 20,109 84,075 52,645 11,133 3,996 *From Rev. Louis Dwight's Annual Report of the Prison Discipline Society.H a Of the whsole number received, 359 were males and 139 fe- f Including fuirnitusre. I This amount was drawn from the state treasury, and was in males; of those in Prison, October 31, 1850, 99 were males, g This amount is not included among the expenses of the insti- part expended for repairs and improvements. b Discharged by court and magistrates, 19; discharged by pay- tution in the Annual Report, but is paid from the state treasury. sa This average expense of each prisoner is after deducting re- H ment of fines, 3-2; of those wito died in Albany Penitentiary, 2; A The maladies of two others became unequivocally developed, pairs and improvements. the whole number died of delirium tremens. who were thought, in tbe latter months of 1849, to exhibit symp- a Two were removed to Western House of Refuge, and three cThis amount is supposed to include salary of officers, fuel, toms of incipient insanity; but the physicians says they owed their discharged by habeas corpus, and for new trial. and lights, origin to the previous year, although their diseases were not suffi- a Three were returned as not insane; 12 remain in the Prison; d This balance in favor of the earnings above expenses does ciently manifest to justify tiseir return, but it is not stated when and where they became insane. not include the salaries of the officers among the expenses, which i This balance of expense against the institution is over and p Two others were drowned, and one other was accidentally amounted to $7,388; showing a deficit of earnings, if the salaries above the salary of the officers. killed. of officers be included, of $1,935, instead of a balance in favor of 3 It nowhere appears in the Annual Report of the institution q Seventeen were trausferred to Auburn, and removed by ha$5,452. what amount was paid for salary of officers. or for particular items bess corpus. aThis average is made on a bill of expenses not including the of expenditure. r This sum includes furniture as well as clothing. salary of officers. k One by reversal of judgment. s $8.42 more are charged as having been lost on broom making. bW POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, ACCORDING TO THE SEVEN CENSUSES, FROM 1790 TO 1850. 1790. l[ 1800..1810. 1820. STATES AND TERRITORIIES. Free Persons. Free Persons. Free Persons. Free Persons. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. Maine........... 96,002 538... 96,540 150,901 818 151,719 227,736 9169... 228,705 297,340 995 298,335 New Hampshire......... 141,111 (630 158 141,899 182,898 856 8 183,762 213,390 970.... 214,360 243,236 920 244,161 Massachusetts............ 373,324 5,463.... 378,787 416,393 6,452.... I 422,845 4CI5,303 6,737 472 040 516,547 6,740.... 523,287 Rhode Island........... 64,C89 3,469 952 69,110 65,437 331,4 381 69,122 73,314 3,609 108 77,031 79,413 3,598 48 83,059 Connecticut............. 232,581 2,801 2,759 238,141 224,721 5,330 951 251,002 255,'279 6,453 310 262,042 267,161 7,944 97 275,202 Vermont............. 85,144 255 17 85,416 153,908 557.... 154,465 2169C3 750.... 217,713 l 234,846 918 235,764 New York............ 314,142 4,654 21,324 340,120 556,039 10,374 20,343 586,756 918,699 25,333 15,017 959,049 1,332,744 29,980 10,088 1,372,812 New Jersey............ 169,954 2,762 11,423 184,139 195,125 4,402 12,422 211,949 226,861 7,843 10,851 245,555 257,409 12,609 7,557 277,575 - &6 Pennsylvania,. 424,099 6,537 3,737 434,373 586,1 98 14,561 1,706 602,365 786,804 62,492 795 810,091 1,017,094 32,153 211 1,049,458 Ohio................................. 45,028 337 5.... 4.5365 228,861 1,899.... 230,760 576,572 4,862. 581436 H Indiana...................... 4,577 163 135 4,875 23,890 393 237 24,520 145,758 1,230 190 147,178' Es Illinois..11,501 613 168 12,282 53,788 506 917 55,211 Al ichigan..................4,618 320 24 4,7652 8,591, 305... 8,896 W Io a.....................,....,....,....,,....,....,....,.... W iso nsi.................................................... Mali tows........... ~~~~ Wisconsin..~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.... Oregon Territory.................................. Minnesota Territory...................... New Mexico Territory,............................. I...... Utah Territory.................. Naval Service.............. Naval Service ~..............[.... ]....[....'"['"......................... L Total, Free States and Ter. 1,901,046 27,169 40,379 1,968,525 2 /,601,125 47,154 1 35,946 12,684,225 3,53,219 78,181 27,510 13,758,910 5,030,499 1102,765 19,108 5,152]_72 [Delawae......... 46,310 3,899 8,887 59,096 49,852 8,268 6,153 64,273 55,361 13,136 4,177 72,674 55,282 12,958 4,509 72,749] Maryland.................I 208,649 8,043 103,036 319,728 216,126 19,587 105,635 341,548 235,117 33,927 111,502 380,546 260,222 39,7:-0 107,398 407,350 Virginia.................. 442,115 12,766 293,427 748,308 514,280 20,124 315,796 880,210 551,534 30,570:392,518 974,622 603,087 37,139 425,153 1,065,379 North Carolin,,*.......... 288,234 4,975 100,572 393,751 337,764 7,043 133,'296 478,103 376,410 10,266 1C8,814 555,500 419,2(10 14,612 205,017 638,829 Southi Carolina,........... 140,178 1,801 107,094 249,073 196,255 3,185 146,151 345,591 214,196 4,554 196,365( 415,115 237,440 6,826 258,475 502,741 (eorgia................... 52,886'98 29,264 82,548 101,678 1,019 59,404 162,101 145,414 1,801 105,218 252,433 189,564 1,767 149,656 340,987 0jAlabama,....................'............................................17,90 P4 MississAlabama..................79 182 3,489 8,850 2370-2-4 240 17,088 40,~2 42,176 458 32,814 75,4484. M~oississippi...... 5,7....2,6... 8539. 3 4,7917,0 E'' Louiiana......... 34,311 7,585 34,6603 76,556 73,383 10,960 69,064 53,407 Tennessee................ 32,013 9 361 3,417 /35,791 / 91709 309 Y13,584 105,602 215,873 1,317 44,535 261,727 3 9,927 2,779 80,107 4W2,813 i Kentucky.. 61,133 114 11,830 73,077 179,871 741 40,343 220,955 324.237 1,713 80,561 406,511 434,144 2,341 126,732 564,117 Missouri........................ 17,227 607 3,0111 20,845 55,988 376 10,222 66,586 Arkansas................ 12,579 77 1,617 14,273 Florida................................']Texas.................................... Dist. _.f Co3,tubia...............:[... 1'0,966. "783 3',44I~ 140~()93 160()79'.205419'5,395 2'4',0293 ~2~2,6)14 4',0,45208 "6,.'46,377 3',(039 Total i,, Slave S t a t e s.......,831,4~5 { 1:?-~304~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~......... Total i Slave States,..... 1,271,488 32,357 657,527 1,961,372 1,702,980 61,241 857,095 2,621,316 ]2,2.:8,785 108,265 163,854 3,480,904 2,831,495 125,304 1,519,220 4,485,819 &CFree States....... 1,901,646 27,109 40,370 1,968,525 2,601,126 47,154 35,946 2,684,225 3,653,219 78,181 27,510 3,758,910 5,030,499 102,765 19,108 5,152,372 Total inUnited-States. 3,172,534 59,466 697,897 3,919,897 4,334,105 198,-95 893,041 5,305,541'5,8 2,004 186,446 1,191,3647,239,814 7,861,994 238,069.1,538,128 9,638,191 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES, CONTINUED. 183 0. 1840. 1850. STATES AND TERRITORIES. Free Persons. Free Persons. Free Persons. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. White. Col'd. Slaves. Total. Maine.................... 398,9'63 1,190 2 399,445 509,438 1,355.... 501,793 581,813 1,356.... 583,169 New Hampshire...... 268,721 604 3 269,328 284,036 537 1 284,574 317,456 520.... 317,976 Massachusetts,........ 603,359 7,049.... 610,408 729,030 8,670.... 737,700 985,704 8,795.... 994,499 Rhode Island........ 93,621 3,561 17 97,199 105,587 3,238 5 108,830 143,875 3,669.... 147,544 C Connecticut,......... 289,603 8,047 25 297,675 301,856 8,105 17 309,978 363,305 7,486.... 370,791 0 Vermont.................. 279,771 881.... 280,652 291,218 730.... 291,948 313,402 718.... 314,120 New York.............. 1,873,663 44,87) 75 1,918,608 2,378,890 50,027 4 2,428,921 3,049,457 47,937 3,097,394 I New Jersey............... 300,266 18,303 2,254 320,823 351,588 21,044 674 373,306 465,523 23,807 489,555! Pennsylvania............. 9 1,309,900 37,930 403 1,348,233 1,676,115 47,854 64 1,724,033 2,258,463 53,323 2,311,786.s Ohio..................... 928,329 9,5f-8 6 937,903 1,502,122 17,342 3 1,519,467 1,956;108 24,300.... 1,980,408 Indiana.................. 339,399 3,629 3 343,031 678,698 7,165 3 685,866 977,6:8 10,788.... 988,416 Illinois... 155,061 1,637 747 157,445 472,254 3,598 331 476,183 846,104 5,366.... 851,470 Michigan.............. 31,346 261 32 31,639 211,560 707.... 212,267 395,097 2,557.... 397,654 q Iowa............................ 42,924 172 16 43,112 391,879 335.... 192,214 P Wisconsin.................... 30,749 185 11 30,945 304,565 626.... 305,191 - Pk California, (estimated,).............................. 91,632 965.... t92,597 Oregon Territory.................................. 13,087 206.... 13,293 Minnesota Territory.................................. 6,038 39.... 6,077 New Mexico Territory,........ 61,530 17.... 61.547... Utah Territory..................................11,330 24 26 11,380 Naval Service............. 5,318........ 5,318 6,100........ 6,100............. Total, Free States and Per. 6,7,0 13,3 3,6 _________ _____ - _____ Total,:FreeStatesand Ter 6,876,6_20 137,530 3 —-,567 7,017,717 9,563,165 170,729 1,129 9,735,023 13,333,996 192,834 251 13,527,081 Z rDelaware........... 57,601 15,585 3,292 76,748 58,561 16,919 2,605 78,085 71,169 18,073 2,290 91,532 n Maryland........... 0291,108 5'2,938 102,994 447,040 318,204 62,078 89,737 470,019 417,943 74,723 90,368 583,034 IVirginia,......... 694,300 4734669,5,11,0 Northnia....arolina....... 694,300 47,348 469,757 1,211,405 740,968 49,842 448,987 1.239,797 895,304 53,829 472,528 1,421,661 North Carolina............ 472,843 19,543 245,601 737,987 484,870 22,73'2 245,817 75,419 593,118 27,373 283,412 8 8,903 South Carolina........ 257,863 7,921 315,401 581,185 259,084 8076 32 Goia29,0 2,8 21,3 1,97,038 594,398 274,623 8,900 384,984 668,507 / GeorI'., i a................... 296,806 %486 217,531 516,8~?3 440769 2,753 280,944 691,302 521,438 2,880 381,681 905,999 Is Alabama........... 190,406 1,572 117,549 309,527 335,185 2,039 253,53 5 IMississippi.........70,443 519 6,3 9,5 2,8 9 65,659 136,621 179,074 1,355 195,211 375, 651 295,758 899 309,898 606,555 " E' Louisiana................. 89,441 16,710 109,588 215,739 158,457 89,441 16, 109,58 215,739 158,457 95,502 168,452 352,411 255,416 17,~37 244,786 517,739 Tennessee,................ 535,746 4,555 141,603. 681,904 640,627 5411 5516 753 2478 5779 5,524 183,059 89.9,210 756,893 6,271 P239,461 1,002,' 25 1. Kentucky.......... 517,787 4,917 165,213 687,917 599,9253 7,317 182,258 779,828 761,688 9,736 210,981 98'~,405 O Missouri........... 114,795 569 25,091 140,455 323,888 1,574 58,240 383,702 502,077 2,544 87,422 682,043,. Arkansas................. 25,671 141 4,576 30,388 77,174 465 19,935 97,574 162,068 589 46,982 209,639 mI Florida.................... 18,3185 844 15,501 34,730 27,943 817 25,717 54,477 47,167 925 39,309 87,401 "" Texas......................154,100 331 58,161 212,592 District of Columbia 27,563.6,152 6,119 39,834 31,657 8',3 6 1 4,694 43,712 38,027 9,973 3,687 51,687 ~Total in Slave States,..... 3,660,754 182,070 2,005,475 5,848,303 4,632,640 215,565 2,486,226 7,334,431 6,223,275 236,876 3,203,842 9,663,993 0o " Free Slates....... 6,876,620 137,530 3,567 7,017,717 9,563,165 170,72-9 1,129 9,735,023 131,33,996 130,834 25 1 13,527,081. Total in United States,. 10,537,378 319,600 1 2,009,012 12,866,020 1 14,195,805 386,294 2,487,355 17,069,454 19,557,2c71 429,710 3,204,093 23,191,074 * "Apprentices" by the "Act to abolish Slavery," passed 18th April, 1846. t The returns from California are imperfect; the number is supposed to be much greater. W CENSUS OF THE ULNITED STATES., 1850. THE following census returns are not official; no official publication of the population returns, except of the aggregates of the states, having yet been made. The following statements have bcen obtained from the returns of the marshals, deposited, under the act of Congress, in the state departments of the several states. In several cases, these -returns have been abstracted and published by the authority of the state legislatures. Such ha's been the case in. New York, New Jersey', Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, and other states. When such returns have been published, they have been followed here; in other cases, the returns have been obtained by private enterprise and industry, and though they may probably vary a little from the official returns, when they are finally published, that variation cannet~As material. In those cases where the census has been published by towns or townships, we have given the town or township returns; but in all the Southern', and some of the Western States, the census has been returned only by counties. STATE OF MAINE. AROOSTOOK. No. 11, H. 5, 354 CUMBERLAND. Amity... 256 No. 3, H. 2,.37 Auburn,.2,840 Hodgdon,.. 862 Bancroft,.157 Baldwin,..1,100 Houlton...1,453 Chrystal.. 175 Bridgton,.2.710 Linneus,... 561 Dayton,.49 Brunswick,..4,976 Masardis...122 Hancock,. 592 Cape Elizabeth, 2,082 Monticello,... 227 Haynesville,.96 Casco,..1,045 New Limerick,...160 Molunkus,.199 Cumberland,.1,656 Smyrna,... 172 Salmon Brook,.. 176 Danville,...1,636 Weston,. 293 Van Buren, 1,050 Durham, 1,894 Belfast Academy Grant, 259 Heed,.76 Falmouth,. 2,164 Benedicta,...325 Letter B, R. 1, ) 141 Freeport,.. 2,629 Bridgewater,.. 143 No. 8, H. 5,... 33 Gorham,..3,088 Madawaska Plantation, 1,278 No. 6, H. 4, 37 Gray,.. 1,7188 Orient Plantation,. 20 7 Letter B, H. 2,.. 5 Harpswell,..1,535 Williams College Grant,.224 Portland Academy Grant, 78 Harrison,.. 1,416 No. 6, R. 5,... 39 No. 9, R. 6,. 59 Minot,.1,734 No. 7, H. 5,...10 E, H. 1,....46 Naples,... 1,025 No. 9, H. 5,... 25 H, H. 2,... 203 North Yarmouth,..1,221 FraMingham. Acad'y Grant, 31 1 2, K. 3. 66 New Gloucester,. 1,848 Plymouth Grant,.. 252 F, R. 2,... 288 Otisfield,...1,171 Eaton Grant,..188 Mars Hill,...29 Poland,.. 2,660 G, R. 2,... 361 Portage Lake,.. 168 Portland City,..20,819 No. 5, H. 3, 34 Deerfield Academy Grant, 12 Pownal, 1,074 A, H. 2,... 4 No..12, H, 5, 11 Raymond,..1,142 Fort Fairfield,...401 No. 17, H1. 9, 209 Scarboro', 1,837 Golden Ridge,.. 1 94 ISebago,.. 850 INTO. 11R.1,... 106 12.533 Standish,. 2,290 CENSUS OF THE UNITES STATES, 1850. 725 Westbrdok,.. 4,852 No. 9... 22 Nobleboro',.1,408 Windham,. 2,380 No. 10... 20 Perkins,.. 84 Yarmouth,.. 2,144 Pond Island,. 10 Phipsburg,.1,805 Raymond Cape,.50 Calf Island,.. 7 Richmond,..2,056 Placentia Island,. 13 iRockland,. 5,052 79,656 Black Island,..25 St. George,..2,217 Duck Island,. 12 South Thomaston, 1,420 FRANKLIN. Marshall's Island,. 5 Southport,.. 543 Avon,.778 Old Harbor Island,. 11 Thomaston,.2,723 Carthage,. 420 Conway's Island,.12 Topsham,..2,010 Chestervillc,. 1,142 Pickering's Island,. 13 Union,.1,974 Farmington,. 2,725 Beech Island,.. 9 Waldoboro',..4,199 Freeman,. 762 Great Spruce Head Island, 19 Warren,. 2,428 Industry,. 1,041 Bear Island,.. 7 Washington,.1,756 Jay,... 1,733 Butter Island,. 6 Webster,.1,110 Kingfield,.. 662 Eagle Island,..32 West Bath,.. 560 Madrid,. 404 Hacketash Island,. 1 2 Westport,..761 New Sharon,. 1,732 Matinicus Light Island,.11 Whitefield,..2,160 New Vineyard,.635 Wooden Ball Rock Island, 9 Wiscasset,.2,343 Phillips,. 1,673 - Woolwich,..1,420 Salem,. 454 34,372 Patricktown Plantation,) 552 Strong,.. 1,008 KENNEBEC. Matinicus Isles,. 220 Temple,..785 Abo,)64Monhegan Isle,.103 Weld,.99 Augbion, 1,604 Muscle Ridge Plantation, 56 Wilton,.. 1 909 Aulgusad,. 8227 Muscongus Island,.97 Letter B,.. 126 Belgrad,. 1,722 Marsh,. 20 No. 3, 2d Range, B. P., 43 Bno,. 189Hay Island,.. 8 No. 4, R. 2, II. P., 8 China,. 2,779 Johns Island,. 5 Dallas, 458 Clinton Liverm1,7439 Pond Island, I Jackson Plantation, 321 Easette Lieroe,0892 Otter Island,. 12 No. 6. 74 Harbor Island,. 8 No. 4. 139 Gardiner,. 6,486 Cranberry Island,. 32 Greene, 1. 1347 -~ 20,027 Hallowell,. 4,769 7,0 Leeds... 1,952 7480 HANCOCK. Litchfield,.. 2,100 OXFORD. Aurora,..217 Monmouth,.1,925 Albany,. 747 Amherst,.. 323 Mo~unt Vernon,. 1,479 Andover, 710 d Bluehill, 1,939 Pittston, 2,823 Bethel, 2,253 Brooklin, 1. 1002 Readfield,. 1,985 Brownfield,..1,320 Brooksville,. 1333 Rome,... 830 Buckfield,.1,657 Bucksport,. 381 Sidney,.. 1,955 Byron,. 296 Castine, 1.1260 Vassalboro',.3,099 Canton.. 926 Cranberry Isles,. 283 Vienna, 851 Denmark,..1,203 Deer Isle,. 3,037 Wales... 612 Dixfleld,.1,180 Dedham,. 546 Waterville, 3,965 Fryeburg,..1,524 Eastbrook,.212 Wayneso, 1,3673 Gilead,. 359 Eden,. 1,127 Windsror, 21,793 Greenwood,..1,118 Ellsworth,. 4,009 Winthrop, 2,154 Hanover,. 366 Franklin,. 736 Wlinslnowe, 1,9 Hartford,,. 1,293 Gouldsboro',. 1 400 Clbinon Gore, 195 Hebron,. 839 Greenfield,.. 305 Alioloro1 Hiram,.. 1,210 Hancock,. 960 Livermore,.1,764 Mariavillg,. 374 62,524 Lovell,. 1,196 Mount'De-sert,. 777 LINCOLN. Mason,. 93 Orland,. 1,580 Ana... 916 Mexico,.. 481 Otis,. 124 Arrowsic,.. 311 Newry,. 459 Penobscot,.1,556 Bath City,. 8,020 Norway,..1,961 Seaville. 139 Boothbay,.2,504 Oxford,.1,233 Sedgwick,. 1,234 Bowdoinham,. 2,381 Paris,..2,883 Sullivan,. 810 Bowdoin,..1,857 Peru,.1,109 Surry. 1,189 Bremen... 891 Porter,. 1,208 Trenton,.. 1,205 Bristol,.2,910 Roxbury,. 246 Tremont,.. 1425 Cushing...805 Rumford,..1,375 Waltham'.304 Damariscotta, 1,328 Stow,. 471 Swan Island,. 423 Dresden,.. 1,419 Stoneham,. 483 Wetmore Isle,..405 Edgecomb,.1,231 Sumner,.1, 151 Nos. 1 and 2,. 142 Friendship,..652 Sweden,.. 696 No. 21. 26 Georgetown, 1, 121 Turner,. 2,537 No. 33. 51 Jefferson,.. 2,223 Waterford,. 1,448 Long Island, 1.152 Lewiston,.3,584 Woodstock,.1,012 No. 7. 109 Lisbon,. 1,495 Ando ver, N. Surplus,. 81'No. 8,..17 Newcastle, 2,012 Franklin Plantation,.188, 726 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Frveburg Academy Grant, 64 Letter A, R. 7,..27 Starks,.. 1,446 Hamlin's Grant, 108 No. 8, H. 8,... 8 Skowhegan,. 1,756 Letter A, No. 2, 108 No. 2, R. 8, 6 Smithfield,. 873 Letter B.... 174 No. 3, R. 1, N. B. P.,. 23 Sections on Canada Liute, 31 Milton Plantation, 166 No. 4, R. 1, N. B. P.,.159 on Kennebec Hiv., 900 A, No. 1. 60 Holden Plantation,..83 No. 4, R. 1,. 4 63,094 Long Pond Plantation, 31 No. 5, R. 1, 1 50 Jackman Township,.12 No. 5, H. 2, 55 PISCATAQUIS. Parlin Pond Plantation, 13 Abbot,.747 Attean Township,. 9 39,866 Atkinson, 895 Barnard,. 181 35,591 PENOBSCOT. Bowerbank,. 173 Alton,.252 Blanchard,.192 WALDO. Argyle,.. 338 Brownville,. 7 87 Appleton, 1,727 Bangror, 14,432 IDover, 1,927 Belfast,..5,052 Bradford,.1,296 Elliotsville,. 102 Belmont, 1,486 Bradley,. 798 Foxeroft, 1,045 Brooks,..1,021 Brewer,..2,628 Guilford, 834 Burnham,.784 Burlington,.481 Greenville,. 26 Camden,..4,005 Carmel,.1,228 Kilmarnock,... 322 Frankfort, 4,233 Carroll,. 401 Kingsbery,...181 Freedom,.948 Clifton, 3. 306 Monson,.. 654 Hope, 1,107 Corinna,. 1,550 Milo, 932 Islesboro', 984 Corinth,..1,600 Orneville,... 424 Jackson,.833 Charleston,. 1,283 Parkman,... 1,243 Knox. 1,102 Chester,.. 339 Sangerville,...1,267 Liberty,.1,116 Dexter,. 1,948 Sebec,... 1,223 Lincolnville,.2,174 Dixmont,..1,605 Shirley,... 250 Monroe,..1,606 Edinburg,.93 Wellington,...600 Montville,..1,878 Eddington, 696 Williamsburg,.. 124 North Haven,..806 Enfield,.396 Letter B, R. 10,.. 4 Northport,..1,260 Etna,.802 No. 3, R. 5. 44 Palermo,.1,659 Exeter,. 1,853 Kineo, Day's Acad. Grant, 5 Prospect,..2,467 Garland,..1.247 Deer Isle, Moosehead Lake, 5 Searsmont,.1,696 Glenburn,.905 No. 2, R. 13,... I Searsport,..2,207 Greenbush,. 457 No. 5, R. 13, 10 Swanville,..944 Hampden, 3,195 No. 8, R. 8,... 68 Thorndike,.1,029 Hermon,..1,374 Katahden Iron Works, 15Iry,8 [Howland,.214 No. 7, R. 12,... 5 Unity,.1,557 Kirkland,. 717 No. 9, R. 12, 4 Vinalhaven, 1,252 Lagrange,.482 No. 5, H. 9, 2 Waldo,.81P2 Lee... 917 Levant, 1,842 14,735 47,229 Lincoln,.1,358 Lowell,. 378 SOMERSET. WASHINGTON. Mattamniscontis, 54 Anson,..848 Addison,. 1,152 Maxfield,. 186 Athens, 1466 Alexander,. 544 Milford,.6 87 Bingham,.752 Baileyville,. 431 Newburg,. 1,399 Bloomfield, 1,301 Barinig,. 380 Newport,..1,212 Brighton,.748 Beddington,.147 Oldtown,. 3,087 Canaan,..1,696 Calais,.4,7450 Orono. 2,785 Cambridge,.487 Centreville,.178 Orrington, 1,851 Concord,.550 Columbia,.1,140 Patten. 470 Cornville, 1,260 Cooper. 562 Passadumnkeag,..294 Detroit, 51 7 Charlotte,. 718 Plymouth,... 925 Embden. 971 Cherryfield, 1,648 Springfield,...583 Fairfield,..2,452 Crawford, 324 Stetson,.. 885 Harmony,.1,107 Cutler,.820 Indian Township,'No. 2~.12 Hartland,. 960 Dennysville,... 458 No. 3, R. 8, 15 Lexington,.538 East Macbias,.. 1,904 No. 7 H. 4 39 Madison,.1,768 Eastport,...4,125 No. 6, R. 3 29 Mayfield,. 133 Edmonds,..446 No. 7, R. 3, 161 Mercer,...1,186 Harrington,.. 963 No. 4, H. 3,.. 111 Moscow. 577 Jonesboro',...466 East Indian Township,.193 Newv Portland,..1,460 Jonesport,. 26 West Indian Township,.107 Norridgewock,. 1,848 Lubec,.. 2 814 No. 5, R. 6, 102 North Anson,..1,168 Macbias,...1,590 No. 5, R. 7,.. 6 Palmyra,... 1,625 Machiasport,.. 1266 No. 3, R. 6,...40 Pittsfield,...1,166 Marion,... 207 No. 3, R. 7, 16 Ripley.,641 Marshfield,.. 294 Pattagumpus, or Z,..50 Solon. 1,419 Medybemps,.. 187 Letter A, R. 6, 163 St. Albans,.. 1,792 Milbridge,.. 1,170 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 72 246 No. 3, R. 1,. Hollis... 2,683 1,712 No. 18, E. D., 29 Kennebunk, 2,650 Perry,...1,324 No. 19, E. D.,,. 20 Kennebunkport, 2,706 Princeton, 2890 No. 21.. 53 Kittery, 2,706 Robinston, I 1028 No. I11, R. 3,.42 Lebanon,.2,208. Steuben, No. 1, R. 4,.14 Limerick,. 1,473 Top~sfield, 268 No. 1, R. 3,.23 Limington,. 2,116 Trescott,.. ~ No. 7, R. 2, 61 Lyman,.1,7 Wesley,' 2 No. 26, E. D.,.8 N'ewfield, 1.41 Whiting,.. 470 No. 29.. 18 North Berwick, 1,593 Whitneyville, 1 No. 31,.46 Parsonsfield, 2,322 Andsburg, 126 - Saco, *.5,794 Codyville Plantation,. 47 38,711 Shapleigh,.1,348 Dainforth,. 168 YORK. Sanford,.2,330 Tailmadge,... 48 Acton,.. 1,359 South Berwick, 2,592 Waite Plantation,. 1 Alfred,. 1,319 Waterboro', 1,989 No. 14, 6 Berwick,.. 2,121 Wells... 2,945 N.1, 162,7. Biddeford,.6,095 York,.2,980 No. 1, R. 2, 9. 1 Buxton,... 2,995 Isle of Shoals,.. 29 No. I R. 1 10Cornish, 1_144 No. 9, R. 3,...87 Eliot,* 1,144 60_09 No. 9, iR. 4, 5 9... 1836,9 STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE. ROCKINGHAM. Madbury,.. 484 Chichester,. 997 Atkinson,. 600 Middleton,..476 Concord,.8,584 Auburn,.. 810 Milton,. 1,619 Dunbarton,. 915 Brcntwood,..923 New Durham,. 1,048 Epsom, 1,365 Candia,..1,482 Rochester,. 3,006 Franklin,.1,251 Chester,. 1,301 Rollinsford,.1,862 Henniker, 1,690 Danville,.. 614 Somersworth,. 4,943 Hooksett,.1,503 Deerfield,. 2,022 Strafford,..1,920 Hopkinton, 2,169 Derry,. 1,850 Loudon,.1,553 East Kingston,.532 29,359 Newbury...738 Epping,..1,663 New London,. 945 E xeter,. 3,329 BELKNAP. Northfield, 1,332 Gossport,.. 103 Alton,. 1,795 Pembroke,' 1,732 Greenland,. 739 Barnstead,. 1,848 Pittsfield, 1,828 Hampstead,.. 89 Centre Harbor,.544 Salisbury,.1,228 Hampton,. 1,197 Gilford,. 2,425 Sutton, 1,387 Hampton Falls,. 640 Gilmanton,. 3,282 Warner,.2,038 Kensington,..700 Meredith,. 3,521.Wilmot, 1,272 King~ston,..1,192 New Hampton, 1,612 Londonderry,. 1,731 Sanbornton,. 2,695 40,346 New Castle,.. 891 New Market,. 1,639 17,722 HILLSBORO'. Newton,.. 585 Amherst, 1,613 Newington,..472 CARROLL. Antrim,.1,143 North Hampton,. 822 Albany,.455 Bedford, 1,906 Northwood,. 1,308 Brookfield,. 552 Bennington,. 541 Nottingham,.. 1,268 Chatham,. 516 Brookline,.718 Plaistow,. 748 Conway,.. 1,769 Deering,. 890 Poplin,. 509 Eaton,.1,751 Francestown, 1,114 Portsmouth,. 9,739 Effingham,. 1,252 Goffstown,. 2,I270 Raymond,..1,256 Freedom,. 910 Greenfield,.716 Rye,. 1.296 Moultonboro',. 1,748 Hancock,. 1,012 Salem,. 1.555 Ossipe e,.. 2,1'22 Hillsboro', 1,685 Sandown,..566 Sandwich,.. 2,577 Hollis... 1,293 Seabrook,..1,296 Tamworth,. 1,766 Hudson, 1,312' South Hampton,. 472 Tuftonboro',.. 1,305 Litchfield,. 447 South Newmarkct,. 516 Wakefield,. 1,05 Lyndeboro',.968 Stratham., 843 Wolf boro', 2.2 03 8 Manchester,. 13,923 Windham,.. 818 Mason,, 1,226 20,166 Merrimac,. 1,250 49,216 Milford, 2,159 MERRIMAC. Mont Vernon,. 722 STRAFFORD. Allenstown,. 526 Nashua, 5,820 Barrington,. 1,754 Andover,. 1,220 Nashville,. 3,122 Dover,. 8,186 Bradford,. 1,341 New Ipswich, 1,877 Durham,. 1,499 Bow,. 1,055 New Boston,. 1,47 6 Farmington,. 1,699 Boscawen,.. 2,063 Pelham,.1,071 Lee,.863 Canterbury,. 1,614 Peterboro',. 2,222 728 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Sharon, 226 Langdon, 575 Plymouth, 1,290 Temple, 579 Lempster, 906 Rumney,.1,109 Weare, 2,436 Newport, 2,020 Thornton, 1,012 Wilton, 1,161 Plainfield, 1,392 Warren,. 872 Windsor, 172 Springfield, 1,270 Waterville, 40 -- Sunapee, 787 Wentworth,.1,197 57,080 Unity,.. 961 Woodstock, 418 CHESHIRE.Washington, 1,054 Alstead, 1,425 197376 4)8 Chesterfield,,.. 1 6 80 COOS. Dublin, 1,088 GRAFTON. Bartlett, 761 Fitzwilliam, 1,482 Alexandria, 1,273 Berlin... 173 Gilsum, 666 B ath... 1,514 Cambridge,' 33 Hinsdale, 1,903 Benton, 478 Carroll,. 299 Jaffrey, 1,497 Bethlehem, 950 Clarksville, 187 Keene... 3,392 Bridgewater, 664 Colebrook, 908 Marlboro', 886 Bristol,.. 1,103. Columbia, 762 Marlow, 708 Campton, 1,439 Dalton... 750 Nelson, 751 Canaan, 1,683 Dixville, 8 Richmond, 1,128 Danbury, 934 Dumnmer,. 171 Rindge, 1,274 Dorchester, 711 Errol, 138 Roxbury, 260 Ellsworth, 320 Gorham,. 224 Stoddard, 1,105 Enfield,.. 1,742 Hart's Location, Sullivan, 468 Franconia, 584 Jackson,. 589 Surry, 556 Grafton, 1,2.59 Jefferson, 629 Swanzey, 2,106 Groton, 776 Kilkenny, Troy, 759 Hanover, 2,352 Lancaster, 1,559 Walpole, 2,034 Haverhill, 2.405 Milan... 493 Westmoreland, 1,677 Hebron, 565 Millsfield, 2 Winchester, 3,296 Hill,.. 951 Northumberland,. 429 Holderness, 1,744 Pittsburg,.425 30,141 Landaff, 948 Randolph,. 113 Lebanon, 2,136 Stark, 418 SULLIVAN. Lisbon, 1,882 Stratford,. 552 Acworth,.1,251 Lincoln, 57 Shelburne, 480 Charlestown, 1,644 Littleton, 2,008 Stewartstown,. 747 Claremont, 3,606 Lyman,. 1,442 Success, Cornish, 1,606 Lyme, 1,618 Whitefield,. 857 Croydon, 861 Orange, 451 Goshen, 659 Orford, 1,406 11,707 Grantham, 784 Pierpoint, 948 STATE OF VERMONT. BENNINGTON ~ Grafton,..1,241 Danby,. 1,535 Arlington,.. 1,084 Guilford,.. 1,329 Fairhaven, 902 Bennington,..3,923 Halifax,..1,133 Hubbarton, 701 Dorset,.. 1,700 Jamaica,.. 1,606 Ira,.. 400 Glastenbury,.. 52 Londonderry,..1,274 Mendon, 504 Landgrove,.. 337 Marlboro',.. 896 Middletown, 875 Manchester,..1,782 Newfane,..1,304 Mount Holly, 1,534 Peru,.. 567 Putney,.. 1,425 Mount Tabor, 308 Pownal,..1,742 Rockingham,..2,837 Pawlet,. 1,843 Readsboro',.. 857 Somerset,. 321 Pittsfield,.512 Rupert,..1,101 Stratton,.. 286 Pittsford, 2,026 Sandgate,. 850 Towushend,. 1,354 Poultney,. 2,329 Searsburg,... 201 Vernon,... 821 Rutland,7 3,715 Shaftesbury,.. 1,896 Wardsboro',. 1,125 Sherburne, 578 Stamford,.. 833 W~tminster, 1.1721 Shrewsbury,.1,268 Sunderland,.. 479 Whitingham,.. 1,380 Sudbury,.794 Winhall,.. 762 Wilmington,... 1,372 Tinmouth, 717 Woodford,.. 423 Windham,.. 763 Wallingford, 1,688 Wells,.. 804 18,589 29,062 West Haven, 718 WINDHJA RUTLAND. 33,059 Athens,.359 Benson,.. 1,305 Brattleboro', 3,816 Brandon,...2,835 WINDSOR. Brookline, 285 Castleton,. 3,016 Andover,.. 72 5 Dover... 709 Chittenden,... 675 Baltimore,.124 Diimmerston, 1,645 Clarendon,.. 1,477 Barnard,.1,647 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES,'1850. 729 Bethel,....1,730 Burlington, 7,505 Highgate,..2,653 Bridg-ewater,.. 1,311 Charlotte,.1,634 Montgomery,.. 1,001 Cavendish,...1,576 Colchester, 2,575 Richford,...1,074 Chester,... 2,001 Essex,..2,032 Sheldon,... 1,814 Hartford,...2,159 Hinesburg, 1,834 St. Albans,...3,567 Hartland,... 2,063 Huntington,. 885 Swanton,... 2,824 Ludlow,...1,619 Jericho, 1,837 Norw ich,... 1,978 Milton,... 2,451 28,586 Plymouth,...1,226 Richmond, 1,453 Pomfret,... 1,546 Shelburne, 1. 1257 LAMOILLE. Reading,...1,171 St. George, 147 Bliee 5 Rochester,.. 1,493 Underhill, 1,599 Cambridgre, 256.1,4 Royalton,...1,850 Westford, 1,458 Edenr.dge. 6684 Sharon,... 1,240 Williston, 1,669 Elmore,.. 504 Springfield, 2,762 Hydepark,.1,1.07 Stockbridge, 1,327 29,036 Johnson,...1,381 Weathersfield,..1,851Morswn 14 Weston,... 950 WASHINGTON. Moerrisong, 233114 West Windsor,..1,002 Barre, 1,835 Stowe,. 1,771 Windsor,... 1,928 Berlin.. 1,507 Waterville,... 753 Woodstock,..3,041 Calais,.1,410 Wolcott, l 909 Duxhury, 845 38,320 East Montpelier, 1,447 1)7 ADD)ISON. Fayston, 684 1 7 Addison,... 1?279 Marshfield, 1,102 OLAS Bridport, 1,393 Middlesex,...1,365 ORLEANS. 705 Bridporl, 17344 Montpelier,.. 2,310 ABartny, 1,05 Cornwall, 1'115 Moretown,...1,335 Barongton....98 Ferrisburg. otfed,2 Goshen,. 486 Plainfield,... 808 Chareston,...1086 Granville,... 603 Roxbury,.. 967 Coventsry, 1. 867 Hancock,.. 430 ~~Waitsficld,...1,021Cafsug...1,2 Leiceste, 430.59 Warren,.. 962 Derby,... 1,750 Leincolne,.. 576 Waterbury. 2,352 Glover,.1,137 Middlebury,.. 3,517 Woodbury,.. 1,070 1,008d766 Monkton,... 1,246 Worcester,.. 702 Hlad 6 MNewtavn, 1.246Irasburg,.. 1,034 OrwHaell. 1,706 24,3654 Jay... 371 Orwell,. 17470 ~~~~Lowell,.. 637 Panton, 559.CALEDONIA. Morgan,.. 486 Ripton,.567 Bre,251Nwot 4 Salisbury,. 1,027 BrarnetV~l 2,52 NSaewpr,. 485 Shoreham,.13601 BraleoVae,107Saem.45 Starksboro',. 1)400 Burke, 1,103 Wetroyl, 5 1008 Vergennes,.1'378 Cabot, 1,356 Westfirel, 1.502 Waltham,.270 Danville, 2,577 Wetoe.15 Weybridge,.804 Gos. Gore by Wheelock 183 1 0 Whiting, ~629 Goshen Gore by Plainfield, 32 1,0 Whiting, ______ ~~~Groton, 895 26,549 Hardwick, 1,402 ESX Harris's-Gore, 8 Averill,. 7 ORANGE. Kirby, 514 Bloomfield,. 244 Bradford,.. 1,723 Lyndon, 1,752 Brighton,.. 193 Braintree, 1,22.8 Newark, 43 Brunswick,.. 119 Brookfield,. 1,672 Peacham, 1,377 Canaan,..471 Chelsea,.1,958 Ryegate, 1,606 Concord,..1,152 Corinth,.. 1,906 Sheffield, 797 East Haven,.94 Fairlee,.575 St. Johnsbury, 2,758 Granby,.. 127 Newbury,. 2,984 Sutton... 1,001 Guildhall,.501 Orange,.1,007 Walden, 910 Lemnington,.. 187 Randolph,. 2,666 Waterford, 142Lunenburg,.1,124 Strafford,...546 Wheelock, 8,55 Maidstone,.. 237 Thetford,.. 2,010 - Victory,..168 Topsham,.1,668 23,600 Wenlock,.. 26 Tunbridge,. 1,786___ Vershire,.1,071 FRANKLIN. 4,650 Washingt on,. 1,348 Avery's Gore, 48 West Fairlee, 696 Bakersfield,...523 GRAND ISLE. Williamstown,. 1,452 Berkshire, 1,955 Alburg,.. 1,568 - Enosburg, 2,009 Grand Isle,.. 666 27,296 Fairfax, 2,111 Isle La Mott,.476 Fairfield, 2,591 North Hero,. 730 CHITTENDEN. Fletcher, 1,084 South Hero,.70 5 Avery's and Buel's Gore, 18 Franklin, 1.646 Bolton,.. 602 Georgia, - 2,686 4,145 92 730 CENSUS OF THlE UNITED STATES, 1850. STATE OF MASSACHUSETTS. SUFFOLK. Pepperell, 1,754 Sturbridge,... 2,119 Boston,...136,884 Reading,... 3,108 Sutton,... 2,595 Chelsea,...6,701 Sherburne,...1,043 Templeton,...2,173 North Chelsea,. 935 Shirley,... 1,158 Upton,. * 2,023 Somerville,.3..3540 Uxbridge,...2,457 144,520 South Reading,. 2,407 Warren,... 1,776 ESSEX. Stoneham,...2,085 Webster',...2,371 Amesbury,.. 3,143 Stow,... 1,455 Westboro'. 2,376 Andover,..6,945 Sudbury,...1,578 West Boylston,'. 1,749 Beverly,... 5,376 Tewksbury,.. 1,042 West Brookfield,. 1,344 Boxford,... 982 Townsend,...1,947 Westminster,..1,916 Bradford,.. 1,328- Tyngsboro',.. 799 Winchendon,.. 2 445 D)anvers,.8,110 Waltham, 4,464 Worcester,..17,059 Essex, 1,585 Watertown, 2,837____ Georgetown,.2,052 Wakyland, 1,115 30,817 Gloucester, 7,805 West Cambridge, 2,202 Groveland,.1,286 Westford, 1,473 HAMPSHIRE. Hamilton, 889 Weston,.1,205 Amherst,..3,052 Haverhill,.5,877 Wilmington, 876 Belchertown, 2.2680 Ipswich, 3,349 Winchester, 1,353 Chesterfield,.1,014 Lawrence,.8,283 Woburn, 3,954 Cummington,.1,172 Lynn, 14,2571 Easthampton,.1,342 Lynnfield,.1,723 161,385 Enfield,..1,936 Manchester, 1,638 Goshen,. 512 Marblehead,. 6,167 WORCESTER. Granby,..1,095 Methuen,.2,543 Ashburnham, 1,875 Greenwich,.838 Middleton,. 832 Athol, 2,033 Hadley,..1,98t; Newbury, 4,426 Auburn,.879 Hatfield,. 1,073 Newburyport,.9,572 Barre,.. 2,976 Middlefield,.. 737 Rockport, 3,255 Berlin,.866 Northampton,.5,278 Rowley,.1,075 Blackstone, 4,391 Norwich,.. 756 Salem, 20,263 Bolton,.1,263 Pelham,..983 Salisbury,.3,100 Boylston, 918 Plainfield,.. 814 Saugus, 1,552 Brookfield, 1,673 Prescott,..737 Topsfield,.1,171 Charlton, 2,015 South Hadley,.2,491 Wenham, I977 Clinton,.3,113 Southampton,.1,060 West Newbury,.1,746 D)ana... 842 Ware... 3,785 Douglass,. 1,88 Westhampton,. 602 131,307 Dudley, 1,446 Williamsburg,. 1,537 Fitchburg, 5,120 Worthington,.1,134 MIDDLESEX. Gardner, 1,533 Acton, 1,605 Grafton,.3,925 35,714 Ashby... 1,218 Hardwick, 1,631 Ashland, 1,304 Harvard, v1,630 HAMPDEN. Bedford... 975 Holden, 1,933 Blandford,.1,418 Billerica, 1,646 Ilubbardston, 1,825 Brimfield,..1,421 Boxboro',. 396 Lancaster, 1,688 Chester,. 1 521 Brighton, 2,356 Leicester,.2,269 Chicopee,..8,291 Burlington,. 547 Leominster, 3,121 Granville,.1,305 Cambridgce, 15,215 Lunenburgr, 1,249 Holland,.. 449 Carlisle,. 719 Mendon, 1,301 Holyoke,. 3,245 Charlestown, 17,216 Milford,.4,819 Longmeadow,.1,252 Chelmsford,.2,098 Mfillbury, 3,081 Ludlow,..1,186 Concord, 2,249 New Braintree, 852 Monson,..2,831 Dracut, 3,503 Northboro', 1,535 Mont.-omerv,.383 Dunstable, 590 Nortbbridge, 2,229 Palmer,..3,974 Framiugham,.4,235 North Brookfield, 1,939 Russell,..521 Groton, 2,515 Oakhiam,.1,137 Southwick,..1,120 Holliston.. 2,428 Oxford, 2,380 Springfield,.11,766 HopkiDnton, 2,801 Paxton,.890 Tolland,.. 594 Lexington,.1,894 Petersham, 1,527 Wales,. 711 Lincoln, 632 Pbillipston, 809 Westfield,..4,181 Littleton,. 991 Princeton, 1,318 West Springfield, 2,979 Lowell, 33,385 Royalston, 1,546 Wilbrabam,..2,127 Malden,.3,520 Rutland, 1,223 ___ Marlboro", 2,941 Shrewsbury, 1,598 51285 Medford,.3,749 Southboro', 1,347 Melrose, 1,260 Southbridge, 2,824 FRANKLIN. Natick,.2, 744 Spencer, 2,243 Ashfield,. 1,394,Newton, 5,258 Sterling,.1,800 Bernardston,. 937 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 731 IBuckland, 1,0.56 Tyringhbam,.. 821 South Scituate,..1,7170 Charlemont, 1,173 Washington,.953 Wareham,.. 3,186 Coleraine, 1,785 West Stockbridge, 1,713 West Bridgewater,.1,44 7 Conway, 1,831 Williamstown, 2,626 Deerfield, 2,421 Windsor,. 899 55,699 Erving, 449 Gill,.754 49,596 BITL Greenfield, 2,580 Bettleboo, 9,00 Hawleyv. 881 NORFOLK. Briy 0 Heath,. 803 Bellingha m, 1,281 Dartmouth,.. 3,868 Leverett,.948 Braintree,.2,969 IDighton,...1,641 Leyden, 71 6 Brookline, 2,516 Eso,... 23 Munroe,.254 Canton,.2,598 Fairhaven,...4,304 Montague, 1,7518 Cohasset, 1,775 Falriertw,.. 101,52 New Salem, 1,253 Dedham, 4, retwn447.1,1 Northfield, 1,7772 Dorchester, 7,968.Mnfed,8 Orange,. 1,700 Dover.. 631 ~~~~~~~~~New Bedford,..16,464 Rowe,.. 659 Foxboro", 1,880 Nortonke, 3,975 Shelburne, 1,239 Franklin,. 1818 Pwukt,5 Shutesbury, 912 Medfield,.966 Ryhm,4 Sudrad 792 Medwayv 2,778 Rehoboth,..2,103 Warwick, 1,021 Milton,.2,241 Soerekon, 1,244 Wendell,. 920 Needham,.1,944Soest...116 Whately, 1,101 Quincy,.5,017 Swvanzey,... 1,554 Randolph,. 4,741 ~~~Taunton,...10.431 30,869 Roxbury,.8,373 Westport,.. 2,179 5 Sharon,.1,128 710 BERKSHIRE. Stoughton, 3,594 7,0 Adams,.6,172 Walpole,.1,929 BARNSTABLE. Alford,.. 502 West Roxhury (incor. 1851.) Barnstable,.. 4,902 Becket,.1,223 Weymouth, 5,369 Brewster,. 1,526 Boston Corner, 73 Wrentham, 3.3037 Chatham,.. 2,440 Cheshire,.1,297 Dennis,..3,257 Clarksburg, 384 79,000 Eastham,. 845 Dalton,.1,029 Falmouth,..2,519.EAgremont, 1,013 PLYMVOUTH. Harwich,.. 3,258 Florida,.561 Abington, 5,269 Orleans,..1848 Great Barrington, 3,263 Bridgewater,.2,790 Provincetown,.. 3,157 Hancock,. 789 Carve.. 1,186 Sandwich,...4,368 Hinsdale, 1,253 Duxburyv 2,679 Truro,.. 2,051 Lanesboro', 1,226 East Bridgewater, 2,545 Wellfleet,...2A411 Lee... 3,220 Halifax,. 784 Yamuh,.. 2595 Lenox,.1,599 Hanover,.1,592 Yarshpee, Ditit 2 10 Monterey, 761 Hanson,.1,217 Mrhe itit 0 Mount Washington, 351 Hingham, 3,980 35,279 New Ashford, 186 Hull,. 253 New Marlboro', 1,847 K~ingston, 1,591 NNUKT Otis,.. 1,224 Marshfield,.1,837 Nantucket,.. 8,452 Peru,. 519 Middleboro', 5,336 DKS Pittsfield, 5,872 North Bridgewater,.3,940 DKS Richmond, 1,649 Pembroke, 1,388 Chilmark,.. 747 Sandistield, 907 Plymouth,.6,025 Tisbury..1,803 Savoy,.955 Plimpton, 927' Edgartowa,.. 1,990 Sheffield, 2,769 Rochester,.3,808 Stockbridge, 1,940 Scituate,.2,149 4,540 STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. BRISTOL. South Kingstown,. 3,802 Providence,.* 41,513 Barrington,.. 795 Westerly,.. 2,766 Scituate,... 4,582 Bristol,...4,616 - Smithfield,...11,500 Warren,.. 3,103 16,430 87,528 8,514 PROVIDENCE. Burrilville, 3,538 KENT. WASHINGTON. Cranston,..4,312 Coventry,... 3.620 Charlestown, 994 Cumberland,. 6,662 East Greenwich,..2.'358 Exeter,. 1,635 Foster,. 1,932 Warwick,.. 7, 74 Hopkinton,.. 2,478 Gloucester,. 2,872 West Greenwich,..1,350 North Kingstown,.2,971 Johnston,.2,937 Richmond,.. 1,784 -North Providence, 7,680 15,068 732 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. NEWPORT. Middletown,.. 832 Portsmouth,... 1,833 Jamestown,.. 358 Newport,... 9,563 Tiverton, 4,699 Little Compton,..1,462 New Shoreham,. 1,262 20 009 STATE OF CONNECTICUT. HARTFORD. Colchester,.2,468 Sharon...2,517 Hartford,.17,966 East Lyme, 1,382 Torrington,.1,916 Avon,.995 Franklin,. 895 Warren,.. 831 Berlin,..1,869 Griswold, 2,065 Washington,.1,802 Bloomfield, 1,413 Groton,.3,742 Watertown,..1,533 Bristol,.2,884 Lebanon,.1,901 Winchester,.2,179 Burlington, 1,161 Ledyard,.1,588 Woodbury,..2,150 Canton,.1,986 Lisbon,.937 ___ East Hartford, 2,497 Lyme... 2,668 45,287 East Windsor,.2,633 Montville, 1,848 Enfield,.4,460 North Stonington,.1,937 WINDHAM. Farmington,. 2,630 Preston,. 1,805 Brooklyn,.1,515 Glastenbury, 3,390 Salem... 760 Ashford,..1,296 Granby,.2,498 Stonington, 5,434 Canterbury,.1,669 Hartland,.848 Waterford,.2,262 Chaplin,.. 799 Manchester,.2,546 Eastford,.1,128 Marlboro', 832 51,826 Hampton,.. 928 New Britain,.3,023 Killingly,..4,545 Rocky Hill, 1,042 FAIRFIELD. Plainfield,..2,730 Simsbury,.2,737 Fairfield,.3,618 Pomfret,. 1,849 Southington, 2,135 Danbury,.5,964 Sterling,..1,025 South Windsor,.1,638 Bridgeport, 7,558 Thompson,.4,638 Suffield,. 2,962 Brookfleld,. 1,360 Voluntown,..1,064 Wethersfield,.2,523 Darien,.1,454 Windham,7 4,636 Windsor,.3,254 Easton,.1,432 Woodstock,..3,380 Greenwich, 5 040 69,922 Huntington,.1,301 31 7202 Monroe,. 1)440 NEW HAVEN. New Canaan,.2,601 MIDDLESEX. New Haven,.22,529 New Fairfield, 927 Middletown,.8,791 Bethany,.914 Newtown,.3,358 Haddamn,..2,284 Branford,.1,425 Norwalk, 4,651 Chatham,.. 1,531 Cheshire,.1,627 Redding,.1,754 Chester,..992 Derby... 3,824 Ridgefleld, 2,237 Clinton,.. 1,344 East Haven, 1,673 Sherman,. 984 Cromwell, Guilford,.2,650 Stamford, 5,004 Durham,..1,065 Hamden,..,168 Stratford,.2,040 East Haddam,.2,610 Madison,.2,063 Trumbull, 1,313 Killingworth,. 1,104 Meriden,.3,525 Weston, 1.1063 Portland,. 2,905 Middlebury,. 763 Westport, 2,649 Saybrook,.. 3,848 Milford,. 2,465 Wilton,. 2,066 Westbrook,.1 203 Naugatuck,.1,720 North Branford, 1,013 59,814 27,677 North Haven,.1,328 Orange,.1,466 LITCHFIELD. TOLLAND. Oxford,.1,562 Litchfield, 3,957 Tolland,. 1,410 Prospect,.674 Barkhamsted,.1,525 Andover,.. 500 Southbury,.1,484 Bethlem,.815 Bolton... 600 Wallingford, 2,639 Canaan,.2,627 Columbia,.. 876 Seymour, I'1,677 Colebrook, 1,316 Coventry,.1,984 Waterbury, 5,137 Cornwall,.2,041 Ellington,..1,355 Wolcott,. 603 Goshen,.1,457 Hebron,..1,345 Woodbridge, 912 Harwinton, I) 1,176 Mansfield, 2,530 Kent,.1,848 Somers,. 1,510 65 841 New Hartford,.2,663 Stafford,..2,941 New Milford, 4,508 Union,..729 NEW LONDON. Norfolk,. 1,641 Vernon,. 2,900 New London, 9,006 Plymouth, 2,568 Willington, 1,399 Norwich,.10,261 Roxbury,.1,114 Bozrah,.867 Salisbur~y, 3,103 20,079 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 733 STATE OF NEW YORK. ALBANY. Freedom,.. 1,652 Sheridan,... 2,172 Albany,... 50,763 Great Valley, 1,638 Sherman,... 1,292 Bern,... 3,441 Hinsdale, 1,302 Stockton,... 1,642 Bethlehem,... 4,102 Humphrey, 824 Villenova,.. 1,536 Coeymans,.. 3,050 Leon,. 1,340 Westfield,.. 3,100 Guilderland... 3,279 Little Valley, 1,383 Knox,... 2,021 Lyndon, 1,092 50 507 New Scotland, 3,459 Machias,. 1,342 Rensselaerville,. 3,629 Mansfield, 1,057 CHEMUNG. Watervliet,... 16,675 Napoli, 1,233 Big Flats,.. 1,709 Westerlo,.. 2,860 New Albion, 1,633 Catharines,... 3,070 Olean, 899 Catlin,.. 1,474 93,279 Otto,... 2,267 Cayuta,... 1,035 Perrysburg,. 1,862 Chemung, 2,673 ALLEGHANY. Persia,... 1,954 Dix,... 2,953 Alfred, 2,679 Portville,... 747 Elmira, 8,166 Allen....955 Randolph,... 1,606 Erin.. 1,833 Almond, 1,914 Rice,.. 906 Southport, 3,184 Amity.... 1,792 South Valley,.. 561 Veteran,. 2,698 Andover, 1,476 Yorkshire,.. 2,010 Angelica, 1,592 28,795 Belfast, 1,679 38,951 Birdsall, 597 CHENANGO. Bolivar, 712 CAYUGA. Bainbridge, 3,338 Burns.... 961 Auburn City,.. 9,548 Columbus,. 1,381 Caneadea, 1,477 Aurelius,... 2,831 Coventry, 1,677 Centreville, 1,445 Brutus,... 3,046 German,. 903 Clarksville,. 668 Cato,... 2,247 Green,. 3,763 Cuba, 2,243 Conquest, 1,863 Guilford, 2,600 Friendship, 1,675 Fleming,... 1,193 Lincklaen, 1,196 Genesee, 672 Genoa,... 2,503 Macdonough, 1,522 Granger,.'1,309 Ira,.... 2,110 New Berlin, 2,562 Grove... 1,154 Ledyard,... 2,043 North Norwich, 1,172 Hume,. 2,159 Locke,.... 1,478 Norwich, 3,615 Independence, 1,701 Mentz,... 5,239 Otselic... 1,800 New Hudson, 1,435 Moravia,... 1,876 Oxford, 3,227 Ossian, 1,283 Niles,... 2,053 Pharsalia, 1,185 Rushford, 1,806 Owasco,... 1,254 Pitcher, 1,403 Scio... 1,924 Scipio,... 2,135 Plymouth, 1,551 West Almond,. 976 Sempronius,.. 1,266 Preston, 1,082 Wirt,... 1,544 Sennett,... 2,347 Sherburne, 2,623 Springport,... 2,041 Smithville, 1,771 37,828 Sterling,... 2,808 Smyrna,. 1,940 Summer Hill,.. 1,251 Venice,... 2,028 40,311 Barker, 1,456 Victory,.. 2,299 Chenango,. 8,734 CLINTON. Colesville, 3,061 55,459 Au Sable,.. 4,491 Conklin,.. 2,232 Beekmantown,.. 3,384 Lisle, 1,680 CHAUTAUQUE. Black Brook,.. 2,525 Maine,.1,843 Champlain,... 5,067 Nanticoke, 576 Arkwright, 1,283 Chazy,... 4,324 Sanford,... 2,508 Busti,.1,991 Clinton,... 1,437 Triangle, 1,728 Carroll,. 1,835 Ellenburg,.. 1,504 Union,.2,143 Charlotte,.. 1,718 Mooers,... 3,365 Vestal,... 2,054 Chautauque, 2,622 Peru,.. 3,640 Windsor,... 2,645 Cherry Creek,.. 1,311 Plattsbirg,... 5,618 Clymer,. 1,127 Saranac,.. 2,582 30,660 Ellery,... 2,104 Schuyler's Falls,.. 2,110 Ellicott,. 3,523 CATTARAUGUS. Ellington, 2,001 40,047 Ashford,.. 1,658 French Creek, 725 Burton,.. 1,037 Gerry,... 1,332 COLUMBIA. Carrolton,.. 515 Hanover, 5,144 Ancram,.. 1568 Cold Spring,.. 591 Harmony, 3,749 Austerlitz, 1,873 Connewango,.. 1,408 Mina, 996 Canaan, 1,941 Dayton,... 1,448 Poland, 1,174 Chatham, 3,839 Ellicottville,.. 1,726 Pomfret, 4,493 Claverack, 3,208 Farmersville,.. 1,554 Portland, 1,905 Clermont, 1,130 Franklinville,.. 1,706 Ripley, 1,732 Copake, 1,652 734 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Gallatin,.1,586 Union Vale,.1,552 Constable,.1,447 Gernm11nWw'-, 1,023 Washington, 2,805 Dickinson,.. 1,119 Ghcent,..2,293 - Duane, 222 Greenport, 1,300 58,992 Fort Covington,.2,641 Hillsdale,.2,123 Franklin,.. 724 Hudson City, 6,289 ERIE. Harrietstown,. 181 Kinderhook,.3,972 Alden,.. 2,520 Malone,..4,549 Livingston, 2,020 Amherst,..4,153 Moira,...1,340 New Lebanon,.2,300 Aurora,.. 3,435 Westville, 1,301 Stockport, 1,655 Black Rock,.7,508 Stuyvesant,. 1,766 Boston,..1,872 25)102 rfaghkanic, 1,540 Brandt,..1,028 Buffaflo City, 42,261 GENESEE. 43,078 Chicktawaga, 3.3042 Alabama,.2,054 Clarence,. 2,727 Alexander, 1. 1927 CORTLAND. Colden,..1,344 Batavia,..4,461 Cincinnatus, 1,206 Collins,.. 4,001I Bergen,..1,897 Cortlandville, 4,203 Conco rdd.. 33242 Bethany,..1,904 Freetown, 1,035 Eden,. 2494 Byron... 1,566 Hartford,. 949 Evans,. 2182 Darien,. 2.086 Homer,..3,836 Hamburg,.5,219 Elba... 1,772 Lapeer,. 822 Holland,..1,315 Le Roy,..3.47 2 Marathon, 1,149 Lancaster,. 3,794 Oakiield,. I457 Pre hle,.. 1,3 12 Newstead,..2.899 Pavilion,. 1,640 Scott,.1,290 Sardinia,..,7161 Pembroke...,279 Solon,..1,150 Tonawanda,..2,072 Stafford,. 1, 973 Truxton,.3,623 Wales,. 2,124 Virgil... 2,410 28,488 Willet,.923 101,093GRE. Taylor,.1,232GRE. ESSEX. Ashland,.. 1.290 25. 140 Chesterfield,. 4,171I Athens,..2,986 Crowvnpoint,..2,378 Cairo,. 2,831 DELAWARE. Elizabethtown, 1,635 Catskill,..5.454 Andes,.2,672 Essex,.2,351 Coxsackie,.3,741 Bovina, L-1316 Jay,.2,688 Durham, 2.2600 Colchester, 2,184 Keene,.798 Greenville,.2,242 Davenport,...305 Lewis,.. 2,058 Hallcot, (new town, erected Delhi,.2,909 Minerva. 586 in 1851, taken from the Franklin,.3,087 Moriah,.. 3,065 town of Lexington.) ]Hamnden,.1,919 Newcomb,.. 277 Hunter,..1,849 Hancock,.1,798 North Elba,.210 Jewet,. 1,452 Harpersfield, 1,604 TNorth Hudson,. 561 Lexington,..2,263 Kortri ght,.2, 181 St. Armand,. 210 New Baltimore, 2,381 Masonville, 1,550 Schroon, 2.2031 Prattsville,..1,989 Meredith, 1,634 Ticonderoga,. 2,669 Windham,.2,048 Middletown, 3,005 Westport, 2.2352 Roxbury,.2,853 Willsboro',.1,932 33,126 Sidney,.1,807 Wilmington,.1,176 Stamford,.1,708 HAMILTON. Tompkins, 3,022 31,148 Arietta,..108 Walton,.2,271 Gilman,.. 101 FULTON. I-ope,. 789 39,825 Ble~ker,.. 511 Lake Pleasant,. 305 Broadalbin,..2,474 Long Lake,. t DUTCHESS. Caroga,..589 Morehouse,.. 242 Amnenia,.2,229 Ephratah, 2.2080 Indian Lake and Wells, 532 Beekman,.1,386 Johnstown,. 6,131 Clinton,. 1,795 Mayfleld,..2,429 2,188 Dover... 2,147 Northampton,.1,7901 East Fishkill, 2,610 Oppenheim,..2,315 HERKIMER. Fishkill,.9,240 Perth,..1,140 Columbia,.2,001 Hyde Park, 2,42.5 Stratford,.. 801 1)anube,. 1.730 La Grange,.1,941 Fairfieedd, 1,6 46 Milan,.1,764 20,171 Frankfort,..3,023 Northeast,.1,555 German Flats,.3,578 Paulings,.1,720 FRANKLIN. Herkimer,..2,600 Pine Plains,.1,416 Bangor,.. 2,7160 Litchfield,.1,676 Pleasant Valley, 2,226 Belmont,.. 660 Little Falls, 4..4 855 Poughkeepsie,.13,944 Bombay,'.. 1,963 Manheimn,.1,0 Redho ok,...3,263 Brandon,.. 590 Newp ortt,. 2,12 6 Rhinebeck,.2,816 Burke,.. 2,777 Norway,..1,052 Stanford,. 2,1658 Chateaugay,.3,728 Ohio,. 1,051 CENSUS OF TILE UNITED STATES, 1850. 735 Russia, 2,349 Livonia,... 2,627 Lewiston,. 2,923 Salisbury,.2,035 Mount Morris, 4,531 Lockport,..12,323 Schuyler, 1,696 North Dansville,.4,377 Newfane,..3,255 Stark... 1,576 Nunda,.. 3,128 Niagara,..1,951 Warren, 1,756 Portage,..2,478 Pendleton,.2, 166 Willmurt,. 112 Sparta,..1,372 Porter,..2,455 Winfield, 1,481 Springwater,.2,670 Royalton,. 4,024 West Sparta,. 1,619 Somerset, 2,154 3a,245 York,...2,785 Wheatfleld,. 2,665 Wilson, 2, 955 JEFFERSON. 40,875 Adams,.3,106 42,265 Alexandria, 3,178 MADISON. Antwerp,,.. 3,665 Brookfield,. 3,585 ONEIDA. Brownville, 4,282 Cazenovia,..4,812 Annsville,. 2,688 Cape Vincent, 3,044 De Ruyter,. 1,931 Augusta,...2,271 Champion, 2,085 Eaton,.3,944 Ava,.. 1,037 Clayton, 4,191 Fenner,.. 1,690 Boonville,..3,306 Ellisburg,, 5,524 Georgetown,.1,411 Bridgewater,. 1,315 Henderson, 2,239 Hamilton,. 3,599 Camden,..2,820 Hounsfield,.. 4,136 Lebanon,..1,709 1)eerfield,. 2,287 Le Ray, 3,654 Lenox,. 7,507 Florence,. 2,57 5 Lorraine, 1,511 Madison,..2,405 Floyd,.. 1,495 Lyme, 2,919 Nelson,. 1,965 Kirkland,..3,421 Orleans, 3,265 Smithfield, 1,669 Lee,.. 3 033' Palnelia, 2,528 Stockbridge,. 2,081 Marcy... 1,857 Philadelphia, 1,915 Sullivan, 4,764 Marshall,. 2,115 Rodman, 1,784 New Hartford,..4,847 Rutland, 2,265 43,072 Paris,.. 4,283 Thieresa, 2,342 Remsen,...2,407 Watertown, 7,201 MONROE. Rome,. 7918 Wilna, 2,993 Brighton,. 3,1 17 Sangerfield,...2,371 Worth,.. 326 Chifli.2,247 Steuben,.. 1,744 Clarkson,. 4,556 Trentlon,..3,540 68,153 Gates,. 2,005 Utica City,. 17,642 Greece,.. 4,219 Vernon,. 3,093 KINGS. Henrietta, 2.2513 Verona,.. 5,568 Brooklyn, 96,838 Irondequoit,.2,397 Vienna,...3,393 Bushwick, 3,739 Mendon,. 3,353 Western,.. 2,516 Flathush, 3,176 Ogden,.. 2,598 Westmoreland,..3,291 Flatlands. 1,155 Parma,. 2,946 Whitestown,. 6,810 Gravesend, 1,064 Penfield,. - 3,185 New Utrecht, 2,129 Perrington,..2,891 99,566 Williamsburg, 30,780 Pittsford,.. 2,061 Riga. 2,159 ONONDAGA. 138,881 Rochester City, 36,453 Camillus) 3,106 Rush,. 2,015 Cicero, 2.. 2980 LEWIS. Sweden,.. 3,623 Clay,.. 3,402 Croghan, 1,135 Webster,.. 2,446 De Witt,...3,302 Denmark, 2,284 Wheatland,. 2,917 Elbridge,.. 3,924 D)iana, 970 Fabius,...2,410 Greig... 1,074 87,651 Geddes,.. 2,011 Harrisburg, 1,367 La Fayette,..2,532 Le-* den, 2,253 MONTGOMERY. Lysander,. 5,833 Lo~wville, 2,377 Amstepdam,. 4,128 Manlius,..6,298 Martinsburg, 2,677 Canajoharie,.4,097 Marcellus,. 2,759 New Bremen, 1,510 Charleston,. 2,216 Onondaga,..5,694 Osceola, 412 Florida, 3,571I Otisco,. 1,804 Pinckney, 1,208 Glen,.. 3,043 Pompey,...4,006 Turin,.. 1,826 Mohawk,..3,09.1 Salina,.. 2,142 Watson, 1,138 Minden,.4,623 Skaneateles,..4,080 West Turin, 3,793 Palatine,..2,854 Spafford,.. 1,903 Root,.. 2,736 Syracuse City,..22,27-1 24,7564 St. Johnsville,.1,627 Tully, 1,559 ____Van Buren,..3,873 LIVINGSTON 398 Avon, 2,809 319685889 Caledonia, 1,804 N EW YORK. Conesus, 1,418 New York City, 515,545 ONTARIO. Geneseo, 2,958 Bristol,.. 1,733 Groveland, 1,724 NIAGARA. Canadice,...1,071 Leicester, 2,142 Cambria,.. 2,366 Canandaigua,. 6,143 Lima, 2,43.3 Hartland,. 3,028 East Bloomfield,..2 262 736 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Farmington,.. 1,876 Cherry Valley,. 4,186 Haverstraw,..5,885 Gorham,...2,645 Decatur,... 927 Orangetown,. 4,769 Hopewell,.. 1,923 Edmestown,.. 1,885 Rainapo,..3,197 Manchester, 2,940 Exeter,...1,526 Naples,... 2,376 Hartwick,.. 2,352 16,962 Phelps, 5. 5542 Laurens,...2,168 Richmond,.. 1,852 Maryland,.. 2,152 ST. LAWRENCE. Seneca,...8,507 Middlefield,...8,131 Brasher,. 2,548 South Bristol,.. 1,129 Milford,... 2,227 Canton,..4,685 Victor,...2,230 Morris,...2,155 Colton,. 506 West Bloomfield,. 1,698 New Lisbon,.. 1,773'De Kalb,..2,389 Oneonta,...1,903 Depeyster,. 906 43,927 Otego,... 1,792 Edwards, 1,023 Otsego,...3,901 Fine,. 293 ORANGE. Pittsfield,.. 1,591 Fowler,..1,813 Blooming Grove,. 2,184 Plainfield,...1,450 Gouverneur,. 2,783 Chester,. 1,641 Richfield,.. 1,502 Hammond,. 1,819 Cornwall,.. 4,471 Springfield,..2,322 Hermon,. 1,690 Crawford,...1,912 Unadilla,.. 2,463 Hopkinton, 1.1470 Deerpark,.. 4,032 Westford, 1.. 1423 Lawrence,. 2,209 Goshen,...3,149 Worcester,.. 2,047 Lisbon,..5,295 Hamptonburg,. 1,343 Louisville,. 2,054 Minisink,...4,972 48,638 Macomb,..1,197 Monroe,... 4,280 Madrid,. 4,856 Montgomery,..3,933 PUTNAM. Massena,..2,915 Mount Hope,.. 1,512 Carmel,.. 2,442 Morristown,. 2,274 Newburg,..11,415 Kent,...1,557 Norfolk,. 1,753 New Windsor,.. 2,4 57 Patterson,.. 1,371 Oswegatchie,. 7,7.56 Wallkill,...4,942 Philipstown,..5,063 Parishville,..2,132 Warwick,.. 4,902 Putnam Valley,. 1,626 Pierrepont,. 1,459 - Southeast,..2,079 Pitcairn... 503 57,145 Potsdam,. 5,349 ORLEANS. 1 4,148 Rossie. 1,471 Russell,.. 1,808 Barre,... 6,437 QUEENS. Stockholm,...3,661 Carlton, 2,809Flsig Clarendon,.. 1,809 Ilsindg, 5,376 Gaines,.. 2,722 JaacI,806,1 Kendall,... 2,289 Normahca 4,2 47 Murrayl,.2 289 2,520 Hempstead,.4,291 SARATOGA. Murray, 2).520Newtown. 7,208 Ballston,... 2,269 Ridgewa, 4,591Oysterbay,. 6,900 Charlton, 1.. 1902 Shly,,8 -- Clifton Park,.2,868 Yates,. 2,242 36,832 Corinth,..1,501 28)501 ~~~Day, 1,045 28,501 ~~RENSSELAER. Edinburrg, 11336 OSWEGO. Berlin,... 2,005 Galway,.. 2,158 Albion,... 2,010 Brunswick,...3,146 Greenfield,..2,890 Amboy,...1,132 Grafton,... 2,033 Hadley,..1,003 Boylestown,.. 661 Greenbush,..4,945 llalfm-oon,..2,788 Constantia,..2,495 Hoosick,... 3,724 Malta,. 1,349 Granby,... 3,368 Lansingburg,..5,752 Milton,..4,220 Hannibal,..2,857 Nassau,,3.3, 61 Moreau,..1,834 Hastings,... 2,920 Petersburg, i,908 Northumberland,.1,775 Mexico,...4,221 Pittstown,.. 3,732 Providence,.1,458 New Haven,. 2,015 Poestenkill,...2,092 Saratoga,..,492 Orwell,...1,106 Sandlake,.. 2,558 Saratoga Springs, 4,650 Oswego,.. 2,445 Schaghticoke,..3,290 Stillwater~,..2,967 Oswego City,..12,205 Schodack,.. 3,510 Water ford,.2,683 Palermo,.. 2,053 Stephentown,.,622 Wilto'n, 1,458 Parish,..1,799 Troy City,.. 28,735 Redfield,... 752 45,646 Richland, 4.. 4079 73 3363 Sandy Creek,. 2,456 Shroeppel and Phoenix, ~328RICHMOND. SHHRE Scribal. 3,738 Castleton,.. 5,389 Blenheim, 1.314 Fulton and Volney,.5,310 Northfield, 4. 4020 Broome,. 2,268 West Monroe, I 1,197 Southfield,.. 2,710 Carlisle,. 1,817 Williamstown,..1,121 Westfield,) 2,943 Cobleskill,..2,229 ____Conesville,. 1,582 62,198 15,062 Esperauce,. 1,428 OTSEGO. Fulton, 2,566 Burlington,.. 1,835 ROCKLAND. Gilboa,.. 3,024 Butternuts,.. 1,927 Clarkstown,.. 3,111 Jefferson,. 1,748 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 737 Middleburg,... 2,967 Huntington,. 7,481 WARREN. Richmondville,. 1,666 Islip.... 2,602 Athol,... 1,590 Schoharie,... 2,588 Riverhead,. 2,540 Bolton,... 1,147 Seward,... 2,203 Shelter Island, 386 Caldwell,.. 752 Sharon,... 2,632 Smithtown,. 1,972 Chester,... 1,850 Summit,... 1,800 Southampton, 6,501 Hague,... 717 Wright,.. 1,716 Southold,. 4,723 Horicon,... 1,152 -...Johnsburg,.. 1,503 33,548 36,922 Luzerne,... 1,300 Queensbury,.. 5,313 SCHFNECTADYj SULLIVAN. Warrensburg,.. 1,874 Duanesburg,.. 3,464 Bethel, 2,087 Glenville 3,409 Cochecton,. 1,671.49 Niskayuna,..783 Nriskayuna,. 17831 Collikoon,. 1,981 WASHINGTON. Princetown,... 1,031 Flsug,2 Rotterdam, 2446Forrestburg, 2,671 Argyle,. 3,274 Schenectady City,. 8,921 Libert, 212 Cambridge, 2,593 Liberty, 2,6 Dresden,... 674...Lumberland,. ~2,635 Mamakating, t4,107 on, Fort Ann,. 3,383 SENECA. Neversink,. 2,281 Fort Edward, 2,328 Covert, 2,253 Rockland, 1,175 Granville, 3,434 Fayette,.3,786 Thompson, 3,198 Greenwich,. 3,803 Junius,.. 1,516 Hampton, 899 Lodi'.... 2,269 Hartford,. 2,051 Ovid,.. 2,258 Hebron, 2,548 Romulus,.. 2,040 Jackson,. 2,129 Seneca Falls, 4,296 Barton,... 3,522 Kingsbury, 3,032 Tyre,1.356 Berkshire,. 1,049 Putnam,. 753 Varick,. 17872 Candor,... 3,433 Salem, 2,904 Waterloo, 3,795 Newark,... 1,983 White Creek,. 2,994 Nichols,... 1,905 Whitehall, 4,726 25,441 Owego,... 7,159 Richford,.. 1,208 44,750 STEUBEN. Spencer,... 1,782 Addison,. 3,721 Tioga,... 2,839 WAYNE. Avoca,... 1,574 Arcadia, 5,145 Bath,... 6,185 24,880 Butler,... 2,272 Bradford,.. 2,010 Galen, 4,609 Cameron,. 1,701 TOMPKINS. Huron,... 1,966 Campbell,.. 1,175 Caroline,.. 2,537 Lyons, 4,925 Canisteo,.. 2,030 Danby,... 2,411 Macedon,. 2,384 Caton... 1,214 Dryden,.. 5,122 Marion, 1,839 Cohocton,. 1,993 Enfield,... 2,117 Ontario,. 2,246 Dansville,.. 2,545 Groton,... 3,343 Palmyra, 3,893 Erwin,.. 1,435 Hector,... 6,054 Rose,... 2,264 Greenwood,.. 1,185 Ithaca,. ~. 6.909 Savannah, 1,700 Hartsville,. 854 Lansing,... 3,318 Sodus,... 4,598 Hornby,. 1,314 Newfield,.. 3,816 Walworth,.1,981 Horneisville,. 2,637 Ulysses,... 3,122 Williainson,.2,380 Howard,.....3,244 Wolcott, 2,751 Jasper,.. 1,749 38,749 493 Lindley,.. 686 44,953 Orange,.. 2,055 ULSTER. Painted Post,. 4,372 Denning,.. 447 WESTCHESTER. Prattsburg,. 2,786 Esopus,... 2,900 Bedford, 3,207 Pultney,.. 1,815 Hurley,... 2,003 Cortland,. 7.758 Reading,.. 1,434 Kingston,... 10,236 Eastchester, 1,679 Thurston,.. 726 Lloyd,.. 2,035 Greenburgh,. 4,291 Troupsburg,. 1,754 Marbletown,.. 3,839 Harrison,. 1,262 Tyrone,.. 1,894 Marlboro',.. 2,405 Lewisboro',. 1,609 Urbana,.. 2,079 New Paltz,... 2,729 Mamaroneck, 928 Wayland, 2,067 Olive,... 2,710 Mount Pleasant,. 3,323 Wayne,.. 1,347 Plattekill,... 1,998 Newcastle, 1,800 West Union,. 950 Rochester,.. 3,174 New Rochelle,. 2,458 Wheeler,.. 1,471 Rosendale,... 2,418 North Castle, 2,189 Woodhull,.. 1,769 Saugerties,.. 8,041 North Salem,. 1,335 Shandaken,... 2,307 Ossinsing, 4,939 63,771 Shawangunk,.. 4,036 Pelham,. 577 Wawarsing,... 6,459 Poundridge, 1,486 SUFFOLK. Woodstock,.. 1,650 Rye,... 2,584 Brookhaven,. 8,595 Scarsdale, 342 Easthampton,.2122 59,387 Somers,.. 1,722 93 738 COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS, VILLAGES, &c., Westchester,.. 2,492 Middlesex, 1,385 Eagle,.1,381 West Farms,..4,436 Milo,.4,791 Gainsville, 1,760 White Plains,.. 1,414 Potter,.. 2,194 Genesee Falls,.1,322 Yonkers,...4,160 Starkey,.,675 Java, 2,245 Yorktown,.. 2,273 Middlebury,.1,799 20,590 Orangeville, 1,438 58,264 Perry... 2,832 WYOMING. Pike, 2,003 YATES. Attica, l 2,363 Sheldon,.2,527 Barrington,.. 1,550 Bennington,. 2,406 Warsaw, 2,624 Benton,...3,456 Castile,.. 2.446 Wethersfield,.1,489 Italy,... 1,627 China,.1,961 Jerusalem,...2,912 Covington,.1,385 31,981 STATE OF NEW JERSEY. ATLANTIC. Union,... 1,095 Lambertville,..1,417 Galloway,.. 2,307 Washington,. 2,114 Lebanon,... 2,127 Great Egg Harbor,.2,688 Waterford,.. 1,638 Raritan,...3,066 Hamilton, 5 2,015 Winslow,...1,540 Readington,.. 2,'836 Mullica,... 918 Tewksbury,.. 2,300 Weymouth,.. 1,032 25,422 81960 CUMBERLAND.2,8 Bridgeton,.. 2,446 HUDSON. BERGEN. Cohansey,...1,034 Bergen,..2,758 Franklin,... 1,741 Deerfield,.. 927 Harrison,..1,344 Hackensack,..3,486 Downe,...2,341 Hoboken,.2,668 Harrington, 1,195 Fairfield, 2.2 13 3 Jersey City,.6,856 Hohokus,...2,271 Greenwich,...1,158 North Bergen,.3,576 Lodi,... 1,113 Hopewell,.. 1,480 Van Vorst, 4.4617 New Barbadoes,..2,258 Maurice River,..2,245 ___ Saddle River,.. 816 Millville,... 2,332 21,819 Washington,..1,804 Stow Creek,..1,093 MERCER. 14 684 17,189 East Windsor, 2,596 Ewing. 1,480 BURLINGTON. ESSEX. Hamilton,.2,807 Burlington,.. 863 Belleville,.. 3,513 Hopewell,..3,696 Burlington City,..4,536 Bloomfield,..3,385 Lawrence,.1,835 Chesterfield,.. 4,514 Caldwell,.. 2,376 Nottingham,. 4,489 Chester,. 3,598 Clinton,...2,508 Princeton,.3,021 Evesham,. 3,067 Elizabeth,.. 5,583 Trenton,.. 6,466 Little Egg Harbor,.2,020 Livingston,...1,151 West Windsor, 1,596 Mansfield,.. 2,953 Newark City,.. 38,893 Medford,..3,022 New Providence,..1,216 27,986 New Hanover,. 2,245 Orange,... 4,385 Northampton,..3,035 Plainfield,..2,446 MIDDLESEX. Pemberton,. 2,866 Rahway,... 3,306 Monroe,..3,001 Southampton,..3,545 Springfield,...1,945 Nortlr Brunswick 10,008 Springfield,.. 1,827 Union,.. 1,66.2 Perth Amboy,.1,865 Washington,..2,009 Westfield,. 1575 Piscataway,.2,97-5 Westhampton,.. 1,507 - South Amboy, 2,266 Willingboro',..1,596 73,944 South Brunswick,.3,368 Woodbridge,.5,141 43,203 GLOUCESTER..Deptford,.. 3,355 28,624 CAPE MAY. Franklin,...2,984 Dennis,... 1,604 Greenwich,.. 3,067 MONMOUTH. Lower,...1,604 Harrison,...1,984 Atlantic. 1,493 Middle,... 1,884 Woolwich,.. 3,265 Freehold,..2,633 Upper,...1,341 Howell,. 4,058 14,655 Manalopan,..1,902 6,433 Marlboro',.1,554 HUNTERDON. Middletown,.3,245 CAMDEN. Alexandria,.. 3,811 Millstone,.1,675 Camden City,.. 9,479 Amwell,.. 2,505 Ocean,.3,7q7 Delaware,. 2,577 Bethlehem,.. 2,746 Raritan,. 4,165 Gloucester,.. 2,371 Clinton,. 2,368 Shrewsbury,.31,180 Gloucester City,..2,188 Delaware,.. 2,554 Upper Freehold, 2,566 Haddonfield,.. 844 Franklin,..1,452 ___ Newton,..1,576 Kingwood,.. 1,799 30,238 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 739 MORRIS. West Milford,.. 2,624 Frankford,.. 1,941 Chatham,. 2,469 Greene,.. 823 Chester,.. 1,334 22,552 Hardiston,.. 1,344 Hanover... 3,608 Lafayette,. 928 Jefferson,.. 1,358 SALEM. Montague,..1,009 Mendham,. 1,720 Elsinboro',.. 655 Newton,.. 3,279 Morris,.. 4,992 L. Alloway's Creek,. 1,423 Sandiston,.. 1,327 Pequannock,. 4,116 L. Penn's Neck, 1,429 Sparta,.. 1,919 Randolph,... 2,632 Mannington,. 2,187 Stillwater,.. 1,742 Rockaway,. 3,139 Pilesgrove,.. 2,962 Vernon,.. 2,619 Roxbury,.v. 2,269 Pittsgrove,... 1,151 Walpack,.. 783 Washington,. 2,502 Salem,.. 3,052 Wantage,. 3,934 U. Alloway's Creek,. 2,530 30,139 U. Penn's Neck,, 2,422 22,988 U. Pittsgrove,.. 1,656 WARREN. OCEAN. Belvidere,. 1,001 Brick,.. 1,558 19,467 Blairstown,.. 1,405 Dover.... 2,385 SOMERSET. Franklin,. 1,564 Jackson,.. 1,333 Bedminster,.. 1,814 Frelinghuysen,. 1,277 Plumstead,.. 1,6t3 Bernard's,... 2,263 Greenwich,. 3,726 Stafford,.. 1,384 Branchburg,.. 1,137 Hardwick,.. 727 Union,,..1,759 Bridgewater,.. 4,070 Harmony,. 1,564 Franklin,... 3,062 Hope,... 1.755 10,032 Hillsboro',. 3,404 Independence,. 2,621 Montgomery,.. 1,763 Knowlton,.. 1,356 PASSAIC. Warren,... 2,148 Mansfield,. 1,615 Acquackanonck,. 2,925 Oxford,.. 1,718 Manchester,.. 2,781 19,661 Pahaquary,. 460 Paterson,.. 11,338 Washington, 1,567 Pompton,.. 1,720 SUSSEX. Wayne,.. 1,164 Byram,... 1,340 22,356 STATE OF OHIO.* ADAMS. Ruggles,... 1,085 Conneaut,... 1,877 Qreen,.. 1,520 Sullivan,. 1,101 Conneaut,.. 817 Monroe,.. 1,191 Troy,... 849 Monroe,. 1,587 Sprig,.. 3,160 Orange,. 1,826 Sheffield,.. 845 Liberty,. 1,498 Vermillion,. 2,459 Kingsville,. 1,494 Tiffin,.. 1,523 Montgomery, 1,928 Plymouth,. 753 West Union,. 462 Ashland,. 1,264 Saybrook,. 1,374 Winchester,. 1,693 Mohican,. 1,775 Denmark,. 241 Wayne,. 1,682 Milton,. 1,432 Pierpoint,. 999 Jefferson,. 1,543 Clear Creek, 1,205 Richmond, 706 Scott,.... 1,270 Perry,.. 1,789 Andover,. 963 Franklin,. 1,963 Greene,. 1,904 Williamsfield, 982 Meigs,.. 1,438 Mifflin,. 891 Wayne,. 899 Lake,. 883 Geneva,... 1,358 18,943 Hanover,. 1,902 28,767 ALLEN. 23,826 Lima,.. 757 ATHENS. Monroe,.. 924 ASHTABULA. Lee....961 Richland,. 990 Jefferson,. 625 Waterloo,. 1,016 Spencer,.. 336 Jefferson,. 439 Trimble,.. 924 Amanda,.. 588 Austinburg, 1,285 York,... 1,391 Shawnee,. 756 Harpersfield,. 1,279 Athens,.. 1,463 Sugar Creek,. 756 Trumbull, 805 Athens,. 898 German,.. 1,008 Lenox,.. 731 Canaan,.. 1,142 Perry,... 923 Morgan,. 888 Alexander,. 1,735 Auglaize,.. 1,344 Hartsgrove,. 650 Troy,.. 1,421 Bath,.. 1,512 Rome,.. 744 Carthage,. 1,087 Jackson,.. 1,176 Orwell,. 825 Rome,.. 1,309 Marion,.. 672 Windsor,. 1,033 Bern.... 819 &ction Ten,.. 374 Dorset,. 236 Ames,.. 1,482 New Line, 628 Dover,... 1, 233 12,116 Colebrook,. 688 Lodi,. 1,336 Cherry Valley,. 839 ASHLAND. Ashtabula,... 1,356 18,217 Jackson,. 1,533 Ashtabula,.. 821 ~The plaes in italics are incorporated towns. 740 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. AUGLAIZE. Green,.632 CHAMPAIGN. Goshen, 336 Benton,..37 Goshen, 1,260 Wayne, 672 Eagle,.1,134 Mechanicsburg,. 682 Union, 1,008 Fincastle,..145 Rush, 893 Clay, 840 Washington,. 987 Lewisburg,. 302 Pusheta, 1,008 Sardinia,..198 Wood stock, 205 Duchouquet, 905 Franklin,..1,107 Union... 1,946 Wapalkoneta, 504 Arnheim,..61 Salem, 1,635 Logan,.. 336 Sterling,.. 981 Mad River,.1,868 German, 1,470 Urbana, 1,394 Minster, 428 27,334 Urbana,.2,020 New Bremen, 344 Jackson, 1,735 St. Mary's, 693 BUTLER. Johnson,.1,573 St. Mary's, 874 Fairfield,271Aas113 Washington, 688 Hailoncor71 dam, 1,123 Noble, 309 Unmilon,. 3207 Concordn, 96801 Salem,.. 400 Unin,2 173 Harrsne, 9682 Kossuth, 76 ~~~~~Liberty,..1:501 Wye,2 Moulton, 450 Madison,.. 2,242 1,4 Moulto) 450Wayne,..1,502 1,4 1131St. Clair,... 2,602CLR NT Haoerl,.1,716 Batavia,.. 2,789 BELMONT. Reilfor,..2,068 Williamsburg,..1,885 Richland,.. 4,366 Ofr,2)007 Tate,.. 2,901 Flushing,...1,811 Oxford, 134Frankli,6 Pease, 31517Morgan, 17006 Oi,4,474 Pultney,...2,260 Ross,.1648 Union... 1,800 Smith,.. 1,797 Lemon, 1,722 Monroe, 1,897 Washington,.1,534 Mdltw,102Washington,.2,540 Mead, 1,634 Middletu, 210 Jackson, 1,241 Warren,.1,914 ____Goshen,.1,937 Barnesville, "820 3074Miami, 2,690 Somerset,.2,104 3074Stone Lick,.1,840 Somerton, 192CARL.Wye139 Goshen,.1,862 CROLWye,9 Belmont, 155 Centre,..1,189 301449 Union,.. 1,873 Union,. 805 Morristown, 455 -Monroe,.. 1,117 CLINTON. Wheeling,.1,217 Orange,.1,577 Richland, 1,975 Shepardstown, 90 Perry,. 1,277 Union... 2,320 Uniontown.,. 194 London,.840 Wilmington, 1,238 Colerain, 1,321 Lee,. 1,220 Wayne,.1,435 Farmington,. 45 Washington, 1,020 Adams, 869 York, 1,312 Harrison,. 1,268 Vernon,.1,468 Wayne,.1,918 Augusta,. 1297 Marion, 995 Kirkwood, 2,208 East,. 987 Jefferson,. 810 Fox,. 1,452 Clark, 1,653 34,599 Brown,.. 2,099 Washington,.1,216 Rose,. 1,537 Chester, 1,600 BROWN. Liberty,.1,232 Union,.2,424 17,685 Green, 2,026 Levana,. 174 Ripley, 1,780 CLARK. 18,837 Byrd... 2,085 Green,.. 1,275 Russellville, 386 Mad River,.1,493 COLUMBIANA. Decatur,. 171 Enon,. 294 Unity, 2,095 Huntington, 1,877 Bethel,.1,748 Fairfield,.2,385 Aberdeen,. 807 Donneisville,.196 Salem, 1,960 Lewis, 1,998 New Carlisle, 634 Perry... 2,3711 Feesburg,. 186 Midway,. 69 Knox, 2,155 fligginsport, 536 Pike,. 1,317 Butler... 1,682 Jackson,.1,150 Northampton,.147 Centre, 2,818 Carlisle, 112 Madison,.947 Hanover,.2,859 Pleasant,. 1,457 Selma,. 47 West, 2,110 Georgqetown, 617 South Charleston, 414 Liverpool,. 729 Perry,..2,465 German,.. 1,912 Liverpool, 835 Fayetteville, 318 Harmony,.1,804 Washington,. 963 Scott... 930 Springfield,. 2,206 Salineville, 237 New Hope, 106 Springfield,.5,108 Yellow Creek,. 853 Clark... 1,282 Morefleld,.1,214 Wellsville, 1,549 Hlamersville, 131 Pleasant,.1,349 Middleton,. 1,436 Brownsville,. 38 - Clarkson, 91 Pike, 1,022 22,174 Elk Run,.1,559 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 741,St. Clair,.. 1,115 Dover,..1,112 BRIE. Calcutta,.. 147 Rockport,..1,441 Perkins,.1,217 Fredericktown, 99 Brooklyn, 65Milan,.. 2,697 Franklin,.. ~1,164 ( Ohio City,) 635Portland, Wayne,..974 Parma,..1,329 (Sand usky City,)~ 5,08 Madison,. 1,405 - Margaretta, 1,53 48,105 Huron,..1,397 33,601 Kelley's Island, 186 DARKiE. Oxford,.. 984 COSHOCTON. Butler,.. 1,446 Groton,.884 Perry,. 1,340 Twin,...1,400 Berlin,... 1,582 Washington,. 996 Monroe,..918 Vermillion, 1,515 Pike,.. 1,079 Washington,.1,250 Florence, 1,491 New Castle,. 1,227 Greenville,.2,372 Bedford,.. 1,221 Greenville, 1,044 18,578 Tiverton,.. 842 German,..1,502 Virginia,.. 1,227 Harrison,..1,705 FAIRFIELD. Linton,.. 1,375 Adams,.. 1,416 Auburn,.626 Jacobsport,.219 Neave,.. 888 Madison,..1,164 Adams,.. 1,419 Wayne,..1,162 Bern,.2,656 White Eve,. 1,132 Franklin,.. 551 Violet,.. 2,060 Mill Creek,.872 Mississenawa, 378 Pickerington, 180 La Fayette,. 1,040 Patterson,.. 319 Canal Winchester. 274 Oxford,.1,113 Wabash,. 309 Liberty,. 2,209 Tuscarawas,.741 Allen,.290 Baltimore,.. 492 Coshocton,. 850 Jackson,. 566 Basil,.200 Bethlehem,.822 York,.499 Walnut, 1,795 Franklin,.966 Richland,.798 Millersport, 126 Keene,. 1,079 Brown,.. 684 New Salem,.. 210 Crawford,.1,552 Van Buren,.780 Bloom,.1,904 Monroe,. 760 - Lithopolis,.. 386 Jefferson,.929 20,277 Amanda,.1,536 Jackson,. 2,037 Royalton,.. 252 Clark,.833 DEFIANCE. Greenfield, 2,113 Defiance,. 391 Hocking,..1,846 25,671 Defiance,.. 890 Richland, 1,7777 Highland,.365 Pleasant,..2,011 CRAWFORD. Richland,.. 702 Lancaster, 3,483 Lykens,.. 1,185 Adams,..432 Oakladand. 133 Holmes,.1,239 Noble,.. 389 Clear Creek, 1,606 Auburn,..951 Brunersburg,.169 Rush Creek,..1,218 Vernon,.1,276 Tiffin,.544 Jackson,. 1,711 Evansport,.165 30,25 7 Polk,... 1,318 Delaware,.. 445 Sandusky,.822 Washington,.428 FAYETTE. Liberty,.1,782 Farmer,.. 894 Madison',.. 864 Bucyrus,. 2,315 Milford,. 645 Marion..842 Cranberry,.1,042 Hicksville,.. 507 Paint,..1,253 Chatfield,. 1,7351 Jefferson,.1,872 Texas,.544 6,966 Union,..1,821 Todd,. 578 Washington, 569 Dallas,.406 DELAWARE. Wayne,..1,253 Whetstone, 1,657 Radnor,. 1,204 Perry.1,088 Thompson,.. 732 Green,.. 951 18,177 Marlboro',.587 Buena Vista, 107 Berkshire..1,555 Concord,.. 836 CUYAHOGA. Genoa,. 1,369 Staunton,.87 Cleveland,'. 17,041 Harlem,..1,182 Jasper,.. 1,193 East Cleveland, 2,343 Trenton,..1,238 Newburgh,. 1,5142 Delaware,..1,247 12,736 Mayfield,.1,117 Delaware,.2,075 Warrensville, *. 1,409 Liberty,..1,051 FULTON. Orange,.1,06.3 Orange,. 1,150 Chesterfied, 538 Euclid,. 1,447 Berlin,..1,151 Dover,.. 381 Solon,..1,033 Concord,. 1,369 Royalton, 570 Chagrin Falls,. 1,250 Scioto,.1,126 Am~boy,. 460 Bedford,.1,854 Troy,..976 Pike,..485 Independence,. 1,485 Oxford,.. 828 Fulton,.. 625 Brecksville,.1,116 Brown.. 1,176 Swan Creek,. 621 Royalton,. 1,253 Porter,..1,037 York,.. 784 Strongsville, 1,199 Kingston,.761 Clinton,.708 Middleburg,. 1,490 Franklin,.. 720 Olmstead,.1,216 21,814 Gorham,..906 .742, CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. German,.. 982 Middlefield,.. 918 HAMILTON Thompson,... 1,211 Cincinnati,...115,438 7,780 Troy,... 1,163 Fulton,... 3,223 Auburn,..1,182 Spencer,...1,656 FRANKLIN. Chester,... 1,103 Columbia,.. 2,416 Columbus, 17,867 Bainbridlge,...1,013 Anderson,...3,050 Montgomery, 1,326 Huntsburg,.. 1,007 Mill Creek,.. 6,287 Truro, 1,589 Russell,...1,083 Storrs,...1,675 Reynoldsburg, 564 Parkman,.. 1,383 Green,... 3,948 Franklin, 1,852 Montville,... 7.02 Delhi,...1,942 Sharon, 1,008 Sycamore,.. 3,731 Worthington, 501 17,823 Symmes,...1,115 Blendon, 1,303 Colerain,... 3,125 Plain, 1,393 GUERNSEY. Miami,...1,557 New Albany, 168 Adams,... 865 Whitewater,.. 1,567 Perry, 1,169 Madison,.. 1,524 Crosby,.. 1,548 Clinton, 1,186 Wheeling,...1,159 Harrison,... 940 Washington, 996 Liberty,... 1,004 Springfield,...3,632 Dublin..274 Jefferson,... 857 Norwich, 1,053 Monroe,.. 1,086 156,850 Brown, 681 Washington,.. 972 HARDIN. Prairie, 1,043. Londonderry,1,5 laat,5 Jackson,...1,550' Knox, 71551 Pleasnto,.. 1,0659 Pleasant,... 968 Westland,. 1,126Duly.. 52 Harrisburg,... 103 Beaver,. 1,785 Hale,.. 428 Hamilton,... 1,485 Williamsburg,. 207 Taylor Cek 3 Madison,...1,997 Millwood,...1,409 Crehek,.. 531 Groveport,... 483 M3illwood,.. 216 Gosnhend, 2. 590 Mufflin,..105Oxford,. 1,496 Buck,. 425 Jefferson,.. 1,236 Fairview, 44 Jackson,.. 530 Middletown,.267 Washington,.. 391 42,880 Wills,. 1,326 Liberty,.. 422 GALLIA. ~~~Wuslhinqton, 757. McDonald,... 582 GALLIA. Elizabethtown,. 136Main.. 36 Ohio,.. 504 Richland,.981 Huntersville,.. 84 Guyan,.. 560 Senecaville, 457 Cessna,... 303 Huntington,.. 1,308 Seneca,. 1,291 Roundhead,... 520 Morgan,...1,128 Mt. Ephiraim,. 121 1ioundhead,. 135 Raccoon,.. 1,474 Buffalo,... 834 Springfield,..1,23 0 Point Pleasant,. 105825 Cheshire,.. 1,410o Hartford,... 113 85 Gallipolis,.. 542 Jackson,... 1,191 HARRISON. Gallipolis,.. 1,686 Centre,.1,067 Morefield,.. 1 022 Addison,.. 924 Cambridge, 1,448 Morefteld,.. 44 Green,.. 1,276 Cambridge, 1,041 Freeport,.. 1,221 Perry,...1,208 Spencer, 1.418.Cadiz, 1,309 Greenfield,. 952 Cumberland,.. 431 Cadiz 1. 1144 Walnut,.. 905 Wright,. 97 4 tioha,3 Clay,... 949 New Gottengen, 54 Frnkln 1 Harrison,...~ 1008Frnl,91 Harrison, 1 ~~~~~30,472 Deersfild,.. 289 17,064 ~~~~~Franklin,... 150 17,064 ~ HACOK.Washington,..1,255 GREENE. HANCOCK. 776Short Creek,. 1490 Sugar Creek,.. 3,082 Findlay, 7765 Harrisville,.. 300 Xenia,)Fna,..125 Georgetown,.. 160 Xenia,..7,036 Allen, 870 Archer, 7 Beaver Creek,.. 2,063 Washington, 122German,.. 1,361 Bath,..2,079 Cass, 621 Rumley,..1,088 Miami 1 613 Big' Lick, 1,008 North,.2 1 7 ~~Amanda, 1,162 Moro,11521 Clifton,.M.r252,904 Mno,..1,5 Ross,.. 1,367 Mrarion, 724 Stock,.888 Silver Creek,.2,565 OrangBuen,53 Athens,..1,085 Ciesar Creek,. 1,870 VaniBurn, 536 New Athens,.331 2,4,Portage, 614 Green... 1,527 294 Blanchard, 1,051 2,6 GEAUGA. Pleasant, 522 2,6 Chardon,.. 1,622 Liberty, 874 HENRY. Hambden, -. 919 Delaware, 1,035 Napoleon,.566 Munson,.. 1,194 Jackson, 830 Fat Rock,.. 406 Newbury,.1,253 Eagle,.. 950 Washington,.531 Burton, 1.. 1064 Madison, 667 Ridgeville,.. 148 Claridon,.1,006 1,7 reo,8 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 743 Pleasant,.. 338 Norwalk,..1.718 Liberty,.1,322 Marion, 77 Norwalk,.. 1,441 Milford, 1,350 Harrison,.. 51.5 Ridgefield,..1,944 Hillier... 1,141 Richfield,. 136 Richmond,. 609 Wayne,.1,152 Damascus,.. 233 Lyme,.1,859 Fredlericktown,. 712 Liberty,.399 Norw ichh,. 1,02 1 Sherman,..1,134 28,8170 3,432 Peru,.. 1,632 Bronson,...1,219 LAKE HOCKING. Fairfield,.. 1,594 Leroy,.1,128 Benton,.933 New Haven,..1,398 Mentor,.1,571 Ward... 823 Greenfield,. 1,332 Concord,.1,031 Marion,. 1,746 Ripley,. 1,230 Willoughby,.2,081 Falls... 1,772 Kirtland,.1,598 Logan,.798 26,203 Painesville, Goodhope,.. 635 (Painesville,)j.3,128 Laurel,. 1,126 JACKSON. Madison,.2,987 Perry... 1,217 Bloomfield,. 1,403 Perry... 1,131 Salt Creek,. 1,094 Madison,..1,515 Washington,.1,640 Jefferson,. 1,036 14,655 Starr,. 1,045.Jackson,.. 480 Green... 1,290 Lick,.. 1l02 1 LAWRENCE. Franklin,..1,295 Union,.1,318 14,119 Milton,.. 1,7477 Fayette,.1,112 Washington,. 756 Perry,.924 HIGHLAND. Hamilton,.664 Upper, Liberty,. 2,683 Scioto,. 1,347 (Hanging R~ock,).2,494 Hillsboro',..1,392 Jackson,..713 Rome,.1,134 Fairfield,. 3,174 Liberty,..1,017 Windsor,.1,001 Madison,..1,163 Mason,.1,132 Greenfield,. 1,011 12,724 Aid... 884 Paint... 2,678 Lawrence, 534 Union, 1,408 JEFFERSON. Elizabeth,.2,9 Newmarket,..1,528 Mt. Pleasant,. 1,848 (Burlington,) 2f2 Concord,. 1,501 Wells,.1,822 Decatur,.2,052 Jackson,..1,449 Springfield,.1,300 Washington, 646 Dodson,. 1,217 Brush Creek,.1,120 Symmes,. 487 Hamer,.. 942 Ross,.. 1,144 Marshall,. 1,187 Saline,. 1,088 15,247 Brushcreek,..1,515 Knox,. 1,902 Salem,.813 Island Creek,.1,981 LICKING. Clay... 1,108 Steubenville,. 1,084 St. Albans, 1,422 White Oak,. 1,012 Steubenville,..6,140 Alexandria,. 349 - Cross Creek, 1,912 Monroe,.1,030 25,781 Salem,..2,191 Johnstown,. 357 Wayne,. 1,801 Jersey,.1,230 HOLMES. Smithfield,..1,882 Hartford,.1,426 Hardy,2,2 Warren,. 1,918 Bennington, 1,169 (Millingburg,))244 Appleton,. 42 Kilbuck,..1,245 29,133 McKean,.1,378 Monroe,.966 Harrison,.1,447 Prairie,..1,451 KNOX. Lima,.973 Mechanic,. 1,647 Clinton,. 802 Etna... 1,307 Berlin... 1,452 Mount Vernon,.3,710 Newark,.1,228 Walnut Creek, 1,077 Pleasant,. 909 Newark, 3,778 Germark,..1,517 College,.. 522 Lockport,.42 Salt Creek,. ~1 699 Monroe,. 1,-323 Granville,.1,4 Richland,..1,349 Howard,..1,002 Granville,. 771 Knox,. 1,215 Pike,. 1,720 Madison,.1,025 Washington,. 1468 Miller,.1,063 Licking,.1,115 Ripley,. 1,330 Morgan,. 823 Jacktown,. 256 Paint... 1,618 Clay,.960 Bowling Green, 870 Martinsbur9,.280 Linville,. 188 20,458 Jackson, 1,078 Brownsville, 480 Butler,..762 Union... 1,631 HURON. Harrison,.. 751 Luray,.88 New London,. 1,329 Millwood,. 240 Hebron,. 649 Clarksfield,..1,454 Union,.952 Newton,.1,364 Wakeman,.704 Brown,. 1i35 Burlington,.1,389 Townsend,..1,333 Jefferson,..1,485 Washington, 941 Hartland,. 1,024 Middleburg,. 1,091 Utica,.420 Greenwich,..1,050 Berlin,. 1,158 Eden,.1,013 Fitchvil~le,. 1,178 Morris,. 1,027 Mary Ann,.1,000 744A- CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Fallsbery, 1,206 MADISON. Granger, 1,313 Perry... 1,254 Fairfield,.623 Hinckley,. 11 Hanover, 1,187 Pleasant,.1,066 Brunswick, 1,417 Liberty, it. 1190 Mt. Sterling, 115 Liverpool, 2,164 Franklin, 1,057 Range, 988 York,..,2 Hopewell,..1,226 Stokes,.590 Spencer, 1,336 Deer Creek,. 436 Litchfield, 1,332 38,845 Lafayette, 147 Guilford, 1,800 Jefferson,. 634 Montville, 1,078 LOGAN. West Jefferson, 436 Lake, 1,774 Canaan,. 565 24,433 Rush Creek,.1,458 Anmity,.120 Zane, 1,090 Darby... 383 MEIGS. McArthur, 1,376 Pleasant Valley 168 Salisbury,2,0 Richland, 1,170 Monroe,. 403 Pomeroy, 1,637 Harrison,. 984 Pike,.381 Olive, 924 Perry, 1,405 Rose Dale,. 42 Lebanon,,0 Jefferson,.2,043 Somerford, 616 Letart, 966 Monroe, 1,438 Somerford,. 139 Sutton, 1,596 Bokes Creek,. 583 Union,.1.l 647 Salem,7 1,418 Liberty, 1,263 London,. 513 Scipio,.. 1,406 Union... 804 Bedford. 908 Bloomfield, 671 10,012 Chester,' 1,410 Stokes,. 489 Chester, 190 Pleasant, 805 MAHIOMNG. Orange, 946 Washington,. 667 Smith, I 1,544 Columbia, 897 Miami, 775 Green... 1,774 Rutland, 1,745 Quincy,. 373 Canfield,.1,463 Jackson,.1,140 17,960 19,168 Milton,.1,123 Berlin,..1,376 MERCER. LORAIN. Ellsworth, 953 Marion, 1,428 Ridgeville, 1,212 Goshen,.1,721 Jefferson, 1,004 Columbia,.1,236 Coitsville, 982 Hopewell, 294 Eaton, 1,1 11 Boardman,.1,026 Centre, 504 Carlisle,.1,512 Beaver,.2,144 Granville,. 546 Avon, 1,782 Springfield,.2,385 Butler,.. 210 La Grange,. 1,402 Poland,. 2,126 Franklin, 378 Grafton, 947 Youngstown,.3,002 Union,.. 756 Penfield,. 672 Austintown, 1,174 Dublin, 883 Elyria, 1,176 Liberty, 208 El ria... 1,482 23,733 Black Creek, 504 Wellington, 1,556 Washington, 420 Sheffield,. 908 MARION. Gibson, 504 Black River, 659 Marion,.980 Recovery, 573 Amherst,.1,400 Marion,.1,307 Brownhelm, 1,082 Scott,.717 7,712 Henrietta,.1,042 Claridon,.1,342 Huntington, 1,173 Richland, 1,229 MIAMI. Rochester,. 896 Pleasant,.1,198 Spring Creek, 1,273 Brighton, 669 Grand Prairie, 474 Rossville, 113 Camden,.1,025 Tully... 736 Huntersville,.227 Russia, 2,061 Big Island, 600 Washington, 982 Pittsfield,.1,088 Montgomery,. 64.3 Piqua,.3,280 Grand,.336 Newbury, 1,690 26, 091 Salt Rock,. 347 Covington-,.451 Waldo,.1;008 Clayton, 76 LUCAS. Prospect,. 848 Brown,.1,379 W aynesfield, 2,371 Green Camp, 383 Elizabeth, 1,433 Port Lawrence,. 149 Bowling Green,. 406 Staunton,.1,453 Toledo, 3,819 Lost Creek, 1,455 Manhattan,. 541 12,554 Bethel,.1,656 Oregon,.449 Concord, 1,448 Washington,.1,161 MEDINA. Tray,.1,956 Sylvania, 751 Wadsworth, 1,622 Monroe, 2,014 Springfield,. 782 Chatham,.1,165 Union, 2,255 Waterville, 958 La Fayette, 1,332 Milton,.. 369 Providence,. 467 Homer,.1,102 Newton,.1,447 Richfield, 399 Harrisville, 1,477 Wing... 261 Westfield,.1,122 24,957 Spencer, 273 Medina,.1,002 Medina,.1,008 MONROE. 12,381 Sharon,.1,519 Switzerland,. 1,215 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 745 Sunsbury,..1,532 MORROW. Harrison,.. 62 Stock, 1,107 Washington, 1,137 Washington,.. 155 Carlisle, 116 Canaan, 1,223 Brown,... 368 Enoch, 1,438 Cardington, 1,358 Auglaize,... 304 Elk... 956 Bloomfield, 1,443 Crane,... 287 Bethel, 1,028 Troy, 640 Carryall,.. 471 Malaga,..1,561 Perry,... 17150 Miltonsburg, 145 Chester,.1,620 1,766 Malaga, 138 Congress, 1,651 Seneca, 1,841 Franklin,. 1,456 FERRY. Calais... 96 Gilead,. 1,680 Monroe, 1 429 Sumefield, 153 South Bloomfield, 1,395 Saltlick,. 1, 4 Union. 1,930 Westfield,.1,414 Bearfield,.. 1,10 Ohio,.1,443 Lincoln,...891 Monday Creek,.1,124 Bearsville,. 103 Harmony,.1,041 Reading,.. 2,744 Sardis,.118 Bennington,. 1,265 Somerset,..1,240 Perry,.. 1.1 460 Peru,. 876 Madison,.. 991 Antioch,.107 - Hopewell,...1,386 SalIem... 1,311 20,240 Thorn,. 1,890 Clarington, 341 Clayton,..1,554 Wayne,.1,177 MUSKINGUM. Harrison,.. 1,073 Washington, 944 Jackson,. 1,232 Jackson,..1,740 Adams,.1,182 Licking,.1,434 Pike,... 2,146 Centre,.2,551 Rich Hill,. 1,495 Wod.field,. 395 Me igs.. 1,680 2,7 Franklin, 1,590 Springfield,.1,302 Greene,.1,226 Putnam,.1,674 PICKAWAY. Jackson,.1,163 Harrison, 1,534 Circleville,.431 Brush Creek, 1,392 Circleville,..3,411. 28.367 Clay, 653 Salt Creek,.1,332 Blue Rock, 1,476 Fulton,.. 514 MONTGOMERY Newton, 2,356 Pickaway,.1,425 Dayton,.10,976 Uniontown, 340 Walnut,..1,840 Washingto~n,.1,826 Perry, 1,038 Madison,..885 Miami,.3,456 Washington, 1,380 Harrison,..1,176 Van Buren,.1,401 Salt Creek, 1,215 Scioto,..1,347 Mad River, 1,454 Wayne, 1,244 Darby,..1,166 Wavne,.1,090 Duncan's Falls, 196 Monroe,..1,640 Butiler,.1,974 Highland, 956 Jackson,..1,041 Harrison,.2,059 Union, 902 Wayne,.644 German, 2,789 Norwich, 324 Deer Creek, 1)354 Jackson, 2,012 New Concord,. 334 Perry,..1,120 Randolph, 1,883 Adams, 998 Muhlenburg,. 585 Jefferson,.1,808 Falls, 2,124 Washington,.1,199 Madison,.1,668 Hopewell, 2,378 Clay,. *.1,905 Jefferson, 1,377 21,111 Perry,.1,906 Dresden, 1,445 Madison, 1,047 PIKE. 38,217 Monroe, 978 Marion,..900 Muskingum, 1,509 Union,... 564 MORGAN. Salem... 1,1 11 Beaver, Y 520 Malta,.1,302 Zanesville, 7,791 Seal... 1,521 Malta... 530 Piketon,. 690 Penn,.1,370 45,053 Jackson,.,.1,351 Marion,.1,764 Sharon,..114 Windsor,.1,593 OTTAWA. Pee Pee,.. 643 Union... 1,795 Clay, 293 Waverl~y,. 678 D)eertield, 1,325 Benton, 54 Newton,.. 386 Morgan,. 650 Harris, 407 dIasper,..75 JfcConndsville, 1, 660 Salem... 187 Camp Creek,. 390 Olive... 2,015 Erie, 292 Sunfish,..371 Jackson,.1,249 Carroll, 403 Pebble,) 914 Centre... 1,439 Portage, 377 Benton,. 639 Meigsville, 1,512 Port C'linton, 249 Perry... 519 Bristol,.1,725 Bay, 359 (Jynthiana,.134 Homer,.1,.590. 1)an hury,.. 503 Mufflin... 546 York... 1,207 Van Rensselear, 186 Bloom,.1,346 10,955 Noble... 1,702 3,310 Manchester, 1,337 PORTAGE. Brookfield, 1,482 PAULDING. Brimfield,.1,015 - Jackson,, 58 Suffield,..1,275 28,593 Benton, 61 Randolph,.1,730 94 746 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Paris. 1,019 RICHLAND. Scipio,....2,323 Windham,.. 813 Sharon, 1,949 Seneca, 1,662 Franklin,...1,750 Springfield,..2,100 Ravenna, 229Jack-son, 1,092 27,105 Ravenna, Sandusky,. 617 Streetsboro',. i,108 Jefferson, 2,564 SHELBY. Aurora,... 823 Perry,.923 Loramie,.1,049 Shalersville,..1,190 Troy,.1,542 Orange,.922 Mantua,.. 1,139 Washingmton,. 1,914 McLean,.775 Hiram,...1,106 Bloomingrove, 1,430 Dinsmore,. 701 Nelson,.. 1,383 Plymouth,. 1,664 Washington, 1,261 Rootstown,. 1,)308 Butler, 1,139 Turtle Creek,. 792 Charlestown,.. 809 Weller,..1,290 Perry,.899 Freedom,.. 996 Cass, 1,430 Clinton, 762 AtWater,. 1,119 Mufflin,. 1,104 Sidney, 1,302 Deerfield,..1,371 Franklin,.. 1,257 Franklin,.788 Palmyra,.. 1,093 Worthington,. 2,006 Van Buren, 629 Edinburg..1,101 Monroe,.. 1,7120 Green,.1,078 9) ~ - Madison,..1,579 Cynthean, 797 24,387 Mansfield,.. 3,557 Salem,.1,496 ____Jackson,... 705 FREBLE. 30,877 Washington,.. 1,758 SANDUSKY. STARK. 13,956 Eaton,..1,302 Sandusky, 1,138Pli Jsomers, 9 085 Fremnont,.1,492 Plake.2,211 JSpmers208 Rie, 682 Lake,1,732 Lanier, 1,694 RieGreentown,.. 251 Gratis,. 2,117 GenCreek, 128Unionl, 245 Dixon, 1,192 Baliville, 1,556 Washington,..2,066 Israe....~~ 1,641 1.811 IsraeL 1 Yor.6419Lexington,.. 1,996 Mont~e,... 1,344 Townsend, 969 Marlboro',..2,133 Harrison, 2,094 Rc,. 43Paris,.. 2,740 Twin, I,5 Washington, 1,499 Osnaburg,..2,227 Jackson,..1,405 Maodvison, 106 Nimishillin,.2,587 Jefferson,. 27258 Wakoodin,.. 1,0692 Canton,..1,722 S___Jckont, 7,92 Canton,. 2,604 21,748 Lawr__ ence, 2.2292 PUTNAM. 14,529 Tnscarawas,.2,041 Van Buren,.172 9Pike... 1,447 Blanchard,. 1,395 SCIOTO. Sandy,..1,273 Riley,.. 849 ~~~Wayne,... 219 Sugar Creek,.1,743 Pleasant, 714 Portsmouth,..4,011 Jackson,. 1,512 Ottawa,.. 1,166 Harrison,.. 1,102 Perry and468 Liberty, 3.3 22 Bloom,.,4 as/n,6 Greensburg,.634 Porter,... 1,674 Bethlehem,.2,398 Union... 515 Green,..2,545 39,888 Sugar Creek,.550 Clay,... 872 Jennings, 557 Jefferson,. 840SUMT Perry,..262 Madison,... 1,367SUMT Monteray, 85 Vernon, iios5 Richfield,.1,262 - Washington,.. 706 Bath... 1,400 7,221 Morgan,.. 280 Copley,..1,541 Union,... 705 Northampton,.1,147 ROSS. Brush Creek,. 652 Boston,. 1,180 Scioto,. 1,588 Nile,... 1,003 Northfield,.1,474 Chillicotlhe,..7,098 Twinsburg,.1,281 Union,.. 2,666 18,729 Portage,..1,160 Deerfield,..1,315 Akron,. 3,226 Concord,.. 2,672 SENECA. Hudson,..1,457 Buckskin, 2,104 Reed,.. 1,494 Stow,. 1,702 Greene,. 1,995 Venice,..1,830 Talmad gee, 2.456 Colerain,..1,408 Thompson,.. 1,668 Coveatry,.1,300 Harrison,.. 878 Adams,..1,416 Springfield,..1,907 Springfield,..1,162 Bloom,... 1,743 Norton,. 1,346 Liberty,.. 1,126 Clinton,..1,668 Franklin,..1,674 Jefferson,.. 845 Tiffin,... 2,728 Green,. 1,928 Franklin,. 642 Jackson,.. 996 Huntington,..1,659 Pleasant,.. 1,592 27,481 Twin,.. 2,230 Big Spring,..1,932 Paxton,..1,556 Eden,.. 1,584 TRUMBULL. raint,. 1,123 Hopewell,..1,288 Hartford,. 1,258 Loudon,.. 1,781 Fowler,..1,089 32,084 Liberty,..1,400 Vienna,..1,007 CENSUS OF THE, UNITED STATES, 1850. 747 Bazetta, 1,302 Millford Centre,. 211 Warren,.'.1,462 Howland, 919 Allen,..979 Wesley,.1,561 Warren, 2,957 Dl~rby. 881 Watertown,.1,374 Braceville, 956 Jerome,..1,249 Roxbury,.1,098 Champion, 1,070 Mili Creek,.. 726 Marietta,.1,069 Southington, 1,013 - Marietta,.3,133 Farmington, 1,283 12,205 Mesopotamia, 959 29)512 Bloomfield, 789 VANWERT. Bristol, 1,124 Washington,.355 WAYNE. Kinsman, 1,005 Section Ten,. 402 Greene,.2,059 Vernon, 828 Willshire,.906 East Union,.1,940 Gustavus, 1,226 Wilishire,. 147 Wooster,. 1,283'Johnston, 1,099 Pleasant,..349 Wooster,.2,797 Mecca.... 872 Vanwert,.. 270 Wayne,.2,079 Greene, 959 Hoaglin,..125 Congress,.2,341 Newton, 1,678 Union,.84 Chester,.2,335 Lordstown, 1,3 79 Tully,. 242 Plain,. 2,375 Weathersfield, 1,717 Harrison,.. 513 Canaan,.1,923 Liberty, 1,328 Liberty,. 424 Clinton, 1,121 Hubbard, 1,272 Yor. 375 Franklin 1,450 Brookfield, 1,451 Ridge,..400 Paint,. 1,627 Jennings,.. 201 Sugar Creek,. 2,321 30,540 - Salt Creek,.1,670 TUSCAIIAWAS ~~~~~~~~~~~4,793 Chippewa,.2,637 TUSCARAWAS. Milton,. 1,360 Goshen, 1,482 VINTON. Baughman,.1,727 N. Philadelphia, 1,415 Elk, 7 1,221 ___ Lockport, 178 McArthurstown,. 424 33,045 Fairfield, 874 Brown,. 648 Oxford, 959 Clinton,.. 886 WILLIAMS. New Comerstown, 476 Vinton,.. 460 Centre,.882 Salem, 1,584 Richland,..1,193 St. Joseph,. 589 Port Washington, 269 Harrison,. 580 Pulaski,. 760 Mill, 934 Wilksville,..1,037 Springfield,. 782 Uricksville, 577 Eagle,. 476 Brady,.1,128 Union, 944 Jackson,.. 835 Jefferson,.1,016 Warren, 937 Swan,.. 1,154 Mill Creek,.408 New C'umberland, 203 North Brown,. 439 Madison, 225 Sandy.... 1,005!~uperior,.723 Sandyville, 223 9,353 Bridgewater,. 493 Lawrence, 917 Northwest,.343 Bolivar... 302 WARREN.Flrne. 69 Zoo.....249 Union,.. 1,712Flrne69 Sugar Creek, 1,018 Turtle Creek,.3,342 8,018 Shanesville, 382 Lebanon,.. 2,088 Wayne,.2,233 Deerfield,..1,863 WOOD..Strausburg, 109 Hamilton,.2,068 Webster,.237 York, 1,304 Salem,. 3,525 Weston,. 546 Auburn, 1,246 Washington,. 1,566 Middleton,.3.31 Bucks, 1,326 Clear Creek,'. 2,770 Washington, mm50 Jefferson, 1,058 Franklin,.. 2,544 Plain,.492 Warwick, 1,195 Wayne,..4,081 Centre,. 357 Dover.... 3,252 Portage,.405 Rush, 1,332 25,560 Bloom,. 659 Clay.... 1,261 IMilton, 244 Perry, 1,396 WASHINGTON. Henry,. 321. Washington, 1,092 Lawrence,.814 Jackson,.74 Newport,.. 1,42 7 Liberty,. 237 31,732 Grandview,. 1,154 Perrysburg,.581 Independence,. 728 Perry sburg,.1,199 UNION. Adams,. 1,293 Freedom,.454 Jackson, 436 Union,. 1,165 Troy,. 559 Claibourn, 919. Jolly,..1,014 Lake,.152 Leesburg, 701 Ludlow,..1,051 Montgomery,. 924 York.... 831 Waterford,.1,693 Perry,.889 Parlis, 982 Aurelius,..1,1251 M3arysville, 605 Barlow,. 1,062 9,165 Dover, 700 Salem,. 1,246 Liberty, 1,258 Liberty,.. 1,224 WYANDQT. Taylor, 400 Belpre,. 1,623 Marsailles,.539 Washington, 333 Fearing,. 1,254 Crane,. 761 Union, 994 Decatur,.. 807 Upper Sandusky, 783 748 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Mifflin,. 570 Pitt. 886 Tymochtee,... 1,817 Salem, 738 Richland, I. jM9 Crawford,.. 1,301 Edtn... 643 Ridge,.E ~ lj Jackson,... 395 Antrim, 756 Sycamore,.. 880 11,169 STATE OF MICHIGAN..4LLEC;AN. Battle Creek,. 1,897 Benton,. 344 Allegan, 752 Bedford,.747 Brookfield,. 255 Dorr... 124 Burlington, 811 Carmel,. 567 Fillmore, 527 Clarence,.485 Chester,. 380 Ganges, 246 Clarendon,.669 Delta.... 242Gunplain, 5 87 Convis,.621 Eaton,. 539 Leighton, 112 Eckford,..715 Eaton Rapids,. )2 Manlius, 82 Emmett,.1,582 Kalamo,. 429 Martin, 329 Fredonia,..623 Oneida,. 492 Monterey, 238 Homer,.929 Roxand,. 353 Newark, 246 Lee,. 381 Sunfield,. 122 Otsego, 818 Le Roy,.8 78 Vermontville,. 324 Pine Plains, 34 Marengo,.1,013 Walton,. 464 Trowbridge, 313 Marshall,.2,823 Windsor,. 253 Watson, 313 Newton,..569 Wayland, 406 Pennfield,.598 7.os8 Sheridan,.979 5,127 Tekonsha,.651 GENESEE. Argentine,. 436 BARRY. 19,169 Atlas,.1,207 Assyria, 336 Clayton,. 418 Barry,.. 478 CASS. Davison,. 367 Baltimore, 90 Calvin,. 624 East Genesee,. 844 Castleton, 324 Howard,.766 Fenton,. 873 Carlton, 272 Jefferson,. 887 Forest,. 179 Hope,.. 99 La Grange,.1,327 Flint.... 3,304 Hastings, 554 Mason,. 570 Flushing,. 708 Irving,.. 214 Marcellus,.222 Gaines,. 286 Johnstown, 451 Milton,. 610 Grand Blanc,. 1,165 Maple Grove, 153 Newburg,.388 Montrose,. 52 Orangeville, 364 Ontwa,. 781 Mundy,. 786 Prairieville, 5sT5 Penn,. 698 Richfield,... 482 Rutland,.177 Porter,.. 1,259 Thetford,. 303 Thornapple, 3,36 Pokagon,.994 Vienna,... 389 Woodland, 377 Silver Creek,.491 West Genesee,. 232 Yankee Springs, 292 Volinia, 607 Wayne,. 682 12,031 5)072 ~~~~10,906 HOUGHTON. BERRIEN. Eagle Harbor,. 126 Total of county, 11,417 CLINTON. Houghton,.. 546 Bath,. 222 L'Ance,. 126 BRANCH. Bengal,.143 Algansee, 609 Bingham,.185 798 Batavia, 724 Dallas,. 185 Bethel, 679 De Witt) 706 HURON Bronson, 713 Duplain,.419 Total of county,.207 Butler, 611 Eagle,. 521 California, 473 Essex,. 410 HILLSDALE. Coldwater, 2,166 Greenbush,.318 Adams,. 1,129 Girard,.. 934 Lebanon,.192 Allen.... 1,033 Gilead, 503 Olive,. 228 Amboy,. 252 Kinderhook, 356 Ovid,. 172 Camden,... 594 Mattison, 475 Riley,..191 Cambria,. 716 Noble,.. 451 Victor,. 277 Fayette,.. 895 Ovid, 710 Watertown,.315 Hillsdale,. 1,067 Quincy. 1,111 Westphalia,.618 Jefferson,.. 763 Sherwod, 686 Jonesville,. 565 Union,.. 1,271 5,102 Litchfield,..1,362 Moscow, 942 12,472 CHIPPEWA. Pittsford,...1,223 St. de Ste. Marie, 898 Ransom,. 549 CALHOUN. Reading,'.. 956.Albion, 1,666 EATON. Scipio,. 864 Athens,... 532 Bellevue,. 769 Somerset,.. 913 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES,' 1850. 749 Wheatland, 1,358 Charleston,.. 846 Tecumseh,...2,678 Woodbridge, 404 Kalamazoo, (village,) 2,507 Woodatock,. 949 Wrigh t, 574 Kalamazoo, (town,) 777 Os~htemo,..587 26,380 16,159 Pavilion,.495 Portage,..726 LIVINGSTON. INGIIAM. Prairie Ronide, 690 Brighton,. 1,015 Alaiedon, 377 Richland,.795 Conway,. 460 Aurelius, 501 Ross... 680 Deerfield,. 882 Bunker Hill, 374 Schoolcraft,.1,101 Genoa... 754 Delhi.... 402 Texas... 410 Green Oak,. 941 Ingham, 754 Wakeshena,.18Hartland,. 996 Lansing, 1,229 Howell,.. 1,155 Le Roy,. 254 13,179 Hamburg,. 895 Leslie.... 673 Handy,.. 484 Locke, 321 KENT. Josco,.. 645 Meredian, 367 Ada,..593 Marion,.. 873 Onondaga, 819 Algoma,.233 Osceola,.. 960 Phelpstown, 393 Alpine,..618 Putnam,.. 977 Stockbridge, 657 Bowne,. 220 Tuscola,.. 544 Vevay.... 783 Byron,. 309 Tyrone,.. 867 Wheatfield, 231 Cannon,. * 696 Unadilla,..1,027 White Oak, 508 Cascade,. 358 ___ Courtland,.406 13,475 8,643 Caledonia,.99 Gaines,.319 MACOMB. IONIA. G. Rapids, (city,) 2,646 Armada,.. 1,146 Berlin, 391 G. Rapids, (town,). 503. Bruce.... 1,555 Boston, 424 Grattan,. 648 Chesterfield, 1,002 Campbell, 40 Lowell,.234 Clinton,.2,130 Danhy, 262 Oakfleld,. 404 Erin,.. 974 Easton, 397 Paris... 521 Harrison,. 483 Ionia, 774 Plainfield,.659 Lenox,.. 654 Keene, 737 Sparta... 309 Macomb,. 757 Lyons.... 850 Vergennes,.876 Richmond,. 1,000 -North Plains, 292 Walker,.823 Ray... 1,232 Odessa,' 81 Wyoming,.543 Shelby,.. 1,482 Orange, 378 Sterling,. 876 Orleans, 491 12,01 7 Washington,. 1,541 Otisco, 1,018Warn70 Portland, 763 LAPEER. Warn. 70 Ronald, 452 Almont,. 1,452 15,532 Sebewa, 247 Attica... 462 Dryden,. 1,131 MACKINAC. 7,597 Elba... 255 Holmes, Hadley,. 846 Moran,'~ 3,597 JACKSON Imlay,...183 S.Inc, Columbia, 1,142 Lapeer,. 1,467 Concord, 984 Marathon,.205 MARQUETTE. Grass Lake, 1,281 Metamora,. 821Maqet13 Hanover, 931 Oregon, 204 arutt,. 3 Henrietta, 830 Jackson, 4,147 7,026 MONROE. Leoni, 1,290 Ash,. 1,229 Liberty, 891 LENAWE. Bedford,. 889 Napoleon, 1,208 Adrian,. 3,009, Dundee,. 1,239 Parma, 1,081 Blissfleld,.924 Erie... 1,144 Pulaski, 760 Cambridge,.974 Exeter,.. 458 Rives.... 518 Dover...1,223 Frenchtown,.1,242 Sandstone, 823 Fairfleld,. 1,327 Ida,. 345 Spring Arbor, 1,075 Franklin,.1,231 Lasalle,..1,100 Springport, 759 Hndson,. 1,544 *London,. 626 Tompkins, 62.3 Madison,.2,320 Milan... 642 Waterloo, 1,090 Medina,. 1,685 Monroe, (town,). 837 Macon, 1,030 Monroe, (city,) 2,89 19,433 Ogden,. 579 Raisinville,.. 967 Palmyra,.1,098 Summerfield,.. 472 KALAMAZOO. Raisin,. 1,267 W~hiteford,. 696 Alamo, 420 Ridgeway, 634 Brady.... 578 Riga,.208 14,695 Cooper, 733 Rollin,.1,080 Comstock) 1,202 Rome,. 1,528 MASON. Climax, 504 Seneca,.1,092 Mason,.. 93 750 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. MIDLAND. Taymnouth,.. 58 White Pigeon,.. 794 Midland,... 65 Tittabawassee,.341 MONTCALM. 2,609 1,1 Eureka,... 461 TUJSCOLA. Fairplain,... 229 SANILAC. Tuscola,... 291 Montcalm,.. 135 ~Lexington, 1,176 VAN BUREN. Bushnell,.. 66 Sanilac,.339 - Worth, 600 Almena,... 420 891 Huron. 207 Antwerp,... 614 Arlington,. 2 40 NEWAYGO. 2)322 Bloomingdale,. 160 Total of county,, 510 Columbia,.. 265 SCHOOLCRAFT. Decatur,... 386 OAKLAND. Grand Island,.16 Hamilton,.. 370 Addison,.924 Hartford,... 296 Avon,.. 1,456Keer.. 48 Bloomfield, 1,603 SIW SE. Lawrence,.. 510 Brandon,. 893 Antrim,..282 Lafayette,.. 1,145 Commerce, 1,428 Bennington,. 601 Pine Grove,... 62 Farmington. 1,844 Burns,. 717 Porter,.. 444 Groveland, 988 Caledonia,. 500 South Haven,.. 220 Highland,. 851 Hazleton,.26 Waverly,.. 186 Holley,.941 Middlebury,. 132 Independence,.2,279 N. Haven 150 5,804 Lyon,.1134 and Rush, Milford,.1,470 Owasso,. 392 WASHTENAW..Novi,.1,428 Perry,.313 Ann Arbor,.. 4,870 Oakland,. 978 Sciota. 191 Augusta,.. 808 Orion,.1,119 Shiawassee,. 810 Bridgewater,.. 1,148 Oxford,.1,019 Venice,. 186 Dexter, Y 1,435 Pontiac,.2,819 Vro,..64Freedom,.. 1,214 Rose... 886 Woodhull,. 259 Lynd.on,.. 901 Royal Oak, 1,092 Lodi,.. 1,234 Southifield,.1,658 5,233 Lima... 912 Springfield, 956 Manchester,.. 1,274 Troy... 1,426 ST. CLAIR. Northfield,..1,116 Waterford, 1,085 Berlin,. 533 Pittsfield,.. 1,232 White Lake,. 905 Brockway,. 252 Saline... 1,631 West Bloomfield, 1,085 Burchville,.472 Salem,... 1,343 Casco,.134 Scio... 1,195 31,267 China,. 1,037 Sharon,..869 Clay. ~~~~~~821 Superior,...1,127 OTTOWA. Co 1lYUm nb us,.377 Sylvan,.. 924 Allendale, 168 Cottrelville,.. 913 Webster,... 924 Chester,. 216' Clyde,. 691 York,... 1,360 Crockery, 247 Ira,.597 Ypsilanti,..3,'052 Georgetown, 196 Lyn,. 5 5 Holland,.1,829 Pt. Huron, (village,) 1,584 28,569 Jamestown,. 72 Pt. Huron, (town,) 717 Muskegon, 484 Riley,.311 WAYNE. Ottawa,. 430 St. Clair,. 1,728 Brownstown,.. 1,047 Polkton,.268 Wales,.189 Canton,..1,333 Ravenna,. 77 Detroit City,.. 21,028 Spring Lake, 545 10,411 Dearborn,..1,385 Tallmadge.. 534 Ecorse,.. 653 Wright,.521 ST. JOSEPH. Greenfield,..1,674 Burr Oak,.658 Grosse Point,.. 1,392 Oen, OCEAINA. 5,587 Colon,.847 huron. 482 Constantine,.. 1,494 Hamtramck,.. 1,628 Oceana, ~ 300 Fawn River,.. 473 Livonia,..1,375 Fabius,.. 504 Monguagon,.. 984 ONTONAGON. ~~~Florence,. 732 Nankin, 1,61 Ontonagon,.. 389 Flowerfield, 563 Plymouth,.. 2,431 Leonidas,.. 858 Redford,..1,645 Lockport,.. 1,143 Springwells,.. 1,263 SAGINAW. Mendon,.. 860 Sumpter, Bridgeport,.. 374 Mottville,.. 610 Taylor,288 Buena Vista,.. 251 Nottawa,..1,165 Romulus,.2,8 Hampton,.. 546 Park,.. 823 Van Buren,~ Northampton,.. 122 Sherman,.. 354 Saginaw,... 917 Sturgis,. 839 42,765 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 751 STATE OF WISCONSIN. ADAMS. District No. 37,. 3,845 GREEN. Total of county,. 187 District No. 144,.. 3,438 Adams,.. 275 - Albany,.. 546 BROWN. 16,7654 Brooklyn,.531 Depere,... 798 Cady... 459 Elington,... 64 DODGE. Clarion,..714' Grand Chute,.. 630 Beaver Dam,.. 1,830 Decatur,.. 558 Green Bay, \. 1,932 Burnette,... 816!Exeter,..450 Greenville,.. 104 Calumus,... 413 Jefferson,.. 692 Hortona,... 192 Chester,.. 829 Jordan,. 389 Howard,.. 588 Clyman,.. 735 Monroe,. 1,146 Kaukaulin,.. 689 Emmet,.. 1,207 Mount Pleasant, 579 Lansing,... 209 Elba,.. 1,548 New Glanis,.. 321 Lawrence,.. 252 Fairfield,...1,143 Spring Prairie, 703 Marietta,.. 245 Leban on,... 1,03 1 Sylvester,.. 712 Pittsfield,.. 198 Leroy. 397 York,. 191 Sewamico,.. 171 Lowell, 834 Washington,. 317 Washington,.171 Lomyra,... 653 Portland,.. 523 8,583 6,222 Shields,.. 590 CALUMET. Trenton,... 997 JEFFERSON. Total of county, 1,745Waushara,... 856 Aztalan,..429 Totl o conty 1145Ashipun, Id Concord,.. 705 CHIPPEWA. Hermon, I Coldspring,. 568 Total of county,. 615 Hubbard,'~Farmington,. 736 Hustisford, ~.Hebron,. 640 COLUMBIA. Rubicon, I Ixonia,..1,113 Columbus,.. 960 Theresa,'~Jefferson,. 1,610 Dekora,.. 661Williamstown, J Koshkonong,.1,512 Fountain Prairie, 420 Lake Mills,.884 Fort Winnebago,.. 462 Total, per est. of U. S. M., 19,140 Milford,.. 728 Hampden,.. 439 Oakland,. 806 Kossuth, 394.FOND DU LAC. Palmyra,.. 997 Lodi,... 308 Alto,.. 630 Sullivan,..872 Lowville,... 297 Ashford,... 546 Waterloo,.. 831 Marcellon,.. Auburn,.. 336 Watertown,.1,327 Otsego,... 420 Byron,.882 Watertown Village,.1,561 Portage Prairie,. 455 Calumet,.. 1,764 Port Hope,... 603 Ceresco,..1,337 15,33,9 Randolph,.. 618 Eden,... 840 Scott... 395 Eldorada.'504 KENOSHA. Springville,.. 471 Forest,... 1,218 Brighton,.810 West Point,... 197 Fond du Lac,..2,016 Bristol,..1,225 Wyocena,.. 506 Friendship,.. 415 Kenosha,..3,460 Fall River Village,. 126 Lamartine,... 588 Paris... 947 Fort Winnebago,. 1,180 Metomen,.. 756 Pike,..680 Pardeeville, go. 9 Oakfield,.. 588 Pleasant Prairie,. 959 Rosendale,.. 714 Salem,..1,123 9,565 Springville,.. 588 Soutliport,.. 363 Taychedah,.. 798 Wheatland,.1,193 CRAWFORD. Waupun,.. 882 Bad Axe,.. 630,l0,730 Black River,.. 462 14,512 Prairie du Chien,. 1,407 LA POINTE. ______ ~~~GRANT. La Pointe Village, 487 2,399 Total of county,. 16,169 Bad Axe,.. 10 Fond du Lac,.16 DANE. IOWA. Albion,.. 821 Arena,.. 402 595 Blooming Grove,.. 291 Clyde,.319 Cott age Grove,. 1,022 Dodgeville,.. 2,118 LA FAYETTE Christianna,.. 785 Highland,..1,185 Argyle,.495 Dunn,... 288 Lima,.. 99.5 Belmont,.. 326 Deerfield,... 630 Miflin. 640 Benton,..2,227 Greenfield,.. 598 Mineral Point,. 2,584 Centre,.. 591 Madison,...1,871 Ridgeway,.. 704 Elkhorn,. 614 Oregon,... 638 Waldritch,.. 423 Fayette,.. 753 Pleasant Spring,.. 732 Wyoming,.. 206 Gratiot,..494 Rutland,. 759 - Kendall,.. 333 Stoughton Village,. 70 9,576 Monticello,.1.68 752 CENSUS, OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. New Diggins,..1,742 RICHLAND. Geneva,.. 1,533 Shullsburg,. 1,672 Total of county, 963 Hudson,...1,273 Wayne,. 336 La Fayette,.. 1,008 White Oak Springs, 482 ROCK. La Grange,. 966 Wiota.. -711 Avon, 558 Linn,. 805 Willow Springs, 606.Beloit,.. 2,730 Richmond,' 756 Bradford, 703 Spring Prairie,. 1,344 11,556 Centre,.. 625 Sugar Creek,..1,229 Clinton, 1,176 Sharon,..1,169 MANITOWOC. Fulton, 828 Troy,.1,072 Cooperstowvn,.. 84- Harmony, 840 Walworth,.987 Centreville,.. 210 Janesville, 3,419 Whitewater,.1,252 Manitowoc,.. 766 Johnstown, 1,571 Manitowoc Rapids,. 966 La Prairie, 378 17,866 Meme,... 210 Lima, 839 Newton,... 522 Magnolia, 673 WASHINGTON. Two Rivers,.. 924 Milton, 1,032 Addisoh,..1,092 Porter,.. 881 Belgium,.1,154 3,712 Plymouth, 511 Cedersburg,.1,134 Rock,.. 553 Erin. 840 MARATHON. Newark, 798 Farmington,.504 Wausan, 466 Spring Valley,.. 766 Fredonia,. 672 Turtle,. 966 Grafton,.. 626 Union,. 1,050 Germantown,..1,722 MARQiUETTE.- Ha'rtford,.. 1,008 Albany, 494 20,717 Jackson,..1,038 Buffalo,. 565 Mequon,.. 2,148 Brooklyn, 505 ST. CROIX. North Bend,... 672 Berlin,.. 1,052 St. Croix Falls, 165 Poik,... 1,344 Green Lake, 725 Osceola,. 84 Port Washington,.1,373 Kingston, 336 Buena Vista,.248 Richfield,.. 869 Mackford, 549 Month of St. Croix,. 169 Saukville,...1,796 Marquette, 246 - Wayne,... 714 Middleton, 359 666 West Bend,... 672 Pleasant Prairie,. ~ 536 Indian Lands,. 2,865 SAUK. 1,7 Adams,. 504 1,7 8,642 Baraboo Village,. 252 WAUKESHA. Baraboo Town, 462 Brookfield,.1,939 MILWAUKEE. Brooklyn,. 420 Delafield,.. 1,134 Franklin,.. 1,246 Eagle,. 340 Eagle,. 816 Granville,. 1,739 Flora,.252 Genesee,.. 1,290 Greenfield,. 1,894 Kingston,.420 Lisbon,..1,050 Lake... 1,474 Honey Creek,. 336 Menominee,.. 1,340 Oak Creek,. 1,289 ~Lyons,.84 Merton, 1,763 Milwaukee,.. 1,364 Manchester,. 84 Muckwonago,. 1,094 Milwaukee City, 20,061 New Buffalo,.210 Muskego,..1,111 Wauwatosa,.. 2,056 Prairie du Sac,. 168 New Berlin,. 1,293 Prairie dii Sac Village, 630 Oconomowoc,.1,218 3114Westfield,. 210 Ottowa,. 793 31,124 ~~~~~Pewaukee,! 1,093 PORTAGE. 432Sm It. 1,008 Grand Rapids,.343 SHIEBOYGAN. Vernon,889 Plover...462 Abbott, Waukesha,. 2,314 Stevens Point,.462 Green Bush, 19,324 127Howard, 127Holland, WINNEBAGO. Lima, IAlgoma,.. 702 RACINE. Lynden, 8,386 Bloomingdale,. 909 Burlington,. 1,640 Plymouth, IClayton,. 402 Caledonia,.. 1,065 Scott, INeenah,. 1,520 Dover,..840 Sheboygan, Nekima,..910 Norway,.. 870 Shehoygan Falls, Nepesakin,. 361 Racine,..777. Wilson, JRushford,.514 Racine City,. 5,103 Utica... 630 Raymond,.820 WALWORTHI. Vinland,-. 756 Rochester,.. 1,672 Bloomfield,.879 Winnebago,.. 1,627 Yorkville,.997 Darien,.1,013 Winneconua, 1,948 Delavan,.. 1,260 14,971 East Troy,.1,1318 19,179 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 753 STATE OF INDIANA.* Adams, 5,774 Hendricks, 14,077 Porter, 5,250 Allen,.. 16,921 Henry,.17,668 Posey, 12,367 Bartholomew, 12,832 Howard, 6,667 Pulaski, 2,595 Benton,.1,144 Huntington, 7,850 Putnam, 18,612 B~lackford, 2,864 Jackson, 11,030 Randolph, 14,694 Boone,.11,629 Jasper,.3,424 Ripley, 14,822 Brown, 4,846 Jay,. 7,051 Rush, 16,445 Carrol,.11,025 Jefferson, 23,931 Scott,.. 5,889 Cass, 10,922 Jennings....12,541 Shelby, 15,446 Clark,.. 15,83 6 Johnson,.12,228 Spencer, 8,664 Clay 8,134 Knox,.. 11,086 Steuben, 6,107 Clinton,.11,871 Kosciusko,.10,243 St. Joseph, 10,955 Crawford, 6,318 Lagrange, 8,424 Sullivan, 10,163 Daviess,.10,354 Lake,.3,991 Switzerland, 12,953 Dearborn, 20,165 Laporte, 12,169 Starke, 558 Decatur,. 15,100 Lawrence, 12,210 Tippecanoe, 19,269 De Kalb,.8,257 Madison, 12,497 Tipton, 3,534 Delaware,. 10,976 Marion,. 24,289 Union, 6,881 Dubois,...6,230 Marshall, 5,348 Vanderburg, 11,415 Elkhart,.12,903 Martin,.5,955 Vermillion, 8,'601 Fayette,.10,140 Miami, 11,349 Yio'o, 14,693 Floyd... 14,876 Monroe,.1 1,283 Wabash, 12,109 Fountain, 13,260 Montgomery, 18,227 Warren, 7,423 Franklin,.17,914 Morgan,.14,654 Warrick, 8,822 Fultzon, 5,864 Noble, 7,948 Washington, 17,088 Gibson,.10,782 Ohio,.5,310 Wayne, 25,900 Grant, 11,092 Orange, 10,818 Welils, 6,152 Greene,.12,247 Owen,.12,040 White, 4.760 Hamilton, 12,686 Parke,.. 15,049 Whitley 5,190 Hancock,.9,714 Perry,.7,251 Harrison,.. 15,538 Pike,.8,599 990,258 STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. EASTERN DISTRICT. IWESTERN DISTRICT. Jefferson,' 13,518 Adams,.25,981 Alleghany,..138,290 Juniata,...13,029 Berks....77,~~~129 Armstrong,..29,560 Lawrence,.. 21,079 Bucks,.56,091 Beaver,.. 26,689 Lucerne,...56,072 Carbon, 15,686 Bedford,. 23,052 Lycoming,.. 26,257 Chester,.66,438 Blair,.. 21,777 Mercer,..33,'172 Cumberland, 34,327 Bradford,...42,831 Mufflin,... 14,980 Dauphin,.35,754 Butler,... 30,346 Montour,...13,239 Delaware, 24,679 Cambria,...17,77.3 Mckean,... 5,254 Franklin,.39,904 Centre,.. 23,-355 Northumberland,.. 23,272 Lancaster, 98,944; Clarion,...23,565 Potter,... 6,048 Lebanon,. 26,071 Clearfield,.. 12,586 Somerset,...24,416 Lehigh, 32,479 Clinton,..11,207 Sullivan,... 3,694 Monroe,.13,270 Columbia,.. 17,710 Susquehanna,..28,688 Montgomery, 58,291 Crawford,...37,849 Tioga,... 23,987 Northampton, 40,235 Elk,.. 3,531 Union,...26,083 Perry,.. 20,088 Erie,..38,742 Vanango,.. 18,310 Philadelphia, 408,782 Fayette,.. 39,112 Warren,...13,671 Pike... 5,881 Fulton,..7,567 Washington,.. 44,939 Schuylkill,'60,713 Greene,.. 22,136 Westmoreland,..51,726 Wayne, 21,890 Huntingdon,..24,786 Wyomning,.. 10,655 Y-ork,.57,4.50 Indiana., 27,170 1,091,723 1,220,063 STATE OF DELAWARE. Kent, 22,816 Sussex,.. 25,935. New Castle,.. 42,784 91,535 *In this and the following states, the populatio is given by counties. 95 754 ~~CENSUS OF THE UNITED. STATES, 1850. STATE OF MARYLAND. WESTERN SHORE. Montgomery,.. 15,860 Cecil,.18,939 Alleghany,.. 22,7169 Prince George's,..21,550 Dorchester, 18,877 Anne Arundel,..32,393 St. Mary's,.. 13,698 Kent,.12,386 Baltimore,..210,646 Washington,..30,848 Queen Anne's, 14,484 Calvert,...9,646 -Somerset,..22,456 Carroll,... 20,616 454,531 Talbot,... 13,811 Charles,...16,162 Worcester,...18,859 Frederick,.. 40,987 EASTERN SHORE. - Harford,...19,356 Caroline,... 9,692 128,504 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. Washington,.40,001 Country prs3,320 Georgetown,.8,366 51)687 STATE OF VIRGINIA. EASTERN VIRGINIA. Norfolk Co., 10,084 Hancock, 4,050 Accomac,.. 17,890 Northampton, 7,498 Hardy,.9,543 Albemarle,...25,800 Northumberland, 7,346 Harrison, 11,728 Alexandria,.. 10,008 Nottoway, 8,437 Highland, 3,227 Amelia,..9,770 Orange, 10,007 Jackson, 6,544 Amherst,.. 12,699 Patrick, 9,609 Jefferson, 15,357 Appomattox,..9,193 Pittsylvania, 28,796 Kanawha, 15,353 Bedford,... 24,080 Portsmouth, 8,626 Lee,.. 10,267 Brunswick,..13,894 Powhattan, 8,178 Lewiss,.. 10,03 1 Buckingham,.. 13,837 Prince Edward, 11,857 Logan,.3,620 Campbell,...23245 Prince George, 7,596 Marion, 10,552 Caroline,.. 18,456 Prince William, 8,129 Mar-shall, 10.138 Charles City,..5,200 Princess Ann, 7,669 Mason, 7,539 Charlotte,.. 13,955 Rappahannock, 9, 782 Mercer,.4,222 Chesterfield,..17,486 Richmond City, 27,482 Monongahela, 12,387 Culpepper,.. 12,282 Richmond Co., 6,448 Monroe,. 10,204 Cumberland,..9,751 Southampton, 13,521 Montgomery, 8,359 Dinwiddie,.. 25,706 Spottsylvania, 14,911 Morgan,.3,557 Elizabeth City,..4,586 Stafford, 8,044 Nicholas....,963 Essex,.. 10,206 Surry... 5,679 Ohio,.18,008 Fairfax,. 10,682 Sussex, 9,820 Page,...,600 Fauquier,.. 20,868 Warwick, 1,282 Pendleton, 5.805 Fluvanna,..9,487 Westmoreland, 7,080 Pocahontas, 3,598 Franklin,.. 17, 43 0 York,.4.460 Preston,.11,688 Gloucester,. 10,527 Pulaski, 5,118 Goochland,. 10,352 856,698 Putnam,.5,335 Green,.4,400 Raleigh, 1,765 Greensville,.. 5,639 WESTERN VIRGINIA. Randolph, 5,243 Halifax,...25,972 Alleghany, 3,515 Ritchie, 3,902 Hanover,.. 15,153 Augusta, 24,610 Roanoke,. 8,477 Henrico,..15,955 Barbour, 9,005 Rockbridge, 16,045 Henry,.. 8,872 Bath... 3,426 Rockingham, 20,204 James City,..4,020 Berkeley 11,761 Russell, 11,919 Isle of Wight,.. 9,353 Boone, 3,237 Scott,.9.829 King and Queen, 10,319 Botetourt, 14,908 Shenandoah, 13,7168.King George,.. 5,972 Braxton, 4,212 Smythe,. 8,062 King William,..8,419 Brooke, 5,044 Tazewell, 9,942 Lancaster,.. 4,708 Cabell, 6,299 Taylor,.5,267 London,..22,076 Carroll, 5,909 Tyler,.5,498 Louisa,... 16,691 Clarke, 7,352 Warren,.6,607 Lunenburg,..11,692 Doddridge, 2,750 Washington, 14,612 Madison,.. 9,331 Fayette, 3,955 Wayne,.4,850 Mathewvs,..6,714 Floyd, 6,448 Wetzel, 4,284 Mechlenburg,.. 20,597 Frederid, 15,975 Wirt,.3,353 Middlesex,..4,394 Giles, 6,570 Wood, 9,450 Nansemond,.. 12,283 Gilmer, 3,475 Wyoming, 1,645 Nelson,..13,258 Grayson, 6,977 Wythe, 12,024 New Kent,.. 6,064 Greenbrier, 10,022 Norfolk City,..14,320 Hampshire, 14,036 564,963 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 755 STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. Alamance, 11,444 Edgecomb, 17,189 O nslow, 8,283 Alexander,.5,220 Franklin, 11,713 Orange, 17,255 Anson, 14,489 Forsyth, 11,168 Pasquotank, 9,950 Ashe... 8777 Gates, 8,436 Perquimans, 7,331 Beaufort, 13,816 Granville, 21,249 Person, 10,781 Bertie,.12,851 Green,...619 Pitt,.. 13,397 Bladen, 9,767 Guilfordd,. 19,73 9 Randolph, 15,832 Brunswick,.7,272 Gastan, 8,073 Richmond, 9,618 Buncombe, 13,425 Halifax, 16,589 Rowan, 13,870 Burke,.7,772 Haywood, 6,364 Robeson, 12,826 Caharras, 9,847 Hertford, 8,142 Rockingham, 14,495 Caldwell,.6,317 Hyde, 7,636 Rutherford, 13,550 Camden, 6,049 Henderson, 6,853 Sampson, 14,585 Carteret,.6,803 Iredell, 15,019 Stokes, 9,106 Caswell, 15,269 Johnston, 13,726 Surry, 18,443 Catawba,.8,862 Jones, 5,038 Stanley, 6,922 Chatham, 18,449 Lenoir, 7,828 Tyrrell, 5,028 Chowan,.6,713 Lincoln, 7,756 Union, 9,997 Cleaveland, 10,383 Martin, 8,307 Wake, 24,887 Columbus,. 5,909 McDowell, 6,246 Warren, 13,912 Craven, 14,709 Mecklenburg, 13,914 Washington, 5,766 Cumberland,.20,610 Montgomery, 6,872 Watauga, 3,400 Currituck, 7,236 Moore, 9,342 Wayne, 13,486 Cherokee,.6,838 Macon, 6,489 Wilkes, 12,109 Davidson, 15,320 Nash,.. 10,657 Yancy, 8,205 Davie... 7,866 New Hanover, 17,668 Duplin, 13,514 Northampton, 13,345 868,072 STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Abbeville,.. 32,318 Fairfield,.. 21,404 Newbury,,. 20,143 Anderson,...21,475 Georgetown,. 20,647 Orangpburg,..23,582 Barnwell,.. 26,608 Greenville,.. 20,156 Pickens,... 16,904 Beaufort,..38,805 Horry,...7,646 Richland,..20,243 Charleston,. 72,805 Kershaw,. 14,473 Spartanburg,.. 26,400 Chester,...18,038 Lancaster,..10,988 Sum pter,...33,220 Chesterfield,.. 10,790 Laurens,... 23,407 Union,... 19,852 Colleton,...39,505 Lexington,.. 12,930 Williamsburg,..12,447 Darlington,.. 16,830 Marion,... 17,407 York,... 19,433 Edgefleld,...39,262 Marlboro',..10,789 668,507 STATE OF GEORGIA. Appling....,949 Dooly, 8.. 8361 Jasper,.16,486 Baker,.. 8,120 Early,.. 7,246 Jones,.. 10,224 Baldwin, 8,148 Effingham,..3,864 Jefferson, 9,131 Bibb,.. 12,699 Elbert,. 12,959 Laurens, 6,442 Br yan, 3,424 Emanuel,..4,577 Lee,.6,659 Bullock, 4,300 Fayette,.. 8,709 Liberty, 7,926 Burke, 16,100 Floyd,. 8,205 Lincoln,.5,998 Botts,.. 6,488 Forsyth,.. 8,850 Lowndes, 8,351 Camden, 6,319 Franklin,..11,513 Lumpkin, 8,954 Campbell, 7,232 Gilmer,. 8,440 Macon, 7,052 Carroll, 9,357 Glynn,. 4,933 Madison,.5,703 Cass,.. 13,300 Gordon,.. 5,984 Marion, 10,180 Chatham, 23,901 Greene,..13,068 McIntosh, 6,028 Chatooga, 6,815 Gwinnett,.. 11,257 Meriwether, 161,486 Cherokee, 12,800 Habersham,.. 8,895 Monroe,. 16,985 Clark,.. 11,119 Hall,.. 8,71.3 Montgomery, 2,154 Cohb, 13,843 Hancock,...11,578 Morgan,.10,744 Columbia, 11,961 Harris,.. 14,721 Murray, 14,443 Coweta, 13,635 Heard,.. 6,923 Muscogee, 18,578 Crawford, 8,984 Henry,... 14,726 Newton, 13,296 Dade, 2,680 Houston,...16,450 Oglethorpe, 12,259 Decatur, 8,262 Irwin,... 3,334 Paulding, 7,039 De Kalb, 14,328 Jackson,,6 Pike,.14,305 756 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Pulaski,...6,629 Taliaferro,..5,146 Walton,...10,821 Putnam,...10,794 Tatnail,..3,227 Ware,...3,888 Rabun,...2,448 Telfair,...3,026 Warren,..12,425 Randolph,.. 12,868Thomas, 10,103 Washington,'..176 Richmond,...16,246 Troap,...16,879 Wayne,...1,499 Striven,...6,847 Twicggs,...8,179 Wilkinson,..8,212 Stewart, 16,027 Union,...7,234 Wilkes,...12,107 Sumter,...10,322 Upson, 9~2 Talbot,...16,534 Walker,. 3..3109 905,999 STATE OF FLORIDA. WESTERN FLORIDA. Hamilton,...2,469 Ltpvi,...465 Calhoun,...1,377 Jefferson,..7,7i18 Marion,...3,338 Escambia,...4,351 Leon,....11,442 Nassau,...2,164 Franklin,...1,561 Madison,...5,490 Orange,...466 Holmes) 1,644 Wakulla,...1,955 Putnam,...687 Jackson,...6,639: St. John,...2,525 Santa Rosa,..2,883 37,857 St. Lucie,...139 Walton,...1,379 Washington,. 1,950 EASTERN FLORIDA. 24,958 Alachna,...2,524 21,784 Benton,...926 SOUTHERN FLORIDA. Columbia,..4,808 Dade,...159 MIDDLE FLORIDA. Duval,...4,539 Monroe, 2,643 Gadsden,...8,783 Hillsboro',. 2,377 2,802 STATE OF ALABAMA. SOUTHERN ALABAMA. Mobile,...27,600 Blount,...7,367 Antauga,...15,023 Monroe,...12,013 Cherokee,..13,884 Baldwin,. 44,14 Montgomery,..29,795 De Kalb,...8,245 Barbour,...23,632 Pike,....15,920 Fayette,...9,681 Bibb,...9,969 Pickens,...~21,512 Franklin,...19,7610 Butler,...10,836 Perry,...22,285 Hancock,..1,542 Chambers,..23,960 Randolph,..11,581 Jackson,...14,088 Choctaw,...8,389 Russel,...19,548 Jefferson,..8,989 Clarke,...9,786 Shelby,...9,536 Lauderdale,..17,172 Coffee,...5,940 Sumter,...22,250 Lawrence,..15,258 Conecuh,..9,322 Talladega,..18,624 Limestone,...16,483 Coosa,.. 14,543 Tallapoosa,. 15,584 Madison,. 26,427 Covington,..3:645 Tuscaloosa,..18,056 Marion,...7,833 Dale,...6,346 Wilcox,...17,352 Marshall,..8,846 Dallas,...29,727 Washington,..27713 Morgan,...10,125 Greene,...31,441 St. Clair,...6,829 Henry,...9,019 557,005 Walker,... 5,124 Iowndes,...21,915 - Macon,...26,898 NORTHERN ALABAMA. 214,666 Marengo,...27,831 Benton,...17,163 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. NORTHERN MISSISSIPPI. Panola,...11,444 Claiborne,..14,941 Attala,...10,999 Pontotoc,...17,112 Clark,...5,477 Bolivar,..2,577 Sun Flower,..1;102 Copiah,...11,794 Carroll,..18,4.91 Tallahatchee,. 4%643 Covington,...3,338 Chickasaw,...16,368 Tippah,.. 20)741 Franklin,...5,904 Choctaw,..11,402 Tishemingo,. 15,490 Green,...2,018 Coahoma,...2,780 Tunica,...1,314 Hancock,..3,672 De Soto,...19,042 Winston,...7,956 Harrison,...41875 Itawamba, 13,528 Yallabusha,..17,258 Hinds,...25,340 Lafayette,..14,069 Holmes,...13,928 Lowndes,..19,544 302,191 Issaquena,..4,478 Marshall,...29.689 Jackson,...3,196 Monroe,...21,172 SOUTHERN MISSISSIPPI. Jasper,...6,184 NRoxubee,...16,208 Adams,...18,622 Jefferson,...13,193 Oktibbeha,...9,1171 AmitY,...9,696 Jones,...2,164 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 757 Kemper,... 12,517 Newton, 4,565 Warren,... 18,1211 Lauderdale,.. 8,717 Perry,.. 2,438 Washington,.. 8,389 Lawrence,... 6,478 Pike, 7,360 Wayne,... 2,892 Leake,... 5,533 Rankin, 7,227 Wilkinson,.. 16,914 Madison,...18,173 Scott, 3,961',Yazoo,...14,418 Marion,... 4,410 Simpson, 4,734 Nesho ba,.. 4,728 Smith, 4,072 304,364 STATE OF LOUISIANA. EASTERN DISTRICT. St. John Baptist,..7,317 De Soto,... 8,019 Ascension,.. 10,752 St. Tammany,.. 6,364 Franklin,...3,251 Assumption,..10,538 Terre Bonne,..,724 Jackson,... 5,566 Baton Rouge, East,. 11,979 Washington,.. 3,408 La Fayette,..6,720 Baton Rouge, West,.6,270 Madison,... 8,773 Feliciana, East,. 13.598 304,187 Morehouse,...3,913 Feliciana, West,..12,245 Nachitoches,. 14,201 Iberville,... 12,214 WESTERN DISTRICT. Rapides,...16,561 Jefferso~n,...25,7091 Avoyelles,.. 9,326 Sabine,.. 4, 515 La Fouche,.. 9,533 Bienville,..5,539 St. Landry,... 22,253 Livingston,...3,385 Bossier, 6,962 St. Martin, 11,107 Orleans,...119,461 Caddo,. 8,884 St. Mary,...8,808 Plaquemines,..7,390 Calcasieu,.. 3,914 Tensas, 9,04? Point Coupee,.. 11,339 Caldwell, 2.. 2815 Union,...8,20 St. Bernard, 3.3802 Carroll,..8,789 Vermillion,.. 3,409 St. Charles,.. 5,120 Catahoula,..6,982 Wachita,..5,008 St. Helena, 4.. 4561 Claiborne,.. 7,471 St. James, 11,098 Concordia,..7,758 207,787 STATE OF TEXAS. Anderson,.. 4,240 Gonzales,.. 2,815 Nueces,... 698 Angelina,..1,334 Grayson,..1,562 Orange, Austin,.. 3,939 Grimes,... 4,304 Panola,...3,876 Bastrop,..3,503 Guadalupe,..1,979 Polk,... 2,209 Bexa r,... 7,023 Goliad,.. 648 Presidio, Bowie,..3,439 Harris,..5,386 Red River, 3,926 Brazoria, 5,350 Hays,... 525 Rifugio,.417 Braz oss, 632 Harrison,..11,034 ]Robertson,.1,788 Burleson,.. 2,350 Hopkins,.. 2,755 Rusk,. 8,148 Burnett,. Houston,..2,653 Sabine, 2,201 Beel,. Hunt,... 1,770 San Augustine, 3,588 Caldwell,..1,561 Henderson,..1,2,37 San Patricio, 199 Calhoun,,1., 3 8 Hidalgo,. Starr,.. 1,969 Cass,.4,888 Jackson,...1,026 Shelby,.5,012 Cherokee,. 8,505 Jasper,.. 2,103 Smith,.5,546 Collin,..2,250 Jefferson, 1. 1,942 Tarrant,... 680 Colorado,. 2,477 Kaufman,.. 1,409 Travis, 5,985 Comal, 1,607 Kinney,. Titus, 3,636 Cook,.436 Lamar,.. 4,621 Trinity, Dacameron, 6.000 Lavacca, 1 1546 Tyler, 1,853 Dallas,.. 3,112 Leon,.. 1,537 Upshur,...3,947 Denton,... 655 Liberty,..3,327 Uvalde, Dewitt,.. 1,716 Limestone,.. 2,608 Van Zandt,... 441 Ellis,.986 Matagorda,..2,364 Victoria,... 1,851 Fannin,.. 3,487 MeClellen,.. 1,568 Walker,...4,954 Fayette,..5,880 Medina,.. 549 Washington,.. 7,841 Fort Bend,.. 2,710 Milam,.. 1,180 Wharton,...1,772 Falls,.Montgomery,..2,268 Williams on,.. 1,918 Freestone,..Nacogdoches,.. 5,673 Wood,..1,034 Galveston,...5,062 Navaro,..2657 Webb,. Gilaspie,... 1,245 Newton,.. 1,655 240,810 STATE OF ARKANSAS. Arkansas,.. 3,120 Bradley,.. 3,829 Clark,.. 4,011 Ashley,.. 2,058 Carroll,.. 4,614 Coward,... 3,9583 Benton,.. 3,7 1 0 Chicot,.. 5,115 Crawford,.. 79960 758 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES. 1850. Crittenden, 2648 Laurence, 5,271 Prairie, 2,097 Dallas, 6,877 Madison, 4,823 Pulaski, 5,658 Desha, 2,920 Marion, 2,302 Randolph, 3,275 Drew, 3,278 Mississippi, 2,368 Sabine, 3,901 Franklin, 3,500 Monroe, 1,654 St. Francis, 4,479 Fulton, 1,819 Montgomery, 1,948 Scott,.. 3,083 Green... 2,593 Newton, 1,758 Searcy, 1,979 Hem pstead, 7,672 Ouachita, 9,591 Servier, 3,453 Hot Springs, 3,609 Perry,. 9 78 Tell, 3,341 Independence, 7,767 Philips, 6,925 Union, 10,298 Izard, 3,212 Pike, 1,861 -Van Buren, 2,864 Jackson,... 3,036 Poinsett,. 2,1308 Washington,.. 9,970 Jefferson,... 5,834 Polk, 1,263 White,) 2,460 Johnson,... 5,227 Pope,.4,710 Lafayette,..5,220 209,639 STATE OF TENNESSEE. EASTERN TENNESSEE. MIDDLE TENNESSEE. White,. 11,444 Anderson, 6,938 Bedford,.. 21,512'Williamson,.27.201 Bledsoe, 5,959 Cannon,.. 8,982 Wilson,. 27,444 Blount,, 12,382 Coffee,. 8,351 Bradley, 12,259 Davidson,. 38,881 477,359 Campbell, 6,068 Dickson,. 8,004 Carter, 6,296 De Kalb,.. 8.016 Claiborne, 9,369 Fentress, 4, WSTRNTN5SSE Cocke, 8,300 Franklin,. 13,768 Benton,. 6,315 Grang-er, 12,370 Giles,.. 25,949 Carroll,.15,967 Green,.. 17,824 Grundy,.. 2,773 Decatur,. 6, 003 Hamilton, 10,075 Hickman,.. 9,397 Dyer... 6,361 Hancock, 5,660 Humphreys,.6,422 Fayette,. 26,719 Hawkins, 13,370 Jackson,.. 15,673 Gibson,. 19,548 Jefferson,...13,204 Lawrence,.. 9,280 Henderson, 13,164 Johnson,... 3,705 Lewis,...4,438 Haywood, 17,259 Knox,.. 18,755 Lincoln,.. 23,492 Hardemnan, 17,456. Marion,'.. 6,314 Macon,...6,948 Harden), 10,328 Meigs... 4,8 79 Marshall,.. 15,616 Henry, 18,233 Monroe,... 11,874 Maury,..29,520 Lauderdale, 5,169 Morgan,...3,400 Montgomery,.. 21,1045 Madison, 21,470 McMinn,... 13,906 Overton,..11,211 MeNairy, 12,864 Polk,.. 6,33 8 Robertson,.. 16,145 Obion, 7,633 Rhea,... 4,415 Rutherford,..29,122'Perry, 5,822 Roane,...12,185 Smith,... 18,412 Shelby, 31,157 Scott,... 1,905 Stewart,...9,7119 Tipton, 8,887 Sevier,...6,920 Sum ner,.. 22,717 Weakly, 14,608 Sullivan,... 11,742 Van Buren,..2,674 Washington,..13,861 Warren,.. 10,209 264,963 - Wayne,.8,170 260,303 STATE OF KENTUCKY. Adair, 9,898 Carter,.. 6,241 Graves, 11,397 Allen,.. 8,742 Casey,.. 6,556 Grant,.. 6,531 Anderson, 6,260 Christian,.. 19,580 Greenup, 9,654 Ballard, 5,496 Clark....12,683 Grayson, 6,837 Barren, ~ 20,240 Clay,... 5,421 Green, 9,060 Bath,.. 12,115 Clinton,..4,889 Hancock, 3,853 Boone, 11,185 Crittenden,.. 6,351 Hardin, 14,525 Bourbon, 14,466 Cumberland,..7,005 Harlan, 4,268 Boyle, 9, 116 Daviess,... 12,353 Harrison, 13,064 Bracken, 8,903 Edmondson,..4,088 Hart,.. 9,093 Breathitt, 3,785 Estell,... 5,985 Henderson, 12,171 Breckenridge, 10,593 Fayette,.. 22,73 5 Henry, 11,442 Bullitt, 6,774 Fleming,.. 13,914 Hickman, 4,791 Butler, 5,755 Floyd,...5,714 Hopkins, 12,441 Caldwell, 13,048 Franklin,.. 12,462 Jefferson, 59,831 Callaway, 8,096 Fulton,...4,446 Jessamine, 10,249 Campbell, 13,127 Gallatin,... 5,139 Johnson, 3,873 Carroll, 5,526 Garrard, 10.10 237 Kenton, 17,038 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. 759 Knox,. 7050 Monroe,... 7,756. Scott,... 14,946 Laurel, 4,145 Montgomery, 9,903 -Shelby,..17,095 La Rue, 5,859 Morgan,.7,620 Simpson,.. 7.733 Lawrence, 6,281 Muhlenburg,.. 9,809 Spencer,.. 6,842 Letcher, 2,512 Nelson,... 14,789 Taylor,... 7,250 Lewis,. 7,202 Nichol ass,. 10O361'IToddd,. 12,268 Lincoln,... 10,093 Ohio,.. 9,749 Trigg,... 10,129 Livingston,...6,578 Oldham,.7,629 Trumble,...5,963 Logan,... 16,581 Owen, 10,444 Union,... 9,012 Madison,...15,727 Owsley,.3,774 Warren,...15,123 Marion, I.. 1, 765 Pendleton, 6,774 Washington,.. 12,194 Mason,...18,344 Perry,.3,092 Wayne,...8,692 Marshall,.. 5,269 Pike,.. 5,365 Whitley,. 7,447 McCracken,..6,067 Pulaski,...14.195 Woodford,...12,423 Meade,... 7,393 Rock Castle,.. 4 697 Mercer, 14,067 Russell, 5,349 982,405 STATE OF MISSOURI. Adair, 2,342 Grundy,... 3,006 Ozark, 2,294 Andrew, 9,443 Harrison,...2,447 Perry, 7,215 Atchison, 1.678 Henry,... 4,052 Pettes, 5,150 Audrain, 3.506 Hickory,...2.329 Pike, 13,609 Barry; 3,467 Holt,... 3,957 Platte,.. 16,845 Bates,.. 3,669 Howard,...13,969 Polk, 6,186 Benton, 5.015 Jackson,... 14,000 Pulaski, 3,998 Boone, 14,979 Jasper,...4.223 Putnam, 1,657 Buchanan, 12,975 Jefferson,.. 6,928 Rails,.. 6,151 Butler, 1,616 Johnson,...7,464 Randolph, 9,439 Caldwell, 2,316 Knox,... 2.894 Ray,.. 10,373 Callaway, 13,827 La Clede,...2,498 Reynolds, 1,849 Camden, 2,338 La Fayette,.. 13,690 Ripley, 2,830 Cape Girardeau, 13,912 Lawrence,...4.859 Saline, 8,843 Carroll, 5,441 Lewis,... 6,578 Schuyler, 3,287 Cass... 6,090 Lincoln, 9 9421 Scotland, 3.782 Cedar, 3,361 Linn,... 41,058 Scott,.. 3,182 Chariton, 7,514 Livingston,...4,247 Shannon, 1,199 Clarke, 5,527 Macon,,., 6,55 Shelby, 4,253 Clay... 10,332 Madison,.6..6003 St. Charles, 11,454 Clinton, 3,786 Mar-ion,. 12,230 -St. Clair, 3,556 Cole,.. 6,696 Mcl~onald,..2.236 St. Genevieve, 5,313 Cooper, 12,950 Mercerr, 2,69 i St. Francois, 4,964 Crawford, 6.397 Miller,.. 3,834 St. Louis, 104,978 Dade, 4,246 Mississippi,.. 3,123 Stoddard, 4,277 Dallas, 3,648 Moniteau,...6,004 Sullivan, 2,983 D aviess, 5,298 Monroe,.. I0. 5 4 i Taney, 4,373 De Kalb, 2,075 Montgomery,..5,489 Texas, 2,312 Dodge, 35:3 Morgan,.. 4,650 Warren, 5,860 Dunklin, 1,229 New Madrid,..5.541 Washington, 8,811 Franklin, 11,021 Newton,... 41,268 Wayne, 4,518 Gasconade, 4,996 Nodaway,...2,118 Wright....,387 Gentry, 4,248 Oregon,... 1,432 Greene,..13,785 Osage,...6,704 682,044 STATE OF IOWA. U. 5. cen- State Cen- U. S. Cen- State Cen- U. S. Cen- State Cenusu; 1850. sus, 18.52. suus, 1850. isus, 1852. sus, 185. sus,, 1552. Allamakee, 777 2,000 IDallas, 854 1,216 Jasper, 1,280.1,674 Appanoose, 3,131 4,24.3 Davis, 7,264 7,550 Jefferson, 9,904 10,225 Benton, 672 1,237 1)ecatur, 965 1,184 Johnson, 4,472 5,788 Black Hawk, 135 315 Delaware, 1,759 P2,61 5 Jones, 3,007 4,201 Boone, 735 1,024 Des Moines, 12,987 12,525 Keokuk, 4,822 5,306 Buchanan, 517 1,023 ])ubuque, 10,841. 12.500 Lee, 18,860 20,000 Bremer, 309 Fayette, 825 2,065 Linn, 5,444 6.870 Butler, 73 Fremont, 1,244 2,044 Louisa, 4,939 5,476 Cedar, 3,941 4,971 Guthrie, 300 Lucas, 471 1,066 Clarke 79 549 Henry, 8,707 9,633 Madison, 1,179 1,832 Clayton, 3,87,3 6,318 Iowa, 822 1,323 Mahaska, 5,989 7,479 Clinton, 2,822 3,822 Jackson, 7,210 8,231 Marion, 5,482 6,289 760 CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. U. S. Cen- State Cen- U. S. Cen- State Cen- U. S. Cen- State Cen. sus, 1850. sus, 1852. sum, 1550. sus, 1852. sus, 1850. sus, 1852. Marshall, 338 710 Ringgold, 250 Wapello, 8,471 8,888 Monroe, 2,884 3,430 Risley, 122 Warren, 961 1,488 Mills, 1,463 Scott, 5,986,8,628 Washington, 4,957 5,881 Muscatine, 5,731 6,812 Story, 214 Wayne, 340 794 Page, 551 636 Tama, 8 262 Wiuneshiek, 546 1,523 Polk, 4,515 5,939 Taylor, 204 479 Yell, 250 Pottawattomie, 7,828 7,912 Union, 79 Poweshiek, 615 895 Van Buren, 12,270 12,753 192,214 232,723 STATE OF ILLINOIS. Adams,.. 26,508 fHenry, 3,807 Ogle,.. 10,020 Alexander, 2,484 Iroquois, 4,149 Peoria, 17,547 Bond,.6,144 Jackson,.5,862 Perry,.. 5,278 Boone, 7,626 Jasper, 3,220 Pike, 18,819 Browne.,.7,198 Jefferson,..8,109 Pope,.. 3,975 Bureau, 8,841 Jersey, 7,354 Platt, 1,606 Calhoun,...231 Jo Daviess, 18,7604 Pulaski, 2,265 Carroll, 4,586 Johnson, 4,113 Putnam, 3,924 Cass,.7,253 Kane,.16,703 Randolph, 11,079 Champaign, 2,649 Kendall, 7,730 Richland, 4,012 Christian, 3,202 Knox,.13,279 Rock Island, 6,937 Clarke, 9,532 Lake,.. 14,226 St. Clair, 20,181. Clay,.4,289 La Salle,.17,815 Saline, 5,588 Clinton, 5,139 Lawrence, 6,121 Sangamon, 19,228 Coles,.9,335 Lee,.. 5,292 Schuyler, 10,573 Cook,.. 43,385 Livingston, 1,552 Scott, 7,914 Crawford, 7,135 Logan,.5,128 Shelby, 7,807 Cumberland, 3,720 McDonough, 7,616 Stark, 3,710 De Kalb,.7,540 Mcllenry, 14,979 Stephenson, 11,666 DeWitt, 5,002 McLean, 10,163 Tazewell, 12,052 Du Page, 9,290 Macon,.3,988 Union, 7,615 Edgar, 10,692 Macoupin, 12,355 Vermilion, 11,492 Edwards,.3,524 Madison,. 20,436 Wabash, 4,690 Effingham, 3,799 Marion, 6,720 Warren, 8,176 Fayette,.8,075 Marshall,.5,180 Washington, 6,953 Franklin, 5,681 Massaic, 4,092 Wayne, 6,825 Fulton,.22,508 Mason,.5,921 White, 8,925 Gallatin, 5,448 Menard, 6,349 Whiteside, 5,361 Greene,.12,429 Mercer,.5,246 W~ill,.. 16,703 Grundy, 3A)23 Monroe, 7,6 79 Williamson, 7,216 Hamilton, 6,362 Montgomery, 6.276 Winnebago, 11,773 Hancock, 14,652 Morgan, 16,064 Woodford, 4,416 Hardin,.2,887 Moultrie,,.. 3, 34 Henderson, 4,612 851,470 TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. Benton, 418 Pembina,.. 1,134 Wahnahta,.. 160 Dakotab....584 Ramsey,.. 2,227 Washington,.. 1,056 Itaska, 97 Wabashaw,.. 243 Mahkatah, 158 6,0 77 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. Bernalillo,.. 7,751 Santa Fe, 7,713'Valencia,.. 14,147 Rio Aribo,.. 10,668 San Miguel, 7,074 Santa Anna,. 4,645 Taos... 9,507 61,505 TERRITORY OF OREGON. Benton,.. 814 Linn,... 9991 Washington,.. 2,651 Clackamas,.. 1,859 Lewis,... 5581 Yam Hill,... 1,512 Clarke,... 643j Marion,... 2,749 Clatsop,. 462 Polk,.. 1,0511 13,293 POST OFFICES, ARRANGED BY STATES AND COUNTIES. *** The preceding chapter of counties, cities, towns, &c, was designed to include all places of importance enough to merit a particular notice, embracing all the court houses of the several counties. The following list contains the names of all places not already described, in which post offices existed on the 31st of May, 1851, according to the most recent statement published by the post-office department. They are, for the most part, places of small note, owing their importance chiefly to the fact of having a post office; though some places, particularly in the newly-settled states, have been included here and in the preceding tables of population, of which, had we possessed the necessary information, a more full account would have been given. STATE OF MAINE. AROOSTOOK. Minot East Wilton Prospect Harbor Aroostook North Auburn Farmington Falls Salisbury Cove Bridgewater North Bridgeton Jay Bridge Seal Cove Caribou North Pownal Madrid South Deer Isle Conway North Raymond North Chesterville South West Harbor Fort Fairfield North Windham North Industry Surry Fort Kent North Yarmouth Centre North Jay Swan's Island Haynesville Oak Hill North Wilton West Brookville Limestone River Scarboro' Salem West Gouldsboro' Linneus South Bridgeton South Chesterville West Sedgwick Maple Grove South Durham Temple Mills West Sullivan Masardis South Windham Weld West Trenton Monticello Steep Falls West Freeman Winter Harbor Number Three Stevens's Plains West's Mills Orient Upper Gloucester Wilton KENNEBEC. Presque Isle Upper Yarmouth Belgrade Smyrna West Baldwin HANCOCK. Belgrade Mills South Moluncus. West Cumberland Bar Harbor Brown's Corner Umcolcus West Danville Bucksport Centre Centre Sidney Weston West Durham Cranberry Isles Dunn's Corner West Falmouth East Sullivan East Monmouth CUMBERLAND. West Gloucester East Trenton East New Sharon Bolster's Mills West Gorham Franklin East Pittston Cumberland Centre West Harpswell Mariaville East Readfield East Auburn West Minot North Blue Hill East Vassalboro' East Baldwin West Poland North Bucksport East Winthrop East North Yarmouth Windham North Castine French's Corner East Poland Yarmouth North Ellsworth Green Corner East Raymond North Hancock Greene Depot East Standish FRANKLIN. North Haven Hallowell Cross Roads Goff's Corners East New Vineyard North Penobscot Kent's Hill Mechanic's Falls East Strong North Sedgwick Leeds's Station 96 762 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Litchfield Corners East Rumford South Lincoln rankfort Mills Livermore Falls East Stoneham South Maxfield Goose River North Belgrade East Sumner South Newburg Knox Centre North Fayette East Turner South Orrington Light's Corners North Leeds Letter A, No. 2 Springfield MLain's Mills North Monmouth Letter B Stetson Monroe Centre North Pittston Livermore Centre Upper Stilwater North Appleton North Vassalboro' Locke's Mills West Charleston North Belmont North Wayne North Albany West Enfield North Frankfort Pishon's Ferry North Bethel West Garland North Palermo Readfield Depot North Fryeburg West Glenburn North Prospect Rome North Livermore West Great Works North Searsmot Sebasticook North Norway West Hampden North Searsport South Albion North Paris West owland Prospect Ferry South China North Turner West Levant South Freedom South Leeds North. Turner Bridge South Hope South Mount Vernon North Waterford PISCATAQUIS. South Montville South Vassalboro' North Woodstock Bower Bank South Prospect South Windsor Rumford Centre Centre Guilford Unit Togus Spring Rumford Point East Dover Walo Vassalboro' Snow Falls East Sagerville West Camden Vienna South Andover Greenville West Freedom Waterville South Hartford Katadin Iron Works Wavne South Newry North Brownsville WASHINGTO Week's Mills South Paris Orneville Dennysville West Sidney South Waterford Shirley Mills Harrington West Waterville Springtown South Atkinson Holmes's Bay Windsor Stow South Dover Indian River Winslow Turner South Sangerville Jackson Brook Winthrop Waterford South Sebe Kossuth Welchville Wellington Lubec Mills LINCOLN. West Bethel West Dover Marion Bowdoin Centre West Buckfield Williamsburg Marion Mills Cooper's Mills West Peru Medyemps Damariscotta Mills West Sumner ERSE. Millbridge Dresden Mills Wilson's Mills Cambridge Milltown East Union Woodstock Carritunk Narraguagus East Woolwich Concord Northfield Hodgdon's Mills PENOBSCOT. Dead River Pike Little River Village Alton Detroit Princeton North Boothbay Brewer Centre East Madison Red Beach North Edgecomb Brewer Village East Newportland South Maxfield North Union Clifton East Pittsfield Sprague's Falls North Waldohoro' Corinna Centre Embden Centre Waite North Whitefield Dixmnont Mills Fairfield Corners Wesley Parker's Head East Brewer Flag Staff West Luhec Patricktown East Corinth Kendall's Mills Whiting Pemaquid East Dixmnont Larone Whitneyville Richmond Corner East Eddington Lexington Round Pond East Hampden Madison Centre YORK. Sahatus East Newport Moose River A~ction Sheepscott Bridge East Orrington North Fairfield Action Corners South Dresden Etna Centre North Newportland Buxton Centre Southport Exeter Mills OsoaCp edc South St. George Great Works Smithfield Centre Lebanon Union Greenbush, South Bloomfield East Elliott Waldoboro' Hill's Corners South Solon East Limington ales Lincoln Centre The Forks East Parsonfield arren Mattawamkeag West Anson Emery's Mills Washington Maxfield West Embden Goodwin's Mills Webster Milford West Hartland Hollis Centre West Jefferson North Bangor West Ripley Kennebunk Depot Westport North Dixmont Kegar Falls Whitfield North Hampden WALDO. Lyman Centre Winnegance North ilermon Burnham Village North Action WoolWich North Lincoln Carver's Harbor North Hollis North Newburg Centre Lincolnville North Kennehunk Port OXFORD. 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Harrisville West Campton' Fessenden Mills Centre Barnstead Munsonville West Canaan Greenland East Sanbornton New Alstead West Enfield Greenland Depot Gilford Village North Marlow West Lebanon North Londonderry Gilmanton Iron Works Paper Mill Village West Plymouth North Salem Lake Village Pottrsville West Rumney Nottingham Turnpike Lower Gilmanton South Stoddard West Thornton South Deerfield New Hampton Sullivan Woodstock South Kingston ~~~North Barnstead Walpole ~South New Market North Sanbornton Westmoreland HILLSBORO'. South Raymond Sanornton Bridge Westport Amoskeag West Deerfield South Alton West Swaze East Weare West Northwood Upper Gilmanton West Winchester East Wilton West Windhamn Weir's Bridge Winchester Nor'n Branch Windham ~~~~~~West Alton ~Oil Mill Village COOS. Reed's Ferry STAFFORD. ~CARROLL. Hart's Location South Lyndboro' Centre Strafford Centre Conway Lower Bartlett South Merrimac Cent affor Centre Ossipee Lower Columbia South Weare Chestnut Hill Centre Sandwich Stark Thornton's Ferry Doning's Mills East Moultonboro' West Stewartstown Weare Gonie East ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~North Barrington East Wakefield Wentworth's Location Wilton North Strafford Leighton's Corners WhitefieldSamnFls Melvin Village White Mountain MERRIMAC. Salmon Falls Stratford Corner ~~~~~sNorth Conway East Andover Tuttle's Corners North Sandwich GRAFTON. Fishersville North Wolfboro' Campton Village Mast Yard ~~~~South Tamw~~North East Canaan Nort Chichester SULLIVAN. South WolfUboro' East Haverhill North Dunbarton East Lempster Tamworth East Landaff Shaker Village East Plainfield Tamworth Iron Works East Lebanon South Bradford East Unity Tuftonboro' East Lyman South Newbury East Washington Union Flume Suncook George's Mills Wakefield La Fayette Warner Grantham Water Village North Enfield West Andover Meriden West Osepee North Groton West Boscawen North Charlestown Wolf boro' North Haverhill West Concord South Acworth North Littleton Wilmot South Charlestown CHESHIRE. North Lyman Wilmot Flat Unity Drewsville Orfordiville, Washington East Jaffrey Sugar Hill ROCKINGHAM. Wendell East Sullivan Warren East Chester West Claremont East Westmoreland ~Wentworth East Northwood West Springfield STATE OF VERMONT. ADDISON. Factory Point Passumpsic. West Bolton Chimney Point Hartwcllville St. Johnsbury Centre Westford Chipman's Point North Bennington St. Johnsburv East West Milton East Middlebury North Dorset South Hardw~ick Williston Hancock North Pownal South'Ryegate Winooski Falls Larrabee's Point South Dorset South Walden North Ferrisbnrg South Shaftesbury Walden ESSEX. Otter Creek West Arlington Waterford South Canaan Vergennes West Rupert Wheelock West Concord West Cornwall Winhall, West Salisbury Woodford CHITTENDEN. FRANKLIN. Weybridge Lower Falls Huntington Avery's Gore Whiting CALEDONIA. Jonesville Buck Hollow East Burke Painesville East Berkshire BENNINGTON East Hardwick Pleasant Valley East Fairfield Bonville Lower Waterford Underhill East Franklin East Rupert North Danville Underhill Centre East Georgia 764 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. East Highgate Vershire South Wallingford West Townshend East Sheldon Washington Wallingford West Wardsboro Enosburg Falls Wells River Wells Whitigham Highgate Spring West Braintree West aven Williamsville North Fairfax West Fairlee West Potney Wilmington Saint Alban's Bay West Randolph West Rutland Widham Saxe's Mills West Topsham Swanton Centre Williamstown WASHINGTON. WINDSOR. West Berkshire East Calais Brownsville West Enosburg ORLEANS. East Roxbury Corners Barton Landing North Montpelier East Barnard GRAND ISLE. Brownington South Barre East Bethel Vineyard Biownington Centre Waitsfield Felchville West Alburg Derby Line Warren Gaysville East Charleston Waterbury North Chester LAMOILLE. East Craftsbury Woodury North Hartland Jeffersonville Greensboro' Worcester North Springfield Morrisville North Troy Perkinsville North Cambridge South Craftsbur WINDHAM. 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West Falmouth W. Stockbridge Centre Lynnfield Centre Centreville West Harwich Williamstown New Mills Cotuit West Sandwich Windsor North Andover Cotuit Port West Yarmouth North Danvers East Brewster Wood's Hole BRISTOL. Sutton Mills East Dennis Yarmouth Long Plain Tapleyville East Fa~lmouth Yarmouth Port Mirickville Wenham East Harwich North Attleboro' West Amesbury East Orleans BERKSHIRE. North Dartmouth West Boxford East Sandwich Ashley Falls North Dighton West Newbury Harwichport Curtisville North Easton Hyannis Port East Lee North Fairhaven FRANKLIN Marston's Mills East Sheffield North Rehoboth Adamnsville Monument Hartsville North Swansea Ashfield North Chatham Honsatonic South Attleboro' East Charlemont North Eastham Lenox Furnace South D)artmouth East Shelburne North Falmouth Mill River South Easton East Whately North Sandwich New Boston South Seekonk Griswoldville North Truro North Becket South Westport Grout's Corners Pocassett North Egremont Squawbetty Lock's Village South Dennis South Egremont Vue de L'eau Montague Canal South Harwich Southfield Westport North Bernardston South Orleans South Lee Westport Point North Leverett South Sandwich South Williamstown North New Salem South Wellfieet Tyringham DUKES. North Orange South Yarmouth Van Deusenville West Tisbury South Deerfield Waquoit Washington South Hawley Wellfleet West Becket ESSEX. Warwick West Barnstable West Otis Belleville Port Wendell West Brewster West Pittsfield East Haverhill Wendell Depot West Dennis West Stockbridge East Salisbury West Hawley OST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 765 West Northfield Cochituate North Wrentham West Scituate Whately East Lexington Rockville West Wareham East Pepperell Sheldonville HAMPDEN. ast Woburn South Bellingham SUFFOLK. ~Ag~awam Feltonsville South Braintree North Chelsea. AshleyeForge Village South Dedham Bond's Village Middlesex Village South Franklin WORCESTER. Chicopee Falls North Chelmsford South Walpole Ashburnham Depot Collins Depot North Reading South Weymouth Athol Depot East Granville North Sudury South Wrentham Boylston Centre East Long Meadow North Tewksbury Walpole Charlton Depot Feeding Hills Rockhottom Walpole East Cordaville Ireland Shirley Village West Dedham East Brookfield North Blanford South Framigham West Foxboro' East Douglass North Chester South Groton West Medway East Princeton Rock Valley South Natick West Needham Farnumsville South Wilbraham Townsend Harbor West Roxbury Fiskedale Thorndike Tyngsboro' West Wrentham Holden Three Rivers Waltham Weymouth Manchaug ~~Wales Watertown ~ Wrentham Millville ~~~~~~~Westfield Wayland ~North Blackstone West Granville West Acton PLYMOUTH. Northbridge Centre West Springfield West Cambridge Campello North Leominster Wilbraham West Chelmsford Chiltonville North Oxford Willimansett Westford Cochesett North Spencer West Groton East Abington Oakdale West Newton East Marshficld Saundersville ~aMPSHIRE. Weston ~ East Middleboro' Smithville Bancroft West Townsend East Wareham South Gardner Cu winh WVillage Wilmington Mattapoisett South Milford eenwhVillae Winchester North Carver South Royalston Haye~denvilleWoburn ~ North Marshfield South Shrewsbury North Amherst Woodville North Middleboro' Upton ~North Hadley NORFOLK. North Plympton Uxbridge ONorth Rochester Warren North Pmhrescot Bald Hill North Scitnate Webster South Hamheralst Charles River Village N. West Bridgewater Westboro' South Hadey Falls East Foxboro' Rock West Boylston Ware West Chesterfield East Medway Scotland West Brookfield West Hmpton East Randolph Sippican West Fitchburg West Hampton ~East Sharon South Abington West Milibury WeliastbWrtigto East Stoughton South Carver Westminster Williamsburg ~East Weymouth South Hanson West Rutland Worthington ~Franklin City South Hingham West Sterling Harrison Square South Mid'dleboro' West Sutton MIDDLESEX. North Bellingham Wareham Whitinsville Assahet North Cohass~et West Bridgewater Wilkinsonville Bragville North Weymouth West Duxbury Winchendon STATE OF RHODE ISLAND. BRISTOL. Tiverton Fonr Corners Mount Vernon Carolina Mills Warren Nasonville Dorrville KENT. ~PROVIDENCE. North Scituate Narragansett KENT. ~~Alhion Olneyville Peace Dale, Anthony's Village Centredale Manville Perrysville Centreville Clayville Pascoag Pine Hill Escoheag Cumberland Hill, South Foster Potter's Hill Phenix Diamond Hill South Scituate Quonochontaug Rice City, Fiskeville, Valley Falls, Rockville Warwick Foster Centre Woonsocket Falls Shamrock Mills West Greenwich Greenville Tower Hill W. Greenwich Centre Knigbtsville WASHINGTON. Usquepaugh Lime Rock Allenton Wakefield NEWPORT. Mantorn Arcadia Westerly Adamsville Mapleville Brand's Iron Works Wickford 766 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. STATE OF CONNECTICUT. FAIRFIELD. West Hartland Woodville Waterford Ball's Point West Suffield West Chester Banksville Wethersfield MIDDLESEX. Cold Spring Windsor Centre Brook TOLLAND. Darien Depot Windsor Locks Cobaltille Andover Glenville Windsorville Durham Centre Eagleville Greenfield Hill East Hampton Gilead Hawleyville LITCHFIELD. East Hampton Lake Mansfield Centre High Ridge Bakersville Hianum Mansfield Depot Long Ridge Bantam Falls Leesville Mashapang Mianus Bridgewater Millington Moose Meadow Mill Plain Burrville, Moodus North Somers North Greenwich Campville Upper Middletown Quarryville North Stanford Chapinville Westrook Rockille North Wilton Colebrook River Wintrop Somersville Redding Ridge Cornwall Bridge South Coventry Ridgebury Cornwall Hollow NEW HAVEN. Square Pond Round Hill East Canaan Ansonia Stafford Springs South Norwalk East Kent Fair Haven Staffordville Stanwich Ellsworth Huphreysville Union Stepney Falls Village Middlebury Vernon Stepney Depot Gaylord's Bridge Northford Wet Stafford Trumbull Long Hill Hotchkissville North Guilford West Willington Weston Lakeville North Madison Willington Westport Lime Rock South Britain Wilton Marble Dale Soutford WINDHA Mill Brook4 Straitsville Abington HARTFORD. Milton Wallingford Campell's Mills Broad Brook New Hartford Centre Waterbury Central Village Buckland New Preston Waterville Collamer Cantonl Centre North Colebrook West Haven East Killingly East Granby Northfield West Meriden Fishersville East Hartford North Goshen Westville Howard's Valley East Suffield Northville, Wolcott Moosop Forestville Ore Hill Zoar Bridge New Boston Hazardville Pine Meadow North Ashford Hockanu'm Pleasant Valley NEW LONDON. North Killingly Kensington Plymouth Hollow Centre Groton North Windham Manchester Station South Canaan Chesterfield North Woodstock Marion South Farms, Gales's Ferry Phcenixville Newinoton South Kent Greenville Plainfield North Canton Southville Hadlyme Pomfretandin North Grauby Terrysville Hamburg Quitlnebu Plainville Torringford Laysville Scouth land l Poquonock Warren Liberty Hill South Kilinglym Rainbow Washington NoankSotWiha Rocky Hill Watertown North Franklin Sterling Hill Scitico West Cornwall North Lyme Voluntown South Glastenbury West Goshen Norwich Town West Ashford South Manchester West Norfolk Pendleton Hill Westford South Windsor West Winstead Poquanoc Bridge West Killingly Unionville Winchester Poquetanuck Westminster Warehouse Point Winchester Centre Portersville West Woodstock West Avon Wolcottville South Lyme Willimantic West Granby Woodbury Uncasville Windham WVest Hartford Woodstock STATE OF NEW YORK. ALLEGHANY. East Hill Rockville Whitesville Alfred Centre Fillmore Shongo Whitney's Valley Allen Centre Hobbieville Short Tract Willing Allensville, Little Genesee Spring Mills Wirt Black Creek Mills's Mills Transit Bridge Wiscoy Centre Almond North Almond West AlmondAL NY Centreville Philipsville West Genesee Bethlehem Centre Ceres Richburg West Shongo Cedar Hill Chatitauque Valley Rounsville Wellsville Coeyman's Hollow POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 767 ~~~~Cooksburg Plato CHEMUNG. Canaan Centre Dormansville Sandusky Baldwin Canaan Four Corners Dunnsville Seelysburg Beaver Dams Chatham Centre East Berne Sociality Catharine Chatham Four Corners Guilderland Centre Ten Mile Spring Fairport Churehtown Ireland Corners Versailles Havanna East Chatham Knowersville West Perrysburg Martin's Hill Elizaville Lisha's Kill West Yorksire Millport Flatbrook ~~Medusa Yorkshire ~ Moreland Gallatinville ~~~~New Salem ~North Chenmung Greene River ~Newtonville CAYU~GA. Pine Valley Harlemville ~Potter's Hollow Cato Post Creek Hoffman's Gate Preston Hollow Dresserville Salubria Malden Blidge ~Reidsville East Genoa Seely Creek Mellenville South Berne Five Corners South Erin Moffett's Store South Westerlo Fosterville Sullivanville New Britain Watervliet Centre Genoa Townsend New Lebanon Centre ~Westerlo Kelloggsville Van Ettenville Niverville West Troy Kings Ferry Veteran North Chatham ~Levanna Webb's Mills Smoky Hollow BROOE. Little Sodas Wellsburg Spencertown ~Castle Creek Martville West Caynta Stuyvesant Falls Centre Lisle Meridian Wynkoop Creek Velatie Centre Village Nine Corners CHENANGO. West Taghkanick Conklin Centre North SterlingNANGO. Corbettsville Owasco Lake Beaver Meadow CORTLANDT ~East Maine Poplar Ridge Bennettsville Blodgett Mills ~Hale's Eddy Port Byrou Coventryville Cheningo Harpersville Scipioville East German Cuyler Hawleyton Seneca River East Greene East Freetown Hyde Settlement Sherwoods East Guilford East Homer Kattelville South Venice East Macdonough East Scott ~Kirkwood The Square ~ East Pharsalia East Virgil ~Maine Throopsville ~ Genegantslet Freetown Corner3 New Ohio Union Springs Guilford Centre Harford ~~~~~Ninevah Venice King's Settlement Keeney's Settlement Osborne Hollow Victory Mclonough Lapeer Port Crane Weed's Port Mount Upton Little York Shawsville West Niles New Berlin Centre McGrawville South Windsor North Guilford South Cortlandt Susquehannali CHAUTAUQUE. North Linklaen Taylor Union Allegliany North Norwich Texas Valley Union Centre Blockville Pitchdaer Sprng Union Valley Union Village Cassadaga Rockdaile Fas Virgil Unitaria Centre Sherman SmtvleFas Willet Upper Lisle Charlotte Centre South Bainbridge Vallonia, Springs Clear Creek South New Berlin DELAWARE. Vestal Clymer Centre.South Otselic Arkville West Colesville Dewittville South Oxford Barbourville West Windsor Fluvanna, South Plymouth Batavia, Kill Whitney's Point Frewsburg West Bainbridge Bloomville -Windsor Friends West Linklaen Brushland Hamlet White's Store Cabin Hill CATTARAUGUJS. Hartfield CLINTON. Cannonsville Alleghany Irving Cadyville Clark's Factory Axeville Laona Coopcrsville Clovesville Buck Tooth Levant Dannemora, Croton Chapelsburg Magnolia East Peru Davenport Centre Delavan Marvin Farrell Place Elwood's Bridge East Leon Nashville Frontier Harvard East Otto North Clymer Moore's Forks Hobart East Randolph Oregon New Sweden Monument Island Eddyville Panama Peasleeville. Moresville Elgin Poland Centre Perry's Mills New Road Elton Salem Cross Roads Schuyler's Falls North Franklin Fairview Silver Creek.North Hlamden Gowanda Smith's Mills ~~~~~ciota, Gowanda, Smith's Mills Union Falls North Harpersfield Kill 1luck Van Buren Harbor West Chazy Nort Kortwright Limestone Vermont West Plattsburg Ouleout Little Valley Villanova Wrightsville Hallcottsville Machias Volusia Partridge Island North Perrysburg West Ellery COLUMBIA. Pepacton Onoville Westfield Ancram Lead Mines Rock Rift 768 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Shavertown Big Tree Comrners FULTON. HERKM Sidney Centre Buffalo Plains Brockett's Bridge Cedar Lake Sidney Plains Cheektowaga Cranberry Creek Cedarville South Franklin Chief Warrior Eastmansville Cold Brook South Kortwright' Clarence Centre Garoga Cra's Corners Stockport's Station Clarksburg Gloversville Dennison's Coers Stratton's Falls Collins's Centre Kingsboro' Devereux Trout Creek Crittenden Lassellsville East Schuyler Walton East Aurora Mills's Corners Eatonville West Davenport East Eden Newkirk's Mills Frankfort Hill West Meredith East Evans North Broadalbi Gravesville East Hamburg Northville Graysville DUTCHESS. Eden Valley Osborn's Bridge Ilion Adriance Ellicott Creek Sammonsville Jacksonburg Amenia Union Glenwood Union Mills Jordanville Arthursburg Grand Island Vail's Mills Manheim Centre Attlebury Griffin's Mills West Galway Middleville Barrvtown Hamburg on the Lake West Perth New Graefenberg Bull's Head Harris's Hill Newville Campbellville Marshfield GENESEE. Ohio Carthage Landing Mill Grove Brookville Page's Cors Chestnut Ridge Norh Boston Corf Paine's Hollow City North Clarence Darien Poland Clinton Corners North Collins Postville Clinton Hollow North Evans a en Rockton Clove Patchin East Ben Salisbury. Centre Crum Elbow Pontiac East e South Columbia Farmer's Hill Red Jacket e Starkville Federal Store South Alden Van Hornesville Fishkill Plains South Wales Morganville Warren Freedom Plains Spring Brook North Bergen West Schuyler Glenham Town Line Oakfield West Winfield Hart's Village Wales Pavilion Centre Wilmut Hibernia Wales Centre Roanake Winfield Sout lbm Hughsonville Water Valley South b Hull's Mill West Aurora Soto Crc Bno Jackson Corners West Concord Strnsit La Fayetteville West FallsTrniHoeCte Leedsville West Newstead West Bergen Hope Centre Lithgow White's Corners Wheat BtaySvilleWel Little Rest Williamsville Wetil el Mabbettsvttle Zoar GREENS EFERO Mancbester Bridge JFESN Monterey ESSEX. Acra Adams's Centre New Hackensack AdrnaAshland Alexandria Centre New Hamburg Adrirdac Bailey's Four Corners Appling Northeast Centre New Russia Big Hollow Belleville Oswego Village North Elba Bushnellsville Bentley's Corners Pecksville Not usnCairo Black River Perry's Corners Port Kendall Cornwallville Burr's Mills Pleasant Plains Saint Armand East Durham Cape Vincent Poughquag Schroon Lake East Kill Champion South Roads Pulver's Corners ShonRvrEast Windham Depauville Quaker Hill Upper Jay Freehold D)exter Rock City Wadham's Mills Gayhead East Houndsfield Salt Point Wet Moih Jewett East Rodman Schultzsville Cestporia Jewett Centre Evansville Shenandoah Whallestprt Kiskatom Felt's Mills South Amenia Whallosburg' Leeds Great Bend South Dover Wilmisboro Medway La Fargeville, Sprout Creek WimntnNew Baltimore Le Raysville Staatsburg Wodadvle Norton Hill Limerick Stanfordville FAKI. Oak Hill Mannsville Stormville FRNLN Palenville Military Road Upper Red Hook Brush's Mills Red Falls Milieu's Bay Verbank Burke South Cairo Narrows Wappinger's Falls East Constable South Durhain Natural Bridge Washington Franklin Falls Tannersville North Adams Washington Hollow Hogansburg Union Society North Wilna Meerrillsville West Kill Omar ERIE. 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Washington Mills Stowell's Corners Hubbard's Corners Bergholtz Waterville Three Mile Bay Lake Port County Line West Branch West Theresa Leonardsville Hess Road West Camden Whitney's Corners Madison Hickory Corners Westernville ~Wilna,~ Munsville Johnson's Creek Westmoreland Woodville New Woodstock La Salle West Vienna Worthville North Brookfield Locust Tree Oneida Depot Mapleton ONONDAGA. KINGS. Oneida Lake Martinsville Amber East New York Oneida Valley Middleport Apulia Green Point Perryville Mount Cambria Belle Isle Williamsburg Peterboro' l01cott Borodino Pine Woods Orange Port Brewerton LEWIS. Poolville Pekin Canal Barnes's Corners Pratt's Hollow Pendleton Cardiff Brantingham, Siloanm Pendleton Centre Collamer Collinsville Solsville Ransomville Delphi Constableville South Brookfield Rapids Elliston Deer River Wampsville Reynale's Basin Euclid ~~~High Market ~Shawnee Fair Mount ~Houseville MONROE.~ South Royalton Fayetteville Indian River Brockport South Wilson Hart Lot ~~~Lyonsdale Churchville ~ Suspension Bridgc | Hartsville New Bremen Clark-son Centre West Somerset Howlet Hill Osceola Clifton Wilsons Jack's Reef Port Leyden East Clarkson Wright's Corners Jamesville South Harrisburg Egypt Youngstown Jordan Stow's Square Hanford's Landing Kirkville Turin Henrietta ONEIDA. Lamsons Watson Mumford Alder Creek Little Utica West Leyden North Chili Ava, Mandana, West Lowville North Clarkson Babcock Hill Manlius Centre West Martinsburg North Greece Big Brook Marcellus Falls North Parma Cassville Marietta LIVINGSTON. Ogden Clayville Messina Springs Brooks's Grove Parma Deansville Navarino Byersville Parma Centre Delta Onondaga Castle Cuylerville Scottsville East Florence Onondaga Valley Dansville Spencerport Glenmore Oran East Groveland Webster Hecla, Works Plainville East Springwater West Greece Higginsville Plank Road Fowlerville West Henrietta Hillsboro' Pompey Centre Gibsonville West Rush Hizerville South Marcellus Greigsville West Webster Holland Patent South Onondaga Grovelaild Centre Wheatland Knox Corners Spafford Hollow Hemlock Lake Lairdsville Tully Hunt's Hollow MONTGOMERY. Lee Centre Tully Valley Kysorville Ames Lowell Van Buren Lakeville Auriesville McConnellsville Van Buren Centre North Sparta Buel New London Vesper Oakland Burtonsville [ners North Bay Watervale Piffard, Charleston Four Cor- North Bridgewater Wellington Ridge Cranesville North Gage West Onondaga River Road Forks Flat Creek North Western Windfall Scottsburg Fort Hunter Oneida Castle South Avon Freysbush Oriskany ONTARIO. South Livonia Hagaman's Mills Pine Academy Tuscarora Hallsville Prospect Allen's Hill Union Corners Hessville Sconondoa Bristol Centre 97 770 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Centrefield Hindsburg Otsdawa Potter Hill Chapinville Hulburton Pleasant Brook Prospect Hill Cheshire Jeddo Portladville Raymertown Clifton Springs Kendall Mills RichfieldSprings Schodack Centre Flint Creek Knowlesville Roseboom Schodack Depot Gypsum Lyndonville Salt Springville Schodack Landing Hall's Corners Medina Schenevs South Schodack Honeoye Millville Schyler's Lake South Stephentown Larned's Corners North Ridgeway South Edmeston Tomannock Manchester Centre Oak Orchard South Hartwick West Berlin North Bloomfield Shelby Basin South Milford West Sand Lake Norton's Mills South Barre South Valley West Stephentown Oak's Corners Waterport South Worcester Wynantskill Port Gibson West Carlton Springfield Cetre Reed's Corners West Gaines Toddsville RICHMOND. Richmond Mills West Kendall Unadilla North Sore Rushville Yates Unadilla Centre Port Richmond Seneca Castle Unadilla Forks richmond Valley Stanley Corners OSWEGO. West Burlington Rossville Taylorsville Amboy Centre West Edmeston South Side Victor Bernhard's Bay West Exeter Tottenville West Bloomfield Butterfly Westford West Farmington Cartersville West Laurens ROCKLAND. Caughdenoy West Oneonta Blaveltvill ORANGE. Central Square Westville Monsey Aluity Cleaveland Worcester Nanuet Bellvale Colosse North Haverstrw Bullville Constantia Centre PUTNA. Nyack Buttermilk Falls Dugway Brewster's Station Nyack Turnpike Coldenham East Parish Doanesburg Ramapo Works Craigsville Fulton Dykemans Sloatsurg Cuddebackville Gilbert's Mills Farmer's Mills Spring Valley Edenville Greenboro' Garrisons Tappatown Finchville Hannibal Haviland Hollow Suffern Florida Hannibal Centre Mahopa Highland Mills Hastings Centre Milltown SAINT LAWRENC Howell's Depot Hinmansville Red Mills Black Lake Huguenot Hull's Corners Towners Blink Bonny Little Britain Kasoag~ Brier Hill Middle Hope Kinney's Four Corners QUEENS. Buck's Bridge Middletown Minetto Brushville Crary's Mills Minisink Orwell Buckram East Pierpont Mortonville Oswego Falls, Cedar Swamp East Pitcairn Mount Hope Phmenix East Norwich Edenton New Hampton Port Ontario Farmingdale Edwardsville New Milford Roosevelt Hempstead Branch Flackville New Vernon Salmon River Jerico Fullersville Iron Works Otisville Sand Bank Jerusalem South Helena Oxford Depot South Albion Manhasset Lawrenceville Port Jervis' South Granby Merrick Lisbon Centre Ridgebury Sooth Richland Middle Village Louisville Landing Saint Andrews South West Oswego Rockville Centre Macomb Salisbury Mills Texas Roslyn Matildaville Scotebitown Union Settlement South Oyster Bay Morley Searsville Union Square Nicholville Slate Hill Vermilion RENSSELAER. North Lawrence Sugar Loaf Volney Alps North Potsdam Turners West Monroe Brainard's Bridge North Russell Unionville Williamstown Centre Berlin North Stockholm Walden Deepikill Oak Point Warwick OTSEGO. Defriestville Pope's Mills Wells's Corner Burlingrton Flats Eagle Mills Racket River West Point Centre Valley East Grafton Raymondville West Town East Springfield East Greenhush Richville East Worcester East Nassau Rossie ORLEANS. Fly Creek East Sand Lake Russell Barre Centre Garrattsville Hoag's Corner IShingle Creek Carlton Maple Grove Junction Somerville Eagle Harbor May Flower North Hoosic South Edwards East Canlton Middlefield Centre North Stephentown South Hammond East Gaines Morris Petersburg Four Cor- Southville, East Shelby Mount Vision ners Stockholm Depot Farmingham Oaksville Poestenkill. Waddington POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 771 ~Wegatchbie Leesville Sugar Hill Fosterdale West Fowler Livingstonville Thurston Freemont West Potsdam Mine Kill Falls Tontine Gales Wst Stockholm Morseville Towlesville Glen Wild North Blenheim Twelve Mile Creek Grahamsville SARATOGA. Richmondville Tyrone Hasbrouck Ballston Centre Sharon Centre Urbana Jeffersonville Barkersville Shaon Springs Wayne Liberty Falls Remus Heights Sloansville West Addison Low's Corner Burnt Hills Waldensville West Cameron Mongaup Coveville Warnerville West Greenwood Mongaup Valley Dean's Corners West Fulton Weston Narrowsburg East Gaiway West Gilboa West Troupsburg Neversink ~~~~~East Line ~West Union North Branch Edinburgh Centre SENECA. Wheeler Parksville ~Fortsville Canoga ~ Woodhull Philipsport ~~~~~~Gansevoort Cruso ~Pike Pond Grangerville East Varick SUFFOLK. Pond Eddy Groom's Corners Farmer Amagansett Purvis Amityville Robertsonville Ketcham's Corners ose Hill Baiting Hollow Sandburgh ~Maltaville Sheldrake Bell Port Stevensville Mechanicsville South Lodi Bridgehampton Thompsonville Middle Grove Townsendville Centreport West Brookville Moreau Station Tyre Commack White Lake Mount Pleasant Varick Coram Woodbourne North Galway West Fayette Cutchogue Wurtsboro' Pope's Corners West Junius Deer Park Youngsville Pr~orter's Corners D~ix Hills QuakerSprings STEUBEN. East Cutchogue TIOGA. ~Rexford Flats Alta ~ East Marion Apalachin Hock City Mills Arkport East Moriches Campville ~South Corinth Avoca ~ Fireplace Canfield's Corner South Galway Bennett's Creek Flanders Factoryville Vischer's Ferry Cameron Mills Good Ground Flemingsville Waterford Campbeltown Jamesport Halsey Valley West Charlton Caton Lakeland Newark Valley West Day Centre Canisteo Manorville Smithsboro' West Greenfield Cohocton Mattituck South Candor West Hadley Cooper's Plains Middle Island South Owego West Milton Corning Miller's Place Waverly Whiteside's Corners Doty's Corner Moriches West Candor Wilton East Cameron Mount Sinai West Newark East Canisteo New Village Willseyville SCHENECTADY East Painted Post Northport Braman's Corners Erwin Centre Orient TOMPKINS. East Glenville Gibson Penataquit Bennettsburg Hoffman's Ferry Goff's Mills Port Jefferson Burdett Mariaville Hammond's Mills Quognue Caroline Centre North Duanesburg Haskenville Sayville Cayntaville Quaker Street Kennedyville Seatuck East Lansing Scotia Lindleytown Setauket Efifield Centre Lyon's Hollow Smithtown Branch Etna SCHOHARIE Mount Washington Speonk Forest City Argosville North Cameron Springs Groton City Barnerville North Cohocton Success Jacksonville Barton Hill North Heading Thompson's Station Lake Ridge Breakabeen North Urbana Upper Aquebogue Lansingville Central Bridge Patchin's Mills Wading River Logan Charlotteville Paltonville West Hills McLean East Cobleskill Pine Grove Yaphank Mecklenburgh Eminence Pond Settlement Mott's Corners Engellville Purdy Creek SULLIVAN. North Hector Esperance Rathboneville Barryville, North Lansing Franklinton Heading Centre Beaver Brook Peruville Fultonham Rough and Ready Beaver Kill Pugsley's Depot Gall~upville Savona Bloomingburg Reynoldsville Gardnersville Shannon Bridgeville Searsburgh Gilboa South Bradford Burlingham Seneca Grovernor's Corners South Dansville Callicoon Slaterville Hunter's Land South Hill Callicoon Depot South Danhy Hyndsville Sout Pultney Claryville South Lansing Lawyersville South Thurston Delaware Bridge' Speedsville 772 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Trumansburg Mill Brook Marengo Williams's Bridge Trumbull Corners Pottersville Newark Yonkers Varna Stony Creek Port Glasgow Yorktown Waterburg The Glen Pultneyville West Danby Wardboro' Red Creek WYOMING. West Dryden Warrensburg Sodus Centre Attica Centre West Groton Sodus Point Castile WASHINGTON. South Butler Cowlesville ULSTER. Adamsville, South Sodus Dale Accord Anaquasscook Walworth Eagle Amesville Battenville West Butler Eagle Village Arnoldton Belcher Westbury East China Beach Hill Centre Cambridge West Macedon East Gainesville Bearsville Centre White Creek West Walworth East Java Bruynswick Coila Williamson East Koy Clintondale Comstock's Landing Walcott East Orangeville Denning East Greenwich East Pike Ellenville East Salem WESTCHESTER. Hermitage Fly Mountain Fort Edward Centre Abbotsford Java Village Frantzdale Galesville Bedford Station Johnsonsburg Glasco Griswold's Mills Chappaqua La Grange Kyserike Lake Cross River North Java Lackawack Low Hampton Croton Falls North Sheldon Libertyville Middle Granville Croton Landing North Wethersfield Loyd North Argyle Dobbs's Ferry Orangeville Milton North Cambridge Golden's Bridge Peoria Modena North Easton Hastings upon Hudson Perry Centre Napanock North Granville Jefferson Valley Pike New Hurley North Greenwich Kensico Portageville New Paltz Landing North Hebron Moringville South Warsaw Olive Bridge North White Creek Mott Haven Strykersville Pine Bush Patten's Mills Mount Kisco Varysburg Pine Hill Shushan Neperan Vernal Red Bridge Smith's Basin North Tarrytown Wethersfield River Side South Argyle Pine's Bridge Wethersfield Springs Samsonville South Easton Pleasantville Wyoming Shokan South Granville Purdy's Station Stone Ridge South Hartford Rye YATES. The Corner West Fort Ann Salem Centre Benton Centre Tuthill West Hebron Sands's Mills Big Stream Point Ulsterville White Creek Shrub Oak Bluff Point Wawarsing Whitehall South Salem Branch Port Westcamp Tarrytown Dundee West Hurley WAYNE. TaePrrytown West Hurler~ WAYNE. The Purchase Fergusson's Corners West Shandaken Alloway Tuckahoe Italy Hill Woodstock Alton Verplank Italy Hollow East Palmyra Vista Milo Centre WARREN. Fairville West Chester North Middlesex Chestertown Joy West Farms Rock Stream French Mountain Lock Berlin West Somers Sherman's Hollow Hyde Macedon White Plains West Dresden Johnsburgh Macedon Centre Whitlocksville Yatesville STATE OF NEW JERSEY. ATLANTIC Paskack Green Bank Shamong Absecon Schraalenburg Georgetown Sooy's Inn Bargaintown Spring Valley Jacksonville Tuckerton Buena Vista Jacobstown Vincentown Estellville BURLINGTON. Jobstown Wrightstown Gloucester Furnace Arneytown Juliustown Hammonton Atsion Lumberton CAMDEN. Leed's Point Bass River Hotel Marlton Blackwoodtown Pleasant Mills Beverly Medford Chew's Landing Port Republic Bridgeboro' Moorestown Cross Keys Smith's Landing Brown's Mills Mount Laurel Gloucester City Weymouth Cinnaminson New Gretna Haddonfield Columbus New Lisbon Long-a-Coming BERGEN. Cookstown Rancocas Waterford Works English Neighborhood Crosswicks Recklesstown Williamstown New Prospect Fellowship Red Oak Grove Winslow POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 773 ~CAPE MAY. Milford Perrineville SOMERSET. Beesley's Point Mount Pleasant Riceville Beckman's Mills Cold Spring New Germantown Tinton Falls Blawenburg Dennis's Creek Hew Hampton Turkey Boundbrook Bias Creek Perryville Walnford Flaggtown ~~~~~East Creek Pittstown ~Harlingen Fishing Creek Pottersville MORRIS. Lesser Cross Roads ~Goshen Prallsville ~ Berkshire Valley Liberty Corner Green Creek Quakertown Boonton Martinsville ~Petersburg Reaville Denville Middlebush ~Seaville Ringoes ~ Drakestown Millington Townsend Inlet Sergeantsville Drakesville Millstone ~~Tuckahoe Sidney ~ Flanders North Branch ~Stanton German Valley Peapack CUMBERLAND. Vansyckels Hanover Neck Plukemin Cedarville White Hall Littleton Rocky Hill Deerfield Street White House Long Hill Six Mile Run ~~Dividing Creek ~Madison Warrenvile Dorchester MERCER. Milton Weston Fawirton's Neck ~Newfoundland Dutch Neck ~~~~~~SUSSEX. Ewing's NecknDutch Neck New Vernon Mauricetown edinburgh Parkersburg Andover Roarto Hamilton Square Parsippany Augusta Hightstown Pine Brook Beemerville Pleasant Grove Bevans hihnHpewll~ ~ Pompton Plains Branchville ESSEX. Lawreuntse Rockaway Clove Camptown MoueingtRosn Springtown Colesville Feltville Penningtor Suckasunny Deckertown Franklin PoritusMerce Walnut Grove Flatbrookville Plainfield TVatsville Washington Franklin Furnace Scotch Plains VaWindsor HiseviFredon ~South Orange Wino~dsorv~ ~OCEA. Gratitude Springfield Woodsville Oarnegat Greenville Summit rdvie Barnega~t Wk Hainesville S~unmmiont ~Bergen Iron Works Hamburg Union MIDDLESEX. Cedar Creek Hamburg West Bloomfield MIDEE. CdrCekHarmony Vale Westfield Black Horse Downsville La Fayette Cheesequakes Hornerstown Libertyville GLOUCESTER. CabryJackson's Mills Lockwood Barnsboro' Jamesburg Manchesteridlvil Bridgeport Metuchen MacetrMonroe Carpenter's Landing New Market Matedeconk Mount Salem Clarksboro' Old Bridge New Egypt Pleasant Valley Franklinville Plainsboro' Pine Plains Sat Glasboro' Rahway Point Pleasant Spilatrt Hardin ville South IliverPotter's Creek Stockwater Radngil SoutaRierRtochol Harrisonville Spotswood Shark Rivlaer Swartswood Mallico Hillrdg Squakm. VlaeTranquillity Malaga Wodbidelqanl Tuttle's Corner Pineville MONMOUTH. hlTom'n ivrVernon Sweedsboro' Allentown Tomst Crierk Waterloo Westville Chanceville Wiesto Creekow HUDSON. Chapel Hill Wrtw yetw HUDSON. Clarksburg WARREN Bergen Point Colt's Neck PASSAIC. Allamuchy )Tew Durham Eatontown Aquackanock Anderson Englishtown Bloomingdale Asbury HUNTERDON. Fillmore Mead's Basin Beatyestown Baptistown Forked River West Milford Blairstown Centreville Holmdel Bridgeville Cherryville Howell Works SALEM. Broadway Clarksville Imla-vstown Allowaystown Brotzmanville Clinton Key Port Canton Calno Clover Hill Kettle Creek Centreton Columbia Cokesburg Leedsville Elmer Danville Croton Long Branch Hancock's Bridge Hackettstown Everittstown Lower Squankum. Pedricktown Hainesburg Fair Mount Manalapan Penn's Grove Johnsonburg Frenchtown Manasquam Pitt's Grove Marksboro' Klinesville Marlboro' Sculltown Milibrook Lambertsville New Sharon Sharptown New Village Little York Ocean Port Woodstown Oxford Furnace 774 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Paulina Rocksburgh Stewartsville Townsbury Polkville Serepta Still Valley Walnut Valley Ramsaysburg STATE OF PENNSYLVANIA. ADAMS. Blanket Hill Douglassville East Springhill Abbottstown Brady's Bend Earlville East Troy Arendtsville Cowansville Fetherolffsville Edsalville Bermudian Elderton Furnace Franklin Dale Bendersville Freeport Geiger's Mills French's Mills Cashtown Glade Run Grimville Havensville East Berlin Lawrenceburg Joanna Furnace Herrick Fairfield Leechburg Klinesville Hihland Fountain Dale Oakland Kbrook Grafensburg Olivet Leesport Laddsburg Green Mount Orrsville Lobachsville Le Raysville Hampton Phcenix Long Swamp Le Roy Heidlersburg Putneyville Lower Bern Merryall Hunterstown Red Bank Furnace Maiden Crek Milan Littlestown Rural Valley Manatawny Monroeton MeSherrystown Scrub Grass Mohrsville Myersburg Menallen Slate Lick Molltown New Albany New Chester South Bend Monterey North Orwell New Oxford Worthington Morgatown North Rome Two Taverns Moselem North Smithfield York Sulphur Springs BEAVER Mount Airy Old Hickory Black Hawk New Jerusalem Orcutt Creek ALLEGHANY. Darlington Pike Township Orwell Arsenal Economy Pricetown Pike Bakerstown Fallston Rehrersbur Rome Buchanan Frankfort Springs Schuylkill Bend Rummerfield Creek Clinton Freedom Seisholtzville Sheshequin Coal Valley Georgetown Shanesville South Creek Duquesne Hookstown Shartlesville South Hill Elizabeth Industry Sinking Spring South Warren Gambles Kendall Stonersville Springfield Gill Hall New Sheffield Stou'chburg Standing Stone Green Tree Ohioville Straustown Stevensville Harmarville Parkison Tulpehoccan Sugar Run Herriottsville Service Vi rginsville Sylvania Houston Seventy Six Williams's Store Terrytown Library Smith's Ferry Womelsdorf Troy Logan's Ferry Ulster McKeesport BEDFORtD. BLAIR. Warrenham Monroeville Alum Bank Altoona West Burlington Moutours Bloody Run Antestown West Franklin Moon Clearville Blair Furnace Windham Moss Side Dublin Mills Clover WyalusingNoblestowvn Juniata Crossings Duncansville Wysox Perrysville Mann's Choice East Freedom Port Ferry Monroe East Sharpsburg BUCKS. Remington Pattonville Fostoria Andalusia Sewickly Bottom R~ainsburg Frankstown Attleboro' Sharpsburg Ray's Hill Martinsburg Bridge Valley Shirland Robisonville Newry Bridgewater Street's Run Saint Clairsville Sarah Brownsburg Surgeon's Hall Six Mile Run Sinking Valley Mills Bucksville Tarentum. Stonerstown Springfield Furnace Bunker Hill Temperanceville West End Tyrone Bursonville Turtle Creek Woodbury Williamsburg Carversville Upper Saint Clair Yellow Spring Centre Bridge Walker's Mills BERKS. Danboro' West Elizabeth Baumstown BRADFORD. Davisville West Manchester Bernville Alba Dolington Wexford Birdsboro' Bently Creek Dublin White Ash Boyerstown Browntown Erwinua Wilkins Brower Camptown Fallsington Wilkinsburg- Brumfieldville Columbia Cross Roads Feasterville Clayton Durell Hagersville ARMSTRONG. Cross Kill Mills East Herrick Hartsville Apollo Dale East Smithfield Hilltown POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 775 ~Hulmesville CARBON. Kennett's Square Luthersburg Lahaska Albriohsville Kimberton Morrisdale Line Lexington Beaver Meadows Lewisville New Washington Lumberville East Penn Lionville Smith's Mills Mechanicsville Hickory Run Loa- Woodland New ~Hope Lausanne Mc Williamstown CLINTON. Marllboro' Newportville Little Gap Marlboro' Beech Creek Newtown Nesqueh~oning Marsh Calltmeron Ottsville New Mahoning Marshallton Oxford Valley Parrsville Milltown Chatham Run Pineville Rock~ Port Mount Vernon Cook's Run Pipersville Stembersville New Garden Duunsburg Pleasant Valle Summit Hill Oxford Farrandsville First Fork Pleasantville Weatherly Parkersville First Fork Logan Mills Plumsteadville Weisport Parkcsburg LogeandMll Loveland ~~~~Point Pleasant ~Penningtonville Mill Hall Quakertown CENTRE. Phcenixville Nort Hata ~Rib~boro' Boalsburg Pickering North Chatham Richlandtown Buffalo Run Pughtown Salona Riegelsville Centre Hill Rockville Sinnamahoning Seller's Tavern Centre Line Russellville Sugar Valley ~Spinnerstown Fillmore Sadsburyville Westport ~Springtown Fleming Saint Mary's Youngwomanstown Taylorsville Hulersburg Saint Peter's COLUMBIA. Trumbarseville Jolann Furnace Setzler's Store Beaver Valley Tullytown Martha Furnace Steeleville Benton Upper Black Eddy Milesburg Strickersville Buckhorn Warrington Millheim. Sugartown Central Whitehallville Nittany Unionville Cole's Creek Wrightstown Old Fort Uwchland Espy Yardleyville Philipsburg Valley Forge Foundryville Pine Grove Mills Vincent Light Street BUTTER. Pleasant Gap Wagontown Lime Ridge Anandale Potter's Mills Wallace Maineville Anderson's Mills Rebersburg Warren Tavern Mifflinville ~~Baldwin Snow Shoe ~ West Grove Millville Barnhart's Mills Spring Mills West Vincent Mordansville Breakneck Stover's Place West Whitelaud Pealers Brownington, Walker, Polkville Bruin Woodward CLARION. Rohirsburg Coultersville Zion Callensburg Stillwater Coyleville Catfish Furnace Glade Mills CHESTER. Clinton Furnace CRAWFORD. Harrisville Avondale Curllsville Adamsville Hihernia Black Horse Jefferson Furnace Bloomfield Jacksville Blue Rock Kerr's Store Blooming Valley Maple Furnace Brandywine Manor Kin(-sville Centreville Middle Lancaster Caln Kossuth Conneautville Mount Chestnut Chandlerville Lamartine Crossingville Murrinsville Chatham Leatherwood' Custards North Hope Chester Springs Limestone Espyville Ogle Chesterville Lucinda Furnace Evansburg Portersville Coch-ransville Matildaville Guy's Mills Prospect Collamer New Athens Harmonshurg Sarversville Dilworthtown New Bethlehem Hartstown Saxenburg Doe Run Piny Hayfield Shitpest own Downingtown Reidsbnrg Kingsleys Whitestown Elk Dale Rimersburg Line Mills Zelienople Embreeville River MeDowells Ercildown Shippensville Mead Corners CAMBRIA. Fairville Strattonville New Richmond Ashland Furnace Fountain Green Tylersburg Penn Line Bemis's Creek Frazer Randolph Carrollton Goshenville CLEARFIELD. Riceville Chess Springs Gum Tree Bower Rockdale Fallen Timber Guthriesville Clearfield Bridge Rundells Loretto Hamorton Curwvinsville Siagerstown Portage Hayesville Gush South Shenango Roseland Hickory Hill Frenchville Spartansburg Summer Hill Honey Brook Fruit Hill Spring Summit Hopewell Cotton W'ks Glen Hope Sterlington Three Roads Jennersville Grahamton Steuben Wilmore Kemblesville Grampian Hills Sugar Creek 776 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Sugar Lake Caledonia Upton Coal Port Taylor's Stand Hellen Waynesboro' East Centreville Titusville Kersey's Welsh Run Home Unity Pine Street Kent Venango Second Fork FULTON. Marchand Woodcock Williamsville Burnt Cabins Mitchell's Mills Fort Littleton Newman's Mills CUMBERLAND. ERIE. Harrisonville Penn Run Big Spring Albion McConnellsburg Shelocta Boiling Springs Cherry Hill New Grenada Smicksburg Good Hope Cook Speersville Strongstown Hogestown Edinboro' Webster's Mills Tunnel Lee's Cross Roads Franklin Corners Warfordsurg West Lebanon Lisburn Girard West Dublin Mechanicsburg Harbor Creek Mount Rock Moorheadville GREENE. Alvan Newburg Northville Carmichels Brockwayville New Cumberland Phillipsville Castile Cool Spring New Kingstown Platea Clarksville Corsica Newville Springfield Cross Roads Davistown Merata Oakville Union Mills Greensboro' Punxutawney Papertown Waterford Harveys Renoldsville Plainfield Wattsburg unters Cave Richarsille Shepherdstown Wayne Jolly Town Riggold Shiremantown Wells's Corners Kirby Summersville Stoughstown Wesleyville Mapletown Warsaw Walnut Bottom West Sprisgfield Mount Morris White Hill New Grenad JIATA. White House FAYETTE. Rice's Landin Academia Belle Vernon Rogersville Beale's Mills DAUPHIN. Cookstown Riverson's Station East Waterford Benvenue East Libert Whiteley MAllisterville Berrysburg Farmington Windride MCoysville Dauphin Fayette Springs MCulloch's Mills Elizabethville Flatwoods HUNTINDON. Mexico Gilchristville McClellandtown Alexandria Oakland Mills Fisherisville Masontown Birmingham Peru Mills Gihratz l Merrittstown Bridgeport Pleasant View HGhrSpir New Geneva Broad Top Port Royal HummeSsiow, New Salem Calvin Richfield Ligelestown PennsNville Cassville Spruce Hill Pigllsown Perryopolis Coffee Run Thompsontown Plortmot Redstone Colerain Forge Walnut PowltsmValleySalt Lick Cottage Waterloo oulsqu aleyan Searights Eagle Foundry Westuehanove Smithfield East Barre LANCASTER.'WicoHnisco Springhill Furnace Ennisville Adamstowu Wiconisco Tippecanoe Graysville Bainbridge DELAWARE. Tyrone Mills Greenwood Furnace Bareville Chadd's Ford Upper Middletown James's Creek Bart Concordville Woodvale MeAlevy's Fort Beartown Gibbon's Tavern Mcconnellstown Bellemonte Howellville FRANKLIN. Maddeusville Binkley's Bridge Ivy Mills Amberson's Valley Manor Hill Blue Ball Kellysville Dry Run Mill Creek Bowmansville Leipersville Fannettsburg Mount Union Brickerville Lima Fayetteville Orhisonia, Cains Marcus Hook Green Castle Paradise Furnace Camargo Marple Green Village Shade Gap) Cambridge Nether Providence Jackson Hall Shaver's Creek Chestnut Level Nlewtown Square Keefer's Store Spruce Creek Christiana Penn's Grove London Three Springs Churchtown Radnor Marion Todd Cocalico Rose Tree Mont Alto Union Furnace Coopersville Spread Eagle New Guilford Vineyard Mills Durlach Thornton Orrstown Warrior's Mark Elizabethtown Upper Darby Quincy Water Street Enterprise Village Green Roxbury West Barre Falmouth West Haverford. Scotland Gap Spring Run INDIANA. Goodville, ELK. State Line Armagh Gordonsville Benezett, Sylvan Brush Valley Goshen Beuzinger Upper Strasburg Clarksburg Greene OST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 777 ~~~~~Hat Palmyra ~ Sybertsville Worth Hempfield Shafferstown Town Hill ~~~~Highville ~Trucksville MIFFLIN. ~~Hinkleton LEHIGH. ~Wallsville Allensville Intercourse Breinigsville Waverly Atkinson's Mills ~Kinzers Catasauqua ~ White Haven Belleville Kirk's Mills Centre Valley Wyoming Kishacoquillas ~~~~~~~Landisville Claussville ~Locke's Mills Liberty Square Coopersbnrg LYCOMING. McVeytown ~Litiz Fogelsville Alvira Milroy Martickville Friedensille Barbour's Mills Newton Hamilton Martinsville Hosensack Black Hole Reedsville Mastersonville Jacksonville Chestnut Grove Strode's Mills ~~~~May Lynnville ~ Collomsville Maytown Mechanisboro' Crescent MONROE. Mechanic's Grove New Tripoli Elimsport Analomink ~Millersville Orefield Garrettsville Bartonsville Mount Hope Rittersville Haneyville Covesville Mount Nebo Saegersville Hucrhesville Dutotsburg Mountville Saucon Valley Huntersville Effort Neff~ville Schnecksville Lairdsvillc Experiment Mills New Holland Seiberlingville Larry's Creek Fennersville New Milltown South Whitehall Linden Henrvsville New Providence Treichlersville Little Pine Creek Kellersville Nine Points Trexlertown Monturesville Kresgeville ~Oak Hill Weisenburg Newberry Kunkletown ~Octoraro Wescosville Prospect Mills Long Valley ~Oregon Zionsville ~ Ralston Marshall's Creek'~~~~Paradise ~Road Hall Merwinsburg ~~~Piquea LUZERNE. ~State Road Naglcsville Plesant Grove Archbald Taneyville New Mount Pleasant Puseyville Bald Mount Texas Paradise Valley Quarryville Beach Grove Trout Run Priceburg Rawlinsville Beach Haven Walkerville Saylorsburg ~Reamstown Bear Creek Warrensville Shafers Reinholdsville Beaumont Waterville Shawnee ~~~~Rock Black Creek ~ White Deer Shaw's Meadows.Safe Harbor Cambra Wolf Run Sniydersville Salunga Carverton Soxville Schoeneck Church Hill McKEAN. Spruce Grove Smithville Clark's Green Alleghany Bridge Stanhope South Jiermitage Clifton Annin Creek Stoddardsville Strasburg Conyngham Burtville Tannersville Terre Hill Daleville Clermontville Treibleville Vogansville Dunmore Farmer's Valley Turns Willow Street Fairmount Springs Glenn, Fleetville Eden, MONTGOMERY. LAWRENCE. Forty Fort Kendall Creek Barren Hill Chenango Green Grove Lafayette Blue Bell Cross Cut Harveyville Norw~ich Conshohocken East Brook Hazleton Port Alleghany Crooked Hill Edinburgh Hunlock's Creek Prentiss Vale Edge Hill Enon Valley Huntsville Fairview Village I-larlensburg Hyde Park MERCERt. General Wayne Hillsville Jcansville Centretowu Gulf Mills Irish Ripple Jeddo Clark Harleysville Mount Jackson Lackawanna Deer Creek Hatboro' Newv Bedtbrd Lake Delaware Grove Hillegass New Wilmington Mount Surprise Excbangeville Huntingdon Valley 1Plain Grove Muhlenburg Harthegig Jeffersonville Princeton Nanticoke Henderson Jenkintown Pulaski New Columbus Hermitage King of Prussia Wurtemburg Newport Centre Jamestown Kulpsville Old'Forge Leesburg Limerick Bridge LEBANONl. Orange London Montgomeryville Bellview Pittston Ferry New Lebanon Norritonville Campbelltown Plainsville New Vernon Pennsburg Cornwall Port Blanchard North Liberty Penn's Square Fredericksburg Ransom P rrine Perkiomen Bridge Jonestown Scranton Sharon Plymouth Meeting Meyerstown Shickshinny West Greenville Port Kennedy Millbach Sloyersville West Middlesex Port Providence Mount Zion Sweet Valley Wolf Creek Royer's Ford 98 778 POST OFFICES IN TILE UNITED STATES. Salfordville Andesville SCHUYLKILL. Fairdale Schweacks's Store Baileysburg Auburn Forest Lake Shannonville Blain Bearmont Friendsville Shippack Bosserman's Mills Blythe Great Bend Sorrel Horse Duncannon Branch Dale Jackson Spring House Elliottsburg Broad Mountain Jackson Valley Sumneytown Ickesburg Catawissa Valley Kentckyville Trappe Keystone I)Donaldson Lanesboro' Nyler's Port Landisburg Drehersville Lathrop Union Square Millerstown Focht's Forge Lawsville Centre Upper Dublin Montgomery's Ferry Fontain Spring Lenoxville White Marsh New Buffalo Freedensburg Little Meadows Willow Grove New Germantown Hickshirville Lnn Worcester Oak Grove Furnace Kepners ilardsville Roseburg Lewlyn Porter Rid MONTOUJR. Sherman's Dale McKeansburg Rushville Jersevtown Middleport Silver Lake Mooresburg PHILADELP HIA. PAuburn Roaring Creek Pitman Springville Washin-'tonville Andora P WashingtonvillerAdosbra Port Clinton Susquehanna Depot White Hall Bridesburg Saint Clair Thompson Bustleton Sil NORTIHAMPTON. Falls of Schuylkill Trem WstAu Bath Fox Chase Upper Mahantango Belfast Holmnesburg TIOGA. Boston Kcnsington Bailey Creek Butztown Leverington SOMERSET. Charleston Cherryville Milestown Bakersville Chatham Valley Flicksville Olney Beford's Store Cherr Flats Freemansburg Port Richmond Berlin Covington Hecktown Rising Sun Buckstown Crooked Creek Hellertown Somerton Davidsville aggett's Mills Jacobsburg Spring Garden Dr Ride Gaines Kesslers West Philadelphia Elk Lick Gray's Valley Klecknersville Forwardstown Knoxville Kreidersville PIKE. Gebharts Lawrenceville Laubach Bushkill Harnedsville Little Marsh Martin's Creek Dingman's Ferry Jenner's Cross Roads Maineshurg Mount Bethel Metamora Levansville Mansfield Nazareth Narrows Meyers's Milli; Mixtowvn Petersville Shehola New Lexington Nauvoo Richmond Tafton Shade Furnace Nelson Slateford Two Rivers Shanksville Pine Creek Stockertown SievleSahinsville StoeCuts h POTrTER. Somersfield Slia Stouts ~~~~~~~Southampton Tioga Uhlersville Clara Stony Creek Wellsboro' Weaversville Colesburg Stoycstown Westfield Wind Gap Cushingville Summit Mills East Sharon Turkey Foot UNION. NORTHUMBERLAND. Ellisburg Wellersburg Beaver Springs Bear Gap Genesee Fork Beavertown Chulasky Harrison Valley SULLIVAN. Bnffalo Cross Roads Dalmatia Hebron Campbellville Chapman Elysburg Hector Cherry Chestnut Ridge, Freeland Homer Cherry Mills Cosgrave Hall Greenbrier Kettle Creek IDavidson Forest Hill Line Mountain Lymansville Eagles Mere Freeburg, McEwansville Mill Port Eldredsville 11artleton Mahanoy Nelsonport Hill's Grove Keensville Milton North Wharton Millview Kratzerville Mount Carmel Oswayo New Laport, Lewisburg Paxinos Pike Mills Slunk McKee's Half Falls Pott's Grove Pike Valley Middleburg Rushtown Roulette SUSQUEHANNA. Middle Creek Shamokin Sharon Centre Auburn Four Corners Mifilinsburg, Snydertown Sweden Birchardville Mount Pleasant Mills Trevorton Turner Corner Brackney New Columbia Turbotville Ulysses Cliflard Penn's Creek Watsontown West Pike Dimock Selin's Grove Wharton Dundaff Turtleville PERRY. White's Corners Elk Lake White Deer Mills Amdersonbumrg Williston Ellerslie Winfield POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 779 VENANGO Cherry Valley Pleasant Mount Forkston Agnew's Mills Claysville Priceville Kellersburg ~~Big Bend Clokey ~ Prompton Laceyville ~Canal Commettsburg ~ Rileyville La Grange Cass Cross Creek Village South Sterling Mehoopany Clintonville Dunningsville Starucca Nicholson Cooperstown Eldersville Sterling North Flat Dempseytown Finleyville Waymart Oxbow ~East Sandy Florence ~ White Mills Russell Hill ~~~~~~~~Emlenton Fredericktown ~Scottsville Five Points Ginger Hill WESTOELAND Skinner's Edd Holland Good Intent AdaTMsbRgLAND Sterlingville Adlamsburgr ~Perry Hickory ~ Aqueduct YOR Phipps's Mills Independence Bradcnville Plumer LiretowCrawnford's Mills Apple Grove Polk Lindly's Mills Crawford's'-Nlills Bald Eagle Fitz Henry PorterfieldLocust lFulton Bryansville President Furnace Maple Creek Halcyon Castle Fin ~Rockland Millsboro' ~Harrion CtCross Roads Stewart's Run Monongahela City Harris City Dallastown Harvey's Five Points Mungo Park Hill's ViewDay's Landing Hill's View Tyrrel Mnnntown Jones1s)Mill-, Dillsburg Utica Murdocksville Emigsville Laughlintown E Wallace~yille North Star Laurelvinlol Etters Wesley Paris L nLaurelville Farmers Wilson's Mills Patterson's Mills Ligonier Fawn Grove ~Pike Run Livermore Franklintown WARREN. Plasant lullMadison Ma~~lison Glen Rock McKean's Old Stand Glen Rock Beech Woods Prosperity Murrysville Grahamville Beech Woods ~~~~~~~~~~Hanover Corydon Simpson's Store New Alexandria Her Eagle Sparta New Derry Lewis iuTy nNew Stanton Lewisberry LaPe Ten Mile North Washington Loganville La Porte Thompsonville North Washington Lower Chanceford Lottsville Van Buren Pleasant Unity Manchester Pine Valley Vanceville Poke RunMargaretta Furnace ~,,,,t-....Margaretta ]Furnace Pitsficld VeiePucketas Muddy Creek Forks Russelsbur- enc Puebla Nebrrtw Sheffield t'West Alexander Rostraver New Bridgevill Spring Creek West Brownsville Salem Cross Roads New Frideedome Steam Mill West Finley Shearer's Cross Roads PNew Hilldo Sugar GroveWest Middletown Stablstown RossyHille SugrdGovte Zollersville Stewartsville RSevenVlley West Spring Creek WAN. Tinker RunSenValy Youngsville A Wdevi NE. Watts's Mills Shrewsbury Aldenville West Fairfield Sidonsburg Aridl West Newton Spring Forge WASHINGTON. Ashland Yoo~aySlate Hill Amity Cherry Ridge Yoohny Stewartstown Bavington East Sterling YonsonStrawbridge Beallsville Eldred Strinestown Bentlevville Equinunk WYOMING. Union Bower Hill Galilee Bowman's Creek Wellsville Brush Run Hamlinton Braintrem n Windsor Btirgettstown Hawley Centre Moreland Wrightsville Candor Hill Top Factoryville Yocumtown Cannonsbnrg 1Honesdale Falls York Haven STATE OF DELAWARE. KENT. Whiteleysburg Loveville Talleyville Camden Williamsville McDonough Canterbury Mermaid SUSSEX. Frederica NEW CASTLE. Middletown Angola Keith's Cross Roads Black Bird Naaman's Creek Black Water Leipsic Brandywine Springs. Newark Bridgeville Little Creek Landing Cantwell's Bridge Newport Cannon's Ferry Masten's Corner Centreville Pleasant Hill Cedar Creek Milford Chippewa Port Penn Concord Smyrna Cooch's Bridge Red Lion Dagsboro' Sowardtown Glasgow Stanton Draw Bridge Vernon Henry Clay Factory Summit Bridge Gumboro' 780 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Hall's Store Lewes Milton Selbyville Horsey's Cross Roads Middleford Seaford Tunnell's Store Laurel Millsboro' STATE OF MARYLAND. ALLEGHAN Y Philopolis Ceciltown Unionville Accident Pikesville Charlestown Urbana Dawsons Reistertown Cherry Hill Utica Mills Frostburg Rossville Chesapeake City Walkersille Grantsville Ridge Hall College Green Weverton Keyser's Ridge Sweet Air Fair Hill Wofsville Lonaconing Towsontown Northeast Woodsboro' Mount Savage Union Meeting House Perryville Oldtown Upperco Principio Furnace HARFORD. Orleans Warren Rising Sun Aingdon Pleasant Grove Washingtonville Rock Springs Churchville Selbysport Weisesburg Rowlandsville Clermont Mills Shade Mill Westerman's Mills South Milford Darlington Western Port Wetheredville Warwick Dublin Winston White Hall Wood Lawn Fallston Yough Glades Zion Grey Rock CALVERT. Hall's Cross Roads ANNE ARUNDEIL Chestnut Hill CHARLES. Hickory Tavern Annapolis Junction Dunkirk Allen's Fresh Highland Grove Bright Seat Huntingtown Beantown Hopewell Cross Roads Bristol Lower Marlboro' Benedict Jarrettsville Clarksville Port Republic Bryantown Jerusalem Mills Cooksville Duffield Magnolia Crownsville CAROLINE. Glymont Michaelsville Davidsonville Bridgetown Harris's Lot Mill Green Eldersburg Burrsville Nanjemoy Perrymansville Elysville Federalsburg Newport Pleasantville Friendship Greensboro' Partnership Pylesville Governor's Bridge Hillsboro' Pomonkey Rock Run Ilchester Mills New Hope Tompkinsville Sandy Hook Lisbon Upper Hunting Creek Shawsville Marriottsville DORCHESTER. Taylor Matthews's Store CARROLL. Big MillsUpeCrsRod Millersville Bachman's Mills, BridgevilleUpeCrsRod Patuxent Brucevill Church Creek KENT. Poplar Springs Double Pipe Creek East New Market Chesterville [Roads Savage Finksburg Golden Hill Georgetown Cross Simpsonville Franklinville Hicksburgr Harmony South River Freedom Lakesvile Head of Sassafras Taylorsville Hampstead Taylor's Island Massy's Cross Roads Tracy's Landing Hood's Mills Tobacco Stick Millington West River Ilouck's Store Vienna Rock Hall Woodstock MeKinstry's Mills Urieville Kroh's Mills FREDERIC. BALTIMORE Manchester Adamstown MONTGOMERY. Black Rock Middleburg Barry Barnesville Brooklandville Mount Airy Buckey's Town Brookville Butler New Windsor Burketsville Clarksburg Catonsville Piney Creek Creagerstown Colesville Cockeysville Porters Gracehaim Cottage Cub Hill Ridgeville Greenfield Mills Damascus Dover Sam's Creek Ijamnsville Darnestown Ellengowan Sykesville Jefferson Hyattstown Fork Meeting House Taneytown Johnsville Laytonsville Freeland Union Bridge Ladiesburg Middlebrook Mills Gap Mills Union Mills Liberty Town Poolesville Govanstown Uniontown Mechaniestown Sandy Spring Harrisonville Wakefield Middletown Seneca Mills Hereford Warfieldburg Monrovia Triadelphia Hookstown Westminster Mount Pleasant Unity Little Gunpowder Winfield Myersville Long Green Academy Woodbine New London PRINCE GEORGE'8. Maryland Line New Market Aquasco Monkton Mills CECIL. Petersville Beltsville North Branch Blue Ball. Point of Rocks Brandywine Owing's Mills Brick Meeting House Sabillisville Buena Vista POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 781 Fort Washington Charlotte Hall TALBOT. Fairview ~Good Luck Great Mills Bay Hundred Funkstown ~Horse Head Milestown Oxford Keedysville Laurel Factory Mount Olive Royal Oak Lappon's Cross Roads Long Old Fields Oakville Saint Michaels Leitersburg Nottingham ~ Park Hall Trappe Park Head ~Piscataway Ridge ~ Wye Mills Ringgold ~~~Queen Ann Saint Clements Bay ~Rohrersville ~~Upper Marlboro' ~WASHINGTON. Sharpsburg SOMERSET. Bakersville Smithsburg QUEEN ANNE. Barron Creek Springs Beaver Creek Williamsport Broad Creek Bell Mount Benevola Church Hill Fork Town Boonsboro' WORCESTER. ~Long ~ Marsh Kingston Brownsville Berlin ~Queenstown Quantico Cavetown Derickson's Cross Sudlersville Rock Creek Chewsville Newark [Roads Templeville Sharp Town Clears Spring Newtown Upper Trappe Conococheague Saint Martins SAINT MARY'S. Whithaven College of Saint James Sandy Hill ~~~~~~~~~~~~Chaptico ~Whaleysville DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. WASHINGTON. ~~~Anacostia I Georgetown 1~I Tennallytown STATE OF VIRGINIA. ACCOMACK. University of Virginia APPOMATTOX. Peck's Run ~Bellehaven Warren ~ Bent Creek Chincoteague Yancey's Mills Oakville BATH. ~~~~~Guilford ~Concord Bath Alum Horntown ALEXANDRIA. Rose Grove Cloverdale Hotel Hunting Creek Brixton. Spout Spring Green Valley Locust Mount Stonewall Mills Hot Springs Locustville ALLEGHANY Walker's Church Millboro' Springs Messongo Alum Rock Woodlawn Miller's Mill Metompkin Callaghans Mountain Grove Modest Town Clifton Forge AUGUSTA. Sunrise New Church Morris's Hill Barter Brook Williamsville Onancock Potts's Creek Churchville Pungoteagne Rich Patch Cline's Mill BEDFORD Wagram Deerfield Big Island AMELIA. Estelline Furnace Bufords ALBEMARLE. Deatonsville Fishersville Bunker Hill Bentivoglio Dennisville Greenville Chamblisburg Boyd's Tavern Elk Hill Hermitage Charlemont Brooksville Finney Mills Jennings's GAP Cross Roads Brown's Cove Jetersville Lebanon White Sulphur Davis's Mills Carter's Bridge Lodore Long Glade [Springs Davis's Store Cobham IDMannboro' Middlebrook Dickinson's Store Covesville Narnozine Mint Spring Eagle Eyry Earlysville Painesville Mount Meridian Ernaus Free Union Rodophil Mount Sidney Fancy Grove Garlands Mount Solon Hendrick's Store Hardin's Tavern AMHERST. New Hope Kaseys Howardsville Buffalo Springs Parnassus Lisbon Hydraulic Mills Cool Well Rockland Mills Norwood Kesnick Depot Elon Steele's Tavern Oak Muldge Mechum's River New Glasgow Stewart's Draft Otter Bridge Millington Oronoco Tunnel Peakesville Moreman's River Pedler's Mills Waynesboro' Wades Mount Israel Pryor's Vale West View North Garden Rose Mills BERKELEY. Nortonsville Sandidges BARBOUR. Darkesville Porter's Precinct Stapleton Barker's Settlement Falling Waters Scottsville Stony Fork Burnersville Gerrardstown Shadwell Temperance Nestorville Hainesville Stony Point Tobacco Row. Overfield Hedgesville 782 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Mill Creek Hat Creek Colvin's Tavern Leed's Manor North Mountain Leesville Eldorado Milview Tomahawk Springs Lynchburg Fary Morgansburg Van Clevesville Marysville Glenn Mills Moreland Morris's Church Griffinsburg Morrisille BOONE. Mount Zion Jeffersonton New Baltimore Ballardsville New London Kellysville Oak Hill Hewit Pigeon Run Oak Shade Orlean Peytona Yellow Branch Racoon Ford Paris Richardsville Pine View t. BOTETOURT, CABELL. Rixeyville Rector's Cross Roads Amsterdam Bloomingdale Shepherd's Grove Rectortown Blue Ridge Green Bottom Stevensburg Saint Stephens Catawba Griffithsville Strode Salem Fauquier Cloverdale Guyandotte Thompsonville Somerville Craig's Creek Mud Bridge Waylandsburg The Plains Dagger's Springs Upperville Flukes CAROLINE CUMBERLAND. Warrenton Springs Junction Store Athens Ca Ira Waterloo Middle Mountain Central Point Cartersville Weaversville New Castle Concord Academy Langhorne's Tavern Wheatley Old Hickory Flippos Oak Forest Sinking Creek Golansville Raines's Tavern FAYETTE Tinker Knob Guineys Royal Oaks Gauley Bridge Milford Stony Point Mills Locust Lane BRAXTON. Port Royal Mountain Cove Bulltown Rappahannock Acade- DINWIDDIE. Pleasant Hill Flatwoods Ruther Glen [my Burnt Quarter Sewell Mountain Sparta Darvills BROOKE. Turner's Store Fork Inn FLOYD. Bethany White Chimneys Goodwynsville Camp Mills Cherry Hill Mount Level Cannaday Gap Fowlersx CARROLL. Ritchieville Greasy Creek New Cumberland Cranberry Plains Wyoming Indian Valley Short Creek Dug Spur Little River Good Spur DODDRIDGE. Simpsons BRUNSWICK. Grayson Sulphur Greenbrier Run'Burntville Hillsville [Springs Greenwood FLUVANNA. Crichton's Store New Milton Bowlesville Diamond Grove CHARLES CITY. Central Plains.Edmunds Appersons ESSEX. Columbia Gholsonville Swinevards Bestland Fork Union Harper's Home Centre Cross La Fayette Hill Harrisville CHARLOTTE. Dunnsville Seven Islands Jonesboro' Aspen Wall Lloyds Union Mills Kennedys Cub Creek Loretto Wilmington Lewisville Dupree's Old Store Miller's Tavern Pleasant Oaks Friend's Grove Montague FRANKLIN. Powellton Harvey's Store Occupacia Boone's Mill Smoky Ordinary Keysville Coopers Stony Mount Midland FAIRFAX. Dickinsons Sturg~eonville Red House Accatink Fishersboro' White Plains Red Oak Grove Anandale Glade Hill Roanoke Bridge Centreville Gogginsville BUCKINGLIAM. Rough Creek Chantilly Hale's Ford Cuabrds'sl Mils Wylesbuing Dranesville Long Branch Curdsville ~~~~~Falls Church Prillamans Diana Mills CHESTERFIELD. Langley Retreat Glenmore Blackheth Peach Grove Shady Grove Gravel Hill Otter Dale Pleasant Valley Snow Creek Mount Vinco Proctor's Creek Prospect Hill Sydnorsville New Canton Skinquarter Republican Mills Taylor's Store New Store Winterpock Springr Vale Union Hall Virginia Mills'Iheological Seminary CLARKE. FREDERIC. CAMPBELL. Berryville FAUQUIER. Ashton's Mills Arnoldton Castleman's Ferry Auburn Back Creek Valley Beaver Creek Millwood Bristersburg Brucetown Brook Neal Wadesville Clift Mills Cedar Creek Castle Craig White Post Elk Run Gainesboro' Dinwiddie's Tan Yard Farrowsvillc Gravel Spring Falling Bridge CULPEP'ER. Foxville High View.Green Hill Boston Germantown Middletown POST OFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 783 Newtown Stephensburg Black Walnut New Salem KING AND QUEEN. Stephenson's Depot Bloomsburg Peel Tree Bruington ~White Hall Brooklyn ~ Quiet Dell Carlton's Store Church Hill Romine's Mills Fleetwood Academy ~GILES. Dryburg~ Shinnston Little Plymouth ~Bell Point Harmony West Milford Newtown ~~~~~~Kimberlin Hyc~~o ~Plain View Level Green Hyco Falls JIENRICO. Shaklefords ~Macksburg Hayv~ o ~ Erin Shades Stevensville Mechanicsburg Meadville Laurel Branch Walkerton Midway Mount Laurel ~Newport Providence HENRY. KING GEORGE. Pembroke Republican Grove Horse Pasture Clifton Poplar Hill Rogersville Leatherwood's Store Edge Hill Simmonsville Scottsburg Oak Level Hampstead Whitesville Rough and Ready Millville ~~~~~GILMER. ~Traylorsville Port Conway ~~~~~Bigo ~ Bend HAMPSHIRE. ~Shiloh Bethlehem Cacaponville HIGHLAND. Cox's Mills Capon Bridge Clover Creek KING WILLIAM De Kaib Capon Springs Crab Bottom Acquinton Henrie's Fork Cold Stream Doe Hill Ayletts Steer Creek Dillon's Run Hevener's Store Enfield Frankfort McDowell Lanesville GLOUCESTER Green Spring Run Meadow Dale Mangohick ~Glennus Hanging Rock Palo Alto Sharonville Hays's Store Higginsvill House Ruckmanville Hickory Fork North River MeetingSpruce Hill LANCASTER. Wood's Cross Roads North River Mills Williamsville Kilmarnock Patterson's Depot Wilsonville Litwalton ~~GOOCHLAND. Pleasant Dale ~Lively Oak Beaver Dam Ridgeville ISLE OF WIGHT. White Stone Coal Hill Sbeetz Mills Barber's Cross Roads Dover Mills Sherrard's Store Burwell's Bay LEE. ~Fifes Smith's Gap ~ Carsville Bachelor's Home Hadensville Springfield Mayfield Powell's Mountain Johnson's Spring Yellow Spring Rose Hill Loch Lomond JACKSON. Shaver's Creek Pemberton HANCOCK. Angerona, Stickleysville Perkinsville Fairview Moore's Mills Turkey Cove Powell's Tavern Freeman's Landing Murraysville -Walnut Hill Shannon Hill Holliday's Cove Pleasant View Yokum Station Ravenswood GRAYSON. HANOVER. Sandy LEWIS. Big Meadow Beaver Dam Depot Tanner's Cross Roads Bennett's Mills Bridle Creek Chickahomeny Big, Skin Creek Elk Creek Etna JAMES CITY. Buckhannon Mouth of Wilson Goodalls Burnt Ordinary Bush's Mills Peach Bottom Junction Collins's Settlement Maddox JEFFERSON. French Creek GREENBRIER. Montpelier Duffields Frenchton Anthony's Creek Negro Foot Halltown Ireland Bunger's Mill Old Church Kabletown Janelew Clintonville Rockville Kerneysville Leading Creek Falling Spring Taylorsville Leetown Little Skin Creek Frankford Verdon MdewyLorentz Store Maysville Shepherdstown Rude's Mills Meadow Bluff HARDY. Summit Point SagoPalestine Baker's Run Weston Second Creek Brake's Run KANAWHA. Spring Creek Fabius'Clendenin LOGAN. White Sulphur Springs Hazard Forge Coalsmouth Chapmansville Lost River Jarrett's Ford Huff's Creek GREENE. Luney's Creek Lenn's Creek Rich Creek Ruckersville Wardensville Mount Salem GREENILLI& Williamsport Paint Creek LOUDON. GREENVILLE. ~~~~~~Pocotaligo Aldie Poplar Mount HARRISON. Shrewsbury Arcola Ryland's Depot Bridgeport Sissonville Belmont Grass Land Teaze's Valley Bloomfield HALIFAX. Lost Creek Walnut Grove Bolington Barksdale Lumberport Walton.Hamilton Bentleyville Melon Winifrede Hillsboro' 784 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Hoysville Hoodsville Pentress Johnsontown Hughesville Meredith's Tavern Stewartstown Sea View Lovettsville Morgan's Ridge Uffington Middleburg Nuzum's Mills Wadestown NORTHUMBERLAND. Mount Gilead Palatine White Day Burgess's Store Mountville Rivesville Lottsburg Neersville Sarietta MONROE Union Village Noland's Ferry Worthington Egypt Wicomico Church Oatlands Ga Philomont MARSHALL. Ina CM Purcel's Store Beeler's Station Mouth of Indian Blackface Snickersville Dallas Nickell's Mills Blacks and Whites Unison Fair Hill Pack's Ferry Jefress's Store Waterford Fish Creek Peterstown Jennings Ordinary Wheatland Fork Ridge Pickaway Plains Morganville Grave Creek LOUISA. Long Botton MONTGOMERY. OHIO. Alto Poplar Spring Blacksburg Triade1phia Ambler's Mills Rock Valley Christiansburg West Liberty Bell's Cross Roads Wheeling Valley La Fayette Cuckooville Woodlands Lovely Mount ORANG. Ellisville McDonald's Mill Barboursville Frederickshall MASON. Shawsville Germanna Gilboa Arbuckle Gordonsville Gum Spring Herefords MORGAN. Liberty Mills Harris Pleasant Flat Alpine Locust Grove Jackson Red House Shoals Cacapon Depot Mount Eminence Locust Creek West Columbia Highland Mills Orange Springs Long Creek Oakland Stanardsville Mansfield MATTHEWS. Paw Paw Thorhill Mechanicsville North End Sir John's Run Verdierville Poinderter's Store Sleepy Creek Bridge Pottiesville MECKLENBURG. Smith's Cross Roads PAGE. Second Turn Out Boydton Cedar Point South Anna [Roads Christiansville NANSEMOND. Grove Hill Thompson's Cross Clarksville Chckatuck Honeville Tolersville Drapersville Factory Hill Hope Mills Trevillian's Depot Forksville Hargrove's Tavern Long Meadow Lombardy Grove Holy Neck Marksville [Works LUNENBURG. Oakley Somerton Shenandoah Iron Barry's Bridge Palmer's Springs [lege South Quay Brickland Randolph Macon Colb PATRICK. Columbian Grove Saint Tammanys NELSON. Ararat Double Bridge South Hill Elk Furnace Avo Haleysburg Tanner's Store Faber's Mills Elamsville Laurel Hill Union Level Green Field Kendrick's Spur Loch Levan White House Hardwicksville, Mayoning MeFarlands Whittle's Mills Mount Horeb Penn's Store Pleasant Grove Murrill's Shop Pruntys Rehoboth MERCOER. Piedmont Rock Castle Wattsboro' Bethel Roseland Union Furnace Yatesville East River Tye River Warehouse Pipe Stem Variety Mills PENDLETON. MADISON. Princeton Warminster Franklin Booton's Tan Yard Har-per's Mills Criglersville MIDDLESEX. NEW KENT. Mouth of Seneca Graves's Mill Free Shade Barhamsville Mount Freedom Leon Jamaica Oak Flat Locust Dale Saluda NICHOLAS. Sugar Grove Madison Mills Sandy Bottom Birch River Sweedlin Hill Peola Mills UrbanaUpeTrc Rapidan NORFOLK. UpeTrc Seville MONONGALIA. Deep Creek PITTSYLVANIA. Amittsville, Great Bridge Aspen Grove MARION. Blacksville Hickory Ground Bachelor's Hall Barracksville Cassville: Lake Drummond Berger's Store Basnettsville Dornicktown N. West River Bridge Callands, Beaty's Mills Granville Cascade Blackshires Ice's Ferry NORTHAMPTON. Chalk Level Boothsville Jakes's Run Capeville, Chestnut Grove Fairmont Jim Town Cherry Stone Hill Grove Farmington Laurel Point Eastville, Laurel Grove Forks of Buffalo Morgantown Franktown Oak's Shop POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 785 Peytonsburg Independent Hill Collierstown SMYTI1. ~Riceville Landsdown ~ Fairfield Blue Spring Ringgold Milford Mills Fancy Hill Broadford Robertson's Store Occoquan Kerr's Creek Chatham Hill Sandy Level Throughfare Natural Bridge Rye Valley ~~~~Sandy River ~Panther's Gap Seven Mile Ford ~Sugar Tree PULASKI. Timber Ridge Sinclair's Bottom Swansonville Draper's Valley Town House ~Humility ROANOKE. Two Mile Branch POCAHONTAS. Newbern Big Lick SOUTHAMPTON. Big Spring Pepper's Ferry Botetourt Springs Berlin ~Dunmore Reed Island Cane Spring Bowers Bowers ~~~~~~Edray ~Salem Drewrysville ~~Greenbank PUTNAM. ~ Stoner's Store Farmer's Grove Huntersville Alexander Farmer's Grove ~~~Little Level Buffalo ~ ROCKINGHAM. Franklin Depot Green Level Marlin Bottom Mouth of Poca Bowman's Mills Jerusalem Mill Point Pliny BridgewaterNewson's Depot Oldfield Fork of Elk Winfield Brock's Gap Pope's Store ~Travellers' Repose ~Conrad's Store Pumpkin Cross Keys Vicksville POWHATAN. Beckley Dayton Ballsville Coal River Marshes Dovesville SPOTTSYLVANIA Flat Rock Shady Spring Harrisonburg Andrews ~~~~~Hallsboro' ~Keezletown Chancellorsville ~Jefferson. RANDOLPH. Lacey Spring Clover Green ~Macon Butcher's Store Linnville Creek Danielsville ~Smithsville Fillmore McGaheysville Lewis's Store Sblett's Tavern Glady Creek Melrose Mount Pleasant Huttonsville Mount Clinton Partlows PRESTON. Leadsville Mount Crawford Thornburg Brandonville Middle Fork Ottobine Todds Cheat Bridge Mingo Flat Paradise Twyman's Store Cranesville Western Ford Port Republic Wilderness Decker's Creek Spartapolis STAFFORD. Evansville RAPPAHANNOCK. Timberville Aquai ~Fellowsville Amissville~ BlAquai ei German Settlement Black Rock RUSSELL. Belfarmills Gladesville Flint Hill Bickley's Mills Flot Greigsville Gaines's Cross Roads Big Glades Garrisonville Kingwood Hawsbury Dickensonville Hartwood Muddy Creek Laurel Mills Elk Garden Spottedville, Racoon Slate Mills Guest's Station Tackett's Mill Salt Lick Falls Sperryville Hansonville SURRY. Section Thornton's Mills Hendrick's Mills Bacon's Castle Washington Nash's Ford Baileysburg rRINCE EDWARD. Woodville New Garden Cabin Point Burkesville Pound Darlington Heights RICHMOND. SUSSEX Farmville Darrettsville SCOTT. Blackwater Foster's Fork [lege Farnham Block House Coman's Well Hampden Sidney Col- Lyell's Store Holston Springs Green Bud Marble Hill Stony Hill Nickelsville Hawkinsville Merriman's Shop Warsaw Osborn's Ford Henry Midway Inn Pattonsville Jarratts Pear Grove RITCHIE. Quillinsville Littleton Prospect Bone Creek Rio Frio Newville Farmington Rocky Point Parman's Store [house PRINCE GEORGE. Goose Creek Rye-Cove Stony Creek Ware. Garysville Highland Stock Creek Templeton Pennsboro' Stony Creek TAYLOR. Union Grove Schumla Pleasant Creek Webb's Mills SHENANDOAH. Three Forks PRINCESS ANN. White Oak Columbia Furnace Ives's Store Edenburg TAZEWELLr. Kempsville ROCKBRIDGE. Lorenzoville Foundry Abb's Valley Land of Promise Alum Springs Moore's Store BaptitVle London Bridge Bell's Valley Mount Clifton Blue Stone Pleasant Ridge Brownsburg Mount Jackson Burke's Garden Buena Vista Furnace Paddy Mills Cedar Bluff PRINCE WILLIAM. Buffalo Forge Strasburg Clear Fork Groveton Canicello Tom's Brook Head of Clinch. Haymarket Cedar Grove Mills 9 Van Buren Furnace Knob 786 POST OFFICES IN THEUNITED STATES. Maiden Spring WASHINGTON. Kinsale Fountain Spring Peery's Store Cedarville Nominy Grove Freeport Richland Clark's Mills Oak Grove Saint Mary's Rocky Gap Clear Branch Oldham's Cross Roads Stillwell Slate Creek Emory Rice's Store Willards Tug River Glade Spring'Willow Island Valley Hayter's Gap WETZEL Holston Knob Fork WYOMING TYLER. Kinderhook New Martinsville Grape Island Laurel Pine Grove Hebron Liberty Hall Porter's Falls Pine Grove Love's Mills Proctor E Ripleys North Fork usle Russell's Mills Raven's Nest Ra or Sistersville Saltville Burning Spring Cedar n Wick Sapling Grove Newark Ca r Three Springs Reedy Ripple WARREN. Timber Grove Reedyville R l Bentonville Zachville R ale Front Royal WYANE. Hambaugh Amacetta WOOD. Sharon Menasse's Gap Parrizade Belleville Speedwell Milldale Savage Grant Briscoe Run Nineveh Bull Creek YORK. Overalls WESTMORELAND. Claysville Half-way House Hague Duncan Yorktown WARWICK. STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. ALEXANDER Durham's Creek Warm Springs Graves Mount Pisgah Leechville Hightowers Stony Point Pantego BURKE. Leasburg Taylorville Pungo Creek Brindletown Locust Hill Wittenbergs Canoe Creek Milton BERTIE. Drowning Creek Moore's Store ALAMANCE. Ashland Linville River Prospect Hill Graham Colerain Perkinsville Stony Creek Patterson's Store Merry HillYacyil Pleasant Grove Roxobel CABAIRRAS. Yacyie Shallow Ford Bost's Mills CATAWBA. BLADEN. Garmon's Mills Bunker's Hill ANSON. Beatty's Bridge Kirkland Fishers Beverly Colly Swamp Mill Hill Flint Rock Cedar Hill Cypress Creek Mount Pleasant Jacob's Fork Carolina Female Coil Ellisville Oak-lawn Mountain Creek D'amond Hill Gravelly Hill Park's Store Hammond's Store Lyon's Landing Pioneer Mills CHATHAM Lanesboro' Prospect Hall Welch's Mills Adolph Lilesville West Brook Cane Creek Meltonsville Western Prong CALDWELL. Emerson's Tan Yard Morven White's Creek Catawba View Evans's Mills Pee Dee Collettsville Grove Poplar Hill BRUNSWICK. Copenhagen Hackney's Cross Roade Whites Store Robeson Deal's Mill Hadley's Mills Shallotte Elkville Haywvood ASHE. Fort Defiance Jenny Lind Boone BUNCOMBE. Globe Martha's Vineyard Elk Cross Roads Avery's Creek King's Creek Moringville Gap Civil Democrat Little River Mudlick Helton Fairview Lovelady Oakland Laurel Springs French Broad Pedler's Hill Manly Hommeny Creek CAMDEN Saint Lawrence Moretz Mill Lapland Shiloah Sandy Grove Nathan's Creek Limestone South Mills The Grove North Fork Reem's Creek Trade's Hill Potato Creek Sandy Mush CARTIERET. South Fork Spring Creek Hadnots CHEROKEE. Sugar Grove Stocksville Portsmouth Dawesville Valle Crucis Sulphur Springs Fort Hembree Swanano CASW-ELL. Fort Montgomery BEA.UFORT. Turkey Creek Anderson's Store Nottla Blount's Creek Walnut Creek Blackwell Peach Tree POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 787 Persimmon Creek Penfield Tabb's Creek Winton Shooting Creek Rich Fork Tally Ho Stikoih Silver Hill Tar River HYDE. Tomotla Spencer Tranquillity Fairfield ~~~Tusquitee ~ Watlser's Miloo Lake Comfort ~~~~Turtle Town ~Williamsboro' Lake Landing Valley Town DAVIE. Wilton Middletown County Line Woodworths Ocracoke CHOWAN. Farmington Young's Cross Roads Sladesville Ballard's Bridge FultonGREEIEDL Jerusalem GREENE. IREDELL CLEVELAND. Mocksville Fountain Hill Bethany Church Birettsville Smith's Grove Hookerstown Deep Well ~~~~~~Camp Call ~Speight's Bridge Eagle Mills ~~~~~~~~Clingman DUPLIN. ~Fallstown Duncan's Creek Albertsons GUILFORD. Fancy Hill Erwinsville Bear Branch Allemance Houstonville ~Fillmore Buena Vista Centre Liberty Hill Garners Ford Chinkapin Cpps Mount Mourne Mooresboro' Faison's Depot Deep River New Hope Muddy Fork Hallsville Fentriss Oak Forest Polkville Kenansville Friendship Poplar Grove Sandy Run Strickland's Depot Gilmer's Store Post Oak Stice's Shoal Teacheys Hillsdale Rocky Creek ~~Swangstown Warsaw Hunt's Store Snow Creek ~~~White Plains ~Jamestown Williamsburg EDGECOMBE. Monticello Zion COLUMBUS. Battleboro' New Garden Big Swamp Joyner's Depot Oak Ridge JOHNSON. Fair Bluff Rocky Mount Parson's Mills Bentonsville ~~Gum Swamp Sparta ~ Shaw's Mills Beulah White Marsh Stanatonsburg Summerfield Boonhill ~Wilson ~ Thompson's Store Creachville ~~~~CRAVAN. ~Westminster Elevation ~~~~Swift Creek Bridge FORSYTH. ~Gulley's Store Muddy Creek HALIFAX. Lowell CUMBERLAND. White Road Brinkleyville Saint Charles Argyle Winston Enfield JNS Averysboro' Heathsville Jomor ES. Barclaysville FRANKLIN. Littleton Comfortvil Bunn's Level Franklinton RingwoodPoocsie Chalk Level Hall's Cross Roads Sycamore AlleyLEOR Fayetteville Harris's Cross Roads Weldon MsleNOHall Gibbs's Cross Roads Pacific Westland Mosele Hall Gray's Creek Pugh's Hill PiWOD. Snky Hillaio Harrington HATN. C ab WOODe StaandyFudto Jobnsonville GSO. Ca reSrbn Kingsbury Catawba Creek East Laporte LINCOLN. Little, Rock Fish Crowder's Creek Fine's Creek Neill's Creek Dallas Forks of Pigeon Beattie's Ford Northington Hoylesville Jonathan's Creek Catawba Springs Pleasant Plains Nail Factory Ocona Lufty Cottage Home River Side Old Furnace Pigeon River Dry Ponds Summerville Stowesville Quallatown Early Grove Scott's Creek Erasmus CURRITUCK. GATES. Waynesville Falls Coinjock Gatesville Forneys Corner Gum Mintonsville HENDERSON. Killian's Mills Indiantown Sunhury Boilston Kings Mountain Poplar Branch Cathey's Creek Lowrance's Mill Powell's Point GRANVILLE. Claytonville Mull Grove Ahram's Plains Davidson's River Sherrill's Ford DAVIDSON; Berea Edneyville Siegel's Store Abbott's Creek Blue Wing Flat Rock South Point Brummells Brookville Mill River Vesuvius Furnace Clemmonsville Brownsville Mud Creek Woodlawn Cotton Grove Dutchville HRFR.XDWL Fair Grove Gregory's Mill HEFR.MDWL Healing Springs Henderson llarrellsville Military Grove Jackson Hill Knap of Reeds Murfreesboro' Minersville Jersey Settlement Lynesville Pitch Landing Mountain Home Midway Oak Hill Riddicksville North Cove Maple Hill Staunton Saint John Old Fort 788 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Stone Mountain Botanic Hill PASQUOTANK. Cowper Hill Sugar Hill Hilliardston Dundarrack Turkey Cove Peach Tree Grove PERQIANS. Gaddeyville Ransom's Bridge Durant's Neck Gilopolis MACON. Stanhope Newby's Bridge Howellsville Alarka Woodville Leesville Aquone NEW HANOVER. Lumber Bridge Casher's Valley Bannerman PERSON. Phladephus Franklin Black River Chapel Cunningham's Store Queensdale Governor's Island Caintuck Daniel's Mills Randalsville Tennessee River Cypress Grove Five Forks Saint Pauls Harrell's Store Gordonton MARTIN. Long Creek Mill Creek ROCKINGHAM Gardner's Bridge Moore's Creek Mount Tirzah Eagle Falls Hamilton Sill's Creek Olive Hill rogansville Williamston Topsail Sound Van Hook's Store Lawsonville MECKLENBURG. ~~~~Williamsville Leaksville MECKLENBi RG. NORTHAMPTON. Woodsdale Lenox Castle Alexandriana Clear Creek Francesville Madison Coburn's Store Garysburg I. Monroeton Cowan's Ford Green Plains Contentnia Pleasantville Cowadon' Fordege Pleasant Hill Falkland Rawlingsburg David Johnson's MClls Reidsvillee Fuawodsb So Rich Square Pactolus Thompsonville Harrisburg Summit Ridge Spring Troublesome Hemphill's Store Hopewell Hornet's NestPOLK. ROWAN. Ma rtindale Creek Calaubria Morrin'ana Catharine Lake China Grove MounrMrison'sTah Yar Foy's Store RANDOLPH. Cowansville Morrvile MoriPalo Alto Brower's Mills Gold Hill Plreaillt Oaks Piny Green Brush Creek Miranda Pleasan Os Richlands Buffalo Ford Mount Ulla Providence Snead's Ferry Caraway Mount Vernon Ranaleburg RanaleburglStump Sound Cedar Falls Rockville Rosell Swausboro' Cox's Mills Spring Grove Rozell's Ferry Eden Shaeeron k ORANGE. Franklinville RUTHERFORD Steeleag CekBethmont Gray's Cross Roads Cedar Creek While Hall Big Falls Hill's Store CinyRc Burnt Shop Hoover Hill Cooper's Gap MONTGOMERY. Caldwell Institute Cuba Auman's Hill Cedar Grove La Grange Golden Valley Harrisville Chapel Hill Lassiter's Mills Green Hill Macedonia Clover Garder Long's Mills Green River McCullum's Store Clover Orchard Marley's Mills Hicksville McRae'~ Mills Dial's Creek Moffltt's Mills High Shoals Matamoras Durhamville New Market Island Ford Milledg~eville Enoe Mills New Salem Logan's Store Mount Gilead Faucett's Store Reed Creek Mills's Gap Swift Island Green Spring Malem Church Patten's Home Troy Hawfields Sandy Creek Pinckney Wind Hill Hartshorn Sawyersville ~ Sandy Plains Holt's Store Stone Lick Tryon MOORE, Lindley's Store Troy's Store We'bb's Ford Caledonia MelDaniels White House Centreville Mason Hall SAMIPSON. Clark's Mills Meadow Creek RICHMOND. Beman's Cross Roads Cramn's Creek Mooresville Bo stick's Mills Draughon's, Store Falling Mill Morgan's Creek Covington Green Hill Gold Region Mount Willing Dockery's Store Hawley's Store Long Street Prattsburg Dumas's Store Lisburn New Gilead Red Mountain Laurel Hill Monk's Store Pharr's Mills Rock Creek Little's Mills Newton Grove Pocket Rock Spring Montpelier Owenville Prosperity Round Hill Powellton Piney Grove Reedy Branch Snow Camp Rockingham Six Runs Rollins's Store South Lowell Mills Springfield Spring Vale Solemn Grove Stagville Stewartstown Taylor's Bridge Watson's Bridge Trice's Store Stewartsville Walnut Grove STANLY. NASH. West Point ROBESON. Efird's Mills Belford White Cross Alfordsville Kendall's Store POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 789 ~Norwood Jonesv~ille ~ Forestville Everittsville Rowlandsville Mount Airy Green Level Falling Creek Mount Nebo Holly Spring Goldsboro' STOKES. Panther Creek Kelvin Grove Jerico Ayersville Red Plains Middle Creek Nahunta Belew's Creek Republic New Light Sleepy Creek ~~Bethb~ania Rusk ~ Roger's Store Big Creek Scull Camp Rolesville WILKES. ~~~Blakely Siloam ~ Wakefield Brier Creek ~~~~Colesville Stony RidgeBuggabo Crooked Creek Tom's Creek WARREN. Church's Store Danbury Walnut Lane Arcola Hay Meadow ~~~~Francisco ~Exchange Lewis's Fork ~Kernersville TYRREL. Grove Hill Lovelace ~Limestone Well ~Macon Depot Mulberry Little Yad~kin UNION. Merry Mount New Castle Martin's Lime Kils Beaver Dam Nutbush Trap Hill Old Town Gourdvine Ridgeway Warrior Creek Peters's C~reek -Jenkins's Store Wilkesboro' Red Shoals Lane's Creek WASHINGTON. YANCEY Rough and Ready Morgan's Mills LeBakersiYANCEY Scuppernong aesil Walkerstown Oakville Walnut Cove Richardson's Creek Scuppernong Bald Creek ~Walkersville IWATAUGA. Big Laurel Blue Ridge SURRY. Winchester Boone Childsv ille Dowetownd Wolfsville ~ Brushy Flat Clay ~Forbush WAKE.~. ~Cranberry Forge Gabriel's Creek ~Hamptonville Auburn. Stony Fork Grassy Creek ~~~~~Hay Stack Eagle Rock ~Ivy ~Huntsville Fishdam. WAYNE. White Rock Indesville Flemington Black Creek Yellow Mountain STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. ABBEVI[LLE. Brushy Creek Duncansville CHARLESTON. Bordeaux Butlersville Erwinton Black Oak Calhoun's Mills Calhoun Fiddle Pond Haddell's Point Cambridge Centretown Four Mile Branch Holly Hill Cherokee Heights Churubusco Graham's Turn Out Monk's Corner Cokesbury Craytonville King Creek Pineville Dead Fall Double Branches Lower Three Runs Roadville Due West Corner Douthet Lowery Summerville Gentsville Equality Merritt's Bridge Greenwood Evergreen Midway CHESTER Harper's Ferry Golden Springs Red Oak Grove Baton Rouge Harrisburg Locust Hill Rivers's Bridge Beckamsville Indian Hill Milwees Silverton Blackstocks Lebanon Mineral Spring Smyrna Carmel Hill Lodi Moffettsville Speedwell Cedar Shoal Long Cane Newell Tincker's Creek Chalkville Lowndesville Queensboro' Treadway Chestnut Grove Mapleton Rock Mills White Pond Crosbyville Monterey Seneca Williston Halsellville Mountain View Silver Glade Hazelwood Mount Hill Slabtown BAFR. Landsford New Market Stantonville BAFR. Lewisville Shirleysville, Steeles Beach Branch Pedensville Smithville Storeville, Bluffton Rossville Stony Point Townville Brighton Sandersville Swancy's Ferry Varennes Coosawhatchie Tomsville Temple of Health Danielton Torbit's Store Terrysville BARN WELL. Duck Branch Warrenton Aiken Gillisonville CHESTERFIELD. Widemans Allendale Grahamville Gold Mine Willington Angley's Branch Hickory Hill Hornsboro' Wilson's Creek Blackville Lawtonville Mount Croghan Winter Seat Buford's Bridge Pocotaligo Cowpen Branch Robertsville COLLETON. ANDERSON. Davis's Mills Steep Bottom Adams's Run Andersonville Dunbarton Whippy Swamp Ashapoo Ferry ~790 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Blue House Winnsboro' Huntsville ORANGEBURG. Buckhead Causey Yonguesville Line Creek Branchville Rantowles Marengo Bull Swamp Red Bank GEORGETOWN. Milton Fort Motte Ridgeville Yanhanna Mount Gallagher Jordan's Mills Saint Georges Mountville Kitching's Mills Satketcher Bridge GREENVILLE. North Creek Poplar Walterboro' Buena Vista Palmetto Saint Matthews ~Walkers Cedar Falls Raiborn's Creek Vance's Ferry Chick's Springs Roseboro' DARLINGTON. Clear Spring Scuffletown PENDLETON. Cartersille Cripple Creek Simpson's Mill Effiugham, Dunklin Spring Grove PICKENS. Gum Branch Fairview Tumbling Shoals Bachlor's Retreat Hartsville Fountain Inn Tylersville Bounty Land Leavensworth Gilder Waterloo Branch Islan Merchant's Bluff Golden Grove Young's Store Cheokee Mount Elon Gowensville Claremont Pleasant View Highland Grove LEXINGTON. Colonel's Fork Society Hill Highway Calk's Ferry Dacusville Swift Creek Lickville Countsville Five Mile Merrittsville Edisto Horse Shoe EDGEFIELD. Millburg Hollow Creek Martin's Creek Beech Island Milford Hope Station Oconee Station Big Creek Mush Creek Horse Creek Pickensville ~Cairo North Saluda Leesville Pumpkintown Cold Spring Palona Oakville Rockwell Coleman's Cross Roads Panther Fork Rockville Salubrity Colliers Plain Rocky Well Smeltser's Mount Duntonsville Pleasant Grove Sandy Run Snow Creek distoMills Pliny Sawyer's Mills Twelve Mile ~Elton ~ Sterling Grove Steedmans West Union Fruit Hill Stonesville Williamson's Mills Whetstone Germanville Tituroy Wolf Creek Graniteville Traveller's Rest MARION. ~~~~~~Hamburg ~Allen's Bridge RICHLAND. Higgins's Ferry HORRY. Ariel Cedar Creek Ivy Island Bucksville Britton's Neck Gadsden Kirksey's Cross Roads Dogwood Neck Campbell's Bridge Hopkins's Turn Out Longmire's Store Floyd's Mills Flintville Level Lotts Lake Swamp Friendfleld Littleton Meeting Street Little River Gilchrist's Bridge Mount Willing Gum Swamp SPARTANBURG. Oakland KERSHAW. Harlessville Arrowood Parks Be reJeffrey's Creek Bivingsville Perry's Cross Roads Boykin's Depot Lynche's Creek Campobella Phcunix Flat Rock Mars's Blnff Cannon's Store Pleasant Lane Hanging Rock Red Bluff Cashville Poverty Hill Liberty Hill Reedy Creek Cedar Springs Rehoboth Lynchwood Selkirk Clarksville Richardsonville Red Hill Tabernacle Crawfordsville Ridge Russell Place Willow Creek Cross Anchor Saluda Tiller's Ferry Crowsville Sleepy Creek MARLBORO'. Damascus Wood Lawn LANCASTER. Bennettsville Earlesville Belair Brightsville Enoree FAIRFIELD. Cureton's Store Brownsville Fingersville Alston Dry. Creek Clio Fort Prince Bell's Store Flint Ridge Glenn Springs Browns Hickory Head NEWBERRY. Grassy Pond Buckhead Jacksonham, Belmont Henry Cooklham Longstreet Glympville Hobb~ysville Feasterville Pleasant Hill Liberty Hall Hurricane Gladden's Grove Pleasant Valley Maybinton Jackson Hill Jackson's Creek Mount Bethel Limestone Springs Longtown LAURENS. Pagesville Millville MeMeekins Brewertown Pomaria Moultrie Poplar Spring Centreville Poplar Grove Mountain Shoals Ridgeway Cross Hill Prosperity Mount Lebanon Ridgewood Dunlapville Saluda Mills Mount Zion Rocky Mount Eden Shop Spring New.Hope Thompsons Hollands Walton New Prospect Whotpsons Huntington Wellsville Old Cedar Springs POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 791 Poolsville Plowden's Mills Mount Tabor Blairsville Rogers's Bridge Privateer Pacolett Mills Brattonsville Smith's Store Providence Pea Ridge Bullock Creek ~Thickety Fork Salem Pinckneyville Cherokee Iron Works ~Walnut Grove Shiloh Shady Grove Clark's Fork ~Woodruffs Taylors ~ Timber Ridge Clay Hill Willow Grove Wilkinsville Coate's Tavern ~~~~~SUMTER. Wright's Bluff ~Ebenezerville ~~~~Bethlehem VWILLIAMSBURG. Fort Mill ~Bishopville UNION. ~ Black Mingo Guthriesville Bradford Institute Bogansville Camp Ridge Harmony Bradford Springs Bowlingsville China Grove Haynesville Bradleyville Coopersville Indiantown Hickory Grove Brewington Cross Keys Johnsonville Hopewell Clarendon Draytonsville Lynche's Lake Legal Law ~Friendship Fish Dam Murray's Ferry Meek's Hill ~Fulton Goshen Hill Natural Grove Nation Ford ~Lodi Bar Gowdeysville Parsonage New House ~~~~~~Manchester Green Pond ~Smith's Ford Mdcbanicsville Jonesville YORK. Spring Hill Mill Grove McBridesville Antioch Spring Rock Mount Clio Meansville Bethel Yorkville ~~~~~~~~~Packsville ~Zeno STATE OF GEORGIA. APPLING. CAMDEN. Beachland Lombardy Centre Village Chattoogaville Raysville BAKER. Langsbury Dirt Town Republican Albanyv Saint Mary's Melville Thompson Mount Hickory White Oak FishoncTrad CAMPBELL Subligna Winfield GFionshTp Cedar Branch Summerville Writesboro' ~GumP~ond County Line Teloga Springs Keaton's Shoals Dark Corner Trion Factory COWETA Oak Lawn Rivertown Haralson Salt Spring CHEROKEE. Kidron BALDWIN. Sandtown Bald Ground Location Sweet Water Factory Board Tree Lodi BIBB. Canton Palmetto CARROLL. Freemansville Paris Bear RangoBodo GoldsvilleRi Newson Boweonvi Harnageville Saiud Buckhorn Hickory Flat Willow Grove BRYAN. Burnt Stand Kossuth Eden Hickory Level Orange CRAWFORD. Old Court House Laurel Hill Troy Francisville BULLOCK. Rotherwood Woodstock Hammock Grove 101 Ray ~ TallapoosaCAK Hickory Grove Mill Ray ~~Villa Rica CLARK.to Hopewell BURKE. CASS. SalemKnxil Alexander Adairsville, Watkinsville DADE. Birdsville Altoa FryeGr'Ponds Cartersville COBB. Rising Fawn Giradr PnsCold Run Ackworth Trenton Holcomb Earle's Furnace Boltonville Waukatchee Joy'soMill Etowah Lebanon Leste's Distrc Ehharley Lost Mountain DECATUR. Mite'sDvistric Free Bridge Marietta Attapulgus Midville ~ Kingston Mill Grove Cairo Millin ~~Little Prairie Powder Springs Olive Grove Sardis Othcaloga Redland Woodburn Pine Log Roswell DR KALB Saliquoy Stony Point Atlanta BUTTS. Stilesboro' Cross Keys Cork COLUMBIA. East Point Indian Springs CHATHTAM. Appling Lithonia Seven Islands Berzelia Panthersville Towalliga, CHATTOOGA. Darbys Stone Mountain Worthville Alpine Eubanks Utoy 792 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. DOOLY. Hudson HANCOCK. JEFFERSON, Gum Creek King's Bench Devereaux' Store Bonny Doon Holidaysville Middle River Millwood Mosely's Store Mount Zion Gamble Traveller's Rest Parker's Store Poweltown Reedy Creek Vienna Walnut Hill Rock Mills Speir's Turnout Warwick Shoals of Ogechee Spread Oak GILMER. Sylvan Grove EARLY. Blue Ridge HARRIS. Fort Gaines Carticay Cataula Pachitta Hot House Cochran's Cross R Etheridge Marblehead Ellerslie r ill EFFINGHAM. Prince Edward King's Gap alla Egypt Tacoah Mulberry Grove Pleasant Grove Fail's Creek Piedmont Reform Talking Rock Waverly Hall Springfield White Path Whitesville Buck Eye Dublin ELBERT. GLYNN. HEARD. Laurens Hill Amandaville Bethel Corinth Anthony Shoals Fancy Bluff Enon Grove Broad River Frederica Franklin C a Cold Water Cook's Law Office GORDON. Ho st Craftsville Fair Mount Slade Eagle Grove Starkville Harmony GREENE. HE Sumterville Montevideo Cracker's Neck ber b Petersburg Merrell D Ruckersville Penfield Flat Rock Joness Creek RuckersvillePubfilcSur Locust Grove Taylor's Creek EMANUEL. SlhsPublic Square lthourville Canooche Union Point Sandy Ridge White Plain Spring LINCOLN. FAYETTE. Woodvilleckbridge Double Branches Fairburn Tucker's Cabin Goshen Glenn Grove GWINNETT. White House Lincolnton Jonesboro' Auburn HOUSTON. LOWNDES Red Oak BerkshireBaea'Str Aaph Rough and Ready Camsns tre Aaph White Water Cheste Busbayville Clyattsville York CetrFort Valley Flat Creek Chinkapin Grove Hayneville Griffiin's Mills FLOYD. Orrisville Henderson Mineral Spring Armuchee Pinckneyville Minerva Okapilco California Rock Bridge Wellborn's Mills Piscola Cave Spring Suweeater Wilna Sharpe's Store Coosa SetWerTallokas Everett's Spring Yellow River I-RWIN. Troupville Hermitage HABERSHAM. Adams LUMPKIN. Johnson AlnaeEdenfieldAmala Missionary Station Batlandale Flatberg Auaicaol Vann's Valley Batesvieee Gin Town Anarrtsial Waleska ~Dawson Heunseoro'k Calhoun FORSYTH. Hollingsworth Penbr'Cavender's Creek Ashland Leo JACKSON. Crossville Big Creek Loudsville New Bridge Coal Mountain Mount Yonah Barber's Creek Pleasant Retreat Hartford Nacoochee Bascobel [Mill Yellow Creek High Tower Toccoa Falls Farmers & Mechanics Sheltonville Walton's Ford Harmony Crove MACON. Vickery's Creek Indian Creek Fredonia Warsaw HALL. Marcus Grangersville Argo Maysville Hamburg FRANKLIN. Chestnut Hill Mulberry Horse Head Aquilla Gailey's Mill Pond Fork Marshallsvillc Bowersville Gillsville Oglethorpe Bushville Glade Mines JASPER. Fair View Hog Mountain Hillsboro' MADISON. Franklin Springs Poplar Springs Mechanicsville Brookline Grove Level Sugar Hill Palo Alto Planter's Stand Henly's Store War Hill Shady Dale Taylorsville POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 793 McINTOSH. Middle Ridge Ogeeche UNION. Fort Barrington Ferry Newborn Scarboro' Brasstown ~South Newport Newton Factory ~Gaddistown ~Oak Hill STEWART. Ivy Log ~MARION. Oxford ~ Centre Hill Mount Eolia Buena Vista Rocky Plains Florence Polk ~Glenalta, Sheffield Green Hill Shady Grove Pineville Snapping Shoals Hannahatchee Skeinah Poindexter Starrsville Hard Money Wellscott ~~~~Searsvyille Holly Grove Young Cane OGLETHORPE. Lannahassee ERIWEHER. Bairdstown Lumpkin UPSON. ~Erin Bowling Green Richland Delray ~~Farmers Goose Pond ~ Scienceville Double Bridges Flat Shoals Maxey Hootensville ~~~Gold Hill Millstone ~ SUMTER. Waynmanville Jones's Mills Philomath Danville Loweville Point Peter Friendship WALKER, Luthersville State Rights Plains of Dura Anderson ~~~Oak Ridg~~e ~Pondtown Chestnut Flat Rocky Mount PAULDING. Providence Cotosa ~~~Warm Springs Cedartown ~Duck Creek White Sulphur Springs Esom Hill TALBOT. Frick's Gap ~Woodberry Huntsville Belleview Gordon's Springs New Babylon Bluff Spring La Fayette ~MONROE. Marysville Carsonville Opalika Culloden Pumpkin Pile Centre Pea Vine Colaparchee Pumpkin Vine Daviston Pond Spring Johnstonville Yellow Stone Mount Pleasant Ringgold ~~~~~New Market ~Pine Hill Rock Spring ~~Russellville PIKE. ~ Pleasant Hill Rossville Unionville Barnesville Prattsburg Snow Hill ~Griffin Quito Villanow MONTGOMERY Liberty Hill WiaoodsStto ~~~~~~~~Boxville Milner ~Wood's Station TALIAFERRO. Colquitt MillbridgeTON. Raytown WALTON. MRORGAN PULASKI. Buncombe Buck Head Hawkinsville TATNALL. Cut Off Double Shoals Longstreet Reidsville Good Hope Ebenezer ~~~~~~~Surreucys Social Circle Fairp'lay PUTNAM. Wlu rv High Shoals Clopton's Mills TELFAIR. Wido Wellington Glade's Cross Roads Copeland WARE. Hearnville Feronia, Saint 11la, MURRAY. Rockville Lumber City Stricklands Chaseville Stanfordville McRae's Store Cohuttah Springs Ocmulgeeville WARREN. Coosawattee RABUN. Sugar Creek Camak Dalton Tiger Temperance Double Wells Fancy Hill Myil Holly Creek RANDOLPH. THOMAS. Myil Pleasant Valley Brooksville Boston WASHINGTON. Red Clay Cotton Hill Duncanville Curry's Mills Red Hill Georgetown Grooverville Davisboro' Resaca Herrodtown Ocklockney Hehron Sugar Valley Lowel Station Irwin's Cross Roads Tilton Nochway TROUP. Tunnel Hill Petawla TROcoTenlee Woodlawn Pumpkintown Antioch aThennil Stoe AsburyWrte'Soe MUSCOGEE.- RICHMOND. Cane Point WAYNE. Bald Hill Belair Hoganville Halloca McBeen Long Cane Pendarvis's S~tore Jamestown Richmond Factory Mountville Roland O'Neal's Mills WILKES. Steam Factory SCRIVE~N. Troup Factory Aonia, Upatoie Armenia Vernon Centreville Black Creek West Point Danburg NEWTON. Buck Creek Hutton's Fork Brick Store Halcyondale TWIGGS. Mallorysville Conyers Mill Haven Jeffersonville Pistol Creek Leakesville Mobley Pond Taversville Rehoboth 100 7~4 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. WILKINSON. I Emmitt McDonald I Stephensville Cool Spring Gordon I Milton I Toombsboro STATE OF FLORIDA. ALACHUA. Mandarin Waukeenah ORANGE. Fort Clark Mayport Mills Enterprise Fort Harley Middleburg LEON. Jernigan Madisonboro' Centreville New Smyrna Mi~canopy ESCAMBIA. Mannington Warrington Miccosukee PUTNAM. BETON. Munsonville Au NsTa ONFRANKLIN. LEVY. Pilatka FogutDad Cedar Key Welaka Homasassad GADSDEN. Fort Fanning Ho sa ~ China Hill Wakasassa ST. JOHNS. CALHOUN Rickoe's Bluff Picolata Abe Spring Secluda Cherry Lake ST. LUCIE. Bluttw Cherry Lake BOntstown HAMILTON. Clifton SANTA ROSA. Saint Joseph Bellville Moscly Hall Coon Hill,p- Jasper Stockton Milton COMBIA. White Springs Talofa WAU COLUMBIA. ~~~~~~~~WAKULA Barbers HILLSBORO'. MARION. Benhaden Bloun's Ferry HEILLSBORO'a. Abrahamtown Newport Collins MIchepuckesassa Camp Izard Pawtuxet Columbus Manatee Flemington Shell Point TmEllisville TmLake Griffin Sopchoppy Mineral Spvrins HOLMES. Long Swamp Mieaprings CroL!E GroNumber Two WALTON. New River Cerro Gordo Ocola Alaqua Olustee Home Spring Okahumka Almirante Ralerson's Ferry Orange Lake Chestnut Hill Suwannee Shoals JACKSON. Orange Springs East River Campbellton, Pineboro' Gentsville DADE. Greenwood Volusia Uchee Anna Miami Millwood Wacahootie.WASHINGTON DALLAS. JEFFERSON. MONROE. Holmes Valley Aucilla Orange Hill DUVAL. Beaseley NASSAU. St. Andrew's Bay Hibernia Southerland Woodstock Mills Vernon STATE OF ALABAMA. AUTAUGA. Fort Browder New Bethel Village Springs Autaugaville Glennville Oak Level Violy Bear Range Kings Oxford Walnut Grove Calhoun Louisville PolkvilleBULR Chestnnt Creek Midway QuitmanBULR Hartwood Mount Andrew Rabbit Town Barges Independence Mount Sereene Wehoga, Butlerville Milton White Plains Kirkville Mulberry BENTON. Manningham, Prattville Alexandria BIBB. Millville Robinson's Spring Blue Eye Maplesville Monterey Boiling Spring Mars Mount Moriah BALDWIN. Cedar Spring Randolph Ridgeville Fort Montpelier Corn Grove Z5Scottsville South Butler Honeycut Cove Creek Starlington Stockton Fair Play BLOUNT. Tensaw Griffin's Creek Blount Spring CHAMBERS. Kemp's Creek Brooksville Bethlehem BARBOUR. Ladiga Chapultepec Cusseta Cowikee Lamartine Douphin Fredonia Eufaula Mount Polk Murphee's Valley Gold Hill Fort Barbour Narrow Valley Summit Halawaka, POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 795 Milltown Soccopatoy Clinton LIMESTONE. Mount Hickory Traveller's Rest Forkland Bridgeforths Mount Jefferson Wetumpka Greensboro' Gilbertsboro' Oak Bowery Havanna Lucky Hit Osannippa COVINGTON. Hollow Square Mooresville ~~~~~Oselicha ~Hopewell Shoal Ford ~Sharon ~DALE. Knoxville White Sulphur Springs Wickliffe Barnes's Cross Roads Mount Hebron Daleville Newbern LOWNDES. CHEROKEE. Honey Town New Prospect Benton Blue Pond Saw Mill Pleasant Ridge Braggs Cobb's Mills Scroggin's's Mills Springfield Church Hill Coloma Wood Shop Union Collirene arden M~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~oisele'serv Ga NFarmersvdildle Gaylesville DALLAS B HENRY. arerville OCTAW. Summerfield Dodsonville Haynevillge Goshen WolwaBurnsville Columbia oneVlle Lowndesboro' Hannegan Cambridge Cureton's Bridge Manack Leesburg Carlowsville Franklin Mount Willing ille D~~~~~~~~~~~~Munt WpillRck pinglochpk Oceola Elm Bluff Hilliardsville Sandy, Ridge Pleasant Gap Fulton Lawrenceville Ringgold Liberty Hill Open Pond Spring Garden Moseley's Grove OpnPn Straight Neck Orrville JACKSON. MACON Turkey Town Pleasant Hill Birminham Aberfoil Portland Auburn CHOCTAW. Richmond Bolivar Bainbridge arbour TummeRichmond Dodsonville Bug Hall Barryton Westmoreld Langston Chuneenuggee Bladeytn Spigmoodlawn Larkin's Work Cotton Valley Larkinsville Cubehatchee Isney DE KALB. Liberty Cross Keys Kinterbish DE KALB. Meadsville Mount Sterling Annawaika Park's Store Enon's SoreAtwood Fort Decatur Nicholson's Store Princeton Fort Henderson Pushmataha Coxville Redman Loachapoka Tompkinsville Duck Spring Rocky Spring Lockland William's Cross Roads Greenwood Santa Notasulga Hendricksville Trenton'Ridge Grove CLARK. North Bend igl Air Mount Sand Mountain RE~RO oidetyHly Bashi Valley Head Cedar rSove Snoit Springs Choctaw Corner Van Buren Coedarorove Unionpring Coffeeville Worth Joesicoro UpaupeeSan Gainestown Mext icsonWrirtn Gosport FAYETTE. MOuntPinon Grove Hill Asbury Oregons MADISON. Jackson Big Pond Tayuos Berkley Saint Paul Davis's CreekTrs Hadens Suggsville DublinLADR LE Hazel Green Wilderness Military SpringsLADR LE Madison Cross Roads Mill Port Centre Star Maysville COFFEE. Newtonville, Gravelly Spring Maredianville Bentonville Palo Green Hill New Hope Coffee Corner Sheffield Ingram's Cross Roads New Market Geneva Lauderdale Factory Triana Indigo Head FRANKLIN. Lexington Whitesburg Oldtown Allsboro' Masonville Smut Eye Blue Lick Oakland MRNO Burleson Rogersville ClaRENill CONECUH. Buzzard Roost Slosshurg ClaytHil Belleville Cane Creek Waterloo Daytonoi Brooklyn Checkhasaw Westmorelandville DeioonsMls Evergreen Churubusco Hampden Nathansville Court House LAWRENCE. Jefferson Sepulga, La Grange Brickville Laurel Hill Newburg Camp Spring McKinley COOSA. Oak Hill Courtland Macon Bradford Pleasant Site Hillsboro' Montpelier Bulger's Mills Rock Creek Kinloch INanafalia Buycksville South Florence Landersville Pineville Equality Tuscumbia Leighton Shiloh Good Water Mount Hope Spencerville Hanover GREENE. Oakville Spring Hill Nixburg Boligee Wolf Spring Sweet Water 796 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. MARION. Jericho Lamington Local Bexar Ocmulgee'Nehamico Mardisille Canaan Perryville Olivet Maria Forge Detroit Plantersville Opelika Sylacauga Gold Mine Radfordsville Oswichee Silver Run Moscow Uniontown Salem Wewokaville Toll Gate Sand Fort PICKENS. 1chee TALLAPOOSA MARSHALL Antioch Vilula Becketsville Aurora Bear Creek Camp Hill Beard's Bluff Benevola SAINT CLAIR. County Line Big Spring Carlyle Bennetsville Dudleyville Claysville Cochran's Mills Branchville Fish Pond Cottonville Fairfield Broken Arrow Godville Gunter's Landing Gordo Crawford's Cove Horse Shoe Bend Hillian's Store Hinton's Grove Cropwell Jackson's Camp Kennamer Hope Greensport Kowaliga Meltonsville Lacy's Hill Kelly's Creek Pickneyville Mountain Stand Mantua Mount Niles Rome Oleander Memphis Springville Souchahatchee Red Hill Olney Sulphur Springs Stow's Ferry Zackary Pickensville Trout Creek Tallassee Pleasant Grove Wind Creek MOBILE. Providence SHELBY. Youngsville Mount Vernon Reform Bridgeton TUSCALOOSA. Vienna Cove MONROE. Yorkville Harpersville Buck Creek Bell's Landing Highland Buckland Buena Vista PIKE. Lee's Cove Carthage Burnt Corn Blue Creek Montevallo Fosters Clauselville China Grove Shelby Springs Jena Monroeville Edgefield Wilsonville MMaths Mount Pleasant Farriorsville Woodsboro' Monterey Polk Fryer's Bridge New Lexington Turnbull Gainer's Store SUMTER. Northport Indian Creek Belmont North River MONTGOMERY. Missouri Berlin Oregonia Argus Monticello Bluffport Romulus Cotoma Oluste Creek Brewersville Sipsey Turnpike Hickory Grove Orion Brown's Bluff Trion Hawthorn Pea River Gainesville WALKER. Line Creek White, Water GastonChlo'Mis Mount Meigs Intercourse Chditn'gMll Oak Grove, RANDOLPH. Jones's Bluff Eldidg Pine Level Arhacoochee New York GapyGrv Pintlala Chulafune PanvleJasper Prune Hill Eastville Penola Thornhill Ramer High Pine Sumterville York Sharpesville Lamar WarsawWAHNT. Strata Lee's RidgeWAHNT. Tiara Louina TALLADEGA. New Wakefield Molino Bluff Spring Pleasant Valley MORGAN. Oakfusky Bowdon Apple Grove Pinetucky Brownsville WILCOX. Basham's Gap Roanoke Cedar Tree Allenton, Blue Spring Rockdale Chinnihee Bethel Cedar'-Plains Rock Mills Coleta Black's Bluff Decatur Weedowee Conchardee Camden Houston's Store Wehadkee Court Hill Canton Lacey's Spring Wesohulga Fayetteville Creag's Mill Mount Hill Winston Fife Lower Peach Tree Trinity Ratchers Parnassus RUSSELL'Hickory Level Pine Hill PERRY. Burrsville, Hillabee Prairie Bluff Brush Creek Dover Kelly's Springs Snow Hill Chestnut Hill Fort Mitchell Kingville IUpper Peach Tree Hamburg Girard Kimulga IWolf Creek POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 797 STATE OF MISSISSIPPI. ADAMS. Pigeon Roost Riceville Scotland ~~~Palestine Poplar Creek ~Union Church Snowsville HARRISON. AMITE. Stateland Biloxi JONES. ~~~~~~Centreville ~Flint Creek Ellisville ~~~Rose Hill CLARK. ~ Mississippi City Pinnellville ~Smith Dale Beaverdam. Pass Christian Pool's Mills Tolers Energy Enterprise HINDS. KEMPER. ATTALA. Falling Spring Auburn Big Oak Attalaville Mackesville Bolton's Depot Blackwater ~Bluff Springs Quitman Browsville Bloomfield Burkittsville Shoobota Cayuga Centre Ridge ~~~~Newtonville ~Clinton Herbert ~~Planters COAHOMA. ~Edwards's Depot Oaktibbeha ~Rocky Point Delta Line Store Rocky Mount Friar's Point Meridian Springs Scoober ~~~~BOLIVAR. ~Mississippi Springs Waholock ~Bolivar COPIAH~. Newtown Concordia Brtonton Raymond LA FAYETTE. ~~Content Collamer ~ Spring Ridge Abbeville Glencoe Copiah Creek Utica Banner ~~~~~~~Victoria Gallatin ~Caswell ~Georgetown HOLMES. College Hill CARROLL. Hargrave Ashville Dallas ~Albemarle Linden ~ Ebenezer Delay Beckille Pine Bluff Emory Green Valley ~~~~Black Hawk ~Eulogy La Fayette Springs ~Ceralvo COVINGTON Franklin Lapomba ~~~Coila Dry Creek ~ Lockhart's Store Liberty Hall Greenwood Jaynesville Richland Milton Hays's Creek Mount Carmel Tchula Mount Sylvan Lefiore Oakohay Wheeling Paris Middleton Santee 6 Sarepta Providence Wilkesburg ISSAQUENJA. Sevier Shongalo Zion Seminary Deer Creek Spring Dale Smith's Mills DEST. Tennessee Landing Wyatt CHICKASAW. Cockruni ITAWAMBA. LAUDERDALE Benela Como Bolands Alamutcha Buena Vista Dark Corner Campbellton Battlefield Cherry Hill Elm Grove Cotton Ridge Chunkeyville Clear Spring Eutaw Cummingsville Daleville Dix Creek Flewellin's Cross Roads Fremont Hurricane Creek Erin Greenleaf Ironwood Bluff Lauderdale Springs Hohenlinden Hancock Marietta Ponta Hopewell Looxahoma Moorville Sageville Houlka Mount Isabel Pleasanton Oak Grove Olive Branch Richmond LAWRENCE. Oko-lo-na Pleasant Hill Saltillo Brookhaven Palo Alto Senatobia Van Buren Rayville, Pikeville Tatesville West Fulton Prairie Mount Valley Grove Woodlawn LEAKE. Sparta Yocony Edinburgh Yellow Bush FRANKLIN. Hopahka Friendship JACKSON. Pensacola CLAIBORNE. Hamburg Cross Roads Thomastown Grand Gulf Koxville Jackson Court House Oakland College McCall's Creek Pascagoula LOWNDES. Rocky Spring Barton Willow Spring GREENE. JASPER. Caledonia Leakesville, Claiborne Dailey's Cross Roads CHOCTAW. McLeods Garlandville Nashville Bankston McManus Hough's Store Plymouth Fame Vernal Montrose Prairie Hill French Camps Waverly Horsepen HANCOCK. JEFFERSON. West Point Huntsville Gainesville Church Hill Kilmichael Habolochitto Malcolm MADISON. Lodi Pearlington Rodney Beatie's Bluff ~798 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Camden Brookville RANKIN. TUNICA. Livingston Cooksville Cato Springs Austin Madisonville Deer Brook Densontown Commerce ~Midway Gholson Monterey Pleasant Grove Macon Steen's Creek WARREN. Sharon Mushulaville Bovina Stump Bridge Parkeville SCOTT. Cardiff Sulphur Springs Prairie Point Geeen Bush Milldale ~Vernon X Prairie Homewood Palmyra Williamstown Ludlow Warrenton A~RION. OKTIBBEHA. Pulaski MARs i N. Ash Creek WASHINGTON. ForsvingCottae Cedar Bluff SIMPSON. Point Worthington itn Cttage Choctaw Agency Mount Zion Double Springs Old Hickory WAYNE. MARSHALL. Hickory Grove Round Pon Bethlehem Line Creek SMITH. RoundrPon ~Byhalia Tampico PinevilleTaylorton Chulahoma Whitefield Polkville Coldwater Yanaby Raleigh WILKINSON Cornersville Taylorsville Cold Spring Deep Water PANOLA. Fort Adams Early Grove Belmont SUNFLOWER. Holly Retreat Harry Hill Burlingham Kellertown Holly Springs Long Creek TALLAHATCHCE Percy's Creek Hudsonville Longtown Charleston Rose Hill ~Lamar ~ Maon Tuscahoma Sibley's Mills North Mount Pleasant Oak Hill TIPPAH. Whitesville Pink Hill Peach Creek Red Banks Pleasant Mount Black's Store WINSTON. Snow Creek Robinia Cotton Plant Buckhorn Sledgeville Dry Run Fearn's Springs Tallaloosa Spring Port Dumas New Prospect ~~~~~~~Tiro ~Hatchy Turnpike Noxapater Waterford PERRY. Hickory Flat Webster.... 11Carlile's Mills McLean's Store M1ONROE CanroiesMil Molino YALOBUSHA. Aberdeen MoreOrizabaBiCre Athens PIE Pleasant Ridge BaigfCreek Bigby Fork RukrvleCuddyhunk Buttahatchy China Grove SalemGrypt Camargo Conerlys Shelby Creek Greaysor Grub Springs HpHilSrnHllJones's Mills Lawrence MillanLehtn Quincy ~~~~~~~TISHEMINIGO. Legon Smithville PONTOTOC. Bay Springs Long Percimmon Splung Birmingham Blackland McGee's Bridge Wesley Buncomb Bone Yard Oaklandckm NESHOGA. ~Cherry Creek Burtons PostlOak CofaESHiab Coonewar Carrollsville PrestOnk CoffadeliahCotton Grove Cartersville Presovdnc Muckalushy Ellis Town Cripple Deer Pabougdeny Pearl Valley Fremont Cross Ridge Shannous Philadelphia Harrisburg, Dantom Sann Tascinto New Albany Danville Troy Palmetto Eastport'Water Valley NEWTON. Pontotoc Farmington County Line Poplar Spring Hickory Plains YAZOO. Talahatah Red Land Highland Claibornesville Talasha Rocky Ford New Hope Dover Union Talibenela Rienzi Hendricks Tardyville Tripoli Lincoln NOXUBEE. Toccopola Walnut Peak Satartia, Brooklyn Wrightsville Yellow Creek Yazoo City STATE OF LOUISIANA. ASSUMPTION. Star New River Big Bend Albemarle Borodino Cranes Forge ASCENSION. AVOYELLES. Holmesville Paincourtville Live Oak Bayou Rouge Mansura POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES.799 Simms's Port Rifle Point De Glaize Grand Cotean Routh's Point Point Jefferson Plaquemine Brulee BIENVILLE. Tooleys Prairie Mer Rouge Ville Platte Arcadia Union Point Washington ~~~~Buckhorn ~NATCHITOCHIES. ~Ringgold ~ DE SOTO. Adaies ST. MARTINS Saline Ashland Campti Brean's Bridge Salt Spring Black Jack Cloutierville Fausse Point Sparta Grand Cane Coushattee Chute New Iberia Keche Grand Ecore BOSSIER. Logansport Isle Breville ST. MARY'S. Z5 ~~~~Saline Mills Alligator Belleview Pleasant Grove ll Bossier Point Pleasant Hill Sonet Bayou Ramois Connell's Cross Roads Centreville Pine Flat EAST BATON ROUGE. OPELOUSAS. Charenton PinevilleEAST BATON ROUGE. Jeaneretts Red Land Burlington ORLEANS. Pattersonville Sentell's Store Manchac Fort Pike Stony Point ST. TAMMANY. CADDO. PLAQUEMINES. Lima ~Albany ~ EAST FELICIANA. Mandeville Blossom Hill Clinton POINT COUPEE. Marburyville ~Caddo ~ Mount Willing Atchafalaya Parkerville Cookesille Port Hudson Hermitage Pine Grove Greenwood Saint Cloud Livonia Sun Woodland Red River Landing CALCASIEU. The Village TENSAS. Big Woods FRANKLIN. Waterloo Kirk's Ferry Lake Charles Butler Williamsport Mound Bayou Hurricane Water Proof CALHWELL. rane RAPIDES. CA LDWELLoOakly Big Creek TERRE BONN E Copenhgen IBERVILLE. Cheneyville Tigerville on easant Baou Goula. Cotile Mount Pleasant Baou Goula Desrayauxville UNION. Gross Tete ~~Hineston Cherry Ridgie CARROLL. Plaquemine Hudeso Mro Deerfield Jndett nMooresione Lake Carraway JACKSON. ~~Walnut Hill Ouachita City Monticello Brookline Shiloh Pecan Grove Dugdemona, SABINE. Spear's Store Swan Lnke Grove Hill Burr's Ferry Rochester Fort Jesup VERMILION CATAHOULA. Vernon Mill Creek Abbville Hap Hazard Vienna Toro Perry's Bridge Little Prairie Parham's Landing JEFFERSON. ST. BERNARD. WACHITA. Roesfield Carrollton Caldwells Trinity ST. CHARLES. Fork-sville White Sulphur Springs LA FAYETTE. McCutchons Indian Village CLAIBORNE. Vermillionville Taylor Logtown CLAIBORNE. ~~~~~~~~~~~~Pine Hills Allen's Settlement LA FOURCHE. ST. HELENA. Salmagundi Dorheat Darling-ton Trenton Dorcheat ~LIVINGSTON. Dennis,'s Mills WASHINGTON. Flat Lick Coelk TangapahoFaklno Franksville Springfield OrankGrove Minden Wdbr'S.JMS a rv Mount Lebanon Waeoo T AE. Palestine Quay MADISON Convenent Shady Grove Scottsville ChsefedSibila, TgrCreek Chelstril ST. JOHN BAPTIST. Walnut Creek Milliken's Bend Bonnet Carre WEST BATON ROUGE. New Carthage Edgard Bruly Landing CONCORDIA. Young's Point Lobdell's Store Fairview ST. LANDRA. Flowery Mound MOREHAUSE. Ballew's, Ferry WEST FELICIANA. Monterey La'nding- Bastrop Big Cane Tunica 800 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. STATE OF TEXAS. ANDERSON. CAMERON. Richmond JASPER Beaver Edinburgh Erin Elkheart Point Isabel FREESTONE. Jasper Ioni Troy Magnolia Spring Kickapoo CASS. Salem Palestine Centre GALVESTON. Union Plenitude Forest Home Zavalla Sand Spring Hickory Hill GAUDALUPE. Jefferson JEFFERSON. ANGELINA. Smithland GILLESPIE. Beaumont Marion Unionville Fredericksburg Green's Blff Sumter Pattillos CHEROEE Island AUSTIN. Analomink Pleasant Grove Centre Hill Jacksonville GONZALES. Sabine City Industry Linwood Belmont Rock Island Rusk China Grove KAUFMAN. Sempronius Sulphur Springs Black Hill Shelby GRAYSON. Cedar Grove Swearingens COLLIN. Pilot Grove College Mound Travis McKinney Sherman Kaufman Millwood Washita Kemp BASTROP.rairie Cunninghams COLORADO. GRIMES. Young's Settlement Columbus Anderson KINNEY. Eagle Lake Bedi Fort Duncan BELL. Egypt Grimesville Nolansville Frelsburg Prairie Plains LAMAR. Lake Creek BEXAR. COMAL. HARRIS Paris Mineral Springs New Braumfels Hamblin Shockey's Prairie San Antonia I San Jacinto Sutherland Springs DALLAS. Spring Creek LAVACCA. Trier Dallas Hallettsville Duck Creek HARRISON. Mustang BOWIE. Farmer's Branch Ash Spring Oakland Boston Pleasant Run Concord Petersburg De Kalb DNO. Elysian Fields Rocky Mills Moores DTN. Glade SpringLEN Myrtle Springs Alton JonesvilleLEN Denton Creek Marshall Centreville BRAZORIA. Port Caddo Leona Cedar Lake DE W1ITT. Powellton Navarro Columbia Clinton Reel Foot Siam Gulf Prairie Cuero Union Springs LBRY Hinds Live Oak LBRY Liverpool Yorktown HENDERSON Anahuac San Louis ELI. Athens Cedar Bayou Solitude ELI. Buffalo Grand Cane Velasco Waxahachie Johns BZAZOS. FANNIN. ~~HOPKINS. Liberty BZAZOS. FANNIN. ~~~~Blackjack Grove Swartwout Boonville Bonham Pleasant Hill West Liberty Millican Honey Grove Sulphur Bluff Licke Tarrant LIMESTONEK BURLESON Warren White Oak Alta Springs Caldwell Springfield Prospect FAYETTE. HOUSTON. Tiwockony Springs String Prairie Black Jack Crockett Fayetteville San Pedro MATAGORDA. CALDWELL. La Grange Caney Lockhart Lyons HUNT. Matagorda Plumb Creek Millers Greenville Sugar Land Round Top Hooker CALHOUN. Rutersville Timber Creek MEDINA. Indianola Turkey Creek Castroville La Salle FORT BEND. Port La Vaca Big Creek JACKSON. MILAM. Saluria, Clear Lake Morales De Lavaca Cameron Hodge's Bend Texana Nashville POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 801 ~Waco Village POLK. Milani Mount Hope Cold Spring Pendleton Provi(lence Hill ~~MONTGOMERY. Greens kSabine Town Ratcliffs ~~~Danville Living-~ston ~Town Bluff ~Montg~omery Mc~~eesSAN AUGUSTINE. Wilsons Shannons Palmers Smithfield SAN PATRICIO. U1'SHUR. ~~~NACOGDOCH~~ES. ~San Patricio Earpville ~~~~~Doug-~lass RED RIVER. ~Gilead ~Flournoys Kiomatia ~ SHELBY. Gilmer Linn Flat Maple Springs Ashtons Hopewell ~Melrose Monterey~ Buena Vista Pine Tree Nacogdoches Pine Bluffs Courtland Red Rock Savannah ~ Hamilton ~~NAVARRO. BI~Hilliards VANZANT. ~Bazet~t REFUGIO. ~White Cottage Barren Ridge ~~~~~Chamber's Creek Aransas ~Four Mile Prairie ~~Corsicana Copano ~SMITHI. ~Meltons Lamar ~ Canton VICTORIA. ~~~~Musket RcfuaioFlora Gaudelupe ~Red Oak Rcfugio~ ~ Gum Spring Victoria Richand Crossing ROBERTSON. Neche's Saline Spring Hill Caldwell Oldenburg WALKER. ~Franklin Summer Grove Cincinnati ~~NEWTON. Wheelock Tyler Huntsville ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Burkeville.~Mitchells ~~~~Cotland RUSK. ~ STARR. Star Cypress Crossings Anadarco Roma MDf~~~idwav Belleview ~WASHINGTOK. New Columbia Caledonia TITUS. Brenham ~S~alem Cotton Plant- Daingerfield Chapel Hill ~ Fredonia ~ Gray Rock Gay Hill EHenderson Lone Star Independence PANOLA. Millville Mount Pleasant Long Point ~~Bethany Minden ~ Oak Grove Carthae Mount Enterprise Union Bridge WEBB.'Fair Play New Salem. Grand Bluff Pine Hills TRAVIS. WHARTONI. Jones Rabbit Creek Gilleland Creek Preston Kinlock San Cosine Manchac House Wharton MeMillans Sand Hills Merrilltown Parrys Walling's Ferry, San Marco WILLIAMSON. Pulaski Webber's Prairie Bushy Creek Reed's Settlement SABINE. Blue Hill Sugar Hill Bear Creek TYLER. Georgetown Walnut Hill Longwood Bendy's Landing San Gabriel STATE OF ARKANSAS. ARKANSAS. Gravel Ridge Tahlequahi Arkadelphia Crockett's Bluff Lanark Terre Noir La Grew Springs Long View CHICOT. Niccottoo Mount Elba Bartholomew CONWAY. Saint Charles Columbia Cadron South Bend CARROLL. Gaines's Landing Fitz Henry Ashley Grand Lake Glass Village ASHLEY. Carrollton Hawkins's Landing Hurricane Fountain Hill Crooked Creek Lewisburg Hawkins's Landing Hussaw CHOCTAW. King's River Armstrong, Academy CRAWFORD. BARTHOLOMEW. 0sagre Boggy D~epot Belmont Choctaw Agency Natural Dam BENTON. CHICKASAW. ])oaksville The Narrows Bentonville Fort Washita EngletowvnCEK Double Spring CEO E. Wheelock CEK MIkaysvi lle CEO E.Creek Agency Pea Ridge Baptist Mission CLARK. Robinson's Cross Roads Flint Alphine CRIfTENDER.Fort Gibson Amity Alligxator BRADLEY. Grand Saline Anvil Bledsoe's Landin tagle Creek Kidron Antoin Blue's Point 101 802 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Council Bend Sulphur Rock MISSISSIpi. Oakland Grove Grayson Wallace Creek Canadian Ten Mile Point Oldham Wolf Bayou Harding's Point Hickman's Bend PULASKI. DALLAS. IZARD. Mill Baou Mary Beech Bluff Benbrook's Mills Pecan oint Maumelle Cachemasso Mount Olive Chambersville North Fork MONROE. RANDOLP Chappell Rich Woods Aberdeen Fourche Dumas Holly Springs Rocky Bayou Clarendon Hanaer's Store Moro Round Bottom Lawrenceville ixe's Ferry Stover Svlamore Rough and Ready Pocahontas Tulip Wild Haus Surrounded Hills Spring Creek Tullyville DESHA. JACKSON. Valley Grove ST. FRANCIS. Bellville Augusta Watensa Bride Fair Forrest Jacksonport Gage's Point Laconia KenyonMONTGOMERY. Green Plains Napoleon Mount Pinson Akis's Store Languelle White River Caddo Cove Mill Ride Wileyville JEFFERSON. Centreville Mount Vernon Camp Creek Hald Oakland DREW. Darysaw Montgomery Saint Francis Cut Off Lehi Mount Ida Wittsburg Holly Point New Gascony Lacey Pine Bluff NEWTON. SALINE. Relf's Bluff Plum Bayou Borland Collegeville Richland Jasper Hurricane Creek FRANKLIN. Rob Roy Mount Parthenon Lost Creek Cass White Oak Walnut Fork Owensville Charlestown Pleant Hill JOHNSON. PERRY. SCOTT. Point Prairie Basham's Mills Black Jack Roseville Brownsville PHILIPS. Cross Roads Clarksville Barneys Parks FULTON. Griffins Beech Grove Revilee Bennett's River Horse Head Big Creek Tu1linsonville Franklin Morrison's Bluff Mooney Waldron Rapp's Barrens Piney North CreekSERY Fittsbnrg OldtownSERY GREENE. Point Meers Planters Locust Grove Chalk Bluff Shoal Creek Sterling Point Peter Gainesville Walnut Bend Wiley's Cove Greensboro' LA FAYETTE.- Walnut Ridge SEBASTIAN. Lorado Calhoun Oak Bluffs Hurricane Hill PIKE. Fort Smith Oak Ridge Walnut Hill Huddleston James's Fork Walcott Wilton Jenny Lind Sugrar Loaf HEMPSTEAD. BaWRECE POINSETT.SEIR Clark's Mills Barryn Farm HillSEER Columbus CanovrBnd Greenfield Brownstown Fulton Clverin Bende Johnston Centre Point Graves Eveatnin hd Walnut Camp Lions's Beard Justus's Mills PodwBaank Piraclifta Marlbroo Reed' Bank POLK. Rocky Comfort Mine CreekSmtileCoeain Mount Monia SpringRvler Panhe tima Thule Spring Hill ~~~~~Stewart's Springs UNION. HOT SPRINGS. MADISON. POPE. Beaver Ruin Fair Play Huntsville Dardanelle Beechland Midway Saint Paul Dover Champagnolle Pleasant Ridge Titsworth Dwight Cornic Rockport War Eagle Gally Creek El Dorado Scotia Hillsboro' INDEPENDENCE. MARION. Sulphur Springs Lisbon Alder Brook Buffalo City Oakville Curia Rolling Prairie PRAIRIE. Wilmington Oil Trough Worth Des Acre Pleasant Plains Yellville Duvall's Bluff VAN BUREN. Poke Bayou Brunswick Clinton Rock Point MILLER. Hickory Plain Kinderhook POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 803 Quitman WA~SHIT~A. Liberty Stony Point WA. Berkeiy Locust Bayou Buena Vista Luda YELL. Boonsboro' Buffalo Quincy Chickalah Elm Springs Caney Seminary Parkersburg ~~Evansville Freeo Woodlawn Petite Jean ~~~~~~~~Hilochee Godbold ~Pleasant Valley ~~~~Sylva Lamartine ~ WHITE. Prairie Creek ~Taney Leake's Store Cold Well Rock Creek West Fork STATE OF TENNESSEE. ANDERSON. CAMPBELL. South Harpeth Tunnell Loy's Cross Roads Buffalo Creek South Nashville Winchester Springs ~Olivers Fincastle.~ Stewart's Ferry Robertsville Grantsboro' Sycamore Mills FENTRESS. ~~~~~~~~~Ross Lost Creek ~Boiling Spring Wallace's Cross Roads Pouch Creek DECATUR. Coopersville ~Wilsons Straight Fork Bath Springs Hale's Mills Decaturville Jamestown ~BEDFORD. CANNON. Hermitage Pall Mall ~~~Fairfield Auburn ~ Perryville ~~~~~~~Flat Creek BradyvilleGIBSON. Richmond Mechanicsville DE KALB. Antioch ~~~~Rich Valley ~Alexandria Bluff Springs ~~Rover CARROLL. ~Liberty Chester Rowesville Buena Vista Republican Grove Eaton Sinking Creek Christmasville Sligo Gibson's Wells ~~Unionville Hecla ~ Temperance Hall Henings ~~~~~~~~~Wartrace Hico ~Hope Hill ~Macedonia ~ DICKSON. Pond Hill BENTON. MLemoresville Barton's Creek Poplar Grove Camden Martin's Creek Bellshurg Quincy Capultepec Roan's Creek Danielsville Shady Grove Chaseville Sandy Bridge Rossland Shiloh Eagle Creek South Carroll Williamsville South Gibson Morgan's Creek Standardville Trenton Sewanee Terryville DYER. Waterford Wills's Point Chestnut Bluffs Yorkville CARTER. Dyershurg BLEDSOE. Dugger's Ferry Friendship GILES. Crossville Happy Valley Grove Mount Bethel Fillmore Roan Mountain Bodenham, Foster's Cross Roads FAYETTE. Bradshaw Grassy Cove CLAIBORNE. Belmont Bunker's Hill Mount Airy Big Barren Colleton Campbellsville Nine Mile Cumberland Gap Concordia Cornersville Ormes's Store Head of Barren Ebenezer Elk Ridge Roberson's Cross Roads Old Town Egypt Elkton Speedwell Fayette Corner Lamnartine, BLOUNT. Sycamore Hickory Withe Lynnville Cade's Cove Yellow Springs Ispahan -Mid Bidge Chilhowee La Grange Prospect Clover Hill COCKE. Laurel Creek Richland Cloyd's Creek Parrottsville Macon Shoal Spring Ellejoy Wilsonville Mount Comfort Vale Mills Friendsville Moscow White Hill Little River COFFEE. Noneonner Louisville Beech Grove Oakland GRAINGER. Marysville Hickory Creek Sandy Spring Austin's Ferry Morgantown Hillsboro' White Hall Bean's Station Plum Grove Wolf River Blain's Cross Roads Tuckaleechee Cove DAVIDSON. Bull Run Unitia Chestnut Grove FRANKLIN. Cedar Ford Elm Hill Alisonia Clear Spring BRADLEY. Franklin College Crow Creek Haynes Charleston Gulistan Elk River Marshall's Ferry Cbataity Julia Dean Hawkerville Morristown Flint Springs Mansker's Creek Marble lill Powder Spring Gap Stony Point Mount View Salem Red Hill Ridge Post Tullahoma Redwood 804 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Rocky Spring Van Hill Flynn's Lick Kinderhook Spring House War Gap Fort Blount Lynchburg Tampieo Yellow Store Granville Milville Thorn Hill Hamilton Landing Molino HARDIN. Hiland Mulberr GREENE. Coffee Landing Kossuth No Bay Mount Hamburg Lodi Oregon Camp Creek Lowrvville Mavfield Petersburg Caney Branch Red Sulphur Springs. Meigsville Pleasant Plains Carter's Station Saltillo Pekin Prospect Hill Cedar Creek Smith's Fork North Spring Robinson's Store Clear Creek White Plains Viney Grove Graysburg HAYWOOD. Whitleyville Gustavus Brownsville McMINN. Henderson's Mill Cageville JEFFERSON. Calhoun Horse Creek Carolina Chucky Bend Cantrells Cross Roads Laurel Gap Cherryville Leadvale Coghill Limestone Springs Copan Mill Spring Facility Little Chucky l)ancyville Moss Creek Hamilton Cross Roads Newmansville Lanefield New Market Jalapa Rheatown Rusk Oak Grove Mantua Romeo Wesley Panther Springs Oxford Timber Ridge Woodville Russellville Warrensburg Spring Vale McNAIRY. HENDERSON. Snoddyville Adamsville GRUNDY. Hurricane Creek Strawberry Plains Anderson's Store Chesterfield Jack's Creek Trion Hugin's Creek Cumberland Juno Tuckahoe Joness Mills Pelbam Lexington Monterey Middle Fork JOHNSON. Montezuma HAMILTON. Mifflin Pandora Morse Creek Chattenooga Nero Shady Mud Creek Chickamoga Pleasant Exchange Rose Creek Cozby Red Mound KNOX. Stantonville Julian Gap Scott's Hill Academia Tatesille Limestone Shady Hill Beaver Ridge Loddy Tippecanoe Campbell's Station MACON. Long Savannah Church Grove Alton Hill Merry Oaks HENRY. Flint Gap Brooks's Tanyard Sail C~reek Albany Gap Creek La Fayette Snow Hill Barren Hill Mecklenburg Meadorville Westview Caledonia Racoon Valley Red Boiling Springs Zion Hill Cheap Valley Woodboarne Como MADISON. HANCOCK. Conyersville LAUDERDALE. Andrew Chapel Allen's Station Ell G~rove Cane Bottom Cotton Grove Copper Ridge Manlyville Cottage Hill Denmark Mulberry Gap Mansfield Dry Lill Mason's Creek Sneedsville Mount Holyoke Durhamiville Medon Trent's Chapel Mouth of Sandy Fulton Mount Pinson HARDEMAN. Sandy Hill Walnut Post Oakville Poplar Corner Audubon HICKMAN. LAWRENCE. Spring Creek Black Oak Grove Beaver Dam Springs Cass t Clover Port Bon Aqua Henry MARION. Crainsville Centreville Morth Bend Battle Creek Matamora Duck River Palo Alto Cheeksville Middleburg Lick Creek Sugar Creek Coop's Creek Moore's Cross Roads Palestine Wayland's Springs Dadsville New Castle Pleasantville West Point Fairview Nubbin Ridge Totty's Bend Looney's Creek Van Buren LEWIS. Sequatchee Whitt*-villc HUMPHREYS. Hampshire Walden's Ridge Williams's Store Waverly Walnut Valley White Oak LINCOLN. HIAWKINS. Boon's Hill,MARSHALL Lee Valley JACKSON. Ca in ar go Belfast Lyons's Store Bennett's Ferry Cane Creek Berlin Marble Hall Buck Point Chestnut Ridge Caney Spring Mill Bend Btttler's Landing Cvruston Catalpa Grove Mooresburg Celina Gas Factory Chapel Hill New Canton Clemnentsville, George's Store Cochran-sville Saint Clair Double Springs Gill's.Store IFarmington POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 805 ~~~Mooreqville Ba OBION. Hall's Hill White Top New Hope Bulaemont Jefferson ~~Spring Place FremontJordan's Valley SUMNER. ~Reelfoot Las Casas Castalian Springs MAURY. Silver Top Millersburg Fountain Head Ashwood Totten's Wells Milton Greenwvood Readyville Hannas Hopei H~ille OVERTON. ~Stewartsboro' Hartsville Hurt'si Cro d Fox Spring Vaughn Valley Hendersonville Husrt's Stores Roas ilham Versailles Montgomery Kisnard'ts Store Locust Shade Rock House MoinnardP'saStor Monroe SCOTT. Tyrce Springs Pleaunt Gleas Netherland Huntsville Willow Grove Popleasarnt Gridve Nettle Caner Wirt College Rallpa HRile Oak Hill SEVIER. Rich~ Hill Oakley~ Boyd's Creek TIPTON. ~Santa Fe Olympus ~ Fair Garden Beaver Dam Forks Sycamore Grove Henry's Cross Roads Bloomington Silver Creek Walnut Grove Pigeon Forge Covington Springill West Fork Trundle's Cross Roads Portersville Spingliamsport PERRY Walden's Creek Randolph Wear's Cove EGS.~Beardstown VAN BUREN. Decatur~Botanick Garden SHELBY. WARREN. Ammonia War RENt Goodfield Buffalo Ammonia CrCaney Fork SupurilgBo' Creek Kelly's Ferry Lods dCo iersville Clearmont Kincannon's Ferry WoodsGColiersvitowe Irving College Mouth Hewassee POLK. Germanotown Rock Island Pine Land Canasauga Greenolatton Rocky River Hazel Flat Sewee Columbus Loosahatchee Rough and Ready Ten Mile Stand Culebote Memphis Trousdale Greasy Creek Morning Sun WASHINGTON. MONROE. Ocoa Rosstown Blue Plum Ball Play Red Spring Sulphur Well Boon's Creek Citico SpringtownCo'Str Coker Creek Sylco SMITH. Cox's Staore Four Mile.Branch RE. Bagdad James Cross Roads Madisonville RE. Clinton College Leesburg Midway Eagle Furnace Convenientl um Mount Vernon Smith's Cross Roads Dixon's Springs Locus Mount Philadelphia Sulphur Springs GordonsvilleLogMr Philadelphia ~~~~Lancaster Washington College Rockville RAE MotseWatauga Bend Tweetic Plains Barnardsville Peyton's Creek Toweeco Flalls Belleville Pleasant Shade Aslnd. Towee, FallsBlair's Ferry RomeAsln MONTGOMERY. Cross Keys Witcher's Cross Roads Carrollville Asbury ERY Eagle FurnaceClfo Asbury ~Emory Iron Works STEWART. Fcypress Innk Blooming, Grove Erie Cumberland Iron Works Facstor'nFr Dalevs Lenoirs HopeHosn Fredonia Post Oak Springs Indian Mound PesantVale Henrietta Seven Islands Line Port Vicorby Johnsons Wood's Hill New PortlandVitr Little Grove [Roads Wrightsville Onward WEAKLY. McAllister's Cross Standing Rock Boydsville Meriville' ROBERTSON. Tobacco Port Dresden Newv Providence Bainbridge Flemings New York Barren Plain SULLIVAN. Irvine's Store Onecho. Fiser's Cross Roads Arcad1ia Locust Grove Palmyra Labanus Campbell's Rest Mount Warren Port Royal Mitchellsville Clover Bottom Old Hickory Richardsons Mulloys Eden's Ridge Palmer's Store Ring-gold Red River Gott's Cross Roads Philipsville Sailor's Rest Rose Hill Greenfield Pillowville Tennessee Iron Works Thomasville Hiltons Winston Wheatly's Mills Turnersville Holston Valley WIE Yellow Creek Furnace Kingsport WrE MORGAN. ~ RUTHERFORD. Mill Point Bon Air Springs MORGAN. ~Carlockville Paperville Cave Crooked Fork Cherry Flat Poor Hill Dry Valley Long View Fosterville Rockholds Falling Water 806 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Gearsville Good Spring Triune Green Hill Newark Harpeth West Harpeth Halifax [Roads River Hill Hill's Valley White House Huddleston's Cross Jordan's Store Legado WILLIAMSON. Leiper's Fork WILSON. Mount Carmel Arrington Mount Nebo Big Spring Providence Barren Nolansville Caiesville Rural ill Bethesda Pevtonsville Cedar Grove Shop Spring Boston Pinckney Cherry Valy Statesville Bagleville Riggs's Cross Roads Commerce Three Forks STATE OF KENTUCKY. ADAIR. Sharpsburg Coxe's Creek Belleview Breedings Slate Crooked Creek Furnace Church Hill Gradyville Mount Washington Cottonwood Millersville BOONE. Pitts's Point Fruit Hill Montpelier Elijah's Creek Garretsburg Neatsville Florence BUTLER. Genoa Hamilton Berry's Lick La Fayette ALLEN. Middle Creek Mills Rochester Long View Allen Springs Mitchellsville Sugar Grove Miller's Mill Cedar Spring Petersburg Wood Berry Newstead Gainesville Union Oak Grove New Roe Verona CALDWELL. Oakland Puncheon Walton Farmersville Pembroke Fredonia Williams F1 ANDERSON. BOURBON Long Hall Wooldridge's Store Camdenville Centreville Long Pond Chesher's Store Clintonville Princeton Lawrenceburg Flat Rock Colbyville Rough and Ready Houston CALLAWAY. Goode's Precinct Van Buren Jacksonville Clark's River Jones's Nursery BALLARD.. Millersburg Locust Grove Kiddville BALLARD. Moreland Murray Oil Mills Belle Ombre North Middletown New Concord Pine Grove Hazelwood Ruddle's Mills Pine Bluff Ruckerville Lovelaceville Shiloh Melvin BOL.CLAY. Millburn OYE CAMPBELL. Mount Welcome Oak Spring- Danville Alexandria Sexton's Creek Perryville ~ oky BARREN. BRACKEN. Carthage CITN AntiochAust Cold Spring Elliott's Cross Roads Bear Wallow Augstar Flagg Spring Seventy Six Blue Spring Grove Locust Mills Grant's LickCRTEDN Centre MfodTibbatt's Cross Roads CRTEDN Dry Fork ~~Milounrdie Bell's Mines EDmyontonntOlve CARROLL.'Cookseyville Merry Oaks Plweasanvidge Carrollton Dycusburg Paces Ponawerile GhentCUBRAD Pageville StantaoFe Grass HillsCU ERAD Peter's Creek Stanton ~~~Mill Creek Locust Spring Prewitt's Knob BRAHT. Prestonville Marrowbone Randolph ~ CrockettsvleWotville DAVIESS. Rocky Hill Frozen Creek CARTER. Burtonsville Skegg,'s Creek Ls re ri Three ForksBri Calhoun Woodland ~~~~~~~~~Knaps Crowv's Pond Woodland ~BRECI{ENRIDGE. Mount Savage Fillmore BATH. Bewleyville Olive Hill Knob Lick Bald Eagle ~~Big Spring Star Furnace, Knottsville Bethel Cedar Grove Upper Tygart Long Falls Creek Eastville Clifton Mills Narrows Gill's Mills Clover Port CASEY. Yelvington Highland Hudsonville LibertyED NS. Laurel Fork Planter's Hall MiddleburgEDOSN Little Flat Stephensport Wilcox's S t'ore Big Ready Marshall Brownsville Olympian Springs BULLLI'T. CHRISTIAN. Dripping Spring Peeled Oak Cane Spring Bainbridge Mammoth Cave POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 807 ESTILL. Falls of Rough Steamport London ~Miller's Creek Grayson Springs ~McHargue's Mills Red River Iron Works Millerstown HENRY. Mershon's Cross Roads Rough Creek Campbellsburg Racoon FAYETTE. Short Creek Drennons ~~~~Athens ~Eminence LAWRENCE, Delphton GREENE. Franklinton Blaine Walnut Hill Allen Dale Hendrensville Bolt's Fork Catalpa Grove Lockport Falls of Blaine FLEMING. Clover Hill Pleasureville George's Creek Elizaville Haskinsville Port Royal Peach Orchard Farmers Salonia Sligo Turman's Ferry Hillsboro' Summersville Smithfield ~~~~~~~~Martha Mills ~LETCHER. Mount Carmel GREENU. HHICKMAN. Boone Valley ~~Oak Woods Amanda ~ Clinton Pleasant Grove Mills Cannonsburg Moscow LEWIS. lummer's Mill Catlettsburg Obion Cabin Creek Poplar Plains Oldtown Wesley Concord Sherhburne Mills Pollard's Mills Esculapia Springs ~Triplett Pond Rum~ ~ HOPKINS. Kinnicon ick White Oak Hill Rocky Branch Ashbysburg Poplar Flat Sprin~gville Carlow Rock Creek FLOYD. Truittsville Chalk Level Tolesboro' Lanesville Tygert's Creek Day's Store Vanceburg FRANKLIN. HANCOCK. Mulberry Grove LINCOLN. Blackford Nebo Bridgeport HBlacsvifd Providence Crab Orchard ~Elk Horn Hawesville PUnderwood Hustonville Forks of Elk Horn Lewisport Underwood Milledgeville ~~~~~Laputa, HARDIN. ~JEFFERSON. Walnut Flat Military Institute Cofer JEFFERSON. Waynesburg Elizabethtown Cross Roads FULTON. Howell's Springs Fisherville LIVINGSTON. ~~~~Butler Nolen ~ Hayes's Spring Berry's Ferry ~~Hickman Oak Hill ~ Jeffersontown Camp Creek ~~Line Red Hill... Lacona Ross's Ferry Pontotoc Stephensburg Long Run Smithland.Ralphton West Point Lynnford Walkers Middletown GALLATI.N. HARLAN. Portland LOGAN. Glencoe Lafontaine Salina Aaril Napoleon ~ Letcher Williamson Adairvion Warsaw PoorAMFork Buena Vista Springs HARRISON. JESMN. Gordonsville GARRARD. BodelKeene Hague Bryantsville Buodena. VsaMarble Creek Keysburg BuckeyeBunVit Mount Freedom Rabbitsville Edinburgh Claysville Pekin South Union Paint Lick Colemansville Potts's Mills Volney Connersville GRANT. Curry's Run JOHNSON. MCAKN Cordova Havilandsville MCAKN Crittenden Kentontown KENTON. MDSN Downingsville Leesburg Bank Lick MDSN Dry Ridge ~~Raven Creek Dry Creek Big Hill Fiskhurg Elliston GRAVES. HART. Piner's Cross Roads Kingston Dublin Clear Point Staffordsburg Kirksville Dukedom Glen Brook Menelos Fancy Farm Green River KNOX. Posey Farmington Hammonville Cumberland Ford Rogersville Feliciana ~~LeesvilleFltLc Walnut Valley Leander MoreLynn Camp WieHl Mayfield Three Springs Swan Pond Oak Ridge Woodsonville Yellow Creek MARSHALLSae il Aurora Symsonia HENDERSON. L U. Fi eln Wilson's Creek Cairo Hodg-ensville Corydon ManlaMARION. GRAYSON. Hebbardsville ManlaBradfordsville Big Clifty Pleasant Hill LAUREL. Haysville Caneyville Smith's Mills Bush's Store Loretto 808 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Manton Worthington PERRY. Fairview New Market Bigleys Hadensville Raywick NELSON. Brashersville Pilot Knob Bloomfield Grape Vine Rosco MASON. Boston Trenton Dover Chaplin PIKE. Germantown Deatsville Democracy TRIGG. Hamar Fairfield Lonsille Canton Helena High Grove Piketon Empire Iron Works May's Lick New Haven Robinson's Creek Golden Pond Mavsville New Hope Lindsay's Mill Minerva Rolling Fork PULASK. Roarin Spring Mount Gilead Adams Mills Wallonia Murphysville NICHOLAS. Dallas North Fork Blue Lick Springs Waterloo TRIMBLE. Orangeburg Carter's Store Bedford Sardis Forest Retreat ROCK CASTLE. Milton Slack Grifliths Winona Head Quarters RUSSELL. MEAD. Moorefield Creelsbrg UNION. Flint Island Pleasant Valley Mills Horse Shoe Bottom Ashland Good Springs OHIO. Berry's Mill Garnettsville own Bordley Rock Haven Briggs's Mills Casyville Buford MERCER. Fordsville CoG re Cornishville Hines's Mills Gr io Duncan Lindleys G e Montezuma McAfee Livermore t Raleigh Salvisa Pincheco N o Uniontown Shawnee Run Pleasant Grove R For OLDHAX Revsp~n Fork WARREN MONROE. OLDA Smith's Grove Centre Point Ballardsville Stamping Ground Swan Creek Fountain Run Brownsboro' Trkey Foot Warrenton Hilton Centrefield White Sulphur Woodun Sulphur Lick Floydsburg SHELBY. Goshen WASHINGTON MONTGOMERY. Kinklesburg Chestnnt Grove Bakers Aaron's Run La Grange Christiansburg, Beech Fork BeAver Ponds Clay VillageFrdrktw Camargo I OWEN. Consolation Mackville, Cash's Nob Dallasburg Hardinsville Ryan's Mills Levee Gratz Harrisonville nIdr Mount Ida Ilaydons Jesse's Store Thomprsoni MORGAN. ~Jamnesons Simpsonville Willisburgll MORGAN. Lee's Mills Southville Wlibr Adamsville Monterey SIPO.WAYNE. Black Water New Liberty SIMSON Bloomington Poplar Grv ikr ltMill Springs Cassitv's Mills Savern Palmyra Nwer Christy's Fork Stamper's Mills SPNERwaIFrs Hazel Green SECR Head of Paint OWSLEY. Mount Eden WILY Johnson's Forks Proctor Vland vke's MillWITLY Little Sandy South Fork Waterford Clear Fork Saltillo, Wilsonville Meadowv Creek PENDLETON. Rockholds MUHLENBURG. Ash Run TAYLOR. Woodbine Bremen Callensville Campbellsville WOF~ Ellwood IDoudsville I WOF~ Rumsey Flower Creek TODD. Dorsey South Carrollton Grassy Creek Allensville Midway Unity Motier Daysville Mortonsv'ille STATE OF OHIO. ADAMS. Dunharton Locust Grove Marble Furnace Bentonville Dunkinsville ILovetts Rockville Blue Creek Eekmansville Mahala Scott Bradyville Gustine Manchester Stouts POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 809 Tranquillity Bolen's Mills Maple CLARK. Woggoner's Ripple Calvary New HIope Catawba Wheat Ridge Canaanville Puelbla Donnelsville Youngsville Chauncey Russellville Enon Coolville Sardinia Medway ALLEN. Federalton Union Plain New Carlisle Allentown Guysville White Oak Valley Norfh Hampton Beaver Dam Hebbardsville Selma Cranberry Hockingport BUTLER. South Charleston Croghan Hulls Alert Tremont Donnells Lee Bethany Vienna Cross Roads Herring Lottridge Blue Ball Hog Creek Lowry College Corner CLERMONT. Middle River Millfield Collinsville Amelia Westminster Nelson ville Con t eras Bantam West Newton Pleasanton Jacksonboro' Belfast Prattsville Le Sourdsville Bethel ASHLAND. Shade Middletown Branch Hill ~Albion ~Sharp's Fork Millville California Havesville Torch Monroe Cedr on Jeresville Trimble Paddy's Run Chilo Loudonville Woodyards Philanthropy Clover McKay PhilanthpPis gah Edenton ~Mi~fflin AUGLAIZE. Poast Town Felicity ~Mohican Fryburg Port Tion Goshen ~~Nankin Kossuth Princeton Laurel ~Perote Minster Reiley Locust Corner Perryville New Bremen Rloss Loveland ~~Polk ~ Saint John's Rossville Marathon ~Rowgge~s Uniopolis Saint Charles Miamiesville Savannahs Waynesfield Seven Mile Milford Somervile Monterey ~Sullivan ~ BELMONT. Somtillwells Moscow Armstrong's Mills Svmmes's Corner Mount Carm TABULA. Bell Air Tariff Mount Olive Amnboyv Belmont Trenton Mount Pisgah ~~Andover Bridgeport West Cheter Muleerry Austinburg CaptinaXiuo Neville Cherry Valley Colerain, New Palestine Clark's Corners Corinth CARL. New Richmond Cork JDemos CARL. Newtonsville, IDenmark Dil' otmAugista, Nicholsville, Dorset EsRihndHarlem Spring Olive Branch Eagleville Flushing HkoyOwensville Eiast Plymouth HnrbugKiloore Perin's Mills Geneva Hunter Lamnartine, Pleasant Grove Harpersfield Jacobsburg Leavitt Pleasant Plain Hart's Grove Kennon Leesville Point Isabel Kelloggsville Lamira, Malvern Point Pleasant Kingsville Lampsville Mewchanicstown Rural Lenox Loydsville NvHaeson West Woodville Leon Mairtin's Ferry Ne arsug Williamsburg Lindenville Morristown Norristown Withamsville Monroe Centre Pileher Oneida Mills Morgan Powhatan Point P~ekinu CLINTON. New _Lyme Seelvil ose Blanchester North Sheffield Shepherdstown Scog_ edBloomington Orwell Sornerton Sherodlsville Charksville Phelps Temperanceville Shober's Mills Cuba, Pierpont Uniontown Lee's Creek Richmond Centre CHAMPAIGN. Luinberton Rome BROWN. Bakers Martinsville Saybrook Arnheim Brinton New Antioch South Ridge Ash Ridge Carvsville Ncev Burlington Trumbull D~ecatur Christianshurg New Vienna West Andover IDe La, Palma Millerstown Oakland West Pierpont Fayetteville Mutual Port William West Williamsfield Feesburg North Lewisburg Quinn's Mills Williamisfield Fincastle Sainit Parlis Sabina Windsor Five Mile Spring Hills Sligo Hamersville Terre Haute Snow Hill ATHENS. Higginsport Westville Westboro' Amesville Lewis Woodstock Wilson's Station 102 810 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. COLUMBIANA. New Winchester Culver Creek Harrisburg Achor Oceola East Orange Hibernia Bucks Olentangy Galena Hope Calcutta Poplar Genoa Cross Roads Lockbourne Cannon's Mills Sulphur Springs Harlem Ovid Clarkson Tiro Killbourn Reynoldsburg Columbiana Wellerville Kingston Centre Westerville Damascoville Little Mill Creek Worthington Dunganon CUYAHOGA. Maxwell East Fairfield Barry Norton FULTON. East Liverpool Bedford Patterson Ai East Palestine Berea Porter Blanc East Rockester Bricksville Radnor Chesterfield Elkton Brooklyn Scioto Bridge Delta Franklin Square Chagrin Falls Stratford Elmira Gavers Coe Ridge Sunbury Emery Glasgow Collamer Unison Essex Green Hill East Cleveland Van's Valley Gorham Hanoverton Euclid Williamsville Groveland Hastingsville Gates's Mills Lavona Inverness Independence ERIE. Lyons Little Beaver Bridge Mayfield Berlinville Metamora McKaig's Mills Middleburg Birmingham Mill Creek New Alexander Newburg Bloomingville Parcher's Coers New Chambersburg North Dover Castalia Tedrow New Garden North Royalton Cooke's Corners West Barre North Georgetown Oldsted Florence Saint Clair Parma Furnace GALLIA. Salem Rockport Groton Addison Salineville Strongsville Huron Anselm Sandy Warrensville Milan Ba's Bottom Unity Venice Cheshire Washingtonville DARKE. Vermilion Ewington Wellsville Abbottsville West Vermilion Gallia Furnace West Beaver Beamsville Kyger West Point Brock FAIRFIELD. Patriot Castine Amanda Pine Grove COSHOCTON. Concordia Bremen Racoon Island Bakersville Darke Canal Winchester Rio Grande Canal Lewisville Fort Jefferson Carroll Rodney Chili German Clear Creek Smiths Clarks Ilill Grove D)umontville South New Castle Evansburg Ithaca Green Castle Swan Creek Keene Jacksonville Lithopolis Thivener Mohawk Valley Mississinawa, Lockville Thurman Munnsville Mount Heron Millersport Vinton New Bedford New Madison New Salem New Castle North Star Pickerin-ton GEAUGA. New Guilford Pittsbnrg Pleasantville Auburn New Princeton Poplar Ridge Royalton Bissells iPlainfield Republican Rushville Bridge Creek Ridge Robisons Sugyar Grove Bundysburg Tiverton Sampson West Rushville Burton Tyrone Seven Mile Prairie Chester Cross Roads Wakatomika, Tampico FAYETTE. Claridon Walhionding Woodington Bloomingbnrg East Claridon Warsaw Convenience Fowler's Mills West Bedford DEFIANCE. Duff's Forks Hampden West Carlisle Arrowsmiths Jeffersouville Huntsburg West La Fayette Ayersville Moons' Middlefield White Eyes Plains Brunersburg Pancoastburg Montville Wills's Creek Evansport, Staunton Newbury Farmer North Newbury CRAWFORD. Hieksville FRANKLIN. Parkman Broken Sword Milldale Alton Russell Chatfield Ney Blendon South Thompson De Kalb Panama Central College Thompson Galion Snookville Clintonville Welshfield Leesville Cross Roads DLWR. DarbyGREE Liberty Corners DLWR. DublinGRNE Likens Alum Creek Gahanna Alpha Loss Creek Bellepoint Georgesville Bellbrook New Washington Cole's Mills Groveport Bowersville POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 811 Byron Cannonsburg HOCKING. New Somerset Cedarville Cass Ewing Philipsburg Clifton Clement Gibesonville Port Homer Cl~ijo Eagle Pattonsville Richmond Eureka Mills McComb Rock House Smithfield Fairfield Mount Blanchard South Perry Updergraffs Grape Grove Oak Ridge Starr Warrenton ~~~~~~~~Jamestown Van Buren ~Wintersville ~New Jasper Vanlue HOLMES. Paintersville Benton KNOX. Spring Valley HARDIN. Black Creek Bladensburg Yellow Sprins Dudley Buena Vista Brandon Zimmerman Hale Holmesville Centreburg Huntersville Humhrey's Villa D)anville GUERNSEY. Round Head Mount Hope Democracy Antrim Sylvia Nashville Gambier ~~Batesville ~Walnut Creek Jelloway Bird's Run HARRISON. Winesburg Knox ~~~~~~~Buffalo Archer HURON. Levering Byesville Cassville HURON. Lock Cable Cold Spring Bellevue Lucerne Claysville Conotton Bronson Maple Grove Cumberland Deersville Centreton Martinsburg Dysons Feed Spring Clarksfield Milfordton Fairview Germano East Clarksfield Millwood Kennonsburg Harrisville East Townsend Monroe Mills Kimbolton Hope Dale Fitchville Mount Liberty Leatherwood Laceyville Four Corners Nonpareil Londonderry Moorefield Greenwich North Liberty Middlebourne New Rumley Hartland Shaler's Mills Milnersville Nottingham Lyme Wolf Mount Epriam Pleasant Mount New Haven New Gottingen Scio New London LAKE. Senecaville Short Creek North Fairfield Arcole Washington Tappan North Norwich Concord Winchester Tippecanoe Olena Fairport Peru Hillhouse HAMILTON. HENRY. Pontiac Kirtland Bevis's Tavern Damascus Ripleyville Madison Brown's Grove Durand Sherman Mentor Cheviot Florida Steuben, North Perry Cleves New Bavaria Wakeman Perry College Hill Ridgeland South Kirtland Columbia Ridgeville Corners JACKSON. Unionville Cumingsville Shunk Berlin Cross Roads Wickliffe Dent Texas Buckey-e Furnace Willoughby Dry Fork Dawkins's Mills D~ry Ridge HIGHLAND. Jackson Furnace LAWRENCE. Dunlap Allensburg Keystone Campbell Elizabethtown Bell Levi Coal Giove Harrison Buford Mabess Elizabeth Hygeia Centrefield McGhee's Store Greene's Store Madisonville Dallas Meadow Branch Hanging Hock Montgomery Dodsonville Oak Hill Haskellville Mount Healthy East Monroe Rocky lill Millers Mount Washington Greenfield Quaker Bottom Newtown Higrhland JEFFERSON. Russell's Place Ourys Leesburg Amsterdam Simmons Plainville Lynchburg Annapolis Waterloo Pleasant Ridge Marshall Bloomingdale Pleasant Run Mowrystown Cope's Mills LICKING. Preston Nevin' Croxton, Alexandria Reading New Corwin East Springfield Appleton Sharonville New Market Elliottsville Beechland Spring Dale New Petersburg Island Creek Chatham Storrs North Uniotitown Jeddo Cokesbury Walnut Hills Pricetown Knoxville Columbia Centre Rainsboro' Mitchell's Salt Work Conine HANCOCK. Samantha Moore's Salt Works Croton Arlin(,ton Sicily Mount Pleasant Etna Asherey Sinking Spring Mouth of Yellow Creek Fallsburg Benton Ridgre Sugar Tree Ridge Nebo Fredonia Blanchard Bridge Willettville New Alexandria Granville 812 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Hanover MAHONING. Salisbury Jonsville Hebron Berlin Centre Silver Run Liberty Homer Boardman Sterling Bottom Little York Jacksontown Coitsville Tupper's Plains New Lebanon Jersey Cornersburg Pyrmont Johnstown East Lewistown MERCER. Talorsville Kirkersville East Westville Boetia Union Linnville Ellsworth Chickasaw Vandalia Perryrtown Frederic Cold Water West Baltimore Reynolds Greenford Cranberry Prairie Saint Louisville Hanna's Mills Deep Cut MORGAN. Sylvania Lowellville Fort Recovery Anderson's Store Utica Milton Macedon Bristol New Albany Maria Stein Cester Hill LOGAN. New Middletown Mendon Claytona Belle Centre New Springfield Mercer Deavertown East Lilbcrty North Benton Montezuma Elliott's Cross Roads Huntsville Nortb Jackson Neptune Gardner Lewistown North Lima Saint Henrys Hall's Valley Loganville Orange Shane's Crossins Hickerson's Cross Rds Muchinippe Petersburg Skeel's Cross Roads Hiramsburg New Richland Poland Hoskinsville Quincy Pottersville MIAM Keiths Rushvlvania Youngstown Alens Log Cabin West Liberty Brandt Malta West Middleburg MARION. Casstown Meigs's Creek Zanesfield Big Island Covinton eisville Caledonia Fairmount Morgansville LORAIN. Cochranton Fidelity Moscow Mills Amherst Grand Prairie Fleter Neelysville Avon Lake Letimberville Hyattsville Olive Black River Little Scioto Laura Pennsville Brighton Prospect Pleasant Hill Pleasant Valley Brownhelm. Underwoods West Charleston Renrock Carlisle Waldo West Milton Ringgold Copopa Wilson Rokeby Grafton MONROE. Rosseaud Huntington MEDINA. Alum Run Sharon La Grange Abbeyville Antioch South Olive La Porte Brunswick Baresville Stockport Nortb Camde n Chatham Centre Beallsville, Triadelphia, North Eaton Coddingville Berne Wharton's Nortb Ridgeville Granger Calais Wood Grove North Rochester Guilford Cochran's Landing Penfield Hlinckley Enoch MORROW. Pittsfield Homerville, Graysville Andrews Plato Le Roy Harrietsville Bennington Sheffield Litchfield Jerusalem Bloomfield Sheffield Lake Liverpool Jonesville Cardington Wellington Lodi Laings Chesterville, Mallet Creek Lewisville Corsica: LUCAS. River Styx'Malaga Iberia Java Sharon Centre Masterton, Lincoln Manhattan Spencer Middle Creek Mc!Ewen's Cross Roads Providence Wardsworth Miltousburg Marengo Rigi Weymouth Rocky Narrows Marits Swanton Whittlesey Sardis Nimmon's Cross Roads Tremainville Stafford Pulaskiville Utah MEIGS. Summerfield, Shauicks Wnterville Alfred Sunhish Smith's Mills Whiteford Apple Grove Wittens Sparta Bashan Vail's Cross Roads MADISON. Burlingham MONTGOMERY. Westfield Big Plain Chester Bear Creek Whetstone Cross Roads IDownington Centre Woodview Darby Creek Graham's Station Centreville Mount Sterling Great Bend Chambcrsburg MUSKINGUM. Rosedale Harrisonville Clayton Adam's Mills South Solon Langsville Corwin Baxters Summerford Ledlies- Farmersville Blue Rock Tr'adersville, Letart Falls Germantown Bridgeville West Canaian, Long Bottom Harshmansville Chandlersville West Jeffe~rson Rutland Henby Duncan'hs Falls POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 813 ~Frazeyshurg Omega Shelbv Mapleton ~~Freelands Waverly Six Corners Marlboro' ~~Fultonhl~am ~lVest Windsor Middle Branch ~~~~~~Gra~tiot PORTAGE. ~Minerva ~~High Hill Atwater ~ROSS. Mount Union ~Hopewell. Brimfield Austin Navarre Irville Campbells Port Bainrbride New Baltimore Meadow Farm Charlestown Bourneville New Berlin ~Muskingunm ~ Deerfield Clarkslburg New Franklin ~~Nash~port Edinburgh ~ Gillespieville North Industry ~Newv Concord Freedom ~ Hallsville Osnaburg ~Newton Garrettsville Kingston Paris Norwich Mantua Centre Lattas Wavnesburg ~~Otsego- Nelson ~Richmond Dale West Brookfield ~~~Philo Palmyra ~ South Salem ~~~Putnam Parisville Waler SHELBY. ~Rich Hill Randolph Yellow Bud Dinsmore ~~~~~~~Ridgeway Rapids ~Houston Rix's Mills Rootstown SANDUSKY. Lockington Roseville Shalcrsville Black Swamp Loramies Saintfield Streetsboro' Butternut Ridge Montra Shannon Suff~ield Green Creek [Roads Pratt ~Stovertown Wiu~dham Greensburg Cross Speer's Landing ~Syv~mm~e's Creek ~Rollersville Tawawa White Cottage PREBLE. Townsend Valentia Young Hickory Brennersville Woodville Wvnant ~Camden ~ York North Ridge Enterprise York South Ridge SUMItIT. Marblehead Euphemia Bath ~~~Ottawa Fair Haven ~ SCIOTO. Boston ~Whitestown Gettysburg Franklin Furnace Brandywine Mills Gratis F~]'rench Grant Clinton PAULDING. iagerstown Friendship Copley ~~Antwerp Hamburg ~ Iron Furnace Hudson Doylestown Lewisburg Junior Inland ~Junction Morning Sun ~ Lucasville Johnson's Corners Pauldiug Newv Paris Lyra Middlebury Newv Westville Nairn Moo-adore PERRY. SgrValley Scioto Montrose Asbury UShugr Sciotoville New Portage Buckeye Cottage West Alexandria Wheclersburg Nimisila Chapel Hill West Elkton Nortlifield Crossanville West Florence SENECA. North Springfield Mount Perry Adams Norton Centre New Lexington PUTNAM. Attica Peninsula Oakfield Buck Eye Bascom Richfield Pike Dukes Bettsville Stow Portersville Fort Jennings Berwick Summit Rehoboth Franconia Bloomville Tallmadge Sego Gilboa, Fitz Henry Twinsburgr Straitsville [Roads Leipsic Flat Rock Western Star Sunday Creek Cross Medary Fort Seneca, Thornville Pendleton Foster's Mill TRUMBULLE Worth Pleasant Green Spring Bazetta Yaughinsville ReeAtown Braceville, PICKAWAY. lltpl)ulic Bristol vilic Ashville RICILLAND. Risdon Brookfield Beckctt's Store Adario Stoner Champ~ionl Darhyville Barnes West Lodi Church Hill Leistville Belleville Duck Creek New Holland Butler STARK. Eden Palestine Ganges Barryville Farmin-ton South Bloomfield Hastin-s. Cairo Fowl~er Williamsport Lexington Canal Fulton Gir~ard Lucas East Greenville'Greensbnrg PIKE. Newville Frease's Store Gustavusi Beaver Olivesburg, Greentown Hartford Byin-ton Ontario Hartville Howland Cynthiana Plymouth Lake Hubhbardl Flat Riblets Limaville Johnsonville Gibson Richland Louisville Kinsmnans Jasjper Hives Magrnolia, Meeca Morgan's Fork Shanandoah Mahioning- Mesopotanmia 814 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Niles Wilkins Centre Bepre Reedsrg North Bloomfield York Coal Run Shreve Ohlstown Constitution Smithville Orangeville VAN WERT. Decaturville West Lebanon Southington Auglaize Fearing West Salem State Line Delphos Fillore Vernon Tully Flint's Mills WILLIAMS. Vienna Willshire Grand View Bridgewater Willow Dale Harmar Deer Lick VINTON. Joll TUSCARAWAS. Allensville Lawrence D sC Albany Bolen's Mills Little Hockhocking Lockport Cadwallader New Plymouth Lowell Montpelier Canal Dover Prattsville Loer Lawrence Nettle Lake Deurdorff's Mills Ratcliffsburg Lower Newport North West Dundee Reed's Mills Lower Salem ak New Comerston Swan Ne New Cumberland Wilkesville North Union Pulaski Peoli en Saint Joseph Port Washington WARRE.er Spring Lake Rocksford Brown's Store Vet West Unity Rogersville Butlerville t Williams's Centre Rush Dallasburg Watero Sandyville Deerfield Village Wa Shanesville Dunlevyy WO. Stillwater Edwardsville WAYNE Miltonville [Roads Stone Creek Fort Ancient Apple Creek Montgomery Cross Strasburg Harveysburg Big Prairie New Rochester Tabor Hopkinsville Blachlysville Portage Tuscarawas Level Burbank Scotch Ridge Uhricksville Liberty Hall Canaan Stony Ridge Winfield Mason Cedar Valley West Mill Grove Zoar Morrow Weston Mount Holly C e Woodbury UNION. Oregon Cooper Allen Centre Red Lion Dalton WYANDOT. Boke's Creek Ridgeville Easton Belle Vernon Coberlys Rochester Fredericksburg Bowshersville Darby Plains TWayentyville Sad Madisonburg Carey Jerome WyeileMarshallsville Crawford Milford Centre WSIGO. Mill Brook Little Sandusky New California WSIGO. Moorland McCutchenville Pharisburg Barlow Mount Eaton Marseilles Raymonds Bartlett New Pittsburg Mexico Riiehwood Belpre New Prospect Seal Rush Creek Beverly Number One Sycamore Unionville Centre Bonn Old Hickory Tymochtee Watkins Brown's Mills Plain Wyandott STATE OF MICHIGAN. ALLEGAN. Fulton Dayton Sherwood Bee Line Glass Creek Pipe Stone Union Cilty Bradley Gum Lake Spring Creek Manlius Hastings Watervleit CALHOUN Martin Hickory Corners Ahscota Plainwell Irving BRANCH. Albion Proctor Johnstcw Algansee, Athens Rabbit River Ma plIe G rleo ve Batavia Bedford. Saugatuck Middleville, Bronson's Prairie Burlington WYayland Prairieville, California Cedar Lake South Assyria Gilead Cerosco BARRY. Woodland Girard Clarence Assyria Yankee Spring Kinderhook Clarendon Baltimore Mattison Conois Bristolville BERRIEN. Noble Centre Emmett Carlton Bainhridge Ovid Esmond's Corners Castleton Bertrand Prairie River Homer Cedar Creek Buchanan Quincy Marengo POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 815 ~Newton HILLSDALE. Napoleon East Ogden North Marshall Bird Norvell Fairfield ~Penfield Cambria ~ Otter Creek Hudson Pine Creek Cambria Mills Portage Lake Jackson's Mills ~Rice Creek Camden South Jackson Macon ~South Albion Cass ~ Spring Arbor Medina Tekonsha Edinburg Springport Mendon ~Florida Tompkins Morenci CASS. Litch~field Waterloo North,Adrian ~Adamsville Moscow ~ West Rives Raisin Dowagiac North Adams Wyoming Ridgeway Edwardsburg, Pittsford Riga La Grange Ranson KALAMAZOO. Seneca Little Prairie Ronde Reading Alamo Springville ~Newberg Scipio Centre Austin's Lake Tipton Silver Creek Somerset Charleston West Ogden ~Summerville Sparta Climax Prairie Wolf Creek Union Sylvanus Comstock Woodstock Vandalia Wheatland Centre Cooper Volinia Wood's Corners Galesburg LIVINGSTON. Portage Brighton CHEBOYGAN. HOUGHTON. Prairie Ronde Cedar Duncan Algonquin Richland Conway Kewenaw Bay Schooleraft Deer Creek CHIPPEWA. Northwest Mine West Climax East Marion West Neck Fleming ~CLINTON. INGHAM~ Ynouski Genoa ~~Bengal Alaiedon ~ Yorkville Green Oak ~~~~Dallas Bunker Hill ~Hamburg De Witt Delhi Centre KENT. Handy Duplain Eden Alton Hartland ~Essagl~~ex InghamAusterlitz Josco xLe Roy ~ Bowne Livingston Greenbush Leslie Caledonia Madison Olive Mason Cannonsburg Marion Ossawa Onondaga Cortland Middletown Victor Phelpstown Cuba Oak Grove Waconsta Sanford Fallassburg Oak Plains Stockbridge Flat River Oceola Centre EATON. White Oak Grand Rapids Pinckney Bellevue Williamstown Grandville Plainfield Carlisle Grattan Pleasant Valley Charlotte IONIA. Indian Creek Tuscola Chester Avon Laphamsville Tyrone Delta Boston Loomisville Unadilla, Eaton Danby Mill Creek Warnerville, Eaton Rapids Maple North Cannon Grand Ledge Matherton Oakfield MACOMBI. Kalamo North Plains Paris Armada Olivet Otisco Pleasant Lenox Oneida Portland Sparta Centre Macomb Roxana Rix Vergennes Mount Vernon Vermontville Ronald Whitneyville New Haven West Windsor Sebewa Plumb Brook Windsor Smyrna LAPEERI. Ray South Boston Almont Rayv Centre GENESEE. South Cass Amboy Richmond Argentine,Wheatland Dryden Romeo Crockersville Etna Roseville Davison Centre JACKSON. Farmer's Creek Sackets Davisonville Barry Hadley Utica Fentonville, Bennett's Corners Metamora, Vienna Flint Brooklyn Rural Vale Warren Flu3hing Cayuga Whigville Washington Genesee Columbia Goodrich Concord LENAWEEK NEW MANISTEE. Grand Blanc Franciscoville Attica Manistee Kearsley Gidley's Station Cambridge Long Lake Grass Lake Canandaigua MARQUETTE. Richfield Hanover Clayton Marquette Stony Rnn Hickory Grove Clinton Swartz Creek Leoni Deerfield MICHILIMACKINAC. Thetford Liberty 2Dover Grand Traverse 816 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. MONROL Novi Ira Mattawen Brest Oakland Lexington Paw Paw Dundee Oxford Mack's Place Porter East Exeter Pine Lake Memphis East Raisinville Pontiac Port Huron WASHTENAW. Erie Rose Wales Base Lake Exeter Royal Oak West Berlin Benton Grafton Southfield Bridgewater Ida South Lyon SAINT JOSEPH Chelsea Lambertville Springfield Burr Oaks exter La Salle Strait's Lake Colon Elba London Summit Constantine Fredonia Milan Taylorsville Fawn River Gravel Run Newport Troy Florence Iron Creek North Raisinville Walled Lake Flowerfield Lima Oakville Waterford Leonidas Lodi Ottawa Lake Waterford Centre Mottville Lucerne Summerfield West Bloomfield Nottaway Manchester White Lake Oporto Northfield MONTCALM. Park Paint Creek Greenville ONTONAGON. Reserve Pittsfield Montcalm Ontonagon Sturgis Salem Pine Plain Peninsula White Pigeon Saline Seio NEWAGO. OTTAWA. SANILAC. Sharon Croton Big Spring Sanilac Mills Silver Lake Newago Crockery Creek Superior -'wag ~ Holland Sylvan OAK:LAND. Mill Point Antrim Union Ditrict Auburn Muskegon Bennington Webster Ball Mountain Nortonville Burns York Pintler's Corners Byron Ypsilanti Big Beaver mingham Polkton Enterprise Birminghamp Cre Ravenna Fremont] Brandon Steele's Landing Hartwellville Belleville Campbell's Corner Tallmadge Lainasburg Borodiuo C..arkso Middleburg EcorceT Commercae Wih North Vernon Gibraltar Eagle Lake ~ ~ SGANW. Owasso Gross Isle Farmington SAAA. Perry Huron Franklin Bridgeport Rush Livonia Groveland Hampton Shiawassee Livonia Centre Hickville, Northampton Venice Mead's Mills Highland Worth Vernon Nankin Jersey Woodhull Northville Kensington SAINT CLAIR. Plank Road Lakeville Algonac VAN BUREN. Plymouth Mahopac Belle River Decatur Rawsonville Milford Burchville, Hamilton Romulus Mount Pleasant Columbus Keelersville South Nankin New Canandaigua, Cottrellville Lawrence South Plymouth North Farmnington East Berlin Lawton Trenton STATE OF INDIANA. ADAMS. Perry Mount Healthy Reese's Mill' Limber Lost Poughikeepsie Newbern Roy~alton Linn Grove Recruit Rock Creek Thornlcvsville Monmouth Root Taylorsburg- Thornto'wn Pleasant Mills Saint Joseph BNO.BON Taw Taw BNO.BR0WN ALLEN. Catalpa Grove Bean Blosiom, Cedar BARTHOLOMEW. Christiansburg, Eel River Azalia BLACKFORD. Mount MoriahEast Liberty Elizabethtown Montpelier MI Hall's Corners Hartsville CARROLL. Harlan Herod BOONE. Burlington. Leo Hope Eagle Village Camden Massilon, Lefever Jamestown Carroll New Haven Moore's Vineyard Northfield Deer Creek POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 817 Fountain Dilisboro' Columbia Walnut Creek ~Lockport Guilford Everton Zion ount Jefferson Guonsille Falmouth ~Pittsburg Kelso Harrisburg GREENE Prince William Lawrenceville Longwood Buck Creek ~~~~Wild Cat Logan ~ Null's Mills Fair Play Manchester Orange Hobbierville CASS. Moore's Hill Waterloo Linton ~~Amsterdam New Alsc~~ase ~Newberry ~~~~Fitch Sparta ~FLOYD. Owensboro' L ~wisburg Wilmington Galena Pleasant Ridge ~Metea Yorkville ~ Georgetown Point Commerce ~~~~~Royal Centre ~Greenville Scaffold Prairie Spring Creek DECATUR. Scotland Z5 ~~~~~~~~FOUNTAIN.'r~welvo Mile Clarksburg ~~FOUNTAIN. Worthington ~Clifty Atica Wright CLARK. Cobb's Fork Cole Creek Bennettsville Forest Hill Headley's Mills HAMILTON. Hillsboro' Boxley BlueLick Mingsthosn Newtown Carmel HBurgLic Mihoussburg ~ Portland Cicero Hamiburnia RSaintOmer Rob Roy Clarksville Nibewrovidene Sarinia OmShawnee Prairie Eagletown Wallace Noblesville New Washington Spring Hill Waelace noblele DOregon West Port rwbFRANKLIN. Penfield Fairfi eld Charheitdville Pine Lick Williamstown Sheildville ~~~~~~Polk Run Wointersville ngs ve Strawtowne ~Repton BloouMi Goee Creek tield Sylvan Grove DE KALB. Bleda Croeekodur Utica ArticeCedar Grove Builer Drewsburg HANCOCK. CLAY. De Kalb Fairfield Charlottesville Jennings Eden Brazil Newville Laurel Cloverland Spencerville Metamora Kinnar Coffee Tyo'Crners Mxril inr Christy's Prairie Taylor'slCuraMixerville Mount Carmel SugareCreek Plumong CreekEAlb An New Trentonek PolandeCre Anthony Oak Forest Warrington PoandBre GAnvione Oldenburg HARRISON. Van BurenGrnewll Bulntn Peoria CLINTON. Plew asa intWood Saint Peters Barren BeLINTO Richaan Woods South Gate Bradford Jeferson Ri oyon s Springfield Byrneville Jefferson Royton Stip's Hill ~~Davidson Kirk's Cross Roads Smithfield Shtip'sHil Elizabeth Michigantown Wheeling Whitom Grassy Valley Middle Fork Yorktown yn Hurst's Mills Prairieville FULTON. Laconia Rossville DU BOIS. Anbbeenaubbee Lanesville Russiaville Alder Creek Bluegrass Mauckport Taylorsville Celestine Fulton New Amsterdam Davis's Creek Kewvanna New Salisbury CRAWFORD. Ditney Hill Meredith Mills Palmyra Leavenworth Ferdinand Mill Ark Sharp's Mills Magnolia IysieWslyHENDRICKS. Muifflin Hluntingburg Milltown Portersville GIBSON. Belleville Mount Prospect White Oak Grove Buckskin Brownsburg Nebraka Worth Gibson's Wells Hampton Pilot Knob Owensville New Winchester Psoctorsville ELKIIART. Patoka North Salem Sterling Benton Warrenton Pittsboro' Wickliffe Bristol York Plainfield Cabin Hill Springtown, DAVIESS. Elkhart GRANT. Stilesville Bogard Jackson Grant HNY O wl Prairie Lane Green Bush HNY Raglesville Little Elkhart Jadden Ashland Middlebury Jalapa Blountsville DEARBORN. Jonesboro' Cadiz Aurora, FAYETTE. Mier Dan Webster Bright Alquina Oak Woods Devon Coopersville Bentonville Trask Greensboro' 103 ~818 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. vKnightstown South Hanover Saint John MIAMI. Lewisville Swanville West Creek Chili ~~~~~~~Luray ~Winfield Gilead Mechanicsburg JENNINGS. Mexico Middletown Brewersville LA PORTE. Miami New Lisbon Cana Bigelows Mills Niconza ~Ogden ~ Hopewell Big Springs Palos Raysville Montgomery Byron Paw Paw Rogersville New Centreville Door Village Perrysburg Sulphur Springs Paris Hudson Reserve Spiceland Queensville Kingsbury Santa Fee Scipio New Durham Waw-pe-cong HOWARD. Six Mile Sauk Village ~Alto ~ Zenas Union Mills MONRO ~~~~Chancery JOHNSON Waterford Brvant's Creek Crittenden JONSON Elfittsville Greentown Amity LAWRENCE. Fairfax ~Jerome' Edinburgh Bono Harrodsbur New London Far West Bryantsvillc Indian Creek Pleasant Spring Foster's Mills Dixonville Mount Tabor ~Vermont Greenwood Fayetteville Stanford Nineveh Heltonville Unionville HUNTINGTON. Yellow Spring Lawrenceport Maysville Worthsville Leesville MONTGOMERY Mount Etna Silverville Alamo ~~~Price ~KNOX. Sinking Spring Brown's Valley ~Roanoke ~ Berrysville Spring Mil. Darlington ~~~Tracey Bruceville Springville Ladoga Warren Edwardsport Locust Grove Yankeetown Maria Creek MADISON. New Richmond West Union Alexandria New Ross,AKSON. Wilson's Creek Alfont Oak Grove ~~~~~~~Cortland ~Chesterfield Parkersburg Dudlytown KOSCIUSKO. Huntsville Pleasant Hill Freetown Beaver Dam Mendon Waveland ~Houston Boydston's Mills Ovid WVaynetown Mooney Camp Creek Perkinsville Yountsville Nwry Claypool Pipe Creek Payntersville Clear Spring Summitville MORGAN Reddingrton Deed's Creek Monrovia Rockford Leesburg MARION. Mooresville Sage's Ferry Milford Allisonville Morgantown Valonia, Monoquet Augusta West Salem Woodville Oran Bridgeport White River JASPER. Oswego Broad Ripple NOBLER Brook ~~~~Palestine Clermont Ail Carpenter's Creek SyrauseCumerean Greene Pleasant Grove LA GRANGE. FeralltCree Kendallville Rensselaer Brighton Gawermntow Ligonier Saltillo Brushy Prairie Millersville Lisbon Ellisburg Ne ehlMarseilles JAY. Fly Creek OliewBte Noble Iron Woiko Bear Creek Haw Patch Piketo Northport Hector Lima Pioethorn Springfield Mills New Corydon Marcy SuhotSwan New Mount Pleasant Mongoquinong Spring Valley WVilmot Penuville, Mount Pisgah MRHL. Wolf Lake JEI~ER'SON. Ontario Blissville oino0. Pashawn Bourbon Barbersville Ringg-old Bremen Bear Branch Bryansburg Scott" Marshall Hartford Buena Vista South Milford Onondaga Rising Sun Camargo, UtahSinyOAG Canaan Wolcott's Mills Sidney ORANGE Dupont elovRerChambersburg Graham LAKE. French Lick Home Cedar Lake MARTIN. Lost River Kent Deep River Dover Hill New Prospect Lancaster Hickory Point Keck's Church Newton Stewart Neel's Creek Hobart Mountain Spring Orangeville North Madison Merrillville Natchez Orleans Saluda Outlet Trinity Springs Valeene POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 819 OWEN. Grubb's Mills SHELBY. Lauramie ~Cataract Manhattan Blue Ridge Monroe Deem Mount Meridian Brandywine Romney Freedom New Maysvillc Conn's Creek Shawnce Mound Gosport Nicholsonville Flat Rock Sugar Grove Mausertown Portland Mills Flemings Wesley Chapel Mill Grove Putnamville Freeport WVest Point Vandalia Russellville, Little Blue River Wyandotte ~~~~White Hall #Manwarings Williamson RANDOLPH. Marietta TIPTON.'~Arba ~ Morristown Ballengers PARKE. Bloomingsport Mount Auburn New Lancaster Annapolis Deerfield Noah Tetersburg Armiesburg Emmettsville Parma West Kinderhook ~Bridgeton Fairview ~ Pleasant View Bruin's Cross Roads Lynn Sulphur Hill UNION. ~~~~~~~Delta Macksville ~Beechy Mire Dickson's Mills Mount Holly SPENCER. Billingsville ~~Gallatin Randolph ~ Anderson's River Brownsville Howard Ridg~eville Dale Cottage Grove Lick Branch Spartanburg French Island Dunlapsville ~~Lodivi~le Trenton ~ Gentrvville Philomath Montezuma Windsor Midway ~~~~~Numa ~New Hope VANDERBURG. ~Roseville RIPLEY. ~ Oakland Cross Roads ~Russell's Mills Ballstown STARK. McCutchanville ~~Sylvania Cross Plains ~~STARK. Saundersville Delaware Bogus Run PERRY. Elrod Knox VERMILION. Cannelton Hart's Mills North Bend Clinton ~~~~Leopold HeaSTEUrBEN. Eugene Martin's Landing Milan STEUBEN.aEugene Highland ~~~Rome Napoleon ~ Crooked Creek Perrysville New Marion Fish Creek Toronto PIKE. North ~Hogan Flint ~Angostura, Olean Fremont VIGO. Delectable Hill Otter Village Hamilton Fruit'ill Kinderhook Prattsburg Mets Lewis Petersburg Stringtown Orland Maurius Wionso Way Pleasant Lake New Goshen Winslow ~~~RUSH. Sandy Ridge New Market PORTER. SULLIVAN. ~~~~~~~~Poplar Hill PORTER. ~Beech Grove SLIA. Prairie Creek Boon Grove Bloom Black Creek Prairieton Calumet Carthage Carlisle Rie Coffee Creek Farmington Don Saint Mary's Fillmore Goddard Greysville Wauhoo Hebron Groves Merom Porter's Cross Roads Hannegan New Lebanon WABASH. Tassinong Grove Manilla SiloaAmrc Valparaiso Melrose Turman's Creek Lamertica Milroy LafGontin POSEY. Moscow SWITZERLAND. LakGron Blairsville New Salem AllensvilleLaeo Cythiana Ralei,,h Bennington ~~~~~Liberty Mills Cythiana Ralei-h Bennington ~~New Holland Farmersville Richland Craig- North Manchester New Hamony Smelser's Mills Florence Oe Poseyville Steeles Grant's Creek Sowense Taylor Jacksonville Smre West Franklin ST. JOSEPH. Log tick WREN Cottag-e Hill Moorefield WARim reN PULASKI. Hammonds Mount Sterling BlImorepdec Beaver Creek Lakeville Patriot Idpnec Monterey Mishawaka Pleasant Poolsville Moorcsburg New Carlisle Quercus Grove Rainsville Two Mile Prairie North Liberty West Lebanon White Post Notre Dame TIPPECANOE. Terre Coupee Americus WARRICIL PUTNAM. Battle Ground Frisbie's Mills Brunerstown SCO~r. Bringham's Grove Lee Carpentersville New Frankfort Cass Lynnville Clover Dale Vienna Concord Newark Fincastle Dayton Newburg ~820 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON. South Boston Hagerstown Vera Cruz ~Canton Texas Jacksonburg WRITE. Chestnut Hill Walnut Ridge Milton Buffalo Claysville New Garden Buffalo sburgWAYlE. R ichmond Burnett's Cr Fredericksburg WAYNE. Richmond Cathcart Hardinsburg Bethel Webster M o Harristown Boston White WaterM onon Kossuth Cam bridge WilliamsburSpringboro' Little York Chester WHITLEY Livonia Cox's Mills WELLS. Churubusco Martinsburg Dalton Choppeen Coesse m~illpot Dublin Murray Collamer New Philadelphia East Germantown Nottingham Popano New Retreat Economy Ossian South Whitley ~Pekin ~ Green's Fork Uniontown Summit A STATE OF ILLINOIS. ADAMS. Versailles Nancemont Deer Grove ~Adams ~ Walker's Neck Panther Creek Elk Grove ~Beverly White Oak Spring Virginia Jefferson ~~~~~~~~~~Big Neck ~Lemonte ~Burton ~BUREAU. CHRISTIAN. Leyden Camp Point Arispe Mount Auburn Lyons Clayton Arlington Stonington Lyonsville Columbus Barren Grove Maine Fair Weather Dover CLARK. New Bremen Houston Enon Anderson New Trier ~Liberty French Grove Casey Niles ~Lima yIndiantown Darwin Northfield Marcelline Lamoille Dolson Noyesville ~Mendon ~ Leepertown Johnson's MilIs Orland ~Payson ~ Lone Tree Livingston Palatine Ursa Milo Lodi Palos Woodville Perkins's Grove Margaretta Plum Princeton Martinsville Proviso ALEXANDER. Providence Melrose Ridgeville Cairo Selby Westfield Ringgold Clear Creek Landing Truxton Shaumburg Santa Fe Winabago CLAY. Sherman Thebes Yorktown Larkinsburg Thornton Unity Louisville Waiksaik BOND. ~CALHOUN. Xenia Wheeling BOND. ~~Belleview Worth Beaver Creek Bissell CLINTON. Dry Fork Deer Plain Aviston CRAWFORD. Elm Point Gilead Crooked Creek Bell Air Mulberry Grove Hamburg Germantown Elkton Old Ripley Monterey Jamestown Flat Rock Pocahontas News yKeysport Hutsonsville Rock Well Looking Glass New Hebron BOONE. CARROLL. Shoal Creek York Amesville Argo CLS UBRAD Beaver Bluffville Csh LES.reCupBRAD Bonus Prairie Cherry GroveAsbGreu Burton's Corners Elkhorn Grove Brushy Fork Woodbury Cherry Valley Fair Haven Campbell Hunter Milledgeville Charleston DE KALB. Kossuth Rock Creek Fuller's Point Blood's Point Park's Corners Savanna Hermitage Buck Branch Poplar Grove Hitesville De Kalb Centre Precinct CHAMPAIGN. Modrell's Point Dorset Russell's Store Homer Oakland Genoa South Prairie Mahomet Paradise Hicks's Mills Wilmot Jaint Josephs Upper Embarrass Kingston Springville Lacey BROWN. CASS. La Clair Buck Horn Arenzville COOK.. Line La Grange Bluff Berryton Barrington Lost Grove Mount Sterling Jersey Prairie Bloom New Lebanon Ripley Lancaster Bremen Ney POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 821 ~~Ohio Grove Fiatt ~HENDERSON. Pleasant Valley Ross's Grove Fulton Centre Grove Farm Plum Rivei ~Sandwich Lewistown ~ Hopper's Mills Rush Shabbonas's Grove Liverpool Glena South Hollow ~Somonauk Marietta Oquawka Ward's Grove South Grove Middle Grove Picayune Warren ~Van Buren Midway ~ Shokokan Weston Williamsburg Otto Pleasantville HENRY. JOHNSON. DE WITT. St. Auustine Andover Cross Roads ~De Witt Table Grove Bishop Hill Cypress Creek Santa Anna Troy Mils Burns Waynesville Vermont Cambridge KANE, Zabriskie Virgil Geneseo Aurora ~Waterford Green River Banner DU PAGE. Woodstock Orion Batavia ~~~~~Addison ~Oxford Berkshire Babcock's Grove GALLATIN. Pennry's Perry Big Rock ~~Big Woods Gallatin ~ Wethersfield Blackberry ~~~~~~~~HBloomingdale New Haven Burlington Bonaparte 11-HIGHLAND. Collamer ~Brush Hill GREENE. Elm Grove Dundee Cass Athensville Elgin Cottag Hill Bluff Dale IROQUOIS. aylle Fayville Downer's Grove Breese Ash Grove Geneva ~~~Junction Fayette ~ Courtwright's Mills Groue ~Langdon Greenfield Democrat ampshire I~ampshire ~Napierville Jalapa ~ Iroquois Jericho York Centre Kane Lamburg Kaneville Warrensville Letcherville Limestone King's Mills ~~~~~~LWayne Centre Pioneer Milford Little Woods Rockbridge Mount LangumPenfield EDGAR. White Hall Plato Pingree Grove ~~~Baldwinville ~Rinosa Saint Charles ~Bloomfield GRUNDY. Sammons's Point Sugar Grove.Elbridge Clarion Swinton Embarrass Point Dresden JACKSON. Udina Grand View Hyde Park Bradley Winthrop Mazon Murphysboro' EDWARDS. Urbane KENDALL. Mills's Prairie HAMILTON. Vergennes Ausable Belle PrairieBrso EFFINGHAM. Griswold JASPER. Brsoldrn'Gov Ewing-ton Night's Prairie Rose HillHodrn'Gov Freemanton Palo Alto Saint Marie Kesbndl Tentopolis HANCOCK. JEFFERSON. Little Rock FAYETTE. Augusta Blissville Mansfield Bowling Green Chili Jordan's Prairie Naausay Cumberland Dallas City Moore's Prairie Newark Four Mile Prairie Durham Spring Garden Ohieo Fr Hickory Creek Elm Tree JEswegPailon Higgins Fountain Green JRE. Platvilon Howard's Point Green Plains Delaware Patil'London City La Harpe, Delhi Yandalia McGary Fidelity KNOX Montebello Fielding Brush Creek FRANKLIN. Nauvoo Grafton Centre Point Cave Pilot Grove Jerseyville Farmer's Hall Ewing Plymouth Newbern French Creek Frankfort Pontoosac Otter Creek Galesburg Little Muddy Pulaski Granite Sarahisville Rough and Ready JO. DAVIESS. Hartford Saint Albans Avery Henderson FULTON. Saint Marys Baltimore Knoxville Astoria Warsaw Council Hill Maquon Bernadotte Webster Elizabeth North Prairie Canton'Wythe Gap Grove Ontario Copperas Creek Green Vale Pe'rsifer Cuba HARDIN. Hanover Truro Ellisville Cave in Rock Millville Uniontown Fairview Martha Furnace Moselle Victoria Farmington Rosiclare Mount Sumner Walnut Grove 822 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. LAKE Willow Creek Hudson illerman Abingdon Independence Angola LIVINGSTON. Lero MENARD. Antioch Avoca Lexiton Athens Deerfield Billing's Grove LyPetersburg Emmet Indian Grove Money Creek Robinson's Mills Flint Creek Long Point Mount ope Yankee Hill Forksville New Michigan Randolph's Grove Fort Hill Pontiac Ro(ers's Farm MERCER. Fox Lake Reading Selma Copper Creek Gage's Lake Rook's Creek Senex Eliza Gilmer Sunbury Stout's Grove Farlow's Grove Hainesville Wilkesboro' Ferdinand Half Day LOGAN. High Point Hickory Eminence MACON. Keithsburg Lake Zurich Middletown Decatur Meridian Lamar New Castle Hopewell New Boston Libertyville Postville OalNorth Henderson Long Grove Prairie Creek Perrton Millburn MAOUPIN. Pop Creek Newport McDONOUGH. BarMills Oak Hill Argyle Brighton Premption Otsego Blandinsville Bunker Hill Riland Grove Port Clinton Burnsville Chesterfield Serryse Doddsville Cummingto MONROE. Wanconda Drowning Fork Honey Point Columbia Waukegan Friendship Hooer's Point Eagle Cliffs Wellington Hickory Point Locust Spring James's Mills Wentworth Hill's Grove Piasa Morrison's Stone House Johnson Plainview Renault LA SALLE. Macomb Pleasant Grove Waterloo Asbury Muddy Lane Scottville Clay Spring Creek Staunton MONTGOMERY. Dayton Walkers Wooburn Audubon Deer Park Young Bear Creek Dimmick MADISON. East Fork Eagle McHENRY. Alhambra Fillmore Earlville Alden Alton Hardinshurg Farm Ridge Algonquin Collinsville Hurricane Freedom Arthurton Godfrey Mount Kingston Galloway Barreville Highland Seward's Point, Lowell Belden Marine Settlement Woodsboro' Marseilles Bliven Mills Moultonville Zanesville Mission Point Brookdale Paddock's Grove Northville Chemung Ridgeley MORGAN. Norway Cogswell Saint Jacob Arcadia Ophir Coral Uroy Bethel Point Republic Crystal Lake Upper Alton Bruckville Scott Dunham Venice Concord Serena Elysium Franklin Troy Grove English Prairie MARION. Lynnville Wright Erin Fosteits Maradosia Greenwood Fredericktown Waverly LAWRENCE. Harmony Hickory Hill Pettys.Hartland Mount Liberty MOULTRIE. Prairieton Hebron Racoon Lovington Buark Highland Prairie Walnut Hill Sullivan Russellville Loco PrairieWhte'Pon St. Francisville McHenry MARSHALL. WhtesPon Marengo Bell Plain OGLE. LEE. Merona Crow Meadows Adeline Bingbampton Ostend Henry Brookville Brookfield Richmond Lawn Ridge Buffalo Grove China Riley Whitefield Byron Dixon Ringwvood Daysville Equator Romeo MASON. Eagle Point Four Mile Grove Solon Mills Havanna Fitz henry Franklin Grove State Line Pilot Hill Grand Detour Lea Centre West Hebron Quiver Hale Malugin Grove Walker's Grove Killbuck May Hill McLEAN. Kyte River Ovid Bloomington MASSAC. Lee Paw Paw Grove Cheney's Grove George's Creek Lindenwood POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Mount Morris Broad Oaks Lick Creek UNION. ~~Ogle ~ New Liberty Mcchanicsburg Mount Pleasant ~Oregon ~ Rock Quarry Mount Pulaski Toledo Paine's Point Nestor Union Point Pine Creck PULASKI. Pleasant Plains Western Saratoga ~Story ~ Ash Ridge Richland ~Taylor Caledonia Rochester VERMILION ~Wales ~ Mill Creek Salisbury Georgetown White Rock Higginsville PUTNAMi. SCHUYLER. Indianola PEORIA. Florid Birmingham Myres Mills B ~rimfield Granville Brooklyn North Fork Brunswick Hennepin Browning Pilot Chillicothe Magnolia Camden President ~Elmore ~ Mount Palatine Fredericksville Richardson ~Elmwood Oxbow Huntsville Ridge Farm ~~~H~~~~~~elena ~Littleton lH~ollis RANDOLPH. Pleasant View WABASH ~Kickapo Chester Rushville Armstrong Kingston Mines Evansville Centreville Mount Hawley Jones's Creek SCOTT. Friendsville North Hampton Pollocks Exeter Mier Peoriaville Prairie du Rocher Glasgow Rochester Mills Princeville Red Bud Manchester Robin's Nest Ruma Naples WARRt Smithville Sparta Winchester Berwick Starfield Steele's Mills Cold Brook Southampton Texas SHELBY. Denny ~~Trivoli ~ RICHLAND. Big Spring Geenbush RICHLAs D. Cochran's Grove Greenbovs RRY. Bon Paslhoun Cold Spring Hat Grove PERRY. ~Calhoun Prairie BirdLiteYr Appleton Clermont Westminster Monmouth Carnent Prairie Matthews's Mills New Lancaster I ~uquoin ~ Parkersburg STAR. Spring Grov Galum.. Stringtown SA Swan Creek Grand Cote Prairie Dorrance Utah Iowa ROCK ISLAND Elmira Mount Hawkins Andalusia La Fayette WASHINGTON NinelkMile Prairie Buffalo-Prairie West Jersey Elkhorn Pleasant Shade Camden Mills Wyoming Okaw PIAT'r. Cordova SEHNO. Plum Hill Cerro Gordo ~Edgington Alida Richnewsu Cerro Gordo Fishport Rcve Worth Bend Hampton Buena Vista Sassafras Hill Illinois City Cedar Creek Mills PIKE. Moline Elleroy WAYNE. Atlas Port Byron Ilowardsville Enterprise Barry Walnut Valley Kent Fairfield Belmont Jackson Keeneville Chambersburg SAINT CLAIR. Louisa Maulding's Mills Detroit Fayetteville ~~~McConnell's Grove New Franklin ElDatrai Fryenhevillae Oneco Florenc LrebnonVllg Ridotts WHITE. Glrigncile Lielyno Rock Grove Burnt Prairie Keysbugsve Maissay Rock Run Dunicanton Kinerhook Maisctah Silver Creek Emma Marinsburgo Milsotadt Wadhamn's Grove Grayville Maritnsb MudlCreek Winslow Philipstown Montezuma Prairie de Long YelwCekRan New Hartford Risdon New Maysville Shiloh'TAZEWELL. WHITESIDES. New Philadelphia Tpwelve Mile Prairie Armington Albany New Salem Wiggin's Ferry Circleville Barclay Olinda Delavan Big Bend Pearl"Prairie SALINE. Dillon Clyde Perry Bankton Groveland Como Pleasant Hill Little Detroit Empire Pleasant Vale SANGAMON. Mackinaw Erie Rockport Auburn Morton Fulton Berlin Tremont Garden Plain POPE. Buffalo Heart Washington Genesee Grove Bay Chatham Wesley City Hemlo 824 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Kingsbury Chelsea Vermont Settlement Harlem Lyndon Crete Wallingford Harrison Mount Prospect Du Page Wilmington Kishwaukee Portland Endor Yellow Head Grove Laona Prophetstown Gooding's Grove Young Hickory Lincoln Rapids Hadley Medina Seneca Horse Creek WILLIAMSON. New Milford Sharon Jackson Creek Bainbridge Rockton Spring Hill Joliet Bolton osco Sterling Lillecash Fredonia Tler Union Grove Lockport Locust Grove Vanceboro' Long John Sulphur Springs WILL. Momence WOODFORD. Arnon Plainfield WINNEBAGO Josephine Barber's Corners Reed's Grove Av Low Point Bloomville Rockville Bucklin Metamora Bullbonus Grove Sherburuville lida Spring Bay Channahon Westood STATE OF MISSOURI. ADAIR. Wisemans CAMDEN. Hainesville Chariton Mills Youngers Double Oak Plum Creek Dry Glaze ANDREW. BENTON. Erie COLE. Boston Cole Camp West Glaze Dixonville Fillmore Duroe Hickory Hill Ohio Fairfield CARROLL. Hih Point Nodaway Lessley Jefferson City Rochester Mount View Little Compton Look Out Whitesville Turkey Creek Pleasant Park Moniteau Hound Grove Russellville ATCHISON. BUCHANAN. Taos Hannegan Boyer's Settlement CASS. Irish Grove De Kalb Morristown COOPER. Linden Leachman Pleasant Hill Bellair Russell Martin's Mills West Point Carirsville, AUDRIAN. Platte River Clarks Fork Rockhouse Prairie CEDAR. Conner's Mills Hickory Creek Saint Joseph Bear Creek Fair Point Salt River Walnut Hill Eaton Gooch's Mill Shy Post Fremont La Mine BARRY. BUTLER. Greenport Midway Cassville ~~Cane Creek Saint Helen MutCre Cransie CekPoplar Bltiff White Hare Otterville, Gradfl CHAeTeN Pilot Grove HazelyBto CALDWELL. CAIO. Pisgah Hazel BotrandtiverBrunswick Pleasant Green Valley Prairie GadRvrYellow Creek Round Hill Waslibourn Prairie Mirabile, Vermont CLARK. BATES. CALLAWAY. AlexandriaCRWOD Dry Wood Concord Ashton Argo O-D Fort Scott Cote Sans Dressien Athens Ag Little Osage Fulton Brooklin Birch Pond Marvel Hibernia Chambersburg Harrison's Mills Papinsville, Jones's Tan Yard El Dorado Little Prairie Plainfleld Millersburg Saint Francisville Maramec: Pleasant Gap New Bloomfield White Hall MOntauk Spruce Portland Winchester Oa, Saint Auhert Short Bend BOONE. Shamrock CLAY. Spanish Prairie Bourbonton Williamsburg Barry Spring Mills Claysville Fort Leavenworth Hallsville CAPE GIRARD. Randolph DADE. Middleburg Apple Creek Smithville Crisp Prair~ie Nashville Cape Girardeau CLNO. Greenfield Rocheport Flat Rock CLNO. King's Point Sextons Greene Beehive Rock Prairie Summerville Paton Castile Turnhack POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 825 DALLAS. Locust Grove Edina Newburg ~~Buffalo Roscoe ~ Newark Ten Mile ~~~~Long Lane Tebo ~ Taylor's Store Williamsonville ~~~~~~~~~Pasco Waverly ~Woodville ~~Round Prairie ~LACLEDE. Shady Grove HICKORY. Lebanon MADISON Black Oak P~oint LoganArai Logan Arcadia DAVIESS. Cross Timbers Oakland Mill Dam ~~~~~~Clear Creek Elkton ~Mier Cravensville Pittsburg LA FAYETTE. Mine La Motte ~Critteuden Quincy Bagdad Lick Fork Urbana Blanche MARION. ~~~~~Pattonsburg ~Chapel Hill Brookville Victoria HOLT. Dover Hannibal ollister's Mill Elk Grove Hanson D KALB. Jackson Point Freedom Hester Grindstone Point Olive Branch Greenton Houston ~Tarkio Moss Laurel ~DE WITTY. RushottmMount Hope Marion City Remick's Mills Philadelphia DODGE HOWARD. Snibar Sharpsburg Saint John Boons Lick Tabo Warren ~Franklin Wellington West Ely D~KLIN. Glasgow LAWRENCE. MERCE. FRANKLIN. INDIAN TERRITORY. Bower's Mills Bur Oak ~Beaufort U ~niontown ~ Buck Prairie Goshen Prairie ~~~Blish's Mills ~Chesapeake Middlebury ~Burbois JACKSON. ~Hall Princeton Moselle Furnace Big Cedar Mount Pleasant Oakfield Blue Springs Mount Vernon MILLFR. Port William Fort Osage South Bend Iberia Traveller's Repose High Blue Spring River Pleasant Mount ~~~Union Highland ~~~~~Rocky Mount LEWIS. Virginia Mines Independence L~S ok on ~Washington Kanzas Canton MISSISSIPPI. ~Lone Jack Elm Grove Charleston GASCONADE. Oak Grove La Grange Norfolk Delphi Sibley Mayberry Ohio City Hermann Stony Point Oakley Jake's Prairie Westport Prairie MONITEAU. Mount Sterling Tully California JASPER. Jamestown GENTRY. Blytheville LINCOLN. Splice Creek Alanthus Grove Coon Creek Auburn Gentry Court House Diamond Grove Cap Au Grey MONROE. Gentryville Duncan's Mills Chantilly Crooked Creek New Castle Rural Hawk Point Florida Sarcoxie Lost Creek Indian Creek GREENE. Louisville Long Branch Ash Grove, JEFFERSON. Millwood Madison Bowdark, Argyle New Hope Middle Grove Dallas Avoca Sulphur Lick Smre Finley Glenfinlas Smre Hickory Barren Herculaneum LINN. Woodlawn Ozark House's Springs Coulson's Mill MONTGOMERY. Pleasant Prairie Rush Tower LVNSO. B-Srn Pond Creek Selma LIIGSO. i Srn Richland Sulphur Springs Fairland EkHr Saint Paul Spring Hill High Lill Walnut Forest JOHNSON. Utica King's Mills White Oak Grove Basin Knob Loutre Island Big- Creek McDONALD. Middletown GRUNDY. Bluff Spring Elk Mills Trenton Clear Fork Mills EnterpriseMOGN Columbus Honey Creek Byler's Mill HARRISON. Globe Pineville Felix Bethany Knobnoster MAO. Florence Post Oak MCN HENRY. Contler's Store NEW MADRID. Calhoun KNOX. East Fork Lost Village Clinton Bee Ridge Mechanicsburg Ogden Deep Water Colony Middle Fork Point Pleasant 104 826 POST OFFICES IN THEUNITED STATES. NEWTON. Half Way Wellsbrg Prospect Grove Cape's Creek Iurnansville Saint Peter's Sand Hill Gates Orleans Wyaconda Grand Falls Sentinel Prairie ST. CLAIR. Oliver's Prairie Chalk Level SCOTT. Shoal Creek PULASKI. Cla Commerce Bellefonte Gardner's Mills Cypress NODDAWAY. Little Piney Hogle's Creek Pleasant Plains H1allsa's Creek Mlallsa's Creek Pine Bluff Jenkins's Bridge SENECA. Maryville Relfe MngnLoisia Narrows Waynesville s Wavnesville 0ch Reindeer PUTNAM. ST.FANCOIS. SHANNON. OREGON. Putnamville Big River Mills Mngr's Mill Jobe I Thomasville in SHELBY. West PlainsQUPW KikaiBte West Plains Crawford Seminary Silver Spring e OSAGE. OSAGE. ~~RALLS. Ws pigil Baley's Creek a ST. GENEVIEVE. Fredericksburg Cnna Avon STODDARD Lane's Prairie Saint Mary's Landing Bloomfield Lisle Lick Creek Salt Point Olio Loose Creek Madisonville Mavais New Portland eril Pay Down Pigeon Creek ST. Westphalia Saline B monte Saverton Boome Si LVN OZARK. Bren il Cow Skin RANDOLPH. Brdet North Fork Huntsville Carde Red Bud Milton Cen T E Saint Leger Mount Airy CreveC Bl Penneys EsPe PERRY. Roanoke Fee Fee Port PrySmithland FetnTEXAS. Perry ~~~~~~ ~ ~~~Feointo Ellsworth PETTIS RAY. Fox risak Jack's Fork Arator Camden Fox Creek ~~~~~~~~LickinrArator Camden ~~~~~~Jefferson Barracks 3 Bee Branch Crab Orchard Manchester Roubidoux Fair View Knoxville Oakville Heath's Creek Millville Rock Hill WARREN. Spring Fork Otsego Sappington Hickory Grove Prospect Hill Waltonhamn Marthasville PIKE Tiuney's Grove Pinckney Ashley SALINE. Warrenton Bowling Green REF. Arrow Rock WSIGO ClarksvilleRENLS BowsilWA IGTN Elk Springs REYOLS.dronsvll Frankford Alarnode Bryan Fuchedonia aul Cambridg~eFoch Real Louisiana Lesterville Cwreek Harmony Paynesville Logan's Creek ECmwoodee Johnson Prairieville HzlGrove Old Mines Spencershurg RIPLEY. Hazelbro Richwoods Vannoy's Mill Martinsburg. MionesWoro' Mill Creek PeMiamiWYE PLATTE. Pike Creek Ridge Prairie Cold Water Buena Vista Van Buren Greenville Estills Mills Lowndes New Market ST. CHARLES. SCHUYLER. Patterson Parkville Aurusta Cherry Grove Ridgley Cottevll Green Top WRIGHT. IRing-old Fenime Osage Astoria Todd's Creek Flint Hill SCOTLAND. Cave Spring Weston Hamburg Dairy Hazelwood Missouriton Memphis Pleasant Valley POLK. Naylor's Store Middle Fabies Waldo Bolivar Portage des Sioux Pleasant Retreat Woodbury POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 827 STATE OF IOWA. ALLEMAKEE. DECATUR. Hickory Grove Palo ~Hardin Garden Grove La Motte Paris ~~Lansing New Buda ~ Maquoketa Saint Julian ~~~~~~Postville ~Sabula Saint Mary's ~Tom Corwin DELAWARE. Spragueville Spring Grove Coffin's Grove Spring Brook Springville APPANOOSE. Colesburg Sullivan Torah Centreville Forestville Tete de Mort ~~Moravia Rockville Wickliffe LOUISA. ~~Sh~aron Yankee Settlement ~Columbus City ~~~~~Unionville ~JASPER. Concord Wells's Mills DES MOINES. Carr Grand View ~Albri(hts Lynnville Hope Farm BENTON. Burlington Newton Palo Alto ~Marysville I ~anville Parkersburg Port Allcn Tool's Point Port Louisa BLACK HAWK. Dodgreen l BToolsboro' Green Bay ~JEFFERSON. Cedar Falls Hawk Eye J EAbingd RNon. Virginia Grove Huron ~~Abingdon BOONE. HurKossh Brookville LUCAS Deedsville ~~Belle Point LintonFairfield MADISON. Booneville Middletown FlairiedoAISN Rapids Parrish LirGlasgow Amazon Pleasant GroveLibertyville BUCHANAN. Yleln SGrig Lockridge MAHASKA. ~Q~asqueton YellowSpringPleasant Prairie Auburn DU BUQUE. Walnut Belle Fountain ~~~~~~~CEDAR. CascadeJOHNSON Fremont Gower's Ferry Cascadetw Copi Hopewell Pedee Chnnig e I nSeventy-seven Indianpolis Pioneer Grove Drango SevSolon Rose Hill ~~~~~~Rock Creek I ~ Fillmore ~Scott Woodbridge Fort Snelling JONES. Union Mills Hogansville Bowen's Prairie Warrensville CLARK. Mosalem, Castle GroveMAIN Glenns New Vine FairviewMAIN tin Oak Grove Creek Barkersville CLAYTON. Tivol i Monticello Bennington Elkader Weld's Landing Walnut Fork Divide Elkport Elm Grove Farmersburg FAYETTE. KEOKUCK. English Settlement Garnavillo Douglass Butler Hamilton Guttenburg Freedom Paran City McGregor's Landing FREMONT. Richland Pella Millville Austin South English Pleasantville Monona Dawsonburg Springfield Red Rock Florence Steady RunMAS L. CLINTON. GastonMAS LL Brookfield McKissack's Grove KISHKEKOSH. Mormon Hill Buena Vista Osage Timber Creek Camanche LEE. Elk River HENRY. Charleston MONROE. MasLlons Crooked Creek Denmark Avery Massillon ~ East Grove Franklin Centre Half-way Prairie Spring Rock Hilbr'Pilot Grove La Grange DALLAS. Lowell Pleasant Ridge Lovilia, DALLAS. ~New London Primrose McKay Rome String Prairie M1USCATINR. Salem Summitville Fair Port DAVIS. Trenton Tuscarora Glen Dale Chequist Warren Melpine Drakesville IOWA. West Point Moscow Florus Overman's Ferry Fox JACKSON LINN. West Liberty Nottingham Andrew Centre Point Oak Spring Bridgeport Hoosier Grove PAGE. Salt Creek Canton La Fayette Soap Creek Copper Creek Mount Vernon POLK. Taylor Cottonville Necot Apple Gro've Troy Garry Owen Oak Grove Dudley 828 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Freel SCOTT. Oak Point WASHINGTON. Greenbush Allen's Grove Philadelphia Brighton Harvey's Point Blue Grass Pittsburg Clay IHopkins's Grove Le Claire Portland Crawfordsville Montacute Pleasant Valley Union Davis Creek Saylorville Princeton Union Corners Dutch Creek Summerset Walnut Grove Utica Marcellus Three Rivers West Buffalo Winchester Pottsville Richmond POTAWATAMIlE. VAN BUREN. WAPELLLO. Wassonville Benton's Port Agency City Yatton Coldo n v 1eBirmingham Ashland Coonville Councille Bonaparte Blakesburg WAYNE Council Bluffs Business Corner Chillicotha Cambria KMneville Farmington Cynthian Grand River Macedahloniea South Fork Indian Prairie Eddyville POWESHIEK. Iowaville Fountain Springs Bear Creek Lick Creek Kirkville WINNESHIEK. Deep River Mechanicsburg Old Mission Sugar Grove New Market WARREN. STATE OF WISCONSIN. BROWN. Rocky Run Sun Prairie El Dorado Bridgeport Wyocena Turkey Grove Fair Water Cooperstown Ui Cooperstown CRAWFORD. Verona Friendship Fremont CRAWO Lamartine Green Bay Bad Axe Windsor Metomen Greenville Black River Falls York Oakfield Hortonville Coon Prairie Owascus Lansing. Elk DODGE Rock River.ittle Chute La Cross Asshppun Rosendale Mukwa Mount Sterling Beaver Dam Rush Lake Oneida Springville Burnett Springvale Warner's Landing Burnett Corner Taycheeda CALUMET. Chester Waupun Charlestown DANE. Clyman West Rosendale Dundas Albion Elba GAT New Holstein Ancient Emmett GAT Pequot Ashton Farmersville Beetown Pigeon Grove Bass Lake Herman Cassville Stockbridge Berry Horicon Dickeysville Black Earth Hustisford Ellenboro' CHIPPEWA. Blue Mound Iron Ridge Fair Play Clear Water Cambridge Juneau Fennimore Middle Mills Christiana Leroy Hazel Green Nelson's Landing Cottage Grove Lomira Hurricane Grove Ogalla Cross Plains LowellJaetw Dane Mayville Lancateort COLUMBIA. Deerfield Neosho Moutfort Bellefountain Door Creek Oak Grove Mus Caioda i Centreville IDunkirk Theresa Pne Caiorni Columbus Eolia Trenton Corners PinttHookl Fall River Fitchburg Upton Poattevih Fort Winabago Grand Spring Waushara Poetzrsi Gov Grand March Hanchettville Sete' rv Hampden Lake View FOND DU LAC. Ursine Lodi Madison Alcove Wyalusing Lowville Middleton Alto Marcellon Oregon Auburn GREENE. Oshaukuta Pheasant Branch Avoca Albany Otsego Peirceville Badger Attica Pardeeville Pine Bluff Bothelle Bern Pigeon Grove Primrose Byron Cadiz Portage City Rutland Calumet Village Clarence Port Hope Spring Dale Ceresco Decatur Poynett Stoner's Prairie Dotyville Exeter Randolph Stoughton Eden Farmer's Grove POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 829 Hoosick Saint Mary's RACINE. Leland's Mill Hoosier Grove Wiota Burlington Oneonta ~~~~~~Juda ~Caldwell Prairie Prairie du Sauk Montezuma MANITOOWOC Caledonia Reedsburg Monticello Collins Hoadley Russell's Corners Mount Pleasant Francis Creek Ives's Grove Seven Mile Creek ~Nevada Manitoowoc Kossuth New Glarus Manitoowo Rapids Liberty SHEBOYGAN. Spring Grove Meeme Mount Pleasant Cascade Sylvester Mishicott Norway Cedar Grove Walnut Springs Two Rivers Pan Yan Elkhart ~w~illet Racine Gibbville MARATHON. Raymond Green Bush IOWA. Wausau Rochester Howard's Grove ~Arena Salem Menter Blue River MARQUETTE. South Bristol Mitchell Dodgeville Berlin Sylvania Onion River Dover Bluffton Thompsonville Plymouth Elk Grove Dartford Union Grove Rathbun Highlenan Ga PieWaterford Scott Grend Lake Yorkville Sheboygan Falls ~~~~~Linden Greenwood ~Worth Muiffin Harrisville RICHLAND. Ridgeway KingOrion WALWORTH. Wallack Lake Maria Richland City Adams eMarkesan Sand Prairie Allen's Grove White Oak Springs Marquette Sextonville Baker's Corners ~~~~~~~~Willow Springs MantelloBig Fort Prairie ~~Wyoming.~ MoundvilleROCK. Bloomfield amaundl ~ Avon Darien JEFFERSON. Neslkoro Bachelor's Grove Delavan Atalan Oasis Beloit East Troy Bark River Pakwaukee Center Fairfield Cold Spring Pine River Clinton Geneva Concord Poy Sippi Cooksville Geneva Bay Farmington Princeton Emerald Grove Genoa Fort Atkinson Rock Hill Evansville Heart Prairie Helenville Roslin Fulton Honey Creek Hubbleton RoXo Inmansville La Fayette Ixonia, Sacramento Janesville La Grange Koskonong Tachorah Johnstown Little Prairie Lake Mills Warwick Johnstown Centre Lyons Milford Waupaka Leyden Millard Newton Corners Wautoma Limna Richmond Oak Hill Westfield Magnolia Sharon Oakland Willow Creek Milton South Grove Oenca Newark Spring Prairie Palmyra MILWAUKEE. North Janes ville State Line Rome, Butler Osborn Sugar Creek Sullivan Franklin Rock Prairie Troy Waterloo GoHpeRock Valley Troy Centre Watertown Granviope Shopiere Troy Lakes Greenfield ~Spring Valley Utter's Corners KENOZHA. Meenielwake Stimmerville Vienna KENOZHA. Milwaukee Teotsa Walworth Brightoh Muskego Union White Water Bristol New Berlin Marion Oak Creek Warren's Paris Root Creek ~~~~~~WASHINGTON. Plarsan rv RowaotsCee ST. CROIX. Addison Pleasant Grove Wauwatosa ~Brock's Crossing Barton Wheaotan OUOAI Falls ofSt. Croix Cedarhurg Wilmot OUTOGAMIE. ~~~~La Pointe Cedar Creek Ellington Marine Mills Cherry Hill LA FAYETTE. Kaukauna Willow River Fillmore Argyle Fredonia Benton PORTAGE. SAUK. Grafton Cottage Inn Almond Baraboo Hartford Fayette Buena Vista Bear Creek Kewascum Georgetowvn Eau Pleine Bluff Mequon River Gratiot Grand Rapids Collamer Muker Hamilton Plover Dallton Newburg New Diggings Stevens's Point Dellona Ozaukee Shullsburg Warsaw Freedom Saukville 830 POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. Schleisingerville Howards Summit Fisk's Corner Toland's Prairie Lisbon Sussex Groveland Ulao Mapleton Vernon Koro West Bend Marcy Waterville Lind Young Hickory Menominee Falls Waukesha Menasha Merton Makwa WAUKESHA. Monches Neenah Big Bend Monterey Nekama Brookfield Mukwonago Algoma Nepeuskun Bullion Muskeego Centre Appleton Oshkosh Delafield Oconomowock Black Wolf Omro Denoon Okauchee Bloomingdale Vinlad Eagleville Ottawa Butte des Morts Wanekuna Genesee Pewaukee Clairville Waukau Golden Lake Prospect Hill Delhi Welaunee Hartland South Genesee Eureka Weyauweya TERRITORY OF MINESOTA. BENTON. PEMBINA. WABASHAW. Long Prairie Sank Rapids Pembina Red Wing Swan River Reed's Landing WASHINGTON. DAHKOTAH RAMSEY. Cottage Grove Fort Snelling Red Rock WAHNAHTA. Point Doulass Lac qui Parle Saint Anthony's Falls Fort Gaines Taylor's Falls TERRITORY OF OREGON. BENTON. CLATSOP. Olympia Tuality Plains Forks of Mary's River Astoria Pacific City Tulatin Plains Marysville Lexington MAIN Pleasant lill ARO.POLK. Skinners LYNN. Bute Creek Lackemnute Yoncalla, Calapooia, Buteville Nesmiths New Albany Salem CLACKAMAS. Santyam Syracuse YA HiILL Fort Laramie Santyam. ForksWAHNT. Chalm Milwaukie Willamnmette Forks WSIGO. Ceae Mollalla, Harris's Ferry La Fayette Slough LEWIS. Hlillsboro' North Yam l~ill Monticello Linn City Willamnmette CLARK. Oak Point St. Helen Yam Hill Falls STATE OF CALIFORNIA. Post Office. County. Post Office. County. Haydensville Placerville. Junction... Contra Costa Santa Cruz.Santa Cruz Mission San Jose.Vernon Napa Napa Weaverville. Nevada City. TERRITORY OF UTALL Post Office. County. Post Office. County. Brownsville.Ogden Miller's Creek.Davis Centre Creek.Iron Utah Lake..Utah Lecompte Valley. POST OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES. 831 TERRITORY OF NEW MEXICO. Post Office County. Post Office. County. Albuquerque... Bernalillo San Elizario.... Socorro Frontero... Socorro Socorro.... Socorro Las Vegas... San Miguel TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA. Post Office. County. Post Office. County. Delaware..... Fort Kearney. Fort Bridge. RATES OF POSTAGE. Letter Postage. Newspaper, Pamphlet, and Book Postage. For a single letter, sent not exceeding 3900 miles, 1. Newspapers, periodicals, unsealed circulars if prepaid, 3 cts.; if not prepaid, 5 cts. Sent over and other printed matter, weighing not over three 3000 miles, if prepaid, 6 cts.; if not prepaid, 12 cts. ounces, pay 1 cent each, to any part of the U. S., For such a letter, conveyed wholly or in part by or half that rate, paid quarterly or yearly, ill adsea to or from a foreign country, (except all cases vance. The same kind of matter, weighing not where different rates have been or shall be estab- over one and a half ounces, half the above rates. lished by postal arrangements,) sent not exceed- 2. Newspapers, &c., not weighing more than 1I ing 2500 miles, 10 cents; over 2.500 miles, 29 cts. ounces, can be sent to any part of the state where or a double letter there shall be charged double published at half the above rates, i. e., for half a the above rates; for a treble letter treble the above cent not prepaid, and a quarter of a cent if prepaid. rates, &c., &c. Every letter or parcel, not exceed- 3. Small newspapers, periodicals, and printed ing half an ounce (avoirdupois) in weight, is a sin- sheets, in pkgs. of 8 ounces, at least, to one address, gle letter, and every additional weight o1 half an if prepaid, are to pay but half a cent per ounce. ounce, or of less than half an ounce, is charged 4. Transient matter must be prepaid, or charged with an additional single postage. When adver- double postage, or 2 cents for every sheet. tised, one cent additional is charged on each letter. 5. Weekly newspapers free in co. of publication. For a letter delivered by a carrier, there is an addi- 6. Bills for newspapers, and receipts for payments tional charge of not exceeding one or two cents. of moneys therefor, may be enclosed in subscribers' For drop letters, (not to be mailed,) each 1 cent. papers, but nothing else, and no writing or printFor all letters or pkgs. (ship letters) conveyed by ing, inside or outside, except the address, under any vessels not employed in conveying the mail, 2 penalty of paying letter postage. cts. To this charge of 2 cts. is added 4 cts. when the 7. Exchanges between newspaper publishers free. letters are not transmitted through the mail, but are 8. Books, bound or unbound, of not more than delivered at the post office where deposited; and four pounds each, 1 cent per ounce, under 3000 the ordinary rates of U. States postage are added miles, and 2 cents over that distance. Fifty per when the letter is transmitted through the mails. cent. to be added where not prepaid. NEWSPAPERS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1850. — No. c The foregoing table will show the number ot No. copies cir-d No. Circulation. culatedper. an. aily, weekly, monthly, and other issues, with the aggregate circulation of each class. Dailies, 350 750,000 23,000,000 Four hundred and twenty-four papers are issued Ti-weeklies, 150 75,000 11,700,000 in the New England States, eight hundred and Simi-weeklies, 125 80,000 8,320,000 seventy-six in the Middle States, seven hundred SiiWeeklies, 12, 00,87,000 84,320,000 Weeklies, 2,000 2,875,000 149,500,000 and sixteen in the Southern States, and seven hunSemi-monthlies, 50 300,000 7,20,000 dred and eighty-four in the Western States. Monthlies, 100 900,000 10,800,000 The average circulation of papers in the United Quarterlies, 25 29,000 80000 States is one thousand seven hundred and eighty__________ ___ _', five. There is t;e publication for every seven Total, 2,800 5,000,000 422,600, 00 thousand one hundred and sixty-one free inhabitarnts in the United States and Territories. 832 PROGRESS OF THE POST OFFICE. Number of Post Ofces and length of Post Roads in the United States, the annual amount paid for Mail Transportation, and of Receipts and Expenditures of the Post Offce Department, from 1790 to 1851, inclusive. Number of Length of Paid for Years. Post Offices. Post Roads. Transportation. Receipts. Expenditures. 1790.................. 75 1,875 22,081 00 37,935 00 32,140 00 1795................... 453 13,207 75,359 00 160,620 09 117,893 00 1800.................... 903 20,817 128,644 00 289,804 09 213,994 00 1805.................... 1,558 31,076 239,635 00 421,373 00 377,367 00 1810.................... 2,300 36,406 327,966 00 551,684 00 495,969 00 1815.................... 3,000 43,748 487,779 00 1,043,065 00 748,121 00 1820................... 4,500 72,492 782,425 00 1,111,927 00 1,160,926 00 1825................... 5,677 94,052 785,646 00 1,396,525 00 1,229,043 00 1830.................... 8,450 115,176 1,272,156 00 1,919,300 00 1,959,109 00 1835................... 10,770 112,774 1,533,222 00 3,152,376 00 2,585,108 00 1840................... 13,468 155,739 3,213,042 61 4,543,521 92 4,718,235 64 1841................... 13,778 155,026 3,034,813 91 4,407,726 27 4,499,527 61 1842................... 13,733 149,732 4,192,196 06 5,029,506 65 5,674 751 76 1843................... 13,814 142,295 2,982,512 47 4,296,225 43 4,374,753 71 1844.................. 14,103 144,687 2,912,946 78 4,237,287 83 4,296,512 70 1845................... 14,183 143,940 2,898,639 48 4,439,841 80 4,320,731 99 1846................... 14,601 149,679 2,597,454 66 4,089,089 97 4,084,332 42 1847................... 15,146 153,818 2,476,455 68 4,013,447 14 3,971,275 12 1848................... 16,159 163,208 2,545,232 12 4,161,077 85 4,326,850 27 1849................... 16,747 167,703 2,577,407 71 4,705,176 28 4,479,049 13 1850................. 18,417 178,672 2,965,786 36 5,499,984 86 5,212,953 43 1851.................. 19,796 192,026 3,538,063 54 6,410,604 33 6,278,401 68 Statement of Mail Service in the United States, on the 30th of June, 1850. Stt Total number Total annual Total number Total annual States. of Miles. Transportation. States of Miles. Transportat's. Maine. 4,252 1,369,680 Florida............. 2,607 384,456 New Hampshire.... 2,042 736,736 Michigan........... 5,188 1,318,893 Vermont....2,519 964,860 Indiana............ 7,262 1,458,772 Massachusetts..... 3,071 2,179,046 Illinois........... 10,314 2,448,744 Rhode Island....... 414 213,304 Wisconsin.......... 4,572 767,664 Connecticut........ 1,852 1,017,944 Iowa... 3,664 541,408 NewYork.......... 13,397 6,148,258 Missouri.. 9.,702....1,818,249 New Jersey 2,337 1,003,652 Kentucky...... 8,745 2,489,656 Pennsylvania 11,422 3,455,792 Tennessee....... 7,371 1,441,958 Delaware... 488 167,544 Alabama... 7,554 1,737,324 Maryland.......... 2,438 1,010,456 Mississippi...5,460 1,051,700 Ohio 12,267 3,421,535 Arkansas............ 5,625 796,836 Virginia............ 11,923 2,574,900 Louisiana... 4,151 600,332 North Carolina 7,931 1,683,604 Texas............... 7,698 897,462 South Carolina 5,464 1,170,624 Georgia............ 6,921 1,670,034 Total............ 178,672 46,541,423 Statement of the net Revenue arising from Letter Postages, Newspapers, &c., and the amount credited contractors for the Transportation of the Mails in the several States and Territories, for the Jisoal year ended 30th June, 1850. States and Territories. Revenue. Transportation. States and Territories. Revenue. Transportat'n. Maine...... 89,761 92 46,690 25 Alabama............ 75,937 75 143,798 70 New Hampshire 59,902 20 27,662 00 Mississippi.......... 55,536 01 84,256 58 Vermont......58,965 44 50,643 93 Kentucky.......... 86,472 49 87,121 70 Massachusetts 358,120 72 132,164 84 Indiana........... 83,638 03 76,225 82 Rhode Island 39,328 34 12,088 20 Illinois............. 115,184 53 156,685 71 Connecticut. 110,971 81 62,176 13 Ohio............... 286,311 24 138,836 32 New York 933,977 13 324 970 14 Michigan........... 62,387 69 39,634 58 New Jersey. 66,156 20 42,813 37 Louisiana.......... 116,936 06 68,464 61 Pennsylvania. 396,699 91 146,105 64 Texas.............. 28,474 12 114,744 83 Delaware.... 12,521 38 6,489 87 Florida............. 13,793 24 31,701 55 Maryland........... 121,864 61 143,150 97 Wisconsin.......... 60,725 35 34,759 77 Virginia. 141,579 13 169,687 83 Minnesota.......... 1,874 13 1,192 89 North Carolina.. 46,647 07 154,977 40 California..........227,152 82 111,515 87 Tennessee... 64,185 86 74,142 59 Oregon......... 3,282 54 9,875 80 Missouri......... 83,787 95 101,313 23 New Mexico.. 243 68 350 00 Arkansas....... 17,215 53 61,244 90 Utah.............. 718 90.......... Iowa............. 26,568 86 24,850 05 District of Columbia 11,109 45.......... South Carolina..... 76,108 62 108,488 80 Nebraska........... 25 17......... Georgia............ 101,749 42 146,772 94 MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT IRON. Number of bands Average wages Value raw employed, per month. No. Capital Tons of Tons Tons of Tons min- Bushels andpmoyeate ria. atl of V N. Sae. ivse.pgea.bomorus-codwrot iron other entire No. inetdused. charcoal. used. Males. Fem. Males. Fem. made. products. products. No. Mtaines. invested.~~~~~~~~~~~~~5,0 6i metal. 00.....11 2. N. Hampshire, $0,0, $10,400 2. 3. Vermont, 62,700 750 525 2,625.... 337,000 66,194 57 3105 2,045.... 163,986 3. 4. Massachusetts, 610,300 7,030... 11,022 78,500 221,194 260.. 22.50 6,720 428,320 4. 5. Rhode Island, 208,000 3,000.. 6,000.... 111,750 220.. 26'00. 2,650 I 222,400 5. 6. Connecticut, 529,500 7,081 1,644.... 5,062 783,600 358,780 374.. 31-59. 6,325 $5,000 667,560 6. 7. New York, 1,131,300 8,530.... 44,642 13,908 5,554,150 838,314 1,037 " I 26'00 13,636 195,000 1,423,968 7. 8. New Jersey, 1,016,843 10,430.... 14,549 4,507 1,994,180 320,950 593 2778 8,162.... 629,273 8 9. Pennsylvania, 7,620,066 163,702 20,405.... 325,967 3,939,998 5,488,391 6,764 7 27,68 $7.50 182,506 219,500 8,902,907 9. 10. Delaware, 15,000 510 60........ 228,000 19,500 50 2419 550.... 55,000 10 N 11. Maryland, 780,650 J0,172 3,389.... 10,455 246,000 439,511 568 23.33 10,000.... 771,431 11. 12. Virginia, 791,211 17,296 2,500.... 66,515 103,000 591,448 1,295 23.62. 15,328. 1,254,995 12. 13. North Carolina, 103,000... 4,650 357,900 28,114 173 14 10I37 528 850.... 66,980 13. " 14. South Carolina,....................... 14. 15. Georgia, 9,200 100....... 76,600 5,986 26 1 11-35 5-00 90...15,384 15. 16. Florida,................... 16: 17. Alabama, 2,500 120............ 30,000 3,000 14 2000 100.... 7,500 17. 18. Mississippi,............................. 8 19. Louisiana,.................... 19. H 20. Texas,......................... 20. 21. Arkansas,........................ 21. 22. Tennessee, 755,050 11,696 325 9,151 62,038.... 385,616 731 55 15'20 5"00 10,348 38,800 670,618 22. 23. Kentucky, 176,000 2,000 1,600.... 280,000 180,800 183.. 32-06 3,070 299,700 23. 24. Ohio, 620,800 13,675 2,900.... 22,755 466,900 604,493 708.. 3361.... 14,416 1,076,192 24. 25. Michigan, 1...0..7..6,. 1............. 25. 26. Indiana, 17,000 50 3,150.... 85,000 4,425 22 2 27-45 4-00 175 11,760 26. 27. Illinois,...............2 - 28. Missouri, 42',100 9i;804 24,5; -~'3o'ioi;oo"dd,o 7 28. Missoui, 42,100 1,204..9,84... 4,09 1.01.. 30 00.... 93..68700 28. ~ 29. Iowa,.... /.................... 9 30. Wisconsin,.....2..2....2..].............. 0 31. California,............................. 31 32. Dist. Columbia,......................... 32. Total, $14,495,220 33,344 78,787 538,063 14,510,828 $9,698,109 13,178 79 278,044 $458,300 $16,747,074 MANUFACTURE OF PIG IRON. Number of handsEnir wages perAvrgwae Capital Tons or Tons mn- Bushls Valu raw emloyed. month. per month. Tosf Vauof alef No. States. ck aeili rn ohr etr o invested. used. cral coal.. and charcoalAverge.wage ~n~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~fe,&, Mls e. Mle. Fm ae.Fm ae products. products. 1. Maine,$214,000 2,1907''".. 21397 $1499'- 71. $1,562 $22 I — 00 1,4841 $36,616 1 2. N. Hampshire, 2,000 fi00...I 50,000 4,900 10 180 18'00 I.... / 200 [6,000 2 3, Vermont,' 62,500 7,676 150 326,437 40,175 100 2,208 22'08 3.... 68,000 3 4. Massachusetts, 469,000 27,900.... I1,855,000 185,741 263 7,238 27'50{ 12... 295,123 4 5. Rhode Island,.................. 6. Connecticut, 4512,2 -i~87.. 25, 6'0 0 3fi,5 0 2,870~,O000 289,225' 4'3''7;68::]13[420 I 0 $ 0'00 4;15,600. 7. New York, 605,000 46,385 " 20 3,000,074 321,027 505 12,625 24'96..[ 23,022I 12,800 ] 597,920 7. 8.' New Jersey, 967,000 51l,266 20,865 1,621,000 332,707 600 - 12,720 21'20.. 24,031... 560,544 8 10. Delaware,............... 0 Maryland, 1,42'0,000 99,866 14,088 3,7'07,5o00 560,725 1,370 27,595 21:27....: 43,641 9600 105[0 1 12. Virginia,513,800 631 3982 11100 158,307 1,115 1 4 14,232 9 6 12'67 ]$6'86 22,163 5 21,92412 14. South Carolina,......14 15. Georgia,'',00'5,'189'',00'2,40'i 3;'235 1;''40 / I2,0 16. Florida, 1.. 17 labama, 0... 14500! 22,0017 17. A Y;1~~~'I;00'1,'8'38 1 ~,0 6,770 4 700 1'7"50 ~: 522'5,0002',0 18. Mississippi,...................~......... 8 19. Louisiana,....... 9 20. Texas,.................. 21. Arkansas,.. 1 22. Tennessee, 1,021, 400 88,'810 17'7]167 1'60,000 i;', 9'6 0 1',7'1'3' 1 0'9' 295 8 li82 i i03',420 190 671022 23. Kentucky, 924,700 72,010... 4,576,269 260,152 1,845 1 0 ~37,335 47 20'23/ 4'70 [24,245I 10,000/ 604,037 2 24. Ohio, 1,503,000 140,610 21,730 5,428,800 630,037 2,415 59,129 24'48 6,5.... [f26iI1,255,850 2. 25I. Mic higan, 15,000 2,700... 185,000 14,000 25 875 8 5.00 [.... [ 660 [ 6,000 21,00035 - 26. Indiana, 72,000 5i,200... 310,000 24,400; 88. 2,290 26'00[..[ 1,850 [58,00026 27. Illinois, 65,000 5,500... 170,000 15,500 150 3,310220270...02027 30. Wisconsin,' 15,000'3,'000... 1/0,000 " 8,250 60' 1,800 30"00.... 1,000 27,00030 31. California,...................... 31 32. Dist. Columbia,....................... 2: Total, $17,346,425 1-,5719,3009 645,2425-4,165,236 $7,005,289- 20,298 1-0 $421,43-5 [~'-84 564-755[$259,0 1512,748,777 MANUFACTURE OF IRON C ~rlNGS. As' *~ ~o ~, I o~so~l~o~o~I~o~o~f~o~mn ~'~ I w~u~a.~' r~'~l ~~f ~o~. ~ V~u~o~ I V~,.~o~ employed. per month. I castings [ other I entire N(. / I c~ke and [ material'1..... products. -- I made' ] ______ ~ Males~ ] Fern.: l charcoal. products. Males,! Fern. invested~ g iron. rectal. ore. l eral coal. fuel, &c. ] I I. Maine,'[ $1-' —~,100 3,59"I[' —~-[. —-~..1 1,319 ~ 0[''-~,'~0I 243[ —'-I-;29 —-~00[$~I 3' —'-~[ ['~5 —~0 -~ 2. N. Hampshire, [ 232,700 5,673I 500 [.... [ 1,680 20,,500 / 177,060{ 374{.. ~83'05 I 5,764 / $'2'7~700 [ 371,710 3. Vermont, [ 290,720 5,279I 274 ].... [ 1,066 198,400[ 160,603{ 381I.. 28.27 I 5,000{ 87,770 [ 460,831 31 4. Massachusetts, / 1,499,050 1,134 [ 3,361 I.... [ 12,401 3,,50.0 { 1,057,904[ 1,596[.. 30'90 [ 32,074 [ [ 2,235,635 ~. 5. Rhode Island, / 428,800 8,918 [.... I.... { 4,670 4,000 { 258,267 [ 800[.. 29'63 I 8,558 / 11'9,500 [ 728,70.5 6. Connecticut, [ 580,800 1,396[ 337 [.... [ 7,592 30,600 [ 351,369 [ 942[ 7 f27'02 8"00 { 11,210 [ 70,000 [ 981,400 i 7. 1N'ew York, [ 4,622,482 L 8,945[ 3,212[.... { 22,755 181,190 / 2,393,768I 5,925I.. 27.49 1104,588 / [ 5,921,980 8. New Jersey, ~ [ 593,250 0,666I 350 [.... [ 5,444 175,800[ 301,048 [ 803[.. 24.09 I 10,259 { [ 686,430 i 9. Pennsylvania, [ 3,422,924 9,fi01[ 819 [.... [ 49,228 276,855[ 2,372,467[ 4,782[ I 66'1~{60 [ 5,354,881 98 10. I)elaware, [ 373,500 4,440I.... ].... I 4,967 [ 153,852 250].. 23.36 I 3,630 ] 55,000 i 267,462 101 11. ~-~Iaryland, [ 359,100 7,220/.... /.... [ fi,000 30,O00 [ 259,190 761[.. 27'fi0 [ 6,244 [ 80,000 [ 68,5,000 11~ 12. Virginia, 2755['6'00[ fi7,810[ / 471,160 7,114I 205/.... I 7,878 71,600 297 014 8101 9 I 674,416 12. 13. North Carolina, ] 19.91I'9.!!I 5,577, 11,500 1921.... [.... I.... 6'3751 8,341.- 23'46 [ 172 / ] 12,867 13. 15. Georgia, 15[ 440........ 100 9,800 11,950 39,. 27'43 415 46,200 15. 16. Florida, 17. Alabama, I ] 216,~,0 ~:~4s:::::::::::: g/,'3'OOl /o~/osa'~{h:: a'o.o} i {/dial I x6.,'7'~]~,6 17. 18. Mississippi, / 100,000 1,197 /.... /.... I 248 92,000 [ 50,370 112I.. 37'91 [ 924 [ "2'.800 [ 117,400 18. ~ | 255,000 1,660I.... [.... / 3,205.... [ 75,300 347/.. 35.60 I 1,57~/ 4;000 [ 312,500 29.,ooo.o.... /.... / I / 20. Texas, 1,oooI 21. Arkansas, [ 35.. ] 55,000 22. Tennessee, 1'3~500 1;682{ ~ ~ 51050[ 24,'690 13,200['90:035'261'8 1'i'96 { 3:3'8'4{ { 264,32'5 21. 22. C~ 23. Kentucky,! 502,200 9,731I........ { 2,649 432,750[ 295,533 558 20 24.89 ['5,888[ I 744,316 23. 24. Ohio, [ / 2,063,650 37,555] 1,843 2,000I 30,006 355,12oI 1,199,790 2,758I.. 27.32 / 37,399 / 208~700 [ 3,069,350 24. 2,5. l~Iichigan,! 195,450 2,494]........ I 901 16,200I 91,865 337I.. 28.68 [ 2,070 [ 25,616 [ 279,697 25. 26. Indiana, [ 82,900 1,968I 5.... { 132 29,600 ] 66,918 143[.. 25'74 [ 1,757 [ 149,430 26. 27. Illinois, i / 260,400 4,818I rio.... I 1,412 12,500I 172,330 332I.. 28-50 / 4,160 / 89~250 I 441,185 27. 5,100 200.... 2,598 / 5,200/ 336,495 28. I 29. Iowa,.!'5,500 81............ "2001 2,524 17.. 32'35 [ 71/ "2,600 I 8,500 29.' 30. Wisconsin, ] 116,3.50 1,371 15.... 595 2,700] 86,930 22.. 26'73 1,342 64,025 I 216,195 30. 31. California, / 5,ooo?~l........I 28 I s,03o 75'~i,~o 3~. ~.~..oo ~,[.,ooo ] ~'~- - / ~'~ 540[........ 512[ 32. [ 80 ~ 20,740 ~~ ] 18,100 27:: 27'05 Total, {$17,41 — 6,,361 345 —-~111, —-~ 9,-~/i90,89i 2, —~750 [$10,3~ 23 —-~ — ~ 322,745 [$1,524,121 [$25,108,155!. statement exhibiting the number of Amerwcan and foresgn vessels, with their tonna~ge and crews, which cleared from each district of the United States for foreig countries, 0 durAg the year ending June 30, 1851.w No. FROM AMERICAN. Crews. FOREIGN. Crews. TOTAL, AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. Crews. No. No. Tons. Men. Boys. NO. Tons. Men B No. Tons. Men. Boys. 1. Passamaquoddy..9...... 95 27,460 759 537 38,598 2,412 632 66,058 3,171 1. 2. Machias................. 28 5,179 210 1 1 54 4 29 5,233 214 1 2. 3. Penobscot................... 13 1,708 74 1 4 1,227 39 17 2,935 113 1 3. 4. Waldoboro'.18 3,267 118 2 18 816 73 j 2 36 4,083 191 4 4. 5. Wiscasset.20 3,410 128 1 394 12..21 3,804 140 5. t4 6. Belfast............. 41 7,051 285 2 711 21... 43 7,762 306 6. t: 7. Bath. —------— ~- 48 10,509 406 32 1,853 125 80 12,362 531 7. W 8. Bangor............ 82 13,027 561 14 2,118 92 2 96 15,145 653 2 8. H9. Portland........... 255 48,973 2,060 7 256 28,752 1,422 63 511 77,725 3,482 70 9. 10. Kennebunk............ 1 156 7.................. 1 156 7 10. 11.Saco..............7331 18 5 478 26 11. 12. Portsmouth.......... 4 2,386 67 7 78 5,307 385 39 82 7,693 452 46 12. 13. Vermont........... 477 104,114 4,315 310 17,734 1,128 2 787 121,848 5,443 2 13. ~ 14. Newburyport..14 1,749 76 13 108 7,175 498 39 122 8,924 574 52 14 N 1.Gloucester.......... 14 2,218 1,02 5 156 9,728 673 1 170 11,946 775 6 15. 1.Salem............. 90 15,733 767 53 419 30,206 1,903 36 509 45,939 2,670 89 16. H 17. Boston............ 858 207,994 7,979 349 1,995 286,069 12,455 144 2,853 494,063 20,434 193 17. 18. Marblehead.6 633 30 84 5,740 345 90 6,373 375 18: 19. Plymouth........... 1 126 5 7 535 37 8 661 42 19. 20. Barnstable.....................40 2,406 130 30 40 2,406 130 30 20 21.Fal Rve.6 1,249 63 21 2,252 125 27 3,501 188 22. New Bedford.143 43,589 3,618 85 18 2,826 131..... 161 46,415 3,749 85 22. 23. Edgartown..... 15 4,995 382...... 15 4,995 382 23. 24. Nantucket............... 7 1,577 127......7 1,577 127 24. 25. Providence.................. 45 9,015 368 16 35 3,680 21,1 80 12,695 579 16 25. 26. Bristol.43 6,881 369 10 1 67 4 44 6,948 373 10 26. 0 27. Newport........... 21 3,942 192............. 21 3,942 192 27. 28. Middletown........... 1 66 5..... 1 66 5 28. ~~~~~~~~~.'o'..'-...................... 29. New London. —25 8,588 544 160 1 174 8 26 8,762 552 160 29. H 30. New Haven...........: 63 11,216 545 20 4,213 153 83 15,429 698 30. 31. Stonington.......... 8 2,232 2-04 1 1 310 11 9 2,542 215 1 31. td 32. Fairfield........... 3 498 23 30 3,364 177 33 3,862 200 32. 33. Champlain.......... 327 69,092 3,008 1,020 335 21,708 1,386 72- 662 90,800 4,394 1,092 33. 34. Oswegatchie.218 177,148 6,859 535 299 74,070 5,735 517 251,218 12,594 535 34. 35. Sackett's Harbor..... 207 161,032 5,826 469 21 1,736 117 228 162,768 5,943 469 35. 36. Oswego.418 75,480 3,019 991 83,011 4,971 1,409 158,491 7,990 36. 37. Niagara....... 77,314 3,019 426 466 143,965 8,691 519 689 221,279 11,710 945 37. 38. Genesee.72 15,406 733 90 160 31,518 2,045 248 232 46,924 2,778 5 38 38. 39. Capeh e................ 261 191,238 8281 48 15,099 725 { 309 206,337 9,006 39. 40. Buffalo............ 207 28,121 1,968 48 459 70,859 4,738 510 666 98,980 6,706 558 40. 41. Sag Harbor................................................. 41. 42. New York...........1,658 793,229 28,288 1,427 436,853 18,211 3,085 1,230,082 46,499 42. 43. Greenport.......... 1 253 23 1 253 23... 43. 44. Newark.................. 9 928 52 9 928 52 44. 45. Delaware............................... 45. 46. Philadelphia.3...7.102,123.3573,998 37 173 38051 1,818 1 530 140174 5,816 38 46. 47. Baltirpiore...309 75,406 3,015. 148 30,383 1,461... 457 105,789 4,476 1 47. 48. Anna~polis........................... 48. 49. Georgetown, D. C....... 9 1,859 74 2...9 1,859 74 2 49. H 50. Alexandria.......... 23 4,283 174 2 40 6,947 283 6 63 11,230 457 8 50. ~ 51. Norfolk............ 106 17,008 775 49 9,782 446 155 26,790 1,221 51. 52. Petersburg.......... 1 677 18... 1 533 16 2 1,210 34 52. C/ 53. Richmond........... 39 11,907 454... 39 12,358 463 78 24,265 917 53 H 54. Tappahannock......... 3 286 16 14 1,566 88... 17 1,852 104 54. 55. Cherrystone.............................................5. M 56. Wilmington.......... 108 18,124 777 77 13,968 614 185 32,092 1,391 56. I 57. Newbern............ 19 2,511 121................ 19 2,511 121 57. 58. Edenton............ 1 58 5................ 1 58 5 58. 59. Camden........... 27 2,818 155............ 27 2,818 155... 59. 60. Beaufort, N. C......... 9 1,233 53............ 9 1,233 53... 60. H_ 61. Washington........... 17 1,995 98.............. 17 1,995 98 61. H_ 62. Plymouth............ 17 1,681 95...... 17 1,681 95 62. 63. Charleston........... 195 78,877 2,926 187 59172 2,356 56 382 138,049 5,282 56 63. 64. Georgetown, S. C.. 16 2,459 105.............. 16 2,459 105 64. 65. Savannah.. 92 34,814 1,111 64 34,746 1,071 81 156 69,560 2, 132 81 65., 66. Brunswick........... 1 149 6.......... 1 149 6 66. H 67. Key West.......... 37 3,174 226 18 951 162 55 4,125 388 67. 68. St. Augustine........................................ 68. 69. Appalachicola......... 28 16,275 472 12 7,358 236 40 23,633 708 69. I 70. Pensacola............ 5 805 37 2 740 28 7 1,545 65 70. 71. Mobile......... 129 68,747 1,980 87 103 52,518 2,029 78 232 121,265 4,009 165 71. 72. New -Orleans......... 645 292,954 9,756 322 128,612 4,909 967 421,566 14,665 72. 73. Cuyahoga............ 142 16,501 835 88 10,197 546 230 26,698 1,381... 73. 74. Sandusky........... 14 2,219 85... 11 1,669 76 25 3,888 161 74. 75. Detroit............. 47 6,932 283 416 42,822 3,469 463 48,754 3,752 75. 76. Michilimackinac.. 13 1,323 82 16 2,280 229 29 3,603 311 76. b 77. Chicago............ 8 2,093 82 1 215 9 9 2,308 91... 77. 78. Galveston........... 2 434 17... 6 1,463 68 8 1,897 85 78. 79. Brazos St. Iago......... 3 424 18 1 16 4 4 440 22 79. 80. San Francisco.......... 801 285,558..... 5.. 14 136,485..... 1,315 422,043.... 80. 81. San Diego........... 12 5,537 315 1 250 10 13.5,787 325 81. 82. Monterey............ 2 2,340 60 1............... 2 2,340 60 1 82. Total..........I...el9,274 I-3,200,519 1113,640 3_,42_7 10,712 11,929,535 1 89,659 1, -929 -19-,986, 5,130,054'- 203,299 5,5 OD NAVIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES. TONNAGE ENTERED IN 1851. AMERICAN. FOREIGN. TOTAL AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. No. STATES. Crews. Crews. Crews. No. STATI$.No No. Tons. Men. Boys. No. Tons. Men. Boys. No. Tons. Men. Boys. H 1. Maine........................ 336 72,816 2,728 3 875 74,368 4,228 59 1,211 147,184 6,956 - 62 1. W 2. New Hampshire.......... 9 2,131 69 10 78 5,266 383 40 87 7,397 452 50 2. H 3. Vermont..............5. 29 110,010 4,700 298 18,003 960 827 128,013 5,660 3 4. Massachusetts............... 1,283 326,098 14,114 246 2, 889 335,476 16,948 105 4,177 661,574 31,062 351 4: 5. Rhode Island... 104 18,301 831 4 42 4,591 261 146 22,892 1,092 4 5. 6. Connecticut.............. 110 26,220 1,589 149 55 8,492 378 165 34,712 1,967 149 6. 7. New York... 4,139 1,814,463 66,876 2,653 4,397 931,666 48,177 1,358 8,536 2,746,129 115,053 4,011 7. 8. New Jersey..... 12 1,188 67.....12 1,188 67. 9. Pennsylvania,...............'404 117,377 4,561 24 177 42,259 1,987 581 159,636 10. Delaware................................ 10.9 M.yla. a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.......... Y........... 86,774 11. Maryland............. 329 86774 327138 26,253 1,314 467 113,027 4,561 11. 12. District of Columbia,......... 7 1,438 58 1 2 239 11 1 9 1,677 69 2 12. 13. Virginia.................. 66 15,804 614 3 91 18,759 809 4 157 34,563 1,423 7 13. 14. North Carolina............ 111 14,546 717. 36 5,772 275 147 20,318 992. 14. 15. South Carolina............... 136 50,051 1,974..... 140 43,013 1,785 121 276 93,064 3,759 121 15. 16. Georgia.................. 56 15,510 561 55 31,586 945 80 111 47,096 1,506 80 16. 17. Florida................... 53 15,665 714. 37 9,560 487 90 25,225 1,201 17. H 18. Alabama..................... 23 9,186 290 13 96 46,498 1,870 63 119 55,684 2,160 76 18. 19. Louisiana... 542 194,776 7,048 328 134,156 5,128 870 328,932 12,176 19. 20. Mississippi,........................... 20. c 21. Tennessee................................................................. 21. 22. Missouri....................... 22. 23. Ohio..................... 282 38,613 1,782..... 120 13,224 678 402 51,837 2,460 23. 24. Kentucky,................. 24. 25. Michigan... 37 4,058 222 396 42,941 3,84 433 46,999 4,106.25. 26. Illinois................... 10 4,587 177 1 215 9..... 11 4,802 186 26. 27. Texas.................... 1 146 7 14 3,217 159 15 3,363 166 27. 28. California................ 379 115,779 592 482 142,349 53 861 258,128 645 28. Total8,951 3,054,349 113,471 3,106 10,759 1,939,091 90,796 1,831 19,710 4,993,440 204,267 4,937 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I I I -- I I _ NAVIGATION OF THE UNITED STATES. TONNAGE CLEARED IN 1851. AMERICAN. FOREIGN. TOTAL AMERICAN AND FOREIGN. Crews. Crews.~ Crews. No. STATES. No. No. Tons. Men. Boys. No. Tons. Men. Boys. No. Tons. Men. Boys.H 1. Maine,........ 602 120,887 4,616 11 869 74,854~ 4,218 67 1.471 195,741 8,834 78 1. ~ 2. New Hampshire,....4 2,386 67 7 78 5,307 385 39 82 7,693 452 46 2. 3. Vermont, 477 104,114 4,315 310 17,734 1,128 2 787 121,848 5,443 2 3 4. Massachusetts.............. 1,154 279,863 13,149 505/ 2,848 346,937 16,297 250 4,002 626,800 29,446 756 4. 5. Rhode Island.. 109 19,838 929 26 36 3,747 215 145 23,585 1,144 26 5. 6. Connecticut..99 22,534 1,316 161 53 8,127 354 152 30,661 1,670 161 6. 7. New York...3,592 1,588,313 61,024 2,588 4,206 878,819 46,619 1,349 7,798 2,467,132 107,643 3,937 7 7..NewJersey...............9 928 52 9 928 52.... 8. I 9. Pennsylvania,. 357 102,123 3,998 37 173 38,051 1,818 1 530 140,174 5,816 38 9. H 10. Delaware,.-............................... 10.H 11. Maryland,.. 309 75,406 3,015.... 148 30,383 1,461 457 105,789 4,476 11. 12. District of Col'u'm b ia',. 9 1,859 7 4 2............... 9 1,859 74 2 12: 13. Virginia,............. 172 34,161 1,437 2 143 31,186 1,296 6 315 66,347 2,733 8 13. 14. North Carolina......... 198 28,420 1,304... 77 13,968 614 275 42,388 1,918 14: 15. South Carolina......... 211 81,336 3,031 187 59,172 2,356 56 398 140,508 5,387 56 15. 16. Georgia............. 93 34,963.1,117... 64 34,746 1,071 81 157 69,709 2,188 81 16. ~ 17. Florida............. 70 20,254 735... 32 9,049 426... 102 29,303 1,161 17. 18. Alabama,...129 68,747 1,980 87 103 52,518 2,029 78 232 121,265 4,009 165- 18. c 19. Louisiana............ 646 292,954 9,756 322 128,612 4,909 967 421,566 14,665... 19. 20. Mississippi........................ 20. ( 21. Tennessee......................... 21. 22. Missouri.................................. 22. 23. Ohio................. 156 18,720 920 99 11,866 622 2-55 "30,5'8'6 1,542 23 H 24. Kentucky......................................... 24: 25. Michigan,.. 60 7,255 865 432 45,102 3,698... 492 62,357 4,063 25. 26. Illinois............ 8 2,093.82 1 1,0 126. t4 27. Texas,.. 5 88 35 7 1,479 72 12 2,337 107 27. 28. California............ 816 293,435 376 1 515 136,735 10 1,330 430,170 386 1 28. Total,.............19,274 3,200,619 1113,640 3,427 10,712 11,929,535 89,659 11,929 119,986 5,6130,064 1203,299 6,3566 S40 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. - STATISTICAL TABLES. Statement of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States, on the last day of June, 1851. Registered tonnage in the Proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the DISTRICTS. Whale Steam Coasting trade. Cod fishery Mackerel Aggregate ton-[ Steam fishery. navigation. fishely. nage of ea. dist. navigation. Tons and 95ths. Passamaquoddy, Me........ 649.74 9,676.641 1,190.731 491.38 25,349.38 648.33 Macbias,........... do. 19,632.01 225.16 59.42 22,876.88.......... Frenchman's Bay, do. 26,606.55 5,448.90 294.62 34,899.86 Penobscot......do. 17,956.60 12,774.82 3,249.60 40,809.25 Belfast,..do.26,066.71 4,345.48 1,973.00, 44,835.22. Bangor.........do. 15,370.72 732.69 241.11 27,571.64 1,698.60 Waldoboro'. -do. 51,844.84 3,292.71 312.27 103,593.51. Wiscasset,....do. 5,722.09 6,532.46 26.01 19,718.26. Bath..........do. 22,852.81 1,745.37 387.40 103,795.91 2,018.51 Portland,...do. 20,774.10 3,861.00 2,545.85 97,571.70 1,395.64 Saco,...do. 1,307.24 301.27 51.74 2,825.88. Kennebunk.....do. 1,923.62 637.16 194.88 11,204.44 York,..... do. 1,088.65 144.90 30.06 1,263.66 Portsmouth, N. H..,173.72 1,705.33 481.16 25,427.54 Burlington, Vt..... 932...3,932.31 3,240.37 Newburyport,...Ms. 495.29i 4,667.47 2,777.88 26,706.80. Ipswich.........do. 448.10......... 27.42 492.55. Gloucester.....do. 9......15,729.80 5,110.54 23,436.11. Salem. do.9,165.27 142.82.........130,498.36. Beverly, - - - - - -...do. 424.38......... 3,524.40 3,948.78 Marblehead. do..3,12718 150.14 4,35f.5.... Boston..........38,690.80 1,034.83 5,536.64 342,936.09 2,324.85 Plymouth,.......do............... 1,273.04 5,194.77 1,129.12 10,723.01. Fall River.....do. 928.19.9,920.44..12,070.50 4,826.10 New Bedford..do. 113,601.87. 7,902.01 213.24 220.03 131,409.46 57.81 Barustable.....do. 4,200.08. 36,488.11 7,800.57 20,373.00 72,997.44 240.16 Edgartown,...do. 3,231.88. 1,499.80 78.33 386.38 8,079.19. Nantucket..do. 19,055.29. 2,867.51 121.31 180.65 26,752.71 479.22 Providencc.R. I. 864.54.7,101.40 26.40. 15,552.55 262.75 Bristol,........ do. 4,482.63. 1,878.47..12,177.63 124.00 Newport, - -.. - do. 1,181.23.3,963.81.189.76 10,320.19 255.67 Middletown,. Ct. 12,362.46 93.43 133.56 12,757.53 2,116.17 NewLondon do. 16,346.14... 2,406.34 3,768.32 217.64 40,407.67 3,742.77 Stonington.....do. 9,601.69.4,664.57 1,729.33 242.71 20,302.51 67.38 New Haven,..do. 12,446.87.... 18,308.44 1,661.08 Fairfield,..do. 23,854.35..24,403.60.. Champlain...N. Y. 4,207.70..4,207.70 917.30 Sackett's Harbor,.do. 7,105.93............ 7,105.93 343.07 Oswego........do. 26,323.21..26,323.21 4,381.91 Niagara........do. 605.94..605.94 100.00 Genesee........do. 686.01..686.01 429.42 Oswegatchie,.....do.1,985.34..1,985.34 1,985.34 Buffalo Creek,...do. 43,603.13..43,603.13 19,983.56 Sag Harbor,...do. 4,434.261........ 3,760.72 73.03.12,808.00 128.01 Greenport,....do. 1,210.52........ 3,512.25 736.38.7,391.11. New York.....do. 52,392.68 415,062.38.. 931,193.74 69,148.89 Cape Vincent,...do. 2,496.19..2,496.19. Cold Spring......do. "2,505.90.... 44.55..2,608.12 Perth Amboy,...N. J. 21,714.46..22,765.89 5,440.89 Bridgetown,. do. 13,745.75..14,835.07.......... Burlington,...do. 6,797.05..6,797.05 2,762.30 Camden........do. 15,452.52..15,663.41 5,020.78 Newark,.. d.5,595.87...5,773.33 1,005.01 Little Egg Harbor, do. 6,639.26..6,639.26......... GreatEggHarbor,do. 15,782.53........... 16,421.79.. Philadelphia,.... Pa......... 1,052.07 149,793.00.......22242.90 19,665.29 Presqu'isle,..do8210.35... 8,210,35 5,960.61 Pittsburg........do. 52,466.18.. 53,734.34 47,910.94 Wilmington,.... De.5,950.21..6,816.67 2,489.92 Newcastle......do. 5,064.19.. 5,04.19..8.. 5041 Baltimore.......Md. 64,278.77. 160,511.64 14,285.21 Oxford..........do. 12,369.13..12,636.45. Vienna...do. 13,576.65... 14,469.87 UNITED STATES GAZETTEER. - STATISTICAL TABLES. 841 Statenment of the Tonnage of the several Districts of the United States - continued. Registered tonnage in the Proportion of the enrolled and licensed tonnage employed in the DISTraCTS. fishery, navigation. Coasting trade. Cod fishery. Mackerel Aggregate ton- Steam DISTRICTS. fisJery. navigationI fishery. nage of ea. dist. navigation. Tons and 95ths. Snow Hill,..Md.. 9,575.38.9,851.59. St. Mary's......do..2,290.48.2,290.48 Town Creek,.....do..2,124.73.2,124.73 Annapolis. do........ 2,659.58... 2,659.58 336.42 Georgetown, D. C.....'*~ 2774.01 18,505.57... 22903.46 2,309.34 Alexandria. Va.... 6,381.04... 10,111.87 314.48 Norfolk,. do....... 12,780.68... 23,661.25 936.30 Petersburg,.do.... 1,899.86.. 2,927.41 79.60 Richmond. do........ 4,303.01... 6,835.14 1,585.68 Yorktown. do........ 5,025.00.. 5,241.52. Tappahannock,. -do. 4,911.94.5,659.69 Accomac, c. h....do..3,849.78.4,361.78 East River......do. 1,622.79.1,650.84 Yeocomico,..do. 3,388.57 3,388.57. Cherry Stone,....do. 1,000.86.1,037.16. Wheeling,. do........ 3,923.89... 3,923.89 3,923.89 Wilmington,...N. C.... 6,330.19... 12,387.45 3,014.23 Newbern. do.... 3,275.78... 4,891.65 176.59 Washington.....do. 3,953.30.6,615.58.......... Edenton,........do..1,017.58.1,128.08 Camden,........do. 9,979.56..... 12,310.52. Beaufort,..........d. " 970.43..... 2,414.24. Plymouth,......... 1,230.81... 2,607.00 86.84 Ocracoke do.1,428.15......... 8.15. Charleston.S. C.. 1,115.85 16,472.88... 31,910.27 5,665.12 Georgetown,.do. 1,503.74.3,277.19. Beaufort,..do.. Savannah. Ga.... 10,449.47... 22,265.69 8,289.52 Sunbury.......do.. Brunswick.do........ 47.... 40.49.... 489.67. Hardwick.......do. St. Mary's.................. ~......... Pensacola........ea. 1,095.43.2,322.70. St. Augustine,...do.. St. Mark's....... 281.60.28160. St. John's.......do. 309.92..309.92 79.45 Apalachicola,.... do..... 2,05036...2,050.36 2,050.36 Key West. 1........ 1,497.63......... 4,400.10. Mobile, Aa..... 17,941.48... 27,327.01 13,567.87 Pearl River.Mi.....2. 9........ 1,236.21 79.35 Vicksburg. o.... 16848... 168.48 168.48 NewOrleans,...La...6,905.63 165,27548........ 251,900.14 149,747.72 Tech6,. do.... 959.05... 1,384.79 538.07 Nashville, Te..... 3,587.67........ 3,587.67 3,587.67 Louisville, Ky..... 12,937.90........ 12,937.90 12,937.90 St. Louis, Mo..... 34,065.46... 34,065.46 29,568.31 Chicago, Is..... 23,103.45.... 23,103.45 706.79 Milwaukie, Wn.... 2,946.10....... 2,946.10 286.80 Cuyahoga. 0.... 36,070.50.... 36,070.50 11,355.36 Sandusky. d'....4,858.38... 4,858.38 73.35 Cincinnati,. do........ 14,187.18....... 14,187.18 12,362.48 Miami. do.... 3,236.13... 3,236.13 1,153.10 Detroit Mn.... 40,319.46.....[......... 40,319.46 21,944.17 Michilimackinac, do. 1,409.34.............. 1,455.40. Galveston. s.... 3,o62.70... 3,667.16 1,330.07 Point Isabel. do....... 657.49... 657.49 657.49 Saluria..do.... 571.11.............. 588.52 105.54 Astoria, On.........1,063.43. San Francisco,..Ca.... 15,971.13... 58,063.54 4,945.41 Sonora. o.... 183.36........ 372.43 183.66 Total.181,644.52 62,390.13 1,854,317.90 87,475.89 50,539.02 3,772,439.43 521,216.87 106 ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. ARMY. army of the United States, commanded by The head-quarters of Departments No. 1 and one major general and two brigadiers, consists of 3 are at Troy, N. Y. a corps of engineers, an ordnance department, No.4. Virginia, North Carolina, South Caro two regiments of dragoons, one of mounted rifle- lina, Georgia, and that part of Florida lying withmen, four of artillery, and eight of infantry, - in in the Eastern Division. Head-quarters at Fort the whole about 11,000 men, — and is stationed Monroe, Va. as follows: - No. 5. The portion of Florida within the Western Division, the states of Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, Tennessee, and Kentucky. MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. IHead-quarters at New Orleans. No. 6. Wisconsin, (W. of the line from Fond The Eastern Division, composed of the 1st, 2d, du Lac to Cape Sable,) Iowa, Illinois, and Mis3d, and 4th Military Departments, comprises the souri, above the 37th degree of N. latitude. Headfollowing states: Maine, New Hampshire, Ver- quarters at St. Louis. mont, M achusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, No. 7. The country W. of the Mississippi, S. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, of the 37th degree of N. latitude, N. of Louisiana Maryland, Virginia, North-Carolina, South Car- and Texas, and E. of Department No. 9. Headolina, and Georgia, and the portion of Florida quarters atand Wisconsin E. of a line drawn from Fond du No. 8. That part of Texas lying Sand E. of Lac, Lake Superior, to Cape Sable, Florida. a line drawn from a point on the Rio Grande, opThe Western Division, composed of the 5th, posite the southernmost limit of the island S. of. 6th, 7th, 8th, and 9th Military Departments, is El Paso, containing the towns of San Elizario, situated within the following limits: The country Socorra, and Isletta, to the junction of the EaseW. of the line from Fond du Lac to Cape Sa- nada (Choctau (Choctaw Creek) with the Colorado ble, (except Oregon and California,) embrac- or Red River, and down said river to Arkansas. ing the part of Wisconsin W. of said line; Min Head-quarters at San Antonio. nesota; the states of Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, No. 9. New Mexico and the territory N. and Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisiana. Mis- W. of the aforesaid line from the Rio Grande to sissippi, Alabama, and Texas; the part of Florida and down the Colorado or Red River, formerly W. of said. line; the Indian country W. of the claimed as a part of New Mexico. Head-quarters Mississippi River; and the territory of New at Santa F6. Mexico. No. 10. The territory of California. HeadThe Pacific Division, composed of the 10th and quarters at Monterey. 11ith Military Departments, comprises the terni- No. 11. The territory of Oregon. tories of California and Oregon. The head-quarters of the army are in Wash. ington. ~~~~~~~PAY OF THE ARMY. The head-quarters of the Eastern Division are Total Annual Pay. Major general, $4512;.at Troy, N. Y. hrigadier general, $2958;, colonels of engineers The head-quarters of the Western Division and cavalry, $2196; colonels of artillery and inare at New Orleans, La. fantry, $1992; lieutenant colonels of engineers The head-quarters of the Pacific Division are and cavalry, $1944; lieutenant colonels of artilat Sonoma, Ca. cry and infantry, $1740; majors of engineers and cavalry, $1692; majors of artillery and infantry, $1548; captains of engineers and cavalry. MILITARY GEOGRAPHICAL DEPARTMENTS. $1278; captains of artillery and infantry, $954; first and second lieutenants of engineers and No. 1. Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Mas- cavalry, $968; first lieutehants of artillery and sachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut. infantry, $834; second do., $7 74; paymaster No. 2. Michig.an, Wisconsin, (E. of the line general, $2500; deputy paymaster, general, from Fond dii Lac to Cape Sable,) Ohio, and In- $1944; paymasters, $1500;'surgeon general, diana. Read-quarters at Detroit. $2500; surgeons, from $982 to $1788, accordi ng No. 3. New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, to length of service. Privates, engineers, and Delaware, and Maryland. cavalry, $198; artillery and infantry, $186. ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 843 ARSENALS. Posts. State or Territory. Post Office. Kennebec,.... Maine,.... Augusta. Watertown,... Massachusetts,... Watertown. Champlain,.... Vermont,.... Vergennes. Watervliet,... New York,... Watervliet. Rome,..... Rome. Alleghany,... Pennsylvania,... Pittsburg. Frankford,... Frankford. Pikesville,.... Maryland,.... Pikesville. Washington,... Dist. of Columbia,.. Washington. Bellona,.... Virginia,.... Bellona. St. Louis.... M issouri,.... St. Louis. Baton Rouge,... Louisiana,.... Baton Rouge. Mount Vernon,... Alabama,... Mount Vernon. Detroit.... Michigan,.... Dearbonville. North Carolina,... North Carolina,... Fayetteville. Charleston,... South Carolina,... Charleston. Apalachicola,... Florida,.... Chattahoochee. Little Rock,... Arkansas,.... Little Rock. MILITARY POSTS. Posts. State or Territory. Post Office. EASTERN DIVISION. Department No. 1. Fort Sullivan,... Maine,.... Eastport. Fort Preble,... ".... Portland. Fort Constitution,.. New Hampshire,... Portsmouth. Fort Independence,.. Massachusetts,... Boston. Fort Warren,.. "..... Fort Adams, Rhode Island,... Newport. Fort Wolcott, 5 Fort Trumbull,. Connecticut,... New London. Department No. 2. Fort Brady,.. Michigan,... Sault Ste. Marie. Fort Mackinac,..... Mackinac. Fort Gratiot,...... Fort Gratiot. Detroit Barracks,... ".... Detroit. Fort Howard,.. Wisconsin,... Green Bay. Department No. 3. Fort Niagara,... New York,... Youngstown. Fort Ontario,... Oswego. Madison Barracks,. ".... Sackett's Harbor. Plattsburg Barracks..... Plattsburg. West Point,.... ".... West Point. Fort Columbus, New York. Fort Wood, N r. Fort amilton, NwYrHb..' F ort Harbmilton. Fort Lafayette, " Fort Mifflin,... Pennsylvania,.. Philadelphia. Carlisle Barraclks,...... Carlisle. Fort McHenry,... Maryland,... Baltimore. Fort Washington,.... Fort Washington. Department No. 4. Fort Monroe,... Virginia,... Old Point Comfort. Fort Johnson,. North Carolina,... Smithville. Fort Caswell, 5 Fort Macon,... ".... Beaufort. rFort Moultrie,..' CFort Moultrie,.. Charleston Harbor, S. C.,. Charleston. Castle Pinckney, 5 Augusta Arsenal,... Georgia,.. Augusta. Oglethorpe Barracks,... Savannah. Fort Marion,.. St. Augustine. WESTERN DIVISION. Department No. 5. Key West,.... Florida,... Key West. 844 ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. Posts. State or Territory. Post Office. Fort Brooke,.... Florida,... Tampa Bay. Fort Pickens, t Pensacola. Fort McRea, Fort Morgan,... Alabama,.... Mobile. Fort Pike,... Louisiana,... Fort Pike. Fort Wood,..... New Orleans. Fort Jackson... "..... New Orleans Barracks,..... Baton Rouge Barracks,.. "... Baton Rouge. Newport Barracks,.. Kentucky, Newport. Department No. 6. Fort Scott,.... Missouri... Fort Scott. Fort Leavenworth,... Fort Leavenworth. Fort Kearny,..... Territory, Linden, Mo. Fort Laramie,..... ". Jefferson Barracks,.. Jefferson Barracks. Fort Snelling,.. Minnesota Territory,. Fort Snelling. Fort Gaines,... Fort on Des Moines t River, Department N~o. 7. Fort Towson,... Arkansas Territory,.. Fort Towson. Fort Washita,... ".... Fort Gibson,.... Fort Gibson. Fort on Canadian River, Department No. 8. Fort Polk,.... Texas,... Point Isabel. Fort Brown,... "... Brownville. Ringgold Barracks,. Davis Landing,.. Fort McIntosh, Laredo,.... Fort Duncan, Eagle Pass,. ".... San Antonio. Fort Inge,.... ".... Fort Lincoln, Rio Seco,. "... San Antonio,.. "... Fort Martin Scott,.. ".... Fredericksburg. Fort Croghan,. Hamilton Creek, f.. Austin. Fort Gates, Leon River,.... Fort Graham, Jose [., Maria Village,. Fort Worth, Trinity River,. Fort Merrill,.. Nueces River,. Corpus Christi. Department No. 9. Fort Marcy,... New Mexico,. Santa F6. Taos,.... Albuquerque,... Dona Ana,.... Secorra,.... El Paso del Norte,.. San Elizario,... i Las Vegas,.. ". THIRD, OR PACIFIC DIVISION. Department No. 10. San Francisco,... California.... San Francisco. Benicia,........ Benicia. Camp Stanislaus,... "... Stockton. Camp Far West,. "... Sutter's Fort. Monterey,...... Monterey. San Luis Rey,....... San Diego,.. "... San Diego. Department No. 11.* Nesqually, Puget's Oregon,.Nesqually. Sound, Sound, } * ~~Oregon,.... Nesqually. Fort Vancouver,.. "... Vancouver. Fort Hall,..... Linden, Mo. * The other posts in this department are not yet known. ARMY AND NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES. 845 NAVY. VESSELS OF WAR OF THE UNITED STATES, 1850. Name and Rate. Where and when built. Name and Rate. Where and when built. Ships of the Line. 11. Guns. Guns. St. Mary's, 20 Washington, 1844 Pennsylvania, 120 Philadelphia, 1837 Jamestown, 20 Norfolk, 1844 Franklin, - 74 " 1815 Albany, 20 New fork, 1846 Columbus, 74 Washington, 1819 Germantown, 20 Philadelphia, 1846 Ohio, 74 New York, 1820 Ontario, 18 Baltimore, 1813 North Carolina, 74 Philadelphia, 1820 Decatur, 16 New York, 1839 Delaware, 74 Gosport, Va., 1820 Preble, 16 Portsmouth, 1839 Alabama, 74 Yorktown, 16 Norfolk, 1839 Vermont, 74 Boston, 1848 Marion, 16 Boston, 1839 Virginia, 74 Dale, 16 Philadelphia, 1839 New York, 74 Brigs, 4. New Orleans, 74 Dolphin, 10 New York, 1836 Porpoise, 10 Boston, 1836 Independence, Razee, 54 Boston, 1814 Bainbridge, 10 " 1842 Frigates, 1st Class, 12. Perry, 10 Norfolk, 1843 United States, (guns) 44 Philadelphia, 1797 Schooners, 5. Constitution, 44 Boston, 1797 Flirt, 2 Transfd from W. D. Potomac, 44 VVWashington, 1821 Wave, 1 Brandywine, 44 1825 Phoenix, 2 Columbia, 44 " 1836 Petrel, 1 Purchased, 1846 Congress, 44 Portsmouth, 1841 Taney, Transfd from T. D. Cumberland, 44 Boston, 1842 Steamers, 14. Savannah, 44 New York, 1842 Mississippi, 110 Philadelphia, 1841 I Raritan, 44 Philadelphia, 1843 Susquehanna, Santee, 44 Powhatan, Sabine, 44 Saranac, Portsmouth, 1848 St. Lawrence, 44 Norfolk, 1847 San Jacinto, Frigates, 2d Class, 2. Fulton, 4 New York, 1837 Constellation, 36 Baltimore, 1797 Union, 4 Norfolk, 1842 Macedonian, 36 Capt'd 1812, reb't 1836 Michigan, 1 Erie, Pa., 1843 Sloops of War, 22. Alleghany, 2 Pittsburg, Pa., 1846 Saratoga, 20 Portsmouth, 1842 Vixen, 3 Purchased, 1846 John Adams, 20 Charleston, S. C.,* 1799 General Taylor, Transfd from W. D. Vincennes, 20 New York, 1826 Water Witch, I Washington, 1845 Warren, 20 Boston, 1826 Engineer, Purchased, 1846 Falmouth, 20 " 1827 Massachusetts, Transfd from W. D. Fairfield, 20 New York, 1828 Storeships and Brigs, 6. Vandalia, 20 Philadelphia, 1828 Relief, 6 Philadelphia, 1836 1St. Louis, 20 Washington, 1828 Erie, 4 Baltimore, 1813 Cyane, 20 Boston, 1837 Lexington, 6 New York, 1825 Levant, 20 New York, 1837 Southampton, 4 Norfolk, 1845 Portsmouth, 20 Portsmouth, 1843 Supply, 4 Purchased, 1846 Plymouth, 20 Boston, 1843 Fredonia, 4 1846 * Rebuilt in 1828 t Paixhan. NAVY YARDS. other duty, $1500; waiting orders, $1200. Sur geons, (69,) from $1000 to $2700, according to Portsmouth, N. H. Washington, D. C. term and nature of service. Assistant surgeons. Charlestown, Ms. Norfolk. Va. (43,) from $650 to $1200. Pursers, (64,) $1500 to Brooklyn, N. Y. Pensacola, Fa. $3500. Chaplains, (24,) at sea, $1200; on leave, Philadelphia, Pa. Memphis, Te. $800. Professors of mathematics, (12,) $1200. Passed midshipmen, (183,) on duty, $750; on PAY OF THE NAVY. leave, $600. Midshipmen, (183,) at sea, $400; on other duty, $350; on leave, $300. Chief engineers, Captains, (68,) senior in service, $4500; of on duty, from $1500 to $2000; on leave, 1200 to squadrons, $4000; others on duty, $3500; on $1400. Assistant engineers, on duty, $600 to leave, $2500. Commanders, (97,) in sea service, $1000; on leave, $400 to $850. Boatswains, gun$2500; on other duty, $2100; on leave, $1800. ners, carpenters, afid sailmakers, on duty, $700 Lieutenants, (327,) commanding, $1800; on to $800; on leave, $500 to $600. CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. CANALS. NEW ENGLAND. NEW JERSEY. The only canal in New England, now em- The Delaware andRaritan Canal, 42 miles, from ployed for purposes of navigation, is the Cumber- Bordentown to New Brunswick, opens an internal ld and Oxford, 20A miles, from Portland to sloop navigation from Philadelphia to New York. Seago Lake, to which the Tongo River im- The Morris Canal, 102 miles, from Jersey City, provemcnt adds 30 miles of lake and river nay- opposite New York, to Easton, on the Delaware, iation. The Mliddlesex Canal, 27 miles, from communicates with the Lehigh navigation, and Boston to Lowell, the Blackstone Canal, 45 miles, the Pennsylvania Delaware Canal. from Worcester to Providence, and the Ihrmington Canal, 78 miles, from New Haven to Northamp- PENNSYLVANIA. ton have all been superseded by railroads. The Has a canal system still more extensive than t same is the case with the short canals constructed for passing the various falls of the Connecticut of New York. Commencing at the head of a Merrimac, the navigation of these rivers navigation in the Susquehanna at Havre navigation in the Susquehanna at Havre d nving heen mostly abandoned in fvor of thes r Grace in Maryland, the Tidewater Canal extends rilbe roadst albone their banks. vr 45 miles. to Wrightsville, opposite the termination lroads alon their banks....... f.......... of the Columbia Railroad, from Philadelphia. NEW YORK. Thence the navigation is continued by the Eastern Dicision of the Pennsylcania C'anal, 44J The Champlain Canal extends from the Hudson miles to the month of the Juniata, from which at Troy to Lake Champlain, at Whitehall, 64 point the Juniata Canal extends W. l27J miles to miles. The Erie C'anal extends from the Htud- Hlollidaysburg. The Susquehanna (Canal continues son, at Albany, to Lake Erie, at Buffalo, 364 N. from thle month of the Juniata, 39 miles, to the miles. This latter canal sends off branches, as junction of the iN. and W. branches of the Susfollows: Black Ricer, from Rome. to Carthlage, quehanna, wvhence the. West Branch ('anal proceeds 77A miles, with a feeder from Brownville,10 miles; to Lock Haven, 75 miles, whence the Bald EaC~henango, from Utica to Binghampton, 97 miles; gle Canal extends 22 miles, farther, to Belle Fonte, Oswego, from Syracuse to Oswego, 38 miles; -at the' foot of the main Alleghany ridge. The C'ayuga and Seneca, from Montezuma to Geneva, North Branch Canal extends from the junction of 21 miles, tributary to which are the Criooked the two branches, 73 miles, to Wilkesbarre, and Lake Canal,.3 miles, from Dresden to Penn Yan, has been continued thence by a private company and the (Chemung, 39 miles, from Jefferson, at 90 miles, to the New York line;- from which poiiit the head of Seneca Lake to Elmira; finally, the two short canals, now in progress to Binughamptonl Genesee VIalley Canal, from Rochester to Olean, and Elmira, will connect this Susquehanna system on the Alleghany,. 1084 miles, with a branch -from with the New York canals. The other canals in M7ount Morris to Danville, 11 miles. Works are the eastern part of Pennsylvania, besides the in progress to unite this New York system with Ltickawaxen, already mentioned, a continuation of the, Pennsylvania and Susquehanna system, by the Delaware and Hudson, are the Lehiqh Nacigacanals extendingr from Bingham'ton and Elmira tione, 46J miles, to Mauch Chunk, and to the falls to the Pennsylvania line. All the above, except at Stoddardsville. 4lJ miles farther;- the Delaware the junction canals last mentioned, are state division of the Pennsylvania Canal, from Bristol, works. The Delaware and Hudson Canal ex- at the head of sloop -navigation on the IDelaware, tends from' the Hudson, at the mouth of the 60 miles, to Easton, where it communicates with Esopus Creek, to the Delaware, at Port Jervis, the Lehigh navigation, and with the Morris Canal, and thence up that river to the mouth of the the -Schuylkill Naviqation, from Philadelphia via Lackawaxen, along which it is continued by the Reading, to Port Carbon, 105 miles; and the Lackawaxen Canal to Honesdale, in Pennsyl- Union (Canal, from Reading westward to the vania, in the wholel110miles. The whole length Susquehanna, 82 miles. The Portage Railroad, of canals in New York is near 1000 miles. 66 miles, over the mountains from Rollidays CANALS AND RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 847 burg to Johnstown, unites the eastern division miles long. The White Water Canal extends of the Pennsylvania Canalto the Western Division, from Lawrenceburg, on the Ohio, a short distance which extends along the banks of the Kiskimin- below Cincinnati, up the White Water River to itas and the Allegany, 104 miles, to Pittsburg. Cambridge, 76 miles. These were originally The Beaver and Erie Canal extends 136 miles, state works, but have been transferred to private from the Ohio at Beaver, to Erie on Lake Erie, companies. with two branches - the French C~reek Feeder, 27 miles long, and the Franklin anal, 22 miles long. ILLINOIS. The whole lngth of canals in Pennsylvania is The Illinois and Michigan Canal is 113 miles 1280 miles, 848 of which are owned by the state, long, from Chicago to La Salle, at the head of ~and 432 by companies, steamboat navigation on the Illinois. Originally a state work, it is now in the hands of a ~~OHIO. ~company. The Ohio Canal extends 307 miles from the IEENTUCKY. Ohio, at Portsmouth, to Lake Erie, at Cleveland,KE UC. with branches to Columbus, 10 miles; to Lancas- The Louisville and Portland Canal, round the ter, and thence down the valley of the Hocking falls of the Ohio, is 24 miles in length. The Lickto Athens, 65 miles; to Zanesville, 14 miles; and ing, Kentucky, Green, and Barren Rivers have thence by the improved navigation of the Mus- been improved by dams and locks, and made kingum, to the Ohio River, 81 miles; up the navigable for a total distance of 484 miles. Walhondi ng, 25, miles. It is -also coiinected hd with the Ohio River by the Sandy and Little DELAWARE. Beaver Canal. 76 miles, having a branch of 10 miles to Canton. It is connected with the The Chesapeake and Delaware Sloop Canal, canal system of Western Pennsylvania by the connecting Delaware and Chesapeake Bays, is Pennsylvania and Ohio. or Mahoning anal, 75 14 miles long. miles in length. The Miami anal, and its x- MARYLAND. tension in- the western part of the state, is 181 miles in length from Cincinnati to efiance on The Chesapeake and Ohio Canal is 184 miles the Maumee, down which river the Wabash and long, from Cumberland to Georgetown, with a Erie Canal extends 76 miles farther, to Lake Erie. branch of 7 miles to Alexandria. The Warren C'ounty C'anal, 19 miles long, the Sidney Feed, 13 miles on, and the Star's' sVIRGINIA..mi Feeder, 1 1 miles long, are branches of the MiamiVIGNA Canal. The Ohio canals are mostly state works. The James River and Kenhawa Canal extends up the James River from Richmond, 197 miles, INDIANA. to Buchanan. The Dismal Swamp Canal and The Wabash and Erie Canal, 458 miles long, ex- branches, from Albemarle Sound to Norfolk, is tends from Toledo, in Ohio, at the entrance of the 34 miles long. Maumee into Lake Erie, to Evansville, on theSOrENSTE. Ohio, following the ciourse of the Maumee as far as Terre' Haute, and thence by the- White There are a number of short canals in these River valley. The portion in Indiana is 376 states, but none of much importance. RAILROADS. Calais and, Baring, 6 mites. Branches. Salisbury, 4'miles, Beverly to Franklin. Machiasport to Whitneyville, 9 Gloucester, 14, Salem to Marblehead, 4. miles. Boston and.2Maine. South Berwick, via BradBangor and Piscataqnis. Bangor to Oldtown, ford and Lawrence, to Boston, 74 miles. 12 miles. Branch. Rollinsford to Great Falls, 3 miles. Kennebec and LRortland. Aug-usta to Portland, f Great Falls and C'onway Great Falls to 60 miles. Z5Milton, 13 miles. Wa Branch. Brunswick to Bath, 9 miles. Cocheco. Dover to Alton Bay, 28 miles. York and C'umberland. Gorham to Portland, N~ewbnryport. Newburyport to Bradford, IS sn. 10 miles. South Reading Branch. ySouth Reading to Ski*Atlantic and St. Lawrence. Portland, via Dan- 1cm, 9 miles. ville and Mechanics Falls, to the Canada line, Essex. Lawrence to Salem, 21 miles. at Island~Pond, 150 miles. Manchester and Lawrence, 26 miles. Androscoqgin and Kennebee. Danville, via Leeds, New Hampshire Central. Manchester to H~ento Waterville, 55 miles. niker, 26 miles. Ansdroscoggin. Leeds to Livermore Falls, 20 Boston and Lowell, 26 miles. miles. Lowell, Nashua, and Wilton, 30 miles. Bmeckftdld Branch. Mechanics Falls to Buck- Concord. Nashua, via Manchester, to Concord, field, 13 miles. 35 miles. Eastern. Portland, via South Berwick, Do- Portsmouth and Concord, 47 miles. ver, Newburyport, and Salem, to Boston, 105 C'oncord and C'laremont. Concord, via Contoo miles;I. cookville, to Bradford, 25 miles. 848 RAILROADS IN THE UNITE STATES. Contoocook Valley. Contoocookville, via Hen- Champlain and St. Lawrence. Rouse's Point to niker, to Hillsboro', 14 miles. Ogdensburg, 118 miles. Northern New Hampshire. Concord to West Plattsburg and Montreal. Plattsburg to Mooer's, Lebanon, 69 miles. 20 miles. Branch. Franklin to Bristol, 9 miles. Naugatuck. Bridgeport to Winstead, 62 miles. Boston, Concord, and Montreal. Concord to Housatonic. Bridgeport to West Stokbridge, Haverhill, 80 miles. 98 miles. Fitchburg. Boston to Fitchburg, 50 miles. Danburyand Norwalk, 22 miles. Branches. Somerville to Cambridge, 3; West New ork and New Haven, 76 mics. Cambridge to Watertown, 8; West Cambridge to Long Island. Brooklyn to Greenport, 75 miles. Lexington, 11; South Acton to Lancaster and aarlem. New Yorkto Chatham, 130 miles. Sterling, 9; Groton to Peterboro' and Shirley, Hudson River. New York to Troy, 150 miles. 23; Groton to Lowell, (Stony Brook Railroad,) Hudson and Berkshire. Hudson to West Stock17 miles. bridge, 34 miles. Vermont and Massachusetts. Fitchburg, via Try and Greenbush, 6 miles. South Vernon, to Brattleboro', 69 miles. Tro, Whitehall, and Castleton, via Saratoga, 84 Branches. South Ashburnham to Bellows miles. Falls, (Cheshire Railroad,) 54 miles; to Green- Schenectady and Troy, 20 miles. field, 8. Albany and Schenectady, 17 miles. Boston and Worcester, 44 miles. Saratoga and Schenectady, 22 miles. Branches. To Brookline, 1; thence to Need- Utica and Schenectady, 78 miles. ham, (Charles River Railroad,) 8; Auburndale to Utica and Syracuse, 53 miles. Newton Lower Falls, 1; Natick to Saxonville, 5; Rochester and Syracuse, 104 miles. Framingham to Milford, 13; Grafton to Mill- Buffalo and Rochester, 76 miles. bury, 4. Watertown and Rome. Rome to Cape Vincent, Fitchburg and Worcester, 26 miles. 97 miles. Worcester and Nashua, 45 miles. Oswego and Syracuse, 35 miles. Providence and Worcester, 43 miles. Cayga and Susquehanna. Cayga to Oswego, Norwich and Worcester, 66 miles. 70 miles. Western. Worcester, via Springfield, West Canandaigua and Elmira, 67 miles. Stockbridge, and Chatham, to Albany, 156 miles. Rochester, Lockport, and Niagara Falls, 76 miles. Branches. Palmer to Belchertown and Am- Buffalo and Niagara Falls, 22 miles. herst, 10 miles; Pittsfield to North Adams, 20. Buffalo and State Line. Buffalo to the westOld Colony. Boston to Plymouth, 37 miles. ern e of the state, 69 miles. Branches. Neponset to Milton, 3 miles; Brain- Erie and North East. Western line of New tree to Cohasset, (South Shore Railroad,) 12; York to Eie, Pa. South Abington to Bridgewater, 7; South Brain- Buffalo and New York City. Attica to Hornells tree to Fall River, (Fall River Railroad,) 43; villa, 60 miles.Middleboro' to Sandwich, (Cape Cod Branch,) 28. Buffalo, Corning, and New York. Corning to Boston and Providence, 43 miles. Wayland, 45 miles. Branches. Jamaica Plains to Dedham, 6 miles; Corning and Blossburg, 40 miles. thence to Blackstone, (Norfolk County Rail- Erie. ])unkirk, via Hornellsville, Elmira, road,) 26; Canton to Stoughton, 4; Mansfield to Corning, Owego, Great Bend, to Piermont, 444 New.Bedford, (Taunton Branch and Taunton and miles. Nesa Bedford,) 31. Lackawana and Western. Great Bend to Stonington. Providence to Stonington, 50 miles. Trenton, 50 miles. t Providence, Hartford, and Fishkill. Bristol to Newvburg Branch. Oxford to Newburg, 19. Willimantic, 50 miles. Union, (late Ramapoj) Sufferns to Jersey City, New London, Willimantic, and Palmer, 66 miles. 33 miles. New London and New Haven, 50 miles. New Jersey. Jersey City, via Newark and * Canal Railroad. New Haven and North- Elizabethtown, to Trenton, 57 miles. ampton, 78 miles. Morris and Essex. Newark to Dover, 44 New Haven, Hartford, and Springfield, 62 miles. miles. Branch. Berlin to Middletown, 10 miles. New iJersey Central. Elizabethtown to Easton, Connecticut River. Springfield to South Ver- 87 miles. non, 50 miles. Trenton and Philadelphia, 30 miles. Ashuelot, South Vernon to Keene, 23 miles. * Belvidere. Trenton to Belvidere, 63 miles. Vermont Valley. Brattleboro' to Bellows Falls, Trenton Branch. Trenton to Bordentown, 6 24 miles. miles. Sullivan. Bellows Falls to Windsor, 25 miles. Camden and A mboy, 65 miles. Rutland and Burlington. Bellows Falls to Bur- Branch. To Mount Holly, 6 miles. lington, via Rutland, 120 miles. Philadelphia and Reading. Philadelphia, via Rutland and Washington. Rutland, via Castle. Reading, to Pottsville, 93 miles. ton, to 1'roy 84 miles. Mauch Chunk and Summit Hill, 9 miles. Western Fermont. Rutland to North Benning- Mine Hill. Schuylkill Haven to Fremont, 12 ton, 52 miles. miles. Troy and Boston. North Bennington to Troy, Little Schu lkill. Port Clinton to Tamaqua, 32 miles. 20 miles. Vermont Central. Windsor, via White River, Philadelphia, Germantown, and Norristown, 17 to Burlington, 117 miles. miles. Branch. Essex Junction to Rouse's Point, 52 Philadelphia and West Chester, 30 miles. miles. Cal umbia and Philadelphia, 82 miles. Passumpsic. White River to St. Johnsbury, 61. Harrisburg and Lancaster, 36 miles. RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 849 Cumberland Valley. Harrisburg to Chambers- Rome. Kingston to Rome, 20 miles. ~~~~burg, 56 miles. ~* Nashville and Chattanooga, 151 miles. Franklin. Chambersburg to Hagerstown, 22 t East Tennessee and Georgia. Dalton to Lon ~~~~~~~~miles. ~don, 82 miles. York and Cumberland. Harrisburg to York, 25 West Point and Montgomery, 88 miles. ~~~~~~miles. t ~~Mobile and Ohio. Mobile to Citronelle, 33 Pennsylvania, Eastern Division. Harrisburg to miles. ~Holliiaysburg, 135 miles. Vicksburg, Jackson, and Brandon, 60 miles. ~Portage, 32 miles. G ~Clinton and Port Hudson, 24 miles. ~Pennsylvania,~h Western Division. Connemaugh WestFliiana. Woodville to Bayou Sara, 26 ~to Pittsburg, 87 miles. miles. Philadelphia, Wilmington, and Balmore, 98 Mexican GuTf New Orleans to Proctorsville, ~~~~~~~~miles. ~27 miles. Newcastle and Frenchtown, 16 miles. New Orleans and Carrollton, 6 miles. Baltimore nd Susquehanna. Baltimor e - New Orleans, Milnesbury, and Lake Pontchartrain, lay House, to York, 57 miles. 6 miles. Westminster Branch, Relay House to Owen's Alton and Sangamon. Alton to Springfield, 70 ~~~~~~~~Mills, 9 ~miles. miles. Baltimore and Ohio. Baltimore, via Monaca- Sangamon and Morgan. Springfield to Naples, sy, Harper's Ferry, and Cumberland, to Wheel- 54 miles. ~ing~, 375 miles. ~t Milwaukie and Mississippi. Milwaukie to branch. Monacasy to Frederick, 3 miles. Palmyra, 43 miles. Winchester and otomac. Harper's Ferry to Galena and Chicago. Chicago to Rockford, 92 ~~~~~Winchester, 32 ~miles. miles. Washington Branch. Baltimore, via Elk Ridge, Branches. To Aurora, 13 miles; to Fort St. to Washington, 40 miles. Charles, 7 miles. tAnnapolis and Elk Ridge, 21 miles. Chicago and Rock River. Chicago to Ottawa, Orange and Alexandria. Alexandria to Gaines- 84 miles. ~~boro', 45 miles. ~Michigan Central. Chicago to Detroit, 278 Richmond, Frederick, andPotomac. Acqua miles. Creek, via Chesterfield, to Richmond, 75 miles. Michigan Southern. Chicago, via Adrian, to Branch, (irinia Central.) Chesterfield to Monroe, 247 miles. Charlottesville and Woodville, 77 miles. Erie and Kalamazoo. Adrian to Toledo, 33 t Richmond and Danville. Richmond to Me- miles. hb~~ermi~, 65 miles. ~Detroit and Pontiac, 25 miles. Richmond and Petersburg, 22 miles. Evansville and Illinois. Evansville to Prince~Appomattox. Petersburg to City Point, I __0 ton, 27 miles. miles. Louisville and Frankfort, 65 miles. Petersburg., Petersburg, via Hicksford, to Wel- Frankfort and Lexinqton, 29 miles. don, 64 miles. t New Albany and Salem. New Albany to JuSeaboard and Roanoke. Portsmouth to Weldon, liat, 65 miles. so miles. t Jeffersonville. Jeffersonville to Rockford, 51 aranville and Roanoke. Hicksford to Gaston, miles. 21 miles. Madison and Indianapolis, via Edinburg, 36 Gaston and Raleigqh. 87 miles. miles. *Wilmington and Weldon, 162 miles. Shelbyville Branch. Edinburg to Shelbyville, Wimngton and Manchester, 162 miles. 16 miles. South C arolina. Charleston, via Branchville, Shelbyville and Kniqhtstown, 27 miles. to Augusta, 137 miles. Shelbyville and Rushville, 20 miles. Branches. Branchville to Columbia, 67 miles; Lafayette and Indianapolis. 62 miles. to Camden, via Manchester, 37 miles. Peru and Indianapolis, 72 miles. t Charlotte and South Carolina. Columbia to Terre Haute and Richmond. Indianapolis to Ebenezer, 78 miles. Terre Haute, 73 miles. King's Mountain. Chesterville to Yorkville, 32 Indianapolis and Bellefrntaine. Indianapolis to miles. east line of the state, at Union, 83 miles. *Granville and Columbia, with branches to An- *AIdiand Central., Indianapolis to east line of derson and Abbeville, 164 miles. the state, near Richmond, 7.3 -miles. Georgi eta.SvnavaGrot Dayton and Western. From the terminus of Macon. 191 miles. the preceding to Dayton, 36 miles. Milledgeville and Gordon, I7 miles. Dayton and Greenville, 35 miles. Macon and Western. Macon to Atlanta, 101 Cincinnati, Hamilton, and Dayton, 60 miles. miles. M1ad River and Lake Erie. Dayton, via Augusta and Waynesboro', 21 miles' Springfield, to Sandusky, iSO miles. Georgia.. Augusta to Atlanta, 171 miles. Branch. Carey to Findlay, 16 miles. Branches. Camah to Warrenton, 4 miles; Un- Sandusky Mansfield andlNewark, 11 7 miles. ion Point to Athens, 40 miles.* Central Ohio. Dayton to Wheeling, via CoSouth-western. Macon, via Fort Valley, to lumbus, Newark, and Zanesville. Oglethorpe, 50 miles. Little Miami. Cincinnati, via Lovelands, to Muscogee. Fort Valley to Columbus, 70 miles. Xenia, 65 miles. Lagrange. Atlanta to West Point, 87 miles. Cincinnati and Hillsboro'. Lovelands to HillsWestern and Atlantic. Atlanta, via Kingston, boro',*7 miles. to Chattanooga, 140 miles. Columbus and Xenia, 55 miles. 107 Xenia and Springfield, 17 miles. 850 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati. Columbus I Ohio and Pennylvania. Worster, via Alliance, to Cleveland, via Grafton, 135 miles. to Pittsburg, 134 miles. tIron. Ironton to Jackson Furnace, 25 miles. leveland, Painesville, and Ashtabula. Cleveland t Cleveland and Pittsburg. Cleveland, via Alli- to Erie, 95 miles. ance, to Wellsville, 100 miles. eveland, Norwalk, and Toledo. Grafton to Branch. Hudson to Akron, 8 miles. Toledo. NOTE. A few of the above roads, marked*, are not yet entirely finished for the distance stated. A largeumber of others, marked t, have extensive continuations in progress. Other ve important roads are under way, including a line (large parts of which are already built) extending direct from Wheeling, via Columbus, Indianapelis, and Terre Haute, to St. Louis; another line, frbmn Wheeling, via Marietta, to Cincinnati, and thence, via Vincenes, to St. Louis, communicating from Wheeling with Hempstead, on the Pittsburg and Philadelphia road, and by a branch from Parkersburg, near Marietta, with the Baltimore and Ohio Road. An important syste of roads is also in progress in Illinois, extending from Cairo to Chicago and Galena. COMPARATIVE SPEED ON THE PRINCIPAL RAILROADS OF THE U. STATES, (the speed being that of the swiftest trains.) From Fish' "American Railway Guide." NOTE.-In the compilation of the following Table, the TIM set down is that spent by trains moving along the whole length of the road, and includes all the stoppages on the routes. Length. Time. Speed egbTi.Spd RAILROADS. Length. Time. peer hour. ~~~~~~~~prhu.RAILROADS. LeghTi.Spd Miles. H. m. Miles. Miles.. M. Miles. Albany & Buffalo Route.... 328 10 15 32.00 New Hampshire Central.... 26 1 280 Androscoggin & Kennebec. 82 3 30 23.43 New Haven & New London 50 2 10 23.1 Atlantic & St. Lawrence... 122 6 00 23.33 New Jersey 87 4 00 2175 Baltimore & Susquehanna.. 82 4 33 18.22 New Jersey Central.78 4 00 1950 Baltimore & Ohio.......... 282 13 45 20.51 New York & New ave 76 3 00 2533 Boston, Concord & Montreal 71 2 50 25.00 New Haven & Northampton 45 2 10 2079 Boston & Maine............ 74 3 00 24.66 N. Ha., Hart. & Springfield 62 1 5 3234 Boston & Providence....... 43 115 30.44 New London & Palmer 66 3 00 22.00 Boston & Worcester........ 45 1 25 31.77 Norfolk County35 1 30 2333 Buffalo,Corning & New York 45 2 15 20.03 Northern New Hamhire 69 2 5 2434 Buffalo & New York City... 60 3 00 20.00 Norwich & Worcester. 66 2 22 27.9 Buffailo & State Line...... 69 3 20 20.72 Northern (Ogdensburg).... 118 4 20 27.22 Camden & Amboy......... 62 2 15 27.55 Ohio & Pennsylvania. 134 7 3 1786 Canandaigua & Elnira.... 67 2 390 26.80 Old Colony..37 1 45 2.15 Central Georgia............ 191 9 15 20.65 Oswego. &Syracuse.35 1 45 20.00 Central Ohio............... 59 3 30 16.86 IPei22 1 45 1259 Champlain & St. Lawrence. 47 2 30 18.80 Petersburg....64 3 30 18.28 Cheshire....... 64 2 30 25.60 Philadelphia & Reading.. 93 3 45 24.80 Cinic.,Cleveland & Columbus 135 5 45 23.48 Phila.,Wilming. & Baltimore 98 4 00 24.50 Cimacin., Hamilton & Dayton 60 2 30 24.00 Portland,Saco & Portsmouth 51 2 15 22.66 Cincinnati & Hillsboro'. 60 3 35 16.74 Portsmouth & Concord... 47 2 00 23.50 Clevelamad & Pittsburg.. 100 5 05 19.97 Providence & Worcester.. 43 1 50 23.46 Columbia & Philadelphia.'82 4 15 19.29 Providence, Hart. & Fishkill 50 2 45 18.18 Concord... 35 1 10 29.99 Rensselaer & Saratoga... 32 1 05 19.63 Connecticut Rie. 50 2 00 25.00 Richmond, Fred. & Potomac 75 5 20 14.07 Connecticut & Passumpsic 61 2 15 27.11 Richmond & Danville.... 65 3 39 18.57 Dayton & Greenville...... 35 2 00 17.50 Richmond & Petersburg.. 22 1 45 12.59 Eastern.. 54 2 39 21.60 Roch., Lock.- & Niagara Falls 76 2 37 29.05 East Tbnnessee & Georgia. 82 4 00 20.50 Rutland & Burlington.... 120 4 15 28.02 Erie.~~~~~~~~409 17 09 27.59 Rutland & WAashington 62 1 55 32.34 Fall River.'42 1 25 29.66 Sandusky, Mans. & Newark 117 6 30 18.00 Fitchburg........... 50 1 40 3 ).12 Sangamon & Morgan 5... 4 6 09 9.00 Fitchburg & Worcester... 26 1 00 26.00 Saratoga & Schienectady.. 22 45 29.33 Galena &.Chicago Union.. 92 6 20 17.26 Saratoga & Washington.. 52 1 55 27.23 Georgia.. ~~~~~~171 10 30 16.28 Schenectady & Troy..... 20 50 24.00 Greenville & Columbia..... 94 6 00 15.66 Seaboard & Roanoke..... 80 3 30 22.86 Harlem.. 130 6 10 21.07 South Carolina........137 5 30 24.72 Housatonic......... 110 5 15 20.95 South-western........ 50 4 00 12.50 Hudson River..., 144 4 05 35.59 Stonington..593 2 00 25.00 Hudson & Berkshire...::: 34 1 40 20.36 St. Lawrence & Atla'ntic.. 96 4 39 21.33 Jeffersonville....51 4 00 12.75 Sullivan.....25 1 00 25.00 Kennebec & Portland..... 60 2 50 21.20 Terre Haute & Richmond. 73 4 25 16.60 Lackawana. & Western... 50 2 00 25.00 Vermont Central. 162 5 50 27.74 Little Miami.......... 65 2 55 22.33 Vermont & Massachusetts. 56 2 25 23.17 Long Island..95 4 39 21.11 Vermont Valley....... 24 55 216.18 Louisville & Frankfort.... 65 3 40 17.46 Virginia Centrial. —....104 7 10 14.51 Macon & Western. -—.. 101 5 15 19.24- Vicksburg,Brand. & Jackson 60 3 4.5 16.00 Madison & Indianapolis.. 86 4 15 20.23 Washington Branch. 38 1 49 22.72 Mad River & Lake Erie.. 158 9 30 16.63 Watertown & Rome..... 97 4 25 21.94 Michigan Central. —---- 278 11 05 25.27 Western.2010 7 39 26.66 Mich. South. & Nor. Indiana 247 12 00 20.58 Western Vermont. 52 1 40 31.26 Milwaukie & Mississippi 43 2 00 21.50 Western & Atlantic.....149 10 00 14.00 Montgomery & West Point 88 6 39 13.54 Wilmington & Weldon.... 162 10 30 15.42 Morris & Essex. —----—.. 44 2 38R 16.73 Wilmington & Manchester.. 44 2 45 16.00 Nashville & Chattanooga. 77 3 50 20.10 Winchester & Potomac.... 32 2 00 16.00 Naugatuck.'62 2 55 21.26 Worcester & Nashua..... 45 1 52 24.06 New Albany & Salem. 65 13 30 18:56 1 ]OUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. NICARAGUA ROUTE. CAPE HORN ROUTE. From New York to San Juan del Norte, at the From New. York to California, via Cape Horn, mouth of the San Juan River, otherwise called is about 14.700 miles. This distance is made by Gretown is 2000 mniles. From New Orleans clipper ships in from 100 to 130 days. Ordinary the istance is about 1400 miles. There is a merchant ships are from one to two months good pier at Greytown, at which passengers can longer. land without trouble, or they can pass directly The expense by all these routes for first class into the river steamers, which ascend 52 miles to passengers is from $250 to $350 each; steera the Castillian Rapids. Here is a short portage passengers $150 to $200. of about 300 yards, the rapids not admitting the passage of steamers. Above the rapids to San OVERLAND ROUTE. Carlos, at the head of the river, is 27 miles. Thence across Lake Nicaragua to Virgin Bay is There are two principal starting-places for this 42 miles. From Virgin Bay to San Juan del route, St. Joseph, Mo., a few miles above Fort Sd. on the Pacific Ocean, is a land journey of Leavenworth, and Council Bluffs, a short dis13 miles, to facilitate which a plank road has tance N. of She entrance of the Platte into the been constructed. The Transit Company have Missouri. The road from Council Bluffs for now on the river and lake seven small steamers, 800 nmiles up the N. side of Platte River is the and others building, and the passage of the Isth- best natural one in the world. The elevation is mus, 135 miles in the whole, is accomplished in less than 12 feet to the mile. The water coming about40 hours,- a time which will be consider- from the high lands is firesh and cool. Grass is ably diminished when the new boats are readly. abundant, and on the river bottom two weeks From San Juan del Sud to San Francisco is about earlier than on the route over the plains from St. 2800 miles, making the whole distance fiom New Joseph, on the other side of the river. Timber, York about 5000 miles. This is accomplished in "1buffalo chips," and mineral coal are found suffifrom 22 to 128 days, being the- shortest and most cient to supply travellers. The large a~nount of expeditious route to California. Steamers by travel to California, Oregon, and Utah makes it this route leave New York, New Orleans, and a great national thorouglhfare. Over 100,000 San Francisco once a fortnight, on the 1st and souls have already travelled this road since the 15thi of each month. discovery of gold in California. The passage from Council Bluffs can be safely made, with PANAMA ROUTE. ~wagons drawn by mules or oxen, in, from 60 to 90 days, at an expense of not over $100 for FromNew orkto Apinwll r Nay Ba, aeach passenger. If emigrants conduct themselves few miles eastward of Clhagres, via Kingston, Ja- properly, no danger need be feared from aay Inmaica, (the mail route,) is about 2300 miles. Via dian tribes through which the road pas~ses. All Havana the distance is about 2400 miles. From necessary outfits and supplies can be had at New Orleans to Aspinwall is 1400 miles, or via Kanesville and Council Bluffs. An accurate GenHavana, 1650. A fine pier has been constructed eral IDirectory has been published by J. HI. Colton, at Aspinwvall, to which the steasners come, the 86 Cedar Street, Newv York, and a Mormon passengers and freight being placed directly in the Guide, by Mr. Clayton. which wvill give the emicars of the railroad which is to extend to Pana- gatllncsryinomtn.Tefrsfth ma, 49 miles. About 30 miles of the road are American Fur Company and of the United already finished, and the whole will be by the States are usually prepared to render any aid spring of 185-3. From Panama, touching at Ac- needed by travellers. Aid has also been furapulco, San Diego, and Monterey, the distance nished at the California end of the route at the is 3400 miles, making the entire route frotn New expense of the state of California. York to San Francisco. via Kingston, 5750 miles, DITNEFRMCU IL]UFS or via Havana, 5850. First class steamers em- DSACSFO ONI LFS ployed on this route leave New York, New Or- Miles. Miles. leans, and San Francisco on the 5th and 20th of Buffalo Creek,.239 239 each mouth. Time, from 25 to 30 days. From Ptah Lake,.29 268 San'Francisco to Astoria, ait the mouth of the Last Timber,.38 306 Columbia River, (distance 700 miles,) there is a North Bluff Creek,.. - 19 325 semi-monthly mail steamer. Wolf Springs,... 18 348 852 ROUTES TO CALIFORNIA AND OREGON. Duck Creek,.7 350 TO SALT LAKE CITY. Lone Tree... 30 380 Ancient Bluff Ruins,.44 424 Same as above to East Junction of Chimney Rock,. 21 445 Salt Lake Road,..847 Scott's Bluffs, Capitol -/ills, 23 468 Junction to Fort Bridger,.. Ill 958 Raw Hide Creek,. 41 509 Fort Bridger to Salt Lake City,.113 1071 Platte River Ferry,. 11 520 Salt Lake City to West Junction of FORT LARAMIE,.2 522 California Road,...176 1247 Miller's Peak,.. 51.573 Graystone Bluff,.. 30 603 T RGN Sandstotie Bluff,..9 612 T RGN River Fou-rche Boiss6,. 15 627. Same as above to Junction of OreAvenue Rock,..64 691 gon Road,. 1050 Willow Springs,.9 700 Or, via Salt Lake City..1074 ROCK INDEPENDENCE,. 21 721 Fort Hall. 49 1099 Devil's Gate,.6 72 7 Pannack Riyer...12 1111 Ice Springs... 45 7 72 American Falls,. 10 1121 Three Lakes. 23 795 Raft River. 19 1140 Quaking Asp Creek,..8 803 Rock Creek.78 1218 SOUTH PASS,. 20 823 Chute or Salmon Fall River,.28 1246 JUNCTION OF SALT L AK E ROAD, 24 847 Crossing Snake River,.. 40 1286 Big Sandy Creek,.8 855 Fort Boisse',.130 1416 Clay Mound,.3 858 Malheur River. 29 1445 Green River,.47 905 Burnt River. 43 1488 Lost River,. 14 919 Powder River. 40 1528 Quaking Asp Grove,. 40 959 GRAND RONDE. 28 1556 Fort Bridger Road,. 12 971 Blue Mountains,... 17 1593 Two Bluffs. 8 9719 Walla-Walla, on Columbia River, 78 1651 Cold Spring. 12 991 Umnatillah River,.. 25 1676 Bear River:. 16 1007 John Day's River. 70 1746 Same, via Fort Bridger Road, 63 1034 Falls River,.. 20 1766 Deep Creek,.5 1012 Dalles of the Columbia,..20 1786 Indian Creek.. 12 1024 Cascades. 51 1837 Beer or Soda Spring,. 20 1044 Fort Vancouver. 53 1890 JUNCTION OF OREGON ROAD, 6 1050 OREGON CITY'.34 1924 Or, via.Salt'Lake City,.. 1074 Head of Humboldt River,. 279 1329 Sinkof Hmbolt Rier,31 16 ALTITUDES OF THE PRINCIPAL POINTS O-N Sumit of Sierrad Nievad,. 211 1871 THESE ROUTES, ABOVE THlE OCEAN. Sacramento City,. 140 2011 ConilBufstbut'0 San Francisco,.150 2161ConiBlfsabu..90 Fort Laramie,. 4100 NUMBER AND LENGTH OF THE SEVERAL South Pass,. 7100 DESERTS WITHOUT FEED OR WATER, OR Fort Bridger.. 4500 EITHER. Salt Lake City,.. 4100 From Big Sandy to Green River, without From Salt Lake City to Sink of Carson's water,.. 9 River. 4000 to 5000 From Big Sandy to Green River, without Summit of Sierra Nevada,.7200 grass,.. 53 Sacramento.. -100 From a point on Humboldt River to a point on the same, without either,.. 28 N. B. The distances from St. Joseph are about ]?rom Sink of Humboldt River to Carson 128 miles greater. The distance'of Council l4iver, without either,. 69 Bluffs from New York, via Chicago, Dubuque, From j.point on Carson River, to a point Galena, Cedar Rapids, and Fort Des Moines, is on the same, without either,.. 26 1511 miles. GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. 85~] GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. THIs Table comprises the distances to and from some of the most important points in the United States. It was prepared in October, 1851, by authority of the government, for the regulation of PLACE.' 4 payments for travel to persons employed in the public i {'. service. It is, doubtless, of great accuracy, and will bo I ~: ] J j ] i serve, in this work, instead of a repetition of _ _ _ o 0. the distances under the respective places.__] t I ] \ ]-. mentioned, and be much more conAugusta, Me. 0- I I \ veinient for general reference. Portland, 64 0 - ( n Concord, N. H. 212 148 0- (See next page.) Portsmouth, " 116 52 131 0-.! a Montpelier, Vt. 344 280 132 263 01-. Woodstock, " 294 23[ 82 213 58 0- 0{ o Boston, Ms. 171 107 76 55 218 158 0-_ P 3 Worcester, "216 152 89 100 192 142 45 0,. Providence, R.I. 214 150 119 98 251 231 43 44 0-( { { [ Newport, " 243 179 148 127 280 230 72 73 29 0!. { | | Hartford, Ct. 296 232 1631 189 211 161 125- 801 1241 153 0 Zj: " * New York, N. Y. 387 323 273 271 324 274 216 193 173 182 l3 } | { ~0. Albany, " 371 3971 235 255 211 132 201) 1.55 199 229! 127 1441 n I a I - 4 Buffalo, " 698 634 5621 582 5.51 426 527. 482/ 52,.555 454 4711 327 0-} E- C { t Syracuse, " 519 455 383 433 326 247 348 313 347 37i3 27.5 232 148! 179 0 I - 4 Trenton, N. J. 447 383 333 331 384 334 276 253 233 242 173 60 204{ 531 352 -'O Harrisburg, Pa. 584 52) 470) 468 521 471 413 39( 370 379 310 197 3411 668 489 137 0 - Philadelphia, " 477 413 363 361 414 3641 336 283 2131 272, 231 90 234.561,3l 3' 3-1 107 0. Erie, 788 724 6.52 672 595 516 617 5729 6161 6451 5441 514 4171 90 2691 472 335i 442i Pittsburg, " " 787 723 373 671 724 674 616 593 5731 5821 513 401 5441 222 4311 3401 2031 3101 Dover, De. 555 491 441 439 492 442 384 361l 341 35i 281 168I 312 639 4601 108 185' 78i Wilmington, " 597 443 393 391 444 394 336 313 2931 321 233 1231 264 591 4121 601 l37 301 Baltimore, MId. 579 515 465i 463 516 466 4981 385 365 374 305 192 336 663 484 132 84{ 10o2 Annapolis, " 616 5.52 532 500 553 5931 4451 4221 492 411 342 229 373 700 521 169 l2l1 1391 Washington,D.C.- 619 555 595 503 5.56 5)6 4481 425 40)5 414 345] 23? 376 703 524 172 1241 11421 Richmond, Va. 749 68.5 635 633 686 636 578 5.55 5351 544 475 362 506 833 654 302 2541 272> Wheeling, " 888 824 774 772 825 775 717 694 674 683] 614 501 645 278 457 441 259'1ll Norfolk, " 779 715 6651 663 716 666 68 58.51,565 574 595 3321 536 863 681 332 2S41 9/' Lynchburg, " 896 832 782 781 833 783 72.5 7021 682 691 622.509 65)3 989 801 449 401 4) 1,1. Raleigh, N.C. 924 8631 810 898 861 811 75.1 731 710 719 659 5371 6811008 829 477{ 4291 44 Columbia,. C. 1310 1246 1196 1194 1247 1197 1139 11l6 1096 1105 1036 923,1 67139425 863 811 8 Charleston, " 1177 1113 1063106l11114 1064(1006 983 963 972 903 7991 93411261 1082S 730 682 7001 Milledgeville, Ga.1474 1410136')13581411136 1133 128112691)263 12001087 231'15.58'1379)1027 979 9971 Savannah, " 1287122311731171122411741116 109310731108~ 1013 93011)044:137111192 8491 792 SWt Tailahassee, Fa. 1693 1629 1579 1577 1639 158) 1522 1099 1479 1488 1419 1396 1450 17771 1598 1246 11981l2611 St. Augustine," 163811574 1524 1522 1575 1525 1467 1444l 1424 1433 1364 12.51 1i39.51 722 1543 1191 1143 1161 i Pensacola, " 1920 1856 1896 1834 1857 1837 1749 1726 1706 1715 1646 1533 1677 2304 18255 1473 142.511 13! Tdiscaloosa, Aa.1813 1749 1699{16971753 17007 1642 16191599 16')8l1539 1426i 1570{1897 1718 136613l81ll3.36I Mobile, " 18631799174917471800 17 fi1169216691649 16.5815891476 16201947 1768 14161368 13861 Huntsville, "1892 1738 1688 1686 1739 1689 1631 1698 1588 1597 1528 1415 1559 188611707 1355 1397 13251 Vicksburg, Mi. 1999 1926 1876 1874 1927 1877 1819 1796 1776 1785 1716 1603 1747 1638 1817 1543 1495151{3 Natchez, " 231322492199219722.5322)31214221192399{210S2939{1926 20)791741192){18661818'1836; Jackson, "1944 18801839) 1828 1881 1831 1773 17501 173911739 1670 15.57 1701 1684 1863 149711449114671 New Orleans, La. 2027 1963 1913 1911 1964 1914 1856 1833 1813 1822 1753 1640 1784 2027 1932 1589 15321155o' Shreveport, " 252712463 2413 2411 2464 241412356 2333 2313 2322 2253 2140 12284 2981 2432 2081 2)322050o Baton Rouge," 21582094 2044 2)422)952)45 1987 1964 1944 1953 1884 1771 1915 1896 2963 1711 1663116811 Nashville, Te. 1761 1697 1647 1645 16981161811590 1567 154711.556 1487 1374 15181 782 96111314 1266i112841 Memphis, " 18893 1816 174411764 1687 1618 1709 16641170811737 1636 16961 l59 1182 1361 1415 1233,1385' Frankfort, Ky. 1244 1183 1108 1128 1051 972 1073 1028 1072 1101 1090 970 8731 546 725!1031 5971 749! Lo4isville, " 1295 1231 115691117911102 112311124 107911123 1152 105111021 924! 571 77611081 6481 8001 Cleveland, O. 898 834 762 782 705 626 727 682 726 755 6.541 671 527 290 379 684 335, 4421 Columbus, " 1033 969 871 917 840 761 862 817 861 890 789 896 662 3351 514 819 3861 538i Circinnati, " 11531108910171037 9631 881 982 937 9811010 9,09 926 782 455 634 939, 5061 658 Indianapolis, Ia. 1214 1153 1078 1098 1021 942 1043 998 1042 1071 970 940 843 516 695 1000 567 719 New Albany, " 1298{1234{1162118211105}10261127{1082}1126115.51054{1024 927 600 779[1084 6,51 893 Logansport, " 123111167109.,S1115 1038 959{106091015[1059/1088 987 1004 860 533 712 1064 638 791) Vandalia, Is. 1389 1316,1244 1264 1187 1108 1129 1164 1238 1237 1136 1106 1009 682 86111166 733; 88,5 Springfield, " 1426 1362 1299 1310 1233 1154 1255 1210 1254 1283 1182 1152 1055 728 907 121 779 931 Chicago, " 12331169109711117{104,9 9611106211017 1061 1099 989100.16 862 5335 71410661 713J1096. JeffersonCity,Mo. 1695 1631 1559 1579 1502 1423 152411479115231 1552 1451 1421 13241 9947 1176 1481 1048 1200 St. Louis, " 1564 1510 1428 1418 1371 1292 1393 1348 1392 1421 1320 1299 1193 86 1045 1359 917i 10)69 Detroit, Mn. 965 901 829 8491 772 693 794 749 793 822 721 738 594 267 446 798 4451 828 Lansing, " 108111017 94.5 965{ 888 899 910.865 909 938 837 8.54 710 383 562 914 5611 944 Little Rock, As. 2330 2266121941221421371202812159211412158{2187{2986 29,f56 1959 1632{1811l18.65168311835I Austin, Ts. 2698 2634 25,4 2582 26352585 2527 2504 24848249324242311 245.5 2698:2603 22.51 2203 2221 Galveston, " 2427 2363i2313 2311 2364 2314 22562233 2213 22222153 204) 2184 2427 2332 1980 19321950 Madison, Wn. 140811344 12721129211215 1136 1237 1192 1236 1265 1164 1181 1037 710 88911241 8881271 MilWaukie, " 13271263 1191 121111341055115611ll 11551184 1083 1100 956 629 8081169 807:l190 Iowa City, Io. 1480 1416 1344 1364 1287 1208 1309'1264 1338 1337 123612-53 11091 782{ 961 13131 96011343 Dubuque, " 1444 1389 1338 1328 1251 1172 12731228 1272 1301 1200 1217110731 7461 92.5 12771 92411307 St. Paul's, Ma. 17691170516331165315761497 1598155315971626115251154213981107111250{1602.1249,1632 854 GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. LENGTH AND BREADTH OF THE ITED STATES. The extent of the Atlantic coast of the United States, in round numbers, and measuring from headland to headland, from Calais, at the head of Passamaquoddy Bay, to Key West, is 16)0 miles. If the bay coasts and minor sinuosities were included, the distance would be twice as great. The coast of the Gulf of Mexico, measured in the same way, from Key West to the mouth of the Rio del Norte, is 1300 miles. The Pacific coast is 1200 miles, and the lake coast of the north 1230 miles; making, in the whole, 5300 miles of coast bounding on navigable waters. The land boundary between Mexico and the United States is upwards of 1300 miles in extent that between the British possessions and the United States upwards of 1600 miles. Both these land frontiers, throughout almost their entire extent, are a complete wilderness. The greatest extent of the United States, from north to south, is from the forty-ninth degree of north latitude to the mouth of the Rio del Norte, 1600 miles in anair line. The breadth, from Passamaquoddy Bay to the mouth of the Columbia River, is 2)00 miles, and from Charleston to San Diego, 1750. Area, as estimated by the superintendent of the census, 3,200,000 square miles. PRINCIPAL ELEVATIONS. - Lake Superior, 641 feet above the level of. the sea; Council Bluffs, 912; 8ources of the Mississippi, 1400; Blue Ridge, 150; Aleghany Mountains, (main ridge,) 2530; Green Mountain range, 33)00; Catskill'Mountains, 380; Peaks of Otter, 4260; Ft. Laramie, 4079 Adirondack Mountains, 500; Mt. Washington, (White Mountains,) 6234; Santa Fe, 680; South Pass, 7085; Passes of the Sierra Nevada, 7200; highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains, 15,003. To find the distance between ny two places, look on the PLACE. page on which the names of both places are found, one I at the. top'and the other on the side; and in the.~~ -~~,~~ I angle where tseir lines meet the distance Erie, Pa. 0 ( n p Pittsburg, " 132 0- O I ( nex pg. Dover, De. 52q 388 0 — b C Wilmington, 472 340 48 0 | Baltimore, Md. 417 285 12( 72 Annapolis, 436 304 157 109 37 0.. Washington,D.C 439 397 160 112 40 43 0- _ - Richmnond, Va. 569 437 290 242 170 173 130 0 Wheeling,- " 188 56 429 381 3 328 331 461 0 Norfolk, "617 485 329 272 290 237 240 150 59 0Lynchburg, " 716 584 437 389 317 320 277 147 68 297 0 0 N. C. 744 61 465 417 345 1348 305 175 636 273 322 o Coumia 8.0.1133 99 851 893 731 734 691 5611022 553 708 253 0- Cd Charleston "1 997 86.5 718 670 598 601 558 428 889 423 575 314 133 0- Milledgeville, Ga. 1294 11621015 967 895 898 8,55 725 1186 717 872 611 240 297 0- 4_ Savannah, " 1107 975 828 783) 708 711 668 538 999 5310 6895 424 243 110 1897 0 Tallahassee, Fa. 15131381 12341186111411171074 94414915 9361991 839 649 516 2531 496 * St. Augustine,Fa. 1458 1326 1179 1131 1059 1062 1019 889 1359 881111036 775. 594 461 538~ 351 285 Pensacola, It 2158 2096 1461 1413 1341 1344 1301 1171 2040 116311318 10571 748 743 461 614 2471 Tuscaloosa, Aa. 1633 1501 1354 1306 1234 1237 1194 1064 1525 )1056:1211 950 641 6,36 3.54.597 533 Mobile, "2l012039lIO04l356l2841287l244lll419831lO6il26l 10-90 691 686 494 557 58,1 Huntsville, "1622149~91343129512231226118310531.514194511260 939 630 625 459 6313 621Vicksburg, Mi. 1548 1486 1531 1483 1411 1414 1371 1241 1430 1233 13881127 818 813 531 684 71~ Natchez, is 1651 1589 1854 180,6 1734 1737 1694 1564 1533 1556.171114,59,1141 1136 854 1007 103~ Jackson, "1594 1532 148.51437 1365 1368 13253119.51476 1187 13421l081. 772 767 485.638 66~ New Orleans, La. 1937 1875 1568 1523 1448 14,51.1498 1278 1819 1270j1425j1 164~ 8.55 850 568 7211 747 Shreveport, 1921 1929 2.968 2029 1948 1951 19918 1778 1,873 1770 1925.1664 135-5 1350 1068 P'221 1121 Baton Rouge, "18961744169916511579 15821539 1409 168814')1 15561295 986 981 699 852 ~87 Nashville, Te. 692 630 13)2 12.541182 1185 1142 1012 574 10341159 898 589 584 409 5621 58 Memphis, ", IC92 10'30 1403 13.55 1283 1332 1305 129) 974 1282 1437 1176.- 867 8621 687 840 Frankfort, KY. 456 394'767' 719 647 666 669 7.99 338 847 946 974,1363 122711524 13371 14 Louisville, 5(17 445 818 770 698 7-17 720 8.50 389 898 997 1025 1411 1278 1575 1388 1 79 Cleveland, 0.1110 132 520 472 417 436 4,39 569 144 617 716 7441130 99711294 10071 15 Columbus, " I245 183 556 508 436 455 458 5i18 127 636 7 3.5 763 1149 11,330613 Cincinnati, S" 365 3.13 676 628 5,56 575 578 708 247 756 8.5.5 88312691136:143311461 15~ Indianapolis, Ia. 426 364 737 689 617 636 639 769 398 817 916 944 1330 1197 1494 1337 171. New Albany, "1 510 448 821 773 701 723 723 853 392 93)1100010281414 1281115781391 17.9 Logansport, 11-486 43.5 838 760 688 707 710 849 379 888 987 1015 1491 1268i 1565113718 1784 Springfield, " 638 576 949 901 829 848 8.51 981.523 10n291112811156 1542 1409917('6 15191 199.5 Chicago, "'488 510 1174 1126 1198 123.5 1238 1368 583 1398 1o515o143 1929 17196:1093 l936Q2314 JeffersonCity,Mo. 907 845 1218 1170 1098 1117 112011250 789, 1298 1l397l1425311811 1678,1975,17889 St. Louis, It 776 71410871039 967 986 9891119 6.58 1167 1266'1294116891547,1844 16517 236 Detroit, Mn. 220 242 906 858 933 967 973 1100 315 1130112471'1275 1661 1528:182.5 1638i 214 Lansing, "336 3.58 1022 974 1046 1083 1086 1216 431 1246 1363 1391 1777 16441; 941 17.54I2! 6 Little Rock, As. 1542 1480 1853 1835 1733 1752 17.55 1740 1424 1732 1887 1626 1317 1,3l11.I37 12933 131 Austin, Ts. 2608 2546 2239 2191 2119 2122 2079 194k 2490 1941 2396 183.5 1526 1521 1239 1392 141 Galveston, " 2337 2275 1966 1920 1848 18,51 1838 1678 2219I 1670 1825 1564 12.55 12501 968 1121 114 Madison, Wn. 663 685 134911301 1373 1410 1413 1543 642 151731690 1718 2104 1971i2268 2381 248 Milwaukie, " -582 6341268 1220 1292 1329~1332 1462 561 1492160,916372923 18902187 2000 240 Iowa City,' Io. 73.5 75711421 1373 1445l14821148.5 1615 839 1645 1762 1793 21761234312-341021.53 255 Dubuquie, "1 699 7211 1385 1337 1409 1446 1449 1679 741639 1726 1754 2140129937 2304121 1725. St. Paul's,, Ma. 11024 104611710 1662 1734 177111774,1904,1119,1984 2051.2079i246&5!233212629t244' 2:284 GRAND DISTANCE TABLE. 855 LENGTH OF SOAIE OF TEE PRINCIPAL MYE1RS IN, TIE UNKIED STATES. Miles. Miles. Missouri, (including the Lower Mississippi, Susquehanna, 680 which is 1290,)... 4100 Appalachicola, (including the Chattahoochee,) 440 Arkansas,... 1550 Delaware,.. 350 Upper Mississippi,.1390 Connecticut,.. 350 Ohio, (including the Alleghany,) 1059 Hudson..320 Tennessee,... 720 Potomac..310 Del Norte... 1559 James..300 Oregon or Columbia, (inc. Lewis's River,) 1400 Penobscot..275 St. Lawrence, (including the great lakes,) 2330. Kennebec..10 PLACE. The anrangement of the table in its present form, with the additions thereto, was made by the En author of this volume. St. Augustine'Fa. I 0 - Pensacola, 5,32 0'1 Tuscaloosa, Aa. 858 2741 0 Mobile, 9198 57! 217j 00 Huntsville, "19.34 496 252' 439 0 V'icksburg, Mi. 1~035 610' 233 533 42') 0j-, Natchez, " 1358 597i 290 49 486[ 03 0 Jackson, -989 6 187 599 374 46 112 0 New Orleans, La.l1072 221 381 164 603 389! 986:4.56 0 I C- t Shrevenort, "1657271 88l 664 1103' 4431'1489':aton~~~ C~ue Baton ouge" 3120 6 359 45 295 641 2.58! 163' 33)4 131i 360: 0 -! Nashville, Te 9 01, 112 693, 1136 961 0 [emp h i s, ~~~~~~ 1 66t. -. 401082'13:.1!! i!i Memphis, "111911 661 24 1009 257 4.5i59 256 8b 899 71427 87 Frankfort, Ky. 168817161 890:1659 362i110612'9 10.52 1405 15491364 250 651; 0Louisville, 1 1739 16511 825 1.594 29710411 11441,871439148414 19 185 51 6.5 0 Cleveland,,585 3.5 39ii i~] O. 146582 482 19992 191 694 14381541 41484 1827.1881 1696 582 9822 346, 7 Columbus, "11477 19131087,155 55091303 1406 1349 169217461561 447 817: 2l1 262: 13 Cincinnati, "11.59711793{ 967:1991! 4-311l83I28 61 1292l721626144 1297 727j 91[ 142! 2.55 2 1920 Indianapolis, Ia 165S' 1787! 9O1l1739 433117712,8:'1223 1666 1621142.5 391 721- 141: 136 326! 181' 191 New Albany, 1" 1742 16.5{4 828' 15971 3901104411471090 1433 1487 1302 189, 58,8 68! 3 4'01 965 145 Logansport, "11729 18.38 1032 1831 5o41124&13351!1294 1637 1691 1503 3092 792 212 2971 376' 262 Vandalia, Is.182414 719 1488 736 35;1038 9811321 378 1193 716 284 21 49 34 357 Springfield, "1 18791.568 742 1.11 759 9.581061110041347:1491 1216 739q 59 431t 366; 618i 628! 50 Chicago, "22.57 18081 9821751 99911198;13)1112411.587:1643ll46 070 7426 616! 378, 4.56 9 JeffersonCity,Mo. 2139 16')2 776 15453 793 992 1(,9)10381381,14351251 773 636 46 4 St. Louis, "1 209814711 64.5 1414 662 861 $641 997:125(')13')41119 612 403. 334i 269; 715[ 5311 411 Detroit, Mn.11989 207612 90 2119, 761 1466156901 512185.519191724 601191 413! 464! 110) 188I I 2 Lansing, "1210652)4901214'1983] 877 1439 15333 147611819:1874 1688 765 9745 629, 589; 226' 3944 Little Rock, As.[1641 1172 69001113 67 4501l001 0305143212971 432 Little Rock, As 17 t)[ 562 665 1 68 95 1 1:)05 82:) 4 Austin, Ts. 1743 892'1052' 83512741061 99571106 67111171 80217.531516216611012198!23632243 Galveston, "11472] 6211 781' 561 1903! 7890 686' 83.5' 409 909) 563114821245 189.5 1830 2227 2092 1972 Madison, Wn.'2432175S 10321701 1049,12181315t1294'1637:16911f561)29 792 721) 6561 553. 631l 76,~ Milwaukie, "123.51119021076 1845 1093'1292139531338 1681i17315)5)11073 836' 765 700i 472 55] 6841 Iowa City, o.223')4118111 985 17541002 1291!13r41247 159f)16141439 982 745; 674{ 6'99 62.51 703 7651 Dubuque, "12468,1841:101 178410321231'1334t12771621,167414391012 775; 7041 639, 589 667 781 St. Paul's, Ma.127932166.1349.2109 1357i 15561659,1602i1945i1999 1814 1337 11I)9 1129: 9641 914, 992 1106 o The latitude and longitude of the PLACE. ce / d several places named in this table will be found in the.I e. l~ I a,table of latitudes and.1ilongitudes. Z;1 I'C I il Indianapolis, Ial 0 I co New Albany, "1 139 01 > C VLog~ansport, "I71 2c10 0. Vandalia,' Is. 166 216 2371 0:Springfield, " 212 363! 283 87. 0 I o Chicago, " 452 223 152 327 249 0 JeffersonCity,Mo. 371 397 442! 2)351 228 468 0 St. Louis, "1 249 266 131.741 97 337 131 0Detroit, Mn. 337 467 2o6 5935 608 268 736 69.5 0 4 Lansing, 311 583 2311 559' 472 232 1 5 116 01-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~33 42 3 ~66 16 Little Rock, As. 1171 103811212.929921296 5 4919:0 Austin,'Ts 2237 2104'2318 1995 2118 2268 29652 1921 2.526'249 116221 o 0 Galveston, " 1966 1833 9137 1724 1747 1987 1781 16-509 2552) 1 9 1 3.31 271 0 9!0 Madison, Wn. 317 65~3 327 377 2991 176 418' 387 443. 4.)712192 21082037 0 Milwaukie,'~398 697 246 42!349 61410236263"01 81 0~ Iowa City, Io. 424 6)6 399 299 212 247 471 349) 515 479ll1 95 226l111990 213 294 0' Dubuque,' 85 3 6 36)i 273 211,501 370 479 44312252290029 114 1 99 St. Pauil's, Ma. 81.9611 6881 6835 508, 636 826, 6956 894, 768'15;30 2616 23461 385, 466 46C,2! 3631 APPENDIX. No. 1. —VALLEJO, CA., SOLANO CO. No. 2. —SALT LAKE CITY, UIIH. Capital of the state of California. In con- This city and setlement of the Mormons is situsideration that this should be made the cap- ated at an elevation of more than 4000 feet on ital of the state, General Vallejo and his as- the River Jordan, a tributary of Great Salt Lake,. sociates agreed to convey to the state 156 at the foot of the western slope of the Wahsateh acres of land, and to expend within two years Mountains, an extensive chain of lofty hills, form$370,000 in providing public buildings. This ing a portion of the E. boundary of what is known place is beautifully situated on the sides of as the " Great Interior Basin," of North Amerilofty hills, which rise with a gradual undulation ca. The Mormon communion was first organfrom the waters of the Straits of Napa, just at ized in 1830, under the auspices of Joseph Smith, their entrance into San Pablo Bay, about 30 the prophet and founder, and after a temporary miles E. of N. from San Francisco, 8 N. of W. residence at Kirtland, O., was removed to Jackfrom Benicia, 100 S. W. from Sacramento, and son co., Missouri, where by divine revelation, as about the same N. W. from Stockton. It can Smith alleged, and the Mormons believed. the be approached by the largest sea vessels, and " Saints," as they called themselves, were directed through the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers to build a magnificent temple, according to a plan easily communicates with the whole mining to be divinely communicated to Smith. The district. In its neighborhood, on the Napa and corner stone was laid, but a strong excitement Sonoma, is one of the best farming districts in was raised against them, and they were compelled the state. In addition to a commanding view to remove to Caldwell co., on the opposite bank of the beautiful valley of Napa, with its enclo- of the Missouri, whence they were soon after sure of sheltering hills, the perspective embraces obliged to fly to Illinois, where they founded the the slopes of Benicia, the Straits of Carquinez, city of Nauvoo. Here they lived and flourished the verdant hills and valleys of Martinez, with for several years, and completed the erection of Mare Island, the Bay of San Pablo, and in the a temple, but in 1844, a strong popular excitefar distance Telegraph Hill, dotted with white ment was raised against them, they were atacked houses. by an armed force, and their prophet and his The Capitol stands on an eminence command- brother Hiram, having submitted to be arrested, ing a wide range of prospect. It is of plain and were barbarously murdered in the jail of Carsimple design, and will afford ample accommo- thage. During the year 1845, these persecutions dations. The main entrance is by a bold flight continued, and the Mormons, finding their conof steps extending the full breadth of the build- dition no longer tolerable, resolved to abandon ing, and surmounted by a lofty portico. The Nauvoo, and to seek an asylum elsewhere. For lowest story or basement, which is of solid this purpose great sacrifices of property were mason work; contains a hall intended for law made, and in February,'1846, a portion of them courts, about 70 feet in length, 40 in breadth, crossed the Mississippi, and formed a rendezvous and 12 in height, well lighted, with 10 massive near Montrose, in Iowa. Here they remained pillars to sustain the upper halls. The first exposed to intense cold and deep snows till floor, to which the main entrance leads, by a March, when, being joined by several hundred spacious hall, is to be the session room of the wagons and a large number of women and chilHouse of Assembly. It has about the same pro- dren, they organized under the leadership of Brigportions as the story below it, and a ceiling about ham Young, who was recognized as president of 20 feet high. It is lighted by 14 large windows. the church and the prophetical successor of JoFrom the entrance hall, at either side, a broad seph Smith. winding staircase leads to the senate room, which In their progress westward, being prohibited is of the same size as the assembly room, and by cruel threats from passing through the settled equally well lighted. The house also contains, districts of Northern Missouri, they suffered great at either side of the entrance halls, committee hardships in traversing the then uninhabited wilrooms, the governor's room, and other state apart- derness of Northern Iowa; but in the course of the ments. The apartments for the different state summer they reached the banks of the Missouri, officers are separate from the main building. where they enclosed land and planted crops, on the They are large and well furnished, with rather site of the present town of Kanesville, still occumore space than would seem necessary for state pied as a Mormon settlement and forwarding stapurposes. tion for emigrants. As they were about to cross In the vicinity of the Capitol there are some the river to pursue their journey, leaving a de12 hotels of large size and ample accommoda- tachment to watch and gather the crop, they retions. ceived a requisition from the government of the 108 858 APPENDIX. United States for 500 men for the Mexican war, streams, sometimes of considerable magnitude. -a demand their compliance with which inter- The soil, formed chiefly from the disintegration rupted their progress for the season. Those who of the felspathic rock mixed with detritus of remained, being principally old men, women, limestone, is of the most fertile character, and and children, were compelled to pass the winter owing to its loose and porous texture it absorbs amid great sufferings and privations, in huts of water in large quantities. The streams, which logs, and caves dug in the river bank. In the come rushing down the mountain sides, when spring of 1847, they again organized, and on the they reach the plain below dwindle soon into in8th of April, a pioneer company of 143 men, significant rivulets, and are presently swallowed 72 wagons, 175 head of horses, mules, and oxen, up and lost. Cultivation is therefore circumand provisions for six months, started to seek a scribed within very narrow limits, being restricted home beyond the Rocky Mountains. Crossing generally to a strip of from one to two miles those mountains bv the South Pass, about the wide along the base of the mountains, beyond end of July they reached the valley of the Great which the water does not reach. On the E. side Salt Lake, where a piece of land was selected, of the Salt Lake valley, the land susceptible of consecrated by prayer, and planted with crops, irrigation stretches along the western base of the and the nucleus was thus formed of the present Wasatch Mountains. from about 80 miles N. of territory of Utah. Soon after, the ground was Salt Lake City to about 60 miles S. of it; the surveyed and laid out into streets and squares for latter portion embracing, towards its terminus, a large, city, and for protection against the In- the fertile valley of Lake Utah. This is a beaudians, a fort or enclosure was erected by means of tiful sheet of pure fresh water, 30 miles in length, houses made of logs and sun-dried bricks, con- and about 10 in breadth, abounding in fine fish, nected with each other, and opening into a large principally speckled trout of great size and good square. In October the colony was strengthened flavor, and surrounded by rugged mountains and by the arrival of between 3000 and 4000 persons. lofty hills, with a broad green valley sloping to Agricultural labor was resumed with spirit, the water's edge. This valley opens to the northploughing and planting being continued through- ward, and through it flows the River Jordan, a coout the whole winter, and till July following, by pious and powerful stream, discharging into the which time upwards of 6000 acres were enclosed Great SaltLake. Soon after leaving the lake, the and laid down in crops. While their crop' were Jordan cuts through a cross range of mountains ripening, the colonists were reduced to great ex- by which the valley is divided. The river detremity for food. Game being scarce, they were scends about 200 feet in a distance of 2 miles. obliged to subsist on wild roots and the hides of The E. side of the lower valley is watered animals which they had used for roofing their by hold streams that traverse a strip of allacabins. But the crop proved abundant, and vion 20 miles long and 8 wide, and as an addiplenty has ever since reigned in the valley. In tional means of irrigation the waters of the Jorthe autumn, another large immigration arrived dan might be taken out at the falls, so as to irriunder the president, Brigham Young. Building gate a surface of about 80 square-miles. and agriculture were prosecuted with renewed Beyond the Jordan on the W., the dry and othvigor, and settlements continued to be made erwise barren plains support a hardygrass, called wherever water could be found for irrigation. bunch grass, which is peculiar to these regions, Grist mills and saw mills were built; and in the requiring but little moisture, very nutritious, and spring a settlement was commenced on Weber in sufficient quantities to afford excellent pasRiver, a bold, clear stream which breaks through turage throughout the year to numerous herds of the Wasatch Mountain, 40 miles N. of the city, cattle..This same grass is afforded also by the and discharges its waters into Salt Lake. An- hillsides, but only during the summer months. other settlement called Provaux City was corn- It seeds in summer, and is germinated by the menced, near the mouth of the Timponogos, or autumnal rains, and grows under the snow. In Provaux, an affluent of Lake Utah, about 50 the spring, as the snow line retires up the slope, miles S. of the city. On the 10th of March, the cattle and wild grazing animals follow it to 1849, the emigrants assembled in convention, or- the mountain peaks until midsummer, to be drivganized themselves as the state of Deseret, and en down again, as the accumulated snow, beginthe legislature, which met July 2d, forwarded a ning on the summits, about the equinox, descends petition to Congress for admission into the Union. in a few weeks to the base. When it rains in the But, instead of granting this petition, Congress valleys, the snow falls in the mountains; and durpassed, September 9, 1850, an act erecting the ing winter, an immense quantity is drifted into territory of Utah, and Brigham Young having the canyons, and passes to the depth sometimes been appointed territorial governor, the Mor- of hundreds of feet, whence the mountain streams mons have accepted the territorial organization. derive their supplies. To the northward in the Their country is rapidly filling up with emigrants, low grounds bordering the River Jordan, hay in collected bl, their missionaries from all parts of' abundance can be procured, though rather coarse the world, but principally from the Welsh coun- and of inferior quality. ties of England, where Mormonism has made a Maize, or Indian corn, has not yet proved so very deep impression. successful, owing to the early frosts occasioned Situated so fatr inland, and isolated by the very by the vicinity of the mountains; but the climate nature of the surrounding country, agriculture is particularly favorable to barley, oats, and and thp raising of stock must be. the chief re- wheat, - which produces from 40 to 60 bushels the sources of this new colony. Owing to the almost acre, - to beets, turnips, melons, and especially total absence of rain from May to October, the potatoes, of which the quality is equal or superior dependence of the farmer must be entirely upon to the best Nova Scotia varieties. irrigation, for which the means are supplied by The land immediately around the Great Salt the reservoirs of snow accumulated in the gorges Lake is flat, and rises imperceptibly on the S. and of the mountains, and furnishing never-failing W. for several miles; and where it is not broken APPENDIX. 859 up by the abrupt hills, it is a soft and sandy loam, smell, but not supposed to be deleterious to health. irreclaimatble for, agricultural purposes. The These, often dispersed lby storms, are at last whole western shore of the lake is bounded by thrown far up on the beach to dry into hard an immense level plain of soft mud, frequently cakes of various dimensions, on which horses can traversed by small meandering rills of salt and travel without breaking them through; but the sulphurous water, with occasional springs of fresh, under side being moist, the masses ate slippery all of which sink before reaching the lake. For and insecure a few months in midsummer, the sun has suffi- There are several beautiful islands contained cient power to render some portions of the plain in the lake, two of them of considerable magnifor a short time dry and hard, during which it is tude, with a mountain ridge through the centre often covered for miles with a coat of salt half 2000 feet high, affording fresh springs of water an inch thick or more; but one heavy shower is and good pasturage. Around the contour of sufficient to convert the hardened clay into soft, those islands, and along the adjacent mountainsi tenacious mud, rendering the passage of teams on the whole circumference of the lake, the eye over it toilsome and frequently quite hazardous. traces three principal terraces, each about 50 feet This extensive area, for a distance of 75 miles above the other. At the baseof the hills around from the lake, is for the most part entirely bare the lake issue numerous warm springs, that collect of vegetation, except occasional patches of arte- in pools, inviting aquatic fowl during winter by mesia and greesewood, and destitute of water. their agreeable temperature and the insect larvae The minute crystals of salt, which cover the sur- which they furnish. Along the brackish streams face of the moist, oozy mud, glisten brilliantly in from the saline springs grows a thick, tangled the sun, and present the appearance of a sheet of grass, and the marshy flats are covered with fine water so perfectly that it is difficult at times for reeds or dense fistulas. In early summer the one to persuade himself that he is not standing shepherd boys fill their baskets with the eggs deon the shore of the lake. High rocky ridges pro- posited in that cover by the goose, the duck, the trude above the naked plain, and resemble great curlew, and plover; or, taking a skiff. they can islands rising above the bosom of this desert sea. row to the Salt Lake Islands, and freight to the On the N. the tract of low ground is narrow, and water's edge with those laid there for successive the springs bursting out near the surface of the broods by the gull, the pelican, the blue heron, water, the grounds cannot be irrigated. But on the crane, and the brandt. the eastern side, including the valley of the Bear From Provaux City, the settlement on the River, which comes in from the N., the land above Tinpanogos, already mentioned, N. to Ogden the line of overflow, to which the lake rises City, on Ogden Creek, an affluent of the Weber, with the spring freshets, is fertile and capable of a distance of 90 miles, the base of the Wasatch cultivation between the mountain and the shore. range is already studded with flourishing farms The same is the case with the Ogden Riverl which wherever a little stream flows down the mounbreaks through the Wasatch Mountains on the tain side with water sufficient for irrigation, while W. To the N. extends the valley of the Jordan, in the gorges and canyons (the name given to the and of the Utah Lake, already deseribed, also narrow passes of the mountains,) where alone that of the Tuilla, parallel to it on the W., wa- any trees are to be found, are erected the saw tered by a small river of that name, and separated and grist mills. from it by the Oquirres Mountains. The Bear, To the S. of Lake Utah, on one of its tribuOgden, Jordan, and Tuilla are the only consider- taries, another city has been founded, called able tributaries of the Great Salt Lake. The Paysan, and 130 miles farther on the road to Calivalleys of these rivers afford rich and perennial fornia, another, named Marti, in what is called pasturage, and are capable of cultivation wher- San Pete valley, on a tributary of the Sevier, or ever they can be irrigated. Necolet River. Still farther S.. near Little Salt The Great Salt Lake, 70 miles long and 30 Lake, 250 miles from the Great Salt Lake, a broad, but very shallow, is perfectly saturated fourth settlement, called Cedar City, has been with salt, and its waters are so dense that persons laid out, in a spot possessing the advantage of float cork-like on its waves, or stand suspended excellent soil and water, equal, it is said, to those with ease, with the shoulders exposed above the of Great Salt City itself; and plenty of wood, iron waters. Yet to swim is difficult, on account of ore, and alum, with some prospect of coal. It is the tendency of the lower extremities to rise, and the ultimate object of the Mormons. by means the brine is so strong that the least particle in the of stations, whenever the nature of the country eye causes intense pain, and if swallowed in any will admit, to establish a line of communication quantity, it brings on strangulation and vomiting. with the Pacific, so as to afford a new route for The salt makers affirm that they obtain two their emigrants. With this view they have re-!easures of salt for every three of the brine. cently made a purchase, and established- a colony This is an exaggeration; but the analysis of at no great distance from San Diego, on the coast the water shows that it contains 20 per cent. of of California, which settlement they design to pure salt, and not more than 2 per cent. of other connect, by intermediate stations, fwith those on salts, forming one of the purest, and most con- the Little and Great Salt Lakes. centrated brines in the world. It is a refreshing Several other settlements have been established and delightful sport to bathe in the Salt Lake; within the year past, including one in the Tuilla but on emerging, the body is completely frosted valley, and another on the line of communication over with salt; and a fresh spring, of which many with San Diego, which has been called Fillmore break out on the very edge of the lake, is a neces- City, and made the seat of the territorial governsary resort. The shores in summer are lined ment. By an act of the last session of Congress. with the skeletons and larvae of insects, and of the an United States mail route has been established fish that venture loo far from the mouth of the on this line, from Great Salt Lake City, via; Amer rivers; and these form banks that fester and fer- ican Fork, Provo City, Springfield, Payson's went, emitting sulphurou3 gases offensive to the Summit Creek, Nephi City, Fillmore City, Red 860 APPENDIX. Creek, Paravan, Johnson's Springs, and Cold the grounds of which are laid out and enclosed Creek, to Santa Clara, near the southern border on one of the terraces of the mountain, overof Utah and thence, via San Bernardino. near looking the city. A normal school, for the eduwhich is the Mormon settlement, to San Diego, cation of teachers, is already in operation, and in California. school houses have been built in most of the disThe City of the Great Salt Lake stands in the tricts, both in the city and country. lower valley of the Jordan, at the western base of Salt Lake City is a stopping-place for the Calithe Wasatch Mountans, in a curve, formed by, the fornia, emigrants, a large part of whom pass projection westward from the main range, of a through it. Distant from Council Bluffs, 171 lofty spur which cuts it off from the Great Salt miles; from San Francisco, 1114 miles; from Lake, which is distant about 20 miles. It is laid New York, vig Dubuque, 2372 miles. out upon a magnificent scale, being,nearly 4 miles in length and 3 in breadth; the streets at right angles, 8 rods wide, with sidewalks of 20 No. 3. — ROCKTON, N. Y., HERKIMEIB CO. feet; the blocks 40 rods square, divided into 8 lots, each containing 1 acre and a quarter. By Situated 74 miles W. from Albany, and 21 E. an ordinance of the city, each house is to be from Utica. Formerly called Little Falls. The placed 20 feet back from the front line of the lot, Mohawk River descends here about 42 feet in the the intervening space being designed for shrub- distance of three fourths of a mile, by two long bery and trees. On the W. it is washed by the rapids, separated by a stretch of deep water, Jordan, while to the southward, for 20 miles, ex- affording hydraulic power to a vast extent, only tends a broad level plain, watered by streams a small part of which is yet employed for mandescending from the mountains, and all of which ufacturing purposes. The upper rapid is the is capable of irrigation from the Jordan itself. most considerable. The name of Little Falls is The plain, on the W. side of the Jordan, ex- by way of. contrast with the Great Falls. of Cotending north to the lake, is low and barren. hoes, near the mouth of the river. This vicinity Through the city flows an unfailing stream of is much resorted to in consequence of the wild pure, sweet water, which, by an ingenious mode and romantic scenery of the gap throu.h which of irrigation, is made to traverse each side of the river passes, crossing the southern extremity every street, whence it is led into every garden of the range of the Adirondack Mountains. The spot. On the E. and N. the mountain descends river bed is granitic gneiss, very hard, but easily to the plain by steps, which form broad and ele- quarried for building stones, and abounding with vated terraces, commanding an extended view of quartz crystals, which, under the name of the whole valley of the Jordan, which is bounded "diamonds," are offered for sale to visitors by on the W. by rugged mountains, stretching far to the children who collect them. The wooded the southward, and enclosing the Lake of Utah. hills rise steep on both sides from 350 to 400 feet, On;the northern confines of the city, a warm consisting of sandstone, above which are extenspring arises from the base of the mountains, the sive beds of blue limestone, much used for buildwater of which has been conducted by pipes into ing purposes. This defile is 2 miles long, a commodious public bathing house. At the with a medium breadth of 100 rods, and through western point of the same spur, about 3 miles it pass the Erie Canal on the S. side of the river, distant, another spring flows in a bold stream and the Utica and Schenectady Railroad and from beneath a perpendicular rock, with a tem- the Mohawk Turnpike on the N. The canal perature of 1280 Fahrenheit, too high to admit ascends, in the space of a mile, by 4 locks, a the insertion of the hand. distance of 40 feet, and is supplied with water The houses of the city are built principally by a feeder carried aross the river by a handsome of adobe, or sun-dried brick, which, when well aqueduct of 3 arches, one of 70, and two of 50 feet covered with a tight projecting roof, makes a span. At one point the brow of the hill projects warm, comfortable building, presenting a very into the river, by which the canal is carried by neat appearance. Buildings of a better descrip- expensive diggings and embankments, a part of tiog are being introduced, though slowly, owing the river bed being taken into the canal. to the difficulty of procuring the requisitelumber, The village is principally on the N. side of the which must always be scarce and dear in a coun- river, and though the space is apparently contry so destitute of timber. fined, there is still breadth sufficient for a large Upon a square, appropriated to the public build- toWn. It contains upwards of 300 dwellings, ings, an immense shed has been erected on posts, and is supplied with water from a spring in the capable of containing 3000 persons. It is called hills, 300 feet above the tops of the houses. the Bowery, and is used as a temporary place of worship, until the construction of the great temple, which, in grandeur of design and gorgeousness 1O. 4.-FALMOUTH, ME., CUMBERLAND CO. of decoration, is - so the Mormons say - to sur- asant town at the head of Casco Ba pass all the edifices which the world has ever seen. 6 A N. of Portland, which formed a art of Energetic measures are in progress for a wool- 6 miles N. of Portland, which formed a part of len factory, the raw material being furnished from it until 1786. It is watered by the Presumpscut the sheep raised in the valley. A pottery is completed, cutlery establishments have been success- ing and fishing Some vessels are built hee. fully commenced, and extensive arrangements Both the Atlantic and St. Lawrence and the Kenare going on for the manufacture of sugar from nebec and Portland Railroads pass through it. the beet root, which succeeds to perfection in the valley. Among the English Mormons are many No. 5. -FREEPORT, ME., CUMBERLAND CO. possessed of great manufacturing skill. Several appropriations of land and money have This town has a small harbor, and is sitbeen made for the establishment of a university, uated at the head of Casco Bay, on the Ken APPENDIX. 861 nebec and Portland Railroad. 19 miles N. E. No. 8. -FARMINGTON, N. H., STRAFFORD CO. from Portland. It is mainly an agricultural township, but has some ship building and navi- Lies 36 miles E. N. E. from Concord, and gation. 18 N. W. by N. from Dover, by the Cocheco Railroad. The Blue Hills, or Frost Mountains, No. 6.- FARMINGTON, ME., C. H. FRANK- extend nearly through the town, affording much LIN CO. fine scenery. The principal village is on the banks of the Cocheco. There is a famous Situated on Sandy River, a western branch rock, not far from the village, weighing many of the Kennebec. At the junction of the Little tons, and so exactly balanced on other rocks, Norridgfewock is a handsome village, where the that it can be made to vibrate several inches by court house is. 29 miles N. W. from Au- the hand. gusta. Two miles up the Sandy is another beautiful village, the seat of a flourishing academy. The soil is of superior quality. There is con- No. 9. -CIRCLEVILLE, O., C. H. PICKAI siderable trade in lumber, and some manufac- WAY CO. tures. Township and town. The town, which lies No. 7 —GOLDSBORO', ME., HANCOCK CO. on the E. bank of the Scioto, was laid out in 1810, on the site of some remarkable ancient This large township, which lies between circular mounds. 26 miles S. of Columbus, and Frenchman's Bay on the W. and the large and 19 N. of Chillicothe. It is a thriving business deep inlet of Goldsboro' Harbor on the E., is place, surrounded by a beautiful level country. nearly surrounded by water, and has several Opposite the town the bottom land on the Scioto good harbors. 99 miles E. from Augusta. It is diked for several miles, to preserve it from is engaged in navigation and the fisheries. overflow.